THE

INDIGENOUS TREES

OF THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

J. F. ROCK

THE LIBRARY

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Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010 with funding from

University of British Columbia Library

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THE

INDIGENOUS TOES

OF THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

BY

JOSEPH F. ROCK

Botanist of the College of Hawaii

Consulting Botanist, Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry,

Territory of Hawaii.

ISSUED JUNE 26. 1913.

With Two Hundred and Fifteen Photo-Engravings

PUBLISHED UNDER PATRONAGE.

HONOLULU, T. H.. 1913.

COPYRIGHT. 1913. BY

JOSEPH F. ROCK

HONOLULU. T H.

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PREFACE.

It has long been the writer's desire to give to the public a volume on the na-
tive trees of Hawaii, giving popular as well as technical descriptions of the trees
peculiar to Hawaiian soil.

At first it was thought that plain popular descriptions would suffice, bill il

soon became evident that the technical part could qo1 be dispensed with, and in
order to make the book valuable for both the layman and the scientist, it was
therefore included.

The rather lengthy introduction seemed an advisable feature and necessary,
as it gives practically for the first time a more or less detailed description of all
the floral regions and their plant associations found in this island group, not
being restricted to trees alone but embracing the whole plant covering.

In the sequence of families Engler and Prantl's Nattirliche Pflanzenfamilicn
System has been followed, beginning with the Cryptogams and ending with the
Compositae.

Under each species a complete reference and synonomy is given, as far as
was possible. Of course, as in all works of this nature, mistakes will un-
doubtedly be found, which will have to lie overlooked on account of the insular
position of the writer, as it was not always possible to consult original works,
some of them old and out of print and therefore unobtainable. It will not be
out of place here to acknowledge the kind assistance of Miss Mary A. Day, the
Librarian of the Gray Herbarium, for the loan of books and copies of articles, etc.

Following the reference is a technical description, usually enlarged ami based
on material in the College of Hawaii Herbarium; only in such instances as when
the plant is very common or has not been collected by the writer, are descrip-
tions of old authors quoted. As far as possible native names are given under
most of the trees in italics, as well as any legendary or other facts of sufficient
interest, together with habitat, plant association, etc. Of a number of trees of
which nothing is known of a popular nature, the technical side is enlarged upon.
especially in the family Rutaceae (genus Pelea) and Campanulaceae (tribe Lo-
belioideae).

The writer wishes here to acknowledge above all the kind assistance of Prof.
Dr. Ignatz Urban of Berlin, Prof. Le Comte of Paris, Prof. V>r. A. Zahlbruckner
of Vienna and Profs. P. L. Robinson and M. L. Fernald of Harvard, in the loan
of herbarium material, mainly types, for comparison, without which the authen-
ticity of many determinations would have been doubtful; this refers mainly to
the tribe Lobelioideae of the family Campanulaceae. one of the most intricate
tril es found in these Islands.

All such plants are included in this book as have been observed by the writer
;is trees. c\en i!' usually occurring as shrubs. To the many species of trees already
known the writer has added 1 new genus, 22 new species, 31 new varieties, 3 new
forms and 1 new hybrid, which arc all described by him. A number of new
species were discovered by the writer, but described by various authorities, in-
cluding 4 new species of Palms by O. Beccari of Florence, Italy, all of which
are included in this book. In ;m addendum the writer describes seven new
species, seven new varieties and one new form belonging to the Family Cam-
panulaceae, tribe Lobelioideae. This brings the total number of new plants
described by him herein up to seventy-two.

It was also necessary in some instances to make a few new combinations.

Of the 21.") photographs nearly all were taken by the writer in the field, with
the exception of plates 1, 12, 17, 27, 68, 130, and 131, by Mr. R. S. Hosmer; nos.
29 and 37 by Mr. R. Perkins; no. 2, by Mr. A. Gartley, and nos. 23, 26 and 31, by
Mr. R. J. Baker, to all of whom the writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness.

The present volume is primarily due to the enthusiasm of Ex-Governor George
R. Carter, who headed the list of patrons and secured the necessary funds to
insure publication. Credit is due the College of Hawaii for supplying photo-
graphic material and part of the writer's time.

It should be stated here that most of the material on which this publication
is based was collected by the writer under the auspices of the Board of Commis-
sioners of Agriculture and Forestry of this Territory.

To Dr. H. L. Lyon the writer is indebted for technical advice, and to Dr. E.
Hackel and Rev. George Kukenthal for identification of Grasses and Cyperaceae
respectively.

To Mr. Francis Gay of Kauai the writer is greatly indebted for knowledge of
matters pertaining to Hawaiian names of trees and their uses ; he also wishes to
express his thanks to all those who extended to him the far-famed Hawaiian
hospitality during his many sojourns on the various islands of the group.

Last but not least the writer wishes to acknowledge the kind assistance of
Prof. IT. M. Ballon of the College of Hawaii in his painstaking reading of proof-
sheets, and expresses his thanks to him and all those who have helped in the
preparation of this book.

The volume is herewith presented to the public, who the writer hopes will be
lenient towards any mistakes in the construction of sentences. English not being
his mother-tongue.

Joseph F. Rock.
College of Hawaii,
Honolulu. T. II.. April 23. 1013.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OB ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.
Ovary superior, naked flowers unisexual, on spatliaceous spadices.

Flowers dioecious, in heads or spikes, [eaves elongate, prickly at the edges.

Pandanaceae 96

Ovary superior, synearpous, 3-celled, perianth of 6 segments in 2 series.
Perianth regular, wholly corolla-like, cells of ovary 2 to many ovulate.

Liliaceae L09
Perianth small, calyx-like, fruit drupaceous or baccate, 1-seeded, leaves palm-
ate or pinnate, flowers on a branching spadix Palmae 99

IHCOTYLKDn.Xors OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
I. Perianth simple or none.

Ovary of 3 or rarely 2 or more than 3 united carpels, with 1 or 2 pendu-
lous ovules iu each.

Fruit either capsular, separating into as many 2 valved cocci as

carpels, or succulent and indehiscent Euphorbiaceae 243

Ovary free with one ovule, styles 2 or rarely 1.
Ovule anatropous or amphitropous.

Fruit indehiscent nut or drupe-like, one seeded.... Ulmaceae 113

Fruit small, drupe-like, milksap present, leaves with 2 axillary

stipules Moraceae ' 111

Ovule orthotropous.

Polycarpium or drupe often enclosed by and united with

the perianth; usually without milksap Urticaceae 117

Ovary 1 -celled with few ovules, seed single.

Perianth partly adnate to maturing ovary, ovules 1-3.

Santalaceae 126

Ovary 1 -celled with a single ovule; embryo curved.

Perianth dry. supported by 3 bractlets, stamens connate at the

base, as many as perianth segments Amarantaceae 13o

Perianth tube persistent around the fruit, stamens not of the

same number as lobes of perianth, hypogynous. . Nyctaglnaceae 143
Ovary one-celled, free, with a single ovule, embryo not curved.

Perianth segments 6 in 2 circles, persistent; fruit, a one seeded

berry or drupe Lauraceae 149

Perianth segments 4, stamens twice as many, sessile in 2 alter-
nate rows, fruit a drupe-like reddish berry Thymelaeaceae 315

IT. Petals united, at least at the base.
Corolla epigynous, regular.

Ovary 2- or more celled, stamens adnate to the corolla, as many as

corolla lobes; leaves opposite Rubiaceae 429

Ovary 1 celled, 1-ovulate; stamens adnate, as many as corolla lobes.

Compositae 497

Corolla epigynous, irregular.

Stamens 5, filaments and anthers connate, the latter bearded at the

top; milk sap present Campanulaceae 469

Lobelioideae
Stamens free, stigma surrounded by a hairy indusium... Goodeniaceae I'M

Corolla hypogynous or perigynous, bearing the stamens, regular.
Ovarv 3 or more celled; 1 or 2 ovules in each cell.

Stamens 5, alternate with corolla lobes; a single ovule in each

cell Eracridaceae 365

Stamens indefinite; flowers unisexual Ebenaceae 393

Stamens 5-6, opposite the corolla lobes when of some number,
often alternating with stain i n iodia ; milky sap present.

Sapotaceae 3S0

Ovary 1 -celled, with a free central placenta.

stamens opposite the corolla lobes; drupp with a single basilar

seed Myrsinaceae 367

Ovary 2 or incompletely t-celled.

Corolla contorted in the bud; leaves opposite.

Capsule - or 3-celled, with axile placentas, Leaves stipulate.

Loganiaceae 403

Carpels -, more or less distinct, milky sap present.

Apocynaceae 4<>7

Corolla not contorted, leaves generally alternate.

Ovary 2-celled with L-3 ovules in each cell; corolla colored,

4-lobed, imbricate Oleaceae 397

Ovary 2-celled, with many ovules in each cell; corolla

plaited or imbricate, 5-4 lobed Sclanaceae 417

Ovary 4-celleil. with 1 ovule in each cell; corolla 5 -lobed,

imbricate Borraginaceae 414

Corolla perigynous, bearing the stamens, irregular.

Ovary 2-10 celled, one ovule in each cell; corolla 5-7 lobed, as many
as stamens Myoporaceae 425

III. Petals free, stamens perigynous or epigynous.

Disc conspicuous, perigynous or hypogynous; flowers small, regular.

Stamens alternate with petals; ovary 2-5 cslled, with 2 or rarely

1 ovule in each cell Celastraceae 267

Stamens opposite the small petals; ovary free 2-4-celled with a single

erect ovule in each cell Rhamnaceae 281

Stamens alternate with the petals, or twice as many, ovary superior
1-5 celled, fruit usually a one-celled drupe; leaves pinnate.

Anacardiaceae 262
Carpels free, or connate only at the base.

Flowers irregular and imbricate or regular and valvate; fruit a

2-valved pod Leguminosae 173

Ovary syncarpous, superior, with axile placentas, ovules 1 or few in each cell.

Corolla monopetalous, ovary many-celled Actuifoliaceae 263

Ovary syncarpous, with axile placentas and many seeds ou each placenta.
Ovary inferior, stamens indefinite; calyx-lobes imbricate.

Myrtaceae 3H'

Ovary syncarpous with parietal placentas and many ovules on each of
the latter.

Ovary partly adnate to calyx, 2-5-celledj leaves opposite.

Saxif ragaceae 1 5 1
Ovary inferior with an epigynous disc, 2- to several celled, with a
single ovule in each cell.

Calyx adnate to ovary, the latter 2 to many celled., with one ovule

in each cell; leaves compound Araliaceae 336

IV. Petals tree from the calyx and from each other, wanting in X ijlosniti.

Ovary syncarpous, placentas parietal.

Petals as many as sepals or none, stamens indefinite... Flacourtiaceae 311
Sepals, petals and stamens isomerous, 5 each; fruit a two to four-

vahed woody capsule Pittosporaceae 153

Ovary syncarpous. placentas axile.
Disc wanting, sepals imbricate.

Sepals and petals tet ramerous, stamens indefinite; ovary 1-celled;

leaves opposite Guttiferae 309

Sepals and petals pentameroua, the latter often cohering at the

base; stamens indefinite, leaves alternate Theaceae 307

Disc wanting, sepals valvate.

Stamens indefinite, monadel plums; fruit capsular; seed usually

reniform, flowers often showy Malvaceae '-".'1

Stamens indefinite, polyadelphous Elaeocarpaceae 287

I >isc annular, inside t he stamen-.

Leaves entire and opposite or imparipinnate and alternate;
Btamens as many or twice as many as petals; ovary 1-celled

and in fruit l lobed, or of a single carpel Rutaceae 192

Disc annular, outside the stamens.

Leaves entire, impari-pinnate or dissected, alternate; petals
sometimes wanting; ovary 3-celled Sapindaceae 260

BOTANICAL REGIONS.

Little attention has hitherto been paid to the various interesting botanical

regions of the Hawaiian Islands. The different types of forests, even at the
same elevation and often in one district, are so marked that one could draw
imaginary lines separating these various types of forests with their peculiar
species. There seems hardly to be a transition type present. It is owing to
the various lava flows of all ages that such types of forests are at present in
existence, but nevertheless climatic conditions, such as wind, rainfall, etc.. are
also responsible for these peculiarities. This, of course, applies more to the
Island of Hawaii, which is the largest and supposed to be the youngesl of the
group.

If we include the scanty strand vegetation, which consists mainly of a few
herbaceous plants and three or four species of trees, which are scattered, single
ones here and there on the beaches, we have six botanical regions, each of which
has again to be subdivided into sections, owing to topographical changes caused
by lava flows and climatic conditions. Many changes on lava flows are caused
by rain and exposure to wind, which disintegrates the lava quicker than in other
regions more sheltered, and so decides the plants most adaptable to these re-
gions, though this in turn depends again on the nature of the lava itself, whether
aa (rough) or pahoehoe (smooth) lava.

The botanical regions are as follows :

1. Strand vegetation.

2. Lowland region. (This region merges into the lower forest region) .

Section a, dry region.
Section b, wet region.

3. Lower forest region.

Section a. windward side.
Section b, leeward side.

4. Middle forest region.

Section a. dry region.

Section b, semi-dry.

Section c, wet region.

Section d, kipukas, (small areas of lands with no trace of lava, soil
black and fertile in dry section, surrounded by
newer lava flows; richest in tree species).

5. Bog region.

6. LTpper forest region.

STRAND VEGETATION.

As already remarked, the strand vegetation of these islands is extremely poor

in comparison with the luxurious Strand floras of the islands of the South Seas
and other countries bordering on the Pacific. Of trees, the most common are
the Hisbiscus tiliaceus (Hau) and Pandanus odoratissimvs (Puhala). (See

plate L). While the former may be scon in scattered clumps along the shore,
the latter forms dense forests on the windward sides of the islands of Hawaii
and Maui, covering the precipitous walls down to the water's edge. They are
usually associated with the Jambosa malaccensis (Ohia ai), which, however,
does not grow on the steep slopes, but at the bottom of narrow ravines, which
the mountain streams have cut into the precipitous cliffs. They are also asso-
ciated with the Aleurites moluccana (Kukui).

It is in such places as Pololu, Honokaneiki, Honokanenui, Waimanu, etc..
on the windward side of Hawaii, and Makaiwa, and other valleys on the wind-
ward side of Maui, where conditions are still undisturbed, that one can see
strand vegetation that would somewhat remind him of the strand floras of the
South Seas. But in the true sense of the word it is not a typical beach flora,
but belongs to the lowland zone, which in certain localities, as mentioned above,
reaches the water's edge. (See plate II.)

On sandy beaches the cosmopolitan Ipomoea pes caprae (Pohuehuc) is nearly
always found, with its long runners reaching almost into the sea. Cuscuta
Bandwichiana (Dodder or Pololo) may often be seen growing on Ipomoea pes
caprae as well as on Ipomoea tuberculata. Among other Convolvulaceae pecu-
liar to the shores is Ipomoea acctosaefolia (Hunakai), which is found on the
island of Niihau only. Jacquemontia Sandwicensis occurs farther inland, as
well as on sandy shores, together with the nyctaginaceous Boerhaavia diffusa
(Xcua). Of the Caryophyllaceae, only two endemic species. Schiedea Bemyi
and Schiedea Lydgatei, are found on the shores, and those on the island of
Molokai only, under the precipitous cliffs on the windward side. Of Legumi-
nosae, the rare Sesbania tomentosa (Ohai), Vigna lutea and Canavalia sp? are
to be found, the two latter especially common near Waialua, Oahu, and also on
Molokai, together with the boraginaceous Heliotropium Curassavicum and 77.
anomalum (Hinahina). Of Campannlaceae, the very interesting and queer
looking Brighamia insignis of the tribe Lobelioideae is found on the islands of
Niihau, Kauai, Molokai and Lanai, though only on the windward sides, growing
on the precipitous cliffs down to a few feet from the waves, where they arc
within reach of the tremendous spray of the sea. On the latter island it is found
at the head of Manna Lei gorge on the precipitous cliffs.

One of the most common sea-shore plants is the cosmopolitan Seat void
frutescens, which is usually in company with Vitex trifolia.

Of trees, Calophyllum Inophyllum (Kamani) forms usually large groves on
the windward sides of most of the islands; but especial mention may be made

of the beautiful grove on Molokai in the valley <>f Halawa, which was spoken of
and recorded by the earliest navigators who visited these islands.

Among the plants already mentioned, the following are often met with,
though a few are peculiar to certain localities:

A species of Tetramolopium* on the more muddy Hats
on Molokai.
, (NeJn ) Lipochaeta succulenta (Niihau and Kauai)*
v (Nehe) Lipochaeta integri folia*
(Nehe) Lipochaeta connata var. littoralis*
(Kookolau) Campylotheca molokaiensis.
(Kolxo) Euphorbia cordata

(OJiclo kai) Lycium Sandwicense

Solanum Nelsoni* (Molokai)
Kadua littoralis (Molokai)*
Lepidium sp?*
(Hoaiva) Pittosporum halophilum (Molokai)*

(Heuhiuhi) Cassia Gaudichaudii (Lanai Manele)

Scaevola coriacea*
(Ilialoa) Waltheria Americana

Achyranthus sp.
(Mdkou) Peucedanum Sandwicense*

Lysimachia spathulata
Ruppia maritima
(Ninika) Lythrum maritimum (Waikolu, Molokai, only)

(Mao) Gossypium tomentosmn

(Maiapilo) Capparis Sandwichiana
(Anapanapa) Colubrina Asiatica
(Eului) Nototrichium humile*

Batis maritima
(Iliahi aloe) Santalum littorale*

(Kaunoa) Cassytha filiformis (usually on Ipomoea pes caprae)

Of trees the following may be recorded:
(Milo) Thespesia populnea

(Niu) Cocos nucifera

(Kou) Cordia subcordata

(Kamani) Terminalia catappa
(Noni) Morinda citrifolia

On the rocks near the sea at Waialua and Cape Kaena, Oahu, the writer ob-
served plants of Myoporum Sandwicense* only one foot high, which at 3000
feet elevation becomes a tree 40 feet in height.

* Those which are followed by an asterisk are all peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands
and belong to the strand region, with the exception of a few which have descended from
the lowlands and are found on the beaches.

PLATE III.

Copyright 1911 By J, F. Rock,

COCOS NUCIFERA L. (Native name: Niu); coconut palm grove near Lahaina. Maui,
only short distance from sea. Some of the trees are over 100 feet high.

Of Cyperaceae, the following are to be found:

Cyperus pennatus

Cyperus phleoides

Fimbristylis pyenocephala*

Carex Sandwicensis var. (Makaiwa and Nahiku beach, Maui)
Gramineae

Sporobulus Virginicus, etc.

The Cordia subcordata (Kou), which has followed the Malayan race in its

migration, was once much more common than now. Only a few trees can be

found along the shores, and those mainly on the less frequently visited islands,

in out-of-the-way places. Whether the presence of this tree can be attributed

to the ocean currents or to the agency of man can not definitely be detenni I,

though presumably to the latter. The Coconut, of course, needs hardly to be
mentioned, though it is not present in such extensive groves as in the South Sea
Islands or Central America. (See plate III.)

Of Cryptogams, mention may be made of the Ophioglossum vulgatum, which
springs up on our shores after heavy rains.

Between the beach formation and lowland zone occur lagoons on some of
the islands, which are usually stocked with Sesuvium Portulacastrum, very
common in company with Cyperus pennatus, C. laevigatas and Mesembrian-
themum of recent introduction. In the ponds themselves, Lemna minor and
^Yo1fia Columbiana are very common, besides Neluinbium speciosum, Sagittaria
sagittifolia and the cryptogamous Marsilia villosa, Scirpus maritimus, and
8. lac ust ris. Cyperus umbcUiferus, having escaped from cultivation, is found
occasionally in patches. The Chenopodiums are numerous, nearly always in
company with Portulaca oleracea and Cenchrus echinatus.

THE LOWLAND ZONE.

Most of the plants mentioned in the strand formation can be found in the
lowland zone, though, of course, several species of plants are peculiar to the
lowland zone. This formation is usually open grassland on the leeward sides of
the islands when spared by lava flows, and has lately been taken up with Pro-
sopis juli flora (Algaroba) and Acacia farnesiana (Klu). Of the native vege-
tation belonging to this zone, Andropogon contortus (Pili grass) and Panicum
torrid urn (Kakonakona) are the most common. In these fields O punt in tuna
occurs frequently with numerous aliens of many countries, of which the most
obnoxious is Lantana camara (Lantana), which, however, ascends to an elevation
of sometimes 3000 feet and even higher.

Of other native plants, Sida fallax and S. cordifolia (Ilima) are the most
common, with Waltheria Americana and a few species of Lipochaeta and per-
haps a species of Haplostachys, which is peculiar to the dry, open, grassy dis-
tricts. Thcphrosia piscatoria is not uncommon. Passi flora triloba and P. foe-
tida have become terrible pests in certain parts of the islands, covering large

PLATE IV.

LOWER FOREST REGION on Oahu, a typical stand of Aleurites moluccana WiUd. (.

tive name; Kukui).

areas to the exclusion of everything else. A striking plant of the lowland zone
is the Mexican Poppy, Argemone Mexicana, the Puakala of the natives. On the
lava fields which have reached the shore, especially on the island of Hawaii in
South Kona, native trees belonging to the lower forest zone have descended to
the lowlands and can be found within a few yards from the sea. The most
common is Eeynoldsia sandwicensis. Even the Metrosideros polymorpha (Ohia
Ichua) the writer found growing practically at sea level, together with Plectronia
odorata, which was covered with the lauraceous leafless parasite, Cassytha fXi-
formis. What has just been said of the Ohia lehua is also true of Myoporum
sandwicense (Naio), which can be found near the sea on the west end of Oahu
near Kaena Point, only a foot in height.

THE LOWER FOREST REGION.

This region is perhaps the most interesting one as far as tree growth is con-
cerned. It ranges from about 1000 feet to 2000 feet elevation, and is exceed-
ingly tropical on the windward side, with a more or less uniform vegetation,
though, of course, varying according to locality.

Nothing can be more different in aspect than the lower forest region of the
lee sides of some of the islands as compared to that of the windward side. How-
ever, there are exceptions, as no two islands are alike in formation, and vary
also greatly in age. The vegetation on some of the lava flows of more recent
origin differs from that of the lava flows of greater age. On some of the islands,
as on Oahu and Kauai, and perhaps Molokai, in certain localities on the leeward
side, the vegetation differs very little from that of the windward side; but,
nevertheless, each island, with the exception of Kahoolawe, and also Niihau, has
its peculiar leeward lower forest flora, which is in all cases richer in species as
far as tree growth is concerned than the rain forest.

The island of Hawaii will need a special chapter, as it is the largest of the
group and has the most widely ranging regions of all ; differing in climatic con-
ditions, rainfall, soil formations, lava flows of all ages, winds, etc., all of which
have contributed or are the cause of these marked types of forest or plant cover-
ings belonging to the lower forest region.

The island of Maui, which is the next largest, has also a very striking forest
flora that belongs to the region discussed in this chapter. For convenience sake,
this lower forest region is here divided into two subsections: (a), the wrindward,
and (b), the leeward forest flora. The island of Hawaii is discussed separately.

The most striking of all trees belonging to this region is the Aleurites moluc-
cana or Kulxui. It can be recognized at once from a distance on account of its
pale foliage, which gives this lower forest region a distinguishing character. (See
plate IV.) It either forms large groves to the exclusion of everything else or
is found in company with Jambosa malaccensis (Ohia ai) and other trees which
will be taken into consideration as a whole. Immediately above the lowland re-
gion a few straggling Eukui trees may be observed. They grow on the leeward

PLATE V

VEGETATION ALONG A STREAM in the lower forest region on Oa.hu, Palolo Valley;
the trees in the foreground are Aleurites moluccana Willd. (Native name: Kukui.)

as well as the windward side, on dry, arid lava flows, in deep ravines, along dry
stream beds, in exceedingly dense rain forests, bn1 never going higher than 2200
feet, and sometimes rarely that.

Its associates are. however, not always the same, nor are they Confined to the
same region. With it in the dry as wed as semi-wet districts is to be found the
rubiaceous Plectronia odorata, usually a Bhrub or often a small tree. In the
valleys back of Honolulu, Oahu, as well as in the valleys of Molokai or other
islands (see plate V), it is associated with the Acacia Koa (Koa), which de-
scends on Oahu as low as 600 feet, the Pandanus odoratissimus (Puhala), Jam-
bosa malaccensis, and Elaeocarpus bifidus (Kalia), which, however, is no1 ex-
actly a tree of the lower forest region, as it forms the Largesl part of the middle
forest region on the island of Kauai, from 3000 to perhaps 4(100 feet elevation.
The rubiaceous trees, Straussia Kaduana, S. Mariniana, Gardenia Remyi, Bobea
elatior, and on Oahu, especially on the western range, Santalum ellipticum, are
found in its company at an elevation of perhaps 800 to 1000 feet. The quite
numerous Metrosideros polymorpha, in its various forms, grows also in this
region, but is not confined to it, as it can be found from sea level to an elevation
of 1)000 feet, and even higher. The nyctaginaceous Pisonia umbellifera (Papala
kepau) is one of the typical trees of this region, together with the urticaceous
genera Pipturus, Boehmeria, and Touchardia, but rarely Urera. The malvaceous
Hibiscus tiliaceus (Hau), and also the native white Hibiscus, species Arnotti-
anus, a medium-sized tree, may be found in this region, as well as the anacard-
iaceous Rhus semialata var. Sandwicensis (Neneleau). The latter, however,
forms groves by itself.

A form of Mdba Sandwicensis with narrow leaves may also come into this
region. The tree is especially common back of Ililo along the road leading to
Olaa. Of shrubs, the pretty white flowered goodeniaceous Scaevola Ghamis-
soniana (Naupaka kuahiwi) is very gregarious with Wikstroemia; the latter
genus is not confined to this region. Next to the Kukui, but not quite so con-
spicuous from a distance on account of its much smaller size, is the monocotyle-
donous plant, Cordyline terminalis, the common Ti or Ki of the natives. It
clothes, sometimes, the lower slopes of the valleys, on steep sides or precipices,
crowding out every other undershrub.

Special mention must be made of the very strong and beautiful climber,
Freycinetia Arnotti, which covers the trunks of trees (mainly Ohia lehua),
smothering them beneath its great masses of runners with their peculiar cling
roots.

In this very interesting region the first signs of Lobelioideae, a tribe of the
family Campanulaceae, occur, to the wonderful development of which the writer
wishes to call attention. (See plate VI.) It is the largest of all other families
which occur in this Territory, the Hawaiian Islands. The most extreme forms
can be found, from two to over forty feet in height. They are represented at
from 800 to 2000 feet elevation by the very common Clermontia macrocarpa,

11

PLATE VI.

CYANEA TRITHOMANTA Gray, a typical lobelioideous plant of the lower forest region
on Hawaii; the vine in the background is Freycinetia Arnotti Gaud, (native name:
Ieie).

which can be found on nearly all the islands. Higher up, its place is taken by
the most Interesting and peculiar as well as handsome Tonus, such as ('. persicae-
folia, ('. oblongifolia, G. drepanomorpha, etc. On Oahu the genus Rollandia,
also of the tribe Lobelioideae, is represented in the lower foresl region by the
species /.'. lanceolata and />'. grandifolia and another species of Rollandia found

to be new and named /.'. Iruuca/a by the author.

Clermontia Kohalae, a strictly lower forest zone type, is also new to science.
It is found at Kohala on the island of Hawaii, where it is gregarious at 1500
to 2000 feet elevation, after which place it is named. It is a small, handsome
tree, flowering in the summer. To this region belongs also Cyan* a angustifolia,
C. acuminata, ('. grimesiana, ('. scabra, all of which are peculiar to this region.

The gesneriaceons genus Cyrtandra, with its many species, characterized
by the often bilabiate corolla, which is invariably white, having a fleshy berry
of the same color as the flower, with minute, almost microscopic seeds, belongs
to this zone; but not exclusively. These Cyrtandras have very few species in
this region, bnt reach their best development in the middle forest zone.

The euphorbiaceons Claoxylon, a small shrnb, may be found occasionally in
this zone, though most plentifully on West Maui in the valley of Waikapu. Of
vines, several Convolvnlaceae, especially the genus Ipomoea, are found trailing
over guava, lantana and other introduced shrubbery which have established
themselves in the lower forest region. Besides the Convolvnlaceae, Dioscorea
saliva and D. pentaphylla (Yam) are common, as well as the liliaceous Smilax
Sandwicensis (Pioi), trailing over trees.

The Hawaiian Labiatae are conspicuous by their absence in this region, at
least in the region belonging to the windward subsection, though two are found
in the dry section.

Of monocotyledonous plants, the following remain to be mentioned: The
Alocasia macrorrhiza (Ape), one of the huge species of taro, but not edible,
though in times of scarcity the stem was cooked and eaten by the natives. With
leaves several feet long, they can occasionally be found in shaded ravines or
valleys, besides the useful Tacca pinnatifida (Pia). The last, but not least, is
Musa sapientum, the Banana, of which the natives recognized some forty odd
varieties, which is a typical feature of the lower forest zone, and with it is the
ginger, Zingiber zerumbet (Awapulu).

The cryptogamous flora is also represented in this region, its most conspicuous
and typical representative being the Aspic nium nidus or bird's-nest fern, which
usually is plentiful in the forks of the branches of the Kului, with which it is
invariably growing when not terrestrial. Of other ferns, mention may be made
of the everpresent Nephrolepis exaltata and the very troublesome Gleichenia
lint aris (Uluhe), which covers the ground so thickly with its far-reaching branches
that it is next to impossible to penetrate any country taken up by this robust
fern. It is usually in layers of four to five or even more feet thick, the lower
ones usually dead, forming a canopy over which one crosses only with great diffi-

13

I

culty. It is often dangerous to cross places where this Cera grows, as it com-
pletely hides the ground underneath, sometimes concealing the boles, into which
one is likely to Call should be entrust himself to this treacherous Pern. Several

species of Polypodium are present, as /'. spectrum, etc. Dryopteris and As-

plenium have also species in this locality. In the more open places the ground
is usually covered with Commelina nudiflora (HonoJionowai) and several grasses,
with a few cyperaceous plaids, such as Rhynchospora thyrsoidea and Gahnia
Beecheyi. In the more open glades on the outskirts of the lower forests Micro-
lepia strigosa and Odontosoria chinensis, the Palapalae and Palaa Herns, are
quite common, while occasionally Cibotium and Sadleria occur in this region also.
The family Flacourt iaceae is represented by two species in these islands,
both of the lower forest zone, though one, Xylosma Hawaiiensis, is peculiar to
the wet, the other, X. Hillebrandii, to the dry. This holds good of the euphor-
biaceous genus Antidesma, with its two species, A. platyphyllum and A. pulvi-
natum, the former occurring in the wet section as well as in the dry, while the
latter is found mainly in the dry section of the lower forest zone.

SUBSECTION B — LEEWARD LOWER FOREST FLORA.

No two forest floras could be more different and strikingly peculiar than
those in question. The plant covering of the leeward regions, as for example
the "Waianae mountains, Oaliu, the southern slope of Haleakala, Maui, the
west end of Molokai, etc., is the richest in species as far as tree growth is con-
cerned. Nearly all trees growing on these more or less arid lava fields have
developed extremely hard, close-grained wood. Only four or five species, as
Keynoldsia, Erythrina, Xothocestrum, etc., are soft-wooded, and possess exceed-
ingly thin bark, while those of hard wood possess a usually rough, scaly bark of
perhaps half an inch or more in thickness. This striking flora gives the region
a most peculiar aspect, and more so in such places which were disturbed by more
or less recent lava flows, destroying the original vegetation, which is then suc-
ceeded by an entirely different plant growth. These districts which harbor such
an interesting flora are not very large, being only perhaps two to four miles
long at the most and much less wide. It is in these peculiar regions that the
botanical collector will find more in one day collecting than in a week or two in a
wet region, and may it be said here that it is indeed astonishing that these various
places like Puuwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii, and Kahikinui, Maui, have been
entirely neglected by the botanical collectors who have previously visited these
islands. It may be of interest to know that not less than 60 per cent of all the
species of indigenous trees growing in these islands can be found and are pecu-
liar to the dry regions or lava fields of the lower forest zone, which in certain
localities gradually passes into the middle forest region, carrying a few trees up
into the latter zone.

Exceptions are certain kipukas on Hawaii, at an elevation of between 4000
and 5000 feet, which possess a flora which is otherwise entirely restricted to the

15

lower foresl region. In these restricted areas one may find from 40 to 50
species of trees, some of which are confined to one locality only. It is in these
places thai the writer has round many new species of trees and rediscovered
some which were thoughl to have become extinct. Of course, most of the Ha-
waiian plant genera have representatives in both wet and dry districts, which
differ so greatly from each other that one cannot help coming to the conclusion
that they must have originated in different periods, meaning that their evolution
was not carried on simultaneously.

The Kukui is sparingly represented in these flora] districts and is replaced
by the araliaceous Reynoldsia sandwicensis, a striking tree of sometimes 50 feet
in height. (See plate VII.) It is one of the trees which possesses a soft wood
and an exceedingly thin hark. Its most plentiful associate is the leguminous
Erythrina monosperma, the Wiliwili of the Datives, whose wood is also \ryy
light and soft.

Nearly all Hawaiian Araliaceae come into this region, with the exception of
a very few species, such as Tetraplasandra Waialealae, the Oahuan varieties of
T. meiandra, Cheirodendron platyphyllum, and Pterotropia gymnocarpa, which
arc characteristic of the rain forest. Pterotropia dipyrena is peculiar to the
region discussed in this chapter, though sometimes going over into the middle
forest zone, to which Pterotropia Kavaiensis, a handsome tree found only on the
island of Kauai, is peculiar.

The Apocynaceae have three arborescent species represented, Eauwolfia sand-
wicensis (Hao), either a shrub or more often a tree, and Ochrosia sandwicensis
(Hold), not uncommon, and Pteralyxia macrocarpa (Kaulu), only found on
Oahu in the valley of Makaleha. The latter is a small tree, with large, bright
red, double fruits. The Gynopogon oliviformis (Maile), also belonging to this
family, has a variety my rtilli folia occuring in the dry forests, usually climbing-
over trees, and sometimes strangling them to death.

The most common tree is the liliaceous Dracaena anna, or Halapepe of the
natives. It is entirely restricted to this region and only very rarely is found
outside of it.

These dry or mixed forest regions occur, however, in other tropical countries,
as in East Java and India, and are peculiar in so far as they are composed of
periodically deciduous trees. In Hawaii only three or four species lose their
leaves in the dry season, as Erythrina monosperma, Reynoldsia sandwicensis,
Kokia drynariodes, and Sapindus saponaria. The same may he said id' Nb-
thocestrum. which also sheds its leaves, but without ever becoming leafless, as
its defoliation immediately precedes its acquisition of new foliage. These dry.
forest regions or mixed woodlands have hardly ever been investigated, previous
explorers confining their investigations to the wet forests, which appear from a
distance much more promising. These rain forests, however, display much less
variety than tin1 mixed forest, where not a single tree species can lie called domi-
nant. Of course, there are exceptions, as for example in South Kona. on Hawaii,

17

S «*
.2 ^

CO

a o

3 ^
2 o

to rt

u °

rt ..
o >»

^«

•-• s

H

o

H
Ph

where Metrosideros polymorpha {Ohio lehua) go1 the upper hand and qow forms
nearly pure stands, with perhaps a few other trees, Like Straussia and Suttonia,

On 111*' more recent 1;iv;i Hows which intersect llie mixed forests. This, however,

is due to the wonderful adaptability of the Ohia to aearly any environmenl
and to its quicker growth, while the trees of the mixed Lower forests are ex-
tremely slow growing and their seeds usually do not germinate before one or
two years, or perhaps much longer, after which the two cotyledons remain for
another year before a third leal' appears. Trees of these mixed forests have
practically no epiphytes and only one or two lianes are present. Embelid sp.,
whose1 huge, rope-like stems are entangled in the tops of the trees, having a thick-
ness of several inches near the ground, on which they are twisted like the coil of a
rope before ascending the trees. This gianl Embelia has only been observed so
far by the writer in the kipuka Puaulu, near the volcano on Hawaii.

Caesalpinia bo)uluv<Ua is very common on the lava fields, and the writer met
with huge plants whose rope-like stems climbed the tallest trees, forming also an
impenetrable mass on the ground, very treacherous on account of their recurved
sharp thorns and very spiny seed pods. Besides these lianes, two parasites are
exceedingly common, one being tin1 Hawaiian mistletoe, Viscum articulatum,
which at that locality infests mainly the ebenaceous Maba sandwicensis, while
the leafless parasite, Cassytha filiformis, with its thousands of thread-like, yellow
iL'fems, covers the tops of trees (usually Plectronia odorata), which in due time
succumb to this pest. (See plate VIII.)

Strange to say. these mixed forests have hardly any native undergrowth,
with the exception of a fewT ferns and grasses, though in late years lantana and
guava have driven out the few native plants which formed this undergrowth.
In dry forests of normal conditions a few composites thrive, such as Lipochaeta,
and a menispermaceous vine, Coccuhts Ferrandianus, and a species of the cucur-
bitaceous genus Sicyos. Some of the trees belonging to the mixed or dry forests,
as the handsome Pelea multiflora, Alectryon macrococcus and Hibiscadelphus,
but mainly the former, are covered with a species of lichen which gives the trees
a mournful appearance and is really injurious to them. This particular species
(Usnea australis) does not infest all trees, but only certain species, mainly Pelea
multiflora, in the dry forest of Auahi on the southern slope of Haleakala.

Though it is said that the more conspicuous lichens are common on unhealthy
trees, rather than on thrifty ones, nevertheless when they do occur in such quan-
tities as on some of the trees of the mixed forests, they must interfere with the
functions of the hark. It also may be said that nowhere is the lichen flora richer
in species than in the mixed or dry forest of the lower zone.

On Kauai, the dry or mixed forest zone has almost entirely disappeared and
only a few trees can still be found. Most of the land has been cleared for sugar
cane fields up to an elevation of nearly 12000 feet; above Makaweli only little is
left, while above Kekaha only grass land spreads up to an elevation of nearly
3000 feet.

19

PLATE X.

INTERIOR OF FERN FOREST on Hawaii, near Volcano Kilauea, elevation 4000 feet.
The tree ferns are Cibotium; undergrowth ferns, Dryopteris, Asplenium, Aspidium,
etc.

That there was once a mixed woodland is told by the very few remaining

trees, such as the white Hibiscus (Hibiscus \Y tiiim <u ) , a handsome tree with
large, white, showy flowers, which still exists in a small valley in company with

Osmanthus sandwicensis. At an elevatioD of 1000 feet, back of Makaweli, the
most common tree is Sapindus oahuensis, remarkable for its simple leaves. This
tree has hitherto not been reported from Kauai, from whence it must have come
to Oahu, beinii' much more numerous on Kauai than on the latter island.

The plants which make up the mixed woodlands are usually the same on all
the islands, with the exception of certain species which are peculiar to certain
localities. Among them are the following: Hibiscus Waimeae to Kauai; Ptera-
lyxia macrocarpa, an apocynaceous tree with bright red double fruits, to the
Waianae mountains on Oahu; Pelea multiflora, a newly described species, to-
gether with /'. cinerea var. racemosa, Hibiscadelphus Wilderianus, Sideroxylon
auahiense, all new to science, peculiar to the lava fields of Auahi, southern slopes
of Haleakala; and Pittosporum Hosmeri, Xanthoxylum dipetalum var. nov.,
Kokia Eockii, and others, to Puuwaawaa, Kona, Hawaii; while Tetraplasandra
Lanait nsis and a few other species are found on Lanai only.

Not all dry forests of the lower zone are, however, alike, some differing very
materially in possessing fewer species of trees than others, and thus form, so
to say, a transition type. On Maui the forest above Makawao, which gradually
passes into the middle forest zone, has a similar aspect to the dry forest on the
southern slope, but, being more to the windward side, and therefore receiving
more rain, is unsuitable for certain tree species, and thus less rich in species.
Between this forest, which is somewhat a mixture of rain and dry forest, since
it has suitable conditions for plants of both regions, and Kula, is now a large
treeless plain, with the exception of the intervening valleys, or rather old lava
gulches, with their precipitous walls, which show still a very interesting tree
growth, mainly composed of Sideroxylon, Xanthoxylum, Pseudomorus and Dra-
caena. The slopes of Kula, where once a beautiful dry forest existed, are now
bare owing to cattle, and the only trees still to be found are Dracaena aurea.

At Ulupalakua native vegetation has disappeared entirely and only planted
Eucalypti are to be seen. The land of Ulupalakua must be extremly old, as not
much lava is visible, while the immediate vicinity shows lava Mows of little age.
Several lava flows of various ages must have flowed down the mountain at in-
tervals of a century or perhaps more, which can be judged by the presence of
the various floral aspects on these different lava flows. The older lava flow has
been taken possession of by tree growth of such species belonging to the typical
dry forest as are more easily transported by either winds or birds and have the
advantage of becoming more easily established than others, while the newer and
also somewhat blacker flow is covered by a somewhat different vegetation, mainly
of introduced weeds, with here and there a native shrub. Beyond these flows is
the typical mixed or dry forest, undoubtedly of great age; its area is about 500
acres, and is mainly aa (rough) lava, very much disintegrated in some places,

21

though where it is not covered with vegetation other than lichens it shows still
all its characteristics.

Beyond Auahi. with its fifty species of trees, is open, flat, rough country with
a few scattered trees of Xanthoxyluni, the last stragglers from the dry forest
which have ventured out into the open, or perhaps are the survivors of an old
forest previously existing in this locality. Close to it lies the Kaupo Gap, or
southern outlet of Ilaleakala crater, beyond which seems to be a semi-wet dis-
trict, followed immediately by the rain forest.

22

THE VARIOUS FOREST REGIONS ON THE ISLAND

OF HAWAII

The Island of Hawaii is composed mainly of the three mountains, Manna
Kea (13,823 feet), Mauna Loa (13,675 feet), and Hualalai (8273 leet), while
the western end, the mountains of Kohala. are said to have formed once a sepa-
rate island, being about of the same age as Wes1 Maui. The now extinct volcano,
Mauna lvea, the highest mountain of the Pacific, is the oldest volcano on Hawaii,
while Mauna Loa. whose summit crater, Mokuaweoweo, still becomes periodically
active, is the youngest. Mt. Hualalai, the lowest of the volcanoes on Hawaii, now
supposed to be extinct, was last active a little over a century ago, its last erup-
tion, in 1801, being- thought to have been witnessed by an Englishman.

Naturally an island like Hawaii, still in process of formation, represents
widely ranging districts: ancient lava flows, deserts, dense tropical rain forests,
dry or mixed forests, new lava flows bare of any vegetation, alpine zones, and
almost any climate from dry desert heat to the most humid air of the rain forest,
from tropical heat to ice and almost perpetual snow at the summits of the moun-
tains, where a temperature of 13 degrees Fahrenheit in midsummer is nothing
uncommon. From a phytogeographic standpoint the island of Hawaii offers the
most interesting field in the Pacific.

All these various districts, with their peculiar climates, support many inter-
esting types of plant coverings.

The windward side of Hawaii, as of nearly all the other islands, is very pre-
cipitous, especially along the western end. the Kohala mountains, where ver-
tical cliffs nearly 3000 feet in height are covered with verdure almost to the
the water's edge. The rainfall is exceedingly heavy in this district, and the
waters have cut huge gorges into these rocky walls, such as the valleys of Waipio,
Waimanu, Pololn, Honokaneiki, etc. The vegetation of these valleys is rather
uniform, and has been described under the lower windward forest region.

Between Kohala and Mauna Kea is a large plain of many thousands of acres,
now mainly grassland, at an elevation of 2000 to 3700 feet, after which the slopes
of Mauna Kea rise more steeply. At from 3700 feet up to 7000 feet, on this big
plain, is a belt of forest composed mainly of Sophora chrysophylla, while lower
down are scattered trees, usually Osmanthus sandwicensis, the Hawaiian olive,
with Myoporum sandwicense, the Naio, etc. To windward, the mountain slopes
rather gently, forming the Hamakua coast, which at the lowlands has been
planted with sugar cane exclusively up to an elevation of 2000 feet. From thence

23

up is a stretch of forest which receives a heavy rainfall, and is composed mainly
of Metrosideros polymorpha, with Perottetia, Straussia, Suttonia, Pipturus and

other trees peculiar to such ;i Forest type. Epiphytic plants occur in great num-
bers, especially Pteridophytes and vines like the Fn ycini I iii Arnotti (Ic-ie),
while the Lobeliaceous Clermontia parviflora is found on trunks of trees and on
tree ferns. The whole forest, however, h;is suffered greatly, not only from the in-
vasion by eattle, but also by forest fires, which have destroyed Large areas.
Ih.r sandwicensis is round in great numbers, besides huge tree ferns, Cibo-
I in m Menziesii, some of which measure 25 to 30 feel in height, with a diameter
of 3 feet. The fibrous trunks are usually covered with multitudes <>1' species.
Vaccinium is plentiful, also Clermontiae and Rubus Macraei. The Ohia, which
becomes a tall tree, is festooned with the liliaceous Astelia veratroides, besides
Smilax and other plants.

Between 2000 and 3000 feet elevation the forest has disappeared and only
stragglers of tree ferns can be found standing, though ten times as many are
lying dead on the ground and overgrown with all possible weeds, winch the
ranchmen have imported with their grass seeds. Among them is the composite
climber, Senecio mikanioides, an awful pest, which has become well established
on Hawaii. At 3000 feet a few Koa trees can be found, together with Naio, and
here also was found a single native palm, Pritchardia sp., windswept and half
dead. If one considers the natural condition in wdiich this palm flourishes, as
for example in the dense tropical rain forests in Kohala, and then looks at the
single plant all alone in a field of Paspalum conjugation, as the accuser of man
the destroyer, it stands a witness to the fact that there, surrounding it, was once
a beautiful tropical jungle. Above this dead forest belt is grass land only,
while a little higher up SopJiora chrysophylla forms a belt of forest together
with Acacia Koa, on whose trunks grows Asplenium adiantum nigrum. Far-
ther up the Koa gives place to the Mamani, which forms the sole vegetation be-
sides a few straggling shrubs of the rosaceous Ostcomeles anthyllidi folia at
6000 feet.

In this locality are three cinder cones or craters on the mountain slope, Ka-
luamakani, a little over 7000 feet, Moano, and Nan. The vegetation on these
cones is scanty. The crater holes are very shallow and sandy and harbor only
few plants. On the rim of the cones grows the monocotyledonous Sisyrynchium
acre, a glabrous plant 6 to 10 inches in height, with small yellow flowers. In
the shade of the Mamani, as well as on the slopes, grows Ranunculus Hawaii-
< us is. while in the cracks of the crater wall several grasses, Cynodon dactyion.
Koehleria glomcraia, and Descliampsia australis var. were found in company
with Gnaplialium luteo-album. At an elevation of 7000 feet on the wind-
ward slope, PaiUardia arborea, one of the Hawaiian tree composites, grows in
company with the epaeridaceous Cyathodes. On the crater Nan several Compositae
were found, mainly Raillardia, but also Campylotheca and Lipochaeta, besides
a tree. Euphorbia lorifolia, and several herbaceous Labiatae of the genus Ste-

25

nogyne. Encircling the base of the cone Nau is a deep lava gulch with precipi-
tous walls, inaccessible to cattle. Here a composite vegetation with Labiatae
flourishes; while outside only the hardy Mamani trees have survived the ravages
of cattle.

Tin' forests of Puna near llilo are extremely rich and are situated almost
between the slopes of .Manna Kea and Mauna Loa. Immediately back of Hilo
is a somewhat mixed forest composed of species of trees peculiar to the dry and
wet regions. The nearly impenetrable forests of the Hilo district are com-
posed mainly of Metrosideros polymorpha, which forms almost pure stands.

FLORAL ASPECTS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD Ol' THE VOLCANO KILAUEA o.\" HAWAII.

The floral aspects of the country surrounding Kilauea are exceedingly in-
teresting, as there are many peculiar types of vegetation which are limited to
certain small areas. Immediately hack of the Volcano House is the fern or rain
forest i see plate IX), composed of the tree ferns Cibotium Menziesii and
Cibotium Chamissoi, which reach here a wonderful development as far as fronds
are concerned, though the trunk's are not so high as in the mountains of Kohala.
The main trees are Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii, Ilex sandwicensis, Suttonia
Lessertiana, while lobeliaceous species such as Clermontia parviflora var. plei-
antha and others grow in the forks of trees. Metrosideros polymorpha is also
extremely common. The trunks of these trees are usually covered with moss a
foot or so thick, holding' a tremendous amount of water. In the moss on these
trees epiphytes are numerous; 10 to 15 species of ferns can sometimes he found
on one trunk, mainly Polypodium tamariscinum, P. lineare, V. pseudo-
grammitis, 1'. sarmentosum, Asplenium horridum, A. pseudofalcatum, Elapho-
glossum gorgoncum. E. reticulatum, E. Wawrae, etc.. while an occasional Ly-
copod may he found also. Besides these numerous ferns, the liliaceous plant
Astelia veratroides forms dense beds, especially on horizontal tree trunks, while
Vaccinium penduliflorum and another variety occur quite frequently on the
same trees. The undergrowth is mainly of ferns of the genera Aspli nium and
Aspidium. (See plate X.) From the trunks of tree ferns a beautiful Labiate,
with large pink flowers. Stenogym calaminthoides, hangs gracefully and some-
times interlaces several tree ferns with a number of its runners. Of shrubs,
Broussaisia arguta and several species of Cyrtandra are not uncommon, while in
certain localities the cyperaceous Uncinia sp. covers the ground. However, the
native undergrowth is now being driven out by the tenacious Rubus jamaict nsis,
or thimble berry, an introduced pest, which makes walking very difficult on ac-
count of its nasty recurved thorns. The plant grows luxuriously in the shade of
the tree ferns. Besides this ohnoxious plant, another one has heen introduced of
late, the ordinary blackberry, which already shows signs of having taken a
strong foothold.

Before one reaches the true rain or fern forest, where rich, black, muddy
soil abounds, a sort of semi-wet forest, or rather shrubby vegetation, is passed

27

through. Sadleria ferns, which like the open country, arc aumerous, with an
occasional Cibotium (sec plate XI); the trees are the same as in the rain forest,

but are mure stunted, while the shrubs are composed of different species. Vac-
cinium reticulatum ranks first, then Cyathodes tameiameia, an epacridaceous

plant with pretty white and red berries, and also the poisonous thymelaeaceous
plant Wikstrot mia sp. On the open Lava fields Ohia lehua a hounds, and especially
along the hot sulphur cracks, where the small trees are covered with the yellow
crystals. .Many cyperaceous plants can be found; among them are the following
indigenous species: Cyperus mauiensis, Carex sandwicensis, Gahnia Gaudi-
chaudii, Cladium angustifolium, Cladium Meyenii, etc. In the old cracks. San-
talum Freycinetianum var. latifolium is common, besides several species of
Coprosma and the composite shrub Eaillardia laxiflora, the sapindaceous cos-
mopolitan Dodonaea viscosa, besides the common fern, Poly podium pellucidum,
Lycopodium cernuum, etc. Adjoining this open scrub vegetation is the Koa
forest (see plate XII), where giant trees can be seen, some reaching a height of
80 feet with a trunk 6 feet or so in diameter. It is mixed with Ohia lehua,
Straussia, Suttonia, Perrottetia, and tree ferns, while in the forks of its branches
small trees of a new lobeliaceous plant, Clermontia sp.,* have established them-
selves. Miles of this forest exist in which one can easily lose his way if he tries
to penetrate into the interior, which in certain localities is inaccessible. The
Ie-ie vine is occasionally met with, but -4000 feet elevation is its limit. Border-
ing this forest to the south are extensive lava flows of aa, which have now been
taken possession of by Acacia Koa solely. (See plate XIII.) Here the trees
do not grow straight, but have short trunks with very crooked branches, of
which the lower invariably trail on the ground. In contrast to the lowland aa
flows, which are taken possession of by Ohia, at this elevation Koa is the pre-
dominant or sole tree.

Three or four miles from the Volcano House, in the midst of aa lava just
described, is a bit of land composed of 56 acres, which is called Kipuka Puaulu
by the natives. This little oasis, as it should properly be termed, shows no sign
of lava rock, but has rich, deep, black soil which supports a marvelous mixture
of vegetation. As many as forty species of trees are present in this beautiful
park-like spot. (See plate XIV.) It is of a similar nature to the mixed or dry
forest of the lower forest zone. This kipuka or oasis is situated at an elevation
of 4000 to 4500 feet, and is surrounded on three sides by old aa flows, 20 to 30
feet thick, while on the southeast side it is cut off by an old pahoehoe flow,
which supports a scanty Ohia hhua growth. Many unique species of trees occur
in this beautiful spot, and have not been found on the other islands and not
even in other localities on the same island.

It is the writer's opinion that this forest is the sort of type which covered
the slopes of Mauna Loa at this elevation for quite a large area but was de-
stroyed by the many lava flows which broke out on the flanks of the mountain.
Fortunately this little oasis, which will soon be reserved as a National park.

Clermontia Hawaiiensis (TTbd.) Ru<-1<.

29

escaped the fiery streams by its elevation. It is now used as a fattening paddock
for cattle, and it is indeed high time thai something is done, or else these won-
derful trees, ninny of them new and unique, will lie ;i thing of the past, in even

the nearest future. No undergrowth exists, with the except ion of a few ferns,

mainly Aspidium and Asplenium, the most common being Polystichum falca-

Iiiiii vai'.

One of the most interesting trees is a Malvaceae nearest to Bibiscus. Only
one tree is in existence, and was described hy the writer as a new uenus under
the name " Hibiscadelphus. " Two other species have since been discovered by
the writer belonging to the same new genus, which will he mentioned in their
respective places. Among the biggesl trees is a new variety of Xanthoxylum,
with a straight trunk of over a foot in diameter. ( See plate 83. ) Severn! species
of Pelea, hesides other Xanthoxyla, Sapindus saponaria, and Suttonia, etc.,
make up this beautiful park.

Beyond this oasis is another aa lava flow of more recent age, as it is still
covered with a sort of scrub vegetation. Dodonaea, Eumex giganti us, Coprosma
ernodeoides — the Kukainene of the natives, ('ij/xnts mauiensis, Carex, K<><hh ria
glomerata, Styphelia, and a few others form the main vegetation, while a little
lower is a triangular spot which was saved from the lava flows and supports a
number of trees of Pittosporum Hosmeri var.,* the only Pittosporum representa-
tive in the whole district. It is most remarkable that not a single species of
Pittosporum or Sideroxylon can be found in the Kipuka Puaulu, which has most
of their associates represented, while these two genera are conspicuous by their
absence. With these Pittosporum are Pelea volcanica, Pelea sp? and Cheiro-
(J< ndron Gaudichaudii. This strip of lava beyond the little oasis is about half a
mile wide. On its other side is an aa flow of much greater age. Ohia lehua has
covered it densely, together with other species, the former, however, being the
dominant tree.

Adjoining this flow is another kipuka called Ki, similar to Puaulu, though
much younger, as the vegetation is not half as rich in species as that of the
latter. Sapindus saponaria is the predominant species, forming 50 per cent of
the tree growth, while Acacia Koa, Sophora chrysophylla, Straussia, l'<l<a vol-
canica, and others make up the rest of the forest. Sapindus saponaria is the
largest tree present, reaching a height of about 80 feet, with trunks of 2 to 3
feet in diameter. There is no undergrowth now with the exception of a few
Aspidium and Polystichum ferns. Lichen growth is extremely rich in species,
especially on the bark of Sapindus saponaria. This last kipuka is at ;in eleva-
tion of about 4600 to 5000 feet, Above it is still another aa flow occupied by
Acacia Koa, while below it is a forest of Sophora chrysophylla, which at this
elevation, 4000 to 5000 feet, reaches its best development.

Another aa flow joins this kipuka on the southwest side, supporting a vege-
tation similar to the one adjoining it on the other, hut is still younger. This
flow is perhaps two miles wide, and must have come from the west think of

PittOBporum Hosmeri var. longifolia Ruck v. n.

31

l'LATK XV.

TYPICAL JUNGLE OF THE LOWER FOREST REGION, at Hilea, Kau, Hawaii, eleva-
tion 1800 feet. Perns to left, Sadleria; to right, Cibotium; vine in background,
Freycinetia Arnotti Gaud.

Mauna Loa. The vegetation is extremely uniform, Ohia lehua being the only
tree, while in certain localities it is entirely bare of vegetation.

Ai 5000 Eee1 elevation is a large area of land with rich soil supporting a
number of species of native grasses, mainly Koehleria glomerata, with Car ex
sandwicensis var. lavarum. Most beautiful Koa trees of greal size form clumps
of forests, together with Mamani. This hmd. which 1ms been reserved as a pad-
dock, must be extremely old, as no lava is visible, and is sharply contrasted by
the rugged, sharp, black aa lava flows bordering it. Above this paddock, which
is of considerable extent, is the again everpresenl lava. It is only on this side,
but mainly above Kapapala. that the silversword, Argyroxiphium sandwicense,
is found as low down as 7000 feet elevation on Manna Loa. The vegetation from
the volcano until one reaches Hilea, in Kan. is extremely uniform and quite unin-
teresting. At Hilea, the slopes of Mauna Loa are cut into many divisions, mainly
valleys and ridges with very precipitous slopes. From Naalehu the country
slopes very gradually.

FLOKAL ASPECTS OF KAU.

LAVA FORMATION.

Immediately below Hilea proper the land is all under cultivation, sugar cane
being the only crop. At an elevation of about 2000 feet is a small plateau,
mainly composed of pahoehoe lava of apparently great age, on both sides the
mountain of Kaiholena rising to about 1000 feet, with very precipitous walls.
The palwelioe plain, which is called Kanalohu, is all hollow underneath. Great
subterranean channels undermine the whole plain, and are now used for reser-
voirs. The lava walls are perfectly smooth and black and form complete arched
tunnels for a long distance. These were undoubtedly subterranean outlets of
rushing lava streams. In fact, some of the channels can be traced right down
to the water's edge. The main vegetation of this plateau is Paapahtm conju-
gatum (Hilo grass), besides a number of ferns.

Emerging into this flat plateau are several valleys, one of which, Kumauna,
is of interest. The forest from Hilea to Waiohinu, though being on the lee side
of Hawaii, belongs to the rain or wet forest type. At Hilea proper it is somewhat
mixed, being composed of trees belonging to both wet and dry forest types. The
forest as a whole is more uniform than similar forest types in other localities,
due mainly to the land being geologically much younger than in similar locali-
ties on the other islands where volcanic activities ceased thousands of years
ago, as it is situated on the southern slopes of the still active volcano Mauna Loa.
The land, nevertheless, has extremely rich soil, which is black and somewhat
muddy. The principal tree of which the Hilea forest is composed is Mctrosideros
polymorpha, which is the most numerous. Its associates are Antidesma platy-
phyllum (Hamc), Straussia. Perrottetia sandwicensis (Olomca), Pipturus, Sut-
tonia (Kolea), Pelea volcanica, Pelea clusiaefolia, Bobea sp., Tctraplasandra

33

meiandra var., Eurya sandwicensis (Wanini), and several species of Gouldia,
Coprosma being very common at lower levels.

On the slopes of Kumauna and Kaiholena valley is found Pterotropia dipy-
rena var., which reaches here a beautiful development. Trees 60 feet tall and
more, with trunks of nearly two feet in diameter, are not uncommon in the
valley, while at higher elevation it is a tree 30 feet in height with rather ram-
bling branches. The ie-ie is gregarious, besides Smilax and Embelia, which are
all lianes, climbing over trees. Of Leguminosae, a beautiful climber, Strongy-
lodon lucidum, called Nukuiwi by the natives, covers the tops of the numerous
Kukui trees in Kumauna valley. In few places has the writer seen such a beau-
tiful forest as the one in question, reaching from Hilea to Waiohinu. Its natural
condition is undisturbed, and therefore presents a marvelous display of growth
up to an elevation of nearly 6000 feet. (See plate XV.) Several Lobeliaceae
occur, such as Cyanea tritomantha, which is exceedingly common in this locality,
favored by the very shaded situation under the rank growth of trees, ferns and
lianes. It belongs to the section Palmaeformes, which is peculiar to the middle
forest region, but occasionally going a little lower. Clermontia coerulea, CI.
parviflora, are also common, both being trees sometimes growing in the forks of
other trees. The solanaceous genus Nothocestrum is represented by the species
brevifiorum, which is here a little tree 20 feet in height.

The only plant cultivated near the Hilea plain is Piper methysticum, the
a tea of the natives. Pittosporums are absent as well as Sideroxylon and its as-
sociates. In Kumauna valley proper, Pisonia inermis var. leiocarpa (Papula
kepau) is very common.

The country just below Hilea is called Kalaiki, and is mainly aa lava, which
supports a strictly speaking dry or mixed forest flora, though not as rich in
species, as the area is limited. It consists mainly of large groves of Kukui, be-
sides stunted forms of Straussia and a few trees of Antidesma pulvinatum; Os-
manthus sandwicensis is very common besides Plectronia odorata (Walaliee), a
pretty little tree or shrub with horizontal branches and a dark green, glossy
foliage, which is pleasingly contrasted by the white, birch-like bark. A white
flowered and white fruiting variety of the Ohia ai or mountain apple is also to
be found among shrubs of the tapa plants Pipturus (Ma make) and Brousso-
netia papyrifera (Wauke), the latter having of late become exceedingly scarce,
as its cultivation has been discontinued since about fifty years or more ago.

A few hundred feet below this small grove of mixed forest we find the
typical lowland formation on aa lava fields, which is characterized by the legum-
inous trees. Eryihrina monosperma, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Myoporum sand-
wicense, Nototrichium, Dodonaea. several Cyperaceae, besides the following
climbers, of which the leguminous thorny Caesalpinia bonducella (Kakalaioa)
is the mosl common, in company with the convolvulaceous Ipomoea insularis
(Koaliawahia) and Argyreia tiliae folia (Pilikai). Large yellow patches are
discernable on the tops of trees from the distance, and on examination arc found

34

to be the very troublesome leafless parasite. Cassytha filiformis or Kaunoa of
the natives, which is here more plentiful than in any other district of the islands
of the group visited by the writer.

THE FOREST BACK OF NAALBHU UP TO AN ELEVATION OP 6000 PEET.

Above the cane fields, which are situated on the rather steep slopes hack of
Naalehu, is a more or less flat stretch of laud clothed in a rather scanty vegeta-
tion, mainly Sadleria ferns; the soil is muddy and numerous species of weeds
abound, besides the everpresent 11 do grass, forming a dense carpet. Joining
this open stretch of land at an elevation of about 2300 feet commences an almost
impenetrable jungle which ascends uninterruptedly to an elevation of 6000 feet.
The main vegetative feature is fern growth, intermixed with Scaevola shrubs,
Straussia, Broussaisia, Glermontia parviflora, CI. coerulea, the latter one of the
most common trees. The larger trees are mainly Suttonia, Pelea, Perrottetia, Me-
trosideros, and as we ascend a species of Pittosporum is not uncommon. The
forest is strictly of the rain forest type, and becomes more uniform with in-
creased elevation. For example, at from 3000 feet to 5000 feet elevation three
species of trees, Suttonia Lessertiana, Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii and Metro-
sideros polymorpha, are the principal ones, while an occasional straggler of
Pittosporum, Gouldia, and Straussia can be observed. Tctraplasandra meiandra
var. belongs to the 3000 foot level. The undershrubs are mainly Broussaisia
pellucida and several species of Cyrtandra, with many species of ferns and a
few Labiatae, such as Phyllostegia and Stenogyne.

Pipturus albidus is the most common plant of all, reaching the size of a hand-
some tree with a trunk of sometimes a foot or more in diameter. It ascends to
an elevation of 5000 feet. Along the fern trail toward the mountain springs,
from which the sugar plantation obtains its main water supply, the vegetation
becomes richer; the ground is covered with thick moss. Here the writer was
fortunate enough to discover three species of Lobelioideae new to science, two
belonging to the genus Cyanea, one very remarkable for its creeping root stock;
the third is a handsome shrub of the genus Clermontia with pinkish flowers.
Lobelia hypoleuca and the exceedingly handsome Lobelia macrostachys occur
here also, as well as at the higher levels.

Of a species of Pritchardia 18 to 20 feet high (a native palm) with a smooth
trunk about 8 inches in diameter, the writer found a few individual trees.* It
differs from all the other native palms in its flowering spathes, which are thickly
covered with a salmon-colored wool or tomentum. Its fruits are oval and little
more than an inch long. It may be the same species that is found near Glenwood
on the road to the Volcano Kilauea from Hilo, which the writer had no oppor-
tunity of examining. This conclusion is drawn from the fact that the forest
flora at this latter locality has many species in common with the one just de-
scribed.

Since described by Beccari as Pritchardia criostachia sp. n.

35

The writer crossed the Naalehu forest diagonally toward Kahuku up to the
source of the 1868 lava How, at an elevation of about 6600 feet. The main trees
above 5000 feet elevation are Metrosideros polymorpha, the Ohia lehua, usually
tall trees with rather straight trunks, which are enwrapped with moss and
epiphytic ferns; the Cheirodcndron Gaudichauclii (Olapa) is the next most
common, with Suttonia Lessertiana.

The undergrowth is exceedingly dense and is composed mainly of Bubus
Hawaiiensis, which is covered with fine aculeate spines which adhere to and
penetrate into the flesh very easily when touched. It grows here erect, 5 to 8
feet high, and was almost void of foliage (January). It has one main stem
tapering toward the end without even small branchlets, having the shape of a
whip. Ferns are also common, mainly Dryoptcris globulifera, Sadleria, and
here and there a Cibotium. At an elevation of 5600 feet Ohia lehua is the prin-
cipal tree. Associated with it, curiously enough, is the small-leaved Suttonia
sandwicensis (Kolea), which is here a tree 18 to 25 feet in height with a straight
trunk of 5 to 6 inches in diameter. The undershrubs are mainly Coprosma with
rambling branches, Bronssaisia pellucida, and Pipturus. The soil is still rich
and muddy, and is often covered with tussocks of Astelia veratroides, the large-
leaved form usually found to be terrestrial. At about 5000 feet, where in other
localities a forest of this type would gradually change into an open, flat swamp
like Puukukui on West Maui, or Waialeale on Kauai, the land here becomes
drier, and the first pahoelioe lava becomes visible. The transition vegetation is
stunted, though some straight, tall Ohia trees are not uncommon, while a pecu-
liar low-growing Sadleria forms the undershrub. The most interesting fact is
the absence of Acacia Koa in the entire stretch of forest between Hilea and
"Waiohinu, as well as of Sophora chrysophylla, which is not found even on the
open pahoelioe lava field which supports the following vegetation belonging to
the upper forest zone : Baillardia sp., a small shrub 4 to 5 feet high, grows to-
gether with Vaccinium reticulatum, and an undescribed variety of the same
which is much taller and has a bluish-purple glaucous berry, with orbicular
glaucous leaves. Geranium cuneatum var. ,5. forms small shrubs with stout, stiff
branchlets ; the leaves are silvery underneath. It is usually plentiful on ele-
vated crusts of pahoelioe lava which have become fissured, and covers them com-
pletely together with Styphelia tameiameia and St. imbricata and Raillardia,
forming densely-wooded mounds. Coprosma ernodeoides, a rubiaceous creeper
with black, round berries, abounds, besides the Chilean strawberry, Fragaria
Chilcnsis, the cyperaceous Gahnia Gaudichaiidii, Carex sandwicensis, while the
juncaceous Luzula Hawni'u nsis I inch., which has all the aspects of a Cyperaceae,
and Sisyrynchium acre of the order Iridaceae are growing scattered between the
lava cracks. Lycopodium venustulum and the Gramineae Koehleria glomerata
and Deschampsia australis can also be met with.

36

This is the limit of tree growth. Above this, old and more recent Lava flows
cover the ground, which is either bare or covered with ;i scrubby vegetation such
as just described.

VEGETATION OF THE LAVA FLOWS OF KAU AND SOUTH KONA FROM SKA LEVEL TO AN

ELEVATION OF 4200 PEET.

Between Waiohinu and Kahiiku the vegetation is mainly composed of Ohia
with an occasional sandalwood tree, 8 ant alum Freycinetianwm var. latifoliwn.
Lava flows of various ages have descended from the upper as well as the lower
slopes of Mauna Loa, some having reached the sea, others having just crossed
the government road (1200 feet), while minor Hows have descended for only
about a mile from their source, after which they cooled and stopped. The
neighborhood of Kahuku is the seat of many eruptions, some within the memory
of man, as two flows came forth from the southern slopes of Mauna Loa, one in
1867, and another in 1887, while as recently as January 9, 1907, after a few
slight earthquakes, another flow proceeded in the same direction from an eleva-
tion higher than that of the two previous flows. This last eruption emerged con-
siderably below the summit of Mauna Loa, pouring forth a stream of aa (rough
lava) which divided into two nearly equal streams, with a smaller one between
This is, however, not the place to give a description of the behavior of lava flows,
and the writer wishes to refer the reader to Dr. Wm. T. Brigham's valuable
publication on the Volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. All three flows men-
tioned above are entirely bare of vegetation, and the half century intervening
has not changed the appearance of these various flows in the slightest. The
older ones look exactly as does the one of 1907, the only difference being in the
color, which is a trifle lighter shade of brown. It is most interesting to note
little areas of more ancient flows, perhaps only an acre or smaller in extent,
which have not been covered by these flows, and bear an occasional shrub of
Nototrichium, with Sadleria ferns, or a small, stunted Ohia. These more recent
flows are very irregular in outline, and in the actual flow little islands of many
shapes have remained — that is, islands of old lava beds, bearing a typical dry
scrub vegetation which was spared by the fiery streams. The last flow at first
came forth as pahoehoe (smooth lava), while lower down it assumed aa form, as
can be seen along the government road.

The first plant to settle along the margins of these various flows is Nephro-
lepis exaltata, a cosmopolitan fern. Sadleria ferns followr after it or perhaps
at the same time, but the former was always to be observed when hardly a grass
or weed of any kind was visible. Two branches of the recent 1907 flow are about
four miles apart, and this stretch of land is covered by a dry scrub vegetation
and occasional trees, such as Xylosma HiUehrandii (Maua), which is by far
the most common tree next to Ohia, Antidesma pulvinatum (Hame or Haa),
Pipturus (Mamake) and Sadleria ferns. The land of Kahua, which is appar-
ently older than Manuka, is of a rough lava nature, with occasional kipukas, and

37

supports a vegetation mostly composed of Nototrichium sandwicense and Dra-
caena aurca, which are the predominant trees in this district. An occasional
Pittosporum, Straussia, and Santalum can be observed, but the two first men-
tioned form the main plant growth. On the kipukas, which were originally
covered with Cijnodon dactylon (Manienie grass), the guava has established
itself to such an extent that it is difficult to penetrate far into these kipukas
without a cane knife or an axe.

From Manuka toward Honomalino are several stretches of aa lava liows
geologically younger than the rest of the country. These flows have originated
at an elevation of about 4000 feet and can be distinguished from afar by the
entirely different vegetation which they support. These flows, of which Kaula-
namauna is an example, are sharply outlined against the sky from the country
which they intersect, by the tall, straight trees of Metrosideros polymorpha
(OJiia) which form the main plant covering. It is only on the margins of these
flows that intruders from the surrounding country, such as Reynoldsia, Pittos-
porum, and others have taken a foothold, while Alphitonia excelsa (Kauila) has
become a part of these Ohia forests. The scrub vegetation is mainly composed of
the following plants: StypheUa tameiameia (Pukeawe), Santalum Freycine-
tianum (Iliahi), the above mentioned Alphitonia, Gouldia sp., with very large,
black berries, Vaccinium retictdatum, Coprosma montana, C. ernodeoides, Gall-
nia gaudichaudii, and Bumex giganteus (Pawale), besides the two species of
Cladium, Pellaea ternifoUa and the everpresent Nephrolepis exaltata, which
seems to thrive as well on aa lava as in the dampest lower forests. The vegeta-
tion of Manuka is more or less uniform and not as interesting as that of Kapua,
only a few miles distant.

Besides the Kipuka Puaulu near the Volcano House, there are only two dis-
tricts on Hawaii which possess an extremely rich and xerophilous flora, namely,
Puuwaawaa in North Kona, and its rival Kapua in South Kona. There is no
doubt in the writer's mind that a vegetation such as is represented in both these
districts encircled the southern slopes of Mauna Loa, but was consumed by the
various lava flows, leaving these two districts unmolested. Kapua is small in
area, and so is Puuwaawaa ; their vegetative growth is very similar, though the
latter is richer in species. They are about 50 miles apart, and the intervening
country is taken up by more or less uniform vegetation which has little in com-
mon with either Kapua or Puuwaawaa. Beginning with the lowlands at Kapua
to an elevation of about 2000 feet, the vegetation covering this area, which is on
a gradual slope, belongs strictly to the dry or mixed forest type, while above it,
between 2000 and 4200 feet, the vegetation is of the rain forest type, but by far
not as wet as the rain forest above Naalehu, Kau. Species of the lower levels
have ascended into the wet forest, or vice versa.

Imnx'dijiti'ly above the lowland zone, which is composed of the ordinary
types of plants common to that region, commences an exceedingly interesting
and very varied xerophilous vegetation. The most common tree, forming 60

38

per cent of the vegetation, is Maba sandwicensis (Lama), which fruits prolific-
ally during the winter months, and is associated with Erythrina monosperma
(WUiwili), Reynoldsia sandwicensis (Ohe), Plectronia odorata (Walahee), here
a Little shrub, Pandanus odoratissimus (Puhala), Aleurites moluccana (Kukui),
and here and there in open places by itself Capparis Sandwichiana (Maiapilo),
which becomes here a shrub 8 t<> 10 feel high with a thick stem and rambling
branches. Opuntia hum has ascended from the lowlands. The country is ex-
tremely rocky, loose aa of ancient origin covering the ground for many feet in
thickness.

The undershrub is solely composed of the troublesome Lantana camara, now
dead, killed by the insects introduced by Koebele, hut still the country is almost
inaccessible, as the dead, thorny shrubs stand more than 15 feet high in certain
localities. It ascends to an elevation of 2000 feet, above which its place is taken
by the guava, Psidium guayava, which forms thick stands on forsakes huh anas
or old native homesteads.

As we ascend above 1000 feet elevation the vegetation becomes more inter-
esting. (See plate XVI.) Osmanthus sandwicensis and Maba sandwicensis re-
main still abundant, but are associated with NototHchium sandwicense (Kului),
Charpentiera ovata (Papala), and Pisonia sandwia nsis (Papala kepau or Aulu).
The euphorbiaceous trees Antidesma pulvinatum and .1. platyphyllum are here
the most numerous, and are indeed very characteristic. They can be recognized
by their deeply, longitudinally furrowed, fibrous gray bark and broad heart-
shaped, dark leaves. Pittospornm Hosmcri var. is also exceedingly common,
together with Dracaena aurea (Halapcpe), Straussia sp .'. Xylosma Hille-
brandii, an occasional Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila). while the other native
Kauila (Alphitonia excelsa) is here absent and only found on lava flows of more
recent origin, where Ohia lehua forms almost pure stands. Rutaeeous genera
are entirely absent, such as Pelea and Xanthoxylum. which reach such a won-
derful development on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, so similar in floral aspects
to that of Kapua. Bcijnoldsia sandwicensis, while stunted at the lower eleva-
tion, together with the Lama, is here a tall tree reaching a height of 40 to 50
feet, with trunks of two feet in diameter.

Of shrubs, the very strong, tenacious Osteomeles anthyllidi folia forms almost
80 per cent. Its white rosaceous flowers are very fragrant. The wood is ex-
ceedingly tough and can be bent into almost any position without breaking it.
When growing on the slopes of the lowlands on the windward sides i»t' the
islands it is a small vine, while on the dry lava fields it develops many erect
stems from a common root-stock, which are several inches thick and sparingly
branched, reaching a height of 15 to 20 feet. Plectronia odorata is again very
common, while the araliaceous Tetraplasandra Hawaiiensis is only sparingly
represented. It reaches here a height of only about 25 feet. Of Sapotaeeae,
Sideroxylon auahii ns< var. is found, but is not numerous, being restricted to a
single locality along a little gulch at 1600 feet elevation. Santalum Freycine-

39

'

iidnuni var. occurs ;ilso. bu1 only small trees can be found. Malvaceous trees
are entirely absent, though we mighl expect to find the newly discovered genus

Hibiscadelphus, which is peculiar to such localities, one species. //. Hualala-
iensiSj occuring on Puuwaawaa. Besides Tetraplasandra Hawaiiensis, qo othei
species of that genus, nor of Pterotropia, are present, though several can be
found in similar localities. Neither can any urticaceous trees be observed. The
Pipturus, so common in Kau, is not found in the district here described, and is
only sparingly represented in the forest above it. where one would naturally ex-
pect it in abundance, as in forests of Kau. Suttonia Lessertiana (Kolea) is
scattered here and there.

Nearly all the species of trees were in full fruit when visited by the writer
during the month of February. 1912, with the exception of one tree, which is
undoubtedly new and of which only three individuals were seen. As the tree
had neither flowers nor fruits, and as a careful search on the ground below tin-
tree did not reveal any sign of fruits or seeds of a previous season, the writer
was imable to classify it. The writer, however, had occasion to visit that district
again in the month of July when in company with Mr. W. M. Griff ard; the trees,
which were then in flower and fruit, proved to be new, and are described in this
volume; two male and one female trees were observed.

Several Convolvulaceae flourish, such as Ipomoea insularis, and others of the
same genus. Of Crassulaceae, the common Bryophyllum calycinum (air plant)
grows very gregariously along the roadside together with Cassia gaudichaudii,
Pteridium aquilinum, Nephrolepis exaltata, Stachytarpheta dichotoma, and
many other weeds. On old native homesteads or kuleanas which have been for-
saken for many years, orange trees are bearing very prolifically, while the Che-
rimolia, or Momenta, as it is called by the natives, fruits seldom. One other re-
markable fact is the absence of any leguminous tree, such as Mezoncunan
Kauaiense, or the Sophora clirysophylla, or Mamani, so common on lava fields,
and invariably associated with Myoponim sandiricense, the Naio, another tree
which is absent on the lower half of the district of Kapua. It may be remarked
that the inflorescences of Maba sandwicensis are attacked by a species of Acari,
causing them to have the same appearance as the deformed inflorescences of
Elaeocarpus bifidus on Oahu.

Of interest is also the fact that it is difficult to find a sound capsule of
Pittosporum Hosmeri var., as they are almost invariably pecked open by the
native bird Alala (('<>> vus hawaiiensis), which feeds on the very oily black
seeds. The bird is very abundant in this district.

About a mile above the government road at an elevation of about 2000 feet
we find an entirely different type of forest. It is neither exactly a wet nor is
it a dry forest, but has all the characteristics of the former. Of the first, tall
Ohia lehua trees form almost pure stands, with trunks, as elevation increases,
covered by the climber Frcycinetia Arnotti, the ie-ie. Straussia Hawaiiensis.
a very handsome tree peculiar to Kona and Puna, readies a height of about 40

41

feet, with a straight trunk and black bark of half an inch thickness. Xylosma
Hillebrandii becomes here a beautiful big tree with a trunk of one and a half
feet in diameter, straight ascending and clothed in a gray bark. Tctraplasan-
dra Hawaiu nsis is here a large tree 60 feet in height, with a fine trunk ascend-
ing for '30 feet or so before branching. It is about two and a half feet thick
and vested in a whitish bark three-quarters of an inch thick. It is the only
representative o\' the family Araliaceae in this forest. Myoporum sandwicense
is here a slender shrub, and only a few individual specimens can be observed.
Coprosma, Perrottetia, Pipturus, Pclea volcanica only, Cheirodendron gaudi-
chaudii, Antidesma platyphyllum and a species of Suttonia form the tree
growth, together with Pittosporum and Ilex, up to the Eoa belt at an eleva-
tion of 4200 feet. Sadleria cyatheoides, Cibotium Menziesii, and the lobelia-
ceous Clermontia coerulea, which ranges from the extreme eastern end of Kau
to North Kona, form the undergrowth. The latter ascends, however, up into
the Eoa belt, where it can be found on Koa trees, growing in the forks of their
1 'ranches.

Several aa flows of more recent origin intersect this forest. The flows are
covered with a scanty vegetation, such as Vaccinium, Styphelia, Coprosma
ernodeoides, Eaillardia scabra (very common), and stunted Ohia; while the
lava itself is entirely hidden by a species of lichen. At 4200 feet elevation the
trees described above are replaced by Acacia Koa, which grows here under
similar conditions as near the Volcano House, together with Urera sp. and the
tree ferns. Cattle, however, have played serious havoc with this beautiful forest.
The undergrowth is mainly composed of Polystichum falcatum var., Dryopteris,
Asplenium, and Cibotium.

The most interesting vegetation, however, occupies the area between 1500
to Jin ii i jVet, above which the forest is very uniform. Nowhere has the writer
found such beautiful stands of the ebenaceous Maba sandiciccnsis (Lama) as
in this district, where it associates mainly with tall-growing Kukui trees. Trees
■ '•" to 40 feet in height with trunks of a foot or more in diameter are not un-
common. Beyond Kapua the country is covered mainly with Ohia lehua, and is
as ;i whole very uniform, until we reach the boundary of South Kona, where a
forest similar to thai back of Naalehu, Kau, forms the lower and middle forest
zones. Most of the land about 600 to 2500 feet elevation is under cultivation,
I a arabica being the crop.

THE MIDDLE FOREST ZONE IN KONA AND FLORAL ASPECTS OF THE GREAT CENTRAL
PLAIN BETWEEN BiAUNA LOA, HUALALAI AND MAUNA KEA.

If we ascend from Kealakekua up the slopes of Manna Loa, we at first pass
through large areas of Psidium guayava, which has taken possession of the land
and is the only shrub up to an elevation of about 1200 feet. The country then
becomes moi pen and old pahoehoe flows are visible, which are covered with a

42

scanty grass vegetation. The trees on this lower plain are mainly Straussia and
its associates, such as Charpentiera obovata, Pisonia inermis, var. leiocarpa, with
occasionally a l'elea. The trees are s<> scattered that one Can COunl them easily.
This somewhat mixed forest passes gradually into an Ohia lehua (MetrosiderOS

polymorpha) forest, with Suttonia Lessertiana (Kolea). Bere also the lobe-
liaceous shrub Cl\ rmontia coerulea, somewhat different from thai of Kan, is
present. It descends, however, as low as l."><><> feet, but then only on the <m
flows, as will afterwards he described. The forest in this section is as ;i whole
very uniform.

The Ohio, lehua gradually passes into the Koa forest, if such it can still be
called; for nowhere has the writer found such a pitiable sighl ;is the Koa foresl
presents in this district at about 3000 feet up to 5000 feet elevation. Bere 90
per cent of these giant Koa trees are dead; their huge limbs dangle in the air
on pieces of fibrous strings of bark, ready to drop, if stirred by the slightest
breeze. The remaining 10 per cent of trees arc in a dying condition, and in a
very few years the country will be entirely denuded. Buge masses of trunks
and limbs are scattered over the ground, and it is really difficult to ride through
this remnant of forest. It is also dangerous, as any minute a few huge limbs
may drop from the heights above. Trees reach here a height of 80 feet or more.
This condition is mainly due to the cattle, which have destroyed all the under-
shrubs and also injured the trees, which are then readily attacked by insects. It
may lie remarked that native insects, especially beetles, do not attack healthy
trees, but only such as have been injured.

As we ascend farther the dead Koa trees are associated with Myoporum sand-
wicense (Naio), Sophora chrysophylla, Suttonia Lessertiana, and Santalum
Freycinetianum, the Iliahi, or true Sandalwood of commerce, of which trees 50
feet in height and trunks a foot and a half in diameter, are not uncommon.
Next to Koa, Sandalwood is most numerous; but, like the former, most of it is
destroyed. It differs from the Sandalwood found in other parts of Hawaii in
its smooth, black bark and very dark green, glossy leaves. The wood is also ex-
ceedingly fragrant.

That the undergrowth must have been intensely interesting is evidenced by
the fact of the abundance of vines on aa flows which intersect this forest area,
and are very seldom frequented or even crossed by cattle. Lower down at an
elevation of 1500 feet these aa flows present a dense jungle of ie-ic vines, many
species of trees, mainly the rubiaceous Straussia and urticaeeous Urera and
Pipturus. Ferns are abundant as well as one or two lobeliaceous Clermontia.
Higher up the main tree is OJtia lehua together with Sandalwood, which on
these flows is in splendid condition. At an elevation of 4600 feet Sophora
chrysophylla has encroached on the aa, but not the Koa. On the margins of the
flows and in cracks and fissures many species of Labiatae thrive, the most num-
erous representative of which is the genus Stenogyne. Trailing over aa lava
we find Stenogyne rugosa var. ,?., St. cordata, Si. sessilis, while climbing over

43

PLATE Wll.

DELISSEA UNDULATA Gaud., in the upper forest regions on the Blopes of Manna Loa,
. 5200 feet. The tall specimen to the left is 35 feet high. The trees are mainly
Acacia Koa Gray, Sophora chrysophylla Seem., and Myoporum sandwicense Gray.

Naio shrubs are St. calaminthoides and S1. scrophularioides, the latter with small
pale yellow flowers covered with silky hair. The genua Phyllostegia, also of the
Labiate family, has several species. Baillardia scabra is also common on the aa
as well as Smilax sandwicensis, and several ferns, of which Pellaea ternifolia

and Sadleria cyatheoides arc the most common. And all of these in a compara-
tively small area. Clermontia coerulea is here a line tree, growing to a height
of 20 feet or so, on the aa lava, shaded by Ohia and Sandalwood.

This forest merges gradually into the greal central plain at an elevation of
5000 feet. Of course, clumps of tall trees can lie found in certain localities and
on the plateau also, as well as higher up on the slopes of Mauna Loa. Tim
trees become smaller and only a few stunted Naio and Sophora trees (Mamani),
together with Santalum, are here to be found.

At Pulehua and beyond toward Mauna Loa a nice Koa forest, mixed with
trees peculiar to this elevation, such as mentioned above, extends up to an ele-
vation of 6000 feet. Koa is the principal tree. The country is composed of
rich, black soil, now supporting a rank growth of undesirable weeds. A most
interesting feature in this forest is the lobeliaceous Delissea undulata. Pre-
viously this plant has only been recorded from Niihau, Kauai and Maui, and
that at a low elevation on exposed open cliffs, only reaching a height of 10 feet.
Here at 6000 feet it grows under the shade of giant Koa trees on the slopes of
the numerous crater hills with which the country is covered. The plant grows
here 35 feet tall, perfectly straight, with a bole only two inches in diameter, not
branching, and bearing at its apex a crown of leaves only one and a half feet
in diameter. (See plate XVII.) These beautiful little round crowns are often
hidden in the foliage of the Koa, so that only the gray, straight stems covered
with leaf-scars can be seen. The plants are exceedingly numerous, but especially
on the crater bottoms of the numerous volcanic cones, where they form the main
vegetation. Looking down into one of these cones, one sees the tops of this
curious plant like cabbage heads protruding up to the rim of the cone. This is
the only lobeliaceous plant at this elevation.

THE GREAT CENTRAL PLAIN.

When we step out on this great plateau from the South Kona side, we have
Hualalai to the left, Mauna Loa to the right, and Manna Kea in front of us.
This great plain is composed mainly of pahoehoe lava and black cinder. The
pahochoe lava has often broken through, and huge caverns or caves are visible.
which expose again old pahochoe lava or black cinder. The clouds gather at
about eight o'clock in the morning around the slopes of Mauna Loa up to an
elevation of 4000 feet, where they remain under normal weather conditions up
to noon. At about two o'clock they encroach on to the central plateau, which
by three o'clock is completely covered by the clouds. When caught out on this
plain Avithout a compass in the fogs it is indeed exceedingly difficult to find
one's way. The plain is about fifty miles across and almost level, full of holes

45

and cracks into which one is likely to fall, and by going round about them one
gets lost in no time. The slopes of Manna Loa are very gradual on this side,
while those of Mauna Kea and llualalai are steep. On this plain are scattered
many volcanic cones, mainly composed of black cinder and covered with dense
vegetation. Hut especially on the crater bottoms one is likely to find interest-
ing plants which have disappeared from the open plain, where they are eagerly
devoured by cattle and goats, while at the bottom of these craters they are safe
from their ravages. Anyone collecting on this plain should direct his steps to
all these cones, as it is here only that he can obtain things of interest.

Curiously enough, the plants found on these various cones are not always
the same. On the plain itself, Geranium cuneatum is plentiful, besides Rail-
lardia sp.?, Coprosma ernodeoides, a rubiaceous creeper with black, round
berries, the main food of the native geese, besides Ohelo, Bumex giganteus,
Styphelia tann iarm ia, an epaeridaceous plant, Myoporum sandwicense (Naio),
Sophora chrysophylla, the iridaceous Sisyrynchium acre, while in the black cin-
der the caryophyllaceous Silene struthioloides and S. lanceolata thrive best.
Both species develop a large root system having a main tap root, sometimes
tuber-like, and often 5 inches in diameter and over a foot and a half long. The
root is sweet to the taste, and is eaten by the natives.

Here and there are shrubs or small trees of Mamani and Naio, among which
one sometimes finds Suttonia and a stunted variety of Pittosporum Hosmeri.
Dodonaea eriocarpa forms straight trees some 25 feet in height with trunks of
8 inches in diameter. At Naahuaumi, a historic place where King Umi took the
first Hawaiian census, near the old Judd road which leads to the 1859 flow, the
santalaceous Exocarpus gaudichaudii, a shrub, is not uncommon, and extends
up the slopes of llualalai. Stenogync rugosa var. must once have been exceed-
ingly common, but can now only be found growing in deep fissures, which cover
them completely, where they are safe from cattle. Osteomeles anthyllidi folia, a
rosaceous vine of great toughness, forms dense tangles over thrown-up fissures
in pahoehot lava. During the morning sunshine thousands of Odynerus (Ha-
waiian wasps) and bees can be found flying over the sweet-scented flowers of the
above-mentioned vine, which is called Ulei by the natives.

The inily pnismimis plant in this district is a shrub, a species of "Wikstroe-
mia. with long, drooping, slender branchlets. The bark, like that of all other
Hawaiian Wikstroemia, or Akia, as they are termed by the natives, is extremely
tough ami very suitable for cordage.

The crater cones in the neighborhood of Puulehua are Puuokeanue, Puuoi-
kaaka, Pohakuloa and others. These cones support a very interesting vegeta-
tion. Besides the plants found on the plain proper, Lipochaeta subcordata, de-
scribed by Gray, is very numerous at an elevation of "»800 feet, and forms dense
masses nn Pohakuloa crater to the exclusion of everything else. It has previously
only been reported from the sea shore, where it is one or two feet high, while
at this elevation it branches diffusely, coverim: the whole crater, being almost

46

similar in habit to Gleichenia linearis, the well-known Uluhi or staghorn fern.
The writer has found it also on one of the other craters, but sparingly, and
again on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, in North Kona.

An arborescenl Raillardia about l.~> feel high grows on Puuokeanue in com-
pany with Solatium incompletum, also found in North Kona, where it is a shrub
5 to 8 feet tall. Campylotheca micrantha, another shrubby composite, was as-
sociated with it. Campylotheca Menziesii var. y, was only found on one crater
on tin1 slopes of llualalai on Puuoikaaka. It, however, is not uncommon on the
Waimea side on the slopes of Manna Kea, especially on Xohouaohac and Kemole
crater. A species of Sida not found on the central plain proper is confined to
Pohakuloa, where it forms dense thickets. Of trees, Santalum Freycinetianum,
Suttonia, Wikstroemia, etc., form the main vegetation, besides Sophora chry-
sophylla, the everpresent Naio, ami Acacia Koa. The slopes of Manna Loa are
covered with a dense growth up to an elevation of 8000 feet, after which the
plants become very stunted and few until we find nothing but a species of grass,
Kot kleria glomerata.

The main trees are Sophora and Myoporum, but Koa is wanting-. Of shrubs.
the epacridaeeous Styphelia is common, together with a species of Raillardia ; of
Rubiaeeae, two species of Coprosma are present, one being a creeper, the other
a small shrub. Gahnia Gaudichaudii, Carex, and Cyperus are scattered here
and there. The main plant covering at an elevation of 6000 feet is the grass
Keohlcria glomerata, which grows exceedingly rank and stands sometimes three
feet high. As already mentioned, it is the last plant one sees at an elevation of
11.000 feet. Of course, the Oh do is also common. Noteworthy is the fact that
Argyroxiphium sandwicense is not to be found on this side of Mauna Loa, but
only above Kapapala at an elevation of from 7000 to 9000 feet. Besides, one
looks in vain for the tree composites which can be met with so frequently on
Mauna Kea up to 11,500 feet. Here on Manna Loa only one species is present.
The slopes of the mountain on the Kona side are mainly composed of pahoehot
which is of great age, and very much disintegrated; the country is covered with
holes, which are usually overgrown with SI, nogym rugosa at the lower levels.
5000 to 6000 feet, and harbor Vaccinium shrubs or Mamani at the higher levels.
The lava crust is very thin and cracks like ice, which makes traveling very un-
comfortable. At about 9000 feet we meet the first aa flow, which covers the
pahoehoe for miles. It was ejected from a crater situated at that elevation. It
is a triangular steep cone with sharp rims, and is called Puuouo. The aa flows
are barren and of great thickness. Many aa Hows intersect the ancient pahoehoi
at the higher levels. In traveling it is a continuous going round these flows.
which one is occasionally forced to cross. Above 11,000 feet perfectly black.
shining pahoehoe covers the mountain. It is extremely thin and glassy in ap-
pearance, breaking in at nearly every step. When the writer ascended Mauna
Loa on February 17. 1912. snow was to be found only in patches several feel
thick. The steep crater walls were more or less covered with snow, which was

47

beautifully contrasted from the red, yellow and black colored walls of cinder.
(See plate XVIII.)

The crater itself showed no activity. Two small cones of reddish-yellow
cinder mark the outbreak of 1907. The temperature a1 nine o'clock in the
morning on the upper lava flows was 92° Fahr. at an elevation of about 8500
feet. At the summit the temperature was at 60° Fahr. about noon, and sank
during the night to 35° at an elevation of 7000 feet. A most peculiar fact is
the presence of millions of flies at the summit of the mountain, which make a
stay of even a few minutes most disagreeable. Besides these flies, only another
small insect, similar to an Ichneumon, was found, covering the patches of snow
thickly. Only a few hundred feet lower, remarkable to say, not a single fly
could be detected. They evidently had been blown up by the wind.

IIUALALAI AND PUUWAAWAA, NORTH KONA.

From Kealakekua toward North Kona the forest is very uniform and of a
similar nature to that between Kapua, South Kona, and Napoopoo. At the lower
levels Kukui forms the main tree growth, together with introduced shrubs, such
as lantana and guava. Coffee is extensively cultivated, also sisal, and in cer-
tain localities sugar cane. The vegetation begins to become interesting at
Huehue, near the lava flows on the northern flanks of Hualalai, and reaches
its culminating point at Puuwaawaa, the richest floral section of any in the
whole Territory.

It is only as recently as 1909 that this region was botanically explored. The
whole country was until ten years ago a wilderness of lava fields, and only since
the opening of the country through the government road, ten years ago, was
this beautiful floral region made accessible.

MT. HUALALAI AND ITS FLORAL ASPECTS.

Mt. Hualalai, which is the smallest volcano on Hawaii, has an elevation of
8273 feet. Its last eruption was in the year 1801, not from the summit, how-
ever, but at an elevation of about 1800 feet, where huge lava masses poured
forth which changed the coast line of the region about Huehue for twenty-five
miles from a bay to a headland. This lava flow is still bare of vegetation, with
the exception of a few ferns and weeds.

The lowland belt is extremely arid, rainfall being exceedingly scarce. Opun-
tia tuna grows gregariously and is associated with many other introduced plants,
such as Lcucacna glauca, Datura stramonium, Waltheria americana, Nicotiana
tdbacum, Acacia farnesiana, and many others.

The interesting native vegetation, which is of a similar nature to that of
Kapua in South Kona, begins at Huehue proper. Aleurites moluccana is still
the principal tree, though as one advances toward Puuwaawaa it becomes more
scarce. Antidesma platyphyllum and Antidesma pulvinatum, besides Dracaena
aurea (Halapepe), Maoa, and their usual associates are predominant. In this

49

district, however, occur many species of trees which are uot found in other
places, not even on the same island. The most prevailing tree is the rubiaceous
Plectronia odorata (Walahee). Gardenia Brighami (Nau) of this same family,
only common on Molokai and Lanai, is here also to be found, but will have to
be termed for here a rather rare plant; it has not been recorded previously from
the Island of Hawaii. Nearly all the trees occurring at Kapua, South Kona,
can be found also in North Kona, with possibly one or two exceptions, though
numerous trees occur here and not in the former locality.

Of Leguminosae, the elsewhere very rare Mczoneurum Kauaiense (Uhiuhi)
is here plentiful. It forms small groves by itself, while only here and there can
a single tree be found, usually in company with the rhamnaceous Colubrina op-
positifolia. Hillebrand records this species as a small tree. Here in this
Locality it grows to quite a good sized tree with trunks of over a foot in diam-
eter. It is much more numerous in North Kona than in South Kona, outside of
which the tree is not found. Of Kutaceae, which are absent in Kapua, two
genera are represented, Pelea and Xanthoxylum. Pelea cinerea, not uncom-
mon at an elevation of 4000 feet near the Volcano Kilauea, grows gregariously
at •"•nil feet elevation and even lower, on rough aa lava fields.

Of great interest is the genus Xanthoxylum, which has here four species;
two belong to the A', dipetalum type, the other two are variations of X. Kauaiense
and X. Mauii nsi .

Pittosporum Hosmeri is also met with quite frequently, the trees found at
Kapua being a variety. At Puuwaawaa the fruits are nearly twice the size of
those from South Kona, while the tree itself is also larger.

Euphorbia lorifolia (Akdko) is a shrub at 2000 feet elevation, while 700 feet
higher it is a tree about 25 feet high, with a diameter of 10 inches. The tree
yields a large amount of latex, which owing to its predominance in an area of
5000 acres will undoubtedly prove a valuable commercial product. Of Arali-
aceae. Beynoldsia sandwicensis is quite plentiful, besides Tetraplasandra sp.,
and Tetraplasandra Hawaiiensis growing at 3500 feet. Of Sapindaceae, Sapin-
dus saponaria is quite common, especially at Puuwaawaa proper, a rugged
hill of 3000 feet elevation. Associated with it are Acacia Koa, Claoxylon sp.,
I), lissiu a, id a lala, a lobeliaceous plant also found on Mauna Loa, but in this
locality much smaller in size, Xanthoxylum sp. and Charpentiera obovata (Pa-
pala). Nothocestrum breviflorum occurs on the lava fields surrounding the
crater. A very interesting tree is Hibiscadelphus Hualalaiensis, of which
Bpecies several trees arc in existence, while of the two other species, also pecu-
liar to the dry districts, only one specimen of each species has been discovered.
Sandalwood is frequently met with, as well as Pisonia inennis var. leiocarpa,
and Ochrosia sandwicensis, the latter, however, being scarcer. Chenopodium
sandwicheum (Alaweo o, Aweoweo), which in other localities is herbaceous, is
here a Bmall tree and very plentiful. Of vines. Canavalia galeata, Minima <ji-
gantea, <'<•<< ulus Ferrandianus, two species of [pomoea and one of Breweria can

50

be observed. Asplenium adiantum nigrum, Asplenium trichomanes, Poly-
podium pellucidum and Pellaea ternifolia, besides Psilotum triquetrum, rep-
resent the cryptogams.

About a mile above the government road Sophora chrysophylla (Mamani),
together with Myoporum sandwicense, arc tin- predominant species, with under-
shrubs of Solatium incompletum, Campylotheca sp., ami a Labiate vine of the
genus Phyllostegia. Still higher up the lava fields are hare Eor a certain dis-
tance, especially lava fields of more recent origin. The only [(hints observed on
these flows are Rumex giganteus (Pawah ), Gnaphalium sandwicense, Raillardia
scdbra, and xerophytic ferns, as just mentioned above.

The region called Waihou is composed of a semi-wel forest and is situated
at an elevation of 3500 feet. The predominant tree is first Metrosideros poly-
morpha (Ohia lehua), which inhabits an old i><ih<>< lm, lava flow adjoining the
rough aa lava fields; here the trees are about 40 feet high. This grove of Ohia
lehua passes gradually into a more mixed forest, mainly Acacia Koa, Sophora,
Myoporum. and Euphorbia lorifolia (Akoko), which in places is so thick that
it is almost impossible to pass through it. A species of Urera grows quite tall,
besides Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii, Suttonia Lessertiana (Kolea), Ilex, and
others. Higher up occur Pelea volcanica, Pipturus albidus, tree ferns, Cibotium,
Broussaisia pellucida, and on the trunks of tree ferns. Clermontia coerulea.

At 4500 feet, Metrosideros polymorpha (Ohia lehua) is stunted, as it grows
on aa lava flows, which intersect the old forest with its trees of 80 feet in
height at this elevation. It is the predominant tree on these flows; only occa-
sionally one observes Suttonia sandwicensis and S. Lessertiana.

Vaccinium penduliflorum ,3 var. gemmaceum assumes here the size of a tall
shrub; here and there SU nogyne sessilis can be observed clinging to Ohia lehua.

At 5000 feet, this vegetation gives place to a gravelly plain which is bordered
on its northern and southern limits by heavily-forested hills or ancient craters.
The principal trees on these hills are Acacia Koa, Ohia lehua, Styphelia tamn ia-
meia, and Coprosma rhynchocarpa. This latter tree reaches quite a size in height
and diameter of trunk, though nearly all trees are diseased, their trunks being
all hollow and the abode of a species of sow bug (Philoscia angusticauda) , which
can be found by millions.

It is here that the wild native raspberry. Rubus Macraei (Akala), attains
its most wonderful development; its runners vary from 10 to 15 feet in Length
and are two inches in diameter, climbing over Koa trees and trailing over the
ground, thus forming almost impenetrable thickets.

Here and there in the extensive barren lava fields and cinder plains are
beautiful green hills covered with old giants of Acacia Koa, which from their
elevation escaped destruction by the fiery streams, and now appear like oases
in a desert.

On the northern border of this dismal plain, on the slopes of a crater, grows

51

Dubautia plantaginea, here a small tree, in company with Pelea volcanica
(Alani).

Finally tree growth ceases, with the exception of a few straggling shrubs of
Sophora chrysophylla (Mamani); the ground is covered with a scrub vegetation
of which Raillardia scdbra is predominant, besides Geranium, Coprosma erno-
deoides, Fragaria chilensis, and also Plantago pachyphylla. The crypto-
gamous flora is composed of Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium adiantum ni-
grum and Polystichum falcatum var.

At 7000 feet, Sophora chrysophylla and Myoporum sandwicense, both trees
of about 20 feet in height at this elevation, have gnarled trunks and form the
main tree growth. Keoleria glomerata and Panicum >u ■plulopliilum represent
the Gramineae.

At the summit of Hualalai the vegetation is scrubby, with the exception of
a few Oltia Icliua trees (Metrosideros polymorpha var. p), with thick, woolly
orbicular leaves, which grow on the rim of Honuaulu crater. The crater floors
and slopes are covered with the ordinary eagle fern, Ptcridium aquilinum,
which on the northern side of the mountain summit forms the sole vegetation.

The slopes of Honuaulu are covered with Styphelia tameiameia (L'ul;<<ne< ),
Dodonaea viscosa var. spathulata, and Coprosma Motziesii. (See plate XIX.)

The summit of Hualalai is composed of a series of large craters, 200 to 500
feet deep and several thousand feet in circumference. The highest point is
Honuaulu, 8273 feet above sea level. Some of the walls of the craters are solid
or composed of cinder, and almost vertical. In the rock crevasses of the
crater walls one frequently meets with the composite Tetramolopium humile,
the Hawaiian daisy.

Northwest from Honuaulu, a half mile distant, is a series of craters and
cones, one being especially remarkable for its unfathomable depth. Of these
cones there are many. They are usually built up of aa, and have the shape of
the well-known tufa cones. The one in question is a veritable chimney, about
100 feet high, with a blow-hole of ten feet in diameter, the inner walls of which
are perfectly smooth. A stone dropped by the writer in this chimney fell for
sixteen seconds before the first reverberation could be heard. Between this cone
and Honuaulu is a plain of pahoehoe lava, with a very thin crust which breaks
at nearly every step, making it dangerous for man and animal to cross it.

The slopes of Hualalai, from the Puuwaawaa side, are very steep and bear
only one crater of considerable size, at an elevation of 5000 feet.

This mountain is usually wrapped in clouds and only occasionally the very
summit can be seen appearing like a little island above a sea of clouds, while
Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea are hardly ever completely hidden from view.
(See plate XVIII.)

Back of Puuwaawaa its wonderful vegetation ceases and its place is taken
by the leguminous Soplwra chrysophylla and Myoporum sandwicense. Here
and there a few composites can still be found and an occasional Euphorbia

53

lorifoUa, together with Pseudomorus Brunoniana, form the last stragglers. From
here the country merges into the great central plateau whose vegetative charac-
teristics have already been described.

Adjoining Puuwaawaa on the north is another interesting strip of land called
Puuanahulu. The plant formation on this land is very similar to that of Puu-
waawaa. but harbors species of trees which can not be found in the latter locality.
In this respect the vegetation approaches very much that of Kapua or Manuka
in South Kona.

On the way to Puuanahulu the road leads over a bluff of about 100 feet in
height, over which the lava flowed cascade-like. The trees growing on this bluff
are mainly Beynoldsia sandwiccnsis (Ohe) and Dracaena aurea (Halapepe).
The land forms a promontory and is in realit}r an ancient crater; the soil is a
yellow loam, and no trace of lava is visible. Opuntia tuna is exceedingly num-
erous, together with Brousonettia papyrifera, which has been cultivated by the
natives living there. It is one of the driest districts and very few trees can be
found, such as the above mentioned and Erythrina monosperma (Wiliwili), all
of them trees adapted for districts with very little rainfall.

Immediately beyond the bluff, the 1859 flow, which found its source on the
flanks of Mauna Loa, crossed the government road. The lava is pahoehoe
i smooth), and is bare of any vegetation with the exception of some weeds,
such as Solarium pseudocapsicum, which is very numerous in that neighborhood.
Beyond this comparatively recent flow is an old aa (rough) lava flow which
supports a very interesting xerophytic vegetation. Here we find Xantlioxylum
Hawaiiense, a small tree, also Kokia Rockii, and Alphitonia excelsa.

Adjoining Puuanahulu is Keaumoku, a large plain with a scrub vegetation
which merges into the Parker ranch, and is really a continuation of the slopes
of Mauna Kea. The shrubs found here are mainly Dodonaea viscosa (Aalii),
Wikstroemia phyllyreaefolia (Alia), a low shrub with brick-red globose ber-
ries; and a few others also common to the central plateau. From Keaumoku
on. the country is flat and mainly grassland; the grasses growing there are
of recent introduction, such as Cynodon dactylon, Melinis rosea, Bromus vil-
losus, and others; mixed with them are Sida falax, Argemone mexicana, Wal-
I In rlii arm ririiim, Sih hi gallica, etc. The country is extremely dry, and when
very windy the dirt is carried for miles and so thickly that everything appears
to be hazy as in a dense mist or fog.

Of interest in this locality is the large crater Nohonaohae, as it harbors still
some of the original vegetation which covered these lands before they were
stocked with cattle and sheep.

Of greal interest is the Labiate Haplostachys (inn/ana, an exceedingly
scarce plant which, like its congeners Haplostachys rosmarimfoUa and //. irun-
rniii. belongs to the dry. open grasslands. As these lands are usually used for
ranching, these beautiful plants were of the first to be devoured by sheep and
cattle alike. It is also only in such places as Nohonaohae, owing to the partial

54

inaccessibility to cattle, thai one caD still find //. Gray ana; with it grows Wik-
stroemia, Campylotheca, several species of Lipochaeta, Dodonaea viscosa, Rail-
lardia ciliolata and Xanthoxylum Hawaii i nsi , the latter a small tree or shrub
with strongly Lemon-scented Leaves.

The treeless plain extends over to the Waimea village, situated al the Eool
of the South Kohala mountains, at an elevation of 2700 feet. The countrj
north of Waimea is extremely wet. while south of it the land is comparatively
dry, especially so at Kawaihae. From Puukawai, a crater situated about three
miles south of Waimea, the land is known as Kawaihaeiuka. and must have been
once upon a time covered with a plant growth similar to Puuwaawaa now.
Nearly all the common trees found in North Kona occur here; the only species
not found in Kona and growing on the slopes of South Kohala that is in Ka-
waihaeiuka is Acacia Koaia (Koaia), a tree resembling very much the Koa, but
differing from it in size, in its rather gnarled trunk, harder wood and very nar-
row seed pods. It can be found, however, on the slopes of Puuanahulu, the
boundary of North Kona. The tree is peculiar to the very dry districts and
never occurs in wet forests, as is the case with the Acacia Koa. Hillebrand in
his Flora reports the araliaceons Pterotropia dipyn na as growing at Kawai-
haeiuka. but the writer was unable to find it. In fact, the land is now very open
and only few trees can still be found, cattle having destroyed them very rapidly.
At 3000 feet elevation the land is swampy and the main plant covering is
Paspalum conjugatum, with a few Sadleria ferns, instead of the dense forest
which once here existed.

In conclusion, the writer wishes to state that owing to the similar age of the
Kohala Mountains to that of the West Maui Mountains, he finds it advisable to
treat that district either separately or in conjunction with the West Maui for-
ests and those of Waialeale, Kauai.

oo

THE MIDDLE FOREST ZONE.

Next to the xerophytic forest on the leeward sides of the various islands,
the middle forest region is one of the most interesting, as it is here that certain
plant families, such as the Campanulaceae, tribe Lobelioideae, and Labiatae, as
well as Rutaceae, reach their best development and become highly specialized.
As is the case with the lower forest regions on the various islands, in re-
gard to non-uniformity, so it is with the middle forest region, but still more
pronounced as the various islands are of different ages, Kauai being the oldest.

Owing to the fact that there is no typical forest for all the islands as far
as the middle forest zone is concerned, it will therefore be of greater interest
and value to describe the vegetative formations of this particular region on
each island separately.

The Island of Kauai is almost orbicular in outline and is intersected on the
leeward side by a large canyon and several valleys, of which Kalalau, Miloli and
Olokele are the most noteworthy.

At 3800 feet elevation Metrosideros polymorpha (Ohio, lehua) is a very com-
mon tree and inhabits the outskirts of the middle forest zone. It is, however,
associated with Sideroxylon sandwicense (Alaa), Tetraplasandra Waimeae, the
lauraceous Cryptocarya Mannii, previously thought to be peculiar to Kauai, but
since found by C. N. Forbes on the Kaala Mountains on Oahu, Xanthoxylum
dipetalum var. y., Broussaisia arguta, usually found along streams with the
lobeliaceous Cyanea leptostegia (Hahalua), a truly superb plant of palm-like
habit which reaches sometimes a height of 40 feet. It is associated with Cyanea
hirtella, and Cyanea spathulata, both of which are shrubs with small flowers.
San fah: in pyrularium, the Kauai Sandalwood, forms an important tree of this
region, while Elacocarpus bifidus (Kalia) forms about 30 per cent, of the forest,
following immediately after the Ohia lehua. This particular elevation has still
some species of the lower forest zone present, as can be seen by the occurrence
of Pterotropia Kauaiensis, OsmantJius sandwicensis, Antidesma, and others;
while, as we enter the interior of the island, a wealth of foliage is displayed
which can hardly be equaled anywhere in the group.

Members of the Rutaceae are the most prominent, besides Pittosporum, of
which /'. /{audit nsis, I', acuminatum, and P. Gayanum, a species new to science,
are of interest. The latter species occurs only on the high plateau at the
fool of Mt. Waialeale, where the rainfall is immense. As already mentioned,
the family Rutaceae is well represented in this floral zone. The genus Pelea,
which has a few species in the drier regions, has not less than 14 or 15 species
here, 10 of which are peculiar to Kauai, in the middle forest zone. They like
heavy, gray, Loamy soil, where water is often stagnant, forming small pools all
the year round. Pelea cruciata (Piloula), and P. microcarpa (Kolokolo Mol-i*
hana), both recently described species, are quite common in company with Wik-
stroemia sandwicensis var. furcata (Akia), Pclca Kauaiensis, P. Knudsenii, P.

56

sapotaefolia and var. procumbens, I', macropus, P. oblongifolia (no1 peculiar to
Kauai), P. barbigera (Uaheapele), and the well-known /'. anisata (Mokihana),
all are old denizens of Kauai and particularly of the middle foresl zone. On
the other islands several species of Pelea are found, bu1 by far the mosl num-
erous species are found on Kauai. On Oahu we find P. Lydgatei and P. cZwsi-
aefolin, bul the most common species is /'. s<ni<liei<< mis, whose place is taken
on Hawaii by P. volcanica, which ascends, however, up to <>000 feet. Platy-
desma rostrata and I'l. campanulata var. macrophylla, both species belonging
to a strictly Hawaiian ye mis with almost no affinities, are to be found. Of these
two species, the former inhabits the more dry districts, as in the forest of Kopi-
wai in company with Alphitonia excelsa, while the latter is usually found in the
interior of the island, but in the Elaeocarpus forest belt. Solatium h'auaicnse
(Popoloaialceakua) forms the undershrub, with several species of Cyrtandra and
the very handsome composite Campylotheca cosmoides (Poolanui), a shrub with
long, rambling branches and very large yellow, drooping flowers. The genus
Raillardia, with its many species on Maui and Hawaii, has only one species rep-
resented in the middle forest zone of Kauai, but this species, Raillardia lati-
folia, is so different from those found on the other islands that one would not
recognize its relationship at the first glance. "While all Raillardiae are either
shrubs or small trees, the species in question is really a vine or climber. The
writer observed it on Bobea Mannii and also on Xanthoxylum, both trees of
about 30 feet in height. The genus Dubautia, also of the composite family,
consists of seven species, all of which can be found on Kauai, five of them being
peculiar to the island. Dubautia plantaginea is found on all the islands of the
group, but has many variations on Kauai, where it is very common along Waia-
lae stream. Dubautia Knudsenii usually grows on more open slopes and ridges
and is a small shrub, while D. raillardioides is a small tree still belonging to the
Elaeocarpus belt. Of other Compositae especial mention must be made of the
highly interesting ^Yilkcsia gymnoxiphium, a very beautiful plant usually found
on the edge of canyons and bluffs, nearly always in company with the tall and
handsome blue-flowered Lobelia yuccoides, which becomes 15 to 20 feet in height;
they are usually found in company with Styphelia tameiameia, Bobea Mannii,
Dodonaea viscosa, and Acacia Koa, and belong to the outskirts of the middle
forest zone.

If we follow the Waialae stream at an elevation of 4000 feet we find many
interesting plants, among them the new lobeliaceous Cyanea rivularis with its
large, bright-blue flowers. It covers the steep banks or walls of this wonderful
valley, almost to the exclusion of everything else. At the head of this stream
these beautiful plants stand erect like palms, with their large crown of leaves
at the top of a single 15 to 20 feet tall stem, waving gracefully in the wind.
With it is usually found Lobelia hypoleuca, Cyrtandra brgoniacfolia, and C.
Wawrae, as well as the new Cyanea (Tin/ana, another of the numerous Lobelioi-
deae inhabiting this wonderful island.

57

As we advance into the interior of the island, Elaeocarpus bifidus and its
associates give place to the araliaceous Cheirodendron platyphyllum (Lapalapa),
which is the predominant tree with Metrosideros polymorpha; here dwell Scae-
vola glabra, also known from Oahu, Labordea tinifolia, L. Waialealae, and sev-
eral other species of this genus, some of which are new to science. The forest
becomes wetter and wetter, thick, light-green moss covers the trees and ground
alike, fern growth is abundant, and Ilepaticae together with Hymenophyllums
and Trichoma nes ferns hang gracefully from every tree. The narrow leaved
Ash Ha Menziesiana covers fallen trees; with it can be found the very peculiar
caryophyllaceous Schiedea lychnoides, with large white flowers, while Schiedea
stellarioides inhabits the drier districts. In these swampy forests the newly-
described Lysimachia glutinosa, with large, beautiful cream-colored flowers,
forms part of the undershrnbs, but only in one locality, and that at the summit
of the ridge leading to Kalalau. It is here that the writer discovered a species
of Palm new to science, which has since been described by Dr. 0. Beccari of
Florence, Italy, as Pritchardia minor. It is a very distinct species and differs
from all the rest of Hawaiian palms in the oval black fruits, which are of the
size of a black olive, while the other species have fruits of the size of a small
hen's egg; besides the whole aspect of the palm is different. Of Rubiaceae,
Straussia Mariniana and 8. oncocarpa var. p. grow side by side with Psychotria
hexandra, since also found on Oahu in the Punaluu Mountains, Psychotria
grandiflora, a small tree or shrub with beautiful cymosely-arranged white
flowers, inhabits the dense, swampy jungle, with Cyrtandra Gayana and several
vines, such as Stenogyne purpurea var. brevipedunculata, and one or two species
of Phyllostegia with fragrant flowers.

The genera Kadua and Gouldia, both endemic genera of the Family Rubi-
aceae, are represented in this zone by many species, of which Kadua Knudst mi,
A". Waimeae, and K. glaucifolia are the most common. These with Gouldia
species inhabit rather the more open places where Cyanea leptostegia abounds.

In the smaller streambeds occur several species of Pipturus, as P. ruber, P.
Kauau nsis, and others, besides Urera, Neraudia sp. nov., Perrottetia sandwi-
censis, Dubautia lain. Eubus hawaiiensis var. inermis, several species of Phyl-
lostegia, Cyanea spathulata, Artemisia australis, and others.

What is true of other genera is also true of the genus Suttonia (Myrsine).
This genus, with its species Lessertiana, common on all the islands of the group,
has Eour species peculiar to Kauai, which inhabit the swampy forests. Most
peculiar is the fact that of the lobeliaceous genus Clermontia, which has reached
such a wonderful development on Oahu, Maui and Hawaii, only one species (C.
Oaudichaudii) occurs. It is a small tree, usually growing alone- water courses,
either terrestrial or epiphytic on other trees.

.Mention may also he made of the herbaceous l)i(in<ll<i ensi folia (Uki) with
its lilac berries, which covers the ground thickly in the Elaeocarpus forest
belt. Syzygium sandwicenst (Ohia ho) attains quite a height and is associated

58

with Ohia lehua, Kalia, and the rabiaceous genus Coprosma, of which C. pubens,
('. Kauaiensis and C. PTotmea< (Olena) belong here.

The third species, C. montana var. - .. is only Pound on the high, swampy
plateau itself in company with Lobelia Kauaiensis and L. macrostachys v&r.
Kauaiensis var. nov., several species of Dubautia, and others.

The further we penetrate into the interior the denser becomes the growth.
Soil is no longer visible, as the ground is covered with a beautiful green carpet
of moss, often two feel thick and saturated with water. The same can be said
of the trees; their trunks appear to be two feet in diameter, but on investigation
we rind the true diameter to be only 4 to 5 inches, the rest being musses and
hepaticae of all description. It is on such trees thai Polypodium hymeno-
phylloides, P. serrulatum, I', adenophorus, and Lycopodium Mannii occur.

The genus Diellia has several species peculiar to Kauai, as I), centifolia, D.
laciniata, and D. Knudsenii, which belong to the swampy region. The same
holds good of many Asplenium, Polystichum and Dryopteris species.

In these dense forests, which harbor many species undoubtedly new to science,
which will be described as soon as the bulky material can be worked up, we
find large open places of several acres in area which resemble the peat bogs of
Northern Europe. The vegetation is naturally stunted and only few shrubs
occur. The soil in these bogs is of a gray color, loamy and heavy, and decayed
vegetation is often found to be 10 to 15 feet deep. A bunch grass. Panicum monti-
cola, forms large round mounds or tussocks, together with Panicum isachnoides
of similar habit. In these tussocks we find Selaginella deflexa and Lycopodium
erubescens, the latter, however, ofteu submerged on the rocks in the middle of
streambeds. The most interesting plant is Drosera longi folia (Mikinalo), one
of the so-called insect-eat ing plants, which also occurs in the northern parts of
Europe. Outside of Kauai the plant has not been found on the other islands
of the group.

Back of Kaholuamano, in the midst of a dense forest, is such a bog, which
bears the name Lehua makanoe or "Lehua in the fog." The only shrub in this
bog is Metrosideros pumila, probably a stunted sport of Metrosideros poly-
morpha, in whose shade the beautiful herbaceous violet. Viola Kauai: nsis ( Pohe
hiwa) thrives. It is. however, not confined to this locality, but can also be found
throughout the swampy forest, mainly on moss-covered tree trunks, as well as
in Kauluwehi swamp (1210 feet), and on the summit of Waialeale, whose vegeta
tion will be described under "bog formations."

Denser and wetter becomes the forest as we ascend the gradual slope which
leads to Waialeale. We cross the first stream. Wailenalena, on whose banks the
writer discovered a new violet, a variety of Viola robusta, which was named
after the stream, var. Wailenali nai . outside of whose banks it has not been ob-
served. It reaches a height of 3 to 6 feet, and has a woody stem, such as many of
our violets possess. Two new shrubby species of Pelea grow in its company. As
we approach the streams of Kailiili. Kaluiti. and Kanaholo. we find for the first

59

X

o

time the very interesting haloragaceous Gunnera petaloidea (Apt ape), with its
huge, thick, rugose, reniform leaves of sometimes live feet in diameter, lioth
hanks of the streams are lined with these handsome plants, under whose Leaves
the traveler finds as perfed a protection from rain as under an umbrella. The

stems of the plants are 4 to 5 feet tall, and can be cut with one stroke of the
knife, though almost six inches in diameter. Associated with it is the newly-
described araliaceous Tetraplasandra Waialealae, which ascends, however, up
to the summit of "Waialeale, where it is most common.

One would expect that in such a locality the tribe Lobelioideae would have
many forms, which, however, is not the case. Only one species is found, which
occurs also in the Elaeocarpus belt, and is new to science. The two species
of Lobelia, L. Kauaiensis and L. macrosUiclnjs var. Kauaiensis var. nov., are
found in great numbers, especially the former, which forms often pure stands
of several hundreds of plants in open spots.

In the neighborhood of Kauluwehi swamp, Suttonia Kauait nsis and its
tomentose variety form more or less tall shrubs. Cyperaceae are plentiful in the
open swamps and forest as well, and will be mentioned under "bog formations."

A very peculiar cyperaceous plant was found on a dry ridge leading to
Waiakealoha. It was unfortunately neither in iiower nor fruit, but was sent to
Dr. Kukenthal, the authority on this family.

The common species of Gahnia and Cladium can be found at Kaholuamano
as well as in the neighboring districts.

THE MIDDLE FOREST REGION OF OAHU AND MOLOKAI.

The Islands of Oahu and Molokai have many species of plants in common.
As we have seen, Elaeocarpus bifidus (Kalia) is almost the predominant tree of
the first belt of the middle forest zone on Kauai ; on Oahu the tree belongs 1 1 >
the lower forest zone and is only sparingly found above 2400 feet. On Molokai
the tree is entirely absent, as well as on the rest of the islands of the group. The
reason for this is probably to be found in the awkward size of the seed, which
is about as large as a small pigeon's egg, and dispersed by nature's agents only
with great difficulty or now not at all.

