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Pore eee eee oe A he A he ** Bere we oe eet JED od Hi ee 8 9:0'¢ est'ewe Seer eres Sere wine tre eR Nee eeee tre ee ee ees eee eee ee , ele Ofer ere! te. 8s eye ere sre ee he ee tude etre eee enw eeee weuene peuveree . ereeee eee hee eter ee Vetere erence ere eres sete reer rreree ee wee ewe eee ee ee ww ere tere Ureerevece f veer ere weer rreneee ® -e uae ee eer eee se ee . erjeee eee ee eee ee pee a? ee eee terete wee ad ees werner ee evrereee er eevee teeree ere See mew eee eee eeeeee et ] eee ee PPE ERE EP Oe ee eee eee ee ee eteeeee eerrerere peer yates coereweveretee Sfeledet ; wetene orteter? eootrs Vee ee ee ee eee eee ate Peer ereer eves eee er . we . coset eree fe eeeeree er ’* meneere ’ ee e8 ereeere © a alee Pee ee ee ee ee veer eee ee veel erate ed tteee ee vs hehdh el h Fe attr te or) ve a eet Ue ‘eee PPL ILA ahs Pad gay ‘ ? ete Fee et eee eer CICS SN Bae shah ths eee eee eee te ee ee ee ereyy eeewavees were eve eereee ete renee eens ’ herr ee ot Ie) Vernet eee set ee ote "Ff ° see e Ree ere se recLLer eetee tenes x ebeee ee ee res ere ee eee rere “ste eevee e* ‘ Cte eva Pe ere tee eee . . * veys OF * veer er eeeret eee ered settee eapree ove ear wee ee Severe artes . ‘eeerreteer eee +e ae ee ee eee ee ne ’ seth eeheer ’ teeovewe eeveeeeeee { al AAS ee ereeeeteroerree ae . over tae wat tae 4 vacates +e a ye */ ‘ Y ayy Ni \ ¥ bY NW he 4 a S Pr 3 —— 1 aon di ye * Ai 2 —= 4) J ‘ae GE aa), “Gibsonslavi SHE ——_ SS i — a aoe ) OAS anc a i nscrntie of the Chi f tige fs of the. Philippines,: heir Dis . “tribution, Method of Prepar- Pr, oe ane A and: Uses \oy ANNUAL REPORTS: Saat | eae A sist to Tenth Annual Reports of the Director of Baucation. 1901-10. Surly ie ‘foe the most. peer exhausted ‘and material obsolete, a Ve School and Home Gardening. 1910. (Now being revised.) 82. Courses in Mechanical and Free-hand Drawing. 1910. (Baition exhausted.) 98. ‘Philippine Hats. 1910. (Edition exhausted.) 84. ‘Lace Making and Embroidery. 1911. ; ds We » 85. Housekeeping and Household Arts—A Manual tor Work swith the Girls § in the AGN Sg - Blementary Schools of the Philippine Islands. 1911.’ (Edition exhausted.) BAe ey S186, Philippine. se eee School—Catalogue and Announcement. au (Edition « ex Pe Be pee Nei hausted.) — i ; rate Hariri sons _ 87. School Buildings and Grounds. 1912. as, $8. School Buildings—Plans, Specifications, and Pills of Material. 1912. ; 89. A Manual of ‘Free-hand Drawing for Fhilippine rdeapnad “ati in: course ee | of preparation.) — ‘els 140, Athletic Handbook for se Philippine Public. ssahneis’ 1911. Revised, 1913. Neat ads Service Manual of the Bureau of Education. 1911, (Edition exhausted.) Sie: 42, Intermediate English, II—Notes, Directions, and General Aids to the Eregatae / tion of the Correspondence Study Course. 1911, Os 48. Philippine School of Arts and Trades—Catalogue. | OTe aes ee ree | 44, Libraries for Philippine Public Schools. 1912. — hi 5 45. The School of Household Industries. 1912. t 46. The Industrial Museum,’ ‘Library, and Exhibits of the ‘Bureau of Education, ait “1913. ; fae’ ; 41. Good Manners and Right Conduct. 1913, - GI PRE hie sek (8. A Course in Civics. (In course of preparation.) pay alan -\\. 49. Industrial Fiber Plants of the Philippines. 1913. ' -b0. Arbor Day and School Holidays. (In course of preparation. Dy ‘i if ») ff oe in Pea Mb me Philippine School of Commerce. 1913. ate cay PRE » Mi NAL * b2. Philippine School of Arts and Trades—Nautical Department. 1818, ise we ihr ew Ma BB. Elementary Course in Plain Sewing. 1918. ' " OIVICO-EDUCATIONAL LECTURES: a tay 1, The Rights and Duties of Citizens of the Philippines. 1910. (Supply limited.) 2. The Prevention of Diseases. 1910. (Supply limited.) eV Beh Gea ha Heat 8, Rice. 1910. (Supply limited.) ORR iA aU 4. Diseases of Animals, 1910. (Supply limited.) uf Te 6. Coconut Beetles. 1910. (Supply limited.) © . ))) 0 6. The Housing of the Public Schools. 1910. (Supply limited.) 7. Coconuts. 1911. ay 8. Corn. 1912. ‘THE TEACHERS’ ASSEMBLY HERALD: © Volumes I-V. 1908-1912. (Supply exhausted.) | ' Parne Volume VI. 1913. (Supply limited.) dive ia fie ate mnt THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMAN: CY aR 23 IMA 0 SOR a Volume I. 1912-13. (Supply limited.) ve hat: CIE AN a » Volume I, (Now current.) tae nie (Concluded on third page of cover.) = PBA ES ; ; af * . “fhe é i ; J : . eit ‘ 1 Y | > ) ; e. F, r vy / \ ; ' ’ * , i fp ic ! > + My : et nies < ‘ ; in “ ’ 4 | ss f ‘ ‘ - > “SANIddINIHd JHL 40 SNOIDSY G3ZINIAIO ‘G37LL45S FHL WV NI LNVGONNSVY GNV NOWWOD SI (ou¥nawniq vsnquwvg) OOBWVA ANIdS SHL ‘| 3LV1d ['6P “ON NILATING NOWvonaT dO AVAYNG—SINVId Yad WietsndaNnyt BULLETIN No. 49—1913 BUREAU OF EDUCATION INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES A Description of the Chief Industrial Fiber Plants of the Philippines, their Dis- tribution, Method of Prepar- ation, and Uses By Theodore Muller MANILA BUREAU OF PRINTING 1913 CHAPTER I. II. TEL: Ly. V. Wii VII. VIII. IX. Daa XI. ( CONTENTS. Ferns Pandans (Crosses ot ee patel 9 Bee AE SE nL eS te The Bamboos Sedees and similar’ plants:.£2 2...:..<2-2.---22cinmns-- Palms RN ERGD pe eee ite th A 8 pec eet Plants with leaf or petiole fibers of commercial value : Miscellaneous industrial fibers pL Phnlippine “Basi HDGES oe. ack Tne ten ek Appendix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE I. Spiny bamboo (Bambusa blumeana)............-.------ Frontispiece. Facing page— II. Nito (Lygodium circinnatum) ........----s0--0-e-s-eensesoenee 16 III. Nito (Lygodium flewwoswim) ...........-.c--cceeceeonecceeeeeeseeees 20 Kilog (Gleichenia linearis) — 2 2..n-c.sseenen neers ssensesaeoeee 20 MW. mG eecienire Lemire 2c ee NE owe eciciece 22 V. Common pandan (Pandanus tectorius) ................------- 26 SE Cee fer Mngt 1) 5 | ee a eae Re ee ek ai ee a 26 PF rurt Of Pa@ndGnus tector... = oi 8 a. ec arbre nseecn nes snore 26 Fruit of Pandanus wiilisetmus.........2.-.-..-2 ......22:..---s-a 114 ALI. Jute (Corchoruscapsularis) ic: eee ee 118 KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS. B.=Bicol. I].=Ilocano. B. of S.=Bureau of Science. Isi.=Isinay. E.=English. Pang.= Pangasinan. F.= Filipino. Sp.= Spanish. Gad.=Gaddan. T.=Tagalog. Iban.=Ibanag. Vis.=Visayan. 7 . 1914 FOREWORD. The first edition of this bulletin is a preliminary one. No attempt is made to treat industrial fiber plants exhaus- tively. The botanical description has been made as non- technical as possible and the preparation and uses of fibers have been discussed so as to give a general idea of their treatment and possibilities. The publication is intended primarily to serve superintendents and teachers as some- thing definite and tangible on which to base suggestions, criticisms, and improvements. If errors have crept in they . should be reported to the General Office, so that any future edition may be as accurate and as adapted to Philippine needs as superintendents and teachers in the Bureau of Education can make it. It is especially desired that a care- ful check be made of all plant names given and that fiber plants of economic value not described in this bulletin be reported. No definite rules have been adopted in this bulletin for the spelling of native names. The most common way of spelling a word as shown in the correspondence of teachers with the General Office, Bureau of Education, has been adopted for the present. The bulletin was prepared under the direction of Mr. Charles H. Magee, Assistant Director of Education, by Mr. Theodore Muller, in charge of the industrial museum, Bureau of Education. On a number of matters relating to the bulletin, the writer had the advice and assistance of Mr. Hugo H. Miller, head of the department of industrial information, Bureau of Education. The botanical specimens which were sent in by the field to the Bureau of Education in response to Circular No. 175, series 1910, and which form the basis for this bulletin, were determined at the Bureau of Science. 9 10 Botanical descriptions are founded chiefly on “A Flora of Manila’? by Mr. Elmer D. Merrill, botanist, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I., and on a study of the plant specimens in the industrial museum of the Bureau of Education. The writer is also deeply indebted to Mr. Merrill for many helpful suggestions. Drawings in this bulletin are by Mr. Juan Santos, a student in the University of the Philippines. Acknowledgment is due for the review of this bulletin in the manuscript to Mrs. T. E. Borden, Mrs. C. E. Ander- son, Messrs. H. H. Miller, E. D. Merrill, L. R. Sawyer, J. F. Minier, Luther Parker, U. S. Andes, R. B. Robinson, and Chester G. Farnsworth. Credit for the information given on the preparation of materials is due to the reports of division superintendents and teachers kept on file in the industrial information department, Bureau of Education, to the Albay Industrial Bulletin No. 4, 1911, and to a number of publications of the Bureau of Education. In part, the information has been compiled from personal observation of the writer. Prices for industrial fibers are not quoted in this bulletin, although various kinds have a commercial value in places where they have been used to any extent. The prices gen- erally soar as soon as it becomes evident that the fibers are desirable and needed in any quantity. The uses of plants have been determined chiefly by ex- amination of the articles kept in the industrial museum of the Bureau of Education. It is not possible to mention the hundreds of persons whose ideas on different phases of industrial work, as expressed in correspondence with the General Office, Bureau of Education, have been of help to the writer; special men- tion, however, is made whenever deemed of sufficient importance. Common names have been adopted for the industrial fiber plants described in this bulletin. In most cases, these * Practically a complete flora of the cultivated areas in the Philip- pines. Descriptions, with keys, of over 1,000 species, 590 genera, and 136 families. Price #5. For sale by the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I. rt names are Filipino; in a few, English. It is hoped that the names suggested will become general throughout the Islands, not because of any special merit in any one of them, but in order to facilitate communication and attain some degree of uniformity in their use. No violence will be done to the local name existing in any one locality, for close questioning will bring out the fact that except for the very common plants local names are not dependable and are applied carelessly and indifferently to various plants. If more specific information is desired on any one point discussed in the bulletin, it will be furnished whenever possible by the Bureau of Education through its industrial and publications division, or, if of sufficient general interest, through the medium of THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMAN. In order that the industrial museum of the Bureau of Education may continue to be a success, it needs the active, hearty codperation of division superintendents and teachers at all times. Attention is therefore especially invited to Bulletin No. 46 dealing with the industrial museum, library, and exhibits of the Bureau of Education in which the aims and purposes of the museum are fully discussed. FRANK L. CRONE, Director of Education. MANILA, P. I., September 10, 1913. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES. Chapter I—INTRODUCTORY. A number of household industries are firmly established in the Philippines. These industries may, however, be further developed if greater use is made of the fiber plants found in the fields and forests throughout the Archipelago. The Philippine sylvan plants that furnish industrial materials are, as a rule, not massed together in great stands, but are found scattered over a large territory crowded in among many other species of plants. At present, the market for Philippine fiber products is excellent, and for many years the demand for them will be greater than the supply. No foreign material need be imported for the fabrication of these products, and only at times is machinery of even the simplest type necessary for the work. In some places the petioles, midribs, and leaves of a variety of palms, such as sugar, buri, nipa, coconut, and the like, furnish the material. In other places, air roots are found in plenty for the making of excellent articles. In still others, the dried fiber or skin of the abaca petiole can be utilized to advantage for many purposes. In some local- ities, tropical vines (ex. pamago) are well adapted for industrial work. In nearly all parts of the Islands the stems of many species of ferns can be used in a number of ways. Banban.(Donax cannaeformis) is common along streams and brooks in all provinces and makes an excellent industrial material. The bast fibers of many trees can be utilized for 13 14 rope. Pandans (screw pines), rattan, sedges, or grasses can be used, and for all ordinary purposes bamboo will be found serviceable in many branches of industrial work. As time goes on, more and more raw material will be found well adapted for Philippine industrial needs. In using the various plant fibers, it should be remembered that they are more or less hygroscopic—that is, they will often shrink or expand according to the amount of moisture in the atmosphere. If it is desired to do a high grade of work with fine straws of various kinds it is generally very essential that they be worked at a time when there is the most moisture in the air, which would be mornings, evenings, or on rainy or cloudy days. It may be stated that, as a rule, the more moist a fiber is, the more pliable it is; the drier, the more brittle. It is equally true that the finer the fiber, the more it seems to be affected by atmospheric conditions. In basketry, most of the raw materials found in the Phil- ippines require no artificial dyes to enhance the beauty of their natural colors. Jet-black, brown, white, yellow, and green of various tones are easily obtainable by proper manipulation of the material. The attempt is sometimes made to obtain industrial fiber plants from a far-distant province in the erroneous belief that such material is very superior. In many instances just as good or better material can be obtained in the im- mediate vicinity. In general, schools should work with the industrial material they find in their own district or province. If sufficient effort is made, such can usually be found, though it may be harder in some localities than in others. Industrial supervisors from the General Office have gone to districts where it was alleged that little or no industrial material existed and found material of one kind or another in plenty, which had not been previously recog- nized locally. The use of foreign fabrics in the finishing of articles from Philippine fibers should be avoided whenever possible. For example, there is little need for velvet edges on buri raffia cushions and mats, or for velvet straps on abaca slippers, or for colored yarn on cheap sedge slippers. The 15 use of a native material in such and similar cases is not only more economical, but often results in a better-looking article. In general, the aim in industrial work with fibers should be to use Philippine raw materials exclusively and to produce articles by hand or by simple implements operated by hand, that can not be duplicated on power machines. In collecting plants for industrial purposes too littie attention is often given to the selection of the best material available. The inexperienced person in search of industrial material will often cut down industrial plants indiscrimi- nately without heeding whether they are too young or too old, good or indifferent, or whether they have flaws, decayed spots, and imperfections. A little scrutiny in collecting plants will save much trouble when the material is to be worked up. Every one collecting industrial materials should be cautioned not to exterminate all specimens of a plant in a given area. While it may be true that there exists a bountiful supply of certain plant materials in a great number of districts, yet care should be had for the future, and no plants should be cut down that are not needed, nor should the whole supply be wiped out. Some plants should always be left. Better results are obtained by gathering some material from young plants, some from old plants, some from plants growing in the shade, and some from similar plants in high places. By such procedure, variation in design and better effects can be secured and a steady supply of plants insured from year to year. Few, if any, attempts have as yet been made to cultivate the industrial fiber plants found at present growing wild in field and forest. Experiments along this line would there- fore prove of great interest. To carry on industrial work successfully, supervising teachers and division industrial supervisors will find it necessary to make a close study of the plants within their districts. It will be found convenient as well as instructive to have each Filipino teacher in the district make a collection of the industrial fiber plants found within the barrio. It is 16 a comparatively easy matter to dry, poison,’ and mount specimens. Such a collection (herbarium) will be of value to the school in many different ways. From the collection of this material by barrio or other teachers the supervising teacher should make his collection for the district. In turn, the industrial supervisor should make a collection of the industrial plants of the province to be kept on file in the office of the division superintendent. It is hoped that by a study of this bulletin teachers will be able to classify and arrange many of the industrial plants systematically. If any difficulty is.encountered in naming plants, the specimens should be sent to the General Office, along with accurate and detailed information concerning the structure, habitat, preparation, and uses of the plant. Duplicates should be kept and both these and the original should be numbered so that a reply can be sent without sending back the plant specimen. It would also be a good plan to work out maps for the various districts showing | where materials are found and in what quantities they are obtainable. *It is necessary to poison plants in the Philippines to keep them from being destroyed by insects. Such poison is prepared by dissolving 2 tablets of bichloride of mercury in about 1 liter of denatured alcohol (sufficient bichloride should be used to make a saturated solution). The specimens are then dipped in this solution and dried. Do not put the hands in the solution, but handle the specimens with a pair of tongs made of bamboo or some other material. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE Il. NITO (Lygodium circinnatum). Chapter Il.—FERNS. Ferns have leaves, roots, and stems like ordinary green plants, but neither flowers nor seeds. Instead of these, they have reproductive bodies known as spores, which generally occur on the undersurface of the leaves. In height, ferns vary greatly; some are small, hardly rising above the ground, while others are treelike in size. Young leaves are often fuzzy and hairy and curled like a question mark. Ferns are most often found in cool, shady places along the banks of brooks and streams or in the shade of the forest. In the Philippines, the young stems of some ferns (ex. paco) are sold in the market for food, and the stems of others furnish good industrial fibers. (a) TWINING FERNS. The term “nito” is commonly applied to all “twining” ferns. Filipinos speak of different kinds of nito, but have no special name for each kind. These various kinds cor- respond to the different species of Lygodiwm.’ The species of Lygodium have underground rootlike stems (rhizomes) and stems above the ground of indefinite growth. They are found in the Tropics of both hemispheres and extend to New Zealand, Japan, and the New England States of the United States of America. NITO. (Lygodium spp.; L. circinnatum; L. flecuosum; L. japonicum; L. semihastatum.) The most common nito, occurring throughout the Philip- pines, is Lygodium circinnatum.? In this species, the petioles arising from the main stem generally divide into two equal parts. Each of the two smaller petioles bears a *The name Lygodium is derived from the Greek word meaning “twining.” *Nito (Lygodium circinnatum) : Nito (Antique, Bohol, Cagayan, Ca- marines, Capiz, Cavite, Cebu, Ilocos Norte and Sur, Iloilo, Isabela, Laguna, Leyte, Misamis, Occidental Negros, Oriental Negros, Pan- gasinan, Sorsogon, Surigao, Tayabas, Union, Zambales); agsam (Albay) ; naui (Zamboanga). 1201392 17 18 leaf. The leaf is divided almost to its base into a number of lobes. These lobes are entire and usually about 15 cm. long and from 1.5 to 3 cm. wide. The lobes bearing spores are always smaller than the sterile ones. Lygodium flexuosum* grows to be several meters long. Its stem is somewhat ridged. The leaflets (segments), rather lancelike in form, are from 15 to 20 cm. long, and from 10 to 20 mm. wide and finely serrated at the margin. The lower leaves are borne on short petioles, the upper ones are almost sessile (without petioles). The species is widely distributed in the Philippines and is also found from India and southern China southward to Australia. Another species, Lygodium japonicum,’ is a very slender twining fern from 1 to 3 m. in length. It is found occa- sionally in open dry grasslands, dry thickets, and similar localities. It is widely distributed in the Philippines and also occurs in Japan, from Korea to India, and southward to Australia. Lygodium semihastatum? is similar in appearance to Lygodium circinnatum, but may be distinguished from it by the presence of an earlike projection at the base, on one side or sometimes on both sides of the leaf lobe. The four species mentioned are the most prominent of those spoken of as “nito,” though there are altogether about 10 species of twining ferns in the Philippines. As these ferns get older and climb and twine around plants, they lose many of their leaves and the stems become discolored, the change being from green to light brown, brown, dark brown, and finally black. *Nito (Lygodium flecuosum): Nito (Cebu, Cavite, Iloilo, Samar) ; nitu (Iban. in Isabela) ; kalulung (Iban. in Isabela) ; sasitang (Il. in Isabela). Collected also by B. of S. in Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Davao, Laguna, Oriental Negros, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Union, Zam- bales. ? Nito (Lygodium japonicum) : Nito (Il. in Isabela) ; karekay (Iban. in Isabela). Collected also by B. of S. in Bataan, Batangas, Bontoc, Benguet, Bulacan, Butuan, Cagayan, Davao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, — Leyte, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Tayabas, Zamboanga. * Nito (Lygodium semihastatum) : Nito (Sorsogon) ; anton (Albay). Collected also by B. of S. in Cagayan, Laguna, Mindoro, Occidental Negros, Tayabas. 19 DISTRIBUTION. Nito should be looked for in rather moist, shaded local- ities. It is found growing on hillsides where timber is not very heavy, in open woodland, and sometimes in or near abaca plantations, bordering cogonales, or twining about underbrush in moist places. PREPARATION. It is better and easier to prepare the material while fresh than when hard and dry. Old material can be immersed in water and made more pliable. Nito splints.—To prepare nito splints, the stem is divided into halves and quarters. If the diameter of the stem is very small, a division into three parts will be sufficient. In brown nito, the epidermis is generally first removed. It is best to start the splitting with a knife at one end and continue it to the other end by running the thumb in be- tween the sections. The inside of these strips may then be pared down to the thickness wanted. If it is desired to have all strips of the same width, they may be passed through a gauge (batakan) .* Coloring nito.—The bottom of the stem, being older than the rest, is often of a darker color. The major portion of the stem itself may be of an uneven color. Browns give richer and warmer color effects than blacks. The latter, when used, must have uniform density :* Take a young coconut about half grown and cut it into small pieces. Secure a section of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan)—a piece of the trunk is best, about a foot long—and split it length- wise into thin pieces. Place both chopped coconut and sappan strips in a pot or can with about a gallon of water and boil for half an hour. Then take the nito and place it in the solution and let it boil for about twenty minutes. Afterwards remove the nito and bury it in moist mud, where it should be left for half a day. It may then be removed and cleaned by washing. It will be found to have a deep, jet-black color.® +A “batakan” is easily made from the top of a tin can by punching it full of openings of the desired diameter. ? THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMAN, July, 1912, p. 76. *Rattan, bamboo, and banban may also be dyed in the same manner. 20 As a substitute for the mud bath, lime may be employed in the dye mixture. A small amount should be added to the dyeing solution after the coconut and sappan have been boiled together and the material then placed in the solution and boiled. As a rule, this method will give as satisfactory a color as the first. Mr. Claude Miller, supervising teacher of Balanga, Bataan, in a communication to the General Office of the Bureau of Education, describes an interesting process of obtaining all-black nito, in which neither boiling nor dye of any kind is necessary. As it also has been found successful, it is here given: The results of experiments carried on in Balanga and other towns of this district seem to show that nito of whatever shade of color‘ can be colored a jet-black by burying it in wet mud from three to six days. The stems should be fully grown, or nearly so, and at least partly dried, as the young nito or that which is full of sap does not color successfully. Most of the teachers and pupils prefer to split the nito previous to burying it in the mud, because it splits easier and takes only about half the time to color. The length of time the nito should be left in the mud varies with the original color, the lighter-colored stems requiring a longer time to become black. The mud in which the stems are buried should be very wet. The best results are obtained by burying the stalks in the bottom of ponds or streams or ditches. When taken from the ground, after being buried for from three to six days, the nito has a dull color, but it can be polished by rubbing it for a short time.” USES. Basketry.—In Samar nito splints with the colored epi- dermis scraped off are used in the manufacture of various articles of basketry, such as circular button boxes, collar and tie boxes, and the like. Although the splints used in these baskets may not all be of the same shade at first, in the course of time they assume an even, permanent brown color. In many provinces nito is successfully used in the decoration of the handles and rims of baskets. *The following method for dyeing nito black has been used with success by Mr. Manuel Bacosa, division industrial supervisor, Palawan: “Into 5 liters of water put one glass of vinegar. Then mash 3.4 liters of ‘canarem’ berries (Antidesma sp.) and mix with the solution. Insert the prepared nito strips and boil for forty minutes. Allow the nito to remain in the liquid for twelve hours after boiling; then dry in the sun and polish with a dry cloth.” “"NY34 ONINIML V ‘SSGISTIIH NO NOISNSOYd NI DSNIMOYD NY34 ONINIMLNON V ‘(Si1p2uy BeUaY2221D) DOTY ‘(wunsonxayf wnypodh'T) OLIN “Wl 3LW1d [6P ON NILATING NOILvOnNaW 40 NvYaYNG—SINV1d Adal yA TWIMLSNGNT 21 Hats.—In Pangasinan and Albay some hats are made entirely of nito or of nito combined with. Calasiao splints. In a number of provinces the splints are used in the manu- facture of the type of unblocked Philippine hat commonly known as “salakot.” Miscellaneous.