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INJUEIOUS INSECTS

INDIAN FORESTS

E. P. STEBBING, F.E.S.,

INDIAN F0BE8T SEBVICE.

CALCUTTA :
OFFICE OF SUPEKINTENDENT OF GOVERNxMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1899.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2009 with funding from

NCSU Libraries

http://www.archive.org/details/injuriousinsectsOOsteb

PREFACE.

In compiling' tlio pnniphlet entitled " Injurious Insects
of Indian Forests " the author does not pretend to have
aimed at producing a work containing original research
in this suhjcct. The information included in it has
been chiefly culled from scattered notes that have
appeared from time to time in the publications known
as Indian JIuseum Notes, published by the Trustees
of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and the Indian
Foi^ester. !Mr. Thompson's Report on Insects destruc-
tive to Woods and Forests (1868) has been also consulted.
This scattered information has been pieced together in
a readable form, and an endeavour made to, wherever
possible, give the life history, as far as it is as yet known,
of various forest insect posts. A few notes and observ-
ations made by the writer since he joined the Forest
Service in India in 1893 have been entered, these
forming practically the only new original matter in the
pamphlet. It will be noticed that in many instances
accounts of individual attacks on trees and other notes
of the most fragmentary nature have been included,
although it has been found impossible to give any name
to the aggressor, owing to the paucity or bad quality of
the specimens sent for identification. Especial care has
been taken that in all these accounts the name of tlie
Forest or Forest Division from which the attack was
reported should be mentioned. It is hoped that their
attention being thus drawn to the matter, Officers at
present in charge of those divisions Avill endeavour to

A 2

n

collect specimens of the pests in all stagps, noting down
dates of emergence in each, nnd all other obtainable
information about their life histories. In this manner
our knowledge in this subject, a by no means unimpor-
tant one to the Eorest Officer, -will soon be steadily on
the increase, and the publication of a Manual on Indian
Injurious Forest Insects may not be the impossibility it
at present has the appearance of being. As has been
already mentioned above, the writer's present aim has
been solely to give, in a small, compact and handy
pamphlet, all the information at present available on
the subject of our Indian Injurious Eorest Insects. He
trusts that his brother Officers and others may find the
pamphlet useful as a guide and help ; and that it may
prove to be a step in the direction of largely increasing
our knowledge of the life histories of those most indefa-
tigable enemies — our Insect Poes.

Chittagong, Bengal
Apnl 2oth, lb98.

INSECTA.

CHAPTER I.

ORTHOPTERA.

ORTHOPTERA GE]^UI]^A.
SALTATORIA.

Tlie injury tliat arises from the attacks of the Sal/aloria
group of the Orthoptera genuina is chiefly due to defoliiition, the
youn<; shoots of trees and seedliiijjs being eaten. "^I'he group
includes the family Locu&tida which contains some of the most
destructive insects of the world — insects who, when swarming in
their millions, leave ruin and famine in their wake.

The following trees are mentioned as attacked hy species of
the group, but during serious locust invasions most trees suffer
more or less.

Familt. Tree attacked. Nature of attack.

r 1. Chir (Pinus longifoUa, Roxb.) . Young plnnts eaten.
(. 2. Eobinia sp. . . . , Young seedlings killed.

ACUYDIID^

Family l.—Acrydiidw.

T lie family includes the various species of locusts that peiiod-
ically invade the fertile plains of India with such disastrous
results.

1. Aerydiurn peregrinum, Oliv.

Oliv. Voy. Emp. Othom. ii, 424.

Tree attacked. — During had invasions of this insect various
forest trees are stripped of their leaves and young shoots.

/;>/7.— 'llie home of this insect is in the sandy deserts of Sind
and Western Eajputaua, and eggs aie laid here in holes in tbe

o-i

ound.

'Ih'i insect is said to breed in these deserts every year in varv-
ing numbers. When the locusts invade the fertile plains of India
it has been noticed that they lay their eggs at tlie beginning of the

D. H. HILL LIBRARY
North Carolina Slate College

South-West monsoon, i.e., about June. The egijs are attached
to one another by acoliesive siceable substmice and are of a dirty
yellow colour.

Larva. — The larvae are at first little black wingless grass-
hoppers. They chang'e their skins during' development about five
times, the youujj wing^s first appearing at the fifth change, the
larva being yellowish-|>iuk in colour. The changes of skin take
place about every fifteen da\s until the fully develo[)ed insect is
obtained.

Imipo. — The sixth change of the larval skiu gives the full
grown imago with fully developed wings.

The imago is a big thick-set grasshopper with short anten-
nae. Wliea it first acquires wings it is salmoi>-piuk in colour, but
as it gets older it becomes yellowish and afterwards dull purple
in tint. Tiie in>eet feeds voraciously throughout this stage of its
life, as also during the larval stage.

Locdity from where reported, — This locust periodically does
enormous damage, and its invasions are a source of great danger
to the cultivator in India, since famine is liable to follow in the
wake of bad attacks of the pest. It invades the fertile plains of
India from its home in the sandy deserts of Rajputaua, Sind, and
tlie Punjab, and in the line it takes not a green leaf or shoot is
left eitlier in the forest cr field.

The locust only leaves the sandy arid wastes which are its
home when they become over-populated, and the life history of the
pest readily proves that forests and moisture are its greatest
enemies. The reclamation of arid sandy areas by means of plan-
tations would thus have a tendency to check the multiplication of
this pest.

i. CaloplemiH sp.

I're.e attached. — Chir [Fiiiiis longifolia, Hoxb.).

In July 1891 a number of Orthopterous insects were sent to
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, through the Director of the Forest
School, Dehra l)»m, from the othciating Conservator of Forests,
Central Circle, North-Western Provinces and Oudh, with the in-
formation that they had proved destructive to chir in the Baldhoti
plantition, where they were reported as nipping off the young
trees in a plantation.

An examination in the Museum of the specimens sent proved
tliat they comprised four species of Aci/diidie, of which Cui<'2)t<fnus
30. was one. ^I'he other species were Chrutotjoniis sp. Ca'anlops
(ndicns and QLdatus sp.

J3. Chruiogonus sp. —

'h-ee attached. — Chir {Pinus longi folia, Hoxb.).

Imago. — This insect is a small tliick-set brown grasshopper
which seems to be very destructive to crops of all kinds. It bites
off the young plants as soon as they appear above p^round. Of
tlie four species reported as attackin<j youii<;f cliir plants this is
thought to be tlie one that does the most damaj^'*^, the <renns
hein<jf by far the most numerous amongst the specimens ^ent to
the Museum.

Localdy from where reported.— -T^he pest was reported as
havin<]f proved destructive, in company with Calopte^ius sp.,
Catanlops iniHciis and (Edalus sp., to youni^ chir plants in the
Biddhoti plantation, North-Western Provinces.

A. Chrofogouus irachi/pletux, Blanch — A. S. E, F, V, 618,

pi. n, f. 6.

Tree attacked. — Rohinia sp.

In September 1S93 a number of Acrydiidce were forwarded
through the Diiector of the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun,
to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from the Chenab Division in the
Punjab, with the iut'orination that they destroyed young Robiuia
seedlings by nipping them off at the base.

On examination of the specimens at the Museum it was found
that they consisted of five species of Acrydiidce, of which Chroto-
gonus trachi/'pterus proved to be one. Of the other species
Epncromia dursalis, (Edalus marmoratns, and (?} Acrotylus sp.
were identified in the Museum.

These species are mentioned below.

5. Catantops indices, Saus.

Tree attacked. — Chir [Finns longifolia, Roxb.).

This insect has been reported, as mentioned above, as nipping
off young chir plants in the Baldhoti plantation. North- West
Provinces, in company with Caloptenus sp. Chrotogontts sp. (both
mentioned above) and (Edalus sp.

6. (Edalus sp.

Tree alta'ikcd. — Chir {Pinus longifolia, Roxb.).

This is the last of the four Acrydiid insects that have been
reported as killing young chir plants in the Baldhoti plantation.
The life histories of these insects do not seem to have been as yet
worked out.

7. (Edalus marmoratus, Thwwh.

Thuiib. Mem Acad. Peterb, T, ISlo, 93:2 ; Id. IX, IS24, 410, t,

Tiee attacked. — Rohinia sp.

This is the second of the Acrydiid insects reported as attacking

4

and killing young Robinia seedlings in tlio Chenab Division,
Punjab.

Fig. 1.- QHdalus marmoratus.

Fig. 1 ?hows the imago, dorsal and side view.

This insect has also been reported as destructive to crops.

8. Epacromia dor salts, Tliunb.

Tree attnckfd. — Rohinia sp.

The species is the third of the Acrydiid insects reported as
killing young Robinia seedlings in the Punjab.

Fig. 2. — Epacromia dorsalis.

Fig. 'Z shows the dorsal and side view of the iina<,'0 of this
insect, natural size. £. dor salts has also heeu repoited as attacking
crops.

9. (?) Acrotylus sp. —

Iree attacked. — Robinia sp.

This is the fourth of the insects which were reported to have
killed young llobinia seedlintrg Ju the Chenab Division of tlie
i'unjab.

No further notes on the life histories of tliese insects seem to
have been reported.

Family Il,~Locustidce.

1. Schizodacfi/lus monstrosus^^xwWi. IJut. Nat^desins. torn.
IX,p.l62,pL17,Jig.l,

Tree attacked. — None reported.

This species, as will be seen in the figure, can be at once
recognised by the curious structure of its tarsal joints and also, in
the adult, by its curious curled up wings. It is known in the
indigo districts as ' bherwa,' and does a large amount of damage by

Fig. 3. — Schizodactylus monstrosus.

cutting off indigo, tobacco, and other crop-plants with its enor-
inous shear-like jaws.

LocalUi, from where reported. —The pest has be.'u reported

from various parts of Bengal as attackinir crop plants. It has not

been as yet noticed to do any damajre in forest nur.cie. or youn r

plantations, but ,t is not unlikely that when mon- is known o}

heir habits, tins family of the Aaydt^dre n,av pmve to be as

troublesome pests to the forester as are some of their confi ere. in
xLiurope.

figure 3 shows ti.e adnit male of this insect, naturni size.

OETHOPTEEA PSEUDO^EUROPTEEA.

This division of the Orthopfera contains one of tlie most de-
stfuclive pests of the insect kin-^cloni, the so-callpd ' wldte anfc ' or
Termite. It may perhaps be said of this insect that in the forest
alone does it render any service to mau. Here it is beneficial in
keeping the forest clean, by ra})idly converting all fallen lr;inches,
dead trees, and decaying- woofl of all strts into mud, each particle of
wood eaten being leplaced by earth.

Family 111.— lermitidce.

1. Termes taprohanes, Walker.

Walker. List Neurop. Ins., B. M., Pt. Ill (Term it), p 252. 29.

Tree attacked. — Sickly trees, dry timber, and dried vegetable
matter, etc., etc.

This species is the common * whit-i aut^ of Lower Bengal. It
forms large earthen nests, often from sis to eight feet in height.
These nests are very common in the sal fonsts of the Singhl)huin
Divif-ion, Chota Najjpnr. The following is said to be tie lite
history of Termes taprohanes.

Tlie insect lives in communities which consist of the f.dlovving
four sets of individuals : —

Fij. \.~Termes luprohanes — FL-:ua\ii or Queen.

(1) A female or queen (shown in Figure 4, natuial eize)
with enormously distended abdomen ; she is in-

capable of locomotion aud lays all the eggs of the
couunuuity.

(2) Small aut-like neuters, wliifh m:iy he compaivd to the
worker bees. They are of two kinds, viz., individuals

Fig. 5. — Termes tiUJvohanes -Two forms of neuters.

(•5)

witii large heads aud sharp mandibles to defend the
nest, and individuals wilh small heads to huiid tlie
passages and nests, collect food, and do all the work
of the eonmiunity. Figure 5 shows the two forms
of neuter, both somewhat enlarged, natural size in
each case is shown by a hair line.

Wingltss larvae which develop into winged males and
females, 'i'hi- form is shown in Kigure 6 to tlieleft,
enlarged, natural size being indicated i)y a hair line.

Fig. 6. — Termes ta})robanes—ljA\\A of wins^cd forms and a .youn<; queen.

(-!•) Winged males and females. — Tiie males and females fly
out of tlie iiest in clouds, generally alter lain.

Those of them fhsit escape their numerous enemies
are said to drop their wings and copulate. The
female finds her way back to the original nest or
starts a fresh nest for herself. Her abilomen g^iows
by distention of the membianes between the chitinous
plates until she becomes like a sausage, two or three
inches in length, with a minute head and thorax at
one end (Figured). Queens in several stages of
(levelof)ment may sometimes be found in a single
nest. Figure 6 to the right shows a youn<r queen
shortly after dropping her wings and before the
abdomen has grown very much ; natural size of the
insect indicated by a hair line.

Figure 7 bi'low shows one of the winged forms, natural size.

Fig. 7.- Termes tciprobanes —Wim^ed form.

Termes taprohanes never willingly exposes itself to daylight
(except in the male and female forms). The insects work in
earthen galleries, which they build over themselves as they advance.
The trunks of the sal trees iu the Singhbhum sal forests of Chota
Nagpur are generally bright red in colour. Owing to the work of
white ants the bark is covered with galleries made of the red loamy
soil. In these forests, where white ants are numerous, the insects
only feed on the outer dead portions of the bark of the trees, but do
no damage to healthy trees. Thp instinct of these insects is marvel-
lous. The wiiter has often noticed that should a tree have a dead
branch on its trunk, no matter at what elevation, an earthen gallery
is run up by the white ants and the bianch attacked, the decaying
wood being replaced by soil, which soon drops to the ground.

As has already been mentioned, white ants do good iu the forest
by converting in a very short space of time ail dead wood into soil.
On the other hand, they attack, in the same way, timber if left any
length of time in the forest fur seas-oning or other reasons. The
writer notictd that sal sleepers, If ft lying for eight months in the

9

Sinffhl'hum forests, were often very l)ndly attacked Uy these insects
and thpir value greatly impaired.

Fig. 8. — Reiuams ot' a beam of wood aitacked ov Termes taprolanes.

Figures shows tha remains of a beam of wood from the neigh-
bourhood of Calcutta, which had been attacked by wliite ants, the
species responsible being probably Termes taprobanes. The figure,
which is about one-seventh natural size, shows the supports left by
the insects to bear the weight of the earth and rubbish, they lay
above the beam. Most of these supports, but not all of them,
consist of a knob in the centre strengthened by a little of the
surrounding wood-tissue.^

^ I would recominend the reader if interested in these marvellons insects to
read a pamphlet entitled the " Constitntion and development of the Soci.ty of
Termite's ; observations on their habits," by Professor B. Grassi, in collaboration
with Dr. Sandias, translated by W. F. H. Blandford, .M. A ., F.Z.S., and pub-
lished in the QuaHerly Journal of Microscopical Science, Vols. 3t» and 40.

10

I may mention here that the popular tli< ory thnt n whitp ants,
nost may he o'ot rid of hy (ligo-ing> up and killing- the queen is a
fallacy. It has been recoo-nistd that termites are perlectly well
aware of the presence or al)Peucp of the king and qiiet^n, and should
they he removed the workers start ahout providing fresh ones, i.e.,
substitute royal forms, by introducing deviations in the normal
development of the larvaj, Thus it becomes almost imjiossiblc to
eradicate white ants.

11

CHAPTER II-

HEMIPTEIU (iniYNCllOTA).

HOMOPTERA.

This group of tlie Hemiptera contains species wliicli attack the
l> ranches, young' shoots', leaves, flowers and fruits of Indian Forest
trees, as shown in the following- list : —

Family.

CoiCU'jE

ApHII'JK

Tbee attache p.

Natuee of attack.

PsTLLID^

CEBCOPIDJi

Cicadeli.id;j-:
(Jassidie).

f 1. Mango {Mangifera indica. Leaves^ flowers, and youn<
Linn.). shoots injured.

2. Ceara rubber {Manihot Gla- P
ziov'ti, Miill. Arg.).

3. Suparea Nut Palm (Areca Fruit (nuts) destroyed.

I catechu, Willd.).

4. Cocoanut {Cocos nuclfent. Leaves injured.
Linn.).
5. Cedrela. sp.
■{ 6. Mandania, N. {Acrocarpus
fraxin ifol in s, W i ^\\ t) .

7. Sunkong-lung (Fie us my-

sorennis, Heyne).

8. Kathgdlar (Ficus glo-

vicrafa, Roxb.).

9. Karwat (Ficus asperrima,

Koxb.).
10. Oak (Quercus sp.)
1^11. Chestnut {Castania sp.)
f 1. Cinchona (C/«c7<oHrt, sp.) .

2. Terebinth tree {Pistacea Galls produced on liranclies.
terehinihus, Linn.).

3. Poplar (.'' Populus cuphni* Do. on twigs.
tica, Olivier).

■{ 4. Aspen {Po2ndus trcmulct). Do. do.

5. Bamboo {Bambusa arun-
dinacea, Retz.). Leaves injured.

6. Himalayan spruce fir Mi/es iShoots crippled and stunt-
sm if /liana, Forbes^ ed.
Picea Mot'inda, Link.).

1. Mango {31ang if era indica, Galls produced on slioots.
Linn.).

2. Kaikar {Garuga pinnata, Galls produced.
Ko.tb.).

1. Farasli tree [Tamarix arli- Twigs dry up.

culata, Vabl.).
1. MauiiO [Mangifera indica, Leaves, flowers and young

Linn.). slujots injured.

Twigs injured or killed.
Do,

Do.

Do.

Do.

Leaves injured.
Do.
Do.

Family I. Coccidw {Scale Iii.secfs).

Of this family Cotos remarks' : — "They are minute insects and
do an enormous amount of damage to vegetation and are likely to
])rove extremely destructive in Indian forests, tiiough little has yet
been recorded on the subjcef . This statement is perhaps

' Manual of Zcolo}:y by E. C Colt^, i oge 10 (1803).

12

Bomcwliat doubtful^ but at present very little is known on Ibe
6ul)jeet.