Of Lobelioideae, the genus Clermontia, only represented by one species on
Kauai, achieved a wonderful development on Molokai and Oahu. The most
common species is CI. macrocarpa, found also in the lower forest zone at 1200
feet elevation. Since the dying out of the once beautiful forest on the northern
slope of Haleakala, especially between Kailua and Honomanu, this shrub has
taken possession of the land and seems to thrive where OJiia lehua trees could not
exist. On Oahu we find the sharp ridges of the main range covered with dense
vegetation (see Plate XX), especially so in the valleys of Punaluu and Ka-
hana, until we reach the drier districts of Kahuku. Compositae are scarce on
Oahu. and the genus Baillardia is practically absent. < hi Konahuanui several

61

species of Clermontiae abound, such as CI. oblongifolia, which has a variety on
Maui and is also not uncommon on Lanai ; CI. pcrsicae folia is, however, peculiar
to Oahu. It is a small, Handsome tree with white flowers, and is not uncommon
in Palolo Valley along the ridge leading to Mt. Olympus. On Molokai, CI.
arborescens and CI. grandiflora take the place of CI. macrocarpa on Oahu, the
former being especially common not only on Molokai, but also on Maui, where
trees of 20 to 25 feet in height can be found. At the Pali of Wailau, Molokai,
we find CI. pallida as the third and last species of that genus on Molokai.

The genus Cyanea. however, finds a larger development. On Oahu, the most
common species are Cyanea angustifolia and Cyanea acuminata, the latter not
unlike a Delissea at first appearance, to which supposition its white flowers
would lead one. Cyanea Grimesiana, one of the few Lobelioideae with pinnate
leaves, is often found hidden among ferns, and when not in flower could easily
be overlooked as such. On Molokai we find. Cyanea Mannii, C. solenocalyx, and
C. f( rox, which, however, has a close relative on East Maui. C. procera belongs
to the 2000-foot level above Kamolo, in which district, however, the forest has
suffered tremendously from cattle, and no doubt the introduced Japanese deer
have contributed their share of uselessness. The trees in this section are again
Ohia lehua, mainly with Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii (Olapa), Suttonia Lesser-
tiana. and several species of Pelea, such as Pelea Molokaiensis, P. oblongifolia, P.
sandwici nsis, etc. Of Rubiaceae, Straussia kaduana is the most common tree,
and is distinguished from its ally S. mariniana in its drooping peduncle, which
is usually of various lengths. Psychotria hexandra has also been found outside
of Kauai, to which island it was once thought to be peculiar. It grows in the
mountains of Punaluu in company with Pittosporum glome rat urn, P. glabrum
(Hoaiva), Perrottetia sandwicensis, numerous species of Rollandia. and in its
shade grows an exceedingly interesting species of Lysimachia, which was dis-
covered by the writer in the year 1908, and has later been named by C. N. Forbes
as L. longisepala. In the same locality grows a tree of the family Euphorbi-
i ae; it is a true Euphorbia, and has been named after its discoverer as Eu-
phorbia Eockii by C. X. Forbes, who also named a species of violet found by the
author as Viola Oahuensis. The genus Cyrtandra of the family Gesneriaceae
reaches here a wonderful development, and it can safely be said that Oahu har-
bors more species of that genus than any other island of the group.

Of Palms, we find Pritchardia Martii on Oahu, while on Molokai in the
swamps of Kawela grows Pritchardia Hillebrandii. Of Araliaceae, Tetraplas-
andra grows in the dense forests as well as on open, exposed ridges, in company
with Scaevola glabra, Pelea, Campylotheea, and Xanthoxylum oahuense, a small
handsome tree. On Oahu we find Tetraplasandra meiandra in many varieties
im the exposed ridges, while the variety /9 of the same species occurs ahum' a
large '_ruleh near Kawela swamp in company with Pittosporum glabrum, Lo-
belia gaudichaudii, ami Eaillardia Molokaiensis. Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis
is nut uncommon on Molokai, especially above Kaluaaha and in Wailau valley,

62

as well as on the [sland of Lanai on the main ridge of Eaalelepakai, from which
place it had not been reported previously. Hillebrand in his Flora reports
Pterotropia dipyrena from Lanai, especially from the main ridge; the writer,
however, failed to find a single tree of this species, bu1 Tetraplasandra hawaii-
ensis being very common he comes to the conclusion thai there Is a possibility of
Eillebrand having mistaken the identity of the trees in question, which resemble
eaeh other very much and perhaps could be mistaken one for the other when
not in flower.

The middle forest zone is also the home of the Loganiaceous genus Labordea,
of which many species exist, as new ones have come to Light since the explora-
tion of this group has been commenced systematically. Mention must also
be1 made of the extraordinary species of Compositae belonging to the genus
llesperomannia. Mr. Forbes has described an interesting species which he
found on the Island of Kauai, and the writer has found trees 30 feet in height
of 7/. arborescens on Mt. Konahuanui, Oahu. The trees were originally
found on the Island of Lanai on the highest ridge, where Hillebrand says he
found about eight specimens of this tree. Dr. R. C. L. Perkins told the writer
that he found two trees about ten years ago. A careful search during a six-
weeks' stay on that island did not reveal even a sign of such a tree once having
existed. Our three species of Hesperomannia are very closely related to the
Tahitian Fitehia, a genus of two arborescent mountain species.

Of Goodeniaceae, several species belong to this region. Sva< vola mollis being
peculiar to Oahu, as well as 8. chamissoniana, the latter, however, descending
into the lower forest zone, while <S'. procera inhabits the mountains of Molokai,
Maui, and Kauai; «$". cylindrocarpa being only found on Lanai on the highest
ridge. The epacridaceous shrub, Styphelia tann iann in, is also an inhabitant
of this zone, together with Vaccinium penduliflorum.

Of herbaceous plants, several species of Campylotheca belong here, as well
as several vines, as Gynopogon oliviformis (Maile), the liliaceous Smilax sand-
wicensis (Pioi), and the myrsinaceous Embelia pacifica. Besides Euphorbia
Rockii, a number of other species belong to this zone, such as E. clusiae folia and
E. multiformis, the former on more exposed ridges, especially back of Honolulu
on one of the ridges leading to Konahuanui, where it is associated with a stunted
form of Syzygium sandwicense (Oltia ha).

Of Violaceae. Viola robusta, a very stout species 3 to 5 feet tall, is very com-
mon in the dense, mossy forest, while V. Chamissoniana, a shrubby species with
pink flowers, is found mainly along stream beds (see Plate XXI) in company
with shrubby species of Plantago, such as Plantago princeps, not uncommon
back of Kamoku camp, Molokai, where it grows over ti feet tall. The Labiatae
take here also an important place. Phyllostegia being represented by numerous
species. Especial mention must be made of the truly superb specimens of St<-
nogynt K<tm< hann hat . which trail over the swampy -round with large clusters of

63

PLATE XXI.

VEGETATION ALONG A STREAM BED mi Molokai, ferna Sadleria cyatheoides.

deep magenta flowers which are over 3 inches Long. <»n Hawaii its place is
taken by the also handsome species S. calaminthoides, while on Oahu only two
are recorded, of which one is doubtful.

The amarantaceous Charpentiera ovata, as well as Ch. obovata, ascend oc-
casionally into the middle forest /.one, hut are really typical of the lower forest
region. The biggest trees of the species Ch. obovata were found at Puuwaawaa,
Hawaii, where the writer measured trunks two feet in diameter.

A handsome plant growing along streambeds and waterfalls is the begoni-
aceous Hillebrandia sandwicensis, the native Begonia or Akaakaawa, or as ii is
often called, Puamakanui, the big-eyed flower. It is common on Kauai as well
as Molokai, and may still he found on Oahu. On .Maui the writer found it at
about 6000 feet elevation, in the crater of Haleakala in the Koolau gap, where
it grew over six feet high under the shade of J'< rrotU tia sandwici nsis (Olonica).

The queen of all is the lobeliaceous Cyanea superba var. regina, an exceed-
ingly beautiful plant found only on Oahu, in the gulches of Wailupe and Xiu.
and in Makaleha of the Kaala range.

Cryptogams reach also a wonderful development, especially the tree ferns,
which have been referred to under the chapter on the Island of Hawaii proper.
Marat fia Douglasii may be called a typical fern of the middle forest zone; it is
known to the natives as Pala or mule-hoof fern on account of its large, fleshy
auricles, which cover the cauclex and are a source of food, as they abound in
starch and mucilage.

THE MIDDLE FOREST ZONE ON THE ISLAND OF MAUI AND KOHALA, HAWAII.

Many of the trees found on Oahu and Molokai are common on Maui and also
in the Kohala mountains on Hawaii, and need not be reenumerated ; only men-
tion will be made of such plants as are peculiar to the localities treated in this
chapter.

WEST AND EAST MAUI.

Undoubtedly West Maui once upon a time formed a separate island and was
in no wise connected with the extinct volcano Haleakala, which forms the bulk
of East Maui, ascending to a height of 10,030 feet. West Maui is very much
older than Haleakala, as no trace of a crater is visible at its summit, with the
exception of the flat swamp called Manna Eeke, which has the resemblance of a
crater floor. West Maui is connected with East Maui by a narrow strip of land
or isthmus with a mean elevation of 160 feet. The mountain mass of "West Maui
is intersected by many deep valleys or gorges, which find their source in the very
heart of the mountain. Of these valleys, Iao is the biggest, on the eastern side.
while it is separated on the western side by a low ridge from another valley,
called Oloalu, which has a rather narrow entrance but widens out amphithe-
atrieally.

65

The extreme western side is intersected by the valley Honokawai, which
reaches almosl to the bead of Puukukui, the summit of West Maui, with an ele-
vation of 5788 feet. This valley is much narrower than either Iao or Oloalu, but
resembles very much the northern valley called Ilonokahau, which finds its
source at the head of Mauna Eeke ;it ;i height of approximately 4500 feet. On
the northeastern side are still other valleys, the most interesting one being Wai-
hee, which has a very interesting vegetation; but owing to the enormous amount
of rainfall is not often accessible. The streambed is narrow and enclosed be-
tween steep walls, which makes it very dangerous should one be caught in even
a slight rain storm. The same is practically true of Waikapu, which is south of
Iao valley.

The vegetation in most of these valleys is rather uniform and belongs to the
lower forest zone. As the walls are very steep, in reality vertical, it is impossible
to investigate these, but one has to satisfy himself by exploring the gradual
slopes on each side of the valleys, which culminate into a more or less flat plateau
with a stunted swamp vegetation. In the Kohala Mountains on Hawaii, how-
ever, the plateau is much more extensive and is covered by a typical middle
forest zone formation. Metro* id eras polymorph a is again a predominant tree,
with Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii, several species of Suttonia, Pelea clusiae-
folia, Cyrtandra pilosa, the rubiaceous Kadua formosa, together with Schicdea
diffusa and again Gunnera petaloidea, which covers the walls of the valleys to
the exclusion of nearly everything else.

The ground on the slopes at 4000 feet elevation is covered with moss, hold-
ing a tremendous amount of moisture. In such places, under the dense shade,
grow many species of Cyrtandra, which are nearly all dense shade-loving plants.
With it we find the terrestrial Lycopodium serration, while Lijcopodium erru-
bescens is found on rocks in streambeds. Here also is the home of the genus
Labordea of the family Loganiaceae, herbaceous species with orange-colored
(lowers, growing in the thick moss, while shrubby or even arborescent species
are found mostly along streambeds together with Urera sp., Gouldia axillaris,
and Pittosporum insignt . the latter a common but handsome tree in this locality.

Of Compositae, we find Dubautia lava along the edge of Honokawai gulch,
with species of Pelea and the rubiaceous genus Coprosma. Campylotheca has

iral species at an elevation of 4500 feet, while it is also represented in the
lowlands by one or two species. Cladium angustifolium and Cladium Meyenii
occur on the rather windswept edges of the gulches, together with Scaevola
chamissoniana, Styphelia and other plants.

Oi interesl is the tribe Lobelioideae, which is represented here by the genera
Lobelia, Clermontia and Cyanea. The genus Lobelia is found only near the
swampy plateau in the more up. mi foresl which leads into the great bog, the only
species being L. Gaudichaudii.

Immediately below the swampy plateau are one or two miniature bogs which
harbor Plantago pachyphylla, with its many varieties peculiar to high elevations

66

Here also occurs ;i creeping species of Lysimachia, together with Lycopods, and
other cryptogams, besides Lagenophora mauiensis, which lias descended from
the bogs above.

One of the interesting Lobelioideous plants is Cyanea atra, a plant of the
aspect of Cyanea tritomantha (see Plate VI), to which it is related. The
[lowers, as the name atra implies, are almost black. The plants are 1<» to 15
feet tall, and grow either along streambeds shaded by Gunnera petaloidea, or
also in dense jungles in mossy forests. In the more open forests grow Cler-
montia arborescens, Clermontia grandiflora, and, at an elevation of nearly 5000
feet, Clermontia multiflora var. micrantha forma molilalia f. n. This latter
plant is an exceedingly handsome lobelioideous shrub, with most beautiful foliage
and bright pink flowers. It grows neither lower nor higher, but is peculiar to
about 4800 to 5000 feet elevation.

The variety micrantha is found, according to Hillebrand, in Waihee Valley
in the bare gravel along the stream, while the species is found in the same valley
and also on Oahu, in Wailupe. Another lobelioideous plant, Cyanea macrostegia,
resembles ('. atra closely, and is found often in its company. Other species of
the same genus are found in Waikapu, Iao Valley, and above Kaanapali, but
more in the lower forest zone. Of trees, the araliaceous Tetraplasandra meiandra
var. may be mentioned, which is found at an elevation of 4300 feet. Here also
belong the Labiate vines, such as Phyllostegia and Stenogyne, though sparingly
represented.

EAST MAUI — HALEAKALA.

Haleakala, an extinct crater over 10,000 feet high, makes up the whole of
East Maui. Its vegetative covering is indeed of great interest, but has suffered
severely the last fifty years, and represents probably an entirely different aspect
from what it was before the slopes of Haleakala were given over to the ranch-
man and his cattle. The lower forest zone has already been described, and we
have to consider now mainly the vegetation between 3000 to 5000 feet on the
northern slopes of the mountain, as on the western and partly southern slopes
nothing remains to be considered, as the grassy plains have not even a remnant
of the once existing forest, except in deep gulches inaccessible to cattle, from
which we can judge of what the forest was once composed.

The western slope of the mountain is not much intersected by gulches, the
only one of interest being Waihou gulch. The northern slope, however, is cut
into many gorges, such as Waikamoi, Puohaokamoa, and Honomanu. The big-
gest, however, in the northern outlet of Haleakala at Keanae, called Koolau gap,
while the western outlet is known as Kaupo gap.

The interesting forest commences at Olinda in the district of Hamakuapoko
and up to Ukulele, from which latter place the upper forest zone begins. We
find practically the same trees in this district as on West Maui, the most com
mon and predominating trees being Cheirodendron gaudichaudii (Olapa), Co-

G7

PLATE XXII.

A TYPICAL JUNGLE of the middle forest /one, Waikamoi trail, East Maui; elevation

4000 feet.

prosma, Metrosideros polymorpha (Ohia lehua), and Acacia Koa, which has
ascended from the upper edge of the lower forest /.one. It is, however, still a
common tree in this zone, and rivals with Olapa and Ohia lehua in predomi-
nance. Straussia oncocarpa and Straussia leptocarpa, ol' the family Rubiaceae,
belong to the 3500 foot level.

On the open grassland between 3000 feel to almost 5000 feet, but especially
a little over 3000 feet, is a belt of an endemic Labiate, SphaceU hastata, peculiar
to llaleakala. It is really marvelous that this plant is still to be found in lar^e
numbers, as it is in the midst of a cattle ranch. On investigating, we find it
owes its survival to its peculiar mint odor, apparently offensive to the taste of
the cattle. All other vegetation has disappeared, though, as mentioned before,
traces can still be found in inaccessible gulches.

The semi-dry forest above Makawao gradually merges into the middle forest
zone. Southeast of Olinda only grasslands prevail, though here and there many
species of Eucalypti have been planted into symmetrical squares.

The forest beginning at Olinda and extending all along the windward side
of Haleakala is, however, the object of our investigation. Besides the trees al-
ready mentioned, we find other araliaceous genera, such as Tetraplasandra mei-
andra var. and the tall Pterotropia dipyrcna (Oheolie), most common on Puu-
kakai, an extinct crater between Ukulele and Olinda. Pittosporum insigne var.
/?, Nothocestrum longifolium, Gouldia axillaris, Perrottetia sandwicensis, and
Baillardia Menziesii, an arborescent composite which reaches its best develop-
ment at the lower edge of the upper forest zone, are the more common trees.

Of Lobelioideae, Clcrmontia arborcsccns is the most common, while CI. tuber-
culata is the rarest. Of shrubs, we find Plattjdaona campanulatum var.? with a
small Gouldia, and one or two species of Kadua, numerous Cyrtandra, a species
of Scaevola, a few species of the rutaceous genus Pelea, and also the leguminous
Sopliora chrysoplnjUa, which inhabits here the wet forest with Suttonia Lesser-
tiana. Dubautia planiaginca is occasionally met with, as well as an introduced
Cassia.

Of herbaceous plants, we find Ranunculus Mauiensis quite common in com-
pany with numerous species of Labordea. Surprising is the dense undergrowth
of Bubus hawaiiensis on the outskirts of the middle forest zone. As we pene-
trate into the interior the forest becomes dense, moss covers the ground and
trees (see Plate XXII), and many epiphytes, such as Astclia veratroides, with
numerous species of ferns, especially of the genus Polypodium, abound. Pepe
romiae form a dominant feature of the herbaceous growth; and it is here also
that we find two species of our Orchids, poor, measly representatives of a family
which reaches such wonderful development and floral beauty in other tropical
countries. Labiatae are at home in this floral zone and display a beautiful va-
riety of forms, many of which possess beautiful flowers worthy of cultivation.
The genus Phyllostegia displays not less than nine species, of which P. grandi-
flora, P. glabra, and P. racemosa are the most common and beautiful. They are

69

only surpassed in beauty by the species of Stenogyne, which Mower in the late
winter months. Their large curved corollas, which are borne in large whorls,
vary in shades from deep magenta to crimson, pink, yellow and pure white, in-
terlacing trees or gracefully festooning branches, or, as is often the case,
forming dense carpets covering the ground in small spots to the exclusion of
other plants. The handsomest species are St. Kamekamehae and St. longiflora.
Another very important feature of the vegetation is the tribe Lobelioideae,
of which most of the species found here are new to science; they belong nearly
all to the Sect. III., Palmaeformes, and are more or less closely related. The
most interesting is Cyanea aculeatiflora, which, as the name implies, is covered
with spines even to the lobes of the corolla; another peculiar new species is
Cyanea hamatiflora with broad sessile leaves, dark-red flowers, and large purple
fruits; the latter plant is most common on Puukakai, where it reaches a height of
15 to 20 feet, similar to C. aculeatiflora. C. macrostegia with lobed leaves is not
uncommon, and so is C. atra, but differing from the specimens found on West
Maui. Cyanea ferox is here a shrub 15 feet in height with straight ascending
branches, which together with the stem are covered with thorns; the leaves of
this latter species are sinuate and remind one somewhat of Cyanea Grimesiana.
Besides these tall species, two subherbaceous ones are found in the dense
shady moss forest, the taller one of the two, Cyanea Bishopii (a new species, but
first collected by the late E. Bishop, and referred by Ilillebrand doubtfully to
Cyanea Kunthianaf), with purple flowers, is the most common, but flowers, un-
like the other species, in the winter months. As we cross Waikamoi, where we
meet again with Gunnera petaloidea and Hillebrandia sandwicensis, the Ha-
waiian begonia, the forest becomes more uniform. At the edge of Waikamoi
proper, we find Lobelia macrostachys and a species of Wikstroemia, probably a
new species. The writer crossed this forest belt from Olinda to Honomanu and
followed along the ditch trail to Kailua. A forest as described in the above pages
covers this stretch of land, and it may be remarked that at about 3000 feet ele-
vation, above Honomanu, there are two clumps of Palms, Pritchardia arecina
Becc. This palm, discovered by the writer, is new to science, and is described by
Beccari in Webbia Vol. IV. Lower down along the ditch trail proper the forest
has died for miles, the cause being still unascertained. All the Ohia trees are
dead, and only here and there a species of Tetraplasandra is struggling for exist-
ence. Since the death of the tree growth the lobeliaceous Clennontia macro-
carpa, so common on Oahu, has become almost the sole underbrush, with here
and there a species of CI. arborescens.

What lias been said of this forest belt up to Honomanu holds good for
Ivanae and Xahiku. the only exception being the presence of Sideroxylon rlnjn-
chospermum at Xahiku. besides several species of Cyanea.

The forests spoken of by Ilillebrand at riupalakua have entirely disappeared
and only remnants of them can be found. Cheirodendron Qaudichaudii is still
common, besides Suttonia, and Ohia lehua; numerous still is the araliaceoua

70

Pterotropia dipyrena. The imclershrub is again mainly Rubus hawaiiensis.
The species of Cyanea found by Hillebrand arc gone forever; and where they
once reared their proud palm-like crowns toward the sky there is now only grass-
Land, with herds of cattle and ugly Eucalypti. The writer was fortunate enough
to find a specimen of the long-sought-for, gorgeous Cyanea arborea in thai locality
in a small milch inaccessible to cattle. It was the last of its race, lie scoured
the country for miles searching for the handsome Cyanea comata, bu1 his
searches were in vain: it had vanished forever.

TlIK MOUNTAINS OF KOHALA, HAWAII.

Above 3000 feet in the mountains of Kohala we find the vegetation similar to
that of East and West Maui. Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron Gaudi-
chaudii, and a host of species of Pelea are the most common trees. Like West
Maui, the Kohala mountains are intersected by many deep gorges, of which the
biggest are Waipio and Waimanu valleys, which are followed toward the west
by Honokanenui, Ilonokaneiki and Pololu valleys; beyond them the country
becomes Hatter and only little gulches descend to the sea. (See Plate XXIII.)
All the sugar plantations of this part of the Island of Hawaii are situated here.
As we advance farther west the land becomes very dry and is bare of vegetation.

Back of Waimea village, which is situated at an elevation of 2700 feet, the
mountains are intersected by only a few small gulches. The summit is called
Kaala, and has an elevation of 5500 feet. The most prominent gulch on this
side is Holokaiea. The valley of Waipio is very large and is divided into many
other gorges of great interest. Hiilawe and Waima are minor valleys, while
Alakahi and Kawainui, the latter a continuation of the former, reaches almost
to the center of the mountain. The walls of these valleys are vertical and nearly
3000 feet in height, with hundreds of waterfalls. Clouds hover nearly con-
stantly over the ridges, and the traveler is lucky if he gets a glimpse of the
depths below him. It is on these flats on each side of the valleys that the botan-
ist finds a most interesting collecting ground

It is only recently that this part of the land was made accessible through
the so-called upper Hamakua ditch trail, which leads to the headwaters of Ka-
wainui gorge, opening to the botanist a most interesting field. Not less interest-
ing is the land back of Awini in Kohala proper. On these flat forest lands the
trees do not grow to any size, but are more or less stunted and covered with
numerous mosses and hepatics, and are also festooned with Astelia veratroides,
Vaccinium, and many ferns. Of great interest is the rutaceous genus Pelea,
which has many forms here. One species new to science has extremely large
capsules, and when bruised emits an even stronger odor than Pelea anisata of
Kauai. Xanthoxylum is represented only by one species, which is new, and shall
be known as Xanthoxylum Blui ttianum sp. n., in honor of Mr. P. W. P. Bluett of
Kohala, through whose courtesies the writer was enabled to explore this won-

71

PLATE XXIII.

VEGETATION ALONG ONE OF THE MANY STREAMLETS which descends to the sea;

K'nh.-ila Mts., Hawaii.

derful country. Labiatae are represented numerously, the mosl common being
Stenogym calaminthoides ;ni<l several species of Phyllostegia.

The tribe Lobelioideae reaches a mosl remarkable development, bu1 especially
the genus Clermontia, the species parviflora being the mosl com n. qoI only

in this district hut in all the wet forests on ll;i\v;iii. ( 'It rmont in Kohalae, 8 new

species with dark-purple flowers, is found on the Lower Kohala ditch trail as
well as Awini. The Largesl (lowered species, however, occurs at an elevation of
4200 feet, and is very variable in leaf as well as flower. It is also new, and was
named by the writer CI. drepanomorpha. It is associated with another new
species of the same genus named CI. leptoclada. At least five more species of
this genus can be found, nearly all of which are new and were discovered by the
writer. The genus Clermontia forms a large percentage of plant growth in the
upper Ivohala mountains, which is not the case either on Waialeale, Kauai, or
Puukukui, West Maui. As on the other mountains so also here we find Coprosma,
Cyrtandra, Tetraplasandra, and at an elevation of 3000 feet the interesting palm
PrihhtnuJia lanigera, differing from the other Hawaiian palms in its woolliness
of leaf and spadix. Scliicdea diffusa makes here also its appearance with several
Labordea, and the lobeliaceous Cyanca pilosa.

In more open boggy places we find Raillardia scabra, Raillardia sp., a new
species of Plantago covered densely with long gray hair, Lycopods, Selaginella-
deflexa, Schizaea robusta, and other species. Suttonia sandwicensis is also not
uncommon. At 4500 to 5000 feet elevation the forest is exceedingly wet and the
ground covered with mosses two feet or more thick. On this high plateau are
numerous volcanic blow-holes which are a constant danger to the traveler, as
they are hidden from view by shrubs which grow on their sides and also by
vines and moss. These blow-holes are often several hundred feet deep, and
sometimes only 10 feet or so in diameter. As already said, they can seldom be
perceived, but can always be heard, as water from the swamps drains into them,
making the sound of a miniature waterfall. In this extremely wet, mossy forest
the writer collected a great quantity of material which, owing to continuous field
trips, has not yet all been worked up, but undoubtedly will result in the determ-
ination of many new forms.

Here also the writer found growing in the beautiful light-green moss a va-
riety of Viola mauiensis which he named var. Kohalana. This is the first violet
recorded from the Island of Hawaii. The flowers are blue, while the plant
stands about five feet high. At the summit of the mountain a white-flowering
form was found.

TJntil the material of this region has been thoroughly worked out the descrip-
tion now given will have to suffice. In general, the vegetative characteristics are
the same as on West Maui. On the steep slopes of the valleys, especially along
the sides of the enormous waterfalls, we find Gunnera petaloidea, the .1/" apt
of the natives, besides many ferns usually common to all wet districts of the
higher levels.

73

PLATE XXFV

LOBELIA MACROSTACHYS growing in the open swamps of Molokai.

Of Gramineae, the following may be recorded: Polypogon monspeliensis,
found in open places, of ten in pools ; Isachm distichophylla, and Eragrostis
grandis, the latter usually a1 Lower elevation along streams. Cyperaceae are
also more or less common, especially on the edges of the cliffs of Kawainui and
Alakahi. Mention may be made of Cladium Meyenii, Uncinia uncinata, usually
along streambeds and waterfalls, Cladium angustifolium, and Cyperus strigosus
var. insularis Kiikenth. The juncaceous Luzula hawaiiensis, resembling very
much a Cyperaceae, is also very common.

THE BOG REGION.

The bog region is usually confined to the summits of the mountains of the
older islands or portions of islands, with an altitude of little over 5000 feci.

Waialeale, the summit of Kauai. a1 an elevation of 5280 feet, represents
such a bog, as well as Pun Kukui. the summit of West Maui (5788 feet | ami
Kaala, the summit of the Kohala mountains on Hawaii (5505 feet). All these
three localities have many species of plants in common, but also each locality
has again its peculiar species.

The summits of these mountains are nearly always throughout the year en-
wrapped by clouds, with the exception of a short period during which the south
wind prevails. The best season for visiting these wonderful places is in October
and the first part of November. The rainfall in these localities is enormous, but
no definite record has been kept in these places, with the exception of Waialeale,
where the U. S. Geological Survey placed a rain gauge with the capacity of hold-
ing 120 inches. The writer ascended Waialeale for the second time on October
20, 1911. One month before the rain gauge had been emptied. On arrival at
the summit on the above date the rain gauge was found overflowing.

It may, however, be remarked that these bogs, with their peculiar flora, are
not always confined to the summits of the mountains of an altitude of 5000 feet,
but can also be found in the midst of the middle forest zone at an elevation of
usually 4000 feet. Thus we have four bogs on Kauai besides Waialeale. The
biggest one is situated a few miles back of Halemanu and extends almost to the
edge of Wainiha gorge; this bog is known as Alakai swamp, and is about one
and onedialf miles across. Another much smaller bog is Kauluwehi swamp,
situated at an elevation of 4200 feet, back of Kaholuamano on the trail to Waia-
kealoha waterfall; the smallest one is Lehua makanoe, "Lehua in the fog" —
only about a mile back of Mr. F. Gay's mountain house. The next, though
larger than either Kauluwehi or Lehua makanoe, is the bog of Wahiawa. at a
much lower elevation than those previously mentioned.

On Molokai there is only one bog worth mentioning, and that is Kawela
swamp, back of Kamoku, not far from Pelekunu gorge. (See Plate XXIV.)

On Maui we have besides Pim Kukui. the bog Manna Eeke, situated above
Honokahau gulch at an elevation of about 4100 feet. It is indeed of interest to
note that most of the species of plants found on Pun Kukui are not peculiar to

75

Hi,' bog region, but have been found by the writer on the steep walls in Kaupo
gap in the crater of Baleakala.

In the Kohala Mountains there are several bogs besides the main one at the
summit, the names of which are not known to the writer.

THE BOGS OF KAUAI.

In the bogs situated on the central plateau we find the vegetation the same,
while tlic great bog of Waialeale has its peculiar species besides most of those
found in lower situated bogs.

The turfy soil is covered with tussocks of Gramineae and Cyperaceae, mainly
Panicum monticola, Panicum imbrication and P. isachnoides, together with the
cyperaceous Oredbulus furcatus.

On these tussocks of grasses and Cyperaceae we find the European Drosera
longifolia (Mikinalo), the so-called insect-eating plant, embedded. It has been
said that D. longifolia is hardly ever found without its associate D. rotundifolia,
but here on Kauai it is the only representative of the family Droseraceae. Dro-
S( ra longifolia is more common in the lower swamps than on the summit, where
only few specimens of it have been found. Between these tussocks grow small
bushes of Ohio lehua, or really called Lehua makanoe, from which one locality
derives its name. The plant has been named by Heller Metrosideros pumila. In
its shade grows the handsome blue-flowered violet, Viola Kauaiensis. Habenaria
holochila was found by the writer in Alakai swamp in the turf, growing erect
about three feet in height. It is the third species of our poor orchids.

The swamps are bordered by many tall-growing Cyperaceae, as Car ex sand-
wia nsis, which forms stands 4 to 5 feet high, together with Cladium sp., probably
new, a tall plant with long, scaly, creeping rhizomes, with stems often 10 feet
high. In the swamp proper we find Car ex montis Eeka, Bhynchospora
glauca var. chinensis, Desehanrpsia australis, Selaginella deflexa, Schizaea ro-
busta, Styphelia imbricata var. struthioloides, a creeper, a species of Wikstroe-
mia, Suttonia sandwicensis fi var. denticulata, Vaccinium penduliflorum, etc.

The summit of Kauai, Mt. Waialeale, was visited first by Wawra, the botanist
of the Austrian exploring expedition, in the year 1871; and it is peculiar that
mi nt her botanist or botanical collector had cared to visit the mountain again.

The writer ascended Waialeale in the year 1910 and again in 1911. The

s ml time the ascent was very much facilitated through the trails which had

hem cut by the men of the U. S. Geological Survey. The vegetation of Waia-
leale is extremely interesting, and several new species were found and described
by the writer. The ridges leading to the summit have an entirely different plant
formation, composed of peculiar species. One of the striking plants is Pelea
Waialealat (Anonia or Alaniwai), which grows together with Suttonia lanceo-
I'llu. a vTv distinct species, both being shrubs but occasionally becoming small
trc.-s. Of Compositae we find Dubautia laxa var. pedicellata Rock v. n., which
is here a shrul. lo to 15 feet high, in company with the rutaceous Pelea orbicu-
laris v.ir. | and Pelea sp. : and Dubautia paleata. A \'vw small species of La-

76

bordea are not uncommon on the mossy tree trunks. Bere we also meel with
Lobelia Kauaiensis and Lobelia macrostachys var. Kauaiensis with deep crim-
son flowers. As we ascend, we enter the open plateau or bog with slid a Eew
shrubs, and even higher up in Little depressions we find trees such as the
newly-described Tetraplasandra Waialealae, the second species of Tetra-
plasandra thai is to be found on this island. Cheirodendron platyphyllum
IS also found here as a small tree with sinuate-serrate leaves, while at
lower elevation the leaves are entire. Among such shrubbery grows Lobelia ma-
crostachys var. Kauaiensis, while L. Kauaiensis with either a simple or com-
pound candelabra-like spike, with cream-colored purplish-streaked flowers, pre-
fers the open, flat swamp where the vegetation is stunted. Labor<l<a W'aiah a!a< ,
a shrub, is peculiar to this locality, as well as Labordea fagraeoidea var. pumila,
which is subherbaceous. Pittosporum Gayanum var. is here a shrub, differ-
ing from the species in its being glabrous throughout; with it occurs a stunted
form of Eurya sandwicensis var. with rather large fruits; and also a species of
Wikstroemia.

In the open bog proper, we meet with the already-described Cyperaceae and
Gramineae, besides a species of Cyperus and Deschampsia australis var. pumila.
Astelia Waialealae is scattered over the ground plentifully, but is. however, not
peculiar to Kauai, as it has been met with by the writer in Kawela swamp on
Molokai.

A curious species of Dubautia, named D. Waialealae, grows at the summit
proper. On the outskirts together with the other shrubs grows Lysimachia
Hillebrandii var. venosa, with rather long herbaceous branches.

In the grassy tussocks we find again Viola Kauaiensis, but only very small
plants; in Sphagnum moss the pretty Geranium humile var. Kauaiensis (Nohu-
anu) occurs together with Plantago pachyphylla var. Kauaiensis, and Acaena
exigua, as well as Sanicula sandwicensis var. ,;., with leaves much less incised;
this latter plant had not been recorded previously from Kauai. Wawra's Plan-
tago pachyphylla var. pusilla occurs only in one locality, called Kawakoo. Me-
trosideros pumila is here a small glabrous creeper only a few inches in length.
Another variety of Plantago pachyphylla, which is wholly glabrous, occurs at
the summit, and is here named var. glabrifolia Rock v. n. Lycopodium venus-
tulum var. herpeticum is found trailing at the summit in company with Ste-
nogyne purpurea var. Lobelia Kauait nsis is an exceedingly handsome plant and
is quite common at the summit. It differs very materially from L. Gaudichaudii,
so common on Pun Kukui, West Maui, and when seen in the field no botanist
can help but see the specific distinction.

Of interest may be the names of the various localities on the summit of Waia-
leale. Immediately after leaving the ridge leading into the open plateau a large
patch of bright-red dirt is discernable; the natives used to go to this place,
which they called Kaluaalaea, for this dirt, which they used for paint. The first
point or hill on the plateau is called Honunamanu; where the rain gauge is
situated the place is known as Manakauaalakai ; the highest point, on which the

77

copper plate of the U. S. Geological Survey is enclosed in cement, is Kapailoahiki.

Where the Heiait is situated is Kawakoo, then comes a pool called Waialeale, and
beyond it a hill overlooking Wailua, which is known as Waikini.

THE SIM MIT BOG OF WEST MAIM, PUU KUKUI, ELEVATION 5788 FEET.

l'uu Kukui is a Large, open, more or less flat plateau, composed of light-gray,
heavy, loamy soil. The vegetation is stunted, with the exception of such as
occurs in depressions or small gulches, and at the head of Iao Valley, where
trees belonging to the middle forest region abound.

The whole of Pun Kukui is a second Waialeale of Kauai, though a number
of plants are peculiar to the former. We find the same globose tussocks of Ore-
obulus furcatus and the very interesting Car ex montis Eeha, besides Grami-
neae, such as Deschampsia australis forma longius aristata, Calamagrostis Hille-
brandii Hack. (nov. nom.), and others, while the juncaceous Luzula hawaiiensis
var. gldbrata grows in their company. One of the most striking vegetative fea-
tures is the great abundance of the very beautiful Lobelia Gaudichaudii. In
certain parts this plant covers the ground, and in the month of August it is in-
deed a beautiful sight. At about 5000 feet elevation these Lobelias are only
about 3 to 4 feet high, while at the extreme eastern end of this interesting bog
the plant is from 8 to 15 feet high and branches candelabra-like into usually
five erect racemes, bearing from 40 to 80 flowers each, while the plants in the
open bog have only one pyramidal raceme about 2 to 3 feet long. The flowers
are much larger than those of L. Kauaiensis, found on Waialeale, and also hand-
somer: they are cream-colored with a slight pinkish tinge, and are three inches
long and an inch wide. Lobelia macrostachys is here absent, while represented
on Waialeale, Kauai, by a new variety. The beautifully branching Lobelia
Gaudichaudii found on the brink of Iao Valley is certainly distinct from the one
described by DeCandolle in many particulars, especially in the very long lanceo-
late acuminate brads, and shall from now on be known as var. longibracteata
Rock, var. nov.

Nexl to the Lobelioideae found at the summit, the Compositae have three
representatives. Of greatest interest is the very handsome Wilkesia Grayana,
with its ."> to 8 feet tall stem, bearing a dense crown of verticillate leaves, out of
whose center the inflorescence comes forth as a Large foliaceous raceme of one
and one-half to two feet in Length, bearing yellow globose flower heads of about
1" lines in diameter. There is only one other species known of this interesting
genus, W. gymnoxiphium. It occurs in the dry districts of Kauai, especially on
open wind-swepl cliffs in company with Lobelia yuccoides; while W. Grayana
grows in the open bog, which receives an enormous amount of rainfall.

The second interesting genus is Argyroxiphium, which also belongs to the
most ancienl of Hawaiian Compositae, though of American affinity. These two
genera are undoubtedly the oldest denizens of the Hawaiian Islands. The genus

78

Argyroxiphium with its two species, sandwicensi and virescens, has hitherto
been found only in the drier upper forest region in black volcanic ash a1 an

altitude of from 8000 to 10, 1)00 feet. At the summit of Puu Kukui is a small
species of this genus growing in a veritable pool, but only in one Locality. The
plant was not in flower at the time of the writer's visit, hut it can he said thai
when the plant is fully known it will undoubtedly represent ;i new variety or
intermediate form between .1. sandwicense and .1. virescens. The leaves of the
plants in question ace neither silvery nor green, but are covered with a bluish,
somewhat silvery or glauceous pubescence.

Lagenophora mauiensis is very common in the turfy soil in company with the
creeping Geranium humile with pink flowers. Acaena exigua, which is vwy
scarce on Waialeale, is here exceedingly common, together with Viola mauiensis.
Remark-able to say, Drosera longifolia, so common on Kauai, is here absent. A
small creeping Metrosideros is also present with Lycopodium venustulum var.
and Styphelia imbricata var. struthioloides.

The writer met with a single plant of Lycopodium Haleakalae resembling
very much L. erubescens, but stouter and not reddish. Several species of lich-
ens grow on the exposed gray loam, such as Cladonia, Stereocaulon and others.

At the extreme eastern end of the bog on the brink of Iao Valley the tree
growth is mainly Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii, Suttonia sp. ?, Pelea sp., Metro-
sideros polymorph a, and the lobelioideous Clermontia grandi flora. All the trees
are covered thickly with moss and hepaticae or Liverworts. The swamp of
Mauna Eeke harbors the same vegetation as that of Pun Kukui with possibly one
or two exceptions.

THE UPPER FOREST REGION.

The upper forest region extends from about 5500 feet elevation up to 11,500.
Of tree growth we can practically say that four species form the main trees.
The most predominant of these is the leguminous Sophora chrysophylla (Ma-
mani), and, secondly. Myoporum sandwicense (Naio), and on the lower edge of
the upper forest zone, or as on Mt. Haleakala at 7000 feet elevation, Acacia Koa
(Koa), with Metrosideros polymorpha (Oliia lehua). These four species form
the main tree-growth, while here and there we find the rubiaceous Coprosma
montana at 9000 feet elevation and with it the arborescent Compositae Baillardia
arborea up to 10,000 feet, while K. struthioloides can be found up to an elevation
of 11,500 feet; the two latter, however, only on Mauna Kea (13,823 feet), Ha-
waii. Baillardia Menziesii is found at an elevation of 6000 to 8000 feet, and
on Mt. Haleakala is the largest species in the genus Raillardia, but is a shrub
at the higher levels up to the summit.

On Mauna Loa tree-growth ceases at a little above 8000 feet; the tree com-
positae found on Mauna Kea and Haleakala are, however, absent on Mauna boa.
Santalum Haleakalae, a species of Iliahi or Sandalwood, is peculiar to Haleakala.
Maui, and can be found at from 7000 to 8500 feet elevation. This same species

79

PLATE XXV.

ARGYROXIPHIUM SANDWICENSE v.ir. MACROCEPHALUM (Ahinahina, Silveraword)
growing in the crater of Haleakala, .Maui, elevation 7500 feet.

was, however, observed by the writer on the lava fields of Auahi, southern slopes

of Mt. Haleakala, at ail elevation of 2000 feet. Naturally the species was not
Stunted but developed to a tine looking tree; onh a single tree was found at the
lower level, while at SIMM) feet it is not uncommon, especially at the very head
of Waikamoj or Honomanu gulch.

The Compositae form quite a large part of the vegetation of the upper foresl
zone and are most numerously represented on Haleakala.

The mountains which possess an upper forest Mora are, according to age,
Haleakala (10,030 feet). Maui; Mauna Kea (13,873 feet i, Bualalai (827:; fed .
and .Mauna Loa. the youngest, (13,675 feel I, Hawaii. All four mountains are
volcanoes, three of them extinct, while .Mauna Loa becomes still periodically
active.

Haleakala is entirely different in formation from the other mountains; it has
a summit crater of huge dimensions having a circumference of nearly 23 miles,
is 2000 feet deep, and is covered at the bottom with numerous cinder cones, of
•which the highest is 1030 feet.

The crater has two outlets, one on the north side called Koolau gap, and an-
other on the southern side called Kaupo gap. The former gap is, up to an ele-
vation of 6000 feet, an impenetrable tropical jungle, while the latter is compara-
tively dry and covered with more or less scrub vegetation. The largest portion
of the crater is bare of vegetation, being composed mainly of extensive aa
(rough) lava flows and huge fields of black volcanic ash; it is in the latter that
the most beautiful Argyroxiphium sandwicense var. macrocephalum (Ahinahina
or Silversword) thrives best. They still occur in thousands in Haleakala crater.
but are indeed very scarce on Mauna Kea, and more so on Mauna Loa and Hua-
lalai. The steep slopes in the upper part of Kaupo gap are covered with this
most beautiful plant (see Plate XXV). which flowers from July to October.
Wild goats are doing great damage to it, as they devour it eagerly, and so also
do cattle, the arch-enemy of the Hawaiian forests. In earlier days this interest-
ing plant was also found plentifully on the slopes of the mountain, but it has
now vanished since tourists began to ascend to the mountain summit.

Raillardia platyphylla, a shrubby composite, is quite gregarious along dry
streambeds. especially along the upper part of Waikamoi near Puunianiau crater.
while /•'. Menziesii grows as a tree at 6000 feet elevation and becomes a common
shrub at 9000 feet near the summit. Of great interest is the green sword-plant.
Argyroxiphium virescens, which is peculiar to Haleakala and found together
with the plants just mentioned. It usually grows on the edges of cliffs in com-
pany with the silversword. and is especially common near the base of Puunianiau
crater. It has been observed in the crater of Haleakala itself, but not on the ash
fields, as its congener, but in Kaupo gap along dry streambeds between rocks.
together with Lobelia hypoleuca var.. Dubautio plantaginea var., Raillardia
sp.. etc.

Vaccinium reticulation (Ohelo), with its delicious berries, covers the moun-

81

tain slope, with another species which lias lately been described as Vaccinium
Fauriei, a very distinct plant, with large, glaucous berries and small leaves; it
grows much taller than V. reticulatum, and its berries are better tasting than
those of the latter.

Rubiaceae are also not uncommon. We find again Coprosma emodeoides
(Kukainene), Coprosma )>ionl<ni<t, and C. menziesii, with Sanicula sandwicensis,
Plantago pachyphylla, Fragaria chilensis (the Chilean strawberry), and the iri-
daceous Sisyrynchium acre, once employed in tattooing by the Hawaiians.

Ranunculus Hawaiiensis (Makou), the Hawaiian buttercup, is not uncommon
on Puunianiau crater, and exceedingly plentiful on Mauna Kea, especially above
YVaiki and the craters Kalnamakani. Moano, etc. Silene struthioloides is found
in black cinder in the crater, as well as on the slopes. McArosideros polymovpha
var. ft. and " are usually found in gulches, together with Suttonia sp., Dodonaca
eriocarpa, Sopliora chrysophylla, and others.

Special mention must be made of the wonderful development which the tem-
perate genus Geranium has reached in these islands. Like the Violaceae, it has
become arborescent and evolved into many species. The Hawaiian species of
Geranium form a distinct section in the family, called Ncuropliyllodes. All
species have a peculiar type of leaf which varies in size, shape, and pubescence.

(!( ran iu in tridi ns is the common shrubby form which can be seen mixed with
Sophora chrysophylla; its leaves are covered with a bright-silvery pubescence,
and are tridentate at the apex, whence the name. It is the most common species
on Ilaleakala, while G. arboreum is scarcer. It is usually found in sheltered
places near Puunianiau crater. The leaves are the largest of any of the Ha-
waiian Geraniums, and are not silvery; the flowers are a purplish-red; the petals
are unequal, giving it the appearance of a violet. The name arboreum would
have fitted better to G. multiflorum var. canum, which is, indeed, a small tree,
15 feet in height, with a trunk of about 10 inches in diameter, while the former
is a large shrub with drooping, rambling branches. G. multiflorum var. canum
is not uncommon in the crater, but is found especially in Kaupo Gap, where it
grows on upheaved aa lava, or fissures, together with Artemisia australis.
Geranium ovatifolium, also a shrub, is found on the north bank of Ilaleakala
crater.

Labial; ae are not very conspicuous in this region, though a few species of
Phyllostegia and Stenogyne are not uncommon. One St. microphylla the writer
found entangling Santalum Ualeakalae; the leaves are very small, measuring
only about three lines in length; the flowers are very inconspicuous and green.
The epacridaceous shrub Styphelia tameiameia (Pukeawe) is the most common,
while St. imbricata, very common on Mauna Kea. is only found near the summit
of Haleakala. Tetramolopium humile and '/'. Chamissonis var. arbuscula, the
Hawaiian daisies, occupy cracks between rocks and can also be found in black
cinder.

The most interesting discovery, however, made by the writer is a new species

82

of the Large tribe Lobelioideae. It Is a rather handsome tree, undoubtedly one
of the oldest \\ pes of Lobelias, ;iii<I has as almosl antediluvian appearance. This
Btriking plant, of which only three trees are now in existence, is a species of
Clermontia, and is described in this volume under the name Clermontia Hale-
akalt nsis. It was found on the inner slopes of Puunianian crater a1 the bead of
one of the numerous small gulches which find their origin in this crater basin.
The trees were thickly surrounded by Rubus hawaiiensis and Sophora chryso-
phylla. It (lowered during the month of October. If not protected from the
cattle, which are very fond of the thick', fleshy leaves of this wonderful plant, it
also will join the others of its race, as < 'yam >i arbon a and ( 'yam a comata, which
have vanished forever.

Of Gramineae, or grasses, mention may be made of the following: Koeleria
glomerata, and var. nov. rigida Hack-., and the newly-described Argrostis Bockii
Hack., which was discovered by the writer at an elevation of 9700 feet between
rocks near the summit of the mountain. Hackel, who described the plant, says
that it is an excellent species and is nearest related to A. varians, which, how-
ever, is no xerophyte, as is A. Rockii.

The vegetative formation of the upper forest zone on Mauna Kea and Mauna
Loa has already been described in the chapter on Hawaii. Mention may be
made, however, of the introduced, or rather naturalized, flora of this region.
Veronica arvensis grows as a weed among rocks and on the pasture lands above
6000 feet elevation with Sonchus oleract us, which, by the way, was the last plant
observed on Mauna Kea at an elevation of 12,000 feet, where it was prostrate
with leaves and flowers closely pressed to the ground, with a long root-stock.
Gnaphalium sandwicensium and G. luteo-album grow side by side in the black cin-
der and between rocks. One of the most common plants is Senecio vulgaris,
which can be observed up to an elevation of 10,000 feet and even higher: Chi no-
podium album is often found in its company.

Since the introduction of grass seeds by the ranchmen to improve their pas-
ture lands, many undesirable grasses and weeds have come with them. We find
Poa annua on the slopes of Mauna Kea together with Cynodon dactylon, Bromus
unioloides, and Eragrostis atropioides, which, however, is a native grass originally
found on Haleakala, Maui. Also Hordeum murinum var. leporinum, Lolium
multiflorum, a very tall grass, usually found in company with Mai nisi rum tri-
cuspidatum, which for that part of the district forms a valuable fodder plant,
owing to the absence of anything better. Bromus villosus occurs here and there
in patches, while Poa pratt nsis is found scattered.

The following Cyperaceae occur in this region: Car* x macloviana on Moano
hill. Carex sandwicensis scattered over the whole of Mauna Kea, and a new va-
riety of the same about to be published by Rev. G. Kukenthal.

In conclusion, a few words may here not be out of place, describing briefly
the floral aspects of Lanai, Niihau and Kahoolawe.

The Island of Lanai is the best forest-covered island of the three last men-

83

PLATE XXVI.

STAND OF ALEURITES MOLUCCANA (Kukui) at the head of Mauna Lei gorge, Lanai.

tioned. It has an altitude of aboul 3400 feet. Two main ridges pud parallel the
Length of the island, and are called Lanai hale and Eaalelepakai, the former being
the highest. On the leeward side of these mountain ranges is a Hat plateau con-
sisting of aboul 24,000 acres, having an elevation of approximately 2000 feet;
tlir southeastern end toward Manele is covered with the cactus Opuntia tuna
(Panini) exclusively. This plateau must have been one up<»n a time covered
with a xerophytic vegetation similar to that of the Kipuka Puaulu on Hawaii
near the Voleano Ivilauea.

The main ridges of Lanai are covered with a similar vegetation to that of
Molokai above Kamolo, hut are not as wet as the latter, though here and there
swampy spots can he found in which the newly-described var. lanaiensis of Viola
Helena occurs. Peculiar to these ridges are the thymelaeaceous Wikstroemia bi-
cornuta, the lohelioideous Cyanca Gibsonii, and the goodeniaceous Scaevola
cylindrocarpa. The most common composite at the summit ridge is Dubautia
laxa var. hirmta. One of the rare and interesting compositae, Hesperomannia
arborescens, of which a few trees were seen about ten years ago, has vanished
forever. Xanthoxylum has several species present, and so has also the genus
Pittosporum, which on Lanai has the most varying species. That this particular
genus is in these islands dependent on insects for fertilization is brought out by
these numerous variations. It is difficult to arrange the classification of the va-
rious species according to their capsules, as the writer had observed on Lanai not
less than three capsules of different species on a single flower cluster.

Araliaceae has several species here, especially the genus Tetraplasandra, of
which the newly-described T. Lanaiensis is peculiar to Lanai; with it. occurs
Suttonia Lanaiensis and Sideroxylon spathulatum, the latter a small tree with
cone-shaped yellow fruits.

Very interesting is the vegetation in the valleys of Mahana, Koele, and Kai-
holena, which is of a xerophytic character. Lobelioideae are here rather scarce,
and, as already mentioned, the tribe has only one species peculiar to Lanai.

The extreme western district of Lanai is covered with an interesting mixed
or dry forest, mainly composed of Osmanthus sandivieensis, Sideroxylon spat ha-
lation, Xothoeestrum sp., Chrysophyllum polynesicum, Suttonia sp., Plectronia
odorata, Garelcnia Brigheimi, Bobea Hookeri. and others.

The land has been very much eroded and portions of this interesting wood-
land are now buried beneath earth and sand dunes, only the tips of trees pro-
truding through the earth.

The windward side is exceedingly barren and only the xerophytic Pili grass,
Andropogon contortus, grows between the rocks, together with Waltheria ameri-
eana, Sida fallax, and, lower down, Oossypium tomentosum. The -niches of
Mauna Lei and Nahoku are almost barren, the latter very much so. Mauna Lei
is exceedingly interesting from a geological standpoint. Vegetation is very scarce
and only few trees can be found, as Erythrina monospt rma ( Wiliwili) and some
of those already mentioned above. At the very head of this gorge, which near

85

the nit ranee divides into two main valleys, the vegetation becomes more inter-
esting, a few Compositae cling to the rocks, such as Artemisia, and to the writer's
surprise, he found the interesting Lobelioideous Brighamia insignis growing on
the vertical cliffs, even inaccessible to the multitude of goats inhabiting this
region.

On the bottom, at the very head of the gulch, ace huge trees of Aleurites mo-
luccana (Kukui) (see Plate XXVI), the trunks of some of whicb are torn into
shreds by huge boulders which are constantly coming down from the heights
above, which, when loosened by the goats, bring with them avalanches of rocks
to the depths below. Xahokn gulch is the narrowest and steepest, and is void of
vegetation, but in the early days enough water came down in the now dried-up
Streambed for the natives to carry on the cultivation of taro.

The Island of Kahoolawe is the most eroded of the whole group and the only
native tree growth which remains is composed of perhaps a dozen Erythrina
monosperma (Wiliwili). (See Plate XXVII.) The urticaceous Neraudia Ka-
hoolawensis, the only plant thoughl to lie peculiar to Kahoolawe. was found by
the writer on the lava fields of Anahi on the southern slopes of Mt. Ilaleakala.
Maui. Most of the land on this island has no soil, all having been blown into the
sea by the wind, after it had been robbed of its vegetation by cattle, sheep, and
goats, with which the island was overstocked. The result is that there is nothing
left but pure hard-pan. several feet thickness of soil having been blown away.
Even now on a windy day the island is not visible, as it is enshrouded in a cloud
of red dirt which, when the south wind prevails is carried across the isthmus of
the Island of Maui, to be deposited on the already fertile sugar cane fields.

The Island of Niihau is in a similar state, though is not as eroded as Kahoo-
lawe. The native vegetation of this small island has, however, disappeared.
Acacia farnesiana and Prosopis Jul i flora (Kiawt or Algaroba) have been planted
on the lowlands.

In this rather lengthy introduction, the writer has tried to give a more or
less detailed description of the various interesting botanical regions of this island
group. The present paper by no means claims to be the result of an ecological
study, but a mere foundation for such work, which undoubtedly will have to
follow. The whole of the introduction is devoted to the floral aspects of this in-
teresting island group, and is merely floristic work with here and there an at-
tempt to explain some of the ecological features.

The writer has had occasion, as Botanist of the Board of Agriculture and
Forestry and of the College of Hawaii, to visit all the islands of the group, each
several times at the various seasons during five years, making a thorough botanical
survey of each island, some of the results of which are herewith published.

Note: — All plants mentioned in this introduction as new to science (trees excluded) arc
briefly described in the appendix. All new trees mentioned are described in their respective
places according to the natural system of classification.

87

EMBRYOPHYTA ASIPHONO-

GAMA

CRYPTOGAMIA

Plants not bearing true flowers — that is, having no stamens nor ovules and
never producing seeds containing an embryo.

Pteridophyta

FILICE:S (Ferns)

Sporangia minute, placed on the margin or under-surface of the leaf or frond,
rarely somewhat larger and arranged in spikes or panicles. Spores all of one
kind.

cyathe:ace:ae

The Cyatheaceae are mainly tropical, and are distributed over the old and
new world more or less evenly. The family is restricted to localities with a very
moist and uniform climate. They are found rarely in areas with a precipitation
of less than 100 cm. annually. Against temperature they are more or less inde-
pendent, as they still thrive prolifically in regions where mild frosts occur, as,
for example, in Tasmania. With the appearance of this family in the Stewart
Island of New Zealand, it has reached the border land of the Polar region.

CIBOTIUM Kaulf.
Pinonia Gaud., Dicksoniae sp. autt., Hk., Bk.

Sori globose at the apex of a vein, marginal, enclosed in a prominent coriaceous,
deeply 2-valved involucre, the outer box-shaped valve proceeding from the margin of the
segment, but being of different texture. Sporangia stipitate. Annulus with a stomium
consisting of thin walled cells, which can easily be distinguished from those of the walls
of the sporangium.— Tree ferns with very large leaves, which are usually tripinnate, the
last pinnae with linear oblong segments.

The distribution of the six or eight existing species, which seem to be very
closely related, is very remarkable. C. guatemalense and C. ^Ye^lfJla^idi occur
in Guatemala, as well as C. Schiedei in South Mexico and Guatemala, in culti-
vation for a long time. C. Barometz occurs in the monsoon districts of East
Asia; another subspecies (C. Cumingi) is endemic in the Philippine Islands,
while three are peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.

89

PLATE 28

CIBOTIUM MENZIESII Hook.

Hapu Iii or Heii.

Showing part of frond with sporecases, and part of t)u> sti|>o to left; reduced.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Stipes tuberculate, and clothed with long blackish-brown hairs C. Menziesii

Stipes smooth and glabrous in the upper portion C. Chamissoi

Cibotium Menziesii Hook.

/Iii/iu Hi or Hi ii.

I Plates 28, 29.)

CIBOTIUM MENZIESII Hook. Spec. Fil. I. (1846) 84, t. 29 c; Brack. Fil. U S. E. E.
(1854) 280;— II. .Mann. Proc. Am. Acad. \'ll. (1867) 212;- Hbd. PI. Haw. tsl.
1 |sss> 546; Seller in MEinnes. Bot. Stud. IX. (1897) 776;— Diels in Engl, et Prantl
Pflzfam. I. 4. (1902) 121;— Christens. In. lex Pil. (1906) L83;— Eobinson in Bui.
Torr. Bot. CI. 39, (1912) 243.— C. pruinatum MEetten e1 Kuhn in Linnaea, 36,
(1869) 1 ")i».— Diksonia Menziesii Hook, et Bak. Syn (1866) 19 e1 II ed (1874)
49;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. .Mar. l'ac VII (1892) 356.
Stipes green, stout, with a ventral and two lateral furrows, tuberculate and Bhaggy
at the base with a Btraightish ami long brownish yellow glossy /"'/" whicb changes bi

Up into stiff long blackish hair, and as such often covers the entire stipes; t'r 1 with

stipes is to ;!ii dm or more long and 9 to 15 dm or more broad, pyramidal-oblong, coriace-
ous, naked underneath or sometimes with minute furfuraceous dots; the rhachiB 'asperous
with scattering tubercles; pinnae with a stipe of 25 to 50 mm, oblong, 4.." to 7 ..") dm
long, bearing is to i'4 pairs of free pinnules besides the pinnatifid apex; most pinnules
shortly stipitate, linear lanceolate, acute, cut halfway or more, often to the rhachis at
the base, into oblong rounded or entire segments, which are separated by broad sinuses;
veinlets very prominent, simple or forked; sori 8 to 14 on a lobe, also fringing the Binus.
Invol. corneous, large, a little more than 1 mm to nearly 3 mm in width, the outer valve
fornicate and large, the inner flat and narrower.

Cibotium Menziesii or Ilapu Hi of the natives is the most stately tree fern
of the Hawaiian forests. Nowhere in the islands does this handsome fern reach
snch a wonderful development as on Hawaii in the forests of Puna, Ililo. and
especially in the Kohala mountains. In the district of Paauhau, on the wind-
ward slopes of Manna Kea (13823 feet) the writer saw the biggest specimens.
The fibrous trunks of these immense ferns have often a diameter of three
feet and reach a height of about 24 feet or so, not including the almost ereel
fronds, which measure occasionally more than 12 feet, giving it a total height
of sometimes 36 feet. Thanks to the hardiness of these ferns, they were and are
able to withstand attacks from cattle, and even when uprooted by wild pigs, and
laid prostrate, they continue to grow.

Nothing is more beautiful than a stand of pure Ohia forest with trees of
about 80 feet in height, when growing together with this beautiful fern, which
forms the dense undergrowth. Their bright-green fronds produce a pleasing
contrast to the rather grayish Ohia lehua trees, which contrast is enhanced when
the latter are displaying their beautiful red blossoms. Snch a forest, when not
in the vicinity of human dwellings, is inhabited by native birds of all colors, red
the liwi). however, predominating. These birds feed on the pollen of the Ohia
flowers, and can be seen in great numbers, often sitting on the bright-green
fronds of the majestic tree ferns.

The Hapu Hi occurs, however, on all the islands at an elevation of from 2000
to 6000 feet and perhaps higher. Ordinarily the trunks are not taller than 8
feet or so, but, as already mentioned, the fern reaches its best development no

91

PLATE 29.

CIBOTIUM MENZIESII Hook.

Hapu Iii Fern.

Growing in the forests of Koh;il;i, Eawaii; elevation 1000 feet.

Cyatheaeeae.

the [sland of Hawaii. The wool or pulu of this fern, as well as of the two other
species, was used in stuffing pillows, etc., and the trees were ruthlessly cu1 down
by the pulu gatherers in order to get easily at the wool. Since the pulu is qo
Longer in demand and as hardly any is being gathered al present, the ferns
have begun to thrive again, and fine specimens can be mel with in all the Ha-
waiian rain forests.

It mighl be of interest to remark that the Ohia lehua (Metrosideros poly-
morpha) is a close associate of the Hapu Hi. Both the fern and the tree are
often found growing together to such an extent that it is difficult to distinguish
the tree trunk from the trunk of the fern.

The natives have an idea that the Hapu Hi fern is the mother of the Ohia
I < hua.

The seeds of the Ohia lehua often germinate in the crowns of the tree ferns,
sending down their roots ahum- the very fibrous, often water-soaked trunk. In
time the fern begins to die and the Ohia lehua is left standing with stilt roots
of often 15 feet or more in height, after which the real trunk of the tree com-
mences. Such examples are very numerous in the Hawaiian forests, and un-
doubtedly led the Ilawaiians to the belief that the tree fern is the parent of the
Ohia h hua.

Cibotium Chamissoi Kaulf.

Hapu.

(Plate 30.)

CIBOTIUM CHAMISSOI Kaulf. Enura. Fil. (1824) 230, t. 1. f. 14;— Spreng. svst. IV. (1S27)
127;— Presl Tentam. Pterid. (1836) 69, t. 11, f. 8;— Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no.
512;— Hook. Spec. Fil. I. (1S46) 83;— Brack. Fil. U. S. E. E. (1854) 279;— Moore
End. Fil. (1857-62) 259:— H. Mann. Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1S67) 212;— Hbd.
Fl. Haw. Isl. (1S88) 547;— Christ Farukr. (1S97) 316;— Heller in Minnes.
Bot. Stud. I. (1897) 776;— Diels in Engl. et Prautl. Pflzfam. I.
4 (1902) 121;— Christens. Ind. Fil. (1906) 1S3;— Eobinson in Bull.
Torr. Bot. CI. 39 (1912) 243. — C. pruinatum Mett. et Kulin in Linnaea 36 (1869)
Mil.— Dicksonia Chamissoi Hook, et Bak. Synops. Fil. (1S66) 50, et II. ed. (1874)
50;— Hook. Icon. Plant. XVII (1SS6) pi. 1603. — C. Chamissoni Del Cast. 111. Fl.
Ins. Mar. Paeif. VII (1892) 356.— Pinonia splendens Gaud. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill
(1824) 507, idem Gen. p. 96. et Bot. Voy. Uranie (1826 title page, appeared
1830) 37n, t. 21. — Dicksonia splendens Desv. Prodr. (1827) 318. — Dicksonia, Smith
ex Fi. Brown.
Stipes 12 to 24 dm, brownish, smooth, clothed at the base with a pale fawn-colored
lustreless matted or cobwebby pulu, furfuraeeous or naked above; frond 12 to 24 dm long.
ehartaceous, the under face green or dull glaucous and generally covered with a pale cob-
webby pubescence; lowest pinnae 4.5 to 7.5 dm long, with 24 to 28 pairs of pinnules, these
shortly stipitate. linear lanceolate 12.5 to 15 cm by 16 to 2d mm. acute, the lower ones
cut to near the rhachis into oblong, straightish, rather obtuse segments witli narrow
sinuses, the basal segments entire ami not deflected; veinlets little prominent: sori 8 to 14
to a segment, the involucre small about 1 mm wide, ehartaceous.

The Hapu. which is of much smaller stature than its congener, the Hapu Hi
or Iliii. is one of the most common tree ferns of the group. It occasionally has
a trunk of 16 or more feet in height, but never reaches the size of Cibotium
Menziesii. Both are, however, found growing together ami are most numerous
on Hawaii, especially in the forests of Puna ami hack of Hilo. Near the Volcano
House pure stands of these two species can be found, usually associated with

93

PLATE 30.

CIBOTIUM CHAMISSOI Kaulf.

Hapu.

Showing fruiting pinnae of iron.! and pulu to ri Lilit

Cyatheaceae.

Metrosideros polymorpha or Ohia lehua of the natives. Where these ferns grow

with a typical Ohia lehua forest, the soil is usually not deeper than li or :: feel
at the most, below which \\c find the arched [>uhn<li<„ lava,

Tile Ohia lehua is, however, not their only associate In the older forests we
tin.l them growing together with Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii (Olapa), Ilex
sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis (Olomea), and especially with Suttonia
Lessertjana (Kolea). In the drier or semi-we1 foresl we find it again with Aca-
cia Koa (Koa), while it can also be met with in a typical xerophytic forest, but
then only at an elevation of 4<><)ii feel of so. and not at all common. Only a few
stragglers can be found scattered in these interesting dry regions. On Oahu tin;
Hapu is much smaller than on Hawaii and not quite as common, as it aever
forms pure stands or covers large tracts of land as is the case on Hawaii.

On the Island of Kauai occurs a variety of this species named var. j. b\
Hillebrand, which differs from the species in its smaller frond, which is dull
glaucous underneath.

The young- stems of this species are farinaceous, and used to be eaten by the
natives in times of scarcity. They are baked in hot ashes and are then quite
palatable.

The trunks of the Hapu, as well as of the Hapu Hi. are used for forest trails,
where they make an excellent pathway through the otherwise hardly-penetrable
swampy jungles. Portions of trunks, when used for fern trails, sprout usually
at one end. forming quite a handsome hedge of young fronds. The pulu wool,
which densely covers the base of the leafstalks, is glossy and of a tine, silky tex-
ture, and was used together with that of the Hapu Hi for stuffing pillows and
mattresses, and formed a regular article of export to California. According to
Hillebrand. the hairs consist of a single series of flat, thin-walled cells which
break readily at the joints. The cells are shorter in Cibotium Chamissoi.

Oibotium glaucum is occasionally found with the other two species, but is
rather rare. All three species are peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, outside of
which they have not been recorded.

95

EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA

Angiospermae

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

Embryo with only one cotyledon. Stem consisting of bundles of vascular
fibres.

PANDANACEAE

The family Pandanaceae is peculiar to the tropical regions of the old world,
and is represented in America by the Cyclanthaeeae. The Pandanaceae are
especially rich in the Malayan region, in Micronesia, in Madagascar, Bourbon
(Reunion) and Mauritius. Little is known about the distribution of this family
in West Africa. The Pandanaceae are related to the Palms and Araceae.

Here in Hawaii we have two species of two different genera which belong to
this family. One is the well-known Hold or Puhdla (Pandanus odoratissintus)
and the other, the climber Frcycinetia Arnotti or Ic ic. Only the former is here
considered, being the only arborescent representative of this family.

PANDANUS L.

Erect trees or shrubs with simple or variously branched stems, mostly with
aerial roots. Never climbers. Inflorescence often of immense size.

The genus Pandanus, with its many species, is so far little known, owing to
its dioecious character. In Hawaii there is only one species represented, which
is however not peculiar to the islands, as it extends from Hawaii to the Sey-
chelle Islands and Arabia.

In German New Guinea eleven species have been found so far, six of which
are endemic.

Pandanus odoratissimus L. has been sunk by Warburg and made a synonym
of /'. tectorius; which he records as occurring in "Ilawai." On the same page
In- creates a variety y. sandvicensis from the Sandwich Islands. Prof. War-
burg evidently regards Hawai and the Sandwich Islands as two different
groups, and it is possible that his variety came from the higher levels, whence.
of course, it would differ somewhat from the tree found on the shores, where
they are exposed to the salt air; while the higher altitude (1800 feet), larger
precipitation, wind, etc., would undoubtedly cause some differentiation, which
would not. however, warrant the creation of a new variety. On the strength of
this, the oame Pandanus odoratissimus is here retained. The genus consists of
about lot; species.

96

Pandanaceae.

Pandanus odoratissimus L.

Hala, Puhala, Lauhala, or Screw-pine.
(Plate 31.)

PANDANUS ODORATISSIMUS L. f. Suppl. (1781) 12 1 ;— Forst. PI. escul. (1786) 38, et
Prodr. (1786) do. 368; — Endl. PI. Suds. (1836) ao. 7:;s; — Guillem., Zeph. Tait.
(1837) No. 136; — Jardin, Hist. Nat. [lea Marqu., (1858) -7; — Pancher in Cuzent,
Tahiti (1860) 241;— Nadeaud, Enum. (1873) 286;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888)
453; Del Cast. 111. PI. Ens. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892) 324, et PI. Polyn. Franc (1893)
232.— Pandanus verus Rumph. Herb. amb. IV. (1711) I in t. 74;— II. Maim Proc.
Am. Acad. VD (1867) 204;— Seem. PI. Vit. (1873) 281; — Wawra in Flora (1875)
245. — Pandanus tectorius Sol. I'rin. PI. Ins. Pacif. Ined. 350; — Parkins I "raw.
Tahiti PI. 113 (ined.);— Warburg, Pflzreich. IV. 9 (1900) 46, fig. 13 F. et var.
sandvicensis Warburg 1. c. p. 4s.

Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, abruptly narrowing toward the apex into
a long acumen (point); prickly at the margins and keeled midrib, coriaceous; spadix of
male flowers compound pendulous, spikes sessile, supported by very odoriferous spathes;
stamens racemosely fasciculated, the filaments shorter than the column, anthers linear,
long mucronate; syncarpium surrounded by 3 sets of white imbricate leaf-like bracts,
erect, globose, of the size of a child's head when mature, about 50 to so drupes in a
syncarpium, reddish when mature, each about 4 to 10 cm long, - to (i cm broad, angular,
composed of 5 to 1:2 carpels, the flat top divided by shallow grooves into as many Bpaces
as there are carpels; the sessile stigmas at first oblique but finally apical, uniform.

The Puhala or Hala is a small tree reaching the height of 15 to 20 feet. The
trunk is short and branches in a dichotomous manner, having many aerial roots
above the base and also from the branches. The bark is whitish and covered
with prickly lenticels. In the female tree the outer cortex is exceedingly hard,
while the inner pith is very fibrous and soft. In the male mature tree, however,
the trunk is more or less solid throughout. The male flowers, which are called
by the natives Hinano Hala, are very fragrant, and are pendulous from the cen-
ter of the leaf-whorls; the spadix of the female flowers is solitary, globose, and
reaches the size of a child's head when mature, and is orange-colored to red.
The leaves, which are prickly at the margins, are arranged like a corkscrew,
from which the tree derives its name.

The Puhala is most common on the windward sides of all the islands, inhabit-
ing the lowlands from sea-level up to 2000 feet. It is most common on the coast
of Puna, Hawaii, and also on the northern slope of Haleakala, Maui, where, on
the fiat plateau above the cliffs between Keanae. Xahiku and Hana. it forms a
thick forest exclusive of everything else. It is the landmark of the lower levels.
and is often found with the Kukui and the Koa on Oahu.

Many, indeed, are the uses of the Puhala. From the leaves handsome mats
are made, while the wood of male trees, which is of exquisite beauty and exceed-
ingly hard, was employed for many purposes.

The orange-colored seeds are strung into leis together with the fragranl
leaves of the Math (Gynopogon oliviformis Gaud.) and worn by men and
women alike. The seeds, after having become dry. were used as brushes, and
with the fibrous end the various dyes were applied onto their tapa or cloth. In

97

PLATE 31.

PANDANUS ODORATISSIMUS L,

Puhala.

A Pandanue foresl nt the lower zone on East Maui,

Pandanaceae.

Mauritius, where the tree is plentiful, the fiber derived from the Leaves is used
for making sacks for coffee, sugar and grain; the roots arc also fibrous and are
used by basket makers as binding material. An oil is obtained by distilling the
fragrant bracts of the male (lowers and is called Keora in India.

The natives of Burma make matting sails, by sewing together the leaves of
the Hala; the very fragranl male flowers are used as hair decorations. The
etheric oil expressed from the (lowers is used as a stimulant, and is also applied
as a remedy for headaches and rheumatism. The seeds are used in India as
spools for twine.

The wood of the female trees is often used, after the removal of the fibrous
pith, as water pipes on the richly-wooded volcanic islands of South Polynesia.
The native name in Tahiti is Fara, in Yiti or Fiji Balawa and Vadra.

The Puhala or LauhaJa is distributed from the Seychelle Islands to Arabia,
all over the South Sea Islands, to Guam and India. It is called Aggag in Guam
Fandan or tiabotaii in the Philippines, and Fala or Laufala in Samoa.

In India, where the tree is cultivated, female trees are a rare occurrence,
while male trees are common; this is just the reverse in the Hawaiian Islands.

PALMAE

The iamily Palmae is characteristic of the tropics. It is distributed over the
old as well as the new world, and finds its northern boundary in the south of
Spain, South Italy and Greece to the southern part of Asia Minor, and from
there to the Himalayas, South China and to the most southern part of Japan.
In the new world it is distributed from Southern California to Arizona and
Mexico. The southern boundary of the Palms of the old world describes a
circle through the arid interior of Africa to Madagascar, Australia, the South
Island of New Zealand and through the Pacific Islands, including Hawaii. In
equatorial Africa the family is poorer in species, but becomes richer in the
West Indies, Central and South Brazil.

This order consists of about 1000 species. Of interest, so far as Hawaii is
concerned, is the Pacific genus Pritchardia, which is represented in the Ha-
waiian Islands by ten species. Cocos nucifera, the Niu of the natives or coconut
of the foreigner, is, of course, also present, but is too common to be described
or otherwise mentioned.

The most interesting species are the native Pritehardias or Loulu Palms, all
of which are endemic and fonnd only at an elevation of about 2000-3000 feet, in
the wet or rain forest zone, though occasionally Pr. Gaudichaudii occurs near
the beach and often at 1000 feet elevation.

PRITCHARDIA Seem, et II. Wendl.

Flowers hermaphrodite, singly on the branches of the panicle: stamens G, connate
at the base into a cup; ovary tliree-lobed with a single style, the latter tri-snlcate with
3 minute stigmas. Drupe dryish, with a single nut or coccus, the pericarp thin fibrous,
the endocarp crustaceous. Seeds with uniform albumen, and embryo at the base. — Tall
trees with terminal, fan-shaped palmatisect leaves, and unarmed petioles.

99

Palmae.

Here in Hawaii only 2 species of Pritchardia were formerly known to exist,
namely: Pr. Gaudichaudii and Pr. Martii. 0. Beccari, the world's authority
on Palms, described three species since the publication of Hillebrand's Flora,
based on the hitter's herbarium material.

In the month of February, 15)09, the writer discovered an interesting species,
with very small olive-shaped, black, shining- fruits, which was named by Beccari
and published in Webbia Vol. III. 137 as Pr. minor. Since then the writer has
carried on extensive explorations on all the Islands of the group under the
auspices of the Board of Agriculture and Forestry, as well as under the College
of Hawaii, with the result of bringing to light new plants of many families,
among which the Palmae were represented by four new species, as follows, the
first discovered by G. P. Wilder: Pr. criopltora Becc, from Halemanu, Kauai;
Pr. arecina Becc, from Honomanu, Maui ; Pr. Eockiana Becc, from the Puna-
luu Mts., Oahu ; and Pr. eriostacMa, from the slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii.
This brings the species of Hawaiian Pritchardia up to ten. As 0. Beccari re-
marks in a letter to the writer, he believes that other species of Pritchardia yet
remain to be discovered in these Islands, to which the writer cannot but agree.

The writer has held back the manuscript on the Palms, as he had hoped to
receive Beccari 's publication of the above-mentioned new species in Webbia
Vol. IV, as was promised by him. In fact, the writer cabled to Beccari in
Florence, Italy, for prompt despatch of the publication, but no answer has been
received. It is, however, hoped that the publication has been issued before this
book appears off the press.

In order to have this book on the native trees as complete as possible, it was
thought advisable to include all the species of palms so far known to be
natives of Hawaii, and brief descriptions are given of the new ones by the
writer, giving 0. Beccari credit as the author of the new species.

In regard to the usefulness of the Loulu palms, it may be stated that excel-
lent hats are made from the young fronds by the natives. This, however, has
caused much havoc; the present generation, being more or less afflicted with the
hookworm, finds it easier to cut the palms down rather than climb them for
the single young frond necessary for a hat. The Japanese have imitated the
natives, and consequently many beautiful trees are being destroyed.

The genus Pritchardia, which consists of about 14 species, is represented in
Hawaii by 1<> species. Of the remaining four, two belong to Fiji (Pr. pacificttj
also cultivated in Honolulu, and Pr. Thurstonii) and two to the Dangerous Ar-
chipelago, on the Island of Pomotu.

Pritchardia Gaudichaudii II. Wendl.
Loulu.

PRITCHARDIA GAUDICHAUDII II. Wendl. in Bonpl. X (1862) 199;— Seem. PI. Vit.
(1868) 274;— H. Mann in Journ. of Bot. VII. (1869) 177;— (>. Beccari in MEa-
lesia III. (1889) 295. tab. XXXVIII. fig. 11-13.— P. Martii (non II. Wendl.) Eillebr.
PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 150 (pro max. parte). — Livistona (?) Gaudichaudii Martins

100

I'.'llllKH'.

Bist. Nat. Palm. III. (1836-50) 242 et 319.— Washingtonia Gaudichaudii O.
Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. II. (1891) 737. — Eupritchardia Gaudichaudii (). Ktze. Rev.
Gen. PI. J 1 1. 2. (1898) 323.

Candex of medium height 1.5 to 2 m; 30 cm in diameter; young fronds Bquamose under-
neath, small, narrow lanceolate, attenuate on both ends, with scattered silvery pubescence,
with about 20 or mure segments (-(innate to the middle; spadicea about l m, spathes with
a scattered glaucous Bcaliness, Bheathed, panicles rather short, erect; branchlets sinuous,
glabrous; flowers alternately distichous, calyx tubular-campanulate, sharply 3-dentate, out-
side Conspicuously Striate-nervate; fruits large spherical, I cm and more in diameter, the

very minute subsymmetrically apiculate style deciduous from the carpels, pericarp fibrous-
grumose, 3 to 4 mm thick, endocarp osseous, l nun; seeds globose, embryo Bubbasal.

This species was discovered by Gaudichaud, probably on Oahu. The above

description is a translation of Beeeari \s Latin description as published in M.i-
lesia, and is based on the original material. He says, "For the description of
the floriferous spadix llillebrand's specimens served me, and as I have said, re-
ferred Pr. Martii of Hillebrand to Pr. Gaudichaudii. The fruits which I at-
tribute to Pr. Gaudichaudii and are here described were communicated to me
from Kew, and were collected by Stephen Spencer in the year 1884 on the small
island off Molokai (a small rock supposedly cast off from the face of Waikolu
cliff, Molokai, where also trees of Hillebrand 's second species grow, by him re-
ferred to Pr. Martii)."

He then describes in detail specimens in the various Herbaria, as fronds to
be found in the Herbarium Webb at Florence, etc. Suffice it to say, the writer,
according to Beccari, to whom all the palm material was submitted, has not as
yet collected Pr. Gaudichaudii in a wild state, though specimens are cultivated
in Honolulu.

Pritchardia Martii H. Wendl.
Loulu.

PRITCHARDIA MARTII H. Wendl. iu Bonplandia X. (1862) 199;— Seem. Fl. Vit. (1868)
274; H. Mann in Journ. of Bot. VII. (1869) 177;— Hlbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 451
(tantum quoad Spec. Lydg. e Niu?). — O. Beeeari in Malesia III. (1889) 297 tab.
XXXVIII. fig. 14, 1.5.— Livistona (?) Martii Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bon. (1S44-52) t.
58-59;— Mart. Nat. Palm. III. (1836-50) 242 et 319.— Washingtonia Martii 0. Ktze.
Rev. Gen. PI. III. 2. (1S98) 323.

Trunk of medium height. Petioles unarmed, lignle rotundate, leaf pluri-radiate, su-
borbicular, with 40 segments connate not quite to the middle, coriaceous, intermediate
threads to 1/3 bifid, densely covered underneath with a griseous-furfuraceous tomentum;
fruit elliptical, the albumen in the ventral part not ruminate, testa only thickened; fruit
of the size of an ordinary plum with the residuous stigmas at the acute vertex, glabrous;
fruit-flesh about 4 mm thick; seeds globose-elliptical, testa dusky, shining, thicker in the
part in which the embryo is imbedded; embryo subbasal, the small wart produced, conical,
2 mm long.

Gaudichaud has not indicated the precise location where he collected this
species, but it is believed to have come from Oahu. Beeeari says that he him-
self has correctly referred to Pr. Martii the specimens often cited by Lydgate;
this species can be found growing at Cape Niu. He continues, " Pritchardia
Martii is in all probability very close to Pr. Gaudichaudii, but can be distin-
guished from the latter above all in the elliptical fruits and not globose ones,

101

PLATE 32.

PRITCHARDIA LANIGERA Becc.

Loulu Palm.

Growing in the mountains of Kohala, Sawaii; elevation .".nun feet.

Palmae.

in the larger dimension of all parts, in the calyx which is more distinctly cam-
panulate, and in the style which surpasses the urceolate androphore. The
flowers arc a little Larger, very attenuate at the base and broader at the mouth,
si riate-nervose. "

The writer has never collected the typical /V. Martii, which undoubtedly occurs

on Oahu. In the Punaluu .Mis., Oahu, quite a number of native palms occur,

some of which may have to he referred to this species.

Pritchardia lanigera Becc.
Loulu.

(Plate 32.)

PRITCHARDIA LANIGERA Becc. in Malesia III. (1889) 298. tab. XXXVIII. fig. 1-3 —

Pr. Gaudichaudii (non H. Wendl.) Hbd. PI. Eaw. [si. (1888) 450 ex parte.— Wash-

ingtonia lanigera 0. Ktze. Revi Gen. PI. II. (1891) 737. — Eupritchardia lanigera

0. Ktze. Rev. PL III. 2. (1898) 323.

Spadix Ions pedunculate, spathes 7 to 8, broadly lanceolate-oblong with auriculate,

densely silvery-woolly clasping sheath, rhaehys lanate, panicles short compact, ovate-thyr'

soideous (12 to 15 cm long) branchlets densely woolly to pilose, erect-spreading, short;

flowers somewhat large, calyx ovate, urceolate, rounded at the base, not striate outside,

apex crowned by 3 rather short ciliate teeth; corolla-lobes not striate, coriaceous; the

urceolate androphore as long as the calyx, filaments subulate, erect after the expansion of

the flower; fruits oblong (rather large?).

This species occurs on the Island of Hawaii and was collected first by Mr. J.
Lydgate. It was again collected in the type locality by the writer in the Kohala
Mountains above Awini at an elevation of 3000 feet in the dense tropical rain
forest. It was in flower only, so that the mature fruits remain still undescribed.

Beccari says: "A very distinct species, and uncomprehensible how Hille-
brand could confuse it with Pr. Gaudichaudii." He states that fruits (as de-
scribed above) were attached to the sheet in a separate envelope; he, however,
believes for some reason that they do not belong to Pr. lanigera, and it is therefore
wise to restrict the specific distinction to the fioriferous spadix. Specimens of
this species, together with other palm material, were forward to O. Beccari, who
pronounced No. 8820 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium the typical Pritchardia
hi a lycra.

Pritchardia Hillebrandi Becc.
Loulu.

PRITCHARDIA HILLEBRANDI Becc. in Malesia TIT. (1889) 292 tab. XXXVIII fig.

4-10.— Pr. Gaudichaudii (non H. Wendl.) Hbd. Fl. Haw. I si. (1888) 450 (excl.

specim. e Kohala ridge et e Bird Island). — Washingtonia Hillebrandi O. Ktze. Rev.

Gen. PI. Tf. (1891) 737.— Eupritchardia Hillebrandi O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. P. III. 2.

(1898) 323.
Caudex 6 to 7 m high, 30 cm in diameter; petiole (it) to 9Q cm long, limb suborbicular
1 m to 1.3 m in diameter, woolly-furfuraeeous underneath to one-third divided into 60 acute
bifid segments; spadices 50 to 60 cm long; panicle glabrous, diffuse, thyrsoid-ovate, inferior
branches simple or divided into 7 to 8 furcate branchlets, superior ones simple; flowers
oblong, apiculate; calyx cylindrical tubular or subcampanulately-dilated at the apex, trun-
cate at the base, not striate-nervose outside, the urceolate androphore shortly exserted, fila-
ments erect or spreading; fruits globose-ovate, symmetrical, 20 to 22 nun long, 17 to 18
mm wide, seeds globose, 11 to 12 mm in diameter. (Descript. ex Becc)

103

Palmae.

Beccari in his notes following the description says*: "According to Ilille-
brand this palm seems to appear to grow spontaneously in the Hawaiian Islands
upon cliffs of the northern coast of Molokai, but is also frequently cultivated
on the other islands. (Native name Louhi lelo.)"

He continues as follows: "I have not seen fronds which could be referred
with certainty to this species. Therefore their characters, as well as relative
indications of the trunk, I have taken from Hillebrand's description.

"The spadiees examined by me measure all together 55 cm, of which 23 cm
fall to the peduncle, but of this, probably there is a small portion missing;
the one at hand is slightly compressed and fugaciously pubescent. The panicle
is rather diffuse, as a whole ovate — thyrsoid, a little unlaterally incurved. Of
the spathes there ought to be five ( Hillebr. ) , but of the mentioned specimen the
first portion of the peduncular part is missing."

This species was not collected by the writer, but numerous palms were ob-
served growing on the cliffs of Wailau, Molokai, near the sea, which probably
belong to this species.

Pritchardia remota Becc.
Loulu.

PRITCHARDIA REMOTA Becc. in Malesia III. (1889) 294.— Pr. Gaudichaudii (non H.

Wendl). Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 450 (partim). — Washingtonia remota O. Ktze.

Eev. Gen. PI. II. (1S91) 737.— Eupritchardia remota O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. III. 2.

(1S98) 323.
Spadix more ample than in Pr. Gaudichaudii, inferior branches divided into numerous
simple subspirally disposed sinuous branchlets, calyx sharply 3-dentate.

Hillebrand writes (p. 451) that this palm covers a part of Bird Island, a small
volcanic rock 400 miles N. E. of Kauai, and also writes that seeds were brought
to Honolulu in the year 1858 by the late Dr. Rooke, and that the palm is supposed
to grow in the Palace court.

Beccari says that the above description was drawn from a floriferous spadix
sent to Kcw by Hillebrand.

This palm is not known to the writer, but on Laysan Island Prof. Bryan saw
a single palm with a short trunk which is probably Beccari 's Pr. remota.

Pritchardia minor Becc.

Loulu.

PRITCHARDIA MINOR Beccari Webbia MI. (1910) 137.

ruder the above name, 0. Beccari published a species of Pritchardia which
was collected by the writer back of Halemanu in the swampy forest near Alakai
swamp. Only mature fruits were collected by the writer, as the palm was
then not in flower and only a single panicle with old fruits had remained on
the tree. The seeds were taken to Honolulu and were sent to Dr. Francesci of

Translated from the original.

104

Palmae.

Santa Barbara, California, by the Governmenl Nurseryman of the Board of
Agriculture and Forestry, without the knowledge of the writer. Dr. Prancesci
forwarded the seeds to 0. Beccari, on which the above species w;is based; from

where and whom Beccari received the description of flowers, Leaves, etc., is a

mystery, as no one but the writer had ever collected that species and only the

seeds at that. The description as given in Webbia 111. pi. I'M, is therefore

apocryphal and entirely unreliable.

Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, while on an excursion to Halemanu, Kauai, was re-
quested by the writer again to collect Pr. minor, as flowers, leaves, etc.. were
wanted. On May 11th Mr. Wilder sent a box of specimens of a palm, which
was. however, not the desired /'/•. minor, hut a new species named since by Beccari
Pr. eriophora sp. nov. The Pr. minor was again collected by the writer on
Kauai in the forests of Kaholuamano in October, 1911, differing, however, some-
what from the one found at Halemanu. The palm from the latter place has a
slender stem and is quite tall, 20-30 feet in height, with a trunk of about 10 cm
in diameter; the leaves are small and pubescent or woolly underneath: the fruits
are of the size of a small, black, ripe olive, and are covered with a black glossy
pericarp. The specimens from Kaholuamano agree well with the writer's notes
of the palm from Halemanu. with the exception of its general appearance; the
trunk is shorter and thicker and the whole palm has not the slender aspect of that
from Halemanu. No type exists of Pr. minor, except the seeds now in Beccari 's
possession.

Pritchardia eriophora Becc.
Loulu.

PRITCHARDIA ERIOPHORA Becc. in Webbia IV. p. ?

A tall slender palm 12 m or more high with a slender trunk; leaves small on short
petioles which are densely covered with a matted light brown wool; spadices short; panicles
short, the branches almost hidden by the thick matted wool which unites the branchh-t-
almost into a compact mass as if covered with cotton; fruits very small, 12 to 15 mm long,
S to 10 mm wide, black, shining.

This species was discovered by Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder in the forest-swamps of
Halemanu, Kauai, and specimens were sent to the writer by him in May, 1911.
It is an exceedingly interesting species and quite unique among Hawaiian Prit-
chardias. It is. however, close to Pr. minor, from the same island. None of the
palms so far found on Kauai have as large fruits as those found on the other
islands of the Hawaiian group, another incident showing the great difference of
species on Kauai from those of the geologically younger islands. The co-type
is no. 88-46 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Pritchardia Rockiana Becc.

Loulu.

PRITCHARDIA ROCKIANA Becc. in Webbia IV. p. ?

A small tree -1 m high, trunk 3 dm in diameter, and of a gray color; leaves large,
glabrous above but furfuraceous and lighter colored underneath; panicle open and spread-
ing, freely branching, subglabrous; fruits large, obovate.

105

PLATE 33.

PRITCHARDIA ERIOSTACHIA Beec.

Loulu Palm.

Snowing flowering and fruiting Bpadices, and parts of leaf; reduced.

Palmae.

Specimens of this species were collected by the writer in the Punaluu Mis.,
Oahu, in August, 1911, and were soul to < >. Keoeari, together with other speci-
mens of Pritchardia from various islands of the Hawaiian group, all of which
proved to be now, including the species in question. The co-typo is no. SS22 in
the College of Hawaii Herbarium. H grows in the rain forests of the Koolau
range, Punaluu, at an elevation of 2500 feet. All four species arc here only
very briefly described: for complete descriptions see Webbia Vol. [V.

Pritchardia eriostachia Becc.
Loulu.

(Plate 33.)

PRITCHARDIA ERIOSTACHIA Becc. in Webbia TV. p. ?

A small tree 6 to 7 m high, with a gray smooth trunk of 15 to 20 cm in diameter,
petioles of leaves 6.5 to 10 dm long, spadices over 1 m long, covered, as .ire the panicles
and spathes, with a dense salmon-colored wool; panicles very small, few branched; fruits
elliptical-obovate, about 4 cm long.

This exceedingly interesting species was also discovered by the writer. It
occurs on the southern slopes of the active volcano Mauna Loa on Hawaii, in
the dense rain forests of Naalehu, district of Kau, at an elevation of 3000 feet.

Pritchardia arecina Becc.
Loulu.
PRITCHARDIA ARECINA Becc. in Webbia IV. p. !

A tall palm 10 m or more high, with a trunk of about 25 cm in diameter, bark some-
what longitudinally furrowed; leaves very large on long stout broad woolly petioles;
spadices over 1 m long, woolly, panicle short, few-branched, furfuraceous; fruits large,
ovate or obovate, 5 cm or more long.

Only two clumps of this species, which was discovered by the writer, were
found on the northern slopes of Mt. Haleakala in the dense swampy forest above
Honomanu gorge, at an elevation of 3000 feet. One single tall specimen was
also observed above Nahiku on the same mountain at 4000 feet elevation along a
stream bed. It is one of the largest species next to Pr. lanigera, of the Kohala
Mts., Hawaii. Co-type in the College of Hawaii Herbarium no. 8821.

107

PLATE 34.

DRACAENA AUREA Mann.

Halapepe.

A flowering branch, much reduced.

LIL1ACEAE.
The family Liliaceae consists of about 2450 species, and is distributed all over

the tropics <>i" both the old and new world and also in the temperate zone.

Hawaii is extremely poor in Liliaceae. as only 5 genera with 8 species can be
found. Of interest here is the arborescenl genus Dracaena, which is represented
in these islands by a single species.

DRACAENA Vandelli.

Perianth whitish or golden. Ovules ascending, single in each cell of the ovary.
Stigma entire, or scarcely divided, style filiform. Berry 3 to 1 seeded, with large globose
seeds which are entire, whitish or black to brown. Trees or shrubs without stolons.
Leaves linear lanceolate. Inflorescence a terminal foliaceous panicle.

The genus Dracaena consists of about 50 species, distributed over the warmer
regions of the old world. Only one species, Dracaena aurea (Halapepe) is found
in these islands, outside of which it has not been recorded. In fact, Dracaena
aurea is the only representative of this genus in Polynesia.

Dracaena aurea H. Mann.

(Plates 34, 35, 36.)

Halapepe.

DRACAENA AUREA II. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1S67) 207;— Wawra in Flora (187o>
244;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 443;— Del. Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII (1892)
318;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 806. Draco aurea O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. Pi. II ( L891 )

710.
Leaves sessile, linear ensiform, with entire margins, acuminate at the apex, broad
at the base, without midrib; panicles terminal, recurved, pendulous, about t> dm long,,
foliose bracteate, flowers single or 2 or 3 together on slender pedicels; perianth tubular,
golden yellow, divided to one-third into lineardanceolate erect lobes; stamens inserted at
the base of the lobes and of the same length as the latter; style shortly exserted; berry
bright red globose, brownish when dry, 8 to 10 mm in diameter; seed generally single,
globose.

The Halapepe reaches a height of 25 to 35 feet or even more in certain locali-
ties, and has a straight trunk of 1 to 3 feet in diameter,and is freely branching.
The branches, which are densely ridged with leaf-scars, are erect and stiff, bear-
ing at their ends a whorl of long linear sword-shaped leaves.

The Halapepe is a xerophyte; that is, a dry district loving tree or plant. It
is especially common on the aa (rough) lava fields on all the islands of the
group, and is usually to be found at an elevation of from 1000 to 2000 feet.
The golden yellow flowers, which are arranged in long drooping terminal pani-
cles, appear in the early spring in the drier localities, while it often flowers
during the summer months in districts with more rainfall.

The Halapepe is very common in North and South Kona, Hawaii, as well as
in Kau. in the district Ililea. On the Kula slopes of Maui there once existed a
forest of this tree, the remnants of which can still be seen. While the tree is
very common on the other islands, it is rather scarce on Oahu. and not quite as
plentiful on Molokai as on Kauai, where it forms almost pure stands at the
bottom of the cliffs below Kaholuamano, near AYaimea.

109

PLATE 35.

DRACAENA AUREA Mann.

Halapepe.
A fruiting branch; reduced.

I'LATK 3(i

DRACAENA AUREA Mann.

Halapepc Tree.

Growing on the lava fields of Kapua, South Kona, Hawaii: elevation 2000 feet.

Liliaceae.

On the lava fields of Auahi. on the southern slope of Haleakala, the tree is
most numerous, but differs in many regards from the specimens found in the
forest of Makawao on the same mountain. The leaves of the Auahi specimens
are much smaller and more graceful.

The wood of the Ealapepe is white, with reddish streaks, and is extremely
soft. On account of its softness it was used by the natives for carving their
idols. Certain gods, however, were carved, each from a particular wood, like
the goddess Laka, who was represented on the altar by a large block of wood of
the Lama (Maba sandwicensis) tree.

The branches of the Halapcpc were used by the natives in decorating the
kuahu or altar of the goddess Laka, which was erected in the halau or hall in
which the hula dances were performed, Laka having been the patron of the
sacred Hula.

Much of interest in regard to the decoration of the Halau and Kuahu can be
found in Dr. N. B. Emerson's book, "Unwritten Literature of Hawaii."

112

DICOTYLEDONEAE.

ULMACEAE.

The family Qlmaceae is at present to be Eound nearly everywhere in the
tropica] and extra tropical regions, though they are only sparingly represented in
the western part of North America, and arc entirely absent in the prairie re-
gions as well as in the Asiatic and African deserts, and also in Smith and West
Australia. As far as Hawaii is concerned, the genus Trema is alone of interest.
The family consists of 13 genera, with about 117 species.

TREMA Lour.
(Sponia CommJ

Perigone of the male flowers 5-, rarely 4-parte<l, as many stamens as segments. Ovary
sessile, with permanent styles. Drupe small ovoid or subglobose, crowned by the styles,
and enclosed in the perigone. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. Embryo curved or spiral
with narrow cotyledons. Trees or shrubs with short petioled, triply or pinnately nerved
leaves, and subsessile cymes; monoecious or dioecious. Flowers very small.

This genus consists of about 30 species, which are all closely related, and occur
in the tropics of the old and new world. The most common is T. amboinensis
Blume, which occurs in subtropical and tropical Asia and Australia and the
Hawaiian Islands.

Trema amboinensis Blume.

TREMA AMBOINENSIS Blume Mus. Lugd. Bot. IT (1852) 63;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins.

Mar. Pac. VII (1892) 294, ,et Fl. Polvn. Fr. (1893) 190;— Engler in Engl, et

Prantl Pflzfam. Ill, 1 (1893) 65.— Celtis amboinensis Willd. Spec. PI. IV. (1806)

997; — Decaisne, in Brongn., Voy. Coqu. (1S2S-29) 212, t. 47. — Sponia velutina

Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3, ser. X. (1848) 327;— Seem. Fl. Vit. (1873) 235 —

Sponia amboinensis Planch, in A. DC. Prodr. XVII. (1S73) 199;— Hbd. Fl. Haw.

Isl. (1888) 405.

Leaves ovate oblong, cuspidate, cordate or rounded and often oblique at the base,

margins serrate, very rough above, silky tomentose underneath when young; cymes with

male, female and hermaphrodite flowers, shortly pedunculate or subsessile; male flowers

sparingly pilose, perigone 5-parted to the base; stamens as long as the lobes; ovary obovate

without style; female flower 5-fid to the middle; ovary 2-celled; drupe ovoid, puberulous,

little fleshy.

Trema amboinensis, which has no Hawaiian name as far as can be ascertained,
is a small tree, 20 to 30 feet in height, whose young branches are covered with
a soft gray pubescence. As has already been remarked, the tree is not peculiar
to Hawaii, but is found on nearly all the other islands of the Pacific, as, for
example, in Samoa, Viti (Fiji), Tahiti, etc., where the tree is much more com-
mon than in Hawaii, and where it is also known by several native names. In
Hawaii the tree has so far only been found in Manoa Valley and on the northern
slope of Kaala, on Oalm, and also at Mapolehu, on the island of Molokai.

Parts of the tree are used medicinally, mainly for their purgative properties,
which are expressed in the Samoan names tin and ui; the most common name by
which the tree is known in Samoa is fauui, and on Tutuila the name ti'ovale is in
use. The name fausoga occurs also in Samoa for this particular tree. From the
bark of the fauui or fausoga the natives manufacture a strong fiber which they
use for their fish nets.

113

MORACEAE.

The family Moraceae consists of 55 genera which have a distribution similar
to the Urticaceae ; though the number of species of the former is larger in tropical
America. The family is closest related to Ulmaceae, but can be distinguished
from them very easily by their inflorescence. It is less allied to the Urticaceae.
The family Moraceae is an exceedingly useful one, primarily in their latex,
which contains rubber in many species; second, in their fruits, which have a very
pleasant taste, as figs, breadfruit, etc. ; and, third, in the fiber, which is used for
various purposes.

The family is represented in the Hawaiian Islands by two genera, with two
widely-spread species.

KEY TO THE GENEEA.

Flowers dioecious or monoecious.

Female flowers in spikes 1. Pseudomorus

Flowers monoecious.

Female flowers on a globose receptacle 2. Artocarpus

PSEUDOMORUS Bureau.

Embryo subglobose, with a large, curved cotyledon, which encloses the other smaller
ones. A tree or shrub with entire or dentate leaves. Flowers monoecious or dioecious;
female inflorescence short cylindrical, few flowered.

The genus Pseudomorus consists of a single species only, which is of wide dis-
tribution. Originally found on Norfolk Island.

Pseudomorus Brunoniana (Endl.) Bureau.
At ai.

PSEUDOMORUS BRUNONIANA (Endl.) Bureau, in Ann. Sc. Nat. 5 ser. XT. (1869) 371
et in DeCand. Prodr. XVII. (1873) 249;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 405;— Del Cast.
111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892) 296;— Engler in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. HI, 1
(1893) 72. — Morus Brunoniana Endl. Atakta Bot. (..-•) t. 32. — Morus pendulina
Bauer 111. PI. Norfolk, tab. 186, ined., et in Endl. Prodr. Fl. Norfolk (1833) no.
84;-H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. (1867) 201.

Leaves distichous, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute, sinuate dentate, rounded or
truncate at the base, thin pale shining, glabrous on both faces, chartaceous, flowers
monoecious; male spikes in the upper axil, slender 7.5 to 10 cm long on peduncles of about
2 to 4 mm; perigone 2 nun, 4- rarely 3-parted; stamens 4, twice as long as the perigoue;
pistil obcordate, naked; female spikes shorter, often ovoid, at most 12 mm long by S nun
broad, with few drupes when mature, ovary ovoid, peaked; fruit a fleshy drupe; subgloliose,
6 to 8 mm, 2 horned with the conical style-bases.

The Aiai is a milky tree or shrub, reaching a height of sometimes 40 feet. It
is clothed in a whitish gray bark and has a trunk of up to 2 feet in diameter.
The leaf resembles somewhat the mulberry at first appearance.

The Aiai is not endemic to Hawaii, but is also found on Norfolk Island and
in Australia. In the Hawaiian Islands it may be found on Lanai in the gulches
of the main range of Haalelepakai, at an elevation of 2300 feet. It is common
on the island of Maui, especially in the dry gulches above1 Makawao, where the

114

Moraceae.

writer met with very Large trees, about 40 feet high. The flowering and fruit-
ing season falls during the summer months, and trees run be seen Loaded with
the small fruits in October. At Auahi, southern slopes of Haleakala. in the dry
forest, it is again not uncommon in company with Ochrosia sandwicefisis, 8ider-
oxylon auahiense, Pelea multiflora, etc., as well as at Ulupalakua at an eleva-
tion of 3000 feet, and at I'uuwaawaa, Kona, Hawaii. It also inhabits tin- dry
regions of Kauai. Hawaii and Oahn, on the latter island in Wailnpe Valley and
in the Waianae range.

The wood of the Aiai is Light brown, close-grained, hard, and tough. The abor-
iginals of New South Wales employed the wood for their boomerangs. When
properly dressed and polished it has a remarkable resemblance to Oak. A well-
seasoned specimen has an approximate weight of 56 pounds per cubic foot. It
is known by the aboriginals of the Richmond and Clarence rivers of New South
Wales as "Mail" or "Legaulbie." By the whites it is called "Whalebone tree."

ARTOCARPUS Forst.

Perigone of the male flowers 2 to 4 lobed, with only one stamen; perigone of the fe-
male flowers tubular, obovate, or linear; style with spathulate stigma, rarely 2-3 fid.
Seeds without albumen. Embryo straight or curved, with thick fleshy equal or unequal
cotyledons. Trees with large coriaceous leaves which are either entire or incised, with
deciduous axillary stipules, and single, short or long peduncled inflorescences. Flowers
monoecious, on globose or club-shaped often elongate receptacles.

The genus Artocarpus consists of about 40 species distributed from Ceylon

through the Indian Archipelago to China. Of interest is Artocarpus incisa, the

Ul u of the natives or Breadfruit tree, which is indigenous in the Sunda Islands

and has been cultivated for ages everywhere in the tropics, but especially on

the islands of the Pacific.

Artocarpus incisa Forst.

Ulu, Breadfruit.

(Plate 37.)

ARTOCARPUS INCISA Forst. PI. escul. (1786) 23, et Icon. (ined. cf. Seem.) t. 250-252;—
Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no. 882;— Guill. Zeph. Tait. (1836-37) 172;— Trecul. in
Ann. Sc. Nat. 3 ser. VIII. (1847) 110;— Pancher in Cuz. Tahit. (I860);— H. Mann
Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 201;— Seem. Fl. Vit. (1873) 255 ;— Nadeaud, Enum.
PI. Tah. (1S73) n. 305;— Hbd. Fl. Haw.Isl.(1888) 407;— Engl, in Engl, et Prantl
Pflzfam. III. 1 (1888) 82 fig. 61 ;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892)
29S. et Fl. Polvn. Franc. (1893) 196;— Wilder Fr. Haw. Isl. (1911) pp. 101-106, pi.
48-51.— Rademachia incisa Thunb. in Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 38 (1776) 253.
Leaves coriaceous, pubescent, 3 dm or more in length, oblong in outline, pinnatifid,

with acute or obtuse lobes; stipules 2, free, very large, rolled round the bud, soon caducous;

male flowers on thick oblong, female flowers on large globose receptacles, both at first

covered by 2 large bracts; male perigone of 2 divisions; style simple or 2-3 fid.

The Ulu or Breadfruit has only one variety in the Hawaiian Islands, but has
many in the South Seas which are well known to the islanders of the Pacific, as,
for instance, in Samoa, Fiji and Tahiti, where they distinguish more than 24
sub-species or varieties, each one having its native name. The milky sap of the
tree is used by the Hawaiians for bird lime, and is chewed by the boys and girls
in Samoa.

115

PLATE 37.

ARTOCARPUS INCISA Porst.

Ulu, Breadfruit.

Showing a fruiting branch, much reduced.

The ('lit has accompanied the Polynesians in all their migrations and was
planted by them wherever it could possibly live. Here in the Hawaiian [slands
we can find the Ulu always near native dwellings or in the valleys and ravines

of the low lands, near by forsaken grass lints or native bouses. Hi Hawaii the
Breadfruil lias not played a very important part in the household tit' the abor-
igines, as it did with their relatives in the South Seas. The fruiting season in
Hawaii is very short, being from June to August, and the art of preserving the
fruit as is done in the South Seas i as will be explained in a special paragraph
was not understood.

The Hawaiian Ulu never hears seeds, and is therefore cultivated by suckers.
The fact that the tree does not hear seed is sufficient to show that it could not
have been found here originally, but must have been brought here with the ar-
rivals of that race which we now call Hawaiians. The seed-beariim species found
in the islands is of comparatively recent introduction and came from the Caro-
lines. Since then the Jack fruit (A. integrifolia) has been added to the stock
of cultivated fruits.

The Ulu often reaches a very large size, ranging from 40 to GO feet or more in
height; the bark of the trunk is smooth, the latter often 2 feet in diameter. It
is usually found together with the Ohia ai or mountain apple (Jambosa malac-
censis) and the Kukui. The wood of the Ulu was used in the construction of
doors and houses and for the bodies of canoes. The fruit was often made into
a delicious poi, and the root was used medicinally as a purgative.

The name Ulu occurs again in Samoa, though also known by 24 other names
designating the various sub-species; the most common in use are uluea, ului,
ulufauluma'a (meaning many seeded), ulumanua, etc.

In times of superabundance of breadfruit, which is usually from January to
March in Samoa, the fruits are preserved. They are thrown into a hole in the
ground which has been laid out with banana leaves. Most of the fruit is placed
in whole, while a few are cut up, and then covered with leaves and buried. These
preserves are very useful in times of scarcity, as they do not spoil as long as
they are buried. The Ulu preserve is known as Masi. The Tahitian name of
the Breadfruit is Uru, and in Fiji TJto and Uto sore. For references of similar
nature consult Safford's "Useful Plants of Guam," p. 189, and Seem. Flora of
Fiji, p. 255.

URTICACEAE.

The Urtieaeeae are differentiated from the Ulmaceae by the inflorescence and
inflexed anthers, and from the Moraceae by the absence of laticiferous vessels;
the only exception being Xeraudia and Urera.

The family Urtieaeeae is only sparingly represented outside the tropics, es-
pecially so in Europe. The family consists of 41 genera with about 500 species,
of which 33 per cent, are to be found in the new world, and perhaps as many

117

PLATE 38.

URERA SANDVICENSIS Wedd.
Opuhe.
Showing branch with male inflorescence; reduced.

Urticaceae.

in Asia and the [ndiarj archipelago; aboul 14 per cent, in Africa, 14 per cent, in
Oceanic Islands and only 3 to 4 per cent, in Europe. In the Hawaiian Islands
the family is represented by 9 genera, of which two only are endemic (Neraudia
and Touchardia). Two genera, Pipturus and [Jrera, however, have arborescenl
species only. The usefulness of the Urticaceae is mainly in the long and very
strong liber which is obtained from the bark of sonic species. The fibre of the
Hawaiian Olona (Touchardia latifolia) is one of the strongesl in the world.

KEY TO THE GENEEA.

Urereae. Perigone of the female flowers four parted or four lobed.

Flowers in < vines.

Cymes divaricately dichotoinous, corymbose, achene covered by the fleshy

perigone 1. Urera

Boehmerieae. Perigone of the female flowers tubular, free.
Flowers in axillary clusters.

Female flowers on a globose receptacle, the perigone dry with fruit. 2. Pipturus

URERA Gaud.

Perigone of the male flower 4-5 parted, stamens 4-5, and a globose or cupshaped rudi-
mentary ovary. Female flower with equally large, or smaller outer segments. Stigma
globose-penicillate or cylindrical, subsessile. Achenes enclosed in the fleshy perigone.
Seeds with scanty albumen. — Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, and punctiformous to
elongate, in the Hawaiian species ovate-elongate cystolithes, flowers in dichotoinous or
irregularly branching, loose cymes or corymbs.

The genus Urera consists of about 22 species distributed over the tropics of
America and Africa and the islands of the Pacific. In the Hawaiian Islands we
have only two species with several varieties, both species being peculiar to the
islands, outside of which they have not been found. The native name for both
species is Opuhe.

Urera Sandvicensis Wedd.

Opuhe.

(Plates 38, 39, 40.)

URERA SANDVICENSIS Wedd. in Ann. Sei. Nat. ser. 3. XVIII (1852) 177,— et in DC.
Prodr. XVI (1869) Sect. I. 92;— H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1867) 200;—
Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 410 inclus. var. /3.;— Del Cast, 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac.
VII (1892) 299— Villebrunea crenulata Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bonite (1S44-52) t. 92.

Leaves oblong, 15 to 20 em x 7 to 9 cm, on petioles of 3 to 5 em, acuminate, moderately
elliptico-contracting but more or less obtuse at the base, wavy crenulate in the upper,
entire in the lower portion, chartaceous, or thick somewhat fleshy, pale underneath, either
glabrous or pubescent along the veins and midrib, veins impressed in fresh specimens,
penninerved, with 12 to 15 strong nerves on either side, all parallel, straight, the lowest
equally long or often longer (not shortest as given in Hillebrand's Flora); stipules lanceo-
late about 4 cm; flowers dioecious; cymes in the lower axils, often rising from the naked
branch, regularly and repeatedly dichotoinous, corymbiform, 5 to 8 cm in diam. with a
peduncle of about 15 mm'in the female and 30 to 35 mm in the male flowers; male perigones
8 to 20 in a glomerule, subsessile, each about 3 mm in diam., pale reddish or yellow, with
4 to 5 segments; anthers pale usually 5 in number; female perigone surrounded by a
deciduous cup of bractlets, shortly pedicellate, 3 to 4 toothed, at length fleshy and orange
yellow, about 2 mm or less; achene suboblique, with yellow stigma, ovate, tuberculate
on both faces, entirely enclosed by the perigone.

119

PLATE 39.

URERA SANDVICENSIS Wedd.

Opuhe.

Showing (female) fruiting branch; reduced.

Urticaceae.

The eystolites in the specimens from near the volcano Kilauea, Hawaii, are
ovate elongate, while those from the Kohaia mountains of the same island are
punctiform; besides, the male inflorescence of specimens from the Latter locality
is only about •'> cm. in diameter, and the leaves are shortly petioled. The speci-
mens found at the slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, seem to be the typical U. Sand-
vicensis and coincide exactly with Gaudichaud's most excellent plate, Hille-
brand's var. ,". is here united with the species, as the pubescence, which seems
to be his only distinctive character, occurs in nearly all the specimens from
various localities. Hillebrand's var. y. from Molokai, Oahu and Lanai differs
from the species mainly in the leaves, which are shorter petioled and are rounder
or rather broadly truncate to enneate at the base, making the leaf almost deltoid.
The leaves are nearly all pubescent underneath in the writer's specimens, espe-
cially along the veins and midrib. Heller suggests to uphold Weddel's Urera
glabra, which is a synonym of Hillebrand's var. y, merely on account of geo-
graphical range: the difference is in reality slight, and Hillebrand's variety is
here retained. The latter author's var. 8 or Wawra's Urera glabra var. mollis.
which is cited as a synonym by Hillebrand, does not warrant being separated
from var. ;-. with which it is here united. In Olokele Valley, on Kauai, the
writer collected specimens of Urera Sain] via nsis, which he refers to var r. They
differ somewhat from the plants found on Molokai in the longer petioled leaves
which are slightly cuneate at the base, and the very la rue loose male inflores-
cence; the leaves are more or less deeply serrate even to the subtruncate-cuneate
base, and wholly glabrous.

The Opuhc is a medium-sized tree with a straight trunk which is clothed in a
smooth, very fibrous bark. It is distributed all over Hawaii, where it is nearly
always a tree, while on the other islands it is merely a shrub. Near the Kilauea
volcano, on Hawaii, slopes of Mauna Loa, especially at the Kipuka Puaulu (4000
feet), it is a very common tree, 25 feet or so in height, with rather long, thick,
drooping branches. The tree is dioecious ; that is, male and female flowers are
borne on separate trees. It is associated with Koa, and Naio trees near Ship-
man's ranch, and with many other trees at Puaulu, such as Straussia, Pelea,
Xanthoxylum. etc. At Puuwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii, it is not uncommon in
Waihou forest (elevation 3000 feet), where trees 35 feet in height can be found.
It is here that the writer met with the biggest trees ; some had trunks of one foot
in diameter. In the Kohala mountains on the same island it is a shrub. Va-
rieties of this tree occur on all the islands of the group, but not with well-defined
characteristics. Like Neraudia, it also exudes a milky, watery fluid which is
otherwise lacking in the family Urticaceae. It is not a very dry district plant,
but favors regions with more frequent and heavier precipitation.

The bark was used by the natives in a similar manner to that of the Olona — for
fish-nets, and even at times for their tapa cloth. It is, however, not as strong
as Olona. The trees are free from insects. The wood is soft and light.

121

PLATE 40.

URERA SANDVICENSIS Wedd.

Opuhe.

Fetaale tree growing in the Kipuka Puaulu, aear the Volcano Kilauea, on Hawaii;

elevation 1000 foot.

LTrticaceae.

On the isliind of Kauai, on the leeward side in the Eoresl of Kalioluainano,
grows a small tree aboul L8 feel high, which differs very materially from Urera
sandvicensis, round on Hawaii. It is here described as a new variety under the
name Urera sandvicensis var. Kauaiensis. The native name of this tree is //<</"/.

Var. Kauaiensis var. nov.
l/ona.

Leaves broadly ovate, bluntly accuminate :it the apex, truncate to cuneate at t lie
base, evenly crenate to Berrate, thick coriaceous, dark green, with bright red midrib
and veins, pinnately nerved, glabrous on both Bides, 6 to 9 cm wide and LO to ll cm long,
on petioles of 4 to 12 cm; male flowers bright red, perigone tuberculate, Btamens purple
to pink, .") in number, inflorescence in the axils of the upper Leaves and all along the naked
branch, very shortly peduncled, branching cymosely or paniculate, (lowers larger than
in the species.

The tree, which is called Hona by the natives, was the only one observed in the
forests of Kaholuamano, Kauai, along a streambed. It was collected by the
writer in August, 1909, and October, 1911. The number of the type is 9006 in
the College of Hawaii Herbarium. It differs from the species in its very Long
petioled coriaceous leaves, shortly peduncled male inflorescence, which is of a
bright red color, purple anthers and large perigones.

Mention may be made here of Urera Kaalae Wawra, a small tree found in the
Waianae range of Oahu. It differs from V. Sandvicensis in the palmately
nerved, cordate leaves, small triangular stipules and bracteolate inflorescence.
The plant was discovered by Wawra and described in Flora (1871), p. 512. His
specimens came from Mt. Puakea of the Kaala range. Not collected by the
writer.

PIPTURUS Wedd.

(Nothocnide Blume.)

Perigone of the male flower with 4 to 5 ovate lobes. Perigone of the female flower
thin and fleshy with the mature fruits. Embryo with scanty albumen and broad cotyledons.
Trees and shrubs with alternate 3 to 5 nerved leaves, which are usually covered with a
gray pubescence underneath, entire to serrate leaves; stipules bifid, easily caducous.
Flower clusters globose, single in the leaf axils, or in some plants, not from the Ha-
waiian Islands, arranged in catkins.

The genus Pipturus consists of about 12 species, which are distributed over

the Oceanic Islands, Hawaiian Islands, and Mascarene Islands to Australia. The

Hawaiian species are all called Mamaki or Mamake; they furnished, next to

Wauke (Brousonetia papyrifera), the fiber for their iapa or paper cloth.

Pipturus albidus A. Gray.

Mamaki or Mamaki .

(Plate 41.)

PIPTURUS ALBIDUS A. Gray (ined.) in H. Mann, Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1867) 201;—
Weddl. in DC. Prodr. XVI (1869) Sect. I. 23517; — Nadeaud, Enum. (187
313;— Wawra in Flora (187-1) 547;— Hbd. PI. Eaw. [si. (1888) 413;— Del
Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII (1S92) 30.3, et PI. Polvn. Franc. (1893) 203; —
Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 814.— Boehmeria albida Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beeeh.
(1832) 96;— Endl. PI. Suds. (1836) no. 866.— Pipturus tahitensis Wedd. in Ann.
Sc. Nat. scr. 4. I (1854) 197. et Pipturus Gaudichaudianus Weld. 1. c. p. 196.—
Perlarius albidus O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. II (1891) 630.

12:1

PLATE 41.

PIPTURUS ALBIDUS A. Gray.

Mamaki or Mamake.

Branch with female inflorescence.

Qrticaceae.

Leaves ovate to oblong acute or accuminate at the apex, cordate, truncal rounded

:it the base, crenate to serrate, LO to it cm long, 1.5 to 10.5 cm wide, chart a c is to

coriaceous, shortly white-tomentose underneath (Oahu) often light green, to dark brown
especially in specimens from the other Islands; tripli-nerved, the nerves often red in the
living plant; stipules triangular bifid to the middle into Bubulate lobes; Bowers all Bessile
in axillary flusters of 6 to 12 mm either all male or all female or male and female flowers

in one glomerule (in Lanai specimens), white t ntose or very hispid; male perigone

reddish acutely 4-fid to the middle or less; stamens little <>r much exserted (in plants from
Paauhau, Hawaii); female perigones on a thick, finally fleshy receptacle, the uncinate
Btigma much longer than the perigone; fruit about 1 mm.

This is a most variable species, and if one should undertake to separate the
various forms, one would have to name individual trees. The Leaves vary greatly
in shape and size as well as in pubescence, some being densely gray tomentose

underneath, others light green to brown; the same holds g 1 of the aervature,

which is often bright red.

On Oahu the plant is only a small shrub about 8 feet in height, while in the
forests of Naalehu in Kau, Hawaii, the writer observed the biggesl trees, which
occasionally attain a height of 30 feet with a trunk of often one foot in diam-
eter. When a tree grows in the open it has long drooping branches, which are
arranged pyramid-like. The trunk is clothed in an exceedingly strong fibrous
smooth bark of a light brown color. As already stated, it is a very variable
species and occurs on all the islands of the group, avoiding dry districts ; it in-
habits the mesophytic forests at an elevation of 1500 to 4000 feet, but does not go
higher. Occasionally it can be found in a sub-xerophytic district, but never on
the lava fields as is the case with the Hawaiian genus Neraudia, which can be
found in the hottest and driest districts, as well as in the rain forests. Two
species of Pipturus were described by Heller from Kauai, as P. Kauaiensis and
P. ruber. The latter is a good species and was even distinguished by the na-
tives from their Mamaki; it is known to them as ^Yaim(a on Kauai.

The Mamaki furnished the natives of old with the fiber for their tupa < kapa
or paper cloth, which they obtained from the bark of the tree. It is said that
Mamaki fiber made the finest tapa and was preferred to that made of the Wauke
bark. For further information on the tapa making and the fibers used, the
writer wishes to refer the reader to Dr. Wm. T. Brigham's valuable book "Ka
Hana Kapa," which is an exhaustive treatise on the subject. The wood of the
Mamaki is exceedingly hard and durable. It is of pinkish color when newly cut.
and turns brownish with age. The bark and fruits of the Mamaki are supposed
to have been employed by the natives medicinally for consumption.

In Samoa several species of Pipturus occur under the name fausoga or soga.
The bark of these trees is used by the natives in a similar manner as was that of
the Hawaiian species — for their tapa or paper cloth. The Hawaiian species is
supposed to occur also in Tahiti.

125

santalaceae:.

The family Santalaceae, which consists of 26 genera and about 250 species, is
divided into two groups: Holoparasites or genuine, and Hemiparasites or half
parasites. To the latter group, among others, belongs the genus Santalum, which
is represented here in the Islands by several species. The Hemiparasitic Santala
root in the ground and partly extract nutriment from the roots or stems of other
plants by means of haustoria or suck-organs. It has been proved in Santalum
album, the Indian Sandalwood, that it can exist and grow in soil perfectly devoid
of foreign roots. Botanists are of the opinion that parasitism in this group must
have played an important part in the existence of these plants in previous pe-
riods, on account of the large number of haustoria on their rootlets, and the
small number of which succeed in bringing about adhesion to roots of other
plants; while in genuine parasites, as the Loranthaceae, no such extravagant
endowment is to be found. The opinion has been expressed that these Hemipara-
sites. which root in the ground, form an intermediate step to those para-
sites which live on tree branches, rather than being reduced forms of the latter
or genuine root parasites.