—In several provinces very fine cigarette cases, pocketbooks, and similar articles are made from nito splints combined with Calasiao splints. Buri and nito are used with good effect for small articles of various kinds by having the under and wider strips of buri and the upper and narrower of nito. If nito splints only are used, a very _ pleasing effect can be secured by scraping away the black epidermis from the sides, thus having a central strip of black and on each side of it a white strip. Another varia- tion consists in scraping the central part. This gives a white central strip and two black strips. Union and Camarines Provinces manufacture riding whips in which black nito, or combinations of the various colored splints obtainable from this fern, are wound around rattan. To vary the designs on the whips, bamboo and irao strips are often used besides nito. At the first Philippine exposition in 1912, the schools of Camarines showed napkin rings having a fotndation of bamboo and wound about with bamboo and nito strips combined so as to form various designs. The Mangyans use the fern for belts or, with red-colored rattan, for head ornaments. (b) NONTWINING FERNS. There are four species of nontwining ferns at present utilized in industrial work. In these species, with one ex- ception, the inner fibers are used, while in the twining ferns the outer epidermis region is generally utilized. LOCDO. (Dryopteris pteroides.) Loedo (Samar). Collected also by B. of S. in Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mindoro, Pampanga, Rizal, Zamboanga. This fern grows to be over a meter high. It is usually found in shady places on hillsides and in valleys. Its leaf- lets are from 10 to 20 cm. long and about 2 cm. wide, and 22 taper to a point. The margins are cut in thirds to halves, forming oblong or triangular lobes. Locdo is found not only in the Philippines, but is of general distribution throughout Polynesia. PREPARATION. The stem of the fern is crushed, after which the cordlike inner fibers are readily removed. USES. The fibers may be used to obtain decorative weaves in baskets. It is not considered to be a very good material. KILOG. (Gleichenia linearis.) Kilog (Laguna). Collected also by B. of S. in Albay, Benguet, Mindoro, Mindanao, Rizal, Tayabas. This plant is a wide-spreading species of fern often forming tangled thickets. Its most striking feature is the peculiar forking leafy portion (frond). The fronds bear- ing spores may be forked once or several times. At the forking of the larger branches small leaflets occur. The lower part of the stem is light or dark-brown in color and several meters long (some by actual measurement were found to be 10 to 11 m. in length) and entirely free of leaves or branches. This is the part of the stem used as industrial material. | DISTRIBUTION. The fern is found covering large areas on the sides of hills. It has been reported to the Bureau of Education from Laguna Province only, but also exists in other provinces, as the plant is one of the most widely distributed ferns in the Philippines. PREPARATION. The preparation of the material is simple. The hard, outer covering of the stem is cracked or crushed. From the soft light-brown inner tissue of the stem the dark-brown ribbonlike splints are then easily pulled out. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE IV. GLEICHENIA LINEARIS. 23 USES. The splints are excellent weavers for coiled baskets. They can also be used with success in belts. The schools of Laguna learned the use of the material from its employment now and in former times on rice baskets for decorative purposes. ALOLOKDO. (Nephrolepis hirsutula.) Alolokdo (Albay, Mindoro); korokalasag (Sorsogon). Collected also by B. of S. in Abra, Laguna, Mindoro, Occidental Negros, Rizal, Tayabas, Zamboanga. The leaves of this fern are from 30 to 120 cm. long and 8 to 15cm. wide. The leaflets (pinnz), numerous and close together, usually have a toothed margin. They are at first more or less hairy on both surfaces, which later become smooth. The spores of this fern are borne on or very near the margin of the undersurface of the leaflets. DISTRIBUTION. The fern is found in dry thickets and is widely distributed throughout the Philippines. PREPARATION. To obtain the fibers, the stem is cracked and the inner fibers are pulled out. They are at first white in color but soon turn brown. USES. The fibers can be used for hats, mats, and baskets. JAGNAYA. (Stenochlaena palustris.) Jagnaya (Sorsogon); agnaya (Palawan); hagnaya (Capiz, Iloilo, Laguna). Collected also by B. of S. in Butuan, Davao, Leyte, Surigao, Tayabas. This fern occurs in the Philippines from Luzon to Davao, chiefly in thickets and in lowlands near the sea. The 24 whole leaf (frond) is from 50 to 80 cm. long and bears a. considerable number of leaflets 10 to 12 cm. long and 2.5 em. broad. The margins of the leaflets are sharply and finely serrated. PREPARATION. Ordinarily the stem is simply dried in the sun. USES. The fern is used for fish traps or twisted into rope. It — is occasionally used in basketry, but should never be employed when better material is at all available. Chapter III—PANDANS. Pandans,' or screw pines, are true tropical shrubs or trees. In distribution, however, they extend to the subtropics. They are called screw pines because the leaves of the plant are similar to those of the pineapple and arise from the stem in corkscrew fashion. The fruit also resembles that of the pineapple. Even the finest leaves of pandan can be distinguished from pineapple leaves, as in the former a row of more or less prominent spines is always present along the midvein. In texture, the coarsest pandan leaves never attain the thickness of maguey leaves, and the pres- ence of a middle row of spines in the pandan leaves makes the distinction between them very evident. Pandans occur along sandy beaches, in rather moist local- ities, on the sides of the mountains near fresh-water lakes and swamps. All develop more or less prominent air or prop roots above the ground. The fruits are multiple or composite. . KARAGUMOY. (Pandanus simplex.) Karagumoy (B.) (Albay, Camarines, Cebu, Leyte, Sorsogon, Ta- yabas). The pandan karagumoy is of considerable economic im- portance in the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon. The leaves are of the same general shape as those of other pandans and from 2 to 3.5 m. long and 6 to 10 cm. wide. They are thick and coarse, provided with sharp spines, and greenish- gray in color when dried. DISTRIBUTION. This pandan is usually found near abaca plantations. *See THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMAN, Vol. I, No. 4. 25 26 PREPARATION. The spines on the leaves of this pandan are removed and the leaf itself, while still fresh, is split into four or more parts according to the purpose to which the strips are to be put. To get the strips of even width a simple gauge, called a “soclan” + in the Bicol language, is used. The strips are then generally dried in the shade and made more supple by being pressed firmly against a piece of bamboo. USES. Karagumoy leaves being coarse, mats and hats made from them never have the fine appearance of similar sabutan articles. At present karagumoy is the only pandan used in the making of work baskets. These are usually in the mad weave and have a bottom hexagonal in shape. Within the last few years the public schools in the Bicol Provinces have made this type of basket more elaborate and ornate by superimposing on the pandan strips stars or other figures of karagumoy, irao, or nito. The mad weave is also some- times employed in karagumoy hats. Karagumoy articles present a more shiny surface than those made of other pandans. COMMON PANDAN. (Pandanus tectorius.) (Antique, Batangas, Bulacan, Cebu, Davao, Iloilo, Leyte, Mindoro, Oriental Negros, Pampanga, Rizal, Surigao, Tarlac, Tayabas, Zamboanga); pangdan (Abra); panglan (Il. in Zambales, Zambal) ; shore pandan. Pandanus tectorius, the common pandan, is the most abundant and widely distributed of all pandans in the Philippines. Its trunk is never very high and like all species of pandans is figured by ridges which mark the attachment of former leaves. Several meters from the *A “soclan” generally is a strip of bamboo or rattan bent in the shape of the letter U and held or tied together at the ends. The pandan is held in the curve of the U and a knife blade is held steadily against the arms of the U in such a way that when the pandan leaf is drawn through the soclan, the blade cuts the leaf evenly to the desired width. PLATE V. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] COMMON PANDAN (Pandanus tectorius). INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE VI. FRUIT OF PANDANUS TECTORIUS. FRUIT OF PANDANUS UTILISSIMUS. 27 ground the bifurcation (forking) of the stem results in an odd-shaped crown peculiar to the plant. Aérial roots originate from the stem at some distance from the ground. They first serve to furnish air to the plant, but later pene- trate the ground and act also as prop roots. The leaves are linear in shape, from 1 to 2 m. long and about 6 cm. wide, and provided with sharp spines along the margins and midvein. The fruit, roughly resembling a pineapple with its apex cut off, is about 20 cm. long and made up of small individual parts (drupes) very close together and furrowed on the exposed surface. When ripe, the fruit has a fine red color. The drupes finally loosen from the head and drop off. DISTRIBUTION. Common along the seashore in all parts of the Philippines. PREPARATION. Removal of the spines from the leaves and drying and bleaching the strips in the sun or by chemical agents (a solution of acids and hydrogen peroxide) are the main elements in the preparation of the strips. At present the strips are seldom used. It is believed, however, that if the same care and attention were given to their preparation as is done with sabutan and Majayjay pandans a satis- factory material could be produced. Split strips——The preparation of split strips is simple, requiring, however, practice to do it with dispatch. The spines are removed from the leaves and the strips are ' split at the cut-off end with a knife. The two surfaces are then pulled apart. The strips are dried as in the case of other pandans. It is much easier to split the leaves after they have been boiled. This makes the material thinner and for some purposes better. However, the color of the material when dried is not as good as when split fresh. USES. Though abundant in all sea-coast provinces, this pandan is not important economically in any locality of the Philip- pines, though it is occasionally made into hats and mats. 28 It is very probable, however, that this pandan will be used ultimately in the Philippines to a greater extent and will be found well adapted for the manufacture of a variety of articles. Samples of fibers and hats received by the Bureau of Education show that the imitation Panama hats exported in large quantities from the Loochoo Islands are probably made of the split strips of this pandan (Pandanus tec- torius) or one having a leaf very much like it. The bleached pandan fiber is also used by the Japanese in the manufacture of very handsome hand bags. , SABUTAN. (Pandanus sabotan.) Sabutan (Laguna, Rizal, Tayabas). Sabutan is a pandan 2 to 4 m. high. Its full-grown ' leaves, fine in texture, are 2 m. long and 6 cm. wide. It ~ rarely produces flowers and has not yet been found in fruit, although diligent search for the latter has been made for years by interested parties. Its botanical status is not known absolutely, as fruits have never been collected. It may prove to be only a variety of Pandanus tectorius. DISTRIBUTION. At present it is found growing in abundance in a semi- wild condition along the eastern shore of Laguna de Bay. It has also been reported growing wild in the forests near Baler, Tayabas. It can be propagated by suckers, and its cultivation can be extended advantageously to any part of the Philippines having moist but well-drained soil. PREPARATION. The strips are prepared by removing the spines on the midrib and along the margins. They are then partially dried in the sun and divided into the desired widths by a comblike instrument. By drawing the strips around a board or other object, the water is expelled from the tissue. Then several lengths of pandan strips are rolled up in a bundle and kept in running or standing fresh water for PLATE VII. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] SABUTAN (Pandanus sabotan). 29 a period not exceeding twenty-four hours. If the strips are put in standing water, the latter is frequently changed. The sabutan strips are then placed in plain water or water to which a little vinegar, lemon, or tamarind fruit has been added and boiled for about fifteen minutes. They are then washed several times in fresh water and spread out in the sun to dry. If the day happens to be rainy, the strips are kept in fresh water and the latter is frequently changed until the sabutan can be put out in the sun. The best strips are prepared during the dry season, for at that time of the year there are many sunny days and better dried and colored material can be obtained. USES. If sabutan is not bleached it is light-gray in color. It is the nearest approach to a ““Panama straw” found in the Philippines. Hats made of sabutan are strong and well adapted to tropical wear. Sabutan sleeping mats are ex- cellent in quality and the material of which they are made not only takes dye readily but also gives pleasing tones. The straw is excellent for carriage and house cushions. It has also been tried out for tobacco cases and in the knot weave on bamboo framework for hand bags and picture frames. The various new kinds of sabutan articles made in Philippine public schools within recent years are but an indication of the many profitable uses to which the material can be put. PANDAN OF MAJAYJAY. (Pandanus utilissimus.) .Pandan Majayjay, Cavinti pandan, pandan totoo, kalaguimay, Lui- siana pandan (Laguna). Reported also from Nueva Vizcaya and Tayabas. The plant attains a height varying between 4 and 6 m. and has leaves fully 5 m. long and 20 cm. wide. Its large fruit appears at first sight to be similar to the jack fruit, but a closer examination makes the difference evident. The whole fruit, about 60 cm. long and 20 cm. wide and many kilos in weight, is made up of drupes. * See Bulletin No. 33, Bureau of Mdueation: 30 These are exteriorly more or less hexagonal in shape and about 1 cm. in diameter. The outer surface of each drupe is sharply convex, forming a well-marked knob. When the drupes drop from the fruit they show that radially they are tapering and fibrous, and about 6 to 7 cm. long. DISTRIBUTION. The species is found in the district north of Mount Banajao, Laguna, including the towns of Majayjay, Lui- siana, and Cavinti, and extending into Tayabas Province. Recently specimens of this pandan were collected by the Bureau of Science in Nueva Vizcaya. It seems to grow best in the half shade and is intolerant of stagnant water. PREPARATION. After removal of the spines from the leaves in the usual way, the strips are put in the sun and allowed to wilt. Then the strips are rolled under one end of a heavy smooth cylindrical log resting on two pieces of wood. The weight of the log is increased by tying stones or heavy pieces of iron or wood around its center. By a handle attached to its upper surface, the log is rocked to and fro and the strips under it are flattened and made more supple. A further drying of the material in the sun completes the preparation. USES. Mats of this pandan are exported weekly by the thousands from Majayjay and Luisiana, Laguna. On coarse mats rice, copra, and similar products are dried, while the finer ones are used for sleeping mats. The weavers in Cavinti, Laguna, confine themselves almost entirely to the manufac- ture of hats which are cheap and fairly durable and which find a large and ready sale at Pagsanjan and Manila, their principal markets. Telescope baskets (tampipi), much used by Filipinos for storing clothes and for traveling purposes, are also made of this pandan. The making of doilies, hand bags, wall pockets, picture frames, and slippers in the public schools from the pandan of Majayjay indicate that all its com- mercial possibilities are not yet fully appreciated. “(snuussyyn snuppurd) AYPAVPWW JO NVONWd “(wajduus snuppund) AOWNOWYEYY “MIA 3LW1d ['6P ‘ON NILATING NOILVONaY 40 AVAYNG—SINV1q Yds TWINLSOGNT 31 Many of the better mats and fancy articles are decorated with red buri strips. The use of the latter material is, however, not advisable as it is not strong and wears out long before the pandan shows signs of use. PANDANS OF MINOR UTILITY. BARIU. (Pandanus copelandii.) Bariu, boreo, boreu, buruiu (Albay); baléo, balewe or baliu, balio (Bohol, Capiz, Romblon, Surigao); baleau (Occidental Negros) ; baloy, baroy (Agusan, Surigao); bareu (Samar); lagutlut (La- guna). Also collected by B. of S. in Benguet, Cagayan, Minda- nao, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales. This pandan is widely distributed throughout the Philip- pines, occurring from Cagayan, Luzon, to southern Min- danao. It is from 3 to 9 m. in height. The leaves are about 2 m. long and 8 cm. wide and are provided with spines along the margins. These spines are coarse and relatively distant near the base of the leaf, but fine and close together near the tip. The fruit forms a cylindric head 7 to 12 cm. long and 5 to 7 cm. across, at first pale yellowish in appearance but soon turning red. From three to five heads occur on the fruit stalk. TABOAN. (Pandanus dubius.) Taboan (Surigao); bacong (Bohol). Also reported from Davao, Mindanao. Brief mention is here made of a rather rare species of pandan (Pandanus dubius), so far reported to the Bureau of Education only from Surigao and Bohol. This pandan attains a height of 8 m., has leaves from 2 to 3 m. in length and 20 cm. in width, and drupes 8 to 13 cm. long and 5 to 8 cm. wide. ALASAS. (Pandanus luzonensis.) Alasas (Rizal, Zambales) ; dasa (Rizal) ; pandan de China (Bulacan). The pandan known as alasas occurs in Bulacan, Bataan, and other provinces. The leaves of this pandan are narrower than those of Pandanus tectorius. 32 OYANGO. (Pandanus radicans.) Oyango (Albay); olango (Leyte); owango (Surigao); wango (Bohol) ; uyango (Sorsogon). Pandanus radicans grows to a height of 8m. It has long and wide leaves and dark brick-red fruits from 6 to 10 in number, occurring in clusters. USES. Though oyango is of comparatively wide distribution, it is not of any great importance in any one particular district. It is used for the making of coarse mats, bags, and at times hats. It is very probable that if the leaves of this pandan were properly prepared, articles as good as those from the pandan of Majayjay could be made. The various plants described as pandans of minor utility are occasionally used for mats and bags. Chapter IV.—GRASSES. The vast majority of grasses are herbs—that is, they do not possess woody stems and the whole plant or the parts above the ground die after once flowering. Bamboos, * although grasses, have woody stems. As a rule, grasses have hollow stems closed and enlarged at the joints. They never have flowers with showy petals and sepals as there is no need for floral display when the pollen is scattered by the wind and not by insects. The stamens and pistils are borne in the axils of small, scaly bracts called glumes, which are arranged to form spikelets. The fruit is a grain. VETIVER. (Andropogon zizanioides.) Vetiver (E.); amora (Cebu, Bohol), anias, anias de moras, ilib (Pam- panga); anis de moro (Abra); gueron or guiron (Iloilo) ; mora (Vis.) (Albay, Antique, Cebu, Iloilo, Occidental Negros) ; moras (Camarines) ; moro (Sorsogon) ; mura (F.); rimodas, tres moras (Capiz). Also known as A. squarrosus and A. muricatus. Two varieties of this well-known tropical grass occur in the Philippines. One of these has fragrant roots (var. genuina) while the other (var. nigritanus) has not. Although intermediate forms exist, the var. genwina may be recognized by its terminal, dark-purple panicles and distinct awns on the spikelets. The var. nigritanus has terminal greenish or purple panicles, usually the latter, and the spikelets either unawned or armed with short awns. Farmers sometimes plant the grass on the banks of rivers to prevent washing away of the soil. The plant grows to be from 1 to 2 m. high and continues its growth from root- stocks for a number of years. Arising from the roots are *On account of the great economic importance of the bamboos to the Philippines and because they are different in structure from the ordinary grasses, it is thought advisable to devote a separate chapter to them. 1201393 33 34 numerous leaves 1 cm. or less in width, longitudinally folded, and about 1 m. high. The grass is found in flower from August to December. DISTRIBUTION. In the Philippines, vetiver is found growing wild in open wet lands on banks of rice paddies, ditches, and on dikes. PREPARATION. Stalks—-Straight flower stalks of the proper size are selected and their inflorescence and outer covering are removed. The stalks are then put in boiling water and allowed to boil for about twenty minutes. After taking them out of the water they are dried in the sun for two or three days. Each stalk is then scraped with a sharp knife until it is smooth and clean. They are then cut into the lengths required for hat making or for other purposes. Roots.—The roots are prepared for use by dipping them in water for about twenty minutes and then pounding them lightly with a wooden club to remove their epidermis. USES. Stalks.—In the Philippines the flower stalks are used for hats, but the industry is not of importance in any district in the Islands. The method given in the Albay Division Circular No. 71, series 1910, for making cogon hats may also be applied to the manufacture of vetiver hats. It consists in winding two straws around and around in ever enlarging circles in the shape of a phonograph (flat) record, to form the top or crown of the hat. New stalks are intro- duced when necessary. These stalks are held in place by passing a double thread? (one from above and one from below) over and under each of these two fibers. The sides are then begun by running the double fibers around until the sides are as high as it is desired to have the crown. The sides are held in place in the same way as the crown. The brim is made like the top of the crown. *From a report to the Director of Education by Mr. L. D. Gregg, supervising teacher of the district of Silay-Saravia, Occidental Negros. *The use of white thread No. 20 is recommended. About 20 of these threads 1 m. long are needed for a hat. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE IX. a yy aN = — VETIVER (Andropogon zizanioides) WITH LEAVES LONGITUDINALLY FOLDED. “ 35 Roots.—The roots should be pressed before being woven into fans. Because of their agreeable odor, the roots of the cultivated vetiver grass are preferred for fans to those of the wild variety. Sundries.—The fragrant vetiver roots are often put in trunks containing clothing to scent them as would sachet powder. The plant is occasionally employed in the Phil- ippines, as is cogon grass, for cheap roofing and brooms. Oil is extracted from the roots which is valued at from . £100 to #200 per kilo, depending on the quality. In India, the roots are used for screens and mats. AMORES SECOS. (Andropogon aciculatus.) Amores secos (Capiz, Cebu, Iloilo, Occidental Negros, Pampanga) ; bariri, dalokot (Iloilo). It is not difficult to find this grass, as its spikelets ad- here to clothing as one brushes past it. -The grass has creeping and branching stems which are densely leafy. The flower stems, however, are erect and wiry and from 20 to 50 em. high. The leaves are short, being but 3 to 10 cm. long, and few in number on the flowering stem. The plants have purplish flower clusters (panicles) composed of bearded spikes. Barbed awns are found on the secondary spikes (spikelets). The grass is widely distributed throughout the Philippines and occurs in open grasslands and waste places. It flowers from May to December. BELING. (Andropogon intermedius.) Beling, biling (Cebu). A few differences between this grass and amores secos, which it somewhat resembles, are here noted. The leaves are longer, but of about the same width. The panicles, though also purplish, are generally longer and compound. The awns on the spikelets are very slender and nearly 1.5 cm. long. They do not adhere to clothing. The plant is widely distributed throughout the Philippines and has the same habitat as amores secos. It flowers from July to November. 36 BATAD-BATADAN. (Andropogon halepensis.) This tall, coarse, perennial grass, reaching a height of 3 m., has leaves 1 m. long and 1.5 to 4.5 em. wide. The panicles are from 20 to 40 cm. long. Its spikelets are numerous, hairy, about 4 mm. long, awnless, and greenish or purplish in color. The plant is found along the banks of streams, in damp places, and in thickets. PREPARATION. Stalks——Ordinarily the flower stalks of the various species of Andropogon are merely dried in the sun. A better material will result if they are treated as described for vetiver stalks. The stalks are used occasionally for hats. JOB’S-TEARS. (Coizx lachryma-jobi.) Job’s-tears (E.); abukay (Il.); adlay, bintikay, burobayoco, pintaka, tigbikay (Albay, Sorsogon); aglay (Misamis); alimodias, poyas (Occidental Negros); balantakan (Pampanga); coldasan (Ca- marines); dumao, panas, pintaka (Cebu); katigbi (Bohol) ; tigbi (T.). This plant is well known and is widely distributed. Two varieties are recognized; one produces a soft-shelled fruit with edible seeds, the other a hard-shelled fruit. The hard-shelled variety will be described a little more in detail, although, strictly speaking, it is not a fiber plant. The stem is coarse and from 1 to 2 m. high. The flower spikes are 6 to 10 cm. long. A very hard shining capsule, ovoid in form, white or nearly black in color, surrounds the female flower and grain. USES. Seeds.—The soft-shelled variety is made into wine or sometimes employed for various culinary purposes; the hard-shelled seeds may be considered of industrial im- portance as the beads are sometimes used for rosaries, or made into curtains, baskets, and trays of various kinds and forms. 37 COGON. (Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii; I. exaltata.) Cogon (Sp.), (Camarines, Antique, Cebu, Iloilo, Pampanga); cun (Gad. in Nueva Vizcaya); guyun (Isi. in Nueva Vizcaya) ; mimi (Iban. in Isabela); panac (Il. in Isabela); panao (Il.), (Il. in Nueva Vizcaya). Cogon grass with its silky-white panicles is well known throughout the Islands, as it is a weed that roots easily in fallow land and is then extremely hard to eradicate. One variety! is usually much less than 1 m. high, while the other * grows from 1 to 1.5 m. in height. PREPARATION. The flower stalks may be prepared as a hat material in the same way as those of vetiver grass. USES. The flower stalks are used occasionally for hats similar in manufacture to those made of vetiver stalks. The leaves are used at times for roofs and for rope. The Albay schools at the carnival of 1913 showed a round braided mat of cogon which is well adapted for a bathroom mat and for places where a cheap but substantial mat is desired. COBBOOT. (Ischaemum angustifolium.) Cobboot (Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Ilocos Norte); puenig (Ig. in Bontoc). The base of the stem of this grass is swollen and woolly and so furnishes an important means of identifying the plant. The stem, varying in height between 60 and 90 cm., is smooth and slender, grooved on one side and bears but few branches. The leaves are 30 to 60 cm. long, 3 to 5 mm. in width, either concave or convoluted, and rough along the margins. In Ilocos Norte the grass is considered to reach its full growth during the months of August and September. The flower spikes are soft and downy, erect, either close *Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii. *Imperata exaltata. 38 together or apart, 2 to 5 em. long, and of golden or rusty color. DISTRIBUTION. The plant grows on open, dry, grassy slopes and is found in the Philippines only in northern Luzon. PREPARATION. Straw.'\—For slippers, the lower portion of the stalk, about 30 cm. long, is used. Its preparation consists simply in drying the stalks in the sun. It is advisable to keep the straw to be twisted or woven soft and moist by wrapping it in banana petioles. The material is very strong and is used for both the upper and the under sole of slippers. Rope.—For rope, the plant is cut at its base and dried in the sun for three days. It may then be twisted. USES. The straw and leaves are used in slippers and rope. BIGAO. (Miscanthus sinensis.) Bigao (Albay, Sorsogon) ; bigaho, gaho, guisa (Sorsogon). This is a very tall grass, rather common in the Philip- pines at medium and higher altitudes. It differs from tambo in that the stalk is not hollow but filled with pith. The leaves, partly ensheathing the stem, are about 70 cm. long, tapering toward the distal third, and between 3 and 5 cm. broad. The panicle is long, feathery in appearance, and made up of a great number of simple, branching spike- lets. The plant is in flower from July to October. Its use as an industrial plant has been reported to the Bureau of Education only from Albay and Sorsogon. PREPARATION. To prepare the stalks for use, they are dried for a few days in the shade. Only straight stalks of medium growth should be selected. *Information regarding the preparation and uses of cobboot are taken from a report to the Director of Education by Mr. Gil Raval, industrial supervisor of Ilocos Norte. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE X. ISCHAEMUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. 39 USES. The flower stalks of bigao can be used for screens or window shades. The stems are sometimes used for fences and in the mountain districts for making arrows. ' RICE. (Oryza sativa.) Rice (E.). Although rice is grown throughout the Philippines, very little use is made of the rice straw. The latter is generally burned on the field to enrich the soil. PREPARATION. The freshly cut rice straw when bleached in the sun is tough and ready to be used. Old rice straw should not be employed in the manufacture of articles because of its dirty yellow color. USES. Slippers.