1. Lecauinm acutninattim, Sig-n.—

Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 397, t. 12, f. 1, {1873).
Tree attacked. — Mango {Mangifera indica, Linn.).

This insect was found attacking this tree by Mr. Green in

Ceylon.

Only tb.e adult form has been obtained and it is described as
£t)llows : —

Body briefly oval, acuminate towards the apex^ rounded, very
broad towards the extremity; autennse seven- jointed, fourth
long-est, third equal to the fifth and sixth taken together, which
are the shortest, tiie seventh as long as the fifth and sixth taken
together. Feet broad flattened ; tarsi short, hardly half the length
of the tibiae. Length 2.3mm.

Locality from where reported. — This coecid is reported by
Mr. Green to do some damage to the leaves of the mango tree
in Ceylon. The leaves are said to wither and fall off when attacked.
Pl»te I (1) shows this insect, {b) shows the ventral surface
(after Signoret), [a] the dorsal surface and (c) a side view, the
two latter magnified about seven times.

2. Lecaninm nigrum, Nietner.

Nietner, Enemies of coffee tree, p. 9, {1861) ; Jour. A. S. B., Calc.,j). 284,

{1886).

Tree attach d.^Ce&ra rubber {Manihot Glaziovii, Miill. Arg.).

This insect is known as the * black bug,* and lias been found
attacking the ceara rubber [Manihot Glaziovii) in Ceylon and
also coffee bushes.

No report of the damage done seems to have been made.

3. Chionanpis aspidistra, Sign.

Sign. Essai sur les Cochenil, p. 125, {1868).

Tree attacked. — Snparee nut palm [Areca catechu, Willd.).

In October 1890 the Museum at Calcutta received specimens
of the above insects from Mr. Marshall Woodrow of Poona. The
coecid was said to attack the snparee in the Janjira Slate on the
coast about eighty miles south of Bombay, the outturn of dressed
betel-nuts having been reduced by the ravages of the pest from
10 lbs. to 1 lb. per tree. The trees were said to have suffered
for tlie last twenty-five years from this insect, which has become
specially troublesome during the past six or seven years.

The specimens were identified by Mr. Maskell, who wrote as
follows : —

'' The insect is, as regards the female, so much like Chionaspis
aspidistra dial I may consider it identical witki that species. 'il>e

13

female pnparium agrees in ifs yellow colour nnd pyviform shape ;
tlie second pellicle is rather larfre ; and the enclosed insect lina
the remarkably prominent ahdominal se^'ments as shown in the
ron;xh sketch of C. aspidiatra:. I could not amongst the nnme-nus
specimens discover any male puparia. These would be small,
whitPj narrow and carinated."

^ ^■^

-J

Fro. 9.—Chionaspls aspidistroe. Fig. 10.-^ Chionasp-is aapidistrce.

Figure 9 shows the female with the remarkably prominent
abdominal segments,

4. Aspidiotus destructor, Sign.
Essai sur les coclienilles, p. 94 ; Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 186S, p. 120,Jiffs.l—4,

Tree attached. — Cocoanut {Cocos nudfera, Linn.)

This coccid has been reported as extremely injurious to the
cocoanut tree in the Laccadive Islands and in the Isle de He'union.
It is a minute insect which to the naked eye looks like a mealy
scurf on the leaves. It sucks up the juices of the leaves to such
an extent a? to sap the vitality of the trees and to destroy great
numbers of them.

This insect is found attacking the cocoanut in this way in
company with Dactt/hpius cocotis, ^laskell.

The Indian Museam, Calcutta, only contains species of ./. des-
tructor from the Laccadive Islands, and no mention is made in
Indian ^[useum Notes of cocoanut trees having been attacked in
India by this pest.

In tlie hidiait Forester ^ Mr. A. M. Sawyer wrote from Travan-
core, stating that in the central and northern districts they had
lost several cocoanut trees from decay of the tender unexpanded
leaf shouts, Mr. Sawyer described the disease as follows ; —

" At first the lower end <>[ the shoot grows discoloured and in

1 Indian Fore.siei',Yol XX, September ISDJ.. b

14

a few clays general putrefaction of this and more or less of the
cabbage ensues ; the shoot droops and in some cases falls to the
ground; the tree decays soon after and we are left lookers-on and
losers/'

In his note Mr. Sawyer stated that the death of the tree was
not due to Oryctes Rhinoceros or Batocera rabus, both beetles
which bore into the coeoanut tree.

The writer in a later Forester ^ discussed this attack and was of
opinion that it might be due to A. destructor or Dactylopius cocotis
(mentioned on page 15), the pests which are so destructive to
cocoanufcs trees in the Laccadive Islands, etc. Neither of the
insects have been reported in this connection from India, hut it
by no means follows that they do not exist in the country.

The matter rests here at present, as no further communication
on the subject has been made by Mr. Sawyer.

Fig. 11. — AspicUotiis destructor.
Indian Forester, Vol. XX, December 1.894.

15

The figure, fij?. 11, shows (1) aggregatioifeof ^ and ? puparia,
^ with oue pellicle, $ with two (the insects are removed) ; (2)
adult ?'s, a, before gestation, h, after gestation; (3) Pygidium of
$ (after Siguoret) ; (4) adult $ .

5. DadylopiJis adonidicnii Linn.—

Li7in. Sj/st. Nat, p. 740, {1767); Joicr. A. S. B. Calc, pt. II, p. 288, 1886.

Tree attached. — Cedrela sp; Acrocarpusfraxintfoliiis,'Wight;
Fieua mysorensis ; Ficns glomerata, Roxb.; Ficus asperrima, Roxb.,
and others (uames not given) are also stated to be attacked by
the pest.

This insect, which has been described in the Journal of the
Asiatic Society,^ has been procured from Mysore, where it occurs
on the above-mentioned trees, and also does considerable damage to
coffee bushes.

A remarkably curious black fungoid growth seems iuvariably
to accompany this insect, and covering the twigs effectually rots
and kills them. It has been described as a black, felted substance
extremely like a fungoid growth ; in appearance it is very like the
sooty accumulation that occurs on bottles in wine cellars.

Of this fungoid growth Mr. Nietner writes :—

*' As the occupation of a coffee or any other tree (by coccidce)
gives rise to the appearance of a glutinous saccharine substance
(honey dew, which is either a secretion of the scale, or its extra-
vasated sap that flows from the wounded tree, or more probably a
combination of both) which disappears with the scale and as the
fungus does exactly the same, I have no doubt that its vegetation
depends upon the glutinous saccharine substance/^

Mr. Anderson also noticed this honey dew in connection with
D. adonidum in Mysore, and wrote that " the tree, when attacked,
bleeds or gums so profusely that the ground all round the stem is
made moist."

6. Vadylopiui eocotts, Maskell—

Trans, N. Z. Instit., 1889, Vol. XXII, p. 149.
Tree attached, — Cocoariut [Cocos nucifera, Linn.).
This insect, as mentioned on page 14-, attacks the leaves of the
cocoanut in company with Aspidiotns destmcior, though the
latter insect is thought to do the most damage,

The insect as found in the Laccadive Islands differs slio'htly
from the D. cocofis found on the Fiji cocoanuts, inclining more to
yellow than red in colour and having often only seven joints in the
antenna?. It may prove to be a variety of the true D. cocoiis.

' Part II, page 288 (1886). b 2

16

The insect has not as yet been reported from Irdia, unless
Mr. Sawyer's account of the injury done to cocoanuts in'J'ravancore
proves to be due to Aspidiotns destructor and D, cocotis.

7. Pseudo-pnlvinaria sikkimenns, Atkinson in Hit.

Trees attacked, — Cinchona sp., Oak [Quercns sp.), Chestnut
[Castania sp.) This insect when reported appeared to be new to
science and was put by Mr. Atkinson, who described it, into a new
genns which he named P seudo-pulvinaria.

The insect appeal's in the cold weather in the form of a flour-
like substance on the under-side of the leaves of oak, chestnut
and cinchona, and matures about April. It is stated that it has
not yet been reported to do any considerable damageito the leaves
of these trees,

8. Ceroplastes ceri/erua, Sign. White insect wax.

Sign. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5), Vol. II, p. 40 {1872).
Trees attacked. — Asan [Terminalia tomentosa, W. and A.).
Harra {Terminalia chehula, Retz), Pipal {Ficus reUgiosa, Linn.),
Mango [Mangifera indica, Linn.), etc. This insect is mentioned
here as it lives on a variety of trees though the writer does not
consider it does much damage. It was at one time thought that
it would have a commercial value, as it resembles the Chinese
Eriocerus pela, which has long been cultivated in China, the wax
being used in candle-making. The wax of C. ceriferus has been
found, however, to burn with too smoky a flame.

The writer has found the insect on most of the above trees in
Chota Nagpur (Singhbhum).

Note. — Carteria lacca, Kerr, and Coccus cacti, Linn . Neither the lae
insect {Carteria lacca, Kerr) nor the cochineal insect {Coccos cacti, L ) which
are both coccids are mentioned in the above list. They are so obviously useful
as revenue yielders, more especially the lac insect, that they can hardly be
termed forest pests.

Carteria lacca, Kerr —

Kerr. Phil. Transact. (1781), 374, ^gs. a, h.

The lao insect feeds on a number of trees a list of which is given in Appen-
dix B. They feed on the young twigs of the tree, sucking up their juice.

Laeva. — When the larvse or grubs escape from their ego^s they crawl about
in search of fresh sappy twigs. When satisfied they become fixed, sucking up the
sap by means of their beak or proboscis, with which they have pierced through
the yonng bark. In tliis position they form a sort of cocoon by excreting a
resinous substance. The male cocoon is ovoid in shape, the female circular.
In about 2\ months the female has become matured and also the mule. The
female, however, remains in situ and throws up around itself a more perfect
coating of resin, and this is the lac which has a commercial value.

Coccus cacti, Linn.

Lin. Syst. Nat. {1736), 742, 22.

Coccus cacti, the cochineal insect is not indigenous to India, but was intro-
duced in 1795, when it was placed on the indigenous Opuntia, on which it was
found to thrive very well.

The insect has a large commercial value.

17

Family 11.— Aphidw,

This family have been reported as attackia<2f the leaves of trees
and also distortini; the branches by the formation ou them of
galls.

1. Pemphigus cinchona, Buckton— 5«C/t^(?« in litt.

Tree atlacked.-^ Cinchona (Cinchona sp.)

This is a minute insect found feeding on cinchona in Sikkim,
but it has not been noticed as doing much damage.

2. Pemphigus edijicator, Buckton—

Buck. Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. Ill, No. 1, pp. 71-73.

Tree attacked. — Pistacea terebinthus, Linn.

This pest forms galls on Pistacea terebinthus. Both insect
and galls have been described by Mr. Buckton as follows : —

•* These galls were of various sizes, some of them measuring
as much as 4*5 inches or 11"5 cm. in length, whilst others did
not exceed the size of a small walnut. In width they were about
3'0 cm. The larger kinds had somewhat of the appearance of
contorted figs more or less compressed and indented ; but probably
they were more cylindrical when fresh and green. Their prevail-
ing colour was ferruginous-yellow or reddish. Surfaces were
turrowed longitudinally with shallow streaks.

" The gall-like bodies seem to be formed directly from the leaf
stalks of the trees and not from the leaves. Whilst some were
pyriform, others had a singular contorted shape, and were twisted
like a corkscrew. They terminated at their summits in a horny
point.

" When cut across they showed hard woody walls varying
in thickness. Each had but a single cavity without partitions,
and in some cases the outer walls were perforated by one or two
small round holes the size of large shot, by which the mature
insects escape.^^

The galls examined by Mr. Buckton contained winged and
apterous Aphid a.

Imago.— 'Ivoago wholly black. Head small, furnished with
normally formed eyes and the usual supplementary eyelet ; anten-
na half the length of the body, seven-jointed, counting the
terminal process as a joint. Third and sixth joints the longest
and apparently not tuberculated. Notum and pronotum broad j
abdomen ringed and tapering to a rounded cauda. Nectaries not
visible. Legs black, the hinder pair hirsute. Tarsus two-jointed
with claws. Upper wings about twice the length of the body.
Costal edge strong with a broad black cubital vein, ending beyond
the middle of the costa with a broadly banded black stigma, having
an internal dark cell. Stigmatic vein long and curved. Second

18

vein short and disconnected from the cubitus. Third vein joined
to the cubitus and widely forked close to its insertion.

liTiini Trrrminrmiii nil mil fM-irii-Mmnn— ^nniTiii-t Tin

Fig. 12. — FempMgus edificator.

The figure, Fig. 12, shows the winged insect with diagrams of
its antennse and legs. The size of the specimens is indicated by
hair lines. The gall shown is lialf natural size.

Locality from where reported. — The galls were obtained by
Mr. C. F. Elliott, who found them on the twigs of Pistacea tere-
hintjius. The trees were discovered in November 1891 growing
in a forest in the dry bed of a broad stony ravine about 3,000 feet
above the sea-level near Harnai, on the Sind-Peshin section of the
North- Western Railway, Baluchistan, Almost every tree had
a dozen or more of these galls towards the extremities of the
branches. The galls were of every shape, some empty, some
opening and the flies swarming out, some still with the young
insects closed up inside.

3. PempJtigus napceus, Buckton—

Buck. Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV, No. 3, pp. 50-51.

Tree attacked. — Poplar (? Poptilus e^iphratica, 0\Wiev) .

This insect forms galls on tlie twigs of the poplar tree. The
galls have a shining green surface, slightly veined with brown,
and variegated with yellowish patches.

19

They are mostly roundish ; but some occur of irregular shapes,
about I'lO X 0'50 inches in measurement.

AVhen cut open they show a sincc'e chamber tenanted by twenty
or more insects, some of which are in the pupal and others in the
winged form. The alate insects are of two sizes, one being about
twice the size of the other. A much larger female, which is
blind and apterous, may also be found; she is the foundress of
the colony and originally produced the first walls of the gall-
structure.

An apertnre at the side affords an exit for the winged females
when they are matured.

Pupa. — Pupa entirely yellow ; size 0"15 inch.

Foundress. — Globose, shining yellow. Antenna; very short,
black, and obscurely five-jointed. Rostrum stout aud short.
Eyes none, legs black. Size O'll x 0'9 inches.

Whhjed Imaffo.—The winged female may be thus described :—
Body robust. Head and thorax, both above and below, shining
black. Abdomen pale, greenish yellow, smooth and immaculate.
Antennce black, and about the length of the abdomen. First two
joints globose, third joint ringed and about equal to the fourth
and fifth taken together, the sixth ending in a blunt nail, and
equal to the fifth. Eyes large with the usual superimposed tuber-
cle. Nectaries none. Legs black with rather long tarsi. Upper
wings ample with rounded tips. Veins, fine and black, with a
conspicuous dark stigma. The neuration approaches that of a
Schizoneura, inasmuch as the third vein does not meet the cubital.
Notwithstanding this peculiarity Mr, Buckton regards this insect
as a Pemphigus and nearly allied to P. spirotheca of Koch, which
in Europe also forms globular galls on the poplar [Popultcs nigra).

The expanded winged female measures 0"36 x O'll inch. The
rostrum is short and equal to the width of the thorax. The
smaller-winged forms are believed to belong to an earlier brood
as they do not appear to be males. Plate II (1) shows various
stages of this insect.

Locality from lohere reported. — This homopterous insect forms
smooth rounded galls on the twigs of the poplar tree growing ab
an elevation of 9,000 feet in the Valley of the Yasin Kiver, near
the Darkot Pass.

4. Pemphigus immunis, Buekton—

Bud'. Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. IV, No. 3, p. 51,
Tree attacked. — Aspen [Populus iremula.)

This insect forms rather large galls, I'iiO x I'iO inches, on the
aspen tree. Specimens gathered at an elevation of 4, GOO feet and
preserved in alcohol show a hard woody exterior ; sonittiines tliey
have a rough surface, like that of a walnut shelly whilst others

20

show a guasi'imhiicsAion^ as seen iu the figure. The interior is
thrown into smooth but deep furrows. The aperture near the
apex has i-ough corrugated edges^ or lips, like the excresceoees
made by P. bursarius of Europe. The galls made by P. immnnis
are much larger than those made by P. napoRus, and they differ
in several particulars from those made by P. bicrsarius.

Pupa. — The pupae are stout, ovate, greenish yellow, with short
wing cases and dark legs. They are numerous in the interior
of the galls. Size 0'08 x O'Oi inch.

Imago, — Winged viviparous female. Head and thorax more
or less shiny piceous biown, not black. Antennae short, blacky
five or obscurely six- jointed, the third joint hardly at all ringed ;
the last joint often dilated at the tip. The wing veining is much
like that of P. napxus, but much paler, and the stigma faintly
brown. All the upper side of the thorax brown; but this tint
is confinei to a saddle-shaped dark spot on the sternal aspect.
Eyes rather small, legs black. The wiiole insect is more slender
and more ovate than is seen iu P. napoeus. In the colour of the
thorax aud abdomen it also differs from P. bursarius. These
characters, coupled with the different habitats, justify a separa-
tion from either of these species. Plate II (2) shows several stages
in the life history of this aphid.

Locality from where reported. — The insect was found forming
large galls on the aspens growing at Buuji on the road to Gilgit.

NoiE. — Tbe above descriptions of Pemphigus napoeus and P. immunis
are both by Mr. Bucktou, au authority ou Aphidce.

5. Ceretaphis sp.—

Tree attacned .^'Cmch.ona, {^Cinchona sp.)

A minute insect which lives on cinchona but h^s not yet been
noticed to do any damage in particular. The larva seems to be
blind, whilst the winged insect is well provided with eyes.

Locality from lohere reported. — The insect was obtained by
Mr. Qamuaie of the cinchona plantation at Mungphu in Sikkim.
The specimens sent were inadequate, and further specimens have
been })romised to enable the aphid to be correctly identified and
named. Plate 1 (2) shows this insect magnified.

6. Oregma bambusce, Buckton.

Suck. Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. Ill, p. 87, 108,

Tree attacked .'—Kaltnug [Bambusa arundinacea, Retz.).