The Santalaceae are distributed over the tropics and the temperate zone. A
majority of the genera occurs only in dry regions and comparatively few belong
to regions with heavy precipitation.

In Hawaii the family is represented by two genera, Exocarpus and Santalum ;
of the former two species are to be found, while of the latter four or five species
occur in the mountains of all of the Hawaiian islands.

It may be of interest here to remark that in the days of Vancouver, Sandal-
wood was the main export from these Islands, which was shipped to China. An
interesting account is given in regard to Sandalwood export from the South Pa-
cific islands to various parts of the world, in Seeman's Flora of the Fiji Islands.

The Chinese term the Sandalwood Tanheong. i. e., scented tree. The Hawaiian
Islands are called Tan-shan or Sandalwood mountains by the Chinese, on account
of the Sandalwood trade which was carried on with China.

SANTALUM Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite, perigone 4 to 5 lobed. Tube of perigone campanulate or ovate.
Lobes of perigone free to the ilisciis, each lobe with a tuft of hair at its base. Stamens
inserted at the base of the perigone, and shorter than the latter; filaments short. Discus
drawn out into fleshy, spathulate triangular lobes, betwe'en the stamens. Ovary at first
superior, later on partly inferior. Style simple, stigma short, 2 to 4 lobed. Ovules
2 to 4, pendulous. Drupe, ovoid to globose crowned with the scars of the fallen lobes;
exocarp thin, somewhat fleshy and hard rugose endocarp. Seeds ovoid to globose.
Embryo in the center of the albumen, obliquely embedded; radical longer than the
cotyledons. Glabrous hemiparasitic trees or shrubs with opposite rarely alternate, entire
leaves, and relatively large panicles or racemes which are either terminal or axillary
Bracts not present.

Tin- genus Santalum consists of about 10 species which are all closely related

and occur in East India, on the islands of the .Malayan Archipelago, on the

islands of the Pacific and in Australia.

126

Santalaceae.

In the Hawaiian [slands four species are to be found, which are perhaps only
variations <>t" a single species. Since the Large export <>i" Sandalwood from these
Islands to China, the trees have became rather scarce and only individual ones
can be found scattered through the drier forests. On Oahu, Sandalwood trees
or llialii are still plentiful in certain districts, such as Kahuku, and in I'alolo
Valley, where they are very numerous at the lower elevation in company with
Acacia Koa (!\<>a).

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Inflorescence axillary and terminal.
Perigone reddish, 8 to to mm.

Drupe ovoid, smooth S. ellipticum

Perigone reddish, large, 12 to 14 mm. cylindrical.

Drupe obovoid, rough S. pyrularium

Perigone yellowish, 6 mm campanulate.

Drupe ovoid, smooth, mucronate S. Freycinetianum

Inflorescence a terminal cymose densely flowered panicle.

Perigone bright red S. Haleakalae

Santalum Freycinetianum Gaud.

I Hal i i.

(Plates 42, 43.)

SANTALUM FREYCINETIANUM Gaud. Bot. Voy. Uranie (1826) (1830) 442, t. 45;—
ttook^et-Arn. Bot. Beech. (1832) 90;— Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no. 939;— Guill. Zeph.
Tait. (1836-37) no. 184;— DC. Prodr. XIV. (1857) 682;— Jardin, Hist. lies. Marqu.
(1858) 184;— A. Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. IV. (1860) 326;— et in Bot. U. S. E. E.
ined;— Panch. in Cuzent, Tahiti (1860) 233;— H. Mann Proc. Amer. Acad. VII
(1S67) 198;— Wawra in Flora (1875) 171;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 389;—
Hieronym. in Engl, et Prantl. Pflzfam. Ill, 1 (1889) 221;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins.
Mar. Pacif. VII (1892) 282 et Fl. Polyn. Franc. (1893) 173.— Santalum insulare
Bertero, in Guill, 1. c.; — Nadeaud Enum. (1873) no. 328.
Leaves opposite, ovate to obovate or elliptico oblong, 4 to 8 cm long, 2.5 to 4 cm wide,
on petioles of 2 to 15 mm; either obtuse or acute at both ends, chartaceous, glabrous, glossy
and darker green above, lighter underneath or in specimens from North Kona golden yel-
low; cymes paniculate terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves 2.5 to 5 cm long, few
flowered in axillary inflorescences, densely flowered in terminal ones; the flowers in almost
sessile clusters or 3 to 9 or more; perigone yellowish green, with slight reddish tint, cam-
panulate about 6 mm, the somewhat acute lobes as long or longer than the tube; disc
lobes short and broad, tufts of hair very scanty and short; anthers longer than the fila-
ments; style little shorter than the perigone, shortly 3 to 4 cleft; drupe ovoid, about 15
mm long when mature, the apex somewhat truncate, very shortly mucronate, and crowned
with depressed annulus; putamen smooth.

Santalum Freycinetianum, the Hawaiian Sandalwood of the commerce of by-
gone days, is a most variable species. It is often a small shrub, but usually a
medium-sized tree, and is peculiar to the dry regions of these Islands. It loves the
lava fields of the Island of Hawaii, where it is especially common, comparatively
speaking. It occurs as a small tree in South Kona on the lava fields of Kapua,
and Manuka, while in North Kona on the old lava flows of Mt. Hualalai it
reaches a handsome size. Here the tree grows 35 feet or so tall, with a trunk of
10 to 12 inches in diameter, which is clothed in a rather rough scaly bark.

On the slopes of Mauna Loa above Kealakekua, at an elevation of about 5000
feet, the writer met with the biggest Sandalwood trees to be found in the whole
group. They differ very much in their outward appearance from the other varie-
ties known to the writer. The trees reach a height of over 50 feet and have a

127

PLATE 12.

SANTALUM FREYCINETIANUM I

Iliahi, Sandalwoo
Growing on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii; elevation 2800 it
i7fl!wering and .nut,,,, branch pinned against trunk of tree. No,, the rongh bark

Show-

Santalaceae.

trunk of over one and a half, and occasionally two, feel in diameter. The bark is

Mark and smooth, tin* leaves very dark green and glossy, and drupes olive shaped
and black, with somewhal fleshy exocarp. h occurs mainly on the rough an
(lows intersecting this beautiful country, bul can also be found in the Koa forest,

where it is very numerous; many large trees were found dead undoubtedly due
to the dying off of their hosts. Nearly !)<>', of the trees which formed this once
beautiful forest are now dead.

Santalum Freycinetianum occurs on all the islands. On Lanai it can be found
on the extreme eastern end, scattered about on the exposed open grasslands. At
Puuwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii, it grows on the lava fields at L'000 feet and

higher up on the slopes of Hualalai large trees can be observed. This sj ies of

Santalum has several varieties, found on the various islands. On Lanai and Easl
Maui on the southern slopes of Ilaleakala occurs llillebrand 's var. •-. cuneatum,
which differs from the species in its small thick, fleshy, suborbicular leaves, which
are slightly cuneate at the base. It is usually a shrub, but to the writer's aston-
ishment it grew as a veritable vine, completely covering a species of Sideroxylon.

At the volcano of Kilauea, Hawaii, elevation 4000 feet, occurs another variety
called j. var. latifolium Gray. Its leaves are coriaceous pale glaucous underneath
and quite broad J the flowers are arranged in numerous panicles which are axil-
lary and terminal. It grows plentifully on the cliffs surrounding the main
crater, but always as a shrub.

On Diamond Head crater, the landmark of the Island of Oahu, ami in Kailua.
Hawaii, as well as at Cape Kaena, Oahu, grows a small much branching shrub,
which is another variety called var. j. littorale Hbd., as it grows in the vicinity
of the seashore.

On Lanai on a spur of the main ridge, Lanaihale, the writer found a tree quite
distinct from any of the other varieties known. It has the largest leaf of any
Santalum known, and also flowers which almost exceed in size those of Santalum
pyrularium of Kauai. It is here described as follows:

Var. Lanaiense var. now

Branches robust, stiff; leaves orbicular in outline, mucronate at the apex, slightly
contracting at the 1 ase into a petiole of 5 nun, 7 to 10 cm each way, dark green above,
bright glaucous underneath with red veins, chartaceous; panicles very small, axillary, 25
mm long, flowers two or single on minute pedicels, flowers large, bright red with glaucous
hue; perigone 12 mm long, campanulate to cylindrical, the acute lobes a third the length
of the tube; anthers as long as the perigone; drupe unknown.

A medium-sized tree with stiff gnarled branches, growing at an elevation of
about 3000 feet in company with Straussia. Bobea, Dubautia, etc. It has the
Largest leaf in the genus and is almost worthy of specific distinction. Collected
in July, 1910. Type in the College of Hawaii Herbarium; co-type in the au-
thor's Herbarium no. 10061.

It may he of interest here to relate the rise and fall of the Sandalwood trade
in the Hawaiian Islands. In the year 1778 the attention of the commercial world
was first drawn to the existence of Sandalwood in these islands; a Captain Ken-

121)

PLATE 43.

SANTALUM FREYCINETIANUM Gaud.

Iliahi, Sandalwood.

Growing on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, North Cona, Hawaii. One of the biggest

Sandalwood trees in the Hawaiian Islands.

Santalaceae.

drick, of a Boston brig, is known to have been the firsl who lefl two men on
Kauai to contrad for several cargoes. Under the able governmenl of Kameha-
meha, vast quantities of the wood were exported. The Sandalwood was to these
islanders the starl in life. From IT'.hi to 1820 numerous vessels called for this
wood, bringing many and various things in exchange, and about 1810 Kameha-
niclia [. and his people began to accumulate considerable wealth. In one year
nearly 400,000 dollars were realized. Under the reign of Liholiho the Sandal-
wood began to be exhausted, though in the year 1820 we still hear of 80,000 dol-
lars' worth of the wood being paid for the yacht '"Cleopatra's Barge," and in
1822 of a voyage to Kauai to collect the annual tribute of the wood in thai
island; though the produce became every day more difficult to procure, and
could no longer be demanded in payment of taxes. Finally a substitute was
discovered, the Naio (Myoporum sandwicensi A. Gray) or Bastard Sandalwood,
though no relation to true Sandalwood: it, however, could not revive the trade.

Thus came to an end the export of the Iliahi or Laait aid i Iragrant wood i as
the natives termed the wood.

For further particulars in regard to Sandalwood trade in Hawaii, consult J.
J. Jarves' History of the Hawaiian Islands.

Santalum ellipticum Gaud.
Iliahi.

(Plate U.)

SANTALUM ELLIPTICUM Gaud. Bot. Yov. Uranie (1826, 1830) 442;— End). Fl. Suds.
(1836) 940;— DC. Prodr. XIV (1857) 682;— A. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. IV (1860)
327;— Mrs. Sinclair Indig. Fl. Haw. Isl. (18S5) pi. 34;— Holler, PL Haw. [si.
(1897) sis. — Santalum Freycinetianum var. e. ellipticum Gray Bot. U. S. E. E.
iued;— H. Mann, Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1867) 198; — Hbd. FL Haw. Isl. (1888)
390;— Del Cast. 111. FL Ins. Mar. Paeif. VII (1892) 283.

Branches slender, more or less drooping; leaves thin chartaceous, elliptical-oblong,
reddish, about 17 cm long and 3 cm wide, on slender petioles of 18 mm, acuminate glabrous;
panicles in the axils of the upper leaves, rather loose, the flowers on distinct pedicels of
:'. mm; perigone S to 10 mm reddish, the lobes as long as the tube or longer, with long
tufts of hair; drupe as in N. Freycinetiawum.

Santalum ellipticum or Iliahi is not uncommon on the islands of Kauai and
Oahu ; on the latter island trees of this species are very numerous on the eastern
end, especially in the valley of Palolo, where they are associated with Acacia Koa
(Koa) mainly, which is probably its host. It extends from an elevation of 600
feet up to about 1500 feet, at which latter elevation it grows tog-ether with Straus-
sia Kaduana (Kppiko), Elaeocarpus bifidus (Kalia) and others. It has a short,
straight trunk and a rather round crown, formed of slender branches. It is very
conspicuous from a distance on account of its reddish tinted foliage.

The Hawaiian Sandalwood, according to old natives, grows to a height of
often 80 feet, with trunks of often three feet in diameter. The older and bigger
the tree the more valuable it becomes, as its fragrance increases with age. It is
only Hie very heart wood that is scented, and in small or young trees the roots
only are fragrant.

131

PLATE 44.

SANTALUM ELLIPTICUM Gaud.
Iliahi, Sandalwood.

Santalaceae.

Santalum pyrularium A. Gray.
lliahi.

SANTALUM PYRULARIUM A. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. IV (1860) :;i'7. el in Bot. I'. 8. E. E.

ined;- II. Mann, Proc. Am. A.m. I. VII (1867) 198;— Wawra in Flora (1875) 172;—

IIIhI. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 390; Del <'ast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pacif. \'ll (1892) 283.

A medium sized tree, leaves as in Santalum ellipticwm of ''aim, bul glaucous under

Death; panicles axillary, loose, tew dowered; dowers on pedicels of ■"• mm, perigone dull

red, cylindrical L2 to N mm. the lobes as long as the tube or shorter; anthers as long as

the filaments: style nearly as long as the perigone, 3-cleft; drupe large 11 to -I mm long,

the putamen rough, runcinate, crowned with membraneous annulus below the apex.

This species is peculiar to the Island of Kauai and occurs in the forests of Hale-
manu at an elevation of :5<><><> to 4000 feet, where it is a tree 35 to 40 feet high,
occasionally. It ran also be found in the woods of Kaholuamano, on the same
leeward side, above Waimea in the more dry regions in company with Elaeocarpus
bifidus {Kalia), Tetraplasandra Waimeai (0/t< kikoola), Pterotropia Kauaiensis
(Olic ohe), Straussia (Kopiko), Bobea Mannii (Ahakea) and others. It also en-
croaches on the border of the rain forest where it is a straighter and taller tree
than when growing on the drier forehills.

On the road to Halemanu, near Puu ka pele of the Waimea canyon, the writer
saw a fine specimen which was loaded with fruit, and the ground beneath was
covered with thousands of seeds, but none had sprouted.

It may be remarked, that any attempt to germinate seeds of the Hawaiian
Sandalwoods resulted in failure. Hillebrand records a similar fate in his Flora
of the Hawaiian Islands.

Santalum Haleakalae Hbd.

lliahi.
(Plate 45.)

SANTALUM HALEAKALAE Hbd. Flora Haw. Isl. (1S8S) 390;— Del Cast. 1. c. p. 283.—

Santalum pyrularium var. /J. A. Gray. mss. Bot. U. S. E. E. ined; — H. Mann, Proc.

Am. Acad. A'll (1867) 198.

A small tree with stiff erect branches; leaves thick, coriaceous to chartaceous (at

lower elevations) dull light green, ovate-obovate oblong 3 to 5 cm long, 25 to 30 mm

broad, on petioles of 4 to 6 mm, bluntly acuminate or rounded; panicles crowded near the

end of each branch, constituting a terminal corymb of 3 to 8 cm in length and also in

width; flowers subsessile, of a deep scarlet red, the perigone S to 10 mm, with the lobes

as long as the tube or longer; discdobes lanceolate, longer than the filaments; anthers

on short filaments, their cells diverging at base and apex; style subexserted, 3-eleft; drupe

ovoid 12 to 16 mm long, truncate at the base, and with a conical vertex at the apex and a

short annulus below the same, putamen minutely runcinate.

This species, which is easily distinguished from the other Hawaiian Sandal-
woods by its dense corymbose inflorescence, which is bright scarlet, is peculiar to
the Island of Maui, and at that confined to the eastern part Mt. Haleakala, after
which mountain it was named by Hillebrand. who records it as a shrub.

It is, however, also a tree, though not of any size ; the highest trees observed by
the writer were about 25 feet. It grows around the crater of Pmmianian. on the
northeastern slope of Mt. Haleakala. at an elevation of 7000 to 9000 feet. It was

133

PLATE 45.

SANTALUM HALEAKALAE (Gray) Ilbd.
Iliahi, Sandalwood.

Aiaarantaceae.

also found as a small tree 15 to 18 feel in beighl on the floor of Haleakala crater
in Koolau gap and Kaupo gap, in company with Sophora chrysophylla (Mamani),
Geranium Widens (Hinahina), and the well-known Silversword (Argyroxiphium
sandwicense var. macrocephalum) .

It has been reported by 1 1 illelirand to grow only ai very high elevations near the
summit of the mountain, together with Raillardia and Geranium. Jt may, how-
ever, be of interest to slate that it was observed by the writer on the southern
slopes of Haleakala on the lava Hows of Anahi, Kahikinni. at an elevation of 2600
feet. At this latter locality, which is one of the richest botanical dislricts in the
Territory, it is a fine-looking tree and does not show any signs of stiff branches
and short, gnarled trunks, as, of course, must be expected at high altitudes. Were
it not for the dense intiorescence and bright scarlel perigones, one could easily
mistake it for Santalum ellipticum of Oahu, which it, in reality, resembles greatly.

The wood of trees from the high levels is exceedingly fragrant, and of a dark
yellowish brown color.

AMARANTACEAE.

The family Amarantaceae occurs in all floral regions of the world, with the ex-
ception of the frigid zones. It consists of about 40 genera, with about 655 species.

In the Hawaiian Islands only five genera are represented, two of which are
endemic (Charpentiera and Nototrichium) and have arborescent species.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Style simple with a capitate stigma.

Flowers villous or hispid; in terminal or axillary spikes 2. Nototrichium

Style deeply divided into 2 stigmatic branches.

Flowers glabrous, in long paniculate spikes 1. Charpentiera

CHARPENTIERA Gaud.

Flowers inconspicuous, arranged on long slender branched paniculate spikes. Ovary
ovoid, with two stigmas. Androeceum consisting of a shortly 5 lobed discus-cup, with 5
stamina, alternating with the discus lobes. Pericarp dry. Trees or shrubs with always
long petioled, ovate to obovate or ellipticodanceolate leaves.

The genus Charpentiera is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands and consists of two
species, Ch. elliptica (Hbd.) Heller, and Ch. obovata Gaud. The former is a
shrub peculiar to Kauai, the latter a tree found on all the islands. The native
name of the species is Papala.

Charpentiera obovata Gaud.

Papala.

(Plates 46, 47, 48.)

CHARPENTIERA OBOVATA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Uranie (1826, 1S30) 444, pi. 4s ;— Hook, et
Arnott. Bot. Beech. (1832) 94;— Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no. 718;— Moquin-Tandon
in DC. Prodr. XIII (1849) 2. p. 232;— Wawra (1S75) 188; — Sinclair Indig. PL Haw.
Isl. (1885) pi. 44;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 375;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac.
VII (1892) 269;— Sehinz in Engl, et Prantl. Pflzfam. III. 1. a. (1893) 101, fig. 52;—
Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 820.— Ch. ovata Gaud. 1. c. pi. 47; — IT. et A. 1. c.;—
Endl. I. c. no. 919;— Moqu. 1. c.;— Mann Enum. (1867) no. 423 (ex parte); — Hbd.
1. c. etc.

135

PLATE 46.

CHARPENTIERA OBOVATA Gaud.

Papala.

Flowering and fruiting branch, reduced one-half.

PLATE IT

CHARPENTIERA OBOVATA Gaud.
Papala.
Growing on the lava fields of Kapua, South Kona Hawaii; elation 2000 feet.
branch pinned against trunk ot tree.

Fruiting

PLATK 48.

CHARPENTIERA OBOVATA Gaud.

Papala.
Growing on the lava fields of Kapua, South Komi, Eawaii. Tree about 25 feet tall.

Amarantaceae.

Leaves ovate or obovate-oblong 6 to 30 cm Long, 4 to L2 em wide, on petioles of
2 to 8 em rounded at both ends, slightly decurrenl into the petiole, fleshy, thick or char-
taceoua when fresh, glabrous, dark green, with impressed straight parallel veins; panicles
compound, red, often i'1 to 50 cm long, but smaller in the specimens from dry districts, on
peduncles of sometimes more than 12 cm; flowers - mm, thin rather pale; bracts aboul I

mm, OVate; sepals ovate, stamens about as long as the sepals; utriculUB '-' to 3 mm,

enclosed or partly exserteii; Btigmas deeply bifid exserted.

This is a tree of 15 to 35 feel iii height, and reaches its besl development in
the dry regions. It is a very variable species, and was. as a matter of fact, de-
scribed by Gaudichaud as two different species, mainly on the shape of the leaf.

The Papala occurs on all the islands of the group in the rain as well as the dry
forests. It is not uncommon in Manoa and Pauoa valleys, Oahu, as well as in
the whole Koolan range, where it grows in densely shaded ravines and on moun-
tain slopes. On Kauai it is plentiful at Banalei and neighbor!] 1. We find it

again in all the valleys of the Kohala mountains, bul noi higher than about 4000
feet. The biggesl and finest specimens of this tree the writer observed in North
Kona. Hawaii, at Puuwaawaa, where the trunks reached a diameter of two and
a half feet, being perfectly straight and clothed in a very smooth, light brown, thin
bark. The trunk, in its lower portion, usually divides into several column-like
parts, in the form of buttresses. When in full bloom it is a rather attractive
looking tree. The wood is very soft and fibrous, and when dry exceedingly light,
and will burn like paper. It is the very tree which was used by the unlives for a
most original and grand display of fireworks, owing to the easiness with which
the wood can be ignited. Mrs. Sinclair in her beautiful book on the "Indigenous
Flowers of the Hawaiian Islands," says the following in regard to this sport:
"On the northwest side of Kauai the coast is extremely precipitous, the cliffs
rising abruptly from the sea to a height of from one to two thousand feet, and
from these giddy heights the ingenious and beautiful pyrotechnic displays take
place.

"On dark moonless nights upon certain points of these awful precipices, where
a stone would drop sheer into the sea, the operator takes his stand with a supply of
pa pahi sticks, and. lighting one, launches it into space. The buoyancy of the wood
causes it to float in mid-air, rising or falling according to the force of the wind,
sometimes darting far seaward, and again drifting towards the land. Firebrand
follows firebrand, until, to the spectators (who enjoy the scene in canoes upon the
ocean hundreds of feet below), the heavens appear ablaze with great shooting
stars, rising and falling, crossing and recrossing each other, in the most weird
manner. So the display continues until the firebrands are consumed, or a lull in
the wind permits them to descend slowly and gracefully to the sea."

On the Island of Kauai in the forest of Kaholuamano occurs another species of
this genus — Ch. lUipiica (Hbd.) Heller. It is certainly quite distinct from Ch.
obovata in the long elliptical-lanceolate leaves, and very short inflorescence which
is almost erect and not drooping. Hillebrand mentions it as a variety elliptica.

NOTOTRICHIUM Hbd.

Flowers hermaphrodite, small conical, hispid villous or pubescent. Perianth deeply
4 parted, the lobes equal, an outer pair enclosing the inner one. Stamens slightly con-

139

PLATE 49.

NOTOTRICHIUM SANDWICENSE Ebd.

Kului.

Showing flowering branch.

Photographed from Herbarium specimen; nearly one-half natural size.

Amarantaceae.

nected at the base. Ovary one-celled, one-ovulate. Style Blender; stigma capitate. Fruit
an oblong or obovoid thin utricle, enclosed in tlic perianth. Seed lenticular, with thin

testa. — Shrubs or trees with dichotomous branches and opposite pen n i nerved leases. Flow-
ers in terminal and axillary spikes with a woolly or pubescent rhaehis.

The endemic genus consists of three closely-related species. In Engler and
Prantl's Natiirl. Pflzfam. the genus Nbtotrichium is merged with Psilotrichium,
from which it differs, however, in the equal perianth Lobes and tetramerous
flowers.

Only one species, X . sandwicense, becomes arborescent; the other two species,
are shrubs, One of them occurs on Kauai, the other on Oahu, while X. s<tn<l-
wicense or Kului occurs on nearly all the islands of the group.

Nototrichium sandwicense Hbd.

Kuhti.

(Plates 49, 50.)

NOTOTRICHIUM SANDWICENSE Hbd. Flora Haw. Isl. (1888) 373;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl.
(1897) 821. — Ptilotus sandwicensis A. Cray in Hot. V. 8. E. E. ined; — II. Mann
Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1867) 200. — Psilotrichium sandwicense Seem. Fl. Vit. (1867)
198, adnot;— Wawra in Flora (1875) lsii; — Del Cast. ill. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII
(1892) 270;— Schinz in Engl, et Prantl. Pflzfam. III. 1. a. (1893) 111.
Branches slender, articulated, covered with an ochraceous tomentum; leaves opposite,
ovate, acuminate, covered with a silky adpressed tomentum especially the underside of the-
leaf, which is silvery tomentose, contracting into a petiole of 12 to 18 mm, 2 to 8 cm
long, 1.5 to 4 cm wide; spikes generally 3 or 5 at the end of a branch; thick ovoid to cylin-
drical, 1.5 to 3 cm long on peduncles of 6 to 30 mm, the rhaehis densely villous; flowers
crowded, ovoid 2 to 3 mm long, villous with spreading hairs at the base; perianth lobes
ovate lanceolate 3 to 5 nerved, hispid at the back; stamens nearly as long; ovary oblongr
truncate; style as long as the perianth, with punctiform stigma.

Tlie Kului, which is usually only a shrub several feet high in the lowlands, he-
comes a small tree of about 15 to 20 feet in height in the lower forest zone at 2000
to 3000 feet altitude.

It is a handsome little tree and quite conspicuous by its silvery gray foliage and
its pretty catkins which droop from the end of every branchlet. It is peculiar t»>
the very dry regions and may be found as a straggling shrub where nothing else-
can live.

In Kona, Hawaii, especially near Puuwaawaa, it forms a regular hedge along
the government road on the rough aa lava fields. On Molokai it grows on tin-
western end in gulches, on the slopes of Manna Loa, where it forms, together with
the Nau (Gardenia Brighamii), the Ohe (Reynoldsia sandwict nsis) and the Wili-
wili (Erythrina monosperma), the last remnants of what was once a xerophytic
forest, At Puuwaawaa, Hawaii, proper, it grows to a small tree about 15 to 20-
feet in height at an elevation of 3000 feet, besides also at Kawaihaeiuka (2500'
feet), together with Maua (Xylosma Hillebrandii) and the Mamani (Sophora
chrysophylla) . It also is not uncommon on Maui and Oahu. On the latter island
it inhabits the arid regions of the "Waianae Mountains. It occurs as a tree on the
lava fields of Kau. and South Kona. on the slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and
forms, in certain districts as Manuka, about 80^ of the growth.

141

PLATE 50.

NOTOTRICHIUM SANDWICENSE II 1x1.
Kului.

Growing on the slope- ol Mauna Loa, Biolokai; elevation 2 feet.

ground, Erythrina monosperma (Wiliwili).

Tree in back-

Nyctaginaceae.

Two varieties have been described, one from Kauai by Asa Gray, and another
from the I'ali of Kalaupapa, Molokai.

The wood is coarsely grained and very light, resembling the wood of the Papala.

NYCTAGINACEAE.

This family is one of the most interesting in the vegetable kingdom, on accounl
of its many peculiarities. All Nyctaginaceae arc void of corollas, but possess,

however, a perigone of often remarkable beauty. The family consists of 18
genera, with about loo species; it is represented in the Hawaiian Islands by
three genera, only one of which. Pisonia, has arborescent species.

The Nyctaginaceae are either herbs, shrubs or trees, and are distributed over the
warmer regions of the whole world, especially in tropical America.

PISONIA Plum.

Flowers rarely hermaphrodite, usually unisexual, with 2 to :'. small triangular to linear
bracts at their base. Male flower campanulate, with a 5-lobed perigone ami ."> to '■'<"

(usually ti to 8) stamens, which are very shortly united at their base, and exserted. sur-
rounding a rudimentary ovary. Female flowers tubular. 5 lobed. witli stamiriodia and
an often plainly stipitate. elongate ovary, with a filiform style and fringed capitate stigma.
Anthocarp of variable form, elliptical to long prismatic, etc.. smooth or angular with
viscous glands. Shrubs or trees with small often flagrant flowers and usually opposite,
elliptical, lanceolate or obovate leaves.

The genus consists of about 40 described species which occur in the tropics and
their neighboring regions. Only one species is found on the African coasts.

The fruiting perigone of the Hawaiian species exudes a very viscous substance,
which was used by the natives as a bird lime.

The nomenclature of the species of Pisonia is very much confused, different
authors having referred our species to plants from other parts of the world. A.
Ileimerl expresses the possibility of our endemic species ( /'. sandwicensis) being
identical with P. artensis from New Caledonia.

The writer has adhered to Hillebrand's nomenclature as regards this latter
species, rather than IleimerPs, who says that our Hawaiian Pisonia is not well
known to him.

KEY TO THE SPECIKs.

Limb of perigone lobed.

Leaves cuneate, inflorescence a terminal loose uml el or contracted panicle

P. umbellifera

Leaves broad at the base, inflorescence a globose head P. sandwicensis

Limb of perigone entire.

Leaves elliptical oblong, inflorescence a loose open panicle P. inermis

143

PLATE 51.

PISONIA SANDWICENSIS Bbd.

Aulu.

Female flowering branch and fruits, reduced one-half.

Nyctaginaceae.

Pisonia umbellifera (Forst.) Seem.
Papala h< pau.

PISONIA UMBELLIFERA (Fcwst.) Seem, in Bonpl. X. (1862) 154; el PI. Vit. (1866)
Nadeaud, Enum. Tahit. PI. (1873) no. 326;- Ebd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888)
368; - Del Cast. III. PI. [ns. Mar. Par. Y 1 1 (1892)268, el PI. Polyn. Fran.-.
157; — Heller PI. Haw. [si. (1897) 823. Ceodes umbellifera Porst. Charact. Gen.
(1776) 141, t. 71. 0. umbellata Porst. Prodr. (1786) no. 569. Pisonia excelsa
Illume. Bijdr. (1825) 735; l hoisj in DC. Prodr. XIII. 2. (1849) III; II. Mann
Proc. Am. Acad. V 1 1 (1867) 198.— P. macrocarpa Presl. Symb. (1833) t. 56. — P.
Forsteriana Endl. In Herb, Meyen ex Schauer el Walp. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. XIX.,
Suppl. (1843) 103 t. .")1.— P. Sinclairi Hook. f. PI. New Zeal. I. (1853) 209 t.
P. Mooreana P. Muller Pragm. 1. (1858-59) 20.
Branches large and stiff with long internodes; leaves broadly obovate, cuneate at
the base, obtuse or shortly acuminate but sometimes broad at the base and suborbicular,
12 to 26 cm long, s to 12 cm wide, on petioles of about 12 mm, fleshy, the upper ones
crowded in a whorl at the internodes <>\' the branches, the lower sub-opposite; inflorescence
terminal, subumbellate, one or several peduncles rising from the apes of a branch, divid-
ing at or near the apex into louse umbel or contracted panicle; perigone greenish to yel-
lowish, smooth, with the limb 5-fid; fruiting pedicels of 6 to Is mm, obtusely 5-ribbed,
viscid, but smooth; utricle l - to 2 '■', the length of the perigone.

A low tree 15 to 30 feet high, common on mosl of the islands, inhabiting the
forests of the lower regions. On Oahu it is a common feature of the vegetation
back of Tantalus and adjoining valleys. Unlike the other species, it is moisture
loving, and forms large clumps in the valleys on the windward side, where the

rainfall is very large. Lous of this tree, which the writer collected for w I

specimens, shriveled to such an extent that it was impossible to recognize them
afterward, resembling the stems of shriveled banana plants. Trunks of a foot
in diameter can be felled with one stroke of the axe. It is of a very wide geo-
graphical distribution, ranging from Polynesia to Australia and the Philippines.
On Oahu it is found at an elevation of 200 to 1600 feet, and possibly higher. It
is very difficult to find good specimens on account of an insect which feeds on the
leaves, and thus most of the trees have a very ungainly appearance.

Pisonia sandwicensis Hbd.

Aulu on Kauai.

(Plate 51.i

PISONIA SANDWICENSIS Hbd. PL Haw. Isl. (1888) 369;— Heimerl in Engl, et Prantl
Pflzfam. III. 1. b. (1889) 29;— Heller PL Haw. Isl. (1897) 823.— Pisonia umbelli-
fera Del Cast. 111. PL Ins. Mar. Pac. VII (1892) 268 (ex parte) et PL Polyn.
Franc. (1893) 157.

Leaves thick coriaceous 10 to 3d cm long, 6 to To cm wide, on petioles of 3 to 5 cm,
ovate oblong, obtuse or rounded or bluntly acute at the apex, often even emarginate, the
base rounded, the ribs and veins prominent; peduncles in the axils of the uppermost
leaves. 3 to 6 cm long, dividing in few short rays, forming a globose head of about 5 em
in iliani., flowers sessile: male perigone 5 to (i mm, deeply parted into 5 to 6 obtuse lobes;
stamens Is to 20. long exserted, twice the length of the perigone; female perigone tubular,
style exserted, fringed along its upper clavate portion; fruiting perigone (mature) 4 cm
long, ovoid-cylindrical, crowned with the lobes of the limb and style; not muricate, but
faintly many ribbed.

The Aulu, as the tree is called on Kauai, is a tall tree, reaching a height
of 50 to 60 feet, with usually 2 to 3 trunks of 1 to 2 feet in diameter, rising from

145

to

PLATE 52.

PISONIA INERMIS Forst.
Papala kepau.
Fruiting branch. Note insects caught on viscous fruits. One-half natural size.

Nyctaginaceae.

a common base. The writer has observed splendid specimens on the Island of
Kauai, in the dry districts and gulches below Kaholuamano about 2500 feel
above sea level, where it is to be found in company with Cryplocarya Mannii,
Hibiscus Waimeae, Urera sp., Xylosma Hawaiiense (Maua), Osmanthus sand-
wicensis, the native olive, Olopua or I'iki, and others. The tree is conspicuous
from the distance on account of its large and very dark-green leaves; the wood,
like that of the other species, is soft, and trees are never cut for the sake of the
wood. The flowers, which are arranged in globose heads, are very fragranl and
not altogether unattractive. On Lanai, where it does not grow to such a height as
on Kauai, it associates with Eauwolfia sandwicensis, Sideroxylon sp., Suttonia
Lanaiensis, etc., and thrives best at an altitude of about 2000 feet, on the dry
ridges of Kaiholena and Mahana valleys. It has also been recorded from Molokai
and Maui. The Aid it flowers usually during the summer months, from dune to
August, though fruits, which have the same properties as the Papain kepau, may
be seen together with flowers on one and the same tree. It is peculiar to the
Hawaiian Islands. The largest leafed specimens the writer observed on the lava
fields of Kapua, S. Kona, Hawaii, where it is a small tree.

The wood is very light when dry and very porous; the branches are very
brittle and break easily.

Pisonia inermis Forst.

Papala kepau.

(Plates 52, 53.)

PISONIA INERMIS Forst. Prodr. (1776) 15. no. 397; — Seem. PI. Vit, (1866) 195.—
P. inermis var. leiocarpa Hbd. PL Haw. 1st. (1888) 369. — P. grandis R. Brown
Prodr. Nov. Holl. (1810) 422;— H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VIT (1S67) 197;—
Heimerl in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 1. b. (1SS9) 29.— P. procera, Bertero, mss.
in Gnill. Zeph. Tait. (1837) 39;— Delles. Icon. Select. III. t. 87.— P. Brunoniana
Endl. PL Norf. (1833) 43. n. 88;— P. Bauer, Illust. PI. Norf. t. 145.— P. umbelli-
fera Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac, VII. (1892) 268 et PI. Polyn. Franc. (1893)
157, ex parte.

Leaves opposite, elliptieo or obovate oblong 8 to 1 1 cm long,, 3 to 8 cm wide, on
petioles of 15 to 20 mm, bluntly acuminate, contracted at the base, thin; flowers mostly
hermaphrodite in a loose open panicle of 15 to 35 cm in length; perigone pale, 4 to 6 mm,
tul uilar funnel shaped, the spreading limb entire, plaited with 5 to 10 crenatures; stamens
8 to 12 exserted; style as long as the stamens, stigma oblique, not fringed; fruiting peri-
gone fusiform 35 mm long, 5-ribbed.

This tree, as well as Pisonia umbellifera, is known to the natives as Papala
Kepau (kepau being the general name for substances such as tar, pitch, etc.),
on account of the viscid glue which exudes from the fruits. It is a small tree 15
to 18 feet high, with elliptical-oblong thin leaves; it differs from the other two
species in its large, loose panicle and in the flowers, which have the perigone not
parted but entire. It inhabits the dry or semi-dry districts. It may be found in
gulches back of Makawao, Island of Maui, in company with Pelea cinerea, Xan-
thoxylum sp., Pseudomorus Brunnoniana, etc., as well as on the lava fields of
Auahi, crater of Haleakala. On Hawaii it grows on the outskirts of the lava fields

147

PLATK 53.

PISONIA INERMIS Forst.

Papala kepau.

Growing in the Kipuka Puaulu, near Volcano Kilanea, Hawaii; elevation 1000 feet.

in Koua, slope of .Mi. Hualalai, elevation 2000 feet, and on the slopes of Mauna

Loa, land of Keauhou, at an elevation of 40IM» feet, near Kilanca volcano; on the
Parker Ranch near Waiinea, and also on .Molokai.

The fruits of this, as well as other species, were used by the naiives tor catch-
ing birds, and was spoken of as the "he fa pan kapili manu," or bird lime. The
wood is very soft and of no value. Pisonia inermis extends over the Society, Gam-
bier, Fiji, and Tonga groups, as well as Australia and Ceylon. It forms part of
the beach forests of the Andaman Islands. The fresh leaves are used in India
medicinally to subdue elephantiac inflammation in the Legs or other parts. It
is not uncommon in New Zealand, where it is called "Para-para" by the northern
.Maoris.

LAURACEAE.

The family Lauraceae is distributed over the tropical and subtropical regions
of both hemispheres. It consists of 39 genera, with about 950 species. The
genus Cassitha, also occurring in the Hawaiian Islands, is the only genus with
parasitic species, which reminds one very much of the Dodder or Cuscuta species.

In these islands only one genus (Cryptocarya) has a single arborescent repra-
sentative, which is peculiar to Kauai and the Waianae range of Oahu.

CRYPTOCARYA R. Br.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Tube of perianth, after flowering, constricted. Staininodia
of the 4 circles ovate, shortly stipitate. Fruit dry, but entirely enclosed within
the fleshy periantheal tubes. Testa of the seed hardly separable from pericarp Flowers
small in short axillary panicles. Trees with alternate penninerved leaves.

The genus Cryptocarya, which consists of about 40 species, reaches its best de-
velopment in South-east Asia, especially Java and the Sunda Islands. A few oc-
cur in South Africa, nine in tropical Australia and a single one in the Hawaiian
Islands. Ten species are American, especially Brazilian. To this genus belongs
Cr. moschata Mart., the American nutmeg.

Cryptocarya Mannii Hbd.
Holio.

CRYPTOCARYA MANNII Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 3s2;-Del Cast. HI. Fl. Mar. Pac.
VII. (1892) 278;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 826.— Oreodaphne? Mann in Proc.
Am. Ac. VII. (1867) 199.

Branches angular, the young leaves and inflorescence silky with a brownish tomentum;
leaves thick coriaceous, glabrate, oblong 7 to 10 cm long, 30 to 4U mm wide, obtuse, nar-
rowing at the base, the flat midrib prolonged into a flat margined petiole of 8 to 16 mm;
panicles or racemes axillary, 12 to IS mm long, few flowered; flowers hermaphrodite;
perianth silky outside and within, funnel shaped 4 to 5 mm; lobes 6 in two series, the
inner ones larger, rounded; stamens 9 of nearly equal length, the 0 outer ones inserted at
the base of the lobes and shorter, anthers longer than the broad hairy filaments; the 3
inner anthers extrorse, ovoid, alternating with broad triangular staininodia. Ovary
free, ovoid; style short obtuse; drupe ovoid globose, bluish-black, about 16 mm long,
12-ribbed, the thin putamen closely adherent to the perianth; seed with thin testa; the
drupe is crowned by the remains of the perianth.

149

PLATE 54.

BROUSSAISIA PELLUCIDA Gaud.

Kanawau and Puahanui.

Male and female branch, the latter with mature fruits; reduced.

The Holio is ;i very common tree in the forests of the leeward side of Kauai,
where it associates with Bobea Minimi (Ahakea >, Elaeocarpus bifidus ( Kalia . Al-
phitonia excelsa (Kauila), and others. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching a
heighl of 20 to 30 feet, but rarely more. The trunk is somewhat rough and not
exceeding 10 to 12 inches in diameter. It inhabits the drier districts of Kauai at
an elevation of 3000 to 4000 feet, is Light-loving and therefore mostly found on
the outskirts of the forests. Mr. Forbes has found this tree, which was thoughl
to be peculiar to Kauai, on the Waianae range of Oahu, whose vegetation is veri-
similar to that of Kauai. Nothing could be ascertained from the natives as to
the uses of this tree. Even the name Holio was not known to many of them.

SAXIFRAGACEAE

The family Saxifragaceae, which consists of 69 genera and about 581 species, is
very widely distributed from tropical Asia to Africa and Australia, also in
America and insular regions. In the Hawaiian Islands the family is represented
by a single endemic genus with two species, which belongs to the section Hydran-
geoideae, as it is a relative and representative of the well-known Hydrangea.

BROUSSAISIA Gaud.

Flowers through abortion unisexual. Male flowers with flat receptacle, 5 lanceolate
sepals, and 5 valvate petals. Stamens 10, with thick subulate filaments, ovate authers, and
sterile gynoeceum. Female flowers with cup-shaped to ovoid receptacle, triangular sepals,
and small scale-like petals, without stamens. Ovary inferior, five-celled; ovules numerous
on thick bipartite placentas, with thick style and thick 5-lobed stigma. Berry globose.
fleshy, many seeded. Trees with thick densely tomentose terete branches, opposite or
whorled serrate leaves, and small flowers arranged in terminal corymbs.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves opposite ; petals bluish green B. arguta

Leaves temate; petals reddish B. pellucida

Broussaisia arguta Gaud.
Kanawau and Puahanui.

BROUSSAISIA ARGUTA Gaud. Bot. Vov. Uranie (1826, 1830) 479-80 t. 69;— DC. Prodr.
IV. (1830) 17;— Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beech. (1832) 84; — Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836)
no. 1417;— A. Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 683. t. 87;— H. Mann, Proc. Am. Acad.
VII. (1867) 165, et Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867) 240;— Mrs. Sinclair Tndig. Fl. Haw. Isl.
(1885) pi. 36 (is not B. pellucida);— -Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 120;— Del Oast.
111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 163;— Engler in Engl, et Prantl. Pflzfam. III.
2. a. (1891) 77;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 828.

Leaves opposite (never ternate) obovate oblong, slightly acuminate, closely serrate,
gradually tapering into a thick fleshy petiole which is dilated at the base, coriaceous gla-
brous, quite opaque, dark green above with impressed veins which are shortly hirsute;
corymb 5 to 7 cm in height and about 10 cm in width, hirsute, the branches subtended by
foliaceous sessile bracts of 12 to 25 mm, the bractlets smaller, caducous; male flowers:
petals greenish-blue, spreading triangular, coriaceous, much longer than the acute sepals;
stamens exserted; female flowers calyx ovoid, the narrow acute teeth 2 mm. petals Bcale-
like, 1 mm, ovary adnate to about % of its length; berry dark red, globose with a free
conical apex, with distinct persistent style and crowned by the calycine teeth and petals;
seed V-z mm.

151

Saxi Eragaceae.

This is one of the most common trees or shrubs which the traveler will meet in
the Hawaiian rain forests. It occurs in all the islands of the group at elevations
of KH)() to .'5000 feet. It is conspicuous by its dark green shiny leaves, and when
in fruit it is not at all unattractive. The native name of this, as well as of the
other species, is Puahanui and Kanawau. It is never found in the dry districts,
but is confined to the rain forests, where precipitation is heavy. It is easily dis-
tinguished from the other species by its small corymb and opposite leaves, which
are not transparent.

Broussaisia pellucida Gaud.
Puahanui.
(Plate 54.)

BROUSSAISIA PELLUCIDA Gaud. Bot. Vov. Bon. (1S44-52) pi. 9. (exclus. fig. 11 & 12);—
IIlul. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 121;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. VI (1890) 163;— Engl, in
Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 2. a. (1891) 77.

Leaves whorled, ternate, narrower, 4 to 6 cm in width; corymb larger and more
open; male flowers: calyx about 2 mm; petals 4 mm, reddish; female flowers: calycine
lobes short dentiform, not longer than the petaloid scales; ovary adnate only in the lower
half; berry smaller, the stigma sessile on the free conical apex.

This species is certainly quite distinct from B. arguta, but is not confined to
Puna. Hawaii, as it occurs on all the islands of the group, but at higher elevations
than B. arguta. This latter species practically goes not higher than 3000 to 3500
feet, while the other species takes its place up to 5000 and nearly 6000 feet eleva-
tion. It differs from B. arguta in the larger female corymb, which is more open
and almost as long as broad, while the male corymb is smaller and denser. A
characteristic is the ternate leaves, which are not as broad as in B. arguta, and
are perfectly pellucid, a characteristic not found in B. arguta, whose leaves are
opaque. All these characteristics are constant; Gaudichaud's plate in Bot. Voy.
Bonite is most excellent and shows at a glance the specific distinction from B.
arguta. (Excluding figures 11 and 12.)

The figs. 11 and 12 in Gaudichaud's plate e.ertainly do not represent B. pellu-
cida as the stigmas in all specimens examined are sessile and not raised on a
columnar style as is the case in B. arguta. As no text was published with the
plate, they perhaps were introduced for comparison.

The native names for this and the previous species are Puahanui and Kanawau.
It occurs on all the islands of the group, and is not confined to Puna, Hawaii, as
;riven by Hillebrand. The writer collected it on the high plateau of Kauai and at
the summit of* Waialeale, on the same island ; on llaleakala, Maui, it is not uncom-
mon in the rain forests at an elevation of 4000 to 6000 feet. It is found on all
the mountains of Hawaii, Manna Loa, Kan. Ilualalai, South and North Kona, Ha-
mal<ua. and on the summit of the Kohala .Mountains. The red berries are much
sought Eor by the native birds.

It is a small tree, but often a shrub with stout and soft branches which are
hirsute at their cuds.

1 52

pittosporace:ae.

With tlic exception of the genus Pittosporum, this family is exclusively Aus-
tralian. H consists of 9 genera, 8 of which are peculiar to Australia. The

genus Pittosporum is distributed over the tropics <>l' 11 Id world, from tropical

and extra-tropical South Africa to the Hawaiian Islands, and reaches its

northern boundary in Japan and from there to the Canary Islands. Us position
in the natural system lias been a varied one. as the relationship of this family
to other plant families has been rather a mystery. Pax, in his treatise in Bngler
& Prantl, places it near the Hamamelidaceae, in common with which it has the
resin ducts.

PITTOSPORUM Banks.

Calyx lobes free or united at the base, petals sometimes united; stamina subulate;
anthers erect. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, incompletely 2, rarely 3-5celled. Style
short. Capsule often laterally compressed, with coriaceous or woody valves. Seeds smooth
or rugose, covered with a viscous resinous milky white pulp. Evergreen shrubs or trees,
glabrous or tomentose. Leaves entire or dentate, often crowded in spurious whorls.
Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, panicles or clusters.

The genus consists of more than 70 species, and is distributed from Africa
to the islands of the Pacific, as in Fiji, Timor, New Guinea and in the Hawaiian
Islands, where they have reached a wonderful development. The species are
dependent on the insects for pollination. The flowers of the Hawaiian species
are dimorphous; that is, they are of two kinds — fertile and sterile. It is very
difficult to render the exact limitation of each species, which is shown by the
fact that the writer has found capsules belonging to three different species on a
single inflorescence, on a tree found on the island of Lanai. Hillebrand, who
had no mature capsules of each species, but of only a few, based his key to the
species on the flowers. Ten species were originally described, to which number
the writer has added three new ones.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Inflorescence axillary or cauline.

Leaves glabrous; flowers white or cream-colored, the raceme pedunculate, seeds
smooth.
Flowers pedicellate.

Sepals ovate, capsule smooth or occasionally roughened, leaves spathu-

late to oblong lanceolate P. glabrum

Sepals lanceolate acute or subulate, capsule rough.

Pedicels and peduncle very long, leaves acuminate... P. acuminatum

Pedicels short, leaves thick dark green rounded P. spathulatum

Flowers sessile or glomerate at the end of a long peduncle.... P. glomeratum
Leaves tomentose, obtuse or acuminate, flowers subsessile or pedicellate; seeds often
rough at the back.

Flowers small in a sessile cluster; capsule smooth P. terminalioides

Flowers larger on a distinct peduncle, capsule smooth P. cauliflorum

Flowers glomerate pedicellate, capsule very large 5 to 7 cm long, smooth

P. Hosmeri
Flowers pedicellate, capsule small, rough, densely tomentose. leaves strongly
curved P- Gayanum

153

PLATE 55.

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PITTOSPORUM GLABRUM Hook, et Am.

Hoawa.
Fruiting branch about one-half natural size.

Pittosporaceae.

Inflorescence terminal, axillary and cauline.
Leaves glabrous, seeds smooth.

Flowers large pedicellate, capsule rough, glabrous P. insigne

Leaves tomentose, seeds smooth.

Flowers large, capsule bluish glaucouB, deeply wrinkled P. Hawaiiense

Flowers subsessile, capsule small, quadrangular smooth P. Kauaiense

Leaves tomentose. seeds rough.

Flowers nearly always terminal, capsule rough, tomentose P. confertiflorum

Pittosporum glabrum lluok. et Arn.

Iloawa.

(Plate 55.

PITTOSPORUM GLABRUM Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beech. (1832) 110;— End. Fl. Suds. (ls::r,)
no. 1585;— Gray, Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 229;— H. Mann. Proc. Am. Ac VII.
I 1867) 151 et Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867) 125;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 23; Del Cast.
111. Fl. Ins. Mar. l'ac. V I (1890) 110; — Heller PI. Eaw. Isl. (1897) 829.

A small tree glabrous throughout; only the young shoots pubescent; leaves thin
coriaceous, on slender branches, in loose whorls; spathulate to ovate oblong or oblanceolate,
tapering at the base into a short petiole, the apex obtuse, rounded or acuminate; peduncles
terminal, axillary or below the leaves, corymbose racemose, 0 to 12 flowered; sepals ovate
acute 3 mm, glabrous; corolla 12 mm, white or cream-colored, the spreading iips 4 mm
long; stamens nearly as long as the tube; style twice the length of the glabrous ovary;
stigma truncate; capsule subglobose smooth, or rough, (wrinkled) two to three valved, the
valves coriaceous, 25 mm in diam.; seeds smooth, angular.

This is a variable species and presumably occurs on the whole Koolau range.
It was collected by the writer in Manoa and Pauoa valleys, also in Xuuanu Val-
ley, on Konahuanui, Alt. Olympus, and especially Palolo Valley, where it is ex-
ceedingly common. In Xin Valley occurs a plant which agrees fairly well with
those from the mountains back of Honolulu ; the leaves are little shorter and not
acuminate, neither are the capsules rough, but smooth and more or less oblong
rather than subglobose. It must, however, be referred to this species.

It is a small tree 15 to 20 feet high and is peculiar to the rain, as well as the
drier forests of the main mountain range of the island of Oahu at an elevatioD
of 2000 feet.

Pittosporum acuminatum Mann.
Hoawa or Papahekili.

PITTOSPORUM ACUMINATUM Mann Proc. Am. Acad. YII (1S67) 152, et Fl Haw. 1-1.

(1867) 125;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (188S) 22;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif.

VI. (1890) 110;— Pax in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 2 a (1891) 111;— Heller

PI. Haw Isl. (1897) 828.
Leaves chartaceous, oblanceolate-acuminate, perfectly glabrous, 8 to 20 cm long,
2 to 4 cm wide, gradually merging into a short petiole of about 1 cm; axillary peduncles
very slender 2.5 to (3 cm with flower, with fruit S cm, corymbose-racemose, the peduncle and
pedicels hirsute, bracts subulate; flowers very fragrant, 5 to 12 or even more, on pedicels
of 7 to 20 mm, sepals very narrow subulate, pubescent, petals cream colored, stamens as
long as the tube, anthers sagittate; style slender, as long as the corolla, often exserted,
stigma capitate; capsule subglobose, tomentose, rugose (wrinkled), seeds black, minutely
tuberculate.

A very handsome, graceful tree with beautiful cream-colored, fragrant flowers.
Tree about 18 to 20 feet high. It is a very distinct species and differs from all
the rest of the Hawaiian Pittosporums in the slender long peduncles and
pedicels.

155

PLATK 56.

PITTOSPORUM SPATHULATUM Mann.

Hoawa.

Fruiting branch, about one-half natural size.

Pittosporaceae.

Wawra in Flora writes that /'. acuminatum, described bj Mann, may belong
to the group of /'. terminalioides. This view the writer does qo1 share with
Wawra, bu1 be thinks it to be closer to P. insigm var. /S Hbd. However, it is
quite a distinct species. Specimens were collected by the writer on Kauai, to
which island the tree is peculiar. It is plentiful al Halemanu, and Kaholua-
mano a1 an elevation of 4000 feet, where it grows in the drier forests or on ex-
posed ridges. It was also observed above Makaweli a1 an elevation of 2000 feet.
Specimens from tins locality differ somewhal from those of the higher elevations
in being much stouter, and in having coriaceous instead of chartaceous Leaves.

Pittosporum spathulatum Mann.
Iloawa.

(Plate 56. I

PITTOSPORUM SPATHULATUM Mann. Proc. Am. Ac VII. (1867) L51, el PI. Haw.

Isi (1867) 125;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 24; Del Cast. 111. PL Ins. Mar. Pac.

VI. (1890) 111; — Tax in Engl, et l'rantl. Pflzfam. HI. 2. a. (1891) Ml.— P.

terminalioides Planch, var. spathulatum Cray, Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 231;

Wawra in Flora (1873) 169.
Branches stiff, densely foliose, the leaves .lark green, sub-coriaceous glabrous, cuneate
or obovate-spathulate, gradually narrowing from an obtuse and rounded apex into a short
petiole of 1 to 1.5 em; 6 to 12 cm long-, 2 to 4 cm wide; inflorescence axillary with a yel-
lowish pubescence; peduncle very short, about 6 mm or more, pedicels of the same length;
sepals ovate-elongate, obtuse or acute, sparingly pubescent; stamens shorter than the tube,
anthers sagittate; ovary densely tomentose, style the length of the ovary, stigma capi-
tate; capsule glabrous when old, subquadrangular, deeply furrowed or runcinate, seeds
smooth.

A tree of 15 to 18 feet in height, occurring in the rain forests of Oahu, espe-
cially in the Koolau range. It is a very distinct and not variable species, as its
characteristics are unite constant. It is a rather handsome, though somber,
plant, and is conspicuous from a distance on account of its dark greeu foliage.
It is quite common on the upper slopes of Konahuanui, elevation 3000 feet, and in
the mountains of Punaluu. Waiahole, and Waikane. In the upper forests of
Oahu it takes the place of P. glabrum, which grows up to 2000 feet elevation.
Horace Mann's specimens came from Kaala Mt., Waianae range.

Pittosporum glomeratum Hbd.
Iloawa,

PITTOSPORUM GLOMERATUM Hbd. Fl. Haw. Jsl. (1888) 23;— Del Cast. 1. c. p. 110;—
Pax 1. c. p. 111.
Leaf whorls at intervals of 5 to 10 cm, the young shoots cinereous-pubescent; leaves
spathulate elongate, 15 to 25 cm x 2.5 to 5.5 cm, acuminate or obtuse, gradually narrow
ing into a petiole of 25 mm or less, ehartaceous glabrous; peduncle axillary 25 to 32 mm,
bracteate, with a dense (duster of almost sessile flowers at the apex, pubescent, the lanceo
late bracts 3 to <i mm; sepals ovate, obtuse l' to 3 mm, tomentose; corolla white; with a
tube of 10 mm; ovary tomentose; capsule and seeds as in /'. glabrum.

A small tree occurring at the eastern end of Oahu in Wailupe Valley. Hille-
brand also describes a variety [3. acutisevala from the same region, evidently a
slight variation.

The species comes very close to P. glabrum and is perhaps only a form of it

157

PLATK 5

PITTOSPORUM TERMINALIOIDES Planch.
Flowering and fruiting branch, less than one-half natural size.

Pittosporaceae.

Pittosporum terminalioides Planch.

Jlixiwa.

(Plate 57.)

PITTOSPORUM TERMINALIOIDES Planch, in Herb. Hook;— A. Gray Bot. U. S. E. E.
(1854) 231; II. Mann Proc. Acad. VII. (1867) L51; el PI. Haw. [si. (1867)
123;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 24; Del Cast. III. PI. Ins. Mat. Pac. VI (1890)
111. — P. glabratum Putterl. Syn. Pittosp. II. (pro parte aon Monk, el Am.).

A small tree, with still' branches; leaves crowded near the ends of the I ranches.
chartaceOUE to thick Coriaceous, the upper side wrinkled with a (dose net wiiils, the lower

Bide pubescent or glabrous when old, obovate to spathulate, or oblong, rounded at the apex

or bluntly acuminate with revoluti margins, 7 to In cm long, 2.5 to 3 cm wide on a
petiole of 15 to 20 mm; inflorescence terminal, axillary or cauline. short tonn'iitose. the
thick peduncle about - to in nun long, the flowers subsossilo; sepals ovate tomentose, I
mm, corolla cream-colored, the tube short, o' mm. its lobes half as Ion-; stamens half the
length of the tube; ovary tomentose, style of the same length as ovary, the two lobes
of the stigma spreading; capsule quadrangular to oblong, tomentose, flattened, about 25
mm each way, with a longitudinal median groove; seeds rough, dull.

This species occurs on the island of Hawaii in the scrub Eoresl ;it an elevation
of 2000 feet and again in the scrub forests or open country at 7000 feel eleva-
tion. On Maui the writer collected specimens on the lava fields of Auahi, dis-
trict of Kahikinui. southern slopes of Ilaleakala at an elevation of 15(1(1 feet,
which belong to this species. It differs from the Hawaii plants in the leaves
only, which are of much thinner texture, being chartaceous and having rather
indistinct veins, while in the plants from Kona and Kan, Hawaii, the veins are
very strong and prominent. The specimen figured came from East Maui,
southern slopes of Ilaleakala, where it grew on the rough aa flows along the gov-
ernment road. It is a small tree, 15 to 18 feet in height, with a small trunk
about 5 inches in diameter.

Pittosporum cauliflorum Mann.
Hoaiva.

PITTOSPORUM CAULIFLORUM Mann in Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1S67) 151, et Fl. Haw.
Isl. (1S67) 124;— Wawra in Flora (is?:!) 168;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 24; —
Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI (1890) 110;— Pax in Engl, et Prantl. Pflzfam.
III. 2. a. (1891) 111.

A loosely branching tree; leaves crowded at the ends of the stiff stout branches,
coriaceous, closely areolate above, elongate-obovate or cuneate 15 to 20 cm long, 5 to 7.5
cm wide, rounded or shortly apiculate, gradually narrowing into a petiole of 12 mm. pale
green, densely covered underneath writh a soft fawn or pale lemon colored (omentum;
flowers cauline on the bare branches below the leaves, peduncle 4 to S nun, bearing at the
end 8 to 12 subsessile flowers; bracts 5 nun; sepals 3 mm, ovate obtuse, tomentose; corolla
cream colored, with a tube of 8 to 10 mm; stamens half as long, with sagittate anthers;
ovary tomentose, the stigma capitate. 2-lobed; capsule thick woody, the flattened valves
with a median furrow and transverse waves 18 to 2-1 mm, with the endocarp pale orange;
seeds flat angular, crenulate or tubercular at the back and edges.

A tree 30 feet in height, with a trunk of S to 10 inches in diameter. It was
tirst collected by IT. Mann on the Waianae range, on Mt. Kaala. and by Ilille-
brand in Makaleha Valley of the same ranee.

159

PLATE 58.

PITTOSPORUM HOSMERI var. longifolia Rock var. aov,
Flowering and fruiting branch much reduced

Pittosporaceae.

The writer is not acquainted with this species. Hillebrand records three va-
rieties of this species as follows: jj. var. fulvtim, Oahu, Ewa to Waialua; y. var.
from Mt. Kaala, and finally <1 var. flocculosum, also from Mt. Kaala.

It is exceedingly difficult properly to diagnose the Hawaiian species of Pitto-
sporum and more so the varieties. Pittosporum terminalioides has all possible
intermediates finally approaching /'. confertiflorum. It is perhaps one of the
many forms of the latter. The two species, together with Pittosporum Hosmeri,
have tuberculate seeds in common, while all the other species have the seeds
smooth and shining. P. Gayanum also belongs to this group as far as foliage is
concerned, hut the seeds are smooth and not tuberculate.

The writer has abundant material, but even so, it is extremely difficult to sepa-
rate them specifically, as all seem to run very much into each other.

P. gldbrum is very close to P. glomeratum and differs from it only in the
sepals and pedicellate flowers, a characteristic which can not be very well relied
upon, as both forms occur often on one and the same plant. The capsules of P.
confertiflorum from the various localities have all possible shapes and forms, but
can not be separated successfully into varieties. It will have to remain a poly-
morphous species.

In conclusion the writer wishes to state that he has gathered much material
from localities from where Pittosporums bad never been recorded. Some of
them undoubtedly are new, but owing to incomplete specimens, as the wanting
of flowers, or mature capsules, the writer thinks it advisable not to include them
in this already voluminous book, but rather to wait for additional material and
then make an exhaustive study of this very variable group of plants.

Pittosporum Hosmeri Rock.
Aawa hua kukui.

PITTOSPORUM HOSMERI Rook Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 37 (1910) 297 pi. 1, et Rept. Board
Com. Agr. & For. (1911) 84, pi. 20.

Brandies stout, youug shoot pubescent, leaves crowded at the ends of the branches,
subeoriaceous, glabrous above, wrinkled with a close network, densely tonientose under-
neath with a light to dark brown wool, young leaves covered on both sides, entire with
revolute margins, ID to 20 cm long, 3 to 0 cm wide, on petioles of 2 to 3 cm; inflorescence
axillary and cauline, a corymbose raceme, the tonientose peduncle 2 to 3 cm, bracteate,
the peduncle surrounded at the base with numerous linear subulate bracts, sepals tomen-
tose, ovate acute 4 mm long; corolla cream-colored, the tube about 8 to Id mm long, the
lobes 5 mm, ovate, with prominent veins; stamens as long as the tube, anthers oblong;
ovary tonientose. ovoid-oblong, the style nearly twice as long, slightly exserted; capsule
tonientose when young, glabrous and smooth when mature, valves woody, oblong to sub-
quadrangular 55 to 75 mm long, 40 to 55 mm wide, and about 45 mm thick, opening into
two to four valves, with a longitudinal median groove, endocarp bright orange colored,
seeds arranged alternately in two rows on each placenta, black, rugose 6 to 7 nun in
diameter, differing from the other Pittosporums in that the capsules are not filled com-
pletely by the seeds, but are arranged only in two rows.

It is a medium-sized tree 18 to 25 feet or more in height with stiff more or
less ascending branches ; it is most remarkable for the enormous capsules, which
are the largest in the genus. The type specimen was collected on the lava field

161
11

PLATE 59.

PITTOSPORUM HOSMERI var. longifolia Rods van. nov.
Trunk showing l>;irk. and flowering and fruiting branch pinned to trunk.
the lava fields of South ELona, Capua, Bawaii.

fJrowing on

Pittosporaceae.

of Puuwaawaa, in North Kona, on the slopes of .Mt. Hualalai, Hawaii, on June 17,
1909. Since that time the writer visited again this distrid and collected addi-
tional material; most of tin1 trees were then in flower. The writer made also
extensive exploration of the forest Burroundine Mauna Loa, especially the drier
districts in South Kona, which resemble Puuwaawaa greatly as Ear as vegetation
is concerned. In that latter locality the writer found this species very common,
and it is certainly astounding that it has been kept from our knowledge for BO
long. The plants from this latter locality, however, differ somewhat from those
from Puuwaawaa, in size of capsules, which are smaller, and in the size of
leaves, which are much larger. The tree itself is much smaller and more nearly
a shrub, while the trees at Puuwaawaa have often a diameter of a foot or so.

Near Kilauea Volcano at an elevation of 4000 feet is a small Kipuka or piece
of land of great age which is surrounded by rough (aa) lava flows. The area
of this Kipuka is 5b acres; on it are to be found not less than 42 species of trees.
The vegetation is such that one would immediately look for Pittosporum. but in
vain. The writer persisted, however, to locate a Pittosporum representative in
the vicinity, and after a search of several days found a small triangular lot of
about an acre in extent, which must have been once upon a time a part of the
above Kipuka; it was surrounded by enormously thick aa tiows. which were cov-
ered with stunted Ohia lehua growth, whilst in that small pocket of land grew
Pittosporum Hosmeri var. longifolia, together with Pelea and Xanthoxylum.

The trees from Kilauea are identical with those from Kapua. S. Kona, and
also with specimens from the upper slopes of Hualalai, from the forests above
Huehue at an elevation of 5000 feet, while the typical Pittosporum Hosmeri is
peculiar to Puuwaawaa.

The variety is here described as follows:

Yar. longifolia var. no v.

(Plates dS. 59, 60.)

Leaves lanceolate-oblong to obovate oblong, rounded or acuminate at the apex, 15 to
40 cm long, 5 to 9 cm wide, on petioles of 2 to 5 cm. glabrous above, densely covered under-
neath with" an ochraeeous to rufous tomentum; rlowers as in the species; capsules smaller
subsessile, 10 on a common peduncle forming a cluster of often 12 cm in diameter, cap-
sules globose, quadrangular to oblong, 2-3-4 valved, the valves woody, 4 to 5 cm long or
5 cm each way, glabrous, smooth, seeds as in the species. Capsule orange yellow when
mature.

The tree is quite common at Kapua, S. Kona, Hawaii, on the lava flows, but
does not reach such a height and size as at Puuwaawaa. The trees of the latter
locality are loaded with fruit during June and July, while those of Kapua bear
mature fruit during the month of February. However, the fruiting season of
these, like nearly all the other Hawaiian trees, can not be relied upon. Occurs
also at Kilauea. and Hualalai, Hawaii.

This species with its variety resembles somewhat P. terminalioides of the same
regions, but has only the roughened seeds in common with it.

The fruits of /'. Hosnn ri and variety are a source of food for the native crow.

Ifi3

PLATK 60.

PITTOSPORUM HOSMERI var. longifolia Bock v:ir. nov.
Growing on the lava flows of South Kona, Kapua, Hawaii: elevation 2000 feet.

PLATE 61.

PITTOSPORUM GAYANUM Bock.

Hoawa.

Fruiting branch; less than one-half natural size.

Pittosporaeeae.

Corvus hawaiiensis or Alala, which peeks open the large woody capsules '^and
feeds on the oily seeds within. The crow is peculiar to Kona, Hawaii. Nearly
80% of all the capsules of this species examined by the writer were eaten out
by these birds, which are still very common.

Pittosporum Gayanum Rock sp. nov.

(Plate 61.)

A small tree L5 to L8 feet high with a round spreading crown, or when growing on
the high centra] plateau near Waialeale in the dense rain forest, a tree with very few
straight ascending branches; leaves crowded at the ends of the branches or scattered,
obovate oblong, shortly acuminate, with revolute margins, glabrous above, veins very
prominent impressed, dark green with dark brown or fulvous tomentum underneath,
especially on the very prominent veins, the young leaves covered on both sides with a
dark reddish-brown wool, 15 to -■) em long, 4 to 10 cm wide, on somewhat margined
petioles of about 2 cm; inflorescence axillary and cauline, peduncle short, 12 mm, with
dark reddish brown tonientuni, bracteate, bracts linear subulate, woolly as well as the
ovate to linear lanceolate sepals; rlowTers on pedicels of 5 to 10 mm, sepals 3 mm, tube
of the cream-colored corolla about 10 mm, the lobes 4 mm, stamens as long as the tube,
anthers oblong, style exserted, three times the length of the tomentose ovary; capsule
ovoid to cordate, pointed, densely tomentose with dark reddish brown wool, about 2 cm
or more in diam. the valves rugose, wrinkled; seeds angular, shining black, smooth,
about 5 mm long.

This very interesting' tree is peculiar to the interior, high plateau of Kauai,
especially the upper slopes of Waialeale. It grows in the swamps and swampy
forests as well as along streambeds several miles inland from Kaholuamano, at
an elevation of 4800 to 5000 feet. It is not uncommon in the more open flat
swamps in company with the thousands of Lobelia macrostachys at this region,
which is constantly wrapped in clouds. It is a rather curious plant, with a
short trunk and perfectly straight branches, which are only few, three or four,
and the large dark green and brown foliage. It is a constant species and grows
all over the summit of Kauai. It was collected by the writer first in Septem-
ber. !!>(>!). and again in October, 1009, in the Alakai swamp near the head of
Wainiha, and on Waialeale October 20, 1911. The type is 8867 in the College
of Hawaii Herbarium, Honolulu, T. II. The plant is named in honor of Mr.
Francis Gay of Kauai, whose kind hospitality and help in exploring the Kauai
forests the writer was fortunate to enjoy. At the very summit of Waialeale
in th<- open bog the writer found a variety of this species perfectly glabrous; it
was ;i shrill) about 5 feet high, and may be described here as follows:

Yar. Waialealae var. nov.

Leaves whorled at the ends of the branches, glabrous even the very young leaves,
obovate oblong, acuminate* dull jjroen on both sides. 5 to 10 cm long, 2 to .">.-"> cm wide,
contracting into a petiole of 1 cm; capsules 2 cm each way, the valves deeply wrinkled

glabrous, young Capsules tomentose, seeds as in the species.

Type X". 8866 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium, collected by the writer
October 10, 1911, jit the summit bog of Waialeale, Kauai, elevation 5200 feet. It
grew in company with l'<l<a Waialealae. Labordea Waialealae, Lobelia Kauai-
t nsis, etc.

1H6

PLATE 62.

PITTOSPORUM INSIGNE III ,1.

Hoawa.
Fruiting branch, half natural size.

PLATE G3.

PITTOSPORUM HAWAIIENSE Hbd.

Hoawa.

Showing fruiting branch.

Pittosporaceae.

Pittosporum insigne 111x1.

Ilixni-d.

i Plate 62.)

PITTOSPORUM INSIGNE Bbd. PI. Saw. [si. (1888) 25;— Del Cast. 111. PI. 1ms. .Mar. Pac.
VI (1890) L10;— Pax in Engl el Prantl Pflzfam. Ill 2. a (1891) 111.

Leaves in distant whorls, thick, chartaceous, glabrous, obovate-oblong, acuminate
<i to 12 cm x 2.5 to 4 cm, contracting into a short petiole of J to 2 cm; flowers terminal
in the uppermost Leaf-whorls and axillary or all along the stem; inflorescence a corymbose
raceme (or in Bast Maui specimens more or less glomerate) the flowers on pedicels of 1 to 2
nun, t he rhaehis tomentose, surrounded at the base with numerous linear bracts of 5 to 10
nun, bearing 1"> to 25 flowers on pedicels of 4 to 8 nun (in specimens from the type
locality); sepals ovate, acute, densely tomentose, toiuentum light yellowish, corolla large,
tube 10 to 12 min. the lobes broad ovate about 8 mm; stamens halt the length of the
tube, style and ovary as long as the tube, the latter densely villous; capsule oblong about
25 mm long, deeply wrinkled, seeds smooth.

A very handsome tree with Large cream-colored flowers; it reaches a height of
about 25 feet and has stiff ascending branches, llillebrand's description, which
has been enlarged upon to suit the abundant material which is at the writer's
disposal, agrees exactly with plants from the type locality. It is not uncommon
on West Maui, above Kaanapali, at an elevation of about 3500 to 4000 feet,
where it grows in the rain forest. It was also collected by the writer in Iao
Valley, on the same island.

On East Maui, in the rain forest of Mt. Haleakala, at an elevation of 4000
feet, the writer met with a Pittosporum which he must refer to this species,
though differing somewhat from the trees found on West Maui. This is, how-
ever, not surprising, since all Hawaiian Pittosporums are very variable. The
East Maui plants differ from the West Maui ones in the inflorescence, which *s
shorter peduncled and has almost sessile flowers ; the latter agree, however, with
those from the type locality. On the northern slope of Haleakala. at Xahiku,
on the crater Hinai, at an elevation of about 3000 feet, the writer met with a
large number of trees which will also have to be referred to this species; they
differ from the type specimens in the young leaves, which are covered with light
brown tomentum. and in some other minor points.

On the same mountain, at 2000 feet elevation, the writer collected llillebrand's
var. /8 of this species, which is easily distinguished by the long axillary pe-
duncles, which measure often 5 cm. and more. The variety is a small tree, 15 to
18 feet in height.

Pittosporum Hawaiiense Hbd.

Hoawa.

(Plate 63.)

PITTOSPORUM HAWAIIENSE Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 26;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins.
Mar. Pae. VI. (1890) 110;— Pax in Engl, et Prantl. Pflzfam. III. 2. a (1891) 111.

Leaves scattering or in distant whorls, large obovate-oblong, acute strongly nerved,
glabrous on both sides when old or pubescent underneath, young shoots covered with a
dense fawn colored tomentum on both sides, thick chartaceous, 1 2 to 22 cm long, 5 to 7 cm
wide, on petioles of 1.5 to 3 cm, flowers axillary or cauline, racemose rarely terminal on
hirsute peduncles of about 15 mm, pedicels 3 to 7 mm; sepals ovate, triangular 3

169

PLATE 64.

PITTOSPORUM CONTERTIFLORUM Gray.
Fruiting branch pinned against trunk (if tree, growing near Ukulele

elevation about 6000 feet.

Haleakala. Maui:

Pittosporaceae.

nun, bracts ovate lanceolate 5 to s mm; tube of corolla about v nun split up to the upper
third, the lobes broadly ovate; stamens as long as the tube, anthers oblong-sagittate;
ovary ovoid, densely tomentose style almosl twice as long; capsule bluish-glaucous or

colored, subquadrangular, about •'! cm or more in dia ter, valves woody, deeply wrinkled;

seeds black, smooth or minutely tuberculate.

This species is a small 1 i-ee. 15 to 18 feet high, with straighl ascending
branches, bark while, smooth; flowers cream-colored. This particular species

occurs on the island of Hawaii in the Infests el' Xaalehu. Kan. ;it ;ui elevation

of from 2300 t<» 4000 feet or more, where it is quite plentiful. It was also
collected hy the writer on the great plateau of the Kohala mountains of the
same island at an elevation of 4000 feet, hut not at all common. Its distinctive
characteristics are the capsules, which are bluish-glauCOUS and deeply wrinkled,
as well as the very Large foliage, which is. however, exceeded in size by Pit-
tosporum Hosmeri var. longifolia.

Pittosporum Kauaiense Hbd.
Hoawa

PITTOSPORUM KAUAIENSE Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 25; — Del Cast. III. PI. Ins. Mar.
Pac. VI. (1890) 111;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 829.

Leaves chartaceous with strong prominent nerves, obovato oblong, 12 to 24 cm long,
4 to 8 cm wide, shortly acuminate, with a distinct petiole of 2 to 4 cm long, dark green.
glabrous above, covered with a whitish or golden yellowish pubescence; inflorescence
axillary or cauline, densely hirsute with brownish hair, peduncle short, about 8 mm.
pedicels 4 nun. sepals scarcely 2 mm, acute, villous, corolla cream colored the lobes about
2 mm with a strong median nerve; stamens as long as the tube, style little longer; capsule
subglobose 16 mm in diam., glabrous when mature, covered with brownish wool when
young, with 4 deep longitudinal furrows; seeds smooth, shiny.

This is one of the tallest species of Pittosporum, reaching' a height of 30 to 40
feet, with a trunk of about 10 inches in diameter, which is vested in a smooth
whitish hark. It is peculiar to the island of Kauai, where it grows in the
forest of Kopiwai, below Halemanu, 3600 feet, as well as at higher elevation.
It is not common at Kaholuamano, but was again collected by the writer in Olo-
kele canyon and in the woods of Makaweli, elevation 2000 feet. The trees from
the lower locality differ from those of the type locality, Halemanu, in the cap-
sules, which are wrinkled, but are otherwise the same. The pubescence of the
underside of the leaves disappears with age.

Pittosporum confertiflorum Gray.

Hoawa.

(Plate 64.)

PITTOSPORUM CONFERTIFLORUM Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 232, pi. 19;— II . Mann
Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 150, et Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867) 123;— Hbd. PI. Haw. Isl.
(1888) 26;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI (1890) 110;— Pax in Engl, et
Prantl. Pflzfam. Ill, 2. a (1891) 111.— P. terminalioides p\ Gray 1. c. p. 231.

Branches stout, leafy, woolly when young, leaves thick coriaceous, alternate or whorled
obovate oblong, shortly acuminate 12 to 2d cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, contracting into a
distinct petiole of 2.5 cm, pale fulvo-tomentose underneath, and occasionally above; in-
florescence terminal, axillary and cauline, the numerous flowers densely packed in a
corymbose raceme with an axis of about 25 mm; pedicels <i to 12 mm; bracts linear
oblong 16 mm; sepals orbicular ovate densely woolly, obtuse 6 mm; corolla cream-colored

171

Pittosporaceae.

or white, tube 10 to 12 mm or less, lobes about <> nun, stamens nearly as long as the tube,
anthers linear sagittate; pistil short, ovary sessile, oblong, tomentose; capsule globose-
ovoid, somewhat flattened, the thick woody valves 2.5 mm, wrinkled or rough or some-
times smooth; seeds purple, compressed and angled, closely packed in two rows in each
cell, testa dull, minutely tuberculate-rugose.

A tree 20 feet in height with stiff, stout, ascending branches. It is a some-
what variable species; the inflorescence is not always terminal, but also axillary
ami even eauline in specimens from Ilaleakala, Maui. The writer collected
specimens of this species from the type locality southern slopes of Ilaleakala,
.Maui, where the tree is not at all common. It also grows near Kaupo at an ele-
vation of about 5000 feet. The leaves in the writer's specimen are much larger
than those figured by Asa Gray.

Hillebrand's var. ,''. from Kan and Kona agrees well with the writer's material
from Lanai. The genus Pittosporum is exceedingly well represented on Lanai,
the species confertiflorum evidently being very variable, as there are as many dif-
ferent forms as there are Pittosporum trees and one would be naming individual
trees. It is indeed puzzling, the question of specific distinction in the Hawaiian
Pittosporums, thanks to the insects on which the plants depend for pollination.

Hillebrand's typical var. /?. occurs in nearly all the valleys of Lanai, as Kai-
holena. Mahana, Koele, and also on the ridges. It differs from the species in its
smaller leaves and lanceolate sepals, and is a small tree about 18 feet in height.
In some of the Lanai specimens the capsules are deeply wrrinkled, and quad-
rangular, with perfectly flat valves 3 cm. each way ; one specimen. No. 8109,
has a long bracteate peduncle of 4 cm., witli large pedicellate flowers.

17i'

LEGUMINOSAE.

This, the second Largest plant family — being only exceeded by the Composite
family — consists of nearly 450 genera, with over 7000 species, and is of much
greater economic importance than the Latter.

The Leguminosae family is distributed all over the world, and is only absent
from the very remote islands of the Antarctic, though only sparingly repre-
sented in New Zealand.

In regard to the sub-families, the Mimosoideae are entirely absent in Europe,
while the Papilionatae are to be found in the Arctic as well as high Alpine re-
gions of both hemispheres.

The family is represented in the Hawaiian Islands by 25 genera, only four
of which, however, have arborescent species.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

SUB-FAM. MIMOSOIDEAE.

Leaves twice pinnate; flowers in heads or spikes:

Stamens indefinite; leaves mostly replaced by dilated petioles. . . 1. Acacia

SUB-FAM. CAESALPINIOIDEAE.
Leaves twice pinnate:

Pod-winged along the upper suture, calyx very oblique 2. Mezoneurum

SUB-FAM. PAPILIONATAE.
Leaves abruptly pinnate:

Pod four-winged 3. Sophora

Leaves of three leaflets 4. Erythrina

ACACIA Willd.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; calyx campanulate, toothed or petals free or
united; stamens numerous, free or united at the base; ovary sessile or raised, two to many
ovuled. Legume oval, oblong or linear, straight or curved, flat or convex, membraneous,
coriaceous, indehiscent. Unarmed or thorny trees or shrubs. Leaves bi-pinnate, or re-
duced to a phyllodium or dilated petiole. Flowers small, numerous, mostly yellow in
globular heads or cylindrical spikes.

The genus consists of about 450 species, which are distributed over the tropical
and subtropical regions of both worlds, being especially numerous in Africa
and Australia. In these islands only three species are represented; one is
doubtful (Acacia Kauaiensis, Hbd.).

KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Phyllodia instead of true leaves:

Pod flat, broad and straight A. Koa

Pod narrow and curved A. Koaia

Acacia Koa Gray.

Koa or Koa ha.

(Plates 65, 66, 67, 68.)

ACACIA KOA Grav Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 480;— H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1866)
165; — H. Mann Fl. Haw. Isl. (1S67) 235;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 141;— Hbd. PI.
Haw. Isl. (1888) 112;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Tns. Mar. Pac. VI (1890) 160;— Engl.
& Prantl Pflzfam. III. 3 (1894) 110;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 830.— Acacia
heterophylla Hook, et Am. Vov. Bot. Beech. (1832) 81 ;— Benth. Mimos. in Hook.
Lond. Journ. Bot. I. (1839) 368.

173

PLATE 65.

ACACIA KOA Gray.

Koa.

About one-third natural size. Showing true leaves and phyllodia, flowers and fruits.

Leguminosae.

Phyllodia falcate, coriaceous, 10 to 15 cm long, varying from 6 to 8 nun to 24 mm or
more in breadth, narrowed at the base, acute or obtuse at the tapering apex; the Bmooth
Burface is striate with many nerves; en younger plants the phyllodia bear a bipinnate
leaf; the leaflets 12 to !•"> pairs, oblong, emarginate, crowded; peduncles Bolitarj or fascicled
in the axils, about 12 nun long, bearing a dense many flowered bead of 8 nun in diameter,
calyx teeth very short 5 in number, petals 5, oblong lanceolate, glabrous, more or less
united, longer than the calyx, half the length of the stamens; legume broadly linear.
straight or slightly falcate, 7 .'> to 15 cm long, Hi to is mm broad, glabrous, Hat, two-
valved, aboul 12 seeded; seeds dark In-own to black.

The Koa is one of our most stately forest trees and is next to tin- Ohio lehua
(Metrosideros polymorpha), the most common. It is perhaps the most valuable
tree which the islands possess, as it is adapted for const ruction as well as Eor
cabinet work. The Koa reaches a height of more than 80 feet in certain locali-
ties, with a large trunk vested in a rough, scaly bark of nearly an inch in
thickness. "When growing in the open, it develops a beautiful, symmetrical
crown, with usually short trunks of perhaps 15 to 20 feet in height and a di-
ameter of more than 6 feet. The lower branches are then almost horizontal,
far-spreading, while farther up the branches become peculiarly twisted and
more or less ascending". When growing in the rain or fern forest, it develops a
long, straight bole of considerable length and thickness, clothed in a rather
smooth, gray bark ; usually branching 40 feet or so above the ground. (See plate
(i8.) It is this sort of timber which is most valuable for construction work,
while the Koa of the drier districts has a much more beautiful wood and is
more suitable for cabinet work. The Koa has two kinds of leaves, true leaves
and phyllodia. Young twigs or young trees always have first the true twice
pinnate leaves, which gradually pass into phyllodia — that is. the petioles become
dilated and take the place of the true leaf.

The adult trees bear phyllodia only, though an occasional twig near the base
of the trunk will have true leaves. The Koa is found on all the islands of the
group, and adapts itself to almost any condition. It descends to as low as 600
feet, and ascends to an elevation of 5000 feet, and sometimes higher. Beautiful
trees can be observed on the slopes of Manna Loa on the Island of Hawaii, not
far from the volcano, as well as in South Kona on the same mountain. It is
sad, however, to see these gigantic trees succumb to the ravages of cattle and
insects.

Large tracts of Koa forest which twenty years or so ago were in their prime
have now perished, and nothing is left but the dead trunks with their huge
branches dangling on strings of bark, ready to drop from the dizzy heights,
when stirred by the slightest gust of wind, crushing everything beneath them.
Such is the condition of the Koa forest of today in certain tracts of land on
Hawaii. Cattle are the great enemy of the Koa.

Above Kealakekua, in South Kona. of the once beautiful Koa forest 90 per
cent of the trees are now dead, and the remaining 10 per cent in a dying con-
dition. Their huge trunks and limbs cover the ground so thickly that it is diffi-
cult to ride through the forest, if such it can be called. It might be said, how-

175

PLATE 66.

ACACIA KOA Cray.

Koa.

Showing trunk, bark and flowering branch; aear tree-molds, Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation

4000 feet.

Leguminosae.

ever, that there are still tracts of land where the Koa Eoresl is in its natural
condition. As already mentioned, the Koa adapts itself to almost any
environment. Ancient aa (rough) lava Hows have been covered by Koa trees

to the exclusion of everything else. It is on these lava fields thai the trees are
still in good condition, as cattle usually avoid Crossing these sharp, rugged fields
of lava.

From the big trees found in Kona, Hawaii, the natives of by-gone days used
to carve their great war canoes. Occasionally one can find an unfinished log
which, owing to its enormous weight, was abandoned by the natives, who were
unable to remove it to the lowlands and beach. Today the wood is used for
furniture and is sold as Hawaiian mahogany, though, of course, it hears no
relation to the tree of that name. The bark of the Koa was used by natives
for tanning purposes.

At lower elevations, as on Oahu on the windward side, Koa is associated
with the screw pine (Pandanus odoratissimus), while at the middle forest /one.
at 4000 feet, it is usually found in company with the Naio (Myoporum sand-
wicense), Kolea (Suttonia), Metrosideros polymorpha, and Mamani (Sophora
chrysiophylla) , while in the forks of its branches in accumulated humus flourish
arborescent species of Lobelias of the genus Clermontia.

The Koa is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, but is closely related to a
species (Acacia heterophylla Willd.), in Mauritius and Bourbon; while Acacia
laurifolia is a seaside tree in Viti and Samoa; the vernacular name in Yiti is
Tatdkia, and in Samoa T at alia or Tatagia.

The Koa is attacked by several insects. A few lepidopterous insects feed on
the Koa leaves, such as Scotorythra caryopis Meyr and S. idolias Meyr, which
are often responsible for the defoliated Koa trees, as well as the 8. vara (Bult.),
the most common species of the genus. Of borers, several beetles live in the
Koa trunks, such as Aegosomus, while the larvae of Thyrocopa alboonu-
bila Walsm. are found in dead branches of Koa, as well as larvae of T. abusa
Walsm. on the bark and dead twigs. Besides, other lepidopterous insects may
be found in more or less decayed Koa trunk's.

Acacia Koaia Hbd.
Koaia or Koa oh a.

ACACIA KOAIA Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 113;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI
(1890) Hid.
Leaves as in Koa; axillary racemes with not more than 3 heads, generally reduced
to a single one; pod very narrow, not over 8 mm wide, and about 15.5 to 15 cm long;
otherwise as in Acacia Koa.

The Koaia, unlike the Koa, is a rather small tree, reaching a height of only
20 to 25 feet, The trunk is not straight as in the Koa, but gnarled and twisted.
The bark is rough and corrugated. It differs mainly from the Koa in its pods,
which are ver^y narrow, linear, while those of the Koa are broad. The leaves
are the same as in the Koa.

\77
12

I 'LATE 61

ACACIA KOA Cray.

Koa.

Tree aboui s" feel tall, with diameter of trunk aboui I feetj growing in the KTpuka

Puanlu, aear Volcano Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation I feet.

PLATE 68.

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ACACIA KOA Gray.
Koa.

Showing straight growth of bole in wet or tern forest, near Volcano Kilauea, Hawaii;

elevation 4000 feet.

PLATE C9.

MEZONEURUM KAUAIENSE (Mann) Ebd.

Uhiuhi.

Flowering and fruiting Bpecimen. About one-third Datura! size.

Leguminosae.

The Koaia inhabits the very dry districts on the Leeward sides of the Islands
of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Molokai, it grows al Kalae as well as on the
edge of the dry canyon below Hamoku, in company with Naio (Myoporum sand-
wicense), Walakei (Plectronia odorata), Aiea (Nothocestrum), Dodonaea, etc.

On Maui it can be found on the Kula slopes of llalcakala at an elevation of

2000 feet or more, together with the Halapepe, while on Eawaii il grows on the
lava fields of North Kona. especially on the slopes of the ridge between Puua-
nahulu and Puuwaawaa, associated with Reynoldsia, Maba, Osteomeles (Ulei),
etc., as well as on the lava fields of Kawaihae Luka, along the road together with
the Maua, Naio, Mamani, and Kului.

Koaia wood, which is much harder than the Koa and closer grained, was used
by the natives for spears and fancy paddles. It is endemic to the islands, and
was first discovered by Dr. W. Ilillehrand, and described by him in his valuable
work on the Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.

lie also describes a species of Acacia from Kauai, specimens of which were
sent to him by Valdemar Knudsen of Kekaha, Kauai. He gave it the name
Acacia Kauau nsis, but does not say whether it is a tree or shrub. As the writer
did not meet with any trees that would answer the description given by Ilille-
brand, it is here omitted and simply mention made of it.

The Koaia flowers during the early part of the summer or late spring, but

flowers and fruits usually can be observed on the same tree during- July and

August.

MEZONEURUM Desf.

Calyx short oblique, the lowest lobe larger than the four remaining; concave; petals
5 nearly all equal; stamens 10, free decimate, ovary sessile free, with 2 to many seeds;
legume flat compressed, indehiscent, with a dorsal wing; seeds Hat. compressed exalbumin-
ous. Trees or elimbing shrubs. Leaves 1 ipinnate. Flowers red or yellow.

A genus of eleven species found in the tropics of the old world, distributed
from India to Malay archipelago, Queensland, aud New South Wales, with one
species in tropical West Africa, and one in the Hawaiian Islands.

Mezoneurum Kauaiense (Mann) Hbd.

Uhiuhi; Kea on Maui.

(Plates 69, 70, 71.)

(The native name " Kalamona " is not applied to this plant, as stated by Hillebrand, but

to an introduced species of Cassia.)
MEZONEURUM KAUAIENSE (Mann) Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) lb);— Del Cast. Til. Fl.

Ins. Mar. Pacif. YIT. (1890) 157. — Caesalpinia Kavaiensis Mann Proc Am. Acad.

YTI. (1866) 164, and Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867), 233 ;— Brigham Mem. B. P. B. Mus. III.

(1911) 178.

Branches loose spreading, unarmed, the young shoots covered with a hoary pubescence;
leaves abruptly pinnate with 1 to 5 pairs of pinnae, each pinnae with 4 to 8 pairs of leaf-
lets, the common rhachis 7..1 to 12. .1 cm, the pinnae 3..~> to 7.5 cm; leaflets oblong, 2"i to 30
mm x 12.5 mm. obtuse at both ends membraneous, on petioles of 2 mm; stipules none or
small wart-like; raceme terminal, hoary 2-1 to 7-1 mm long densely floriferous from the
base; the pedicels 25 to 50 mm. jointed above the middle; bracts ciliate. caducous;
ralyx glabrous pinkish or red; petals pinkish purple or red, shorter than the calycine

181

PLATE 70.

MEZONEURUM KAUAIENSE (Mann) Hbd.

Uhiuhi.

Showing trunk with bark and flowering and fruiting brand pinned to it. (Trunk about

] fool iii diameter.) On the l:iv;i fields nf I 'uii \v:i:i\v:i:i. North Kon;i,

Hawaii; elevation 2000 feet.

PLATE 71.

MEZONEURUM KAUAIENSE (Mann) Hbd.

Uhiuhi.

Along the government road in North Kona, Hawaii; elevation 2000 feet.

PLATE 72.

SOPHORA CHRYSOPHYLLA Been

Mamani.
Flowcrinif branch.

Leguminosae.

lobes; stamens asserted, the filaments dairy, broad and flat below; ovary glabrous. '■'> to 5-

ovuled; Btyle incurved; Btigma small; pod broad-oblong or obovate nearly 10 em long

by about 5 cm wide, with a dorsal wing of 6 to 2 mm in width running along its whole

length and ending in an uncinate point, indehiscent, glaucous reddish when young;

Seeds 2 to 4, pah' ovate, flat, 18 to 20 nun x II to 16 mm.

The Uhiuhi is a very beautiful tree with a trunk of sometimes more than

one fool in diameter. The bark is rough-scaly and of a dark-gray to In-own
color. The leaves are pinnate, having 4 to 8 pairs of leaflets of about V/2 inches

in length. The Mowers are arranged in terminal racemes 1 to 4 inches long, and
are of a, beautiful dark-fed color; legume is broad, oblong, '-\ to Zl/2 by 2 inches,
and is winged on one side; when young it is pinkish, glaucous, and very pretty.

The tree, which was lirst discovered on the Island of Kanai, inhabits the
leeward side of the islands, especially the aa lava fields. It is not uncommon on
the Island of Hawaii. At North Kona, between llnehne and Pnnwaawaa, eleva-
tion 2000 feet, the writer observed the biggesl trees. They are not, however,
very tall, reaching a height of about 30 feet, with short trunks. On Kauai they
are very scarce nowadays, only individual trees being found in a gukjh belov
Puu ka Pele back of Waimea; on Hawaii they are only found in Kona, where
quite a number of trees exist, the latter place being a new locality, as no Uhiuhi
had been recorded previously from Hawaii.

The tree is known by the natives as Uhiuhi on Kauai and Hawaii, while
on Maui, along Kaupo, the southern outlet of Haleakala crater, it is known as
Kki. It blossoms in the early spring. On Hawaii it is associated with Eokia
Eockii Lewton, the native red cotton or Kokio, Erythrina monosperma or
Wiliwili, Colubrina oppositifolia, Dodonaea, Sideroxylon, Maba sandwicensis,
Osteomeles, etc. It is also found on Oahu in the mountains of Waianae and on
Wailupe. It has not been reported from Molokai or Lanai.

The wood of the Uhiuhi is extremely hard, close-grained, and very durable; it
is of almost black color, with a light-colored sapwood. The natives made their
spears from it, as well as the laau melo-melo or laau makaalei, a peculiar imple-
ment for fishing. The laau melo-melo had the shape of a club, to which a line was
attached at the tapering end. When fishing, the natives used to drop the wood,
which previously was besmeared with a sweet, sticky substance, into the water,
through which it was slowly pulled in order to attract the fishes, which were
then caught by a man with a net, who followed behind. The wood, being very
heavy, will sink in the wrater even if a hundred years old, and was on that ac-
count selected by the natives for the above-described purpose.

The Uhiuhi is peculiar to these islands, outside of which it is not found.
A species of Tortrix feeds on the Hat seed-pods of the Uhiuhi; it is seldom
that perfect pods are met with.

SOPHORA L.

Calyx with short teeth; vexilum broad, obovate or circular, often shorter, rarely longer
than the carina; alae oblong; stamens free or rarely connected at the base in a ring, with
dorsifixed anthers, ovary with many ovules; pod cylindrical often contracted between the

185

PLATE 73.

SOPHORA CHRYSOPHYLLA Seem.

Mamani.

Kipuka Puaulu, near Volcano Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation WOO feet.

Leguminosae.

seeds, or slightly compressed, coriaceous, often four winged, fleshy or woody, usually
in dehiscent; seeds ovate or globose. Trees or shrubs, rarelj perennial herbs with impari-
pinnate leaves; leaflets usually small and numerous; dowers yellow or white, rarely purple.

ill simple terminal raeemes or several forming B terminal panicle.

Only one species found in the Hawaiian Islands. The genua consists of more
than twenty-five species, distributed over the warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Trees or shrubs, distributed from Western Thibet to Ceylon. China and Japan,
Siberia. Texas. California, South America. New Zealand, Bourbon, and one on
our islands. 8. tomentosa is a tropical cosmopolitan, and is found in all the
islands of the South Seas, including New Guinea.

Sophora chrysophylla Seem.
Mamani.

(Plates 72, 73, 74.)

SOPHORA CHRYSOPHYLLA Seem, in Flora Vit. (1873) 66;— H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad.
Vll (1866) 164, et Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867) 192;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 108;—

Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Paeif. VI (1890) 157.-Edwardsia chrysophylla
Salisb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. IX (lSOS) 302 t. 2(5, f. 1 ;— Ker. Bot. Key. t. 738;—
DC. Prodr. 2 (1825) 97;— Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no. 1G10; — A. Gray U. S. E. E.
(1854) 459;— Wawra in Flora (1S73) 140.
Young shoots silky pubescent; leaves 15.5 to 15 em long, with 6 to 10 pairs of leaflets;
leaflets obovate oblong, 20 to 30 mm x 8 to 12 mm. obtuse, often refuse, with a einereous
silvery or tawny pubescence (when growing at high altitudes) or glabrous (at low eleva-
tion); raeemes terminal and lateral. 12 to 25 mm long, tomeutose; calyx about 6 to 10 mm,
cup-shaped lobes broad and obtuse; petals 25 mm long; yellow, the broad vexilum re-
curved, the suberect alae and carina nearly as long; stamens as long as the carina; ovary
tomeutose; pod 10 to 15 em long, 8 mm wide, often deeply constricted between the seeds,
four-wiuged; indehiscent; seeds 4 to 8, oval somewhat compressed, yellow 8 mm long.
The var. ,j mentioned in the Bot. of the U. S. Exploring Expedition is only a glabrous
form of this species usually found in the lowlands where it is shrub, and never a tree.

The Mamani is a tree of 20 to 40 feet in height, with a trunk reaching some-
times 2 feet in diameter. It is vested in a light-brown corrugated hark of a
half inch in thickness. The leaves are 5 to 6 inches long, and have from 6 to 10
pairs of leaflets. The flowers are a bright yellow, and are arranged in droop-
ing raeemes, which are either terminal or lateral.

The Mamani, which may be found on all the islands with the exception of
Oahu and Molokai, grows from almost sea level up to nearly 10,000 feet elevation.
It inhabits the high mountains of Hawaii. Mauna Kea. Manna Loa. and Ilua-
lalai up to 10,000 feet, where it forms the upper forest zone together with
shrubby Composites, such as Raillardia arborea and E. struthioloides and other
plants peculiar to these regions. On Kauai it never grows to a tree, while on the
slopes of Mauna Loa. on Hawaii, near the volcano of Kilauea, it reaches its best
development. Trees of 40 feet in height are not uncommon at an elevation of
4000 feet. In North Kona, on the slopes of Hualalai on the lava fields just
below Huehue, it is about 2 to 4 feet high, branching from the base, and does
not resemble the fine trees which may be found higher up at 7000 to 8000 feet

187

PLATK 74.

SOPHORA CHRYSOPHYLLA Smn.

Mamani.

Growing in Kipuka Puaulu, near Volcano Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet.

Tree 4<> feet hieh.

Leguminosae.

<m the same slopes. At Low elevation the planl is entirely glabrous, while jusl
below and above the snow-line it is covered with silvery-gray hair, which pro-
tects it from the severe cold which it experiences nol only during the winter
but also in the summer months. The writer experienced ;i temperature of 1!»
Pahr. during a oighl spent on Mauna Kea in the month of -Inly. A few small
trees were found on Lanai just above the homestead of the former manager of
the Lanai Ranch Co., in a small gulch all by themselves. Whether they were
planted there by human hand or by birds cannot be ascertained, but the former
may be more reasonable, as they were not found elsewhere On Lanai.

The wood of the Mamani is exceedingly hard and very durable in the -round.
It is therefore mainly used for fence posts by the cattle ranchers on the Large
estates on Hawaii. On Haleakala, Maui, the trees are of medium size, though
peaching a similar development at Auahi as near the volcano at Puaulu. On the
upper slopes of Haleakala they are shrubby. The wild cattle and horses, which
are very numerous on the upper slopes of Mauna Kea. live almost exclusively
on the young leaf shoots of the Mamani during the dry season, when there is
no grass available. But, thanks to the hardiness of the trees, which are ex-
ceedingly deep-rooted, they are able to withstand these ravages of the descend-
ants of Vancouver's cattle.

The Mamani is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, while S. town ntosa is found
in the South Sea Islands, where it grows on the beach. In Viti or Fiji it is
known by the name Kait ni ah tea, or women's tree.

Two native beetles infest the Mamani. They belong to the peculiar genus
Plagithmysus, and nearly every tree can be seen perforated with small holes, the
work of the beetle. But to the credit of the beetle may it be said that they at-
tack only trees already in a dying condition. The two species are P. Blackourni
and P. Darwinianus.

ERYTHRINA L.

Calyx eampanulate, truncate, or ."> toothed; vexilum large, conduplicate, alae short,
often very small or wanting; carina longer or shorter than the alae. the two petals free
or partially connate; vexillary stamens free, or connate with the others which are connate
to the middle; ovary stipitate, with several ovules; style subulate, with a small terminal
stigma; pod stipitate. linear, curved, compressed or cylindrical, tapering at both ends.
contracted between the oval seeds; two valved, sometimes follicular or indehiscent. Trees
01 erect shrubs with stout, often prickly branches. Leaves pinnately three-foliolate. with
glandular stipellae; flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, generally scarlet: bracts ami
bractlets small or wanting.

Only one species represented in the islands. The genus, which is distributed
over the tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres, consists of thirty species.
They range from the Himalayas to tropical West Africa. Brazil. Australia and
tropical America, one species being cosmopolitan, with one species in the Ha-
waiian Islands, which is. however, found in the other islands of the Pacific.

189

PLATE 75.

Wt,

ERYTHRINA MONOSPERMA Gaud.

Wiliwili.

Showing trunk, l>:irl< and t'riiitinur branch. Lava fields near Puuwaawaa, Bawaii;

elevation 2 1 feet.

Leguminosae.

Erythrina monosperma Gaud.

Wiliwili.

(Plate 7.").)

ERYTHRINA MONOSPERMA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Uranie (1826) 186, pi. Ill; Hook, et

Am. Mot. Beech. (1832) 81; Endl. PI. Suds. (1836) no. L641;- -A.Gray U.S. E. E.

(1854) 144;— II. A 1 .- < 1 1 1 i 1. c. \>. 163, el PI. Haw. [si. (1867) L85;— Sinclair [ndig.

PI. Haw. [si. (1885) pi. 18;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 99;— De] <'ast. HI. PL Ins.

Mar. Pacif. V I (1890) [51, et PI. Polyn. Pranc. (1893) 47;— Heller PI. Maw. Isl.

(1897) S34. — E. montana Porst. in Pancher, Herb., et in Cuzent, Tahiti (1860)

240. — E. tahitensis Nadeaud Enum. (1873) n. 499. — Corallodendron monosperum ( ).

Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 1. (1891) 173.
Leaflets ovate or deltoid, broader than long 5 to 6.5 cm x 6.5 to !• cm, obtuse, entire,
truncate or Bubcordate at the base, chartaceous, tomentose underneath; the petiole of the
terminal leaflet 1" to L'o cm long, the petiolules of the lateral ones ."> mm; stipules
gland-like; racemes in the axils of the ultimate leaves, fulvo-tomentose, stout, dense,
nodose, with two or one flowers at a node, 15 to 20 cm long; bracts 2 mm or less;
pedicels 4 to 8 mm; calyx thickly tomentose; minutely toothed; flowers pale yellow or
brick red; vexihim 25 to 50 mm nearly as broad as long, about 3 times longer than the
obtuse alaa and carina; stamens about as long as the vexilum; anthers pointed, versatile;
ovary tomentose, about 12 nun long, stipitate 3 to 5 ovuled, half the length of the style;
pod 35 to 50 nun long, 1 to many seeded (the name monosperma is badly chosen); seeds
about 12 mm, bright red.

The Wiliwili is a medium-sized tree of 20 to 30 feet, with stiff, gnarled
branches and a spreading crown. The trunk is usually short, with few conical
prickles on its otherwise smooth, thin, yellowish bark. It is usually of very
large diameter, often 3 to 4 feet and more. The Wiliwili has the reputation of
having the lightest wood of any of our island trees. It loses its leaves in the
early fall or late summer and flowers from early spring to June or July, accord-
ing to environment, before the new leaves appear, though sometimes flowers and
leaves may be found together. The former are of a brick-red or white color,
and not altogether unhandsome. The bright-red seeds are usually single, one
in a pod, from which the tree derives its specific name monosperma (one-
seeded). It is called tiger's-claw by the foreigners, on account of its flowers,
which are claw-shaped.

The Wiliwili is the feature of lowland vegetation up to 1500 feet. It thrives
best in the hottest and driest districts on the leeward sides of all the islands, es-
pecially on the scoria and among rocks. It grows usually in company with
Myoporum sandwicense (Naio), Beynoldsia semdivicensis, Nototrichium sandwi-
cense, etc. It is characteristic of the lava fields of North Kona, Hawaii, on the
west end of Molokai, the gorges of Manna Lei and Nahoku on Lanai, the lava
fields on the southern slopes of Haleakala, Maui, in the dry canyons on Kauai, and
even on the barren Island of Kahoolawe a few trees are still in existence. (See
Plate XXVII.)

The very soft, white wood of the Wiliwili was and is still used by the na-
tives for outriggers on their fishing canoes, but since it has become more and
more scarce, the Hon is used as a substitute. The pretty red seeds are strung
into leis and worn by the native women; those sold as Wiliwili leis in the curio-
shops are not of the native Wiliwili, but arc the seeds of the so-called Red San-

101

Leguminosae.

dalwood or Adenanthera pavonina, a tree introduced into the islands from
India. The wood of other species is manufactured into corks.

The Wiliwili is not peculiar to Hawaii, but is distributed from Hawaii to
Tahiti and New Caledonia.

Erythrina indica Lam. is a cosmopolitan species of the South Seas; being
found in Samoa, New Guinea, Solomon and .Marshall Islands, and also has
found its way even into North Australia. Its vernacular names are Malatum
of the Tami Islands, Gotae in Samoa, where the natives have even a name for
the flowers, which they call alo'alo. The bark is used as a remedy for colic, etc.

rutaceae:.

The family Rutaceae belongs to the warmer regions of the globe, and wherever
they appear form a distinct part, or contribute to the vegetative character of
that particular region. This is especially true in the Hawaiian Islands, where
the family is one of the most prominent features of the Hawaiian forest. The
group of Xanthoxyleae-Evodiinae. to which our Hawaiian Rutaceae belong, finds
its best development on the islands and on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean.
The family is represented in the Hawaiian Islands by three genera, one of
which. ITatydesma, is endemic, while Pelea is found in New Caledonia and
Madagascar. It has in these islands the largest number of species. The whole
family consists of 111 genera with over 900 species. The group Aurantieae
possesses the most useful members, namely, the fruit trees, such as oranges, cit-
rons, etc.

KEY TO GENEEA.

Leaves com pound, alternate; flowers unisexual 1 Xanthoxylum

Leaves simple, opposite or whorled.

stamens free; petals valvate 2 Pelea

Stamens united; petals imbricate 3 Platydesma

XANTHOXYLUM L.

Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Calyx lobes 1 to 5, small, more or less united.
Petals 2 to 1". imbricate or valvate. Stamens 3 to 5, hypogynous, alternate with the
petals, rudimentary or wanting in the pistillate flowers; filaments filiform or subulate;
anthers elliptic to nearly orbicular or ovate. Pistils 1 to 5, raised on a fleshy gynophore,
sometimes slightly united below, rudimentary in the staminate flowers. Ovaries 1-celled;
styles >li <>rt and slender, more or less united toward the summit; stigmas capitate; ovules
2 in each cavity, collateral, pendulous from the inner angle of the cell. Follicles 1 to 5;
endocarp tree. Seeds oblong, ovoid, or globose, suspended on a slender funiculus oft( n
hanging from the carpel at maturity; seed-coat black or reddish, shining. Embryo
straight or curved. Cotyledons oval or obicular foliaceous. — Trees or shrubs, often prickly,
but unarmed in the Hawaiian species, with acid aromatic bark', alternate equally or
odd pinnate or three-foliolate leaves, rarely unifoliolate. dotted with pellucid oil glands.
Inflorescnce terminal or axillary, cvmose, paniculate, racemose or glomerate. Type

species Xanthoxylum CUira-Herculis L.

Thr genus Xanthoxylum, or Zanthoxylum as it may also be written, consists
of numerous species, which were all except nine placed in the genus Fagara by
Engler in the NTatiirlicheE Pflanzenfamilien. The writer, however, adheres
rather to the old classification, as the distinctions on which Engler based his new

192

Rutaceae.

arrangement arc not at all well broughl ont in the Hawaiian species. In most
of tin' other works Engler'a new combinations have been placed as synonyms.

The genus Xanthozylum is distributed over North America, Eastern Asia ami
also most tropical countries. It is found in Polynesia, outside of the Hawaiian

Islands, where seven species ami numerous varieties have so far been discovered,
only in Tahiti. All Hawaiian species are unarmed. The leaves are quite aro-
matic, most of them having a peculiar soapy odor, while one. A', hawaiu n&{ Hbd.
var. citriodoro, is strongly Lemon-scented. The flowers of some species are also
quite fragrant.

Most of our Xanthoxyla inhabit the dry regions on the leeward sides, espe-
cially old lava Hows, where they reach their best development, as. for example,
on the southern slopes of 3lt. Ilaleakala. Puuwaawaa. North Koiia. Hawaii, and
on Mauna Kea in the open scrub-country. Several species occur only in the rain
forests, as A', oahuensi ami A'. Bluettianum. They are usually found at an ele-
vation of 2o00 to 4000 feet, hut rarely higher. All Hawaiian Xanthoxyla are
trees, except a new species found in the Kohala rain forests.

KEY TO SPECIES.

Petals 4, thin ami slightly imbricate. Flowering panicles appear before the leaves in the
axils of large scales.

Leaflets pedately ternate, the lateral ones on long petiolules.

All petiolules articulate at or below the middle X. Oahuense

Lateral petiolules without articulation X. hawaiiense

Leaflets ovate cuneate on petiolules of 16-20 mm X. Bluettianum

Leaflets 7 to 3 foliolate the lateral leaflets sessile or on short petiolules.

Leaflets 9-7 lanceolate with copious oil-dots X. glandulosum

Leaflets 5-3 ovate or ovate oblong opaque X. Kauaiense

Leaflets 3 or rarely 5, thick, tomentose truncate at the base... X. Mauiense
Petals 4 or 2. thick coriaceous ami valvate. Small stipelliform leaflets at the base
of the lowest leaflets . X. dipetalum

Xanthoxylum Oahuense Hbd.

At or Hi id.

(Plate 76.

XANTHOXYLUM OAHUENSE Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 75;— Del Cast. Til. Fl. Ins. }Iar.
Pac. VI. (1890) 130. — Fagara Oahuensis Engler in Engl, et Prantl Pflzi'am. HI.
4. (1895) 119.

A small tree, glabrous; leaves 3-foliolate, on long petioles of 8 to 10 cm, their leaflets
on petioles of nearly even length, the terminal one 5 to 8 cm. the lateral ones 4 to 5 cm,
all of which are articulate or thickened in the upper fourth, ovate or orbicular, 7 to S
cm long, 5 to 7 cm or more wide, caudate -acuminate, the lateral ones unsymmetrica] at the
base, excised in the upper half, glabrous coriaceous, opaque, dark green, brownish-black
when dry; panicles at the base of the branch (i to 12 cm long, loosely and few-flowered;
male flowers: sepals minute, petals greenish, ovoid-oblong blunt at the apex, imbricate in
the bud. stamens slightly exserted 2.5 mm in length, with subglobose anthers; follicles 10
to 12 mm, rugose and pitted.

The Oahuan A'e or Hea'i is a small, rather handsome tree and is peculiar to

the island after which it is named. It is one of the few Hawaiian Xanthoxyla

which inhabits the wet middle, or rain forest zone, growing on the highest

193

13

PLATE 76.

XANTHOXYLUM OAHUENSE Ilbd.

A'e or Hea'e.

Male flowering branch, and fruiting panicles in the upper corners; less than half

natural size.

Rutaceae.

ridges, as on Konahuanui, Niu Valley, and in the Koolau range, where the tree
is not uncommon.

The bark, as of nearly all the oilier Hawaiian species of this genus, is thin
and smoothish, with yellowish lenticels; in other species the hark is dark brown
to black and has the appearance of having been burned; the granular mass will
come off even when only touched, in others again the hark is covered with very

narrow only slightly protruding continent ridges. The w 1 of this, as of the

other species, is yellow and bitter to the taste.

Xanthoxylum hawaiiense llbd.
A'e or liin't.

(Plate 77.)

XANTHOXYLUM HAWAIIENSE Hint. PI. Haw. [si. (188) 7(5;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins.
Mar. Pacif. VI. (1890) 1U1». — Fagara hawaiiensis Engler in Engl, et Prantl
Pflzfam. 111. 4. (1S95) 119.

A medium sized tree, glabrous; leaves pedately 3-foliolate, on petioles of 3.5 to 4.."i
em, the leaflets on petiolules of equal length, not articulate, but occasionally thickened

near the blade, acuminate, ovate to deltoid, the lateral ones un-yniinetrical or subcordate,
5 to 7 cm long, 4.5 to '->.'> cm wide; panicles in the axils of the leaves or at the end of
the branches; follicles curved, almost smooth, but pitted, 1 cm in diameter.

Hillebrand records this tree from the central plateau on the Island of Hawaii
at 5000 to 6000 feet elevation, evidently from between Manna Kea, Mauna Loa
and Mt. Hnalalai. The writer did not meet with this tree on that great plain,
but collected specimens of an evident variety of this species on the slopes of
Mauna Kea near Keaumoku, among composites such as Raillardia and Lipo-
chaeta, near the extinct crater of Nohonaohae at an elevation of perhaps 4000
feet.

On his last visit to North Kona, Puuwaawaa, he collected flowering specimens
of a Xanthoxylum ; in fact, the same species as found at Nohonaohae, referrable
to A*, hawaiiense. The specimens were collected on the lava fields beyond Puu-
anahulu joining the pahoehoe lava flow of 1859. The leaves of this tree as well
as those from Nohonaohae are exceedingly strong lemon scented, exactly as those
of Eucalyptus citriodora, which fact caused the manager of the Parker Ranch,
on which land the trees are found, to believe that the tree was the lemon-scented
gum.

It is peculiar that Hillebrand should not have noticed such a strong aromatic
odor, which none of our other Nanthoxyla possess; he, however, fails to mention
anything about it. The true species, answering Hillebrand's description in
nearly every detail, was found by the writer on the southern slopes of Mt. llale-
akala, Maui, where the tree is, however, not abundant. There the trees have not
the slightest odor of lemon, but the ordinary, somewhat soapy smell, as have the
rest of our Nanthoxyla. In the latter locality the trees were in fruit during
November. 1910, where the writer collected his first material of this species (no.
8657 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium).

105

PLATE

XANTHOXYLUM HAWAIIENSE III,.!.

A'e or Hea'e Tree.

GrowiDg on the ancient lava fields of Auahi, district of Kahikinui, East Maui.

Tree about 20 feet in height.

Rutaceae.

The trees from Hawaii firsl mentioned differed somewhal from Hillebrand's
description, and on this, as well as on the strength of its exceedingly aromatic
odor, it is here described as a new variety.

Var. citriodora K< »ck var. nov.

Leave- 3-foliolate "ii a common pubescent petiole of 4 cm, leaflet- deltoid 3.5 to i <'m
in diameter on not articulated petiolules, the median one 5 cm, the lateral one 3 em,
puberulous underneath, transparent, with a continuous row of pellucid oil glands along
the entire margin, strongly lemon-scented when fresh, young leaves velvety tomentose.
panicles pubescent at the end of the branchlets, sepals and petals pul escent, the latter 2.5
nun ovoid, stamens as long, anthers ovoid, the rudimentary ovary pubescent,

Hillebrand's variety /8. the writer collected on Lanai. This variety has cori-
aceous leaves which are also Larger, ovoid to orbicular and even deltoid; it is as
a whole a much more robust tree and entirely glabrous. Collected without flower
or fruit July 24. 1910. in Kaiholena Valley, Lanai, no. 807b' in College of Ha-
waii Herbarium. On Kauai the writer saw one tree and collected specimens of
the same below Kaholuamano, growing on the edge of one of the canyons. It
must be referred to Hillebrand's var. /?., from which it. however, differs in the
lateral petiolules. which are only 1.5 em long. Collected Sept. 18, 1909, Kaho-
luamano. Kauai. (No. 5207 in College of Hawaii Herbarium.)

Var. velutinosum Rock var. nov.

Leaves 3-foliolate on a common petiole of 4 to 1 em, leaflets on petiolules of nearly
even length, ovate acuminate, not articulate, truncate to unevensided at the base, gray-
velvety tomentose throughout on upper and lower surface, quite opaque, without marginal
oil glands, and not lemon-scented, in fact without any odor, even when leaves are crushed;
stipules below the leaf-whorls, spathulate, many nerved, pubescent.

This tree occurs on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii, ad-
joining the lava fields of Puuanahulu, where the variety citriodora occurs. This
variety differs from the latter in the shape of the leaves, which are inodoriferous
and densely velvety tomentose and quite opaque and without marginal oil glands.
Collected March. 1912: type no. 10205 in College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Xanthoxylum glandulosum Hbd.

A Y or II < a 'i .

XANTHOXYLUM GLANDULOSUM Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 74;— Del Cast. 111. PL
Ins. Mar. Paeif. VI. (1890) 129. — Fagara glandulosa Engl, in Engl, et Prantl
Pflzfam. III. 4. (1895) 119.

Leaves 9 to 7 foliolate. 18 to 20 cm long, the leaflets lanceolate 7." to 9 cm x 2..1 to 3
cm. acute, contracting at the base, membraneous, glabrous, copiously punctate with large
transparent oil-dots, the common petiole about 2.5 cm, that of the terminal leaflet about 18
mm. the lateral leaflets subsessile.

Ilillebrand collected this species on AVest Maui, gulch of Lahainaluna. The
writer found a small tree 10 feet high of this species in Waihou Gulch, near the
spring at the head of the valley, back of Alakawao on the northwestern slop.- of
Alt. Haleakala on East Maui, elevation 3000 feet. The tree was neither in flower
nor fruit: the 7-foliolate leaves were coriaceous and not membraneous. A va-

197

I 'LATE 78.

XANTHOXYLUM KAUAIENSE Cray.

A'e or Hea'e Tree.

The three-foliolate form growing on the aa lava fields on the southern slopes of

Mt. Haleakala, Auahi, Maui.

Rutaceae.

riety /3. Ilbd. with 7 to 5 Leaflets, Large, oblong, caudata-acuminate, rounded a1

the base and dotted ;is before, occurs in the woods of Ihlo, mi the Island of

Bawaii. The writer is not acquainted with this variety.

Xanthoxylum Kauaiense Gray.

A '< or //' a '< .

I Plates 78, 79.)

XANTHOXYLUM KAUAIENSE Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 354;— H. Mann in Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (1866) 318; el Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 160, el PL
Haw. lsl. Proc. Ess. Inst. (1869) 170; — Wawra in Flora (1873) 139; -Hbd. PL
Saw. lsl. (1888) 73;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pae. VI. (1890) 130.— Fagara
kauaiensis Engler in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. I. (ls'.»"o 119.
A small graceful tree, about 6 to l- m high, with a straight trunk and a denee round
crown; leaves 5 or 3-foliolate (in the trees of East Maui, southern slopes of Mt. Efaie-
akala) on petioles of 2.5 to 3.5 cm; the leaflets ovate or oblong, 4 to <> cm long, 2 to 3
cm wide, subacuminate, coriaceous and quite opaque, or with a few transparent 'lots along
the margin, glabrous, the petiolule of the terminal one occasionally but not always articu-
late near the blade, 12 to 16 mm, those of the lateral ones 2 to 3 nun; panicles 1 to I
near the base of the short branchlets 3..") to 7 cm long, the compressed peduncle 12 to 20
mm, the pedicels 2 to 4 mm, the bractlets minute; (lowers tetramerous, 0.5 mm, acute,
petals 3 to 4 mm, stamens in the male flowers longer than the petals, (in sterile flowers
according to Hillebrand - mm long) anthers ovoid, wanting in the fertile flowers;
carpel single, with a globose subsessile stigma, rudimentary in the sterile flowers; follicle
on a stipe of 4 mm, (teste Hillebr.) obovate, glabrous, faintly pitted and striate; seed
solitary. S to in mm.

The Kauai A'c is a rather handsome tree with a beautiful round crown when
growing in the open. It occurs most frequently at Kaholuamano. as well as
at llalemanu, on the leeward side of Kauai, at an elevation of 3600 to 4000 feet,
at the outskirts of the forest, which at this elevation is more of a dry nature and
of a mixed type. It is quite common along stream beds in company with various
species of Pelea, Xanthoxylum dipetalum var. y, Alphitonia excelsa, Cyanea lep-
tostegia, Cryptocaria Mannii, Bobea Mannii, and Tetraplasandra Waimeae.

The leaves of the Kauai trees of this species are all 5-foliolate, that is consisting
of five leaflets, which are glabrous. The flowers of this species are fragrant ; the
wood is yellowish white.

The writer collected several forms, nos. 2103, 5677, in the type locality, flow-
ering only.

On the Island of Maui on the eastern section, which is formed by the great
mass of the largest extinct volcano, Mt. Haleakala. the writer found on its
southern flank, on ancient, now wooded, aa lava Hows, numerous trees belonging
to this species. They differ, however, in some respects from the Kauai specimens
in that the leaves are always three-foliolate and never flve-foliolate, in being
ehartaceous instead of coriaceous, but otherwise exactly as in the specimens from
Kauai. At Auahi, the name of the above-mentioned locality on Maui, the trees
reach a handsome size and trunks of a foot and a half or even more in diameter
are not uncommon, though growing never taller than 40 feet. The trees are
epiite numerous, especially on the southern border of Auahi. where the district
of Kahikinui joins that of Kaupo; there the writer saw the finest specimens,
which formed practically the sole tree-growth. On the northwestern slope of

199

PLATE 79.

XANTHOXYLUM KAUAIENSE Gray var. ji Bbd.

A'e or Hea'e.

Branch pinned against trunk of tree. Growing on the aa lava flows of Puuwaawaa,

North Knn.-i, Hawaii; elevation 3000 feet.

Rutaceae.

Haleakala the writer mel with trees of this species in the forests above Makawao,
but there the leaves were all five-foliolate, membraneous, and quite glabrous. This
latter tree Hillebrand refers to his var. ft. of the same species, though erroneously,
in the writer's opinion. The Anahi specimens were collected in November, 1910
fruiting, no. 8658 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium. On his last visit to
Auahi the writer photographed one of these trees, which is figured in this hook.
See plate 78.)

Hillebrand's var. fS. is five-foliolate and strongly pubescenl underneath. The
leaflets are, however, not smaller than in the species, at least in certain trees, for
this variety seems to he quite a variable one. The true variety |8. the writer col-
lected at Puuwaawaa, lava fields of North Kona, fruiting (no. 3651), on June
IT. 1909. On his last visit. .March. 1912, he collected the variety again, bul found
numerous trees on the Puuwaawaa hill proper, which differed somewhat from
those found on the plain below, in having much Larger leaves and quite pubescent
follicles: the leaflets are broadly ovate to ovate-acute, while those of the plain
below are smaller of typical X. kauaii nsi shape, and have glabrous follicles. The
leaf-branch and trunk figured is the true var. ft. Hillebrand's material came
from Kawaihaeiuka, a neighboring district. In that latter locality tree growth
has disappeared to a certain extent, owing to cattle ranches; only the most
hardy trees have survived.