—Within recent years the schools of Ilocos Norte have developed a very neat-appearing slipper by using rice straw for the upper sole and braided maguey for the lower. Hats.—In Ilocano districts, hats for home use are often made of rice-straw braid. Hat factories in Manila, making foreign-style hats for local trade, have to import the rice- straw braid that they use. Sometimes, after the rice is threshed, the straws are tied into bundles and used as brooms for rough housework. TAMBO. (Phragmites vulgaris.) Tambo (T., B.) (Albay, Bataan, Leyte, Oriental Negros, Rizal, Ta- yabas); bugang (Bohol); lupi (Camarines); tabunac (Antique, lloilo) ; taguisi (Iban. in Isabela); tangbo (Cebu); tanobong (Il.); tantanubong (Il. in Isabela). Found also in Manila and vicinity. This coarse, erect grass is from 1 to 3.5 m. high. Its leaves are about half a meter long and 3 cm. wide. The panicles are from 30 to 50 cm. in length and made up of numerous slender branches bearing fine spikelets. The whole panicle has a feathery appearance and is brown in 40 color. Reports from Bataan, where the grass is much used in the manufacture of brooms, state that tambo is easily propagated from rootstocks. Where the soil is inclined to be damp tambo is sometimes found among cogon, and may eventually drive it out if favored by other conditions. DISTRIBUTION. The grass is widely distributed in the Philippines, being found on damp ground along streams or other waterways. In the vicinity of Manila, tambo is found in great abun- dance along the banks of the Pasig River, especially near its source. PREPARATION. Tambo is in flower from about August to November or December. Its seeds are carried away by the wind and the bare panicles are left. These are then ready to be used after a thorough drying. USES. Brooms.—In Bataan the use of the panicles for brooms is an important industry. For handles bamboo is generally used as core or foundation and the flower stalks of tambo serve as the outer covering. The stalks are held in place by the use of rattan. The handles are usually decorated with nito. The brooms are well adapted for sweeping the hardwood floors found in many houses in the Philippines. They are exported from Bataan Province in quantity and find a ready sale in other provinces. It is a common sight to see these brooms sold by intinerant venders on the streets of Manila. Miscellaneous.—In Bohol the flower stalks are used for making hats, which are coarse but cool and satisfactory for wear around the farm. In Iloilo they occasionally serve the same purpose. The flower stalks can also be made into screens. SUGAR CANE. (Saccharum officinarum.) Sugar cane (E.). The flowering stalk of the sugar cane, called “bilajo” in the Visayas, is sometimes used for picture frames. The material requires no special preparation. The flower stalk PLATE XI. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PHRAGMITES VULGARIS. ! . Al is cut from the cane stalk and split into strips of the desired width. These are carefully scraped with a knife to remove all hairs or fuzz. A geometrical design is then drawn and cut from a card or bristol board. The latter is then covered with glue or paste and the splints of the material are fastened to it and allowed to dry. TALAHIB (Saccharum spontaneum.) Talahib (Albay, Isabela, Sorsogon, Tayabas, Zambales); bugang (Bohol); sidda (Il. in Zambales); sikal (Isabela); tigbao (Antique, Occidental Negros, Iloilo). Although talahib grows to about the same height as tambo, leaves and panicles easily distinguish it from the latter. In talahib, the leaves are very harsh, long, and narrow; the panicle is white, generally not as long as in tambo, and consists of fine, fragile branches bearing spike- lets supplied at the base with numerous soft, silky hairs. It has two flowering seasons—one extending from Sep- tember to November, the other from April to June. DISTRIBUTION. The plant inhabits open waste places and fallow lands and is of common occurrence in the Philippines. USES. Albay, Sorsogon, and Tayabas report this grass as being used for brooms; in Capiz, the flower stalks are utilized for hats; in Antique, the panicles are used for stuffing pillows and the stems for temporary fences. In Zambales Province the plant is employed by the hill people for arrows, roofing, and walls of houses. In Oriental Negros the flower stalks are used in making picture frames, screens, and wal! pockets. BACUIT. (Sporobolus elongatus.) Bacuit, banquit (Iloilo). Also S. indicus. The specimens of this grass in the industrial museum of the Bureau of Education show that the plant has slender “From a report to the Director of Education by Mrs. Emilia Jara, principal, La Paz Primary School, Iloilo. 42 stems and numerous rather long but narrow leaves at the base. The panicles generally do not exceed 40 cm. in length. They are of pale green or speckled black and straw color and consist of simple ascending spikes having awnless spikelets. USES. Hats.—Fairly fine straws of medium length are obtained from the flower stalks and utilized at times in Iloilo Province asahat material. The retail price of these hats varies from P1.60 to ®2.50. TIGER GRASS. (Thysanolaena maxima.) Tiger grass (E.); buibui (Il.); bugubui (Negrito in Pampanga) ; lasa (Bataan); tagadeu (Bontoc). Collected also by B. of S. in Bulacan, Mindoro, Occidental Negros, Rizal. This grass, found along the steep sides of mountains or near their summit in Bataan, grows practically at sea level in Rizal (Montalban). It is identical with the grass known in India as tiger grass. The plant has a tall and solid stem. Its long panicles consist of numerous fine slender branches having very fine and delicate flowers and seeds. PREPARATION. No other preparation outside of drying the panicles and the removal of their fine seeds by pounding is necessary. USES. Brooms.—This grass is used for the best grade of Philip- pine brooms. It is not as soft as tambo, but will wear better. On account of its good wearing qualities and because the material is less plentiful and harder to obtain than tambo, tiger-grass or lasa brooms, as they are more commonly known in the Philippines, are sold at a higher price than tambo brooms. The panicles are also made into brushes used for white- washing. GRASSES RARELY USED. There are a number of species of grasses in the Philippines that are occasionally employed in the making of hats. Sometimes a farmer, to satisfy a particular fancy or whim, INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XIil. THYSANOLAENA MAXIMA. 43 will select the flower stalks of some grasses! and make them into a hat for himself or some member of his family. They never, or at least very seldom, enter even local trade. Filipinos sometimes use grasses ? with light feathery tops as wall ornaments, or put these grasses in vases for decorative purposes. *Calamutian (Apluda mutica): Calamutian (Pampanga); may- cauyan (Samar). Palagtiqui (Hleusine indica): Palagtiqui (Occidental Negros) ; gagabutan (Tarlac); sabung-sabungan (Pampanga). Sigburon (Ophiurus corymbosus): Sigburon (Camarines). *Sale ayup (Hragrostis tenella): Sale ayup (Pampanga). Pugad maya (HFragrostis viscosa): Pugad maya (Cavite). Chapter V— THE BAMBO0S.' Bamboos are found in all tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially in those of Asia, including Poly- nesia, and South America. They are entirely absent from Europe, except as introduced and cultivated forms. The stems or culms of bamboos are cylindric, generally hollow, and separated by partitions into joints. These par- titions are known as nodes, the parts between them as internodes. The thickness of the culms and the length of the internodes vary greatly in different species. New stems are generally developed at the beginning of the rainy season. Cloudy days, however, are said to retard the growth of the culms. The young shoots grow very rapidly and reach their full growth in height and thickness in less than a year. After full height is attained, the stem develops branches and branchlets, and in most species the plant assumes a feathery appearance. The culms are not considered mature until their branches are fully formed. The number of shoots produced yearly from each clump of bamboo varies with the vigor of the individual and the habits of the species. In India, the mean age of most species of bamboo is considered to be 30 years; the larger species producing 12 to 20 culms annually and the smaller ones 30 to 50 culms. It is believed that in the Philippines *It will not always be feasible to treat in this bulletin each species of bamboo in detail, as the general appearance of many species is so strikingly similar that the basis for differentiating one from another rests mainly, or sometimes entirely, on peculiarities in the structure and appearance of the flower. Unfortunately, many species are rarely seen in flower, which adds to the difficulty of distinguishing the species. The description of bamboos in this bulletin is based chiefly on the following publications: J. S. Gamble: The Bambuseae of British India. Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. C., September, 1910: The Bamboos of the Philippines. Sir G. Watt: The Commercial Products of India. 44 45 bamboo grows for an indefinite period of time and that the number of culms produced yearly is as great or even greater. j Some species of bamboo have large leaves and others small ones, but variation in the size of the leaves may occur in the same clump and species of bamboo. Neither size, shape, nor the number of veins in the leaf can be taken as invariable characteristics of the species. Many species of bamboo flower once and then die. Some flower only after a great interval of time. The flowers usually appear only after the bamboo is in full leaf, and in the majority of cases, the leaves drop off as the inflores- cence continues to form. The flowers may cover the branches or only the branchlets; they may be crowded into a head or scattered and distant; they may be few or very numerous. Sometimes the clumps of the same species of bamboo in a locality flower at one time, seed, and then die. The bamboo belongs to the family of grasses and its fruit is a grain. SPINY BAMBOO.! (Bambusa blumeana.) Spiny bamboo (E.); aono-o (Capiz); baguin (Pampanga); batakan (Surigao); bayug (Gad. and Il. in Nueva Vizcaya); bayog (Il. in Zambales); cana espina (Sp.); duguian, kabugaoan, maru- rugui, ruguian (Albay, Sorsogon); kawayan (T., B.) (Antique, Bataan, Bohol, Bulacan, Cavite, Cebu, Mindoro, Occidental Negros, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, Surigao, Tarlac, Zamboanga); ka- wayan guid, paua (Iloilo) ; kawayan matinic (Laguna, Tayabas) ; kawayan nga bulilao (Occidental Negros); kawayan seitan (Union); kawayan totoo (T.); pasingan (Cagayan). The stems or culms of this bamboo are from 10 to 20 m. high and have a diameter of about 8 to 10 cm. The basal portion of the plant is surrounded by stiff, interlacing, spiny branches. It is the only species of bamboo in the Philippines provided with spines and it is therefore easily recognized. DISTRIBUTION. The most common bamboo in the Philippines and found throughout the settled portions of the Archipelago. *See frontispiece. 46 PREPARATION. Splints..—The preliminary work in the manufacture of bamboo splints is done by the men. The bamboo, after being felled (the bamboo stem is felled when it is from 4 to 5 months old and before it has developed any branches), is allowed to wither in the shade for from three to five days, and is cut up into sections at the node with a bolo or saw. The nodes are trimmed off. Since the sections toward the bottom would produce too short and those at the top too weak material, the middle sections only (from 10 to 20 in number) can be used. Each section is split into three or more pieces and the inner part is removed with a short, sharp, stubby knife: until there remains but about one-eighth of the original thickness, including the green outer skin. The material split away cannot be used, since the splints obtained from it would be too coarse and weak. The stripper must be expert enough to know when he has obtained the proper thickness. The remaining splint of bamboo is flattened by placing one end on a bench and forcing the rest down flat so as to remove the curve. The stripper then cuts two lines across near the top, one deeper than the other, but not through the material, and pries and pulls the bamboo into three layers (lapat), each of which can be again reduced to thinner layers in the same manner, so that from four to ten layers, besides the green outer skin (balat), can be obtained, though the usual number is five or six, and it is very seldom that more than eight are produced. (The best and finest splints are ob- tained from the bamboo layers nearest the green epidermis. ) The material is then boiled in water for about half an hour and bleached in the sun—a strengthening and whitening process. Basket splints.-—Deep-green culms should be used. If, on scraping away the epidermis with a knife, the exposed layers are slightly dark or brown in color, the material is too old and hard to be used for baskets. Bulletin No. 38, Bureau of Education. * Albay Industrial Bulletin No. 4. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XIill. a. Pag ah oe BASAL PORTION OF BAMBUSA BLUMEANA IS SURROUNDED BY A NETWORK OF STIFF, SPINY BRANCHES. 47 Sawali.—For making sawali, the whole culm is split into four parts. These are then divided again radially into pieces as great as the desired width of sawali. The pieces are then cleaned and split tangentially into strips of the required thickness. Several species of bamboo besides B. blumeana are used in the manufacture of sawali. Roots.2—The fine roots of bamboo make excellent material for baskets. The roots used should be green, as the dead roots are black and worthless for basketry. The small knots upon the roots are easily removed by scraping the roots with a knife. Care should be taken not to scrape too deep, as it spoils the natural polish. Rub them with sand paper and halve them for making the bottoms of any basket. Be sure that the outer layer is removed, as it turns dark with age. If properly prepared, the bottom of the basket will be fine and glossy. Culms for house construction—If strong and durable bamboo is desired, only mature stems with branches fully developed should be used. The best time for felling bam- boo is said to be when the “sap is down,” between November and the latter part of January in most parts of the Islands. If cut during the rainy season, it seems to fall an easy prey to weevils, “bucbuc” in Tagalog. Filipinos say that bamboo cut in the rainy season should be thoroughly soaked in salt water to prevent insect attacks. This statement is corroborated by Sir G. Watt, who says: Long immersion in water greatly enhances the durability (of bamboo), rendering the stem less liable to the attacks of insects, owing to the sap, which they are fond of, being quickly extracted. USES. B. blumeana furnishes the material for the bamboo hats made in Baliuag and Pulilan, Bulacan. In Isabela and other provinces this and other species of bamboo are employed for hat manufacture. The important part played by this bamboo in the building of houses and fences, in *Sawali is a term aoninpnly used in ihe Bishops foe calneed bamboo that is woven into rolls about 2.5 m. wide and from 9 to 15 m. long. It is used for ceilings and partitions in houses. * Division Memorandum No. 8, s. 1912, of Occidental Negros. 48 the construction of furniture, in the manufacture of baskets, fans, and tobacco cases, and in the making of ceilings and floors is too well known to need further comment. DWARFED BAMBOO. (Bambusa glauucescens.) Dwarfed bamboo (E.); Japanese bamboo, Chinese bamboo (E.). This is a small, dwarfed, shrubby species of bamboo from 1 to 3 m. high and with stems 1 to 2 cm. in diameter. It is often cultivated in Manila as a hedge plant. It may be used for bobbins. KAWAYAN KILING. (Bambusa vulgaris.) Kawayan kiling (T.) (Bulacan, Cavite; Il. and Zambal in Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Tarlac, Union); bolinao (lloilo) ; borirao (Antique); butong (Albay, Capiz); kaboloan (Albay) ; kawayan bayuguin (T.) (Nueva Ecija); kawayan hobero (La- guna); kawayan nga dalusa (Occidental Negros) ; lunas (Bohol, Cebu, Leyte); sinambang, kawayan sa China (Cebu); taywanac (Cavite). This bamboo is a large arborescent shrub. It has a bright-green stem, shiny and polished in appearance. The plant attains a height of 17 m. and a diameter of 15 cm. It bears no spines. If closely examined, a very minute earlike projection can be seen at the apex of the leaf sheath near the base of the petiole. The leaves may be as much as 35 em. long and 4 cm. wide. DISTRIBUTION. This species is found in thickets and is widely distributed throughout the Philippines. USES. B. vulgaris is a strong bamboo used in house construction, for bridges, furniture, and other purposes. In India it is used in basketry. YELLOW BAMBOO. (Bambusa vulgaris var. striata.) Yellow bamboo (E.). This species is easily recognized by its bright-yellow stem often striped with green. The stem grows to be about 12 m. high and about 5 to 6 cm. in diameter. The internodes INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XIV. BAMBUSA VULGARIS VAR. STRIATA. ss - 49 are 20 to 25 cm. long. The leaves are about 20 cm. long and 1.5 to 4 em. wide. The species is widely distributed. It is occasionally cultivated in Manila for ornamental purposes. BOTONG. (Dendrocalamus latiflorus.) Botong (Albay, Camarines, Cebu); bolongsina (Camarines); butun (Cebu); kaboloan (Albay, Sorsogon); patong (Sorsogon, Su- rigao). The stem of this bamboo is tall and hollow throughout and about 12 cm. in diameter. Its inner cavity is very large; internodes short. The leaves of this species are about 15 to 20 cm. long and 2 to 5 cm. broad and smooth to the touch. All species belonging to this order are arbo- rescent, unarmed bamboos, with densely branching root- stocks and leaves shortly petioled. USES. It is used for walls and floors of houses. It is not con- sidered a good material for baskets. ZIGZAG BAMBOO. (Dinochloa scandens.) Zigzag bamboo (E.); balukawi (Cebu, Mindoro); bukao (Basilan) ; timak (Mindoro). D. scandens var. angustifolia. This species of bamboo is widely distributed in the southern islands. The characteristic of the genus is its climbing zigzag-geniculate (abruptly bent so as to resemble a knee joint) culm. The species is an evergreen, with stems attaining a height of 30 m. and a diameter of 2.5 em. The sheaths on the culm are cylindric and sprinkled with white fugacious bristles. The bases of the culm sheaths are persistent and leathery. The nodes of the stem are swollen and marked by leathery persistent bases of the fallen leaf sheaths. The thin-walled internodes are from 20 to 45 cm. long and hairy in the upper part. Leaves are moderately large, 10 to 20 cm. long, 2 to 4 em. broad, and lanceolate in form. The bases of 1201394 50 the leaves are prolonged into short, hairy petioles. Speci- mens of this bamboo have been received at the General Office, Bureau of Education, but its uses have not been reported. BOLO. (Gigantochloa scribneriana.) Bolo, boco, botong (Capiz); botong (Bohol); kawayan de China (Bulacan). This bamboo is tall and erect. Its stem sheaths are usually stiff, auricled, and hairy above. The leaves are rather lanceolate in shape, from 25 to 30 cm. long and 3 to 3.5 cm. wide. Its distinguishing features lie mainly in the structure of the flower. It is used for fish traps, for carrying water, and other purposes. THIN-WALLED BAMBOO. (Schizostachyum spp.) The species belonging to the genus Sehizostachyum are arborescent or shrubby bamboos, usually erect, sometimes climbing. The culms are smooth, generally slender, walls thin. The culm sheaths are shorter than the internodes. The leaves are broad and borne on petioles. It is rather difficult to separate the various species of Schizostachyum, as the distinguishing features are more apparent in the flower than in the other parts of the plant. BIKAL. (Schizostachyum acutiflorum.) A climbing bamboo. Bikal (Abra, Il., Pang. in Pangasinan, Pam- panga) ; baliaro, balicao (Iloilo) ; bongbong (Bohol, Cebu) ; hindi, indi, inri (Albay, Sorsogon); guimac (Bataan); lilit (Negrito in Pampanga). The species of bamboo, called S. acutiflorum, has leaves that are usually broad and rounded at the base. Fine hairs occur where the leaf joins the stem. This is a favorite bamboo for baskets. 51 BIKAL BABI. (Schizostachyum dielsianum.) A climbing bamboo. Bikal babi (Pampanga); bikal (Cagayan, Union) ; bikal baboy (Zambales) ; bikal machui (Baluga in Pam- panga) ; lo-ob (Bohol); usio (Cavite, Laguna). This bamboo has also been reported from Tarlac and Batangas. This bamboo has leaves that are usually narrow and attenuated at the base. This species is never or only slightly bristly where the leaf joins the stem. The culms of this bamboo are used in Cavite and Cagayan for making chairs. Though it also occurs in other provinces, its value as a furniture-making material does not seem to be fully realized. PUSER. (Schizostachyum fenixii.) A suberect bamboo. Puser (Il., Abra). The leaves of this bamboo are from 30 to 35 cm. long and 4 to 5 cm. wide. They are borne on extremely short petioles hardly 3 mm. long. The splints of this bamboo are used in Abra for making baskets; the roots, for handles of fans. BAGAKAY. (Schizostachyum hallieri.) An erect bamboo. Bagakay (Cebu); anos (Bataan, Cavite, Laguna, Mindoro) ; bolo (Union). This bamboo has culms 8 to 9 m. high and from 2 to 4 cm. in diameter. The internodes are about 1 m. long. Leaves are smooth above and hairy below, from 15 to 30 em. long and from 3 to 7 cm. wide and borne on petioles from 5 to 10 mm. long. It is reported that this bamboo must be boiled before it can be used for fans, cushions, and hats. It is also used for rice-winnowing baskets and for making bobbins for weaving looms. 52 BAGAKAN. (Schizostachyum hirtiflorum.) An erect bamboo. Bagakan (Palawan); bulu (Iloilo; Gad. and II. in Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Zambales). This species has leaves from 12 to 20 cm. long and from 1 cm. to a little over 2 cm. wide. Its stem is 6 to 9 m. high and 7 to 10 cm. in diameter. It can be used for baskets, fish corrals, fences, and various other minor purposes. BUHO. (Schizostachyum mucronatum.) An erect bamboo. Buho (Camarines, Cavite); bagakay (Albay, Bohol, Capiz, Iloilo, Leyte, Sorsogon); kawayan sunsong (Laguna) ; oras (Albay). A bamboo that is used for fish poles, flutes, fences, sawali, and other purposes is S. mucronatum. Its culm grows to be about 12 m. high and is covered with a silicious fuzz. For the latter reason it is not liked as basketry material. The leaves grow to be 16 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. Chapter VI—SEDGES AND SIMILAR PLANTS. Sedges grow in wet ground. They resemble grasses. Apart from important differences in the structure of the flower, perhaps not evident to the casual observer, they can be distinguished from grasses by the usual absence of joints, by the usually triangular solid stem, and by their 3-ranked, not 2-ranked, leaves. The “cat-tail” and the “matting rush” are plants differing greatly botanically from the sedges. Botanists have there- fore placed them in separate families. Because of their superficial resemblance, however, to the sedges and because they occur in similar localities, they are included in this chapter. BALANGOT. (Cyperus malaccensis.) Balangot (Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines, Cavite, Cebu, Leyte, Mindoro, Pampanga, Rizal); baga-as (Capiz). This sedge is a perennial plant and continues sending out new stalks from its underground stems year by year. These stalks are stout, three-sided, and reach a height of 15 m. The spikelets are crowded together, very narrow, and from 1 to 2 cm. long. The plant is in flower from July to December. DISTRIBUTION. Balangot is found in brackish swamps and along tidal streams not only in the Philippines, but also in tropical Africa, Asia, and islands of Polynesia and Australia. PREPARATION. Coarse straw.—During the dry season, because of the many clear, sunny days, a better straw can be produced than during the rainy season. The plants are cut near the ground and for a few days are put out to dry in the 53 54 sun. Then generally they are tied into small bundles and kept in the house until wanted. Fine straw.—Mr. W. Huse Chapman, division industrial supervisor for Pampanga, who has given special attention to balangot straw in connection with its use for slippers, reports to the Director of Education as follows: Depending on the purposes to which the straw is to be put, just one side of the three-cornered stalk is removed, or, if a very fine straw is desired, the edges are cut off and the sides pulled apart. At the same time, more or less of the pulp is also removed. Naturally, if but a small amount of pulp is removed, the straw is thick and soft; if a large amount, the straw is thin and fine. The strips are now put in the hot sun for a first quick drying, so that the edges may curl around any bits of pulp left. After this first quick or partial drying the straw is allowed to dry completely in the shade and is ready for use. This method gives a light-green straw. The straw may be whitened and toughened by keeping it damp in the hot sun for several days. (If the straw is allowed to dry completely in the sun, it becomes brittle.) If the straw cannot be kept damp throughout the day for several days, it may be put out in the evening to be dampened by the dew and allowed to remain in the sun the next morning until about 10 or 11 o’clock, when it should be taken in until night. This process repeated eight or ten times will give a good, white, tough straw. The completely dried straw will keep without deterioration but must be dampened before being used. USES. Slippers.—A very poor grade of balangot slippers is sold in the small shops throughout the Islands—especially in northern Luzon—and also by itinerant venders in the streets of Manila. The chief center for the making of these slippers is the important barrio-of San Juan within the jurisdiction of the municipality of Malolos, Bulacan. In this barrio every house, with very few exceptions, is engaged in the making of these slippers. Women and children are the chief workers and apply themselves to this work when they can find time for it from other duties. The slipper industry was first started in the barrio of San Juan about four or five years ago, so the people say, by two Japanese peddlers who came through the barrio selling small cakes commonly known as “apa.”’ Seeing that INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XV. CYPERUS MALACCENSIS. 55 balangot grew in great profusion in the vicinity of the barrio, they soon gave up selling cakes and began making slippers. Within a few months some Filipinos started making slippers. As there was a ready sale for the product, more and more people began making balangot slippers until now practically the whole barrio is engaged in this industry. The Japanese remained in the barrio for about one year and a half, but finding competition too strong moved away. A better grade of slippers is now being developed in the public schools. These slippers are neat in appearance and are made of finely twisted split straw. For the inner sole the sheath of the areca palm (bamboo sheath might also be serviceable) is used with a narrow strip of rattan to ’ form the edge. Hats.—The straw was fornieels used quite extensively for cheap hats, but now its use for this purpose is rare and spasmodic. The decline in its use is probably due to the fact that more satisfactory hat materials have been found. There is a large export trade from Japan of horses’ sun- bonnets made of sedges. It is very probable that balangot could be utilized for the manufacture of this article. A good grade of matting can be made from the fine balangot straw. In fact, the sedge resembles closely the Chinese matting sedge (Cyperus tegetiformis) which is used extensively in China for the manufacture of matting. ALINANG. (Cyperus radiatus.) Alinang (Albay, Cebu, Leyte, Sorsogon) ; balabalangutan (T.) (Bula- can); malapandan dagko (Oriental Negros); obod-obod (Capiz, Tayabas) ; upopi (Cagayan). Alinang is sometimes confused with balangot (C. malac- censis) or with agas (Rynchospora aurea). Alinang can, however, be distinguished from balangot if the following points are noted: Alinang grows to be 1 m. high; has a number of leaves one-half to two-thirds as long as the stem; a large number of leaflike bracts subtending the inflores- cence and spikelets 4 to 5 mm. long. Balangot grows to a height of 1.5 m. and has no leaves or just a few which are less than 3 cm. long. Its spikelets are 1 to 2 cm. long, 56 and under the inflorescence are from two to five leaflike bracts. (For characteristics of agas, see description under same). DISTRIBUTION. Common in wet or swampy places and in flower all the year. PREPARATION. The sides of the stalks are carefully stripped off and dried in the sun, or in the shade if it is desired to have them less brittle. USES. It is used for mats in Oriental Negros, Capiz, and Cagayan. Albay reports that it may be used for weaving screens or matting on looms. CHINESE MATTING SEDGE. (Cyperus tegetiformis.) Brief mention is here made of a sedge cultivated exten- sively in China for matting. A short time ago rootstocks of this sedge were received by the Bureau of Education from the consul-general at Canton. They were sent to San Luis, Pampanga, and to Los Banos, Laguna. From both places reports have been received stating that the plants are doing fairly well. Whether the cultivation of the plant in the Philip- pines is commercially feasible has not yet been definitely determined. TAYOC-TAYOC. (Fimbristylis diphylla.) Tayoc-tayoc (Capiz, Iloilo, Occidental Negros, Zambales); tabtabin (Zambales); pauai (Benguet). Collected also by B. of S. in Cagayan, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Surigao. The plant is exceedingly variable. The stem of the sedge is generally shorter and narrower than that of tikug. It is surrounded at the base by a number of very narrow leaves from 10 to 30 cm. long and 1 to 3 mm. wide. The spikelets are about 1 cm. long and reddish-brown in color. 