Mr. Buckton iu describing this insect remarks that hitherto
these homoptera [aphidce) have been regarded as chiefly inhabitiag
temperate regions of the world, but there are reasons for believing
that observation only is needed to prove the existence of diverse
specioa which control the vegetation flourishing under the equator.

21

Larva. — The small auJ larval forms have the t-^o cornua below
the vertex much produced us shown in I'igure 13 vi. ligure 13

Fig. Vi. — Orcfjma hamhusce.

shows (i) alate female insect, (ii) antenna of same, (iii) tarsus and
part of tibia, (iv) caudal endj (v) young specimen of larva, (vi)
magiiiHed view <.if head %vith cornua, etc.

Imago. — The apterous and winged female inseccs are described
below.

Apterous viviparous female. — Body globose, less bo in the
immature forms. Corrugated and constricted into segments.
Vertex with two cornua. Eyes very srniill. Notum narrow

i' JLi. 14. — Orcc/ma hamhusce.

22

Hostrum very difficult to see, issuing from the under* side of the
tborax, much as in Coccus. Antennse about half tbe length of
the body, obscurely five- jointed and ending- with a nail-like process.
Legs short. Tarsi with two articulations. Colour gieenish-
brown, more or less mottled with black. Size 0*070 x 0'050 inch.

The insect clusters on tbe upper surfaces of the bamboo cover-
ing the foliage of the plants with its sooty black excretion, thereby
doing some injury. The figure, Fig. 14, shows (1) apterous vivi-
parous ? ; (2) under-side of the head showing position of rostrum
between the fore cox89, the two cornua and antennse ; (3) ; the two-
Jointed rostrum; (4) the cornicle; (5) tarsus; (6) abdominal apex
of immature forms.

Winged female, — Body wholly black. Head moderate with-
out marked cornua. Eyes obvious, antennse about one-third the
length of the body, five-jointed, the apex minute. The third
joint much the longest and more than double the length of the
fourth, both these and the fifth joint numerously ringed.
Rostrum short. Wings ample, membrane rather fuscous.
Cubitus with a marked punctured stigma. Cubical vein once
forked and not confluent with the cubitus. Lower winga normal.
Caudal end bilobed.

Locality from where reported. — In March 1892 specimens
of this insect were forwarded by the Director of the Forest School,
Dehra Dun, to the Indian Museum, Calcutta. It was found attack-
ing the leaves of the Bamhusa arundinacea in the school com-
pound. The insect covered the leaves with a black sticky gum,
which was in such quantities that it fell off in drops. From
these specimens the apterous $ was described by Mr. Buekton.
The winged ? was described from specimens sent by Mr. Green
from Ceylon, where it was found upon ' the cultivated yellow-
stemmed bamboo ' (name ?)

7. Chermes abietis, Linn. Spruce-gall aphis.

Buck. Man. Brit. ApJiides, Vol. IV, p. 24.

Tree attacked. — Himalayan spruce fir {Picea Ilorinda, Link. ==
Ahies Sniithiaiia, Forbes). This pest was found attacking the
spruce in India, and on being sent to Mr. Buekton was determined
by him to be identical with the European form, Chermes abietis.

The following notes on the life history of this pest in Europe
are extracted from a pamphlet^ by Mr. Walter Blandford, En-
tomological Lecturer at the Ro3'al Indian Engineering College,
Cooper's Hill.

> "Insects injurious to coniferte," by Mr. W. F. H. Blandford, M.A., F.R.
H. S . F. Z. S., printed in the Journal of the Roi/al Sorticultuml Society,
Vol. XlV, Conifer Conference Report.

23

JEgg, — A mass of esrgs are laid by paithenogenetic females in
April at the spot (generally at the junction of two branches) at
which they attach themselves.

Larva. — The larvoB when hatched penetrate the surrounding
parts of the shoot with their beaks; the shoot swells as do the
bases of the needles, and a growth commonly known as a * Pine-
apple gall' or 'Spruce-gall' results. This gall somewhat re-
sembles a small tir cone about an inch long, with the surface
divided into small convex areas, each bearing a short needle-like
projection in the middle ; these are deformed needles, which, be-
coming swollen, touch each other on the outside of the gall, but
which are separate inside, so that the gall contains a series of
cavities or chambers. In these cavities the larvae live in num-
bers, either entering the chambers during the growth of the gall
or being enclosed by the swelling of the surrounding needles; on
this point there is a difference of opinion. The galls sometimes
completely surround the base of the shoot, sometimes they are
only developed on one side. The larvae are closely packed in the
chambers, from 20 to {30 being found iu each one. They are full
grown in August.

Imago. — When full grown the larvae acquire wings and leave
the chambers by apertures left by the shrinking apart of the
leaves.

These insects are winged females, and their special function
is that of spreading the species to other trees. They spread over
adjacent trees (a certain number of them migrating to the larch),
feed as before and lay their eggs, which are covered with a
cottony deposit.

The males (which have recently been discovered) appear in
the autumn only and pair with the females. From the sexually-
produced e^^ arises the wingless female form (stem mother)
who lives through the winter and lays in April the mass of eggs
with which this description started.

In Europe there is also a Chremes infestino: the larch tree
{Larix eitropf^a, D. C), and recent researches have shown that
the two are alternating forms of one and the same species. The
sexual generation occurs at most once a year and always on the
spruce, while it is separated from its successor by a series of
agamic generations, consisting entirely of female forms which
may remain on the spruce or may migrate to the larch, the forms
on the latter tree being therefore all agamic.

If the above discovery is correct it will be most interesting
to find out the second host plant in India, In Europp the spruce
and larch are often planted together, and this favours the insect.
If the spruce is pure forest at Chakrata, from where the insect
has been reported, it may be found that in India C, abietis is able
to exist on one host-plant.

24

Locality from where reported. — In April 1892 some galls
found oil the spruce fir trees near Chakrata, in the North-West
Himalayas, were sent to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by the
Director of the Forest School, Dehra. The insect responsible for
the galls proved to be C. abietis. In July 1893 further specimens
were sent from the North-West Himalayas by Mr. A. Smythies.
At Deobaa Mr. Smythies observed Ithe emergence of the winged
itnago on July 21st. In the months of May and June only
immature specimens were to be found.

The specimens were identified by Mr. Buekton as C. abietis.

The effect of the galls on the tree is to cause crippling of the
attacked shoot, and when they are abundant the general growth
of the tree is much impaired. Plate IXa shows a gall of CAermes
abietis on a spiuce-twig.

Family lll.—Psyllidce,

1. Psylla cistellafa, Buekton.

Buck. Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. Ill, p. 91.
Tree attacked.'— Mango {Mangifera indica, Linn.).

This insect attacks the mango and causes the terminal shoots
of the tree to assume the form of imbricated pseudo-cones of a
bright green or yellow colour, thus aborting them. These
pseudo-cones were found to contain mature P. cistellata. When
cut open the cones show a central pillar from which septa or
curved walls proceed and form chambers which appear to have
tree communication one with the other. These cones would be

Fig. 15. — JPsylla cistellata^

25

formed by the tree under the irritation produced by the larvto
sucking the juices of the branches. When mature, winged insects

Fig. 16. — Mango-twigs with shoots aborted by P. cistellata.

would issue from these cones. Figure 1 5 shows the winged insect
with much enlarged diagrams of the wings, head, and one of the
legs. Figure 16 shows the end of a mango-twig with aborted
shoots. The size of the insect is indicated by the hair line.

Locality from where reported. — In April 1891 the Director
of the Forest School, Dehra, forwarded blighted shoots of mango
to the Calcutta Museum, with the information that the whole of
the mango trees in a large garden near Dehra were attacked,
although strangely enough other trees close by had not suffered.
The insect was sent home to Mr. Bnckton and determined by
him as a new species of the genus Psylla which he named
cistellata.

2. Phacojiteron lentiginosnm, Buckton.

Buck. Ind. 3fus. Notes, Vol. Ill, JSo. 5, p. 18.

Tree attached. — Kaikar {Garvga pinnata, Roxb.).

Specimens of this insect were forwarded to the Indian Museum
in May 1893 by Mr. Marshall Woodrow from Poona.

The insect was found attacking Garvga pinnuta, galls arising
from these attacks. Mr. Buckton, whilst describing and naming
tlie species, stated that the specimens received by him were
mildewed Irom damp, and that more specimens were required to

26

make his observations complete. Ouly the winged form of tlie
insect was present.

Fig. 17. — Fhacopteron lentighiosum.

Pigure 17 shows (1) the winged female; (3) the insect seen
in profile, showing the overhanging pronotum ; (3) tarsal joints
and claws ; (4) antenna.

Family IV ,— Cercopidw,

1. Maeh(srota sp. —

Tree attacked, — Farash {Tamarix articulata, Vahl).

Specimens of cases ('' webs ") made by a Homopterous insect,
probably belonging to the genus Macharota, were received from
the Deputy Conservator of Forests, Multan. When fresh these
webs are elastic and can be pulled out to ten and twelve times
their own length without breaking. He stated that it was rather
rare on the farash tree and that he could not find it on any other
tree nor could he find any insect. The damage done is so far
small j the twigs dry up.

Family 'V,— Cincadellidoe.

1. Idiocerus niveosparsuSj Lethiery.

Jour. A. S. B., Calc, 1889, p. 252.
Tree attacked. — Mango [Mangifera indica, Linn.).
This pest appears to subsist upon the juices of the flowers,
young leaves, and young shoots of the mango.

27

Imaffo.^-^T^hQ winched insect is small, dark -coloured and wedge-
shaped. It is stated that it cannot fly far, and when disturbed
flies out among the leaves for a few seconds and immediately
Battles upon them again. The insects are found on the mango all
the summer, but do most damage when the trees are in flower by
damaging the reproductive organs and thus causing interference
with the setting of the fruit. Plate I (3) shows this insect.

LocaJUy from where reported. — These insects were reported
as attacking mango trees by Mr. Gollan of the Botanical Gardens
at Sahaianpur. He wrote that "last year (1888 ?) and the year
before we had the pest in myriads, and both these seasons we had
light crops of fruit, but this year a fine crop has set, and this I
attribute to the comi')arative absence of these insects."

The pest was sent to Mr. Lethiery, of Lille, who pronounced
it new to science. He discovered that three distinct species of
insect had been sent to him and named them respectively
Idiocerus tiiveosparsns, I. clypedlis and /. atJcinsonii*

3. Idiocerus cli/pealis, Lethiery.

Jour. A. S. B., Calc, 1889, p. 252.
Tree attacJied.' — Mango [Mangifera indica, Linn.).

This insect was sent with /, niveosparsns for identification'
It sucks the juices of the flowers, young leaves, and young shoots
of the mango.

3, Idiocerus atHnsonii, Lethiery.

Jouv. A. S. B. Calc, 1839, p. 252.

Tree attacked. -^^Ismgo [Mangifera indica^ Linn.).

This insect was reported to attack the mango in company
with Idiocerus niveosparsus and I. clypealis,

HETEROPTERA.

The Meter opt era, group of the Hemiptera injure trees by
sucking the juices of the leaves and young branches.

The following trees have been reported as attacked : —

Family. Tbbe attacked. Natube of attack.

1. Babul {Acacia arabica, Willd.) • Bark bored into

-r, C 1- Babul (Jcacja a/'a&iCrt, Willd.) , Bark bored int

PENTATOiiiDi • [ and drops ofE,

r. (1. GWiWs, iCasearia tomentosa, Roxb.) . Leaf juices

COBEID^ • • [ ' sucked.

ri. Chi

• j 2. Cin

1. Chilauni (Sckima Wallichii, Choisy) . Shoots and

leaves killtd.
CAPSiDi: . . j 2. Cinchona (Cinchona sp.) Leaf juices

sucked.

28

Family Vh—PentatomidcB.

1. Genus? species? —

Tree attached, — Babul [Acacia arahica, Willd.).

Specimens o£ an insect said to be destructive to tbe babul tree
in tbe Jerruck forest, Sind, were sent to the Calcutta Museum in
December 1895. In connection with them the Deputy Conserva-
tor o£ Forests, Jerruck, Sind, wrote as follows : —

" I am sending you by post a small insect which I removed
from between the bark and wood of a babul tree yesterday
morning. This insect evidently does a great deal of damage to
babul, judging from its attack on the particular tree. The bark
was discoloured and it was commencing to fall off.

" The larvae of the insect weave a sort o£ web in the inter-
stices of the bark, and I presume they subsequently bore into it
and make it drop off. •'"'

The specimens proved to be the immature form of a bug belong-
ing to the family Pentatomida, the material being insufficient for
precise identification. Further specimens are required, as it is
extremely doubtful that a peniatomid would be guilty of such an
attack.

Family VIL—Coreidce,

1. Scutellera nobilis, Fabr. —

Lam. Hist. Nat. Hi, p. 491 {lS16)=Cimex 7iohills, Fahr,
Tree attacked, — Chilla {Casearia tomentosay Roxb.).

Specimens of this insect were forwarded to the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, by the Director of the Forest School^ Dehra
Dun, from the forests of the North- West Himalayas. The insect
was found feeding on the leaves of the Casearia tomentosa at
Kalsi on the Chakrata Road, Dehra Dun.

Nothing more seems to have been reported about the pest.

Family V 111— Caps idee.

HelopeVis thelovora, Moore. ' Mosquito Blight ' .

Waterhouse, Tras. Ent. Soc, p. 458, t. XI, f. 3 (1886).

Tree attacked. — Chilauni {Schima WallicJiii^ Choisy.) Tea
bushes.

Eggs. — Eggs are laid in the soft and young stems of the new
shoots and can be discovered by the three small hairs attached to
each which protrude from where each lies. They are -^^\^^ inch in
length and very slender. When first laid they are hard and white,
out become red on hatching.

29

Larva. — The larva becomes full <^rown in a week after its
emeiirence from the c<Tgf. It his the characteristic bn^-Iike
oilour of the larvce of tliis group. It is about yj^th inch hmp^, obtuse,
soft, with a very small clavate caudal nppeudage, colour amber-
lijiiline, but after sucking the juices of leaves for some time
it becomes fjreenish in colour. The head is horizoutiil, liostrnm
is ^rd to fths the length of tlie body, and iu repose lies quiescent
on the pectus; two eyes, no ocelli, antenna; purplish, hemelytra
rudimentary.

Imago. — The insect gradually increases in size and becomes of
a deep amber or orange colour, the antenna become lono-er and
turn to black, and the insect is less active although furnished with,
complete hemelytra^ which with the head and pronotum are black
whilst there is a broad white l)and on the abdomen.

In Darjiling District it has been noted that the insect injures
the shoots in spring and also in Sei)tpml)er, but there does not seem
to be any fixed time for the appearance of the insect or seasonal
broods. The attacked shoots become dry and withered under this
insect's operations.

Fig. 18. — Helopeltis theiovora.

The chief points about the life history to be ascertained are the
lenq-th of time passed in the various stages of development at
different periods of the year, and the method of hybernation
during the winter months. A controversy is being waged on the
latter point, and various theories have been put forward. On? is
that the insect hybernales on some jungle plant or plants.
Mr. Dudgeon's theoi'y, from whose report on the insect I have

30

extracted tue above notes, is that the insect hybernates in a semi-
doimant state near the roots o£ the tea plant, either in the larval
or imago state. When the weather liecoines warmer its vigour
returns and it recommences feeding. Figure 18 shows diagrams
of this insect.

Locality from, where reported. — The insect was reported as
injuring the chilauni tree in the Darjiling district by Mr. Harcourt.
The latter stated that the pest does not ascend above 4-j50(J feet
above sea level.

This insect is the well-known ' Mosquito Blight ' whieh does
a large amount of damage in tea gardens. A garden attacked by
the inseot soon has a brown witi ered appearance, all the shoots
and leaves drying up and dying.

2. Helopeitia febriculosa^ Begroth.

Ent. Mon., Mag., XXV, 1889, p. 271.
Tree attaclecl. — Cinchona (CincAona sp.).

This insect is closely allied to. //. theiot^ora and may prove to
be identical.

It has been reported as attacking cinchona in Sikkim, but is
not said to have done much damage.

3. Disphinctus humeralis, Walker.

Waller, Cat. Sep. Het., VI, p. 162 {1873).
Tree attacked.— C\i\G\xon2k {Cinchona sp.)
The following is a description of this insect : —
Red, slender, shining, very finely punctured ; head short,
triangular, eyes black, prominent; rostrum reaehinij: the inter-
mediate cox8e ; antennae black, very slender, first joint piceous,
rather stout, a little shorter than head ; second joint more than
thrice as long as tirst ; pronotum contracted in front, with two
transverse furrows, and with a large black spot on each side
posteriorily ; legs luteous, slender, coiium and membrane hyaline,
brownish cinereous, veins brown.

Locality from ivh ere reported, — This iusect was discovered in
1888(?) attacking the cinchona plantation at Mungphu in Sikkim.
It does not appear to have done mueh damage. Nothing further
concerning its life history seems to have been reported,

NEUROPTERA.
Ihis order is unimportant in Forestry.

31

LrCANIDJE

SCAKiBvElD^

CHAPTER III.

COLEOPTERA.

PENTAMERA.

The following is a list of the trees, witli I he pM-ts attacked, so
far reported as suffering fioni the depreciations of the Pentanierons
<.MOup of beetles : —

Family. Teee attacked. Natube of attack.

f 1. Oak . . . {Qiiercus sp.) Wood tunnelled

into.
2. Kharani . {Symplocos themfolia, Wood tunnelled

! Hain.). into,

j 3. Saucr . , {Betula cylindro- Wood tunnelled

stachys. Wall.). into.

! 4. Mnsre katus . {Castanopsis trihw Wood tunnelled
loides, A.D.C.). into.

Cusuarina . {Casuarina sp.) Wood tunnelled

into (?).

2. litis . . {Abius nepalensis, Leaves stripped
D. Don.). ofF.

3. Cocoanut . {Cocos nucifera, Wood and leaf
Liun). slioots tunnelled

into.

4. ?auer . . {Betula cylindro- Wood tunnelled
stachys, Wall.). into.

'1. Sal . . {Skorea robusta, Wood tunnelled

Gajrtn.). into.