Hillebrand's variety y, with rather large leaflets, comes from Kauai from the
forests above Waimea, meaning either Halemanu or Kaholuamano. The va-
riety is represented in the College of Hawaii Herbarium by the number 5960 col-
lected in the type locality, flowering Sept. 6, 1909.

In order to have this monograph on the genus Xanthoxylum complete, the
writer wishes to describe a new species belonging to this genus. The same is.
however, only a shrub three feet or even less high and occurs in the rain forests
of the Kohala Alts, at an elevation of 4100 feet. It may be described as follows:

Xanthoxylum Bluettianum Rock sp. nov.

A sparingly branching shrub 1 m high, glabrous; leaves three-foliolate on petioles
of 5 to 6.5 em, leaflets ovate, acute, with a cuneate base, the lateral ones unevensided •"..")
to 8.5 cm x 3 to 5.5 cm, thick coriaceous opaque puberulous underneath, the petiolule of
the terminal leaflet often articulate near the blade 2.5 to 3.5 cm, those of the lateral
leaflets 16 to 20 mm; panicles at the base of the branchlets 8 to 12 em long with a gray
pubescent compressed peduncle of 5 cm. Flowers unknown. Follicles 1 cm, pitted
striately rugose, curved; seeds 16 mm, the woody testa rugose under the black shining
epidermis.

Hawaii: High mountains of Kohala at the edge of llonokanenui gulch at an
elevation of 4100 feet, in company with Sclii<<l<a diffusa (fruiting June. 1910.
Rock n. 8373. type in College of Hawaii Herbarium).

Named in honor of Mr. P. W. P. Bluett. Manager of Kohala Ditch, through
whose kindly aid the exploration of Kohala was made possible.

201

PLATE 80.

XANTHOXYLUM MAUIENSE M.-nni v;ir. RIGIDUM Rocfc vnr. now
Fruiting branch, about one-third of the Datura! size.

Rutaceae.

Xanthoxylum mauiense Mann.
.L or //' Hi .

XANTHOXYLUM MAUIENSE Mann, Proc. BoBt. Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (1866) 319, et Proc.
Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 160, el PI. Haw. [si. Proc. Ess. [nst. V. (1867) 17";
Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 7 1; — Del Cast. III. PL Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) [30. -
Fagara mauiensis Engler in Engl, el Prantl Pflzfam. III. I. (1895) [19,

Leaflets 3 on a common petiole of 2.5 to 3 cm, ovate or ovate-oblong 6 to s cm long,
3.") to 5 cm wide, acuminate or somewhal obtuse, pale coriaceous, quite opaque, puberu-
lent above, gray-tomentose underneath as well as the petioles and petiolules in the writer's
specimens, the lateral ones subtruncate at the base, more or less cul in the upper half, on
petiolules of 2 to I mm, that oi' the median leaflet 16 to 18 mm, and often articulate aear
the blade; panicles 3.5 to LO cm long ninny dowered, the common peduncle 2.5 to 4.5 cm,

the pedicels about 4 nun. tomontose; follicles 8 to in mm. stipitate, luuulate-obovoid, the
apex almost lateral, after dehiscence recurved, rugose and pitted.

This species seems to be indeed a very variable one; the writer has Collected
material of this species on Maui, Hawaii and Lanai, and even specimens oi a
small tree were collected by him on Kauai, which seems to be intermediate be-
tween X. mauiensi and X. kawaiiense; the petiolules of the lateral leaflets being
shorter than in kawaiiense, but Longer than in mauiense. The specimens from
the above-mentioned islands vary considerably, especially those from Lanai, and
from Maui proper. Horace Mann's type came from West Maui, in which
latter locality the writer did not find any Xanthoxylum. The specimens od
which Mann based his species were collected by Remy n. 615. and Lydgate, but no
definite locality is given, other than West Maui. It is the writer's opinion
that the tree must be a dry district species, as all other varieties occur in the
mixed forests, rather than in mesophytic forests. The writer's specimen which
comes closest to the original description came from the lava fields of Puuwaa-
waa, North Kona, Hawaii, on the slopes of Mt. Hualalai (no. 3716), where the
genus Xanthoxylum has numerous representatives.

The leaves and inflorescence are quite pubescent, and the former opaque, and
as a whole answer well to Mann's description; there seems, however, to be a
transition type present which has the pubescent leaves, and besides being tri-
foliolate, has also five leaflets, which would remind one of X. Jcauaiense. The
species is dioecious, a fact of which llillebrand was not certain.

Specimens gathered on the Island of Lanai, in Mahana Valley (no. 8112). un-
doubtedly will have to be referred to this species, though differing from it in
the less coriaceous and perfectly glabrous leaves, and may therefore be called
forma gldbrum f. now llillebrand describes a var. /?. from Maunahui, Molokai.
which differs from the species in the very long petioles 5 to 10 cm. the leaves of
which are glabrous above and coarsely pubescent underneath, with pellucid dots
along the margin. The writer is unacquainted with this variety.

Another variety described by llillebrand as var. y the writer collected on Lanai.
This latter tree is indeed quite common on Lanai. occurring on the main ridges
Lanaihale and Haalelepakai ; elevation 3000 feet. It may be described as follows :

203

PLATE 81.

XANTHOXYLUM DIPETALUM Mann var. GEMINICARPUM Bock var. nov,
Loss than one-half natural size.

Rutaceae.

Leaflets thick coriaceous, opaque, obtuse or rounded, the Lateral ones Bubsessile,
truncate at the base, rhomboidal, the lower half much produced, almosl auriculate, the
rib puberulous or more often glabrate, the median leaflet rarely articulate; panicles simple
or compound.

The writer's number 8071, collected in Mahana Galley, Lanai, is the typical
var. y. while number 8217 has the leaves no1 quite bo coriaceous and has densely
flowered panicles.

Var. rigidum Rock var. nov.
(Plate 80.

A small tree 5 m high, with few very stiiV stout branches, leaves three foliolate, on
petioles of 5 to 6 em, leaflets ovoid to ovoid-oblong, bluntly acute, truncate at the base,
the lateral ones sul. sessile or on petiolules of 4 mm, the median leaflet on an articulate
petiolule of 3 cm, 12 to 15 cm long, 8 to 12 cm wide, (having the largest leaves of any
Hawaiian Xanthoxylum) thick coriaceous, opaque, with prominent stramineous midrib
and veins: panicles densely flowered, 9 to 12 cm long on flat, compressed peduncles of
3.5 to 4 em, ultimate pedicels 6 nun, follicle as in the species.

Collected on the Island of Maui on the northwestern slopes of Haleakala in
Waihou gulch, back of Makawao, elevation 3000 feet, March, 1912, in company
with Pseudomorus Brunoniana and Sideroxylon Ceresolii. Type is number
10200 in the Herbarium of the College of Hawaii. It is a small tree 15 feet
high and is peculiar to Mt. Haleakala. where it grows in the drier regions on the
steep slopes of Waihou gulch.

From the Kaala Mt.. Oahu. Ilillebrand describes a variety 8 with :i to 5-foliolate
leaves. The writer is not acquainted with this variety.

Yar. anceps Rock. var. nov.

Leaves trifoliolate on petioles of S to 12 cm, pubescent with whitish hair, leaflets lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate, the lateral ones sessile, almost rhomboidal in outline, very un-
evensided acuminate at the apex, the terminal leaflet on a petiole of 22 to 30 mm. which
is not articulate, 10 to 15 em Ions. 3.5 to 9 cm wide pubescent or glabrous above, pubes
,-ent underneath, especially along the prominent midrib; panicles large 1"> to 20 cm, open
many flowered, pubescent throughout, with a common, broad and flat (compressed)
peduncle of »> to 9 cm. ultimate pedicels •"> mm; male flowers: sepals minute dentiform,
pubescent, petals cream-colored, 5 mm long ovoid, acute, stamens slightly shorter, anthers
orbicular, ovary pronounced, though rudimentary: follicle only 8 mm. minutely pitted.

A medium-sized tree 20 feet in height, pubescent throughout. It is peculiar
to the Island of Hawaii, where it grows near the Volcano of Kilauea at an ele-
vation of 4000 feet in the Kipuka Puaulu. which is so rich in species. A number
of other species of Xanthoxylum are found in this small area (56 acres i, which
is surrounded by ancient aa lava flows which are in turn covered by a forest of
Acacia Koa.

Specimens of this variety were collected flowering and fruiting by the writer
in July. 1911. The type is number 10201 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.
The name anceps refers to the broad and compressed peduncle.

In the same locality another form was collected with 3 to 5 leaflets which are
glabrous and coriaceous. In fruit only, the leaves resemble more var. rigidum
<no. 10202).

205

PLATE 82.

XANTHOXYLUM DIPETALUM Mann v,,r. GEMINICARPUM Rock var. nov.
frank i"L. feet in diameter, growing in Kipuka Puaulu Kilauea. Hawaii.

Rutaceae.

To the variety ana ps must be referred another tree found in the same locality.
The inflorescence is exactly as in the variety, 1ml the leaves, which arc also
pubescent, have three bu1 rarely five leaflets which are subcordate to truncate
at the base; the Lateral ones instead of being sessile are on petiolules of aboul 1<>
mm and are subcordate to unevensided; the Leaflets remind one very much of
those of Pterotropia Kauaiensis. The terminal leaflet is also articulate. Evi-
dently the Length of the petiolules of the Lateral Leaflets, on which Hillebrand laid
so much stress, is not a good specific character. According to his key to the
species, this latter form, which may be known now as forma petiolulatum f. n.,
would belong to X. kawaiiense, rather than to X. mauitinse, but can not be sep-
arated from the latter, as it differs otherwise very materially from the former
species, whose' lateral leaflets are practically deltoid, with petiolules as long as
the terminal one. These varieties and forms seem to be intermediates between
X. mauu nse and X. hawaiiense, though reminding one much more of the former
than of the latter.

Xanthoxylum dipetalum Mann.

XANTHOXYLUM DIPETALUM Mann in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (1867) 160, et
Proc. Ess. Inst. V. (1868) 170;— Hbd. PL Haw. 1st. (1888) 76;— Del Cast. 111. PL
Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 12i> — Fagara dipetala Engl, in Engl, et frantJ Pflzfam.
Iir. 4. (1895) 119.

Leaves 1.1 to 18 tin long including a petiole of 2.5 to 3.5 cm, pinnately 5 to 7 folio-
late, the lowest pair of leaflets generally with a pair of stipelliform or auricular folioles
dose to its base; lateral petiolules ii nun, the terminal one 12 to 18 mm, often articulate;
leaflets oblong 7.5 to S.75 cm long, 3.75 to 4.5 em wide, obtuse, all contracting and nearly
symmetrical at the base, coriaceous, with faint nerves and many pellucid dots, glossy;
panicles terminal and oppositifolious, 7.5 to 10 cm long, with a peduncle of 2.5 to 3.75 cm
and suberect branches, the ternate flowers on pedicels of 6 mm, the lateral pedicels
minutely bracteate below the middle; male flowers: sepals 4, rounded, little more than
1 mm high; petals 2, lanceolate, thick coriaceous and valvate, in mm long, stamens 4,
scarcely half the length of the petals, placed on the edge of the disc, with long apiculate
anthers of 2 to 3 mm; ovary rudimentary.

This very interesting species, -which is quite distinct from all the other Ha-
waiian Xanthoxyla, was first collected by Dr. Wm. Hillebrand and communicated
by him to II. Mann, who described it. The writer is only acquainted with sev-
eral forms or varieties of this species found on the other islands, but has never
collected the species proper, found on Oahu by Hillebrand on the slopes of
Waiolani, also called Lanihuli, in Nuuanu Valley. The dipetalous Mowers occur
in the species, and in the varieties the flowers are tetramerous. It is a tree about
30 feet high and quite glabrous. In regard to the dipetalous dowers Hillebrand
tpiite correctly states: "The reduced number of the petals in the species is
owing' not to a suppression of a pair, but to coalescence of two contiguous petals;
it is not so much therefore on the strength of these characters that the present
species must claim a place distinct from the preceding ones within the genus, as
for its mode of inflorescence and the presence of the supplementary pair of
reduced leaflets in such an extraordinary position, where they appear like ap-
pendages of the lowest folioles."

207

PLATE 83.

XANTHOXYLUM DIPETALUM Mann var. GEMINICARPUM Pock var. nov.
Tree growing in the Kipuka Puaulu, near Volcano Kilauea. Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet.

Rutaceae.

11 Mann described Hbd.'s variety y, doubtfully in the genus Connarus as C.
Kauaiensis, and remarks thai the two Lower Lateral Leaflets, which are very small
and have strongly revolute margins, are perhaps a diseased state. Tins ,s. how-
ever, not the case, as in all forms examined from Kauai and Eawan these stipel-
liform Leaflets are present.

Hillebrand describes a variety /3 with generally 3-foliolate leaves and acute an-
thers which are Longer than their filaments, from the [sland of Haw,,,. In.,,, the
western dry section of Kawaihaeiuka. The writer did no1 meel with this va-
riety though he found another lorn, in the neighboring distrid oi No.-tl, Kona
on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, which proved to he new and is here described
as follows :

Var. tomentosum Rock var. nov.
1 eaves 5 to 7 foliolate, including the reduced pair of etipelliform leaflets ™Jfi£?Z

12 mm wide, shining, raphe extending its entire length.

This very interesting tree occurs on the lava flows of Mt. Hualalai, at Puu-
waawaa, North Kona, Hawaii, where it is, however, not common. It was first
collected by the writer, fruiting and flowering, on June 17, 1909 (no. 3695) and
again during March, 1912, when several forms of this variety were found, which
hive been here described collectively. Type is 10207 in College of Hawaii Her-
barium.

Var. geminicarpum Rock var. nov.
(Plates 81, 82, 83.)

Leaves one to three foliolate with the ever present stipellifoim leaflets, on short
netioleT leaflets entirely glabrous, thick coriaceous, with midrib and nerves prominent

fmooth seed in each, occasionally with a single seed, the other momentary.

A large tree 40 feet high with a straight trunk, 2% feet in diameter, bark gray,
covered with lenticels. This interesting variety the writer discovered on the

•In the writer's material each fruit consists of two follicles, though the figure on
plate SI shows only a single one.

209
14

Rutaceae.

slopes of Mauna Loa at an elevation of 4000 feet, in the Kipuka Puanln, near
the Volcano Kilanea on Hawaii. Only two trees were observed; both were of
the same size, about 40 feet in height, with stout, ungainly looking, ascending
branches. Collected flowering and fruiting July 20, 1911. Type is no. 1020S in
the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Xanthoxylum dipetalum Mann. var. y Hbd.
Kawau on Kauai.

XANTHOXYLUM DIPETALUM Mann. var. -y Hbd. PI. Haw. Ial. 1. c. p.;— Wawra in
Flora (1873) 139.— Connarus ? Kauaiensis Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 162.

Leaves on short petioles of 1 em, 3 to 1 foliolate, with the supplementary pair of
6tipellifjrm leaflets besides, ob ovate-oblong, thick coriaceous and quite opaque, with promi-
nent veins and a distinct intramarginal nerve; panicles as in the species, few flowered;
female flowers: sepals 4, 1 mm long, rounded, puberulous, as are the 1 lanceolate petals;
stamens wanting, ovary glabrous, styles apparently two, but not distinct as in var.
geminicarpum, appearing only to be grooved, united at the apex by a broad, flat, orbicu-
lar, grooved stigma; male flowers: petals 2, ovoid, smaller, only two-thirds the length of
the female flower, anthers 4, less than half the length of the petals, 2.5 mm. including
the 0.5 mm long filament, ovary rudimentary; follicle single, 3 cm long, including the 6
mm long acumen at the apex, slightly pitted, woody; seed ovoid, 2 cm, the hard woody
testa covered with a black, shining, thin and brittle epidermis, the raphe extending its
entire length; cotyledons thick fleshy, plano-convex, the radicle very short and enclosed.

This exceedingly interesting tree reaches a height of more than 30 feet with a
trunk of often over a foot in diameter. It favors the outskirts of the forests
on the leeward side of Kauai, especially at Kaholuamano and Halemanu above
Waimea at an elevation of 3600 to 4000 feet. It is found in company with
P( lea anisata, Bobca Mannii, Pelea Kauaiensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Cyanea lepto-
stegia, Tetraplasandra Waimeae, Sideroxylon sandwicense, Alphitonia excelsa,
Pterotropia kauaiensis, and others which make up this very interesting mixed
forest.

On Kauai, to which island this tree is peculiar, its trunk was in great demand
for tapa or kapa logs or anvils on which the strips of the wauke bark were beaten.
The yellowish wood of this tree was especially in favor with the natives on ac-
count of the resonant tones it produced when struck with a tapa beater made of
some of the hard woods, such as Uhiuhi, Kauila, and others. The sound of the
tapa beating would be heard from valley to valley, and constituted a regular
system of communication by means of a code.

This Kawau tree, or as it is also termed Kawau kua kuku kapa, is the subject of
a rneh or old Eawaiian song, which begins thus: uMeh Kawau laka ale i ha
moana, etc." As the Kawau so is the sound of the ocean. The old natives evi-
dently had reference to the sounds produced by the pounding surf, which can
In' heard for a Ion- distance, and compared it with the resonant sound produced
when beating tapa on the Kawau log. According to Mr. Francis Gay of Kauai.
the natives of that island preferred this tree to any other for the above described
purpose.

210

Rutaceae.

PELEA Cray.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx Lobes I, rarely 5, Imbricate. Lobes <>t' corolla I, rarely 5,
valvate. Stamens 8, rarely LO, Inserted a1 the base of a slightly 8 lobed discus, in the
fertile flowers rudimentary, usually the height of the ovary, in the sterile flowers 1, often
as long as the petals and occasionally longer and protruding; filaments flat; anthers short
ovate or sagittate, Lntrorse. Carpels I, rarely 5, united, each with two collateral mules,
one ascending, the other pendulous. Capsule of I follicles either discreel ami L-coccous
or more or less deeply 4-parted, in a tew species cuboid; follicles 2-valved. Seeds crus-
taceous with black shining testa, on a short ami broad funiculus. Embryo straight, in ;t

fleshy albumen, with broad ovate cotyledons and short radicle. — Unarmed trees with
opposite or wliorled Leaves, which are simple and entire, and have an Lntramarginal nerve.
Flowers in axillary, simple or compound, mostly paniculate cymes.

The genus Pelea, which was dedicated by Asa Gray to the Hawaiian goddess
of the Volcano, Tele, is not strictly Hawaiian, though the bulk of the species is
found in these Islands. A few only occur outside the Hawaiian archipelago, as.
for example, three in New Caledonia and one in Madagascar.

The Hawaiian Pelea are rather difficult for the systematist, as they are ex-
tremely variable and have numerous forms and varieties which link several species
together. There are, strictly speaking, very lew well defined species. The
writer in this treatise on the arboreous species of this genus, has added five new
species and five new varieties. The work of classifying all the variable species of
Felea was made extremely difficult and troublesome through the publication of
supposed new species of Pelea by H. Leveille based on material collected by Abbe
U. Faurie, in the year 1910. It certainly is most regrettable that this material,
which often is beyond recognition, was turned over to Mr. Leveille, who was
only too ambitious to swell the number of his new species. The descriptions are
so incomplete that it was impossible to make use of them and consequently the
work had to be ignored.

The writer still has numerous plants of Pelea which could not be placed, which
are undoubtedly new, but the material is incomplete, either flowers or capsules
being lacking, and it certainly would be of no help to describe these plants as
new. without complete material, such as sterile and fertile flowers and fruits.
Even Hillebrand's descriptions are not too complete, some of them are even
dubious, and references to such will be found in their proper places. The writer
could also have swelled the number of new species of Pelea as Mr. Leveille did.
to the sorrow of future workers on the Hawaiian Flora, but refrained from doing
so on account of insufficient material. Of the new species of Pelea described in
this book, the writer had abundant and complete material, having visited the
various localities at different seasons in order to secure the plants in all stages
of development. Leveille describes, if so it can be called, five species of Pelea
in Fedde Repertorium Vol. X. no. 10-14, 1911, and 10 species in Yol. X. no. 27-2! ».
1912, the names of all of which are as follows: Pelea Leveillei Faurie. Pelea
waianaiensis Levi., P. oakuensis Levi.. P. penduliflora Levi., /'. Feddei Levi.. /'.
subpeltata Levi., P. nodosa Levi.. P. singuliflora Levi., /'. peduncularis Levi.. /'.

211

Rutaceae.

grandipi tola Levi., P. HilU brandii Levi., P. foetida Levi., P. sessilis Levi., Pelea .'
acutivalvata Levi., P. Fauriei Levi.

The latter one the writer thinks to be only a mere variety of P. clusiaefolia
Gray. It is a very small leaved form, but owing' to the fact that it is found in
the rather dry forests back of Kaluaha and Kamolo on the leeward side of Mo-
lokai, it can be easily the result of the location, a fact which has disproved many
an apparently new species. Leveille absolutely ignores fertile or sterile flowers
and gives only a general description that may be applied to any species in the
genus. An example may follow. P. Hillebrandii, Pa mi fragiles, nodosij — /lores
magni axillares cymosi pedicelli bibracteolati, caylce minuto, sepala obtusa, glabra,
pet ala 4-5-pio longiora, glabra apice triangularis; stamina paulo breviora.

This description, especially of the flower, is really a marvel, and anyone able
to place P. Hillebrandii by it, must be a clairvoyant, and a clever one at that.
Anyone acquainted with the extreme variability of the Hawaiian Pelea, their
many intermediates, and who has at his disposal such a large material as is at
the writer's disposal, cannot help but deplore such work, which is not to the ad-
vancement, but to the hindrance of botanical science.

The Hawaiian Pelea, for the sake of convenience, may be classed into four
units, and embraced under a special name sp. (ecies) c. (ollectiva).

For example: Pelea clusiaefolia with all its varieties is closely related to P.
auriculae folia, P. Cookeana, P. sapotaefolia, P. Waialealae, P. microcarpa, P. Fau-
riei and perhaps P. pallida. All these species have a more or less variable, but
always small capsule in common, and have all either quaternate or ternate leaves,
and never opposite ones unless it be in very rare instances, or perhaps in a
very dubious variety of some one of these species. The writer would propose for
this group of species the name Pelea sp. c. vertieiUife>lia; this expresses the con-
ception of the group as a very closely related one, in a comprehensive and easy
way.

The second and largest group has opposite leaves and is characterized by the
large capsules, which are deeply parted but not discreet. The typical species of
this group is Pelea voleauica, and is followed by Pelea pseudoanisata, P. oblongi-
folia, I', rotundifolia, P. orbicularis, P. molokau nsis, I'. Mannii, P. parvifolia, P.
macropus, P. Kauaiensis, and P. sandwicensis. P. Balloui, of which only
young capsules (which are silky pubescent) are known, may also belong to this
group for which the writer proposes the name P. sp. e. megacarpa. This in itself
is a practical key which will facilitate the identification of species.

Another marked group, though small, has cuboid capsules and opposite leaves
ami is made up of the following members: Pelea anisuia. I'. Wauraeana, P.
Zahlbruckneri, and may be termed P. sp. e. cubicarpa.

The fourth group is composed of the following, with Pelea cinerea, as the most
variable one, in the lead: it is followed closely by /'. Knudsenii, I', multiflora, P.

l'Il'

Rutaeeae.

barligera, and the P. elliptica. All these form a marked group which can be
expressed by the name Pelea sp. c. apocarpa.

Drake Del Castillo, in his " / llust rat iom s /-'/on/, Insularum Maris Pacifici,"
united the genera Melicope and Pelea with Evodia. The Latter genus differs,
however, from Pelea in the strictly tetramerous flowers, while the genus Pelea
lias never less than eighl stamens. Melicope again differs from Pelea in the im-
bricate petals. The writer has here adhered to the original classification, uphold-
ing the genus Pelea, as has also been don.' by Engler in his treatise on the family
Rutaeeae.

KEY TO SPECIES.

I. Verticillifoliae.

Capsule syncarpous the carpels more or loss united.
Flowers fasciculate on a short axis.
Leaves quaternate or tern ate.
Capsule deeply parted, small.

Leave- obovate, shortly petiolate, capsule woody, small.

P. clusiaefolia
Leaves large obovate-oblong, attenuate at the base, subsessile,

flowers small P- Cookeana

Leaves ovate, small, 2 to 5 cm. subsessile. ... P. Fauriei
Leaves large, elongate oblong, spathulate, villous underneath

P. sapotaefolia

Leaves laneeolate-acute capsule thin P. Waialealae

Leaves sessile with an aurieulate base P. auriculaefolia

Leaves ternate, obovate. petiolate, the midrib pubescent, cap-
sule very small P- microcarpa

II. Megacarpae.

Capsules large, deeply 4 parted.

Leaves opposite branches hirsute — tomentose.

Leaves oval, hirsute underneath P. volcanica

Leaves oval or oblong, strongly reticulated, glabrous under-

iieath p- sandwicensis

Leaves orbicular, petiolate, mucronate P. orbicularis

Leaves opposite, branches glabrous.

Leaves coriaceous, velvet v villous underneath on hirsute

petioles p- Kauaiensis

Leaves orbicular, sessile, glabrous P. rotundifolia

Leaves obovate, retuse base, glabrous, chartaceous

P. Molokaiensis

Leaves elliptico-oblong, contracted, not emarginate

P. macropus

Leaves ovate to obovate oblong, shining on both sides, cap-
sule very large, strongly anise-scented P. pseudoanisata

Leaves ovate, thick coriaceous, capsule silky tomentose,
sepals and petals persistent P- Balloui

III. Cubicarpae.

Capsules cuboid, almost entire.

Leaves opposite, capsules small.

Leaves thin, glabrous, anise-scented P. anista

Leaves elliptico oblong, coriaceous, glabrous. P. Wawraeana
Leaves opposite, capsule large.

Leaves obovate-oblong. chartaceous P. Zahlbrucknen

213

PLATE 84.

PELEA CLUSIAEFOLIA A. Gray.

Alani.

Showing flowering and fruiting branch.

Rutaceae.

IV. Apocarpae.

Capsules apocarpous, carpels discreet.

Leaves opposite, cobwebby, capsules glabrous.

Leaves oblong, cobwebby underneath, dowers up to 200

P. multiflora
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, cordate, dowers up to 10

P. Knudsenii
Leaves elliptico oblong, curved, nun-axe, chartaceous, dowers

3 to 5 P. barbigera

Leaves opposite, capsules pubescent.

Leaves thin chartaceous, obtuse, pale pubescent, capsule

puberulous P. elliptica

Leaves ovate oblong, subcoriaceous, tomentulose, capsule with
t'u 1 \ mis tomentum P. cinerea

Pelea clusiaefolia Gray.

Ala in.

(Plate 84.)

PELEA CLUSIAEFOLIA Gray, Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 340, pi. 35;— Mann. Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (1866) 312, et Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 158, et Proc.
Essex Inst. V. (1867) 165; — Wawra in Flora (1873) 107;— Ebd. Fl. Haw. [si.
(1888) 62; — Heller Plants Haw. Isl. (1897) 838.— Clusia sessilis HooU. et Am.
Bot. Beech. (1832) 80 (not Forster).— Evodia clusiaefolia Drake Del. Cast. 111. PL
Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI. (1890) 131.

A small glabrous tree; leaves in whorls of 4 or 3, occasionally '2, obovate or obovate-
oblong, rounded or emarginate, with contracted base, thick coriaceous, with a prominent
midrib and continuous intramarginal nerve which is close to the edge, shining above, dull
underneath, 5 to 1- cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, on either short petioles of 1 cm or even
subsessile, or on petioles of -.■) cm; flowers in axillary (lusters, often cauline, the thick
peduncle scarcely 2 mm in length, the pedicels 2 to 4 mm, minutely bracteate at the base;
sterile flowers of the same size as the fertile, in the former some of the stamens are as
long as the petals and even longer, protruding, the sepals and petals acute, the latter
twice as long as the former, ovary glabrous, rudimentary, composed of 4 globose carpels,
with apparently no style in the writer's specimens, but small sessile stigma; fertile
flowers 4 to 6 mm, the petals more than twice the length of the sepals, stamens rudi-
mentary, little longer than the rather depressed ovary, anthers sagittate on broad fila-
ments, style - mm. with a 4 lobed stigma, the lobes rather thick and blunt; capsule 4
lobed, the carpels united to the middle, obtuse or obovate, prominently marked with con-
centric wrinkles, one to two seeded, 16 mm in diameter.

Wawra says of this species that the flowers are hermaphrodite; this is. however,
not the case. All Hawaiian Peleae have fertile and sterile Mowers with either one
or the other organ rudimentary, making them appear to be hermaphrodite. The
male flowers of this species were not known to Asa Gray.

Wawra in Flora records three forms: fm. a (normalis) from the Waianae
^Its.. fm. f3 (macrocarpa) and fm. y microcarpa. Asa Gray enumerates two va-
rieties— /? and y, so does Hillebrand.

The writer has large material of this species from many localities. It is one
of the most common Pelea on Oahu, as well as on other islands, especially on
Hawaii in the forests of Puna, near the Volcano Kilauea.

It is a medium-sized tree reaching a height of 25 to 30 feet in certain Localities.

Specimens from Konahuanui, Oahu. have ovate acute leaves, hut also varying
tremendously, while others from the Waikane Mts., on the windward side of
Oahu. have obovate subsessile leaves. From the same locality the writer col-

215

Butaceae.

lected specimens with linear oblong leaves 15 cm long, and 3 cm wide and
petiolate.

A distinct variety recorded as 0 by llillebrand the writer collected in the type
locality, hack of Wahiawa, in the north fork of Kaukonalma gulch; the leaves
are narrow and on rather Long petioles of 3 to 4.5 cm, flowering, fruiting May 15,
1909, no. 3053.

A more robust variety was collected on Hawaii in the Kohala mountains, with
stout branches and petioles; flowering and fruiting June, 1910, no. 8366.

llillebrand 's var. y was collected along the government road above Glenwood
and near the Arolcano of Kilauea on Hawaii, fruiting no. 8775, April, 1911; July,
1911; December, 1911.

Pelea Cookeana Rock sp. nov.

Branches densely foliate at the ends; leaves obovate-oblong, or obovate, or even
ovate, quaternate. rounded at the apex or emarginate, attenuate at the base, rounded or
subemarginate, slightly auriculate, subsessile, thick coriaceous, opaque, with a prominent
midrib, leaves punctate underneath, intramarginal nerve almost straight, close to the
edge of the leaf, 5.5 to 14 cm long, 2.5 to 6.5 cm wide; inflorescence as in P. clusiaefolia
in fascicles; male flowers: sepals ovate acute, petals twice the length, acute, stamens 8,
4 as long as the petals, the remaining shorter and of unequal size, filaments broad, anthers
very short, acute, deeply emarginate at the base, ovary glabrous, style 1 mm, with a
bluntly 4dobed stigma, iobes minute; female flowers smaller, petals slightly longer than
the sepals, stamens minute, less than 1 mm, ovary flat, circular in outline, style filiform,
1 mm, with a 4-lobed stigma; capsule as in P. clusiaefolia but smaller.

This certainly very variable species, which is here named in honor of Mr.
George P. Cooke of Molokai, occurs in the dense rain forests above Kamoku, on
the leeward side of Molokai, at an elevation of 4000 feet. It is a small tree,
though often inclined to be shrubby with rather stiff and stout branches. It
occurs all over Molokai in various forms, but always in the dense rain forest, It
is closely allied to P. clusiaefolia, and perhaps also to P. auriculaefolia. The
leaves are, however, much larger, subsessile, of thick texture, the inflorescence
smaller as well as the capsules; the tree has an entirely different aspect with its
stout branches, which remind somewhat of P. microcarpa from Kauai.

The type material was collected on the Island of Molokai in the swampy forest
above Kamoku camp, at an elevation of 4000 feet; flowering and fruiting no.
6262. March 23, 1910. Flowering April 10, 1910, no. 7075, from Wailau Pali,
Molokai, elevation 4000 feet,

Pelea Fauriei Levi.

PELEA FAURIEI Levi, in Fedde Repert. X. 10-14 (1911) 153.

A clusiaefolia Gray affini distinguitur: cortice nigrescente, ramulis rugosis vel articu-
latis; foliis brevibus et minoribus 1 to ■", % 1 to 2 cm opacis, subsessilibus, profuse nigro-
punctatis et subtus conspicue tomentosis et validissime, reticulatis; eapsula et cetera fere
/'. clusiaefoliae.

A /'. 8e88ili adhorret colore pallido foliorum; floribus breviter fasciculatis, et duplo
majoribus.

Molokai: Kamolo, 1000 m, Pukoo, 600 m, maio-jun. 1910; Faurie no. 104, 203.

The plant in question was collected first by the writer in April. 1910, in the

2 If,

Rutaceae.

woods of Kalnaha, Molokai, with Mower buds; no. 7066. Owing to vn-.v incom-
plete materia] the writer is unable to enlarge upon L6veill6's description. In the

writer's hand is a co-type of Kanrie's no. 203, lull without flower and fruit. The

writer is very much inclined to reduce this plant to a variety of /'. clusiaefolia,
as it only differs from thai species in the rather small subsessile leaves; bu1
owing to insufficient material for study, it is left at present unmolested. It is a

small tree, also shrubby.

Pelea sapotaefolia .Mann.

PELEA SAPOTAEFOLIA Mann Pro.-. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (1866) :'.1U. et I'roc Am.
Ac VII. (1867) L58, et PI. Haw. [si. Proc. Ess. Inst. V. (1867) 165;— Wawra in
Flora (1873) 109;— Hbd. PI. Eaw. hi. (1888) 63;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897)
840.— Evodia sapotaefolia Drake Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 133.

A small tree much branched; the young naked leaf-buds hirsute, the branches and
inflorescence glabrous; loaves verticillate, in fours, elongated-oblong or slightly spathulate-
oblong, chartaceous, 10 to 22. ~> cm long 5 to "."> cm wide, somewhat attenuated at the
base, or sometimes obtuse, on a petiole of 2.5 to 3.~> cm, with a strong, prominent midrib,
the very numerous primary veins (30 to 50 pairs) running out nearly transversely towards
the margin, where they unite with a distinct intra-marginal vein; the leaves are some-
what villous pubescent on the under surface, more especially on the midrib, but quite
glabrous above; the texture and especially the venation of the leaves gives them some-
what the appearance of the larger forms of (Sapota sandicicensis) Siderooeylon sandioleense;
flowers in axillary sessile clusters, the pedicels 4 to 6 mm long; calyx 4-parted, the lobes
broadly ovate, imbricated in aestivation, about 2 to 3 mm long: petals 4, valvate, ovate,
a third longer than the sepals, not thickened at the apex, stamens S, much shorter than the
petals — evidently from a fertile flower (Eock), filaments linear-lanceolate, glabrous;
anthers deltoid-sagittate, adnate-introrse; hypogynous disk very short; ovary glabrous,
depressed, globular, 4-lobed, 4-celled, the 4 carpels somewhat united; style a little longer
than the ovary; 4-parted nearly to the base, the divisions clavate, stigmatic at and near
the summit; the immature capsule is puberulent and deeply four-grooved.

The above is the original description of this species by Mann, as found in
the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. 10, page 313. In
llillebrand's description of this species the fact that the immature capsule is
deeply 4 grooved is omitted, and the writer thinks it altogether wrong to place
this species in the key as having cuboid subentire capsules.

The writer collected specimens of a Pelea on Mt. Waialeale, the summit of
Kauai, overlooking directly Kealia and Hanalei, on the windward side of Kauai,
which he must refer as a variety to Pelea sapotaefolia. In trying to place the
plant according to Hillebrand's key to the species, the writer was quite unsuc-
cessful, as his key calls for cuboid capsules; however, in looking up the original
description of Mann, which is very complete of this species, he came to the con-
clusion that the Waialeale plant is a variety of this species. The capsules are
deeply 4-lobed when mature, and evidently likewise in the species found at
Kealia, of which no one seems to have collected mature capsules. Owing to a
plant collected by Knudsen at Waimea, Kauai, with cuboid capsules, Hillebrand,
who seemed not to have collected the species, referred it to the latter, and merely
took for granted that P. sapotaefolia had also cuboid fruits. The fact is strength-
ened by Heller's statement, who collected Hillebrand's variety /?. which says:

217

Rutaceae.

'"That this variety is specifically distinct from /'. sapotaefolia is pretty evident."
lie iioes on saying: "One old capsule was found on the tree, but unfortunately
it dropped to the ground and could not be found in the dense tangle of ferns
and weeds which were growing at the foot of the tree. * * * From what I
recollect of it. it was entirely too deeply lobed to belong to the same section as
P. sapotai folia."

Unfortunately the writer has not collected the species, having only little ex-
plored the forests of Kealia or llanalei. However, there seems to be evident
proof that the true species P. sapotaefolia has not cuboid but deeply-grooved or
lobed capsules. The variety may be described as follows.

Yar. dumosa Rock var. nov.

Shrubby, with rather stout branches, leaves smaller than in the species, whorled,
ovate oblong or slightly spathulate, attenuated at the base, rounded or emarginate at the
apex, glabrous above, villous underneath especially on the midrib, the petioles of the
young leaves hirsute; petioles shorter than in the species about 1.5 cm; flowers as in
the species, capsules 18 mm in diameter, deeply 4-parted to more than half the length of
the cocci, strongly marked with concentric wrinkles; endocarp glabrous.

This variety was collected by the writer on the summit of Mt. Waialeale, Kauai,
at an elevation of 5200 feet, flowering and fruiting September 24, 1909. The
type is numbered 4974 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

It is very unlikely that the variety y procumbens Hillebrand. is in reality a
variety of P. sapotaefolia, and until better material is at hand nothing can be
done towards solving the question. The writer collected specimens of a pro-
cumbent Pelea on Waialeale (no. 8854) without fruits, which seems to answer
the description of Hillebrand 's variety y procumbens, but in the writer's mind
could not be associated with P. sapotaefolia.

Pelea Waialealae Wawra.
A nonia or Alaniwai.

PELEA WAIALEALAE Wawra in Flora (1873) 108;— Hbd. PI. Haw. Isl. (1888) 63;—
Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 841.— Evodia Waialealae Drake, Del Cast. Til. Fl. Ins.
Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 134.

A shrul) or tree; leaves quaternate, lanceolate, 5 to 8 cm long, 1 to 3 cm wide, acute.
narrowing at the base into a margined petiole of 6 to 8 mm, coriaceous, glabrous, covered
underneath with minute dots, opaque, with prominent veins and midrib, marginal nerve
close to the edge; flowers fasciculate, shortly stalked, pedicels bibracteolate near the
base and puberulous; male flowers: sepals broader than high, 2 mm, rounded, petals 7 mm,
thin oblong acute, somewhat pubescent outside, stamens. 8, 1 as long or longer than the
petals, the remaining ones a little shorter, on very broad filaments, anthers oblong, ovary
rudimentary, with a 4-notehed sessile stigma; female (lowers: smaller than male flowers;
(.vary glabrous, surrounded at the base with the rudimentary anthers which are scarcely
as high as the ovary: Btyle filiform. -J mm, stigma 1 lobed. each lobe 1 mm long; capsule
lo mm in diameter, glabrous, strongly veined, deeply parted, thin chartac< cms. the cocci
globose, keeled along the sutures, endocarp glabrous, shining, seeds angular, black shining.

Wawra says in liis description: "Male flowers much smaller than the female
flowers," a statement which the writer finds to be the reverse. In fad. nearly
all species of Pelea have the male flowers Larger than the female flowers.

218

Rutaceae.

The Anoiiid or Alaniwai is one of the handsomest species of Pelea. li is re-
eorded by Wawra and Heller as a shrub '■'> Feel high. The writer collected ma-
terial of this species lirsl September 24, 1!H>!>, and again October, 1911. 11 grows

only on the Island of Kauai on the siniiiiiil of Ml. Waialeale, a big Mai swamp at
an elevation of 5200 feet. II is a small 1 fee with a straighl trunk of 4 to 5 feel
and reaches a b.eigb.1 of 15 1<> 20 feet. The mountain is always enshrouded by
clouds and it is extremely dil'tienll to see farther than a few feet. On the day
of the writer's last ascent the sky was perfectly cloudless and a thorough survey

could be made of the vegetation, which resulted in the discovery of a number of
new species, ami also furnished additional data in regard to the plants already
known. During the writer's first visit to this most interesting mountain, the
cold was so intense, the wind blew with such great force, and rain came down
in such torrents, that it was impossible to remain longer than a couple of hours.
The second time, however, the writer was more fortunate. Collected flowering
and fruiting September 24, 1909, no. 41)7."., and October, 11)11, no. S*H:] in the
Herbarium of the College of Hawaii. Heller records the plant as a shrub :'> to 4
feet high from the bog of Wahiawa, Kauai ; this latter locality is at a much
lower elevation, about 3000 feet.

Pelea auriculaefolia Gray.

PELEA AURICULAEFOLIA Gray. Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 343, pi. 3(1;— Mann Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (1866) 313, et Proc. Am. Ac. VII. (1867) L58, et Proc. Ess. Inst.
V. (1867) 166;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 838.— Platydesma auriculaefolia Ebd. Fl.
Haw. Isl. (1888) 72;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 134.— Platydesma
auriculifolium Engl, in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 4 (1895) 128..

Following is a quotation of A. Gray's brief description of the above species:

"P. glabra; foliis ternis oblongo-spatulatis basi auriculatis sessilibus; floribus
fasciculatis ad axillas foliorum delapsorum secus caulem virgatum brevissinn
pedicellatis ; capsula quadripartita. "

He says: "The specimen, taken from an upright, nearly simple shrub, bears
only a little fruit, and a few fertile ovaries, from which the perianth, stamens,
etc., have fallen. The virgate stem is very leafy above; and the flowers have
been produced lower down, in small fascicles from the axils of earlier leaves,
now fallen. Plant glabrous throughout. Leaves verticillate in threes, coriaceous,
pale, oblong-spathulate, obtuse, auriculate at the base, sessile, from 3 to 5 inches
long, veined and dotted nearly as in the preceding species; the midrib salient
underneath. Ovary more deeply lobed than in P. clusiaefolia, being united only
at the base; style has mostly fallen. Capsule deeply four-parted; the cocci oval-
oblong, otherwise similar, as apparently are the seeds to those of Pelea clusiae-
folia.

"Forests of Hawaii, on the flank of Mauna Kea."

How Hillebrand could have taken this plant for a Platydesma is difficult to
understand. Even Engler in the Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien places it under
the latter genus.

219

Rutaceae.

The writer did not meet with this plant in the forests of Mauna Kea, but on
the slopes of Mauna Loa at about 5000 feet elevation the writer collected speci-
mens of a Pelea which resembles very much the above species. The leaves are
quaternate instead of ternate, are subsessile and very slightly auriculate; they are,
however, decidedly punctate and so are the deeply-parted capsules which answer
well Gray's description. It is an erect shrub or small tree with straight ascending
branches; trunk about 3 inches in diameter; leaves quaternate subsessile; flowers
arranged in fascicles as in P. clusiac folia; female flowers: sepals acuminate,
petals linear oblong, acute, little longer than the sepals; the 8 stamens short,
rudimentary, little higher than the glabrous ovary; style filiform, 2 mm, with
thickened clavate 4-lobed stigma.

It is still somewhat doubtful if this plant is actually P. auriculae folia, as there
is no description of either fertile or sterile flowers given by Gray, who had only a
fruiting specimen. As the leaves are very variable in the Hawaiian Pelea, the
plant collected on the slopes of Mauna Loa by the writer seems to be best at
present referable to this species.

Collected flowering and fruiting in the forests above Naalehu, Kau, Hawaii,
January 13, 1912 ; no. 10012.

On Molokai occur several Pelea with quaternate leaves, resembling this one in
question, but are more affiliated with P. clusiae folia than with P. auriculae folia.

Pelea microcarpa Heller.
Kukaimoa.

PELEA MICROCARPA Heller PL Haw. Isl. Minnes. Bot. Stud. IX. (1897) 839, pi. 49.
A small tree with stout trunk and grayish bark; branches more or less curved up-
wards; leaves in threes or quaternate, near the ends of the branches, on flattened, some-
what hirsute petioles of 3 to 3.5 cm, obovate-oblong, or spathulate, rounded at the apex
and retuse, quite glabrous above, pubescent below, especially along the midrib, 8 to 1-1
cin long, 4 to o" cm wide, coriaceous, opaque, the secondary veins parallel, at almost right
angles to the midrib, united by an intramarginal nerve which is very close to the edge;
flowers all along the naked branches, in the axils of fallen leaves; peduncles exceedingly
short, about 1 mm, 2 to 3 flowered, pedicels stoutish 2 mm; sepals ovate acute, 3 mm,
about :is broad as high, petals twice the length of sepals, acute, stamens 8, 4 protruding
from the corolla, 4 smaller, half the length, or of unequal length, on broad filaments;
style very short loss than 1 mm, with a very indistinctly 4 notched stigma, capsule small,
cuboid, 8 to 10 mm in diameter, merely notched or slightly lobed, glabrous.

This tree, 10 to 15 feet high, is called Kukaimoa by the natives. It is quite
common in the forests of Kaholuamano, Kauai, at an elevation of 3600 to 4000
feet and inhabits the swampy forests together with Pelea Kauaiensis. It was
first discovered by 1 Idler. The writer found the tree quite numerous and col-
lected flowering and fruiting specimens at different times (no. 5621, September 6,
1909, and no. 2010 flowering at llalemanu. Kauai).

Were it not for the small cuboid capsules the plant could be mistaken for
Pelea sapotaefolia, of which Hillebrand omits the description of its fruits, while
.Mann says the immature capsule is puberulent and deeply Eour-gTOOVed.

The native name of this species, which means "chicken droppings," originated

220

Butaceae.

at first as an exclamation of disappointment, insofar as the capsules of this species
resemble very much those of the Mokihana, but arc without the fragrant odor of
the Latter. When the natives gathered the capsules for l< is or wreaths, t hey quite

often mistook the capsules of the species in question for Mokihana seeds and on

finding them without odor, exclaimed "Kukaimoa," by which the tree is now
known.

Pelea volcanica Gray.

Ala a i.

PELEA VOLCANICA Gray Hot. lT. S. E. E. (1854) 346, pi. 38;— II Mann in Proc. Boat.
Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (1866) 315, et Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) L59, el PI. Haw.
[si. in 1'roc. Ess. Inst. (1867) 167;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 67;— Engler in
Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 4. (1895) 113 fig. 64. K-N— Evodia volcanica Drake
Dei Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 134.

Leaves opposite, oval, or ovate oblong, coriaceous obtuse at both ends, occasionally
retuse at the apex, glabrous above, glabrate underneath or slightly pubescent, especially
on the prominent midrib, not shining, somewhat pellucid, the secondary veins nearly-
parallel, united by an arcuate intramarginal nerve, not distant from the edge of the leaf,
8 to 16 cm long, 5 to 9 cm wide, on petioles of 3 to 5 cm which are stout and apparently
lignescent; inflorescence paniculate, axillary; female flowers: sepals ovate triangular,
niucronulate, pubescent, 3 nun, petals ovate lanceolate, twice as long, glabrous, ovary
pubescent; stamens short 1 mm, (as long as the petals in the male flowers) anthers
sagittate (or oblong in the male flowers); style 4 mm long pubescent, especially in its
lower half, stigma with 4 blunt lobes of 1 mm in length; capsule large 3.7-") cm in dia-
meter, but often with one, two, or three cocci abortive, cocci glabrous, somewhat
lignescent. united in the axis, but recurved; the papery endocarp glabrous; seeds ovoid
black shining.

According to Asa Gray, this tree reaches a height of 40 feet with a trunk of
l1/. feet in diameter. It occurs on the slopes of Manna Kea near the bullock
plains in the forests bordering the latter. The writer's material (no. 3325) came
from the northern slopes of Manna Kea from the forests of Paauhau No. 2 at
an elevation of 3000 feet; he also collected it in the Kohala mountains (no.
8399) ; flowering and fruiting June, 1910.

It is a striking species on account of its very large capsules, but is also very
variable, as are nearly all Hawaiian Pelea. Complete material is needed to ar-
range satisfactorily and determine this rather difficult genus. The writer cannot
help but deplore the awful chaos into which our Hawaiian Pelea have been
thrown through the very inefficient and hasty work of H. Leveille, which owing'
to the poor descriptions, which might fit any species in the genus, will have to
be ignored.

In the dense rain forest of Hamakuapoko, Maui, the writer collected a specimen
of a tree which is unquestionably P. volcanica * I ray, fruiting September, 1910 (no.
8566).

Hillebrand in his flora enumerates two varieties. The first is var. /? grandifolia,
with very large leaves which are chartaceous, and a tomentose inflorescence; the
capsules are 25 mm across and parted more than half way. It occurs in the
woods near Hilo, Hawaii, but is not known to the writer.

The second variety, y ovalifolia, is a tall tree with oblong or ovate oblong emar-

221

I 'LATE 85.

PELEA SANDWICENSIS Gray.

Alani.

Fruiting branch, about one-half natural size.

Rutaceae.

ginate, or subcordate leaves, with a 5 to 9 flowered panicle and capsules as in
the species. This variety was collected by Eillebrand od the Island of Maui in
the Valley of Waihee and on the southern slopes of .Mt. Baleakala ; the writer is
not acquainted with this plant.

Var. montana Rock var. nov.
A slender tree 20 to 30 feet tall, the branches hirsute, leaves obovate to elliptico-
oblong, bluntly acute :it the apex, rounded at the base, very thick coriaceous, Btrongly
hirsute above when young bul glabrate with age, densely pubescent underneath the promi-
nent midrib hirsute ;is are the 1.5 to I cm long petioles, margins revolute, the secondary
veins parallel at nearly right angles to the midrib and united by an intramarginal nerve
not distant from the edge of the leaf, 6 to 12 cm long, I to 6 cm wide; inflorescence
axillary paniculate, densely hirsute 1 to 5 flowered; female flowers: sepals ovate-
triangular acute 3 mm, pubescent, as are the ovate-lanceolate petals, the latter twice as
as the sepals, stamens rudimentary the height of the yellowish hirsuite ovary, anthers
sagittate, acute, filaments broad, glabrous; style hirsute, not quite as long as the petals,
with a bluntly four-lobed stigma; capsule largest in the genus, 5 cm in diameter, puberu-
lous, parte. 1 more than %, the cocci acute, at maturity the apex is deeply split, often one
or two abortive, always two seeded, the papery endocarp glabrous.

This variety the writer discovered on the upper slopes of Mt. Hualalai a1 an
elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet on the rim of a crater called Puuki. It is a slender
tree 25 to 30 feet in height, but has a rather small trunk of 3 to 5 inches diameter.
It has long and slender branches which are foliate only at the ends. The writer
met with it also lower down at 3500 to 4000 feet, but it was more numerous
around the rims and at the floors of extinct craters, scattered over the western
slope of Hualalai in close vicinity to the dismal cinder plain above Huehue.

The type is 3840 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium, flowering and fruiting
June. 1909. A very similar form with somewhat smaller capsules the writer
collected in the woods hack of Waimea, Hawaii, fruiting June, 1910, no. 8426.

Here must also be referred a shrubby form with long rambling branches, often
a small tree, which may lie known as :

Var. terminalis Rock var. nov.

Leaves smaller, more or less glabrous, on short petioles of 1 to 1.5 cm, linear-oblong,
acute, thick coriaceous. 3.5 to 12 cm long, 2 to 6 cm wide, on long slender rambling
branches; capsules smaller than in variety montana, about 4 cm in diameter, usually 4 to 6
on a common bracteate peduncle of 1 cm or more, usually terminal, the ends of the branch-
lets drooping under the weight of the mature capsules, occasionally also axillary; capsula
as in var. montana, smaller.

Collected at Auahi, southern slopes of Mt. Haleakala. Maui, on the lava fields
at an elevation of 2600 feet; type no. 8655, fruiting November, 1910, College of
Hawaii Herbarium.

On the Island of Lanai in the scrub vegetation of Mahana Valley occurs a
shrub with long rambling branches which becomes finally a vine entangling all
the neighboring trees and reaching way into their crowns. It is in all respects a
variety of Pelea volcaniea and may be called:

Var. lianoides Rock var. nov.

Leaves as in the species, glabrate above, pubescent underneath., especially along the
salient midrib, on shorter petioles than in the species; inflorescence axillary, paniculate,
bearing from 3 to 10 flowers; female flowers large, pubescent, petals twice as long as the

223

Butaceae.

sepals exactly as in the species; male flowers smaller, stamens of all sizes some us long
as the petals; ovary pubescent stigma with 4-globular lobes, and sessile; capsule little
smaller, endocarp glabrous.

This variety, which seems to be a typical liane, forming dense tangles, was
collected flowering and fruiting by the writer in the valley of Mahana, Island of
Lanai, on the dry open wooded forehills, on July 24, 1910. The type is no. 8057
in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Pelea sandwicensis Gray.
Alani.

(Plate 85.)

PELEA SANDWICENSIS Gray Hot. U. S. E. E. (1S54) 345, t. 37;— II. Mann, Proc. Bost.

Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (1866) 315', et Proe. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 159, et Proc. Ess.

Inst. V. (1867) 167; — Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (188S) 66. — Brunelia sandwicensis Gaud.

Bot. Voy. Uranie (1830) 39 sine descript;— Hook, et Am. Beech. (183^) 80;—

Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) 184, no. 1589.— Evodia sandwicensis Drake Del Oast. 111.

Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI. (1S90) 133.
New oranchlets, inflorescence, etc., tomentose with a rather hirsute pubescence;
leaves opposite, oval or oblong, thick coriaceous, glabrous above, more or less puberulent
beneath, when young pubescent on the thick midrib, very veiny and reticulated, punctate,
rounded at the apex or acute and mucronate, 7 to 15 cm long, 4 to 8 cm wide, on stout
lignescent petioles of 20 to 35 mm; cymes axillary, short peduncled, 3 to 9 flowered;
pedicels short, annulate by the broad scars of the ovate subulate bracts; sterile flowers:
sepals ovate, acute, puberulous, 3 mm; petals 7 mm, oblong acute; stamens 8, 4 as long or
longer than the petals, on broad filaments, 4 shorter of unequal length; anthers sagittate;
ovary smaller than in the fertile flowers, pubescent, style pubescent 1.5 mm long with
short bluntly notched stigma; fertile flowTers smaller, ovary tomentose, style longer, with a
bluntly, short-lobed stigma; stamens not quite the height of the ovary, anthers smaller;
capsule finely tomentose, or glabrous when old, deeply four lobed, 20 to 24 mm in diameter,
the cocci oval, endocarp finely pubescent.

A medium-sized tree, but perhaps one of the largest for the genus Pelea, reach-
ing a height of 30 feet or little more, with a trunk 10 to 12 inches in diameter.

The Alani occurs in the wet forests of Oahu, especially of the main western
range, where it is a common tree at an elevation of 2000 to 2500 feet. The writer
met with it most plentifuly in the mountains of Punaluu, on the windward side
of Oahu. as well as on Konahuanui, back of Honolulu. Several varieties of this
species are known, perhaps doubtful. According to Dr. Wm. T. Brigham, the
tough wood of this species was used for tapa beaters. (Flowering and fruiting
November 14, 1908; no. 912, Mts. of Punaluu; fruiting Konahuanui, November,
1912, no. 10215 College of Hawaii Herbarium.)

Hillebrand's var. ft. the writer collected at Wahiawa in the north fork of Kau-
konahua gulch on Oahu, on May 15, 1909, fruiting no. 304(5. The leaves are per-
fectly glabrous, and chartaceous, the capsules are larger and also glabrous, even
when very young.

Pelea orbicularis Ilbd.

PELEA ORBICULARIS Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 07— Evodia orbicularis Drake Del
Cast. HI. PL Ins. .Mar. Pacif. VI. (1890) 133.

A rather small tree, stunted, the young shoots coarsely hirsute; leaves opposite, sub-
cuticular, or orbicular, emarginate at both ends, mucronate at the apex, thick coriaceous,

224

Rutaceae.

dull, glabrous above, pubescent to hirsute underneath in the young leaves, pubescent
along the prominent reddish midrib, the marginal nerve close to the edge and continuous
6 to 8 cm long, S to 7 cm wide, on petioles of 15 to 20 mm; panicles hirsute in the axils of
the leaves, 6 to 15 dowered; male flowers: sepals ovate acute, 3 nun, petals little Longer,
Btamens of unequal length some us long as the petals, anthers ovoid, ovarj hirsute; female
flowers: Btamens rudimentary, half the height of the ovary, the latter 3 mm high pubes-
cent, deeply parted, style filiform, 1.5 mm, with a bluntly 4-lobed Btigma, the lobes thick:

capsule not known.

This small stunted tree is peculiar to the summits of Pun Kukui, West .Maui.
and to tin' summit of Bit Waileale, Kauai, where it grows on the borders of the
great swampy plateau and in little gulches of the summit swamp proper.

The writer collected specimens of this tree on West Maui. Pun Kukui elevation
5700 feet, flowering Augusl 21, 1910, in company with Mr. <i. Hammond, no.
8154; also on the edge of Honokawai Gulch at 4:300 feet, flowering Augusl 24,
1910, no. 81S4.

On the summit of Kauai. Mt. Waialeale, the writer collected this species flow-
ering on September 24, 1909, no. 4987. and again flowering October 20, 1911, no.

8880. The plants from this latter locality have the leaves from orbicular to ovate
and even oblong on the same branch; however, they do not differ in other respects
from those on West Maui, with the exception that they are shrubs on Waialeale.
Kauai.

Pelea kauaiensis Mann.
Pilo ula.

PELEA KAUAIENSIS Mann in Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. X. (186(5) 313, et Proc. Am.
Acad. VII. (1867) 158, et PL Haw. fsl. Proc. Ess. Inst. V. (1867) 166;— Hbd. Fl.
Haw. Isl. (1888) 64.— Pelea cruciata Heller PI. Haw. Isl. Minn. Bot. Stud. IX.
(1S97) 839, pi. 48— Evodia Kavaiensis Drake Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac.
VI. (1890) 132.

Leaves opposite, ovate or elliptieo-oblong, 10 to 22 em long, 5 to 10 cm wide, thick
coriaceous, (and not chartaceous) rounded or bluntly acute or emarginate at the apex,
giadually tapering into a villous angular petiole of 2.5 to 3.5 cm, the marginal nerve re-
mote from the edge, arched, uniting the secondary veins, which are parallel and almost
at right angles to the midrib, pubescent above, especially along the impressed midrib,
villous underneath, velvety, especially thick on the prominent midrib; finely reticulated
on both sides; flowers single, 2 to 5 in a cluster, borne on slender pubesrent pedicels
of 2 mm; sepals ovate, rounded, broader than high, with subciliate margins; petals some-
what longer, oblong-ovate, the apices incurved, thin, glabrous, valvate, about 5 mm long,
anthers rudimentary in the female flowers, of the height of the glabrous ovary; style
filiform, nearly 2 mm, with an obtusely 4-lobed stigma; capsule glabrous, 15 to 30 mm iu
diameter deeply four parted, the cocci thick in the full grown fruits, one to two seeded,
the cocci elongate, one or two often abortive.

The Pilo ula is a small tree, reaching a height of 15 feet, and has rather stout
villous branches. Its trunk is short and only a few (6 to 8) inches in diameter.
It inhabits the high central plateau of Kauai in the gray swampy, loamy soil near
Kaholuamano, especially in the forests bordering the bog Lehua Makanoe. It
grows in company with several species of Pelea, Wikstroemia sandwicensis var.
furcata, Platydesma campanulatum, etc. It is not uncommon also at Halemanu
above Makaweli. Heller in his "Plants of the Hawaiian Islands" described it
as a new species "Pelea cruciata" and remarks as follows: ''Mann's description

15

Rutaceae.

calls for a small capsule, while these are large." But had Heller seen the original
description he would have noticed Mann's remark, "Ripe fruit unknown," which
accounts for his capsules being small, as they were not fully developed. The
writer has abundant fruiting material in which the capsules are of various sizes
from 12 mm to over 30 mm in diameter. Collected Ilalemanu flowering and
fruiting February 14, 1909, no. 2292, and Kaholuamano, September, 1909, no.
5292, and fruiting October, 1911, no. 10214 in Herbarium, College of Hawaii.
Faurie no. 226 with immature fruits March, 1910, in College of Hawaii Her-
barium.

From within 5 minutes walk of the summit of Kauai, Mt. Waialeale, the writer
collected a specimen of a Pelea which must be referred to this species; it is, how-
ever, a small stunted shrub, but answers otherwise the description of P. Kauai-
( nsis. The capsules are much larger and all cocci are fully developed; the diam-
eter of the mature capsule is 3.5 cm. Collected September 24, 1909, Waialeale,
Kauai, 5000 feet elevation, no. 4990.

Hillebrand reports a variety (1. glabra from the same locality with glabrous
leaves which are on longer petioles; perhaps the writer's no. 1994 from Ilale-
manu, without flowei's or fruits.

Pelea rotundifolia Gray.

PELEA ROTUNDIFOLIA Gray. Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 344, pi. 37, fig. A;— H. Mann
Proc. Bo^t. Soe. Nat. Hist. X. (1S66) 315, et Proc. Am. Ac. VII. (18(37) 159, et
Proc. Kss. hist. V. (1867) 167;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 137;— Hbd. Ft. Haw. Isl.
(1888) 68;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. Minnes. Bot. Stud. (1897) 840.— Evodia rotundi-
folia Drake Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pae. VI. (1890) 133.

A small tree or shrub, leaves sessile or subsessile, orbicular to ovate, rounded and
emarginate or acute at the apex, cordate at the base, thick coriaceous, prominently nerved
below, the intramarginal nerve arched, distant from the edge, with intervening meshes
i atirely glabrous 6 to 12 cm long, little less wide, flowers several in a short peduneled
somewhat racemose cyme in the axils of the upper or occasionally lower leaves; bracts
and bractlets opposite, minute, ovate, subulate; male flowers: sepals ovate, acute, puberu-
lous, 4 mm high, petals more than twice the length, oblong, acute, glabrous; stamens 8,
I longer than the petals, protruding, the remaining ones shorter and of unequal size, on
broadened filaments; anthers sagittate, acute; rudimentary ovarv pubescent, four lobed,
pubescence encroaching on the lower part of the style, which is 2 mm in length and ter-
minates into a bluntly 4 lobed stigma; female flowers shorter, about half the length of
the male flowers, petals slightly longer than the sepals, the 8 stamens not longer than the
ovary; ovules 2 in each cell; fruit nearly as in Pelea volcanica, but smaller, minutely
pubescent, the carpels united at the base.

This peculiar species can he round not uncommon in the mountains back of
Honolulu, and is easily recognized by ils rather large sessile cordate leaves, and
rambling or long drooping branches. Wawra quite correctly remarks that the
otherwise excellent figure shows undeveloped flowers; the detailed drawings rep-
resent female flowers, so does dray's description, as he had not seen the much
larger male (lowers. It is peculiar to Oahu and occurs throughout the main
Koolau range at an elevation of 2000 to 2500 feet.

Flowering, Punaluu Mts.. November 21, 1908, no. 577; flowering and fruiting.

226

Rutaceae.

Wahiawa, May 15, 1909, no. 3026; and Waikane Mia. flowering January 2:{,
l!K)!>, no. 1238. The inflorescence in 1 1 1 « • specimens from the last Locality is
more than 10-flowered.

Pelea molokaiensis I llxl.

PELEA MOLOKAIENSIS Bbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) <;."».— Evodia Molokaiensis Drake Del
Cast. 111. PI. Ins. .Mar. PaC. VI. (1890) L32.

A small tree about 6 in high, the young shoots slightly puberuloas, leaves 10 to 12.5
cm long. 6.5 to s cm or more wide, on petioles of I- to 24 nun, or often subsessile, or on
petioles of S mm (in Lanai specimens), quite glabrous, even on the reddish midrib,
obovate, with retuse base and rounded or emarginate apex, the marginal aerve at some
distance from the edge, with one or two sets of meshes intervening; flowers glabrous, or
puberulous, 2 to 5 in a cyme or pseudo-raceme of L8 to 36 mm in length, the terete slender
rhachis with 2 to 3 nodes, the pedicels U» to L2 mm, nodose near the middle and thickened
beyond; sepals triangular, 3 to 4 mm; petals reddish 5 to 6 mm; capsule as in /'. volcanica
20 to 36 mm transversely.

According to Eillebrand this is the most prevailing form on Molokai and is
also found on West Maui. The writer's material of this species is scanty and
incomplete, several forms having been collected which may be referred to this
species. A few plants have sessile leaves, others subsessile, others again on
petioles as called for in the description, but the leaves are much smaller. On
Lanai the writer collected specimens from a shrub with rambling branches which
are undoubtedly Pelea molokaiensis, though differing somewhat from the original
description. The leaves are prominently veined on both sides, while Hillebrand
says: "nerves little prominent"; the species in question is evidently a vrvy
variable one, and as the writer's material of this species is without fruit in
every case, the diagnosis is somewhat doubtful. However, no. 8023 from the
main ridge of Lanai is here referred to P. molokaiensis, flowering July 25, 1910.
At first glance it resembles somewhat Pelea rotundifolia. Hillebrand records a
variety /3 (doubtfully) of this species from Oahu, Niu Valley, leaves as in P.
orbicularis, all on long petioles.

Pelea macropus llbd.

PELEA MACROPUS Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 65.— Evodia macropus Del Cast. III. PL
Ins. Mar. Pac. ATI. (1890) 132.

A small tree about 5 m high, quite glabrous, leaves opposite obovately oblong, con-
tracted and not emarginate at the base; flowers single, on a short peduncle of 2 to 4 mm,
which bears 1 or 2 pairs of minute bractlets, the pedicels beyond them clavately thickened
to the length of 24 to 30 mm; petals greenish; capsule nearly 3.75 cm transversely and
S mm high, its carpels parted more than V2 their length.

This species was first collected by V. Knudsen of Kauai (no. 189), on which
island it is found, probably in the forests of Halemanu, back of Waimea.

To the writer the species is not known, though a shrubby variety of it occurs
on the high plateau of Kauai near Waialeale.

Pelea pseudoanisata Rock sp. now

A very variable small tree or shrub; branches ascending; every part of the plant
emits an exceedingly strong odor of anise, leaves ovate, obovate oblong, or oblong, shining

227

Rutaceae.

on both sides, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, densely punctate underneath* slightly
pubescent along the salient midrib, prominently veined, the arcuate intramarginal nerve
somewhat distant from the edge of the leaf, rounded at both ends or refuse at the apex,
occasionally bluntly acute and mucronate, often subemarginate at the base, (i to 1- cm
long, 3 to 7 cm wide, on stout lignescent angular petioles of 1 to 2 cm; inflorescence a
cyme, axillary, usually in the axils of the lower leaves, single to 3 flowered, peduncle and
pedicels filiform, nodose, the former (i to 10 mm long, the pedicels of variable length 2 to 3
cm, nodose, hi bracteolate at each node, bracteoles linear-subulate pubescent; flowers large
in both sexes, female rlowei's greenish yellow to red, strongly anise-scented as is the whole
plant, sepals ovate, acute, 3 mm, almost deltoid, petals linear-oblong, acute, 1 cm long,
glabrous as are the sepals, stamens rudimentary, as high as the ovary, the latter 1.5 mm.
glabrous; style slender filiform, (i mm, or more, often protruding beyond the petals,
glabrous, with a four lobed stigma, the lobes slender oblong, 1 to 1.5 mm in length,
puberulous; male flowers as large as the female flowers or smaller, petals broad, oblong,
a<ute, usually 12 mm long and 4..") mm wide, glabrous, many nerved; stamens 8, 4 nearly
as long as the petals, the filaments broad, thin, and penninerved, the remaining 4, two-
thirds the length of the others, anthers oblong, deeply split at the base; ovary rudi-
mentary; style slender 3 mm, with a very indistinctly four notched, almost capitate
stigma; capsule nearly 5 cm transversely, and 18 to 20 mm high, somewhat chartaceous,
glabrous, the 4 follicles united half their length, in shape much like that of P. volcanica,
recurved, 1 to 2 seeded, rarely one or two abortive; endocarp loose, chartaceous, glabrous;
seed large, 9 mm long, ovoid to sub-orbiculAr, black, shining.

This exceedingly interesting species, which has been called the mokihana of
Hawaii, is a small tree or shrub, and is peculiar to the summit ridges and
swamps of the Kohala mountains on Hawaii. It occurs only at an elevation of
4000 to 5000 feet, and is exceedingly common at the summit of the Kohala range
called Kaala. It inhabits the dense rainforest where moss covers the ground
over a foot deep and where most beautiful 5-feet-high violets abound. When
bruised it emits an exceedingly strong odor of anise, much more so than the true
mokihana of Kauai, Pelea anisata. If a branch is bruised accidentally by work-
ing one's way through the jungle, the odor emitted can be detected for a long
distance through the forest jungle. The species has the biggest capsule in the
genus and also the largest flowers.

The writer has excellent and most complete material of this species, which
seems to be related to P. oblongifolia, in all stages of growth. It was first col-
lected by the writer on July 13, 1909, flowering and fruiting, in the forests of
Kohala, no. 4455; it was again collected in June, 1910, in the same locality and
on the summit of Kohala proper, where it is most abundant in the swampy jungle
bordering a big open bog. Certain forms resemble somewhat Pelea parvifolia
Hbd.

The type is no. S:HHi in the College of Hawaii Herbarium and was collected at
the summit of Kohala. Hawaii. It also borders the edges of the great valleys of
Alakahi and Kawainui in the heart of the mountains at an elevation of 4200
feet, where they are enwrapped by clouds ten months or more of the year.

Pelea Balloui Rock sp. now

A small tree or shrub; [eaves ovate or obovate rounded at both ends, occasionally

retuse at the apex, thick coriaceous, opaque, finely reticulated on both sides especially

Underneath, the salient midrib reddish, pubescent, as is the under surface of the young
leaves, soon glabrate, the i nt r:i ma rgi na 1 nerve not distant from the edge of the leaf,
but with one set of meshes intervening •"> to ID cm long, 3 to 7 cm wide, on petioles of

228

Rutaceae.

1 to 2.5 cm; inflorescence axillary, covered with a silky appressed yellowish green pubes-
cence throughout, paniculate, branching from every node, bracteate throughout, bracts T
nun, triangular, acute; peduncle 3 to I- mm, the ultimate bibracteolate pedicels 5 mm;
sepals ovate, acute, doI quite 3 mm, petals acuminate, I mm, both sepals nnd petals per-
sistent with the capsule, (description drawn from persistent sepals and petals) flo
unknown; capsule silky toiuentose. parted more than half into 4 ovoid cocci which when

fresh are nearly as beaked as in I'hit ikIisiiki roxtfutti.

This rather interesting species, which is named here after Prof. Howard M.
Ballou, to whom the writer is indebted for corrections of the proof sheds of

this book, grows in the dense rain Forest on the slopes of Mt. llale;ik;il;i. Maui,

along the trail leading from Ukulele to Waikamoi Gulch, ;it an elevation of 5000
feet. It was collected by the writer in the above locality, fruiting, October 25,
1910, in company with Mr. L. von Tempsky. The type is numbered 8609 in the
College of Hawaii Herbarium.

It is apparently related to the rather dubious Pelea Mannii Hbd., hut differs
from the latter in the pedunculate inflorescence nnd the silky-haired rostrate
capsules; while the ovary in Pelea Mannii is glabrous.

Pelea anisata Mann.
Mokihana or Mokehana.

PELEA ANISATA Mann in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (1866) 314, et Proc. Am.
Acad. (1867) L59, et Fl. Haw. Isl. Proc. Ess. Inst. V. (1867) 166; — Wawra in
Flora (1873) 109;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 64;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897)
837;— Brieham, Ka Haua Kapa, (1911) 163, fig. 97.— Evodia anisata Drake Del
Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 130.

A slender tree; leaves opposite oblong, 5 to 12 cm long, 3.75 to 5.5 cm wide on
petioles of 2..") cm, obtuse or rounded at both ends, or emarginate with an attenuate base,
chartaceous, the marginal nerve distant from the edge, with smaller secondary meshes
intervening; flowers small, 1 to 5 on a short peduncle of 4 mm, which is bracteate at the
apex, pedicels 2 mm, bracteolate at the middle; sepals obtuse, 2 mm, thin and transparent;
petals 4 to 7 mm long, oblong, acuminate, stamens 8, four longer than the petals, the
remaining 4 slightly shorter, or as long as the petals; ovary glabrous, style 1.5 mm, with
4 minute stigmatic branches; capsule coriaceous, small 12 mm in diameter, cuboid, sub-
entire, the outer faces notched only by a shallow sulcus, the axis remaining entire after
dehiscence; all parts of this tree emit a very strong anise odor.

This very strongly scented tree, called Mokihana by the natives of Kauai, is
peculiar to the latter island. It is a slender tree reaching' a height of over 20
feet, and a trunk of 10 inches or more in diameter, and is vested in a smooth
thin bark; all parts of the tree have a strong- anise odor, which is retained even
for years in the dry wood as well as in the capsules. The latter are in great
favor with the natives and are threaded and worn by women and men alike as
leis or wreaths. It was one of their favorite perfumes and twigs as well as cap-
sules were placed between their tapa cloth.

The tree is evenly distributed over the Island of Kauai, and is quite common
in the forest of Kaholuamano and Halemanu, above Waimea, as well as at Ila-
nalei on the windward side; it. however, does not ascend higher than 4000 feet
and not lower than 3000 feet. This is not the only tree of this genus which
possesses an odor of anise. On the Island of Hawaii in the high swamp forest of

229

PLATE 86.

PELEA ZAHLBRUCKNERI Rock Bp. nov.
Flowering and fruiting branch, less than one-half natural size.

Rutaceae.

the Kohala mountains grows a species with exceedingly strong anise odor, even
more so than in the Kauai plant, hut it docs not retain its odor. The capsules are
three times as large as those of the Mokihana and resemble very much the cap-
snles of /'. volcanica.
The Mokihana fruits abundantly during the early fall, especially during the

month of September, when the trees are loaded with the mature capsules.

Pelea Wawreana Rock sp. nov.

Leaves elliptico-oblong or obovate-oblong, opposite, bright green, thick coriaceous,
shining above, 'lull underneath, glabrous throughout, oven on the reddish prominent mid-
rib, rounded at the apex, often retuse, more or less pellucid, cuneate or often rounded .it
the luise, veins prominent united by an arched intramargina] nerve which is close to the
edge of the leaf ;it the base, and more or less distant toward the apex, the secondary veins
about parallel in angles of about 85° to the midrib, 8 to 15 cm long, 4 to 7 cm wide on
stout petioles which are thickened near the blade, angular when young, 2 to :'■ em long;
inflorescence axillary. 2 to 3 flowered, young bud pubescent; peduncle still' thick, about
5 mm or little longer, pubescent, bracteato, the pedicels half the length, bibracteolate at
the middle; capsule cuboid, scarcely notched, 12 to 14 mm in diameter, about 10 nun
high, the cocci one to two seeded, endocarp glabrous.

This species, named in memory of the author's compatriot, Dr. II. Wawra of
the Austrian exploring expedition, is a small tree 10 to 15 feet high with a short
trunk which is vested in a smooth brown bark; the branches are ascending,
robust and very tough. It is probably related to /'. sa pot ae folia, from which it
differs in the opposite glabrous leaves and much smaller cuboid capsules.

It is not uncommon on the slopes of Konahuanui, but especially along the
Manoa cliff trail at an elevation of about 2000 feet, together with Perrottetia
sandwicensis, Hibiscus, Maoa sandwicensis, Straussia Kaduana, and others.

Collected November 30, 1912, and fruiting February 2, 1913, in company with
Dr. E. A. Back. The type is no. 10220 in the Herbarium of the College of
Hawaii.

A pubescent form of this species was collected at Wahiawa in the north fork
of Kaukonahua Gulch of the Koolau range on May 15, 1909, flowering and
fruiting (no. 3020).

The leaves are pubescent along the midrib ; the inflorescence, which is 5 to 7
flowered, is covered with a yellowish tomentum, as are the sepals. The petals
are glabrous; the female flowers are rather small, only 3 mm in length; stamens
about 0.5 mm, ovary hirsute, style thick with a bluntly fourdobed stigma.

Pelea Zahlbruckneri Rock sp. nov.
(Plates 86, 87.)

Leaves opposite, large, elliptical oblong, obovate oblong, or oblong or suborbieular,
thin ohartaoeous, rounded or retuse at the apex, almost cuneate at the base, midrib promi-
nent, secondary veins more or less parallel, at not quite right angles to the midrib,
united by an arched intramarginal nerve which is quite distant from the revoluto margin
of the leaf, glabrous above, puberulous or glabrate underneath, 8 to 24 cm long, 4.5 to
12.5 cm wide, on petioles of 2 to 6 cm, pale green, whitish when dry; cymes axillary, very
slender, 2 to 4 flowered, peduncle somewhat compressed, 1 cm, bracteato, pedicels 4 mm,
bibraoteate at the base, bracts triangular to subulate; flowers very small, sepals triangu-
lar 1.5 mm, petals 3 mm, acute, stamens of unequal length, all shorter than the petals;

231

PLATE S;

PELEA ZAHLBP.UCKNERI Rock sp. nov.
Growing in the Kipnka Puaulu, Dear Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet.

Rutaceae.

the sagittate anthers on broad filaments; the glabrous ovary aeither lobed nor notched,
entire, crowned by a short style with ;i bluntly notched stigma; capsule large. 3 cm in dia-
meter, chartaceous, entire, cuboid, scarcely even notched, glabrous, the ovary thin, trans
parent, glabrous endocarp entirely loose; the cocci appear to be somewhat < i i v i « i • ■< I after
dehiscence of the capsule, each cocci 1 to '-' seeded; seeds Large 8 nun. ovoid, black, Binning.

This very interesting species, which seems to be related to Hillebrand's var. ji
of Pelea sapotaefolia as far as capsules are concerned, occurs in the park-like
Kipuka Puaulu near the Volcano of Kilauea, on Hawaii, a1 an elevation of -loon
feet. It is ;i conspicuous tree od accounl of its peculiar branching h;(!>it. ex-
ceedingly Large Leaves, and very large cuboid capsules. It is quite plentiful in
company with Pelea volcanica, Pelea clusiaefolia, Xanthoxylum, Sapindus sapo-
naria, Suttonia and other trees. It was discovered by the writer in July, 1911,
when he collected his type material, which is no. 10216 in the College of Hawaii
Herbarium. Named in honor of Dr. A. Zahlbruckner, Director of the Botanical
Museum in Vienna.

Pelea multiflora Ruck.
(Plates 88, 89.)

PELEA MULTIFLORA Rock in Coll. Haw. Publ. Bot. Bull. I. (1911). pi. ITT.

Leaves opposite, oblong, rounded at the apex, subcordate at the base, dull green,
glabrous above, densely covered underneath with an olivaceous tomentum, as well as the
2.5 to 4 cm long petiole, 10 to 20 cm long, 5 to 9 cm wide, thick coriaceous, quite opaque,
marginal nerve wanting; young leaves golden yellow, densely hirsute; inflorescence 10 to
I-" cm and more long, cymosely paniculate, densely tomentose, on a common peduncle of
4 to <) cm. bracteate throughout, the bracts 1 to 1 .-"> cm. linear oblong, acuminate, ultimate
pedicels 3 to 5 mm long; flowers in to 200 on a single inflorescence; floral bracts subulate,
enclosing the persistent calyx which in turn encloses the four valvate petals of 5 mm
in the fertile flowers; male flowers larger than the female flowers, calyx half the length
of the corolla; stamens 8, four shorter than the petals, the remaining four as long as the
corolla, and sometimes protruding, ovary rudimentary with 4 minute stigmatic 1 ranches:
female flowers, calyx as long as the corolla, silky gray, the lobes acuminate, smaller than
the male flowers; ovary large glabrous, four lobed. style 4 mm long with a white four
lobed stigma, each lobe 2 mm long; follicles glabrous, 3 cm each way, carpels parted their
entire length; endocarp yellow, shining, glabrous, more or less loose; each follicle 1 to 2
seeded, seeds ovoid, black, shining.

This exceedingly interesting species was discovered by the writer on the lava
fields of Mt. Ilaleakala on the southern slopes, in the district of Kahikinui, on
Maui. The particular locality where this tree occurs is called Auahi, and is sit-
uated at an elevation of 2(300 to 3000 feet. It is the richest botanical section in
the whole Territory, with the exception of Puuwaawaa on Hawaii.

The species in question is a good-sized tree 30 to 40 feet in height, with a
trunk of over one foot in diameter, which is clothed in a gray smooth bark. The
tree is badly attacked by a lichen, a species of Usnea, probably australis, which
seems to check the growth of the trees; they are literally covered, trunk and
branches, with this ungainly looking lichen.

The tree was discovered during November, 1910. when the first specimens were
collected (no. 8646 flowering and fruiting). During the first part of March.
1912. the writer revisited that locality for the purpose of collecting additional
material and also to secure photographs. Many trees were then in flower, ami

233

PLATE 88.

PELEA MULTIFLORA Bock.
Male flowering branch, showing a (placed) mature capsule in the upper branch;

one-half natural size.

Butaceae.

on the strength <>!' the new material, the specific description is herewith enlarged.
It is one of our most interesting species of Pelea in thai it has the greatest
number of Sowers in its inflorescence, bearing often more than 200 flowers. It
belongs to the same group as Pelea cinerea and Pelea barbigera, though it is spe-
cifically very distinct from both. At Auahi, to which place this tree is peculiar,
it is associated with Ahetryon macrococcus, Pterotropia dipyrena, Bobea Hookeri,
Alphit onia excelsa, Sideroxylon auahiense, Antidesma pulvinatum} etc.

Pelea Knudsenii I llxl.

PELEA KNUDSENII Hbd. PL Haw. Isl. (1888) 70.— Evodia Knudseni Drake Del Cast.
111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 132.

A tree about 10 m high, the young shoots and inflorescence covered with a gray
tomentum; leaves opposite, L2.5 to 15 cm long, 7.5 to 10 cm wide, on petioles of 5 to 6.5 cm,
ovate or ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, or the basal lobes connate, with the petiole
subpeltately inserted above the base, bluntish, glabrous above, pubescent underneath, the
midrib ami nerves densely villous with a soft grayish wool, thin ehartaceous, with the
marginal nerve in deep arches; ilowers numerous I'll to 40, in a large pyramidal panicle
of 5-6.5 cm in length, with 3 to 4 pairs of divaricate branches, the stiff angular peduncle
about 24 mm, the ultimate pedicels very short, with the last brartlets close to I he calyx;
bracts 8 to 6 mm; calyx and corolla villous externally, the sepals (i mm; the oblong petals
scarcely longer; disk 8 lobed hairy; ovary sparsely pubescent.

The plant was collected by Valdemar Knudsen of Kauai, for whom it was
named by Hillebrand. It is recorded as growing at an elevation of 1500 feet
back of Waimea, Kauai, and is, of course, a dry district plant. It is not known
to the writer, who collected extensively in the above referred to locality, but
never met with this species. It is evidently closely related to the writer's Pelea
mult (flora, which differs, however, from the foregoing in the exceedingly large
inflorescence, which is 15 cm long, in the 6 cm long peduncle, and in the number
of flowers, which is up to 200 ; the ovary in this species is glabrous.

The capsule of P. Knudsenii is not known, but is unquestionably apocarpous,
under which latter heading it is placed in Hillebrand 's key to the species.

Pelea barbigera (Gray) Hbd.
UaJtc a Pele.

PELEA BARBIGERA (Gray) Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 70.— Melicope barbigera day
Bot. U. S. E. E. (1S54) 351, t. 39, fig. B;— H. Mann Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
X. (1866) 316, et Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 159, et Fl. Haw. Isl. Proc. Ess.
Inst. V. (1867) 168. — Melicope cinerea fm. barbigera Wawra in Flora (1873)
139.— Evodia barbigera Drake Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 130.

Leaves elliptical, oblong, 10 to 16 cm long, 5 to 6.5 cm wide, on petioles of 2.5 to 5
cm, contracting but obtuse at both ends, pale green, dull, not shining above, beneath
densely clothed, especially along the midrib, with a cobwebby wool, which disappears
with age, ehartaceous with faint nerves, the leaves all curved, the upper surface convex,
the lower concave; flowers 3 to 5 on a stiff angular gray tomentose peduncle of 20 to 24
mm, the pedicels 2 to 6 mm long, and bracteolate at the middle, the bracts and bractlets
usually large for the genus, 8 to 6 mm; sepals and petals gray-tomentose, the former
ovate-acute, 3 to 4 mm, the latter 5 to 6 mm; ovary sparingly pubescent, with distinct
style and 4 short stigmatic branches; follicles discreet, one or another abortive, obovoid,
25 mm in diameter, glabrous, rather thin, concentrically striate, endocarp glabrous; one to
two seeded.

235

PLATE 89.

PELEA MULTIFLORA Rock.

Flowering branch pinned against trunk of tree; growing on the lava fields of

Auahi, Mt. Haleakala. Maui.

Rutaceae.

This rather interesting species, called UaJu <i Peh by the aatives, meaning
smoke of Pele, owing to the peculiar smoky gray color of the leaves, is only round
on iho Island of Kauai, where it inhabits the drier districts especially near Ka-
holuamano and Halemanu, above Waimea, a1 an elevation of 3600 to 4000 feet. Ii
is a rather small tree or often only a shrub. It is quite different from Pelea
cinerea in general asped as well as in the leaves, which are thinner and curved,
and mainly in its fruits, which are glabrous, and have also a glabrous endocarp.
It comes, however, nearest to that species, though specifically distinct from ii and
not a mere form, as Wawra tried to make out.

Pelea elliptica I llxl.

PELEA ELLIPTICA Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 09.— Melicope ? elliptica Gray Dot. IT. S.
E. E. (1854) 353;— Mann. Proc. Host. Sue Nat. Hist. X. (1866) 317, et Proc.
Am. Ac. VII. (1867) 159, et PI. Haw. lsl. l'roc Ess. Inst. V. (1867) His.— Pelea
Kaalae Wawra in Flora (1873) 110 — Evodia elliptica Drake Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins.
.Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 131.

A small tree; leaves thin chartaceous, with pellucid dots, elliptico-oblong 7.5 to 12.5
cm long, 2.5 to 3.5 em wide, on petioles of 8 to 16 mm, broadly obtuse or rounded, even
emarginate at both ends, faintly nerved, with the sinuous marginal nerve rather distant
from the edge, sparsely dotted underneath with a pale pubescence, but soon glabrous
and pale; flowers 1 to 3 on a short angular peduncle of 2 to 6 mm, the pedicels 0 mm,
bracteolate below the middle with dentiform bractlets; sometimes several cymes in one
axilla; sepals and petals coriaceous, persistent below the capsule, both, eanescent in the
bud, but sub-glabrate in a later period; sepals 2 mm, ohTuse. petals valvate in the bud,
oblong 3 to 5 mm; style obscurely 4-lobed, almost capitate in the sterile flowers; follicles
discreet to the base, gray, puberulous, 8 to 10 mm, thin papery, dehiscent in both sutures,
one or more abortive.

The plant was first collected by the U. S. Exploring Expedition on Kaala of the
Waianae range, Island of Oahu. The writer is not familiar with this species, as
he has never collected it. Hillebrand describes five varieties of this species, two
from Maui, one from Niu Valley, Oahu, and the last var. e. from Kalae and
Mauna Loa, Molokai.

Pelea cinerea (Gray) Hbd.
Manena on Maui.

(Plate 90.)

PELEA CINEREA (Gray) Hbd. Flora Haw. Tsl. (1S88) 68.— Melicope cinerea Gray, Bot-
U. S. E. E. (1854) 350, t. 39, fig. A;— H. Mann in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. X.
(1866) 316, et Proc. Am. Ac. VII. (1867) 159, et Fl. Haw. Isl. I'roc. Kss. Inst.
V. (1S67) 168;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 139.— Evodia cinerea Drake Del Cast.
111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 131 .

Young shoots covered with a grayish or ochraeeous tomentum; leaves opposite, ovate
oblong 7.5 to 10 cm long, 3.75 to 5 cm wide, on petioles of 16 to 24 mm, shortly acuminate,
subcoriaceous. with faint nerves, the marginal nerve distant and arcuate, tomeiitulosc to
pubescent underneath, glabrate when old; flowers 3 to 5 in a short cyme or raceme, th>B
angular pedun.de 6 to 1 2 mm, the pedicels 4 to 8 mm, bibracteolate at the middle; petals
4 mm, valvate in the bud, but some edges forced out before expansion, gray puberulous;
ovary tomentose; capsule 20 to 24 mm transversely, the follicles cohering slightly at the
base only, soon glabrate, thick coriaceous, opening only along the ventral suture, gener-
ally all maturing; the thick endocarp pubescent; seeds 1 or 2 in each follicle, 4 to 6 mm
in diameter; cotyledons plano-convex, extending the whole length and breadth of the-
albumen.

237

PLATE 90.

PELEA CINEREA (Cray) Hbd. var. 7 Hbd.

Manena Tree.

Growing in the Kipuka Puanlu, aeai Volcano Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet.

Rutaceae.

Specimens of lliis species were firsl collected by the I'. S. Exploring Expe-
dition on the Island <>l' Oahu, on the Waianae range, in ;i ravine of Ml. Kaala.
This species is a typical dry district Pelea and is found on nearly all the islands
of the group in various forms, which do no1 differ much from the species. In
certain localities they are small trees or shrubs, while again in others they are
handsome trees with trunks of often ;i fool or more in diameter. The writer
luis not collected the species on this island (Oahu), hut has abundanl material

from the other islands.

Hillebrand's var. (3. with an olivaceous tomentum, and coriaceous leaves, the
writer collected on Maui in the dry gulches hack of Makawao, on the northwestern
slope of Mt. Ilaleakala; no. 8550, flowering and fruiting September, 11)10. The
leaves in this variety are quite pale, with revolute margins and more or less
glabrous on both sides; the peduncles are 3-tlowered, the flowers are smaller
than in the species; the capsules are of a sulphur-yellow and are densely to-
mentose; the tree is conspicuous on account of its leaves, which are whitish pale
underneath. Another variety, enumerated as y in Hillebrand's Flora, and de-
scribed as Pelea Hawaiiensis by Wawra in Flora (1873) 110, occurs in Hawaii
in the Kohala range, evidently in the dry districts near Mahukona. as this par-
ticular species has never been found in the rain forest, but always on ancient
lava flows or in Jcipukas.

To this variety evidently will have to be referred the various specimens col-
lected by the writer on the Island of Hawaii. At Puuwaawaa, North Kona,
Hawaii, on the ancient lava fields, it occurs quite plentifully (no. 10211). The
young shoots as well as the leaves are tomentose, but become glabrate when old;
the capsules are 2 cm in diameter, light ochra-yellow and densely tomentose; the
leaves are thick coriaceous, with prominent veins. In the Kipuka Puaulu, on
the slopes of Mauna Loa, near Kilauea Volcano, the writer met with the finest
trees of this variety, one of which is here figured. The capsules are of a darker
yellow and larger. The trunk of this tree is vested in a smooth pinkish, light
brown bark, which is about half an inch thick and of a dirty brownish yellow
color inside. (No. 10210, fruiting July, 1911.) Another form of this variety
was collected (no. 8774) in the same locality, with acute glabrous leaves and 5-15
or more flowered panicles; petals elongate acute tomentose outside, four stamens
protruding, four half as long, filaments puberulous, as long as the petals (3.5
mm), anthers oblong, I mm, ovary hirsute.

Hillebrand's var. 8 the writer collected on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa at an
elevation of 2000 feet. It is quite distinct from the variety found a thousand
feet higher. It differs mainly in the thinner perfectly glabrous acute leaves;
the peduncles in the writer's specimens are about 8 mm, each bearing a single
fruit; follicles larger, 3 cm in diameter, covered with a reddish yellow velvety
tomentum. Collected June 6, 1909, fruiting (no. 3561). It is a shrub with

239

T'LATE 91.

PLATYDESMA CAMPANULATUM Mann.
Pilokea.

Rutaceae.

rather rambling branches. Hillebrand's material came from Kan and Smith
Kona.

Var. racemiflcra Rock var. nov.

Leaves » > \ : 1 1 » ' , cordate at the base, bluntly, acute, glabrous above, puberulous under-
neath, on compressed hirsute petioles; panicles racemose, terminal and in the axils of
the leaves, often more than 6 cm long, with yellowish pubescence; (lowers Binall, numer-
ous, stamens wanting in the fertile tlowers, ovary tomentose.

This new variety is a small tree with broad tlat crown, and reaches ;i height of
10 to 15 feet. The branches are stoul and woody to the Lasl ramification. It
occurs on the rough aa lava Hows on the southern slope of Mt. Ilaleakala. Maui,
between the huge blocks of lava, at an elevation of 1500 feet, where it is in com-
pany with Reynoldsia sandwicensis and Alphitonia < tcelsa, the most predominant
trees in the district. It was collected by the writer in flower. November, 1910.
The type is no. 8676 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium. The native name of
tin' tree is Mam net.

PLATYDESMA Mann.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. roundish, broadly imbricate. Petals 3, large,
imbricate or convolute. Discus flat, slightly 4 to 8 lobed. Stamens 8 inserted at tic
margin of the discus; the filaments flat, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, united into a wide
tube, with elongate sagittate anthers, with linear anther cells converging at the apex.
Carpels 4, united, each with 5 to 8 ovules suspended from a broad funiculus, hemitropous.
Ovary deeply lobed. Style terminal, undivided, with thick stigma. Fruit a dry 4-lobed
indehiscent or loculicidal capsule, with thin endocarp, with 2 or more seeds in each cell.
s,«eds subglobose, with black shining crustaceous testa, and with albumen. Embryo in
the middle of the albumen, with thin, broad, roundish cotyledons and short radicle.—
Small trees or shrubs with strong pepsin odor, and opposite or whorled. single entire
leaves. Flowers large in axillary cymes.

The genus Platydesma is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands and consists of
three endemic species, only one of which is arborescent. PI. rostratum, a shrub
branching from the base, with rostrate or beaked capsules, is peculiar to Kauai,
while I'l. cornutum is found on Oahu. PI. campanulatum occurs principally on
Oahu. but is represented on the other islands in various forms. Pelea aurii ula< -
folia Gray has erroneously been referred to Platydesma by both Ilillebrand and
Engler. Leveille described two species collected by Abbe Paurie, both from the
Punaluu Mts., Oahu. One. Platydesma Fauriei, is undoubtedly I'l. campanu-
latum] the other, /'/. <<ahn< nsis. is probably referable to I'l. cornutum, which the
writer collected in the Punaluu Mts. Leveille in his description of his second
new species says : p, falls luteis ! None of the Hawaiian Platydesma have yellow
petals, but are of a waxy white or cream color.

Platydesma campanulatum Mann.

Pilo kea.

(Plate 91.)

PLATYDESMA CAMPANULATUM Mann Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. X. (ls(iii) 317. et
Proc. Am. A.-. VII. (isii7) 160, et Fl. Haw. [si. Proc. Kss. Ins. V (1S(i7) 169,
et Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1. 4. (1869) 530, pi. 22;_Wawra in Flora (1873)

241

16

Rutaceae.

139; — Hillbr. PI. Haw. Isl. (1888) 71;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. I'acYt. (1S90)
]::-!;— Englei in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 4 (1895) 127, fig. 69, A-P;— Heller
PI. Haw. Isl. in Minnes. Hot. Stud. IX. (1897) 841 .— Platydesma Fauriei Levi, in
Fedde Repert. X. no. 10-14. (1911) lo3— Melicope spathulata Gray, Bot. U. S.
Expl. E. (1854) 352; (doubtful).

A variable species; leaves opposite, obovate oblong, bluntly acuminate at both ends,
or rounded at the apex, narrowing at the base, chartaceous, often rather thick when
fresh, with transparent dots, the nerves not prominent, with the exception of the midrib
which is salient, punctate on the underside, glabrous above, occasionally sparingly
pubescent along the veins and midrib, leaves varying in size on different parts of the tree,
from 7.5 to 35 cm long, by 2.5 to lit and 15.5 cm wide, the petioles from 1 to 5 cm in
length; peduncles of about the same length as the petioles, bearing ovate subulate bracts;
cvine :! to 5 llowered, occasionally single flowered; pedicels 4 to G mm long, bracteolate;
flowers hermaphrodite, IS to 20 mm long, 12 to 14 mm in diameter, campanulate; sepals
round, 8 to Hi mm long, decussatingly imbricate, clothed with a sericeous pubescence ex-
tending also to the pedicels; petals 4, cream colored, alternate with the sepals, strongly
imbricate, Hi to IS mm long, obovate, thick, waxy, minutely sericeous, bearded on the
margins; stamens S, nearly as long as the petals, inserted on the margin of the thin
hypogynous disc; the dilated filaments monadelphous to the middle; anthers sagittate, in-
trorsely dehiscent, 4 mm long; ovary globular, the four rounded carpels joined only by the
central columnar style, which is four times their length; stigma terminal, entile, slightly
four-grooved; ovules 5 in each cell, collateral; capsule of 4 distinct erect cocci, 16 to 22
mm long and 10 to 12 mm in diameter, whole capsules 30 mm transversely; endocarp
smooth, crustaceous, and half enclosed by the persistent cup-shaped calyx; seeds resembling
very much those of Pelea. The capsule often rots away but the seed remain attached
to the placenta for some time. Two seeds usually ripen.

This exceedingly interesting tree, which must have been much more common
than it is now, can still be found in the mountains behind Honolulu on the
slopes of Konahuanui, and also in the whole Koolau range, especially in the
mountains of Punaluu, on the windward side of Oahu. The tree is, however, not
confined to the Island of Oahu, but is found also on the other islands of the
Hawaiian group, with the exception of Molokai and Lanai. The writer observed
it only as a shrub outside of Oahu, while on the latter island it reaches a height
of 15 to 20 feet or perhaps a little more; the trunk is, however, not more than
5 inches or so in diameter. The whole plant, when bruised, emits an exceedingly
strong odor of pepsin, which is not unpleasant. This species is the type of the
genus and has the largest capsules, while the other two species have much
smaller and quite different capsules. It is certainly very variable. It was
collected by the writer first at Punaluu, no. 65, flowering August, 1908, and again
November 13, 1908, flowering and fruiting no. 630; flowering and fruiting No-
vember 30, 1912, Manoa Valley, Mt. Olympus, no. 10225.

Hillebrand describes two varieties. (3. var. pallida from Kaala, Oahu; and
East Maui, Hamakua. It differs from the species in the densely pubescent or
tomentose leaves. The second, y var. macrophylla, he records from Kauai.

The writer collected this variety on Kauai in the mountains of Halemanu and
Kaholuamano back of Waimea a1 an elevation of 3600 feet. The Leaves are
quite large, some of them 3.6 cm Long, on petioles of 4 cm, and are densely to-
mentose underneath, especially along the midrib; the flowers are arranged in
eytiies mi a peduncle of less than one millimeter, a1 the nodes of the miked
branches; flowers as in the species; a vi'vy robust form which evidently belongs

212

Rutaceae.

here was collected along the Honomanu trail on the northern slopes of Alt. Il.i-
leakala, .Maui, elevation 2500 Eeet, with enormous leaves 20 cm wide; another
form at 4000 feel elevation od the same island in the forests near Olinda, with
smaller leaves, flowering, September, 1910; no. 8534.

Hillebrand's var. y. macrophylla with lame glabrous leaves is from Kauai.

On the Island of Hawaii, in the Kohala Mts. proper, wesl <»!' Honokanenui gorge,
the writer collected specimens of a tree 15 to 20 feel high, with very robusl
branches; the leaves are glabrous, thick coriaceous, and probably belong to Hille-
brand's var. y. The leaves are on petioles of 5 to 5.5 em and differ therefore from
the latter variety, which has the leaves on short petioles of ti to S mm; it may
be known as forma coriaceum f. qov.

Collected dune. 1910, fruiting, no. 8367, in College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Var. sessilifolia Rock var. nov.

A shrubby plant, with erect stems foliose at the apex; leaves large, opposite, per-
fectly sessile with a broad base, oblong or obovate oblong, gradually tapering toward the
base, very thin chartaceous, transparent, midrib and veins prominent, rounded at the
apex, glabrous above, pubescent underneath. 26 to :!s cm long. 9 to 14 cm wide, flowers
as in the species, the petals acute; capsule exceedingly large, the erect cocci separated by
a very broad sinus of 4 mm.

Collected in the dense forests of the summit mountain id' the Kohala range,
Hawaii, fruiting duly 12, 1909, type no. 4'22'J in the College of Hawaii Her-
barium.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

This is an exceedingly large family, consisting of more than 208 genera with
many species, distributed over all parts of the world, with the exception of the
Arctic and Alpine regions.

The genus Euphorbia is the most widely distributed of the family, reaching
as far as the polar borders of the northern and southern hemispheres.

In the Hawaiian Islands the family is represented by live genera, four of
which have arborescenl species.

KEY TO THE GENERA.
Plants not milky:

I. PHYLLANTHEAE. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; ovary cells two ovulate:

Leaves alternate entire, fruit a berry, three celled, seeds arillate. . . . Neowawraea
Leaves alternate, entire; fruits Hat. one seeded Antidesma

II. CROTONEAE. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; ovary cells one-ovulate:
Leaves alternate, erenate or serrate; fruits capsular, two-three celled

Claoxylon

Leaves alternate, lobed; stone fruit one-seeded, splitting into two-four cocci

Aleurites

Plants milky:

Til. EUPHCRBIEAE. Flowers mostly monoecious, rarely dioecious; ovary three
celled, one-ovulate:

Leaves opposite, linear; fruit a three celled capsule Euphorbia

NEOWAWRAEA Rock gen. nov.

Flowers dioecious. Male flowers: sepals •">. of unequal shape and size. Petals none.
Stamens 3* to 4, randy •", inserted between the sinuses of the hypogynous disc, consisting

243

PLATE 92.

NEOWAWRAEA PHYLLANTHOEDES Rocls gen. et Bp. nov.
Showing male flowering branch, and female branch in fruit: about one-half natural size.

Euphorbiaceae.

usually of I glands. Female flowers unknown. Fruit a globose berry, reddish-black, with
oersistenl calyx. Endocarp of 3 thin membraneous cocci each with two seeds, rarely '
which are enclosed in an arillus. Embryo filling the whole cavity of the Beed, cotyledons
flat, subrotundous, radicle exserted. albumen Bcanty.- An unarmed tree with alternate,

Ovate, glabrous, entire leaves. Flowers in fascicles all along the stipulate branchlets.

This proposed new genus, which is here dedicated to the memory of the author's
compatriot, Dr. II. Wawra, Ritter von Fernsee, of the Austrian Exploring Ex-
pedition, consists of ;i single remarkable species, of which only three male and
one female trees are in existence. It is evidently related to Phyllanthus. Owing
to the fruil being a berry il would come closer to Bischofia, from which it, how-
ever, differs in the presence of a discus and the fasciculate inflorescence.

Neowawraea phyllanthoides Rock sp. nov.

A tree lo to 12 m high, with a straight trunk of about 4 dm or more in diameter;
hark light brown, rough and scaly; branches semi-erect, with many small branchlets
which are covered with light gray, oblong lenticcls; leases ovate, rounded or truncate at
the base, bluntly acute at the apex, light green above, glaucous underneath, penni-
nerved, the lateral veins nearly parallel, at angles of about Oil to tin- midrib, thin,
chartaceous, glossy above, dull underneath, glabrous, S to 14 cm long, 4 to !• cm wide, on
petioles of L5 to 20 mm; stipules triangular, subcaudate, membraneous, caducous; in-
florescence axillary, fasciculate, all along the branchlets; male flowers in dense fascicles or
close clusters, very small L.5 mm in diameter, on short pedicels of 2 mm, which are sur-
rounded at the base by several roundish bracts, in the shape of a cup, out of whose
center the pedicels arise. The 5 sepals are minute, unequal, petals wanting, stamens :',
to 4, rarely .1, inserted between the sinuses of an hypogynous disc, usually consisting of
4 glands, female flowers not known; fruit an indehiseent globose berry, 6 mm in diameter,
with tin' calyx persistent," reddish-black, juicy, staining purplish, endocarp thin mem-
braneous, divided into three cocci, each with two arillate seeds, rarely 4; seeds pale
yellow, about 2 nun long, convex outside, acute angled inside, hilum suborbicular to ovate
situated in the upper third of the seed; embryo 2.3 mm long, cotyledons flat, filling the
whole cavity of the seed, 1 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, radicle 1 mm, protruding; albumen
scanty.

This very interesting' and remarkable tree, for which an old native Hawaiian
gave the name Mehamehame, is exceedingly rare, only three males and one female
tree being in existence. In regard to the native name, the writer is not inclined
to accept it. The outward appearance of the tree resembles somewhat our Ha-
waiian Antidesma, which are also called Hame or Mehamt or Mehamehame. The
old native might have easily taken it for such. It is very doubtful if the natives
ever had a name for the tree, as it is peculiar to such a small area, located in
a most inhospitable place on the southern flanks of the great volcano .Manna boa
on rough aa lava flows, made accessible only very recently.

It was discovered by the writer in the above locality at an elevation of 2000
feet, called Kapua, during the month of February, 1012; but was at that time
neither in flower nor in fruit. A careful search of the ground beneath the
trees, revealed no sign of seeds of a previous season. This, however, was ex-
plained on a later visit in the month of July (15). 1912. in company with Mr.
W. M. Giffard, when it was found that the trees first examined were all male and
in flower. Only one other tree was seen, which fortunately turned out to he a
female tree bearing fruit. It is a striking tree of medium height, and is quite

215

PLATE 93.

NEOWAWRAEA PHYLLANTHOEDES Rock gen. et sp. DOV.
Branches pinned againsl trunk of tree. Growing on the lava fields of Kapua,

South Kona, Hawaii.

Euphorbiaceae.
conspicuous in thai small area <»n accounl of its pale glaucous foliage. The wood
is exceedingly heavy, close grained and very hard. The sap wood is red. while
the heartwood is black, making a beautiful contrast. The type is do. L0030 in
the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

It is associated with Antidesma pulvinatum, A. platyphyllum, Pittosporum
"Bosmeri var. longifolia, Maba sandwicensis, Alphitonia excelsa, Colubrina oppo-
sitifolia, Santalum Freycinetianum, Osmanthus sandwicensis, Tetraplasandra
Hawaiiensis, and many other interesting tree species.

ANTIDESMA Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 3 to 5 lobed. Discus teeth tree, rarely united. Mule flow-
ers: Stamens 2 to 5, opposite the sepals; anthers bent inward in the bud, later erect.
The rudimentary ovary small. Female Hewers: Ovary 1 — very rarely also 2-eelled.
Style :!, very short, 2 Lobed. Stone fruit small often oblique. Seeds without caruncle.

A genus of trees and shrubs, with more than 70 species in the warmer re-
gions of the old world. It is distributed from tropical Africa to Australia.
Japan and the islands of the Pacific.

Two species or probably three are to he found in these islands, with one in
the Viti (Fiji) Islands, one in Samoa, and two in New Guinea. The only repre-
sentative of the "cniis in tropical Polynesia, a doubtful one. is recorded by
Hemsley from Admiralty Island. None have so far been discovered in America.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves ovate or obovate, glabrous A. platyphyllum

Leaves cordate with a patch of hairs in the angles of rib and veins A. pulvinatum

Antidesma platyphyllum Mann.
Hame or II aa.

(Plate 94.)

ANTIDESMA PLATYPHYLLUM Maun Proe. Am. Ac-ad. YIT. (1867) 202;— Hbd. El Haw.
Isl. (1SS8) 402;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Paeif. VII. (1892) 289;— Helier PI.
Haw. Isl. (1S97) S42.

Leaves ovate to obovate or orbicular 8 to 12 cm long, 4 to 10 em wide, on petioles of
about 5 mm, shortly acuminate, glabrous, shining above but punctato papillose, chartaceous
to coriaceous, panicles puberulous; male flowers: subsessile along the simple branches of
a paniculate rhachis of about 8 cm; bracts conchoid, as long as the calyx or longer;
calyx less than 2 mm, puberulous, with 5 to 4 roundish lobes; petals rudimentary, disc
glabrous, lobed, stamens 5 or 4, long exserted; ovary rudimentary, with peltate stigmas.
Female flowers: pedicellate along the branches of a solitary, axile. paniculate rhachis of
5 to 14 cm; bracts linear; calyx less than 2 mm, 5 to 8 cleft; disc small, annular; ovary
glabrous; style terminal; drupe reddish or dark purplish, fleshy, compressed, suboblique
the osseous putamen irregularly ridged. Cotyledons suborbicular, as broad as the scanty
albumen, 2 or 3 times as long as the radicle.

The Hame or Haa is a very handsome tree, reaching a height of 20 to 30 feet,
with a trunk of a foot or more in diameter; the bark is fihrons, deeply corru-
gated, and whitish. It has no round crown, as the few branches are rather as-
cending' and have only a few branches. It is conspicuous by its large leaves.
which are bright green and glossy, and is on that account often mistaken for
the Maua tree (Xylosma Uillebrandii or X. Hawaiiensi I, which it resembles

247

TLATE 94.

ANTIDESMA PLATYPHYLLUM Mann.

Hame or Haa.

Fruiting branch, less than one-half Datura! size.

Euphorbiaceae.

greatly. During the months of June, July, and August, and on Kauai as late
as October, the trees are loaded wiili the very dark-red, fleshy, compressed ber-
ries, which are of the size of a large pea; they an' arranged all along the
branches on a paniculate rachis. On the lava fields of Kona, especially at
Kapua, it fruits in December and January.

The Ilnnh inhabits the dry as well as the wet forests on all the islands, espe-
cially at an elevation of 1500 to 3000 feet, it is not uncommon above Makawao,
Maui, where it grows in company with Sideroxylon, Labordia, Pelea, Pittos-
porum, Ochrosia, Xanthoxylum, Straussia, etc. On Molokai it inhabits the dry
sections and is also found in the wettest distrid along the stream in Wailau
valley proper, which has an enormous rainfall. On Hawaii it is plentiful in
North and South Kona. on the slopes of llualalai. and the slopes of .Mauna Loa,
also Waipio valley and the mountains of Kohala. It can also he found along
the Keanae ditch trail on the windward side of .Maui, hut not growing to any
size. On Kauai a variety grows just below Kaholuamano, 3000 feel elevation,
associated with Cyanea leptostegia, Xanthoxylum, Charpentiera, Osmanthus, etc.

The wood of the Hamt or ll<i<t is elose-grained, rather hard, and of a reddish-
brown color. It was used by the natives for Olona anvils. The Olona formed
one of their principal fiber plants, which was beaten to thin strips on Harm
logs. The wood, which takes a tine polish, is excellent for cabinet work. lint, un-
fortunately, it is not found in sufficient quantities to be of any commercial
value. The red coloring matter of the fleshy berries was used in conjunction
with the Kamani oil. into which such tapa was placed as was intended to be
worn as bathing malos by the chiefs; this infusion gave it a bright color.

From Kauai. Ilillebrand describes a variety (3 with broad obtuse leaves which
are shining on both faces.

X Antidesma Kapuae Ruck nov. bybr.
(Antidesma platyphyllum Mann X -1- pulvinatum Ilbd.)

Leaves as in A. platyphyllum, but quite acuminate, while the fruits are al-
most exactly like in A. pulvinatum Ilbd.

Both .1. platyphyllum and A. pulvinatum are extremely common in Kapua on
the lava fields of South Kona. Hawaii, at an elevation of 2000 feet. Here the
writer met with trees whose leaves are identical with those of A. platyphyllum,
while the fruits are those of -1. pulvinatum. It could not be placed either to the
one or the other, and is here mentioned as a probable hybrid.

Antidesma pulvinatum Hbd.
Haa. or Mrfiama.
Plates 95, Do" and 97. )

ANTIDESMA PULVINATUM Bbd. Fl. Haw. [si. (1888) 103;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pae. VII. (1892) 289.

Young branches and inflorescence ochraceous, tomentose; leaves ovate, cordate, shortly
acuminate, thin chartacoous, dark green above, lighter and tomentose underneath, witb

249

1'LATE 95.

ANTIDESMA PULVINATUM Hbd.

Haa or Mehame.

Fruiting branch, less than one-half natural size.

PLATE 96.

ANTIDESMA PULVINATUM IIb,l.
Haa or Mehame.
Fruiting branch pinned against trunk of tree; showing deep longitudinal corrugation of
Growing on the lava fields of Kapua, South Kona. Hawaii.

hark.

PLATE 97.

ANTIDESMA PULVINATUM Hbd.

Haa or Mehane tree.

Growing on the aa lava fields of Kapua, South Kona, Hawaii.

Euphorbiaeeae.

prominent reins, and always with a villous patch in the angles of rib and reins; panicles
short, branching only near the base; ovary tomentose; drupe much smaller than in .1.
platyphyUum, 4 to 6 mm, black; female calyx tomentose, 5 to 6 cleft; Btyle branches very
Bhort, subentire.

This species, unlike the previous, is confined to the dry districts, especially
to the aa (rough) lava fields. It does not reach the height of A. platyphyUum,
but has a beautiful round, symmetrical crown. The trunk- is short and about
10 inches to over one foot in diameter. The bark is deeply corrugated, longi-
tudinally furrowed, fibrous, and whitish. The leaves are ovate, generally heart-
shaped at the base, not glossy, of a dull-green, and havi villous patches on the
underside in the angles of rib and veins, giving them a brownish color. The
berries are much smaller than in the Harm or linn, and are blackish.

It inhabits the dry region of the lower elevations and may be found on the
southern slope of llaleakala on the aa lava fields of Auahi in company with
Reynoldsia, Maba sandwicensis, Xylosma Hillebrandii, etc. <>n Oahu it is
found in the Waianae range, but it is most plentiful on the lava fields of South
Kona. Hawaii, especially at Kapua (2000 feet), where it forms aboul 60 per
cent of the tree growth.

CLAOXYLON Juss.

Dioecious, rarely monoecious. Discus of various formation. Male flowers: calyx
subglobose, 3 to 4 cleft; filaments free, anthers extrorse; without rudimentary ovary.
Female flowers: calyx less divided, 2 to 4 lobed. Discus entire or Iobed. Ovary 3 to 2
celled. Styles short, free or united at the base. Seeds without caruncle, globose. Albu-
men fleshy. Cotyledons flat. — Glabrous or tomentose trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate,
petioled, often large, subcoriaceous, entire or serrate; inflorescence axillary single or fas-
ciculate, shorter than the leaves. Flowers small, the male flowers usually fascicled, the
female flowers single under each bract.

The genus Claoxylon consists of over 40 species, and is distributed in the
tropics of the old world, from Africa to the islands of the Pacific. Two species
occur in these islands, two in Xew Guinea (('. longifolium (Bl.) Mull.-Arg., and
('. bicarpellatum Laut. & SchJ. One species is recorded from Xew Caledonia,
one from Tahiti, and two from Viti or Fiji Islands. Of the Hawaiian species
only one is arborescent.

Claoxylon sandwicense Mull.-Arg-.

Pooltt.

(Plate 98.)

CLAOXYLON SANDWICENSE MulL-Arg. in Linnaea XXXI V. (1865) 165; et in DC.
I'rodr. XV. i1. (1866) 780;— II. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VI 1. (1867) 203; — Seem.
Flora Yit. (1867) 224;— Wawra in Flora (1875) 148;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. [si. (1888)
398;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pae. VII. (1890) 291;— Pax in Engl, et Prantl
Pflzfam. III. 5 (1896) 48.

A small soft wooded tree, with pale spreading branches, the youngest shoots tomentose;
leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate, 10 to 20 cm hum'. 5 to 7 em wide, on petioles of 2.5 to 5
cm. shortly acuminate or obtuse, crenate-serrate with callous teeth; membraneous, lurid
green, scabro papillose, but glabrate; flowers clustered in distant fascicles of 2 to 4 and
minutely bracteate along a simple rachis of from 7 to 12 cm in length. Male flowers:
calyx 6 mm, parted to the base into 3 (rarely 2 or 4) triangular lobes; no disc or glamls.

253

PLATE 98.

• CLAOXYLON SANDWICENSE Mull.-Arg.
Poola.
Flowering and fruiting branch, from the foresl about Glenwood above Silo, Hawaii.

About one-half natural size.

Euphorbiaceae.

stamens about 200; female flowers: calyx 2 to 3 i sepals ovate, glands 3, oblong, nearly

the size of the sepals; ovary tomentose or silky; styles short, spreading; capsule dividing
into 3 cocci, 5 nun high and »*> mm broad, deeply furrowed; seeds globose, rugose; embryo
axile, cotyledons orbicular, twice as long as the radicle.

Tin1 Poola is a very small, soft-wooded tree, reaching a height of qo1 more

than 1.") to L8 feet, rarely 20. The trunk is usually branching 6 to 8 feel above

the ground with pale, spreading branches, forming rather an unsymmetrical

crown.

On East Maui, on the southern slopes of Baleakala, on the lava fields of
Auahi, it grows to a small tree at an elevation of 2000 to 2500 feet, in company
with Alectryon, Xanthoxylum, Xylosma, Pelea, Tetraplasandra, etc. <>n Ha-
waii it is not uncommon on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, where it is a small
tree. The plants from the latter locality differ somewhat from those of other
localities, in that their leaves turn to a steel-blue color on drying, and in some
other minor points. On Lanai, the Poola is most plentiful in the valleys of
Kaiholena and Mahana. It is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. No record
remains as to the usefulness of this tree.

The second Hawaiian species. C. tomentosum (Hbd.) Heller, is a shrub, and

occurs on Kauai only.

ALEURITES Forst.

Monoecious to almost dioecious. Male flowers: calyx irregularly 2 to 3 cleft. Petals
longer than the calyx. Stamens inserted on a conical receptacle, in 1 to 4 whorls, the 5
cuter ones epipetalous. Alternipetalous disc-glands •">, without rudimentary ovary. Fe-
male flowers: corolla the same as in the male flower. Disc much reduced. Ovary 2 to 5-
celled. Style divided into two thick, linear branches; stone fruit indehiscent, exocarp
thin, endocarp crusty, 2 to 5 celled. Testa thick, woody. Albumen thick, hard, very
oily. — Trees with stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate, long petioled, large, 5 to 7
nerved at the base, entire or 3 to 5 to 7-lobed; peduncle at the apex with two glands. Flow-
ers in loose, widely branched cymose corymbs.

A small genus of 3 to 5 species, of which A. moluccana (L.) Willd. is the

most common and widely distributed species; it occurs in the tropics and snl>-

tropics of the old world, in the 'West Indies and Brazil, Pacific islands, etc.

Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd.
Kukui.

(Plate 99.)

ALEURITES MOLUCCANA (L.) Willd. Sp. PI. IV. (1805) 590;— Hull. Arg. in DC. Prodr.
XV. 2. (1866) 723;— H. Mann Proe. Am. Acad. VII. (1S67) 203;— Seem. Fl. Vit.
(1867) 223;— Nadeaud Enum. Tahit. Plants (1S73) No. 462;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl.
(1S88) 400;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 289, et Fl. Polyn.
Franc. (1893) 183;— Pax in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 5. (1896) 73. fig. 44;—
Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 842.— Brigham Ka liana Kapa (1911) 138. fi^- 84.—
Jatropha moluccana Linn. Spec PI. ed. 1. (1753) 1006— Aleurites triloba Forst.
Char. Gen. (1776) 112. t. -16., et Prodr. (1786) no. 360, et Incon. fined, cf. Seem.)
t. 262;— Hook, et Arn. Rot. Beech. (1832) 69, et 95;— End! Fl. Suds. (1836) no.
1554;— Guill. Zeph. Tait. (1836-37) no. ISO;— Jardin lies Marqu. (1858) 25.—
Telopia perspicua Soland. Prin. Fl. Ins. Pac. (1858) 332, et in Park. Draw. Tali.
PI. 105, et. 106 (ined. cf. Seem.). — Camirium moluccanum O. Ktze. Rev. (ion. PI. II.
(1891) 595.
Leaves of variable shape, ovate or rhombcodanceolate, undivided or 3. 5 to 7 lobe]

with triangular acuminate lobes, pale, with the rib and nerves tomentose; corymb 10 to

255

PLATE 99.

ALEURITES MOLUCCANA (L.) Willi

Kukui.
Flowering and fruiting branch, reduced.

Euphorbiaceae.

15 cm lon^. Male flowers: calyx ovoid in the bud petals white to cream colored, oblanceo-
l .- 1 1 « - ; stamens about 18, anthers erect, introrse. Female flowers: calyx 8 mm; ovary hairy,
2-celled; fruit fleshy, coriaceous, globose, aboul 5 cm or more in diameter, with l shallow
furrows; seeds 1 or 2, rugose-gibbous.

The Kukui is one of the tnosl common of Hawaiian foresl trees, growing at
elevations of from about sen level to about 2200 feet. It reaches ;i height of
sometimes 80 feet and more, especially in narrow, rocky gorges, such as Manna
Lei on Lanai, and other narrow valleys. The trunks reach Large dimensions, and
it is not uncommon to find them several feel in diameter. Of all Hawaiian trees
the Kukui has the Lightest colored foliage, it being covered with a silvery-gray
powder which makes it very conspicuous in the forest, and can be recognized
from far off. The trunks are not always erect, but sometimes are twisted and
running on the ground, as are also the huge branches. It is mainly in narrow
gorges that the tree has a perfectly straight trunk, branching 4<> feel or so above
the ground.

It inhabits the lower slopes of the mountains in the dry region as well as on
the windward side, where the rainfall is usually heavy. It is common on all
the islands from almost sea level up to 2200 feet, but not higher.

The nuts especially were a necessity to the natives, who made their torches
from the seeds, strung on coconut or palm-leaf midribs. An oil was expressed
from the nuts, which the\r burnt in stone lamps. Of the acrid juice of the fleshy
covering of the nuts they prepared a black dye, used in tattooing. From the
bark of the root a similar dye was used in coloring canoes black. The trunk
itself was sometimes made into canoes, while the soot of the burning nuts was
used as canoe paint. The trunk, when bruised, exudes a gum or resin called
pilali by the natives, who employed it for various purposes. The gummy sub-
stance is said to be chewed by the Tahitians, especially that exuding from the
fruits. The nuts contain 50 per cent of oil, which is known as Kekuna in India
and Ceylon, and Kukui in Hawaii. In former times the yearly production of
the Kukui nut oil in the Hawaiian Islands amounted to 10,000 gallons, and was
exported to Europe. The cake, after expression of the oil, is a good food for
cattle, and also useful for manuring. Medicinally, the oil is used as a purgative,
and also makes an ideal dressing for ulcers.

The nuts are also roasted by the Hawaiians and, when chopped, are mixed
with seaweed and served at luaus or native feasts as a relish. In Samoa the
nuts are strung similarly to the old Hawaiian method and used as house lamps,
50 to 60 nuts being necessary for one night. They are boiled before being
strung on the midribs of palm leaves. It is called lama and tuifui in Samoa,
nibbol by the Tami Islanders in New Guinea, and raguar in the Caroline Islands;
it is the laud, sikeci and tuitui in the various dialects of Fiji.