57 DISTRIBUTION. The plant is common in open grasslands throughout the Philippines. It also occurs in all warm regions of the world. PREPARATION. Tayoc-tayoc is prepared in the same way as tikug, except that after the sedge is gathered from the field it is mixed with ashes. This is said to soften the fiber. Prepared tayoc-tayoc straw, while finer than tikug, is considerably stiffer and shorter than the latter and therefore is not considered as good an industrial fiber. WORTHLESS TIKUG. (Fimbristylis miliacea.) Worthless tikug (Samar). This sedge is often found growing among good tikug (F. utilis) in open wet lands and old rice fields. In Samar the plant is considered worthless as it does not produce a serviceable straw. The stalks are from 40 to 60 cm. long, angular, and of a greenish-yellow color. Around the base are leaves often two-thirds as long as the stalks themselves. The spikelets are smaller than those of tikug, being from 2 to 2.5 mm. long and brownish in color. TIKUG. (Fimbristylis utilis.) Tikug (Vis.) (Bohol, Cebu, Leyte); anahiwan (Agusan, Moro, Su- rigao); tayoc-tayoc (Iloilo); muta (Pampanga); sud-sud (Bu- kidnon). Collected by B. of S. in Laguna and Tayabas. Also Fimbristylis globulosa. The sedge tikug sometimes attains a height of 3 m., but the average is 1} m. The tufted stems are shiny, smooth in appearance, and about 4 mm. in diameter. They may have long leaves at the base or may be entirely leafless and are usually four to five sided immediately under the inflorescence. A cross section of the stem shows the latter to be oval in form. _ The many flowers of tikug borne on small branching stalks are clustered into spikelets, fuzzy and dusky brown in color, o8 and but a few millimeters in length. The axis of the spike- lets (rachis), as is usual with all species belonging to the genus Fimbristylis, remains attached to the stem long after the wind has blown away the seeds. Through experiments conducted by Mr. John F. Minier of the Bureau of Education, it was found that by sowing tikug seeds very closely on richly manured and well-watered soil, so that about 5,000 stalks grew on a square foot of ground, very fine long straws were produced. DISTRIBUTION. Tikug grows wild and in great abundance in marshy places and in and around rice paddies in parts of the Visayas and Mindanao. It reaches its greatest economic importance in a number of districts in Samar, Leyte, Min- danao, and Bohol. PREPARATION. Drying the straw.—The preparation of tikug for indus- trial purposes is very simple, consisting chiefly in keeping it away from dew, moisture, and water while the drying and bleaching of the straw in the sun is accomplished. This generally takes from seven to ten days. If the straws become damp or wet from dew or rain, they will mildew and turn an unsightly black or brown. Boiling the straw ten or twenty minutes before drying tends to improve the color. Tikug straws will keep for a long time, but in the dry season they should be frequently exposed to the sun and during the rainy season they should be wrapped in a blanket or a piece of cloth. For plain mats the whole straw is used, but for the embroidered part split straws are employed. Flattening the straws..—The straws composing the bleached or dyed bundles of material are stiff and uneven; some are bent and others are round. The process of flatten- ing them and making them more pliable is carried on during damp days, in the morning or evening, for if done in the open air on cloudless days, or at any time when the atmos- * THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMAN, Vol. I, No. 4, p. 312. PLATE XVI. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] FIMBRISTYLIS UTILIS. ~¥ * . Rae ry . * ~* a“ a . hs > .& > = ’ ae - 1 ‘ i Va ary ‘ - ad . j ‘4 4 a j A 59 phere is dry, the straw becomes brittle and breaks. How- ever, climatic conditions may be overcome by wrapping the straw in banana leaves or damp cloth for an hour or more and then working it where no breeze can dry it out. No water should be applied. The workers employ the usual blunt-edged, rulerlike piece of wood; between this and the thumb the straw is drawn by the free hand. This process flattens the straw and makes it pliable so that it does not split during weaving. The best time for working up the straw is early in the morning or late in the evening and at all times on cloudy and rainy days. In dry weather the straw becomes very brittle. It is also well to cover unfinished work for the night with a damp cloth. USES. Mats.—The mats made from tikug straw are superior to the buri mats in wearing qualities, equal to the average sabutan mat, but inferior to the very finest mat product of the sabutan plant. Tikug mats are usually colored and often have a soft, rich tone due to the gloss and pliability of the straw and the readiness with which it responds to dye treatment. It is easy to work patterns and designs of various kinds and colors into the mat. The designs published in connection with the article on Philippine Mats in the THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMAN, Volume I, No. 5, and the suggestion given on the use of colors in mats in the same publication in Volume I, No. 3, will be found helpful in the designing and coloring of tikug mats. The ordinary tikug mats are more or less rectangular in shape and used by Filipinos as sleeping mats or at times by Americans for wall decorations. Recently, the people in Samar started the making of round mats which are intended to be put on the floor under the table or other furniture. The schools also employ tikug straw for doilies. At the first Philippine exposition in Manila in 1912, the Bureau of Education exhibited a Japanese matting loom which had been greatly improved at the Philippine Normal * See also THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMAN Reprint Series, No. I. “Phil- ippine Mats,” Bureau of Education, 1913. 60 School at Manila and which is well adapted to the making of tikug matting. Since then similar looms have been con- structed and sent out to various provinces. Tikug mattings woven on these looms are somewhat stiff but of good appear- ance and will probably wear as well as the average foreign matting. At present tikug hats are of local importance in some localities in the Visayas. They serve well as cheap farm hats and if made in large quantities should find a ready export sale. Tikug cushions of various kinds for the home and for carriages have been made in the public schools. It is a mistake, however, to try to make them with a plush border in imitation of Japanese carriage cushions, as velvet looks incongruous with tikug straw. A plain tikug border would not only be cheaper, but greatly improve the appearance of the cushions. As with mats, very pretty color and designing effects can be secured on the cushions. Among the minor articles made from tikug are tobacco cases of various kinds. Tikug slippers are made in a number of places and sold locally. They are, however, not very satisfactory as they wear out too soon. MATTING RUSH. (Juncus effusus.) This rush, which is cultivated by the Japanese for their finest mats, is found growing wild in the Philippines in marshes at an altitude of 4,500 feet or more. It is there- fore found in the highlands of the Mountain Province and on some Mindanao mountains. The round stalks of the plant, a meter or more in height, arise from rootstocks, which, as they continue their growth, send out new stalks. The base of these stalks is surrounded by short sheathing leaves brownish-red in color, while sev- eral centimeters from their tip arise a number of small unbranched or branched flower stalks. These bear small flowers not arranged in spikelets. The small, yellow seeds occur in brownish capsules whose walls ultimately divide - into three parts. PLATE XVII. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] JUNCUS EFFUSUS. (- =e > - - ~- . * 4 a ital ; as aon, 2 * » ic y: : Pe yan i . « ¢ ‘ > a. i -: = i < . + La A“ . ‘ ‘ ‘ - es ¥ _ be ~~ 2, * - - Pa - . 4 ¥ —_ o \ > i ot { » - 7 f 7 r . - - * A > ~ - . - 7 61 The mountain people have found no use for this rush, although it grows in abundance in various parts of their province. The matting rush cultivated in Japan is said to be very much finer than the one found wild in the Philip- pines. It is reasonable to suppose that such is the case, as cultivation in seed beds and close planting in well- fertilized fields is bound to produce a finer straw than that which is obtained from wild and spontaneous rushes growing in swamps without care and attention. The production of a finer straw from this plant through cultivation is an experiment well worth trying in the Moun- tain Province. The cultivation of the rush is much like that of rice, except that the rush is perennial and lives many years. Experiments conducted at Baguio show that a fine straw can be prepared from the coarse stalks by splitting them, removing the pulp and drying the straws quickly in the sun so as to cause them to curl up. Then they may be dried further as is done with balangot and split pandan leaves. Flat straws can be produced by removing the pulp and flattening the stalks by drawing them between the thumb and a flat piece of wood. AGAS. (Rynchospora aurea.) Agas (Albay, Cebu, Leyte, Sorsogon) ; bariu-bariu, raguidiu (Albay, Sorsogon); piso piso (Sorsogon); raguidio, raguio, rakeydo (Camarines) ; tikiu (Laguna). This sedge is found in all warm regions of the world. It has so far been reported to the Bureau of Education from Sorsogon, Albay, Camarines, Laguna, Leyte, and Cebu. It is found, however, in all provinces and all larger islands of the Philippines. It is about a meter high; its stem is distinctly triangular and the leaves surrounding the stem are long and broad. The panicle is long and wide and made up of comparatively long, spreading, branching spikes bearing spindle-shaped, awnless spikelets, which are rich brown in color and about 8 mm. long. 62 DISTRIBUTION. It is found in wet or swampy land and will often grow in rice paddies after the rice harvest. PREPARATION. The Albay Industrial Bulletin No. 4, of December, 1911, gives this information on the preparation of the sedge:. The stalk is dried in the shade for a few days before using. For making screens, it is best to cut it into strips of as uniform width as possible. For making sleeping mats, one of the sides of the stalk is cut or stripped off. For making ordinary baskets the whole stalk is used, one of the sides of the stalk being pressed or flattened down upon one of the other two. For making raffia coiled baskets, this sedge may be used in place of rattan (for foundation). USES. The sedge is sometimes used in the Bicol Provinces for sleeping mats, sandals, baskets, and screens. SCIRPUS spp. TICOG. (Scirpus erectus.) Ticog, tayoc-tayoc (Occidental Negros). Scirpus erectus has spikelets, solitary or from three to five in number, occurring laterally several centimeters from the top of the stalk. The spikelets, as a rule, are smaller and the whole stem is shorter, narrower, and much finer than that of biluan (S. mucronatus). The plant grows in wet lands throughout the Philippines and flowers more or less during the whole year. TIQUIO. (Scirpus grossus.) Tiquio (Rizal); agas (Albay); baga-as (Occidental Negros) ; bagui- bagui (Capiz); balangot (Camarines, Capiz). Scirpus grossus is sometimes used for mats. It must, however, be classed as a rather poor material for this pur- pose as its stalks are three-cornered, coarse, wide, and thick. It bears flowers from May till November in numerous brown spikelets on a much-branching stalk. The plant is found in fresh-water swamps and along streams throughout the Philippines. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XVIII. SCIRPUS MUCRONATUS. 63 TIKER. (Scirpus lacustris.) Tiker (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cagayan); great bullrush. The sedge known as “‘tiker’’ in Ilocano is found in swamps and ponds. So far it has been reported to the Bureau of Education only from Ilocos Sur, but it occurs also in Ilocos Norte and Cagayan. It grows to a height of a meter or more and has a round stem, tapering toward the apex. The spikelets are about 1 cm. long, reddish-brown in color, and occur on small flowering stalks that sometimes branch. These stalks all arise from about the same place near the apex of the stem. The plant is also found in North America, Europe, and Asia. BILUAN. (Scirpus mucronatus.) Biluan (Leyte). Scirpus mucronatus is a three-cornered sedge not as coarse as S. grossus. Its many, comparatively large spike- lets are crowded together into a single lateral head several centimeters from the top of the stalk. The stalk itself grows to a height of 80 cm. The plant is found in wet places throughout the Philippines, but is not restricted to this Archipelago, occurring also in the warmer parts of the entire world. ; PREPARATION. If the straws of the various species of Scirpus are arranged according to their coarseness, starting with the least coarse, they should be placed in the following order: (1) Scirpus erectus, (2) biluan, (8) tiker, (4) tiquio. Generally, these sedges need only to be put out in the sun to dry and bleach. Some reports, however, state that they should be only partially dried in the sun and that the process of drying should be completed in the shade or in the house. This may perhaps be necessary so as not to make the mate- rial too brittle. The whole stem may be used by folding in one side so that the stalk becomes two instead of three sided. This, however, cannot be done with tiker, which is 64 round. The sides of the stalks may be separated and the pulp removed and the material thus rendered more fit for weaving into finer grades of mats and hats. The straw can be made more pliable as is done with tikug by passing it between the fingers and a rounded piece of wood or bamboo. The sedges can also probably be worked to better advantage when the air is not so dry, as in the morning and evening and on cloudy and rainy days. USES. At present, mats, hats, and slippers made of species of Scirpus are rather coarse, but this does not necessarily prove that finer articles could not be manufactured. CAT-TAIL. (Typha angustifolia.) Cat-tail (E.); balangot (Batangas, Leyte); caid-qued (Il. and Pang. in Pangasinan); lampacanay (Bohol); tubol-tubol (Oriental Negros). Also reported from Iloilo and Mindoro. This plant reaches a height of 2 m. It can easily be distinguished from other plants by its semioval stalks and its characteristic spike, cylindric in shape and brown in color when mature. DISTRIBUTION. When this marsh plant does occur in low wet places and shallow, stagnant, fresh water, it is found in abundance. PREPARATION. Dried in the sun either whole or split into strips. USES. The straw is well adapted for the making of slippers. By splitting the straw and twisting it, a better-looking slipper with macramé toe can be made. The whole stem can be woven into fancy braid and in combination with braided rice straw or buri, colored or natural, can be wound around a framework and made into very pretty flower baskets. The straw can also be woven into screens. In connection PLATE XIX. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] CAT-TAIL (Typha angustifolia). - 65 with this matter, the opinion of a prominent mat dealer in the United States is of interest: A balangot (T. angustifolia) screen would be a commercial article in the United States in length of 8 feet and width of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 feet. If provided with a small wooden pulley and a small abaca rope, the screen would sell for about 2 centavos per square foot laid down in Manila. The straw is also twisted into twine and rope, but does not possess great tensile strength. In the United States and Europe the chief use of the cat- tail is in cooperage, for filling open seams in the heads and between the staves of barrels. The stalks are also used in foreign countries for chair bottoms and in packing glass bottles and flasks. The soft velvety fibers of the flower spike are used in upholstery. 120139——5 Chapter VII—PALMS. The majority of palms are not only ornamental but highly useful. The straight, erect palm trunks and long leaves, usually gracefully bent, impress the beholder with a sense of dignity and beauty. Some species, however, have no trunk at all or the merest indication of one. Other species clamber in the dense tropical forests that form their natural habitat. These latter—the rattans—because of their eco- nomic importance and because they are not ordinarily thought of as palms, will be considered in a separate chapter. Many palms have long, stout petioles bearing a great number of leaflets which are linear in form. Others, like the palma brava and buri palm, have orbicular leaves on long, massive petioles. Palms like the coconut, buri, and sugar palms yield not only valuable food produets, but are of considerable eco- nomic importance because of the industrial fibers obtained from their leaves, midribs, and petioles. ARECA NUT PALM. (Areca catechu.) Areca nut palm (E.); banga (Camarines); boa (Il.); bua (Caga- yan); bunga (T.); luyos (Pampanga). This slender, erect palm produces the areca or betel nuts which are chewed, with or without lime and pepper leaves, throughout eastern Asia and Malaysia. USES. Sheaths.—The sheathing basal portion of the leaf petioles and the bracts which protect the flower cluster and fruits are pliable, strong, and tough. The sheaths are dried and used in a number of schools for the inside sole of slippers. They seem well adapted to this purpose. The sheaths (only the inner white surface) are used as wrapping paper for fish, salt, and other products. 66 INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XxX. COCONUT PALMS. yt tae’ ‘ fea ‘aD \ “a « re: , : 7 , . ’ < i f . ‘ ~ Z 1 2 = ‘ P : : ‘ ? + ' 4 , ’ : y ; “ P E ' 1 ; 4 > . ' - i t : woe aw “GNNOYODNOVE SHL *(sisuasopurm pbuaty) WAVd VOVAVWNG DNNOA V Ni OOSWVYS DNNOA ‘“SW1Vd LAN VOSYHV “IXX ALW1d [6rP ‘ON NILATING NOILvondyY 40 AVaYNG—SINV1d YAaIy TVINLSHGNT 67 DUMAYACA PALM. (Arenga mindorensis.) tice (Batangas, Tayabas); gumayaka (Laguna); tipon-tipon, bilis (Albay); abigui, romaka (Camarines); belis (Sorsogon) ; dayumaka (Tayabas). Also reported from Bataan and Mindoro. The plant is one of the smaller palms and reaches a height of but 6 m. It resembles a young nipa, coconut, or sugar palm, as it is nearly trunkless and has long slender petioles to which numerous leaflets are attached. Unlike the nipa palm, it is not found in swamps. To help in the identification of this palm, it may be noted that the leaflets are about 20 to 35 cm. long, have a uniform width of from 13 to 18 mm., and a round, serrated tip. The upper surface of the leaflets is bright green and the lower is dull, silvery green in color. The petioles are of grayish-green color with gray predominating, finely speckled, slightly rough to the touch, and free of leaflets for a distance of 1 to 2 m. from the base. Around the base of the petioles are found black fibrous sheaths which are only moderately developed. The fruit is bright red in color, round, and about 1 cm. in diameter and contains three seeds. It occurs in great masses on flower stalks which are from 60 to 90 cm. long. PREPARATION. As the lower parts of the petioles are free from leaflets, there is little waste in using them as industrial material. Dumayaca, therefore, furnishes a better industrial material than do those palms whose leaflets extend almost from the base to the top of the petioles and which, because of such arrangement, permit only the use of the sides on which leaflets are not attached. Scraping away the epidermis of the petioles reveals the tissue beneath, which varies in shade from a light to a dark brown. Dumayaca palms were first used as basketry material during the year 1910 in Polangui, Albay. USES. Dumayaca is used in making different kinds of baskets such as waste baskets, market baskets, lunch baskets, and the like. The splints are good for both weavers and spokes, 68 and if a little care is exercised in the preparation of the material and in workmanship, excellent baskets result. Because of its graceful appearance, the palm is well worth cultivating as an ornamental plant if for no other reason. SUGAR PALM. (Arenga saccharifera.) Sugar palm (E.); bagot-bat, idiok (Oriental Negros); batbat, ebiok (Bohol); hibiok (Vis., Capiz, Iloilo, Occidental Negros); hidiok (B.) (Albay, Antique, Capiz, Tablas); igok (Antique); irok (Cavite, Mindoro, Tayabas, Zambales); kaong (T.) (Cavite, Laguna); onao (Surigao); palma criste, habiok (Capiz). In Cavite the palm itself is known as caong, the fiber as cabonegro, and the fruit as iroc. In other parts of the Islands the various parts of the plants have also received special names. The maximum height of the plant is 12 m. The large leaves, made up of a hundred or more leaflets on each side of the petiole (rachis), are remarkably long and attain a length of from 6 to 8.5 m. They finally fall off and leave conspicuous round scars on the trunk. The bases of the petivles are surrounded by coarse, black, matted fibers which remain on the trunk even after the petioles have dropped off. From the axils of the leaves, stout stalks arise which bear a great number of long pendulous flowering branches up to 1.5 m. long. The palm flowers throughout the year and the fruit is produced in prodigious quantity. Each indi- vidual fruit, however, is only 5 cm. in diameter and more or less round (globose). DISTRIBUTION. This palm is of general distribution throughout the Phil- ippines, though perhaps more abundant in the provinces south of Manila. It is also found growing from India to Malaysia. PREPARATION. Splints.—On account of the position of the leaflets, only the lower part and the front and back part of the petioles can be utilized. The preparation of the material is the — i | Uk ier sc> een INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XxXil. THE SUGAR PALM (Arenga saccharifera). 69 - game as for dumayaca. If the material is to be used imme- diately, the inside part should be removed, but if the splints are not to be used for some time the inner part should be left. Greenish-white splints may be produced by scraping away the green epidermis of the young petioles. Such splints are also obtained by scraping below the dark-brown portion of an old petiole. A dark-brown color verging almost to a black may be obtained from old petioles. Light-brown splints are procured from the upper part of old petioles or the lower part of young ones. Splints, with the epidermis left on, can be used to give variation to a design. Fibers.—The coarse, fibrous sheaths are cut off near their base of attachment. The black, hard fibers that occur in them are removed and may be used as a substitute for bristles; the softer fibers are pulled out and twisted into strands for rope. These fibers are called cabonegro. USES. Splints.—The splints make excellent weavers and are also fairly satisfactory for spokes of baskets, but are not as tough as those obtained from tipon-tipon. Rope.—Rope made from the fiber sheaths of the sugar palm withstands well the action of salt water. The strongest fibers have great tensile strength, but it is extremely difficult to get evenly matched fibers of uniform diameter. The fibers can also be used for thatching, and some reports state that in the course of time they become fireproof. The fibers are also employed in caulking boats. Brushes.—The public schools in several places are utiliz- ing the fibers in the making of floor, horse, and hair brushes. The fibers are an excellent substitute for bristles, but are rather too stiff and coarse for certain types of brushes. It is believed, however, that an immersion of the fibers into lumbang or linseed oil would soften them and make them more pliable. Midribs.—If the midribs are separated from the leaflets and cleaned, they can be woven into certain types of trays and baskets. 70 PUGAHAN. - (Caryota cumingii.) Pugahan (Sorsogon, Tayabas); hagol (Albay, Sorsogon). There are a number of species of palms in the Philippines that may be called fishtail palms‘ on account of their peculiarly shaped leaflets which look like a fish’s tail or fin. The species known as Caryota cumingii has a trunk that is generally slender and leaves that are scattered along its upper part. The complete leaf measures 1.5 m. and the leaflets about 20 cm. The inflorescence is pendulous, about 80 cm. long, and made up of numerous flowering branches (spikes). The male flowers are dull purplish and yellow in appearance; the fruit is round and purple in color. DISTRIBUTION. The fishtail palms are very abundant in some forests. They are not, however, as evident to the casual observer as are other palms for they usually do not occur in the open country. The tree is widely distributed throughout the Philippines. USES. Splints from the petiole of this palm are used in basketry. COCONUT PALM. (Cocos nucifera.) Coconut (E.); cocos (Sp.); lubi (Cebu); niog (T., Il.). This tree, often called “the prince of palms” is too well known, especially in the Tropics, to require a botanical description. PREPARATION. Coconut shell.2A—The matured brown coconut shell is the best for polishing. 'The white shell may also be used, but it does not take so high a polish as the brown shell. *See Plate XXV. *From a report prepared by Messrs. E. Carretero, J. Quisteria, and M. Bautista, teachers in the Manila city schools, and submitted to the General Office through the city superintendent. PLATE XxXIill. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] Toe : 8 a ao <. ‘ ; 7 \ . ip demwlg cy ha ai . > “ 1 es eee: = 7 * . ‘ . 4" ., . te . > . . ‘ * i P3 ee . rd “ \ : 3 raw ~ * ™ e > “ gf ‘ “. - ’ ' 4 . - ‘ ta 99. BLACK AMLONG.’ (Raphidophora merrillii.) The central cylinder of the root of this plant becomes very dark in color after removal from the tissue which surrounds it. It is the species commonly found in cultiva- tion in Manila and in many towns in the provinces. The inflorescence (spadix) is like a fleshy finger, at first green and inconspicuous, but later becoming bright yellowish-red in color. Most of its air roots arise from the lower part of the stem. It is prepared the same as other air roots. It may be bleached like R. copelandii. GOGO. (Entada scandens.) Gogo or gugo (T.) (Bulacan, Tayabas); balogo, balones (Vis.): balugo (Mindoro); barugo (Leyte); bayogo (Pampanga, T., Vis.) ; lipai (Abra, Ilocos Norte and Sur, Union); gohong bacay (Pampanga, Vis.). ; Brief mention is made here of a vine belonging to the family of the Leguminosae, which bears tendrils and has jointed pods from 60 to 70 cm. long and 7 to 10 cm. wide. The material (gogo) obtained from the vine is sold in almost all provision stores (tiendas) in every town and hamlet of the Philippines. It is most commonly used as a substi- tute for soap for washing the hair. It is occasionally employed like soap for cleaning the body, and at times is kept at the bottom of trunks to keep insects away. HOAG. (Flagellaria indica.) Hoag (B.) (Albay, Antique, Camarines, Capiz, Cebu, Iloilo, Sorso- gon) ; annuad (Union); auni si gayang (Isi. in Nueva Vizcaya) ; balingway (Laguna, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Tayabas) ; ‘-bulokawi (Cebu, Mindoro); caluuauay (Cagayan); hoag-oay (Sorsogon) ; inuad (Il. in Pangasinan); inual (Pang. in Panga- sinan); oay ti oac (Il. in Isabela); sagakap (Capiz); tewung, kaliwayway (Iban. in Isabela); uenag ayang anuad (Il. in Nueva Vizcaya). *See also air roots and brown amlong. 