2. Teak . . {Tectona grandis. Wood tunnelled

Linn.). into,

3 Khair . . {Acacia Catechu, Wood tunnelled

Willd.). _ into.

4. .Mango . . {Mangifera indica, Wood tunnelled
Linn.). into.

5. Kaikar . . {Gai'uga jy^-nnata, Wood tunnelled
Boxb.). into.

6. Cliir . . {Pinits longifolia, Wood tunnelled
Roxb.). into.

7. Poplar . . {Populus euphratica. Wood tunnelled
Oliv.). into.

>1. Bahera . . {Tenninalia belerica, Wood tunnelled

Roxb.). into.

2. Khair . . {Acacia Catechu, Wood tunnelled
Willd.). into.

3. Sal . * {Shorea robusta, Wood tunnelled
Gaertn.). into.

4. Bamboo . Bambusa sp. Wood tunnelled

into.

o. Kail , . (Pintfs excclsa. Shoots, branches

Wall.). and wood

attacked.

C. Galgoja . . {Pinus Gcrardiana, Shoots, branches

Wall.). and wood

attacked.

Bupbestidj;

Bostbtchidj:

32

Family l.— jAtcnuiilfP.

'Wm d imao^e to trees is done by the lavvse tuiinolling into tlie
wood.

1. Lncanus hinifer, Hope —

IIo2>e in Boyle, Hiwal. Ins., j). 55, t. 9,f. 4.
Tree attacked. — Oak [Qnerctis ^'>.)

The following is supposed to be tlie life bistory of this beetle.
Egg. — The eg-gs are said to be laid in tbe bark of trees, prob-
ably chiefly in dead and rotting ones.

Larva. — A Lucanid larva has a well marked bead, jaws, and
antennae. The head is horny. Legs long and stout. Body soft,
white, and fleshy and always bent round on itself, the last segment
being swollen in a bag-like manner.

This larva is supposed by Thompson^ to live some three to four
years before transforming into the pupal state. It lives chiefly on
rotten wood^ and is said to have a partiality for oak.

Thompson in his report makes the following statement : —

" Some idea may be formed of the ravages of these insects
when it is stated that the larvae live from three to four years in
that state in the interior of trunks of oaks, and that barely one in
ten of the trees to be met with about Nynee-'l'al does not bear the
marks of their ravages. '^ (The writer concludes that some of these
oaks must have been living, the wood being therefore still hard ami
good.) " These and larvae of Prionus (a cerambyx ?) beetles
seem exclusively to attach themselves to the oak as their habita-
tion. They bore circular chambers, penetratinir to the heart of
the stem, winding into various passages both up and down the
trunk. They eject the undigested particles through holes made
for the purpose, forming lateral communications with the main
tunnels; these particles n)ay be seen at the roots of the trees so
affected in the form of small lengthened chips.'"

Tbe writer considers that tbe greater part of this damage is
probably due to the Prionus larva, which he gathers from Mr.
Tiiompson's figure of the insect to be a longieorn beetle. Longi-
corn larvae with their powerful mandibles, straight body, and power
of rapid locomotion during their boring operations, are m.ore likely
to destroy sound timber than Lucanid larvae with their curved
bodies and swollen bag-shaped posterior segment. It is probable
that the eggs are laid in the rotten wood of trees dying from the
attacks of ' Prionus ' larvae, and the Lucanid larvae make use of the
old tunnels of the former grub, enlarging them to admit the

' Report on iiTJects destrnctive to woods and forests, by Mr. R. Tliompson,
Assistant Conservator of Forests, 1868.

Several extra-.:is from this Report will be found in hilor pages of this
pamphlet. — E. P, S.

S3

entrancp of their sack-like bodies. To a slight, extent the Kaiva ol"
Liicaiius Innifer probaljly bores into decayins- timber, but his pro-
y^ross must necessarily be snail-like, and would be practically nil it'
tiie timber it bored iuto were new and green. i\Ir. Cotes^ states
that the larva; are said to live from two to six years, but remarUs
that no very ilefniite observations seem to have been made on the
subject in India.

Pvpa. — ^Vhea full grown, the larva is said to construct a
cocoon of chips in the burrow from which the beetle afterwards
enier(;es.

Imago. — Lucanns lunifer in its imago stage is a big dark-green
coloured beetle, the male beinfj- larger than the female and pnssess-

FlG. 19. — Lucanus lunij'er, $.

' "All Elementary iManual of Zoology, designed for the use of Forest
OfKocra in India," by E. C. Cotes, hito Deputy Superiuteudent of the Iudi;iu
ilu^euui, Calcutta.

34

ino enormously deve'cpcd mandibles. They can be reeoi^nised by
thtr'v peculiar elbowed auteni)£e with flatteued terminal joints.

■ ^^^

j^^^isf.

^ ^^

1

r ^

s^^i^^^^

;

\

- ^

p-*^^-«-^

^

T

^^i^

1

^^^

^

Fig. 20. — Lucanus lunifer, ? .

The beetles are said to feed on the sap which exudes from wounds
on trees. Figure 19 represents a^ beetle, natural size, and Fio-ure
20 a specimen of the $ , also natural size.

Locality from which reported. — This is thought to be the species
described by Mr. Thompson, as above mentioned, as attacking ten
per cent, of the oaks in Nynee-Tal.

The writer has already stated that he considers it very improb-
able that this large percentage of attacked trees could be due to
Lucanid larvse.

In the writer's collection is a male specimen which he picked
up on 26th February 1896 in the Chel Valley in the east of Dar-
jiling District. Elevation 1,0U0 feet above sea level.

2. Lucanns mearen, Hope —

Hope, Froc. Ent. Soc. 1842, f. 83. Ann. Nat. Hist. XII, 4, p. 864,
Tree attached. — Kharani [Symplocos the(pfoHa, Ham.).

This insect was reported from the Darjilin^ forests by Mr. C.
G. Rogers of the Forest Department. He Btated that it bores into
the dead sap wood of the kharani tree at elevations of from five
to six thousand feet above the sea level.

3. Lucanus cantoris, Hope—

Eope, Proc. JEnt. Soc. ,1842, p. 83. Ann. Nat. Hist., XII, p. 363.

Trees atlacJced. — Sauer [Bet^tla cylin&roHlarhiJs), Musrc katus
iCadoHopsis iribuloidcs, A. DC.) and Kharani {S/jm/docos thea-
f olid J Ham.).

35

These beetles were found by the writer in considerable
numbers ia fallen and decaying Saner, Musre katus and Kharani
trees. They were chiefly found in rotten wood, and it was not
observed that any sound tree was attacked by them.

Locality from xoltere reported. — The beetles were obtained in the
Loolaojaon forest, Darjilinf^ District, at an elevation of 5,000 feet,
on April :iSth, 1896. The writer has since noticed that they are
common between 4,500 feet and 6,000 feet.

Imagoes have also been obtained in July at these elevations.

Specimens were sent to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and deter"
mined as L. cantoris.

The insect has also been found in Jaunsar, North -Western
Provinces^ at an elevation of 5,000 feet, at the end of April.

Family li.—Scnrdbaeidw,

These insects do damage both in the larval and imago state.

1. Lachnosterna impressa, Burm. — Cockchafer,

Burm. Eandh., n\ 2, p- 314.

Tree attacked. — Young plants of all kinds.

The life history of this destrirctive insect has not as yet been
properly worked out in India, but from what is known of its
confreres \n other parts of the world it is probably somewhat as
foUows : —

Effff. — 'I he eggs are laid by the female in the ground, probably
about ihe beginning of the rainy season in Northern India ; but
this point requires confirmation.

Larva. — From the eggs emerg-e small curved white grubs
armed with powerful jaws, with which they bite off the roots of
plants. These grubs never quit the ground. Tl)ey moult at in-
tervals and gradually grow bigger until they reach the size shown
in Figure 21. They then moult and change into pupae. The length
of time spent in the larval stage is not known, but it is probably a
long one. [Note. — The European species, Melolonika vutgaris,
Fabr., spends more than three years ^ in this stage, whilst the
American species Macrodactylus sutjspiuosus, Fabr., spends the
greater part of a year^ as a larva. ] A number of nearly full
«:rown larva? sent to tlie Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Darjiling
in October 1S91, remained in the earth in the bottom of the
breeding cage in which they weie kept until the following Febru-
ary, when a beetle emerged. This shows that the cold weather is
passed in the ground. This larva is the well-known 'white grub'
of tea and coffee gardens.

' OrnuTod. * Packard.

36

Tupa. — The pupal t^tage is passed ia the g^round, and it is
probable that the iusect is in this stage of its life history duriu<j

Fig. 21. — Lachnosterna impressa.

a portion, at least, of the cold weather. When the imag-o is ready
to emerge the pupal skin splits down the buck. The pupal state
is shown in Figure 21.

Imago. — The imago is a brown beetle shown, natural size, in
Figure 21. The plates of the anteimaj are movable. It emerges
from the pupal skin in the ground and then makes its way ont.
Tlie beetle flies about for a time and jierhaps eats a few leaves.
The writer has seeu them in the Darjiling forests on the wing
from the end of March, through April, into May. During these
months they mate and probably lay their eggs in the ground.'

Localit't/ from where reported.^— \w 1891 Z. m/'/e^sa appeared
in vast quantities in some of the Darjiling tea gardens and made
great havoc amongst the young tea plants. In 1^83 it did great
darnage to the public gardens, Darjiling, where some 2,69.%0.00
individuals were destroyed. In neither of these cases can any
mention of their artion in the forest be found, although it would
seem only too probable that young seedlings in nurseries, etc.,
must have suffered considerably.

2. Genus ? species ? —

Tree utlackeil. — Casuariua (Ca suartna sp.).

Some large curved grubs said to bore into the heart of
-Camarina trees and thu^ affect their growth, were forwarded

37

tlnoiii^li tlic Diiocfor of tlie Forest Scliool, Dehra Dud, from the
nistrict Forest Ollicer, Chinofleput, These Utrv;e proved to be
Coleopterous and apparently belouuffd to the sub-fainily Melolon-
thini. Further speciineus of the pest are necessary for identilica-
tion, it being considered extremely doubtful that the larvie of the
sub-family are able to injure trees in this way.

3. Anoi'iala viridis, Fabr. —

Fahr. Syst. Ent., p. 3d ; Surm. Handb., IV, 1, p. 275.

Tree attackfd. — Utis {Alnns nepalensis, D. Don.).

This insect was reported from the Darjiling forests by Mr. C'
G. Rogers, Deputy Conservator of Forests, It is stated to strip
the leaves off the utis tree growing at elevations of from five to
six thousand feet above sea level. The damage was noticed to
take place in June.

4-. Ori/cteis rhinocwos} Linn. — * Rhinoceros beetle.^

Linn. Si/st. Nat., ed. XI, p. 346, ed. XII, I, 2, p. Sid.

Tree attacked. — Cocoanut [Cocoa nuciftra, Linn.).

This is a large black or brown beetie with a protuberance like
the immature horn of a rhinoceros on the up[)er part of its head.
It is very injurious to p;ilm trees, esjieeially the eocoanut palm.
The damage is done to the tree by the insect cutting large holes
through the young leaf shoots. The following is an extract from a
letter on this subject received in the Indian Museum, Calcutta : —

" This beetle is very common in Katinra and does much miscLief to cocoa-
nut trees. It attacks the trees at the ojiuwing point and burrows downwards,
lu doing this it eats through the folded young fronds, so that, when they
expand, they appear to have been cut in regular patterns."

It is stated, in another account, that if a beetle effects a perma-
nent lodgment in the heart of a tree, that tree will die.

Locality from lohere reporied. — The insect has been reported as
extremely destructive in Madras and Singapore. It has also been
noticed in Calcutta.

5. Genus ? sp.?

Tree attacked, — Saner [Bctula cylindrodachys, Wall.).

This insect was found in the mature state in a decaying Sauer
log. It was forwarded to the Indian Aluseum, Calcutta, for ideuti-
fiotttion, but proved to be new to the Museum collection.

Locality from lohere reporied. — The beetle was found by the
writer in a decaying Sauer log in the Loolagaon forest, Darjiling
District, in April iSUf), at an elevation of 5,100 feet above sea level.

* This insect is mentioned in a pamphlot entitled " Destruction of cocoa-
nut palms by beetles," by Mr. Kidley. Government Press, Singapore, 1889.

38

Family 111.— Buprestidw,

In this family the injury is done in the larval state of the
insect, the larvae tunnelling into the wood.

1. Chri/sohothris sexnotata, Gory.

Gory. Monogr. des Bicprestides, IV, p. 159, t. 27, fig. 154.
Tree attacked. — Sal {Shorea rohusta, Gsertn.).

Egg, — It is believed that the eggs ai'e laid iu fissures of the bark
of the tree attacked. The time of laying and the length of the
egg stage has not 3'et been noted.

Larva. — According to Thompson " the larva, after acquiring
maturity, bores into the timber to the depth of from two to three
inches, making a diamond -shaped orifice ".

Pupa. — According to the above mentioned author the larva
changes into the pupal state iu the diamond-shaped orifice.

Imago. — This is a prettily-coloured beetle, and is thought to be
the one reported by Thompson as found by himself in fallen sal

Fig. 22. — Clirysohothris sexnotata.

logs. The insect sometimes infests the tree in vast numbers, render-
ing the timber unfit for use afterwards. Apparently it is only
dead and dyirg trees that are affected in this way. Thus ringing
sal trees several years before they are felled (so as to render them
lighter for floating and transport purposes) is a dangerous practice,
the timber being rendered liable to attacks; by these insects. Figure
22 represents an imago of C. sexnotata.

Locality from which reported. — C. sexnotata is thought to be
the insect reported by Mr. Thompson as attacking felled sal logs
in the KotreeDun, North-West Provinces, in 1860.

2. P&ilopterafastuosa, Fabricius.
Fahr. Syst. Ent.,p. 216 ; Cast, et Gory. Monogr. I,p. 84, t. 22, fig. IU.
Tree attached. — Teak {Tectona grandis, Linn.).

Specimens of this beetle were forwarded through the "Madras
Museum to the Indian Museum, Calcutta

39

Fig. 23. — Psilopterafastuosa.

They were reported to injure the Government Teak Plantations

at Nilarabar, Malabar, by boring into the wood.

Nothing- seems to have been recorded on the habits of this pest.
Fignre 23 represents a dorsal view of the insect, natural size.

3. Belionota scutellaris, Fabr.
Fahr. Syst. JEl. II., p. 203 ; Cast, et Gory. Honor/ >:, II, p. 4, t. 1, fig, 2.

Tree atliicktd. — Khair {Acacia cntechuj Willd.).

This is stated by Mr. Thompson to be a very handsome beetle.

The specimen obtained was found by him in the dead branch of
a living khair tree, and the death of the limb is stated to have been
due to larvae of this insect.

/ v.; 7 ' \

Fig. 24,.~Belionota scutellaris.

Locality from where reported- — Reported from the Dun forests,
North- West Provinces, by Mr. Thompson in IStiS.

Figure 2 i shows a dorsal and side view of an imago of ^•
scutellaris^ natural size.

40

4. Uiuletermiueil Baprcxlidre.

Three other s[)(!cies of Bnprestidce liave been reported :is tun-
nel liug' into the wood of trees, but very little else seems to be
Unowu about tliftm and they aie as yet unclassified.

(a) A lai'^e species, of which a larva was found tunnelling'
into the mango {Magnifera indica) tree in tlie Dun
(Thompson). A similar larva was found by the writer
tunnelling into the Garuga pitmata tree in the Terai
forests in the Darjiling* District. An attempt was
made t») obtain the imago from it, but it was not suc-
cessful, as the larva died.

(i) A small species of a shining olive colour with yellowish
white spots is said to attack chir [Pin us longifolia)
wood, sometimes rendering it unfit for beams
^Thompson).

(c) A species was sent to the Mxiseum at Calcutta from
Baluchistan, said to have been found boring into the
poplar (? Populns euphratica) tree.

Family IV. — Mlateridm— Click Beetles.

This family has not yet been reported as doing damage in our
Indian forests. Mr. Cotes in his Manual of Zuology makes the
following remark : —

" As yet they [Elateridce] have only been reported as injurious
to potato plants in India, but considering how much dainage they
do to other plants in Europe and America, these pests are ones
that should be noticed'*' (by Forest Oti'cers).

It is in the larval state that they do tlie damage, the worm (well
known as the * wire worm ' in Europe) feeding on the roots of
plants, Immense damage is done to forest nurseries in Europe by
tliis wire-worm pest, the larvae moving down the lines in which
the young seedlings are planted and cutting through the roots
beneath the ground. With reference to such attacks it is worth
noting that in the Indian Forester^ SirD. Bnmdis mentions, in a
note, that although damage by insects has not yet made itself greatly
felt by Forest Otiiceis in India, indications are not wantin**- that the
change which systematic tbrpst management must necessarily intro-
duce into the conditions of forest vegetation will facilitate the
development of insects injurious to trees and timber.

1. Mtlauotns fnseus, Fabr.

Fahr. 8>jst., ed. II, p. 228 ; Cand. Mon. El. Ill, p. 335.

Some specimens of this Elaier were sent to the Indian Museum
by the writer in July lbU6. They were found in rotten wood in

' Indian Forester, Vol. IX, p. 236.

41

tlie Oarjilini; forosls. ElattMid lar\rc arc ol'loii foninl in piicli
j>laces, but piol»ably do uo damag-e to wootl. The lai vro of M.
fnscvs are carnivorous.

Family V.—Jiostri/r/Hdce.

The chief damap^e done to trees by fhis family oP beetles is
caused by the inia^'o tunnelling- into the wood.
1. Si/tioxiloii sp. —

Trecx atlac'ced. — T^rmhialia /jelt'ricrt; lioxh., Acacia ca'rclni
\A illd., Sal {SJtorea robusfa, Gajrtn.). '

'I'he precis-^ identification of this insect has not as vet been
ascertained, but Dr. Gunther of the British Museum has placed it
in this g'l-nus.

It was at the time of its submissal unnamed in the British
Museum.

^ffff- — This stage dees not seem to have l)een not^d.

larv^. — The lurva lives either in the bark of treses or in dead
and rotting- wood.