The wood of the Kukui is of a light color, soft and absolutely not durable.
It decays very easily when cut full of sap. Many insects bore into the wood,
but especial mention may be made of the big beetle Aegosoma, belonging to the
Longicorn family, which is also a great enemy of the Koa and other trees.

257

17

PLATE 100.

EUPHORBIA LORIFOLIA (Gray) Bbd. vrar. GRACILIS Rock var. nov.

Koko or Akoko.
Fruiting brancli pinned against trunk of tree; bark is incised, note flow of latex. Grow-
ing on the lava fiehls of Puuwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii; elevation 3000 feet.

Euphorbiaceae.

EUPHORBIA L.

Cyathium campanulate, 4 to 5 lobed, the lobes entire <>r -lit, often hidden l>v glands.
Glands between the lobes, rarely less, entire or two horned or digitate. Male flowers:
numerous without calyx, very rarely with :i small scale on the articulation of the Btamens.
Female flowers: single from the middle of the cyathium, Anally stipitate and exserted Prom

the cyathium. naked or with a calyx formed by three small scales. Styles :;, free or

united, entire or bifid. Capsule separating into 3 two-valved cocci.— Herbs, shrubs or
trees, abounding in milky juice. Leaves entire, opposite, or alternate. Cyathia in ter-
minal cymes or in the axis of two dichotomous branches, or in the axils of the leaves;
stem often thick fleshy, cactus-like or even leafless.

The genus consists of more than *>(><> species, and is distributed especially
over the warmer regions; it is absent in the Arctic regions, and only very
sparingly represented in the colder parts of the temperate zone.

In the Hawaiian Islands ten species are endemic, of which only three he-
roine small trees.

All Hawaiian Euphorbiae are called Akoko or Atoto by the natives. The
name Atoto appears also in Tahiti for Euphorbia atoto, which is called Totolu
and Totoyava by the Fijians. Euphorbia atoto is credited to the Hawaiian
Islands by Seeman, who mistook for it the closely allied Euphorbia cordata of
our seashores.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves linear oblong; flowerheads terminal or axillary, single; capsule small. E. lorifolia
Leaves obovate oblong; flowerheads in open axillary cymes; capsules large. E. Rockii

Euphorbia lorifolia (Gray) Hlxl.

Koko or Akoko.

(Plate 100.)

EUPHORBIA LORIFOLIA (dray) Hbd. Flora Haw. Isl. (1888) 395;— Del Cast. 111. Fl.
Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892) 285. — E. multiformis var. lorifolia Gray in H. Mann,
Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 202.— E. multiformis var. angustifolia Boiss. in DC.
Prodr. XV. 2 (186(5) 11 (ex parte).

A small tree, with stiff branches which are nodose with short internodes and puberu-
lous; leaves opposite, linear or oblong, somewhat spathulate, 2.5 to 5 cm long, 4 to 10 mm
wide, on petioles of 1 mm or almost sessile, obtuse or truncate, often refuse at the apex,
entire, slightly contracted and subtruncate or uneven sided at the base, chartaeeous or
somewhat fleshy; stipules very low, triangular with a broad base; flowerheads terminal and
axillary, generally single or (in the Maui specimens) 2 to 3 in the leaf-axils, subsessile,
supported by several short bracts; involucre less than 3 mm, pubescent outside, glabrous
within, with 4 suborbicular glands; the lobes obovate or quadrate, with ragged margins;
bracteoles 3 to 4 fid; styles free to the base, shortly bifid with clavate branches; capsule
erect on a short stalk, 3 mm in diameter, puberulous, obtuse at the angles, the cocci
broader at the base; seeds rugose, scrobiculate.

Var. gracilis Rock. var. now

Branches not erect and stiff, but very slender and drooping; leaves linear oblong,
acute at both ends, chartaeeous, opposite', on petioles of 2 to 3 mm, midrib and veins very
prominent, pubescent underneath, pellucid, capsules smaller, the cocci of equal width.
Type no. 3593 in College of Hawaii Herbarium.

This variety is peculiar to Pimwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii, where it grows
on the aa lava fields. It readies a height of 20 to 25 feet and a diameter of

259

PLATE 101.

EUPHORBIA ROCKII Forbes.
Koko.
Showing fruiting branch and flowers, reduced.

Euphorbiaceae.

often more than 10 inches. The trunk is vested in a pinkish, rather thin bark
which is smooth when young, bul often forms thick knobs which are deeply
wrinkled in very old trees. It has a tremendous flow of latex, which does no4
coagulate on the tree, but becomes yellow, especially in old trees.

The species occurs in the gulches hack of Makawao, Maui, and also on the
slopes of .Manna Kea, Hawaii, near the crater Nan. on the boundary of the
Parker and Horner ranches. The writer met with it also on the Island of Lanai
in the dry gulches of Mahana.

The new variety, however, OCCUrs only on the slopes of Hualalai between Ilne-
hue and Puuwaawaa, Hawaii, at an elevation of 3000 feet, on the rough an lava
fields ami also in the more humid foresl of Waihou. The area with which this
tree is practically covered amounts to about 5000 acres. During a recent visit in
North Kona. engaged in botanizing in this most interesting locality, the writer
was struck by the tremendous flow of latex and the Large amount which could
be procured from a single tree. Thinking it worth while to take some latex
samples for examination, the writer sent a large bottlefnl to the I'. S. Agricul-
tural Experiment Station in Honolulu for analysis.

This Station has since published the results of the analysis in the form of a
Press Bulletin Xo. 37, entitled "Euphorbia lorifolia, a Possible Source of Rubber
and Chicle," by Wm. MeGeorge, Assistant Chemist, and W. A. Anderson. Su-
perintendent Rubber Substation

Euphorbia Rockii Forbes.

Koko.

(Plate 101.)

EUPHORBIA ROCKII Forbes Oecas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Vol. TV. 3. (1909) 38,
pi. 1.
Leaves opposite, obovate-oblong. obtuse, imeven-sided with a clasping base, nearly
sessile, 8 to 12 cm long. 2.5 to 3 cm wide; flowers in open axillary cymes 3 to 3.5 cm long;
involucre campanulate, minutely hairy or glabrous on the outside, pubescent on the inside,
lobes ovate, minute, glands transversely oblong, not appendiculate; style branches short,
nearly free; capsules large IS to 24 mm. glabrous, pink or dark crimson, on nodding
peduncles.

This tree, which was discovered by the writer in August. 1908, when in full
fruit is exceedingly handsome. It reaches a height of about 15 to 20 feet, with
a trunk of about eight inches in diameter. The bark is smooth and whitish.
Like all Euphorbiae, it exudes a stick}-, milky sap when bruised. The branches
are flat and spreading, giving the trees a broad, flat crown. The flowers are
small and inconspicuous and are borne on dichotomous cymes. The three-cor-
nered capsules are bright pink or deep scarlet when mature, of an inch or more
in length clothing the whole crown in scarlet, which is beautifully contrasted
with the dark-green, glossy, sessile foliage.

The Euphorbia Rockii is peculiar to the Island of Calm, and is only found
on the windward side, in the mountains of Punaluu above Kalinwaa valley, at
an elevation of 2000 feet or more. On the summit ridge it grows to a shrub.

261

Euphorbiaceae-Anacardiaceae.

while in the shaded ravines it becomes a tree 15 to 18 feet in height. It asso-
ciates with Pittosporum glomeratum, Straussia sp., Psychortia hexandra, Ptero-
t ropia gymnocarpa, Cyrtandra, many Lobelias and other plants peculiar to the
rain forest, of -which this tree is also typical.

A N AC ARDI ACE1AE.

This family, which consists of 58 genera with over 420 species, reaches its best
development in the tropical regions of the old and new world, but mainly in the
Malayan Archipelago. Only a few genera occur in the extra tropical regions of
the northern and southern hemispheres, as in the Mediterranean, and Manchu-
rian-Japanese regions, in the forests of North America, and in the Andes region
of South America.

Among the most useful members of this family are the Mango (Mangifera
indica), Wi (Spondias dulcis), Cacheu-nut {Anacardium occidentals) and many
others.

RHUS L.

Flowers polygamous, calyx 5-lobed. Petals longer than the calyx, both imbricate.
Stamens inserted below a broad discus, with subulate filaments, and ovate anthers, in the
female flowers often small. Ovary ovate or subglobose, with a single ovule suspended
from an erect funis; styles terminal 3, free or somewhat united, with truncate or capitate
stigmas. Drupe globose or compressed, wdth thin glabrous or tomentose exocarp. Seeds
ovate or reniform wTith thin testa. — Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, trifoliate or
pinnate leaves, and usually small flowers arranged in compound panicles.

The genus Rhus has the largest number of species of any genus of the above
family. It consists of over 120 species and subspecies, and is distributed over
the tropics, subtropics and temperate zones, but chiefly in South Africa. Sev-
eral species are found in the Viti (Fiji) and Society Islands.

The Hawaiian variety of B. semialata differs from the species in having the
rhachis of the leaf not winged.

R. semialata extends from the Himalaya Mts. through China to Japan.

The Japanese Sumach (R. vernix) has been introduced into the islands here.

Some species of Rhus are poisonous to the touch, others are employed for tan-
ning and dyeing purposes.

The Tahitian name of R. Taitensis, peculiar to the South Sea Islands (Samoa,
Viti, and Tongan Islands) is "Waiwai," in Samoa "Tavai."

Rhus semialata Murr. var. sandwicensis Engl.
X< at h an or Neleau.

RHUS SEMIALATA Murr. var. SANDWICENSIS Engl, in DC. Monogr. IV. (1883) 380;—
IIImI. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1SSS) si);- Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. .Mar. Par. VI. (1890) 145;—
Engler in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. .1 (1896) 168.— R. semialata Murr., Mann
Proc. A in. Acad. VII. (1867) 162, et Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867) 177.— Rhus sandwicensis
Gray Bot. U. 8. E. E. (1854) 369,— Toxicodendron semialatum (Murr.) (). Ktze Rev.
Gen. PI. I. | 1891 I L54.

202

Anacardiaceae-Aquifoliaceae.

Branches feruginous at the ends; leaves impari-pinnate, with 2 to 6 pairs of leaflets.
tin- rachis 10 to 30 cm long, terete, not margined, petiolate in the lower third or fourth;

leaflets Oval Or Oblong, mere or less acute or acuminate, 5 to 15 cm long ami 2.5 to B Cm
wide, almost sessile, feather veined, downy underneath, BUbglabrOUS above; panicle ter-
minal, very large and compound, very dense, 30 eta Long, many dowered, dowers small

yellowish, calyx 1 mm, deeply 5-cleft, tomentose; petals 5, - mm, obovate, glabrOUB or
ciliate; anthers .">, ovoid, obtuse, on very short lilaments, styles l! to :'., short, with Capi-
tate Stigmas; fruit 3 to 4 mm, o\(dd, somewhat flattened, tomentose.

The Neneleau, or Hawaiian Sumach, is a small tree of 1"» to 25 feel in height.
It sometimes sends up numerous shoots from the roots and thus forms dense
clumps of greal extent. The trunk is seldom ;i Tout in diameter and is vested in
a smooth bark; the leaves are pinnate, of ;i bright green with red veins and peti-
oles, and when it is in flower is quite an attractive Looking tree. The flowering
panicle is terminal rusty tomentose, and very dense. The flowers are very small
and pale yellow. The Neneleau is strictly of the lowland and lower forest zone
between 600 to 2000 feet elevation, and may be found in more or less isolated clus-
ters. On Kauai it grows above Makaweli together with the Kukui (Aleurites
moluccana), Sapindus oahuensis, Pisonia, etc., while on Hawaii it is most com-
mon all along' the road back of Hilo. It is also found in Kona and back of the
Waimea village. On Maui it grows on the windward (Kailua) and leeward
slopes of Haleakala (at Auahi). together with the Puhala (Pandanus odoratissi-
mus), and it is not uncommon in Nuuanu Valley, on Oahu.

The wood of the Neneleau is soft and very light, of a yellowish gray color, and
has a rather coarse grain with darker streaks. It, however, is tough and is
largely used for ox plows by the ranchers.

In North Kona above Kailua, Hawaii, there is a large grove of Neneleau,
though now almost dead, due to a fungus pest which has also made its appear-
ance in Hilo.

The species of which this Hawaiian tree is a variety is a small tree whose
habitat is in the outer Himalaya Mts., from the Indus to Assam, growing at an
elevation of 6000 feet, and on the Khasia Mts. at altitudes between 3000 and
5000 feet, The fruit is used by the hill tribes of the Himalaya as a remedy for
colic. From the pulp which surrounds the drupes, the o>nht, a vegetable wax.
is prepared by the Nepalese. which is similar to the Japanese wax of com-
merce. The Neneleau, however, is peculiar to Hawaii.

AQUIFOLIACEAE.

Of the family Aquifoliaceae only about 176 species are known, of which more
than 170 belong to the genus Ilex. The remaining species belong to 3 genera.
The center of distribution of Ilex is in the central and southern part of America,
with nearly half as many species in Asia and a few in the Pacific Isles. One
genus (Nemopanthes) is North American, while the genus Phelline and others
belong to the Australian floral region.

263

PLATE L02.

ILEX SANDWICENSIS (Endl.) Loes.

Kawau or Aiea on Kauai.

Fruiting branch about one-half natural Bize. Typical Oahu specimen.

Aquifoliaceae.

ILEX L.
Flowers through abortion dioecious. 4 to many lobed, usually isomerous, calyx
rarely oligomerous, and ovary pleiomerous.

Subgenus BYRONIA (Endl.) Loes.
[nflorescence single or in the leaf axils or single lateral at the base of young Bhoots,
usually long peduncled, one oj several times dichotomous or trichotomous, cyinose or Lr
regularly forked, rarely umbellately contracted. Flowers isomerous. or oftener at Least
the female flowers heteromerous. Petals occasionally shorter than the ovary. Btaminodia
of the female flower often without anthers, resembling entirely the petals. Ovary 5, or
more often 6, to many celled, occasionally 22 celled. Ovules single in each cell. Trees
with chartaceous or mostly thick coriaceous, entire, or rarely serrulate leaves.

The genus Byronia, established by Endlicher, was reduced by Loesener t<> a
subgenus under the genus Ilex, which was again divided into two classes, A. Eu-
byronia, into which falls the Hawaiian representative, now Ilex sandwicensis
(Endl.) Loes., and B. Micrococca Loes. with a single species found in Japan.

Ilex sandwicensis (Endl.) Loes.

Kawau, or Aiea on Kauai.

(Plate 102.)

ILEX SANDWICENSIS (Endl.) Loes. in Engler et Prantl Pflzfam. Nachtr. T. y 218.^ —
Ilex ? anomala Hook et Arn. Bot. Beech. (1832) lilt. 25. — Byronia sandwicensis
Endl. in Ann. Wien. Mus. I. (1836) 184,— et El. Suds. (1836) no. 1577;— A. Gray
Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 296. pi. 26;— H. Mann I'roc. Am. Acad. VJI. (1867) 161,
et Fl. Haw. Isl. Essex Inst. V. (1867) 171;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 170;—
Hbd. PL Haw. Isl. (1888) 78;— Del Cast.' 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 138;—
Brigham Ka Hana Kapa (1911) 178, fig 105. — Byronia anomala Heller PL Haw.
Isl. (1897) 847, et B. sandwicensis Endl. Heller 1. c. p. 848.
Leaves elliptico-oblong or obovate to ovate, 5 to 12 cm long, 2 to 6 cm wide, on petioles
of 5 to 25 mm, obtuse, narrowing toward the base, entire or rarely serrulate, coriaceous,
dark green above, lighter underneath, glossy above, with impressed nerves; flowers numer-
ous in cymose panicles of 5 to 10 cm in length, the naked compressed two-edged peduncle
2.5 to 5 cm, pedicels 6 mm, bibracteolate below the middle, the bractlets 2 to 3 mm;
calyx 4-lobed, the lobes rounded, corolla rotate white, deeply 6 to 10 cleft, female flowers
with staminodia often without anthers, as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate
with them; ovary closely sessile in the calyx, globular, 12 to IS celled; in sterile flowers
smaller and imperfect; stigma sessile, broad, radiate with 12 to 18 lines, persistent, ovules
single in each cell, stamens half the length of the corolla, filaments flattened, anthers
didymous, drupe spherical, smooth. 12 to 18 grooved when mature or dry, black, dull, with
purplish fruit flesh, containing 2 to 18 separable pyrenae.

The writer has abundant material of this species from various localities all
over the group, and after comparing- the many specimens he comes to the conclu-
sion that, as so many of our Hawaiian trees are polymorphous or variable, the
Kawau or Aiea proves to be no exception. Hillebrand in his Flora of the Ha-
waiian Islands fails to mention that the flowers are often sterile and that the
anthers are often wanting- in fertile flowers.

It is a handsome tree reaching a height of 20 to 40 feet, with a trunk of often
one foot in diameter. It is, however, occasionally a shrub with stiff ascending
branches and leaves crowded at the ends of the latter. Such shrubs can be found
near Kilauea Volcano on Hawaii, elevation 4000 feet, among the sub-xerophytic
vegetation, or in open swampy country. It is one of the most common forest trees
on all the islands and is more or less confined to the rain forests, though occa-

265

PLATE L03.

PERROTTETIA SANDWICENSIS A. Gray.

Olomea or Waimea on Maui.
Fruiting branch, about one-half natural size.

Aquifoliaceae-( lelastraceae.

sionally met with in the drier districts. It can be found usually in company
with Perrottetia sandwicensis {Olomea), Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii {Olapa),
Straussia, Bobea, Elaeocarpus bifid us (Kalia), and others peculiar to thai zone.
The tree is seldom tarnished by insects or blight, and the dark glossy leaves make
the tree a conspicuous object in the forest, and more so when it is in full bloom,
exhibiting its cymes of white (lowers in the upper axils, and abundant small black
fruits below the leaves, along the stem.

The leaves vary tremendously iu size, shape and texture, and so does the in-
florescence, which is sometimes very shortly peduuded and appears to be ter-
minal. A form with very small leaves is not uncom i on Kauai, while the

biggest fruited specimens the writer collected on the slopes of .Mt. Hualalai, in
North Kona, Hawaii.

The wood of the tree is whitish and rather soft. It has been employed for
saddle-trees by the Hawaiians of today.

CELASTRACEAE.

With the exception of the Arctic Zone, the Celastraceae are to be found in all
tioral regions, but especially in southern and tropical Africa, including Madagas-
car; also in tropical and subtropical Asia, in China, and Japan.

The genus Perrottetia, which occurs in the Indo-Malayan region, is also to be
found in tropical America, with one species in the Hawaiian Islands. The family
consists of 38 genera with numerous species.

PERROTTETIA II. B. K.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; calyx broad, flat cupshaped to obcouical; lobes
triangular 5, short, erect, op_en or imbricate in the bud. Petals 5, erect, similar to the
sepals, occasionally filiate, valvate in the bud. Disc flat, cup or ring-shaped, entire, or
minutely wavy, or undulate. Stamens 5, inserted in the margin of the disc; in the male
flowers longer than the petals, in the female flowers very short, sterile, filaments filiform
or subulate, anthers broad round or oval, versatile; ovary ovate, or lageniform, free from
the disc, mostly 2 celled or oftener apparently 4-celled at the base. Ovules 2 in each cell.
Style short, stigma 2 or 3 to 4 parted, 1 to 2 erect ovules in each cell. Fruit a thick fleshy
globose berry with persistent calyx, corolla, disc and stamens, 2 to 4 celled, cells 1 to 2
seeded. Seeds round with thin fleshy albumen. — Unarmed trees or shrubs with alternate,
thin coriaceous serrate leaves; stipules triangular, small and deciduous. Inflorescence
single in the leaf -axils, paniculate or cymosely branched. Flowers small.

Perrottetia sandwicensis A. Gray.

Olomea, or Waimea on Maui.

(Plate 103.)

PERROTTETIA SANDWICENSIS A. Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 291. pi. 24;— Mann.

Proc. Am. Ac. VII (1867) 161, et Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867) 172;— Wawra in Flora

(1873) 141;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 79;— Del Cast HI. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI.

(1890) 139;— Loes. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 5. (1896) 220, et N.uhtr.

I. (1S97) 224,— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) S48.
Leaves alternate, ovate oblong, somewhat acuminate, either obtuse or acute at the.
base, serrate, rather chartaceous, pinnately veined, shining above, pale underneath, veins
and nerves as well as petioles red, the latter 12 to 25 mm in length; stipules minute,

267

PLATE 104

SAPINDUS SAPONARIA Linn.

Ae and Manele.

Showing ;i fruiting branch and seeds a1 the base.

Celastraceae-Sapindaceae.

caducous; flowers small, polygamo-dioecious, greenish, pedicellate, numerous in com-
pound panicles from the axils of the leaves, peduncle puberulenl or tomentose, branching
divaricately; sepals 5, ovate lanceolate; petals 5, triangular ovate, acute; stamens 5,
alternate with the petals; anthers 2-celled; ovary ovoid, in the male flowers abortive

and sterile; ovules '_' in each cell; f r 1 1 i t brighl red, globose, Blightly depressed, aboul 6 mm
when mature; seeds marked with minute transverse wavj lines.

A tall shrub or tree 1<> to 18 feel or more in height, nearly glabrous. The
branches are short and stiff, but when growing a1 higher elevation become long
and more or less drooping.

During the month of October and November, when the tree is in full fruit, it
is not unattractive. The brighl red berries gracefully droop on densely clustered
panicles from every branch. The Olomea inhabits both the dry and the wet
forests on all the islands, ranging from 1000 feel to 6000 feel elevation.

It is most common on Maui, in Koolau, the northern gap or outlet of Ilaleakala
crater, where the tree forms a forest to the exclusion of nearly everything else
at an elevation of 6000 feet. The undergrowth in this Olomea jungle consists of
the native Begonia, Akaakaawa, which stands 10 feet high. It is not uncommon
near Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in the dry forest 1000 feet above sea level, while
it is a common feature especially in the rain forests on all the islands.

The wood of the Olomea is of medium strength, of a golden brown color with
reddish tint, and was used by the natives for producing fire by friction. Two
sticks called Aunaki were used, the upper of Olomea wood and the lower of the
much softer flaw. In the Hawaiian mythology their origin is explained thus:
During the first appearance of the sun which caused the separation of the
heavens, Lailai (goddess) is taken up to him ornamented with the dress of the
dawn, while he encloses the fire on earth in the rubbing sticks called Aunaki.

SAPINDACEAE.

The family Sapindaceae, which is almost purely tropical, consists of not less
than 118 genera with over one thousand species, nearly one-third of which (be-
longing to five genera of the tribe Paullinieae) are climbing or twining plants
peculiar to America. The only exception is Cardiospermum, which is found in
all tropical countries, besides one other climbing species, Paullinia pinnata,
occurring- in Africa. The remaining genera, consisting either of shrubs or trees.
are distributed over Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceanea.

In the Hawaiian Islands only four genera are represented, three of which
have arborescent species.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Petals present:

Sepals and petals 5; fruit 1-3 cocci, leaves simple or abruptly pinnate Sapindus

Petals wanting:

Sepals 5; fruit of one or two cocci Alectryon

Sepals 2-5; fruit a winged capsule Dodonaea

269

PL ATI-: 105.

SAPINDUS SAPONARIA L.

A'e or Manele.

Buttressed trunk of a very large A'e tree. Growing .-it the Kipuka Puaulu, near the

Volcano Kilauea. Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet.

Sapindaceae.

SAPINDUS L.

Sepals 5, round or ovate, concave, either small, glabrous and petaloid, or larger, and
densely villous outside, the two outer smaller. Petals usually 5 densely tomentose outside,
cadi with a scale at the base. Disc annular, rarely incomplete; stamens 8 (10) Tree, gener
allv hairy. Fruit of '■'• to 1 cocci, indehiscent, with coriaceoup exocarp, mesocarp fleshy
containing saponine, putamen chartaceous. Seeds globose or elliptical, with a bard bony
testa. Embryo oily. Large or medium sized trees with numerous leaflets and occasionally

winged rhachis, one Hawaiian species only with simple leaves. Flowers in terminal and

axillary panicles.

A genus (if eleven species, mainly medium-sized or Large trees, occuring in
tropical and sub-tropical countries, with 1 lio exception of Africa and New Hol-
land. All species of Sapindns have leaves consisting of many leaflets, with the
exception of one species occurring in these islands, which has simple and entire
leaves.

Sapindus Saponaria, described by Linnaeus, is found in America in many
forms, which have been mistaken for different species.

The genus is represented in these islands by two species, while one other

occurs in the Viti (Fiji) Islands. The species of Sapindus found in Tahiti, the

Marquesas, and Easter Island, is identified by some botanists with the already

mentioned 8. Saponaria L.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves abruptly pinnate S. Saponaria

Leaves simple, entire S. Oahuensis

Sapindus saponaria L.

A V and Main h .
(Plates 104, 105, 106.)

SAPINDUS SAPONARIA L. Spec. pi. ed. 1 (1753) 367;— Forst. Prodr. (1786) 178;—
DC. Prodr. I. (1824) 607 ;— Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) No. 1534;— Seem. Fl. Yit. (1866)
47;_Del Cast. HI. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI. (1890) 143, et Fl. Polyn. Franc (1893)
35;— Eadlk. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 5. (lsiiii) 315, fig. KM.— S. microcarpa
Jardin Hist. Nat. lies Marquises (1858) 25. — S. Thurstonii Rock Bull. Hawaii
Board Agric. and For. I. (1911) 6, fig. 2, pi. 3.

A deciduous tree; leaves alternate; leaflets opposite or slightly alternate, the rhachis
slightly marginate or winged in young leaves; leaflets subsessile in 4 to 6 pairs, chartace-
ous, elliptical-oblong, slightly falcate", 6 to 12 cm long, 2 to 3.5 cm wide, acuminate,
rounded at the base, glabrous above, tomentose underneath; the pubescent panicles ter-
minal, about 12 cm long; flower-buds green, strongly pubescent; fruits consisting of 1 to 2
globose cocci, 17 to 20 mm in diain. which are connate, or when single bear the rudi-
ments of two abortive ones; pericarp coriaceous, endocarp pergameneous, pale, seeds
globose, dark reddish brown or black, 10 to 12 mm in diam. with a lon.u' testa bearing no
tufts of hair at the base (in the Hawaiian specimens).

The .IV or Manele is a very beautiful tree, attaining- a height of about SO
feet, when growing in the middle forest zone at an elevation of 4000 feet.

The bark on young trees is of a light-brown color and smooth, and falls off
in large scales from mature trees, exposing the smooth inner layers.

The leaves are abruptly pinnate, light-green, and have a winged rhachis
when young. The small flowers are on terminal panicles and of a yellowish
■color. The berries are round, and two or three may be found attached to each

271

PLATE 106.

SAPINDUS SAPONARIA L.

A'e or Manele.

Tree growing in the Kipuka Puaulu, Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet.

Sapindaceae.

other with a parchment-like covering, but arc usually single with two abortive
ones at the base; the seed is round, brownish-black, and hard. The tree Loses its
Leaves LI! the winter months; bu1 as the young leaves conic out before all the old
ones drop, it is hardly bare for any Length <>f time. Owing to the ravages of a

caterpillar which feeds on the (lowers, making the whole inflorescence wilt he-
fore expansion, very few trees, indeed, bear fruits.

S. Saponaria b. is the second species of the genus Sapindus found in these
islands. Jt is called A'< on .Manna Loa, while on llualalai it is known as .1/*/-
nele. The wood is whitish and is of medium strength.

After reexamination of extensive material of this plant, the writer came to
the mature conclusion that the Hawaiian A'< or Maneh is identical with the
American Sapindus saponaria L. The tree was lirst found by the writer on the
Island of Hawaii on the lava fields of l'uuwaawaa. in North Kona. in the year
1909. Mr. L. A. Thurston called the writer's attention to some very large trees
near the Kilauea Volcano, in the Kipuka Puaulu, and on visiting this most in-
teresting: district the writer found the trees identical with those from l'uuwaa-
waa. the only difference being in the size of trunk (5 to 6 feet) and height of
tree (80 feet), while in the latter locality the tree is rather small. After exam-
ining the material and comparing' it with specimens of the introduced Sapindus
saponaria L.. growing about town, the writer came to the conclusion that the
Hawaii plant was new to science. It certainly differed materially from the
trees growing at Honolulu.

The writer after careful examination (unfortunately after the publication of
the name Sapindus Tliurstonii) came to the conclusion that these differences
were not specific and that the tree is identical with the American Sapindus
saponaria L.. and as such it is here published. The tree had. however, never
been recorded growing in its native state on Hawaii, save by J. Remy (Xo. 566
bis), who collected on these islands in the early days, and is only cited in the pub
lication by Drake del Castillo.

It is desired to state that the trees of Sapindus saponaria L. from Hawaii for-
ests reach a larger size than was ever recorded of that species in other parts of
the world. The diameter of some of the trees measures six feet and is also but-
tressed, as can be seen in the accompanying illustration. The bark of old trees
comes off in huge thick scales, exposing the smooth inner layers. The Hawaiian
trees are also deciduous.

Sapindus Oahuensis Hbd.
.1^/^ and Kaulu on Oahu. Lonomea on Kauai.

SAPINDUS OAHUENSIS Hbd. in Radlkofer, Berichte .1. K. Bayer. Acad. (1S7S) 401,— et
PI. Haw. 1st. (1888) 85;— Radlk. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. I1T. 5. (1896) 310.—
Celastrina? Wawra in Flora (1S73) 141.

A glabrous tree, with whitish bark covered with lenticels, the wood pale; loaves
ovate, in to 20 cm long. 5 to 12 fin wide, on petioles of 2.-") to 7 cm, acuminate, rounded or
■truncate at the base, but slightly de current, quite entire, thick chartaceous. pale glabrous;

273

18

PLATE 107.

ALECTRYON MACROCOCCUS Radlk.

Mahoe.

Showing fruiting branch, with young ;irnl mature fruits; less than one-half natural size.

Sapindaceae.

panicles tomentose with a fulvous pubescence, either several in the axils of the uppermost
leaves and then 5 to 10 cm long, or Bingle, terminal and L0 to 12 cm long,
with the lowest bracts foliaceous, the branches alternate and patent, the pedi-
cels - mm, minutely bracteolate aboul the middle; sepals unequal, orbicular,

3 i : tomentose, Blightly connate at the base; petals 5, little longer, equal,

pubescent and ciliate; stamens 8, inserted on the thick margin of a pentagonal glabrous
disc 2 mm; ovary glabrous, 3 to _ lobed; Btigma subsessile, lnl.es broad, rounded; cocci
either 2, connate, or oftener a Bingle one with the rudiments of I or 2 'abortive ones
at the base; the Bingle coccus obovoid, 30 to 20 mm; pericarp leathery, shining; endocarp

pergameneous, pale, \illous in the immature state; seed obovoid, 20 to I 1' mm; testa Marl,',

o-v,.,ms, rugose, with a broad truncate, rather carunculate base; embryo curved, cotyledons
accumbent to the short tapering radicle. Hillebrand's \ar. ti differs from the species in

its loaves, which are narrowing at the base, ami are shorter petioled; the flowering panicle

is also denser and not open as in the speeies.

This tree, which peaches a heighl of 20 to 30 feet, is endemic to the Hawaiian
Islands, and is found on Oahu and Kauai. It develops a rather shorl trunk of

aboul eight inches in diameter, and is vested in a whitish hark which is covered
with lenticels. While all other known species of Sapindus have pinnate Leaves,
the Aula or Lonomea is a remarkable exception, in having single, oblong, entire
leaves, which never show any indication of division.

The small, yellow flowers are arranged in Long, terminal panicles, which
are covered with a rusty-brown down.

It is distinctly a tree of the lower forest zone, and inhabits the leeward sides
of the Islands of Oahu and Kauai. On the former island it is found in the
valleys of Makaha and Makaleha of the Kaala range, while a variety of it grows
in the valley of Niu. On the latter island it is scattered on the Lower levels at
an elevation of 1000 feet back of Makaweli and Waimea, together with the
Aleurites moluccana (Kukui), Ochrosia sandwicensis, Straussia, etc.

The wood of the Auhi is whitish and of no value. On Kauai the seeds were
used as a cathartic by the natives. A dose consisted of 7 to 8 seeds.

The variety occurs in Nui Valley, on Oahu, but all the trees found in Xni by
the writer were attacked very badly by a moth (Rhyioeoppha sp. ?), winch gave
the trees an ungainly appearance; in fact, most of them were devoid of leaves.

ALECTRYON Gartn.
(Mahoe Hillebr.)

Flowers regular, calyx short, cup-shaped, 4 to 5 toothed, valvate or somewhat imbri-
cate. Petals 4 to 5, with 2 scales, or wanting. Discus complete. Stamens 8 to 1".
Ovary 2 to 3 celled, and usually of 2 to 3 cocci, style with a short - to 3 lotted stigma,
rarely undivided; cell one ovuled. Fruit of 2 or 3 or, through abortion, of one coccus. Cocci
large globose or ovate, often of the size of a pea, occasionally keeled, coriaceous or
cortico-crustaceous, opening in an irregular fissure. Seeds nearly globose or compressed,
with shining brown, smooth testa, arilate. Trees with abruptly pinnate leaves consisting
of 1 to 5 pairs of leaflets, entire, or serrate, papillose on the underside in a few species.
Flowers small, in thyrses or less branched panicles.

The genus Alectryon consists of 16 species, which are all arborescent and are
distributed over the Malayan, Papuan and Pacific islands, represented by the
species of Nephelium in the two latter groups.

The type of the genus is the Titaki of Xew Zealand. A. <.<■<■< Isits. which, like
our Hawaiian species, the M<ih<>< tree, has edible fruits.

275

PLATE ins.

ALECTRYON MACROCOCCUS Eadlk.

Mahoe tree.

Growing or the lava fields of Auahi. land of Kahikinui, southern slopes of Mt. Haleakala,

Maui; elevation 2600 feet.

Sapindaceae.

Alectryon macrococcus Radlk.

Miihni .

Plates L07 and L08.)

ALECTRYON MACROCOCCUS Radlk. in Sitzber. k. Bayer. A.cad. XX (1890) 255, et in
Engl, et Prant] Pflzfam. Ml. 5. (1895) 333, el in Bull. Hawaii Bd. Agric. and
Forest. I. (1911) 1;— Rock Rep. Hawaii Board Agric. and For. (1910) 81. pi. 19.
el Bull. Bd. Agric. and For. 1 (1911) 2. pi. 1. in part.— Mahoe gen. nov.1 Bbd.
Fl. Haw. [si. (1888) ^;. Dodonaea Bp. Del Castill. [11. PI. [ns. Mar. Pac. VI.
(1890) H4 in obs. ad. Dod. vise. — Vulgo Mahoe in Molokai et Maui (quo aomine
in Nuov-Zealandia Melicytus ramiflorus Forst. salutatur t. Kirk, in Forest Fl.
N.-Zeal. 1889. 3.).

Medium sized tree; branches terete, glabrous, young branches striate with new Leaves
covered with an appressed yellowish silky tomentum; leaves with 2 to 5 pair of leaflets;
the latter large, opposite, elliptical or subovate, obtuse at both ends, or with an acuminate
apex, petioled, entire undulate, coriaceous to chartaceous, LO t<> 18 cm long, 4 to 1" '-in
wide, the lateral nerves oblique; shining above, densely tomentose underneath with a

yellowish brown tomentum; panicles axillary, female flowers small, on pedicels of - mm,

calyx 5-lobed, the lobes l' mm, subacute, persistent with the young fruits; petals none.

rudimentary; stamens 6-8, in sinuses within the pubescent discus-margin, filaments very
short, hirsute; anthers red. 1 nun long, subdidymous at the base; ovary compressed.
densely hirsute. ] to '2 celled; style short, almost arched, with a bifid stigma; male flowers
unknown; fruits of 1 to - cocci; young fruits covered densely with yellowish golden
setulose hair, crowned by the remnants of the style, mature fruits glabrous, dark brown
corticose-coriaceous, globose 3 to 6 cm in diameter; or of one coccus with 1 to 2 abortive
ones, largest for the genus; arillus scarlet, seeds with a crustaceous testa, brown, shining,
(In the Herbarium of the College of Hawaii No. S642).

The Mahoe, which is the single representative of the genus Alectryon in the
Hawaiian Islands, is a medium-sized tree 20 to 25 feet tall, with a trunk of per-
haps 6 to 8 inches in diameter. The bark is brown, somewhat rough ; the wood
is hard, dark yellowish-brown, and very tough.

It is an ungainly tree. The branchlets and inflorescence, as well as young
fruits, are covered with a dense coat of silky-brown hair; the leaves are large,
having from 2 to I leaflets, which are glabrous above and tomentose underneath.
The fruits of the Mahoe, which are of very large size, have the color of a
potato and are perfectly smooth. They hang in clusters from the branches and
become ruptured when mature, the fissure being irregular, exposing a bright
scarlet aril and the glossy surface of the chestnut-brown orbicular seed, giving
a not altogether impleading contrast. Flowering and fruiting trees were ob-
served by the writer during the month of November, who would judge, how-
ever, that the flowering period would fall during the late summer months, as
most of the trees bore young fruits and old ones from the previous year.

The Mahoe inhabits the dry regions on the leeward side of the islands. It
is very scarce on Oahu. where it grows in Makaha valley of the Kaala range,
and practically extinct on Molokai; on Kauai it was found by Mr. Francis Gay
back of Makaweli, while the writer discovered a new locality from which it had
not been reported previously. About seven miles from Ulupalakua, on the
Island of Maui, is a small area of forest on the lava fields of Auahi. Unprom-
ising as it looks from the road, this forest is botanically. nevertheless, one of the
richest in the Territory. It is there that the Mahoe is not uncommon, and still

Sapindaceae.

thrives in company with many other rare trees peculiar to thai small area, such
as IVlea, Xanthoxyhun, Bobea, Pittosporum, Pterotropia, Tetraplasandra, etc.
Owing to its scarcity, it is unknown to most of the old natives, who have heard
of it only in rare instances from their ancestors.

The wood, which is very hard and tough, has not been made use of by the
natives, as far as can be ascertained. The bright scarlet fruit Mesh is eaten by
the natives, as well as the kernel of the seed, and are not altogether unpleasant
to the taste.

The Malioc is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, and is remarkable for its
fruits, which are the largest in the genus.

The name Malioc, meaning "twins," undoubtedly refers to the double fruits,
which are not uncommon in our Alectryon.

DODONAEA.

Flowers dioecious, regular (often appearing as if hermaphrodite). Sepals 3 to 7 im-
bricate or valvate; petals none. Disc developed or in the fern, flowers forming a short
carpophore. Stamens 8 or less, rarely more, with short filaments and elongate anthers.
Ovary usually orbicular or obeordate, mostly 3- also 2- or 4, rarely 5-6 ridged with as many
cells as ridges and with 2 ovules in each cell, the upper ascending and apotropous, the
lower pendulous and epitropous, styles short, with 3 to (3 short stigmating lobes. Capsule
papery or coriaceous, 3-2-6 celled, winged, rarely without wings. Seeds single or 2 in
each cell, globose or lentiform. Embryo spirally twisted, containing aleuron as well as
saponine. — Trees or shrubs often only bushes with a viscous surface; leaves simple, or
pinnate (not in the Hawaiian species), often covered with resinal glands. Floweis pedi-
eeled, axillary or terminal, single, or in racemes or panicles.

The genus Dodonaea consists of -46 species, 44 of which are endemic in Aus-
tralia, including' the cosmopolitan D. viscosa L., which can be found in all
tropical countries.

In Hawaii three species occur; the above-mentioned D. viscosa L., besides
D. eriocarpa Smith, and D. stenoptera Ilbd., the latter a shrub 2 to 4 feet high
and peculiar to Molokai. Outside of the Australian and Hawaiian species,
there is only one other species, D. madagascariensis Rdlk.. which is peculiar to
Madagascar. They are trees or shrubs, or also bushes.

The leaves in the Hawaiian Dodonaea or Aalii, as they are called by the
natives, are simple, usually covered with glands which secrete a resin.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Capsule broadly winged, with wings projecting above:

• apsule glabrous, Hat, 2-winged D. viscosa

Capsule pubescent, 3-4 winged D. eriocarpa

Dodonaea viscosa L.
Aalii or Aalii kumakua.

DODONAEA VISCOSA L., Mnnt. II. (1771) 238;— Porst. Prodr. (1786) no. 164; I"'.
Prodr. I. (1824) 616;— Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beech. (1832) 61;— Endl. PI. Suds.
(1836) in,. 1539;- Guill. Zeph. Tait. (1836-1837) no. 335;— A. Gray Bot. U. S'.
E. E. (1854) 260;— Panchei in Cuz. (1860) 1. e.;— Seem. PI. Vit. (1866) 49;—
Mann. True Am. Acad. VII. (lsi!7) 175;— Nadeaud Enum. Tahit. PI. (1873)

278

Sapindaceae.

117; -Sinclair [ndig. PI. Haw. [si. (1885) pi. 39;— Hbd. PI. Haw. bl. (1888) -7:

Del ''.-ist. III. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) in. et PI. Polyn. Franc (1893) 36;

Badlk. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 5. (1895) 357;— Heller PI. Haw. [si. (1897)

849.
Branches angular, stiff, glabrous, glutinous at the ends; leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate
or obovate, acuminate, or obtuse, entire, chartaceous panicles terminal and axillary l'..">
to 5 cm long; male flowers: sepals I, glabrous, 2 mm; stamens 7 to 9; ovary rudimentary;
female (lowers: sepals 4, stamens wanting; ovary shortly stipitate. viscid, glabrous, 2 to 3
celled, each cell with - ovules; style several times as long as the o\arv with two linear

lobes glued together; capsule bright yellow, red or brown, membraneous, Hat. orbicular,
faintly ridged along the middle, - to '■'< winged the latter I to <'> mm broad; seeds I mm.
ovate, flattened.

The Aiilii or Aalii Kumakua is a small tree, reaching a height of 15 to 25 feet
or more; the branches are angular, stiff, and glutinous at the ends. It develops
a rather short trunk of only a few feet in height with a diameter of 5 to 10
inches. The hark is thick, longitudinally and very closely wrinkled or corru-
gated, and of a reddish-brown color. Plants may be found only a foot high and
bearing profusely, while sometimes trees can be observed up to 30 feet in height.
The male and female flowers are borne on different trees, but female trees are
met with much oftener than male trees. The Aalii varies tremendously in
habit and stature. The two-winged, papery capsules are of a bright red, or
pale yellow, and very conspicuous on that account. It has been said that
owing to the viscousness of the very light capsules, they easily adhere to the
plumage of birds, to which agents the plant owes its world-wide distribution;
the capsules of the Hawaiian Dodonaea are only viscous when young, and are
perfectly glabrous and papery when mature.

The wood of the Aalii is of a golden-brown color, with black heartwood, and
is extremely hard. Its density and heaviness would make it a very desirable
wood for cabinet work and many other purposes. In New Zealand it has been
employed as a substitute for brass for machine bearings, with good results.

The Aalii is common on all the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, and is
gregarious at elevations of 1000 to 4000 feet. On Oahu it can be found on the
main range, as well as on the Waianae mountains, but is especially common in
Palolo valley at an elevation of 1000 feet. As already mentioned, it is a cosmo-
politan, and occurs in all tropical countries from Australia to New Zealand,
Chatham Islands, Tahiti, Viti, and Samoan Islands, to Africa. America, and
Asia. In Hawaii it has a variety named by Ilillebrand ,;. var. spathulata. I'
is a stunted shrub and occurs on the higher elevations, especially on Hawaii. It
forms almost 50 per cent of the vegetation at the summit slope of Mt. Hualalai
(8270 feet).

Undoubtedly the wood was employed by the natives for various purposes,
but no information can be obtained from this generation. The leaves were used
as medicine.

It is known to the Samoans as Togovao, who employ its leaves for baths as
a remedy for rheumatism and other inflammations. In the Yiti Islands it i?

279

PLATE 109.

Typical specimen from

DODONAEA ERIOCARPA Smith.
Aalii Kumakani.
tlif upper Blopes of Mt. Ealeakala.
Mature capsules al the left.

Male flowering branch,

Sapindaceae-Rhamnaceae.

the Wase, and in Tahiti, Apiri. It is the Ah of Rarotonga and New Zealand
in the latter place often called Ah ah .

Dodonaea eriocarpa Smith.

A at ii kumakani.

i Plate 109.)

DODONAEA ERIOCARPA Smith in Rees. Cycl. XII. No. 6; DC. Prodr. I. (1824) <U7;—
Endl. PI Suds. (1836) No. L540;— Gray Bot. I'. 8. B. E. (1854) 260;— Mann Proc.
Am. Acad. I. c. et Flora Haw. 1st. I. e. p. 176;— Hbd PI. Haw. 1st. (1888) 88;
Del Cast, 1. c.;— Heller. PI. Haw. 1st. (1897) 839.
Flowers polygamous, with male, female am! hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant;

leaves narrow, lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, puberulous when young; panicle terminal.

pubescent; sepals .1. ovate, pubescent, stamens la. round a ciliate torus in tie male flow-
ers; ovary pubescent, shortly stipitate; style short, stigmas indicated by 1 dots, or :i to 6
mm long in the female Sowers; capsule turgid; 8 to Hi mm high, :! to 1 winged, pubescent
along the margins of the wings; seed ovoid.

The Aalii kumakani is a small shrub, or tall, much-branched shrub or medium-
sized tree of 20 feet or so in height. It differs very little from the Aalii kuma-
Mia, and that mainly in the pubescent capsules, which are three or four-
winged, instead of having two wings. It is a shrub on the leeward side of Kauai,
above Waimea on the open, barren slopes at an elevation of 2000 feet, and is a
small tree on the upper slopes of Mt. Haleakala at elevations of 6000 to 8000
feet, where it grows in gulches and along dry stream beds in company with a
species of Suttonia, with the Silversword, Argyroxiphium sandwicense var.
macrocephalum, A. viresccns, the green sword plant, and numerous other Com-
positae, as Raillardia, and Artemisia. It is a handsome tree with dark-green,
viscous, shining leaves, forming a beautiful, symmetrical, round crown. It also
occurs on Hawaii in the dry regions of Kau, and on the central plateau on th'
slopes of Mauna Loa.

On Molokai above Kamalo grows another species (Dodonaea stenoptera Hbd.)
peculiar to the above locality. It is, however, never a tree and therefore here
omitted.

RHAMNACEAE.

The family Rhamnaceae occurs in all regions whose climate permits lignaceous
growth. The genus Rhamnus is the widest distributed; its center of develop-
ment is Europe and extra tropical Asia. Here in the Hawaiian Islands the
family, with its 45 genera, has only two representatives, the genera Alphitonia
and Colubrina, with only one endemic species belonging to the latter genus.

KEY TO THE GENEEA.

Fruit three-grooved at the apex, the ealycine cup not extending beyond the base.

Colubrina
Fruit not grooved, globose, the ealycine cup extending to the middle Alphitonia

COLUBRINA Brongn.

Sepals, petals and stamens 5. Calycine cup hemispherical, not extending beyond the
ovary. Disc broad annular, more or less flat. Style trifid. Ovary immersed in the cup
of the calyx, three-celled. Fruit dry or with somewhat fleshy exocarp, enclosed at the

281

PLATE lid.

COLUBRINA OPPOSITIFOLIA Brongn.

Kauila.

Flowering and fruiting brancb pinned against trunk of tree. Growing on the ancient

lava Hows of Puuwaawaa, Mt. Hualalai, Hawaii; elevation 2000 feet.

Rhamnaceae.

base by the calycine cup. Endocarp divided into three cocci, opening elastically. Seeds
with thick smooth testa, occasionally with small arillus. Albumen present. Unarmed

shrubs or trees with glabrous or more or less lomentose leaves which are usually alter-
nate, or opposite in one of the Hawaiian species, cordate to elongate, three to penninerved.
Flowers usually in axillary, short peduncled cymules or single.

The genus Colubrina consists of about 15 species distributed mainly in trop-
ica] America ami the wanner regions <>l' North America. One is endemic in the
Hawaiian Islands, and one is widely distributed in the tropics of the old world.

Colubrina opposiiifolia Brongn.
Kauila.

(Plates 110 and 111.)

COLUBRINA OPPOSITIFOLIA Brongn. (In Herb. Gray) II. Mann Proc. Am. Acad.
VII (1867) 161, et Fl. Haw. [si. Kssex Inst. V. (1867) L73; — Wawra in Flora
(1873) 170;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. [si. (1888) 80;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. .Mar. Pac.
VI. (1890) 140;— Weberb. in Engl, et Prantl III. 5. (1896) 415.

A medium sized tree (and not a shrub) 10 to 12 m high witli a trunk of often 3 dm
and more in diameter; leaves opposite, ovate or oblong 7 to 15 em long, 3 to (> cm wide.
on petioles of 3 to 5 cm, thin chartaceous, bright green on both sides, entire; penninerved,
with a gland at the base of each nerve on the lower face; flowers 5 to 10 in an umbellate
cyme on a common peduncle of about 1 cm or more, the pedicels <i to 12 mm, with minute
ovate bractlets at the base; calyx cup-shaped 3 mm, parted to the middle; petals not ex-
ceeding the calyx and enclosing the short stamens; anthers ovoid; style very short, three-
lobed; fruit subglobose, 3-grooved at the apex, about 10 to 12 mm in diameter, the calycine
cup not exceeding the lower third; exocarp woody, not separating from the endocarp,
cocci 3; seeds reddish-brown, angular convex; cotyledons rather thick and fleshy, nearly
as long and broad as the thin albumen; radicle short.

This is the Kauila of South and North Kona, Hawaii. It is in the latter lo-
cality that the tree is quite common, while in South Kona on the lava fields of
Kapna the tree is quite scarce. Between Puuwaawaa and Huehue, on the slopes
of Hualalai in North Kona, the tree reaches its best development. Trees 35 feel
or more in height are not uncommon, with a trunk of often a foot or more in
diameter. The bark is of a light brown color and scales off in large round
flakes. It is associated with Kokia Bockii (Kokio), Mezoneurum Kauaienst
(VliiuJii), Myoporum sandwicense (Naio), and many others.

The wood of this Kauila is harder than the Kauila (Alphitonia excelsa) of
Kauai, Hawaii and Maui ; it is exceedingly hard, close grained and of a dark
red color, without black streaks such as occur in Alphitonia excelsa.

The wood of this tree was used by the natives for spears on account of its
hardness and durability. It is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, as it is not
known from other parts of the world. A second species occurs in the islands,
which is a small rambling shrub (Colubrina asiatica) and is at once distinguish-
able by its alternate leaves. Its native name is Anapanapa or Kukuku. It is
extremely poisonous and was often used for stupefying fish. It grows only
near the sea. It is a cosmopolitan and is widely distributed over the tropics of
the old world.

283

PLATE 111.

COLUBRINA OPPOSITIFOLIA Brongn.

Kauila tree.

Growing ; < 1 < > 1 1 ur the North Kona road between Huehue and Puuwaawaa, Eawaii;

elevation 2 feet.

Rhamnaceae.
ALPHITONIA Reissek.

Flowers polygamous; sepals, petals and stamens 5; disc flal annular. Style 2 to '■'• fid.
Ovary 2 to 3 celled. Fruil below and at the middle invested by the cup-shaped calyx-
tube and coalesced with the same; exocarp strongly developed, brittle, bul nol bo much
in the Hawaiian plants. Endocarp divided into - or 3 cocci with woody or crustaceoue
partitions opening inward by a longitudinal slit. Seeds with aril, often enclosing the
seed completely. Alter the falling away of the pericarp, the seeds remain on the re
ceptacle; in the Hawaiian plant the pericarp never falls away but it is often nol even
cracked owing to the calyx tube investing the drupe up to the middle and even beyond.

(A tact which I I i lleln and pointed out and eorrect ly ) . A tree with lease.-, petioles, and

inflorescence tomentose. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, penninerved, broadly ovate to

lanceolate, glabrous above, with a whitish to reddish brown tonientum underneath. Flow-
ers in terminal or lateral loose cymes.

The genus Alphitonia consists of ;i single extremely variable species, which
is distributed from Australia to Polynesia and Borneo.

In Hawaii the tree is known as Kauila. Eillebrand in his Flora of the Ha-
waiian Islands described it as a new species, "Alphitonia ponder 'osa." It is true
it is a quite different plant from those in the writer's possession from Australia.
In the Australian plants the fruits are barely (i mm. in diameter and are cracked
to the base, while the Hawaiian plants have the fruits 14 mm. in diameter; they
also are hardly even split; only on rare occasions the writer found cracked fruits
on a tree.

He, however, refers this tree to A. excelsa, as he has not seen the intermediates
of the Australian and South Polynesian plants.

Alphitonia excelsa Reiss.

Kauila, Kauwila or O'a on Maui.

(Plate 112.)

ALPHITONIA EXCELSA Keiss. ex Endl. Gen. (1840) 1098;— Seem. Fl. Vit. (1SGG) 43; —

H. Mann, Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 161, et Ft. Haw. Isl. (1867) 174;— Wawra

in Flora (1873) 170;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI. (1890) 140 (ex parte)

et Fl. Polyn. Franc. (1893) 33;— Weberb. in Engl, et Prantl HI. 5. (1896) H9; -

Brigham Ka Hana Kapa (1911) 174, fig. 103. — Colubrina excelsa Fenzl. in Bugl.

Enum. (1837) 20.— Rhamnus zizyphoides Soland. in Forst. Proclr. (1786) no. 510

absqu. char.) ;— Sprgl. Syst. I. (1825) 768;— DC. Prodr. II. (1825) 27;— Pancher, iu

Tahiti, (I860) 230 — Pomaderris zizyphoides Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beech. (1832) 61 ; —

Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no. 1570 ; —Guill. Zephyr. Ts.it. (1836-1837) no. 330;— A. ziz-

phoides Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 278 t. 22; — Nadeaud Ennm. (1873) no. 451.—

A. franguloides Gray 1. e. 280 t. 22". — Zizphoides argentea Soland. Prim. Fl. Pac.

378, et in Parkins Draw. Tahit. PI. (ined. cf. Seem, 1. c.)— A. ponderosa Hbd. Fl

Haw. Isl. (1888) 81 ;— Del Cast. 1. c. 140;— Heller PI. Haw. Tsl. (1897) S49.

Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, lanceolate, generally acute, entire, dark green above, with

a rust colored tomentum underneath; flowers in the axils of the youngest leaves, in short

tomentose dichotomous cymes; calyx 6 mm, lobes expanded; petals half as long as calyx

lobes, spathulate, enclosing the short stamens; anthers ovoid, style very short 2 to 3 fid;

fruit globose 14 to 18 mm in diam. ringed at the middle by the border of the adnate calyx

in the Hawaiian plants, almost indeshiscent; arillus a dark red separable film enveloping

the whole seed. Cotyledons broad, oblong.

The Kauila is a stately tree and attains its greatest height, 80 feet, on the
Island of Kauai, especially in the forest of Kopiwai. It has a straight trunk of
iy2 to 2 feet in diameter with a whitish deeply corrugated bark in the dry dis-
tricts.

285

PLATE 111'.

ALPHITONIA EXCELSA Reisa.

Kauila or O'a.

Fruiting branch pinned against trunk of tree. Growing on the aa (rough) lava fieldB of

Auahi, Kaliik inni. sunt hern slopes of I In I < ■ : i k;i l;i . M;iui; elevation 2600 feet.

Rhamnaceae-Elaeocarpaceae.

It inhabits the dry regions <»n the leeward slopes of all the islands, bul is qo-
where commoD excepl on Kauai and a1 Auahi, district of Kahikinui, on Maui,
where it is gregarious on the aa lava fields. It is in this latter place thai the
writer met with trees whose trunks were more than '_' feet in diameter.

On the islands of Molokai and Lanai it is very scare- indeed and found only
on exposed ridges as straggling shrubs. On Main, on the southern slopes of
Haleakala at an elevation of 2600 to 3000 feet, it is a beautiful tree with a
straight trunk. The name Kauila is unknown on the Island of Maui, for this
species; it is always referred to as the O'a, while the name Kauila is applied to
Colubrina oppositifolia, from Hawaii.

On Oahu it can be found on Mt. Kaala on dry exposed ridges, while on Ha-
waii it is not uncommon in Kau and North and South Kona ; but never in com-
pany with Colubrina oppositifolia, which inhabits the i v ancient lava flows.

The wood, which is of a beautiful reddish color with black streaks, is very
durable, close and hard grained and exceedingly heavy. It was employed by
the natives for their spears as well as for tapa beaters or mallets and other tools.

The Kauila or O'a is indigenous to Hawaii, but not endemic, as it is also
found in most of the Polynesian islands of the South Seas. Australia and Borneo.

It is known as Doi in Fiji and as Toi in Tahiti, while the Samoan name of the
species is also Toi.

The Samoans use the leaves for medicinal purposes. They are also often
ground between stones, and are used in washing out the lime from the hair.

In Australia the tree is known as Mountain Ash, Red Ash. Leather Jacket,
and Cooper's Wood. The aboriginals of Australia have also several names for
it; among them are Mee-a-mee, Culgeraculgera, and Murrrung in the Ilaawara
district of New South Wales.

E1LAEOCARPACEAE.

The family Elaeocarpaceae is rather small, consisting of only seven genera,
with somewhat more than 120 species. It is distributed over the tropics of the-
old and new world, and reaches its most northern point in Japan, where two
species, belonging to the genus Elaeoearpus, are to be found.

The genus Elaeoearpus, represented in thesp islands by one species, is the
largest in the family, with more than 60 species. The distribution of the family
ranges from the West Indies to the latitude of the Island of Chiloe, and from
Japan to New Zealand.

ELAEOCARPUS L.

Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals '>. Petals ■", usually bifid at the apex, at the
base flat, free, valvate in the bud. Androgynophor mostly ."> lobed. Stamens numerous,
anthers linear, often ciliate, with two adnate cells opening at the apex into transverse
valves. Ovary 2 to 5 celled with several ovules in each cell. Stone fruit with hard.
3 to 5 celled. 1 to ~> seeded stone, usually very hard and rugose. Trees witli usually
alternate leaves, which are either entire or serrate. Flowers in simple axillary, often many
flowered racemes.

287

plate n;

ELAEOCARPUS BIFIDUS Hook, et Arn.

Kalia.

Flowering and fruiting branch about one-half natural size.

Elaeocarpaceae

A genus of more than 60 species of trees. It is distributed I'roni India
through the Malayan Archipelago to Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zea-
land; also over the Philippines to Japan, with a single species in Hawaii.

Elaeocarpus bifidus Hook, et Arn.

Kalia.

(Plate 113.)

ELAEOCARPUS BIFIDUS Hook et Am. Hot. Beech. (1832) 110, t. 24;— Endl. PI. Suds.
(1836) no. 14;— A. Gray, Hot. V. S. E. E. (1854) 205;— II. Mann, Proc. Am. Aca-1.
VII (1867) 158, et PI. Haw. [sl. (1867) L43;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 171; —
Bbd. PL Haw. [sl. (1888) 53;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 126;—
Eeller PI. Haw. [sl. (1897) s.->o.— Beythea bifida End. Hen. PI. Walp. Rep. I. (1840)
365 et V. 121.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong HI to 18 cm long, ."> to !» cm wide, on petioles of 5 cm,
acuminate, crenate or bluntly serrate, often nearly entire, chartaceous; stipules lanceolate,
2 mm long, caducous; racemes 25 to 50 mm long with 5 to 8 flowers on pedicels of 12 mm;
sepals narrow lanceolate, petals as long as sepals, about 8 mm, greenish, linear oblong,
shortly bifid or scarcely emarginate, pubescent on both faces; stamens .13 to 16, 1/3 the
length of the sepals, with short filaments; anthers obtuse or emarginate, ovary ovoid,
2 to 3 celled, tapering into the simple 2 to 3 grooved style; ovules 3 to 6 in each cell,
stone fruit olive-shaped, 25 to 30 mm long, the putamen thick woody; seeds generally
solitary, rarely two, with a thin testa.

The Kalia is a perfectly glabrous tree, reaching a height of 30 to 40 feet, with
a trunk of several inches to sometimes a foot in diameter. The bark is dark-gray,
one-fourth of an inch thick, and roughened. Its branches are drooping and
sending out many branchlets, which are gummy at their ends. The flowers of
the Kalia are attacked by an insect, which accounts for the monstrous deforma-
tion of the flowers, which can be seen on nearly every tree. The insect is a
species of Acari. The layman would certainly mistake it for the flowers, as its
bright-red color is not altogether unattractive. The writer on all of his rambles
found very few trees, indeed, which had normal flowers. The real flowers, how-
ever, are small and greenish and rather inconspicuous. The drupe is olive-
shaped and over an inch long, with usually one seed, rarely two.

The Kalia is most common on Kauai, where it inhabits the leeward side at
an elevation of 3500 to 4000 feet. It is distinctly a tree of the rain forest, and
is never found in the dry region or on lava fields.

It loves boggy forests and gray loam. It associates with Straussia, Bobea,
Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Gryptocarya Mannii, Pelea sp., etc. On Oahu it
is not uncommon and can be found on all the ranges, windward and leeward.
It is, however, not as common as on Kauai, where it forms 30 per cent of the
leeward forest. On all the explorations undertaken by the writer he was un-
able to find a single tree on any of the other islands, making the tree peculiar
to Kauai and Oahu. This may be explained on account of the large seed, which
is impossible to be carried either by birds or winds, and as the tree inhabits the
middle forests zones, the ocean currents can have nothing to do with its dis-
persal, especially as the seeds are not buoyant.

289

19

PLATE 114.

HIBTSCUS ARNOTTIANUS Gray.

Kok'O Keokeo.

Native white Hibiacua from Oahu. Flowering branch, reduced one-half.

Elaeocarpaceae-Malvaceae.

The basl of the Kalia was made into cordage, while its slender branches were
employed for "ahoa" or thatching mils for house building, the Larger branches
being selected for rafters.

MALVACEAE.

The family Malvaceae is distributed all over the world with exception of the
frigid /.ones. The most northern species is Malva rotundifolia L., which can be

found in Sweden and Russia. The farther we advance towards the tropics the
richer in species becomes this very useful family. The members of this family
inhabit usually the lower regions, but in the South American Andes they can
be found at considerable elevation. A few genera have a very restricted dis-
tribution, as, for example, Hibiscadelphus, which is peculiar to Hawaii, while
the genus Hoberia is only found in New Zealand. On the other hand, we find
genera as Hibiscus, Abutilon, Sida and others distributed over both hemispheres.
In the Hawaiian Islands we have several genera, of which two are endemic
(Kokia and Hibiscadelphus), and also Hibiscus and Thespesia, all of which
have arborescent species.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Style branches long as many as divisions in the ovary.

Calyx persistent with fruit Hibiscus

( alyx deciduous before maturity of fruit Hibiscadelphus

Stylo branches simple, club-shaped or divided into short erect clavate branches.

Braeteoles small or narrow Thespesia

Bracteoles large ovate, sinuate or slightly lobed Kokia

HIBISCUS L.

Involucre none or consisting of 3 to many bracts. Staminal column antlieriferous
below the truncate or 5 toothed apex. Ovary 5-celled, with several ascending ovules in
each cell. Style-branches short, 5, somewhat thickened towards the apex. Capsule
loculicidal; endocarp always smooth and glabrous, rarely detached. — Trees, shrubs, or
herbs, the trees usually clothed with a stellate pubescence. Leaves lobed or entire.
Flowers usually large, and of a conspicuous color, mostly single, axillary. The calyx
remains with the fruit.

The genus Hibiscus is exceedingly large, consisting of not less than 180
species, which occur nearly all in the tropics with the exception of two found in
Europe.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Flowers yellow.

Leaves cordate, acuminate H. tiliaceus

Flowers white.

Leaves entire, ovate, bluntly acuminate H. Arnottianus

Leaves crenate, suborbicular, tomentose H. Waimeae

Flowers red.

Leaves crenate, acuminate, style branches horizontal H. Kokio

291

PLATE 115.

HIBISCUS WAIMEAE Heller.

Kokio Keokeo.

Kauai white Hibiscus, one-half natural size.

Malvaceae.

Hibiscus tiliaceus L.
Hau.

HIBISCUS TILIACEUS Linn. s1kh-. plant, ed. I. (1753) 694;-— Forst. Prodr. (1786) ao.
:v,i;-iH'. Prodr. 1. (1824) 454;— Bndl. PI. Buds. (1836) L82, ao. L504; — Seem. PL
Vit. (1865) L8;— Mann in Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) L57, et PI. Haw. I.sl. Proc.
Ess. lust. V. (1867) 140;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 173;— Mrs. Sincl. Lndig. Plow.
Haw. [si. (1885) pi. L;— Del Cast. ill. PL [ns. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 121; -
Brigham Ka liana Kapa, Mem. B. P. B. Mus. 111. (1911) 132, fig. B2. -Paritium
tiliaceum A. St.-llil. Flora Bras, mer. I. (1827) 256; Gray Bot. 0". 8. E. E.
(1854) 178;— Nadeand Enum. Tahit. PL (1873) no. 429;— Hbd. PI. Haw. 1 si.
(1888) 49.

Leaves on long petioles, orbicular-cordate, shortly acuminate, entire, palmately 7 to 9

nerved; stipules large ovate, caducous; involucre campanulate, half the length of tlie calyx
with 10 to 12 acute lobes; lobes of the calyx lanceolate; petals large yellow, usually with
a dark center or pure yellow; capsule about 2.5 cm in diameter, opening into 5 valves; 3

naked seeds to each cell.

The Hon is one of the most common trees found on the Lowlands and on the

beaches on all the islands; it is a cosmopolitan and occurs in all tropical coun-
tries, but is especially plentiful in the South Sea Islands. It is a very useful
tree and is much desired on account of its shade, and is therefore trained into
Umais or arbors. The wood serves for outriggers of canoes, while the bark fur-
nishes a tough and pliable bast for ropes. In Fiji the bark is chiefly used for
the women's "liku." a dress consisting of a number of fringes attached to a
waist-band. The bark is stripped off, steeped in water to render it soft and to
allow the fibers to separate. According to Dr. Hillebrand, a decoction is made
of the flowers by the natives as a useful emollient in bronchial and intestinal
catarrhs. The Vitian and Tahitian name is Fau, Pago at Guam. Varo or Baro
in Madagascar, and Au in Rarotonga.

Hibiscus Arnottianus Gray.

Kqkia keok< o.

(Plate 114.)

HIBISCUS ARNOTTIANUS Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1S54) 176;— Mann in Proc. Am. Acad.
VII. (1S67) 157,— et FL Haw. Isl. Proe. Ess. Inst. V. (1SG7) 139;— Wawra in
Flora (1S73) 173;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1878) 4s:_Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pac. VI. (1890) 121;— Heller in Minnes Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1^97) 851 —
H. Boryamus H. et A. Bot. Beech. (1832) 79. (n. DC.) ;— Endl. Flora Suds. (183(5)
1S2, no. 149.1.— Hibiscus Fauriei Leveil. Fedde Bepert. X. (3/9. (1911) 120.

Leaves large of variable size, ovate, bluntly acuminate, entire, 3-nerved, chartaeeous,
dark green; stipules subulate, caducous; flowers solitary in the axils, white with pinkish
veins, or pure white even the pistil, (Molokai, Wailau), pedicels articulate near the end;
involueral bracts 5 to 7, triangular to lanceolate, 4 to (3 mm long, calyx 10 to 24 mm.
tnbnlar, 5-toothed splitting laterally when with fruit; petals white, obovate-oblong, or
lanceolate and free, (very variable), 7.5 to 10 cm or more long; stamina! column lon^ ex-
serted, 10 to 15 cm long, red or white, sending off filaments of 12 to 10 mm, from its
upper half or third; style branches 0 to 8 mm, erect; capsule elongate, as lon^ as the
calyx, chartaeeous; seeds 5 mm, reniform.

In regard to the nomenclature of this species there seems to have been some
doubt. Heller and others thought that the white native Hibiscus was without
a name, as Gray in his description of //. Arnottianus says: flowers red * * *.

293

PLATE llfi.

HIBISCUS KOKIO Hbd.

Kokio or Pualoalo.

"Red native Hibiscus, Bomewbat reduced

Malvaceae.

This also accounts for the publication of a Hibiscus Fauriei by Leveille, coming
Prom the mountains behind Honolulu, whore the tree is quite common. In order
to straighten matters out the writer sent specimens to the Gray Herbarium to be
compared with Asa Gray's type. Dr. B. L. Robinson kindly replied as follows:
'■There can be no question that the white flowered species (no. 8831 I from Oahu
is precisely the real //. Arnottianus Gray.

"The red flowered species (a photograph was sent i as far as can he made, out
from the photograph corresponds very well with authentic material of //. Kokio
Hbd.; the chief difference being the Larger petioles." This, however, may be
due to the fact that the plant was grown in cultivation; it came from the garden
of Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder. This now settles the controversy in regard to one
of the most beautiful native flowering trees which the Islands possess. Along
streambeds in the mountains of Koolau, Oahu, it is usually a tree 30 feet tall
and when in flower makes a beautiful display. It is also cultivated by residents
of Honolulu. On the other islands it is not uncommon, but varies to some
extent. A pure white flowered one occurs on the beach of Wailau Valley, on
Molokai.

Hibiscus Waimeae Heller.

Kolia keokeo.

(Plate 115.)

HIBISCUS WAIMEAE Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) 851, pi. 5 3. —Hibiscus
Arnottianus Gray forma Mrs. Sinclair Indig. Flow. Haw. Isl. (1885) pi. 8.

Leaves suborbicular about 5 cm or more in diameter, pale green, erenate, pubescent
on both sides, velvety to the touch; petioles half the length of the leaves; stipules small;
flowers axillary near the ends of the branches, large white or tinged with pink, on
pubescent pedicels; calyx broadly tubular, pubescent outside, woolly within, petals 10 to 15
cm long, 18 to 25 mm wide, prominently veined, pubescent on the outside; staminal column
rather stout, long exserted, red, otherwise as in H. Arnottianus Gray.

This rather distinct plant occurs as a tree 20 to 30 feet in height on the
leeward side of Kauai below the forests of Kaholuamano at the bottom of vertical
cliffs, in dry situations, and in gulches on open grass lands below Ilalemanu,
Kauai, at an elevation of 2500 feet up to 3000 feet, in company with Drawn na
aurea, Osmanthus sandwicensis and others. It is also cultivated now in Ho-
nolulu.

Hibiscus Kokio llbd.

Kolia id a or Pualoalo.

(Plate 116.)

HIBISCUS KOKIO Hbd. mss. in Flora (1873) 174;— Hbd. Flora Haw. Isl. (1888) 48;—
Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 121.— H. Arnottianus A. Gray forma
Mrs. Sinclair Ind. Fl. Haw. Isl. (18S5) pi. 9.

Leaves ovate or elliptical-oblong, rather acuminate, sinuately erenate, scarcely pal-
mate-nerved, chartaceous, glabrous, on petioles of 6 to 18 mm or more; flowers axillary,
solitary; pedicels 18 to 30 mm, pubescent, articulate in the upper third; involucral bracts
6 to 7, linear, 8 to 12 mm long; calyx tubular or subeampanulate, 8 to 30 mm, cleft to the
middle into 5 acute lobes, glabrate; petals 5 to 6.5 cm, entire, red; staminal column

295

PLATE 117.

HIBISCADELPHUS GIFFARDIANUS Rock.

Hau Kuahiwi.

Showing flowering branch and mature fruits in lower left hand corner, reduced.

Showing flowering and fruiting branch; one-half natural size.

Malvaceae.

shorter, red, the short filaments crowded near the five-toothed apex; style branches 8 to i<>
nun, spreading horizontally, ciliate; capsule glabrous, 18 mm; seeds 5 mm, reniform
covered witli a coarse brownish pubescence.

This species is somewhal pare, ;il le;isi noi so common as the white native Hi-
biscus. The writer met with two varieties on Molokai — one al Mapulehu, where
it is a shrub at about looo feel elevation) the other ;ii the bottom of Wailau
Valley, only ;i few hundred feet above sen level. On Kauai only, it is apparently
a tree. Mr. Lydgate informed the writer thai he saw a tree aboul 40 feel in
height back of Lihue, along the pole-line. As the writer did no1 see specimens,
it is doubtful whether it is //. Kokio or Forbes' //. Kahilii, ;i tree 27 feet high,
which, however, seems noi to differ very much from the former, according to
Forbes, only in the pubescent calyx and in oilier minor points, one of which.
according to his figure, seems to be the bluntly acute or somewhal obi use apices
of the leaves. His specimen came from near the Wahiawa swamp, Kauai. //.
Kahilii Forbes Occ. Pap. B. P. B. Mus. V. (1912) 4, with plate.

HIBISCADELPHUS Rock.

Bracteoles 5 to 7, very narrow linear or dentate, free. Calyx deeply and unevenly
2 to 3 cleft. Stamina] column antheriferous below the 5-dentate apex. Ovarv 5-celled,
with 1 to 3 ovules in each cell; style branches 5, suberect with capitate flesh-colored stig-
mas, Capsule woody or coriaceous, 5 valved; endocarp chartaceous, detached. Seeds
reniform, covered with a dirty white tomentum. — Medium sized trees with a stellate
tomentum. Leaves cordate, unevenly 3 to 5 pointed or rounded and entire. Flowers
single or several in the axils of the leaves at the ends of the branches; color of petals
magenta, yellowish and green. Calyx deciduous before maturation of the fruit.

The genus Hibiscadelphus established by the writer consists of 3 species which
are peculiar to the dry sections of Hawaii and Maui. Of two of the species
only an individual tree is in existence, while of the third several can still be
found on the slopes of Mt. Ilualalai, in the forest of Waihau, in North Kona,
Hawaii.

The genus, of which Hibiscadelphus Giffardianus is the type, is closely re-
lated to Hibiscus, from which it differs mainly in the deciduous calyx, and quite
di ff erent flowers.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Flowers 5 to (i cm long.

Involucral bracts 2 cm, filiform, free H. Giffardianus

Involucral bracts linear-spathulate, one nerved H. Wilderianus

Flowers 2.5 to 3 cm long.

Involucral bracts dentiform, 1 mm H. Hualalaiensis

Hibiscadelphus Giffardianus Rock.

Ran kuahiwi.

(Plate 117.)

HIBISCADELPHUS GIFFARDIANUS Rock in Bull. Hawaii Bd. of Agric. and Forestry L
(1911) 10. pi. 4.

A medium sized tree; bark smooth, fibrous, whitish; branches terete, glabrous, covered
with leaf scars; leaves on long petioles orbicular in outline cordate, bluntly acute at the
apex, 12-15 cm each way, unevenly lobed or pointed, chartaceous, covered on both sides

297

PLATE US.

HIBISCADELPHUS HUALALAIENSIS Rock.

Hau Kuahiwi.

Showing flowering and fruiting branch; less than one-half natural size

Malvaceae.

with a st. 'Hate tomentum, palmately 7-nerved, with hispid glands in the angles of ribs
and veins on both sides; stipules small triangular caducous; dowers solitary or several in
the axils of the leaves on the ends of the branches; bracteoles 5 to 7 very narrow 2 cm
long, free, filiform; calyx saccate, deeply and unevenly 2 to 3 cleft, lobes acuminate, 'many-
nerved, yellowish green outside, with stellate hairs, glabrous inside; Corolla Convolute,

curved, only the very apex slightly opening, on account of the almost completely con

torted aestivation; on pedicels of 2 to 3 cm, petals 5 to 6 cm long acute at the
oblong very uneven sided, deep magenta inside, grayish-green outside with a stellate

hispid tomentum on the exposed parts, especially on the prominent nerves; Btaminal
column 1 :: longer than the petals, with numerous long filaments on marly half its length

hispid at its base; style branches sub-erect 5 mm, hispid; stigmas flesh colored ; capsule

coriaceous to woody oblong tapering toward the apex I to 5 cm x 2 to 2.5 cm, broadest

at the base, rugose, ye] lowish-green, covered with stellate hairs; the calyx and bracteolefi

deciduous before maturation of fruit; endocarp char tac eons Bhining glabrous, loose; seed-
large 7 to K) mm, reniform, covered with dirty whitish-gray wool.

The JIau Kuahiwi is a remarkable tree. At first appearance one would think
it to be the common Han (Hibiscus Uliaceus), but at closer inspection one can-
not hut wonder at the most peculiar shape of the flowers, which are of a deep
magenta, and the large yellowish tuherculate capsules. It is a rather low tree,
with not erect but rather inclining trunk of a foot in diameter, with a many-
branching round crown. The genus " Hibiscadelphus, " meaning "brother of
Hibiscus," was described by the author and the species named in honor of Mr.
W. M. Giffard of Honolulu, in whose company the writer collected his first
specimens.

It differs from the genus Hibiscus in its very peculiar flowers and mainly in
the calyx, which is not persistent with the capsules, but drops together with
the bracts as soon as the capsules are formed.

Unfortunately the tree, of which a specimen is figured in this book, is the only
one in existence. It is unique among all Hawaiian plants, and the author is
sorry to relate that nothing has been done to protect it, Like many other Ha-
waiian trees, it will succumb to the ravages of cattle, which inhabit a great many
of our native forests.

This single tree is found on a small Kipuka of 56 acres called Puaulu, on the
land of Keauhou, near Kilauea Volcano, at an elevation of 4200 feet, on the
Island of Hawaii. It is surrounded by a great many rare trees, which will share
its fate sooner or later. Among them are beautiful trees of Sapindus saponaria,
Pelea, Xanthoxylum, Urera, Straussia, Ochrosia, etc.

The genus consists of three species — the above described one on Hawaii, one
on Maui with only a single tree left, and the third on Hualalai, Hawaii. The
wood is white, not so soft as in the Ilau, while the bark is whitish and fibrous.

Hibiscadelphus Wilderianus Rock.
Hau kuahiwi.

HIBISCADELPHUS WILDERIANUS Rock in Bull. Haw Bd. of Agrie. & For. T. (1911)

12. pi. 5.

A tree 5 in, trunk erect; leaves orbicular in outline trilobed wavy, cordate with a
broad^ sinus at the base, with subacute or blunt apex, on petioles of 7 to in cm, palmately
5 to 7 nerved, puberulous above, with minute stellate hair underneath; nerves prominent,

299

PLATE 110.

HIBISCADELPHUS HUALALAIENSIS Eock.

Hau Kuahiwi tree.

Growing inWaihou forest sjope of Mt. Ilualalai, North Kona, Hawaii; elevation 3000 feet.

Malvaceae.

hispid; the subulate stipules small and puberulous; flowers solitary on pedicels of 1.5 to 4
cm, bracteolcs linear, Bpathulate, tree, 2 cm long one-nerved; calyx saccate unevenly
tri-lobed, the lobes triangular acute; hirsute outside, puberulous inside, 2.5 cm long,
/lowers nearly the same size as in //. <! iffardlan U8, petals greenish yellow outside, yellowish
inside, many and strongly ribbed, the nerves branching at the apex, densely hirsute es-
pecially on the very prominent nerves, I to 5 cm long, contorted, with Diunl or acute apex;
staminal column long exserted, antheriferous to the five lobed apex, the Lobes acuminate,

less than - mm; stamens numerous, filaments o' mm long, anthers dark red; style branches
erect, 3 mm; capsule ovoid 3.5 cm x I cm greenish-Mack, woody, t u brrcu hit 6, stellate-
hispid, seeds same as in the previous species.

Oi' this interesting tree only one is in existence and when last visited (1912)
by Mr. Grerrit P. Wilder, who also collected the first open flowers from which the
description is drawn, the tree was found to be in a dying condition; the branches
were completely covered with a species of Usnea, probably austraUs. The tree
occurs on the ancient lava fields of Auahi, on the land of Kahikiniii, southern
slope of Mt. Haleakala, on the lee side, where rain is very infrequent. Mr.
Wilder visited the tree twice, and only on the last trip was enabled to find one
open flower and a few more or less developed buds. Seeds of this species were
planted by Mr. Wilder, who succeeded in raising one single plant. As the tree
is situated on a cattle ranch, it will be only a very short time until it will have
disappeared from its natural habitat. It was first discovered by the writer in
November, 1910. The type is 8663 in the Herbarium of the Board of Agri-
ture and Forestry, now in the safedveeping of the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Hibiscadelphus Hualalaiensis Rock.
Han kuahiwi.

(Plates 118, 119.)

HIBISCADELPHUS HUALALAIENSIS Rock in Bull. Hawaii Bd. Agric. & For. J. (1911)
14. pi. (5.

Tree 5 to 7 m high, with an erect trunk 0.3 m in diameter, bark white, branches
terete, with young leaves densely hirsute, leaves somewhat reniform, or bluntly ami
shallow trilobed. on long petioles (10 to Hi cm) with scattered stellate hair above, to-
mentose underneath, the main nerves branching several times; flowers usually single on
tomentose pedicels of 1.5 to - cm; bracteoles minute dentiform about 1 mm, calyx irregu-
larly 3 to (i lobed, the lobes acuminate of unequal size, some only 2 mm, others 15 mm,
flowers half the size as in the two other species, 2.5 to 3 cm curved, petals green, some-
what reddish inside, contorted, many ribbed hirsute near the bluntly acuminate loins
aim on the nerves, silky at the base, the margins e\en filiate; corolla only slightly open-
ing, apex of the petals recurved; staminal column exserted one-third its length, bearing
numerous filaments, with semicircularly curved anthers; style branches erect, filiate, with
clavate hirsute stigmas; ovary conical densely silky tomentose five celled, with 3 ovate
ovules in each cell of which the upper is ascending the lower horizontal; capsule small
ovate, 2 cm long, 1.5 cm wide covered with yellowish stellate hair; seeds reniform, covered
with a yellowish white wool.

This exceedingly interesting and distinct species was found by the writer in
the year 1909 on the lava fields of Mt. Ilualalai, in North Kona. Hawaii, and in
the forest of Waihou of the same district, where about a dozen trees are still in
existence. The writer revisited the above locality in March, 1912, and found
the trees in flower, while on his previous visit. June 18, 1909, only a few worm-
eaten capsules could be found. The trees are badly attacked by several species

301

Malvaceae.

of moths which feed on the leaves and also mature capsules. Mr. Gerrit Wilder,
however, succeeded in growing a few plants from healthy seeds collected by the
writer.

THESPESIA Corr.

Involucral bracts 3 to 5, small. Calyx not punctate, usually cup-shaped and trun-
cate. Stamina] column antheriferous below the toothed apex. Ovary 5-celled, with few
ascending ovules in each cell; stylo club-shaped. 5-grooved. Capsule woody or coriaceous,
almost baccate, dehiscent or almost indehiscent. Seeds woolly; cotyledons black-punc-
tate.— Trees with entire leaves. Flowers large, single in the axils of the leaves.

This genus possesses only a few species in tropical Asia and Polynesia. T.
populnea (L.) Corr., the Hawaiian Milo, is a cosmopolitan beach-tree, occurring
in tropical Africa, Asia and Polynesia; in Hawaii it is not as common now as
in the early days.

Thespesia populnea (L). Corr.
Milo.

THESPESIA POPULNEA (L.) Corr. in Ann. Mus. Par. IX. (1807) 290, t. 8. fig. 2;—
DC. Prodr. I. (1824) 457; — H. et A. Bot. Beech. (1832) 60;— Endl. Fl. Suds
(1S36) 182. no. 1506;— Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 179;— Seem. Fl. Vit. (1865)
18; — Mann in Proc. Ess. Inst. V. (1867) 140; — Mrs. Sincl. Indig. Flow. Haw. Isl.
(1885) pi. 10;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 49;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac.
VI. (1S90) 119; — Brigham Ka Hana Kapa, Mem. B. P. B. Mus.. III. (1911) 135 —
Hibiscus populneus Linn. Spec. pi. ed. I. (1753) 694. — H. bacciferus Forst. Prodr.
(17S6) no. 260.

Leaves roundish, cordate, acuminate entire, 10 to 12.5 cm in diameter, glabrous;
peduncles as long as the petioles; involucral bracts lanceolate equalling the calyx, soon
deciduous; calyx truncate 12 mm; petals obovate-oblong 5 cm, yellow; capsule globose, 24
to 30 mm in diameter, almost woody, very tardily dehiscent; seed 8 mm, villous at the
base and angles.

The Milo, like the Hau, is a tree not uncommonly found along the sandy
beaches on all the islands. Its habit of growth is, however, different, as it
develops a straight trunk of often 2 feet or more in diameter, with a thick ccr-
rugated bark.

It is a favorite shade tree, reaching a height of over 40 feet, and is often
planted. The name Milo occurs also in Tonga, Samoa, and Tahiti for the same
tree, while it is called Miro in Rarotonga and Mulo in Viti.

Hillebrand in his Flora p. ">() remarks that the tree was regarded sacred in
Tahiti and used to he planted in Morais or temples and its leaves were employed
in religious ceremonies. That the tree was held in high esteem by the Hawaiians
is shown by the fad that several of them surrounded the house of Kinu- Kame-
hameha 1. a1 Waikiki.

The wood of the Milo is very beautiful, being of a rich brown color and
capable of taking a fine polish. It is made into poi calabashes by the natives,
and is highly prized, though nol so much as those of the less common K011
I Cordia subcordata) .

302

Malvaceae.
KOKIA Lewton.

Tree 1 to 8 m high, woody throughout. Flowers single in the axils of the upper-
most leaves; peduncle bearing below the middle a broadly sessile, obliquely clasping cadu-
cous, ovate bract. Bracteoles 3, persistent, accrescent, ovate, entire, sinuate or slightly

lobed, narrowed at the base, not in the leasl auriculate, coriaceous, glabrous, strongly
reticulated. 7 to 13 nerved. Calyx urceolate, thin scarious, punctate with Mack warts;
lobes 5, shallow, rounded, the scarious almost hyaline margins overlapping and completely
enclosing the hud. Calyx tube often with median transverse vein, the upper half of the
calyx usually soon breaking off at this point, giving the appearance of being truncate.

At the base of the calyx ;it the point of insertion of the petals there is a ring of Btiff
brownish hairs. Floral uectary naked, extra floral nectaries not evident. Corolla two to

three times the length of the bracteoles, red. Ovary 5-celled, with one ascending ovum
in each cell. Capsule ovoid, ligneous, opening tardily. Seeils ovoid, sharply angled
on the ventral side, rounded on the dorsal, covered with short brick-red tomentum.
Cotyledons punctuate with black dots. Bark containing a reddish brown sap.

This genus established by Lewton consists of two species and one variety. The
type is Kokia Eockii Lewton, no. 691082 in the U. S. National Herbarium. The
co-type is in the Herbarium, College of Hawaii, no. 3.">4!>.

The writer sent specimens of this plant to Mr. Fail-child, agricultural explorer
in charge of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, at his
request, as there were no specimens of this plant in the U. S. Nat. Herbarium,
Mr. Pairchild's attention having been called to this interesting plant in the
writer's report to the Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry,
1910. The plants were sent under the name Gossypium drynarioides Seem., with
the remark that it is at least a new variety of the plant by the above name, which
is found on Molokai, while the writer's material came from a new locality:
slopes of Mt. Hualalai, lava fields of Puuwaawaa, Kona, Hawaii. The specimens,
with additional notes on the living trees, were furnished Mr. Lewton, who then
proceeded to describe the plant under a new genus. Specimens of the
original Gossypium drynarioides Seem, from Molokai were also sent. Ilille-
brand found one tree on Oahu, with lanceolate bracts, which he called variety
/?. Mr. Lewton named this variety Kokia lanceolata on the strength of a few
scraps of lanceolate bracts in the Gray Herbarium. The writer does not think
it justifiable to create a new species on such incomplete material and more or
less on the strength that it grew on another island. The writer knows the Ila-
waiian flora thoroughly, and is well acquainted with tremendous variations found
in all Hawaiian plants, and therefore prefers to retain the varietal rank rather
than specific. The plant in question has, however, become extinct. The fact
that Lewton 's third species grows on another island is not sufficient to make it
a species. Besides, Makapuu Point, on Oahu, where Hbd's var, fS grew, is
exactly opposite the point on Molokai where Kokia drynarioides grows, and is
only about 25 miles distant.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Bracts broadly obovate, 6.5 cm x 8 cm K. Eockii

Bracts broadly ovate, entire. 2.5 to 3 cm x 2.5 cm K. drynarioides

303

1'LATK L20.

KOKIA ROCKII Lewton.

Kokio.

Flowering branch, Sowers bright red of Bilky texture. About one-third natural size.

Malvaceae.

Kokia Rockii Lew tun.

Kokio.

I Plates 120, L21.)

KOKIA ROCKII Lewt. in Smiths. m. Mi>.'. Coll. LX. 5. (1912) 3, pi. 1. 2, 3, 1;— Bock in
Report. Haw. Bd. Agric. & For. (1912) pi. li»-i^<» ; — Gossypium drynarioides Bock
in Bep. Haw. Bd. Agr. & Fur. (1910) 71. pi. 13.

Bracts broadly obovate 6.5 cm long 6.5 to s cm broad, with three to five blunt and
shallow lobes, very strongly reticulated and veined below. Leaves glabrous below except

for a dense patch of rusty hairs 2 to •_'..") cm in diameter at point of attachment of the
petiole, the pulvinus of which is also hairy; stamina! tube 9 to lit cm long curved; sec Is
2 cm long by 1 cm wide; lint 3 nun long.

The Kokio or native red cotton (not to be mistaken for the Kokio ula or J'tta-
loalo, red native Hibiscus) is an exceedingly rare tree of 12 to 13 feet in height,
with a trunk up to one foot in diameter and vested in a thin grayish-brown
bark, which is covered with lenticels. The trunks of the Hawaii plants are
straight and not gnarled. It is sparingly branching and woody in its last rami-
fication. The leaves resemble those of a young Kuhui tree though they have the
color of a maple leaf with the autumn tints from reddish-yellow to green.

The tree is of striking beauty when in flower and is worthy of cultivation.

The writer observed a young tree in Kona, Hawaii, which was literally loaded
with the bright red blossoms which excel in beauty many a Hibiscus flower. On
the Island of Hawaii the writer discovered several trees of this species, some of
which were in excellent condition. It inhabits the dry region of North Kona
and is scattered all along the Government Road between Huehue and Puuwaa-
waa, elevation 2000 feet. There it is associated with the Lama (Maba sand-
wicensis), Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia), Halapcpc (Dracaena a area), etc.

The bark, which contains a rich reddish-brown juice, is used by the natives,
who dye their fish nets with it. They strip the tree for several feet of its bark,
which is macerated, and the juice thus obtained is used as a dye. The wood is
soft and of a reddish-brown color.

This particular Kokio is endemic and peculiar to the Island of Hawaii, where
it is still in its prime and, if properly protected from cattle and man, should not
become extinct.

The writer is glad to relate that the owners as well as the lessee of the land on
which these few trees are growing, have already fenced these trees, so as to
protect them from the ravages of cattle. A regulation has also been posted to
prevent the natives from stripping the trees of their bark, and thus the writer
hopes that this interesting species may live many more years. Abundant seed
has been collected and forwarded to the U. S. Department of Agriculture in
Washington, D. C. A quantity of seed has also been distributed here in Hono-
lulu, and people interested in showy flowers have been urged to plant them
Quite a number are now growing in Honolulu.

305

20

PLATE 121.

KOKIA ROCKII Lewton.

Kokio tree.

Growing on the lava flows of Puuanahulu, Komi, Hawaii; elevation 2500 feet.

Malvaceae-Theaceae.

Kokia drynarioides (Seem.) Lewt.
Kohio.

KOKIA DRYNARIOIDES (Seem.) Lewt. in Smithson. Mis,-. Coll. LX. 5. (1912) 3. pi. 5.—
Gossypium drynarioides Sewn. PI. Vit. | 1865) 22; — H. Mann in Proc. Am. Acad! VII.
(1867) 157; et PL Haw. [si. Proc. Ess. [nst. V. (1867) 141; Hbd. PI. Haw. [si.
(1888) 51;— Del Cast. III. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) [20. — Hibiscus drynarioides
Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL I. ( [891 ) 68.

Loaves on long petioles, membraneous, glabrous, but with a few brownish hairs at
the base of the veins, cordate 7 to 5 lobed, the deltoid lobes about 3.5 em deep, the basal
sinus quite open; flowers single in the axils of the uppermost leaves on stout peduncles
of 2.5 to 5 cm, which boar at the middle a broadly sessile and obliquely clasping caducous
bract of 8 to 10 mm in length; inyolucral bracts broadly ovate to Bub-cordate, obtuse
entire, 7 to 13-nerved, 2.5 to 3 cm long, and 2.5 cm or more broad, glabrous, coriaceous;
calyx urceolate, truncate, thin scarious; petals red, obovate-oblong, entire, 7.5 to 10 cm
long, silky outside; stamina] column of same length, truncate or obsoletely 2 to 3-toothed
at the apex, antheriferous in the upper third with short filaments; style shortly exserted,
clavate, •"•grooved; ovary 5-celled, each cell with one ascending ovule; capsule ovoid
2.5 cm, thick woody, opening tardily near the apex; seeds obovoid, covered with a short
reddish-brown tomentum.

Of this exceedingly interesting species there has been only one tree in existence
up to a few months ago. This same tree which was declared dead, showed still
some signs of life and produced a few capsules with mature seeds; but this is
evidently the last, only a small branchlet having produced a few leaves. Seeds
of this tree have been planted by the manager of the Molokai Ranch Co. and by
Mr. G. P. Wilder, who secured the last ones to be had. A few have been sent
to Washington to the Bureau of Plant Introduction. Thus it is hoped still to
perpetuate this most interesting plant. Several trees occurred on the west end
of Moloaki. at Mahana, all having now died, owing to ravages of cattle, sheep
and goats, which eat off the bark and leaves. On Oahu, at the eastern end, on
the hills of Makapuu and Koko Head, grew a variety of this species with lanceo-
late involucral bracts, which has long been extinct. It was described by Lewton
as a new species, though really only of varietal rank.

It should be called Kokia drynarioides var. lanceolata. The reasons for this
change are explained in the generic discussion.

THEACEA1L.

The family Theaceae, with its Hi genera and about 174 species, is rather con-
fined to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. A few appear in the
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere in America and Asia. The genus
Eurya is the only representative of this family in the Hawaiian Islands, where it
has one endemic species. To this family belongs Thea sinensis L.. the Tea of
commerce, which is found wild in the interior of the south Chinese island Hai-
nan, and Upper Assam in Bengal, from whence it was introduced as an agricul-
tural plant into China and -Japan about 810 A. I).

307

Theaceae.

EURYA Tlnmb.

Trees or shrubs with coriaceous leaves. Flowers single or exceptionally in
very short racemes, which arc axillary.

Subgenus TERNSTROEMIOPSIS Urb.

Flowers dioecious, corolla fleshy. Mule flowers, with 10 to 15 stamens in one row,
the anthers twice as long as the filaments, linear lanceolate, split down to the base. Ovary
3-eelled, in each cell 15 ovules, of which the most are pendulous while the upper are
nearly horizontal. Styles 3, with ovate lanceolate stigmas. Fruit a berry with 12 seeds
in each cell. Cotyledons shorter than the radicle of the embryo. — Leaves spiral. To
this subgenus belongs the Hawaiian species (Kitrya sandwicensis Gray) only.

The genus to which the Hawaiian species belongs consists of about 36 species
and several subspecies which are distributed over Mexico, South America and
the East and West Indies.

Eurya sandwicensis A. Gray.
A}>i)ii or Wan in i.

EURYA SANDWICENSIS A. Gray. Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 209;— H. Mann. Proc.
Am. Acad. VII (1867) 156, et Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867) 134;— Wawra in Flora (1873)
168;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 41;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890)
117;— Szyszyl. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 6. (1895) 189, et Engl, in Nachtr.
(1897) 247; — Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 856. — Ternstroemiopsis sandwicensis
Urban in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. XIT". (1896) 49.

A small tree 5 to 6 m in height, or at higher altitudes a shrub 2 to 3 m, the ultimate
branclilets pubescent; leaves obovate oblong, obovate or oval, obtuse, or bluntly acuminate
at the apex, cordate at the base, closely serrate, thick coriaceous, or subchartaceous,
somewhat shining above, 5 to 7.5 cm long, 25 to 30 mm wide, on short petioles of 2 to 3
mm; flowers solitary in the axils, subsessile or on pedicels of 6 mm; sepals dark purplish,
coriaceous, suborbicular, persistent; petals deciduous in the fertile flowers, somewhat
fleshy, ovate or obovate, about 8 mm, yellowish; stamens free, very short; anthers mucro-
nate; styles 2 to 3. distinct; berry dryish, globose, black, about 10 mm in diameter,
tubereulate, crowned by the styles; seeds 12 in each cell, globular-reniform, with a thin
testa; albumen scanty; cotyledons thick and broad; radicle somewhat longer.

Hillebrand in his Flora of the Hawaiian Islands describes a variety ft, with
Larger leaves, rounded or acute at the base, from Kealia, Kauai.

Wawra in Flora (1873), page 168, describes this particular form as Eurya
sandwicensis Gray, fm. grandifolia Wawra, arbuscula foliis tenerioribus, sparsis,
4 poll, longis, 1'- i»ill. latis, basi rotundatis v<l acutis, minutissime serrulatis;
pedunculis 4 I'm. longis. Kauai um Kealia, etc. 2025.

The variety is not known to the writer. The species occurs on all the islands
of the group, especially in the middle forest zone up to 5000 feet and even
higher. It is a small, rather glabrous tree, but more often a shrub. It is
known to the old natives as Wanini, of Anini. On the summit of Waialeale,
Kauai, the writer met with this species as a stiff shrub, with very Large fruits,
;is compared with those of the middle forest zone, where the berries do not
become Larger than <i mm.

The Wanini is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, outside of which it has not
been found.

308

GUTTIFELRAE:

The family Guttiferae reaches its highesl developmenl between the tropics of
Cancer and Capricorn, and only the genus Eypericum is found also outside the
tropics. To this family belong the Mammei apple, the Mangosteen, and other
edible fruits. The genus Calophyllum is here represented by only one cosmo-
politan species.

CALOPHYLLUM L.

Flowers polygamous; sepals and petals not always distinguishable from cadi other
together 4 to 12, in 2 to 3 rows, imbricate; stamens many, free or hardly unite. I at the
base, filiform, with ovate or elongate anthers, long style and peltate stigma. Fruit a
drupe with thin sarcocarp, with crustaceous stone and globose or ovoid seed. Trees with
shiny coriaceous leaves, with numerous parallel nerves, and medium sized or rather small
flowers, arranged in racemes or panicles.

The genus Calophyllum with its 55 species occurs in the old world, with the
exception of 4 species which are found in tropical America. Only one species,
C. Inophyllum, the true Hawaiian Kamani, is represented in these islands. It
is the most noteworthy species of those occurring in the old world. It produces
the real Balsam ton Mariae, and a resin called Tacamahak.

Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.

Kamani.

(Plate 122.)

CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM Linn. Spec. Plant. I. (1753) 513;— Forst, Prodr. (1786)
no. 225;— DC. Prodr. I. (1S24) 562;— Guillem. Zeph. Tait. (1836-1837)— no. 337;
Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no. 1397;— A. Gray, Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 218;— Paneher
in Cuzent, Tahiti (1860) 223;— Seem. Fl. Vit. (1865) 12;— Parkins Draw. Tah.
PI. (ined. cf. Seem.) t. 55;— H. Mann, Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 156, et PL
Haw. Isl. in Proc. Essex Inst. V. (1867) 133;— Nadeaud Enum. Tahit. PL (1873)
no 440.— Wawra in Flora (1S74);— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 40;— Del Cast. 111.
Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 116, et Fl. Polvn. Franc. (1S93) 10:— Engler in Engl, et
Prantl Pflzfam. ITT. 6. (1895) 222. Fig. 105;— Wilder Fr. Haw. Isl. (1911) 152.
pi. 74.— Brigham Ka Hana Kapa (1911) 171, fig. 102.

Leaves coriaceous, shining, broadly oblong or obovate, 20 cm x 10 cm rounded or
emarginate, on petioles of about 2.5 cm; racemes axillary, 5 to 17 cm long, the pedicles
2.5 to 3.5 cm with short, soon deciduous bracts at the base; sepals 4, rounded 8 to 10 mm
long; petals 4, rarely 6 to 8, white, oblong 14 to 16 mm; stamens numerous, style 4 to 6
mm; fruit globose 2.5 to 4 cm thick; the flowers are fragrant.

This beautiful cosmopolitan tree, which grows always near or at the sea-
shore, reaches a height of 50 to 60 feet or even more; it forms large groves in
certain districts of the islands. One is especially remarkable on the Island of
Molokai, at the entrance of the valley of Ilalawa, which has been referred to
by the earliest navigators. Trees of this species, which was found here by the
first white men and is therefore counted as indigenous, occur on all the islands
of the group on the sea-shores. It is also known through all tropical Asia and
Polynesia. Its Tahitian name is Tamanu, while it is known in Samoa as Tefau.
The Samoans employ the oil of the nuts as a remedy for eye catarrh, while in

309

PLATE

CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM Linn.

Kamani.

Trunk of tree with fruiting and flowering branch pinned to it. Leaves badly infested

with Bcale.

( iutt i ferae-Flacourtiaceae.

Nauru (Micronesia) it Is employed for skin diseases. In Fiji the tree is known
;is Diol. Seeman in his Flora of Fiji writes: "The mosl valuable oil pro-
duced in Fiji is that extracted from the seeds of this tree. The natives use it
for greasing their bodies and polishing their n i-i 1 1^.

The Hawaii arts used the wood for calabashes or poi howls. In India the tree
is known as Alexandrian Laurel and its wood is used for cabinel work, ma-
chinery, railway sleepers and mast spars. The wood is moderately hard, close
grained and of a reddish brown color. The resin exuding from the bark is
useful in indolent ulcers.

FLACOURTIACEAE

This family, consisting of 70 genera and more than 500 species, is exclu-
sively tropical. Not ;i single species is found either in Europe or North America.
They are distributed from India to Australia, Africa and the Pacific islands.
Nearly all Flacourtiaceae inhabit the lowlands or lower forest zone.

The family is represented in the Hawaiian Islands by two species belonging
to the genus Xylosma.

XYLOSMA Forst.

Flowers dioecious, rarely polygamous. Calyx lobes 4 to 5, somewhat united at the
base, imbricate, usually filiate. Petals none. Stamens numerous, surrounded by an an-
nular discus, the latter often consisting of several glands; filaments free, filiform, long;
anthers round or elliptical. 2-eelled, cxtrorse, versatile. Ovary wanting in the male flov*
ers, surrounded by a discus or rarely by staminodia, 1 -colled, free, with 2 to 3 placentas,
each with 2 or (4 to 6) ascending, epitropous ovules. Style short, occasionally entirely
missing. Stigma peltately lobed. Fruit a 2 to 8 seeded berry with little fruit flesh. Seeds
obovoid with rich albumen, embryo large, with broad cotyledons. — Small trees or shrulis,
often with axillary thorns, but unarmed in the Hawaiian species. Leaves alternate,
shortly petioled, entire ,or dentate-crenate, coriaceous without stipules. Flowers small,
in short axillary racemes with small bracts.

A genus of 45 species, distributed over all tropical countries, with the excep-
tion of Africa. Thirty-two species alone are found in America, while only four
are known from Polynesia, including1 the two Hawaiian species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves entire; stigma sessile, generally 3 X. Hawaiiense

Leaves crenate or sinuate; stigmas raised on a style, generally 2 X. Hilltbrandii

Xylosma Hawaiiense Seem.
Maua.

XYLOSMA HAWAIIENSE Seem. Flora Vit. (1865) 7;— Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII.
(18(57) 150, et Fl. Haw. Isl. Proc. Ess. Inst. V. (1867) 122;— YVawra in Flora
(1873)" 171;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 20;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. IV.
VI. (1890) 109.— Myroxylon Hawaiiense (Seem.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. (1891)
44;— Warburg in Engl, et Prantl 111. <ia. (IMKl) 41 ;— Heller PI. Haw. [si.
Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) 856.

Leaves distichous on petioles of 12 mm, ovate or rounded 7.5 to 10 cm long, 6 to 7.5
cm wide, shortly acuminate, entire, thick, coriaceous, glabrous; flowers small greenish or

311

PLATE 123.

XYLOSMA HILLEBRANDII Wawra.

Maua.
Fruiting branch, one-half natural size.

Flacourtiaceae.

reddish, about 8 in racemes of 10 to 15 nun in length, often Beveral racemes from one
gemma, the pedicels of aboul the Bame length, bracteolate below the middle; male lowers:
sepals I, connected at the base, ovate, obtuse 3 mm, margins ciliate; stamens 2 or 3 times

as long, on a raised torus and surrounded l>y a crenulate disc; female flowers: BBpals 5,

quincunial; ovary surrounded by a crenulate disc and a few rudimentary stamens; Btigma
sessile, peltately 2 to 3 (or n lobed, the lohes reflexed; placentas :! (•)) with :; pendulous

ovules to each; berry reddish somewhat dry S to 1- mm long, OVOid; seeds 5 mm; embryo

straight in copious albumen, but shorter, the radicle shorter than the broad foliaceous
cotyledons.

The Maua is a very handsome tree, conspicuous is the forest by its reddish
young leaves. It thrives best in the drier districts on the Islands of Oahu and
Kauai only. The Maua of Molokai, Hawaii, and Maui is botanically referred
to another species.

In the forest of Kopiwai. a semi-dry district on the leeward side of Kauai
it grows to a height of 30 feet, developing a more or less straight trunk of some-
times more than a foot in diameter, with a smooth hark. It is conspicuous on
account of its large ovate or rounded leaves, which are of a dark-green color
with reddish hue and shining. It is not uncommon at an altitude of 2000 feet,
and sometimes as high as 3000 feet, where it can usually he found in company
with the Hanu or Han, Kopiko, Ahakea, and others.

It is confined, like the Kalia, to the Islands of Oahu and Kauai. In the
former island it grows in nearly all the valleys of the leeward side, hut has also
been observed in Punaluu, on the windward side of Oahu; at lower elevation it
usually is not taller than 20 feet, or sometimes even less.

On Kauai it is found in the lower forest zone above Waimea, in the woods of
Kopiwai, where it is associated with the Alphitonia excelsa (Kauila), Dracae-
na aurea, the Halapepa, Santalum pryrularium, Sandalwood, and others; also at
Kaholuamano and probably in the woods above Koloa. It is not found outside
of the Hawaiian group, but has a relative in the Marquesas, Tonga and Yiti
islands.

There seem to be intermediate leaves between this species and the following;
on Lanai occurs a tree with entire leaves, while others have a faint suggestion
of crenate leaves; evidently the two species are very little distinct specifically.
The following may only be a good variety of the former.

Xylosma Hillebrandii Wawra.
Maua.

(Plate 123.)

XYLOSMA HILLEBRANDII Wawra in Flora (1S73) 171;— TIbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 20;—
Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins.. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 109.— Myroxylon Hillebrandii (Wawra)
O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. PL I. (1S91) 44;— Warburg in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 0 a.

(189?) 41.

Leaves on petioles of 12 mm, ovate-oblong, <> to 10 cm long, 3 to 7 cm wide, somewhat
obtuse, or acute, contracted at the base or rounded, repandly crenate, even sinuate, the
teeth tipped with a callous gland, membraneous, chartaceous or in very dry districts cori-
caeous, glabrous and shining, racemes puberulous, 12 to 25 mm long, with 10 to 12 flowers
on pedicels of 2 to 6 mm. which are bracteolate above the base and articulate: male
flowers: sepals 4, broadly ovate or triangular, with a white pubescence on both faces,

313

PLATE 124.

WIKSTROEMIA OAHUENSIS (Cray) Rock

Akia.

Flowering branch, two-thirds natural size.

Flacourtiaceae-Thymelaeaceae.

ciliate, disc Hobed; female flowers: Bepala I. occasionally 5, stigma 2-lobed, mi a short
Btyle; placentas (2, rarely 3), each with :'• pendulous ovules; fruit subglobose to obovoid,
beaked with the permanent stylo..

This tree, which is also called Maua by the natives, is to be found OD all the
islands of the group, with the exception of Oahu and Kanai. It differs mainly
from its COgener in its leaves, which are not entire, but crenate. It is a much
smaller tree in certain localities, only reaching a heighl of lo to 15 feet, pre-
fering the very dry lands on the leeward sides of Lanai. Molokai, Hawaii, and
Maui. On the latter island on the southern slopes of Ealeakala, and on Hawaii
in the rain forest of Kan. it reaches its best development: there have been ob-
served trees 40 feet in height with a trunk of over one foot in diameter. This
Maita presents a very poor appearance on the west end of Molokai, where in-
dividual trees are still to be found on the slopes of Mahana valley. Windswept
and stunted, it stands as a relic of by-gone days, the remnant of what was once
a beautiful forest. Its associates. Gardenia Brighami (Nau), Reynoldsia sand-
wicensis (Ohe), Eokia drynarioides (K<>l;i<>!. and others, of which only a
few are left, have experienced a similar fate, and in time not far hence will be
things of the past. On Hawaii, it grows on the aa (rough) lava fields of Puu-
waawaa and Iluelme. North Kona, and Kawaihaeiuka (2000 feet), and at an
elevation of 4000 feet on the slopes of Manna Loa on the land of Keauhou near
Kilauea volcano. Here the tree is larger and of similar size to the Maua of
Kauai and Oahu. On Lanai it may he found on the dry ridges as well as on the
flat land of Kaa, where a peculiar forest of an area of perhaps 30 acres has with-
stood the ravages of cattle and sheep, but. as on Molokai, is rapidly succumbing.

On Maui it grows above Makawao and on the southern slopes of the crater of
Haleakala on the lava field of Auahi. district of Kahikinui. at a height of 2600
feet above sea level. Both Mauas blossom usually in midsummer, but no par-
ticular month can be stated, as the flowering period varies greatly according to
locality and environment.

This species is closely related to the Tahitian Xylosma suaveolens Forst..
while the other Maua approaches very closely Xylosma orbiculaium from
the Viti, Marquesas, and Tongan islands.

This species is quite variable. Specimens from the west of Molokai are quite
distinct from those of East Maui, above Makawao; from the latter place the
racemes are the Longest in any specimen of this species, being 25 to 30 mm long
on the naked branch below the leaves, while in those from Molokai the racemes
are very short and axillary only. In regard to the leaves, the crenation differs
very much also, some having almost entire leaves.

thyme:laeace:ae.

The family Thymelaeaceae is a rather small one, consisting of 37 genera with
about 455 species. With the exception of the Polar zones, the family is dis-
tributed over the whole globe, and ranges from Terra del Fuego to Canada,

315

Thymelaeaceae.

in America, and in the old world from New Zealand to Norway. It is poorly
represented in the tropical and temperate regions, but is very rich in species in
the sub-tropical regions of Africa and Australia, and in the steppes of Asia.
In the Hawaiian Islands the family is represented by the genus Wikstroemia,
which has about eight species in this archipelago, all of which, with the ex-
ception perhaps of one, are endemic. Three species become trees. The others
are small shrubs.

WIKSTROEMIA Endl.

Flowers hermaphrodite, tetramerous. Receptacle long cylindrical. Calyx lobes
spreading, petals none. Stamens in two alternate rows, inserted in the upper portion of
the receptacular tube, the upper near the top of the tube opposite the lobes. Hypogynous
scales 4 to 2. Ovary sessile, glabrous or tomentose. Style very short, the large globose
stigma therefore almost sessile. Fruit a drupe, or dry, and then enclosed by the
receptacular base. Albumen scanty or none. Embryo with fleshy cotyledons. — Shrubs or
trees with opposite or rarely alternate leaves. Flowers terminal in short racemes or
spikes. Bracts none.

This genus, whose Hawaiian species are known to the natives by the name
Akia, is composed of about 20 species, found in the In do-Malayan region, China,
Australia and the Hawaiian Islands; in the latter locality about eight species
are endemic. All have a very tough bark and furnished one of the strongest
Hawaiian fibers. The Hawaiian Akia or Akea contain an acrid narcotic and
were used for stupefying fish.

KEY TO THE SPECIES'.
Leaves ovate, small, 3.5 cm, glabrous.

Spikes short, glabrous W. oahuensis

Leaves large, ovate-oblong, occasionally pubescent.
Spikes tomentose, thick.

Branches often drooping, spikes often 3 cm long W. sandwicensis

Branches stiff, erect, spikes 4 to 7.5 cm, many forked W. furcata

Wikstroemia oahuensis (Gray) Rock.

Akia.

(Plate 124.)

WIKSTROEMIA OAHUENSIS (Gray) Bock.— Wikstroemia foetida var. Oahuensis Gray
in Seem. Journ. Bot. III. (18(35) 302;— Seem. Flora Vit. (1866) 207;— H. Mann in
Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 199;— Wawra in Flora (1875) 175;— Hbd. PI. Haw.
Isl. (isss) 3s5.— Wikstroemia indica Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII (1892)
280.— Diplomorpha Oahuensis Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) 860.

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate 2.5 to 5 cm long, 12 to 25 mm wide, (in petioles of
2 to 4 mm, acute at the apex, rounded or slightly contracted at the base, glabrous, pale
underneath, thin Hiartaeeous; flowers 6 to 12 on pedicels of 1 mm, clustered at the head
of a short terminal peduncle, the cluster at most elongating into a spikelet of 4 mm in
length; perianth pale or greenish yellow, tubular, puberulous. about 7 mm long, including
the spreading lobes, which are somewhat obtuse, and perhaps half, often less, the length oT
the tube; lower stamens at the middle of the tube or somewhat higher; hypogynous
scales 1 to 5, Linear, connate at the base, as long as the ovary, which is glabrous except
tlic apex which is often, but not always, strigose-pubescent, style very short, with capi-
tate stigma; drupe ovoid, 6 to 8 mm, reddish yellow.

This species <»(' Akia is usually a shrub 2 to 4 feet high, hut on the upper
slopes of Mt. Konahuanui it is ,-i small tree 12 to 15 feet in height, where it

316

Thymelaeaceae.

grows in company with Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Lobelia macrostachys,
Pittosporum spathulatum, several species of Pelea, Scaevola glabra and others.
On the low lands on the outskirts of the Eoresi on open glades, as in Xin Valley,
it is only 2 feet or so in height. The trunk and branches are clothed in a
black, very tough, fibrous bark, which, owing to its strength, was employed by
the natives for ropes and other purposes where strong fiber was needed; it
almost equals the Olona in strength. The plant is poisonous and was employed
by the natives, similarly to the Auhola or Auhulu (Tephrosia piscatoria) for
fishing. The plant was pounded to pulp and thrown into the water, which
stupefied the fishes in the immediate neighborhood, which floated to the surface
of the water. This mode of fishing has been forbidden of late.

Wikstroemia sandwicensis Meisn.
Akia.

WIKSTROEMIA SANDWICENSIS Meisner in DC. Prodr. XIV. (1856) .14.-, ;_ Gray in
Seem. Jour. Bot. III. (1865) 3<l3;— Seem. Fl. Vit. (1866) 206;— Mann Proe. Am.
Acad. VII. (1867) 199;— Hbd. Ft. Haw. Isl. (1888) 386; — De! Cast, 111. Fl. Ins.
Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 280;— Gilg. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. HI. (ia. (1894) 235 —
W. foetida var. glauca Wawra in Flora (1875) 176— Diplomorpha sandwice.isis
Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1S97) 861.

Leaves dark green, glabrous, or slightly pubescent underneath, especially along the
midrib and veins, chartaceous and faintly nerved, ovate or ovate oblong to lanceolate. 5-10
cm long, 2.5-4 cm wide, on petioles of 6-8 mm which are often pubescent, acute at both ends
or often rounded at the base; adult spikes 4-30 mm long on peduncles of 2-6 mm, suberect
or drooping, usually terminal, densely flowered near the apex, the rachys thick squarrose
and tomentose, sometimes dichotomously forking; perianth on a short pedicel of 1 mm,
silky tomentose 5-6 mm long, the lobes somewhat obtuse; scales 4 linear, free, as long as
the ovary, drupe ovoid 8-10 mm, usually only two maturing at the apex of the spike.

To this species will have to be referred Leveille's Wikstroemia Fauriei, which
is based mainly on the pubescent leaves.

The writer has large material of this species (W. sandwicensis) with perfectly
glabrous leaves, and again specimens with leaves which are pubescent under-
neath. Pubescence in Hawaiian plants is not at all a characteristic to be relied
upon, which anyone who has collected in these islands can readily verify. If
one should make new species of a plant based on such characteristics there
would be no end and the number of Hawaiian plants would reach several
thousand.

This species occurs mainly on Hawaii on the lava fields and on the great
central plain on the outskirts of the forest and in the Koa forest at an elevation
of 5000 feet, where it is a small tree 15 feet high. At this elevation it is much
branching and the branches are drooping and sparingly foliose. Like all other
Hawaiian Akia, the bark is very tough and blackish. It fruits prolifically
during the winter months. Ilillebrand records it from Hilo, where Fanrie's
specimens were collected also.

317

PLATE 125.

JAMBOSA MALACCENSIS (Linn.) P. DC.
Ohia Ai or Ohia, Mountain Apple.
Flowering branch, about one-half natural size.

Thymelaeaceae-Myrtaceae.

Wikstroemia furcata (Hbd.) Rock.
Akia.

WIKSTROEMIA FURCATA (Hbd.) Rock.- Wikstroemia sandwicensis Meian. var. furcata
111,, I. Flora Haw. [si. (1888) 386;— Del < :ist. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. I'a.-. VII. (1892)
280.

Leaves •> to II cm long, 2 to 5 cm wide, dark green above, pale underneath, glabrous
on both si, les, shortly contracted at the base, acute or rounded or Bubcordate, acute or

Obtuse at the apex, on petioles (if I to 8 nun, elm it aeons ; spikes ." to 1 .'< cm long re-

peato'ily forking :', to 5 times, yellowish pubescent, many dowered, the perianth silky
tomentose on a pedicel of 2 mm, tube of perianth yellowish, about •! mm, the spreading
lobes acute, about one third the length of the tube, apex of ovary silky pubescent, as well
as the short style and thick stigma; drupes much larger than in 'II'.. sandwicensis, 15 nun
long, ovoid, bright red; seed ovoid to acute, testa thin, black, ami shining.

Pound od Kauai, especially in the swampy jungles back of Kaholuamano and
Halemanu at an elevation of 40(H) feet. H certainly is a very striking plant,
especially during the month of October, when the small trees arc loaded with
the rather large, bright red fruits. The branches arc erect and not drooping,
and rather stout.

It differs from W. sandwicensis in the long and many-forked spike, the large
leaves, and the large bright red drupes. The native name, like that of all
other species, is Akia.

myrtaceae:.

The family Myrtaceae consists of 72 genera with about 2750 species, which
belong to two main evolutional centers, one in tropical America, the other on
the Australian continent. It is less numerous in species in Polynesia, tropical
Asia. Africa and subtropical America. In the Mediterranean region only one
species occurs, the ordinary Myrtle. The family cannot adapt itself to cold
climates; only a few species of Eucalypti occur in such regions in Tasmania
as are covered with snow for several months in the year.

In the Hawaiian Islands four genera are represented, three of which poss.-v-
one species each, while the genus Metrosideros has several species, of which one
occurs from sea-level to 9000 feet elevation in the most varied forms.

Of early introduction are the various Guayava species (Guava) and of late
the genus Eucalyptus, with about 60 to 70 species.

KEY TO THK GENERA.

Fruit a berry.

Petals falling off single; stamina! discus distinct Janibosa

Petals cohering, falling off together; stamina! discus not distinct Syzygium

Fruit a capsule. . ' Metrosideros

JAMBOSA DC.

Receptacle obconical, funnel-shaped, cup-shaped or cylindrical, gradually tapering into

the peduncle, and prolong over the ovary; dilated discus-like at the insertion of the
stamens. <'alyx lobes comparatively large, usually semicircular. Flowers single or in
terminal or lateral cymes or corymbs.

319

PLATE 12(5.

SYZYGIUM SANDWICENSE (Gray) Ndz.

Ohia Ha or Paihi.

Flowering and fruiting braneh, about one-half natural size.

Myrtaceae.

The genus Jambosa consists of aboul 120 species, which are distributed over
the Endo-Malayan, but especially Malagassic, regions; also over aorth-eastern
Australia and Polynesia.

In the Hawaiian Islands the genus is represented by one cosmopolitan species.

Jambosa malaccensis (Linn.) P.D'C.

Ohia ai, Mountain Apple.

(Plate 125.)

JAMBOSA MALACCENSIS (Linn.) P. DC. Prodr. III. (1828) 286;— Hook, et Am. Bot.
Beech. (1832) 83; — Endl. Flora Suds, in Ann. Wien. Mus. (1836) L81, n. L466;
Guillem. Zeph. Tait. (1836-1837) n.». 298;— Pancher in Cuz. Tahiti, (1860) 232;
Jardin Hist. Nat. lies Marqu. (1858) 24; — Nadeaud Enum. Tab. PI. (1873) 488;—
Niedenzu in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 7. (1893) 84;— Wilder Fruits Haw. M.
(1911) 20. pi. 8. — Eugenia malaccensis Linn. Spec. PI. e<l. I. (1753) 470; — Forst.
Prodr. (1780) no. 220;— Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 310;— Seem. PL Vit. (1866)
77; — Mann Proe. Am. Acad. Vl\. (1867) 166, et PL Maw. Isl. Proc. Ess Inst.
V. (1867) 245;— Mrs. Sinclair Ind. Flow. Haw. Isl. (1S.S5) pi. 41 ; — Ilb.l. PL Haw.
Isl. (1888) 128;— Del Cast. 111. PL ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 169, et PL I'olyn.
Franc. (1893) (37;— Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) 862;— Brigham
Ka Hana Kapa Mem. B. P. Bish. Mus. 111. (1911) 156, fig. 93. — Jambosa domestica
Rnmph. Herb. Arab. I. (1741) 127. t. 37;— Blume Mus. Bot. (1S49) 91.— J. pur
purascens DC. 1. c.

Leaves opposite, elliptical or obovate-oblong, 15 to 20 cm long, 5 to 7.5 cm wide,
on petioles oi' 12 mm, suddenly acuminate, dark green and shining, not dotted, the sinuate
marginal nerve distant from the edge; cymes axillary, usually cauline, short, about 5 cm
long, their lowest branches 8 to 12 mm long and 3 flowered, the middle and terminal
branch racemose; pedicels short, gradually enlarging into the calyx; calyx turbinate, pro-
duced beyond the ovary, with 4 rounded lobes; petals obovate, red, reddish-purple or
white, 6 mm; the red or white stamens 18 mm long; fruit obovate,. about 7.5 cm in dia-
meter, umbilicate at the top and crowned by the truncate scar of the calyx-lobes, deep
crimson, pale pinkish, or white; seed generally one.

Occasionally a tree of 60 feet in height. It is the mountain apple of the
white man and the Ohia ai or edible Ohia of the native Hawaiian. So much has
been written about this cosmopolitan species that only a brief account of it
will be given in the following lines.

The Ohia ai was undoubtedly brought to Hawaii by the natives long before
the arrival of the first white man, and was the only Hawaiian fruit before the
coming of the latter. It is widely distributed over the islands of the Pacific,
where it is known by various names. It favors the windward sides of the
islands in the valleys and gorges, where it forms almost pure stands, along
streambeds. It is restricted to the lowlands and never ascends into the
mountains.

It flowers and fruits at various times of the year according to locality. In
one district the trees can be seen in flower while in another the trees are loaded
with the bright red watery apples.

The Ohia ai played an important role in the Legends of Hawaii and Polynesia
as a whole, and was regarded as sacred, and from its wood many idols were
carved.