100 A plant often erroneously spoken of as a kind of rattan is Flagellaria indica, commonly known as “hoag.” This plant is very distinct, botanically, from rattan, though it is often used like the latter. Hoag is a vine, with the lower part of the stem as thick as a man’s thumb. Spines are absent. The leaves are lanceolate in form, without petioles, and ensheath the stem as do blades of grass. The tips end in coiled tendrils. The flowers are sessile and clustered in the form of a panicle. The fruit is red. ‘ DISTRIBUTION. The plant is widely distributed throughout the Philip- pines and-common in the forest and along streams. PREPARATION. Prepared the same way as rattan. USES. Hoag is used for tying purposes. Reports say that it can be used for rims of baskets and that it may be used for weavers and spokes where better materials are not available. VEGETABLE SPONGE. (Luffa cylindrica.) Vegetable sponge (E.); kabatiti (Il.); loofah (E.); patola (T., Vis.) ; tabongas (Pampanga, Pangasinan); tabubuk (Bulacan, Tarlac). The stem of this vine bears tendrils and is distinctly five- sided. The leaves are rough to the touch, shallowly 5 to 7 angled or lobed, and about 10 to 20 cm. in diameter. The flowers are yellow. The fruit of the cultivated vine is in appearance like a long cucumber, at first fleshy but finally becoming stringy ; that of the wild variety is always fibrous. DISTRIBUTION. The vine is commonly cultivated for its fruit and also found growing wild near streams and around trees and hedges throughout the Philippines. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XXXVI. PAMAGO (Pericampylus incanus). ast ~ 1 . ” 101 PREPARATION. The network of interlacing fibers in the fruit are easily removed by hand from their surrounding tissue. If the fruit is picked while green, the fibers are white in color but become yellow on drying. In Bulacan the fibers are first washed with soap and water before being placed in the sun. USES. Especially in Abra and Bulacan, vegetable sponge fibers are occasionally used for hats. There is nothing beautiful, serviceable, nor artistic about these hats, and the only thing than can possibly be said in their favor is that they are rather novel. The fibers are employed commercially in the manufacture of articles for the bath. Large factories in Germany im- port the fiber from Japan and manufacture it into gloves, straps, soap holders, and pads. In these articles either the fiber alone is used, or it is sewn on to cotton or flannel goods. The fibers of the vegetable sponge are well adapted also. for bath slippers, sandals, mats, scrubbing brushes, and similar articles. They may be considered also a good substitute for the more expensive sea sponges, and their use for a “rubdown”’ is said to be of therapeutic value. PAMAGO. (Pericampylus incanus.) Pamago (Albay, Camarines, Sorsogon); silong pugo (Batangas) ; tugui-tuguian (Mindoro). Collected also by B. of S. in Benguet, Davao, Laguna, Leyte, Palawan, Rizal, Zamboanga. This plant is a member of the family of Menispermaceae. Most members of this family are typical tropical twining plants, being well represented in all tropical countries, but very sparingly in temperate regions. The leaves of this vine are smooth and velvety to the touch; in shape, like a conventional heart; dark-green in color on the upper surface and grayish-green on the lower. They are not shed periodically nor renewed at any special time. The main veins are generally five in number, pal- 102 mately arranged and arise from the dent of the heart. The petiole supporting the leaf is fairly long and hairy. The plant twines around other plants for support. It never develops prop roots. The small male and female flowers are never borne on the same plant. The fruit is small. DISTRIBUTION. The plant is generally found in thickets, waste places, or along the banks of streams and irrigation ditches in many places throughout the Philippines. PREPARATION. The best material is obtained from the older portion of the vine, which is bare of leaves. The most expedient way to prepare the material is to boil the stem for about two hours. The outer layer with its adhering tissue is then easily separated from the inner part and thrown away. The material is then dried in the sun and smoothed with sand paper. It is yellowish white in color and from 2.5 to 3.5 mm. in diameter. The Albay Industrial Bulletin No. 4 of December 5, 1911, gives two other methods of preparing the stem which result in a whiter and stronger material, but require more time: Remove the bark without boiling in the same way as is done with bacog (air roots). This method requires very careful work as the bark breaks easily. Scrape off the bark without boiling the material, being careful not to injure the woody part. Dry in the sun and sandpaper well. USES. Pamago is a good material for weavers of baskets. Chapter X—PLANTS WITH LEAF OR PETIOLE FIBERS OF COMMERCIAL VALUE. There are various species of plants belonging to different families that have fleshy leaves or fleshy petioles from which excellent fibers are extracted. Examples of leaf fibers are maguey and pineapple; and of petiole fibers, abaca and banana. Maguey fibers are usually extracted by retting and pineapple fibers by scraping the leaves with broken pieces of pottery; abaca and banana fibers are obtained by drawing the stalks under a dull knife on which consider- able pressure is exerted. MAGUEY. (Agave cantula.) Maguey (E.). There are several species of Agave that yield the fiber known to commerce as maguey or sisal. Of these, Agave cantula is the species commonly cultivated in the Philip- pines. Agave rigida sisalana from the Hawaiian Islands was introduced into the Philippines a few years ago and its cultivation has spread to many provinces throughout the Archipelago. ; The species all agree in being rather coarse plants and in having usually very short stems. They thrive in poor soil where other plants would not even get a start. The leaves persist for a number of years and are thick and fleshy and provided along their margins with sharp, stout, prominent spines. Maguey, especially the species A. americana, was for- merly supposed to bloom just once in a hundred years and received on that account the name of century plant. It is *“The Cultivation of Maguey in the Philippine Islands,” B. of Agri., Bulletin No. 13. 103 104 now known to blossom when it gets to be between 8 to 12 years old. The flower stalks are 4 m. or more in height, arborescent in form, and have stout branches which usually bear green flowers. PREPARATION. In the Philippines, the fibers are usually retted—that is, the leaves are cut off and put in salt water until the soft tissues surrounding the fibers have decayed. The fibers are then washed and dried in the sun. A more laborious way, resulting, however, in the production of a finer grade of fiber, consists in scraping the leaves and then washing and drying them in the usual way. USES. In the United States maguey is used extensively for binder twine. The fiber is also used for cordage, fish nets, hammocks, and similar purposes. In several provinces in the Philippines the fiber is woven in a limited quantity into cloth. Several years ago the export of maguey was of con- siderable importance in the Ilocano territory, which, because of its soil and long dry season, is well adapted to the grow- ing of this fiber. The planting of maguey at present fluc- tuates, depending on the demand and the price paid for the fiber. Maguey fibers are braided and employed for soles of “alparagatas.” These are slippers having usually heavy maguey soles and canvas or cloth uppers and are used by Filipinos and others in place of shoes, especially when tramping over hills. The slippers are at present imported into the Philippines from China and Japan, but there is no valid reason why they should not be made more exten- sively in the Islands. The schools of Ilocos Norte are putting out a very service- able and neat house slipper having a macramé toe of maguey — fiber, under sole of braided maguey, and upper sole of rice straw. The fiber twisted or as cord can be used for making neat and attractive coiled baskets. PLATE XXXVII. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] ulture. a c Courtesy of Bureau of Agri MAGUEY IN FLOWER. 105 PINA. (Ananas sativus.) Pina (Sp., F.); malisa (Camarines); pineapple (E.); pita (I1.). Pina cloth is made from the leaves of the pineapple plant. In the Philippines the plant may be found in cultivation in almost all inhabited parts of the Islands, but generally in very limited quantities in any one place. The fruit is too well known to need description. The leaves are long, lance- like in form, from 1 to 1.5 m. in length and 5 to 7 cm. in width. PREPARATION. The process of preparing the fibers for industrial pur- poses varies in minor details in different provinces. In the main, it consists in removing the spines from the sides of the leaf and scraping the latter with a blunt object of some kind, such as a piece of pottery, bamboo, iron, and the like. A knife would be too sharp and would cut the fibers too easily. The particles of pulp adhering to the fibers are generally removed with the finger nail and the material is then washed in water and hung up to dry. Fibers of the same thickness are then tied together much in the same way as is done with abaca. USES. Pineapple fibers may be woven into a rather coarse gauzy fabric (sinamay) or into a very fine textile (pifa). This pina is often delicately embroidered and made into exquisite centerpieces, doilies, handkerchiefs, and other articles. At present the demand for a fine grade of pifia is greater than the supply. Pure pifa washes and wears well. It is often mixed, however, with banana fibers. These latter weaken the fabric as they break more easily than pineapple fibers. Banana fibers, too, become darker in color with each successive washing. ABACA. (Musa textilis.) Abaca (F., Sp.); Manila hemp. In appearance, abaca closely resembles the banana plant, but may be distinguished from it by its narrower leaves. 106 The true stem of the abaca plant is that part of the plant which has a diameter of about 5 cm. and bears the fruit. The trunk of the abaca plant is formed by this true stem and the thickened petioles of the leaves. The fruit of the abaca is a banana, small, inedible, and full of seeds. PREPARATION. Fiber.—As the abaca plant reaches maturity, it produces suckers; so when an old plant is cut down, the young ones already have a good start. The leafy part on top, being of no value, is cut off and allowed to rot and enrich the soil. The petioles are separated one from the other and split into strips. These strips are pulled under a knife resting on a block. The knife is worked by a crude spring. The cutting and stripping of the fiber should be done within twenty-four hours, as the petioles deteriorate rapidly. If a serrated knife is employed, stripping is easier, but the fiber is not as white and fine as when a knife with an even edge is used. In some localities in the Islands (Indang and Alfonso, Cavite) which produce a very white, lustrous abaca fiber, a part of the pulp is allowed to remain on the skin (lupis) which is to be pulled under the knife. In most abaca regions, however, much of the inner pulpy part is removed and only the outer part (lupis) is put under the knife. The fibers are then hung on a pole and dried in the sun. The quicker the drying, the whiter the fiber. Boiling abaca fiber for from ten to twenty minutes is said to give it a better sheen. LUPIS. Lupis is prepared from the fleshy petioles of the leaves which form the trunk or false stem of the abaca plant. When the trunk is cut down, the leafy part is removed and the petioles are separated one from the other. A petiole is then thrown down so that its outer surface is next to the ground. The foot is put on the inner surface near one end, and the other longer end flopped over. Then the See also THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMAN, Vol. I, No. 9, 1912: Two Methods of Stripping Abaca. PLATE XXXVIII. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PINEAPPLES. 107 operator bends down, grasping with the right hand the whole strip on the outside near the ground, and then grad- ually rises, pushing the petiole outward and upward while at the same time the left hand is passed along the inside so as to flatten the petiole. Starting near the upper third of the petiole, a diagonal cut is made across its width through the inner skin and pulp stopping at the outside skin, which later forms the lupis. Then, with the left hand on the outer sheath, the right hand carefully and slowly at first removes the pulp and the inner skin. The left hand is now passed more rapidly down the length of the sheath, and the right hand at the same time quickly pulls off the rest of the pulp. About halfway along the length of the strip of lupis, the whole skin is split by the finger nail into strips one-half an inch or less in width. Beginning on the left side, the alternate strips are taken up by the left hand and the remaining alternate strips by the right hand. Then the hands are spread apart, and all of these strips are separated from each other by one movement. The strips ought to be hung immediately in the sun to dry, for moisture or slow drying will cause discoloration of the lupis. All of the petioles except the inner few may be used in the preparation of the lupis. Quick drying produces white lupis; slow drying or the use of old petioles, brown lupis of different shades. USES. Rope.—The chief use of abaca is as a cordage fiber. The conclusion should not, however, be drawn from this state- ment that it is the only good use to which it can be put. Tied or knotted abaca.—The tying of abaca fiber for export is an important industry in Cavite, Batangas, and certain other localities. The export of this fiber amounted to over 1,000,000 in 1911. In the Bicol Provinces the fiber is softened by pounding before being tied. In a num- ber of places the knotted fiber is woven into cloth. The tied fiber, twisted into fine cord, is also suited to various kinds of fancy work and coiled baskets. 108 Sinamay.—The term “sinamay”’ is often used in connec- tion with abaca. The word simply means a gauzy fabric. Besides abaca sinamay there are also others, as for sage pineapple, maguey, and banana sinamay. Abaca sinamay is used by Filipino women for svat (camisas) or, like buckram, to stiffen the bottoms of skirts. Occasionally, the skirt itself is made out of the sinamay. Blocked sinamay hats are seen at times in Filipino hat stores. Pinolpog.—Abaca cloth can be softened by winding it around a piece of wood and beating it thoroughly with sticks as it is being wound. The fabric is then called pinolpog in Visayan and pinokpok in Tagalog. Pinolpog in various colors can be neatly embroidered and made into pretty hand bags. The material is also very suitable for cushions. These can be decorated with abaca braid and in many other ways. Tagal braid.—It is only within very add years that factories have been established in Manila to manufacture abaca braid out of the knotted abaca fiber. The process of manufacture consists in winding the knotted abaca, which is ‘usually sold in hanks, upon spools and then making it into braid by machines. The width of the braid depends on the number of spools in the machine, and the number of fibers wound at one time on each spool. A considerable number of these machines are in operation in abaca-braid manufactories established in Malabon, Rizal, and Manila. A braiding machine of 13 spools is on exhibi- tion in the industrial museum of the Bureau of Education. (See also THE PHILIPPINE CRAFTSMAN, VOL. I, No. 2, 1912.) The chief use of the braid is for ladies’ hats, which are made in Europe by sewing the strands of braid together. Hats, especially for women, made by weaving the braid as is done with bamboo and buntal fibers are very attractive and will probably find a good market when they become more generally known. Slippers.—The abaca fiber is used either natural or colored in the manufacture of slippers. The first abaca slippers attempted in schools were often made with plush PLATE XXXIX. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] Courtesy of Bureau of Agriculture. textilis). ABACA (Musa 109 straps. This last feature is entirely eliminated in later styles, for an abaca top in some form or other is not only cheaper but superior in appearance and in wearing qual- _ ities. The uppers are now made in a fancy lace style, especially for ladies’ slippers, or with macramé uppers or straps. The public schools in Sorsogon Province are put- ting out an all-abaca slipper in which even the filler between the upper and lower sole is an abaca sheath. The sheaths of areca nut and bamboo are, however, also serviceable as a filler. The bottoms of abaca slippers are either of braided abaca or leather. Coiled baskets——These are made on a Single or multiple foundation from the loose abaca fiber or cord. Bags.—Various styles of bags are made from the abaca fiber. Some of the bags are worked in a pure macramé weave while others are made as is Irish crochet, Teneriffe lace, or other forms of needlework. Lace.—Bobbin and Battenburg lace have been made suc- cessfully from abaca fiber. Lamp shades and belts.—These are made in the public schools from abaca fiber, employing the macramé weave. Matting.—Very strong matting can be made from abaca cord. Lupis hats —Hats made from abaca lupis are very strong. Depending on the width of the fiber used and the care taken in its preparation and weaving, these hats are fine or coarse. They are woven in the natural color which for a stylish hat cannot be considered satisfactory. Because of their excellent wearing qualities, however, experiments in bleaching the fiber would be worth trying. Lupis furniture-——The pupils in the farm school at ' Indang, Cavite, are turning out chairs, settees, and other articles of furniture made out of brown lupis which at most plantations is usually thrown away. Bamboo forms the foundation for the furniture, and the lupis, either braided or twisted, is wound around the bamboo framework. The chief merits of lupis lie in its strength and the color effects that can be obtained. The tannic acid in the material would tend also to keep out vermin. 110 Lupis trays and baskets.—Trays and baskets are made out of lupis. These are either of a uniform light-brown or very dark-brown color or a combination of the two. Lupis matting.—Lupis woven into matting has been pronounced by experts to be stronger than any other matting known. BANANA. (Musa paradisiaca.) Several varieties of species of banana are utilized in the manufacture of sinamay. The fiber is prepared in the same way as abaca. Greater care is, however, necessary in its extraction from the petioles, as the fiber breaks more readily than does abaca. Banana sinamay is in great demand by Filipino women for dress material. It is coarse or fine, depending on the quality of the fiber used. The material has a beautiful sheen; and if not entirely plain, stripes or plaids are the usual designs adopted. Bohol, Cebu, and Panay are the principal islands in which banana sinamay is woven. In the schools banana fiber has been used for coiled baskets in combination with buri raffia. BOWSTRING HEMP. (Sansevieria zeylanica.) Bowstring hemp (E.); aspeaspe (Pampanga); banyat (Isinay in Nueva Vizcaya) ; bontot palos (Tayabas) ; cakarohay, pacarohay (Iban.); callot (Il. in Nueva Vizcaya); culebra (Sp.); lengua de tigre (Sorsogon); rabo de leon (Ilocos Norte, Union); rabo de tigre (Antique); sabila (Iloilo); sigre (Gad. in Nueva Viz- caya); sinawa (Nueva Ecija); tigre (F.) (Bohol, Laguna); tigui (Il. in Isabela). The plant is an herb that grows up from a fleshy root stalk and bears the peculiarly mottled leaves that are on the average from 30 to 60 cm. long. DISTRIBUTION. Bowstring hemp is common throughout the Philippines, being grown mostly for ornamental purposes. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EpUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XL. FLOWER BUD, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT OF THE BANANA PLANT. 1Yt PREPARATION. The leaves are put in water for about a week. The fibers can then be obtained by pounding the leaves and removing the pulp. Rinsing and drying the fibers complete their preparation. At other times, the fibers are obtained like those from pineapple leaves. USES. The commercial importance of the fibers is not great, for they are utilized only occasionally. The fibers are not easily obtained and their shortness counts against them. The fineness of the fiber, however, and their good tensile strength are points in their favor. They are sometimes mixed with pina fibers in weaving fabrics. Chapter XI—MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL FIBERS. (a) FIBERS SURROUNDING SEEDS. Under this caption are included finely matted fibers such as occur in the boll of the cotton plant or in the cylindrical pod of the kapok or silk-cotton tree. In the cotton boll the fibers are more intimately connected with the seeds than in the kapok pod. The separation of the seea from its surrounding fibers by hand is therefore extremely difficult in the one case, while in the other it can be done with comparative ease. KAPOK. (Ceiba pentandra.) Kapok (E.); balios, kapak, bulak (Bulacan); boby, bubuy, bulak, bulaksino (T.); bulak-castila (Pampanga); bulak-dondol, dondol (Cebu); capas, kapas-sanglay (Il.); doldol, kayo (Vis.); kapak (Rizal). The kapok tree is found in all provinces of the Philip- pines, but its silky cottonlike fibers are gathered for trade or export principally in the Visayas. Most of the exported kapok floss from the Philippines finds its way to the markets of Hongkong and the Netherlands. The tree is rather short, being generally less than 15 m. in height. The trunk is cylindric and has large spines scattered about its surface. It bears branches at right angles to the stem. The tree is usually propagated by cuttings. The simple, entire leaflets, from 5 to 8 in number and from 6 to 15 em. long, are arranged on a long petiole. The flowers are numerous and whitish in color. The fruit is an oblong capsule about 15 cm. long and 5 em. thick and filled with seeds loosely surrounded by fine silky hairs. These hairs are short and elastic. PREPARATION. In the Philippines the fibers are generally obtained by hand. In Java very simple kapok-cleaning machines are used, plans and specifications of which can be obtained at the Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. LIZ INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XLI. KAPOK (Ceiba pentandra). When the tree is in fruit, it is almost entirely bare of leaves. 113 USES. Kapok fibers are chiefly used as filling material for mat- tresses, pillows, cushions, and life preservers. It is an excellent material for filling mattresses, as the fibers do not mat and will make lighter mattresses than any other good filling fiber known. As a filler in life-saving appli- ances it can sustain 20 to 30 times its own weight while horsehair and cork can only hold up 11 and 6 times their own weight, respectively. Even after being thoroughly water-soaked it maintains its favorable ratio to horsehair and cork. Kapok oil is of value for soap, fuel, fodder, and manure. COTTON. (Gossypium spp.) The species of cotton most cultivated in the Philippines are Gossypium brasiliense and G. paniculatum. The chief cotton region in these Islands is the Province of Ilocos Norte. The method of gathering the cotton and preparing it for weaving is extremely simple; the various processes being performed by hand with the aid of crude and most primitive kinds of machinery. To a less extent, yarn is also made from home-grown cotton in the provinces of Ilocos Sur and Union. The value of cotton cloths woven on the foot looms of the Ilocano Provinces is considerable. The Ilocano weaving is the most persistent survival of a Philippine cotton in- dustry which was at one time very large and general. Though in many ways inferior, the imported machine-made ~ yarns are lessening the amount of yarn spun from home- grown fiber. Isolated remnants of the weaving industry exist in such districts as Taal and Lemery in Batangas Province and on the islands of Cebu, Bohol, and Panay, where some locally made yarn is used, and in Leon, Iloilo, where all the yarn woven is imported. (b) IRAO AND BANBAN. Though widely separated botanically, two fibers are here brought together that could not be included in the chapters on ferns, grasses, and other plants. The outer parts of the 1201398 114 stems of these plants are used in industrial work. One is a plant growing in moist localities, the other an orchid found on trees. IRAO. (Dendrobium crumenatum.) Irao (Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon); caramosi (Ilocos Sur); karonsi (Ilocos Norte) ; karausi (Cagayan) ; karulay (Isabela) ; magimpal, magimpao (Bohol); manano (Leyte); sangumay (Laguna). The stalk of this orchid is about 60 cm. or more long and for a distance of about 20 cm. at the base is bulbous and fluted. The joints are usually from 1 to 2 cm. apart. The leaves are small and more or less oval in shape. DISTRIBUTION. The plant is of rather common occurrence and widely distributed in the Philippines. PREPARATION. The stalks of irao are cut when they are only partly yellow in the living specimen. If cutting is deferred until the whole stalk is dead and yellow, the material is very brittle. To make the stalks of an even bright-yellow color, they are placed for a short time in boiling water or in water to which a little vinegar has been added. Exposing the cut stalks to the sun produces the same result. The stem should be split through the scars that mark the attachment of leaves. USES. Irao is a decorative material. It is used for this purpose on baskets and whips of various kinds. BANBAN. (Donax cannaeformis.) Banban (T.) (Albay, Antique, Bohol, Cagayan, Capiz, Cavite, Lloilo, Laguna, Mindoro, Occidental Negros, Oriental Negros, Palawan, Pampanga, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Tayabas); aratan (Gad. in Nueva Vizcaya) ; bamban (Camarines, Cebu, Sorsogon); barasbarasan (T.) ; daromaka (Il. in Tarlac); darumaka (Union, Il. in Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales); langkuas (Il.); manban (Leyte); mattapal (Isi. in Nueva Vizcaya). “(sumlofapuuna xpuod) NWANVa ‘CUNngnuaUnsa wnigoupueqd) OVE “HX ALV1d [6r ‘ON NILATING NOILvoONaY 40 NVAING—SINV1qd Add 7 TWIYLSAGNT 115 The plant generally has a solitary stem arising from the ground. About 1 to 2 m. from the ground in the adult form, it shows a division into three or more branches and each one of these branches is divided and is like the main stem. Varying with the locality and richness of the soil, it grows to be 4 to 5 m. or even higher. The somewhat bulbous nature of the joints is peculiar; there being quite a thickening where the branches originate. The flowers are white, about 3 cm. long with a calyx tube 1 cm. long. They forma panicle. The fruit is round, about 1 cm. thick, and contains one seed. The latter is oblong and rather strongly wrinkled. The ovate leaves are thin and smooth, from 15 to 18 cm. long and 9 cm. wide. The veins are parallel. DISTRIBUTION. Banban is very common and widely distributed through- out the Philippines. It also occurs in Java, Celebes, to New Guinea. It is generally found growing along the sides of streams or brooks and in moist, shady places. PREPARATION. The main stem of banban, because of its long internode, is the best part of the plant to use. This is divided into halves and quarters. The inner part is whittled down to the requisite thinness as is done with palm petioles. If the skin is not scraped off the material is of a pale-green or gray color; and if the epidermis is removed, the material varies from light to dark brown, depending on the age of the stem. The material is considered better for weavers than for spokes. USES. Banban is used for weavers of baskets, usually in com- bination with nito, irao, and other material. It is also used occasionally by Filipinos for hammocks, fish traps, hats, and for sewing together nipa leaves to be used as shingles. Chapter XII—PHILIPPINE BAST FIBERS. The strong woody fiber obtained from the inner bark of various trees is known as bast. There are a great many species of plants in the Philip- pines belonging especially to the family of Tiliaceae, of which jute is an important member; the Malvaceae, to which the cotton plant belongs; and the Sterculiaceae, of which the cacao plant is the best-known representative, that yield bast fibers suitable for rope. There are, however, many other families of plants whose bast fibers are also employed as a cordage material. No attempt will be made to describe all of the bast fibers that are or could be utilized in the Philippines. Most of these fibers may be said to be of purely local importance at present, being made into cordage at home whenever such is necessary or desired. Some of the fibers have, however, distinct industrial or commercial possibilities and are there- fore described here. The preparation of bast fibers in general follows the processes outlined under jute. Where special methods exist, they are mentioned when the fiber is discussed. THE ANILAO FAMILY (Tiliaceae). The family of Anilao comprises a number of species that produce bast fibers utilized for rope. The members of this family are trees, shrubs, or herbs. The leaves of all species are always simple and entire and their margin either ser- rated or lobed. Flowers are perfect (i. e., each has stamens and pistils) and they are found in the axils of leaves or at the end of branches. Sepals and petals are: from 3 to 5 in number. The inflorescence is generally a flat-topped or convex flower cluster or may be more irregular in out- line because of branching. The fruit may be dry or fleshy. The most commonly used species are jute, anilao, danglin, and balitnong. 