Pi^jpa. — This stage has not been noticed.

7?//«^o.— This is a small Bosdyc/ml beetle of about a quarter of
an inch in length. The figure, Fig. 25, shows the insect enlarged

Fig. 25. — Sinoxylon sp.

and gives magnified diagrams of the antennce and first, second and

thin -'■ ' • • — . - -

ai

- -,..-.. ^.c._.,..,^^v^ vMci-iama ui Liie aniennsc ana inst, second and
.luri pair of legs respectively. The beetle is cylindrical in shape
md tunnels into and often liddles wood.

42

Locality from where reported. — Specimens of Sinoxj/lon were
forwarded to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Mr. Gieadow of
the Foiest Department in February 1891. He reported tliat it
infested the Terminalia helericn tree in the Tliana district, Bombay.
In July 1893 specimens were forwarded through the Imperial
Forest School, Dehra. The beetle was found tunnelling into the
sap wood of Acacia catechu.

In Auo-ust 1894 some specimens of this Bostrychid beetle were
sent to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Mr. A. Smythie?, officiat-
ing Conservator of Foiests, Shillong, witli the information that
tliey wure found boring into tea box planks at Tezpur, where they
are locally called ' Ghoong.'

2. Sinootylon anale, Lesne.

Tree attacked. — Sal {Shorea robnsta).

In June 1897 the writer sent some specimens, obtained from
dead sal logs and beams in the Singhbhum reserved forests in Chota
Nagpur, to the Indian Museum for identification.

These beetles do damage by boring into the beams, rafters, and
oth3r supports of the wooden forest rest-houses in Singhbhum.
These houses are built almost entirely of sal wood, and the beetles
may be heard at work boring in the wood from March on into the
rains, whilst tables, chairs, and floors become covered with particles
of saw-dust drojtping from the roof above, The writer noticed
that most of this work was done in the early morning, even-
ing, and during the night. During the heat of the day the
boring sounds almost entirely ceased. These beetles were identified
in the Indian Museum as a species of Sinoxylon unnamed in the
Museum accompanied by Bostrychus jesqiita, Fabr., mentioned
below. Both these beetles were found by the writer on the wing
and at work during the same period of time. The Sinoocylou was
very kindly identified for me by Mr. W. F. H. Blandford as
S. anale of the British Museum Collection.

It is also found attacking sickly sal trees in the forest.

3, Boslrychus jesuita, Fabr. —

Fahr. Ent. Sj/st., 1, 2, p. 361.

Tree nttached.' — Sal [Shorea rolnsta, Gsertn.).

As mentioned above this insect attacks dead sal logs and
beams, etc., in the Singhbhum sal forests. Both in 1896 and 1897
the writer noticed them to be very plentiful, probably owing to
some large departmental sleeper-cutting operations that were
undertaken during these years in those forests. Its life history
has not as yet been worked out.

4. I)ino//irus sp. — Bamboo borer.
Tree ailackecL — Bamboos.

43

This insect was submitted to Dr. Guiithev, who h:is re]>oite(l
that it is unrepresented in ihe British Museum.

Egg. — The eg^gs are laid in the outer layer of the wood of
hamboos.

Larva. — The larva is a small white grub, somewhat curved,
with six \c^s.

Pupa. — The pupal stage does not seem to have been noticed.
Imago. — The beetle is brown in colour and small. It is cylin-
drical witli a liood-like thorax, which is covered in front with H;it

Fig. 26. — Dinoderus sp.

projections like a rasp. The serrate antennse are not angled as in
bark beetles. Figure 26 shows the imago enlarged, also much
miignified diagrams of the antennse and first, second, and third
l)airs of legs, numbered 1, 2, and 3 respectively.

The following is an extract from a letter received by the Indian
Museum authorities, Calcutta, from Mr. G. Anderson of Munzer-
alad, Mysore : —

''This class destroys bamboos, watties (basket reeds), and
many jungle woods. The natives have a supeistition that no
jungle poles or bamboos should he cut when the moon is full, as
they argue that the sap is then very abundant, and unless tlie
bamboos are well soaked in a tank and well preserved with plenty
of smoke they will be rapidly destroyed by the ' cootee ' (native
name of insect) and other borers ... . .''

41.

The following is an exiraot from Ii'dian Museum Notes * on
•(his siit)j'ct : —

"It may be observpd that all the substances which Mr. Andpr-
son mentions are not likely to be attacked by the s;ime species,
tlion<>:li they may. be attacked by species wliich are very nearly
allied to each other. The idea wiiich prevails with regard to the
effect of the moon is a curious one, and would really seem to have
some foundation of fact to rest upon, the writer having been tnld
that it prevails generally both in Behar and in the North- West.

''About the only explanation that has been put forward is to
the effect that the ' cootee ', like most other wood-boring insects,
prefers to lay its eggs in wood which has commenced to wither and
wliich consequently has no longer a healthy flow of sup to interfere
with the insect in its burrow ... .If this

is so, the time immediately after the bamboo has been cut down
wonld be the most likely one for it to be attacked
This exphmation, however, requires confirmation.

''It seems to be the generally received idea that soaking
bamboos, ;ind also other timber, in water for a considerable time,
immediately after it has been felled, makes it less liable than it
otherwise would be to suffer from boring beetles of all kinds.
It is supposed that not only does the water prevent the beetles lay-
ing their eggs during the time the wood is immersed in it, butth;it
it also drowns the insocts already at work and dissolves much of
the nutritive matter on which they would otherwise feed.''

That bamboo.s, once sickly and dying or dead, suffer laigely
from the attacks of small beetles must be obvious to the most
superficial observer who glances over a bamboo clump. The stems
will be found riddled with minute holes, the work of these in^jects.
As a sequence to these attacks it follows that bamboos that might
have served some useful purpo?es are destroyed. Writing for
Biny^al, when bamboos are sold from a forest the purchaser collects
a certain number together in one spot^ cut from clumps scattered
over the adjacent forest, so as to facilitate the checking of the
number cut with the permit before they leave the forests. Thus
these baml)oos, after being cut, remain for a few days in the forest.
The. writer has noticed that they are, where possible, collected
in some nullah containing water in which the bamboos are
submerged. This preserves them both from drying up and from
boring-insect attacks. This procedure has been noticed in the
Singhbhum, Uarjiling, and Chittagong districts.

Localiffi from tohere reported. — It is couf^idered probal)le that
the insect is common to all parts of India where bamboos grow.

It has been reported from Mysore by Mr. G. Anderson and

* Vol. I, No. 1, pa^^e 44.

45

from Dehra Dun, wheie it was obtained by Mr. R. D. Oldham
from a tent pole which it had completely destroyed.

NoTB. — In the Indian Forester,^ under the heading " Notes on Inoect
ravages in Pine Forests," there is an article signed G. G. 31. Tlie insects
ftllucieil to areuuniistakeably BostrijcJiiJ, and are probably species of Sinoxijlon
or allied geneia. The following are extracts from the note : —

" Tiie study and pievontion of disease in forest trees is of such great
importance, and so intimately connected with the prosperity of forests, that a
few notes on a disease in the form of a pest of insects which has done exten-
sive injnry in many of the pine forests under my charge in the Sutlej Valley
(Bashahr), may be of interest.

" Tiie pest to which my notes refer, made its appearance during the summer
of 1S82 and spread at an alarming rate oyer large areas. Young, vigorous
trees invariably shook it off, but less hardv ones were either rapidly killed, or
after lincjering for some time died out. Tlie leaves of infected pines turned au
unhealthy yellowish colour, and the brandies dried and curled up into claws,
giving a most wretched appearance. At the end of the rains the disease
abated, and to all seeming disappeared, and for four years the forests were free
from its ravages. But in .June 1887 it returned, and this time attacked both
the P'nuis excelsa and Finns Gerardiana. In July I noticed that the leaves
of the affected trees were beginning to change colour, and that the insect had
prepared for first operations the ends of branches and that it had tunnelled
out between the bark and the sap wood longitudinal galleries, which, on close
inspection, I found to contain larva> and weevils. I continued to observe these
during the rains, ......; later on when no more

larva) reaaained the perfect insect abandoned the tender shoots for larger
branches, through which it worked holes as far as the heart-wood, and in the
direction of the axis of the stem. Branches thus attacked were tatooed all over
and did not survive lonsr. This destructive insect ... is one-

tenth inch in length with dull brown coloured eljtra, and its larva is a small
white grub of the same length ... Its duration of activity is
three months, which is as long as the rains last, for at the end of September its
depredations ceased and in October I had difficulty in finding any beetles alive.
But doubtless they leave behind in dead wood ample deposits of eggs, which are
hatched on some favourable atmospheric change occurring,

"At Chnnga Manga '(a plantation)' in 1875-76 after large thinning opera-
tions the ground was littered with refuse of wood, and a similar pest occurred."

HETEROMES-A.

This group is unimportant. Trees, etc., attacked are —
Family. Tree attacked. Natuee of attack.

CaNTHabidj; . 1. Lonicera anr/nstij'olia, W. and Leaves eaten.
L. quinqueloculari.t, Hardw.

Tenebbionid^ 2. Sandal-wood {Santal urn album Stems bored into.
Linn.).

Family Vl.— Cant/iaridce.—BUatev Beetles,
1. Cantharis « ?ii^^« »«//*. —Maiseul.

Tree atfacl-ed. — Lonicera angusfifolia, IF. and Z. qninque-
locularis^ Hardwicke.

» Indian Fores/er, Vol. XIV, April 1888.

46

Specimens of this insect were forwarded in July 1S93 to the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, by the Director of the Forest Sclioo'l,
Dehra Dun, from the forests of the North-West Himalayas. The
beetle was found eating- the leaves of Lonicera a>ipJidifolin and L.
quinqnelocnlaris. The insects were takeu on the 16th June at
Deoban, North-West Himalayas,

2. Mylabris sp.—

Tree attached. — Has been reported as defoliating- trees.

This insect has been reported as doing a little damage in India
as a defoliator. The species of trees which it attacks do not seem
to have been noted, but the damage is not likely to be of much prac-
tical importance.

This beetle is easily recognisable, the elytra being banded with
black and yellow stripes.

Family Ylh—Tenebrionidce,

This family has been reported as boring into the stems of
sandal-wood {Santatum album, Linn.).

1. Obscure Tenebrionid larvse have been reported from Mysore
as damaging sandal-wood by boring into the stems. Nothing
more seems to have been noted as regards this pest, but it is ex«
tremely doubtful that the sandal-wood can be so attacked by
Tenebrionid larvse, and more information and observations are re-
quired on the subject.

TETRAMERA.

The following list shows the trees that have been reported as
suffering from attacks of Tetramerous coleoptera : —

Tamily.

BllUCHIDiE

Chbtsomelid^ "{

Tbee attacked.

Natuee of attack.

1. Tamarind {Tamarind us Defoliation.
indicayliiriD.),

1. Willow {Salix elegans) . Do.

2. Bamboo {Dendrocalamus Top shoots destroyed,
sp.).

I 3. Shivan tree {Gmelina ar- Defoliation.
l_ borea, Roxb.).

1. Cocoanut {Cocos nucifera, Trunk tunnelled into.
Linn.).

2. Date-palm {Phoenix dacty Do. do.
llfera, Linn.).

Cdbculionid.1; \ 3. Bamboo {Dendrocalamus Growing shoots altaek-
Hamiltonii, Nees et ed.
Arnot).
4. '^\»w^o {Mangiferaindica, Flower and fruit tun-
Linn.), nelled into.

47

5. Cliii" (Pinus longifolia,
Roxb.).

6. Dbak (Biitea frondosa,
Roxb.).

7. Mahojiciny {f^ivietenia
Mahocjanlf Linn.).

8. Sal {Shovea robusta,
Gfcrtn.).

Cdbculionidje •{ 9. Oak, Bava Katns (Quo-
cus pachi/phi^lla, Kurz.).

10. Biik {Quercus lamellosa,
Sm.).

11. Kadam {Anthocephalus
cadambe, M'\g.) .

12. Safed Sin's {Albizzia pro-
[__ cera, Bth.).

1. Oak, Rin {Quercus incana,
Roxb.).

2. Oak (Quercus sp.) .

3. Kail {Piiius excelsa, Wall.)

4. Dinofsa (Pinus Kasya,
ScOLTTID^ . \ Royle).

5. Sal [Shorea robusta
Gaertn.).

6. Galgoja (Pinus Gerardi'
ana, Wall.).

7. Chir (Pinus lonqifolia,

L Roxb.).

1. Sal (Shorea robusta,
Gaertn.).

2. Fabul (Acacia arabica,
Willd.'.

3. Amaia, Hogplnm (Span-
dias mangifera Willd.).

4. Jhingau (Odina wodier,
Roxb.).

5. Dhiik (Butea frondosa,
Roxb.).

6. Semiil (Bomhax malahuri-
cum, D C.)

7. Saj, Asan (Terminalia
tomentosa, W. & A.).

8. Teak ('ledona grandis,
Linn.).

9 Farasli [Tamarix articu'
lata, Valil.).

10. Kliair (Acacia catechu,
Willd.).

11. Cocoannt (Cocos nucifera,
Linn.).

12. Wild will.iw, Bnislii (Salix
tetrasperma, Roxb.).

Wood tunnelled into.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Seed destroyed.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Wood tunnelled into.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Do. do.

Wood tunnelled into

and terminal slioots

attacked.
Wood tunnelled into.

Do.

do.

Wood tunnelled into
and terminal sLoota
attacked.

Wood tunnelled into.

Young sbonts ' ringed '
and wood tunnelled
into.
Root and stem tunnel-
led into,
Wood tunnelled into.

Cerambycidx , ■{

Do.

do.

Do.

do.

Do.

do.

Do.

do.

Do.

do.

Do.

di).

Do.

do.

Do.

do.

Do.

do.

4.8

f 13. Semul (_Bo»25rti' sp. )

14. Sanjna {Moringa plertj-
gosperma, Gcerth.).

15, Koongra {Erythrina subc
rosa, Roxb.).

I 16. {Taheynacmontana sp.)
Cebambtcidj: . ■{ 17. l>VLi\\i\{Wrightia tinctoria,
R. Bi-.).

18. Saner [Betula cylindrosta-
chus, Wall.).

19. Rohinia sp. .
L 20. Alhizzia sp. .

Woo (1 tunnelled into.
Do. do.

Do.

do.

Branches ringed-
Do, do

Do.

do.

Seedlings attacled.
Do. do.

Family Vlll^—JBruchiclw.

The larvre of this family tunnel into tbe seed of trees theiehy
destroying it.

1. Briichtis chinensis, Linn. —

Sf/sf. naf. fcL ^,p. S86.

Tree atlac^ed.— These insects attack the seeds of leg-nminous
trees.

Ugff. — Ts probably laid on the stigma of the flower or on tbe
pods before they reach maturity.

Larva, — Are small white grubs. They live in tbe seeds con-
tained in the leguminous pod.

Fvpa. — This stage is passed probably within the pod.

Imago. — The imngo is a small brown beetle. When mature, it

Fig. 27. — Bruchus chinensis.

bores its way out of the leguminous pod leaving a small round hole
in tbe pod surface. Figure 27 shows tbe imago with the seeds of
various leguminous plants it attacks. Natural size is sbown by a
hair line.

Locality from tohere reported. — It lias not been reported as
damnging the seed of forest trees up to date. The beetle's range
is likely to be wide-spread, and for this reason it is alluded to here
as a possible pest.

Note. — It is possible that tliis insect may h.-xve to be put into the genns
Caryohorus, as it is doubtful whether any species of Bruchus feed on tree pods.

4-9

2. Cwyobortis gonagra, Fa1)r. —

Fahw Ent. Si/st. Suppl., p. 159.
Tree atlacked, — Tamaviud (Tamarindns indica, Linn.),
The following^ notes upon this insect are taken fi'om a paper by
H. L. Eklitt.^ He found the insect in the three stages of larva,
pupa, and imago in pods of Cassia Jhtul a (the Indian Laburnum)
which he obtained from apothecaiies' shops in Konigsberg.

Eog. — "With regard to the e2;g-laying he was not able to make
any observation, but c<includod the insect was likely to have the
same habits as the European Bmchiis pisi. It would therefore lay
its eggs on the pods before they reach maturity.

Larva. — Elditt found that the larvce, which are small white
legless giubs, made their way through the pod and tunnelled
directly into tiie seed. It was found that none of the seeds were
attacked by more tiian one grub and therefore it would seem that
the beetle lays one eg!^ on each pod.

Pupa, — When full fed the grub left the seed and spun a close
matted cocoon for itself inside the pod. In this the pupal stage is
passed.

Imago. — The beetle, which is brown and about the size of a ])eaj
after emerging from the pup:d skin rested for a considerable time
before cutting its way through tiie cocnon and the wall of the pod,
both of which have to be perforated before it can make its escape.
This rest is probably due to the change of temperature consequent
on the change from a tropical climate to a colder one. Figure 28
shows the imajjo.

T'

V

I'la. 28. — Varyoboru.s gonagva.

' "Die metciniovplios-^ des Caryoborus (Uniclms) gonagra F.," h) II u.
Rlditt. Konigsberg, 1^60.

50

Locality from where reptrted. — C. gonagra, in diff<rent stages
ol development, was sent by the Secretary of the Ao-ii-Horticultural
Society of India in July 1891 to the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
with the lepoit that it attacked the seed of the Tamarind tree in
Calcutta.

Mens. A. Fauvel, to whom it was submitted for identification,
reported it to be C. gonagra. The fici^ure shows tlie various stages
of the insect. Also much enlarged dia<;^rams of the antenna and
one of the legs of the imago. Size of insect is indicated by liair
lines.

Family IX.—CJiri/sofnelidw,

Injury is done by this family in the imago cr perfect state
when it feeds on the leaves of trees.

1. Esligmena chinensisy Hope —

Tree attached. — Bamboo {Dendrocalamus sp.)

In November 1892 the officiating Conservator of Forests,
Hyderabad Assigned Districts, reported that considerable damage
had been done in the Melghat forest by a boring insect which
destroyed the tops of bamboo {^Dendrocalamus) shoots, thereby
arresting their growth.