The white variety is known in Hawaii as Ohia ai hua keokeo, and in Fiji as

321

21

PLATE 127.

METR0S1DER0S POLYMORPHA Gaud.
Ohia Lehua.

High mountain torn, from Mt. Haleakala, Maui; belonge to section LL-var. v reduced.

Myrtaceae.

Kavika vulavula, while the red is called Kavika damudamu by the Fijians. In
Samoa the tree is called nonufi <i/i'n or nomula for the red variety, while the
white variety is known as noriuui. The bark of the trees is used as an astringent,
while the flowers and leaves are used for Lung troubles.

'Idie trunks of the (fees were hewn into posts and rafters for houses, also used
in making the enclosures aboul temples. From it were also made the sticks to
couple together the double canoes.

SYZYGIUM Gaertn.

Stamina] discus wanting. Sepals usually short and broad or entirely missing. Petals
usually united and falling off together at the opening of the flowers. — Otherwise as in
Jambosa.

The genus Syzygium consists of more than 140 species, of which only two or
three are found in tropical Africa. The majority of the species of this genus
occur in the East Indian-Malayan archipelago or region, while four are found
in Australia, of which two are endemic. The Hawaiian Islands possess ;, single
endemic species which is known by the natives as Ohia ha or Paihi.

Syzygium sandwicense (Gray) Ndz.

Ohia ha or Paihi on Maui.

(Plate 126.)

SYZYGIUM SANDWICENSE (Gray) Ndz. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 7. (1893) 85.—
Eugenia sandwicensis Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 519;— Mann Proc. Am. Acad.
VII. (1867) 166, et Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867) 246;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 171;—
Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 129.— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. -Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 170;—
Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) 862.

Sometimes a tree of 20 in; branches angular, sharply margined; leaves obovate or
obovate-oblong, rounded and usually emarginate at the apex, glabrous, dark green or
yellowish brown with red veins, subcoriaceous, 4-10 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, on petioles of
about 12 mm, the marginal nerve continuous; cymes single or compound in the axils of the
upper leaves, the common peduncle angular and elongate, 2.5-3.5 cm. the pedicels only
about 3 nun. articulate and bibracteolate below the calyx; bractlets small triangular; calyx
turbinate, 3-4 mm long, 4-lobed, imbricate, early deciduous; petals obovate, often emarginate,
pinkish, about 2 mm, generally discreet, but sometimes united and falling off together;
stamens 20-30, shorter than the petals; style short; ovary 2-celled, with 10 or more ovules
in each cell; berry turbinate or globose, flat at the top, 8-10 mm in diameter, red; seeds
1 or 2, witli a pale thin testa, the thick cotyledons not consolidated.

The Ohia ha. or Paihi as it is called on Maui, occurs on all the islands of the
group and becomes often a tree 60 feet or more in height, witli a diameter of
trunk of one to one and a half feet.

The hark is reddish brown and smooth and it can therefore be distinguished
easily from the Ohia lehua (Metrosideros), which has rough scaly hark. The
wood of the Ohia ha is hard and durable and is of a reddish color. It inhabits
the forests of lower elevations, hut can often be found also up to 4000 feet. as.
for example, on Kauai in the forests of Kaholuamano and Ilalemanu. It
reaches its best development in the dense rain forest, while on open, exposed
ridges it becomes stunted and is inclined to be shrubby. During the late summer

323

PLATE L28.

METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA Gaud.

Ohia Lehua.

From near Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; belongs to section III. var. <: reduced.

Myrtaceae.

months the trees arc often Loaded with the brighl red berries, which are edible,
though somewhat insipid. The inflorescence is often monstrously deformed,
similarly to thai of the Kalia tree I Elaeocarpus bifidus), the work of a specieB
• if Acari.

The wood was used as fuel and also in house-making, while the hark was

employed in staining tapa a black color.

METROSIDEROS Banks.

Flowers perigynous. Receptaculurn funnel-shaped <>r campanulate. Calyx-lobes
deltoid or obtuse, 5. Petals 5, rounded. Stamens aumerous, usually in a row; filaments
free, long; anthers elongate, dorsifixed, versatile. Ovary united at the base with the
receptaculurn, 3-celled. Style very Long; stigma simple Seeds many, covering the whole
placenta, only partially fertile; test a thin; embryo straight; cotyledons flat or folded,
longer than the radicle. — Trees or shrubs, rarely climbers (in New Zealand). Leaves op-
posite. Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes.

The genus Metrosideros consists of over 20 species, of which only one occurs
in the ("ape Colony, one in the Sunda Islands, and the remainder are distributed
over Australia and Polynesia. The Hawaiian Islands possess live species, of
which one is cosmopolitan (M. polymorpha) and occurs here in aumerous va-
rieties, while the others are peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands.

This genus furnishes the bulk of the Hawaiian forests; next in number is
the Acacia Koa.

For the numerous varieties of the Ohia lehua the natives of the olden days
had many names, as, for example. Lehua mamo, an orange yellow flowering M<-
trosideros polymorpha; Lehua kumakua, with sessile cordate leaves; Lehua
htulii, with very small leaves; Lehua puakea, with white flowers, and others.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves on short petioles.

Leaves suborbicular, cordate ovate or oblong; capsule almost tree. ... M. polymorpha

Leaves linear or elliptical, acute at both ends M. tremuloides

Leaves rugose and impressed above; capsule aduate to near the apex M. rugosa

Leaves on long petioles of 2 to 5 cm.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong; capsule hidden in the calyx tube M. macropus

Leaves acuminate-caudate, capsule projecting beyond the calyx-tube M. tremuloides

var. Waialealae

Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud.

Ohia lehua or Lt hua.

(Plates 127, 128. 129, 130, 131, 132.)

METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Uranie (1826-1830) 482. pi. ins ,,,
109;— DC. Prodr. III. (1828) 225;— H. et A. Bot. Beech. Voy. (1832) 82;— Endl. PI.
Suds. (1836) 181. no. 1452;— A. Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (18o4) o<>2;— Seem. Fl. Yit.
(1866) 83;— Mann in Proe. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 166, et PI. Haw. Isl. Proc.
Ess. Inst. V. (1867) 243;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 171;— Mrs. Sin-
clair Indig. Flow. Haw. Isl. (1885) pi. 2;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl.
125.— Metrosideros colliua Gray Bot. V. S. E. E. (1854) 558. pi. 68;— Nadeaud
Enum. Tahit. Pi. (1873) no. 484;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 167,
et Fl. I'olvn. Franc (1893) 64;— Ndz. in Engl, et Prantl III. 7. (1893) -7.
M. lutea Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1854) 560 pi. 69. B.— M. villosa Smith in Trans.

325

PLATE 129.

TRUNK OF METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA Gaud., showing scaly bark and yomu

branches growing from the base of the trunk. In the forests of Kaholuamano,

Kauai; elevation 4000 feet.

Myrtaceae.

Linn. Boc. III. (1797) 268.— M. spectabilis Gaertn. Fruct. I. (1788) L72, pi. 34.
fig. 9;— Sol. Prim. PI. Ins. Pacif. 263 (ined.) e1 in Parkins. Draw. Tah. PI. t. r>4. —
M. diffusa Hook, el Am. Bot. Beech. (1832) 63, (non Smith). — M. obovata
Hook, et Am. Bot. Beech. (1832) 63. pi. 12.— Melaleuca villosa Linn.
fig. tn-p. — Nania collina 0. K. Rev. Gen. PI. I. (1891) 242. — Nania pumila Keller
in Minn. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897)864.— Nania glabrifolia Heller I. c. 866.
Nania lutea Heller I. c. 867. — X Nania Fauriei Levi, in Pedde Report. 'X. 1" it
(1911) 150. — X Nania Feddei Levi. I. c. 150. — N. polymorpha var. nummularifolia
\.r\ I. Report. X. LO/14 ( |!»1 1 ) I |<l.

Branches angular or terete, tomentose or glabrate; bracts of leafbuds Bhort, scarlet,
early deciduous; leaves opposite mi short <>r long petioles, lanceolate, oblong, ovate, obovate
or orbicular, al the base acute, rounded or cordate, glabrous or tomentose underneath,
with faint nerves; flowers in terminal cymose corymbs, pedicellate or Bubsessile, '■'> on a
branchlet or peduncle, red, salmon, pink, or yellow, bractlets '•'• mm caducous; calyx
turbinate, o to 5 mm, glabrose or tomentose, with deltoid or rounded lobes; petals ■'• to ('>
mm, oblong or obovate; capsule semi-adnate, nt last almost free, 3-lobed, 3-valved, glabrous
or tomentose; seeds linear fusiform.

The numerous varieties of Metrosideros polymorpha may be arranged into
three sections as follows:

Sect. I. Glabrae.

Leaves glabrous on both sides, calyx also glabrous.
Sect. II. Hemilanatae.

Leaves glabrous on both sides, calyx silvery or whitish tomentose or woolly.
Sect. III. Tomentosae.

Leaves whitish or grayish tomentose, calyx tomentose or woolly.

Sect. I. Glabrae.

a Small plants usually only found at the summit swamps as on Alt. Puukukui,

and Mauna Eke on Maui, (no. 81-45).

Leaves small cordate, suborbicular, glabrous on both faces, strongly but finely reticu-
lated; calyx glabrous or here and there with a small patch of minute silky pubescence;
petals and stamens red, the former slightly filiate at the margins.

/3 Trees on the main range of Oahu, at an elevation of 1000-2000 feet. Xiu

Valley, (no. 4829), Pauoa Valley (no. 1010), Manoa Valley.

Leaves small ovate-elliptical, acute or rounded at the apex, tapering at the base into
a somewhat margined petiole; calyx perfectly glabrous, the lobes triangular acute,
branchlets red; resembles .1/. tretnuloides. Inflorescence occasionally but sparingly
sprinkled with a silky pubescence.

y Larue trees, probably the typical M. polymorpha on the main range, rToolau

Alts. (no. 127!)). Oahu: also from Kauai.

Leaves elliptical to ovate-oblong, larger, glabrous on both faces bluntly acute, dark
green, with a straight marginal nerve, shortly petioled; calyx and corolla glabrous or very
finely pubescent, of a silky white.

Sect. II. Hemilanatae.

8 Trees or shrubs. Kamoku forest, Molokai, (no. 6181).

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse at both ends, rather large, long petiolate,
glabrous on both faces with indistinct marginal nerve; calyx and pedicels densely white
tomentose, the rounded sepals green and glabrous, petals red and margins not ciliate.

e Creepers in swampy open places, or bogs, on Molokai, Kawela. (no. 5087

and 6097), resembles var. a sect. I. glabrae.

327

PLATE 130.

METRCSIDERCS POLYMORPHA Gaud.

Ohia Lehua Tree.

Snowing large bunch of ;ieri;i] roots common to this species. Growing on lava

fields, Hawaii.

PLATE 13

STILT-ROOTS OF METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHS Gaud. Ohia Lehua. Note the
remnants of tree-fern trunk in the upper portion of tree trunk. For explanation
see text. Forests near Glenwood. Hawaii; elevation 3500 feet. The tree to the
left is Straussia sp.

PLATE L32.

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lb* ill

GROVE OF METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA Gaud., Ohia Lehua; Dear the Volcano of
Kilauea, Hawaii, elevation 1000 feet. Some of the trees arc nearly mi feet high.

Myrtaceae.

Leaves Bmall, suborbicular, cordate, subsessile, pale green or yellowish, glabrous on
both faces; inflorescence and calyx densely tomentose or white woolly, the lobes green,
pubescent, with ciliate margins, red-punctate on the outei face, petals glabrous; leaves
often Blightly pubescenl when young.

£ Large trees found on Kauai, above Waimea, (no. 2044).

Leaves large, ovate oblong, shortly petiolate, the petioles and pari of leaf-midrib
pubescent, thick coriaceous, subcordate at the base; young branches and inflorescence
covered with a white pubescence; calyx, Bepals and petals white tomentose or woolly, the
latter showing the red through the white pubescence, the margins white ciliate.

,, Trees. a1 high elevation 6000-7000 feet. Mi. Haleakala, Maui, (no. 8593).

Brandies stout, stiff and gnarled, scaly; leaves small, thick coriaceous, suborbicular,
<-or<late, sessile, or auriculate at the base; inflorescence densely and thickly white woolly,
as are the pedicels and calyx lobes, petals red, glabrous, the margins only white ciliate.

6 Trees, main ridge of Mahana, Lanai, (no. 8055).

Leaves ovate, or suborbicular, cordate at the base, thin, subcoriaceous, entirely
glabrous on both faces, very shortly petiolate; calyx Blightly or thinly pubescent, of a dark
silvery or dirty gray color, sepals green and puberulous or glabrous; petals and Btamens
yellowish, or salmon pink, the former glabrous with slightly ciliate margins; here also
belongs a form with longer petiolate leaves, which are suborbicular and cordate, pale
green; calyx and sepals densely white woolly, petals large, yellow, glabrous, with ciliate
margins; the petioles pubescent.

Sect. III. Tomentosae.

i Trees at 4000-9000 feet elevation Kilauea, Hawaii, also Oalm. Pauoa Val-
ley (no. 722) ; Hualalai, Hawaii (no. 3626).

Leaves large orbicular, cordate at the base, coriaceous, glabrous above, or finely
pubescent, tomentose underneath of a dirty gray color, petioles short, tomentose, inflores-
cence and calyx pubescent; often yellow flowered.

k Creepers from the summit swamp of Kohala. Hawaii, (no. 841-1- |.

Leaves small, orbicular, emarginate at the apex, cordate at the base, sessile, glabrous
above, densely covered underneath with a yellow strigose pubescence; inflorescence, calyx
and sepals with yellowish strigose hairs, petals red, slightly pubescent, margins ciliate.

The Ohia lehua is the most prevalent tree in the forests of the islands of the
Hawaiian archipelago. It can be found from sea-level to an elevation of !><>•">
feet. It certainly deserves its specific name polymorpha as it is the most vari-
able tree which the Islands possess. On the summits of Kohala. Hawaii. Mt.
Waialeale on Kauai, and Puukukui, West Maui, which have an elevation rang-
ing from 5000-5600 feet, it is a creeper, only a few inches in length, though
flowering. It grows in company with native violets, geraniums and sundews
(Drosera longifolia i while in the middle forest zone it becomes a giant of often
100 feet in height, with a trunk of several feet in diameter. At the seashore, as
for example at Napoopoo, Hawaii, it is a stunted gnarled tree 10-15 feet in height
growing on ancient pahoehoe lava in company with Eeynoldsia sandwicensis,
the Ohf. kukuluaeo of the natives, and other trees. On the windward side of
Hawaii, not far from Hilo. it covers the vertical cliffs down to the water's edge,
hut does not attain any size. Its best development and the largest forests
composed of this tree are found on the volcanic slopes of Manna Lea and Manna

331

PLATE 13-

METROSIDEECS TREMULOIDES (Heller) Roc
Lehua Ahihi.
Flowering branch, one-half natural size.

Myrtaceae.

kea. on llif island of Hawaii, and it is there that the trees reach their biggesl
size.

On Hawaii the Ohia lehua is usually associated with the tree ferns, the
Hapu and IhtpK Hi (which see). Iii such Forests, the seeds of the Ohia trees
fall on the moist woolly trunks of the tree ferns; there they germinate. At
lirst the young tree finds enough nourishment in the humus, dead Leaves, etc.,
which collect in the axils of dead fern leaves all ahum' the tall fern trunks.
but finally it sends its roots down along the fern trunks into the ground. As
the tree grows larger and taller, the fern becomes enclosed between the stilt-like
roots of the Ohia tree, until finally the fern dies and decays, leaving the stilt roots
Standing some 15-20 feet above the ground, after which the real trunk of the tree
commences. Such stilt-like Ohia trees are very common in the Hawaiian forest,
bid mainly on Hawaii. The accompanying illustration shows an Ohia tree with
stilt-roots between which remnants of a decayed tree-fern trunk are still visible.

The wood of the Ohia lehua is of a dark reddish color, durable, hard and equal
in strength to the Oak. It was employed by the natives for the carving of their
idols, spears, mallets, etc., but is used now for paving-blocks, flooring, and
interior house finishings. Mills have been erected on Hawaii at Pahoa where
lumber is turned out at a profit. Several railroads, especially the Santa Fe rail-
road of the mainland, have ordered large shipments of Ohia ties.

The flowers of the Ohia lehua are of a bright red, pale yellow to orange yel-
low and pink-salmon, while some are even white. They are the source of food
for some of the native birds, as the Iiwi and Olohele, both, of which possess a
bright red plumage, matching the scarlet Lehua blossom while flitting from
flower to flower for their honey.

The name Lehua is an interesting one. Lehua in everyday language means
"hair." It was undoubtedly applied to the tree in question on account of the
numerous long red stamens resembling fine hair, which makes the Ohia lehua
flower attractive.

The tree in its various forms is not peculiar to Hawaii, but is well distributed
over Polynesia and New Zealand, where the tree is known as Rata and Pohutu-
lawa. It has the most numerous varieties, however, in the Hawaiian Islands.
A number of species have been described from other islands of the Pacific,
which later turned out to be identical with the Ohia lehua.

Metrosideros tremuloides (Heller) Rock.
Lehua ahihi.
(Plate 133.)

METROSIDEROS TREMULOIDES (Heller) Rock tomb, no v.— Nania tremuloides Heller

in Mimes. Hot. stud. Hull. IX. (lsi>7) 866. — Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud var y

Hhd. Flora Haw. Isl. (1888) 127.

A small tree, with slender trunk and smooth grayish bark, glabrous throughout, even

the inflorescence; branches slender, loosely spreading; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute

or acuminate at both ends, bright green, shining above, paler underneath, coriaceous on

333

PLATE i:

METROSIDEROS RUGOSA A. Gray.

Lehua papa.

Two-thirds natural size.

Myrtaceae.

flat slightly winged petioles of about <i mm in length, not prominently veined, but midrib
conspicuous; cyme branches divaricate, peduncles Blender of varying length though hardly
longer than 1" mm; pedicels half the length; calyx campanulate, the lobes rounded and
equaling the tube in Length, margins scarious; petals, bright red, almost orbicular twice
the length of the calyx Lobes, Btamens bright red, barely 2 cm in Length, capsule half free.

The Lehua ahiki is one of the handsoinesl species of the genus Metrosideros.
The line brighl green graceful foliage stands quite distind from all the other
speeies and varieties and certainly deserves specific rank'. Il can be found <>n
Oalni at the lower elevation around Tantalus hack of Honolulu, and in nearly
all the neighboring valleys od their upper slopes at aboul 1000-2000 feel eleva-
tion. When in full flower the slender branches are drooping and almost con-
tinually in motion, whence its specific name.

Var. Waialealae Rock. var. nov.

Leaves larger, bright green above pale underneath, with bright red midrib and leaf-
margin, 5 to 7 cm Long, 2 to 2.5 cm wide, coriaceous, acute at the base, acuminate-caudate
at the apex, the apex curved, the bright red petiole 15 to 20 nun Long, flat and somewhat
margined; flowers as in the species; fruits very large, the same size as in M. macropus,
the calyx-lobes persistent but the capsule projecting almost its whole height beyond the
calyx, almost free; seeds linear, lunulate, pointed at each end.

This variety is peculiar to the summit ridge of Mt. Waialeale on Kauai, where
it was observed and collected by the writer. It certainly is the most beautiful
Metrosideros or Ohia lehua known to him. It only grows at a certain ridge at
the summit of the mountain of Kauai where it forms pure stands with hardly
any other tree around it. It is a small tree 25 feet high. Collected flowering
and fruiting Sept. 24, 1909, Mt, Waialeale, Kauai, elev. 5200 feet, type no. 5083.
in College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Metrosideros rugosa Gray.
Lehua papa.
(Plate 134.)

METROSIDEROS RUGOSA Gray Bot. U. S. E. E. (1853) 561. t. 69 B.;— Mann in Proe.
Am. Aead. AHt. (1867) 166, et Haw. Isl. (1867) 244;^Wawra in Flora (1873)
173;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 127;— Xiedz. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. 111. 7.
(1893) S7.— Metrosideros polymorpha Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Tac VI. (1890)
lfi7 (ex parte). — Nania rugosa Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 242; — Heller in
Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) 864.

A small tree or shrub, with quadrangular branchlets, only the ultimate ones tomen-
tose; leaves orbicular, about 2.5 cm in diameter, thick and coriaceous, strikingly rugose
above and deeply impressed along the veins, which are remarkably strong and ridged
underneath, the under-surface thickly tomentose with a ferruginous wool as are the leaf-
buds on both faces, the petiole scarcely 2 mm; cymes small, solitary or in pairs at tin*
summit of the branches, the peduncles and their divisions short and stout, thick tomen-
tose, the whole subtended by rather conspicuous ami coriaceous bud-scales; bractlets as
long as the calyx, oval tomentose, soon deciduous; Sowers subsessile, about as bug.' as
in the common species; calyx tomentose; petals ami stamens red. the former pubescent;
ovary deeply immersed in the tube of the calyx, its summit only free.

This speeies. which is ealled Lehua papa by the natives, is peculiar to the
Island of Oahu, where it can be found at the summits of the ridges of the main

:«o

Myrtaeeae-Araliaceae.

range, and on the vertical cliffs or pali on the windward side of the island. It
certainly is quite distinct from the ordinary Ohia lehua and can be distinguished
from it at a glance by the deeply rugose small leaves. It is never a large tree.
but only of about 10-15 feel in height or more often a shrub. Flowering, Koolau
Mts. Punaluu, Nov. 14-21, 1908. no. 294, College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Metrosideros macropus Hook, et Arn.
Ohia lehua.

METROSIDEROS MACROPUS Hook, et Am. Bot. Beech. (1832) 83;— Endl. Fl. Suds, in
Ann. WIen. Mus. (1836) 181, no. 14.13;— Gray Bot. U S. E. E. (1854) 564. t. 70;—
Mann in Proe. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 166, et Fl. Haw. Isl. (1867) 244;— Wawra
in Flora (1873) 172;— Hlnl. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 127;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pac. VI. (1890) 168;— Ndz. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 7. (1893) 87.— Nania
macropus O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. (1S91) 242; — Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull.
IX. (1897) 865.

A well proportioned tree glabrous throughout; the branchlets angled; leaves ovate or
ovate-oblong, coriaceous rather dull, acute at the base, copiously feather-veined; petioles
2.5 to 5 cm long usually margined, and standing nearly at right angles to the stem;
(vines terminal usually geminate, subsessile, many-flowered, crowded, evolved from a
large scaly bud, the scales of which remain persistent for some time as ovate or oblong
pointed bracts, 12 mm in length; pedicels about 4 mm long, subtended by similar smaller
ovate lanceolate bractlets which are deciduous; flowers larger than in the largest flowered
forms of .1/. polymorpha; petals and stamens red or yellow, ovary three-celled, free nearly
to the middle; capsule nearly included in the turbinate tube of the calyx, of which the
lobes are persistent, free to the middle, three-valved, many seeded; seeds fusiform, subu-
late, not much pointed.

This species is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from the cosmopoli-
tan M. polymorpha in the long petioled leaves, large floral scales, and much
larger flowers. It is a tree of considerable size and can be found in the moun-
tains of Oahu on the main Koolau range, as well as on Molokai and on Kauai.

Hybrids of this and the cosmopolitan species can be met with wherever they
occur together.

ARALIACEAE.

The family Araliaceae, which is chiefly tropical, consists of 51 genera and
numerous species. In Polynesia it is represented by the genera Plerandra, Rey-
noldsia, Meryta, and others; while in Hawaii, the most northern islands of Poly-
nesia, it has two endemic genera, Pterotropia and Cheirodendron, besides several
species of Tetraplasandra. which now includes also Triplasandra, which genus
has been merged into the former by Harms. The genus Tetraplasandra is not
peculiar to the islands, as it has two species which occur outside of Hawaii, one
in New Guinea and the other in Celebes. Reynoldsia, which is represented in
Hawaii by one species, has also one species in the Society Islands and one in
Samoa.

336

A raliaceae.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Leaves pinnate, alternate.
Leaflets entire:

Leaflets 13-21, flowers racemose umbellate, arranged in a long drooping

panicle Pterotropia

Leaflets 5-13, inflor, racemose-umbellate or umbellate and panicu-
late Tetraplasandra

Leaflets sinuate crenate Reynoldsia

Leaves digitate, opposite Cheirodendron

TETRAPLASANDRA A. Cray.
( Triplasandra Seem.)

Calyx border undulate or denticulate, in'ta Is 5 to s. valvate in the bud. Stamens as
many as petals or - to 3 times or oven <> times as many, arranged in 1 or 4 series, with
rather thick filaments and ovate or lanceolate anthers. Ovary quite interior, ovate. 13-7-5 2
celled. The stigmas on a short stylopod or subsessile; drupes globose to ovate-elongate
or cylindrical, with a somewhat fleshy covering. Pyrenae chartaceous, crustaceous or
coriaceous, compressed. Seeds often ribbed or furrowed. Unarmed glabrous or tomentose
trees or shrubs with a glutinous sap. Leaves large, alternate Lmpari-pinnate, with 5 to 13
entire leaflets; petiolule of the terminal leaflet usually articulate. Stipules wanting or
rudimentary. Inflorescence a racemose umbellate panicle or a simple or compound umbel;
bracts caducous, small or larger; peduncles not articulate, often very thick.

The genus Tetraplasandra derives its name from the Greek rerpa7rAa5tos
(tetrapl&sios), fourfold, and arSpu (andra I, stamens, having four times as many
stamens as petals. It consists of possibly 12 species, two of which are not found
in the Hawaiian Islands; T. paucidens Miq. occurs in New Guinea, while '/'.
Koerdersii Harms is found in Celebes. Of Hawaiian species, only two were de-
scribed originally, T. hawaiiensis A. Gray and T. Waimeae Wawra. All the
species of Triplasandra (established by Seeman) have been merged into Tetra-
plasandra by II. Harms. The writer has since added two new species: T.
Lanaiensis and 7". Waialealae.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

I. EUTETRAPLASANDEA. Stamens 2-6-8 times as many as petals.
Leaves tomentose underneath.
Inflorescence paniculate.

Stamens 4 times as many as j etals T. Hawaiiensis

Leaves glabrous underneath.
Inflorescence umbellate.

Stamens numerous, 6-8 times as many as petals... T. Waimeae
Inflorescence compound umbellate.

Stamens 4 times as many as petals; ovary (i celled. . T. Waialealae
Stamens twice as many as petals; ovary 3 celled... T. Lanaiensis
Stamens 2-3 times as many as petals.

Drupe ovoid with conical vertex T. Lydgatei

Drupe cylindrical truncate.

Stamens 10-15; ovary 5-6 celled T. Oahuensis

stamens 12-18; ovary 4-3 celled T. Kaalae

II. NOTHOTETRAPLASANDRA. Stamens as many as petals, 5-8; ovary. 5-2 celled.
Inflorescence umbellate or compound umbellate T. meiandra and varieties

337

22

PLATE 135.

TETRAPLASANDRA HAWAIIENSIS A. Gray.

Ohe.

Showing fruiting branch and flower buds pinned against trunk of tree, bark in the dry

districts rough and sealy. South Kona, lava Gelds of Kapua; elevation 1200 feet.

A raliaceae.

Tetraplasandra hawaiiensis A. Gray.

Ohe.

(Plate 135.)

TETRAPLASANDRA HAWAIIENSIS A. Gray Bot. U. 8. E. E. (1854) 728, t. 94;—
ll. Mann. Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) L69; — Bbd. PI. Baw. Isl. (1888) L54; -
Del. Cast. [11. PI. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI. (1890) 183; — Harms in Kngler el Prantl
Pflzfam. III. 8 I 1898) 30, Pig. 2, g-h.
Branchlets with the leaf-stalks, inflorescence and the exterior of the flowers caneBcenl
with a soft tomentum; leaves alternate, exstipulate, 3 to l.S cm long, pinnately 5 to 7 folio-
late; leaflets oblong or elliptical 10 to 17 cm long and 5 cm or more in width, obtuse at both
ends, entiie, coriaceous, glabrous above, densely eanescent-tomentose underneath, the ribs
hirsute; peduncle terminal stout, bearing an ample and open panicle of compound or de-
compound umbels; peduncles ami pedicels articulate, densely tomentose; calyx tube cup-
sliaped, the truncate limb very short, entire; petals 5 to 8 tomentose as is the calyx,
Cohering at the apex, 6 to 8 mm long; stamens 1 times as many as petals or less in one

circle, recurved; ovary 7 to 13 celled; the apex crowned with a short and conical stylopod

which bears an obscurely 7 to 13 rayed stigma; ovules solitary; fruit a globose baccate
drupe 1 cm in diameter, many ribbed when dry, containing 7 to 13 flat cliartaceous com-
pressed pyrenae.

The ohe, not to be mistaken for the ohe of the lowlands, is a beautiful tree
with a broad, flat crown reaching' a height of 40 to 80 feet, with a trunk of 1 to 2
feet or more in diameter. The writer met with huge trees in Kona, Hawaii, in
the semi-wet forest, overtowering the tallest Ohia trees. The bark is whitish and
more or less smooth.

It can be distinguished from afar on account of its large pinnate leaves,
which are 1 to V/2 feet long, having from 5 to 9 oblong leaflets, which are light-
green above and pale-ocher colored underneath, due to a dense tomentum. The
flowering panicles are often more than one foot long, bearing umbellate racemes
along umbellate and racemose tertiary and secondary branches. The globose
fruits become many-ribbed when dry.

The ohe inhabits the drier as well as very wet regions and is not uncommon
in the valley of Wailau, Molokai, where it grows on the steep pali or cliff eovered
with tropical verdure. On Eanai, from which island it had not been been re-
corded previously, it can be found near the summit ridges of Haalelepakai and
Lanaihale, at an elevation of 3000 feet, and also on Mahana ridge.

On Maui it growes above Kaanapali, and on Hawaii it is found in the rain
forests of Puna and semi-wet forests of South Kona, together with Xylosma,
Pelea. etc.

Its associates are usually species of Straussia, Bobea, Metrosideros, Cheiro-
dendron, and such as are peculiar to the rain forests.

Tetraplasandra Waimeae Wawra.

Ohe Kikoola.

i Plate 136.)

TETRAPLASANDRA WAIMEAE Wawra in Flora (1873) 158;— Hbd. PL Haw. Isl. (1888)

155;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI. (1890) 184;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl.

(1897) 871; — Harms in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. Ill, 8 (1898) 30.

Leaves 30 to 4."> cm long, leaflets 5 to 13, oblong or ovate-oblong. 10 to 1"> cm Ion-. 3.5

to 5 cm wide, on petioles of 12 to is mm, obtuse with rounded, the laterals ones with un-

symmetrical, bases, cliartaceous to coriaceous, glabrous; inflorescence a terminal umbel of

339

PLATK L36.

TETRAPLASANDRA WAIMEAE W.iwra.

Ohe kikoola.

Growing in tlir mountains of Kauai in the forest of Kaholuamano; elevation 3600 feet.

A raliaceae.

10 tn 1- rays, with or without ;i shorl common rhachis, each 10 to L5 cm long and bear-
ing at its apex an umbel of 15 to 30 flowers on thick and long pedicels of 2.5 to 5 <-iu; calyx
8 to l- mi" long broad tubular, Blightly constricted below the wavy denticulate border;
petals 7 to 8, triangular lanceolate, 12 mm long, pink or reddish, coriaceous glabrous, at
last expanded, the open corolla measuring sometimes 3.5 cm in diameter, the largest in the
genus; stamens 6, 7 or 8 times as many as petals, B to in mm long, in two rows; ovary •> to
8 celled, the stigma on a shorl stylopod of I nun; drupe globose, aboul '■'< cm or often more in
diameter, somewhat fleshy, strongly ribbed when dry; pyrenae compressed, thick coriace-
ous, deeply aotched at the upper inner angle, ami with two prominent ridges on each Bide.

The Ohe kikoola is ;t medium-sized tree with ;m erect trunk of :»<> tn 40 feet
in height and a diameter of a fool or more. The erect bole is vested in a grayish-
white smooth hark. It divides very sparingly Dear the top into rather short as-
cending branches, which hear Large leal' whorls at the apex. The leaves are
over a foot long and consist of 5 to 1:! Leaflets. The inflorescence is a terminal
umbel of several rays, bearing at its apex peculiar rose-colored flowers, which
are the largest in the genus, measuring an inch or more in diameter. The drupe
is globose, an inch or more across, somewhat fleshy, and becomes ribbed on drying.

The tree is peculiar to the Island of Kauai, where it grows on the Leeward
side above Waimea at an altitude of 3600 feet, in the drier forest or outskirts
of the woods around Kaholuamano. It is associated with Cyanea l< ptosti gia,
Cryptocaria Mannii, Bobea Mannii, Sirfi ro ylon sandwict nst . Ela,( ocarpus bifidus,
etc. It also is not uncommon at Ilalemanu. where it was first collected by Dr.
Wawra of the Austrian Exploring Expedition ship "Donau." and named by
him after the district of Waimea.

The wood is whitish, of a silky, wavy green, and of medium strength.

Tetraplasandra Waialealae Rock.

TETRAPLASANDRA WAIALEALAE Rock Coll. Haw. Publ. Bull. t. (1911) 10, pi. I.

Leaves 30 to -15 cm long; leaflets oblong acuminate thick coriaceous, unevensided at the
base, otherwise rounded; inflorescence a terminal compound umbel of usually 4 peduncles,
each about from 7 to 10 cm long, bearing (i rays about (i cm long, each bearing an umbel
of 2-5 pedicels about 2 cm long; calyx tubular purplish-black with an undulate border;
petals 5 to 7. triangular, thick, with a prominent median nerve, glabrous; stamens in two
circles, four times as many as petals ; ovary 6 celled; stigma on a conical stylopod of 5 mm.

This remarkable tree, which as far as is known has no native name, is of
rather small size, 15 to 25 feet high, with sub-erect long branches, hearing.
crowded at their ends, irregularly pinnate leaves. The leaflets are dark-green
and glossy, the trunk is rather short, is vested in a white hark, and is about <>
to 8 inches in diameter.

The inflorescence is compound umbellate, not as large as that of the Ohe
kikoola. hut is also terminal.

This interesting tree, which the writer discovered on the summit of Mt. Wai-
aleale, on Kauai, 5200 feet elevation, was named by him after that wonderful
mountain. Unlike the ()h< kikoola, which grows in the dryer forest on Kauai
hack of Waimea. it inhabits the high summit swamp, where the rainfall is im-
mense. This swam]) is enshrouded by clouds nearly all the year round, and is
swept by the strong trade winds for over nine months of the year.

341

PLATE 13'

TETRAPLASANDRA MEIANDRA (111,!.) Earms. v;ir. y.
Flowering and fruiting branch pinned againBl trunk of tree. Growing at Puuwaawaa,

North Kona, Hawaii, elevation 2X0(1 feet. Trunk about a foot in diameter.

A raliaceae.

Tetraplasandra Waialealat is really the only live of any size .it the summit,
where the resl of the vegetation is stunted. It is associated with Pelea Waia-
lealae, \\\r Anonia of the Datives, Lagenophora mauiensis, Sanicula sandwicensis
var., I. <>h, I'm kauaiensis, Lobelia macrostachys var., Drosera longifolia, Dubautia
Waialealae, Geranium humil( vnr. Kauaiense, etc.

It is thf second species of Tetraplasandra which 1ms been so far r 'ded

from Kauai, and is peculiar to Waialeale, though it may be found along the
rZaluiti and Kailiili streams a little below the summit. The wood is sofl and
white.

Tetraplasandra Lanaiensis Rock.

TETRAPLASANDRA LANAIENSIS Rock. Coll. Saw. Publ. Bull. 1. (1911) 12, pi. 2.

Leaves 30 to :!s cm Long, leaflets 5 to 7. oblong obtuse or bluntly acuminate, uneven-
aided at the base, midrib prominent, s to 10 cm long, t to 5 <-m wide, dark green above,
light underneath, the terminal leaflet on a petiolule of l cm which is articulate near the
blade, the lateral ones on petiolules of 1 to 1.5 cm, subcoriaceous; inflorescence thrice
umbellate, not erect, but drooping, the 3 to 5 peduncles on a common rhachis of about
2.5 cm, about 20 cm long, bearing umbels of 17 to -1 slender dxoopings rays of 8 to 10 cm
length, these again umbellate with 7 to 13 pedicels; calyx tubular 6 nun with a denticu-
late border, petals o to 6, lanceolate, greenish-yellow, 7 mm long, stamens twice as many
as petals, ovary 3-celled, stigmas sessile.

This tree was discovered by the writer on the Island of Lanai and described
by him under the above name. It is rather small, only about 20 feel high, with
a trunk of a few incites in diameter. It branches irregularly, and as it was
crowded in with other trees it was impossible to form an idea of its general
aspect.

It is remarkable in the genus Tetraplasandra for its large inflorescence,
which, instead of being erect, is drooping, and for its very small flowers. The
leaves are dull and of a light-green color, making the tree quite conspicuous
among the darkdeaved Maba, Suttonia. and Sideroxylon, with which it is asso-
ciated. The tree is peculiar to the Island of Lanai and was seen only in Kai-
holena Valley, crowded by other trees at an elevation of 2000 feet. Kaiholena
Valley, belonging to the drier regions of Lanai. is extremely interesting and
harbors a very multiformous tree flora.

Tetraplasandra Lydgatei (Hbd.) Harms.

TETRAPLASANDRA LYDGATEI (Hbd.) Harms in Engl. et. Prantl Pflzfam. IN. 8
(1898) 20.— Triplasandra Lydgatei Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 153;— Del Cast. 111.
Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI (K^PO) 184.

Leaves 20 to 30 em long; leaflets 5 to 9 on petioles of S to 10 mm, oblong 7.5 In 9
tin long. 2.-1 to 4 cm, obtuse and slightly emarginate. contracting at the base, thin
chartaceous; inflorescence compound-umbellate from a short common rhachis of about 1:2
mm, the 4 or 5 slender peduncles bearing umbels of about 12 slender pedicels of 10 to !v
mm; calyx broad obconical. 5 mm, with an undulating border; petals .", cohering at
their apices. 0 mm; stamens 12. about 1/3 shorter, with straight or recurved anthers;
ovary 4 celled, inferior, the disk slightly raised, with sessile stigmas; drupe ovoid-gl
8 to 10 mm in diameter, obtusely 4 angled, the short conical apex finally elongated into
a short stylopod.

343

PLATE L38.

TETRAPLASANDRA MEIANDRA (Hbd.) Barms, var. 5

Flowering branch pinned against trunk of tree. Growing on the lava fields of Aunhi,

East Maui, southern slopes of Baleakala, elevation 3 feet. Diameter of trunk 2 ft.

Araliaceae.

This species, which like the two following h;is n<> native name, is ;i small tree
originally found by John Lydgate in the valley of Wailupe on Oahu, and re-
sembles somewhat Pterotropia gymnocarpa Erom the same mountain range.

It has not been collected by the writer, and as there are no specimens of this
plant in herbaria in the Territory of Hawaii, the above short description will
have to sut'tice.

Tetraplasandra oahuensis (A. Gray) Harms.
ohi mauka.

TETRAPLASANDRA OAHUENSIS (A. Gray) Harms in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. HI,
8 (1898) 30. — Gastonia? oahuensis A. Gray I'. S. E. I-:. ( 1 85 1 ) 7 li < '» . — II. Mann
Proe. Am. Acad. VII (1867) 169. — Triplasandra Oahuensis Seem, in Journ. lint.
VI (1868) 139;— EM. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) L53;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar.
Pacif. VI (1S90) 184.
Leaves about 3 fin Long; leaflets 7 to 13, ovate or broad oblong, 5.5 to 8.5 em long,
2.5 to 5 cm wide, on petiolules of 3 to (i mm, obtuse, coriaceous glabrous; inflorescence
compound umbellate, 3 to 5 peduncles, 5 to 7.5 em long, either free or united on a short
rhaehis of about 1 12 mm, each bearing an umbel of 16 to 20 pedicels of 12 mm in length;
calyx cylindrical 4 to <> mm; petals 5 to 6, about 0 mm lon^; stamens 10 to 15, half as
long as the petals, with recurved anthers; ovary 5 to 6 celled; drupe ovoid or short cylin-
drical, 15 to 8 mm. inferior 5 to 0 ribbed or angled, truncate, the stigmas on a short stylopod.

This species and a variety ,3. occur on the Island of Oahu on the slopes of
Waiolani and Konahnanui back of Honolulu. It differs from the foregoing
species mainly in the drupe, which is cylindrical and truncate, while the former
has ovoid drupes with conical vertices.

It is a small tree about 20 feet in height and is peculiar to Oahu. The writer
observed several trees at the head of Pauoa Valley and on the slopes of Kona-
hnanui. It is sparingly branching about 6 feet above the ground; the trunk is
vested in a gray, smooth bark, and is about 6 to 8 inches in diameter. Accord-
ing to Horace Mann, its native name is Ohe mauka or the mountain Ohe, while
Reynoldsia sandwicensis is Ohe makai; the latter, however, is also known as Ohe
kukuluaeo.

Tetraplasandra Kaalae (Hbd.) Harms.

TETRAPLASANDRA KAALAE (Hbd.) Harms in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. Ill, 8 (1898)
30.— Triplasandra Kaalae Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1SS8) 154;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins.
Mar. Pacif. VI (1890) 184.

Leaves about 3 dm long, with widely clasping base, leaflets 7 to 11, ovate or ovate-
oblong, 7.5 to 10 cm long, 5 to 7.5 cm wide, on petiolules of 12 to 24 mm, obtusely
acuminate, rounded and unsymmetrical at the base, thick coriaceous, glabrous under-
neath, dark green; inflorescence thrice umbellate, 3 to 5 peduncles rising from a short
common rhaehis, each 4 to 6.5 cm long, with an umbel of about 12 rays of 2.5 to 3.5
cm or more long, these again umbellate with 10 to 12 pedicels of 8 to 12 mm; calyx
obconical, i>labrous. 2 nun; petals <S at last expanded. 0 to 8 mm; stamens three times as
many as petals or less, 18 to 12; ovary 4- rarely 3-celled; stigmas sessile on a conical apex.

This tree was first collected by Hillebrand on the summit of Mt. Kaala of the
Waianae range on Oahu at an elevation of 4000 feet. It is, like the two fore-
going species, a small tree 12 to 16 feet in height and of no economic value.

345

PLATE 139.

TETRAPLASANDEA MEIANBEA (Hbd.) Earms. var.
Fruiting Bpecimen, much reduced.

Araliaceae.

Tetraplasandra meiandra (lllxl.) Harms.
i Plates 137, 138, 139.)

TETRAPLASANDRA MEIANDRA (Hbd.) Harms in Eng. el Prantl Pflzfam. Ill, 8
(1898) Ilo.— Triplasandra meiandra Ebd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) L52; l>«'l Cast. III.
PI. Ins. Mar. Pacif. V I (1890) is t. Triplasandra Waimeae (Wawra) Heller
PI. Haw. [si. (1897) 871 — Heptapleurum (?) Waimeae Wawra in Flora (1873)
158. (Wawra's specific name Waimeae should bold good on accounl of priority,
Imt as there is already a species with that name in Tetraplasandra, Hillebrand's
meiandra is here adhered to.)

Leaves ?> to 4.5 cm long, the petiole dilated at the base and clasping; Leaflets 7 to
J3; inflorescence umbellate bul variable: either the pedicels at the end of '•'< to 5 ter-
minal peduncles (simply umbellate, but then shrubs), or at the ends of rays which
proceed from the ends of '■'< to 5 peduncles, the latter rarely united by a common rhachis
(compoundly umbellate); bracts broadly ovate. 1 to 8 mm long, caducous long before

the (lowers expand; calyx cylindrical, ovate or obovate, with a short denticulate or
undulate border; petals 5 to 8, triangular or linear lanceolate; stamens as many, shorter,
or as long as the petals (in one variety only). Ovary 2 to •; celled; Btigmas ~ to (i,
sessile on the conical vertex, or, when 4 to *>, raised on a short stylopod, drupe cylindrical.
ovate, oblong, or obovate, or subglobose.

Hillebrand, in his Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, says in n fool note on
page 152 :

"Under this collective species I have united the following forms, which are
exceedingly rare, each corresponding to a single or a few individuals, found in
closely-circumscribed localities. ' '

He then describes six varieties, as follows : —
Stigmas 2, rarely 3.

a. 7 to 12 leaflets.
(3. 7 to 9 leaflets,
y. 11 leaflets.
Stigmas 3 (4).

8. 7 to 9 leaflets.
Stigmas 3-4-5.

e. i) to 13 leaflets.
Stigmas 4-5-6.

£. Leaflets as in S. drupe ovoid.
The above key to the varieties of this species can not be relied upon, as one
may find plants with only 2 stigmas and 13 leaflets, and plants with 4 stigmas,
6 stamens and 9 leaflets. The specimens from Oahu are more or less shrubs, and
have rather long rays or peduncles, while the plants from the other islands are
always trees, and have rather short rays. It is unfortunate that Hillebrand did
not define them more clearly. However, complete material is not always possible
to obtain, and therefore an exact diagnosis not always possible, as the stamens
play an important part in the identification of this very variable species.

Only such variations are here cited as are trees, and the writer is sorry to
state that, owing to incomplete material from other varieties occurhm in the
Kohala Mountains, Hawaii, and West Maui mountains, certain trees are here-
with omitted. They are, however, all referable to Tetraplasandra meiandra.
It is the writer's intention later to monograph this interesting family.

On Hawaii on the lava fields of Punwaawaa, North Kona, grow a few speci-

347

PLATE 1 Hi.

REYNOLDSIA SANDWICENSIS A.
Fruiting branch.

Gray.

Araliaceae.

mens of a tree which may be referred to Hillebrand's var y. It is a medium-
sized tree 35 feel or bo in height, with bright-green imparipinnate foliage. The
inflorescence, which is compound umbellate, .irises usually in the axil of the two
uppermost branchlets.

On .Maui, on the lava lid. Is of Anahi, situated on the southern slopes of Ilale-
akala. grows a beautiful tree which has to he referred to variety J, though differ-
ing from the plants on Lanai; the drupes of var. 8 resemble very much v&r. C
which see. It is a handsome tree of oil feet or so in height, with a trunk of almost
two feet in diameter. The trunk is perfectly straight and vested in a smooth
gray hark-. The branches are thick and ascending, bearing at their ends Large
leaf-whorls, underneath which are umbels with small greenish flowers.

The writer found many varieties from new localities, such as Haleakala,
West .Maui. Kau forests, Kohala Mountains, etc.. which all come under Tetra-
plasa intra hu iandra; while Hillebrand's varieties came mostly from Oahu. They
are, however, not quite so rare as Hillebrand thoughl them to be; the forests
have merely been opened up nowadays by ditch trails, while in 1 1 iliebrand 's
time the rain forests were almost inaccessible.

Varieties of the above species occur both in extremely wet forests and in ex-
ceedingly dry or mixed forests. It is in the latter regions that they reach their
best development. They are there associated with Pterotropia, Alectryon. Pelea,
Xanthoxylum, Hibiscadelphus, etc.

Variety :,. which is here illustrated, grows in the forests of Kau above Xaa-
lehu on Hawaii. Hillebrand's plant came from the woods of Hilo, where it was
collected by Mr. J. Lydgate. In Kau it is a medium-sized tree, 35 feet iu height,
with a rather short trunk and large, stout, ascending branches; the leaves are
over a foot long and consist of 7 to 13 leaflets ; the inflorescence is a compound
umbel with usually five rays, each ray bearing an umbel of 5 to 16 peduncles,
each peduncle having again from 5 to 12 pedicels half an inch long, petals 7.
stamens as many; the ovarian portion is ovoid and has a conical vertex with four
stigmas raised on a minute stylopod.

As far as known the natives made no use of this tree. Its wood is white and
soft and of no value, as is the case with all the rest of the species belonging to
this genus and those closely allied to it.

Varieties of this species grow also above Awini in the rain forests of Kohala,
Hawaii; in the mountains of AVest Maui, on the ridges of Honokawai ; on the
summit ridge of Lanai, Haalelepakai ; in the Punaluu Mountains, and Kona-
huanui on Oahu, as well as in Xiu and Wailupe Valley of the same island. On
Molokai, it grows in the forests of Kamoku; in the swamp forest on the wind-
ward side of Haleakala a new variety is not uncommon. The species and its
forms grow at altitudes of from 1000 to 400!) feet, and are either small shrubs
or medium-sized trees in the wet forests, ami larger trees in the dvy regions (on
lava fields).

349

PL ATK 111.

REYNOLDSIA SANDWICENSIS A. Gray.

Fruiting branch pinned againsl trunh of tree; diameter of the latter 2 feet; growing on the

land of Kapua, South Komi. Hawaii; elevation lsoo feet.

Araliaceae.
REYNOLDSIA A. Cray.

Calyx border short, undulate. Petals 8 to 10, linear-lanceolate, vralvate in the bud.
Stamens as many as petals arid eomewhal shorter. Ovary B to 10 or L5 to 22 celled.

Stigmas arranged in a circle around the very short, thick style. Drupe globose, -

uiuit fleshy. Pyrenae laterally compressed, chartaceous or crustaceous. Embryo miall
at the apex of an even fleshy albumen. — Unarmed, glabrous trees. Leaves large, impari-
pinnate, with 3 to 9 oval or cordate sinuate-crenate or tin the Bpecies uot from Hawaii)
entire leaflets; exstipulate. Flowers racemose-umbellate on the alternate branches of a

terminal panicle. Bracts minute linear.

A genus <>f three species, one inhabiting Tahiti (/.'. verrucosa Seem.), <>nr
Samoa (Savaii) ( /<'. pleiosperma A. Gray), and the third our islands.

Reynoldsia sandwicensis A. Gray.

Ohe, or Oh( ma Lai.

(Plates 140. 141. 141'.

KEYNOLDSIA SANDWICENSIS A. Gray U. S. E. E. (1854) 724, pi. 92;— H. .Mann Proc.
Am. Acad. VII (1867) 169;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 142;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si.
(1888) 156;— Harms in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. Ill, 8 (1898) 30.— Eschweileria
Sandwicensis Durand 1ml. lion. 167;— Del Cast. 111. PI. ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890)
182.

Leaves about 3 dm long, glabrous, the slender petioles shortly toothed at the dilating
base (according to Hillebr. but not iu the writer's specimens); leaflets 7 to 11, ovate to
cordate. 7 to 10 cm x 5 to S.5 cm on petiolules of 2 cm in the upper pair of leaflets and
4 cm in the lower pair, obtuse or bluntly acuminate, repando. or sinuate crenate, stiff
membraneous, light green, glossy; iuflorescence of 3 terminal peduncles, rising from a
short common rhachis, each about 12 to 20 cm long and branching from the base upward,
the branches horizontal, 4 to 5 cm when with flower, 7 to 9 cm when in fruit, and
racemose umbellate in their upper halves, with pedicels of 10 to 12 mm; calyx obconical
truncate, 2 to 3 mm; petals S to 10. about ti mm long, cohering; ovary 8 to 10 celled.
wholly inferior; drupe globose 6 to 8 mm in diameter ribbed when dry; pyreuae crustace-
ous. with smooth sides.

The Ohe is a very peculiar Hawaiian tree, which sheds its leaves in the winter
months and flowers before the reappearance of the leaves in the early summer.
When hare, it resembles somewhat the Wiliwili, which also sheds its leaves dur-
ing the rainy season.

It reaches a height of from 15 to 60 feet and develops thick and often short
trunks with bluish-gray, smooth bark, and a spreading crown with straight as-
cending branches. The leaves, which are about a foot long, consist of 7 to 11
leaflets, heart-shaped at the base. The flowers are arranged on stiff, erect term-
inal peduncles, rising from a short common rhachis. branching from the base
upward, and racemose-umbellate in the upper half.

It is peculiar to the very dry districts of the lowland zone and especially on
aa lava fields, where the heat is intense and rain is very infrequent. The trunk
exudes a very thick resin or gum which is of a clear yellowish-golden color.

On Maui it is not uncommon on the lava fields near Ulupalakua on the south-
ern slopes of Haleakala. as well as on Molokai, where it can be found at the
western end at Mahana in gulches, and on the heights above Kamolo, associated
with Dracaena aurea (Halapepe). On Hawaii, on the lava fields of North and
South Kona. it reaches its best development, trunks with a diameter of V/> to 2
feet being not uncommon. It also grows on Lanai on the slopes above Manele

351

PLATE 142.

REYNOLDSIA SANDWICENSIS A. Gray.
Growing 01 the lava fields of Kahikinui, southern Blopes of M!t. Haleakala, [aland of

.Maui. [-]]<■ \ :it ion 1500 feet.

Araliaceae.

and Kalama in company with a variety of Santalum Freycinetianum (Sandal-
wood). Owing to tlic softness of the whitish wood, it is oi* no commercial value
Tin' gum or resin which the tree is capable of producing was used by tin* natives
for various purposes.

The wood was used for making the hukuluaeo, or stilts, employed by the old
Hawaiians in a game by that name, and it is spoken of as the "He <>he kalii laau
Iki mi ia i mea kukuluaeo."

In Tahiti the name "Ofe" is applied to a tree of the same family to which
our Reynoldsia belongs.

PTEROTROPIA llbd.
(l)ipanax Seem.)

Calyx border slightly prominent and repandly dentate. Petals ~> to 9, valvate in the

bud, thick, cohering or finally spreading. Stamens as many as petals, shorter than the
latter; anthers ovate to oblong. Ovary 2 to 5 celled; stigmas sessile ou the top of the
conical vertex or raised on a conspicuous style. Drupe somewhat succulent, ovoid or
sul>-globose, with conical apex, round not angular, ringed above, below or at the middle,
or at the base by the calycine border and naked above. Pyrenae with a thin endocarp,
ovoid or slightly compressed, with a broad back and a prominent ridge on either side. —
Trees with glutinous sap. Leaves alternate, large, impari-pinnate, with 13 to 21 ovoid
or oblong entire leaflets, with a scattering scaly or stellate pubescence, but occasionally
glabrous. Inflorescence terminal and lateral; flowers umbellate-racemose on the umbellate
racemose branches of a panicle with a short rhachis. Pedicels not articulate; bracts
minute, deciduous. (The name Dipanax is not as old as Mann's section name Pterotropia
and the latter is therefore retained.)

A Hawaiian genus of three species. Tall or medium-sized trees with
straight trunks and smooth bark. Easily distinguished from all other Hawaiian
Araliaceae by their leaves, which reach a size of over three feet and have from
9 to 21 leaflets, and their large inflorescence, which is racemose-umbellate and
drooping below the leaf-whorls, often two feet and more long; in P. gymnocarpa
apparently above the leaf-whorls.

The native name for all three species is Olie ohe. They are peculiar to the
dry districts, with the exception of P. gymnocarpa, which occurs in the rain
forest.

The only distinguishing character between P. Kavaiensis (Mann) Hbd. and
P. dipyrena (Mann) llbd. is the number of stigmas. In Ilillebrand's key to the
species he also mentions the definite number of leaflets, which, since, more mate-
rial is at hand, can no longer be relied upon.

Specimens of P. dipyrena collected by the writer in Kau have 21 leaflets,
which are truncate, and flowers with 2 to 3 stigmas. The same number of leaflets
and stigmas occurs in plants from East .Maui on the southern slopes of Haleakala
on the lava fields of Auahi, and also on plants back of Ulupalakua.

As the number of stigmas varies in that species and differs mainly from the
Kauai species in the fact that they are sessile, the writer is almost persuaded to
unite1 them both under P. dipyn na.

The character of the fruit as given in Ilillebrand's Flora regarding the two

353

23

PLATE 143.

PTEROTROPIA GYMNOCARPA Hbd.
One-half Datura! size. Fruiting specimen.

Araliaceae.

species in question is also uncertain, since drupes ringed above and below the
middle can be observed in P. Kavaiensis; the drupes of /'. dipyrena are ringed

above Ihe middle only.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Drupe ringed at the base.

Stigmas - to I!, sessile P. gymnocarpa

Drupe ringed either above or below or at the middle.

Stigmas 2, 3 to 4, sessile P. dipyrena

Stigmas -i to 5 on a conspicuous style P. Kavaiensis

Pterotropia gymnocarpa Ilbd.
(Plate 143.)

PTEROTROPIA GYMNOCARPA Hbd. PL Haw. [si. (1888) L51;— Harms in Engl, et Prantl

I'll/tam. Ill, S (189S) 31. — Heptapleurum gymnocarpum Del Cast. 111. PL Ins.

Mar. Pae. VI (1890) 183.— Dipanax gymnocarpa Heller PL Haw. [si. (1897) 870.
Leaves 3 to 4 dm long, leaflets 9 to 11 (according to Hillebrand 15 to 17), 8 to 18
cm long, 4.5 to 8 cm wide, ovate oblong, the lower pair diminishing in size on petioles
of 2 to 18 mm, obtuse or obliquely acuminate, with rounded base or unevensided, char-
taceous to coriaceous, glabrous underneath, shining above; rhachis of panicle rather
short, with 3 to 5 umbellately radiating primary branches of 10 to 20 cm, the flowers
about 1- in an umbel at the ends of racemose and umbellate secondary branches of
5 to 9 cm, on pedicels of 8 to 20 mm; calyx very short; petals G, rarely 7, cohering at
the apex, about 8 mm in length; ovary 2 to 3 celled (in oue of the writer's specimens all
ovaries are two celled, one of which is abortive); stigmas sessile; drupe globose (accord-
iug to Hillebr.) or oblong-turbinate in the writer's specimens, 12 to 15 mm long, and
about 7 mm in diameter, nearly entirely free and naked, the adherent calyx forming a
low disk at its base: pyrenae thin papery, ovoid, beaked above and faintly notched below
the beak.

This is a small or medium-sized tree reaching a height of 15 to 30 feet. It
differs from the other two species in its smaller leaves and leaflets, which be-
come quite glabrous when old, while only the very young branchlets are mealy.
The branching habit is similar to Oahuan species of Tetraplasandra,
rather than Pterotropia, and it is oiten mistaken for such at first glance. It
inhabits the main range of Oahu, to which island it is peculiar. It is, however,
easily distinguished from Tetraplasandra by its rather dark foliage.

Fine trees may be found in the forest on the windward side of Punaluu and
above Kaliuwaa valley at an elevation of 2000 feet or more, usually along
streambeds and in gulches. It is associated with Pelea sandwici nsis, Euphorbia
Roclii, Hibiscus Amottianus, Syzygium sandwicense, Elaeocarpus biftdus, Pit-
tosporum, etc.

On Mt. Olympus at the head of Palolo Valley near the summit ridge fine
trees may be observed; also on Mt. Konahuanui of the same range. The biggest
tiees occur in the Punaluu Mountains of the Koolau range. Hillebrand's
specimens came from Niu Valley. This tree is in every respect a Pterotropia
but in habit, as it does not reach the height of the other two species, which is
sometimes 60 to 80 feet.

The trees from Mt. Olympus have a two-celled ovary, while those from other
localities are three-celled. The inflorescence is not drooping, but almost erect
above the leaves.

355

PLATE 144.

PTEROTROPIA DIPYRENA (Mann) Hbd.
Showing fruiting specimen. Much reduced.

A raliaceae.

Pterotropia kavaiensis (Mann) lllxl.
Oli < ohe.

PTEROTROPIA KAVAIENSIS (Mann) Ebd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 150;- Harms in Engl
et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 8 (1898) ::i.— Heptapleurum (Pterotropia) kavaiense
.Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1867) L68; Del Cast. III. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI.
(1890) 183. — Agalma kavaiense Seem. Etevis. Hederac. (1868) lo:;.— Dipanax
kavaiensis Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 871.
Leaves impari-pinnate, 6 to 9 dm long; leaflets 11 to 21, ovate oblong, 7 to L9 em

Long, I to 8 cm wide, mi petioles of '2 to 15 nun (the lust upper pair of leaflets almost

sessile ill some specimens, the lowest pair of leaflets mueli smaller than the others, Ixit

on the longest petiolules), acuminate or rounded at the apex, rounded or truncate al the
base, coriaceous, sprinkled above, but densely tomentose underneath; panicle large and
ample, its r> primary branches I to 3 dm long mostly alternate on a common rhachis of 5 to
7 cm, the secondary branches I to 7 cm, mostly alternate; petals 6 to 7, rarely ii. densely
tomentose especially in the bud; ovary generally 4-celled, or :; to 5 celled, Btigmas on a

distinct stylopod of 1 mm; drupe ovoid about 1 1' mm, ringed below, at, or above the middle,

the pyrenae chartaceous.

This species differs very little from P. dipyrena, and is only distinguishable
from the latter in the raised stigmas, the number of which is usually four in
P. kavaiensis and two to three to four in /'. dipyrena. The characters of the
leaves can not at all lie relied upon, the Leaflets <>i' /'. dipyrena varying from
linear oblong to ovoid, and are either cordate, truncate or rounded at the base,
on petiolules of about 1 mm to 30 mm; the stigmas are more or less sessile in
/'. dipyrt na.

Pterotropia kavaiensis, in the writer's mind, should be united with /'. dipy-
rt na, but as only one good flowering specimen from one locality is at present in
his possession, he defers such action until the future, when more complete mate-
rial shall he at hand.

The Ohe ohe of Kauai is a very beautiful and symmetrical tree reaching a
height of 50 feet and occasionally more, with a trunk of over one foot in diam-
eter. It divides near the top into a few ascending stout branches, at the end of
which are large leaf -whorls. The crown is fiat and is about one-fifth the height
of the tree. When growing, crowded by other trees, it branches 10 or 15 feet
above the ground and is not as symmetrical as trees growing apart. It is a tree
which inhabits the mountains on the leeward side of Kauai, above Waiinea, in
the dry regions at an elevation of 2800 to 4000 feet.

Its associates are Bobea Mannii, Cryptocaria Mannii, Cyanea leptostegia,
Tetraplasandra Waimeae, Metrosideros, etc. It can be recognized from afar, as
it usually towers above the trees surrounding it, giving the landscape a peculiar
aspect.

The wood of the Ohe ohe is white and rather soft.

Pterotropia dipyrena (Mann) lllxl.

Ohe ohe.

(Plates 144, 145.)

PTEROTROPIA DIPYRENA (Mann) Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 150; Harms in Engl, et
Prantl Pflzfam. III. s (ls9s) 31. — Heptapleurum (Pterotropia) dipyrenum Mann
Proc. Amer. Acad. VII (I8fi7) 160. — Dipanax Mannii Seem. Journ. Pot. VI
(1S68) 41;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VT (1890) 182;— Heller PI. Haw.
Isl. (1897) 870.

357

PLATE 145.

PTEROTROPIA DIPYRENA (Mann) Ilbd.

Ohe Ohe.

Growing at an elevation of 4500 feet above Ulupalakua on the southeastern slopes of

Bit. Haleakala, Maui.

Araliaceae.

Leaves 36 to LOO em Long, composed of L5 to 21 leaflets varying greatly in size
and shape, usually ovate oblong 8 to -I cm long, I to I I cm wide, cordate, truncate or un-
evensided at the base, acuminate at the apex, the longest pair of leaflets at aboul the middle
ot the leal', the lowest pair the broadest but shorter, on Bhort petioles in the Bmaller
leaf-forms, and on petioles of often l'.'i mm in the large leaf forms, glabrous above, fur-
furaceous below; panicle very large almosl one meter long (in the Kau, Hawaii, speci-
mens, but about '■'<>> cm In some of the Maui specimens) rising from a common rhachis of
sometimes 15 cm, with 8 drooping rays, each ray often 7.5 dm Long, covered with a brown
tomentum, the secondary branches I to LO cm Long, alternate, the flowers racemose and
subumbellate on pedicels of about 1 cm, bracts short triangular; calyx small with an
undulate border; petals (> to 8, 1- mm Long, lanceolate, cohering, but finally free; stamens
(i to 8, anthers white; drupe ovoid to subglobose, ringed with the calyx border above the

middle, Stigmas 2 or 3 or 4, slightly raised or sessile on a conical disk; pyrenae coriace-
ous inseparable.

The Ohe <>lit of .Maui and Hawaii is like thai of Kauai, a stately tree ">(| to 60
feet and sometimes even SO feet in height, it has ;i straight bole for 30 feet or
more, wit li few stout ascending brandies. The trunk', which is clothed in a wliit-
ish-gray smooth bark, is often a foot or more in diameter. The tree was first
described by II. .Mann, who collected it on the Island of Lanai, recording it as
a small tree 12 to 20 feet in height. It has since been found on Maui and Ha-
waii. It is. however, still most numerous on the southeastern and strictly south-
ern slopes of Mt. Haleakala, Island of Maui. In the former locality above Ulu-
palakua it is the only species alive, as can be seen in the picture, all the rest of
the vegetation having been killed by cattle, goats and sheep.

On the lava fields of Auahi, district of Kahikinui, the writer found some very
big trees in company with Pelca mult i flora, Bobea Tlookeri, Alectryon macro-
coccus, Xanthoxylum sp., Tetraplasandra meiandra, and many others. It is more
or less peculiar to the dry districts, but is also not uncommon in the rain forest
on the northeastern slope of Haleakala along the Kula pipe line trail, especially
on the crater of Puukakai at an elevation of about 4500 feet.

On Hawaii it has been found by Hillebrand in the dry district of Kawaihae-
iuka, but could not be located during a visit made by the writer in that locality,
though the writer was fortunate, however, to find it in the forests of Hilea in
Kati, the most southern point on the Island of Hawaii, at an elevation of 2000
feet. In this latter locality occur the biggest trees of this species, while in the
Kaiholena Mountains, elevation 4000 feet, of the same district, the trees are
smaller and resemble the description (outward appearance) given by Mann of
the trees which he found on Lanai.

The wood of the Ohe ohe is rather soft and of no particular value. It is a
hardy tree and can stand the ravages of cattle and other enemies better than any
other Hawaiian tree.

CHEIRODENDRON Nutt.

Calyx border with 5 short teeth. Petals 5, valvate in the bud, triangular. Stamens
5 shorter than the petals, anthers ovoid. Ovary 5 to 2 celled, stigmas sessile on a
conical elevation of the disk, or apical on a thick and short style. Fruit globose, ribbed
when dry, with somewhat fleshy exocarp; pyrenae laterally compressed, coriaceous.
Albumen even, not wrinkled, fleshy to horny. — Glabrous unarmed trees. Leaves opposite,

359

PLATE 146.

CHEIRODENDRON GAUDICHAUDII (DC.) Seem.

Pmiting branch pin 1 againsl trunk of tree, diameter of the latter pearly

ing i„ Kipnka Puauln, aear Volcano Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet

feet. Grow-

Araliaceae.
digitate with 3 to 5 leaflets, long petiolate, entire or toothed. Flowers umbellate on the

Ultimate division of B terminal or lateral panicle, with opposite horizontal branches,

which are articulate at all nodes and below the calyx. Bracts small opposite.

A genus of two species peculiar in the Hawaiian Islands, hut related to
Nothopanax, a genus occurring in New Zealand. Samoa and Tasmania. Notho-
panax samoenst Gray is called Tane-tani by the Samoans.

KKY TO THE SPE< IKS.

Leaflets '■'< to 5, longer than broad Ch. Gaudichaudii

Leaflets 3, broader than long Ch. platyphyllum

Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii i DC.) Seem.

Olapa, or Kauila Malm on Kauai.

I Plates 146, 147.)

CHEIRODENDRON GAUDICHAUDII (DC.) Seem, .lourn. Mot. V. (1867) 236;— Ebd.
PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 148;— Harms in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. III. 8 (1898) 18.
Panax? Gaudichaudi DC Prodr. IV (1830) 253;— Hook, et Am. Hot. Beechey
(1832) 84;— Endl. PI. Suds. (1836) no. 1340;— Del <'ast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pacif.
VI (1890) 1 S l . — Aralia trigyna Gaud. Hot. Voy. Qranie (1826) (hut appeared
in reality 1S3o) 47-1, pi. 98. — Hedera Gaudichaudii A. Gray. Bot. I*. S. E. E.
(1854) 719, t. 90; — H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1867) His-,— Wawra in
Flora (1S73) 142. — Cheirodendron trigynuni (Gaud.) Heller HI. Haw. HI.
(1S97) 870.

Had Gaudiehaud's Botany of the Voyage Uranie appeared really in 1826, as

indicated on the title page, Heller's combination would hold good: Gaudiehaud's

description, however, appeared in 1830 after the publication of the species by

DeCandolle in his Prodromus (1830).

Leaflets 3 to 5, the outer ones smaller, petioled, ovate, oblong or obovate, the margin
generally thickened and toothed or serrulate, with a gland in the notch of each serrature,
or entire (in specimens from the Punaluu mountains, Oahu) with no signs of any denta-
tion, ehartaceous to coriaceous, glabrous, shining above; panicle subpyramidal, shorter
than the leaves, compact, with 4 to 5 nodes to the rhachis; flowers 4 mm greenish;
pedicels 2 mm; petals thick ovate 2 to 3 mm, soon caducous; stamens nearly as long;
ovary generally 3 celled, or 2 or 4 celled, rarely 5 celled; stigmas short and thick, re-
curved, sessile or subsessile on a short stylopod; drupe ovoid <i mm long, 2 to 5 angled
when dry.

Hooker et Arnott's Panarf ovatum is Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii (DC.)
Seem. var. 8, Hbd. I.e.

The Olapa, as the tree is usually called on all the islands, reaches a height
of 40 to 50 feet and sometimes more. It derives its name "Cheirodendron" from
the Greek (Keiros — hand and Dendron — tree) on account of its leaves, which
consist usually of five leaflets, giving it the shape of a hand. It is one of our
most common forest trees, and is always conspicuous in the woods by its foliage,
which is constantly in motion, even if there is hardly any breeze. Its trunk is
sometimes two feet and even more in diameter, and is vested in a smooth, yel-
lowish bark when growing in wet forest, and rough, scaly bark in dry districts.
All parts of this tree, as well as of the Lapalapa, emit a very strong carroty
odor when bruised, not unlike turpentine, and the wood of both species is said
to burn when green. Several varieties are recognized which are peculiar to cer-
tain sections of the various islands, and are as follows: —

361

PLATK 117.

CHEIRODENDRON GAUDICHAUDII (DC.) Seem.
Tree growing on the old lava fields of Auahi, southern slope of Mt. Haleakala, Maui;

elevation 2800 feet.

Araliaceae.
var. a- — Leaflets 5 to 3, ovate oblong, deeply crenate or Berrate; panicles Bhort,

styles I!, rarely 2 to I. (E. Maui and Hawaii.)

var. /?. — Leaflets generally 3, rarely .">, ovate to Buborbicular, remotely dentate,
on a long common petiole, panicle large; stigmas 3 or _. (W, Maui, Molo-

kai, Hawaii.)

var. y. — Leaflets '■'>. entire, the common petiole rather long; panicle Large, open,
panicle drawn out, Btigmas 3 to 2. (Koolau Range, Oahn.)

var. 5-— Leaflets 3, rarely 5, remotely and faintly dentate, on rather short petioles,

styles ::. t or 5, (Oahu, Koolau range; Mt. Kaala, and Niihau.)
var. £. — Leaflets Bubentire, small, membraneous, styles 2 to 5. (Woods of Kauai.)

The Olapa is most common on Eas1 Maui, in the middle foresl zone on the
slopes of Ealeakala at an elevation of 40(H) feet, and it is here thai il attains its
best development. As mentioned before, it is common on all the islands of the
group at elevations from 2000 to 4000 feel.

The performers of the native hula, or dance, were divided into two groups,
the Olapa and the Hoopaa. The former, who undoubtedly derive their name
from tln» Olapa tree, were those whose part in the dance was the agile one. who
could best illustrate, by the graceful bending of their bodies, the motion of the
leaves of the Olapa trees. From the leaves and bark the natives extracted a
bluish dye, which they employed in dyeing their tapa, or paper cloth.

Cheirodendron platyphyllum (Hook, et Arn.) Seem.
Lapalapa.
(Plate 148.)

CHEIRODENDRON PLATYPHYLLUM (Hook, et Arn.) Seem. Journ. Bot. V. (1867)
23(3;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 149;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (ls97) S69;—
Harms in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. Ill, 8 (1898) 48.— Panax? platyphyllum Hook,
et Arn. Bot. Beeehev (1832) 84; — Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no. 1342;— Del Cast. 111.
Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif.*VI (1S90) 1S2.— Hedera platyphylla A. Gray Bot. I". S. E. E.
(1S54) 720, t. 91;— Mann Proe. Am. Acad. VII (1867) 16S;— Wawra in Flora
(1873) 157.

Leaflets 3, ovate, broader than long, 4 to 8 cm x 5 to 7.5 em, mucronate or suddenly
and shortly acuminate, truncate at the base, or sometimes euneate, entire or shortly den-
tate or almost sinuate-dentate (Waialeale, Kauai, plants), with thickened margin, coriace-
ous and shining, on long spreading petioles about 4 cm, the common petioles 6 to 8 cm
long; panicles single, or three together, very open, 10 to 15 cm long, pedunculate; am-
bellets 4 to 7 flowered, the pedicles 2 to 6 mm; flowers 6 mm; stigmas 5, rarely 4, in-
curved or truncate, triangular on a very short and thick stylopod; drupe subglobose,
6 to 7 mm in diameter, 5 to 4 angled when dry.

The Lapalapa, somewhat smaller than the Olapa, is a very handsome tree,
though by far not as common as the latter, as it is only found on the high
plateau of Kauai up to the summit of Waialeale, and on the Koolau mountain
range of Oahn. It is easily distinguished from the Olapa by its leaves, which
are much broader than long and are on long, spreading petioles with only three
leaflets. What has been said of the Olapa in regard to the constant motion of
its leaves applies also to the Lapalapa.

It is confined to the Islands of Kauai and Oahn and inhabits the very wet
or rain forests at an elevation of 4000 feet up to 5000 feet ; it hardly descends
lower than 3000 feet. It thrives best in swampy ground, and is a common fea-

363

PLATE 148.

CHEIRODENDRON PLATYPHYLLUM (Hook, et Am.) Seem.
Flowering branch, reduced.

Araliaceae-Epacridaceae.

ture of the vegetation on the high plateau of Kauai, bordering the extensive open
bogs of Kauluwehi, AJakai, and Lehua makanoe. Ai the summil of Waialeale it
is a small tree or rather shrub, with almost sinuate leaves. At Lower elevations

the leaves are entire. It is associated with l'elea. Duhautia (the high mountain
forms), Labordea, Lobelia Gaudichaudii, Scaevola glabra, etc. On Oahu it is
confined to the summit ridges of the Koolau range, especially Konahuanui, and
has also been found on Kaala of the Waianae range.

The wood of the Lajxihi/xt is whitish, with a yellow tinge, and is said to burn
when green.

EPACRIDACEAE.

The family Epacridaceae has only a limited distribution. The bulk of its
species is to be found in Australia and Tasmania, with quite a number of genera
in New Zealand. The family possesses 21 genera of which 273 species occur in
Australia. Of all the 21 genera only one genus with one subgenus is not to be
found in Australia or Tasmania. A few endemic species occur in New Cale-
donia and the most southern part of South America, besides a few species of
large genera in India and the Malayan-Archipelago. Here in the Hawaiian
Islands we have two species represented, of the subgenus Cyathodes, formerly
recognized as a genus, but now a subgenus of Styphelia by Drude.

STYPHELIA Sol.

Corolla campanulate, funnel-shaped or tubular. Stamens enclosed i i . the tul.es of
the corolla; anthers hardly visible, or exserted on long filaments. Style longer than the
stamens, stigma simple small. Disc a ring or composed of 5 lobes or scales. Ovary usually
5-celled, rarely through abortion 3- or 2-celled. Fruit a berry or drupe.— Shrubs or 'low tree's
with usually broad or narrow lanceolate, spathulate-elliptical leaves, the flowers Bingle
axillary, or in racemes, with 2 to several bracts.

This is the richest genus in the family Epacridaceae of which the Largest
number of species belongs to Australia. The Hawaiian species St. Tameiameia
and St. Grayana come under the fourth subgenus Cyathodes which may be de-
scribed as follows :

Subgen. Cyathodes Lab.

Calyx surrounded by many bracts; corolla funnel-shaped, its tube hardly protruding
irom the calyx, inside and at the throat without glands and beardless; stamens enclosed;
ovary 5-10 celled.

The subgenus Cyathodes occurs in Tasmania. New Zealand, and in the Ha-
waiian Islands with two species.

Styphelia tameiameia 1". Muell.
Pukeawt or Puakt <nn .

STYPHELIA TAMEIAMEIA F. Muell. Pragm. VI. (1867) 55;-Drude in Engl. e1 Prantl
Pflzfam. I\. l. , 8.— Cyathodes tameiameia (ham. in Linnaea 1 (1826
539;— Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) 17". No. 1070;— DC. Prodr. V 1 1 '1839) 741;—

365

Epacridaceae.

Th. Nuttal in Transact. Am. Phil. S'oc. VIII. (1843) 270;— A. Gray
Proc. Am. Aca.l. V. (1862) 325;— Mann Proc. Am. Ac. VII. (1S67) 188;—
Waura in Flora (1873) 59;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 272;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins.
Mar. Far. VII. (1892) 22-4;— Holler Fl. Haw. Isl. in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX.
(1897) 872.

Leaves stiff coriaceous, linear or oblong 8-12 mm long, 2-4 mm broad, on broadish
petioles of less than 1 mm, acute or somewhat obtuse, shortly mucronate, cuneate or some-
what obtuse at the base, naked, smooth above, waxy-white or glaucous underneath and
striate with 9-13 longitudinal nerves, which fork or branch more or less, particularly in
the obovate leaves; peduncle with flower shorter than the leaf; bracts (5-9) and sepals
obtuse coriaceous; corolla whitish, 3 mm long, the tube included in the calyx, the acute
lobes ]j the length of the tube, with 5 lines of hairlets running down the tube; anthers
oblong, obtuse, subexserted, about as long as their filaments; disc small; ovary 5-8 celled;
style as long as the ovary, thick tapering; drupe globose 4-6 mm in diameter, red, white
or pink, rather dry; seeds ovoid, with thin testa; embryo axile two-third the length of tbe
mealy albumen, the radicle scarcely distinguishable from the cotyledons.

The Pukeawe, or as it is also called Maiele, Puaheawe and Kawau on Lanai,
is a shrub in the lower elevations, but becomes a small tree 10-15 feet in height
in the upper regions at 6000-7000 feet elevation. The trunk is rather twisted
and vested in a finely corrugated brown bark ; the tallest specimens were ob-
served by the writer on the upper slopes of Mt. Hualalai on Hawaii at an eleva-
tion of 6000 feet. The species occurs on all the islands of the group and can be
found at all elevations. The species besides being found in Hawaii exists also
in Tahiti and Eimeo of the Society group.

Interesting legends are connected with this plant in Hawaii; it was a favorite
of the Kahuna or native priest, David Malo, the Hawaiian historian, tells us
that it was used in incremating the body of any one who had made himself an
outlaw beyond the protection of the tabu. Dr. X. Emerson gives an interesting
explanation of this procedure of incremation. He also says: "When a kapn-chief
found it convenient to lay aside his dread exclusiveness for a time, that he might
perhaps mingle with people on equal terms without injury to them or to himself,
it was the custom for him and according to one authority those with whom he
intended to mingle joined with him in the ceremony — to shut himself into a
little house and smudge himself with the smoke from a fire of the Pi'lcawe
shriib. At the conclusion of this fumigation a priest recited a Pule HlliJcdla —
prayer for a dispensation.

The Pukeawa is familiar to all who have been at all in the Hawaiian forests,
especially around the Volcano of Kilauea on Hawaii where the plant is very
common in company with the Olelo berries. It is very striking on account of
its heath-like appearance, and the white or red dry berries. On the high
mountains ;it from 1(1. HDD feet elevation up to the limit of plant growth occurs
another species, which is a shrub. Its scientific name, which was ('i/alliortrs
imbricata Stschegleew, will have to be changed, as there is already a St. im-
bricata in that genus as a synonym, and therefore will be known From now on
as Styphelia Grayana (Stschegleew) Rock.

366

MYRSINACEAE.

The family Myrsinaceae consists of 32 genera and aboul 770 species. The
family is a distinctly tropical one and is distributed over the whole world. In
the eastern hemisphere it ranges from the island of Tsu Sima, Korea si raits,
if Victoria in Australia, and in the western hemisphere from Florida to Argen-
tine.

In the Hawaiian Islands only two genera arc represented, Suttonia and Em-
belia, the former occurs outside of Hawaii only in New Zealand and has arbores-
cent forms, while the genus Emhelia lias two species in these Islands, which
are climbers, but consists of more than 92 species which have a wide distribution
Africa, India. Hawaii. Australia).

SUTTONIA Hook.

Flowers hermaphrodite, 4 or -3-merous. Sepals shortly, or very shortly united, or free
at the base, imbricate or open, with ciliolate margins. Petals tree, valvate or very obscurely
imbricate, broadly or rarely narrow-elliptical, or very rarely obovate, rounded or subacute
at the apex, with papillulose or ciliate margins, often punctate or lineate. Anthers usually
sessile and little shorter than the petals, introrse. somewhat acute at the apex or subobtuse,
and papillose. Ovary ovoid, style wanting or very slioxt; stigma capitate and often
fimbriate. Placenta 2-4 ovulate. Fruits globose or ovoid. 1 -seeled, crowned by the Btigma;
endoearp crustaceous to ehartaceous. Seeds globose with the rudiments of the placenta.
albumen horny, embryo cylindrical. Trees or shrubs with entire, very variable leaves.
Inflorescence lateral, fasciculate in the axils of fallen leaves, few-flowered. Flowers small,
pedicellate.

The Hawaiian species of the genus Suttonia form a section by tle-mselves
"Subgenus Rapaneopsis Mez;'' with pentamerous flowers.

The Hawaiian Kolea were originally placed in the genus Myrsine by A.
DeCandolle. and later transferred to the genus Suttonia by Mez. The whole
genus consists of 17 species. 11 of which are endemic in the Hawaiian Islands;
of the remaining 6, 5 are found in New Zealand and one in Norfolk Island.
Originally only four Hawaiian species were known and are described in Hille-
brand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Since then 1 were added by Mez, and
3 distinct new species and 3 new varieties by the writer. H. Leveille described
10 new species of which 6 are now synonyms; one of his species. Suttonia molo-
kaiensis, is a small leaved form of Sideroxylon sandwicense. As the descrip-
tion of the remaining ones is so vague, and material of them not in the writer's-
possession, they are very dubious and are here ignored.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves tomentose underneath.

Branches glabrous, leaves 65 mm S. Kauaiensis

Branches covered with ferruginous tomentum. leaves 100 mm or mo:( S. Wawraea

Leaves glabrous.

Leaves thin, without marginal nerve, petals markedly punctate S. Lanaiensis

Leaves large 210 mm. elongate elliptical, petiolate, ehartaceous.... S. Fernseei

Leave's succulent, spathulate, 7" nun, petiole margined S. spathulata-

367

Myrsinaceae.

Leaved Hark, chartaceous, pale veined, not punctate; drupe very

small 3 nun, spheroidal S. volcanica

Leaves ovate to suborbicular, glaucous, margins revolute, style

distinct S. Knudsenii

Leases thick coriaceous, 100 mm long or more, reticulate, cuneate

at the base . . .^.^ ._. S. Lessertiana

Leaves coriaceous, small, 24 mm, emarginate at the apex S. Sandwicensis

Leaves elliptical-oblong, petiolate, 50 mm long-, strongly reticulate. S. Hillebrandii

Leaves sessile, very narrow, lanceolate, apex caudate, acuminate. . S. lanceolata

Suttonia kauaiensis (Hbd.) Mez.

SUTTONIA KAUAIENSIS (Hbd.) Mez Das Pflzenreich 9. IV. 23<i. (1902) 335;— Pax in
Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 1. (1908) 278.— Myrsine kauaiensis Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl.
(1888) 280;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 227.— Heller in Minnes.
Hot. Stud. IX. (1897) 873.

A small tree 12 m in height; branches slender, glabrous; leaves pilose when young,
glabrate when old, on petioles of 4-15 mm, oblong or oblongdaneeolate, shortly and obscurely
acuminate at the apex or somewhat obtuse, reticulate on both sides, the adult leaves densely
set with blackish minute dots; inflorescence of 1-5-7 flowers, bracts linear, 2-2.5 mm, the
slender pedicels 5.7 mm, glabrous or pilose; flowers 3 mm long; sepals connate one-third
their length, often covered with long hair at the dorsal side, ovate; petals elliptical,
subrotundate at tBe apex, with elongate, brownish, or shortly linear dots; stamens with
large, ovate-elliptical, somewhat acuminate anthers, slightly papillose; ovary glabrous, ovoid,
style short and thick, stigma obtuse, very obscurely 5-angular; drupe globose, 4 mm.

This species was first collected by V. Knudsen (no. 191) of Kauai. It grows
in the outskirts of the forests of Ilalemanu and Kaholuamano on Kauai. Speci-
mens which evidently belong to this species were collected by the writer in the
type locality (Ilalemanu) flowering (no. 1567) Febr. 11, 1909; and in Milolii
gorge (no. 2355) Febr. 26, 1909. In this latter form the young leaves are
membraneous and puberulous; without flower or fruit,

The typical Suttonia kauaiensis was collected in the forests of Kaholuamano,
at an elevation of 3800 feet, flowering March, 1909, (no. 2359). The pedicels
are glabrous, as well as the flowers, with the exception of the ciliate margin of
sepals and petals; the leaves are subemarginate at the base.

Suttonia Wawraea Mez.

SUTTONIA WAWRAEA Me/. Das Pflzreich 9. IV. 236. (1902) 335.— Myrsine Gaudichaudii
var. hirsuta Wawra in Flora (1874) 524. — Myrsine Kauaiensis var. p hirsuta Ebd.
in Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 281; Del Cast. III. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 227.

A small tree or shrub; young branches densely ami shortly covered with a turbid
brown-ferruginous tomentum; leaves on petioles of 1 mm, elliptical or obovate-elliptical,
somewhat obtuse at the apex, 8-16 cm long, 40-60 mm wide, the medium nerve covered

with an appressed reddish tomentum, the under side of the young leaves with a scattered
pubescence of the same color, prominently reticulate on both sides, the upper side glabrous,

punctulate, with transparent dots; (lowers 6-10, 11 mm long, pedicels densely tomentose 5-7

mm long; flowers densely tomentose, sepals connate at the base one-fourth their length.
Ovate, somewhat acute, with the margins very densely "i llous-ci liate ; petals linear, anthers
barbellate at the apex; stigma in the female flowers echinate capitulate; drupe dark
bluish, glauCOUS, globose 8 mm in diameter, crowned by the persistent stigma; seeds globose.

many-ribbed, 6 mm in diameter, endocarp thin, papery.

3»;s

Myrsinaceae.

Tliis exceedingly interesting and handsome species, which is undoubtedly very
closely related to S. Kauaiensis, occurs only in the verj dense foresl of the in-
terior of Kauai, often bordering the extensive bogs. It is quite conspicuous <>n
account of its dark green Leaves which are dark reddish pubescent underneath,
and also for its fruits, which are blackish blue with glaucous lni". It rarely
attains a height of more than 12 feet and is often shrubby; the writer collected
it on the borders of the bog Kanlnwehi, elevation 4300 feet, in the heart of the
Kauai forests, fruiting October, 1911, (no. 1022!)); and flowering, Kaholuamano
forests (no. 2362), March 3-10, 1909; (no. T>!)f)<;) fruiting from the tabular
summit of Kauai Sept. 4, 1!><>!). Abbe Paurie flowering .March, 1910, (no. 42 1).

Suttonia lanaiensis (Hbd.) Mez.

SUTTONTA LANAIENSIS (Hbd.) Mez Das Pflzenreich it. IV. 326. (1902) 336.— Myrsine
Lanaiensis Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 281.— Del Cast. Ft. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892)

A small tree, glabrous throughout, the bark of the rather stiff branches covered with
lenticels; leaves on petioles of 4-18 nun, elliptical, or obovate-oblong, shortly acute at the
base, moderately acuminate at the apex, pale, dull, membraneous to chartaceous, minutely
(lotted above, very obscurely so underneath, 85 nun or more long, 40-60 mm wide, flowers
rameal and in the axils of leaves, flowers usually 5-8 or even more, pedicels 5-6 nun,
slender, glabrous; flowers 3 mm long; sepals almost free, ovate to suborbicular, with the
margins papillose-fimbriate; petals elliptico-lanceolate, subacute, dotted with black roundish
dots or lines; anthers ovate, subacute, the apex papillulose; ovary ovoid, narrowed toward
the apex, glabrous, style none, stigma large, pulvinate; drupe globose, depressed ")-(■> nun in
diam. reddish, with chartaceous putamen, 1-seeded, with the rudiments of 2 or three ovules;
embryo arcuately curved in horny albumen.

This handsome species, which has hitherto been thought to be peculiar to the
Island of Lanai, has also been collected on the eastern part of Maui in open dry
gulches back of Makawao at an elevation of 2500 feet, where it reaches a height
of 30 feet.

It is exceedingly common on the Island of Lanai in the open dry gulches,
such as Kaiholena, Mahana and Koele, where it is a small tree, and quite con-
spicuous on account of its pale, graceful foliage, which has always a pinkish
tint. It is associated with Bauwolfia sandwicensis, Xanthoxylum hawaiiense
var. /?., Pisonia sandwicensis, and many others.

It is collected by the writer on Lanai, flowering July 27, 1910, (no. 8027) ;
and flowering and fruiting Sept., 1910, (no. 8533) in a gulch above Makawao,
Island of Maui.

Yar. coriacea Rock var. now

A tree with stout and robust branches; leaves thick coriaceous, ovate-oblong, somewhat
shining above, copper colored on both sides, dull underneath, prominently veined, very
minutely punctate above, subacute or slightly emarginate at the apex, somewhat acute at
the base, slightly contracted on puberulous stout petioles of 10-12 mm; flowers 8, on stout
pedicels of 6 mm, glabrous, otherwise as in the species; fruit not seen.

Of this variety only one tree was observed in the xerophylous forest on the
western end of Lanai, called Kaa, where a remnant of what must have been

369

24

Myrsinaceae.

once an interesting forest is still to be found. The tree was at once conspicu-
ous by its thick leathery bronze colored leaves; it was just beginning to flower.
It is associated with Osmanthus sandwicensis, Xylosma Hillebrandii, and Maba
sandwicensis. From a distance the tree looked almost exactly like a Sideroxylon
or Chrysophyllum. Collected flowering July 27, 1910, (no. 8078), type in the
Herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Suttonia Fernseei Mez.

SUTTONIA FERNSEEI Mez. in Das Pflzenreich 9. IV. 236. (1902) 33(3.— Myrsine Gaudi-
chaudii var. grandifolia Wawra in Flora (1874) 524.
Branches very thick, at the very apex beset with minute ferruginous scales; leaves
on petioles of 7 mm or more, elongate and narrowly elliptical, acute at the base, shortly
contracted, I'll) mm or more long, (i.5 mm broad, membranaceous to chartaceous, somewhat
shining, reticulate; flowers 5-8, 12 mm or more long, pedicels slender, glabrous, 8 mm;
flowers 3 mm long, glabrous; sepals connate one-third their length, the lobes triangular,
with the margins densely ciliate, petals acute, very obscurely marked with lines; anthers
of the female flowers little reduced, acute; ovary glabrous, with a sessile capitate stigma.

This species named by Mez in honor of Wawra, Ritter von Fernsee, was col-
lected by the latter on the Island of Kauai (no. 2019). It is not known to the
writer. It may, however, be identical with an exceedingly large Suttonia tree
with a trunk of 2 feet in diameter, and very large leaves, found at Opaiwela
near Kaholuamano, Kauai. Owing to the size of the tree it was impossible to
secure specimens. The writer did not meet with any other tree of this sort, and
was assured by Mr. Francis Gay of Kauai, who is more familiar with the Kauai
forests than any other man, that the one in question is the only one known
to him in the surrounding forests.

On the Koolau range on the Island of Oahu, in the mountains of Punaluu, the
writer collected specimens of a Suttonia (no. 473) but without flower or fruit,
whose leaves answer well Mez's description of 8. Fernseei, and it is here doubt-
fully referred to that species. Among the numerous duplicates of the various
Suttonia, the writer found a sheet numbered 2364 collected at Kaholuamano,
Kauai, March, 1909, but without flower or fruit; it must however be referred
to S. Fi rust < i, as the leaves answer the description.

Suttonia spathulata Rock sp. now
Kolea.

A small tree 6-8 m high, glabrous throughout; branches stiff, more or less ascending;
leaves decidedly spathulate, bluntly acute at the apex or rounded, thick fleshy, rather
succulent, on short margined petioles of 5-8 mm, or often subsessile, dark green above, light
underneath, petioles reddish, veins quite inconspicuous, sparingly punctate with minute
black dots, 5-7.5 cm long, 2-3 cm wide; branchlets densely flowered their whole length,
(flowers unknown); fruits usually 4-li in a cluster on pedicels of 10 aim, bracts broad,
triangular; pedicels and the persistent ovate sepals glabrous, the latter with slightly
fimbriate margins; fruit globose, black. 6 mm in diameter, crowned by the stigma.

This rather Btriking species is a small tree of 15-20 foci or Little more, and is
peculiar to Mt. IT.ileakala, Maui, where it grows on the northwest slope at an
elevation of 6500 feet in the gulches back of the extind crater of Puunianiau,

370

Myrsinaceae.

associated with Dodonaea eriocarpa, Argyroxiphium virescens, Raillardia pluly-
phylla, 8 ant alum Haleakalae, Oeranium arboreum, and others

It \\;is collected by tin- writer fruiting on Oct. 11, 1910. The type is number
859] in the Herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

It is a1 once distinguished from other Suttonia by its small spathulate, very
thick Leaves, and branchlets, which are densely covered with the rather Large
fruits. In the dry specimens the Leaves turn pale and the fruits yellowish.

Suttonia volcanica Rock sp. nov.

h'oh a.

A small tree 4-5 in high, with slender branches, glabrous throughout; leaves dark green,
very prominently and pale veined, midrib red, pale underneath, not dotted, thin chartaceous,
.shining above, dull underneath, ovate-oblong, bluntly acuminate or acute, or slightly obtuse,
rounded at the base, 5-10 cm long, 2-4.5 cm wide, on somewhat margined petioles of n B
mm; the slender branchlets densely covered with mature fruits; (flowers unknown); fruits
2-8 in a cluster on very slender glabrous pedicels of 6-8 mm; bracts reddish-brown, dentiform
to linear, the persistent calyx parted two-third its length into 5-7 triangular lobes of
] mm, with slightly ciliate margins; fruit subglobose or rather spheroidal, black when
mature, very small for a Suttonia, 3-4 mm in diameter, glabrous, crowned by the stigma.

This species is remarkable for its very small fruits, which arc densely clus-
tered around the slender branchlets, and for its leaves, which are chartaceous,
thin, and prominently veined, but not punctate. It was found by the writer
on the great central plain between Mauna Loa and Mt. Hualalai on Hawaii on
the cinder slopes of a crater called Puuokeanue, at an elevation of 5300 feet in
company with Solatium incompletum, Santalum Freycinetianum, and Raillardia
sp. It was collected fruiting Feb. 13, 1912. The type is no. 10230 in the Her-
barium of the College of Hawaii.

Var. lavarum Rock var. nov.

Leaves elliptical-oblong, to oblong-lanceolate, of the same texture and venation as the
species, obscurely acute, or obtuse, slightly contracted at the base, dark green above, dull
and lighter underneath, not punctate, 6-12 cm long, 2-3.5 cm wide, on black petioles 10-15
mm, inflorescence in fascicles, mainly in leaf-axils and also along the branches but not
very numerous; inflorescence of 8 flowers, on slender pedicels 4-7 mm, bracts as in the
species; calyx parted one-half its length into 5-7 ovate rounded lobes with ciliate margins;
petals pubescent with ciliate-fimbriate margins, densely punctate with rather large black
dots; anthers sagittate, with pubescent apex; ovary globose, with sessile capitate stigma;
fruits as in the species, little larger.

The variety lavarum occurs on the southern slopes of Mt. Haleakala, Maui,
on the aa lava fields of Auahi, on the land of Kahikinui, an exceedingly dry
locality at an elevation of 2000 feet. It was collected by the writer flowering
and fruiting November, 1910. The type is number 8G78 in the College of
Hawaii Herbarium.

It is a small tree and quite distinct from Suttonia Lessertiana and its numer-
ous variations, which occur at little higher elevation in the same locality. In
texture and venation of leaf, shape and size of fruit, as well as general aspe-t.
it is almost identical with Suttonia volcanica from Mauna Loa. Hawaii, of which
it is here made a variety.

371

PLATE 149.

SUTTONIA LESSERTIANA (A. DC.) Mez.

Kolea.

Flowering branch, from a tall tree found in the rain forests of Naalehu, Kau. Hawaii;

one-half natural size.

Myrsinaceae.

Suttonia Knudsenii Rock sp. nov.

A small tree or Bhrub, branches tortuose, glabrous; Leaves ovate t « > obovate, nr Bubor-
bicular, glabrous on both sides, venation prominent, reticulated, the margins revolute,
quite opaque, sparingly punctate underneath, dark green, with glaucous hue, shining above,
dull beneath, quite chartaceous, 1.5-7 cm long, 3-4.5 cm wide, on petioles of 2-4 nun;
inflorescence fasciculated ;it intervals of L5 mm along the slender branchlets :1ml in the
axils of the leaves, of :'--i- flowers, puberulous, pedicels of 2-2.5 mm, the bracts 1 mm,
triangular, with ciliate margins; calyx 2 mm, parted more than half its Length into acute
lobes, densely punctate, with fimbriate margins, corolla twice as long as the calyx, orna-
mented with dark dots, anthers oblong, puberulous at the apex, ovary ovoid, with distinct
style; fruit unknown.

This exceedingly handsome species is peculiar to the Islam! of Kauai ami is
only found in the forests of Ilalemanu, in the interior swampy woods; it is dis-
tinguished from the other Suttonias by its thin leaves which are ovate to suborbi-
eular ami are of a glaucous color, and in the very shortly pedicellate red (lowers.
It is a striking species and is here named for .Mr. Augustus Knudseu, of Waiawa,
Kauai, to whom the writer is greatly indebted for extended hospitality ami
facilities for collecting in the mountains of Kauai. The type is number 2337
in the College of Hawaii Herbarium. Collected February 11-26, 1909, Ilale-
manu, Kauai, flowering.

A form with somewhat smaller leaves, which are acute at the apex instead
of rounded, and more elliptical in outline, must be referred here as forma
elliptica fm. nov. (no. 1661), flowering, February, 1909, Halemanu. Kauai.

Suttonia Hillebrandii Mez.
Kolea.

SUTTONIA HILLEBRANDII Mez Das Pflzenreich 9. IV. 236. (1908) 337.

Branches entirely glabrous, leaves on petioles of about 3 mm, acute at the base,
shortly contracted, quite acuminate at the apex, rarely somewhat obtuse, about 50 mm
long, 20 mm broad, not punctate; inflorescence 5 or more flowered, 10 mm long, pedicels
slender, glabrous, 7 mm long sepals 1/3 connate, the lobes ovate somewhat acute, the
margins remotely dentate and ciliate, lineate; ovary globose, stigma thick capituliform.

This species, which is not known to the writer, was collected by Wawra on
the Island of Kauai, evidently at Ilalemanu. There are several forms found
on the Island of Oahu which are certainly referable to this species ; some of
them are varieties.

On the Island of Oahu in the Koolau range, Mountains of Waikane, the
writer collected specimens of a tree which is a good variety and may be de-
scribed as follows:

Var. emarginata Rock var. nov.

A small tree; leaves lanceolate oblong, glabrous throughout, chartaceous, 3.5 to
8 cm long, 12 to 15 mm wide, contracting at the base into a slightly margined petiole of
2 to 3 mm, veins prominent; intramarginal nerve continuous and very close to the edge,
rounded at the apex and always emarginate; dark green above, lighter beneath; in-
florescence in the axils of the leaves and along the branchlets, 3 to S flowered, pedicels
slender, puberulous, as are the petals, which are sparingly punctulate with reddish dots
or even lined; stamens oblong, little shorter than the petals; ovary ovoid, style distinct;
fruits large, black, 8 to 9 mm in diameter.

373

PLATE 150.

SUTTONIA LESSERTIANA (A. DC.) Mez.

Kolea,

Fruiting brand from a Btunted tree found on open exposed ri<lges on Mt. Konanuanui,

Oahn; about one-half natural size

Myrsinaceae.

In Niu Valley, Oahu, occurs a small tree which belongs to this variety. In
specimens from the latter locality the fruits are densely clustered along the
branchlets, especially on defoliate ones, making them appear like axillary
racemes.

Collected flowering (no. 1217)) January 23, 1909, Waikane Mts., Oahu, and
Niu Valley, fruiting Aug. 22, 1909 (no. 4807), and Feb. 8, 1913, fruiting (no.
1 < ) li : 1 li l, same locality.

Suttonia Lessertiana (A. DC.) Mez.
Koh a.
(Plates 14!). 150, 151.)

SUTTONIA LESSERTIANA (A.DC.) Mez Das Pflzenreich 9. IV. 236. (1902) 336;— Pax
in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. Nachtr. IV. 1. (1908) 278— Brigham Ka liana Kapa
in Mem. B. P. Bish. Mua. (1911) 148. fig. 89.— Myrsine Lessertiana A. DC. in
Ann. Sc. Nat. 2. Ser. XVI. (1841) 85 et in DC. Prodr. VIII. (1844) 96;— Gray

in Trot'. Am. Acad. V. (1862) 331;— Seem. PI. Vit. (1866) 149;— Mann in Proc.
Am. Acad. VII. (1S66) 188;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. [si. (1888) 279;— Del Casl 111. Ins.
Mar. Pae. VII. (1892) 2:27 ;— Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. IX. (1897) 874.—
Myrsine Gaudichaudii Wawra (non DC.) in Flora (1874) 523; — Gray 1. c. 331;
Seem. 1. e.;— Mann 1. c. 188;— Hbd. 1. C. 280;— Heller 1. c. 873.— Myrsine
Fauriei Levi, in Fedde Repert. X. 10-14. (1911) 1.14.— Suttonia Fauriei Levi, in
Fedde Eepert. X. 24-26. (1912) 373.— Suttonia cuneata Levi, et Paurie in Pedde
Eepert. X. 27-29. (1912) 443 ;— Suttonia pukooensis Levi. 1. e. 444.

Branches thick or very thick, quite glabrous, old ones verrucous; leaves very shortly
petioled or often broadly sessile, broad or narrow elliptical, or elliptical-lanceolate or
obovate, somewhat obtuse at both ends or rounded at the apex, often acutj> at the base, of
variable length and width, coriaceous, the adult leaves densely and minutely punctulate
above with black dots, the veins little prominent and connected by a straight marginal
nerve; flowers in the axils of the oldest leaves and all along the branchlets and on pro-
jecting spurs of the bare branches, in fascicles of 3 to 7 or more, pedicels slender, glabrous,
5 to 6 mm with flowers, and longer with fruits; flowers 3 to 3.5 mm long, glabrous, sepals
shortly (1/5) united at the base, lobes 5 to 7 ovate somewhat acute, the margins very
shortly fimbriate; petals broadly elliptical twice the length of the calyx, yellowish with
i eddish dots, apex obtuse, the margin papillose; stamens little shorter than the petals,
anthers ovate, apex papillulose, emarginate at the base; ovary ovoid-conical, stigma sessile
or on a short style, capitate, fimbriate or 5-laciniate on the fruit; drupe globose, reddish
or black, 4 to 6 mm with chartaceous pyrena.

This species is one of the most variable ones in the genus, and that to such
an extent that hardly two trees are alike. The leaves are the most variable
part of the plant; also shape and branching habit vary greatly. It certainly is a
graceful tree in the rain forests of Oahu and Hawaii, as well as on the other
islands of the Hawaiian group. Should one undertake to describe all the vari-
ous forms as new species, as H. Leveille did, one would certainly be naming
individuals, and swell the synonyms of Suttonia Lessertiana, into which most
of II. Leveille species have wandered to remain there forever; the remaining
ones are synonyms of S. sandwicensis.

As already stated the species occurs on all the islands of the group in many
forms which are too numerous to cite, but have been incorporated in the de-
scription to some extent. The trees reach often a height of 60 feet or so,
with a trunk of one to two feet in diameter, and clothed in a gray bark which

375

PLATE 151.

SUTTONIA LESSERTIANA (A. DC.) Mez.

Kolea Tree.

Growing in the Kipuka Puaulu, near the Volcano of Kilauea. Hawaii, elevation 4000 feet.

Myrsinaceae.

is either smooth or covered with Lenticels; when cul into, ;i yd sap exudes
very freely, which was employed by the natives of by-gone days for dyeing
the tapa or paper cloth. The wood is quite handsome, of a pink color and mot-
tled throughout. It is not very hard, bu1 was used by the natives for house

posts and beams; it takes a line polish and could he employed for eahiuet work
as it can lie easily worked. The biggesl trees the writer observed "it the Island
of Hawaii on the slopes of Manna Kea and Manna Loa, as well as in Waihou
forest on the Hanks of Mt. Hualalai. It favors an elevation of from 3000-4000
feet, hut descends lower on Oahu, though higher on Hawaii. It grows in the rain
forests, though its best development is attained in the more open park-like For-
ests situated on the above mentioned mountains.

On the Island of Lanai occurs a tree which most be referred t<> N. Lessi rtiana,
but from which it differs in the decidedly ovate fruits, or even elongate-ovate,
and is here named forma ovicarpa fm. nov. Collected in Mahana Valley, Lanai.
fruiting Aug. 1st, 1910; no. 8102.

Suttonia sandwicensis (A. DC.) Mez.
Kolea laulii.

(Plate 152.)

SUTTONIA SANDWICENSIS (A. DC.) Mez Das Pflanzenreich 9. TV. 236. (1902) 336.—
Myrsine sandwicensis A. DC. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 2. S'er. XVI. (1841) 85 et in DC.
Prodr. VIII. (1844) 96;— Gray Proe. Am. Ac. V. (1862) 331;— Seem. Fl. Vit.
(1866) 149;— Mann Proc. Am. Ac. VII. (1867) 188;— Wawra in Flora (1874)
523 .';— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 281; — Pax in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 1.
(1889) 92;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 227:— Heller in Minnes.
Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) S74 (not Myrsine lanceolate).— Myrsine Vanioti Levi.
in Fedde Kepert. X. 10/14. (1911) 157. — Myrsine sandwicensis var. mauiensis
Levi. 1. c. 157. — M. sandwicensis var. punctata Levi. 1. c. 157. — Suttonia mauiensis
(Levi.) Levi, in Fedde Kepert, X. 27/29 444.— S. punctata (Levi.) Levi. 1. c.
144, identical with Myrsine sandwicensis DC. var. /3 denticulata Hbd. 1. c.

A small tree or shrub of myrtillaeeous habit, with the young branches somewhat
tomentulose, or in Kauai specimens covered with a rufous tomei.'tuin. leaves on p 'tioles of
up to 3 mm, obovate or lanceolate-obovate, acute at the base, emarginate at the apex, 14
to 24 mm long, 6 to 10 mm broad, coriaceous, with hidden veins, quite opaque, rugose
underneath, glabrous, the young leaves often densely punctulate with reddish dots; in-
florescence of 3 to 7 flowers, on not protruding gemmae, the pedicels 4 to 6 mm; flowers
2 to 2.5 mm long; sepals little connate, ovate, the margins papillulose-ciliate; petals
elliptical-lanceolate, acute, scarcely twice as long as the sepals, yellowish or reddish, with
reddish-brown streaks; stamens only half as long as the corolla, anthers shortly acuminate
at the apex; ovary ovoid, gabrous, stigma subsessile, large, capitate-pulvinate; drupe black
or bluish aud glaucous, globose or ovoid, 3 to 5 mm in diameter.

This very handsome species is usually found as a shrub, but also ;is a tree.
especially in the forest of the southern slopes of Manna Loa at an elevation
of 5500 feet, where it attains a height of 25 feet. It is quite conspicuous in the
woods on account of its small foliage which is less than an inch long', dark
green above and pale underneath. It occurs on all the islands of the group
and is more or less uniform, with the exception of on Kauai, where it is quite

377

PLATE 152.

SUTTONIA SANDWICENSIS (A. DC.) Mm.

Kolea Laulii.
Flowering branch, about one-half natural size.

Myrsinaceae.

variable. It is plentiful in differenl forms in the forests of Halemanu, above
Waimea, Kauai, where it is a small tree or shrub.

It is not round at low elevations where 8. Lessertiana abounds, bu1 is inure
or less restricted to the higher levels, that is between 3000-5500 feet, or occa-
sionally even higher. To this species are referred Leveille's numerous new
species, which are not even forms of S. sandwici nsis. His 8. punctata is identical
with Billebrand's var. ft. denticulata a low shrub, which occurs on the high
plateau of Kauai in open bogs, or often also in the swampy forests. The
writer had at his disposal co-types of Leveille's plants, which were kindly loaned
to him by the Brothers of the Catholic school of Ililo, to whom Abbe Faurie sent
one set of his duplicates With the help of these plants the writer was en-
abled to straighten out Leveille's species, which could not have been done satis-
factorily with Leveille's short description only.

Var. apodocarpa (Levi.) Rock.

Suttonia apodocarpa Levi, et Faurie in Fedde Kepertor. X. 27/29 (1912) 44.

Leaves linear, indistinctly multipunctate, 1 to 2 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, acuminate
glabrous, rugulose, with revolute margin, subpetiolate, long attenuate, fruits usually single
or 2 to 4 in a cluster, on very short pedicels, (according to Leveille sessile, but his specimen
at my disposal bears neither flower nor fruit) globose, 3 to 4 mm, crowned by the capitate
stigma. Abbe Faurie 's number is 446, coll. Waimea, Kauai, Febr., 1910.

The writer's own material of this plant, which is not specifically distinct from
8. sanchcicensis, but is a variety, was collected on the central plateau of Kauai in
September, 1909, fruiting no. 5605. Ilillebraud's var. (S.denticulata occurs also
in that locality, flowering and fruiting no. 4967, Sept., 1909, and Oct., 1911.

Suttonia lanceolata (AYawra) Rock.
Kolea.

Myrsine sandwicensis var. lanceolata Wawra in Flora (1874) 526. — Myrsine
lanceolata Heller in Minnes. Bot. Bull. IX. (1897) 873, not M. angustifolia,
Heller —Suttonia angustifolia Mez Das Pflzenreich 9. IV. 236. (1902) 337.

Branches slender, glabrous, nodose, dark reddish brown, foliate only at the apex;
leaves, linear-lanceolate, dark green above, pale underneath, caudate-acuminate at the
apex, acute at the base, sessile or subsessile, minutely reticulate underneath, minutely
punetulate above, with black dots, 40 to 65 mm long, 5 to 8 mm wide; flowers single or
two in the axils of the leaves on short pedicels of 2 mm; flowers 3 mm, glabrous, sepals
ovate, subacute, sparingly punctate, half the length of the corolla; petals oblong, subacute,
sparingly punctate, with a reddish thickened margin, stamens the height of the ovary,
which is less than half the length of the petals, anthers acute, glabrous, ovary conical
with a sessile capitate stigma; drupes usually on the naked branchlets, bluish-black,
glaucous, 8 mm in diameter.

This very distinct species is peculiar to the high mountains of Kauai, and is
not uncommon at the summit of Kauai, Mt. Waialeale, elevation 5200 feet, where
it grows as a small tree 15 feet or more in height in the open boggy country, in
company with Labordea ^Yaialealae, Pelea Waialealae, Dubautia paleata,
T< I mplasandra Waialealae, Lobelia Kauaiensis, and others. It is an exceedingly

379

My rsinaceae-Sapotaceae.

handsome species on account of its beautiful delicate foliage. Lower down, in
the great bogs of Lehua makanoe and Kauluwehi (4500 feet) it is a shrub 8
feet in height.

Collected by the writer on September 24, 1909, fruiting (no. 4958), on the
summit of Waialeale, Kauai, and flowering and fruiting October 20, 1911, (no.
8887). Mt. Waialeale, Kauai.

sapotaceae:.

The family Sapotaceae, which consists of about 445 species distributed in
more than 31 genera, occurs in the tropics of the whole world, but is absent in
Europe and extra-tropical Asia. In the Hawaiian Islands two genera are rep-
resented : Chrysophyllum with a single species, and Sideroxylon with four dis-
tinct species and several varieties, all of which are peculiar to these Islands. The
Sapotaceae are characterized mainly by their milky sap, and regular cyclic con-
struction of their flowers. All Sapotaceae are woody plants with entire leaves,
save in a single exception.

KEY TO THE GENEEA.

Corolla 8 to 10 lobed. without stamiiiodia, fruit small, black, olive shaped.

Chrysophyllum

Corolla 5 lobed, with stamiiiodia, fruit large, globose or ovate Sideroxylon

CHRYSOPHYLLUM L.

Calyx with 5, rarely 6 to 7 imbricate lobes. Corolla with campanulate or short cylin-
drical tube of 5, rarely 6 to 7, occasionally, as in the Hawaiian species, 8 to 10 imbricate
segments. Stamens as many as segments in the corolla, filaments filiform; anthers short,
ovoid, opening outside or laterally, occasionally abortive. Ovary 5 to 10 celled, pubescent.
Style short, with small capitate stigma. Berry rarely more than one-celled, and with
several compressed seeds; usually with one ovate or olive shaped seed, testa opaque, shin-
ing. Cotyledons thin, foliaceous. — Milky trees with alternate ovate or lanceolate leaves,
without stipules. Flowers usually small, whitish or yellowish, shortly stipitate in axil-
lary fascicles.

The genus Chrysophyllum, with its 70 species, is mainly tropical and is most
numerous in species in tropical America.

In Hawaii the genus is represented by a single species, Ch. Polynesicum Hbd.,
which is peculiar to these Islands, and inhabits the dry regions on the leeward
sides, but is by no means common.

Chrysophyllum Polynesicum 1 1 1 > cl .
Keahi.

CHRYSOPHYLLUM POLYNESICUM Ebd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 277; — Engler in Engl.
el Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 1. (1890) L49. — Isonandra polynesica Benth. et Hook. Gen.
PL II. (1876) 658;— Del. Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892) 229.

Branches Stiff, cinereous; young leaves and inflorescence rusty-toinentose, leaves scat-
tering, oblong or obovate 5 to L0 cm long, 5.5 to 5 cm wide, on petioles of 12 to 2"> mm,
rounded <>r emarginate .-it the apex, thick coriaceous, glabrate with age; flowers axillary on
prominent nodes, 3 to (5 in a cluster, on pedicels of 4 to 6 mm, which are bracteate at the

380

Sapotaceae.

base; calyx persistent, coriaceous, deeply I to 5 parted; corolla little longer I to 5 mm

urceolate, divided into twice as many lobes as the calyx; Btami lis none; Btamens

inserted at the base oi the corolla, as many as lobes; ovary hairy I to 5 celled- Btyle
angular; fruit a Bomewhat fleshy black Bhining olive-shaped berry with a thin fibrous
endocarp, about 16 mm long, 1- rarely 2-seeded, the Bingle seed ovoid, with thick bony
shining, pale brown testa; hilum obliquely basal, leaving a broad roundish deep scar
embryo axillary, cotyledons oblong, obtuse, radicle very short. Inferior.

The Keahi is a medium-sized milky tree with a roundish crown, and rough
drooping branches. The leaves resemble somewhal those of the Sapota pear, op
more so the Alaa (Sideroxylon sandwicenst I, and is hardly distinguishable from
it when without fruit or flower.

The flowers are borne all along the branchlets and very densely, it is a very
prolificacy bearing tree and can be found loaded with the Mark, olive-shaped
shining fruits during the months of May to August. It inhabits the very dry
regions on the leeward sides of most of the islands, and is vrvy common on
Lanai, where it grows in company with Sideroxylon sandwicense, 8. spathu-
latum, the leaves of which look all very much alike and when not in fruit are
exceedingly difficult to distinguish. On Molokai it is also common, as well as
on the Island of Maui on the slopes of Haleakala, district of Kahikinui. while it
has so far not been found on Hawaii. Together with Sideroxylon. Nothoces-
trum. Suttonia, Osmanthus, Reynoldsia, Gardenia, Antidesma, Bobea Hookeri,
and Rauwolfia, it forms the typical dry forest at the lower elevation on Mt.
Haleakala, on the lava fields of Auahi.

The Keahi is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands. As far as can be ascertained,
the natives made no use of this tree, though the wood is quite hard and durable^
while the fruits are not edible.

SIDEROXYLON L.

Flowers occasionally polygamous; calyx lobes ~> to 6, imbricate; corolla broad-cam-
panulate, with short or longer tube and 5 to 6 obtuse or acute segments. Staminodia
5 to 6, petaloid, or only scale-like to filiform. Stamens 5 to 6, with short or long fila-
ments and ovate to lanceolate anthers. Ovary glabrous or pubescent, 5 to 2 celled. Style
short or long, with small stigma. Berry ovoid to globose, usually small or often large,
with thin pericarp, with 5 to 2 seeds, more often one-seeded. Seeds with Bhining hard
testa and elongate linear hilum; albuminous. Cotyledons broad, flat.— Trees with usually
coriaceous leaves, with and without stipules, and small sessile or peduncled flowers.

A genus of over 100 species, occurring in the tropical and subtropical regions
of the old and new world. In the Hawaiian Islands the genus is represented by
several species usually growing in the dry districts on the lee sides on the various
islands. Originally only two species were known from Hawaii, to which the
writer had added two new ones.

What has been said of the polymorphism of the genus Pittosporum in Hawaii,
holds also good for the genus Sideroxylon.

The tremendous variations which we find in the species growing in Hawaii
make it indeed difficult to separate all these forms satisfactorily. The fruits
of the Hawaiian Sideroxyla are of various shapes and colors, the largest fruits

381

PL ATI-; L53.

SIDEROXYLON SANDWICENSE (Gray) Benth. and Hook.

Alaa.
Showing fruiting branch, about two-third natural size.

Sapotaceae.

occurring in 8. rhynchospermum Rock. They are ovoid and of a deep purplish
black color. The fruits of 8. sandwicens< (Gray) I>. & 11. arc pear-shaped t'>

OVOid and also Mack and Long pcduiiclcd. while those id' 8. <ni<ihi< nSi Etock and its
varieties on Hawaii are bright citron yellow, globose to top-shaped and sessile.
The writer has collected Large material of this genus from numerous localities.
That 8. attain* ns( is a good species is brought out by the fact that the Latter
grows in company with 8. sandwicenst with black ovoid fruits on the lava fields
of Anahi. Maui, and nothing is more in contrast than to see these two species
growing side by side, especially when loaded with respectively the bright yellow
and the black fruits. On the slopes of Ilaleakala. back of Makawao, the writer
collected specimens of a tree with large cone shaped, whitish-gray fruits, whose
seeds differ decidedly from all the other Hawaiian species, while in the same
locality only 50 yards off grew the typical S. sandwicense.

On Molokai occurs a very small-leaved species, which was unfortunately not
in fruit, perhaps a form of /•>. spathulatum llillebr. from Lanai. On the Latter
island the writer collected the largest leaved Sideroxylon with Long pear-shaped
black fruits. Another form was in flower only, the latter being of exceedingly
large size compared with the other Hawaiian Sideroxyla. All the specimens col-
lected by the writer on Kauai are one seeded, while those from the other islands
are all five seeded, save a few exceptions.

The Hawaiian species of Sideroxylon may be arranged as follows :

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Flowers 2 to 4, in clusters, pedicellate.

Fruits globose ovoid to obovate, purplish black.

Seeds thick, rounded at both ends S. sandwicense

Seeds thin flat, beaked at both ends S. rhynchospermum

Flowers single and sessile.

Fruits globose citron or orange yellow.

Seeds as in S. sandwicense but smaller S. auahiense

Flowers 2 to 3, pedicellate.

Fruits conical, brownish yellow.

Seeds small, linear-elongate, dull S. spathulatum

Flowers single, pedicellate.

Fruits large conical, grayish-white.

Seeds elliptical elongate, dull; radicle long, protruding S. Ceresolii

Sideroxylon sandwicense (Gray) Benth. & Hook.

Aim or Aulu, Kattltt according to Hillebrand.

(Plate 153.)

SIDEROXYLON SANDWICENSE (Gray) Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. II. (1876) 655;—
Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888)) 276;— Engi. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. I. (1890)
144. fig. 77, L (Sect. Y1II., in Nachtr. Sect. IX.);— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pac. VII. (1892) 288.— Sapota Sandwicensis A. Gray in Proc. Am. Ac. V. (1862)
328; -II. Mann Prqc. Am. Ac. VII. (1867) 188;— Wawra in Flora (1875) Ad-
denda 252.

Leaves coriaceous, obovate-oblong, on petioles of 2.5 to 3.5 cm, equally rounded at
both ends, or contracted at the base, quite entire, old leaves glabrous on both faces, often
clothed with a brownish pubescence underneath, shining above, veins prominent straight

383

PLATK 154.

&"

4*

i

SIDEROXYLON RHYNCHOSPERMUM Bock.

Alaa.

Showing fruiting branch and a Is; about one-half natural size.

Sapotaceae.

and close, connected by an intra marginal nerve; flowers in clusters of 2 to I on tomen-
tose pedicels of about 20 mm; calyx 5 lobod, (3 int. 2 ext.) broadly ovate, covered with a
rusty brown tomentum, the two inner only pubescent on the exposed parts; Corolla

glabrous, slightly longer than the calyx, parted to little beyond the middle into 5 obtuse

broad lobes, ti mm, includ. the corolla tube; staminodia linear in front of the sinus;
stamens inserted at the base of each lobe, perfectly glabrous, anthers sagittate, opening
laterally, included; ovary conical densely hirsute with Ion- still' hair. 5-Celled with one
ascending ovule in each cell; style short, grooved at the apex; berry globose, or pear-
shaped, to obovate, black, :'. cm in diameter, or 3 to 4.5 cm when obovate or ovate,
rather dry, 5 to 1 seeded, each seed enclosed in a thin chartaceous pyrena, 20 mm lniiur.
S mm thick when single, more or less Compressed when many, the crustaceous testa v.d-
lowish brown and shining, the elongate scar of the raphe occupying nearly the whole
central angle; cotyledons nearly as long and broad as the albumen, the minute radicle
inferior.

The Alaa is a fine tree of often 50 feet in height and is conspicuous in the
forest by its leaves, which are of bronze to reddish brown color underneath, due
to a hairiness of that color. It is usually found in the dry districts of nearly all
the islands, and is especial^ common on Lanai in the valleys of Kaiholena and
Mahana. On Maui big trees can be found above Makawao, in the gulches of the
north-western slopes of Mt. Haleakala, as well as at Auahi, on the south side of
the said mountain. On Hawaii this species is wanting, but the genus is repre-
sented by another species, 8. auahiense var. aurantium Rock, with globose orange
colored sessile fruits. The natives employed the milky sap as a bird glue. Ilille-
brand remarks in his Flora that the fruit of this tree is rarely met with perhaps
on account of dimorphism in the flower. This the writer cannot verify, as all
the trees found by him bore fruit in abundance, with the exception of on Kauai,
Avhere none of the trees bore perfect fruits, but were all abortive and conse-
quently of very small size. The fruits are not always globose, but are quite often
ovate, obovate and even long pear-shaped and of a black color. It inhabits
mainly the dry districts, but can also be found along the Manoa Valley trail and
Tantalus on Oahu, as well as at Kahuku, Waialua, and the Waianae range.