116 117 JUTE. (Corchorus spp.: C. acutangulus, C. capsularis, C. olitorius.) There are three species of jute that grow wild in the Philippines. They are not considered here separately, as from all of them a commercial fiber can be obtained. The species are all annual herbs varying in height from 0.5 to 2m. They all agree in having yellow flowers and gen- erally two bristlelike appendages at the base of the leaves. The margins of the leaves are serrated, but the shape of the leaves differs for the various species. All the species have receptacles for seeds, but in C. capsularis it is in the form of a capsule more or less round, very wrinkled, and about 1 cm. in diameter. In C. acutangulus this receptacle is a cylinder about 2 to 3 cm. long, 6 to 8 ribbed, and having 3 or 4 erect or divergent beaks, while the cylindrical capsule in C. olitorius is about 3 to 3.5 cm. long, 10-ribbed, and provided with a beak that is entire. DISTRIBUTION. The species are found in waste places, usually in wet or damp land; also near rice fields throughout the Philippines. PREPARATION. The outer bark and bast are removed together from the stem; the bark is stripped off and the bast is dried in the sun for about two days. The fibers are also prepared by leaving the bast in the water for about a week and then drying it in the sun. The first process results in a vine- like rope, while the second permits of the fabrication of a more fibrous cordage material. USES. At present jute is used in the Philippines only for rope and is never planted by the Filipino farmer. It would prob- ably pay to raise the fiber, as there is a good market for jute in the United States which imports yearly thousands of tons worth millions of pesos. Gunny sacks and coarse fabrics (burlap) for packing or upholstery are also woven of jute. It is sometimes used as an adulterant in silk fabrics. 118 The fibers, though fine and silky in appearance, are weak and are easily disintegrated by moisture. Still their em- ployment is advisable where cheapness rather than strength is the prime requisite. ANILAO. (Columbia serratifolia.) Anilao (T.) (Bulacan, Capiz, Iloilo, Nueva Ecija, Occidental Negros) ; keddeng (Il. in Isabela); panaguising (Iban. in Isabela); sargo (Occidental Negros). This shrub or small tree, from 3 to 10 m. high, is widely distributed throughout the Philippines. The leaf is from 10 to 20 cm. long; its base very oblique, its margins coarsely or finely serrated, and its undersurface smooth and velvety. The petals of the flowers are pink and yellowish or reddish. The plant is in bloom from May to July. DANGLIN. (Grewia multiflora.) Danglin (T.) (Batangas, Bataan, Nueva Ecija) ; alinao (Amburayan, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Sorsogon, Union, Zambales); al-alinao (Union); aplit (Pampanga); dallag (Gad. in Nueva Vizcaya) ; dangli, kalit-kalit (Tayabas) ; langosig (Bohol); lanut (Negrito in Pampanga); nagling (Pampanga); siapo (Mindoro); taroy (Albay, Camarines). This shrub or small tree is seldom more than 8 m. high. The leaves are more or less ovate in shape, from 4 to 14 em. long, and between 2.5 to 5 cm. wide. The base of the leaves is usually rounded and the margins are finely serrated. The plant is found in thickets throughout the Philip- pines. It bears greenish-yellow flowers from September to December. BALITNONG. (Grewia negrosensis.) Balitnong (Capiz, Ilocos Norte) ; kanas-kanas (Selenen queddeng (Abra, Union). This species is closely related to Grewia multsdorn and is also used for rope. GOMAMELA FAMILY (Malvaceae).* The plants in this family are usually herbs, shrubs, or trees. The simple leaves are arranged alternately on stems 5 The cotton ae hdlonine to this family is penta’ in the, chapter on miscellaneous fibers. INDUSTRIAL FIBER PLANTS—BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN No. 49.] PLATE XLIII. JUTE (Corchorus capsularis). “t ov ‘, Cn tele ae oe Oe iG? Ee: 119 and branches. The latter also bear numerous small modi- fied leaves known as stipules. The flowers occur at the joints. or at the ends of branches and may be single or in groups forming panicles. The petals and sepals are 5 in number and regular in shape; pistils and stamens occur in the same flower. MARBAS. (Abutilon indicum.) Marbas (Pampanga) ; pal-lo-pal-lot (Abra). This species is an annual or perennial plant reaching a height of 2.5 m. The leaves are ashy grey in color, from 5 to 12 em. long, and have margins entire or serrated. The solitary flowers are yellow and occur on long stalks jointed near the tip. The fruit, 1.5 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter, consists of 15 to 20 carpels. Common in waste places throughout the Philippines. The plant is in flower all the year. LUSUBAN. (Bombycidendron vidalianum.) Lusuban (Abra, Ilocos Norte). The plant, known as “lusuban”’ in Ilocano, is a small tree from 3 to 8 m. high and with a trunk 15 to 25 cm. in diameter. It is often found growing on hillsides. The leaves, oblong in shape and round at the base, are from 10 to 12 cm. long and 4 to 5 cm. broad and borne on short petioles. During the months of January and February the tree may be found in flower or fruit. The fibers are prepared by retting. The branches of the tree are cut into pieces 1 to 2 m. long and kept in water for about two weeks. The inner bark can then be made ready for use by scraping and washing the fibers. In Abra the fiber is used to a small extent for hat braids. In the latter province, as well as in Ilocos Norte, the fibers from the bark are frequently employed for cordage. MAPOLA. (Hibiscus mutabilis.) Mapola (Batangas). The flowers of this species, borne on long stalks jointed near the top, are white or pink on first opening in the morn- 120 ing, but change to a deep red before night. The plant grows to the height of a small tree. The leaves are large, heartshaped, toothed, and borne on long petioles. The fruit is a round capsule, somewhat flattened and hairy. MALABAGO. (Hibiscus tiliaceus.) Malabago (Capiz, Iloilo, Pangasinan, Sorsogon); balibago (Bulacan, Tarlac); dangliw (Bulacan); malobago (Albay, Sorsogon); | mapola (Batangas). Malabago is a tree widely distributed and well known in the Philippines. It bears large, round, leathery leaves marked generally with seven prominent veins radiating from the apex of the heart-shaped base. The lower surface of the leaves is light grey in color and soft and hairy to the touch. The modified leaves (stipules) are prominent. The large bell-shaped flowers at the end of branches have a crimson center. The tube, bearing stamens, is about 4 cm. long. The fibers are tough and make a fairly strong rope. BAKEMBAKES. (Malachra capitata.) Bakembakes (Abra, Ilocos Sur, Union); bulbulin (Pampanga) ; bulu- buluhan, buluhan (Cavite); labug-labug (Iloilo, Occidental Negros); sipit-ulang (Bulacan). This coarse, hairy, annual herb grows to a height of 2 m. and bears leaves that are somewhat heart-shaped at the base, from 5 to 15 cm. in diameter, and finely toothed along the margins. Flowers are yellow and crowded together among small modified leaves (bracts). The species is found in waste places throughout the Philippines and is in flower from September to February. TACLING-BACA., (Sida acuta.) Tacling-baca (Pangasinan); attay-nab-baca (Iban. in Isabela); cali- soalisan, tacquinvaca, ualis-udlisan (Tarlac); herbaka (Ilocos Sur); maratak-kimbaca (Il. in Tarlac); tak-kimbaca (Il. in Abra, Isabela, Ilocos Norte); uaualisin (Bulacan); walisualisan (Nueva Ecija). 121 This shrub may be 2 m. high or higher. Its leaves are 5 to 8 cm. long, narrow, toothed, and supported on short petioles. Along the stems are also found many small modi- fied leaves (stipules), which are 2 or 3 times larger than the petiole. The flowers are yellow; the fruit is very small. The fiber, obtained in the usual way by retting, is light, yellowish-white in color, soft, and glistening. MARAKAPAS. (Thespesia lampas.) Marakapas (Amburayan); amagong (Nueva Ecija); macacapas (Zambales) ; maratarong (Abra). This shrub, from 2 to 3 m. high, has fine, large, yellow, bell-shaped flowers with a deep purple center. These flowers occur in groups of three on flower stalks (pedun- eles). The leaves are broad at the base, from 10 to 20 cm. long, and may be three-lobed or entire. The plant may be found in flower from October to January in dry, open places. KOLLOKOLLOT. (Urena spp., U. lobata, U. lobata var. sinuata.) Kollokollot (Amburayan, Ilocos Sur, Il. in Tarlac, Nueva Vizcaya) ; afulut (Gad. in Nueva Vizcaya); kollolot (Abra); kuluk (Iban. © in Isabela); kullu-kulluk (Il. in Isabela); puot sinuang (Isi. in Nueva Vizcaya). The shape of the leaves is the main difference existing between the species and its variety. In the species the leaves are variously angled or lobed, the lobes not extending beyond the middle of the leaf; in its variety the leaf is more deeply lobed. The flowers are pink and usually solitary. The small, round fruit is covered with barbed spines. The plant is very common throughout the Philippines and may be found in flower all the year. It may be con- sidered a substitute for jute. THE CACAO FAMILY (Sterculiaceae). The species included in this family have few character- istics in common. They may be shrubs, herbs, or trees. The leaves may be simple or digitately compound, lobed or 122 not lobed. The flowers are grouped together to form in- florescences which vary greatly in appearance and which may or may not occur on the tips of branches. The fruit may be dry or fleshy and may or may not break open. In all species, however, the leaves are arranged alternately and modified leaves (stipules) are also present. The sepals of the flowers are always 5 in number and more or less united. The petals are either 5 in number or entirely wanting. ANABO. (Abroma augusta.) Anabo (Abra, Batangas, Capiz, Mindoro, Nueva Kcija, Occidental Negros, Pampanga, T.); ambong (T.); anafu (Gad. in Nueva Vizcaya) ; anabong, labon, nabo (Vis.) (Bohol, Oriental Negros) ; annabo (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Tarlac) ; bago (Sorsogon) ; bodo- bodo (Ilocos Norte) ; devil’s cotton (E.); nabu (Bohol, Cagayan) ; pacalcal (Pampanga). This shrub is about 3 m. high or higher and grows wild in valleys and on hillsides throughout the Philippines. On the bark of the stem are many small spines and, when young, also hairs. Fine, sharp, prickly hairs occur also on the leaves and petioles. The lower surface of the leaf is lighter in color than the upper and covered with fine hairs. These adhere like prickles to the skin when the surface is rubbed. The fruit is a fair-sized capsule open on top, having five hornlike extensions on the outer free surface; five very much smaller projections mark the attachment of the seeds on the inner. In the mature capsule, on the inside near the seeds, are bristlelike hairs and on the outside the same kind of hairs occur as on the leaves. PREPARATION. It is possible to separate the bast fibers at once from the bark by hard pounding. Generally, however, the outside part of the shrub is put in water for a period of three to five days. The bast fibers may then be separated with com- parative ease from the bark, washed, and dried in the sun. USES. The rope made from this bast is flexible, strong, and is of good appearance. As anabo is a very hardy shrub, a 123 quick grower, so plentiful in some localities as to be con- sidered a “weed,” there is no reason why it should not become a more active factor in the rope market. TONGTONKING. (Helicteres hirsuta.) Tongtonking (Amburayan); kakaag (Abra). This shrub is readily recognized by its shaggy, beaked capsule, cylindrical in shape, and from 3 to 5 cm. in length. One-half of the base of the leaf is round while the other is not. The leaves are rarely longer than 15 cm., hairy on the upper surface, soft and downy on the lower, and borne on petioles about 2 to 3 cm. long. The margins are unequally serrated. The species occurs throughout the Philippines. TANAG. (Kleinhofia hospita.) Tanag (T., Vis.) (Albay, Batangas, Bulacan, Capiz, Iloilo, Nueva Ecija, Sorsogon, Tarlac); bafe nga bunsung (Gad. in Nueva Vizcaya); biknong (Zambal. in Zambales); bitnong (Abra, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Il. in Nueva Vizcaya, Tarlac) ; hamita- nago (Vis.); panampat, pampar (Pampanga). This small tree is very common throughout the Philip- pines, is well known, and is often used when rope is wanted for domestic purposes. The leaves of the tree are usually heart-shaped, broad, and from 10 to 20 cm. long. From 5 to 7 veins radiate from the dent of the heart. The flowers of the panicles are pink, very small, and with sepals longer than petals. The capsules are about 2 cm. long. APPENDIX A. A SUGGESTIVE LIST OF ARTICLES AND THE PHILIPPINE INDUSTRIAL FIBERS THAT CAN BE USED IN THEIR MANUFACTURE. Alparagatas: Toe: Foreign materials. (See Bureau of Education Circular Wo. 99, s. 1912.) Sole: Abaca, maguey. Aprons: Banana sinamay. Bags. (See Hand bags.) Banks: Coconut shell. Baskets: Coiled— Foundation— Single: Amlong, rattan. Multiple: Balangot, buri raffia, tayoc-tayoc, tikug. Weaver: Abaca cord, abaca fiber, banana fiber, buri raffia, kilog, lupis, maguey, nito, rattan. Hexagonal: Buri strips, karagumoy, pandan. Lattice knot weave— Foundation: Bamboo, rattan. Weaver: Buri strips, pandan. Midrib: Buri, coconut, nipa. Polangui and Zambales type— Spokes: Bamboo, banban, buri midrib, rattan, sugar palm, tipon-tipon. Weavers: Amlong, banban, buntal, buri midrib, irao, kalot- kagot, kilog, lupis, nito, pamago, sugar palm, tipon-tipon. Rims and handles: Rattan. Binders and decorative materials for rims and handles: Amlong, buri midrib, buntal, irao, kalot-kagot, kilog, nito, lupis, rattan. Rice baskets: Bamboo. Telescope: Bamboo, buri strips, karagumoy, pandan of Majayjay, rattan. Bayones: Buri strips, lupis, pandan. Belts: Abaca, kilog, nito, rattan. Blankets. (See Textiles.) Book bags. (See Hand bags.) 126 Bowls: Coconut shell. Braids: Abaca, balangot of Batangas, bamboo, buri strips, lupis, rice straw. Brooms: Sweeping: Buri midrib, buntal, coconut midrib, nipa midrib, rice straw, sugar-palm midrib, tambo, tiger grass. Whisk: Abaca, rice straw, vetiver. Buttons: Coconut shell. Brushes: Bench: Sugar-palm fiber. Hair: Sugar-palm fiber. Horse: Sugar-palm fiber. Canes. (See Swagger sticks.) Caps, baby: Buri raffia. Card cases. (See Tobacco cases.) Chairs: Foundation: Bamboo, rattan, wood. Seats and binders: Abaca, lupis, nito, rattan. Clothes. (See Textiles.) Coat and hat trees: Bamboo, rattan. Cuffs: Buri raffia. Cups: Coconut shell. Curtains. (See Portieres.) Cushions: Bamboo, buri raffia, pinolpog, sabutan, tikug. Dippers: Coconut shell. Doilies: Abaca, buri raffia, pandan, tikug. Dolls: Kapok stuffing and dressed in Filipino costume made of native cloths. Doll’s furniture: Abaca wound on rattan or air roots. Dress, Igorot. (See Textiles.) Embroidery (baby caps, baby dresses, bags, card cases, collars, cuffs, doilies, handkerchiefs, jabots, luncheon sets, neckwear, panels, pin cushions, table runners, waists): Pinolpog, pia, buri raffia, sina- may. (For foreign materials, see Bureau of Education Circular No. 99, s. 1912.) Fans: Blades: Bamboo splints, bamboo sheath, buri strips, pandan, vetiver. Handles: Bamboo, bamboo root, rattan, wood. Binder for handles: Irao, nito, buri strips, buri raffia. Flower stands: Bamboo, nito. Footstools: Foundation: Bamboo, rattan, wood. Seats and binders: Abaca, bamboo, lupis, nito, rattan. Gee strings. (See Textiles.) Guitars: Coconut shell. Hampers: Rattan, tipon-tipon, banban, sugar palm, bamboo, amlong, kilog. 127 Hand bags: Abaca, abaca braid, amlong, balangot, banban, buri mid- rib, buri raffia, buri strips, lupis, pene pinolpog, rattan, tayoc- tayoc, tikug. Handkerchiefs. (See Textiles.) Hats: Abaca braid, abaca sinamay, bamboo, buntal, buri strips, Calasiao strips, karagumoy, lupis, nito, pandan, pandan of Majay- jay, pandan raffia, rattan, sabutan, tayoc-tayoc, tikug, vegetable sponge, vetiver. Hatracks: Bamboo, rattan. Lace (bobbin, renaissance, Teneriffe, Venetian) for bags, collars, doilies, edgings, insertions: Abaca, abaca braid. (For foreign materials, see Bureau of Education Circular No. 119, s. 1913.) Lamp shades: Abaca, amlong, banban, bamboo, irao, kilog, nito. Mats: Banana sheath, bamboo, buri strips, karagumoy, lupis, pandan, pandan of Majayjay, sabutan, tikug. Napkin rings: Foundation: Bamboo stem cut crosswise. Binder: Bamboo splints, buntal, buri strips, nito. Macramé: Buri raffia. Note books: ; Leaves: The inner sheath of the bamboo. Cover: Bamboo splints. Picture frames: Buri raffia cloth decorated with abaca braid, buri strips, moras straw, pandan of Majayjay, sabutan, pandan, sugar cane. Pillows. (See Cushions.) Pitchers: Bamboo joints. Portieres: Abaca, nito. Powder boxes: Coconut shell. Purses. (See Tobacco cases.) Ropes: Abaca, bast fibers, balangot of Batangas, bowstring hemp, buntal, buri raffia, buri strips, cobboot, coir fiber, maguey, rice straw, sugar-palm fiber. Rugs: Buri raffia, coir fiber, sugar-palm fiber. Savings banks: Coconut shell. School bags. (See Hand bags.) Screens: Folding— Frame: Bamboo, rattan, wood. Sides: Bamboo, buri raffia. Window: Bamboo, banban, cat-tail, palm splints. Slippers: Toe: Abaca, areca sheath, balangot, buri raffia cloth, cat-tail, cobboot, lupis, maguey, pandan of Majayjay, rice straw, split pandan, tayoc-tayoc, tiker, tikug, vegetable sponge. Lower sole: Abaca, balangot, cat-tail, cobboot, lupis, maguey, pandan of Majayjay, tayoc-tayoc, tiker, tikug. Slipper holders: Buri strips, pandan, tikug. 128 Spoons: Coconut shell. Swagger sticks: Rattan wound with abaca, buntal, Calasiao splints, irao, kilog, lupis, nito. Tables: Bamboo, rattan, wood. Tatting: Toes of slippers: Abaca. Textiles: Abaca, bowstring hemp, buri raffia, cotton, maguey, pine- apple fiber. Tobacco cases: Bamboo, buri strips, Calasiao splints, nito, sabutan, tikug. Valises. (See Hand bags.) Wall pockets: Bamboo, buri strips, pandan of Majayjay, sabutan. Washstands: Bamboo, rattan. Whips. (See Swagger sticks.) Scientific name and province. Lygodium circinnatum: Alba APPENDIX B. Plants reported by teachers to the General Office, Bureau of Education, in response to Circular 175, s. 1910. Under each species name are given the names of only those provinces reporting same. Ferns. Common name. Local name. Custis ae eee J MTay ats Va epee ee Se a LT O(a Le a ee ae ee Gapaonre = 5 ott oe Camarines ee re ae ete are oe SE Se S28 POTSOPOn — —.-— Surigao-Misamis PUVA See a US ee ae Mambatlesess = ee LASTS eh a ey RL Yee LTS 2S a ee J Se i ee a Nueva Vizcaya--_-_-_---_--- Oriental Negros _______-_- ST y et es Li Sindh Se: ee eee 2 LT aTi os OS i eae ae LODE A a SS SS UNE ee ES eee 8 Reported by Bureau of Science. 129 130 Plants reported by teachers, etc.—Continued. Frerns—Continued. Scientific name and province. Common name. Local name. Lygodium semihastatum: VAM sha esse oe NY Anton Gapayanion 228 7 Be ea (a ea wririne ey ee eet ene SN (a) Mindorod a eens. oS (a) Occidental Negros _______|__- (a) ORBOP OM en a ee oe oe Nito. CGE Nef ek RS ee Sat © te ee (a) Dryopteris pteroides: Ilocos Norte_____________- (a) acura 2 ee ee Bae (a) IMindaroea.t0 ess 5 Ae ee (a) Pampanrar oo. ee ee ee (a) eZ) eee ee ene a S(T (a) Mamaress Ses Ee see alee Locdo Moro oe ook aa ee ee ees a Gleichenia linearis: Alay 2 28's eres ahs) (a) Pactina ann ee ee Kilog. Mindorom<-2 ts scot ose (a) Mountain. (a) Rizal: oe. rnd Se Fah (a) TaVvAabas =e ee Ree (a) Mora eee tery at ee he (a) Nephrolepis hirsutula: Albay s 2 =) st Saw ee Alolokdo. Noeos Sur ss 2 eee (a) eaprania es! eM oat (a) MIN GOTO rset. ee et Alolokdo. Occidental Negros ______- (a) zal ae a ee oes (a) DOFSO@ON Te een ene Korokalasag. Pavabas moe 2b.) fees (a) Moroes fice fic tee BS (a) Stenochlaena palustris IO) A Baa a tS a aaa eee ae Hagnaya OU ree eek eis ye ee) Do. inp es set hee Do. Theytetee ne Aboot eS (a) Palawan een 3 ee Ae eee Agnaya MOLBOOM ete a eee Jagnaya. Surigao-Misamis _________ (a) Miyabagee eee ae (a) Moro pet ne grit et ae (a) Pandans. Pandanus copelandii: ‘Arusan see we, so 2ce IBarig ss es ee Baloy, baroy. A Bay rse eee Fe eee Gps ee ae Bariu, boreo, boreu, buruiu. BORO R tes ae ee eons See (Pore ee Baleo, balewe, baliu, balio. Cagayan en eae C: br) ele Sea he ear ees (a) r Capiz ye eee er ee OO aS eae. ee Se Baleo, balewe, baliu, balio. Daruniae ss es ee shoe Gh es Ree ee Lagutlut. Mori tains ee ee gee eee a Nueva Meijas.- ete (s Cala omer uate son ae (a) Nueva Vizcaya___________|__- Gi sans es (a) Occidental Negros___-_____|__- CO ssa ater ees oe Baleau. Pangasinan’ =~ 220) a a ype Ds es SAL SE el (a) PAIMBY See ce See ee ee CO ae eae es ee Se Bareu. Surigao-Misamis -______-_|__- Lo (ieee PPh, ST ee Baleo, balewe, baliu, balio, baloy, baroy Zambales = 22.22) 2 ee olen ra We Sete at oe ens = (a) Moro 22: 2a: eee ee (i (yen Ne Nine OR (a) ® Reported by Bureau of Science. 131 Plants reported by teachers, etc.—Continued. PANDANS—Continued. Scientific name and province. Common name. Local name. Pandanus dubius: 522) 0%} [Sno ORS ee Se Taboame Osh 4 4S Bacong. Surigao-Misamis _________]-__ MOG r sees Taboan. (Moray) te eee ae Pe hs) ES GOs cha eee ee (a) Fandanus luzonensis: aA CAT soe ee ee OAV EY SY: GL a Nea cere Pandan de China. 125072) es fey BN ee Bee MO rete oer ve Alasas, dasa. PeMNIBAIES pa een ie eS G fae els SARE See any Alasas. Pandanus radicans: PAD a yi yenloe s 8 en, Tg Oyango. ib tijete) Dele CSU SS ee Se ae Eee d Wango. ey een see es 2 es ie be | A Olango. SOrsorcon=—-- ees Uyango. Surigao-Misamis Owango. Pandanus sabotan: tines =e De ee Sabutan. Piznine ess 5 ae NS Do. VD AB 5. aeRO Be Se Do. Pandanus simplex: ie? 2 OS ees Karagumoy. Pamarinessf-2 2 ie 3. _d Do. (Gh Sree SS ee ae Do. neutering et” Laks in ate | Do. MBEBOROM) «2 252 see ed Do. averse es a Do. Pandanus tectorius: LATENT (peace ae Pandan Bataucase.<--J.5. 23! fe) eA ea oe Do. OD Le a ee ee eee Do. MecomiSur: 32. es Pangdan. Lay fos seo mek a pe Pandan. MGCVtGEn a ae! ose Do. Mindoro 52 52-22 Do. Oriental Negros Do. PAMNane Ss oS hsv soo se es Do. RI ZA a ee Do. Surigao-Misamis Do. bee el FCC NS hae ae SE Pe Do. Lig ei Eee ee ee ee Do. LTTE ON VET pee ave ee SS Panglan. ily tre, Se ee eae a eee eS do Pandan. Pandanus utilissimus OSE SeTIN See ee ee oe Pandan of Majayjay_-| Pandan, pandan totoo, kalaguimay. Nueva Vizcaya ___-_-.----|_-- co tS tea a A (a) ESTES Cc a ee |---de = £4 Se el ey (a) Palms. Areca catechu: Lye y ves s Cet Sai ie ees Sa Bunga Batangas Do. Bulacan Do. Cagayan Bua. Camarines Banga RGR etek. bee Bunga Ilocos Norte Boa. Ilocos Sur Do. Penns se tee Bunga. Pampanga Luyos i men lee Se ee es, Bunga. Tayabas Do. Arenga mindorensis: MAY ee ee wood oe Tipon-tipon, bilis. TRUE UAE Eg a eee we 2G d (a) ® Reported by Bureau of Science. 132 Plants reported by teachers, etc.—Continued. PaLmMs—Continued. Scientific name and province. Common name. Local name. Arenga mindorensis—Cont’'d. ieriicn ie . ee ee Dumayaca palm __-__-- Dumayaca. Gamurines®_-.: =... 2222) 8 GOP see ee Abigui, romaka. eapun nese ee eee oe Cg OG) See ae eee Gumayaka. Nimdore ee soe eee doe eae (a) SOLROCON cee e eae eee EPEC aes Se Seen ae Belis. ayabas ees se ees (3 Co eee oye eee Dumayaca, dayumaka. Arenga saccharifera: Hidiok. Hidiok, igok. Batbat, ebiok. Hibiok, hidiok, palma criste, habiok. lrok, kaong. Hibiok. Kaong. Trok. Occidental Negros ______- es Soyo n ee noes ot ee Hibiok. Oriental Negros__________ REM Gs) eee ve ee Bagotbat, idiok. Surigao-Misamis ________- PENG O we. Mesos Sy eee Onao. Wayahasssse02. <3 <2 Sedo) eee ee Trok. mambalese 2-2 cots sssote5e Bett p ys 2a Nee ee ee 0. Caryota cumingii: VAN Da yee Sot oo ne ee Pucahan 2252.2 22=5 Hagol. WOLSOSON Ess = sess eee PERG eee ee eee Pugahan, hagol. Wayabascs: soa fe eS OE (ce ae pe res GR Pugahan. Cocos nucifera: Rata: sks fo se oe Coconut palm _-_--_---- Niog. Bataneaste = 2 ee epg = ee ee eee Do. 1B lacan ves ose ae Ce Soli ge te ee ee Do. Cavite sa) 8222242. 4 Vedoy: 52s ee Do. Cebu se. att ore 0 Se ee eae eS Lubi. HlocosNorte-=2 222 oa 20 (i ae ST ee Niog. MISCO SUTe cee t= te ee Beto Se a ee Do. Martian noe see ase ON se eae Do. Rizale noes te Se = el (ee eee eee ae Do. Wavalas es ee oe BEG pest serene Las Do. Buri. Buri, buli. Buri, silag. LN Cos [aes aes 33 ee eee pe Vo ee ae ee Buri. Marinas As enh a Se eee Pd 1 to; Bae ee ee) Buli. Dieytes een tet eo ee Wie i (ORE A ewe eS Buri. INGeyvalbeniaee a2 --- sae oe Lees (oe ee Sa Buri, piet. Nueva Vizcaya _._...__..- CE i) Pe See ig ORE Oe 2 Taktak, bagatay. Occidental Negros _-____- LSYdo™ see oe eee Buri. Oriental Negros __-_------ Oe ee eee see eee Buli. Pampancdser.2--- 2-7 o.s- EE Vis Soe eee ee Ebus. Pangasinan Piet, silag. Rizal See eee a ee Buri. DOLVBORON aoe eee eee ee Do. Varlae 038s So teens : Ebus, silag. Wavabas esos cease ce aoe uri. inion sone ee Silag (4.16 epee ape Se Se Buri. Heterospathe elata: Albayie-2. 026 2.8. eeeece Saguisi. BOHOL es eee ee ee Sagise, seguise. Cagayan: == 3.2 tae 2a (a) Camarines 3-29 ee ae (a) Cebus}. 22 Fe ee ae (a) Laguna: ccs. cces ee eee cena (a) 8 Reported by Bureau of Science. 133 Plants reported by teachers, etc.—Continued. PaLMs—Continued. Scientific name and province. Common name. | Local name. Heterospathe elata—Cont’d. Mindoro ees sae ee Saguise palm_________ (a) Mara. 25 eee ee eee 1S NE (7 Feces TS eS (a) Livistona rotundifolia: 1) Tee ee ASS ee Palma )brava==-—->-——-| Anahao PANGAN CE 2n F- 252 oe ee 2 a eee Bahi. eho re a Se Bott lh ee eke See eee Do. Saenvare ses os bens Ee (roa eee Anan, ballang. Sy eee Se eee Eis |) Se ee Bahi. GAC tae es eee EEN (re Ea ace Do. Tiocos Norte <2 3222-22)... Beh 2 oe eee Anadao, labig. Worcs. our == 5-5-2822 SE MOR st eS Do. IGS ee ee eS See Bahi LTT St Ty ae Anao LET Ty oe Se eee Anahao iag tenes fot aie hes 8 Bahi. Occidental Negros __ Do. Oriental Negros Do Raneaninan ss Ae eS CATES ES Fen ge ee Sal WR ar ssa ee |S mene ee re Nipa fructicans: MEA f EG ee ee Nina paling 2s E27 Er oh) aE Eales a e ae es pe te eae LST EN yr: el ed Rs sl, eee es tis, Levclite) io Sees ee eee ee O Ae eo LESTE eT, ne es ee SAG Ee ae (Chay Sf tr) SaaS ee ee awibe peer ea an eS sett tr ee eee ee ee GPEUIYT | sae ee See Seen Oe >= ate AL Loar eae sees eee 8 2G (ne ee MENG OrOL 8s ese Ses Pun yi el eee ae Pamnsn on ssa et eet 3 a a Se Lyte: | Weal eS eee Lo Gy Ge Wavabaniee = oo. See ee Tr ete ee, MAMpAIES ooo cece S 8 AA: thy aa Se A Palma brava, abiang. Bagsang, bahi. Anahao. Nipa. Sasd, ldsa. Do. Sasa. Sasa, lasa. Tata. Sas4, lasa. Nipa. Sasd, lasa. Sasa. Sas4, nipa. Sasé, ldsa. ® Reported by Bureau of Science. Rattans. 'y Oriental Negros _________- Se 2 a ee ee Manpasimanes-<—) oo.) 2 citi ee eee USE 2 Sea ee == c0 ha eee eee eee Ln Si a Fee Elon ee pera legs se ei he eee et eee Daemonorops gaudichaudii: CUE eee eS Pe Mri has iGarmninrinen: S35) 2S Nee TY Se tae OE Co eo Sere Sena Ce (rye EER eee ee ROO ON aac ee Soe ee aye oe Le Es TAMING hee ee eee Se 3 (EE Ee Soe ee AUADAS 2025-5 ou 4 Aes V7 fp alee nt RE Tagaloa. Uay, tagocan. Uay, oey. Barit (1l.). Barit. Babuyan, barit. Samulig, lacaon, ouay babae, ouey ne binabae, palasan, parasan, tikol, gatasan, labnig. Bogbog. Labnig. 134 Plants reported by teachers, etc.—Continued. Grasses. Scientific name and province. Common name. Local name. Andropogon (A. zizanioides, A. squarrosus, A. murica- tus): AN aves aka oe eS Vietiver:= === Ss | Mora Aritraue toe = cook Soe eee do 4-2-2. >: - Se Do [Boholese see ae ae BSA eae see Amora Camarines_=.___-----=--=-- SOPs ote = aes 2 Se Moras Canige 22 ee ee ears (ee eee ee ey See Rimodas, tres moras. Cebtie se ee ee BEE i ene ee, eee Amora, mora. Mocos Suri: s 28s s oil’ (Re ee Anis de moro. Monge eee ae 250 see ee ee Gueron, guiron, mora. Occidental Negros __-_---- oes Ce eS Se Bes Mora. PaMmpanwa res op sae es ee ee eee Anias, anias de moras, ilib. SOrsOrcOl ee a2 2 os ee EEG (ieee: ae See ye eee Moro. Andropogon aciculatus: Capiz oe Amores secos_____---- Amores secos. (Cebur 22h eee E85 yee eee ee ees Do. iq tit Glee Sees oe ees 20 SS ee eset Amores secos, bariri, dalokot. Occidental Negros____--_-- done 2st ee ae Amores secos. (Pampanga: (22... 4 Te LO £8 ee Do. Andropogon intermedius: Cebit se es 2S ee Belines 3 5-5-3222 2 02 Beling, biling. Andropogon halepensis ___--- Batad-batadan _______ Coiz lachryma-jobi: TUS S pe Se IES a OE as Job’s-tears _______---- Adlay, bintikay, burobayoco, pintaka, Camarmes= 2222!) 3G) ae a ee Coldasan. Cavite seek See ees dares see Tigbi. Cebue ne comes fog Aah ee Core 55 ee ere Dumao, panas, pintaka. Hoeos Norte. 02 2 Py SSE Seen Abukay (Il.). lloeosSure oes. =e Bans GSE eR Be ee Do. apong oe oe es Lite 7) 2 oes ee Cogon. Ischaemum angustifolium: | Cagayan 2 8) 222-2225 555 | Tlocog Norte ose. -F Mountain 2--- "2-222 52- |. Nueva. Vizeaya._.~...---- Panpasian 2-25. = ss) Miscanthus sinensis: } Allbay2=- "2 ono ee, oe WEIHOL oo seers oer Bigao. SOrsOgON 402-3 eee So ee eae Bigao, bigaho, gaho, guisa. Oryza satin ce] ee PILLS Cees Se era Phragmites vulgaris: / Albay... 3 ee Wd Crit sao Sole ETS Tambo. ‘Antique (22a Se GG foes aes esac Tabunac. Bataan 6 Se eae EC yo eee Be Pee Tambo. ‘Bohol. 2 =e is ee eee Gas hae ee ee Bugang. Camarines == hee oe eee SESE Op eel ae aoe ae Lupi. Cebu ‘0 Se ioe ens | Tangbo. Ilocos Norte 2S Se at snk: eA | Tanobong (II.). 135 Plants reported by teachers, etc—Continued. GrassEs—Continued. Scientific name and province. Common name. Local name. Phragmites vulgaris—Cont’d. Hocos' Sure Wanibo $2529 3 anes! Tanobong (II.). Molen) ..-2 toa eee ES Pie SE Re ee el Tabunac. RCL (ae ee ee eS eee ee eee Taguisi, tantanubong. LDN an Oe ees ee ERG Ne oe eee Tambo. Oriental Negros _____----- Wat be Do. 12: Oe eT aa eee ee A SiC fh See ae Do. Lyte ale a ee ee ee Seid s (CY SA ee a ee See Do. Saccharum officinarum ___--- Spas cine. oo. Saccharum spontaneum: J 10K gee Re PRE Sean Ae Calsinb == Talahib LST [1 ee Se SE aed | (ye ee ee Shs ae Tigbao 153) 117) Se SE Eee a ees (11 Dee et ae ee Bugang JE eee ee ee SS Ee Se Ae Tigbao. ASCs a Fee a a aie oT Le ee Vk SS Talahib, sikal. Occidental Negros _______ AT (Sat ee Re eae Tigbao. Sorsoror eet s5 ast te i eae ee Talahib. mynbaae set 8 ae (eS | aS ee ee oe Do. JETT ET ae LP ee 8 SESE SS Talahib, sidda. Sporobulus elongatus: H UPS SR Se LST)