Specimens of the pest were determined in the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, as E. cliinensh.

Injured bamboo shoots were afterwards forwarded. The thicker
portions of the stem were tunnelled, but this did not seem to be
sufficient to account for the death of the bamboo, and a subsequent
report seemed to confirm the idea that the damage to and death of
the shoots was chiefly due to the eating away of their tops by this
chrysomelid.

2. Melasoma sp.—

Tree attacked. — Willow [Salix elegans).

The following is taken from a series of rough notes made by
Mr, C. G. Kogers, Deputy Conservator of Forests, on this
insect :—

Egg.-^Does not seem to have been noticed.

Larva.'— The larvse were first noticed on 9th June 1893 in
Deoban, 9,000 feet above sea level, in the North- West Himalayas.
They ranged from 0*10 inch to 0*51 inch in length. The head was
black, the body yellowish-white with black markings. On the
back were numerous paired glands from which little transparent
globules of strong pungent-smelling fluid exuded when the insect
was touched. After a while the globules were drawn in again into
tie glands, but could be again extruded two or three times over
before the insect became exhausted. The odour, which is compared
to prussic acid, scented the whole bush where they were feeding,

61

and was a very cliavactoristic feature of the insect. Thp lavvce
\vl)icli were kept in captivity moulted but once before pupating.

J*uj}a. — The pupae were formed between the Htb and 2]st of
June. The chrysalis bad much the same o-eneral markings as the
larvae. It ren)ained partially enclosed in tlie larval skin. In
nature the ]nip?e were found suspended from the under surface of
leaves and branches of the food plant.

Imago. — Beetles beiifan to emerge on 22nd June and continued
to appear in the rearing box until 27th June. They afterwards
lived for about a week in confinement, but as in this period they
were carried down to Dehia Dun, elevation 2,I(iO feet, their ordi-
nary period of existence in this stage is probably longer. They
were affected by a Dipterous parasite.

Locality from %ohere reported. — Specimens of this Chry^omelid
beetle found by Mr. C. G. Rogers in Deoban, North- West
Provinces, also a Tachuid fly, parasitic on it, were forwarded in July
1893 by the Director of the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun,
to the Indian ^luseum, Calcutta. The chr3'Somelid proved to be
unnamed in the Museum, but a careful comparison of it with.
Olivier's description of Jlelasoma populi, Linn., which has been
recorded as feeding on willow trees in Europe, did not disclose any
appreciable difference between the two forms, and the Museum
authority therefore looks upon it as this species. This superficial
comparison is not sufScieut, and more specimens are required in
order that the insect may be properly identified in the British
Museum. It may prove to belong to a new genus.

3. Calopeplaleay ana, Ijdiir.^-^

Latr, Gen. Creest et Jus. Ill, p, 50, t. 11, Hg. 7.

Tree attacked. — Shivan tree [Gmelina arbor ea, Roxb.).

In September 1893 specimens of this beetle were forwarded to
the Indian Museum by Mr. F. Gleadow from Poona. He reported
that it cut unsightly holes in the leaves of the Shivan tree. The
imago is a small black beetle with red markings. The damage
done has not been noticed to be very great.

Family X.—Ctirciilionidce,

This family of beetles comprises a very large number of species,
many of which are capable of doing a vast amount of damage
to forest trees. The damage is chiefly done by the larvae of the
beetles, which tunnel into the heart of the trees and also attack the
seed of seme species. It is very probable that there is much to
learn about the operations of Cnrcnlionida in Indinn forests and
that the few attacks reported to date are merely isolated instances
of what goes on, as yet undetected, in connection with other
forest trees.

1. Hhynchophorns ferrugineus, Oliv. — Palm Weevil.
01. Encycl. Mcth. V., p. 473 ; Fnt. V. S3., ^j. 79, t. 2, fig. 16d.

Tree attacked. — Cocoainit [Cocos nucifera, L.). Date palm
{Phoenix daclylifera, L.) aud other palms, ''

Tlie following- is from a report on this in?eot by Mr. Ridley.^

^09' — The eg-g- is generally laid at the base of the leaf »talk,
though the insect also takes advantage of any mechanical injury
to the stem, or of holes drilled by the Rhinoceros beetle {Oryctes
rhinoceros) for depositing its eggs.

Larva. — The larva? shown in Figure 29, which are white, fleshy,
legless grubs, tunnel their way through the heart of the trunk and
often kill the tree outright. "When a tree is attacked there is a

Fig. 29. — Laiva of R. fernigineus.

Fig. 30. — Wood tunnelled by B.ferrngineus.

■* "Destruction of Cocoanut palms by Beetles," Governmevit Press, Singa*
pore, 1889.

See also Plandford, '* The Paloi Weevil iu British Honduras," Kew Bull,,
189S, pp. 27 to 00.

fu^tid oozing from the outer trunk, which withers an<l dies.
When cnt dow^n and opened out the larvrc are found in masses
showinj,' few siirns of activity. Firrure 30 shows a block of
date palnj from Luckuow, oiie-sixth natural size, tuanelled by the

Pupa.— The pupa is formed in a cocoon of palm fibre iu the
burrow. Figures 31 and 32 show cocoon and pupa.

gaan^-w.

/•».'.» i»iL ji. .ne

anair ITT mnmii wattjumfUSiaA
Fig. 31.— Cocoon of R. f err ufj Incus.

Fig. 32.— Pupa of R./errurjineus.

Jmar/o. — The beetles, whicli in this family can be easily recoo--
nised by havincf the front of t;he head producf d into a proboscis
furnished with a pair of elbowed antenna), fly chiefly at nig-ht and
are often found iu the daytime concealed iu the hole's of the

Rhinoceros beetle. Figure 83 shows the beetle and Figure 3J.
side views of the head ol: the male and female to illustrate the
difference in tlu; snout of the two sexes.

Fig. 34. — Side views of liead of
$ and ? of B. fermgineus.

FiQ. 33. — Imago of R.ferrugineus.

Loeality from wliere reported. — Specimens of this beetle in
various stages of development were forwarded to the Indian
Museum from Lueknow by the Superintendent of the Govern-
ment Horticultural Gardens there. The insect was found to
attack the stems of the date palm. The Superintendent wrote as
follows : —

" The tree from which these were taken blew down a few days
ago. At the base, and for half the height of the stem, it was
quite decayed and full of the refuse created by the larvse of the
beetle. The upper part was fresh and the leaves green, and until
the tree came down i*: was not noticed to be in a bad condition.
On examination a number of other trees were found to be similarly
affected, and will no doubt fade before long."

In October the same insect, both in the grub and beetle
stage, was found by Mr. GoUan in the stems of date palms in the
Saharanpur Botanical Gardens. According to Mr. Ridley this
insect attacks botii healthy and unhealthy trees, the latter being

65

tlie ont^s usually preferred by weevils, the How of sap in the
tree beinsr less strong.

f :■

V .1'/' . . ^ . .-

® \\ \

\\ i -i ' '■•■ 'I J- -2f^i ^ "■

'^^

Fig. 35. — Cocoauut estate attacked by R.feryugineus.

Fig-ure 35 from Mr. Ridley's report sliows the dilapidated
appearance wliich a cocoanut estate presents when suffering^ from
the attacks of the beetles Rhpichophor^isferriigineus and Oryctes
rhinoceros,

2. Ci/rtotrachelu8 dux, Bebern. —

Boh. in Schonh. Gen. Cure, VIII 2, p. 231.

Tree attached, — Hill Bamboo {Dendro calamus ffamilfonii, Nees
et Arnot).

Tills is a large brown swift flying Cnrculionld beetle, having
in the male enormously developed front legs.

The beetle was reported to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by
Mr. C. G. Rogers, of the Forest Service, from the Darjteliug
forests. Mr. Rogers stated that it attacks the asparaiius-like
shoots of the hill bamboo. It is often found clinging to these
shoots, which are perforated by a hole from which it has
emerged. Shoots thus attacked come to nothing.

3. Cryptorrhynchus mangifera, Fabr,—

Fahr. Syst. Ent., p. 139.
Tree aitac^^'ed. — ^l&Dgo {Mangifera indica, Linn.),

56

The follouing- nolcs nre extracted from a paper l>y Mr, W, J.
Simmons^ on this insect : —

^gg^ — I expect the eg'g of the insect is deposited within the
flower or very young- fruit. The mang-o tree blossoms at the close
of the cold season. Unless therefore there are two broods of the
curculios, which is not likely to be the. case, the pest must live
throuoh ihe drenching rains of tiie rainy season^ and the low
temperature prevailing in the cold mouths; and, whether it
attacks the Hower or young fruit, it must be in a fit condition,
when the mango trees blossom or their 3'oung fruits form, to
deposit its ova . . I doubt very much if the eggs of the mango
curctdio are laid in the season previous to their being hatched. . . .

Larva. — The larvse answer the general description of larva? in
the weevil family ; they are white, fleshy, thick, foi)tless grubs,
with fleshy tubercles instead of legs,^ and while there Avere three or
four of them in one mango I have not found more than one pupa,
or one perfect insect in any single fruit. Tlie larval stage is
passed in the fruit and the larv® were obtained from a ripe mango,

Ptipa. — The pupal stage is passed in the fruit and only one
pupa is found in a single fruit. The pupal stage would seem to
be short, seeing that the larvse were obtained from a ripe mango.

Jma^o.—The specimen of the imag") examined was a little
over one quarter of an inch in length, and about one-eighth of an
inch in breadth; and to ensure identity was taken fresh from the
heart of the fruit. Almost black when fiist iem< ved from the
mango, on being dried it assumed a ligb.ter, rusty-brown hue.
The head of the weevil is produced into a rostrum, with ten-
jointed antenna; on its sides which are elbowed beyond the long
scape and terminate in a knob. The elytra are very convex and
extremely hard ; and together with the rostrum and feet, are
covered with scales of alight-yellowish colour; these scales are
not brilliant. The imago form is attained in the fuiit itself, , ."
Plate lll(i), shows the laiva, pupa, and iniigo, dorsal and venti'al
views; of C. mangifera all enlarged. " In almost every case
examined the weevil was about one-third off the further end of the
drupe, while there were no indications of its having worked its way
from the surface, or the stem throngh the pulp to the cell
The insect is found in the adult phase of its existence in the
months of May, June and July ... I think it probable that the
imago lives over from one season to the next, and that in the
interval it hides away in crevices under the bark or in rubbish,
etc. In this connection it is jierhaps o£ some importance to note
that if it hybernates in the localities suggested then its dingy
colour is distinctly protective/^

The following shows diagramatieally the probable life history
of this insect and the time taken to complete one cycle. Ihe

1 Printed in tlie Jouniiil of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India,
Volume VllI, Part 1 1, new Feriea.
Packard, page 448.

57

peviodt! would vary sliglitly according to tho time i>f flowering* of
till? miinfiro : —

YlAB.

a
<->

a

<1

cS

a

a

f

CO

i

o

o

>

i

1

1896 .

tttt

tttt

tt -

— at

t'tt

tttt

tttt

tttt

tttt

tttt

ttit

1897

tt

£xplnnation —

t = Imago and egg stage.
+ = Imago.
— = Larval stajre.
% = Pupa! stage.

= Period during wliieh most damage is doue to the tree and during which the imago

lajs its egffs aud is therefore most dangerous.

Local'di/ from where reporled. — The geographical range of
this pest is extensive. It does not yet affect all the manfi^o-
prodiicing districts of India, but its march is progressive. The
insect is a good example of the enormous damage vs^eevils, in
their attacks, can effect.

The species was originally described from Mauritius ; it also
occurs in Madagascar.

4<. Aitijcus lateralis, Fabr.^
Fahr. Ent. Syst. I. 2, jj. 454. Boh. in ScJwnh. Gen. Cure. VI. 1, p. 249.

Tree aitacJced. — Chir {Finns longifolia, Roxb.).

This is thought to be the insect reported by Thompson as
tunnelling into Chir wood in the North- Western Provinces, often
rendering it unHt for use. This tunnelling would be done by the
larvjB of the beetle.

The imago is a small greenish beetle which has been reported

I'la. 3G. — A^Ucus laterulis.

58

as defoliatinsf mulberry bashes in Rangoon, and also as destructive
to garden plants in Darbbanga. This defoliation would be the
work of the imago.

Figure 36 represents the imago enlarged with much magnified
figure of the autenuse. Natural size of insect is indicated by
Lair lines.

5. Sipalus grannlatus, Fabr.

Fahr. Syst. El. II, p. 433.

Boh. in SchonJi. Gen. Cure. IV, p. 803.

But in Zemminger and Von Harold's catalogue, S. grannlatus is given as a
synonym of S. gig as. Fahr. Syst. Fnt.,p. 127.

Tree attacJced. — Dhak [Butea frondosa, Roxb.).
This insect is tliouglit to be the species reported by Mr.
Thompson as tunnelling into the dhak tree.

Jigg. — This is probably laid in the bark of the tree.

Larva. — Mr. Thompson states that he obtained larv£B from the
interior of the tree.

Fiipa. — Pupse were obtained from tunnels in the wood, but
Mr. Thompson makes no mention of the method of pupation or of
the position of the larvae in the tree when pupating.

Imago. — The imagoes are about one inch in length. They are
said to be found in borings, congregated in colonies together. The
circular holes are as much as an inch in diameter and seven to
eight inches in depth.

Locality from where reported. — S. gramilafns is thought to be
the insect reported by Mr, Tnompson as tunnelling into the dhak

Fig. 37. — Sipalus granulalus.

59

tree in the forests of the North-West Himalayas. Fij^nre 37 sho\A8
the dorsal and side view of this insect, both natiu'al size.

6. SpJienophorus planipennis, Gyll.

Gyll. in Schonh. Gen. Cure. IV, p. Oil.
Tree af(achd.-~ Cocoaimt {Cocos mm/era, Linn.).

This beetle has been reported to injure the cocoanut tree in
Ceylon (Nietner).

7. OdoijJorus sp.

Tree attacked. — Preng bamboo {Arundinaria ansfafa, Gamble).

This lieetle was found by the writer on the Preno- bamboo in
the Sikkim forests at an elevation of 5,5(>U feet It ia a pretty
beetle, rosy in colour, and is found on the wino^ from the middle of
April to near the end of May. It is said by the natives to injure
both the shoots and stems of the bamboo.

This insect was sent to the Indian INI useum, Calcutta, by he
writer in July 1896, and was placed in the genus Odoq)oriis, the
species being unknown.

8. Apion strobilanthi, Desbroch.

Desh)

I'M.

Tree attacJced. — Kibu [Strobilanthus peciinaliis, T. And.) fodder
plant.

This insect was reported by Mr. G, Bogers as attacking the
fodder plant called Kibu, which grows at an elevation of about
6,000 feet in Sikkim. In the rains of 1889 the only plant observed
to flower by Mr. Rogers had the whole of its seed destroyed by
this insect.

Fio. 38.— Larva ami Pupa of Apiou strohilnnthi.

60

r \

Fig. 39. — Imago of A. strohilanilii and Kibu pod attached by it.

Specimens were sent to Monsieur Desbrochers de Loges, who
determined the insect as a new species of Apion, which he named
Apion strobilanthi.

The Kibu plant is an herbaceous weed and is largely u?ed for
fodder. Fisnre 38 represents the larva and pupa of this insect
both enlarged. Natural size is shown by hair lines. Figure 39
shows the insect with its antenna (much enlarged) ; also a kibu
pod attacked by it.

9. Genns ? species ? —

Tree attacJced. — Mahogany [Swietenia IlaJiogani, Linn.) .

Some undetermined Cv.rculionid l^vvse were sent to the Indian
^Tuseum, Calcutta, as very destructive to young mahogany trees
in the Western Duars. The lavvje were found tunnelling under-
neath the bark. Nothing further seems to have been reported
concerning this forest pest.

10. Gentis"^ species?

Tree atlacled. — Sal [Shorea rohista, Gsartn.).

A minute undetermined weevil was said by Mr. Thompson to
have been very destructive to sal seed in the North- West Provinces
in the year 1863. Entire seed crops are said to have been destroy-
ed in that year, and partial destruction of them has been observed
since. Mr. Thompson writes as follows: —

'' During May and June of this year (1867 ? ) I was enabled to
devote some considerable time in observing the ravages committed
by these insects. Their mode of attack is that common to the
whole family, viz., the insertion of the eggs in the stigma of the
flower which, when developed, has introduced the young larvse,
which are hatched meanwhile, into the recently formed fruit.

61

In this the larvsD live till nearly mature when, by their encroaoh-
ments towards the petluncle or stalk they cause the fruit or seed to
fall and thus serve a purpose they have in view of making' their
escape into the earth to undergo the transformation into the pupa
state. Before the seeds can have been perfectly ripe they are thus
caused to fall to destruction/*

It should not prove a difficult task to discover and get classified
this insect, concerning whose life history so much has been observed
by Mr. Thompson.

11. Genus ? species ? —

Tree attacked. — Oaks {Quercus pachpphylla, Kurz, and Quercus
lamellosa, Sm.).

Another small undetermined weevil has been reported as de-
stroying 90 per cent, of the seed of the valuable oak {Q.
paehyphylla) in the Darjiling forests. The only specimens
obtained were sent ^\ith the above information to the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, by Mr. C. Q. Rogers of the Forest Service from
Darjiling. The specimens were small grubs about a quarter of
an inch in length and of the characteristic curculionid shape.
These were, however, insufficient for identification.

In January 1896 the writer noticed that about eighty-five
per cent, of the seed of the oak {Quercns lamellosa) trees in the
British Sikkim forests was useless. The seed was found to be
attacked by curc7ilionid larvsa, but the attempt to obtain specimens
of the imago was a failure.

12. Genns ? species ?—

Tree attacled. — Kadam {Antkocephalus cadamha, Miq.).

Specimens of a curculionid pupa were found in the pupa
cases shown in Plate IXb. by the writer in the Tista Valley,
Eastern Himalayas, in April 1896. The pupal cases were situated
between the bark and wood of a Kadam tree and were numerous.