Hillebrand records a variety (3. auratum with leaves and calyx, as well as co-
rolla, densely ferruginous. The flowers are also generally single. Collected by
Hillebrand on the dry forehills of Molokai and Lanai. From the latter islands
the writer collected material which he must refer to this variety, though the
flowers are not always single but often two in each leaf axil. Rock, Lanai, Kai-
holena Valley, July, 1910. No. 8064.

Sideroxylon Ceresolii Rock spec. nov.

Leaves perfectly glabrous when old, chartaceous, (not thick leathery) obovate-oblong,
bluntly acuminate, gradually tapering into a margined petiole of 2.5 to 3 cm; fruits single
in the axils of the leaves, on peduncles of 5 mm, berry ovoid, acuminate at the apex,
grayish-white in color, very soft and fleshy, 4 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, yellowish inside,
5-seeded, seeds elliptical-elongate, acute at both ends but not beaked, or somewhat obtuse,
thin flat, dull brown, mottled, 24 mm long, 10 mm wide at the middle, testa rather thin,
the raphe not quite as long as the ventral angle; cotyledons as broad as the albumen but
only 2/3 its length, the inferior radicle 8 mm long, protruding half its length.

Collected on the Island of Maui in "Waihou gulch on the northwestern slope
of Mt. Haleakala, elevation 3000 feet, in company with my friend, Dr. P. Cere-

385

25

PLATE 155.

SIDEROXYLON RHYNCHOSPERMUM Bock

Ala a.

Showing fruits and seeds about natural size

Sapotaceae.

sole, after whom the tree is named. Rock >.v Ceresole, March, 1912; type in
College of Hawaii Herbarium, No. 10150.

A medium-sized tree 20 to 30 feel in beighl with straighl ascending branches.
The fruit and seeds of this species differ very materially from all other known
Hawaiian Sideroxyla.

Sideroxylon rhynchospermum Rock.
Alaa.

I Plates 154, 155.)

SIDEROXYLON RHYNCHOSPERMUM Rock in Torrey Bot. CI. Bull. Vol. 37, 6. (1910)
i'!'.".. fig. i' & 3 a. 1.. et Report Bawn. Bd. Com. Agr. & For. (1911) 84, pi. 21.

A tree 1" to 20 in high, dividing freely into ascending branches; bark brownish, with
shallow, narrow longitudinal corrugations about 3 nun thick, trunk up to 4~> cm in diam.
four feet from the ground; leaves coriaceous, obovate oblong 14 to 18 cm x 4.~> to s cm,
ou petioles 2.5 to 3 cm, alternate, exstipulate, quite glabrous with age, some pubescence
remaining on the sides ami angles of midrib ami veins, especially on the lower Burface,
shining above, dull beneath, midrib prominent, with lateral veins leaving midrib at wide
angles, parallel and connected with a continuous intra marginal nerve; young leaves
densely covered with appressed brown hair on both surfaces; flowers in (luster '2 or 3 on
tomentose pedicels 12 to 20 mm long; calyx •""> parted to near the base, lobes acute, 3 to 5
mm; corolla light yellow, longer than the calyx. 4 to 5 parted to the base, lobe-; a<
staminodia half as long linear; stamens o, inserted at the base of the corolla, glabrous,
anthers ovate, the cells confluent at the apex, opening laterally; ovary hirsute. 5-celled,
style short; fruit a purplish black plum-like berry 4.5 to 5.5 cm long, 3.5 cm wide, rather
fleshy, 3 to 5 seeded: seeds enclosed in a papery pyrena 25 to 30 mm x 12 to 14 mm.
perfectly flat, about 3 mm thick, beaked at both ends of the ventral angle, which is occu-
pied by the scar of the raphe, the crustaceous testa thin, of a light brown color.

This rather handsome tree was first collected by Dr. II. L. Lyon in the w Is

of Nahiku, on the north-eastern slopes of Mt. Haleakala, Maui, at an elevation

of 1300 feet. The speeies differs from the other Hawaiian Sideroxyla in the

large black ovoid fruits and mainly in the very flat thin-beaked seeds. It grows

in the rain forest of Nahiku, where precipitation is exceedingly heavy ; while

most of the other Hawaiian Sideroxyla are peculiar to the dry regions. "When

the writer visited the forests of Nahiku in the year 1911. tin1 trees were neither

in flower nor in fruit. The trees are not very abundant, but only individual

trees could be seen scattered through the forest.

Sideroxylon auahiense Rock.
Alaa.

SIDEROXYLON AUAHIENSE Rock Coll. Haw. Publ. Bot. Bull. 1. (1911) 18. pi. 5.

Leaves coriaceous, pale green, glabrous on both sides when old, shining above, covered
with a gray silvery tomentum when young, elliptical oblong, bluntly acuminate or rounded,
S to 12 cm long, 4 to <J cm wide, on petioles of 3 to 4 cm. veins parallel leaving midrib
at wide angles of about 80°; flowers single, rarely two in the axils of the alternate leaves,
calyx hirsute. ■"> parted to near the base, the lobes rounded, corolla lobes 5, obtuse,
staminodia shorter than the lobes, 5, triangular; stamens wanting in the female flowers;
ovary hirsute with a dense circle of long reddish hair at its base. 5-celled; style short
conical; berry sessile or subsessile, pale citron yellow, with a grayish hue. rather globose
with the apex drawn out into a short acumen; 3.5 to 4.." cm in diam.. 1 right yellow inside,
cpiite fleshy; see<ls 20 mm long, 10 mm wide, enclosed in a thin papery pyrena, the thick
hard testa pale yellow, with reddish spot<. shining: the scar of the raphe shorter than the
ventral angle; cotyledons broad, the minute radicle inferior.

387

PLATE 1 56.

SIDEROXYLON AUAHIENSE var. AURANTIUM Rock var. nov.

Alaa.
Showing fruiting branch with mature fruits; specimen from Kapua, Soutb Kona.

Less than one-half natural size.

I'LATK 1.17.

AURANTIUM Rock var. nov.

SIDEROXYLON AUAHIENSE

Alaa.
Fruiting branch pinned against trunk of tree, showing thick scaly bark,
the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, North Kona. Hawaii.

Growing on

PLATE 158.

SIDEEOXYLON AUAHIENSE v.ir. AURANTIUM Rock var. nov.

Alaa Tree.
Growing at Puuwaawaa, on the lava fields of Mt. Eualalai, North Kona, Eawaii.

Sapotaceae.

This species, which is a tree 25 to 30 feel high, lias a rather broad round crown,
and pale glaucous, terete, glabrous branches. The tree differs from 8. sand-
wict iisi mainly in its pale \ ellow sessile fruits, in ils single unisexual flowers, and
very pale glabrous foliage. It was discovered by the writer during the month
of November, L910, on the Island of Maui, southern slopes of Mi. Haleakala, «>n
the lava fields of Auahi, distrid of Kahikinui, elevation 3000 fret. It grows in
company with Alectryon macrococcus, Pelea multiflora, Pterotropia dipyrena and
Sideroxylon sandwicense, as well as with another Sideroxylon with perfectly
globose, orange-colored fruits which arc smaller than in the species in question,
and may he deserihcd as follows:

Var. aurantium Rock var. now
(Plates 156, 157, 158.)

Leaves elliptical-ovate to linear-oblong, acuminate or rounded at the apex, covered
with a bronze-colored tomentum underneath, pale green and dull above; flowers single;
fruits perfectly sessile deep orange-colored, globose, 2 to 2.5 cm in diam., one to five
seeded, seed- smaller than in the species, enclosed in a thick pergameneous pyrena.

This variety is a medium-sized tree, of different habit than the species, with
straight ascending branches. The biggest tree the writer observed on the lava
fields of Puuwaawaa, North Kona, Hawaii, with trunks of nearly two feet in
diameter, and clothed in a thick gray very rough hark, while the younger trees
have a smooth grayish-white hark. The variety occurs on the Island of Hawaii
in North and South Kona, as well as at Auahi, Maui, and can he distinguished
at a glance from the species, even at a distance.

SLDEEOXYLON SPATHULATUM Hbd. Ft. Haw. I si. (1888) 277;— Engl, in Engl, et
Prantl Pflzfam. IV. i. (1890) 144;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892)
228; — Rock Coll. Haw. Publ. Bot. Bull. 1. (li»ll) 20.— Sapota sandwicensis var. /3
Gray Proc. Am. Acad. V. (1S62) 32S.

A small stiff-branched tree or shrub 4 to 5 m in height; leaves spathulate or elliptico-
oblong. bluntly acuminate, contracting into a margined petiole of 12 to 18 mm, rusty-
tomentose underneath, thick coriaceous, with the veins little prominent; flowers single or
in clusters of 2 to 3, on short pedicels of 2 to 4 mm; calyx and corolla rusty-tomentose
4 mm high, their lobes somewhat acute; stamens inserted at the middle of the corolla, at
the base of the lobes, the short filaments slightly reflected, not hairy below, the anthers
apiculate; staminodia broad, half the width of the lobes; ovary hairy, with short style;
berry dark orange colored and glabrous when mature, covered with a rufous tomentum
when young, 3.5 cm long, by little over 2 cm wide, conical in outline, with an acuminate
apex, 5-seeded, each seed enclosed in a membraneous yellow pyrena, 20 mm long. 7 mm
wide, rounded at both ends, grayish-brown, rather dull, linear elongate, cotyledons nearly
as long and broad as the albumen, radicle about 3 mm long and superior, fruit flesh
light yellow.

This species is quite common on the Island of Lanai in the valleys of Kai-
holena and Mahana, as well as on the windward side toward Halepalaua, and
in the Kaa forest. It grows in company with Chrysophyllum polynesicum,
Bobca Hookcri. Osmanthus sandwicensis, etc. The writer met with this same
species on the southern slopes of Mt. Haleakala, on the lava fields of Auahi, at
an elevation of 2000. near the government road, in company with Reynoldsia
sandwicensis, Antidesma pulvinatum, etc

391

Sapotaceae.

Var. f3 densiflorum Hbd.

Leaves large 7.5 em long, generally glabrous when old; flowers in clusters of 4 to 6
in the axils of the upper closely set leaves, on pedicels of 4 nun, completely covering the
end of the branch.

Billebrand records this variety from the leeward slopes of Mt. Kaala of the
Waianae range on Oahu. The plant is not known to the author, but he col-
lected specimens of another variety, coming rather close to this one, on Molokai,
near Kapulo'u below Kamokn camp in the rather dry district, in company
with Myoporum sandwicense, Ochrosia sandwicensis, and Nothocestrum lati-
folium. It may be described as follows:

Var. molokaiense (Levi.) Rock comb. nov.

Myrsine molokaiensis Levi, in Pedde Kep. Spec, nov, regn. veg. X. 10-14 (1911) 154 et
Suttonia molokaiensis Levi. nov. nom. in Fedde, 1. c. X. 24-26 (1912) 373.

Leaves elliptical oblong, dark green, glabrous above, with a fine silvery pubescence
underneath, young leaves yellowish pubescent; flowers either single or 4 to 6 in the axils
of the upper leaves, often very densely flowered, on pedicels of 10 to 12 mm, whole in-
florescence of a golden yellow, the glabrous petals longer than the calyx, staminodia
petaloid. ovary densely hirsute with distinct style; fruit subglobose, beaked, resembling
the fruit of 8. spathulatwn.

In Abbe Faurie's collection, which I have at hand, is a plant numbered 435
and labelled "Myrsine molokaiensis Levi. sp. nov. Molokai, Kamolo 1000 m. leg.
Faurie Jnnio 1910." The plant is at a first glance recognizable as a Sideroxylon
and is identical with my number 6154 Sideroxylon spathulatum var. molokai-
ense Rock.

At first the writer could not believe that such a gross error could be committed,
but after reading the most incomplete description by Leveille, which says: "Af-
finis M. sandwia nsis DC. a quo secernitur foliis supra atro-viridibus, subtus in-
canis vel incano-tomentosis," it can be no other plant than Faurie's specimen
marked 435. Faurie's specimen is in fruit, but quite immature.

The material collected by the writer came from almost the identical locality
where Faurie collected his plants, but a little more toward the west. However,
one cannot depend very well on Faurie's exactness in citing localities, as can be
seen in Leveille's publication, who places Ililo on the Island of Maui and Mt.
Ilaleakala on a different island than Maui. Some plants are simply marked:
Sandwich. It is indeed very regrettable that the material of Abbe Faurie (which
is often beyond recognition) fell in the hands of H. Leveille, whose ambition
seems 1u be to bring the number of his new species up to 1000. A goodly
number of his new species are European weeds which have been imported by
the cattle estates with grass seeds, and have become scattered over the mountains
in the pasture lands which he calls in heriidis; may it be said that in these vast
meadows not even a native urass can be found, still less herbaceous native plants,

which have been crowded out by imported grasses and such weeds which Leveille

describes now as new- species, and thus would change the whole endemic aspect
of "in* most interesting flora.

392

ebenaceae:.

The family Ebenaceae is almost exclusively tropical and subtropical, inhabit-
ing especially the eastern hemisphere. They have reached their l>esi develop-
ment in the Eas1 Indies and the .Malayan Archipelago. In the Hawaiian Island-;

the family is represented by the genus Maba only. The family is closely re-
lated to the Symplocaceae, from which it however differs in the superior ovary
and the unisexual Mowers.

MABA J. R. et G. Forster.

Flowers usually 3- rarely 3-6-fid. Calyx enlarged with fruit. Male flowers: Stamens
3 to several, usually 9 ; filaments free or united to 2 to 3; anthers elongate, opening
laterally. Ovary 3- or (i-celled, with (i ovules. Style .".fid or 3 single styles. Fruit usually
an ovate or globose, glabrous or pubescent 1 to 6 seeded berry. — Trees or shrubs with alter-
nate, simple and entire leaves. Flowers solitary or in short axillary cymes.

The genus Maba consists of about 63 species and is distributed over the same
regions as the family with the exception of South Africa. In the Hawaiian
Islands only two species and one variety are to be found. One of th-° two species,
Maba Hillebrandii Seem., is endemic, while Maba sandwicensis occurs also in Fiji.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves pale green, smooth on both faces, calycine lobes obtuse M. sandwicensis

Leaves dark green, wrinkled on the upper face, calycine lobes acute. . . M. Hillebrandii

Maba sandwicensis A. DC.
Lama.
(Plates 159, 160.)

MABA SANDWICENSIS A. DC. Prodr. VIII. (1844) 242;— A. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. V.
(1862) 327;— Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 188;— Wawra in Flora (1873)
59;— Hbd. PI. Haw. Isl. (188) 274.— Gurke in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 1.
(1891) 160;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892) 230.— Ebenus sandwi-
censis 0. Ktze. Eev. Gen. PI. II. (1891) 408.

Leaves distichous, coriaceous, with hidden veins, pale green, elliptical, or, ovate-oblong
3.5 to 5 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, on petioles of 4 to 6 mm, shortly acuminate, entire
glabrous, but silky haired when young; flowers single, rarely the male in clusters of 2 to 5,
the very short peduncle covered with about 6 small, ovate-obtuse, deciduous bracts; calyx-
coriaceous, silky with oppressed hair, 4 to 5 mm, shortly 3 to 4 fid with obtuse lobes,
corolla coriaceous, 5 to 6 mm, densely hairy in the upper half, 3-toothed, the lobules blunt,
and sinistrorsely convolute in the bud; male flowers, stamens free, 12 to 18, around the
hirsute rudiments of an ovary, 1/3 the length of the corolla, glabrous, anthers short,
oblong, as long as the filaments; female flowers without stamens, the ovary hairy; style
very short 3-rayed; fruit dry or somewhat fleshy; 18 mm high, pubescent when younir,
3-celled, with 1 seed in each cell, but generally one-seeded when mature; seeds oblong with
thin testa and smooth albumen; cotyledons half the length of the radicle, complanate,
oblong, obtuse.

The Lama is a beautiful medium sized tree reaching- a height of 20 to 40 feet.
The leaves are thick, leathery, dull green and are arranged alternately in op-
posite rows, making the little branchlets resemble pinnate leaves.

PLATE 159.

MABA SANDWICENSIS DC.

Lama.

Fruiting branch, typical ( >;i li u specimen; one-half natural size.

Ebenaceae.

The Lama inhabits the we1 as well as the dry regions on .-ill the islands of the
group. The small leaved form occurs on the Koolau range of Oahu, as in
Manoa Valley and Niu as well as all along toward Kahuku. Back of Hilo on
Hawaii it is a very common tree, reaching a heigb.1 of 40 feet; in this latter
locality it is quite common in company with Straussia, Metrosideros, etc., fol-
lowing immediately the Pandanus forest. The trunk of the Lama is rested in a
black rather smooth bark, bu1 in old trees tin- bark becomes rough ami scaly,

forming irregular squares of a dark -ray color. The tree is comn o all the

islands of the -roup, hut especially so in the dry districts, where ii forms often
pure stands, as in the low lands of Kapua in South Kona where the writer mel
with the finesl trees with perfectly straight trunks of ;i foot in diameter. It
grows in company with Aleurites Moluccana, Pittosporum Hosmeri var. longi-
folia, and Anti<l<sm<i pulvinatum. The berries, which are of a reddish yellow
color when mature, are quite palatable and are eaten by the natives and birds.
The trees fruit prolifieally during the late winter months, especially in the
month of February, when the trees are loaded with the bright colored fruits.

The wood is very hard, close -rained, and of a rich reddish brown color when
old; it was employed in building houses for the gods. A block of Lama wood
was always placed upon the Euahu, altar, in the temple of the goddess of the
sacred Hula dance, Laka, which latter personality it represented. This un-
carved block was wrapped in choice yellow tapa. scented with turmeric and was
set conspicuously upon the altar.* The wood was also used in making sacred
inclosures for other tabu purposes.

A variety fS Hbd. with ovate or ovate oblong, larger leaves, which are broadly
rounded at the base, and pubescent underneath, occurs on the lava flows and
on the leeward sides of the islands in general, but always in dry situations.
On Kauai the variety has the largest leaves 10 to 12..") cm x 5 to 5.5 cm.

Maba Hillebrandii Seem.

MABA HILLEBRANDII Seem, in Flora Yitiensis (1866) 1.51 ;— II. Mann 1 c •— Hillebr

Fl. Hw. Isl. (1SSS) 275;— Gurke in Engl, et Prantl Xatiirl. Pflzfain. 1. c.;— Del

Cast 1. c— Ebenus Hillebrandii 0. Ktze. Eev. Gen. PI. II. (1891) 408.

Leaves oblong, 8 to 12 cm long, 3.5 to 6 em wide, on petioles of 4 mm, obtuse or bluntly

acute, contracted, rounded or truncate or even emarginate at the base, glabrous dark ereen

coriaceous, smooth on the lower face, but deeply rugose on the upper by a close and

tine areolar network; bracts ami calyx glabrous, coriaceous, the latter 3-fid almost to the

middle with broad triangular acute lobes; corolla 7 mm. hairy, shortly 3-toothed; stamens

.». short, glabrous, with pointed anthers; fruit obovoid. about 2 cm lono- and 15 to 18

mm in diameter, pubescent at the apex only.

This species, which is quite different from the lama, is endemic in the Ha-
waiian Islands and is peculiar to Oahu. where it can he found in the hills of

* Emerson. Unwritten Literature of Hawaii.

395

PLATK 160.

MABA SANDWICENSIS DC. var. /3. Ebd.

Lama.

Fruiting branch pinned to trunk of tree. Growing on the lava fields of

Kapua, S. Fiona, Hawaii; elevation 1500 feet.

Ebenaceae-( Heaceae.

Kahuku and Waialua; the writer me1 with it in Niu Valley where i\ is quite
plentiful at an elevation of 2000 feet. Hillebrand records it also from Wailupe

Valley.

OLEACE1AE,.

The family Oleaceae, which consists of about 370 to 390 species, inhabits the

temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of the earth, especially in East India,
where sonic of the genera like Jasminum and others are rich in species. Only
about 12 species belonging to this family occur in Europe; in Polynesia and Aus-
tralia about L'ti; in America and Africa each about 46 species. In the Hawaiian
Islands the family is represented by the genus Osmanthus with a single species.

OSMANTHUS Lour.

Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous or dioecious, calyx short, 4 toothed or 4 lobed.
Tube of corolla short. Stamens 2, rarely 4, with short filaments inserted ou the tube of
the corolla and enclosed by the same. Anthers laterally dehiscing. Style short. Stigma
small, entire or 2-lobed. — Shrubs or trees with evergreen leaves. The small dowers are
arranged ou axillary simple or compound racemes.

The genus Osmanthus with its 10 species is distributed in South Asia, East
Asia, Polynesia and North America, with one species — Osmanthus sandwicensis
(A. Gray) Knobl. — in the Hawaiian Islands.

Osmanthus sandwicensis (A. Gray) Knobl.

Pua or Olopua.

(Plates 161, 162, 163.)

OSMANTHUS SANDWICENSIS (A. Gray) Knobl. in Bot. Centralbl. LXI (1895) 82, et iu
Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 2. (1895) 9. — Olea sandwicensis A. Gray Proc. Am.

Acad. V. (1862) 331; — H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1867) 197;— Wawra in
Flora (1874) 548;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 301;— iuclus. var. /3 Hbd. from
Kauai;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII (1892) 231;— Heller PI. Haw.
Isl. (1897) 876.

A large tree often 20 m high, quite glabrous; leaves pale underneath, darker above.
coriaceous elliptico-oblong or lanceolate acute, or acuminate or obtuse, 7 to 15 cm long,
2.5 to 7 cm wide, on petioles of about 12 mm; racemes axillary tomentose, short; flowers
hermaphrodite; calyx obtusely 4-toothed; corolla about 4 mm, pale yellow, rotate, deeply
4 parted; anthers always 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla and as long as the
latter (in the writer's specimens) sessile on the short tube, oblong obtuse; ovary conical,
elongate, stigma subsessile, 24obed; drupe ovoid, peaked or obtuse, 12 to 22 mm long,
bluish-black, when mature rather dry, but the exocarp somewhat fleshy and staining,
with an osseous putamen and a single seed; embryo straight in the axis of horny albumen,
the obtuse cotyledons as long as the superior radicle.

The Pua or Olopua is one of the most common Hawaiian trees, but rarely in-
habiting the rain forests or even their outskirts. It is more confined to the
lower forest zone, especially on the leeward sides of all the islands, and is usually
the predominating tree on the lava fields of Hawaii. The Pua, like all Hawaiian
trees, is very variable and only a trained eye can at first glance decide if it
is the Pua or not. The leaves are often very large and again very small, as in
the Molokai specimens, which have elliptical lanceolate leaves, while those of

397

PLATE Hil.

OSMANTHUS SANDWICENSIS (Gray) Knob

Pua or Olopua.
Fruiting branch, less than one-third natural size.

PLATE 162.

OSMANTHUS SANDWICENSIS (Gray) Knobl.

Pua or Olopua.

Trunk of tree Bhowing roughness of bark; about 3 feet in diameter. Growing in Kipuka

Puaulu near EQlauea Volcano, Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet.

PLATE L63.

OSMANTHUS SANDWICENSIS (Gray) Knobl.
Pua or Olopua.
One of the biggest pua trees in the islands, growing in the Kipnka Puaulu aear

Volcano, Hawaii; height of tree about lid feet.

Kilauea

( lleaceae-Loganiaceae.

Kauai are exceedingly large and oblong acuminate. It flowers usually in March
in certain localities, hut the writer found the trees in South ECona on the lava
fields of Kapua loaded with the ripe bluish fruits during the month of 'January.
It is a graceful tree and reaches often a heighl of 60 feet, with a trunk of 3 feet
in diameter; the hark is thick and very corrugated, often divided into oblong
scales. It occurs on all the islands of the group, especially on the dry leesides

from 600 to 4000 feet elevation. On Kauai it grows in the greal Waimea Canyon
and at Halemanu, as well as Milolii and in Kopiwai forest, where the writer met
with handsome specimens. The biggesl tree the writer saw in the Kipuka Puaulu
on the edge of an old <ia lava flow near the Volcano Kilauea, on the slopes of
Maitna Loa, elevation 4000 feet.

The wood of the Pua is extremely hard, close grained and very durable; it is
of a dark brownish color with blackish streaks, exceedingly heavy and takes a
most excellent polish. The wood was often used by the natives for various pur-
poses such as adze-handles. In helping to shape the fish hooks, the Pua wood was
used, as well as the rough pahoehoe lava rock, as rasps.

LOGANIACEAE.

The family Loganiaceae, with its 31 genera and more than 370 species, is de-
cidedly tropical; only few representatives are found outside the tropics, and
only two genera are found distributed in the tropics of the whole world, while
the remaining ones are restricted to certain regions. In the Hawaiian Islands
only one genus (Labordia) of this family occurs, which is endemic.

LABORDIA Gaud.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, pentamerous. Calycine lobes large, lanceolate
or foliaeeous, occasionally unequal. Corolla distinctly tubular, with narrow, lanceolate
contorted lobes. Stamens with short filaments and enclosed linear anthers. Ovary 2 to 3
celled, with cylindrical style and elongate clavate stigma; ovules many. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds ovoid or ellipsoidal imbedded in an orange colored or greenish pulp; with fleshy
albumen. Embryo straight with short cotyledons and longer radicle. — Small trees or
shrubs; stipules sheathing. Inflorescence a terminal cyme, corymbiform or paniculate,
sometimes reduced to a single flower.

The genus Labordia consists of numerous species, and is endemic to the Ha-
waiian Islands. Only a few become trees, while the majority of them are
shrubs inhabiting the middle forest zone along stream beds or in swampy
grounds in dense shades up to an elevation of over 5000 feet. Only one or two
occur on the forehills of the dry districts at the outskirts of the forests, as for
example in Mahana Valley on Lanai. The native name of nearly all the species
is Kamakahala. The majority of the species have green flowers, while some have
orange colored thick fleshy corollas.

H. Baillon in his treatise on the tribe of Labordia remarks that in his opinion
the Genus Labordia cannot be sustained. He goes on to say that owing to
tin1 imbricate and more often twisted corolla the genus should rather be classi-
fied under the family Apocynaceae than Loganiaceae. "The existence of stipules

401

26

PLATE 1G4.

LABORDIA MEMBRANACEA Mann.
Fruiting Bpecimen; from the mountains back of Honolulu. One-half natural size.

Loganiaceae.

between the leaves would be the only characteristic which might separate them
from the former family, had it doI been demonstrated iliat too much value alto-
gether lias been attached to the presence or absence of these organs, etc."
Owing to limited space it is here Impossible fully to discuss this interesting ques-
tion. A definite settlement in regard to the nomenclature of our Hawaiian
Labordia will have to he deferred until the future. The writer possesses numerous
new species of Labordiae and complete material of those already known, which
will he worked up after the writer's return from Europe, where he will have
opportunity to compare his specimens with the types in the various Herbaria of
Europe. Only after then can a satisfactory treatise on this difficult group be
published.

KEY TO THE SPECTES.
Corolla yellow.

Flowers single, enclosed within the foliaeeous calyx lobes.

< lapsule small crested L. molokaiana

Flowers several in a sessile cyme.

• lapsule 40 mm long, not crested L. membranacea

Capsule 5 mm high, three valved, minutely pedunculate L. sessilis

Corolla greenish.

Floweis in a paniculate cyme L. tinifolia

There are undoubtedly several more Labordia which become trees, hut owing
to the general chaos in which this genus is at present, it was decided by the
writer to limit the number of arborescent species to be described to four, as the
diagnosis of the latter is fairly certain.

Labordia Molokaiana H. Baillon.
Kamakahala.

LABORDIA MOLOKAIANA H. Baillon in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, T. (1880) n. 30. 2-4'»; —
Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 237.— Labordia lophocarpa TIlxl. Fl.
Haw. Isl. (1888) 289;— Solereder in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 2. (1892) 32.

A tree la m high, glabrous, the younger branches fleshy, slender, ami sharply ridged
or angular; stipular sheath large, emarginate laterally; leaves elliptical or obovate-oblong,
4 to 10.5 cm long, 2.5 to 3 cm wide, shortly acuminate, suddenly narrowing into a petiole
of 4 to 12 mm, thin chartaeeous, dark underneath when dry. pale even whitish when fresh,
and somewhat fleshy in texture, glabrous or distantly hispidulous; inflorescence a single
terminal flower on a puberuloiis pedicel of 4 to 10 mm; bractlets lanceolate or spathulate,
12 mm; calyx as lon^ as the corolla, the lobes 14 to 20 mm, divided into 4 to 5 broad
foliaeeous sepals, shortly acuminate, 9 to 11 nerved; corolla deep yellow, enclosed in the
calyx, glabrous outside, puberuloiis inside, the broad tube 10 to 12 mm long; style 4 mm,
shorter than the broad clavate stigma; capsule 12 to 14 mm high, 2 to 3 valved, the
valves broadly winged at the back, above, with the wings rounded and generally not con-
fluent at the apex.

In regard to the nomenclature of this species there seems to be some doubt

whether it is Hillebrand's Labordia lophocarpa or Gaudichaud's L. fagraeoidea,

but to the writer's mind it must he identical with the former. However, the

question cannot be decided definitely until material has been examined on which

Baillon based his description. Baillon states in regard to L. Molokaiana as

follows:* "The L. Molokaiana gathered on Molokai by Mr. J. Remy (no. 363)

* Translated from the original.

40.1

TLATE 165

Fruiting branch, photogra]

LABORDIA TINIFOLIA Cray.
Kamakahala.
>c, from an herbarium specimen; two-thirda uatural 9iz

Loganiaceae.

which has much narrower, Lanceolate and Longer petioled Leaves, with Less closer
internodes, is perhaps bu1 aunt her variety of /,. fagraeoidea. Their inflor-
escences arc contracted and pauciflorous, and the divisions of their corollas arc

linear. "

In the writer's opinion the plan! is quite distincl from Qaudichaud's L.
fagrat <>i<!< a.

The species Labordia are certainly very badly confused, earlier authors, as
.Mann, giving only three or four Line descriptions which may be applied to sev-
eral variable species, have later been enlarged upon by other authors simply
taking for granted that their specimens are referable to either the one or the
other, increased the confusion rather than clearing matters up. Until type-
material of all the previous authors has been examined and compared, a satis-
factory treatise on this difficult genus cannot be undertaken.

L. Molokaiana occurs on Molokai principally, where it was collected by the
writer at the pali of Wailua in the dense rain forest, at an elevation of 3000
feet. The specimens agree exactly with Hillebrand's description of L. lopho-
earpa, which is a synonym of the former (flowering and fruiting no. 7044, April
If), 1910), Hillebrand enumerates two varieties, pluriflora and phyllocalyx
which may be distinct species.

Labordia membranacea Mann.
Kamakahala.

(Plate 164.)

LABORDIA MEMBRANACEA Mann in Proc. Am. Acad. VIT. (1S67) 197.— Wawra in
Flora (1872) 516;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 291;— Solereder in Engl, et Prantl
Pflzfam. IV. 2 (1892) 32;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Paeif. VII. (1892) 237.
Branches thick, fleshy, pubescent with short dark brown hair, terete, or slightly
angled; leaves broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, (not membraneous when fresh) rather
fleshy, succulent, pale underneath, dark green and shining or somewhat dull above, petioles
thick fleshy, midrib thick, prominent, veins transparent; interpetiolar stipules very short,
rounded or truncate; inflorescence terminal, a three-flowered cyme, subsessile or sessile
in the axis of the uppermost leaflets, with two linear bracts at the base; peduncles terete
fleshy, alternately braeteolate, bracteole, linear subulate; calyx divided nearly to the
base into five linear acute segments 1.5 cm long, hirsute with blackish hairleta as is the
whole inflorescence; corolla pale yellow, the long slender tube ureeolate, about 2 cm long,
the lobes (5) reflexed, about 2/3 the length of the tube, acuminate; anthers sessile at the
throat of the tube, between the sinuses of the corolla-lobes, slightly exserted; ovary two-
celled, oblong-conical, about 1 cm high, style short about 2 mm, stigma large, clavate 5
mm long, 2.5 mm thick, slightly notched or grooved at the apex. Capsule two-valved, very
large 40 mm long, 18 mm broad, conical-oblong, the valves not ridged at the back.

.Mann describes a small tree from the mountains behind Honolulu under La-
bordia membranacea, though very briefly. The writer found numerous trees
which will have to be referred to Mann's species. Like all Labordiae it is some-
what variable. It is however easily distinguished, by the large oblong leaves
and exceedingly large capsules. The writer has enlarged upon Mann's descrip-
tion. The flowers of this species are hermaphrodite. It occurs in the dense
rain forests of the main range of Oahu, especially between Mauoa and Mt.
Olympus trail, where it is a small tree 10 to 18 feet in height.

405

Loganiaceae.

Labordia sessilis Gray.

LABORDIA SESSILIS Cray in Proc. Am. Acad. IV. (1860) 323;— II. Baillon Bull. Mens.
Soc. Linn. Paris. [."(1880)240. — L. fagraeoidea Ilbd. PI. Haw. Isl. (1888) in part.

Leaves subsessile, thick leathery, oblong, or lanceolate oblong, acute at the apex,
cuneate at the base. 7.5 cm to L2.5 cm long, pale underneath, veins transparent, stipules
united, tubular, long; sepals oblong-lanceolate, capsules 5 mm high, minutely pedunculate
or sessile in the axis of the last leaves within the stipules, three-valved.

This species which is certainly distinct from L. fagraeoidea, is a tree often 35
to 40 feet in height, but occasionally a shrub, and occurs only in the rain forests
of Oahu, on the main range. It is especially common in Manoa Valley at an
elevation of 2500 feet. It can easily be recognized by its oblong-lanceolate pale
green foliage and transparent venation. The capsules are exceedingly small and
hidden in the stipules.

Labordia tinifolia Gray.
(Plate 165.)

LABORDIA TINIFOLIA Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. IV. (18(50) 322;— Mann in Proc. Am.
Acad. VII. (1867) lit?.— Wawra in Flora (1872) 515;— Baill. in Bull. Mens. Soc.
Linn. Paris. (1880) 238-240;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 292;— Solereder in Engl,
et Prantl IV. 2. (1892) 32;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 237;—
Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1S97) 877.

A small tree 6 to 8 m high, with slender and pale terete branches; leaves elliptical
or obovate or ovate-oblong, 5 to 10 cm long, 18 to 37 mm wide, on petioles of 4 to 12 mm,
acute or acuminate at both ends, or obtuse at the apex, chartaceous glabrous; flowers
many in a paniculate cyme 3.5 to 10 cm in length, with a peduncle of 12 to 30 mm in
length, the ultimate pedicels 6 to 18 mm, subequal; bractlets subulate; calyx 3 mm, divided
beyond the middle into 5 triangular acute lobes; corolla greenish, very slender, salver-
shaped, the tube 6 to 8 mm, glabrous, but pubescent within, the lobes about one-third as
long; capsules globose, short, ovoid, or obovoid somewhat obtuse or acute, 8 to 12 mm long,
slightly sulcate, 2 valved or very rarely 3-valved, the valves rounded at the back.

This species is a small tree of 15 to 20 feet or more in height and occurs on
Kauai, Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and according to Hillebrand also on Oahu; as it is
found on these various islands at different altitudes it is somewhat variable.
The trunks of the trees are straight, especially in the specimens from the forests
above Makawao (no. 8616). The bark resembles very much that of the Aalii,
Dodonaea riscosa, or that of Styphelia tameiameia. It is of a dark brown color,
and is closely and deeply corrugated, the furrows are not straight, but seem to
encircle the trunk, somewhat cork-screw fashion. The peduncle varies consider-
ably in length, as do also the leaves in size. On Lanai the tree was observed on
the dry forehills of Mahana and Kaiholena Valleys, (no. 8000 and no. 8099).
On West Maui it grows above Kaanapali at 2000 feet elevation (no. 8169). It is
typical of the drier regions and hardly ever ascends into the rain forest. It
comes very close to L. triflora Ilbd. and seems to differ from the latter in not
having cordate and subsessile leaves. On Kauai, along the trail to Opaiwela
stream near Kaholumano it grows as a shrub; the leaves are larger and the
capsules ovoid, acute.

406

apocynaceae.

The family Apocynaceae consists of aboul loon species, the Larger number
of which belong to the tropics. Of its 133 genera only five are represented in
the Hawaiian Islands, three of which have arborescenl species. One genus
(Pteralyxia K. Sch.) is endemic, with ;i single species. The Largest number of
Apocynaceae are climbing shrubs, while ered shrubs or trees are not as nu-
merous. In these Islands we have only one climbing plant of this family, the
well-known MaiU of the natives. Alyxia olivaeformis Gaud., while the re-
maining ones are trees, with the exception of the cultivated VinCd rost << . which
has also become naturalized, having escaped from cultivation. Annuals are QOt
known in this family. Of interest and usefulness is the milky sap which nearly
all members of this family possess, as it contains caoutchouc. Not a few of tin-
species of Apocynaceae are extremely poisonous, and undoubtedly these strong
poisonous suhstances are to be found in the milky sap.

KEY TO THE GENERA.
Discus wanting.

Endocarp winged, drupe always 1-celled, large, bright red 1. Pteralyxia

Endocarp compressed, deeply furrowed underneath, drupe 2-celled, large, yellow.

3. Ochrosia

Discus present.

Leaves wliorled, drupe smooth, small, black, obcordate 2. Rauwolfia

PTERALYXIA K. Sch.

Calyx deeply 2-parted, with almost free, imbricate lobes, glandless. Corolla tubular,
without scales at the constricted throat, and short obtuse sinistrorse lobes. Stamens in-
serted below the throat, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Discus absent. Ovary superior, with
2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Style filiform, with subglobose, thickened stigma, which
is shortly 2-lobed. Drupe dry, obovate, bright red. Putamen witli 2 large winged
lateral angles and 2 sharp middle-crests. Seeds large (3 to 3.5 cm long, and 1 to 1.5 cm
in diam.), with ruminate albumen.

A Hawaiian genus with a single arborescent species, peculiar to the Island

of Oahu. The species was first described by Hillebrand in the genus Vallesia

as Y. macrocarpa Hbd. According to K. Schumann the plant is nearest related

to the genus Alyxia.

Pteralyxia macrocarpa (Hbd.) K. Sch.
Kaulu.

PTERALYXIA MACROCARPA (Hbd.) K. Schum. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 2.
(1S95) 151.— Vallesia macrocarpa Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 297;— Del Cast. 111.
Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892) 232.

A small tree with short and thick diverging branches and very tenacious milky sap;
leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, on petioles of about 5 cm; rounded at the apex, coriace-
ous, pale, glabrous, veins prominent, strictly parallel; cymes contracted, 6 to 12 flowered,
terminal, sessile on short leafy spurs or branches, pedicels very short, with Bquamaeeous
bractlets; calyx 2 mm, lobes obtuse short; corolla pale yellow, tube <> to 8 mm, lobes 2 to 3
mm; stamens with very short filaments, anthers acute; style nearly the length of the tube;
drupes dry, 5 cm long. 2.5 cm or more wide, bright red; seed elliptical. 36 nun long, 16
mm broad and 12 mm deep, pointed at both ends; albumen deeply wrinkled by transverse
sinuous folds; embryo axile, straight, nearly as long as the albumen, the linear oblong
fleshy cotyledons about as long as the inferior radicle and scarcely broader.

407

PLATE 166.

RAUWOLFIA SANDWICENSIS A. DC.

Hao.

Fruiting branch photographed from an herbarium specimen. About one-half natural size.

Apocynaceae.

This must interesting Bpecies is a small tree 15 to 25 feel in neighl and re-
sembles somewhal the Ahm <>r Sideroxylon sandwicense. The native name of
this rather rare tree is Kaulu, according to Hillebrand. The locality for tin-
tree is Oahu, Nuuanu Valley, and Makaleha Valley of the Waianae range. In
the latter place the tree was observed by C. X. Forbes and also by a studenl of
the College of Hawaii. bu1 has not been collected by the writer. The tree seems
to be conspicuous on account of its bright red double fruits.

RAUWOLFIA Linn.

Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft, with obtuse or acute, imbricate lobes, glandless. Corolla
salver-shaped, cylindrical, constricted at the scaleless throat, tube dilated at the place

of insertion of the stamens, Lobes sinist rorse. stamens small, with obtuse or acute
anthers, inserted at the middle of the tube or higher. Discus cup-shaped, truncate or
lobed. Ovaries 2, superior, entirely free, or connate, at the base; ovules paired in each
cell, pendulous; style filiform, with a short cylindrical stigma with a membraneous ring
at the base. Drupes distinct, frequently connate at the base, obcordate, with crustaceous
putamen. Seeds with uniform albumen.— Glabrous rarely tomentose trees or shrubs with
usually opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers small in compound often umbellate cymes,
at first terminal.

The genus Rauwolfia consists of about 45 species, which occur in the tropics of
the old and new world. In the Hawaiian Islands only one species is represented.
The Hawaiian species has often been confused with Ochrosia parviflora (Forst.)
DC. and has even been described twice by De Candolle, once as Ochrosia sand-
wicensis, which now stands as a synonym.

Rauwolfia sandwicensis A. DC.

Ilao.

(Plate 166.)

RAUWOLFIA SANDWICENSIS A. DC. Prodr. VIII. (1844) 339;— H. Mann Proc Am.
Acad. VII. (1867) 197;— Wawra in Flora (1874) 367;— TIb.l. Fl. Haw. Tsl. (1888)
295;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 232;— K. Schum. in Engl, et
Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 2. (1895) 153;— Heller Plants Haw. Isl. (1897) 878 —
Cerbera parviflora Hook, et Arn. (not Forst.) Bot. Beech. (1832) 90.— Ochrosia
sandwicensis A. DC. Prodr. VIII. (1S44) 357 (not Gray).
Leaves 5 in a whorl, elliptico oblong, acuminate at both ends, pale chartaceous, on
petioles of 1.5 to 3 cm (in all of the writer's material and not 2 to 3 mm as given in
Hillebrand), with 5 to 12 stipitate glands in each axilla; flowers crowded into 4 lira-
bellately compound cymes of the same length or longer than the petioles, at first terminal
then axillary; the common peduncle 1 to 3.5 cm, pedicels about 2 mm; calyx 5 mm, parted
to near the base into 5 oblong obtuse lobes; tube of the yellowish-green corolla 8 mm,
scantily hairy inside, dilated below the constricted throat, the lobes 3 mm; anthers sub-
sessile, sagittate, shortly exserted; discus small, annular or 5 lobed; ovules 4 in each
carpel; drupe compressed, obcordate, deeply emarginate at the top, 8 to 12 mm in height
and more in width, fleshy, black wrhen mature; albumen scanty, radicle terete, superior.

The Hao is a medium-sized tree with milky sap. When growing in localities
with rich soil and occasional rainfall it develops a straight trunk 6 to 12 inches
in diameter and a total height of sometimes over 20 feet. When growing on
the rough aa lava flows on the leeward sides of the Islands, as on Auahi, Maui,
on the southern slopes of Mt. Haleakala, it is a more or less stunted shrub.

It resembles the Holei very much and when not in flower or fruit is not often
easily distinguished from it. The leaves are of a lighter green than the Holei
and not quite as thick in texture; it differs mainly from it in its small black
fruits which are obcordate.

409

PLATE 16

OCHROSIA SANDWICENSIS A. Gray.

Holei.

Showing fruiting branch about one-halt' natural si/.o.

PLATE 168.

OCHROSIA SANDWICENSIS A. Gray.
Holei.

Growing in the Kipuka Puaulu, near the Volcano Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation 4000 feet.

•LATE 169.

OCHROSIA SANDWICENSIS A. day.

Holei Tree.

In the Kipnka I'tiaiiln, Kilauea Voleano, Hawaii.

A pocynaceae.

It inhabits the dry regions on the Leeward sides of all the islands at an ele-
vation of about 2000 feet. On Lanai, in the valleys of Kaiholena and Mahana,
it develops a straighl trunk; the branches arc somewhal stiff and densely
studded with leaf-scars. It associates with Reynoldsia sandwicensis, I * i 1 1 * > -
sporum, Antidesma, and other trees peculiar to the dry regions. On Oahu it is
more or less shrubby, sepecially so in Xiu Valley and on Tantalus, while on
Kauai big trees may he found above Makaweli.

The wood of the Hao is id' medium strength, fairly close grained, and dark
yellowish in color. It is never used for firewood, as the natives claim that the
smoke is poisonous. As it burns to ashes and leaves no charcoal, it was never
employed by the natives for the production of the latter. It is called the Ha-
waiian Ironwood on account of its durability.

OCHROSIA Juss.

Calyx small, deeply 5-eleft, with imbricate obtuse lobes, glandless. Corolla salver-
shaped, with cylindrical tube which is dilated at the point of the insertion of the stamens,
and is constricted at the glabrous throat, lobes dextrorse stamens oblong lanceolate,
with acute anthers. Discus wanting, or very indistinct, short, annular. Ovary superior
with few oxides in each cell arranged in two rows. Carpels frequently connate at the
base. Drupes in pairs or through abortion single, diverging, rather dry, united at the
base or free, with thin exoearp and woody endocarp which is dorsally compressed and
deeply furrowed on the ventral side. Seeds few, three for the most in a double drupe.
Trees with whorled coriaceous leaves, which are narrowly parallel-veined; flowers of
medium size and often very fragrant, arranged in cymes from the axils of the upper-
most leaves.

The genus Ochrosia supposedly consists of 13 to 15 species, and extends from
the Mascarene Islands, through Malaysia and tropical Australia into Polynesia.
Only one species, Ochrosia parviflora (Forst.) Hemsl., is widely distributed over
the Pacific Islands. Ochrosia sandwicensis, one of the Hawaiian species, to-
gether with the New Caledonian Ochrosia elliptica, comes very near to Ochrosia
oppositifolia (0. borboaica) and may only be a variety of the latter.

Ochrosia sandwicensis Gray.

Hold.

(Plates 167, 168, 169.)

OCHROSIA SANDWICENSIS Gray (not DC.) Proc. Am. Acad. V. (1862) 333;— II. Mann
Proc Am. Acad. VII. (1867) ]97;--Wawra in Flora (1874) 366;— Hbd. Fl. Haw.
Isl. (18S8) 296;— Del Cast. HI. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 234;— K. Schum. in
Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 2. ( 1 >;>.-,) l.Ki;— Brigham in Ka Hana Kapa (1911)
154, fig. 2, (the plant figured in Dr. Brigham's work is not Ochrosia sandwicensis,
but Xylosma Hillebrandii Wawra).

Leaves 3 to 4 in a whorl, elongate oblong, on petioles of about 15 to 25 mm, shortly
acuminate, chartaceons, shining above, the close and faint nerves parallel and at almost
right angles to the midrib, ami united by a distinct intramarginal nerve; cymes com-
pound. Id to 16 cm long, divaricately branching, the angular peduncle about 3 cm, the
lateral pedicels about 3 to 4 mm. the medium flower subsessile; bracteoles short, ovate to
dentiform; calyx 2 to 7 mm with mute Lanceolate teeth or lobes, corolla yellowish to
cream colored, quite fragrant, hairy inside, dilated below the throat, lobes linear oblong,
equal, stamens inserted above the middle, with short hairy filami nts and elongate included

413

Apocynaceae-Borraginaceae.

anthers; stigma included, clavate; drupes dry, yellow when mature, ellipsoid or ovoid-
elongate; seeds 1 on each side of the placenta and peltately attached to it; testa thin,
chartaceous; albumen hard and fleshy; embryo axillary; radicle superior, as long as the

cotyledons.

The Holei is a small milky tree, or sometimes shrub reaching a height of 10 to
25 feet, having long drooping branches. The trunk usually divides a few feet
above tho ground or has a single bole of eight inches in diameter vested in a
brownish smooth bark. It is conspicuous in the forest by its oblong dark green
leaves, which are arranged in whorls, and by its large light yellow to orange
colored double fruits, which are suspended on long terminal or axillary pedun-
cles. The flowers are yellowish and very fragrant.

The Hold, which has become rather scarce, inhabits the dry districts on the
leeward side of the islands, and is only abundant on the Island of Maui, at an
elevation of 2500 feet, back of Makawao, slopes of Haleakala, and on the lava
fields of Auahi. On Hawaii several trees can be found in Puaulu, on the land
of Keauhou, three miles from the Volcano of Kilauea, at an elevation of 4000
feet, as well as on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, slopes of Hualalai.

The Hold is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The natives knew how to
extract a yellow dye from the bark and roots, wherewith to stain their tapa or
paper clothing. The wood of the Hold is hard, fine grained and of a dark yel-
lowish brown color.

Hillebrand's var. /?., which he describes as:

"Leaves opposite 7-9 in. x 21//»-3 in., on petioles of 1-1% in., coriaceous, with
prominent nerves. Cymes densely flowered," has been raised to specific rank
by K. Schumann under the name :

Ochrosia compta K. Schum.
Holei.

OCHROSIA COMPTA K. Schum. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 2. (1895) 156.— O. sandwi-
censis var. /3. Bbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 297.

Leaves coriaceous, flowers in contracted dense inflorescences.

This is all the description given by Schumann in Engler & Prantl Xatiirliche
Pflanzenfamilien. The writer has never met with this plant, but desires to
express the opinion that it is a rather doubtful species and perhaps only a form
of OeJirosia sandwict nsis. Especially when Schumann himself thinks O. sand-
wict nsis to be only a form of (). oppositifolia, a species occurring in Madagascar,
.Mauritius, Java and Singapore.

BORRAGINACEAE.

The family Bornminaceae is distributed over the temperate and tropical re-
gions of both worlds. The main center of distribution lies in the Mediterranean
region. Pacific North America, especially California, is the second main center

414

Borraginaceae.

with numerous endemic species. Of mosl of the species of Cordia, Brazil as well
as the ft'st of tropical Smith America possesses by far the majority.

In Hawaii 3 genera are represented, <>r which only the genus Cordia has a
single cosmopolitan species which attains the size of a tree.

CORDIA Linn.

Calyx tubular or campanulate, '■'> to 5 toothed, or split at the apex; after flowering
often enlarged. Corolla funnel or salver shaped, with 1 to many, but usually 5, rarely
imbricate lobes. Stamens as many as corolla lobes, inserted in the tube. Style usually
prolonged, twice bifid, with a capitate or clavate stigma. Ovules erect. Drupe sur-
rounded or more or less enclosed by the persistent calyx, 4-celled of which usually only one
contains a developed seed. Seed with very scanty albumen and irregularly folded,
thick or more often very broad thin and fan-shaped folded cotyledons, and short superior
radicle. — Trees or shrubs with alternate, often almost opposite, petiolate, entire or serrate
leaves. Flowers usually white or dark orange yellow, arranged in expanded or con
tracted cymes.

The genus Cordia consists of about 230 species distributed in the warmer
regions of both hemispheres, especially in tropical America. In the Hawaiian
Islands only the cosmopolitan Cordia subcordata Lam. (Kou) is represented.

Cordia subcordata Lam.
Kou.

COEDIA SUBCORDATA Lam. 111. I. (1791) no. 1899;— Cham, in Linnaea IV (1829) 474;—
Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no. 1212;— DC. Prodr. IX. (1845) 477;— Pancher in Cuzent
Tahiti (1860) 235; — Seem. Fl. Viti (1866) 168, t. 34;— H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad.
VII. (1867) 194;— Nadeaud Enum. PI. Tahit. (1873) no. 375;— Wawra in Flora
(1874);— Sinclair Indig. Flowers Haw. Isl. (1885) pi. 7;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl.
(1S88) 321;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 240, et Fl. Polyn. Franc.
(1893) 128.— C. Sebestana Forst. Prodr. (1786) 108 (non Linn.) ;— Soland. Prim.
Fl. Ins. Pacif. (ined.) 235, et in Parkins Draw, of Tahit. PI. t. 29 (ined.) cf.
Seem.) Endl. 1. c. no. 1208;— C. orientalis Roem. et Schult. Svst. IV (1819)
449;— Guill. Zephyr. Tait. (1836-1837) n. 239.

Leaves ovate or subcordate 12.5 to 15 cm long, 8 to 10 cm wide, on petioles of 2.5
to 3 cm or more, acuminate, entire or wavy, glabrous excepting slight tomentose patches
or streaks in the axils of the principal veins; flowers in short terminal or lateral subrace-
mose panicles; calyx coriaceous, broadly and irregularly 3 to 5 toothed; corolla orange
colored, its tube little longer than the calyx, with rotund, broadly expanded limb, 5 to 7
lobed; drupe ovate, submucronate, enclosed within the calyx.

The Kou, which is indigenous in the Hawaiian Islands, though presumably
brought here by the Ilawaiians centuries ago, can only be found along the sea-
shore here and there. Nowadays it is exceedingly scarce, but in times gone by it
was rather plentiful, and much planted by the Ilawaiians near their dwellings
or grass huts. The wood of the Kou was much sought for, on account of its
beautiful grain, for calabashes or poi bowls, spittoons, etc. It is a tree 30 to
50 feet in height and had trunks of sometimes three feet in diameter.

Today trees are never larger than 15 to 20 feet, with trunks only a few
inches in diameter. The writer observed it growing wild on the Island of
Lanai, along the beach near Manele, and also on Maui near the lava fields beyond
Makena, together with the Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), which has taken pos-
session of the country there, being on the leeside of Mt. TIaleakala.

415

PLATE 170.

NOTHOCESTRUM BREVIFLORUM Gray

Aiea.

Flowering branch, reduced one-half.

Borraginaceae-Solanaceae.

The h'oit. whose Tahitian name is Tou, and is known in Samoa and Fiji as Ton
or Jlaua nan and Nawanawa respectively, ranges all the way from the Hawaiian
Islands to Madagascar, the Moluccas, and tropical New Holland.

The wood is used by the Samoans for rafts, and the fruits for paste Tor their
tapa clothing. The wood, which is much prized by the oatives, is rather soft
but durable.

SOLANACEAE.

The family Solanaceae is distributed over the tropical and temperate regions
of the old and new world. The center of distribution is in Central and South

America. In the Hawaiian Islands the family has one endemic genus which is
closely related to a genus occurring in Brazil, but is not known from any other
part of the world. Of the genus Solanum six species are also peculiar to these
islands, but only one is a tree.

KEY' TO THE GENEBA.

Corolla salver-shaped. 4 lobed, anthers sessile Nothocestrum

Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, anthers eonnivent Solarium

NOTHOCESTRUM Gray.

Calyx canipanulate. 4-dentate or the teeth almost bilabiate. Corolla silky, salver-
shaped, 4-iobed, the lobes ovate, valvate and folded in the bud. Anthers 4, sessile
below the throat, linear, acute, the cells opening inward and lengthwise. Ovary globose
to ovoid, 2-celled; ovules many. Style very short with a 2-lobed stigma. Fruit a berry.
Seeds renit'orm. suspended from a funicle, the testa chartaceous aud pitted. Embryo peri-
pherieal, curved around a fleshy albumen; the thick clavate radicle longer than the
cylindrical cotyledons. — Soft wooded trees or shrubs with single or fasciculate, greenish-
yellow, inconspicuous flowers.

The genus Nothocestrum consists of 4 species and is peculiar to the Hawaiian
Islands, where all of its species are known by the name Aiea. The genus
Nothocestrum is closest related to the genus Athenaea Seudtn. which possesses
about 1-t species peculiar to Brazil. The Hawaiian genus differs from the latter
mainly in the tetramerous flowers which are salver-shaped, and besides in the
calyx, which does not become enlarged at the maturity of the fruit, as is the
case in Athenaea.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Flowers single, rarely 2 or 3; berry longate N. longifolium

Flowers several on short axillary spurs; berry globose.
Tube of corolja enclosed in the calyx.

Leaves elliptical-oblong; fruit enclosed in the calyx N. breviflorum

Tube of corolla longer than the calyx.

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often sinuate; calyx remains open with

fruit N. latifolium

Leaves ovate-cordate; fruit not closed over by calyx N. subcordatum

417

27

PLATE 171.

NOTHOCESTRUM BREVIFLORUM Gray.

AiGci Xrcs.

[njurea trunk of Mea tree, growing on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, North Kona,

Hawaii; elevation 2400 feet.

Solan aceae.

Nothocestrum longifolium Gray.
Aii (i.

NOTHOCESTRUM LONGIFOLIUM Gray, in Proc. Am. Acad. VI. (186 Seem.

Flora Vit. (1866) 17:;; — Maim in ProC. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 1 1* I ; - -\\ 'aw ra iii

Flora (1873) 62:— Hbd. Fl. Haw. [si. (1888) 308;— Del Cast. III. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif.
VII. (1892) 249.

A small tree or shrub with Blender ascending branches, quite glabrous; leaves thin
membraneous, lanceolate or elliptical-oblong, acuminate at both ends or occasionally only
acute or somewhat obtuse, l" to 20 cm long, 3.5 to s.-~> cm wide, on petioles of N to 20 mm;
flowers axillary, usually single, but aol uncommonly 2 or ■".. on pedicels oi s to 30 ram;
calyx tubular, 8 to 1- mm with flowers, 14 to 16 mm with fruit, glabrous, Bharply or ob-
tusely, always unevenly, l-toothed; corolla pale yellow, the tube not longer than t he
calyx, the lobes of variable size, narrowly margined, glabrous when open, silky pubef
when in the bud, but with a remnant of pubescence on the back of the petals when open;
anthers partly exserted; stigma clavate, included in the tube; berry elongate or fusiform,
12 to 20 mm long, orange-Colored, rather fleshy, included in the calyx or exserted beyond.

This rather slender species is more often a shrub than ;i tree, and is peculiar
to the rain forests on all the islands of the group, li usually sends ou1 thin
slender stems which do not branch, reaching a height of 7-10 feet, bearing leaf
whorls at the ends, or it is a regular shrub with long and slender branches.
Occasionally it is a tree 15-20 feet high. As such it was observed and collected
by the writer in the Kipuku Puaulu, near the Volcano Kilauea on Hawaii at
an elevation of over 4000 feet. This is the only record where it was not found
in the rain forest proper. It is not uncommon on Calm, on the Koolau range,
and can be collected in the mountains back of Honolulu.

A variety ,6 brevifolium Hbd. occurs in the mountains of Kauai, where it was
collected by the writer along Opaiwela stream in the forests of Kaholuamano.

Nothocestrum brevifiorum Gray.
Ait <t.
(Plates 170. 171.)

NOTHOCESTRUM BEEVIFLOEUM Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. VI. (1866) 4i);— Seem.

Flora Vit. (1866) 173;— Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 191;— Hbd. Fl. Haw.

Isl. (1888) 308;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 248.
A stout tree about 10 to 12 m high; branches stiff, ascending; leaves oblong or
elliptical-oblong. 5 to 12 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, on petioles of 3 to 5 cm, acute or obtuse
on both ends, thin ehartaceous, tomentose underneath, flowers many, clustered on short axil-
lary spurs, the pedicels 4 to 10 mm, calyx campanulate with flowi rs, globose with fruit and
closed over it. dentate, almost bilabiate; corolla greenish yellow, tube enclosed in the calyx,
lobes with yellowish, coarse pubescence outside, with the exception of the margins which
are glabrous, glabrous inside; anthers not protruding, linear, acute, glabrous: ovary ovoid,
style short; berry globose or oblong, orange-red, (i to 8 mm, or more long.

The Aiea of Hawaii is a medium sized tree. 30-35 feet high, with a trunk of
often V/2 feet in diameter: the bark is perfectly smooth and of a chocolate brown
or grayish color; the wood is soft and whitish-green, and full of sap. It is
peculiar to the Island of Hawaii, where it occurs in the dry districts especially
on the oa lava Hows of North Kona, at Puuwaawaa on the slopes of Mt. Hualalai.
where it is exceedingly common. In that locality the writer met with the big-
gest trees. The trunks, owing to their softness are easily damaged and often

410

PLATE 172.

NOTHOCESTRUM LATIFOLIUM Gray.

Aiea Tree.

Fruiting branch pinned against trunk of tree. Growing on the lava fields of

An.ilii, East Maui.

Solanaceae.

eaten ou1 by thirsty cattle, and are often covered with peculiar looking scars,
;iik1 covered with knobs, increasing the ungainly appearance of the tree. It
may be said here thai n< of the species of Nothocestrum {Aiea trees deserves

any claim to beauty; i'l fad they are tli<' most Ugly trees which the Hawaiian
Islands possess. In the forests of Xaalehn. southern slopes of Manna Loa,
Hawaii, the writer met with a form of this species, which owing to the. fact
thai it grew in a wetter forest had a somewhat different aspecl. The fruits

were more or less oblong instead of globose, l>nt agreed otherwise well with
N. breviflorum. Collected fruiting June, 1909, North Kona, Hawaii, (no.
3552) : and flowering and fruiting dan. 15, 1912, in Hilea forests. Kan. Hawaii.
(no. 10016).
The tree is usually found at an elevation of between 2000-2500 feet.

Nothocestrum latifolium Gray.

Aiea.

(Plates 172. 173.)

NOTHOCESTRUM LATLTOLIUM Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. VI. (1862) 48;— Seem. Flora
Vit. (1866) 173:— Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 191;— Wawra in Flora I L873
62;— Hbd. PL Haw. Isl. (1SSS) 308;— Del Cast. 111. PL Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892)

249;— Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) 885.
A small tree; branches rigid, ascending; leaves broad ovate, or obovate-oblong, or
suborbicular (Lanai spec.) entire or with very shallow sinuses, acute or obtuse and often
rounded at the apex, covered with an ochraceous tomentum when young, puberulous at a
later age. of somewhat thick texture when fresh, thin chartaceous in dried specimens,
pellucid. 1 to 12 cm long, 3 to 7 cm wide, on petioles of 10 to 50 mm; flowers clustered
on short spurs, the pedicels 4 to IS mm, calyx urceolate, about 6 mm, truncate, at length
globose, tomentose or glabrate, open with fruit; corolla greenish-yellow, silky, the tube
twice as long as the calyx, the lobes less than half its length; anthers protruding, some-
what shorter than in the foregoing species; ovary globose, style as long as tube, berry
globose 4 to 6 mm, whitish.

This species of Aiea occurs on all the islands of the group with the exception
of Hawaii. Like the former it prefers the dry forehills on the leeward sides
as well as a a lava fields. It is one of the most common and ungainly looking
trees on the Island of Lanai. where it can be found in the Kaa desert, the most
western point of Lanai. It is taller than any other tree in that locality and can
be recognized from a distance by its long stiff ascending branches, which are
only slightly foliate; on Molokai it is common at Mapulo'u in the dry canyons
and rocky situation 2000 feet above Kannakakai. where it associates with
Sideroxylon. Acacia Koaia, Myoporum sandwicense, and other trees: collected
March 22. 1910, Mapulo'u, Molokai, no. 6155 fruiting; flowering at Manna Lei,
Lanai. July 26, 1010. (no. 8082).

On the Island of Maui, on the southern slopes of Haleakala on the lava fields
of Auahi. land of Kahikinui, occurs a variety enumerated as ,6' by Hillebrand in
his Flora During the winter months, especially in the month of November,
the trees are adorned with large dark green foliage hiding the ugly gnarled stiff
branches, while in the month of March they are either bare or with only very
scanty foliage

421

PLATE 173.

( ; rciw iii'_r mi

NOTHOCESTRUM LATIFOLIUM Gray.
Aigr Tree
the aa lava fields of Auani, Haleakala, Basl Maui; elevation 2600 feet.

Solanaceae.

Tlif leaves are Large "with sinuate margins, subcordate at the base, densely
tomentose, dark green with pale venation; inflorescence also covered with a
dirty yellowish pubescence; otherwise as in the species. At the same locality
occurs, however, also the species with entire Leaves or .just a slight indication
of ;i wavy margin.

The tree illustrated was photographed when the foliage was scanty.

The wood ni' this, as well as of the other species, is soft and of a green color;
it was used by the natives in the olden days for Mulshing off canoes. The reddish
yellow berries are sometimes eaten.

Nothocestrum subcordatum Mann.

.1/' <i.

NOTHOCESTRUM SUBCORDATUM Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VI 1. (1867) 191; — Wawra
in Flora (1873) 62;— Hbd. Ft. Haw. [si. (1888) 309;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pac. VII. (1892) 249.

A medium sized tree about 1" m high; leaves ovate or cordate, 7.5 to 12.5 cm long,

5 to in cm wide, on petioles of 3 to 4.5 cm. bluntly acuminate, thick coriaceous, glabrous;
flowers clustered, but often only a single one developed, on pedicels of 1 to 5 mm; calyx
4 to S mm. glabrous, campanulate with flowers, globose with fruit but not closed over it;
corolla exsc-rted. silky yellow, its tube 8 to 10 mm. the limb half as long and 4 to 5 lobed ;
berry globose.

This species, which is undoubtedly closely related to V. latifolium, if at all
distinct from it. occurs in the ravines of Alt. Kaala of the Waianae range, and iu
the Valley of Wailupe, at the eastern end of Oahu. It is not known to the
writer. Wawra collected it at Halemanu on Kauai, (no. 2140).

SOLANUM L.

Calyx 5 to 10 toothed or lobed, only rarely enlarged with fruit. Corolla rotate or
broad campanulate, 5-lobed. Filaments very short, inserted at the base of the corolla;
anthers oblong or linear, erect and connivent in a cone round the style, opening at the
apex by 1 to 2 pores. Berry globose or elongate. — Herbs, shrubs or trees, prostrate, erect,
or climbing, with entire or lobed leaves. Flowers in umbellate cymes or racemes, or often
a corymbose panicle, rarely single. Corolla white, yellow, purple, blue or red.

This genus, which numbers more than 900 species, is distributed over the
tropical and temperate parts of the whole globe; the largest number of species
occurs however in South America. The Hawaiian Islands possess 6 endemic
species of which only the one here described is a tree, the remaining' five being
shrubs. Besides the six endemic species quite a number of species are culti-
vated for ornamental purposes, and a few are weeds along the roadside, as the
nightshade (Popolo) etc. To this genus also belongs the Potato. Solatium
tuberosum L.. and tin1 Egg plant. 8. Melongena.

Solanum Carterianum Rock sp. now
Puananahonua.

A medium sized or small tree 5 to 7 m high, with very few stiff branches, straight
trunk of 15 to 20 cm in diameter, vested in a grayish smooth bark: branches covered

423

PLATE 174.

MYOPORUM SANDWICENS1S (A.DC.) Cray.

Naio or Bastard Sandalwood.

Flowering and fruiting branch, less than one-half natural size.

Si lanaceae- My ip< iraceae.

throughout with a pale yellow to cinereous, long, Btellate pubescence; leaves pale green
and velvety tomentose above, densely covered beneath, especially on the veins and mid-
rih, with a stellate pule tomentum, as well as the petioles, which are 20 to 30 mm long,
elliptical-oblong, long acuminate al the apex, shortly contracted at the base, acute,
chartaceous, entire, 12 to 25 cm long, 3.5 to " cm wide; inflorescence a terminal corymb",
when fully developed 15 cm long, standing erect on a common still' peduncle of s cm,
densely covered with a long stellate woolly tomentum, calyx densely tomentose, divided
to the middle into ovate acute lobes of l nun Length, corolla parted two thirds its length
into ovate-oblong acute lobes, which are of a blue color, ami glabrous inside, but densely

tomentose outside, with a prominent median nerve; stamens mi short filaments, anthers pale,
short. Oblong, nut attenuate, broader at the apex than at the base, 2.5 mm long, with two

ovoid apical pores; ovary villous, style long protruding, <"> mm, hairy; berry globose, black
covered with a short sttdlate pubescence when young, 1" to 1 "_' mm in diameter on pedicels
of 6 mm; the peduncle and pedicels woody and thick, when with fruit.

This most remarkable species was discovered by the writer on the Island of
Oahu in tin1 lower fun sts near Waiahole, at the entrance of Waianu Valley,

on January 22. 1909; only a single tree was seen, for which an old native gave
the name as Puananahonua. He remarked that he knew of the tree when he
was a boy. and that his parents used the fruits for medicinal purposes.

This is the only species of Hawaiian Solatium which becomes a tree, all the
rest of them being shrubs. It is remarkable for its large entire leave-;, but
mainly for its terminal woody corymbose inflorescence which reaches a length
over 15 cm; also for the bright blue corolla, and long filiform style.

It is named in honor of Ex-Governor George R. Carter, who made the publica-
tion of this volume possible.

Collected at Waianu, Oahu, flowering and fruiting, January 22, 1909, I no.
1191), type in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

myoporaceiae:.

The main regions of the distribution of this family are situated in Australia
and in the neighboring islands. Only a few out of the 102 species are found
outside of Australia, one each in China and Japan, one in Mauritius, one m
South and West Africa, and another species in the West Indies. Here in the
Hawaiian Islands we have also only one species represented. The family con-
sists only of 4 genera, nearly all Australian.

MYOPORUM Banks et Sol.

Calyx 5-lobed, unchanged at maturity of the fruit. Corolla with short tube sub
campanulate, or with longer tube and funnel shaped, actinomorphous. Stamens 4, two
large, rarely 5. Ovary 2 to 10 celled; and as many seeded. Trees or shrubs or bushes
with erect and prostrate stems. Flowers single or fasciculate in the leaf-axils.

The genus numbers about 25 species, which are divided into 5 sections. It is
distributed over Australia. China, Japan, Mauritius and the Hawaiian Islands
with a single species which comes under section II. Polycoelium.

The only useful species of Myoporum are M. platycarpum R. Br., the sandal
or sugar tree or dog wood of the Australians, which exudes a sort of manna, and

425

T'LATK 17.",.

MYOPORUM SANDWICENSE (A. DC) Gray.

Naio.

Trunk of large tree showing peculiar scaly bark, more than two feel in diameter; growing

in foresl above Makawao, Maui; elevation 2500 feet.

\\\ oporaceae.

also a resin which is used ns sealing wax. and the Hawaiian species, .1/. sandwi-
censi (DC.) A. Gray, <>r Naio or Bastard Sandalwood, used as a substitute for
the true sandalwood after the exhaustion of the latter.

Myoporum Sandwicense (DC.) A. Gray.
Naio «>r Bastard Sandalwood.
(Plates 174, 175, L76.)
MYOPORUM SANDWICENSIS (DC.) A. Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. VI. (1866) 53;

II. Maim, in Proc. Am. Acad. VII (1867) I'M; — Wawra in Flora (1874);
lllxl. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 339;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892)
258;- v. Wettstein in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. I\'. 3. L. (1895) 360; Heller PL
Haw. [si. (1897) 892. — Polycoelium sandwicense A. DC. Prodr. XI. (1847) 706. —
Myoporum tenuifolium Hook, et Am. in Hot. Beech. (1832) 93.
Leaves crowded towards the ends of the branches, alternate, elliptico lanceolate or
oblong lanceolate, very acute, or acuminate, chart aceous, or fleshy when growing at the
sea-shore or even at low elevations (300 feet) (> to 15 cm long, 1 to 5 cm wide on petioles
of about J cm or less, acute at both ends, entire, or serrate in the specimens from Mt.
Ilualalai, North Kona, Hawaii, the young leaves very viscous in all specimens; flowers
in clusters of 5 to 8, white or deep pink colored, on pedicels of 8 nun; calyx 1 to 3 mm,
parted to the base into ovate-lanceolate acute lobes; corolla campanulate 5 to 8 mm. clefi
to the middle into 5 to 6 or rarely 7 obovate lobes; stamens as many as lobes, shorter
than the latter, all alike, or two little exceeding the others; style short, flattened, incui
near the apex; stigma truncate. Drupe dry or somewhat fleshy and white globose or
ovate, about 2 mm in diameter, crowned by the style, ribbed when dry; embryo cylindrical
cotyledons as long as the radicle.

On the Island of Molokai is a very narrow leaved form, with linear lanceolate
very acuminate leaves, which are viscous; and with small pink flowers. It
grows on all the islands of the group, from high elevations down to near or at
the sea-shore, where it forms globose tussocks with salty fleshy leaves.

The Naio or Bastard Sandalwood is a very handsome tree which reaches a
considerable size. Its thick bark is of a dark gray color and deeply irregularly
corrugated. It inhabits all the islands of the group and according to Hille-
brand is supposed to reach its best development on the high mountains of Ha-
waii, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, up to 10,000 feet elevation, which, however,
is not the case. Next to Oliia and Koa, it is one of our most common forest
trees, growing at all elevations from sea level, where it is a small shrub 2 feet
high, up to 10,000 feet. On the Island of Maui, in the dry forest back of Ma-
kawao (elevation 2500 feet), as well as at Auahi, southern slopes of Haleakala,
it attains its greatest height and diameter of trunk; trees of 50 to 60 feet with
trunks of more than 3 feet in diameter are not uncommon. It prefers the lee-
ward sides of the islands, especially the aa lava fields, regions with very little
rainfall, as well as the high mountains of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Ilualalai and
Haleakala, where it forms the upper forest zone together with the Mamani (So-
phora chrysopliylla) , Raillardia, Coprosma, and Styphelia, reaching a height of
about 20 feet, and withstanding heavy frosts. At the lower levels it is associ-
ated with the Maua, Holei, Aalii, Kauila, Uhiuhi, etc. Hillebrand in his flora
says that it is wanting on Molokai. The writer, however, found it very abundant
above Kaunakakai, on the open dry ridges at Mapulou, where it grew together
with Koaia and Alan. The tree is glabrous throughout, has from narrow lance-

427

PLATE 176.

MYOPORUM SANDWICENSE (A.DC.) Gray.

Naio, Bastard Sandalwood.
A large Xaio tree, growing on the lava fields of Aualii, southern slopes of Haleakala,

Maui ; elevation 2600 feet.

Myoporaceae-Rubiaceae.

olate to obovate pointed glossy Leaves which are crowded ;il the ends of the
branches. The flowers, which are of ;i white or pink color, are borne all along
the slender branches and are quite fragrant,

The dark yellowish green wood becomes very fragranl on drying and re-
sembles the odor of true Sandalwood. A Tier the supply of the Latter became
exhausted in the islands, it was shipped to China as a substitute. The NdlO is
peculiar to this archipelago, though undoubtedly it must have originated either
from Australia or New Zealand, the home of most of the Myoporunis.

Dead trees or old trunks are called Adka by the natives.

RUBIACEAE.

The family Rubiaceae with its 4500 or more species and about 350 genera is
a decidedly tropical one. The distribution of its species over Africa, Asia and
America is rather even. Polynesia possesses also a large number of species. In
the Hawaiian Islands this family is represented by 13 genera of which 1,
(Straussia, Bobea, Gouldia and Kadua) are endemic. Eight of the 13 genera
have arborescent species while the remaining 5 have shrubby or also herbaceous
species only, and are therefore here omitted. A large contingent of the Hawaiian
Flora is made up of this family which is the largest next to (Lobelioideae)
Campamilaceae and Rutaceae. The family is easily distinguished by its op-
posite leaves and interpetiolar stipules.

KEY TO THE GENEEA.

Ovules many in each cell.

Ovary 2- rarely 3-4 celled.

Fruit a bluish-black, indehiscent fleshy berry Gouldia

Ovary 1-celled.

Fruit larger globose or pyriform, succulent or dry, crowned with the calycine

limb Gardenia

Ovules one in each cell.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.
Ovafy 2 to 10-eelled.

Flowers greenish, the corolla-lobes imbricate in the bud Bobea

Ovary 2-celled.

Flowers white fragrant, the corolla lobes valvate Plectronia

Flowers white small, rotate Straussia

Flowers larger, white funnel-shaped, drupe crowned by the long calycine

limb Psychotria

Ovary 4-celled.

Flowers in globose heads; drupes united into a fleshy compound

fruit " Morinda

Flowers dioecious, stigma bifid to the base, anthers 4 to 11 Coprosma

GOULDIA Gray.

Calyx short, cup-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, coriaceous, with 1 thick,
fleshy lobes and glabrous throat. Stamens 4. inserted in the tele or throat. Ovary
2-cel'led; style with 2 filiform branches. Fruit a berry with 2 drupaceous divisions, bisul-
cate. — Shrubs or small trees with coriaceous leaves and short interpetiolar, caducous
stipules.

429

PLATE 177

GOULDIA AXILLARIS Wawra.

Manono.

Fruiting branch; reduced,

Rubiaceae.

The genus Gouldia is strictly Hawaiian, and consists of ;i goodly number of
ill-defined species, must of which are shrubs, only very few becoming trees. As
they are at present in ;i mix-up, and difficull to determine without type material,
it is thought wise to mention only these few.

KKV TO THE SPECIES.

Panicles axillary and short, leaves pubescent underneal h G. axillaris

Panicles terminal, large, loose G. elongata

Gouldia axillaris Wawra.
Manono.

(Plate 177.)

GOULDIA AXILLARIS Wawra in Flora (1874) 397;— Hbd. PI. Haw. M, (1888) 170;—
Del fast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Paeif. VI. (1890) 189.— G. sandwicensis var. hirtella
Gray Proc. Am. Ac. IV. (I860) 310, in part.

Branches angular, solid, densely and evenly foliose throughout, coarsely pubescent;

leaves on petioles of 4 to 12 mm, elliptical, obovate-oblong or lanceolate. ." to 1.1 em lonur,
1.5 to •"> em wide, more or less acuminate, contracted or rounded at tin1 base, bluish-green
when fresh, membraneous to chartaceous, with not very distinct nerves, coarsely but
sparingly pubescent underneath; stipules 6 mm; panicles numerous, pubescent, short, 2.5
to 5 cm long, in the axils of mostly older leaves or on the naked branches, with slender
peduncles of 4 to 12 nun; the lowest bracts i> to 12 mm or foliaceous; corolla puberulous,
small; anthers subexserted; berry pale blue or blackish, 8 to 4 mm in diameter; seeds 20
to 22 on each placenta.

This species is a small tree about 20 to 25 feet high, and is very variable. It
occurs practically on all the islands of the group in the rain or middle forest
zone at an elevation of about 3000 feet. Specimens from South Kona. in the
forests back of the lava fields of Kapua, Hawaii, have exceedingly large fruits.
and larger panicles all along the branches, as well as terminal: collected fruit-
ing February, 1912, (no. 10030). Other numbers in the Herbarium of the
College of Hawaii are 3706 from Hualalai, Hawaii; 7016 from Maunahui, Molo-
kai ; 8535 from Mt. Haleakala, Maui.

Gouldia elongata Heller.
Man o)io.

GOTJLDIA ELONGATA Heller in Minnes. Rot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) 897.— G. terminalis
Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1S8S) 169 in part.

Branches subherbaceous near the ends, drooping, slender, four-angled, glabrous
throughout; or the young leaves finely puberulous underneath; bark gray, smooth; leaves
elliptical-lanceolate, slightly more contracted at the apex than at the base; 5 to 7." i-.<\
long, 3 cm or more wide, entire, midrib prominent, impressed above, on short petioles about
2 cm; panicles terminal or occasionally axillary, pyramidal, very large and loose; pedicels
slender; berries small, 2 mm in diameter, bluish.

This Manono is usually a shrub, but it was also observed as a tree in the for-
ests of Kaholuamano, Kauai. Plants occur on .Maui (no. 8531) which would be
referable to this species, but differ to some extent, as in the contracted panicle,
which comes closer to (1. sambucina. The latter is also a small tree described
by Heller. It occurs in the forests of Kaholuamano. Kauai. The leaves of this
latter species are very wide and thick coriaceous.

431

PLATE 178.

GARDENIA REMYI Maim.

Nanu or Nau.

Flower.in<j and fruiting branch; reduced.

Rubiaceae.
GARDENIA Ellis.

Calyx usually tubular and truncate, toothed or lobed, persistent. Corolla salver-
shaped, eampanulate, or funnel-shaped with cylindrical tube; lobes occasionally more than

Stamens 5 to 11, inserted in the throat, enclosed or shortly protruding. Ovary l-celled,
with 2-several parietal placentas; style often with clavate stigma protruding. Fruit coriace-
ous or succulent, often irregularly opening, smooth or ribbed, globose or pyriform. — Shrubs

or trees with chartaceous or coriaceous leaves, and interpetiolar, often connate and sheath-
ing stipules. Flowers occasionally very large, terminal or axillary, white, yellow or purple.

The genus consists of about To species which are distributed over tropical

Africa, Asia and Australia. About 1<> species have been described I rum the
Pacific isles, two of which are peculiar to Hawaii, while the remaining ones
occur in Tahiti (1), Fiji (6) and in Samoa (1).

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Branches not glutinous, fruit globose G. Brighami

Branches glutinous, fruit quadrangular, pyriform G. Remyi

Gardenia Brighami .Maim.

Nau.

GARDENIA BRIGHAMI Mann in Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 171; — Ilbd. PI. Haw. Isl.
(1888) 171;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1S90) 191;— Britain Ka liana
Kapa in Mem. B. P. B. Mus. III. (1911) 146.

Branches dichotomous, densely foliose, scarcely glutinous at the ends; leaves on short
petioles of 4 mm, ovate, shortly acuminate, chartaceous, with prominent straight nerves,
shining above, papillose and puberulous when young; stipules triangular or truncate;
flowers single, terminal, subsessile; calyx tube shortly produced above the ovary, 10 mm
long, 4 lobed; anthers subsessile, linear, their apices exserted; style as long as the tube
(14 to IS mm), the two clavate branches nearly half its length; fruit globose, with 4 faint
lines, about 2.5 cm in diameter, coriaceous, indehiscent, tipped with the contracted limb of
the calyx, l-celled. with 4 (or 3 or 5) parietal placentas projecting about 4 mm from the
pergameneous endocarp; seeds many in a yellowish pulp, horizontal, flattened, obtusely
3 or more angled.

The Nau is a small tree, reaching a height of 15 to 18 feet, or is even smaller
when it is a shrnl). It has a trunk 6 to 8 inches in diameter and is vested in a
smooth or slightly roughened hark. The flowers are of a beautiful white and
very fragrant and would be worthy of cultivation on that account. During the
month of March the trees are usually loaded with the globose fruits, which turn
black when mature. llillebrand remarks that the fruits do not open on the
tree, though the writer saw them split into several divisions on most of the
trees on Molokai.

The Nau is peculiar to the very dry districts on the leeward sides of the
islands, and is especially common on Molokai, where it forms the remnants of
the dry forest on the slopes of Mauna Loa which forms the west end of that
Island. The trees on Molokai are taller than on the other islands. It associates
with the Keahi, Chrysophyllum polynesicum, K<>!,i<i drynarioides, Beynoldsia
sandwicensis, Xylosma Hillebrandii, Nototrichium sandwicense, etc. On Lanai
it is also very common in the Valleys of Mahana and Kaiholena, as well as on
the slopes of the Kaa desert, where it can he found with some of the above
mentioned trees and also with Bobea sandwicensis, Nothocestrum sp.. Ostnanthus

433

28

PLATE 179.

PLECTRONIA ODORATA (Forst.) P. v. M.
Walahee or Alahee Trees.
Growing on the extreme western end of Molokai.

Rubiaceae.

sandwicensis, various Sideroxylona and others. On Hawaii the writer round a
small tree on the lava fields of I'uuwaawaa, elevation 2000 feet. North Koua,

while on Oahu it is recorded From Xuuanu and the dry forehills of Makaleha.
The wood of the Nau is whitish yellow. The yellow pulp of the l'ruit was em-
ployed in dyeing tapa, or kapa, yellow.

Gardenia Remyi Mann.
Xtinii or Nau.
I Plate 178.)

GARDENIA REMYI Mann in Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 171;— lib. 1. PI. Haw. Isl.
(1SSS) 171';— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. I'ac. VI. (1890) 191 ;— Brigliam Km nana
Kaj.a .Mom. B. P. B. Mus. III. (1911) 146. fig. 88.

Leaves obovate oblong, 10 to 22.5 cm long, 5 to It) em wide on petioles of 4 to 8 mm,
shortly acuminate, contracted at the base, chartaeeous, papillose underneath, prominently
nerved; stipules truncate and sheathing, flowers terminal, single, sessile; calyx-tube angu-
lar, 18 nun long with 4 to 5 lobes which are falciform, and dilated toward the obtuse
apex, net-veined, spreading with the plane vertical about 3 to 5 cm long, equalling or ex-
ceeding the corolla; corolla white, the tube 2.5 cm, the 7 to 8 obovate-oblong suberect
lobes about 20 mm long, narrowed at the base and separated by broad sinuses; anthers
enclosed; fruit 4 to 5-angled, pyriform, 3.5 to 5 cm, the permanent calyx lobes surrounding
a disc G to 8 mm in diameter.

The Nanu or Nau, unlike the afore described, is a tall tree reaching- a height
of 20 to 40 feet with a rather large broad crown. The branches are more or
less horizontal in large trees; the trunk is short. The leaves which are larger
than in the foregoing species are light green and covered as with a layer of
varnish due to a glutinous substance which exudes from the young shoots. The
large sweet-scented flowers are terminal and single and have no flower stalk.
The fruit, which is quadrangular, is crowned by four wings, which are the per-
sistent lobes of the calyx, a characteristic which is absent in the other Hawaiian
Nau.

The Nanu or Nau may be found on the slopes of Tantalus and especially in
Palolo Valley on Oahu, where it is a smaller tree, while on Molokai back of
Kaluaha large trees can be found in company with Acacia Koa (Kon), Bobea
elatior, Stfaussia Kaduana, etc. It grows on the leeward sides of some of the
islands and also in the rain forests on the windward sides, as for example on
Maui, where it is scattered between the valleys of Waikamoi and llonomanu
on the northern slope of Haleakala, where the rainfall is exceedingly large, as
well as on Kauai in the forests of Hanalei. Like the former it is endemic to the
Hawaiian Islands; both species were discovered by Horace Mann and also de-
scribed by him in his "Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants"; the former he named
in honor of his companion. Prof. Wra. T. Brigliam, the latter for the French
Botanist Jules Bemy.

The glutinous leaf buds were used by the natives as a cement, and the yellow
fruit-pulp for dyeing purposes.

435

PLATE 180.

BOBEA ELATIOR Gaud.

Ahakea.
Fruiting branch; reduced.

Rubiaceae.
PLECTRONIA Linn.

Calyx short, cup-shaped, truncate or I to 5 toothed. Tube of corolla short or pro-
longed, corolla funnel shaped Or Campanulate, with obtuse Or acute lobes. Stamens I tu 5,

inserted aear the throat. Ovary 2-celled; style with thickened, obtuse, capitate Btigma.
Drupe 2-seeded, one cell often abortive. — Shrubs or trees, occasionally climbers, an I

or unarmed, with coriaceous leaves and i nt erpet iola r stipules. Flowers small in fascicles

or corymbose cymes.
A genus of more than 80 species distributed over the warmer or hottesl regions

of the old world, with the exception of Europe. In the Hawaiian Islands we

have only one species, the Walahee or Alahee, distributed however over the

South Pacific Islands.

Plectronia odorata (Forst.) F. \. M.
Walahi < or Alain e.

(Plate ITS.)

PLECTRONIA ODORATA Forst. F. v. Muell 7 Ebd. PI. Haw. [si.

(1888) 17.1;— Del Cast. 111. Pi. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 194;— K. Schum. in
Engl, et l'rantl I'tlzt'ain. IV. 4. (1891) 92;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 902. •
Coffea odorata Forst. Prodr. (1786) no. 94.— Ixora odorata Sprengl. Syst. veg.
T. (1825) 4ii9.— Canthium lucidum H. et A. Bot. Beech. (1832) 65; — Mann Proc.
Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 169; — Wawra in Flora (1874) 298. — Myonima umbellatum
Hook, et Am. Bot. Beech. (1832) s<5.— Pavetta dubia Endl. PI. Suds. (1836) 176.
no. 1296. — Canthium odoratum Seem. Fl. Vit. (1866) 132.

Leaves elliptical-oblong, acuminate or somewhat obtuse, dark green, glossy above,
paler beneath; stipules mucronate; flowers white, fragrant in cymose corymbs 2.5 to 3.5

cm long; calyx 2 mm, dentate; corolla 6 mm long, 4 to 5 fid, pilose at the insertion of
the stamens, the latter exserted; style little longer, glabrous, stigma short ovoid or rather
the 2 thick lobes co-adnate; drupe obovoid, compressed, black and juicy when mature,
emarginate, grooved on each side, 8x10 mm, 2-celled. Seed incurved.

The Walahee or Alahee is a shrub or small tree reaching a maximum height of
20 feet. It has a round crown, bright green, very glossy leaves; the white frag-
rant flowers add to the beauty of the little tree during the summer months.

It inhabits the dry regions of the low land or lower forest zone up to 2000
feet, and is rather a common tree on all the islands. On the west end of Molo-
kai, Walahee trees form the sole arborescent growth in the little gulches (see
plate 178).

The wood of the Alahee is very handsome, exceedingly hard, and durable. It
was used by the natives for their implements with which they tilled the soil.
The leaves were used in coloring articles black.

BOBEA Gaud.

Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, 4-toothed or 4-lobed.
Corolla salver-shaped, lobes imbricate in the bud. Stamens inserted in the throat, their
apices protruding. Ovary 2 to 11-celled; style in the male flowers with 2-, in the female
flowers with 2 to 11 filiform branches. Drupe globose, somewhat dry or fleshy, furrowed
when dry, with 2 to 11 osseous, uniseriate pyrenae. Seeds straight. — Trees with sub-
coriaceous to chartaceous, pale green leaves, and interpetiolar easily caducous stipules.
Flowers usually 3, or single, in axillary symes.

437

PLATE 1S1.

BOBEA HOOKERI Ilb.l.

Ahakea.

Flowering and fruiting branch; reduced.

Rubiaceae.

The genus Bobea, named by Gaudichaud in honor of M. Bobe-Moreau, a
physician and pharmacist in the French Marine, consists of 4 or perhaps 5
species, which are all peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands. Tiny form two groups,
one composed of Unix a elatior and /»'. Mannii which are perhaps a single Bpecies,
and II. timonioides, B. sandwicensis and /»'. Hookeri, only differing from each
other mainly in the number of pyrenae.

KEY To THE SPE( [ES.

Limb of calyx cup-shaped, truncate, drupe with 2 to 11 pyrenae.

Leaves glabrous; peduncle erect B. elatior

Leaves hairy underneath, peduncle drooping B. Mannii

Limb of calyx cup-shaped, 4 toothed B. timonoides

Limb of calyx broadly 1 lobed.

Flowers in cymes; drupe with 2 pyrenae B. sandwicensis

Flowers single; drupes with 4 to <i pyrenae B. Hookeri

Bobea elatior Gaud.

All ah ( a.
(Plate 180.)

BOBEA ELATIOR Gaud. Bot. Voy. Uranie (1826-30) 473. pi. 93;— A. Gray Proc. Am.
Acad. IV. (1860) 36;— Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) L70;— Hbd. Fl. Haw.
Isl. (188S) 173;— K. Schum. iu Engl, et Prantl IV. 4. (1891) 96;— Del Cast. 111.
Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (189(1) 192;— Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud Bull. IX. (1897)
S93. — Burneya Gaudichaudii Cham, et Schlecht. in Linn. 1 V. (1829) L90. — Timonius
Gaudichaudii DC Prodr. IV. (1830) 461;— Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) 17(5. no. L288.

Leaves pale, obovate oblong, 5 to 10 cm long, 2.5 to 5 cm wide, on petioles of 6 to 24
mm, acuminate, ehartaceous, glabrous; stipules oblong-lanceolate, 8 to 12 mm, rather con-
volute in the bud; flowers 3 (accord. Hillbd. 3 to 7) in a cyme, with a common peduncle
of 5 to 7..") cm, the middle flower sessile, the lateral ones on pedicels of 12 to L8 mm;-
bracts and bractlets cup-shaped, low; calyx 4 to n em, the cup-shaped truncate limb as
long as the adnate portion; corolla greenish, glabrous, the lobes in the bud silky near the
apex, the tube 4 to 8 mm, plicate at the throat, the obovate or rounded lobes - to 5 mm;
anthers sessile at the middle of the tube; style 3 to 1 1 cleft; drupe rather fleshy, purplish
ovoid 6 to 10 mm in diameter, or spheroidal crowned by the calycine limit which sur-
rounds a glabrous disk of 2 mm in diam.; pyrenae 3 to 11, thick walled, eomplanate.

This Ahakea is a tree 30 feet or so tall with often a large trunk of V/2 feet
in diameter. It occurs in the rain forests of the Islands of Oahu, Kauai, and
Hawaii, and can be recognized by its rather pale green foliage, which is often
reddish-veined.

It is not uncommon back of Honolulu in the Valleys of Pauoa and Palolo as
well as in the whole Koolau range. The biggest trees were observed in the
mountains of Punaluu on the windward side of Oahu. The wood of the
Ahakea is yellow and was employed by the natives for poi boards and the top-
rims of outrigger canoes, which in modern ones are painted yellow, to take the
place of the yellow Ahakea wood.

Few are the natives now-a-days who are familiar with the Ahakeas of the
Hawaiian forests.

At a lower elevation, about 1000 feet, there occurs an apparent variety of the

439

PLATE 182.

BOBEA HOOKERI III
Ahakea.
Flowering and fruiting brand pinned against trunk of tree. Growing on the lava fields
AiKil.i. southern Blopes of Mt. Ealeakala, Maui.

Rubiaceae.

true /»'. elatior, with smaller Leaves, ;m<l fruits with only two pyrenae. The
whole aspect of the tree is differenl from the true />'. elatior occurring 1000 feel
higher.

Hillebrand enumerates a variety fl. brevipes, and gives the Length of the

peduncles at .'! lines or 6 nun; in a foot note, however, he slates: "the single
flowers are on a peduncle of 12 to 20 lines or 24 to 40 nun.

On the Island of Molokai in various districts, as in Wailau Valley, Mapuleho,
and lvaluaha occurs a species of Bobea which at first glance would appear to be
B. elatior. However, the flowers are single and usually with 11 pyrenae. The
tree is entirely glabrous in all parls. It may be Gray's />'. brevipes, hut his
description: "pedunculis brevibus unifloris?" would speak againsl it. ami there-
fore the writer would suggest the name: Bobea elatior Gaud. var. Molokaiensis
Rock var. nov. 'The type is 7028 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium. Col-
lected flowering and fruiting Wailau Valley, Molokai, April, 1910. It is a small
tree about 20 to 25 feet in height with a slender straight trunk.

On the Island of Kauai the writer observed several trees of Bobea, one oc-
curring in the mountains of Halemanu in the dense forest, a rather large tree
with a broad round crown. It is known to the natives as Akupa. Its leaves
are ovate, bluntly acute, or obtuse or rounded at both ends and are on petioles
of 4 mm, or even subsessile, the brauchlets, petioles and leaves are hirtulose with
whitish hair. As the tree was neither in flower nor in fruit its diagnosis is un-
certain ; it will probably prove to be a new species of Bobea when complete ma-
terial is at hand.

On the lower mountain slopes back of Makaweli, Kauai, occur a few small
trees which may be referred to Hillebrand 's Bobea Mannii, though all peduncles,
which are rather short, drooping and hirsute, are single flowered and would
therefore come under Gray's B. brevipes. There is however some doubt in the
writer's mind in regard to the specific value of Bobea Mannii which, with the
exception of the three flowered inflorescence, agrees well with Gray's B. brevipes.
Until the type material can he examined, these questions cannot be definitely
settled.

Bobea Hookeri Hbd.

Ahakea.
(Plates 181, 182, 183.)

BOBEA HOOKERI Hbd. Flora Haw. Isl. (1888) 17o;— K. Schum. in Engl, et Prantl
Tflzfam. IV. 4. (1891) 96.— Rhytidotus sandwicensis Hook. f. Icon. Plant. (1870)
tab. 1071;— Del Cast. in. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 192.

Branches and branehlets terete, the latter nodose, stipules triangular puberulous, 4
mm; leaves ovate, slightly and irregularly erenulate, or with a transparent wavy margin.
acuminate, 6 to 9 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, chartacous, with pellucid veins, dark green
above, lighter underneath, with reddish midrib and petioles, the latter fi to 12 mm, pubes-
cent, as are the young leaves; flowers single, usually axillary or in the axils of fallen
leaves, on peduncles of 1 mm to 2.5 cm and even slightly longer; calyx-tube 3 mm, pubes-
cent, with 4 many-nerved ovate-oblong lobes of 4 to 5 mm, reticulately veined; corolla tube

441

TLATE 1S3.

BOBEA HOOKERI Bbd.

Ahakea Tree.
Growing on the aa lava fields of Aualii, southern slopes of Mt. Haleakala, Maui; elevation

3000 feet.

Rubiaceae.

cylindrical, Bilky pubescent, 5 mm, the lobes one-third us long, with a patch of yellowish
hair underneath each lobe; anthers linear, slightly exserted, sessile; Btyle densely tomentose,
protruding, divided into I to 6 filiform Btigmatic branches, which arc erecl and uol spread-
ing; fruits globose, s to 12 mm, purplish, with a gray pubescence, pyrenae I to 6, crowned
by the calyx lobes.

This species differs very little from Bobea sandwicensis 1 11><1. lis outward ap-
pearance, color of Leaves, and branching habit, are exactly the same in both species.

When neither in flower nor i'riiit it would be absolutely impossible to separate
the two species. The only difference is thai in the species in question the
flowers are single and the fruits have from 4 to 6 pyrenae, while in Bobea
sandwicensis the inflorescence is cymose bu1 usually of only 3 flowers, and with
fruits of - pyrenae; otherwise the trees could not be distinguished.

Bobea Hookeri Hbd. was collected by the writer on Molokai in the open dry
gulches below Mr. (i P. Cooke's residence. Kanlnwai. at an elevation of 2000
feet, only a single tree was observed. | no. 6177 flowering and fruiting March 26,
1910). It also grows on the lava Holds of Auahi, district of Kahikinni. southern
slopes of Mt. llaleakala. Maui; there the writer met with a single tree with a
large trunk vested in a gray large-scaly hark, i see plates 182 and 183) ; it had
three main trunks each of a fool or more in diameter. It is associated with
Alectryon macrococcus, Tetraplasandra >n< iandra var., Pittosporum, Dracaena
aurea, and others. It is one of the rarest trees in the territory. Hillebrand
records it from Oahu, from the valleys of Wailupe and Makaleha, but it was
never met with by the writer on Oahu.

Bobea sandwicensis Hbd.
Ahakea.

BOBEA SANDWICENSIS Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 174;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ius. Mar. Vac.
VI. (1890) 193. — Chomelia ? sandwicensis Cray in Proc. Am. Acad. IV. (1860)
3S. — Guettardella sandwicensis H. Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VI 1. (1867) 170.
Branchlcts pubescent, leaves as in Bobea Hookeri but pubescent underneath and puberu-
lous above; inflorescence cymose, 3 flowered in the writer's material, 3 to 7 flowered accord-
ing to Hillebrand, peduncle tomentose about 10 mm, the lateral flowers sessile, calyx
and corolla silky tomentose, yellowish-green; bracteoles 1 mm; calyx as in Unlit:; Hookeri,
the lobes larger; tube of corolla cylindrical, S mm. anthers exserted, style in all the
writer's specimens only 1.5 mm long and slightly bifid, exserted or quite short according
to Hillebrand; drupe globose ~> mm in diameter, blackish, with a gray pubescence, witli two
bony pyrenae.

The writer collected this species on the Island of Lanai on the dry open
slopes below Koele, and near the edge of the Manna Lei canyon. It is quite
numerous and grows in company with Sideroxylon spathulatum, Gardenia Brig-
hami, Ghrysophyllum polynesicum, and others.

It is a medium sized tree about 20 to 25 feet in height, has a short trunk
(about 4 feet), but a large round and spreading crown, and is very freely
branching. (Flowering and fruiting July 2(>. 1010. Rock and Hammond, no.
8038.)

443

PLATE L84.

STRAUSSIA KADUANA Gray.

Kopiko kea.

Flowering branches; reduced; typical Oahu specimen.

Etubiaceae

Billebrand records it from Wesl Maui, Molokai and Lanai; it is known to the
writer only from the latter island. The size of calyx and corolla varies con-
siderably in this species; the larger flowers being an indication of dimorphism.

Bobea timonioides Hbd.
Ahakea.

BOBEA TIMONIOIDES Ebd. PI. Haw. lsl. (1888) L74; — K. Bchum, in Engl, ei Prantl
Pflzfam. IV. -b (1891) !»<;. — Obbea timonioides Book. f. [con. plant. (1870) tab.
L070 el Gen. Plant. II. (1873) 102;— Del Cast. 111. PL Ins. Mar. Pac, VI. <ls90)
1!>3. — Chomelia? sp. Wawra in Flora ( 1 S74 ) 330.

A small tree with the ultimate branches slender and straggling, pubescent and ciliate
on the deep cicatrices of the fallen stipules; leaves pale, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, some-
times falcate, on petioles of 8 to 1 2 mm, acuminate, chartaceous, glabrous or slightly

puberulous on the nerves underneath; stipules triangular, acute pubescent; cymes many,
tomentose, 3 to 7-flowered, the common peduncle 8 to 12 mm, the lateral flowers on
pedicels of 2 to 4 mm; bractlets minute; calyx and corolla densely tomentose, the formei

turbinate, with the free limb cup-shaped, and 4-toothed; tube of corolla 6 to 8 mm. the
Obovate lobes 1/3 shorter; anthers sessile, above the middle of the tube, elongate, included
or the tips exserted; disc conical, hairy; style thick, pubescent, about '•_• the length
of the corolla, deeply bifid into 2 pointed branches; ovary 2-cclled, the single seed sus-
pended from a short and broad funis.

Hillebrand records this tree from South Kona, Hawaii, and Kawaihaeiuka of

the same island. This tree is not known to the writer, but is undoubtedly very
close to B. sandwia nsis from which it seems only to differ in the toothed calyx
and one seeded fruits. These last three species may form in reality only a very
variable species.

STRAUSSIA A. Gray.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx cup-shaped, persistent, 4 to •! toothed or truncate.
Corolla short funnel-shaped with glabrous tube, sparingly pubescent at the throat. Stamens
inserted at the throat, half exserted; anthers basifixed, with thickened connective. Ovary
2-celled; stvle short with two branches. Fruit convex.— Trees with coriaceous, obovate,
obtuse, or acute leaves, and interpetiolar broad rather obtuse stipules. Flowers small,
white, in peduncled, terminal cormybose cymes.

The genus Straussia consists of 7 species, all of which are peculiar to the Ha-
waiian Islands. Heller's two new species. St. psychotrioides and St. pubiflora,
described in the Minnesota Botanical Studies Bull. IX. (1897) 904 & 905, are
not very distinct species and will undoubtedly be referred to St. Kaduana.

The genus is not found at higher elevation than 4500 feet, but descends some-
what lower than 1000 feet. To the five species originally known the writer has
added two new ones; a third new one was described by II. Leveille.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves on short petioles of 2 to 12 mm.

Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, panicle Ion- drooping »t. Jiaciuana

Leaves cuneate, subsessile, prominently nerved, panicles 2.1 cm Ion-. St. longissima

Leaves obovate-suborbicular pubescent, panicle short pubescent St. oncocarpa

Leaves ovate acute or snborbicular glabrous, small, subsessile St. Faunei

445

PLATE 1S5.

STRAUSSIA LONGISSIMA Rock Bp. no v.

Flowering and fruiting branch, less than one-half natural size.

Rubiaceae.

I,r;i\ BS mi pel idles of I - to 15 mill.

Leaves obovate-elliptical oblong, acuminate, pubescenl underneath. . . St. leptocarpa

Leaves acute at both en. Is, obovate oblong, panicle erecl St. Mariniana

Leaves large, oblong, rounded .-it both ends, pubescent underneath... St. Hillebrandii

l.ea\ es large, <>l><>\ ate with cuneate base, glabrous St. hawaiiensis

Straussia kaduana (Cham, et Schlecht.) Gray.
Kopiko Jet n.

(Plate 184.)

STRAUSSIA KADUANA (Cham, et Schlecht.) Gray in Proc. Am. A.cad. [V. (1860) 13;

II. Mann in Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) L70; — Wawra in Flora (1874) 321; -
IIImI. PL Haw. [si. (1888) 179;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. .Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 197;—
K. Schum. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. 1 V. 1. (1891) L12; — Heller in Minnes. Bot.
Stud. IX. (1897) 903.— Coffea kaduana Cham, in Linnaea IV. (1829) 33;— DC.
Prodr. IN". (1830) 502;— Hook, el Am. Bot. Beech. (1832) 86;— Endl. Pi. Suds.
(1S36) 17b' no. L297. — Apionaema obovatum et penduliflorum Xntt. in Herb. K<\\.
(Hbd.).

Loaves obovate or obovate oblong, 5 to L0 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, on short petioles
of 4 to 12 mm or even sessile, rounded or shortly acuminate, cuneate toward the base,
chartaceous to coriaceous, with nerves prominent or little prominent, glabrate or puberulous
underneath, turning black when dry; stipules short 4 to (i nun, broadly triangular; panicle
4 to 12.5 cm long, erect or nodding, puberulous or glabrate, with only 1 or 2 approximate
whorls of rays toward the end of a long peduncle; calyx 1 mm, the Limb denticulate;
corolla about 4 mm, naked at the throat, its 4 to 6 lobes generally longer than the tube,
often 2 to 3 times as long; drupe obovoid or top-shaped, almost quadrangular, with a broad,
flat disc, 10 to 14 mm long, and about 8 mm broad near the top.

This is a very variable species and occurs mainly in the mountains of the
Island of Oahu, where it is quite common. The flowers, which are very small
and white, are arranged on rather long drooping panicles; the drupes are yellow
and resemble a coffee-drupe. It is a medium sized or small tree of 15 to 20
feet in height, and is often quite stunted and shrubby when growing on the
crests of mountain ridges. It occurs on Lanai on the Mahana ridge (no. 8044)
in company with Pittosporum confertiflorum, Xanthoxyhim, Gouldia, Tetra-
plasandra meiandra, and others.

The wood being whitish, it is called Kopiko kea by the natives. Hillebrand
records is also from Molokai ; he enumerates two varieties which are here in-
cluded in the species. A very interesting new species was found by the writer
when in company with Air. G. P. Wilder, in Xuuanu Valley, Oahu, and is de-
scribed as follows.

Straussia longissima Rock sp. now
(Plate 185.)

Leaves obovate-oblong, acute at the apex or rounded, strictly cuneate at the base,
sessile or on petioles of 2 in. 2 to 15 cm long, 4 to S cm wide, light green above and
glabrous, with prominent strong nerves am! midrib, which, like the whole underside of
the leaves, are covered with a rufous pubescence; stipules broadly triangular to oblong,
acute; panicles exceedingly long up to 25 cm, pendulous, the common peduncle up to 18 em
long, the shortest in cm, with three whorls, each of four rays, the whole inflorescence in-
cluding peduncle rufous pubescent; calyx limb truncate to dentate, pubescent, corolla small
2S> mm, white, naked at the throat, the 4 lobes as long as the tube, glabrous; drupe obovord
to oblong 12 to 14 nun long, 6 mm wide, with a small conical disc, not ribbed.

447

Bubiaceae.

This exceedingly interesting Straussia, with decidedly specific characters, is a
tree 12 to 20 £ee1 high with ascending branches and is remarkable for the very Long
pendulous panicles, the longest in the genus. It is restricted as far as known
to Xuuanu Valley in one of the small side gulches of Konahuanui, along a small
streambed at a thousand feet elevation. It is associated with Charpentiera obo-
vata, Hibiscus Arnottianus, Perrottettia sandwicensis, Cyrtandra and others.

It was collected when in company with Mr. Gerrit P. Wilder, flowering and
fruiting .May, 1912. The type is No. 10200 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Straussia oncocarpa I Ilxl.
Kopiko.

STRAUSSIA ONCOCARPA Hbd. Flora Haw. Tsl. (18S8) 180;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pac. VI. (1890) 197.

Leaves obovate or suborbicnlar 5 to 7.5 em long, 3.75 cm wide, on petioles of 4 to 12
ii.m, rounded at both ends, subeoriaceous, pubescent underneath, the costal glands hidden
under the hairs; stipules triangular, obtuse 3 to 4 mm; panicle short, 2.5 to 5 cm long,
bearing one whorl of short rays, rusty-pubeseent, as are also the calyx and corolla; calyx
distinctly dentate; corolla naked at the throat, its tube 4 mm; the lobes as long; drupe
obovoid, 4-ribbed, tumid at the base, 12 mm long, 8 mm wide, with a small disc.

Hillebrand records this species from Ulupalakua, Maui, only. The writer col-
lected the typical St. oncocarpa on the Island of Lanai, (nos. 8024 and 8025) at
the head of Waiakiola gulch, at an elevation of 2800 feet. It is a tall tree 40
to 50 feet in height. The leaves are on slender petioles of little over 2.5 cm,
about twice as long as in Hillebrand 's specimens. On East Maui specimens
wcii' collected of this species which answer the original description in every detail
witli tlic exception that some of the leaves are subcordate at the base and strongly
nerved (no. 8540) ; this latter tree occurs in the open drier gulches back of
Makawao and is only about 25 feet tall. In the same locality occurs a tree
which must be referred to the same species, the leaves are larger, pale green
the panicle is 1 to 2 whorled, otherwise as in the species.

Hillebrand 's var. ,8. the writer collected on Kauai at Ivaholuamano, probably
the type locality (no. 1935) fruiting, March 3-10, 1909. The panicles are shorter,
less than 2.5 cm and contracted; the leaves are obovate-oblong and rounded.
though cuneate at the base.

Var. subcordata Rock var. nov.

Leaves ;is in the species, but thin chartaceous, glabrous on both sides and subcordate
at the base, on very short petioles: panicles of '•'> whorls, pubescent, slender, 12 cm long in-
cluding tli'' peduncle, which measures often more, than 7 cm; calyx-limb dentate; corolla
lobee half the length of the tube.

This variety occurs a1 the Wailau pali on the Island of Molokai, a1 an eleva-
tion of 1000 feet. It is a small live 25 Peel in height. Collected April, 1910,
flowering, no. 7<>72 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

448

Rubiaceae.
Var. sccriacea Rock var. nov.

Branches light gray, terete and striate. Leaves suborbicular, shining, coriaceous,
pubescent along the prominenl nerves and midrib, t>n petioles of 2 to 2.5 cm; the flat
glands triangular and very conspicuous in the axils of the nerves; panicles of l to 'i
whorls, rather short, 2.5 to 3 em, densely tomentose, with a dirty yellowish-gray tomentum;
calyx and corolla pubescent, the former truncate; drupes angled, obovate, rather small, 7
mm, pubescent.

As the name implies, this variety occurs on the scoria or an Lava fields of
Manuka in Kan on the southern slopes of Mauna Loa, Hawaii. It is a small
tree 15 feet in height and grows in company with Nototrichium sandwicense,
Santalum Freycinetianum, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, and others. Collected
July, 1911, flowering and fruiting. The type is no. 10201 in the College of
Hawaii Herbarium.

Straussia Fauriei Levi.
Kopiko.

STRAUSSIA FAURIEI Levi, in Fedde Repert. X. 10/14 (1911) L55.

Branches stout; leaves obovate or suborbicular, 3 to 7.5 cm long, 2 to 0 cm wide,
rounded or acute at the apex, somewhat contracted at the base, slightly subcordate, sub-
sessile or on petioles of 1 mm, reddish to bronze-colored when dry, glabrate, with strong
prominent nerves; panicles erect, short, rusty tomentose, peduncle 15 to 25 mm; calyx limb
truncate or wavy, corolla lobes twice the length of the tube, puberulous, slightly bearded
at the throat; the drupe is obovate, crowned by the calycine limb and a small conical
disc which is not protruding.

This marked species is a small tree 10 feet or little more in height and occurs
on Oaliu as well as on Lanai on the crests of the mountain ridges exposed to the
wind and cold and therefore appears stunted. The species was first discovered
by the writer in the Punaluu Mts., Oahu, on Aug. 23rd, 1908 (no. 25), was
again collected on December 3, 1908 (no. 63-4) ; and also on the Island of Lanai
(no. 8047) on the top of the ridges leading to the summit Lanaihale. In the
Lanai specimens the leaves are 3x2 cm, while the Oahu specimens have larger
leaves. The panicles are usually one-whorled. Collected also by Abbe Faurie
(no. 400) at Nuuanu pali, December. 1909.

Straussia leptocarpa Hbd.
Kopiko.

STRAUSSIA LEPTOCARPA Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 180;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pac. VI. (1890) 197;— K. Schum. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 4. (1891) 112.
Leaves obovate or elliptical oblong, 10 to 12..") cm long, acuminate, contracted below
triangular, obtuse, 3 mm; panicle furfuraeeous-pubescent, erect, short, with 2 to 3 whorls,
the peduncle about 2.5 cm; calyx and corolla puberulous in the bud, the latter four to six-
lobed, with faint hairs at the throat, the lobes scarcely longer than the tube; stamens
4 to 6; ovary semi-superior; drupe slender, ellipsoidal or fusiform. 12 mm long and 4 mm
broad at the middle, the conical apex or disc projecting beyond the calycine limb.

Hillebrand records this species as a shrub from Last .Maui, woods of Pumelei.
The writer collected specimens from apparently tliis species from West Maui,
and also East Maui, in open gulches above Makawao, where it is a small tree

449

29

PLATE 1S6.

STRAUSSIA HAWAIIENSIS Cray.

Kopiko.

Flowering and fruiting branch, less than one-half natural size.

Rubiaceae.

15 to 20 feet in height. Billebrand's description, which is cited above, answers
very well to the writer's specimens. It may be remarked that St. leptocarpa
and St. oncocarpa conic very close to each other, as the Dumber of whorls in the
panicle and dentate calyx limb cannot always be relied upon as constant char-
acters. The writer has observed subtruncate and decidedly dentate calyx limbs
on a single panicle. In the writer's specimens (no. 8541) from Makawao,
Maui, the peduncles are from 4.5 to 5 cm Long, and glabrate, while the leaves
are on petioles of 12 to l'o mm. Specimens from West .Maui, above Kaana-
pali, (no. 8167) come much closer to St. leptocarpa than no. 8541, though the
Leaves are much smaller (4 to 5 cm) than the description calls for; the panicles
are smaller, and pubescent, the peduncle is exactly 2.5 cm or 1 inch. The species
is peculiar to the open dry forehills of West and Hast Maui.

Straussia Mariniana (Cham, et Schlecht.) Gray.
Kopiko.

STRAUSSIA MARINIANA ((ham. et Schlecht.) Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. IV. (I860) 43;—
Mann in Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 170;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 179;—
Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 197;— Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud.
Bull. IX. (1897) 904.— Coffea Mariniana (ham. in Linnaea IV. (1829) 35;— DC.
Prodr. IV. (1830) 86;— Endl. Fl. Suds. (1830) 176. no. 1298.— Apionema sulcatum
Nuttal in Herb. Kew, teste Hillebrand.

Leaves obovate-oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends or the apex bluntly
acuminate, 10 to 15 cm long. 5 to 0.5 em wide, on petioles of 12 to 15 mm, chartaceoua to
coriaceous, glabrate underneath, and dark green, with rather prominent reddish rib and
nerves; stipules obovate from a broad base, somewhat obtuse, 0 to 12 mm long; panicles
glabrous, erect, 5 to 8 cm (impossible to be 4 lines=8 mm, according to Hillebrand) in
the writer's specimens, including a peduncle of about 3 to 3.5 cm; calyx truncate;
corolla with a pilose patch at the base of each lobe; the lobes scarcely longer than the
tube; drupe as in Straussia kaduana.

This species, which is distinguished from Straussia kaduana mainly in the

bearded corolla, and the more or less elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are acute

at both ends and twice as long- petioled as in the latter species, occurs on Oahu.

Maui, and Kauai. On the latter island the writer collected it in the forests

above Makaweli at an elevation of 3000 feet (no. 5833) and also in the woods

of Kaholuamano, though from this locality the leaves have pubescent glands in

the axils of the nerves, (no. 5352). An apparent variety with oblong leaves was

collected at Kaholuamano, Kauai, in Sept., 1909, (no. 5346) ; the panicles in this

variety are slightly pubescent, but the throat of the corolla appears to be naked.

As it is a very variable species no exact limits of either Straussia kaduana or

St. Mariniana can be set. It would perhaps be best to unite both into one

species.

Straussia hawaiiensis Gray.

Kopiko ula.

(Plate 186.)

STRAUSSIA HAWAIIENSIS Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. IV. (1S60) 43;— H. Mann Proc. Am.
Acad. VII. (1867) 170;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 180;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins
Mar. Paeif. VI. (1890) 196.

451

PLATE 1ST.

STRAUSSIA HILLEBRANDII Rods Bp. aov,

Kopiko.
Fruiting branch, aboul one-third natural size.

Rubiaceae.

Leaves thick, chartaceous, with Btoul nerves, obovate 10 to 18 cm long. 5.5 to 8.5 cm
wide, petioles of 1.5 to 3 cm, Bomewhal rounded al the apex or bluntly acute, obovate
oblong, contracting or cuneate toward the base, glabrous, except on the flat glands in the
axils of the nerves, which arc usually large and pubescent; midrib impressed above, reddish
underneath, stipules triangular, obtuse, 6 mm; peduncles from 16 mm to 8 cm long, whole
length of panicle 16 cm or even more, panicle wide and spreading, often 12 cm In diameter,
of 3 to 4 whorls, of usually :'. rays, whole inflorescence covered with a rufous pubescence,
calyx truncate; corolla 3 to 4 mm, the 4.5 lobes as long as the tube or little longer

each with a patch of hairlets at the base; drupe obovoid, small, <i mm or less, crowned
by the truncate limb of the calyx.

This species, which is ;i tree 20 to 35 feel tall, occurs in the forests of South
Kona, Hawaii, on the slopes of Mauna Loa, especially in the more uniform for-
ests above the lava fields of Kapua at an elevation of 3000 feet; the trunk is
about one foot in diameter and vested in a smooth black hark. It is associated
with Metrosideros polymorpha, Myoporum sandwicense, Xylosma Hillebrandii,
Clermontia <<><rul<<i, and others. Ilillebrand 's description of the tree is not
quite correct : he says: "panicles as in No. 2," (Straussia Mariiiiaiia). This latter
species however has panicles only 4 lines long according to his description, while
St. hawaiiensis has exceedingly large panicles. Gray's description of this
species is too vague to permit a certain diagnosis. However the plant figured
(plate 186) is none other than St. hawaiiensis and was collected in the type
locality. The leaves are over 18 cm long, and the panicles 16 cm long, including
the peduncle, while on the same tree some panicles are only 3 cm long, but nunc
are 8 mm as stated by Ilillebrand. Collected flowering and fruiting Feb., 1912,
(no. 10028). The flat circular glands in the axils of veins, are well broughl
out in the accompanying plate (plate 186).

Straussia Hillebrandii Rock sp. nov.
Kopiko.

(Plates 187 and 188.)

Leaves obovate oblong, rounded at both ends, or cuneate at the base, chartaceous to
coriaceous, glabrous and dark green above, but with a scattered rufus pubescence under-
neath, especially on the very prominent reddish midrib and nerves, whose axils are entirely
destitute of glands, so conspicuous in St. hawaiiensis, 10 to 15 cm long, 6 to 9 cm wide,
on petioles of 10 to 4.1 mm; stipules ovate-oblong, acute, 12 mm long; panicles stout,
rusty pubescent, large and open, 12 to 16 cm long, 7 to 10 cm wide, erect or drooping,
with 3 whorls, each with 4 to <i rays which in turn branch diehotomously, the free peduncles
G to 10 cm long; calyx dentate to subtruncate, subglabrous; corolla 3 mm, the 4 lobes
longer than the tube, puberulous inside, anthers partly exserted, style exserted, with two
long clavate stigmatic branches; drupe small, obovoid, 0 mm, crowned by the minute
dentate calyx-limb.

This new species of Kopiko, named in memory of Dr. W. Ilillebrand, occurs
on the Island of Hawaii, on the slopes of Mauna Loa, only 3 miles from the
volcano of Kilauea in the famous Kipuka Puaulu, which has already furnished
a number of new species and even a new genus.

The species comes close to Straussia hawaiiensis in one way and in the other
to St. oncocarpa. Ilillebrand, in a foot note under St. Hawaiiensis says: ,f5
specimen, probably from tin1 Kohala range, has the leaves rounded at the base

453

PLATE L88.

STRAUSSIA HILLEBRANDII Rock.

A new Kopiko tree

Growing in the Kipnka Puaulu, Kilauea, Hawaii.

Rubiaceae.

and pubescenl underneath along the nerves, which are almost destitute of glands;
the panicle is also pubescenl and inclined."
This seems to apply very much to the species in question, but it is really quite

distinct from St. HdWdiiensis, in the leaves, fruits and dentate calyx-lobes, lie-
sides in the whole aspect of the tree, which is much smaller i s<-e plate IKS).

Collected flowering and fruiting in the above mentioned locality, April, 1911,
and July, 1911, type no. 8779 in the College of Hawaii Berbariuin.

The species also occurs on the Parker ranch, Hawaii, and in the forests of

Paauhau, 1 famakua, Hawaii.

Var. Molokaiensis Rock var. nov.

Leaves as in the species, ehartaceous, quite large; panicles slender, drooping, pubescent,
about 10 em tony, including the 6 cm long peduncle; calyx-limb dentate; corolla as in the

species: drupe oblong, larger than in the species.

The panicles of this variety are not so open and wide, but rather close and of
only 1 to 2 whorls. It occurs in the rain forests of Molokai, especially at Ka-
luaha on the leeward side. It was collected flowering and fruiting April, 1010,
the type is no. 7085 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

PSYCHOTRIA Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx short, 5 to 6 toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, tubular
or campanulate. Stamens inserted in the throat, partly exserted. Ovary 2- (rarely 3-5)
celled. Fruit 2 to 5 seeded. — Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs. Leaves whorled or opposite,
stipules interpetiolar. Flowers in terminal cymose corymbs, rarely axillary, white in the
Hawaiian species.

The genus Psychotria consists of about 350 species or more. It is distributed
over tropical Africa, the Malayan archipelago, East India, Brazil; it also occurs
in China, hut is not known from Japan. In the Hawaiian Islands three species
are found of which two, P. grand! flora and P. hirta, are peculiar to Kauai, while
the third. P. hexandra, occurs on Oahu and Kauai but on none of the other islands
of the group. The genus occurs also in Fiji and other Pacific Islands.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Flowers in a trichotomous corymbose cyme.

Leaves acute at both ends, glabrous P. hexandra

Leaves obovate, cuneate, pubescent underneath P. hirta

Flowers large in a panicle with verticillate rays P. grandiflora

Psychotria hexandra Mann.

PSYCHOTRIA HEXANDRA Mann in Proc. Am. Ac. YJI. (1867) 170;— Wawra in Flora
(1374) 328;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 181;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI.
(1890) 198;— Heller Pi. Haw. Isl. (1897) 902.

Branches quadrangular, compressed; leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, 7.5 to 15 cm
long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide, on petioles of 6 to 25 mm, shortly and abruptly acuminate, cuneate
at the base, membraneous, pale and glabrous underneath; stipules one on each side, broad,
oblong, 8 to 12 mm long, caducous, leaving a fringe of hairlets in the axils; flowers in a
terminal semi-erect, corymbose, glabrous cyme of not more than 5 to 6 cm, the peduncle 12
to 25 m; bracteoles below the calyx ovate, acute 4 to 2 mm; calyx (i mm, with 6 toothlets;

455

PLATE ISO.

PSYCHOTRIA HEXANDRA Mann.
Fruiting branch, little more than one-half natural size. From the mountains behind

Honolulu, Oaliu.