2 30 Reo ye Se Se ey Tagadeu Occidental Negros _______ Shr: |i eee ees eee a LETTN Cr (ee ee a I (ee ee Bugubui (Negrito). iN ee ee ee EEG fr SoS eee (a) Apluda mutica: LETT rt (4 Agee eee ae Calamutian___________ Calamutian. atthe ne Ss PS ae OS oe Ss Ek te Maycauyan. Eleusine indica: Occidental Negros ______- Palartiqgie = = 2 Palagtiqui. Pampanga 2 os ado a ea ee Sabung-sabungan. Lh ae ee oer a ea oe ee a Gagabutan. Ophiurus corymbosus: Camarimes: =-—-- =.=. ' PIS TOM. ee aes = oe Sigburon. Eragrostis tenella: Rampanes) =. 2 2 = Wale mun y- 22 Se eee Sale ayup. Fragrostis viscosa: Dig? eee |»Purcad maya... -2 = Pugad maya. 8 Reported by Bureau of Science. Bamboo. Bambusa blumeana JES ee et a eee oe Spiny bamboo ________| Duguian, kabugaoan, marurugui, ruguian. JOT AT? Cr a ee sf G Fie bes Seis Mier a ates Beles Kawayan. Log Sees ae (Eats Fe i 2 ee Kawayan, kawayan totoo. LET EEC a aa Sa 2 oo eee 1 eS Ae ele Bok Kawayan totoo. LET) 1 (ee ee ge ae ieee. LEGIT ee age PRES | Kawayan. ES IACHYE oe eS ey ee ks Cy Oe ee | Kawayan, kawayan totoo. Cagayan Bee Ane o-etoN bee emesis ts eee Oe A! Pasingan. Canine oe ee PO eee es | Aono-o. Sapa bes sh en ste Te ee Lec yt ARE aes Kawayan, kawayan tot oo. ESTERS tees A eed Lee Rell) See eek ete | Kawayan. RIG ms a see SANG Ty A AR Oe BM | Kawayan guid, paua. Warns 2s-- 25-22 nee Jey Cie ee Re BEER ee | Kawayan totoo, kawayan matinic. TINO = 22 8 eI fe SF Tee cae Se ._. Kawayan. Nueva Vizcaya__________- St | pe .| Bayug. Occidental Negros _______ Oe Mt ae ob ERs Kawayan, kawayan nga bulilao. ean ees ON 7 i ae peel a ee oe | Baguin, kawayan. twa oes ee tee ee Sats [gee Reece Seem | Kawayan. Plants reported by 136 teachers, etc.—Continued. BamBoo—Continued. Scientific name and province. Common name. Local name. Bambusa blumeanu—Cont'd. Sorsorontsee oe sos et Spiny bamboo ____---- Duguian, kabugaoan, marurugui, ruguian, kawayan. Surigao-Misamis -________|--- (3 cee 2 Se ee oe ate Batakan, kawayan. WUT POs ae 5 See ee eee ee das) ee Kawayan. Paya bagese st st ee dots yo ae Kawayan matinic. Rion ess 2 ee LE (i Ve RR a te eee Kawayan seitan. cM Daeg hts pet ee a ee (i eyeme ae is Rone ees Bayog. 1 Ry oe) (eee ae S| HSE Ow ee Kawayan. Bambusa glaucescens ____---- Dwarfed bamboo_-____ Bambusa vulgaris: Butong, kaboloan. Burirao. Lunas. Kawayan kiling. Butong. Kawayan kiling, taywanac. Lunas, sinambang, kawayan sa China. Bolinao. Kawayan hobero. Lunas. Kawayan kiling, kawayan bayuguin. Nueva Vizeaya--_..-.___._|-=- dO ns aoe ee a Kawayan kiling. Occidental Negros _-.____.|_-- Ons eee ered Kawayan nga dalusa. URES VEY eas 08 Be An ees ee | (6 (ey Ses SRP ee eee ee Kawayan kiling. Wmionyes: ea ee a ee OLY Beco SAL eee eee Do. AaAmMpalesia oe wer ues does ee ae Do. Bambusa vulgaris var. stri- | Yellow bamboo_-_____- ata. Dendrocalamus latiflorus: Al bayer tare ee ee AS Botong Botong, kaboloan. Camarines 02 53 2 72 GO Se ce ern ee Botong, bolongsina. Cele a ee ae Cowes. Natale ere as Botong, butun. DOLSOR ON eee tee tere aL be day Sere res Kaboloan, patong. Surigao-Misamis _________|_-- AO) on est Ss se RIE Patong. Dinochloa scandens: Cebit o es ne ee Zigzag bamboo __-_-___- Balukawi. Mindorocs a nee ee ae Goes 2 ee srt Balukawi, timak. MOTOR en ee ee eae ow Pet Oe Bukao. Gigantochloa scribneriana: 13%0) sto) (ae oe Oa ier eS Te Bolotes-s-s2- ee eee Botong. Bialacane eee ee SeKCs Ce) re OT nie Kawayan de China. GCanizets. ee se Se LEG (5 a eee eee Bolo, boco, botong. Schizostachyum acutiflorum: IDAG Ae se nr ee eS Bike Aseee ee oe Hindi, indi, inri. Ratna Se ee 0 ae dO ety ey Be Guimac. \ Bonoleee =. 2 tise OT ree Ry SE 2 Sitenens Bongbong. Cann eee Se nt ee EGO 2 eee ede A, 0. MIOCOS SUN ao ee ses eed Ofctete ss ee ee Bikal. 10G)) yee es See ae oe Ser Do yee te Sale ete NE Se Baliaro, balicao. Pampanrare eee es) one wd Ge eta eee Bikal, lilit (Negrito). Panpasiman isos. ee so OR Toe ERs re ae Bikal. SOrsogon = eee eee 25 ST ATS Oph Sabet, Hindi, indi, inri. Schizostachyum dielsianum: atanpass |. 2 ss ret Bikalibabioss-eoeceeee (a) Bono) seer Sere aire 2a(: (0) . S22 eee Baladauan, oroolaypan. Bataan wate tee ea et BAMA G ee et ee ee 0. BTA Cathe secne an see ps Cay ee et ee! Do. Pothos rumphii: Ait y ee So eee ace amilon po eee soe Amlong nn as one SEN SoG One 8605 a ae os 0. BVO ne pra eee Ce SOO Ree na a noe eS Do. Oriental Negros_________- pais eV i aaa ee ee Pree Do. Raphidophora perkinsiae: Mountain WAVADAB) tacnake cn et eee Raphidophora merrillii: NDS had ee Pe ee Black amlong ___-_--_-_- Amlong, bacog. BAtAN OAS peor ee se eee e(s (ayes pete opel ae ee Lukmoy. SGN ON oho ese Pet Ve ont tare Skane Amlong, takoling. Cavite ee oe ee Os Gee OES Se Tibatib. Ceiiy a Ae ee GS Ae eee Takoling. Isabela: 52224050 2e eee Bi Oye Bee ee Garusiba. Da pirias «fee ee te ee a ee ti bye et en a, Tibatib. Nueva Vizcaya ____-.___-.!__- 6 SU eee Balision, amiling, amuling. 139 Plants reported by teachers, etc-——Continued. Vines—Continued. Scientific name and province. Common name. Local name. Raphidophora merrillii—Ctd. Sorsogon Tarlac Tayabas LAE rae Ds SE ine eee Mindoro Raphidophora copelandii: Mindoro Entada scandens: Antique Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur lloilo Mindorove sss. NMeva rea... 2. Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Negros Tayabas Union Alba Cagayan Laguna LLPYOG (Tai RS Se, Se ae Naeva Meigs te Nueva Vizcaya Pangasinan Rizal Tayabas Union Miele acs Ths do Amlong. D 0. Lukmoy. Amolong, gayaman kilat, maragaya- man. Lukmoy. Do. Balogo, balones, bayogo, gohong bacay. Bayogo. 0. Balogo, balones, bayogo, gohong bacay. Gogo or gugo, bayogo. Balogo, balones, bayogo, bacay. Bayogo. Balogo, gohong balones, bayogo, gohong balones, bayogo, gohong balones, barugo, bayogo, gohong bacay. Balugo. Bayogo. Do. Balogo, bacay. Do. Bayogo, gohong bacay. Bayogo. Balogo, bacay. Gogo or gugo, bayogo. Lipai. balones, bayogo, gohong balones, bayogo, gohong Caluuauay. Hoag. Hoag, sagakap. Hoag, bulokawi. Hoag. | Oay ti oac, tewung, kaliwayway. Balingway. Balingway, bulokawi. Balingway. Auni si gayang, uenag ayang anuad. Inuad, inual. Balingway. Hoag, hoagoay. Balingway. Annuad. Do Patola, tabubuc. Patola. Do. 140 Plants reported by teachers, etc.—Continued. VINES—Continued. Scientific name and province. Luffa cylindrica—Cont’d. Gawitetes San oe Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Occidental Negros Oriental Negros Pampanga Rava bas ees eee Pericampylus incanus: All Dp avaee san ee een ee Batangas. = ==. sie Camarines Moro Common name. Local name. Vegetable sponge ---- Patola. Kabatiti (II.). Do. Tabongas. 0. Patola. 0. Tabubuc. Patola. Pamago. Silong pugo. Pamago. a (a) Tugui-tuguian. a 4 Reported by Bureau of Science. Plants with leaf or petiole fibers of commercial value. Agave cantula ____--_-,------ Macueyse ot ae so Ananas sativus: Camarines 320-22 Pinas se Secs Tlocos' Norte-= 2-2 2-2- 2-2 ot (RS ee AS Ne MGCOS SUT ee eee ee CG ee fe eed Mirsoitestilis 2-2 = paca! 2 hay ties Musa paradisiaca_____------- Banana jo) -aeee 2222 Sansevieria zeylanica: / ATG Cee = eS a es Bowstring hemp ----- 1533) 10) ee Oe ee SS So 3 (ey Res FS aa eee | TocossNorte 2-2. eS ee Be et eS Se ee LUG th i ae ee ae Md One oo mee Foes oa Tenbela tesa ese ae oe Peis Ce) ee Te Pe = Se [GAP na ae ee need pos (6 (eae pe Ie eee ee Nueva’ Bicija <2. = 22-2 Eas (0 — ae ae ee te Nueva Vizeaya-- 2... =2--2 SIG ilk ER ged Pampangas=---— Rd oe silo. 2 Ss See SOLreecon eae se ceee nee Peo nse Sere se Tavabae 5. eee. Stee nas CoS Pa Se Winton soe en ee ee SECO en oe eae ee Malisa. Pita (Il.). Do. Rabo de tigre. Tigre. Rabo de leon. Sabila. Cakarohay, pacarohay, tigui. Tigre. Sinawa. Banyat, callot, sigre. Aspeaspe. Lengua de tigre. Bontot palos. Rabo de leon. Miscellaneous industrial fibers. Ceiba pentandra: ATTIC ooo ecoe eee Kapok? + sA5eesos-2nee Bataan asses |e (7 eee SS. See Batangas) =~ 2 ot rss ele OO. soe ccna sane Bohol. 22) SS se ee Gye hee SEE SE IBUIACAN A 3-0 eae eee Ce te Se ae Wapizie ase ee on eewe sabe ee (3 (cys ee es ee a CavitesUrscti loss eee Ost ca neloeeaniene Doldol, kayo. Bole bubuy, bulak, bulaksino. 0. Doldol, kayo. Balios, kapak, bulak, boby, bubuy, bulaksino. Doldol, kayo. Boby, bubuy, bulak, bulaksino, 141 Plants reported by teachers, etc.—Continued. MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL FIBERS—Continued. Scientific name and province. Common name. Local name. Ceiba pentandra—Cont’d. Liz Cir ae eee ee Kapok... == 222 432-52 Bulak-dondol, dondol, dogdol, kayo. MocosaNorte_~-—---==-- = Bee OPE ee eee Capas, kapas-sanglay. HIGCOR OTT 22 28 se ote LOO oes sere oe oe nee Do. LEGS] Ce ee ee Be eee Be: LOVES ean tes es 2 Doldol, kayo. ipsa tee ee ee SEC) ee ee ae Boby, bubuy, bulak, bulaksino. ADS ees eT eee Pe ee eas bee ee eS Doldol, kayo. Occidental Negros --___--- eG ares as. ee en Do. Oriental Negros_-_--_--_-- Sry | Se Se ere RS Nelppepen ais Do. Ramp aArigd ye. 6 6820 =u OV Frases 8 Bulak-castila. ive. ® ee Ee OOAA cake tae Boby, bubuy, bulak, bulaksino, kapak. Sih ee oe Be dO eee Doldol, kayo. Digs a es Seer ye ieee Eee ees Boby, bubuy, bulak, bulaksino. Gossypium spp. -.------------ Cotton =42 se eo. Dendrobium crumenatum: PAD AV oe ose. mee ke Irao. LRG [2 5 5 ee Ee Magimpal, magimpao. Ruslored vette a See ee oe Karausi. Camarines_-_-________ Irao. Ilocos Norte Karonsi. Mloecosiour soe o22 =~ =. 2 Caramosi. ESC SS 1 oS Se Karulay. LL ao ae eee Sangumay, La Scie) 2 ae ee ee Manano. MOSSORON en. 2o ue eee alle: Trao. Donax cannaeformis: JUST oe BES Re hee AE Banban. Pees se ea on | Se Do. iseqenn) So ees See Barasbarasan. esuierNi aa ee eee Do. nriati| Lea Sp eee Banban. TSaT Eres eae epee el Barasbarasan. CHEE in Be Se eee Banban. amarimess. 22. 2f5s 6 Bamban. PER ee ae See, Banban. Ali vate Se se Banban, barasbarasan. (Cre yi os ea ee ae re Bamban. Ilocos Norte -__-_..------- Langkuas. diocos Sur +2. 225==- Do. LNG) OLS eee Banban. LADS ee ee Banban, barasbarasan. LUGI iC es See Manban. WUSPEG CoG ye et SO Se Banban. Nueva Vizcaya --_-------- Aratan, darumaka, mattapal. Occidental Negros Banban. Oriental Negros _________- Do. REALE Sc eS SR age Do. ampanccde 24 = 2-2 Se Do. UST | Sea ee i re Barasbarasan. Se ee rr Banban, bamban. J EO Se eee Banban, daromaka. PAU AD AS sees esese =e anes Banban, barasbarasan. LOT es ee oe Darumaka. Mambalesves 2422222. --. Do. Gorchovus spp. =.-..-=.===-2-- Corchorus acutangulus Corchorus capsularis___ Corchorus olitorius____.-.--_- & Columbia serratifolia: SACHA! goon es ee Anilao SES Se ee eee a 0. MG Oe en ee Do. UEC Gz Win ee es eA a ee Keddeng, panaguising. INneva Mcijas.. 222 Anilao. Occidental Negros Anilao, sargo. 142 Plants reported by teachers, etc—Continued. Bast FrIsers—Continued. Scientific name and province. Common name. Local name. Grewia multiflora: AY Uh ga EE Se ee Manwlin => ees Taroy. BatHan es ees eed Ss ope ees as ee Danglin. Batangas eos eee ye ENE 3 (1 ee a en Be Se Do. 15)0) 000) hee Soe eee ee Se Seadoo ees See ee Langosig. Camarines 220577222 2 so ots Re eee Taroy. Moros Sur s2s5_ a sees 2200 (0) oe ee, SU Aer ESE SB Alinao. Mindoro) 2-2 2002 ee ee EUs (pres Meee eee ae Siapo. Mountain ots oy 23 Sok Bo onsite eee ake Alinao. INmevarsMCiya = =2" 2a. =ee Bae Ope et ee ee Danglin. Nueva Vizcaya____-_----- oo oh A se OR Seed Se Dallag. (Pampangare ee) ae (71s Colette ee Bee Aplit, lanut (Negrito), nagling. Panpasinanies=-9e 5) eee 2ase(t shee seeneee ad Rata, PSST Alinao. Sorsoronie 222357 BEECLO eet ee hae Do. PAVE DAs stoi aes week ae peu tS A as Dangli, kalit-kalit. UO per i ees eae ae a Li SET (o) pee SS Baas Bite Alinao, al-alinao. Fambales ate 3: 228 BFP es Seo ew 2 Pees Alinao. Grewia negrosensis: Batanpase eed Balitnong) 2 Kanas-kanas, Capizes a aad alee at Een(6 (0 ty See he meres ae Balitnong. MocosiNortec. 2.222 ot fs tye BR ee A SR Do. MocosiSur 2: 3. - Sosa [oy 4 eS eee es Queddeng. Unione anor oe aie BE idope Sea ase eee Do. Abutilon indicum: Ilocos Sur Pal-lo-pal-lot. Pampanga Marbas. Bombycidendron vidalianum: Hlocas:: Norte —-- 222s) Pantiban’= hes. seers Lusuban. Mocos'Sur).-. 22.286) es Do. Hibiscus mutabilis: IBStaAn gasses see ee Mapola. Hibiscus tiliaceus: AS Daye eee 8 St Malabago. Batangas: 2h il oes Mapola. Bulacan)o- 23-2. ae Balibago, dangliw. Capiz) Giles Paes eee Malabago. LACS tees oe a tee Do. Pangasinan Do. Sorsogon 252-255. -s Malabago, malobago. WEA EOS at EE eee Balibago. Malachra capitata: Bulacan 2 eee Bakembakes _________ Sipit-ulang. Cavite rae aisie sien lok (0 (sy hae aE Be SE Ol Bulubuluhan, buluhan. MGCOS SIT as ase es (oh aN De ee a Bakembakes. Motlotse eee TN ees EP Oy) sae SRS 2 Te eee Labug-labug. Occidental Negros_______- id Ose DRS NT Ee Do. RAM pan wa esse ee Bulbulin. | Gc T Tay oth Re ae aie See ea ee Bakembakes. Sida acuta: Bulacaned 22 he ete Uaualisin. Ilocos Norte Tak-kimbaca. MocosiSuriasue eta ee Herbaca, tak-kimbaca. IEC SI Ey oo eee ae Attay-nab-baca, tak-kimbaca. Nueva Ecija Walisualisan. Pangasinan: .--.-- Tacling-baca. arlacwee eee ee Calisoalisan, tacquinvaca, ualis-ua- lisan, maratak-kimbaca. Thespesia lampas: MOCOR SIR a4 Ses5- 2 a ee Marakapas ______-___- Maratarong. Monntain= soos one OMe eee end Sake Marakapas. Nueva Ecija ..!.....--.--- Eae OOS ee Sasa ES Amagong. VL Nea GT Se ah eee Be ee Beets (cee ee cee ee ee Macacapas. Urena lobata var. sinuata: LIGCOB SUN eon ee eee Kollokallot=225. 232. Kollolot, kollokollot. Esabelay2 2) ae te ee Be (oA ee yed Pee Bee Kuluk, kullu-kulluk. Mountain]. 225.4 so DAs eee pets Pee Kollokollot. Nueva Vizcaya __-_-------- BO atk ees Gee fone Kollokollot, afulut, puot sinuang. Warlae 225: soe. eee BRAG ee eee eee see Kollokollot. Abroma augusta: Bataan 2. os ee eee IAN ADO! a= eeeoe aes ae Ambong. Batangas. <2- 2 ee eel ee GO) fea ae ae Anabo, ambong. 143 Plants reported by teachers, etc——Continued. Scientific name and province. Bast Fisers—Continued. Common name. Local name. Abroma augusta—Cont’d. Nueva Ecija___.____---___ Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Negros_______- Oriental Negros__________ Pampanga ee sos. an ae Rizal Sorsogon -__ Tarlac Tayabas Helicteres hirsuta: Ilocos Sur Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur LUC Gy 2 Oe ee ee Lich eee Se eS Nueva Soca. -. 2 > Nueva Vizcaya________-___ Occidental Negros_-_--___- Oriental Negros____-______ fparpanwe s) 26 ft Samar =2do Anabong, labon, nabo, nabu. Ambong. Nabu. Anabo. : Ambong. Annabo, bodobodo. Anabo, annabo. Anabo, pacaleal. | Ambong. Bago. Annabo. Ambong. Kakaag. Tongtonking. Hamitanago, tanag. Hamitanago. Tanag. Hamitanago. Tanag. Bitnong. Tanag, hamitanago. Hamitanago. Bitnong. Do. Tanag, hamitanago. Hamitanago. Tanag. Bafe niga bunsung, bitnong. Hamitanago. Do. Panampat. Hamitanago. Tanag. Tanag, bitnong. Biknong. APPENDIX C. BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Manila, October 2, 1913. CIRCULAR No. 148, s. 1913. CLASSIFICATION OF PHILIPPINE INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS. To division superintendents: The need of some definite scheme for the classification of industrial fibrous materials of the Philippines has become insistent. This need arises from the fact that the same fiber has been assigned to different classes by various writers and as a result references to and orders for materials are frequently misunderstood. To overcome this difficulty, an outline has been drawn up in which an attempt is made to assign each of the important industrial materials to a definite class. The class names thus established will hereafter be used by this Bureau. The classification which is here made is, no doubt, like other clas- sifications, more or less arbitrary. However, this outline is based primarily upon what is believed to be the most important considera- tion; namely, the use of the industrial material. Its appearance and destvation are considered as of secondary importance. All available authorities have been consulted in drawing up this outline, in order that usage in the Philippines may conform as closely as possible to that of systems established elsewhere. FRANK L. CRONE, Director of Educaton. CLASSIFICATION OF SOME PHILIPPINE INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS. I. STRAWS. The whole round stalks of grasses, sedges, rushes, and the like which are pliable enough to be platted, or the same when split but curled round like whole stalks. 1. Grass straws: (a) Rice straw. (b) Wheat straw. (c) Cobboot straw. (d) Bacuit straw. 120139 -——10 145 ates i a ves 146 2. Sedge and rush straws: (a). Tikug straw. (b) Balangot straw. (c) Tiker straw. (d) Chinese matting straw. (e) Japanese matting straw. (f) Cat-tail straw. (g) Alinang straw. (h) Tayoc-tayoe straw. II. STALKS. The whole stalks of grasses, sedges, palms, and the like, which are not pliable enough to be platted. 1. Grass stalks: (a) Vetiver stalks. (b) Cogon stalks. (c) Tambo stalks. (d) Talahib stalks. (e) Bigao stalks. (f) Bamboo stalks. 2. Other stalks: (a) Tiquio stalks. (6) Rattan stalks. (c) Agas stalks. III. SPLINTS. Fairly coarse, stiff, fibrous pieces split off from stalks, stems, and other parts of plants, and used as ribs or coarse weavers in baskets and the like. 1. Splints from stalks: (a) Bamboo splints. (b) Cogon splints. (c) Vetiver splints. (d) Tambo splints. (e) Talahib splints. (f) Banban splints. (g) Rattan splints. 2. Splints from palm petioles. (a) Dumayaca splints. (b) Sugar-palm splints. (c) Buri-palm splints. (d) Saguise splints. (e) Coconut splints. (f) Nipa splints. (g) Pugahan splints. 147 3. Midrib splints: (a) Buri midrib splints. 4. Splints from stems and roots: (a) Nito splints. (6b) Kilog splints. (c) Air-roat splints. IV. STRIPS. Rather thin, supple, soft, more or less flat strips, taken from any stalk, petiole, etc., or from a thin leaf blade. 1. Leaf strips: (a) Buri strips. (b) Pandan strips. 1. Sabutan strips. 2. Karagumoy strips. 3. Common pandan strips. 4, Majayjay pandan strips. 5. Bariu strips. (c) Coconut strips. 2. Strips from splints, midribs, roots, and stems: (a) Bamboo strips. (6) Calasiao strips. (c) Irao strips. (d) Rattan strips. (e) Nito strips. (f) Air-root strips. 3. Strips from straws (split straws). 4. Bast strips: (a) Lubusan strips. (b) Jute strips. (c) Anilao strips. (d) Gomamela strips. (e) Tacling-baca strips. (f) Anabo strips. (g) Tanag strips. 5. Lupis strips: (a) Abaca lupis strips. (6) Banana lupis strips. V. RAFFIAS. The thin skin of leaves: (a) Buri raffia. (6) Pandan raffia. The extracted or naked fibers of any parts of plants. af iw) moO De 148 VI. FIBERS. Structural fibers: (a) Abaca fiber. (b) Pina fiber. (c) Maguey fiber. (d) Buntal fiber. (e) Bowstring hemp fiber. (f) Vegetable sponge. . Surface fibers: (a) Coir fiber. (b) Cotton fiber. (c) Kapok fiber. (d) Cabonegro fiber. ° (e) Pugahan (kittul) fiber. VII. ROOTS. . Air roots: (a) Amlong. Ground roots: (a) Bamboo roots. (b) Vetiver roots. (c) Coconut roots. VIII. STEMS. . Orchid stems. . Fern stems. . Pamago stems. IX. MIDRIBS. . Palm-leaf midribs. X. SHEATHS. . Bamboo sheaths. . Areca sheaths. . Coconut sheaths. XI. PANICLES. . Tambo panicles. . Tiger-grass panicles. . Cogon panicles. . Talahib panicles. —_—... » —. Abaca Abiang (palma brava)........ Abigui (dumayaca)............ Abroma augusta (anabo).. Abukay (Job’s-tears).......... Abutilon indicum bas) Adlay (Job’s-tears) ........... Afulut (kollotkollot) -........... Agas meets (tQUIO) =. 222s esis d. Agave cantula (maguey).. Aglay (Job’s-tears) .............. Agnaya (jagnaya).............. oA 607) Al-alinao (danglin)............ Alasas Alimodias (Job’s-tears) ...... Alinang Alinao (danglin) ................... Alolokdo Amagong (marakapas)...... Ambong (anabo).................. Amiling (black amlong).... Amlong Amolong (black amlong).... mumora (vetiver):.... 02... IAIMGECS SCCOS..-..-..---2.-. 20.0... Amuling (black amlong).... Anaao (palma brava)........ Anabo Anabong (anabo)................ natu (anabo)................-...- Anahao (palma brava)........ Anahiwan (tikug)................ Anan (palma brava).......... Ananas sativus (pifa)........ TND EX .| Anao (palma brava)............ Andropogon aciculatus (amores secos).................. Andropogon halepensis (batad-batadan) Andropogon intermedius (beling) Andropogon muricatus (ve- tiver) Andropogon (vetiver) Andropogon (vetiver) Anias (vetiver)...2:.0..0.2.. Anias de moras (vetiver).. Anilao Anis de moro (vetiver)...... Annabo (anabo).................... Annuad (hoag).................... Anos (bagakay) .................... Aon: arbi ite ie oe 0 J Aono-o (spiny bamboo)...... Apt. (danglinjei.2... 9:5. Apluda mutica (calamu- tian) Aratan (banban) ..........<»..... Areca catechu (areca nut palm) Areca nut palm Arenga mindorensis mayaca) Arenga saccharifera (su- gg 11714) 9 a a Aspeaspe (bowstring hemp) Attay-nab-baca baca) squarrosus zizanioides is (du- | Auni si gayang (hoag)........ 149 118 122 118 114 LB. Babuyanes (iy) o..n5.. ee Bacog (black amlong) .......- Bacong (taboan)...........--:---- Bacuit Badobadok (cat-tatl) ...........- Bafe nga bunsung (tanag) .. Baga-as (balangot).....--.---- Baga-as (tiquto)...........------ Bagakan Bagakay Bagakay (6uho) 5.2.....2 =: Bagatay (buri palm).........- Bago (angnbe) 2s. 2 Bagot-bat (sugar palm)... Bagsang (palma brava)... Baguibagui (tiquio)........... Baguin (spiny bamboo) ...... Bahi (palma brava)...........- Bakembakes Balabalangutan (alinang).. Baladauan (amlong).........--- Balangot Balangot (cat-tatl) ...........-.. Balangot (tiquio)...............- Balantakan (Job’s-tears) .... Paleau | (O@ris) 2-5 esc: Paleo COMPU) 2-2... Balewe (bari)... Baliare (btkal)2-2...3 2"... Balibago (malabago).......... Balicao (6tial)).....5%.022_-2 Balision (black amlong).... Balingway (hoag)....-.-..------- Baio. (OGL) tn Bocas en Banos ~(hapore) 26. 25s BSH EON Ge eee ee Balin. (berin)- 2 Ae Ballang (palma brava)...... Balogo’ (gogo) 2.5 Balones Nees ae eee ce Baloy (bariu)... Balugo (cones Balukawi (ages pembooy. Bamban (banban)..........------ Bamboo 150 — 114 Page. Bambusa blumeana (spiny bambeo)) 222 ae 45 Bambusa _ glaucescens (dwarfed bamboo)...........- 48 Bambusa vulgaris (kawa- YOR King) no 48 Bambusa_ vulgaris’. var. striata (yellow bamboo).. 48 Banana eee 110 Banban:<22% 2... eee 114 Banquit (bacwit) -...............-- 41 Banga (areca nut palm) .... 66 Banyat (bowstring hemp)... 110 Barasbarasan (banban)...... 114 Barew (bavin) 222223 31 Bari (aye ee 89 Bariri (amores secos).......... 35 Barit-(i0@) .... ee 89 Banuiecc =o. 31 Bariu-bariu (agas) .............. 61 Baroy” (bariu):.........2 ee 31 Barugo, (9090). 99 Batad-batadan =.=. 36 Batakan (spiny bamboo).... 45 Batbat (sugar palm).......... 68 Bayog (spiny bamboo)........ 45 Bayogo (g0go)2.22 4224 99 Bayug (spiny bamboo) ........ 45 Bejuco.”.(uay) 22 86 Belinge 42:24 222 35 Belis (dumayaca) .............--- 67 Bigaho . (biga0) 2.5 Se 38 Bigaoy =... eee 38 Bikal 2.20233 eee 50 Bikal: . babis22.2223 20 51 Bikal (bikal babt)............---- 51 Bikal baboy (bikal babi).... 51 Bikal machui (bikal babi) .. 51 Biknone. (tanag).... ee 123 | Billing” (beling) =. 35 Bilis (dumayaca) ........---------- 67 LETTE) RMmeeere ie 63 Bintikay (Job’s-tears)........ 36 Bitnones ' (tanag):- ace 123 Black ‘amlorig: 2:...252. 99 Boa (areca nut palm)........ 66 Boby. (Kapok) =:.-..-—--.-+.4: NTE 2) a Bodobodo (anabo)..............-- Bogbog (samulig).........-...-- Bolinao (kawayan kiling) .. Bolo Bolo (bagakay)............-------- Bolongsina (botong)............ Bombycidendron vidalianum DTI, 3 ie ee Se eae Bongbong (bikal)................ Bontot palos (bowstring hemp) cate ead (31: 0) eae ee Borirao (kawayan kiling).. Botong Pane (GOl0 2 Bowstring hemp Brown amlong..................---- Bua (areca nut palm)........ Bupay (kapol:)....-:-.:..-2..-:- Bugang (talahib) ................ Bugang (tambo).................. Bugubui (tiger grass)........ Buho Buibui (tiger grass) ............ Bukao (zigzag bamboo)...... Bula (hapols) .........:.......--. Bulak-castila (kapok)........ Bulak-dondol (kapok)........ Bulaksino (kapok)............. Bulbulin (bakembakes)...... Bou (burt palm) .....-2.-22--..- Bulokawi (hoag) Bulu (bagakan)..............-.-:.- Bulubuluhan (bakembakes) Buluhan (bakembakes)...... Bunga (areca nut palm).... igen 2 ein eae a Bari .(6uri palm) ............... Burobayoco (Job’s-tears) .. mournia “(bari.)......--.......... Butong (kawayan kiling).. Butmn (botong)................ Cc. Caidqued (cat-tail).............. Calamus mollis (uay)........ 151 Page. 142 50 122 90 48 50 51 49 119 50 110 3l 48 49 50 110 98 66 112 41 39 42 52 42 49 112 112 112 112 120 ! Cotton 120, 120 Calamutian Calisoalisan (tacling-baca) Callot (bowstring hemp).... Caluuauay (hoag).....-..------- Cafia espina (spiny bam- boo) Capas..(Kapole) 2:22. tts. Caramosi: <(47@o) --.=<.---2.2-= Caryota cumingii (puga- METI ek chee ot eee Catal petro Ss ae Ceiba pentandra (kapok).. Chinese bamboo (dwarfed bamboo) Chinese matting sedge........ Cobboot Goronth paling... See Coconut (coconut palm)... Cocos (coconut palm).......- Cocos nucifera (coconut AOU ITE Vy, soe cinerea 2 Oa arr eee ene ee ee ea Coix lachryma-jobi (Job’s- ETS aloe er Pn esec cect ane Coldasan (Job’s-tears).......- Columbia serratifolia (ani- lao) Common pandan................-- Corchorus acutangulus (jute) Corchorus capsularis (jute) Corchorus olitorius (jute) .. Corchorus spp. (jute)....---- Corypha elata (buri palm) .. Culebra (bowstring hemp) .. Gun) (cagen)-— se t Cyperus malaccensis (ba- langot) Cyperus radiatus (alinang) Cyperus tegetiformis (Chi- nese matting sedge)......-- D. Daemonorops gaudichaudii (samulig) Dallag (danglin).........-...----- Dalokot (amores secos)...... 118 117 117 117 117 113 110 Dangli (danglin).................. Dangliw (malabago).......... Danglin Daromaka (banban) ............ Darumaka (banban)............ Weasae LASS) eee nese Dayumaka (dumayaca Preparer eee td et Dendrobium crumenatum (CATON) Geer Pee Dendrocalamus latifiorus (Datong) ee ee es Devil’s cotton (anabo)........ Dinochloa scandens (zigzag bamboo) (22-28 ee Dinochloa scandens _ var. angustifolia (zigzag bam- |Top hie a oA ae eee Beek Holdol(kapok) = Dondol-(hapol:) css. Donax cannaeformis (ban- Dari) pote ei Tee XS PIB ys Dryopteris pteroides (loc- OD) costs este at Bee ese Duguian (spiny bamboo)... Dumao (Job’s-tears) ............ Dumayaca Dumayaka (dumayaca)...... Dwarfed bamboo.......... es Ao E. Ebiok (sugar palm)............ Ebus (buri palm)...............- Eleusine indica (palagti- SOE) oe ee 8 eee ea Entada scandens (gogo)... Epipremnum = elmerianum (white amlong).............--. Eragrostis tenella (sale UY UED |) erence, soe ee Eragrostis viscosa (pugad maya) Fimbristylis diphylla (ta- yok-tayok) 56 _Fimbristylis globulosa (ti- WUG) Ricca nie Fimbristylis miliacea (worthless tikug)............ | Fimbristylis utilis (tikug) .. Flagellaria indica (hoag).. G. Gagabutan (palagtiqut) ...... | Gaho j(bigae)-......- Garusiba (black amlong).... Gatasan (samulig).............. Gayaman kilat (black am- long) 2.33.3 Gigantochloa_ scribneriana (bolo) | Gleichenia linearis (kilog) .. Gogo Gohong bakay (gogo).......... Gossypium brasiliense (cot- LGU) soe rs ee Gossypium paniculatum (cotton) | Gossypium spp. (cotton)... Grewia multiflora (alinao).. Grewia negrosensis (balit- nong ) | Gueron (vetiver).................. Gugo: (gogo) ..5...2; Guimac . (bikal) 22 ~ i275 Guiron’ (vetiver)..22 ee Guisa (bigao)-..22 Gumayaka (dumayaca POU). =. isc 2h eye Guyun (cogon).2 72 H. Habiok (sugar palm).......... Hagnaya (jagnaya)............ Hamitanago (tanag).......... Hanapas) (a7). Helicteres hirsuta (tong- tonking) Herbaka (tacling-baca)...... Heterospathe elata (sagwise palm) Hibiok (sugar palm).........- Page. Hibiscus mutabilis (ma- pola) Hibiscus tiliaceus bago) Hidiok (sugar palm) ............ bards. (biieal) = 22-2. Hipan (amlong).................. Hoag Hoag-oay (hoag).................. I Idiok (sugar palm).............. Igok (sugar palm).............. BUM OU ELIE?) — oon aman n Imperata cylindrica var. exaltata (cogomn).............. Pshacer (mala- Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii (cogon)................ OR 21 | a ae ea MRrTIUU BIC) .= 2 found (hoag) 22 0............ CE | cr 3) Rs Sie ee ee oeeee Irok (sugar palm) ................ Ischaemum angustifolium DE UMAON Yo tee es. J. 0 OO eee ate Japanese bamboo (dwarfed TE aii Ec oT a Mee = a Juncus effusus (matting (00 7 SoS Se Sa Sea ora oa K. Kabatiti (vegetable SS RE ease Kaboloan (botong).............. Kaboloan (kawayan_ ki- OS See oder ee eo ees Kabugaoan (spiny bam- TS aE Sa ee Kakaag (tongtonking) ........ Kakarohay (bowstring Ae i eee Kalaguimay (pandan of Majayjay) 153 Page. 119 114 117 100 123 | 110 Kalipkip (amlong).............. Kalit-kalit (danglin).......... Kaliwayway (hoag)............ Kalot-kagot (amlong).......... Kaloulune (ito) - 2.222022: Kanas-kanas (balitnong) .... Kaong (sugar palm)............ Bapalk (kapok}.~...2 = Kapas-sanglay (kapok)...... Kapok Karagumoy Barausi: (47aoy Karekay (nife)o2-2..>.. Karon (fae) 2095 2 Karulay (ro) = Katigbi (Job’s-tears) .......... Kawayan bayuguin (kawa- yan: Tong yo Kawayan de China (bolo)... Kawayan guid (spiny bam- boo) Kawayan hobero (kawayan Kling) =<02 Se ee Kawayan kiling .................. Kawayan matinic (spiny bambes)y. (2 Oe ee Kawayan nga bulilao (spiny bamboo) Kawayan nga dalusa (ka- wayan kiling) ............---.---- Kawayan sa China (kawa- WOT? KUNG Va aso te Kawayan seitan (spiny bambuo) <2 ol Kawayan (spiny bamboo) .. Kawayan sunsong (buh6).. Kawayan totoo (spiny bam- boo) Kavo (kupelsy=. 20 esx Keddeng (anilao)................ LTE pans ae eee ian a ae Ppa Kleinhofia hospita (tanag).. Kollokollot Kollolot (kollokollot) .......... Korokalasag (alolokdo)...... Kullu-kulluk (kollokollot) .. Kuluk (kollokollot) .............. 112 118 123 121 121 121 121 L. Labig (palma brava).......... Labnig (samulig)................ TORE Wt) oe eee Labug-labug (bakembakes) Lacaon (samulig)........------.- arutlnt- (bariet):..0022 324. Lampacanay (cat-tail) ........ Langkuas (banban)............ Langosig (danglin) .............. anut: (danglin).-n22 4: Lasa (nipa palm)...........----- Lasa (tiger grass).....:.....<.. Lengua de tigre (bowstring LOLLY) REE eee TenlatCh aloe ak tes tt ot Lapa AGOGO) ss Sask otteee Livistona rotundifolia (pal- BEE SOF ANOL ho haan oe ce tcceenaec TENIOG Oi ea eto datcen. bat enac eee Lo-ob (bikal babi)..........-..... Loofah (vegetable sponge).. Lubi (coconut palm)...........- Luffa cylindrica (vegetable SONG GC) eteee na eee nace Lukmoy (black amlong).... Lunas (kawayan kiling) .... DPI oC GOIMOO Poe, kansas cca SUIS Waly Brae eet oes eee Luyos (areca nut palm).... Lygodium circinnatum (nito) Lygodium flexuosum (nito ‘Ne Lygodium japonicum (nito) Lygodium semihastatum (nito) M. Macacapas (marakapas).... Magimpal (27a@0) --.::..:.-.-2..-.. Magimpao (irao)..........-..----- WRG CY 75 dip coshee ieoad cae Malabago Malachra capitata (bakem- bakes) Malapandan nang) 154 Page. 86 90 122 120 90 31 64 114 118 118 86 42 110 50 99 | 86 21 51 100 70 100 95 48 39 119 66 17 17| 17 17 121) 114 | 114 | 103 120 120 | Nabo (anabo) Malisa. (pitta) ..-:.225565-222 Malobago (malabago).......... Manano :(37d0) .2:¢:.,22 ee Manban (banban)...............- Manila hemp (abaca).......... Mapolay 2) ci. eee Mapola (malabago)............-- Maragayaman (black am- long). 200th... Marakapas® -<8..2.... ees Maratac-kimbaca (tacling- baCE): a2 ae eee Maratarong (marakapas).. Marbas.-2).22) 22 ok ee Marurugui (spiny bam- 000) eee Mattapal (banban).............. Matting Tesh:s ee Maycauyan (calamutian).. Mami s(cogon) 2.2) eee Miscanthus sinensis (b2- P00) See. a. ee Mora -(vetwe7r) eee Moras (vetiver) Moro (vetiver) Mura (vetiver) Musa NON): > .:..02. 2 = ee Musa textilis (abaca) Muta (tikug) paradisiaca Nabu (anabo)s..:..23 eee Nagling (danglin) .......:-22.. Nat \(22t0)) 2 ea ee Nephrolepsis hirsutula (dlo- lokdo) #>....203 Niog (coconut palm)...........- Ninapalm: ..... 35. ee Nipa (nipa palm)...........----- Nipa __ fructicans MAOUNL) | Sic. ctu sonsisteen esterase INGO Reco cient reece sone oO. Oay ti oac (hoag)..............-- Obod-obod (alinang)............ Ly (7) ee See Olango (oyango)................-- Onao (sugar palm).............. Ophiurus corymbosus (sig- OS peel Ay Cot a Oroola (amlong).................. Oroolaypan (amlong).......... Oryza sativa (rice).............. rarer Gary yo eds. Ouay babae (samulig)........ Ouay na binabae (samu- lig) Owango (oyango)................ Oyango Facaical “(anabo).....2.......-.... Pacarohay (bowstring hemp) Palagtiqui Palasan (samulig) ................ Pea DrAva, 2. ~-.------ Palma criste (sugar palm) .. Pal-lo-pal-lot (marbas)...... Palmeto (palma brava)...... EE ee a ae eae ee Papas (tandg) ........<......: ame ( COGON) oan. ..2cseit eke Tabongas (vegetable SPORGO)” escc0n- eee eee Tabtabin (tayoc-tayoc)...... Tabubuk (vegetable SNONG EC) 1.2 Secece seats see nerernaeeee Tabunac (tambo)............--.--- Page. 51 52 52 50 62 62 63 63 85 26 118 120 43 110 41 73 73 101 48 110 120 45 Tacling-baca .........-------------+--- Tacquinvaca (tacling- baca) Tagadeu (tiger grass)........ Tagalwa (way) ......-.-------------- Tagocan (way) ....-...-------------- Taguisi (saguise palm)...... Taruisi (tambo)..-..........------- Tak-kimbaca (tacling- LES ele See SEEN I eenenemer en Takoling (black amlong)...- ~Taktak (buri palm)...........- 2S) eS arenes Talipot palm (buri palm) .. Tambo Tanag Tangbo (tambo) .............-.----- Tanobong (tambo)...............- Tantanubong (tambo)........ Baroy (danglin) -~.....-..-----.- Tata (nipa palm).......-......- Tayoc-tayoc Tayoc-tayoc (ticog).............. Tayoc-tayoc (tikug)........-..- Taywanac (kawayan ki- ling) Tewung (hoag)..................-- Thespesia lampas (mara- DTS eae ek See Thin walled bamboo .......... Thysanolaena maxima CiMee GTOSB) oo tt! Tibatib (black amlong) DT ES a ee Tigbao (talahib) .................. Tigbi (Job’s-tears).............. Tigbikay (Job’s-tears) Tiger Tigre Tigui Tiker Tikiu (bowstring hemp).... (bowstring hemp).... 120 123 118 121 Se RO NS Ee eee Timak (zigzag bamboo)...... Tipon-tipon (dumayaca).... Tiquio POMP VOHRA 9.202 32a Tres moras (vetiver).......... Tubol-tubol (cat-tail) .......... Tuguituguian (pamago).... Typha angustifolia (cat- GARIN create ee ee oe U. Ualis-ualisan (tacling- (Us Rts (inl Sls eRe eet Uaualisin (tacling-baca) .... Uay Uenag ayang anuad (hoag).. Upopi (alinang)................---- Urena lobata (kollokollot) .. Urena lobata var. sinuata (kollokollot) Urena spp. (kollokollot) -... Usio:. (bikal -babt)__......=.. Uyango (oyango).................- V. Vegetable sponge.................. Vetiver W. Walis-ualisan (tacling- baca) Wango (oyango)................ 2 White amlong Worthless. tikud.22.20 4.45 Le Wary oles (111) eres ee eee Yellow bamboo...................... Z. Zigzag bamboo 120 120 89 99 55 121 121 121 51 32 100 33 120 32 97 57 89 48 49 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XVI April, 1915 No. 184 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ; PLATE CLVII ti Plants and fibers of abaca or so-called Manila-hemp (Musa textilis). 69 ‘J Th, Written THE INDUSTRIAL FIBER-PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES! With Plates CLVII and CLVIII? Although the Filipino people used the fibers of palms, screw- pines and other plants perhaps from times immemorial, it is primarily due to the untiring efforts of the Bureau of Education in those Islands that the Filipinos were brought to a fuller and deeper realization of the wealth of industrial materials abounding in their country for the manufacture of a great variety of articles of economic importance. It is the purpose of this article to describe briefly the important fiber-plants in the Islands and to illustrate how and in what way fibers are prepared and utilized. As a matter of convenience the plants will be grouped under various headings, the classification indicating botanical rela- tionship rather than present economic importance. PALMS One of the tallest of the palms growing in the Philippines is Corypha elata, commonly known in the Islands as the Buri palm and in India as the Talipot palm. The palm is characterized by large orbicular leaves near the apex of its trunk. After reaching maturity, variously estimated at from 25 to 45 years, it flowers and fruits once and then dies. It is interesting to note that the palm develops a much branching inflorescence often 20 feet high. Between the ages of five and twelve years the plant is of the greatest economic value. The young unopened leaves of the shoot, while still yellow and without chlorophyl, are spread out to dry in the sun and then cut up into strips. Such strips are used for sugar bags and coarse mats. If the strips are to be used for better and finer grade articles, they are bleached more thoroughly by boiling them in water containing vinegar, or in various other ways. These 1 An exhibit of the chief industrial fiber-plants of the Philippines will soon be ready for public inspection in the Museum Building of the New York Botanical Garden. 2 Plate CLVIII was furnished through the courtesy of Mrs. Mabel R. Dow, who conducts a basketry store at 173 Madison Ave., N. Y. City. 70 strips are used mainly for hats, baskets, handbags and tobacco cases. The epidermis of the unopened leaflets can readily be removed and is known as raffia. This is equal in strength to the Madagascar raffia which is more commonly found in the U. S. market. In the Philippines raffia is often woven into cloth. The schools have extended the use of raffia to the manu- facture of screens, carriage cushions and bags in macramé weave. The midribs of the unopened leaves, while still yellowish- white in color, are bleached, spliced, and made into very fine hats known in Manila as Calasiao hats and in the Visayas as Pototan hats. Because of their good wearing qualities and dressy appearance they are much admired by Filipinos and have a well-established market. eohe petiole of the opened Buri leaf is cut into sections two to three feet long. One end of it is frazzled and the inner fibers, mostly stereome tissue, are pulled out by hand. While the process is apparently simple it requires dexterity and skill to avoid break- ing the fibers as they are being pulled out. Another way of getting the fibers is to pound the whole petiole and then pull the fibers out; but on drying it is found that such fibers frequently become discolored. These fibers are made up chiefly into hats, beautiful in texture and appearance, and are known in the Philippines as Buntal hats. In the U. S. market these hats usually un- bleached and of medium quality and grade are known as Bangkok hats.* The fibers are also excellent for small baskets. Within the last few years it was discovered that the petioles furnished an excellent basketry material needing no artificial dyes to enhance the beauty of the natural product. Thus, scraping off the epidermis of an old petiole, splints dark brown in color verging almost to a black may be obtained. Younger petioles yield lighter shades. Still lighter material is obtained by scraping below the darker portions of the petioles. Thus great variations in color are obtainable by proper manipulation, and the colors are permanent. The chief palms so used are Arenga mindorensis and Arenga saccharifera (sugar palm). The * Inquiry of the U. S. consul at Bangkok elicited the information that no hats are made in the town except in prison, and that these hats are manufactured only for prison consumption. JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN PLatTeE CLVIII Waste baskets made chiefly of bamboo and palm fibers. 71 sugar palm also furnishes material for rope that is highly resistant to the action of salt water. To a less degree the fibers surround- ing the trunk are suitable for bristles of brushes. The coconut-palm may be mentioned here for its fiber products. The leaves are used extensively for roof-thatching. The fibers surrounding the nut (coir) are employed in the manufacture of door mats. The midribs of the leaves are strong enough for chairs and tables. The central cylinder of the young roots of the coconut-palm can be utilized as basketry material. The nipa palm (Nipa fructicans) plays an important part in the industrial life of the Filipinos, as it is the principal source for the manufacture of alcohol. Its leaves are used even more extensively than those of the coconut-palm for thatching. Some slight use is made of the splints and midribs obtained from the petioles and leaves. In former times, hats were made in the Philippines from fine splints obtained from species of rattan, especially Calamus mollis. Now the weaving of rattan splints into hats has been almost abandoned because of the difficulty in preparing fine splints from the stem and the skill required in weaving the short fibers into a hat. Besides, weaving can only be done, when the air is sufficiently moist. The hats are beautiful and durable and are sold at almost any price from fifteen dollars ($15.00) up. The little town of San Miguel, Bulacan, is the center of the native rattan chair industry in the Philippines. The chairs are patterned after Vienna chairs. SCREW-PINES Growing usually in profusion along the littoral of the Philip- pines is the common screw-pine, Pandanus tectorius. Very little use is made however of its fiber, although it seems that the epidermis of this pandan leaf, or of one very similar to it, is used extensively in Japan for the manufacture of ‘“‘ Panama hats.” The pandan that enjoys the greatest popularity among the Filipinos because of its flexibility and softness is Pandanus sabotan or Pandanus tectorius var. sinensis. No female in- florescence of this pandan has ever been found and so Philippine 02 botanists do not agree whether this pandan constitutes a distinct species or is only a more or less cultivated variety of the common sea-shore pandan. No further preparation except the removal of its spines is practised. The strips are sometimes bleached, but with rather indifferent success. The fiber if properly bleached would be excellent for ‘‘Panama’’ hats. This screw- pine is used extensively by Filipinos for hats and for their best quality of mats. A screw-pine with coarse leaves is Pandanus utilissimus. The leaves of this screw-pine must be rolled under heavy logs before they can be used. The strips are utilized for mats and telescope baskets, and are exported in large quantities from Laguna Province to the Manila market. Another pandan of economic importance, used especially in the southeastern provinces of Luzon, is Pandanus simplex. This pandan is not as coarse as P. utilissimus and is utilized in the same way as the latter. Among the pandans used occasionally are P. copelandu, P. dubius, P. luzonensis and P. radicans. GRASSES Bamboo, especially the cultivated species Bambusa blumeana, plays a highly important role in the daily life of the Filipino people. The majority of the houses in the Philippines are built of bamboo. Long hollow bamboo tubes serve for carrying drinking water from river or well. The aborigines (Negritos) cook rice, their principal food, in green sappy bamboo over an open fire. The rafts that carry the products up and down the river are made of bamboo. So in a thousand and one ways bamboo enters intimately into the daily economic life of the people. It is not however its general uses that will be considered here, but its use in the making of hats. The spiny bamboo, Bambusa blumeana, is the species usually employed in the manufacture of hats. The bamboo is felled when it is from four to five months old before it has developed any branches. At this age the bamboo is perhaps fifty or more feet high. Only the middle internodes of the stem, fifteen to 73 twenty innumber, areused. Both the upper and lower internodes _are discarded, for the former is too weak and the latter too coarse for hat material. The stem, after being cut, is allowed to wilt for about twenty-four hours. Then sections are cut at the nodes, and each cylinder is divided into three or four parts and flattened. Part of the inner surface and of the outer are cut off and thrown away. The remaining portions which are perhaps one quarter to three eighths of an inch thick are then spliced into from four to ten layers. Needless to say it requires experience and skill to obtain these layers, which are often as thin as tissue paper. The layers nearest the green epidermis are considered the finest and best. The material is then boiled in water for about half an hour and bleached in the sun, a strengthening and whitening process. It is then ready to be woven into hats. | A thick-walled bamboo used in constructing houses and bridges, and for other purposes is B. vulgaris. Among the thin- walled bamboo used in a variety of ways may be mentioned Schizostachyum acutiflorum, S. dielsianum, S. fenixii, S. halliert. Turning to grasses herbaceous in structure we find vetiver, Andropogon zizanioides. Two varieties of this well-known trop- ical grass occur in the Philippines. One of these has fragrant roots (var. genuina), while the other (var. nigritanus) has not. The former variety may be recognized by its terminal dark purple panicles and distinct awns on the spikelets. The var. nigritanus has terminal greenish or purple panicles, usually the latter, and the spikelets are either unawned or armed with short awns. The fragrant roots are sold by itinerant vendors in the streets of Manila and are used by the women to put into clothes chests, trunks, etc. Philippine schools are introducing the use of these roots in making fans. Occasionally hats are made from the flower stalks. Considering the great use of rice straw by the Japanese it is curious to note that the Filipinos hardly make any use of it. The Bureau of Education is encouraging the use of rice straw among the Filipinos. The panicles of Phragmitis vulgaris are used extensively for 74 making brooms. The best native brooms are made however from the panicles of Thysanolaena maxima. Among the grasses that find more or less use may be mentioned Job’s tears, Coix-lachryma-jobi. The hard-shelled seeds are used for rosaries or made into curtains, baskets and trays of various kinds. Cogon (Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii; I. exaltata) is the weed pest in the Islands. The whole plant is used for thatch among the very poor. The flower stalks are occasionally used for hats. A grass that has been found excellent for slippers is “cobboot,”’ Ischaemum angustifolium. Often Filipinos deco- rate their houses with such grasses as Apluda mutica, Eleusine indica, Ophiuris corymbosus, Erogrostis tenella, E. viscosa. SEDGES The Filipinos, except the well-to-do, follow the custom preva- lent in the east of sleeping on mats which are placed on the floor at night and rolled up and put out of sight in the morning. These mats are made as a rule of pandan or sedges. The sedge most commonly used for this purpose is Fimbristylis utilis. This plant is found growing wild and in great abundance in and around the rice paddies in parts of the Visayas and Mindanao. It reaches its greatest economic importance on the islands of Samar, Leyte, Mindanao and Bohol. F. wtilis may attain a height of three meters but the average is one and a half meters. » After the removal of the inflorescence the sedge is dried with proper precautions and manipulated by hand or ruler to make it pliable. Great skill is shown especially in Samar in weaving intricate colored designs into mats. With proper looms this material can be woven into matting. The sedge is also utilized locally for the making of hats. F. diphylla is also used for mats. The material though finer than that obtained from F. utilis is considerably stiffer and shorter and consequently is not considered as good a mat fiber. In various parts of the Islands occurs Cyperus radiatus, which is utilized for mats but to a less degree than the sedges previously mentioned. C. malaccensis, common along brackish swamps and tidal streams not only in the Philippines but also throughout the 7d tropics, is made into slippers. It is interesting to note that the making of slippers from this fiber was started about 1907 or 1908 in a small village in the Islands by two Japanese peddlers who passed through the place selling small rice-cakes. Seeing the abundance of C. malaccensis they gave up their cake business and turned to the making of slippers. Now almost every house in the little town is actively engaged in making these slippers which are sold by the thousand throughout the Islands. The Chinese matting sedge, Cyperus tegetiformis, is not found in the Philippines. The Japanese matting rush, Juncus effusus, cultivated extensively in Japan for the making of the finest matting is found growing wild in the Philippines but is not used. It seems probable that cultivation would improve the quality of the fiber. Its coarseness in the wild state is the principal objection at present to its use by Filipinos. Various species of Scirpus, such as S. erectus, S. grossus, S. lacustris and S. mucronatus, find occasional uses for different purposes. In connection with sedges might be mentioned our common cat-tail, found in abundance in various parts of the Islands, but not used to any great extent. VINES Many vines growing in the tropics develop air-roots high above the ground from long, clambering and fleshy stem-struc- tures. A description of the forest near Puerta Galera, Mindoro, where the writer found air-roots in plenty, should prove of interest to those unfamiliar with the habitat of these aroids. A good half day’s journey from town, Araceae with air-roots were found in fair quantity on the sides of heavily wooded mountains, but more plentiful in ravines or gulleys. In these places bird’s-nest ferns were very abundant and the bark of many trees was covered with moss. So humid were the surroundings that even the edges of many leaves were covered with fringes of moss. The trees and plants were so close together that only a little of the light of the sun was able to find its way to the ground through the dense mass of foliage. The earth even after a 76 bright sunny day was found damp late in the afternoon. The ground was covered with decaying vegetation. It was a country in which leeches and mosquitoes were plentiful. The forest trees grew to a great height. The leaves of the aroids were around the upper part of the trunks of the trees and roots of various lengths dangled down from aroid stems. The tips of air-roots are generally from six to fifteen feet from the ground, and are obtained by simply pulling them down. Depending on the strength of the pull and the luck of the gatherer he will be able to obtain pieces of roots ranging in length from a few feet to sixty or more feet. The epidermis and cortex are readily removed exposing the central cylinder which is used in basketry. While the Filipinos previously employed the roots only for. tying purposes their utilization as a basketry material has only come within recent years. The central cylinders of the air-roots on first being removed are yellowish-white in color. In some species, e. g., Epipremnum elmerianum, they remain white; in others, e. g., Raphidophora copelandt1i, they are oxidized to a light-brown; while in others, e. g., R. merrillii, they turn to a dark-brown or almost black color. The colored air-roots may be bleached by the common bleaching agents. One of the Menispermaceae, Pericampylus incanus, has been found very serviceable as a basketry material. After removal of the leaves, the vine is boiled in water for about two hours when the epidermis and the cortical region are easily removed. After sandpapering the material it is ready for use. It is not however as good a basketry material as the air-roots owing to the presence of leaf scars. Among vines of lesser importance in the Philippines may be mentioned the vegetable sponge, Lujffa cylindrica, which in the provinces of Abra and Bulacan is used occasionally for children’s hats. The use of the vegetable sponge for bathroom articles is unknown to the Filipinos. Entada scandens, a vine in the family of Leguminosae, has an almost universal use in the Philippines as a substitute for soap. 77 COMMERCIAL LEAF OR PETIOLE FIBERS The industrial fiber par excellence, whose successful cultivation has not been found possible outside of the Philippines, is abaca, or Manila hemp, Musa textilis. Typical plants of this species together with fiber in the process of drying are shown in plate CLVII. The impression often prevails, however, that its use is restricted entirely to the making of rope; little being known of its employment for braid or for the making of excellent and strong cloth known in the Philippines as “‘pinolpog.”’ Little is known too outside of the Islands of the making of abaca fiber into a fabric called “‘abaca sinamay.’’ The schools have extended the use of the fiber to the making of a great variety of articles. The fibers are obtained by cutting off the leaves and pulling . the petioles under a dull knife. Various machines have been invented to do away with this hand labor but none has so far proven very successful. Instead of removing the individual fibers from the petiole, the whole outer epidermis may be removed and then divided into strips. These strips are known as “‘lupis’’ and are very service- able in the making of coiled baskets. - If the fibers are to be used for braid or cloth they must be tied together. This knotting is very neatly done by hand so that the knots are hardly perceptible in the skein. The braid is known in the millinery trade in the U.S. as “tagal’”’ braid and is imported from Switzerland. Pinolpog is made by weaving the fibers into cloth and then softening the latter by winding it around a piece of wood and beating it thoroughly with sticks as it is being wound. Abaca sinamay is a gauzy fabric used by Filipino women for waists (camisas) or like buckram to stiffen the bottom of skirts. The extension work of the schools utilizes the fiber wholly or in part in the manufacture of slippers, coiled baskets, bags, lace, lamp-shades, belts and furniture. Several varieties of the banana, Musa paradisiaca, are utilized for the manufacture of coarse and fine fabric depending on the quality of the fiber.used. The fiber is prepared in the same way as abacé. Greater care is however necessary in its extraction 73 from the petioles, as the fiber breaks more readily. ‘Banana sinamay’”’ as the fabric is called is in great demand by Filipino women for dress material. The very finest cloth in the Philippines, almost as delicate as a spider’s web, is made from the leaves of the pineapple plant. The fibers are obtained by scraping the leaves with a blunt object of some kind such as a piece of pottery, bamboo, iron and the like. In a number of provinces A gave cantula is the species of sisal usually cultivated. The fibers are obtained by retting. The fibers of bowstring hemp, Zansevieria zeylanica, are occasionally used for commercial purposes. MISCELLANEOUS FIBERS The kapok tree, Ceiba pentandra, is found in all provinces in the Philippines, but its silky cotton-like fibers are gathered for trade or export principally in the Visayas. The fibers are excellent as filling material for mattresses, pillows, cushions and life preservers. Cotton was cultivated formerly extensively in a number of provinces in the Islands, but its present cultivation is rather limited. While household looms still spin cotton yarn in the Philippines, the bulk of cotton goods used in the Islands is imported. The stalks of Dendrobium crumenatum, an orchid with a fluted and bulbous base, is used as a decorative material in basketry. To make the stalks of an even bright-yellow color they are placed for a short time in boiling water or in water to which a little vinegar has been added. Exposing the cut stalks to the sun produces the same result. Donax cannaeformis, known to the Filipinos as banban, is found throughout the Philippines, and is used much like the petioles of palms for obtaining light to dark-brown splints in basketry. Bast FIBERS There are a great many species of plants in the Philippines belonging especially to the family of Tiliaceae, Malvaceae and 79 Sterculiaceae that yield bast fibers suitable for the manufacture of rope. It is no uncommon sight to see a Filipino whose cart has broken down draw out his “‘bolo,’” hack down a slice of bark of almost any tree, twist the fibers, tie together the broken pieces and go contentedly on his way, smoking the ever present cigarette. THEODORE MULLER 2 i oo i BUREAU OF EDUCATION PUBLICATIONS—Continued. | “ > r 4 Continued from second page of cover.) TEXTEOORS: $ ~ 7908. ; t ‘Selected Short Prasad! ne Hégreaentative tantoviaath ena. ‘1911. Reprint, 1913. Commercial Geography ; the Materials of Commerce for the Philippines. 1911. |. 491, Reprint. 1913. eee Supplementary Problems for Trade. Schools and Trades Classes in the Philippine Public Schools. 1913. _. (In course of preparation. ) - _ Economic Conditions in the Hethopiien, 1918. i MISCELLANEOUS: ih © Schools. 1908. yn ‘seme: Recipes for Preparing Jellies, Pidarve, Pickles, and Candies from Phil- -- ippine Fruits. 1911. (Supply exhausted.) ; ‘ Second and Third Annual Reports on Private Schools and Colleges of the Phil- ippine Islands: 1911 and 1912. (Supply exhausted.) rt Heh ply limited.) — Sieh A Talk on Health Conditions. in the Philippines—Dr, ‘Victor G. Heiser, Director PM ide aac of Health, 1912. DP secant ORAFTSMAN REPRINTS: ae Seni Mais. 1913, eS ANSE Ret abe CaS Seay Wap us ve ‘Woodworking—A, Manual of Elementary Carpentry for Philippine Publie Schools. Samuel Johnson, Macaulay ;. ie aieps Metre Emerson 3 Gettysburg Address, Lincoln. ” Housekeeping—A Textbook for Girls in the Public Schools of the Philippine Islands. © - Domestic Science, A Guide’ to Practical Instruction in nine, Sewing, . Cooking, and Laundering in Grades: Three and Four of the Philippine gens } oe A Statement of Organization, Aims and Conditions of Service i in the Bureau of _ Education. 1911. (Several editions printed at Manila and Washington.) 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