The pupse had the ordinary curculionid appearance, and were
lying in a loose semi-elliptical cocoon made of chips of wood and
bark.

Specimens of the cocoon and pupa were sent to the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, but they proved insufficient for identification.

Plate 1X6. shows the cocoon in sitn on the tree,
the bark having been removed. Also the pupa lying in the cocoon
and the pupa alone, ventral surface, all natural size.

13. Genus ? species ?

Tree attacked. — "White Siris [Alhizzia proeera, Bth.).

Specimens of Curcnlionid beetle were found by the writer in
April 1896 in a white ciris tree in the Tista Valley, Eastern
Himalayas. The tree had been blown down during the previous
raina. The beetles, which were mostly only about three parts
mature, were extremely numerous, the wood being absolutely
riddled with tunnels.

Specimens of these beetles were forwarded to the Indian
Museum, but owing to their not being fully developed they could
not be identified.

62

I have since made some over to Mr. "W, F. Blandfoid, who has
kindly volunteered to name them for me. He states that the
insect is a Cryptorrhynchid weevil^ but has not as yet determined
its name.

Family Xl.^Scoliftidw,

This family of beetles, known as ' bark borers/ comprises
numerous species which are destructive to forest trees in India.
Conifers in particular are especially liable to attack. The damage
is chiefly caused by the larvae, which bore up and down between
the bark and tlie wood of the tree, leaving behind them patterns
on the wood of a very definite character in most cases, although
recent research tends to show that this does not apply to wood-
boring " ambrosia" feeders. Like other wood-boring insects the
beetles prefer diseased or dying trees for their attacks. Thus
forest fires and bad attacks of leaf-feeding caterpillars are almost
sure to be followed by an increase of Scolytidce in the forests.
"When very numerous these beetles will attack healthy trees, should
no sickly or dead ones be present. The attacked tree answers to
the attacks by a flow of sap which drowns the bark-borers in their
burrows, but by degrees the tree loses vitality and the beetles win.

1. Biapus impressus, Janson —

Jan. Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. Ill, No. 1, 2^P- 7i-?5.

Tree attacked. — Oak [Querais sp.)

This beetle is red-brown in colour and shining, with pale-yellow
legs and antennse and an oblong thorax. Its length is three and-
a-half to four millimetres. Figure 40 shows a dorsal and side view
of the imago with some enlarged diagrams of legs ; natural size is
shown by hair lines.

J

locality from where reported.— B. impressus has been reported
as attacking oak stumps in Deohand, North-Western Provinces,
The specimens were found in December 1881 and sent to the
Indian Museum for identification.

Note. — Scolytidne are divided into two sub-families, Flatyp'mi and
Scolytini. D. imfressus is the only species of tbc Platypini that will be
mentiotied in this pamphlet. The imagoes of the Platypini differ in appearance
from the ordiuavy ' bavk-borers ' or Scolytini, Very little is known about the
sub-family.

63

2. Polygraphus sp.' —

Tree attacked — Kail {P{?ins excels^, Wall.). —

This is a minute bretlo, brown in colour, and has been reported
as tuuuellini' iuto the bark of Finns escelsa trees.

Fig. 41 — Larva of Polygraflms gp. [_^

Fia. 42. — Imago of Polygraphus sp.

Fig. 43. — Antennee and legs of Polygraphtcs sp.

^ This beetle is allied to Poli/gvaphus 2inhcscens of Europe. For au
account of P. pubescens, vide EicliofE, Eur. Borkenkafer, page 122 (1881).

64

The figures, Figs. 41 and 42, show the larva and imago
enlarged. Figure 43 shows much magnified diagrams of the
antennse and legs of the beetle. The topmost leg is the front one ;
also a side view of the imago.

Locality from whefe reported. — In May 1891 the Conservator
of Forests, School Circle, forwarded from his camp near Chakrata
in the North- West Himalayas a log of Pinus excelsa attacked by
the above Scolytid. The insect was said to have attacked some
trees that had been girdled and were dying. The specimens were
submitted to Mr. W. H. Blandford, Lecturer ou Entomology at
the Royal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill. Mr. Bland-
ford determined them as belonging to a species of Tolygtaphus
near to the European form Polygraphns pudescens, Linn.

3. Pityogenes scitus, Blandf.—

Bland/. Ind. Mus. Notes, Vol. Ill, No. 1, fp. 63-6i.

Tree attacked. — ? Dingsa [Pynns kasya, Royle).

This species is very closely allied to the European Pityogenes
cTialcographus, from which it has been separated by Mr. W. H.
Blandford only after very careful comparison.

JEgg, — As the imagoes sent to the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
were forwarded on the 4th April, it may be concluded that eggs
are laid during the first two to three weeks of this month in the
bark of the tree attacked, but there are probably two to three
broods per annum.

Zarva.— No notes on the appearance of the larva have appa-
rently been as yet made, but on emergence from the e^^ they
probably at once commence to bore their way through the bark
till they reach the wood and then tunnel in this.

P^^^Ja.— Probably only a short time is spent in this stage.

/w^a^o.— The beetle is black in colour and 17 to 2 mm. in
length. Figure 44 shows the imago, dorsal view ; also much
enlarged diagrams of the legs and antennse. The actual size of the
insect is shown by the hair line.

Fio, 44. — Pityogenes scitus.

65

The beetle emers^es about the beginning of April, and after
copulation begins to lay its e^gs, probably in the bark of a conifer.
The female probably bores a burrow in the bark, laying its ego-s
in small cavities on either side of the main tunnel. An important
point to establish is the length of time that the generation from
these eggs takes to mature. It is not improbable that P. scifus
has several generations in the year, and from a Forester's point
of view tbe determination of their number is of the first import-
ance. It would be useless attempting preventive measures in
nurseries and elsewhere unless the more or less exact number of
times during the year that flights of beetles might be expected
were known.

Locality from cohere reported. — Specimens of this Scohjtid^
reported by the Officiating Deputy Conservator of Forests, Sib-
sagar, Assam, to be injurious to the Makai tree {Shorea assamica),
were sent to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, through the Director
of the Forest School, Dehra Dun. Tlie insects were forwarded
from Assam on April 4th. As above mentioned, they were reported
as attacking the Skorea assamica. Specimens were sent to Mr. W. H.
Bbindford of the lloyal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill,
for identification. In determining them Mr. Blandford noticed that
otiier species of Tomicus and TUyoyenes, in the modern limits of these
genera, are only found in conifers. Some small pieces of stick, that
were originally forwarded with the insects, were therefore sent to the
Koyal Botanical Gardens, Sibpore, for further examination. Here
they were examined by Dr. G. King, who found that they were
not 8. assamica twigs but possibly Pinus Kasya ; the sticks
were not, however, sufficient for precise identification. Therefore
the tree that is attacked by P. scitns is a conifer. To settle the
point definitely any Scoli/tids attacking P. Kasya should be for-
warded for indentification.

4. Genus ? species ?—

Trees attacked. — Oak {Querens incana, Roxb.) ; Sal [Sliorea
rohuda, Gsertn.) ; Chir {Pinus longifolia, Roxb.) ; and Galgoja
{Pinus Gerardiana, Wall.).

Undetermined species of Scolytidcc, perhaps identical with
some of the above, have been noticed as very destructive in India
to the oak {Qnercns incana) ; also to immature sal, chir, and
Finns Gerardiana. Like the banihoo borer (which belongs, it may
be noted, to the Bostrychida) these insects are known in the
North- Western Provinces as Ghoon (Thompson).

Note. — Xyleborus poforans, Wollaston. — It may be mentioned here
that a Scolytid named Xylehoru.i pe^furans bores into beer casks in India,
causing thereb>- a loss of the liquid, which spouts out of tho holes made by the
insect when it leaves the wood. The beetle is known to Commissariat Sergeants
by the not inappropriate name of "Tippling Tommy ", This beetle was "deter-

66

mined ly Mr. Blandforcl, who Las written a paniplilct on its life Iiistoi-j-. Owing
to its wood-eating proclivities it may be found to attack our coniferous trees.

Fig. 45. — Xylehorus ferforans.

Fignre 45 is a magnified drawing of a specimen of Xylehorus X'^^f^rans
from the "West Indies presented to the Indian Museum by Mr. W. F. H. Bland-
ford.

Family XU.—Cerambycidw,

This large family of beetles contains a number of insects which
are extremely destructive in Indian forests. The damage is chiefly
done by the larvse, which bore right into the heart of the tree and,
when very numerous^ render the wood useless for any purpose save
firewood. The fact that our best timber trees, such as teak, sal,
khair, saj, etc., suffer badly from these pests shows that the family
is a dangerous one to forest trees. The larvse, in many cases, pa.ss
several years within the tree before the pupal stage is reached, and
during this period are burrowing up and down the tree and eating
voraciously. Further damage is also often done by this family iu
the imago state, the beetle girdling the twigs o£ trees. The por-
tion above the girdle dies and the female, who has laid her eggs in
this, thus secures for her offspring a supply of young and soft dead
wood to commence life on.

1. Coelosterua scahrata, Fabr. The Sal Girdler.
Fabr. Spec. Ins. I, p. 224.

Tree attached. — Sal {Shorea robusta, Gsertn.).

The habits oE this insect are probably very similar to those of
the American Ilickory Twig Girdler [Oncideres ciiigulatus, Say.)^.

Egg. — The eggs are probably laid by the female in notches lu
the bark of the sapling near the top of the shoot during the latter
part of the rains.

' This insect is described by Packard in Bull. No. 7 of the United States
Entomological Commission, p. 71 (1881).

G7

Zarva.'—The larvre, on emerging from tlie epf^s, food upon fclio
dead wood of the shoot, the upper portion having- been girdled by
the beetle, at a point below where she laid her eggs, in oider to kill
it.

Puj}a. — The larva probably changes to the pupal state within
the dead wood of the giidlod stem. lu the case of the American
species it has been found that the groove generally weakens the
branch to such an extent as to cause it to break off and fall to the
ground with the Hrst wind. Therefore it is probable that the dead
portion of the stem may have fallen to the ground by the time the
larva changes to the pupal stage.

Imago. — The imagoes are found on the wing during the rains
and it is during the latter end of this season that the damage is
done to the plants. This damage is wholly due to the girdling
of the shoots by the imago, the larva merely feeding on the dead
wood provided for them by the beetle. Plate III (2) shows an
imago of C. scahrata, natural size.

LocMty from lohere reported, — In a paper published in the
Indian Forester^ Captain E. Wood, Conservator ot Forests, Oudh,
wrote that during the rains coppice sal saplings suffered from an
insect which ringed the bark generally within a foot or two of
the top of the shoot, the part above consequently dying and the
coppice shoot becoming crooked or bifurcated.

Specimens of the insect were forwarded through the Director
of the Forest School, Dehra Dun, and proved to be C. scahrata.

From the above description of the method of attack of this
beetle, the remedy in plantations is obvious. The dead tops from
all stems and all dead twigs on the ground should be collected and
burnt. It is possible that they all contain eggs or larvse, and the
destruction of these will go a long way towards exterminating the
pest. This procedure, however, is only applicable to small areas.

2. Ccelosterna spinator, Fabr.

Fahr, Ent. Syst. Siipj)l., p. 145.

Tree attacked, — Babul {Acacia arabica, Willd.).

£gff, — The egg is probably laid in the bark of the tree.

Larva. — The larva is said to enter the stem some three or four
inches above the ground and to tunnel through the root to such an
extent as to eventually cause death.

Pupa. — Not described.

Imago. — This greatly resembles C. scabraia^ of which it is only
a variety, C. scabraia has the pubescence of the elytra more tawny
or brownish in colour.

' Indian Forester, November 1888, p. 503.

68

Locality from where reported. — A single specimen of this
beetle was forwarded by tbe Conservator of Forests, Berar, through
the Director of the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun, to the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, with the information that it does con-
siderable damage to babul {Acacia arahica) plants. The species
proved to be new to the Museum collection of Ceramlycidce and
was therefore sent home to the British Museum, when it was
examined by Mr. Gahan. He identified it as a rather small speci-
men of the male C spinator, but at the same time remarked that
the species should be placed as a variety of C. scahrata. If its
habits prove to be the same as those of C, scahrata it will not in
future be described under a separate name.

3. Plocederus ohesus, 'Da.i^orei= {P. jjed est r is, Cotes).
Daporef, DeJ. Cat. 3 ed., p. 347.

Trees attac&ed. — Sal {S/iorea rohusta, Gsertn,); Jinghan {Odina
wodier, Roxb.) j Dhak {BtUea frondosa, Roxb.) ; Semul {Bomhax
malaharicum, D.C.) ; Amara [Spondias mangifera, "W'illd.).

This is no doubt the insect referred to by Mr. Thompson in his
report as attacking sal, jinghan, etc.

Egg. — Mr. Thompson states that he has found beetles on the
wing as early as March, and also in November, so the eggs would
probably be laid some time during the rainy months in Northern
India.

As the insect appears to enjoy a very wide distribution all over
India, the egg-laying period doubtless varies with the elevation and
latitude. The eggs are probably laid in the bark.

Jjarva. — On emergence the larvae bore through the bark and sap-
wood, and, as they get older, burrow right into the heart of tlie
tree. The length of time spent in the larval stage not improbably
exceeds a year, but definite observation is required to determine
this point.

P'upa. — The larva when pupating forms a peculiar solid cal-
careous egg-shaped cocoon, and in this changes into the pupal
stage. The following is an extract from Mr. Thompson's report
on this stage :—

" The pupse were discovered in solid cocoons made of a sub-
stance resembling lime. The shell was fully the sixteenth of an
inch in thickness, quite hard and firm, offering in fact more resis-
tance to the pressure of the fingers than would a pigeon's egg.
They were discerned underneath the bark imbedded between it and
the wood in a felled dhak tree."

In a foot-note Mr. Thompson adds (and the writer can corro-
borate from personal observation the statement about the depth) :•-»

69

" I have since obtained numerous specimens of tliese beetles
and theif cocoons imbedded to the depth of eic^ht inclies in logs of
Odina icodier and Bomhax heptupliDllum " (probably B. mala-
baricitm).

Imago. — Accordin<^ to Mr. Thompson the beetles are found on
the winof as early as March and are also to be seen in November.
The beetle varies from one to two inches in size, the antennae bein^
longer in the male than in the female, as shown in Plate III (3).
The Hgures show the calcareous cocoon, the female beetle, and the
head of the male insect, all natural size.

Locality from where reported. — This is the insect reported by
Mr. Thompson as attacking the sal in the forests of the North-
western Provinces.

Specimens of the beetle were forwarded to the Indian Museum
by the Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun. It was said
to attack sal and jinghan.

P. ohesus appears to have a fairly wide range in India. The
Museum contains specimens from Calcutta, Maldah, Jalpaiguri,
Sikkim, Sibsagar, Naga Hills, Dehra Dun, Ceylon, and the
Andaman Islands.

The writer obtained some cocoons from anamaratree {Spondias
mnngifera) on April 14th, 1896 in the Tista Valley, Eastern Hima-
layas, at about 9U0 feet elevation. The cocoons were taken up to
Kalimpong (elevation 4,000 feet) and an attempt made to breed
out some imagoes, but without success. A cocoon sent to the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, in July 1896 was identified as P. ohesus.

Fig. 46. — A piece of sal timber attacked by laiTse of P. ohesus.

Figure 46 represents a block of sal timber, one-seventh natural
size, which has been tunnelled by the larva? of P. ohesus.

4. Pachydissus holosericeus, Fabr. — {Ceramhyx vatica of
Thompson and Neoceratnbyx holosericeus of Indian Museum Notes).

70

Fabr. Mant. Ins. J., p. 135.

Trees ntiachec'l. — Sal [Shorea robnsfa, Gcertu.); Saj [Termincilia
tomentosa, W. and A.); Teak [Tectona grandis Linn.)j Paiash
[Tamarix articiilata, Vah],); Babul {^Acacia arabica, "Willd.); aud
Makai [Shorea assamica, Dyer).

£ffff. — The egg is probably laid in the bark of the tree attacked.
Mr. Thompson in his report states, as an observed fact, that barked
trees are never attacked, in other words the insects require fclie
softer bark to lay their eg'g's in, the young larvse with their, as yet,
weak mandibles being unable to feed on the harder beart-wood.

.Larva. — The larvae appear to live at first in the sap-wood and
then as they get older they tunnel right into the heart of tlie tree.

Pupa. ^^ As yet unnoticed.

Imago. — This insect whilst resembling P. obesns as regard
build and size, differs from it and is remarkable for the golden
brown pubescence with which its whole body is covered, this giving
it a golden sheen first in one part of its body and then in another
as it is turned round in a strong light. The sexes may be dis-
tinguished by the possession of longer antennae in the male. The
beetle varies in size, specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
varying from seven»eighths of an inch to one and a half inches.
Plate III (4) shows the female insect and a head of a male beetle,
both natural size.

The following is an extract from Mr. Thompson's Report. He
alludes to the insect under the name of Cerambyx vatica ;—

<* The sal is attacked by beetles, Cernmhyx vatica ....
In its healthy and vigorous state the stem of the sal is apparently
never attacked by any description of insect, btit no sooner has the
flow of healthy sap ceased than a host of young larvse are hatched
. This Ceramhyx never attacks the timber when the bark
has been removed, and it is only after the tree has been killed and
the bark allowed to remain, that it is resorted to by the beetles for
the purpose of breeding. The experiences and observations of
seven years I can offer as satisfactory evidence of the truth of these
assertions.

" One is sometimes, however, struck on seeing an apparently
healthy tree bearing the appearance of harbouring these insects
from the excremented powdery sawdust-looking particles, which is
the sure indication of their presence within the timber. On closer ex-
amination it will be observed that the abode of the larvse is confined
to a certain space on or around the trunk, and further investigation
will invariably prove that portion to be either diseased or injured
in some way or other ; so that a division of the sap had occurred,
partial decay had set in, and thus prepared the apparently healthy
trunk for the reception of the insects.