Rubiaceae.

corolla waxy white, funnel Bhaped, villous at the throat, 6-lobed; anthers subsessile at the
throat, acute, little exserted; style slightly exserted, the short lobes dilated; drupe l- mm
crowned with the calycine limb; pyrenae with 3 ridges at the back.

This species, Eor which there is no native name as far as can be ascertained,
was originally discovered on Kauai. 11 was however found by the writer on the
Island of Oahu, in the forests of the Koolau range, h is a small tree L5 to 20
feet in height and occurs along the Manoa cliff trail back of Honolulu, as well
as in the forest of Punaluu, on the windward side of Oahu. The flowers of this
species are white and much Larger than those of Straussia (Kopiko).

On Kauai in the mountains of Kaholuamano and llalemanu occur two other
species, one of them a small tree, first described by Wawra as a variety hirta
of the above species, but raised since to specific rank by Heller and now known
as Psychotria hirta (Wawra) Heller. It differs from /'. In xandra in the leaves,
which are obovate cuneate at the base and pubescent underneath: the calyx
teeth are also shorter. The third species, Psychotria grandiflora .Mann, is a
shrub and was collected by the writer in the swampy forests of llalemanu near
Alakai swamp. It is the handsomest species, as it has the largest flowers, which
are pure white to cream colored on long drooping panicles. Hillebrand records
it as a tree, but it was observed by the writer only as a shrub.

COPROSMA Forst.

Flowers unisexual, dioecious in all Hawaiian species. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or
more or less toothed or lobed, larger in the female flowers than in the male. Corolla
funnel-shaped or campanulate 4 to 9 lobed, lobes in the female flowers often reflexed.
Stamens 4 to 9 inserted at the base of the corolla-tube, exserted. Ovary 2, very rarely
4-celled; style divided to the base, pubescent. Drupe ovate or globose, fleshy. — Prostrate
or erect shrubs or trees with opposite or rarely verticillate leaves, entire or dentate stipules.
Flowers white or greenish, quite inconspicuous, single or in few flowered cynics, terminal
or axillary.

The genus Coprosma, which consists of about 45 to 50 species, of which the
majority are found in New Zealand, has quite a number of species in the Ha-
waiian Islands. So far 15 species have beeu found iu these islands, of which 4
were described lately, — two by the present writer in this volume and two by
H. Leveille in Fedde repertorium (C. Fauriei and C. parvifolia). The latter
was first collected by the writer on West .Maui, while Paurie's specimen came
from Molokai. C. Fauriei is not a good species and is referable to C. Kauait nsis
(Gray) Heller. A few species occur in the Fiji and Norfolk Islands, S in
Australia, 1 in the Malay Peninsula, and 1 or 2 in Chile.

None of the Hawaiian species has a foetid odor, as the generic name would

imply.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Leaves opposite.

Flowers sessile on short axillary spurs C. montana

FlowTers raised on distinct peduncles

Drupes leaked with the long tubular limb of the calyx.

Flowers 3-5-6, subsessile at the end of a short peduncle. C. rhynchocarpa

Flowers single or in racemes, pedicellate C. Vontempskyi

457

PL ATK L90.

COPROSMA RHYNCHOCARPA Cm v.

Pilo.

Fruiting branch, less than one-bali aatural size.

Rubiaceae.

Drupes crowned by the calycine teeth.

Flowers 2-3, sessile a1 the end of a Bhorl peduncle C. Grayana

Flowers - on axillary peduncles of 5 nun, drupes largest of all Hawaiian

species C. Waimeae

Drupes naked ;it the apex.

Flowers numerous, crowded on short peduncles C. pubens

Flowers 3, sessile on a peduncle of 2 cm C. Kauaiensis

Leai es ternate.

Flowers many, crowded at the ends of long peduncles C. longifolia

Coprosma montana Hbd.
Pilo.

COPROSMA MONTANA Hbd. PI. Haw. Isl. (1888) 185;— Del Cast. Ell. PL Ins. Mar. Pac.

VI. (1890) 201;— K. Schum. in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 1. (1891) 132.—

C. Menziesii var. 7 Cray in Proc. Am. Acad. I V. (1860) 19;— Wawra in Flora
(1874) 326.

A small tree 5 to <> m in height, with stiff, stout ascending branches, densely foliose,
covered with stipules below and more or less pubescent; leaves obovate or spathulate,
18 to 25 mm long, 10 to 12 mm wide, penninerved, bluntly acuminate or rounded, the base
contracting into a margined petiole, thick coriaceous, shining; stipules broad triangular,
ciliate at the upper border; flowers axillary, sessile on very short and thick spurs; female
flowers: calyx 2 mm, urceolate, the limb denticulate; corolla 4 mm, deeply 5 to 6 parted,
with reflexed lobes; styles 6 mm; drupe yellow or reddish, ovoid, 6 to 8 mm, tipped with the
short calycine limb.

This species, which is occasionally a shrub of 3 to -4 feet and often even pros-
trate as recorded by Hillebrand, is also a small tree 15 to 18 feet in height,
especially on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, at an elevation of 10000 feet, above the
crater of Kaluamakani and on Papalekoki as well as Moano and Nan, where it
grows in company with arborescent compositae such as Raillardia struthioloides,
E. arborea, as well as with the leguminous tree, Sophora chrysophylla, the
Mamani of the natives. It is decidedly a high mountain species, as it grows to a
small tree on Mt. Haleakala on Maui, on the crater of Puunianiau in company
with Mamani and Santalum Haleakalae, a species of sandalwood peculiar to that
mountain. On Mt. Hualalai, Hawaii, 8000 feet, it is a shrub 4 feet high and
grows with Dodonaea viscosa. The leaves are thick glabrous but almost succulent
in all locations.

Two varieties /3 and y occur in the high mountain swamps of Puukukui, West
Maui, and Waialeale, Kauai, respectively. The varieties are prostrate, but occa-
sionally shrubby.

Coprosma rhynchocarpa Gray.
Pilo.

(Plate 190.)

COPROSMA RHYNCHOCARPA Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. IV. (1860) 48;— Mann Proc. Am.
Acad. VII. (18(57) 169;— Wawra in Flora (1874) 32o;— Hbd. PI. Haw. Isl. (1888)
187;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 201.

Leaves elliptical or obovately oblong. 4 to 7 cm long, 15 to 2." mm wide, on petioles of
6 to 18 mm, acuminate at both ends, chartaceous, papillose to pubescent or sparsely hispid
underneath; stipules 5 to 7 mm, a loose funnel-shaped sheath, the free portions triangular,

459

PLATK 19 J

COPROSMA VONTEMPSKYI Rock sp. now

Pilo tree.

Growing in the forests about Oliuda, Blopes of Alt. Haleakala, Maui; elevation 4000 feet.

Rubiaceae.

the upper border ciliate with pale fawn-colored hair as is the base, and thus resembling
C. stephanocarpa] flowers 3-5-6, subsessile .it the end of a short peduncle of 4 to t> mm;

the bracts 2 to :'> nun; male Mowers sometimes racemose; calvx r 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 * • ; corolla I mm Toii^,

6 to 8 lobedj female flowers: calvx 6 mm, the limb twice as long as the adnate portion
and equalling the corolla, constricted below, tubular or funnel-shaped, with 5 to 6 small
teeth; styles 6 mm; drupe yellowish red, globose or ovoid, 6 to 8 mm, crowned with the
long, beak-like limb of the calyx.

The species occurs as a tree of L5 to 20 feel or so in height with a trunk of a
foot in diameter on the upper slopes of Mt. Hualalai, at Hinakapauula, eleva-
tion 6000 feet. It however descends as low as 4000 feet. Nearly every trunk
of these trees, which are very numerous at the above Locality, is rotten, though the
outward appearance of the tree is healthy; the trunks are without bark and full
of holes, and are entirely hollow being inhabited by thousands of SOW-bugS,
(Philoscia angusticauda) . It is also common at Paauhau, 3000 feet elevation on
Parker ranch, Hawaii, and was also collected by the writer on the slopes of
Mauna Loa in the upper part of the rain forest of Kan above NTaalehu and
Waiohinu, 5000 feet elevation. Specimens from this latter locality differ some-
what from those of Hualalai in that the calycine Limb is only half the length
of that occurring on Hualalai and Paauhau.

Coprosma Vontempskyi Rock sp. now

Pilo.

(Plate 191.)

A small tree with rather slender branches, which are terete; leaves membraneous,
ovate or linear oblong, acuminate at both ends, pubescent above and underneath especi-
ally along the midrib, 3.5 to 5.5 cm long, 14 to 20 mm wide, on a somewhat margined
pubescent petiole of about 10 mm; stipules thin, 2 mm, sheathing, acute, pubescent, with
slightly ciliolate margins, flowers unknown; drupes single or in racemes of 2.5 em length on
pedicels of 3 mm, when single the peduncle measures 5 mm, with foliaeeous bracts of 6 mm
length; drupe ovoid, G mm long, 4 mm wide, crowned by the calycine, dentate limb of
3 to 4 mm.

This interesting species seems to be an intermediate between C. cymosa and
C. rhynchocarpa. It has the typical, though somewhat shorter, calycine limb
of the latter species, and the inflorescence of the former. In general habit it is
however quite different, as well as in many other respects. It occurs in the rain
forest above and below Olinda on Maui, on the slopes of Mt. Haleakala, where it
was collected by the writer in September, 1910. It is named after the writer's
friend, Mr. L. v. Tempsky, the manager of Haleakala ranch, to whom he is
greatly indebted for often extended hospitality and without whose aid the ex-
ploration of Mt. Haleakala could not have been accomplished in such a satis-
factory way.

The type is 8529 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Coprosma Grayana Rock sp. nov.
(Plate 192.)

Branches pale terete, glabrous, leaves opposite, elliptical-oblong, acute or bluntly
acuminate at both ends, midrib and veins prominent, dark green, dull, lighter underneath,

461

PLATE 192.

COPROSMA GRAYANA Rock BP qov

Pilo.
Fruiting branch, one-half natural siz<

Rubiaeeae.

ehartaceous, glabrous on both sides, 8 to i- cm long, 3 t < ► I cm wide; on petioles of 3 to 4
».-iii ; stipules 1 > rc>:i< 1 sheathing, thin, 8 nun high, slightly broad, ciliate al the upper border;
flowers - to 3, sessile ;it the *'n< I of a sliort axillary peduncle of - to 5 mm; bracts 2.5 mm;

(flower buds only known) calyx urceulat e, very sliort dentate; Corolla alunit I mm; drupes

oblong-ellipsoidal bright red, usually single, 12 mm Long, crowned by the calycine teeth;

Seeds whitish, rounded at the apex, acute at the base, oblong.

This new species, which is a tree 20 feet <>r more high, wit li a trunk of several
inches in diameter was discovered by Hie writer in the luivsts of Naalehu, Kan.
Hawaii, in the tropical rain forest situated on the southern slopes of .Manna
Loa at an elevation of 3000 feet. The bark of this tree is fawn-colored and
corky, the sap-wood yellow like that of the Noni (Morinda citrifolia), the heart-
wood is blackish; when cut into an exceedingly Large amount of sap sipiirts
out in all directions, having a very peculiar oily odor. The wood is quite
close grained and comparatively hard. It was collected in (lower buds and fruit
on January !», 1012. The type is no. 10005 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Coprosma pubens Gray.
Pilo.

COPROSMA PUBENS Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. IV. (1860) 49;— Mann Proc. Am. Acad. VII.
(1S67) 169;— Wawra in Flora (1874) 324;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 188;—
Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pae. VI. (1890) 201.

Leaves lanceolate or obovate-oblong, 5 to 12.5 cm long, 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide, on petioles
of 10 to 20 mm, acuminate, narrowing at the base, ehartaceous glabrous, or pubescent at
higher elevations, dark when dry; stipules 4 to 8 mm, loosely sheathing on half their length,
the free portions triangular, strigose-pubeseent; flowers numerous, glomerate at the apex of
short peduncles; male flowers: calyx 2 mm, corolla 6 to 8 mm long, 6 to 7 lobed; female
flowers: calyx 2 to 4 mm, cylindrical, the very short limb dentate; corolla 4 mm; styles
18 to Hi mm; drupes reddish, ovoid or ellipsoidal, S to 12 mm long, naked at the top, the
pointed apex projecting beyond the calycine scar.

This species, often a shrub, was however observed only as a small tree 15 to 18
feet in height. It occurs only in the rain forests and is quite common in the
mountains of Kohala, Hawaii, where the writer collected it, as well as in the
valleys of Waipio, Puakalehua, Waimanu, etc. According to Hillebrand it oc-
curs on all the islands of the group, but the typical C. pubens was collected only
on Hawaii by the writer. It is distinguished from the other species of
Coprosma in the numerous flowers, which are glomerate at the end of a short
peduncle, and the narrow ellipsoidal fruit.

Coprosma kauaiensis (Gray) Heller.
Koi.

COPROSMA KAUAIENSIS (Gray) Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1S97) 894.— Coprosma pubens var.
Kauaiensis Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. IV. (1860) 49; — Wawra in Flora (1874)
323. — C. stephanocarpa /3. var. Kauaiensis Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 187; — Dei
Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1S90) 201.

Leaves obovate-oblong, or ovate, bluntly acute at both ends, 6.5 cm to 3 cm, dull green,
pubescent underneath, on petioles of 4 to 8 mm; peduncle naked about 2 cm long- with
3 sessile flowers at the apex, supported by spathular bracts of 3 mm; calyx of female
flower urceolate 3 to 4 mm with 5 to 6 lanceolate lobules; drupe small obovate. very obtuse

463

PLATE 193.

COPROSMA LONGIFOLIA Gray.

Pilo.

Fruiting branch, about one-half natural size.

Rubiaceae.

The Koi is n tree 15 to l'o feet in height with n inink of ;i Eew inches in dia-
meter. Ii is like the Olena peculiar to the Island of Kauai, where i1 occurs in
the forests of Kaholuamano. The name Pilo, by which all other Hawaiian
Coprosmas are known on the other islands, is applied on Kauai to a species of

IVlea and to one of IMat ydesina.

Coprosma Waimeae Wawra.
Olena.

COPROSMA WAIMEAE Wawra in Flora (1874) 327;— Heller PI. Haw. [si. (1897) 895 —
C. foliosa llbd. Pi. Haw. [si. (1888) L86, in part

I. oavos elliptical-oblong, acuminate at both ends or shortly acute, on petioles of 5 mm,
glabrous; stipules broadly triangular or ovate and Long or caudately acuminate; drupes
orange colored, largest of all Hawaiian species, ovate, L2x8 nun, crowned by the
calycine teeth.

This species, which Hillebrand incorrectly referred to C. foliosa, is certainly
distinct from all the other Hawaiian species, and as Wawra remarked in a foot-
note, has the largest fruits of all Hawaiian Coprosmas. It is a small tree and
occurs in the forests of Halemanu and Kaholuamano, Kauai, above Kekaha and
Waimea at an elevation of 3600-4000 feet.

The native name, Olena, meaning yellow, is derived from the yellow color of
the wood.

Coprosma longifolia Gray.

Pilo,

(Plate 193.)

COPROSMA LONGIFOLIA Gray in Proe. Am. Acad. IV. (1860) 48;— Mann Proc. Am.
A.ad. VII. (1867) 109;— Wawra in Flora (1874) 324;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888)
188;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI (1890) 200;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl.

(1897) S95.

Leaves ternate, elliptico-oblong or lanceolate of even breadth in their greatest length,
6.5 to 10 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, on petioles of 12 to 18 mm, acute at both ends, char-
taceous, stipules thin (! to 12 mm, connate; flowers 6 to 15, glomerate at the end of
axillary peduncles of 0 to 10 nun; bracts 0 mm, sometimes foliaceous; male flowers: calyx
2 mm, 5 to 8 toothed, corolla 6 to 8 mm, with 5 to 8 lobes; stamens long exserted 12 to
10 mm; female flowers: calyx urceolate, 4 mm, corolla 4 mm, with revolute lobes; stvles
8 to 12 mm; drupes ellipsoidal 6 to 8 mm long, reddish, tipped with the short calycine
teeth.

On the lower slopes of Mt. Konahuanui, Oahu, at an elevation of 2500 feet or
higher, this very distinct species occurs as a tree 15 feet or more high with a
short trunk of several inches in diameter. It is quite striking in its appearance,
especially during the early winter months when the tree is loaded with the
bright reddish drupes or fruits, contrasted with the graceful foliage. According
to Hillebrand the species occurs on Kauai, besides Oahu, but was only seen on the
latter island by the writer, where it is plentiful on the whole Koolau mountain
range.

465

30

1'LATK l!»l.

MORINDA CITRIFOLIA Linn.

Noni.

Flowering and fruiting branch, one-half natural size.

Rubiaceae.
MORINDA Linn.

Calyx cup-shaped truncate or toothed. Corolla salver-shaped to campanulate.
Stamens inserted in throat of the tube, included <>r exserted. Ovary 4-celled; style with

two branches. Drupes or berries united into one fleshy fruit. 8 Is obovoid or reni-

form. — Trees or shrubs (occasionally climbing and epiphytic bul ool in Hawaii) with

Opposite leaves, ami i nterpct iolar stipules, connate with the petioles. Flowers in globose
heads, on axillary, terminal single or clustered peduncles.

The genus consisis of about 4»> species distributed over both hemispheres, but
especially in the old world and the Pacific islands. Only two species occur in
Hawaii, one of which is endemic.

KKY TO THE SI'KCIKS.

Leaves oblong, fruit 2.5 cm in diameter M. trimera

Leaves ovate, fruit 5 to la cm in diameter M. citrifolia

Morinda citrifolia Linn.

(Plate 194.)

MORINDA CITRIFOLIA Linn. Spec. PI. ed. 1. (1753) 17(3; — DC. Prodr. IV. (1830) 440;—
Hook, et Arn. Bot. Beech. (1832) 65;— Endl. PI. Suds. (1836) 17(5;— Seem. Flora
Vit. (1866) 129;— Mann Proc. Am. Ac. VII. (1867) 170;— Wawra in Flora (1874)
p. .';— Mrs. Sincl. Indig. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1885) t. 40;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888)
177;— Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 195;— K. Schuin. in Eng. et
Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 4. (1891) 138;— Heller PL Haw. Isl. (1897) 901;— Brigham
Ka Hana Kapa Mem. B. P. B. Mus. III. (1911) 144. fig. 87.

Leaves broadly ovate 15 to 20 cm long, 10 to 15 cm wide, on short petioles,, somewhat
obtuse, thick; stipules broad and rounded, connate into a sheath enclosing the peduncle;
flowerheads on short bractless peduncles placed opposite the leaves; calycine limb short,
truncate; corolla white, tubular to funnel-shaped, 5-eleft, pilose at the insertion of the
sessile anthers below the middle of the corolla; syncarpium 5 to 10 cm, fleshy.

This well known cosmopolitan species, which llillebrand believes to be of abori-
ginal introduction, occurs only on the lowlands in the vicinity of native dwell-
ings, or now growing apparently wild but more correctly on overgrown for-
saken native dwelling-sites. The species has an exceedingly wide distribu-
tion and is cultivated by the Polynesians as a dye-plant. It is also used
medicinally by the Hawaiians and from the mature fruits they extract an oil of
very unpleasant odor, used for the hair; ripe fruits are also used as a poultice.
The wood is intensely yellow when fresh cut. The root yields a yellow dye while
the bark furnishes ;i red dye. It is a small tree 15 feet in height with a trunk
of usually a few inches in diameter; the leaves are large and shining and have
impressed veins. The fruit when mature is foetid and of a yellow color. In
Fiji the fruit is eaten either raw or cooked. The leaves are also used medi-
cinally against diarrhoea and disturbances in menstruation, as well as for fever.

Morinda trimera I llxl.
Noni-kuahiwi.

(Plate 195.)

MORINDA TRIMERA Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 177;— K. Schum. In Engl, et Prantl
Pflzfam. IV. 4. (1891) 148.— M. trinerva Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI.
(1890) 196, should be trimera, evidently a misprint.
Branches pale terete, covered with numerous warts and lenticels; leaves elliptical or

obovate-oblong, 10 to 18 cm long. 3.5 to 6 cm wide, on petioles of 2.5 to 3.5 cm. acuminate

467

PLATE 195.

MORINDA TRIMERA Hbd.

Noni-kuahiwi.

^ruiting branch, from the type locality.

Rubiaceae-( lampanulaceae.

at both ends, chartaceous to membraneous, pubescenl underneath; stipules 6 mm, acuminate;
peduncles in the axils of old Leaves and cauline 3.5 to I cm Long, pluribracteate ;it
the base; flowers 8 to L2 in :* glomerule, connate with their bases; calyx 2 t.> :! nun, free
from the ovary, truncate, with 3-toothlets; corolla 8 mm, puberulous, tubular, 3-toothed;
anthers '■'>. Bubsessile on the lower third <>i' the corolla, included; ovary small, globose
depressed, immersed in an annular disc al the bottom of the calyx; style >f the length of
the calyx, bifid; drupe or berry of I distinct woody pyrena, fleBhy, adherenl with and
enclosed within the globose calyx, each pyrena with l erect seed, and the calyxes connate
into a synearpium which measures about -.'> cm in diameter.

This exceedingly rare species was lirst collected by J. Lydgate in the Bo-rests
of Ilaiiiakua and YVaikapu, .Maui. The writer's attention was called to a tree
growing in the forest above Makawao, Maui, by Mr. L. v. Tempsky, who hav-
ing become interested in native trees, happened to find it though practically

hidden by Kopiko trees and le-te vines. It turned out to be this rare species.

A large tree of this species was found by the writer along the ditch trail on
the windward side of Mt. Ilaleakala. near Ilonoinanu gorge. 'Ph.' tree is freely
branching and has a trunk of over one foot in diameter. The wood is yellow.

According to Hillebrand a variety occurs on Mt. Puakea of the Waianae range,
Oahu. Its leaves are thicker and obtuse; the corolla is four-toothed and possesses
-1 stamens instead of three. First collected by Dr. IT. Wawra.

CAMPANULACEAE.

Tribe Lobelioideae.

AVhile the family Campanulaceae numbers 59 genera, only the tribe Lobeli-
oideae, with 22 genera, is of importance as far as Hawaii is concerned. Of this
tribe, the Hawaiian Islands possesses six genera, five of which are endemic, the
remaining one being' the cosmopolitan genus Lobelia. Nowhere, with the ex-
ception of South America, does this tribe reach such a wonderful development
as in the Hawaiian Islands. It has the largest number of species of any plant
family represented here in these islands; next to it ranks the Compositae.

Many of our Lobelioideae are arborescent, some of them reaching a height of
40 feet, and are a typical feature in the forests of Hawaii. The tribe in general
is mainly tropical, and reaches to the southern temperate zone. Quite a number
inhabit North America, and two the Mediterranean regions. The Hawaiian
Islands, with its numerous arborescent forms, ranks next to South America, which
has the largest number of species, as Centropogon Presl., with 80 to 90 species,
and Siphocampylus Pohl, with 100 species, especially numerous in the Andes
and Brazil. But if we compare South America in size with the Hawaiian Islands,
which has up to 100 species of the tribe Lobelioideae, we find that really nowhere
in the world does this tribe reach such a wonderful development in such a com-
paratively small area. The other islands of the Pacific are void of Lobelioideae.
and only Tahiti and the Society Islands, with Raiatea, have in all four species
belonging to three different genera.

The Hawaiian species present sometimes really grotesque and specialized

469

PLATK lfKi

CLERMONTIA DREPANOMORPHA. Bock.
About two-thirds natural Bize; Bhowing flowers and fruits.

( lampanulaceae.

forms, while others again (new forms) run into each other to such an extent
tli.it it is diffieuH to recognize specific distinction. While mosl of them are

shrubs or small trees, only those are included here which reach a height of aboul

18 to 40 feet. Delissea undulata, which attains a height of over 30 feel on .Manna
Loa, Hawaii (see plate XVI), is here omitted, as its stem is rarely thicker than
two inches.

The genus Lobelia, which is represented by five very handsome species, some
reaching a height of 18 feel (/.. macrostachys in Kan. Hawaii i, possesses aboul
200 species, which are distributed over Africa and South America, while very
few are to be found in Central America. They usually inhabit high mountains,
like Abyssinia. Ruwenzori, Kenia. etc., in company with arborescent Compositae.

In the Hawaiian Islands the genus Lobelia is confined to the middle forest
zone, but does occasionally ascend into the upper forest zone to an elevation of
6500 feet. (L. hypoU uca, Puunianiau crater, ITaleakala.)

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Milky shrubs or trees 'with axillary inflorescences.

Berry large yellow, an inch or more in diameter:

Corolla deeply slit to the base; flowers 2-<i in simple cymes Clermontia

Berry small, occasionally large, but then purple:

Corolla slit beyond the middle, flowers in racemes Cyanea

CLERMONTIA Gaud.

Calycine lobes either as long as the corolla and then bilabiate and deciduous or
shorter than the corolla, bluntly lobed or acute, free and persistent; corolla nearly uni-
labiate, staminal column free from the corolla; the two lower anthers penicillate. the
upper ones naked; fruit a globose or pear-shaped berry with a broad epigynous disc;
seeds brown shining. Shrubs or trees (with thick latex) branching candelabra like.
Inflorescence a two to many flowered cyme.

The genus Clermontia. which is peculiar to Hawaii, consists of 17 species, 13
of which can be included in the term tree.

The most common of the shrubby ones is C. macrocarpa Gaud., which grows
at an elevation of from 1000 to 2500 feet, and even higher, and is replaced in
the middle forest zone by C. persicaefolia, C. obloiigifolia on Oahu. and ('. dre-
panomorplta, etc., on Hawaii. Their branching habit is always candelabra-like,
and not more than 6 or 8 feet above the ground.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

I. CLERMONTIA GENTJINAE.

Calyx lobes connate, as long as the corolla; at maturity the entire tube falls with the

corolla.
Peduncle two flowered.

Peduncle long filiform pendulous C. grandiflora

Peduncle arched, drooping, 1-10 cm long; fleshy, corolla dark purple

C. drepanomorpha
Peduncle short, erect.

Corolla and calyx not or little curved when open, slender, whitish

C. persicaefolia
Corolla and calyx strongly arched, green C. oblongifolia

471

PLATE L97.

CLERMONTIA PERSICAEFOLIA Gaud.
Less than half natural size.

Campanulaceae.

Peduncle 20-25 mm, drooping.

I lorolla long, slender, (lark, purplish black C. Kohalae

Peduncle two to four dowered.

Corolla smaller, dark, purplish; calyx green; branches slender: leaves with a

purplish black tinge C. leptoclada

Corolla large, green, purplish or white, ovarian portion strongly ribbed

C. Hawaiiensis
II. CLERMONTIOIDEAE.

Calyx lobes tree, shorter than the corolla, persistent.
Peduncle short 15 mm or Less.

Calyx five toothed; corolla puberulous C. Gaudichaudii

Calyx with minute acute teeth: corolla dark purplish-red... C. Peleana

<'alyx five lobed; corolla glabrous, thick, fleshy C. arborescens

Calyx with five short obtuse lobes; corolla and calyx covered with tubercles

C. tuberculata
. Peduncle 2 cm or more in length; two to three flowered.

I forolla bluish-white or purplish-green C. coerulea

Peduncle two-six flowered; flowers whitish-green C. Haleakalensis

Clermontia grandiflora Gaud.

CLERMONTIA GRANDIFLORA (laud. Hot. Voy. Uranie (1826) 159; pi. 73; Presl Monogr.
Lobel. (1836) 48.— DC. Prodr. VII (1839) 342;— A. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. V.
(1862) 150;— 11. Mann I'roc. Am. Acad. V I I | L866) 184; Mini. PI. Haw. [si. ( 1888)
L-4i);_Dt>l cast. Hi. PI. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII. (1892) i!-_M .— Delissea filigera Wawra
in Flora [1873) 31;— Not Kauai, but Maui:— YValder ober Waihee.

Leaves obovnte to oblong 7 to 10 cm x 2.."i to J) cm on petioles of 1 to 4 cm. shortly
■acuminate, bluntly serrulate or dentate, chartaceous glabrous dull; peduncle filiform,
pendulous i! to 8 cm long bracteate at the middle, two flowered, pedicels slender braeteo-
late about the middle, sometimes cymosely 4 to 5 flowered by dichotomy of pedicels;
calyx glabrous greenish or purplish, thin, the lobes tubular, strongly curved before expan-
sion 5 to li cm long: corolla purplish somewhat longer than the calyx, berry pear-
shaped about 2 cm orange yellow.

This quite distinct species occurs on the Islands of Molokai, Lanai, and Maui,
where it inhabits the rain forest from an elevation of 2000 to 5000 feet, or a
little higher. It is very common on West Maui, but especially at the summit of
Puu Kukui (5788 feet), at the edge of Iao valley, in company with Lobelia
Gaudichaudii, Labordea. Wilkesia Grayana, etc. On Molokai it can be found
in the forest above Mapulehu and along a stream back of Kamoku. It is quite
conspicuous by its green, purplish-streaked corolla, which is pendulous on long
filiform peduncles, which characterizes it from all the other species. It is most
plentiful at 4000 feet elevation on the windward slope of Ilaleakala, East Maui.
in the dense mossy rain forest along Waikamoi, Puohaokamoa and Honomanu
gulch. On Lanai it grows in the more open dry districts at the ridge of Kaiho-
lena valley, where it is a shrub, while in the other more shaded localities it be-
comes a small tree 15 to 18 feet in height.

The specific name grandiflora is rather misleading, as it is by no means the
largest flowering Clermontia. being exceeded by ('. drepanomorpha and ('. ar-
bon scens.

Clermontia drepanomorpha Rock sp. now

(Plate 196.)

Leaves oblong or obovate, lanceolate 10 to 18 cm x 1.5 to 4 cm glabrous above or
sparsely hispid underneath along the prominent reddish midrib, dark green above, lighter

473

PLATK 198.

CLERMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA Gaud.
Less than one-half natural si/.e; showing flowers an<l (lower buds.

( lampanulaceae.

underneath, on petioles of 3 to 5 cm, denticulate in the upper two tliinls with callous teeth,
entire in the lower; peduncle glabrous 6 to 8 cm long with flower, 10 <-m Iqng with Cruit,
pedicels 2 cm, two flowered; bracts and bractlets triangular; calyx dark purplish, the
ovarian portion 1.5 to - <'m triangular to globose, the Lobes ;i* long as the corolla, the
peduncles drooping, but the flowers erect; corolla purple, curved I to 6 cm long by L.5 to 2
cm wide, fleshy; stanii n:i I column glabrous purplish; anthers bluish-lilac, hirsute ilong
the sutures, the lower anthers penicillate; berry large globose yellow 3 <-m in diameter;
seeds yellowish-brown, smooth.

This remarkable species was discovered by the writer on the open swamp
lands in the mountains of Kohala, Hawaii; also along Alakahi and Kawainui
gorges at an elevation of 4000 to 5000 feet. It is a small tree VI to 20 feel in
height, and is peculiar to the boggy regions of West Hawaii, where the rainfall
is enormous. It was collected flowering and fruiting in duly, 1!M>!), and again
the following year during the same month on the high plateau, summit of Ko-
hala ; the type is No. 474o in the Herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

It grows in company with several species of Pelea, Cheirodendron, Tetra-
plasandra, and a number of other speeies of Clermontia. It is remarkable for its
handsome flowers, which are even larger than those of C. arboreta us.

The birds are very fond of its very large, bright-yellow fruits, which they
hollow out until only the skin remains on the stalks. This, however, is the case
with most of our Lobelioideae. The trunks of this species are thickly covered
with moss up to the ultimate branchlets. The wood is soft and whitish.

Clermontia persicaefolia Gaud.
(Plate 197.)

CLERMONTIA PERSICAEFOLIA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Uranie (1826) pi. 72;— DC. Prodr.
VII (1S39) 342;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 241;— Del. Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar.
Pacif. VII (1892) 222;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl. (1897) 907.— Clermontia
persicifolia Presl Monogr. Lob. (1836) 48. — Clermontia grandiflora var.
[3 oblongifolia Gray, in part, Proe. Am. Acad. V. (1862) 150; — H. Mann 1. c. p.
184 in part. — Lobelia persicifolia Endl. Fl. Suds. (1836) no. 1061.— Clermontia
parvifiora Wawra Flora (1873) 47.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong 8 to 10 cm x 1 to 2 cm acuminate or obtuse, coarsely
crenate or serrulate, the base gradually contracting into a long petiole of 4 to 6 cm
subcoriaceous, glossy above, glabrous and glaucous underneath; peduncles 10 to 14 mm,
two flowered, with a pair of bracts below the middle; pedicels 12 to 15 mm long bibracteo-
late at or near the base; calyx and corolla slender almost white, with purplish tinge,
greenish when young, smaller than C. macrocarpa; the ovarian portion is turbinate.

A handsome shrub or small tree 15 to 18 feet in height, sometimes growing
on other trees. It is peculiar to the Island of Oahn, where it can be found in the
rain forests of the main range, and not uncommon on the mountain "Waiolani,
and also near the crater in Palolo valley at an elevation of from 1300 to 2000
feet. It is much branching and has a beautiful, round, symmetrical crown ;
flowers in spring. It also occurs ou Mt. Kaala of the Waianae range.

Wawra 's Clermontia parvifiora Xo. 2206 in the Herb. Museum Caes. Palat
Vindob., which the writer had occasion to examine, is really Gaudichaud's CI.
persicaefolia.

475

Campanulaceae.

Clermontia oblongifolia Claud.
(Plate 198.)

CLERMONTIA OBLONGIFOLIA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Bonite (1838) 459 pi. 71;— Presl
Monogr. Lob. (1836) 48;— DC. I'rodr. VII (1839) 342;— Wawra in Flora (1873)
47;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 241 ;— Del Cast. VII (1892) 222;— Heller PI.
Haw. [si. (1897) lies.— Lobelia oblongifolia Endl. Fl. Suds. (1S3G) no. 1061.—
Clermontia grandiflora var. oblongifolia Gray Proc. Am. Acad. Y. (1862) 150
pro parte; — . Mann 1. e. p. 184 pro parte.

Leaves oblong 8 to 12 cm x ;; cm obtuse or rounded, erenate or bluntly serrulate
toward the apex, contracting into a Long petiole of 4 to 8 cm, chartaceous pale, whitish
underneath: peduncle Id to Hi mm long, two rarely three flowered, with one or two
pairs of dentiform bracts; pedicels of the same length as peduncle, with two bractlets
near the base; calyx pale greenish, the lobes as long as the corolla, strongly arcuate,
ciica (i cm long by 1 2 mm wide; berry glol ose not furrowed, seeds dark brown.

It is a small and handsome tree, reaching a height of about 15 to 25 feet, but
is often found as a shrub in the more open country or swampy flat lands, as at
the head of Pauoa valley on Oahu. to which island it was thought to be peculiar.
It has since been found by the writer on Maui in Honomanu gulch, and on Mo-
lokai at Maunahui, as on the ridges of Manoa, Palolo, Xiu and Waipio valleys.
Oahu. Its large, very arched, green flowers are not particularly handsome.

All Clermontiae are known to the natives as Ohawai or Haha. The milky,
viscous sap was employed as bird lime in the olden days by the native bird-
hunter.

Yar. Mauiensis Rock var. now

Leaves acuminate 15 to 19 cm long, 3.5 to 4.5 cm wide, glabrous, pale green, on
shorter petioles (4 cm); peduncle 1.5 cm long 2-3 flowered, pedicels somewhat longer,
bracts 4 mm, bracteoles 2 mm; calyx green; corolla purplish; staminal column and anthers
dark purple, the former glabrous, the latter hirsute along the sutures.

A small tree 15 to 18 feet high, resembling very much the species on Oahu.
This tree is not at all common, but can be found on the Island of Maui on the
windward slopes of Mt. Ilaleakala along the Kailua ditch trail in the valley of
Honomanu at an elevation of 2800 to 3000 feet in the rain forest. The type
specimen is No. 8804 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium. Collected dowering
April. 1011. The tree grows in company with CI. macrocarpa, which is the most
common species in that locality, and CI. arborescens.

Clermontia Kohalae Rock sp. nov.

Leaves linear oblong bluntly acuminate or obtuse 7 to 16 cm long. 2 to ?> cm wide,
gradually narrowing into a petiole of 2 to 4 cm, glabrous, dull, pale underneath, with
impressed yeins chartaceous denticulate or serrate in the upper two-thirds, entire at
the base; peduncle 15 to '■','> mm, two flowered, hispid or even scabrous, with two
triangular bracts above the middle; pedicels as long as the peduncles bibracteolat e ; the
Ovarian portion of the calyx turbinate, green, the lobes as long as the corolla, dark
blackish purple, slender, not fleshy, suberect or slightly arcuate, glabrous; corolla of the
same color as the ealycine lobes, glabrous: staminal column glabrous; anthers pale
hirsute along the suture-, t he two lower anthers only penicillate; berry subglobose circa
2 cm in diameter; Seeds pale brown smooth shining.

This species, new to seiciieo. is a small tree 15 to 18 feel in height with a
trunk of a few inches in diameter, branching candelabra-like a i'vw feet above

47(i

( iampanulaceae.

the ground. It was discovered by the writer in July, 191<>, in the lower forests
of Kohala, Hawaii, and in the gulches on the windward side, along the streams
at an elevation of 1~>(|i> to 2500 Eeet, where it is no1 uncommon. It is exceedingly
handsome when in flower; the numerous dark-purple corollae in the axils of the
leaves give it a pleasing appearance. It flowers during the summer months. The
type is No. 8810 in the Herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

This; very interesting and handsome Lobelia is peculiar to Kohala, Hawaii,
after which district it is named. It was also observed along the Lower Kohala
ditch trial when in company with Mr. Bluett.

Clermontia leptoclada Rock sp. now

Branches slender loosely foliose; leaves oblong acuminate at both ends 12 to 18 cm

long by 2.5 to 4 cm wide, denticulate with callous teeth, dark green above, with a dark
purple-bluish tinge at the margins and apex, glabrous above, coriaceous, with impressed
veins, pale underneath and sparingly hispid along the veins and midrib, on petioles of
4 to (i cm: flowers all along the slender stem on cymosely branching hirsute peduncles
of 2. 5 to J. cm, which are bracteate in the upper third; pedicels two usually three to four
1.5 to 3..") cm Long, bibraeteolate at the middle, the bractlets linear subulate 5 mm long;
calyx, ovarian portion subglobose, the tube as long as the corolla, purplish with promi-
nent hispid nerves; corolla slightly arcuate 4.."i cm Ion-'. Lobes linear lanceolate, dark purple,
hispid with white hair; staminal column purplish puberulous, the anthers hirsute along
the sutures, bluish purple, the lower ones penicillate; fruit globose 2.5 cm in diameter:
seeds brown smooth shining.

This species, which becomes a tree of 18 to 20 feet in height, was discovered
by the writer near the summit of the Kohala mountains on Hawaii, along the
Alakahi and Kawainui ditch trail at an elevation of 4200 feet, during the month
of July, 1909. at which time it was found in flower and fruit. It is one of the
many remarkable Lobelioideae which inhabits our high swampy plateaus. The
type is Xo. 47t>0 in the Herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Clermontia Hawaiiensis (Hbd.) Rock.
(Plate 199.)

CLERMONTIA HAWAIIENSIS (Hbd.) Eock.— Clermontia macrocarpa var. Hawaiiensis
Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1S8S) 241.

Leaves ovate-obovate, oblong, undulate dark green, glossy above, glabrous, lighter
underneath, pubescent along the veins and midrib; the veins impressed; 15 to 22 cm long.
3 to 6 cm wide on petioles of 2.5 to 3 cm reddish; peduncles 2 to 4 flowered, 3 to ii cm
long, pedicels 2 to 4 cm long; peduncle bibracteate in the upper fourth, bracts foliace-
ous 2 to 3.5 em long, linear oblong denticulate, pedicels bibraeteolate at the
middle and at their common base, puberulous. calyx subglobose, the ovarian portion pro-
nouncedly 10 ridged, the dorsal one almost wing like, the tube green or purplish 0 to 6.5
cm long, as long or even longer than the corolla; the dorsal slit extending to the base,
the lateral slits beyond the middle, each lobe strongly nerved, each nerve being a continua-
tion of a ridge of the ovarian portion of the calyx; corolla slightly arched thickened
toward the apex in the bud; staminal column glabrous, green or purple, anthers pale purple
or dark hirsute along the sutures or glal rous. the two lower only penicillate, berry Large
3 cm in diameter, 10 ridged, orange yellow.

This shrub or small tree reaches a height of 20 or more feet. It is a very
variable species; the leaves are sometimes oblong or ovate, the peduncle either
very long and then twice as long- as the pedicels and two-flowered, or as long
as the pedicels or little longer and then four-flowered; the two inner pedicels

477

PLATE 199.

CLERMONTIA HAWAIIENSIS (Hbd.) Bock.

Ohawai.

Flowering and fruiting specimen from near the Volcano of Kilauea, Hawaii; elevation

1000 feet. < >ne half natural size.

Campanulaeeae.

shorter and thicker! almosl four-cornered) than the two outer pedicels. In the
four-flowered specimens the corolla is purple while in the long peduncled, two-
flowered specimens the corolla is either whitish or green.

This species occurs In the semi- we1 foresl <m the land of Keauhou about there
miles from the Volcano House. H becomes exceedingly plentiful as one pene-
trates into the interior. It usually grows od the trunks of Cibotium tree ferns
or is also occasionally terrestrial. It is associated with Acacia Koa, Metrosideros
polymorpha, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Straussia sp., Myoporum sandwicense, etc.

Tbe specimens found lower down along the government road come nearer
to CI. macrocarpa; while the plants found back of Hilo are Clermontia macro-
carpa. The plants found below the Volcano House and those beyond Shipman's
paddock on Keauhou. cannot be very well separated, and therefore the writer
found it advisable to make it a species, as the plants from the type locality can
certainly not be called a variety of CI. macrocarpa.

Collected April, 1911, July, 1911, and July 9, 1912, in company with Mr.
W. M. Giffard. The type is No. 8803 in the College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Clermontia Gaudichaudii (Gaud.) Hbd.
Haha or Hahaaiakamanu.

CLERMONTIA GAUDICHAUDII (Gaud.) Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 2-13;— Del. Cast.
111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII (1892) 211.— Delissea clermontioides Gaud. \'<>v. Bon
(1S38) pi. 47, (1866) p. 64;— Gray Proc. Am. Acad. V (1862) 147;— II. Mann.
1. c. p. 17S; — Wawra in Flora (1873) 8. — Clermontia clermontioides Heller PL
Haw. Isl. (1897) 906. Clermontia Clermontioides (Gaud.) Heller, would really l>e
correct but owing to the silliness of the combination. Hillebrand's name is here
retained.

Leaves elliptico oblong to lanceolate 8 to 12 cm x 1.5 to 4 cm on petioles of 2 to '■'>
cm, acute at both ends, crenulate, glabrous, pale and dull, chartaceous; peduncle short
about 1 cm; pedicels 12 to 15 mm, bracts 1 mm; calyx broad campanulate about 15 mm
high with 5 short acute teeth; corolla arched as much as in G. oblottgifolia, about 4 cm
long and 1 cm wide, greenish purple; anthers pale, glabrous; berry globose, furrowed.
22 to 25 mm in diameter.

This species, which is peculiar to the middle forest region of the Island of
Kauai, is either a shrub or small tree, with many candelabradike branches form-
ing a beautiful round or flatish crown. It grows mainly along stream beds, and
is plentiful along Waialae gulch (1000 feet). It also grows in the swampy high
plateau in gray, muddy soil, or can often be found on other trees between their
main branches in accumulated humus.

It ascends even as high as to the foot of ]\It. Waialeale (1600 feet), where it
grows in company with the curious Gunnera petaloidea, or Apeape, along Ka-
luiti and Kailiili streams.

The natives, as well as the birds, are very fond of the large, sweet, yellow
berries, from which the tree receives its name, Haha or Olia being the native
generic name for all Clermontiae. while ai <i /." man u is the specific one. meaning
■"eaten by the birds."

479

PLATK 200.

CLERMONTIA PELEANA
Flowering specimen from Dear Kilauea, Eawaii.

OCK sp. now

More than one-half

• : 1 1 1 1 r : 1 1 size.

PLATE 201.

CLERMONTIA ARBORESCENS (Maun) Hbd.

Ohawai.

Less than half natural size; showing flowering branch and fruit.

31

PLATE I'd:

CLERMONTIA TUBERCULATA Forbes
Natural size, showing flowerbuds. Note tubercles on the inflorescence.

( Jampanulaceae.

Clermontia Peleana Rock --p. nov.
i Plate 200.)

Leaves oblong acuminate L8 to 20 cm Long by 3.5 to t.5 cm wide, dark green above,
glossy somewhat Lighter underneath, with dark purple veins and midrib, Irregularly
crenate to nearly the base of the Leaf, which is on a petiole of I to 6 cm; dowers axillary
usually two on :i short peduncle of L.5 cm with two small linear bracts at the middle;
pedicles 3 to 4 cm with two bracteoles at their common baBe; calyx dark green, the
ovarian portion turbinate L.5 to 2 cm in diameter, with minute teeth; corolla strongly
arched when open, 4 to 5 Cm, dark ldaekish purple, thin not tlesliy, silky, the apex
almost returning to the level of the base; stamina! column glabrous dark purple, as are
the anthers of which the two lower are penicillate; style glabrous with a bluntly two
lobed stigma; fruit unknown.

This species, which is a small, glabrous tree 20 feel in height, has long, more
or less rambling branches. It was discovered by the writer on the Island of Ha-
waii, in the middle rain forest zone, at an elevation of 3800 feet, four or five
miles below Kilauea volcano, along the government road. Only three plants
were observed, one of which had never flowered. It is a very handsome species,
and is associated with Clermontia Hawaiiensis, Cheirodendron Gaudichaudii,
Cyrtandra, Cibotium tree ferns, Ilex, etc.

It is named after the Hawaiian goddess Pele, whose abode is in the fires of
Kilauea, in the vicinity of which this tree grows.

The type is in the Herbarium of the College of Hawaii, No. 8800, collected
flowering in July, 1911, and July 10. 1912.

Clermontia arborescens (Mann) Hbd.
Oh a wai,

(Plate 201.)
CLERMONTIA ARBORESCENS (Mann) Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (18SS) 242;— Del. Cast. 111. Fl.
Ins. Mar. Paeif. YIL (1892) 221. — Cyanea arborescens Mann. I'roe. Am. Acad. VII
(1S66) 1S3. — Delissea Waihiae Wawra in Flora (1873) 8.

Leaves obovate oblong 12 to 16 em x 4 to 5 cm, on petioles of 3 to 6 cm, shortly
acuminate or rounded, narrowing at the base, crenate or serrulate, coriaceous, dark
green, glossy above, paler underneath; peduncle very short fleshy, two flowered only, the
pedicels about 25 mm or also 35 cm, bracts small, bractlets at the base of the pedicels;
calyx green with a campanulate tube of about 20 mm and thick obtuse or deltoid lobes of
very variable length, separated by sinuses when small and partly connate when large;
corolla exceedingly thick and fleshy, strongly arched about 0 cm long of an even width,
greenish white or sometimes cream colored with a tinge of reddish purple; anthers
glabrous; berry yellow very deeply furrowed and crowned by the calycine lobes; seeds
pale yellow shining.

It is one of the most common Clermontia, next to the Oahuan C. macroeafjxt.
but unlike the latter inhabits the middle forest zone between 2000 and 4000 feet.
It occurs on the three central islands, but is absent on Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii.
It is peculiar to the wet forests, where it is a small tree 15 to 25 feet in height.
The yellow berries, which reach the size of a little lime, are eaten by birds and
the natives. It is conspicuous by its monstrous fleshy inflorescence, which is,
next to that of C. drepcuwmorpJict. the largest in the genus. The Oha wai can be
found along the Kula pipe line trail. East Maui, where it is extremely common.
Also on West Maui (Kaanapali), Molokai (Pelekunu), Lanai (Haalelepakai),
usually in company with species of Cyanea and Clermontia grandiflora.

483

PLATK 203.

CLERMONTIA COERULEA Hbd.
One-third natural Bize; Bhowing Sowers and fruits.

( lampanulaceae.

Clermontia tuberculata Forbes.
i Plate 202.)

CLERMONTIA TUBERCULATA Forbes Occas. Papers B. P. Bish. Mus. V. (1912) 8, pi. 3.

Leaves obovate to oblong, Berrulate, glabrous, coriaceous, the veins < > i • the under-
side minutely tuberculate L9.5 cm to I <'in, with petioles 2 to 3 cm I < > 1 1 ^ ; peduncle two-
flowered 5 mm Long pedicels 3 cm, both covered with small tubercles; calyx tube cam-
panulate with short obtuse lobes, which together with the thick fleshy corolla is covered
with pronounced tubercles; anthers dark red, glabrous; berry globose, strongly tuberculate
on the outside 1.3 cm in diameter; seeds smooth, yellow, shiny, ovoid.

This small tree, which reaches a height of about 12 to 15 feet, was discovered
by Mr. C. X. Forbes of the Bishop Museum, who collected it on the Island of
Maui on the slopes of Halcakala. in the wet forests near Ukulele (5000 feel i.

The writer collected specimens of this species a year later from the identical
tree from which Mi'. Forbes derived his material. One other tree was seen
along a stream bed. its branches touching the rushing waters, between Puukakai
hill and the Kula pipe line trail, when in company with Dr. P. Ceresole.

It conies nearest to Clermontia arborescens Hbd., but does not grow to such
a size. It is a very distinct species, differing from all other Clermontiae in its
tuberculate inflorescence, a character which, however, occurs in certain species
of Cyanea new to science.

Clermontia coerulea Hbd.
(Plate 2():J.)

CLERMONTIA COERULEA Hbd. PI. Haw. Isl. (1888) 243;— Del. Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. .Mar
Pacif. AMI (1S92) 211.

Leaves oblong 1:2 to 15 em long 2 to 4 cm wide on petioles of 3 to 5 em shortly
acuminate, contracting at the base, minutely denticulate, glabrous above, membraneous,
with a scattered pubescence along the midrib underneath; peduncle slender 2.5 to 4 cm
long, with a pair of short bracts considerably above the middle, pedicels of the same
length or longer (in Hillebrand's specimen the pedicels are shorter) than the peduncle,
bracteolate below the middle; (Hillebrand's statement that the bracteoles are at the
middle is incorrect; his specimen of C. coerulea which J examined has the bracteoles
also below the middle) calyx colored, the tube about 15 mm, turbinate, the lobes either
large 15 to 17 cm or minutely denticulate; corolla moderately curved about 4 cm long
greenish in Kau specimens, purplish in Koiia specimens, of a thin texture; berry globose
yellow about 2 cm in diameter somewhat furrowed.

What Clermontia macrocarpa is to Oahu, Ch rmontia coerulea is to Hawaii,
especially on the southern end. It is the most common Clermontia on the slopes
of Manna Loa in Kau, from where it ranges way over to North Kona. It can be
found at an elevation of 2000 feet above Naalehu, Kau, in wet rain forests up tc
an elevation of -4000 feet. It also occurs in the wet forest back of Kapua, where
it extends up into the Koa belt. It is not uncommon in the forests above Keala-
kekua and on the slopes of Hualalai back of Huehue. In Kau it is a tree 15 to
20 feet in height with a trunk of about 4 to 5 inches in diameter, ami is freely
branching'. In the specimens from Kau, the calycine lobes are minutely denti-
culate, while in the Kona specimens the lobes are broad deltoid. In the latter
locality it is a shrub.

485

PLATE '204.

CLERMONTIA HALEAKALENSIS Rock
Less than half natural Bize.

PLATE 20E

CLERMONTIA HALEAKALENSIS Rock.
Growing on the inner crater wall of Puunianiau, slopes of Mt. Haleakala; elevation 7000

feet. Island of Maui.

PLATE 206,

CYANEA ARBOREA (Cray) Hbd.
Portion of crown of leaves with inflorescence; loss than one-third natural size.

Campanulaceae.

Clermontia Haleakalensis Rock, sp. nov.
(Plates 204, 20.") .)

Leaves 20 to 30 cm long including the short margined petiole, fleshy, L.5 to I cm
wide, obtuse, oblong Lanceolate, dark green above, pale underneath, midrib thick promi-
nent, veins impressed, pellucid, the upper half crenate, lower half entire, glabrous, gradu
ally tapering into a short margined petiole; cymes in the axils of the leaves, peduncle 2 to
5 cm Long, bearing usually 6 flowers on pedicels of I to 1.5 cm, the bracts Linear subulate
about 7 mm, the pedicels bibracteolate below the middle; calyx tube oblong turbinate
1.5 cm slightly pubescent, the lobes linear subulate 5 mm Long, corolla whitish green 3.5
to 4 cm long, curved, the dorsal slit not always extending to the base, sometime'- only
to the middle, Lobes linear lanceolate glabrous; staminal column white pubescent at the
base, as is the disc, glabrous in the upper part, the two lower anthers penicillate; etyle

slightly pubescent, inner side of the staminal column hispid with white hair in the
lower halt, berry oblong, seeds smooth whitish.

A small tree Id to 2<) feel tall, with few very robiisl branches, having at first
glance the aspeel of a Dracaena. It is soft-wooded, and glabrous. This very
curious tree, which has almost an antediluvian appearance, conies nearly between
Clermontia and Cyauea. Its decidedly cyniose inflorescence places it with the
former genus, while the dorsal slit of the corolla does not always extend to the
base, but the middle. It also has a characteristic of the genus Delissea, and thai
is the thickened portion or knot) in the flower hud about the middle, indicating
the termination of the dorsal slit; though the seeds, which in Delissea are deeply
wrinkled, are smooth and shining in the species in question.

This remarkable tree is undoubtedly one of the oldest forms of our Hawaiian
Lobelioideae, as it is so strikingly different from all the rest of the Lobelioideae
inhabiting these islands.

This particular speeies was discovered by the writer October 11, 1910, on the
Island of Maui, on the western slopes of Mt. Haleakala, on the crater of Puu-
nianiau, at an elevation of 7000 feet, in a locality where no one would expect to
find a member of this wonderful tribe. It grows in open, dry scrub in company
with plants belonging to the upper forest zone, such as Baillardia platyphylla,
Argyroxiphium virescens, Sophora chrysophylla, Santalum Haleakalae, etc. Un-
fortunately, only three trees are in existence, and as they are peculiar to the
above locality, it will not be long before they will have shared the fate of so
many of our native trees, becoming extinct, as cattle have free access and browse
on the lower branches within their reach. The writer appealed to the manager
of Haleakala ranch to protect these trees from the ravages of cattle, which he
kindly promised to do.

The type specimen is No. 8595 in the Herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

CYANEA Gaud.
(Kit hi i<i Reichb., Marcrochilus Presl.)

Calycine lobes of variable length, from dentate to foliaceous; the dorsal slit of the
corolla extending to the middle. The two lower small anthers or all penicillate; -eeds
crustaceous shining smooth. Shrubs or small trees with erect simple stem or branches,
occasionally covered with thorns. Leaves entire. Lobed, or pinnate. Flowers bluish or
purple or white in axillary racemes.

489

PLATE 207.

CYANEA ARBOREA (Gray) Hbd.
Side view. At CJlupalakua, Maui. Note the dense inflorescence.

PLATE 208.

CYANEA ARBOREA (Gray) Hbd.

Front view. Growing in a small gulch at Ulupalakua, Maui; elevation 5500 feet.

PLATE 209.

|P J

*v v* y

CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. Cray.

Hahalua.

Plant peaches a height of forty feet. Growing in tin* forest of Kaholuamano od Kauai.

( lampanulaceae.

The genus Cyanea is endemic in the Hawaiian [glands and possesses more
species than either Clermontia or Delissea. All the species arc shrubby, with
three exceptions. One species, C. leptostegia, reaches 40 feel in height, and is
thf tallest of any of our Lobelioideae. The genus consists of many species, 31
having been so far described, while many more have Keen discovered by the
writer which will l>e published in a monograph on this tribe, bringing the
number of species of Cyanea probably up to 45, or even more.

The genus Cyanea consists of milky shrubs or trees with a single ered or
branching stem, which includes a medullary cavity. Flowers are arranged in
racemes.

KEY TO THE SPECIES.

Calycine lobes shorter than the tube.

Flowers grayish white or cream colored C. arborea

Calycine lobes longer than the tube.

Flowers dart purple C. leptostegia

Cyanea arborea (Gray) Hbd.
( Plates 206, 207, 208.)

CYANEA ARBOREA (Gray) Hbd. PI. Haw [si. (1888) 261;— Del Cast. 111. PI. lus. Mar.
Pacif. VII (1892) i'H>. — Delissea coriacea var. ,i A. Gray 1. e. p. 14s:— TT. .Maim
1. e. p. 178. — Delissea arborea H. Mann 1. e. p. 180. — Cyanea longifolia Heller
1. c. p. 909.

Leaves sessile oblanceolate 40-65 cm x 7-1 2. -1 cm. shortly acuminate or rounded and
apiculate, gradually narrowing toward the base, faintly dentate, but almost entire and
wavy towards the base, glabrous or pubescent along the rib, flossy, chartaceous to coriace-
ous; peduncle slender but stiff 1.1-3(1 cm long, almost naked above, closely many flowered
in the last fourth, pedicels short 3.8 mm; bracts 2-4 mm; braetlets 1 nun; calyx subglobose.
glabrous, shortlv toothed, the tube <i mm; corolla slender moderately curved, suberect 5
cm long, 5 mm wide, glabrous grayish white, rather thin, with a deep dorsal slTt and
connivent lobes; stamina] column glabrous; berry globose, faintly ribbed, 10-12 mm iD
diameter.

A tree 12 to 24 feet tall of palm-like habit with a crown of leaves at the apex
ot the stem, the latter measuring about 4 inches in diameter or more.

This is one of the most handsome Lobelias which the islands possess. 1'nfor-
tunately it is exceedingly scarce, and the writer fears that it has become extinct.

Where there was once a forest at Ulupalakula there is now only grassland
with planted Eucalypti. The writer met with only one single plant in a small
gulch which was inaccessible to cattle. For three days the writer searched for
this beautiful Lobelia, and he had nearly abandoned all hope when he saw this
handsome plant hidden in a small and very narrow gulch. It evidently is the
last of its race. In the whole district of Ulupalakua there is now no forest at
all, only here and there stands a tree of the araliaceous species Pterotropia
dipyrt mi.

Cyanea comata, another beautiful lobeliaceous plant once common in this
district, has vanished forever.

The plant is peculiar to Ilaleakala. Ulupalakua, .Maui, ami was once plentiful
at an elevation of 40<><) to 5000 feet. It flowers in the early spring.

408

Campanulaeeae-( roodeniaceae.

Cyanea leptcstegia A. Gray.

Jlahalua.

(Plate 209.)

CYANEA LEPTOSTEGIA A. Gray Proc. Am. Acad. V. (18(52) 149;— Mann. Proc. Am.
Acad. VII (1866) 184;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 47;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888)
261;— Del. Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VII (1892) 219;— Heller PI. Haw. Isl.

(1S97) 90S.

hoaxes sessile narrow lanceolate, 40 to 48 em x 4 to 5 em denticulate or aubentire,
glabrous shining chartaceous, the midrib of the leaves hollow, leaves of young plants
lobed, the lobes extending sometimes to the midrib; peduncle (with flower) 2 to 3 cm
slender, naked below, many-flowered at the apex, 10 to 20 flowers iu a crowded cluster on
pedicels of about 8 mm, bracts linear, twice as long as the bractlets; calyx glabrous, the
tube cylindrical, lobes linear or filiform, sometimes 4 cm long; corolla dark purplish red,
glabrous, semierect and slender about 4 cm long and 4 mm broad, anthers glabrous; berry
ovoid, yellow, crowned by the filiform calycine lobes.

The Hahalua, which reaches a height of sometimes 40 feet, or about 13 m, has
a pronounced palm-like habit, possessing a single erect trunk which is densely
covered in its upper portion with rhomboid leaf-scars, bearing at the end a crown
of sessile leaves.

The Hahalua is peculiar to the Island of Kauai, where it inhabits the middle
forest zone on the leeward side in the drier and more open districts. It is as-
sociated with Antidesma platyphyllum var. /?., Xylosma Hawaiiense, Maba
sandwicensis var., Pisonia sandwicensis, Cyanea spathulata, and Cyanea hirtella.
It flowers in the summer months.

Numerous species of caterpillars feed on the fruits and withered flowers

The leaves of the young plants are always lobed, a characteristic found quite
often in young plants of Cyaneae, especially in those of Section III Palmae-
formes. The milky juice of this species is yellow.

goodeniaceae:.

The family < Joodeniaceae consists of 13 genera, of which 10 are only found in
Australia. The species number 291, of which 27 are not found in Australia. In
the Hawaiian Islands only the genus Scaevola is represented of this family, with
,-i few species.

SCAEVOLA L.

Flowers hermaphrodite, zygomorphous, pentamerous. Calys tube adnate to the ovary,
the limb very short, annular, truncate or 5-parted. Tube of corolla dorsally slit to thq
base, all lobes nearly of equal length or the two superior ones shorter. Filaments linear,
anthers free. Ovary inferior, rarely very shortly superior, bi-locular, ovules solitary in
each local.', erect, anatropous. Style entire, the margin of the indusium filiate, very
rarely glabrous; stigma truncate or subbilobate. Fruit indehiscent, exocarp fleshy suc-
culent, or BUberose, endocarp hard, ligneous, or bony, rarely crustaceous. Seeds solitary.
Embryo as long as the albumen, with terete or t'oliaceous cotyledons. — Herbs, shrubs or
small trees with alternate, rarely opposite leaves, which are toothed, serrate, or entire.
Flowers rarely solitary, usually in cymes, bractente and bract eolate. sessile or pedicellate.
Corolla white, purple or yellow.

The genus consists of 83 species, distributed over Australia, but mainly Wes1

494

Goodeniaceae.

Australia, India, a tew in New Caledonia ami (i endemic species in the Ha-
waiian Islands, with one other S. frutescens (Mill.) Krause, <>i' wide distribution.

KEY To Till': SPECIES,

Leaves obovate oblong, toothed it Berrate.

Cymes short, crowded, leaves pubescenl S. procera

Cymes long, many flowered; leaves glabrous S. Chamissoniana

Scaevola Chamissoniana Gaud.
Naupaka or Naupaka kuahiwi.

(Plate 210.)

SCAEVOLA CHAMISSONIANA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Cranio (1826) Kit. t.s2;— Hook, et Am.
Bot. Beech. Voy. (1832) 89; — Endl. PI. Suds. Ann. Wien. Mus. I. (1836) L70 no.
1043;— DC. Prodr. VII. ( L839) 506;— A. Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. VII. ( L867) 187;
Ebd. Fl. Haw. [si. (1888) 267;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 216;
Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1897) 913; Krause Das Pflzenr. LIV. I.
277. (1912) 123.— S. Chamissoniana Gaud. var. y Ebd. PI. Haw. Isl. (1888) 2(17.—
S. ciliata (i. Don Hen. Syst. III. (1834) 728. — S. ligustrifolia Xutt. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. N. S. VIII. (1843) 253. — Tenninckia Chamissoniana de Vriese Gooden.
(1854) 8; — Walp. Ann. II. (1852) 1057. — Lobelia Chamissoniana O. Ktze. Bev. Gen.
IT. II. (1891) 378.

A shrul) or small tree 5 to 6 m high; branches terete glabrous or in the axils of leaves
sparsely white-villose; leaves chartaceous, obovate or obovate lanceolate, acuminate at the
apex, cuneate at the base, narrowing into a petiole of (5 to 12 mm, margins senate
dentate, glabrous on both sides, 4 to 10 cm long, 2 to 4.5 cm wide; flowers in subdivari-
eate cymes, 7 to 15 flowered, as long as the leaves or longer; bracts small linear, acute
2 to 5 cm long, ovary obovoid, glabrous, 3 to 4 mm long; calyx 1 to 2 mm long, shortly
5-lobed, sparsely ciliolate; corolla wThite with purple streaks or pure white, the erect tube
narrow cylindrical, 1.5 to 2 cm long, glabrous outside, sparsely pubescent inside, lobes
about half the length of the tube or shorter, winged; stamens almost the length of the
tube, the filiform filaments somewhat dilated at the base, anthers small, oblong, truncate;
style slightly protruding from the corolla, pubescent below, glabrous above; indusium
glabrous, the superior margin sparsely and shortly ciliate. fruit ellipsoidal, glabrous, 6 to 10
mm long, 4 to 5 mm thick.

This species is one of the most common shrubs or often small trees which one
is likely to meet everywhere in the lower or middle forest zone. It is in flower
nearly all the year round and is quite a conspicuous object in the forest on ac-
count of its white flower, which appears to be only a half a flower, though com-
plete. It occurs on all the islands of the group from 800 feet elevation tip to
4000 feet and even higher; several varieties have been described. Krause in his
monograph on the Goodeniaceae of the world distinguishes three varieties of
this species: (1) var. pubcseois (Nutt.) Krause, from Kohala, Oahu, (2) var.
braeteosa Hbd. from Maui, Hawaii, and Molokai, and (3) var. cylindrocarpa
(Hbd.) Krause, from Lanai.

There are many more varieties of this species in the writer's possession, which
belong all to shrubs and therefore do not come within the scope of this book.
Plate 210 shows a branch from the typical S. Chamissoniana, as it occurs in
the forests of Oahu.

Here may be recorded another species, the Ohcnaupaka of the natives or
Scaevola glabra II. et A. This latter plant often reaches a height of fifteen

495

PLATE 210.

SCAEVOLA CHAMISSONIANA Gaud.

Naupaka.
Flowering and fruiting branch, reduced.

( roodeniaceae-< lompositae.

feet, bul is seldom a I ree ; it grows usually in out-of-the-way places, as on the sum-
mit ridges of the mountains of Oahu, and in the swampy foresl and borders oi
greal bogs on Kauai, usually at an elevation of from 3000-5000 feet. Tin- flowers
are the largesl of the Hawaiian Naupaka and are brighl yellow.

Scaevola procera Hbd.
Naupaka or Naupaka kuahiwi.

SCAEVOLA PROCERA Ebd. PI. Haw. Isl. (1888) 268;— Del Cast. 111. PI. In-. Ma.. Pac.
VII. (1892) 217;— Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX. (1M>7) 914;— Krause Das
Pflzenreieh LIV. 4. ^77. (1912) 12o.— Lobelia procera < >. Ktze. Rev. Gen. 1*1. II.
(1891) 378.

Branches terete, densely and shortly einereous tomentose, adult ones somi what glabrous,
ami barbellate in the leaf-axils; leaves chartaceous obovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong,

acuminate at the apex, contracting into a petiole of 1 to 1 .i> cm rarely longer, margin
acutely serrate-dentate, or the base entire. 6 to 1"' cm long, 2.5 to 4.") cm broad, sparsely
hispidulous above, pubescent beneath, with distinct and prominent nerves; flowers large
iii axillary divaricate trichotomous cymes which are cinereous tomentulose, and shorter
than the haves: bracts linear lanceolate, acute, 2 to 4 mm long, ovary obovoid-oblong,
puberulous or subglabrous, about 4 mm; calyx lobes very short, obsoletely deltoid-orate,
subacute, with ciliolate margins; corolla white with purple streaks, 1.8 to -.'> cm long,
outside sparcely but inside densely puberulous, tiie subpatent lobes shorter than the
tube, with somewhat broad wings; stamens at the base little dilated, the filiform fila-
ments 7 to 8 mm long, anthers elliptical-oblong, truncate, much shorter than the filaments;
style somewhat complanate, sparsely puberulous, quite glabrous at the apex, little shorter
than the corolla; indusium with the upper margin shortly ciliate; fruit ovoid, glabrous. »',
mm long, 3 to 4 nun thick, indistinctly and longitudinally costate.

This rather handsome species occurs as a shrub and small tree 15 feel or so
high on several islands of the Hawaiian group, hut is most common on Molokai.
It resemhles somewhat 8. mollis. It was first found by Ilillehrand on Molokai
at the Pali of Pelekunu Valley. It was collected by the writer March, 1910.
flowering and fruiting hack of Kamoku. near Kawela swamp (no. 6159). and
again at Wailau pali (no. 7031 and 7036"!. Molokai. On Kauai he collected it
back of Lihue on the Haupu range with almost entire leaves, flowering March 19.
1909. (College of Hawaii Herbarium.)

COMPOSITAE.

The Composite, or Sunflower, family, is the largest family of plants, com-
prising over 800 genera, with more than 10.000 species. The Composite family
is considered one of the youngest of the plant families, as some of its tribes are
still in full evolution.

It is distributed over the whole Globe, and is represented in these islands by
about 60 species, only a few of which become trees. Of striking character is
the well-known Hawaiian Silversword, Argyroxiphium sandivicense (Hinahina),
with its variety macrocephalum from Ilaleakala crater. Some of the arborescent
species of Hawaiian Compositae inhabit the high mountains of the group, up to
an elevation of over 10.000 feet.

497

32

PLATE 211.

DUBAUTIA PLANTAGINEA Gaud.

Naenae.

Flowering branch, about one-half natural size

Compositae.

K KY TO 'I'll B GENERA.

Flowerheads small, yellowish:
Style of fertil flowers bifid:

I tracts of involucre in one row free Dubautia

Bracts of involucre connate Raillardia

Flower heads large, two inches or more, brownish yellow:

style of all Horets entire or shortly bidentate Hesperomannia

DUBAUTIA Gaud.

Flowerheads homogamous, discoid, all florets hermaphrodite and fertile. [nvolucre
turbinate, with 5 to LO equal bracts in one row; receptacle naked or paleaceous, the
paleae corresponding in number to the inner florets; corolla tubular with a -~ * - f i « i limb;
anthers purple, shortly appendiculate; style-branches revolute; achenes hispid, l to 5
ribbed, with several shortly ciliate rays in a single row. — Shrubs or snialj trees with op-
posite or ternate leaves which are either sessile or subsessile, the leaves are parallel
nerved, with a slightly branching middle nerve, and remind one of the leaves of species of
Plantago or Bupleurum. [nflorescence terminal, paniculate or corymbose.

The genus Dubautia is strictly Hawaiian and is closely allied to the genus
Raillardia, which is also peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands. It consists ot seven
species, ouly two of which attain the height which entitle them to be called trees;
the remaining rive are shrubs. The Dubautiae or Naenae, as the Hawaiians term
these plants, are peculiar to the wet regions of the middle forest zone, and reach
their best development on the Island of Kauai, where five species are found.

Dubautia plantaginea Gaud.

Xa< nae.

(Plate 211.)

DUBAUTIA PLANTAGINEA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Frame (182(3) 469. pi. 84;— Less in Lin-
naea VI. (1831) 162;— Endl. Fl. Suds. (1S36) n. 998;— A. Grav Proe. Am. Ac.
V. (1862) 134;— Wawra in Flora (1S73) 76;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 222;—
Hoffmann in Engl, et Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 5. (1889) 24S. fig. 120. G.;— Del Cast.
111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pae. VI. (1890) 212;— Heller in Minnes. Bot. Stud. Bull. IX.
(1897) 918.

Leaves opposite, lanceolate 10 to 20 em x 8 to 20 mm, acute gradually contracting at
both ends, clasping with the narrow base, entire or remotely denticulate in the upper
half, strongly 7 to 13 nerved; panicle pubescent, pyramidal, 15 to 25 cm long, projecting
beyond the leaves, with horizontal branches, the lowest 5 to 7.5 cm long, the ultimate
pedicels 2 to 3 mm, racemosely arranged; heads cylindrical, florets 7 to 10, involuCral
bracts 7 to S; receptacle mostly naked; corolla orange colored, exserted; style branches
revolute; pappus-rays linear-subulate, with upright ciliae.

The Naenae is a small tree of 10 to 16 feet in height with a short trunk of a
few inches in diameter. The branches are very slender, spreading, and bear at
their ends long, lanceolate, bright-green opposite leaves, which are strongly 7 to
13 nerved. It is a strikingly handsome tree when in full flower, which is from
about July to August, varying, of course, according to locality. The small yellow-
flowers are borne on a large pyramidal panicle which projects beyond the leaves,
about ten inches or more in length, drooping or standing erect. The corolla is
orange-colored with a slender tube which dilates into a bell-shaped (campanu-
late) limb with rcflexed lobes. The flowers have the odor of bee's-wax, and arc
often purplish instead of yellow.

499

PLATE 212.

RAILLARDIA ARBOREA Gray.

Naenae.

Photographed from an herbarium specimen, aboul one-half aatura] size,

( lompositae.

The \d< inn is more or less common on all the Islands, l>ut particularly on
Oahu. where it can be found a1 an elevation of 2000 feel a1 the head of Pauoa
valley, at the fool of Konahuanui. On Maui it is verj common a1 the west end
at a lower elevation along llonakawai gulch, back of Kaanapali. as well as at
Honokahau. On Ealeakala it is plentiful along the -niches near Kula. at 3000
feet, and is scattered in the rain forest aear Waikamoi and Puukakai above
Olinda at an elevation of 4000 feet. Occasional plants can be found in the crater
of Haleakala in Kaupo Gap at an elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet, together with
Raillardia sp., Argyroxiphium rinse, us. Lobelia hypoleuca, Geranium multi-
forum, etc. On Hawaii il is found in the mountains of Kohala. as well as on the
slopes of llualalai at about (5000 feet, in company with Dodonaea, Styphelia,
Coprosma. etc., on black cinder. On Kauai il is gregarious along Waialae stream
together with Dubautia laevigata and other plants.

It is peculiar to the rain forest, where it reaches its besl development, but can
occasionally be found in the drier districts. On Oahu it is also plentiful in the
mountains of Punaluu at an elevation of 2000 fed.

Another species. Dubautia laxa Hook, et Am. occurs on Oahu, though a shrub.
The writer discovered a variety of this latter species on Kauai at the central
plateau in the swampy forests and on the borders of the great open bogs at an
elevation of 4500-5000 feet. It is a small tree 15 to 18 feet in height with few
spreading branches, which, together with the leaves are hirsute with whitish-
gray hair. The inflorescence is a large hirsute corymb, bearing dark orange-
yellow heads of 6 mm in diameter on pedicels of 12 mm. It differs from the
species in the large, orange colored flower-heads which are on long pedicels.
while in the species they are nearly subsessile. It may lie known as I) it haul in
laxa II. et A. var. pedicellata Rock var. nov.

RAILLARDIA Gaud.

The genus Raillardia differs from Dubautia in its plumose pappus-rays and
usually naked receptacle; flower-heads as in Dubautia. — Shrubs or trees with
ternate. alternate, or opposite leaves, with various venations; flowers in terminal
racemes, panicles or corymbs, yellow.

The genus Raillardia is peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands, though it is of
American affinity, as it is closely related to the California genus, Raillardella,
established by Gray, with four species peculiar to the high mountains of the
Sierra Nevada and Yosemite district at elevations from 8000 to 11,000 feet.
Most of the Hawaiian Raillardiae inhabit our high mountains to an altitude of
11,000 feet, but a few species (shrubby) occur as low as 2500 feet, or even lower.
The arborescent species are found at high elevations only. The California
Raillardella are acaulescent herbs with stout, creeping rootstocks.

The species of Raillardia are not at all clearly defined in Hillebrand's Flora.
and need a revision. A few species run into each other so that it is sometimes

501

PLATE i'I

RAILLAEDIA MENZIESII Gray.

Fruiting branch pinned against trunk of tree; growing in the upper forest of Mt.

Ealeakala; elevation 61 feet.

( lompositae.

very difficull to distinguish them. Some species will have to be united, and per-
haps one or two new species described, as they do clo1 lit in Hillebrand's key to
the species.

KEY TO THE 8PECIES.

Leaves with a viscous pubescence; inflorescence paniculate R. arborea

Leaves silky pubescent, lanceolate acute R. struthioloides

Loaves glossy, still' filiate; flower heads in a t'oliose raceme R. Menziesii

Raillardia arborea Gray.

.Xa< nat .

I Plate 212.)

RAILLARDIA ARBOREA Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. V. (1862) 134;— II. Maun Proc. Am.
Acad. VII. (1867) 176;— Hbd. PI. Haw. Isl. (1888) 228;— Iloflm. in Eng. et Prantl
IV. 5. (1889) 24S;-Del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pac. VI (1890) 213.

Young branches ami inflorescence hirsute with glandular hairs; leaves ternate, close,
sessile with a broad base, but not clasping, 3 to 5 nerved, hispid and viscid as is the
inflorescence; the foliose panicle 8 to 10 cm long, involucre of 9 to 14 bracts with. 22 to 4.1
florets; corollae glandular; aehenes glabrous.

This species, which inhabits the dry upland slopes of Mauna Kea. is by no
means common. It is usually a shrub or, when growing in black cinder at an
elevation of 10,000 to 11,000 feet, a tree of about 20 feet in height with a trunk
a foot in diameter. The writer saw only a few trees ; the best developed speci-
men grew at a little over 10,000 feet on the slopes of Mauna Kea above Kemole;
above Waikii at 9000 feet elevation it was a shrub, as well as back of Nau crater
on the windward slope at 8000 feet. These arborescent Raillardia have a peculiar
odor, and their presence can bi detected long before the plants are reached,
when once familiar with the odor. This applies also more or less to the shrubby
species of the lower forests. Raillardia arborea is associated with Styplielia
Gray ana, Geranium cuneatum var. y., Raillardia struthioloides, Sophora chry-
sophylla, Bubus Hawaiiensis, Coprosma montana, Burner giganteus, etc. It can
stand severe frost, and is sometimes covered with snow during part of the year.

Raillardia struthioloides Gray.
Naenae.

RAILLARDIA STRUTHIOLOIDES Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. V. (1862) 134;— H. Mann
Proc. Am. Acad. VII. (1867) 176;— Hbd. Fl. Haw. Isl. (1888) 228;— Del Cast. 111.
Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI. (1890) 214.

A small tree 6 to 7 m high, with a trunk of about 22 cm in diameter, the branches
canescent with a silky not glandular pubescence; leaves closely crowded, erect, imbricate,
or at length spreading, lanceolate, 5 cm long, 8 to 14 mm wide, acute, broadly sessile,
entire, coriaceous, rather concave when young, with 3 to 5 indistinct nerves, dull opaque,
c-anescent with soft appressed hairs, scabrous on the margin, but not ciliate; inflorescence
a raceme or panicle 10 to 15 em long, with recurved pedicels; heads 12 mm; involucre 8 mm.
pubescent, of 7 to 11 bracts; florets 12 to 22, the corolla almost tubular, not exserted.

This species, which is usually a shrub, but often a tree of 20 feet or so in
height, ascends the highest of any of our Raillardia, as it can be found at an
elevation of 11,500 feet on Mauna Kea. The trunk is not thicker than about
nine inches. It differs from B. arborea in not being viscous, but covered with

503

PLATE 214.

RAILLARDIA MENZIESII Gray.

Naenae tree.

Growing on the slopes of Mt. Haleakala, Maui, near Puunianiau crater; clcv.-ition 0000 feet.

( lompositae.

a silky canescenl pubescence which is nut glandular. The Leaves are Lanceolate
a«'ute, Leathery in texture, and concave when young. The flowers are yellow.
Il is found Lower down in company with Argyroxiphium sandwicense, or Silver-
sword, Silene, etc.

Raillardia Menziesii Gray
Nat nat .

(Plates 213, 214.)

RAILLARDIA MENZIESII Gray Proc. Am. Acad. V. (1862) L33; Mann Proc. Am.

Acad. VII. (1867) L76;— Wawra in Flora (1873) 79;— Hbd. PI. Haw. [si. (1888)

228; Hoilm. in Engl, el Prantl Pflzfam. IV. 5. (1889) 248;— Del Cast. III. PI.
Ins. Mar. Pac. VI. (1890) 214.

A shrub or small tree, branches stilT and stout, or at lower elevation profusely branch-
ing, densely foliose, cinereous or with a rufous hispid not glandular pubescence; leaves
ternate or opposite, sessile, elliptical-oblong, or lanceolate, acuminate, entire, or faintly
and remotely denticulate, coriaceous, 3 to "> nerved, glabrate when full grown, luit retain-
ing a fringe of stiff scabrous ciliae among the margins; heads III mm or less, few in a
foliose raceme or panicle of 5 cm or more, on pedicels of 2 to 8 mm; involucre
obconical, or oblong, florets 2 to 25, but usually only 2 to 10, corollae funnel shape 1, not
exserted; achenes glabrous or slightly hispid, ribbed.

The typical Raillardia Menziesii Gray, (no. 8(121 and 8546, in the Herbarium
of the College of Hawaii) is a shrub with stiff stout branches and thick, fleshy
leathery, ternate leaves, and occurs on and near the summit of Mt. llaleakala at
an elevation of from 7000-10000 feet. At 6000 feet elevation, and in gulches
at 7000 feet, above Ukulele, on the same mountain, there are quite a number of
trees some of them 20 feet high and pictured on plate 214; the leaves are thinner,
opposite, and approach more Raillardia linearis Gaud. In order to ascertain the
identity of the tree, the writer sent several specimens of the species in question
to the Gray Herbarium for comparison. In the absence of Prof. M. L. Fernald.
Mr. E. W. Sinnott kindly compared the material, of which he writes as follows:
"Of R. Menziesii we have but two sheets, one of them the type. Your speci-
mens no. 8621 and 8546 (the latter from the summit of Mt. llaleakala with
ternate leaves) are obviously typical B. Menziesii upon comparison. The other
two, no. 8573 and 8590, (the latter a specimen from the tree figured on plate no.
214) are probably referable to the same species, but seem to approach R. linearis
Gaud. These two species are placed next each other by Dr. Gray, in his review
of the genus in 1862."

The writer collected the typical R. linearis on the lava fields of Auahi, Kahi-
kinui, southern slopes of Mt. llaleakala where it is a shrub 3 feet high at 2000
feet elevation. At present it will be advisable to retain the tree in question
under R. Menziesii rather than create a new species, until the vast Hawaiian
composite material is thoroughly worked up and monographed.

HESPEROMANNIA A. Gray.

Heads homoganious, all florets hermaphrodite and equal. Involucre turbinate-cam-
panulate, the bracts imbricate, in many rows, dry, thin, chartaceous to coriaceous, the

505

PLATE 215.

HESPEROMANNIA ARBORESCENS A. Gray.
Flowering and fruiting specimen; one-half natural size.

( lompositae.

innei bracts longest, linear lanceolate, the outer ones short, ovate. Receptacle flal
naked. Corollae regular, slender, deeply 5-cleft into linear acute BtraigM lobes. Stamens
affixed to the base of the corolla, the anthers long linear, united until fertilization, ex-
Berted. Style Bliform, long exserted, shortly bi-dentate or entire. A.chenes linear-oblong,
5-angular, with several faces ribbed. Pappus of many pluri-seriate still' and Bcabrous
capillary bristles which are twice the length of the achene. — Trees or shrubs with very

hard grained wood. Leaves alternate, penni-nerved. entire. Meads large and lew in

terminal clusters, or in the forks of the branches. Corolla brownish-yellow.

This most interesting Hawaiian genus consists of three species two of which
become arborescent. The genus belongs to the tribe Mutisieat which is chiefly

American, hut especially occurring in the South American Amies. It has been
called the Hawaiian Thistle tree.

Hesperomannia arborescens Gray.
(Plate 215.)

HESPEROMANNIA ARBORESCENS Cray in Proc. Am. Acad. VI. (1806) o54; — II. Mann
in Proe. Am. Acad. VII. (1S67) 176; — Brigham in Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
I. 4. (1868) 527. p. 20;— Wawra in Flora (1*73) 76;— Hbd. Ft. Haw. PI. (lsss)
232;— Del Cast. 111. PI. Ins. Mar. Pacif. VI. (1890) 215.

Leaves glabrous, dark on both faces, thin chartaceous. or often somewhat fleshy in
texture when fresh, and minutely pubescent with grayish hairlets when young, especially
along the veins and midrib, obovate-oblong 12 to 34 cm long, 4 to 20 cm wide, with
reddish midrib and petiole, the latter 2 to 4 cm; bluntly acuminate, crenate-dentate, often
sub-entire; heads about 5 cm high, 5 to 7 in a terminal cluster or cymose umbel on thick
pedicels of about 10 to 14 mm; involucre 2.5 cm high, quite glabrous, its bracts in 4 to 7
rows, corolla 24 to 30 mm, divided to the middle, anthers 8 to 10 mm, achenes glabrous,
12 to 14 mm, linear-oblong, the tawny pappus twice that length.

The first tree of this species was discovered by II. Mann, on the Island of
Lanai on the highest ridge; Hillebrand writes that he saw about eight, four
years later. Dr. R. C. L. Perkins who thoroughly explored the islands for in-
sects, and consequently became familiar with the Hawaiian Flora to some extent,
informed the writer that he saw 2 trees of this species on Lanai about 10 years
ago. When exploring the Island of Lanai in the year 1910, from June to
August, the writer failed to find even a sign of this tree anywhere on the island.
However, large trees of apparently this species were found by C. N. Forbes in
the Koolau Mts. on Oahu, and the writer found a tree about 20 feet in height on
the lower slopes of Mt. Konalmanui, back of Honolulu, practically at the head of
Pauoa Valley. Its leaves were exceedingly large, though the last terminal ones
answered the description by Gray. It was in fiower and fruit and is figured on
plate 211.

Mr. C. X. Forbes described a very interesting species from Kauai in the Wa-
hiawa 3lts. where it was collected by J. M. Lydgate. It has the habit of growth
of a lobelia. The large flower-heads are on slender filiform pedicels. The
leaves are entire. It Avas named by him //. Lydgatei Forbes.

507

ADDENDA.

Descriptions of New Species other than Trees.

Lobelioideae.

Cyanea pilosa Gray.

Var. densiflora Rock var. nov.

Leaves oblong-obovate, same as in the species; somewhat fleshy, white or silvery under-
neath, dark green above; the hirsute 10-16 flowered peduncle very shoit, pedicels hir-
sute; flowers white or with purplish tinge; stamina] column white glabrous; anthers white,
hirsute, the lower ones penicillate only; berry dark orange colored, 10-ribbed, crowned by
the small linear calycine lobes, sparingly hispid.

Hawaii: — Southern slopes of Manna Loa in the forest back of Naalehu, Kan,
in swampy jungle, terrestrial, elevation 4000 feet; flowering and fruiting Janu-
ary !>. 1912; Rock no. 10001 in the Herbarium of the College of Hawaii.

Yar. glabrifolia Rock var. nov.

Herbaceous, terrestrial, about 9-10 dm high, the stem strigosely hispid; leaves elliptical
oblong, acuminate at both ends, thin chartaceous, pale green above, paler underneath,
18-28 cm x 5-8 cm, on hirsute petioles of 2l^-o cm. young leaves densely hispid underneath,
old ones glabrous above, hispid along the midrib and veins; flowers several on a hirsute
peduncle ot about 7 cm, bracteate above the middle; pedicels 6-10 mm long, filiform,
sparingly hispid and bibracteolate at the base; bracteoles linear lanceolatt, about -i mm
long; calyx greenish, the ovarian portion 5 mm, the lobes of nearly the same length
(4 mm); corolla greenish white, sparingly hispid, 2 cm long; stamina! column glabrous,
whitish, the anthers densely hirsute; berry glabrous, oblong, dark orange, crowned by the
calycine teeth; seeds light yellow.

Hawaii : — In dense swampy forest near Kilauea, elev. 3700 ft., but especially
numerous in Mr. W. M. Giffard's mountain lot. Kalanilehua; outside the fenced
portion in the forest it is scarce owing to cattle which are allowed to graze in
portions of the forest. The plant is usually small and can easily be over-
looked, as it grows in dense shaded places, hidden under the numerous ferns
and other foliage. Rock no. 8805, flowering and fruiting July. 1911; Type in
College of Hawaii Herbarium.

Yar. Bondiana Rock var. now

Plant about 8 dm high, terrestrial, stem hirsute; leaves short petiolate, coriaceous,
ovate oblong, glabrous above covered with a soft light brown tomentum underneath,
acuminate at both ends, 10-14 em x 3.5-5.5 cm; peduncles very short '■'> mm, few flowered,
lir-ute, as are the pedicels and calyx, the lobes of the latter of the same length as the
ovarian portion, linear; (flower buds only) corolla purple, sparingly hispid; berry glabrous
yellow, globose.

Hawaii: — .Mountains of Kohala. about 7 miles above Awini, near summit in
exceedingly dense swampy forest, altitude about 5000 feet: flowerbuds and
fruiting June, 1910. Rock. no. 8727 in the herbarium College of Hawaii T. H.

Named in honor of Dr. B. I). Bond of Kohala for many courtesies received
from him by the author.

508

Vnr. megacarpa Rock var. nov.

Plant erect, terrestrial, stem hirsute, leaves large, obovate oblong, blunt at the apex,
narrowing suddenly into a fleshy petiole of 5 cm, with few scattered single hair- above,
sparingly hispid underneath, 20-22 cm \ 9.5-10.5 cm; berries large, 22 mm in diameter,
globose, crowned by the broadly triangular 8 nun long calyx lobes (flowers unknown).

Hawaii: — Mts. of Kohala in swampy foresl back of Waimea, along the
Alakahi gorge, elev. 4200 ft. Only one planl observed; fruiting June, 1910,
Rock no. 8728, in the herbarium, College of Hawaii, T. II.

Cyanea Bishopii Rock sp. n.

Cyanea Kunthiana? Billebr. PI. Haw. [si. (1888) 264;— Drake Del Cast. 111. PI.
Ins. Mar. Pac. VII. (1892) 219.

riant subherbaceous, woody only at the base 10-14 dm high, rarely branching, leaves
crowded at the top. obovate oblong, bluntly acuminate at the apex, gradually tapering
into a margined petiole of ca '■'< em; leaves 20-30 em long, 1-7 em wide (measured at their
widest portion) sparingly hispid with scattered whitish hairlets above, pubescent undei
ueath especially along the veins and midrib; inflorescence densely clustered along the
stem, immediately under the leaves, extending down for about 12-15 cm; (lowers num<
on a short hirsute many bracteate peduncle, ca 8 mm in length; pedicels 5-6 mm when
with flowers. 12 mm when with fruit, bibracteolate above the middle, bracteoles linear
subulate ca 3 nun; calyx hirsute the subglobose ovarian portion 6 mm, calycine lobes as
long as the tube or longer; corolla slender, somewhat curved. 3 cm long, 4 mm wide,
hirsute, pale purple or lilac with whitish streaks, lobes very short, 3-4 mm. retrorsely
dentate above, the dorsal slit extending one-third the length of the tube; stamina! column
sparingly hispid, anthers densely covered with strigose pale purplish hair, the lower ones
only penicillate; berry subglobose. deep orange ca 8 mm in diam., crowned by the caly-
cine lobes.

Maui: — Back of Lahaina, West Maui, 4000 ft. on tin- ridge overlooking Wai-
luku, coll. by E. F. Bishop. Jan., 1871. Slopes of Haleakala, wet forest between
"Waikamoi and Honomanu gulch, along Kula pipe line trail in dense swampy

jungle, elev. 4200 ft., west of Olinda, East Maui; fruiting October. 1910; Ruck
no. 8572: flowering .May. 1911; Rock no. 8806. Herbarium. College of Hawaii.

Cyanea stictophylla Rock sp. nov.

Plant 2 m high, erect, not branching; leaves 20-30 cm long. 4-4.5 cm wide, linear
lanceolate, bluntly acuminate at both ends, narrowing into a petiole of 2.5-3 cm. glabrous
above and evenly punctate with glandular points, hirsute underneath especially along
the midrib and veins, with an undulate or irregularly notched margin, peduncles axillary 1-2.5
cm long, hirtellous, bracteate at the apex, usually 5-flowered, pedicels hirtellous 7-15 mm
long, bibracteolate below the middle; calyx green puberulous, ovarian portion ovoid, caly-
cine lobes triangular about 2 mm (flowers unknown).

Hawaii: — Mts. of Kaiholena. in rain forest southern slopes of Mauna Loa,

Kau, elevation 6000 ft.. Jan.. 1912; Rock no. 10055. shortly after flowering with

immature fruits. Type in Herbarium. College of Hawaii. The plant belongs

to the group to which Cyanea pilosa belongs, to which it is related.

Cyanea aculeatiflora Ruck sp. now

Plant 3-7 m tall single stemmed or occasionally branching not far above the ground,
covered with leaf-scars especially in the upper half: leaves at the ends of erect stems.
large 40-60 cm x 10-20 cm. thick' and stiff, dark green above, lighter underneath, the mid-
rib as well as the 15 em long fleshy petiole muricate; the upper side muricate at the
angles of the veins, densely hispid underneath; inflorescence muricate throughout with
aculeate tubercules; arranged in cymes in the axils of the leaves, on a common peduncle oi

509

about 8 em with large foliaceous bracts of 3-4 cm, the ultimate pedicels 1 to 1.5 cm;
calyx oblong, 2 cm long the oblong liner tnuricate Lobes 2.5 cm x 0.5 cm; corolla dark
purple, curved, muricate with yellow spines, the lubes bluish white, spreading, muricate
ou the outside; stamina] column glabrous, purple, longer than the 5 cm long tube, of the
corolla, anthers dark purple, glabrous, the two lower penicillate; style thickening towards
the shortly two-lobed hirsute stigma; fruit unknown.

Maui: — Northwestern slopes of Haleakala in dense rain forest along streams
or swampy ground, terrestrial, from Waikamoi to Honomanu gorge, elev. 4000
ft.; flowering Sept., 1910, Rock. no. 7513, type Herb., Board of Agriculture
& Forestry, T. II. It grows in company with Clermont ia arborescens, Cyanea
hamatiflora, Tetraplasandra, etc.. The young plants are covered with spines
throughout while the trunk of old ones is prickly only at the base.

Cyanea hamatiflora Rock sp. n.

Plant 3-4 m high, unarmed, glabrous, erect not branching; leaves broadly lanceolate,
somewhat acute, broadly sessile at the base 60-70 cm long, 10-14 cm wide, puberulous
above, pubescent underneath, midrib thick fleshy red, irregularly serrate with callous
teeth; flowers on short peduncles in the axils of the leaves under which they are hidden;
bracts lanceolate acuminate with a prominent median nerve, pedicels 5-6 mm with linear
lanceolate bracteoles at their base; calyx ovate, green, 1.5 cm x 6-7 mm, lobes of irregular
length, the lower two usually much shorter than the remaining three, lanceolate, obtuse
the lower 12-14 mm, the upper 15-18 mm x 4 mm; corolla purplish red, unilabiate, the
dorsal slit extending more than one-third of its length, lobes sharply curved at the apex
only, thick in texture and somewhat hirsute, staminal column glabrous, anthers sparingly
hispid along the sutures, the two lower ones long penicillate. The whole inflorescence
exudes a very viscid resinous substance especially when with young flowerbuds, which
adhere to the paper in the Herbarium.

Fruit obovate-oblong dark purplish-red 10-12 ribbed, crowned by the long calycine
lobes, 4 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, purple inside, seeds dark brown, shining.

Maui : — Slopes of Mt. Haleakala, elev. 4000 ft. in dense rain forest, between
Waikamoi and Honomanu. The plant is conspicuous by its broad sessile light
green leaves, which stand out horizontally. It grows in company with Cyanea
aculeatiflora, Clermontia arboi'esccns, Cyrtandra sp., Phyllostegia, Stenogyne, etc.

Rock n. 8514 flowering Sept., 1910; type in Herbarium, Board of Agriculture

& Forestry, T. H.

Cyanea Gayana Rock sp. nov.

Trunk 1.-~>-3 m high, hardly woody, erect, stem smooth, not branching, (only when
broken) foliose at the apex, leaves thick fleshy, lanceolate oblong, bluntly acuminate,
denticulate, gradually narrowing into a margined petiole of 1 cm. making it appear
subsessile, the lower portion entire, dark green above glabrous or puberulous, veins and
midrib bright red thick fleshy, lighter underneath, and covered with grayish pubescence;
peduncles thick fleshy, multi-bracteate from the base, hispid strigose, bearing flowers
from half its length to the apex; pedicels densely hirsute 1-1.5 cm long, bracteate at
the base; calyx dark-, hirsute as is the corolla, tube ovate-obconical, 6-8 mm, the lobes
triangular dentiform, 1 mm; corolla, suberect magenta-red with darker streaks, 3-4 cm
long by 1 mm wide, the dorsal slit extending to the base; staminal column glabrous as
Well :is the antheis, of the latter the two lower only penicillate; fruit ovoid of a glaucous
color about 2-1.5 i .' | cm long, crowned by the calycine teeth.

Kauai: — .Mountains back of Waiiiica, woods of Kalioluainano, elev. 4000 ft.,

along streams only, near Waialae and Waiakealoha on the high plateau in com-
pany with numerous other Lobelioideae, Kadua, Cyrtandra, Hillebrandia,
Clermontia Gaudichaudii, etc. Rock n. 2463, flowering March 10, 1909, and n.
Sept., 1909, fruiting, but fruits were lust, description of fruit from ootes),

510

Rock, L905, flowerbuds Oct. 20, lull. Named in honor of Mr. Francis Gay of
Kauai to whom the writer is greatly indebted for extended hospitality on Kauai,
and without whose aid the writer would have been unable to make such a
thorough botanical survey oi that pari oi Kauai.
Type in Herbarium, Board of Agriculture and Forestry, T. II.

Cyanea rivularis Rock s]>. u.

A shrub 1-5 cm high, stem simple or branching at the base, leaf whorls al the end
tit' the tomontose branches; leaves linear oblong bluntly acuminate .-it both ends, crenate
or serrate with callous teeth; 20-30 cm long, by 3-8 cm wide; pubescenl above, densely
velvety tomentose underneath, ami pale; on tomontose petioles of is inches; whole in-
florescence tomontose including the blue corolla; peduncle 1-8 cm long, naked two-thirds
of its length, many dowered, the pedicels 1-1.5 cm, bracts linear subulate; calyx dark
purplish green, its teeth sharply triangular, corolla 3 cm long, light pale to whitish with

dark ultramarine blue streaks, velvety tomentose with shoit white hairlets. the dorsal
slit extending one-third its length, curved with a knob in the bud showing the termina-
tion of the dorsal slit, lobes short; staminal column glabrous, white anthers bright blue.
Blightly pubescent at the base, only the two lower ones penicillate, stigmatic loins pubes-
cent outside; berry dark bluish-black, globose 1-1.5 cm in diameter, crowned by the caly-
cine teeth, seeds whitish large, and somewhat minutely wrinkled.

Kauai: — Mts. above Waimea along streambeds at the high plateau only, elev.
4200 ft. or more. The banks near the head of Waialae stream are covered
with this speeies their palm-like stems gracefully waving in the wind. Also
near Waiakealoha waterfalls (Rock no. 5365, Waiakealoha, Sept., 1909,
flowering, and Waialea stream; Rock no. 9010 flowering and fruiting
I >et 15, 1911). Abundant in company with Lobelia hypoleuca, Cyanea
Gayana, etc.

Cyanea atra Hbd. var. lobata Rock v. nov.

Erect single stemmed with subentire and lobed leaves, petiole muricate, 6-7 cm, leaves
coriaceous, when not lobed the margin is almost fringed; or lobed iregularly deeply but
not to the rhachis; tuberculate above, covered with an olivaceous torn en turn underneath;
peduncle longer than in the species, 3-4 cm, many flowered bracts and bractlets as in
species; pedicels 15-18 mm; calyx and corolla as in the species, the staminal column and
anthers glabrous.

Maui: — Upper ditch trail leading from Ukulele, elevation .1000 ft. to Wai-

kamoi gulch in dense rain forest. Only few plants observed, when in company

with Mr. L. v. Tempsky of Makawao, (Rock no. 8537, flowering October. 1910).

Clermontia multiflora var. micrantha Hbd.
forma montana Rock f. n.

A shrub 2-3 m high, many branched; leaves smaller than in the variety, thick cori-
aceous, veins anil denticulate margins pink as is the petiole; flowers somewhat larger,
pinkish-purple, calyx lobes glabrous, corolla slightly hirtellous, peduncle usually 2-flowered.
berry 1.5 cm or more long, not subglobose, but ovoid oblong.

Maui: — On the highest ridge leading to Puukukui, West .Maui Mountains, in
swampy forest at an elevation of 4600 ft. Rock and Hammond, flowering and
fruiting, August. 1910. no. 8179, in Herbarium. College of Hawaii. Differs
from var. micrantha in the two-flowered peduncle and in the larger ovoid-oblong

fruits.

511

Clermontia parviflora Gaud. var. calycina Rock v. now '

A shrubj [eaves as in the species on somewhat longer petioles; flowers usually three
cm a peduncle, calyx lobes subulate 5 nun Long, corolla Larger than in the species, bluish
gray, pubescent.

Hawaii: — High plateau of Kohala Alts., back of Waimea along Alakahi ditch

trail, elevation 4000 ft. (Rock uo. 47!):}. flowering July 12. 1909).

The plant lias decidedly the aspect of C. parviflora, but differs from it in its

larger flowers and short calycine lobes.

Clermontia Gaudichaudii I llxl.
Var. y singuliflora Rock w nov.

A shrub 1.5-2 in high, glabrous throughout, leaves coriaceous, coarser dentate, veins
dark prominent, flowers somewhat larger single on long pedicels; calyx-lobes dentate,
anthers glabrous, the lower ones penicillate.

Hawaii: — Not uncommon on the northern slope of Manna Kea, Ilamakua. on
trees, usually Cheirodendron or Cibotium, upper forest of Paauhau Xo. 1, (Rock
no. 82o2. flowering June 1909).

Differs from the species in its single flowers and long pedicels.

f.12

[NDEX TO THE SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF ENDIGENOUS TREES.

All adopted genera, with their species, are preceded by an asterisk, while
generic synonyms are without such. All plants described by th< author in this
book as new. are in bold type.

A.cacia Willd. 17::
Koa Gray L73

Koaia IIIhI. 177
A.galma M Lq. 357
•Alectryon Gaertn. 275

macrococcus Radlk. 277
•Aleurites Forst. 255

moluccana (L.) Willd.
255
*Alphitonia Reissek. 285

exeelsn Reiss. 2S5
AMARANTAOEAE 135
ANACARDIACEAE 262
*Antidesma L. 247
X Kapuae Rock 249
platyphyllum Mann 247
pulvinatum Hbd. 249
Apionaema Nutt. 447, 451
APOCYNACEAE 407
AQUIFOLIACEAE 263
Aralia L. 361
ARALIACEAE 336
*Artocarpus Forst. 115
incisa Forst. 115
Beythea Endl. 2S9
*Bobea Gaud. 437
elatior Gaud. 439
var. Molokaiensis Rock

441
Hookeri Hbd. 441
saudwicensis Hbd. 443
timonoides Hbd. 445
Boehmeria .'acq. 123
BORRAGINACEAE 414
*Broussaisia Gaud. 151
arguta Gaud. 151
pellucida Gaud. 152
Brunelia Pers. 224
Burneya Cham, et Sehl.

439
Byronia Endl. 265
Caesalpinia L. 181
CAESALPINIOIDEAE

173
*Calophyllum L. 309

inophyllum L. 309
( lamirium 0. Ktze. 255
CAMPANULACEAE 469
< antliiuni Lam. 437
CELASTRACEAE 267
Celastrina .' Wawra 273
Celtia L. 113
i eodes Forst. 145

Cerbera L. 409
*Charpentiera Gaud. 135

obovata Gaud. 135
*Cheirodendron Nutt. 359
Gaudichaudii (DC.)

Seem. 361
platyphyllum (11. & A.)

Seem. 363

Chomelia 8 sp. Wawra 1 15
Chomelia .' Gray 1 13
( Ihrysophyllum L. 380

l'olvnesicum llbd. 3S0
*Cibotium Kaulf. 89
Chamissoi Kaulf. 93
Menziesii Hook. 91
*('laoxylon Juss. 25:'.

sandwicense Mull.-Arg.
253
*Clernioutia Gaud. 471
arhorescens (Mann)

Hbd. 4S3
coerulea Hbd. 485
drepanomorpha Rock

473
Gaudichaudii (Gaud.)

Hbd. 470
Gaudichaudii 11 lxl. var.
7 singuliflora Rock 5 1 2
grandiflora Gaud. 473
Haleakalensis Rock 489
Hawaiionsis ( Hbd.)

Bock 477
Kohalae Rock 470
leptoclada Rock 477
mutliflora Hbd. var.
niicrantha Hbd. forma
montana Rock 51 1
oblongifolia Gaud. 470
var. Mauiensis Rock
476
parviflora Gaud var.

calycina Rock 511
Peleana Rock 4^:;
persieaefolia Gaud. -175
tul erculata Forbes 485
Clermontia genuinas 471
Clermontioideae 47:'.
Clusia L. 215
Coffea L. 437, 447. 451
*Colubrina Brongn. 281
oppositifolia Brongn. 283
( nlulirina Fenzl. 285
COMPOSITAE 407

< onnarus .' Mann 210
*Coprosnia Forst. 157
Grayana Bock 101
Kauaicnsis ( < i r.i y ) Hel-
ler 463
longifolia •■ray 165
montana Ebd. 450
pubens Gray 463
rhynchocarpa Gray 459
Vontempskyi Rock !01
Waimeae Wawra 165
Coralladendron <>. Kt/.c
191
*Cordia L. 4 15

subcordata Lam. 415
*Cryptocarya R. Br. 149

Mannii Hbd. 149
Crotoneae 243
CRYPTOGAMIA 89
*Cyanea Gaud. 1 89

aculeatiflora Rock 509
arborea (Gray) Hbd. 493
atra Hbd. var. lobata

Rock 5 1 1
Bishopii Rock 70, 509
Gayana Rock 510
hamatiflora Rock 510
leptostegia Gray 404
pilosa Gray

var. Bondiana Rock

508
var. densiflora Rock

508
var. glabrifolia Rock

508
var. megacarpa Rock
509
rivularis Rock 511
stictophylla Rock 509
Cyanea Gaud. 483
CYATHEACEAE 89
( vathodes Lab. 365
Delissea Gaud. 473. 479.

483, 40:!
Dicksoniao sp. autt. Hk.,

Ilk. 89
DICOTYLEDONEAE 113
Dipanax Seem. 353, 355,

357
Diplomorpha Meissn. 316-
317
*Dodonaea L. 278

eriocarpa Smith 281

513

viscosa I,. 278
Dodonaea sp. Del Cast 277
"Dracaena Vandelli 109

aurea Mann 109
Draco O. Ktze. 109
Pwhautia Gaud. 499

lax a 11. et A. var. pedi-

cellata Hock 501
plantaginea Gaud. 499
EBENACEAE 393
Ebenus Hiern. 393, 395
Edwardsia Salisb. 187
ELAEOCAEPACEAE 287
*Elaeocarpus U 287
bifidus H. & A. 289
EMBKVOIM1VTA ASI-

PHONOGAMA 89
EMBEYOPHYTA SIPHO-

NOGAMA 96
EPACEIDACEAE 365
*Erythrina L. 189

monospeima Gaud. 191
Eschweileria Zipp. 351
Eugenia L. 321, 323
"Euphorbia L. 259

lorifolia (Gray) Hbd.
259

var. gracilis Bock 259
Eockii Forbes 261
EUPHOEBIACEAE 243
Euphorbieae 243
Eupritchardia 0. Ktze.
101, 103, 104
*Eurya Thunb. 308

sandwicensis Gray 308
Eutetraplasandra 337
Evodia Forst. 215-237
Fagara L. 193-2i>7
FLACOURTIACEAE 311
^Gardenia Ellis 433
Brighami Mann 433
Remyi Mann 435
Gastonia ? Grav 345
GOODENIACEAE 494
< rossypium L. 305, 307
•Gouldia Gray 429

axillaris Wawra 431
elongata Heller 431
Guettardella Champ. 443
GUTTIFERAE 309
Hedera L. 361, 363
Beptapleurum .' Wawra

347
Heptapleurum Mann 355,

357
Hesperomannia Gray 505
arboreseens <iray ."">n7
*Hibiscadelphus Rock 297
Giffardianus Bock 297

Huala laiensis Rock 30]
Wilderianus Hock 299

lllliisrus L. 291

Arnottianue Gray 293
Kokio 111.4. 295
tiliaceue I.. -"•'::
Waimeae Heller 295

Hibiscus L. 302, 307
*Ilex L. 265

sandwicensis (Endl.)
Loes. 265
Isonandra auct 3S0
Ixora L. 437
"Jambosa DC. 319

malaccensis (L.) P. DC.
32]
Jatropha L. 255
Kittelia Reichb. 4S9
*Kokia Lewt. 303

drynarioides (Seem.)
Lewt. 307

var. lanceolata(Lewt.)
Rock 307
Eockii Lewt. 305
*Labordia Gaud. 401

membranacea Mann 405
molokaiana Baillon 403
sessilis Gray 406
tinifolia Grav 406
LAURACEAE149
LEGUMINOSAE 173
LILIACEAE 109
Livistona ? 100, 101
*Lobelia L.

Gaudichaudii DC. var.
longibracteata Rock
78
Lobelia Endl. 475, 476
Lobelia Adans. 495, 497
Lobelioideae 469
LOGANIACEAE 401
*Maba J. R, & G. Forst 393
Hillebrandii Seem. 395
sandwicensis A. DC 393
Macrochilia Presl. 489
Mahoe Hbd. 277
MALVACEAE 291
Melaleuca L. 327
Melicope Forst. 235, 237,
242
*Metrosideros Banks 325
macropus H. & A. 336
polymorpha Gaud. 325
rugosa Gray 335
tremuloides (Heller)
Rock 333

var. Waialealae Rock
335
*Mezoneurum Desf. lsi
Kauaiense (Mann) Hbd.
181
Mimosoideae 17::
MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

96
MORACEAE 11 1
*Morin«la L. 4(i7
citrifolia L. 167
trimera Hbd. 167
Moras I-. HI
Myonima Comm. t37
MYOPOEACEAE 1-25
M \ roporum Banks et Sol.
425

S'andwicense (DC.) Gray
427

Myroxylon Forst. 311-313

MYRSINACEAE 367

Myrsine L. 368, 369, 370,
375, 377, 379

Mvrsine Levi. 392

MVRTACEAE 319

Nania Miq. 327-336

Neowawraea Hock 243

phyllanthoides Hock 245
*Nothocestrum Gray 417
breviflorum Gray 419
latifolium Gray 421
longit'olium Gray 419
subcordatum Mann 423

Nothocnide Blume 123

Nothotetraplasandra 337
*Nototrichium Hbd. 139
sandwicense Hbd. 141

NYCTAGINACEAE 143

Obbea Hook. 445
*Oehrosia Juss. 413
compta K. Sch. 414
sandwicensis Gray 413

Ochrosia DC. 409

Olea L. 397

OLEACEAE 397

Oreodaphne ? Mann 149
*Osmanthus Lour. 397
sandwicensis (Grav)
Knobl. 397

PALMAE 99

Panax? DC. 361, 363

PANDANACEAE 96
*Pandanus L. 96

odoratissimus L. 97

Papilionatae 173

Paritium A. St.-Hil. 293

Pavetta L. 437
*Pelea Gray 211

anisata Mann 229
auriculaefolia Grav 219
Balloui Rock 228
barbigera (Grav) Hbd.

235
clusiaefolia Grav 215
cinerea (Gray) Hbd. 237
var. racemiflora Rock
241
Cookeana Rock 216
elliptica Hbd 2:',7
Fauriei Levi. 216
kauaiensis Mann 225
Knudsenii Hbd. 235
macropus Hbd. 227
microcarpa Heller 220
molokaiensis II lid. 227
multiflora Rock 233
orbicularis IIb4. 224
pseudoanisata K'o<4< 227
rotundifolia < rray 226
s.-i adwicensis Gray 22 I
sapotaefolia Mann l' i 7

var. dumosa Rock 218
volcanica ('•r-.w 221

514

var. lianoides. Bock

223
var. montana Bock

223

v;ir. terminalis Rock
223
Waialealae Wawra 218
Wawrae.uia Bock 23]
Zahlbruckneri Bock 23]
Perlarius <>. Ktze. 123
•Perrottetia II. B. K. 267
sandwicensis Gray 2(>7
Phyllantheae 2 1 3
Pinonia Gaud. 89
•Pipturus Wedd. 123
albidus Gray L23
Pisonia Plum. 14;!
inermis Forst. 147
sandwicensis Ilbd. 145
umbellifera ( Forst.)
Seem. 1 4-">
PITTOSPOEACEAE 153
*Pittosporum Banks. L53
acuminatum Mann 155
cauliflorum Mann 159
confertiflorum Gray 171
Gayanum Bock 166
var. Waialealae Rock
166
glabrum H. et A. 155
gloineratnin Hbd. 157
Hawaiiense Hbd. 169
Hosmeri Rook 161

var. longifolium Rock
163
insigne Hbd. 169
Kauaiense Hbd. 171
spathulatum Mann 157
terminalioides Planch.
159
*Plantago L.

pachyphylla var. glabri-
folia Rock 77
*Platydesma Mann 241
eampanulatum Mann 241
var. 7 macropbyllum
Hbd. forma coria-
ceum Rock 243
var. sessilifolia Rock
243
Platydesma Hbd. 219
*Plectronia L. 437

odorata (Forst.) F. v
M. 437
Polycoelium A. DC. 427
Pomaderris Labill. 285
*Pritchardia Seem, et H.
Wendl. 99
arecina Becc. 107
eriophora Becc. 105
eriostachia Becc. 107
Gaudichaudii II. Wendl.

100
Hillebrandi Becc. 103
lanigera Becc. K>3
Martii H. Wendl. 10]

minor Becc. li>4
remota Here, mi
Bockiana Becc. L05

I 'seudomorus I tureau I 1 I
Brunoniana (Endl.)
Bureau 1 14

Psilotrichium Blume. Ill

I 'svehut pia L. 455
grandiflora Mann 157
hexandra Mann 155

hirta (Wawra) Heller
457
•Pteralyxia K. Sch. 407
macrocarpa (HImI.) K.

Sch. 1117

1 Pterotropia Ebd. 353
dipyrena (Mann) BTbd.

357
gymnocarpa 1 Lbd. 355

Kavniensis ( Mann ) II bd.
357
Ptilotus R. Br. 141
Rademaehia Steudl. 1 15
*Eaillardia Gaud. 501
arborea Gray 503
Menziesii Gray 505
struthioloides Gray 503
"Rauwolfia L. 409

sandwicensia A. DC. 409
*Eeynoldsia Gray 351
sandwicensis Gray 351
RHAMNACEAE 281
Rhamnus L. 285
*Ehus L. 262

semialata Murr. var.
sandwicensis Engl. 262
Bhytidotus Hook f. 441
EUBIACEAE 429
EUTACEAE 192
SAXTALACEAE 126
*Santalum L. 12(3

ellipticum Gaud. 131
Frevcinetianum Gaud.
* 127
var. Lanaiense Rock
129
Haleakalae Hbd. 133
pyrularium Gray 133

SAPIXDACEAE 269
*Sapindus L. 271

Oahuensis Hbd. 273
saponaria L. 271
Sapota Gaertn. 383, 390
SAPOTACEAE 380
SAXIFRAGACEAE 151
Sideroxylon L. 381
auahiense Rock 387
var. aurantium Rock
391
Ceresolii Rock 385
rhynchospermum Rock

387
sandwicense (Grav) B.

et H. 383
spathulatum Hbd. 391

var. ft densifiorum

I II.. I. 392
\ar. molokaiense
( Levi.) Bock 392
Scae\ ola L. L9 I
( Ihamissuniana I laud. 195
glabra II. el A. 495
procera Hbd. 197
SOLANACEAE 117
Bolanum L 123

Carteriauum Bock 123
"Sophora L. 185

chrysophylla Seem. Is7
Sponia < lomm. 1 13
'Straussia Gray I 15
Pauriei L6vl. I 19
hawaiiensis 1 1 ra y 15 1
Hillebraudii Rock 153
var. Molokaiensis
Rock 455
kaduana (<'h. et Sch.)

Gray 447
leptocarpa Hbd. 149
longissima Bock 44 7
Mariniana (<'h. et Sch.)

Cray l."l
oncocarpa Hbd. 448
var. scoriacea Rock

449
var. subcordata Rock
448
*Styphelia Sol. 365

Grayana (Stschegl.)

Rock 366
tameiameia F. Muel. 365
*Suttonia 367

Fernseei Mez. 370
Hillebracdii Mez. 373
var. emarginata Rock
373
Kauai eu sis (Hbd.) Mez.

368
Knudsenii Rock 373
Lanaiensis (Hbd.) Mez.
369

var. coriacea Rock 369
lanceolata (Wawra)

Rock 379
Lessertiana (A. DC.)

Mez. 375
Sandwicensis (A. DC.)
Mez. 377

var. apodocarpa
(Levi.) Rock 379
spathulata Rock 370
volcanica Rock 37]

var. lavaruni Rock 371
Wawraea Mez. 368
Suttonia Levi 392
*Syzygium Gaertn. 323
sandwicense (Grav)
Xdz. 323
Telopia Sol. 255
Tenninckia 495
Ternstroemiopsis Urb. 308
*Tetraplasandra Gray 337

515

Hawaiiensis Gray 339
Kaalae (Hbd.) Harms

345
Lanaiensia Rock 343
Lydgatei (Hbd.) Harms

343
meiandra (Hbd.) Harms

347
Oahueasis (Gray) Harms

3 15
Waialealae Rock 341
Waimeac Wawra 339
THEACEAE 307
Thespesia Corr. 302

populnea (L.) Corr. 302
THYMELAEACEAE 315
Timonius DC. 439
Toxicodendron L. 262
*Trema Lour. 113

amtiuiiu i'sis Blume 113
Triplasandra Seem. 337

ULMACEAE 113
I'rera Gaud. 119

Kaalae Wawra 123
Sandvicensis Wedd. 119
var. Kauaiensis Rock
123
[JETICACEAE 117
Vallesia Ruiz et Pav. 107
Villebrunea Gaud. 119
Wasbingtonia H. Wendl.
lul. LOS, 104
*Wikstroemia Endl. 316
furcata I Eb 1.) Rock 319
oahuensis (Grav) Rock

316
sandwicensis Meisn. 317
"Xanthoxylum L. 192
Bluettianum Rock 201
dipetaluii' Mann 2i>7
var. geminicarpum
Rock 209

var. tomentosum Rock

2n>.)
var. -, Hbd. 210
glandulosum Hbd. 197
hawaiiense Hbd. L95
var. citriodora Rock

197
var. velutinosum Rock
197
Kauaiense Gray 199
Mauiense Mann 203

forma glabrum Rock
203
var. anceps Rock 205
forma petiolulatum
Reck 207
var. rigidum Rock 205
Oahuense Hbd. 193
*Xylosma Forst. 311
Hawaiieuse Seem. 311
Hillebrandii Wawra 313

516

[NDEX TO THE HAWAIIAN AM) ENGLISH NAMES OF TREES.

Aalii 278

Aalii Kumakua 278

' ■ Icumakani 281

Amrti hua kukui 16]

At . . . 193, 195, li>7. L99, 203

A\ 271

Ahakea.. .438, 441. 443, 445

Aiai Ill

Aiea 265, 419, 421, 423

Akia 316, .".17, 319

Akoko 259

Alaa 383, 387

Alahee 437

Alani 215, 221, 224

Alaniwai 218

Anini 308

Anonia 218

Aulu 145, 273, 383

Bastard Sandalwood.... 427

Bit <it I fruit 115

Haa 247, 249

Ilalia 47!)

Kahaaiakamanu 479

Hahalua 494

Htilti 97

Halapepe 109

Hame 247

llao 409

Eapu 93

lltipn Hi 91

Han 293

II mi kuahiwi.. .297. 299, 301
lit ae

. . .193, 195. 197, 199, 203

Heii 91

Hoaica

. . .155. 157, 159, 169, 171

Holt i 41 3

Holio 149

lion, I ' 123

Iliahi 127, 131, 133

Kalia 289

Kamakahala 403, 405

Kamani 309

Kanawau 151

Kauila 283, 285

Kauila malm 361

Kaulu 27:;. :;s:;, 407

Kawau 210, 265, 366

Kea M

Keahi 380

Kim 17.".

h mi In 17".

Koa tihti 177

Koaia 177

Koi 463

Kokio 3d,

Kokio ulti 295

Kokio keokeo 293. 295

Koko 259, 261

Kolt ti

.. .370, 371. 373. 375, 379

Kolea hull a .".77

Kopiko. . .448, 449, 451, 453.

Kopiko kea 447

Kopiko ula 451

Kou 415

Kukaimoa 22o

Kukui 255

Kului 141

Lama 393

Lapalapa 363

Lauhala 97

Lehua 3.25

Lehua ahilii 33,3

Lehua papa 335

Lonomea 273

Loulu. . .100, Kil, 103,

104, 105, 107

Mdhoe 277

Maiele 366

Mamake 123

Mamaki 123

M<i inn hi 187

Manele 271

Manena 23,7

Manono 431

Maua 311, 313

Mt hame 2 19

Milo 302

Mokihana 229

Mountain Apple 321

Naenae 499. 503, 505

Naio 427

Xanu 434

Van 433, 134

Naupaka 195

Naupaka I. uahiwi. . . 195, 497

Xt It an 262

Xt m It an 262

Xnni |i',7

Xoni kuahiwi 467

O'a 285

Ohawai 476, 483

Dlo 339, 35]

oh, kikoola 339

Ohe /,• iilc ul utitn 351

olit mtiLai ;;:,!

Oht mauka 3 15

nil, ohe :;.-,:

Ohio :;u!

Ohio ai 321

Ohio ha 323

Ohio lehua 325, 330

Olapa 3,ci

Oh mi 465

( tloiui a H67

Olopua 397

Opuhe 119

Paihi 323

Papaht kili 155

Papala 135

Papain fe< pan 1 15, 147

Pilo 459. 161, 4(13. 465

Pilo kea 241

Pilo ula 225

Poola 253

I'ua 397

Pinihii/iiii 151, 152

F'/iti/.-t aiiu :\r,r,

Puananahonua 423

Puhala 97

Pukeawe '■'<<'>'

Sandalwood 127

Sen w-pine 97

Uahea pele -■'.'

Uhvuhi L81

I'll! 115

Wainn a 267

Jf',/,///// 3,1 in

Walahet 437

Wiliwili 191

517

ERRATA.

Page 76, line 28, and page 79, line 15, for Styphelia imbricata read Styphelia

Grayana.
Page 97, line 3 from bottom, for Gynopogon oliviformis read Alyxia olivaeformis.
Pages 160, 162, 163, for longifolia read longifolium.
Page 191, line 10, for monosperum read monospermum.
Page 225, line 10, for Waileale read Waialeale.
Page 231, line 7, for Wawreana read Wawraeana.

Page 242, line 7 from bottom, and page 243, line 5, should read macro phyllum.
Page 242, line 9 from bottom, should read pallidum.
Page 243, line 13, for sessilifolia read sessilifolium.
Pasre 252, for Mehane read Mehame.

I 'age 285, lines 36 and 38, for Zizphoides read Zizyphoides.
Page 2{)?, lines 19 and 33, for Kokia read Kokio.
Page 347, line 33, for 8 read e.
Page 366, line 7 from bottom, for Olclo read Ohelo.

518

PRESS OF THE

HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO.. LTD.

HONOLULU. T. H.

u„

iversity of British Columbia Library

DUE DATE

r.r j ^; !

FORM 310

v ,

A >

MacMILLAN
LIBRARY

NsCY