71

" During tbe whole o£ my experiences, extcndiucr as they do \o
all the forests of Kumaou and (iJarhwal, from the Sarda to the
Ganjifes, I have never during- the uhole course found any other
description of beetle except the little Biiprestid j)reviously reported
{Chfi/sobvthris sexno(ata), attacking sal wood/'

This hist statement of Mr. Thompson's is curious, as the writer
has found in the Singhbhum forests, Chota Nagpur, a species of
Hoplocerajiih/x (described below), a species of Acanthopliorus (a
frionid), and two BostrychUl beetles, BostrycJius jesuiia and
Sinoxi/lon anale, all attacking sill wood and often very seriously
affecting its utility.

Locality from where repotted. — Specimens of Tacliydisms holo-
sericeus were forwarded to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by the
Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun, with the report that
they had been found attacking sal in Oudh, and saj in Dehra Dun.

This beetle has also been reported as attacking the teak tree in
K nisi, Assam ; also as attacking Tamarix articulafa and Acacia
arabica in Dehra Ismail Khan.

In August 1891, a block of makai wood {Shorea assamica) w^as
received in the Museum, Calcutta, from the Deputy Conservator
of Forests, Lakhimpur Division, Assam. It was found to be
tunnelled in all directions by Cerambycid larvsp. A beetle that
emerged was found to be closely allied to P. holosericeus, only
differing in possessing a row of spines on the antennse.

5. Hoploceratnbyx spinicortiis, — Newn. Singhbhum Sal Borer,
Newn. Entomoh I, p. 245.
Tree attached. — Sal {SJiorea rohnsta, Gsertn.).

The following are some rough notes on the life history of this
insect made from personal observations by the writer in tbe Singh-
bhum sal forests in Chota Nagpur. Ihey are believed to be the
first that have appeared on the habits of this pest, which I call the
Singhbhnm Sal Borer.

Egg. — This stage has not been noticed up to date (1897).

The beetles are found on the wing in the latter part of May,
all June and into July. It is probable that the eggs are laid in
the bark of the tree in June and July.

Larva. — The exact date of emergence from tbe eg^ of the larva
has not been definitely ascertained, but the writer is inclined
to think that August is the month during which the larvse ebielly
hatch out. Ihey then bore into the sap wood, and as they increase
in ?ize and their stout mandibles become larger and stronger, they
bore their v/ay into the heart of the tree. The writer has seen
numerous instances of broad gauge sleepers, cut from sal trees of

72

nine-foot girth and over, the wood of which has been riddled by
these larvEe. This of course greatly impairs the longevity of the
life of the sleeper and may lead to its rejection as useless for
railway purposes. The time passed in the larval stage is probably
more than one year, but the period has not been as yet properly
observed. When extended the full grown larva is from two-and-
a-half to three inches in length and possesses the broad head and
powerful mandibles of a Ceramhyx larva, Plate IXc shows a
drawing of a full-grown larva obtained from a sal sleeper by the
writer on February Jst^ 1897.

Fupa. — The pupation of this beetle is somewhat curious
Before changing to this stage the larva closes the outer opening
of the tunnel with a peculiar calcareous formation resembling in
consistency the coating of the cocoon of Plocederics ohesus. The
tunnel is lined for an inch or more with this substance, then the
outer end is closed up. When in situ this partial cocoon from the
outside resembles a Brazil nut in shape, it being flattened out at
the end into a kind of beak-shaped edge. The covering is white
in colour and rather fragile. The writer has found the larvse and
these semi-cocoons at all depths in the tunnels within the tree, and
it appears to be immaterial at what depth the former changes
its state.

The pupating season would seem to be about the middle
of February, and in the middle of March an inspection of some
cocoons disclosed the pupa about half mature, the antennse, legs,
and head of the beetle being nearly complete, though still white and
pulpy in consistency.

Imago. — The beetles are found on the wing from the latter
part of May, through June and into July. They are brown in
colour, about 1| inches in length, with long antennse, longer
in the male than in the female. They couple during June and
July, and it is probable that the female then sets about finding a
suitable tree to lay her eggs in. It is probable that the life of
the imago is from two to three months.

These beetles are very pugnacious when disturbed. One
caught hold of the writer's finger and made his mandibles meet
in it; force had to be employed to make the insect loose its hold.
The beetle had just issued from a sleeper.

The insects make a loud stridulating noise, produced by rubbing
over one another the dorsal plates of the prothofax and mesothorax.
This cricket-like '' chirping " was particularly noticeable in the
sleeper depots in Singhbhum in the evenings during June, 1897,
when numbers of these insects were issuing from the timber.

Plate IVa shows the imago, ? , of this Ceramhyx ; h represents
the, $ , showing the long antennse.

73

Tlie above life history may be shown diagramatieally as follows.
The cycle is uot complete, as it is not yet known how long tho
insect spends in the larval stage.

0

a

d

a

3

.a

J3

a

s

p.
o

5?

s

D
1-9

"3
<->

a
o

a

c

.a
o

O

a

>

o
5^

1

1897

Number

of years

larva co

t t t

tt tt

• —

0

18...

utinucs

..tf

feeding

iaunkno

,

18

Locality from where reported. — Numerous specimens of this
insect were obtained from sal trees in the Singhbhum Forest Divi-
sion, Chota Nagpur. Some of these insects were sent to the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, in June 1897. The beetle was placed
by the Museum authorities in the genus Neocerambpx, but the
species was new to the Museum. Mr. "W. Blandford, however,
named it from the British Museum as Hoplocerambyx spinicornis.

"With an insect of this kind in the forest it will be understood
that felling or ringing trees a year or two in advance, to allow of
the wood seasoning somewhat before being cut up, is an absolute
impossibility. Not only would a large amount of timber be
lost owing to the attacks of insects of this class, but the presence
of the dying and dead wood in the forest wood lead to an enor-
mous increase of the pests themselves, the conditions being so
entirely in their favour.

6. Slromatium barhattcm, Fabr.— " Kuisi Teak Borer."

Fair. Syst. Ent.,p. 189.

Trees attackech — Teak {Tectona grandis, Linn.) and Khair
[Acacia catechu, Willd.).

Some confusion appears to have arisen between this insect and
its ally Stromatium asperulum. As the latter is a Malay insect,
and only one Indian specimen of it exists in the Museum, it is
probable that S, barbatum is the real " Kulsi borer " in Assam.

Egg. — The egg is laid in the bark of young trees frona one to
six years of age (one to two years old appear to be preferred) near
the surface of the ground.

Larva. — The young larvae on hatching bore into the youncr
stem of the plant. Their presence can usually be marked by a
swelling in the stem near the ground, and below this swellino* can
often be seen a small puncture from which excrement of the grub

74

proti-ades. Figure 4.7 shows a piece of stem of a j-onng teiik tree

..'■.^■;J?.'-','"i'.J

Fig. 47. — Piece of young teak stem attacked by larvfc of &'. barhatum.

from tlie Kulsi plantation, Assam, with the swelling caused by the
attack of this larva. The figure is copied from a photograph and
is one-eighth natural size. The puncture below the swelling repre-
sents no doubt the tunnel formed by the young larva in boring its
way into the stem from the spot where the egg was previously
laid by the mother beetle in the bark. After a hot day the affected
trees tend to have a faded appearance, but this symptom is not
always pi'esent, and some trees remain apparently healthy until the
larva has tunnelled so far into them that they snap off with the •
wind. The swelling which appears where the borer is at work
is thought to be due to the efforts made by the tree to repair the
damage and to strengthen the stem where it is being weakened.
These efforts appear in many instances to be successful, for the
trees often recover. Larvai are to be found in young teak stems
all the year round, so that the insect takes probably at least two

.Fig. 4S. — Lawse of Stromatium barbatum.

years to pass thioiigh its various stages. Figure 48 represents
the larva of this insect.

Pupa. — No mention has been made of this stage. It is
probably short, as larvre taken at the end of March produced perfect
insects on the :ilst June of the same year.

Imago. — In Gauhati some beetles were reared from some teak
stems by the Forest Ofiicer. The imagoes issued from the stems

Fit.;, \9, — Ima^o of Stromatlum havhatmi

76

in tlie end of June. These stems in March had only contained
larvse. Figure 49 shows a dorsal and side view of the imago.
The insects were reared from khair wood.

Localily from 2ohere reported. — In February 1890 specimens
of this insect were sent to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by the
Deputy Conservator of Forests, Kamrup, Assam. The insects
were reported to have proved destructive to young teak trees in
the Kulsi plantation, the pest having appeared simultaneous
with the formation of the plantation.

On a reference being made to the Museum collection a speci-
men of S. asperulum was found marked " Kulsi teak borer,'^ and
this is probably the insect described by Mr. A. Gr. Mein in a note
in the IndiaJi Forester.^ "With the exception of this solitary
specimen reported from India, S. asperulum has been obtained from
the Malay Peninsula only. An application was therefore made to the
Forest Officer at Kulsi for further specimens. These were received
and proved to be of three distinct species of Ceramhycidot-—
Stromalium harhatum^ Pachidissus holosericeus and jEgo&oma
lacertosum, the species 8, asperulum being unrepresented. The
probabilities are that it will be found that S. harbatum is chiefly
responsible for the damage done. It would, however, be satisfactory
if the Deputy Conservator at Kamrup could settle the matter by
rearing some beetles from some carefully selected young stems
known to contain larvse. These beetles could then be identified.

The insect has also been noticed as attacking dry khair wood
in the Dehra Dun museum.

The preventive measure adopted in the Kulsi plantation in
1S79 was to coppice all young trees that were Ijadly attacked and
to encourage the growth of the strongest shoot from the stool to
form a new tree by removing all other shoots as fast as they
appeared. It was found best to leave older and more vigorous
trees alone, provided they showed no signs of fading, as in many
cases they recovered.

7. Slromatium asperulum. — White.

White. Longic. VJII, 2, 1855, p. 300 ; Pascoe Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond,
Ser. 3, III, 1869, p. 532.

Tree attacked. — Teak {Tectona grandis, Linn.).

As mentioned above, only a single specimen of this insect exists
in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, reported from India. Its habitat
is apparently the Malay Peninsula. The specimen in the Museum
was probably sent by Mr. A. G. Mein, as it is tabulated " Kulsi
Teak borer.''

At present it is needless to do more than mention this insect
here, as it does not appear to be a true Indian species.

* Indian Forester, Vol. IV, pp. 347 to 349.

77

It will be intercstine^, however, to have the question as to
which is the true " Kulsi Teak borer '^ cleared up.

Fig. 50. — Stromatium asperulum.

Figure 50 shows the imago of S. asperulum.

The insect was originally described from Hong-Kono*.

8. Batocera riihis. — Linn.

Linn. Si/st. naf., ed. X, p. 390. Larva. Blandi. Hist. Nat. Ins., 1845, t. 11.

Tree attacked. — Cocoanut {Cocosnuei/era, Linn.).

This is a large beetle said to tunnel into cocoanut trees (Short).
This insect is the " curuminga ^' of tbe Cingalese, but not much
else seems to be known about its life history, although it has been
often described and figured.

9. Batocera, sp.

Tree attacked. — Wild Willow {Salix tetrasperma, Roxb.).
A species of Batocera was reported by Tliompson as boring
into the Wild Willow tree. Ke writes as follows : —

*' Ihe Y^WiX ^ \\\ow [Salix tetraspernia) is also attacked in a
living state by another " Monoohamus ^'' beetle, \\hieh enters the
trunk and bores through it in all directions, ejecting the triturated
particles through holes made for the purpose.*'

Nothing further seems to have been reported as to the life
history of this insect, and its species is undetermined.

10. Batocera, sp.

(Monochammus soongna, Thompson.)
Tree alt'icke'L — Semul [Domljax hcptap/u/llnm [malabart-

78

tf?/w2, DC. ]), Sanjnii [31 91 i//ga plerygosperma, Goertb.) and the
Roongra {^Krytktina suberosa, K.).

Yet auolher unnamed species of JBalocera Las been reported on
by Thompson as follows : —

'' Bombax heptaphylUim, Sanjua, and Roongra, are attacked
by a magnificent beetle, the Monocfiammm soo7)gna, one of the
Ctratnhy cilice. The larvse of this insect, which are extremely large
and armed with powerful mandibles, are very destructive to the

woods I have described Out of a log of sanjna I have

collected forty-three perfect insects, about a dozen larvse and five
to six pupse ; the log was not above six feet in length and about
thirty inches in girth.''

No further information has appeared on this insect.

11. jEgosoma lacertosum^ Pascoe.

Ann. Nat. Hist. (S) XIX, p. 413.

Tree attacked. — Teak (Tectona gra/idis, Linn.).

On the request of the Indian Museum authorities, Calcutta,
for further specimens of the Kulsi teak plantation borer, Assam,
this insect was sent in company with Stromatium barbatum and
Facfiydissqis holosericena.

Nothing further seems to be known of its life history.

12. Stheiiias gri»ator, Fabr.

3Iant. I, p. 136.
Tree attached. — 7 ahernacmontana sp.

JEgg. — This is laid in the bark of a branch of the tree near its
summit, the branch being girdled below where the eggs have been
laid.

Larva. — The larva on its emergence from the e^g at once
bores its way into the dead wood of the girdled twig or branch
and feeds on the dead wood. This branch may, and ])robably often
does, get knocked off or blown off by the wind and falls to the
ground. As the larva is by this time safe inside the twig this
does not affect him.

Pupa. — '1 he larva changes to the pupal state inside the dead
twig.

Imago. — The beetle is about three quarters of an inch in
length. It does damage by girdling twigs and branches, its object
being to provide a supply of dead wood in which to lay its eggs.
By girdling a branch the upper part above the girdle dies, and it
is in the bark of this that the beetle has already laid her eo^g^.
The male insect may be distinguished from the female by a small
process projecting upwards from the base of each of the mandibles

79

Fig. 51. — Sthenics grisator.

in front of the clypeus. Figure 51 shows a dorsal and side view
of the mature beetle.

Locality from where reported. — This Longicorn was forwarded
to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, through the Madras Museum in
November 1892 by the Collector of Kurnool. He reported that
it had been noticed cutting rings of considerable depth and about
an inclj in diameter completely around the branches of a Tabernac-
montana sp. tree. The insect was identified by Mr. Galian of
the British Museum. Mr, Gnhan mentioned that the Ikitish
Museum contained a specimen taken more than 30 years ngo near
Coifiibatore which bears a ticket with the following note: — ''Gnaws
the bark of shrubs and is very destructive'\

The same species was subsequently forwarded to the Indian
Museum in January 1893 through the Director of the Imperial
Forest School. In this case it was obtained by the Depaty Con-
servator of Forests, Coorg, who wrote :—

'' These beetles cut off the stems clean in one night. . . .
Large rose trees are thus cut down and de»troyed. It is incre iilde
that a small insect like the one I send can do such damage, and I
would not have believed it had I not seen the ravages myself . . ,
They attack the main stem and despise the smaller brandies. Tbe
rose stems were from half an inch to three-quarters of an inch in
diameter, and were cut completely off with remarkable neatnesp,'^

This girdling is probably done by the beetle, it having laid its
eggs in the stem and twigs above.

13. Xylorrhiza adusta, Wiedem.

Wiedem, Zool. 3Iar/., 13, 1819, p. 182.
Tree aUacTced. — Dudhi [iyrighlia tinctorii, R, Hr.).
This Longic'orn was forwarded through the Diieotor of the Forest

80

School at Delira Dnn in September 1893, from the Conservator of
Forests, Southern Circle, Madras. It was reported as ''ringing'"'
the branches of Wrightia tincloria, a habit which does not appear
to have been previously noticed in connection with this species.

l-J-, Acanilinphorui serraticornis, 01,'—

01. Ent, IV, 66, p. 14, t. 9,f. 83. Larva ; Lucas. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1854.

Bull. p. 47.

Tree attacked. — SSI [SJiorea robusta, Gsertn.).

Specimens of this beetle were obtained in the Singbbhum sal
forests, Chota Nagpur. It was found on the wing by the writer
in August 1896 and aijain in June 1897. Beyond the fact that
it attacks decaying sal wood the writer has been unable to make
any observations on its habits and life history. The beetle was
determined in the Indian Museum as belonging to the genus
Acanthophorns, but the species was unknown.

The insect was named for me by Mr, W. F. Blandford, who
tells me there is only this one well known species described.

15. Genus ? species ?

Tree attached. — Saner {Betula cylindroslachys, Wall.).

A single specimen of a Cerambijrid beetle was found in a Sauer
tree in the Sikkim forests, Eastern Himalayas, at an elevation of
.%50() feet. The beetle was obtained by the writer on April 28th,
1'596, and sent to the Museum for identification in July 1896.
It proved to be new to tlie Museum and unrepresented in the
collection.

16. Genus ? species ?

Trees attacked. — Rohinia, sp. and Alhizzia, sp.

In June 1894 specimens of a larva found destructive to young
seedlings of Rohinia and Alhizzia were forwarded by the Director
of the Imperial Forest School, Dchra Dun, from the Forest Officer,
Chenab, with the information that the larva is said to live about
nine inches below the ground, and, cutting through the tap root of
both species, feeds upon the pulpy portion of it.

The specimens proved to be the larva of a Ceramht/cid beetle,
but the material sent to the Museum was insutiicient for precise
identification.

Note. — (1) Xylotrechus quadripes,ChQvr. — Coffee-borer.

Chevr. Mon., 1863, p. 293 ; Bunning Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 126

and 105 {larva).

This insect is the well-known coffee-borer of Southern India.
It has not as yet been reported as atta^'-king forest trees, but it is
mentioned here owing to the fact that it has proved suck a terrible
pest to colfee bashes. The damage is effected by the larva — a

81

wl\ite, flesliy, legless g;n\h, whicli bores into tlie woml of I ho etem of
tlie coffee bush and kills tiie plant. The beetle is about thiee-
quaiters of an inch long.

In 1867 it proved exceedingly destructive in Southern India to
coffi'e bushes. Figure bi represents the imago, both natural size
and enlaro-cd.

Fig, 52. — Xylotrechiis quadripes.

(2) During the recent (1896-97) departmental operations un-
dertaken in the Singhbhum Forest Division, Bengal (one of the
homes of the sal tree) under which the Division undertook to supply
two lakhs of broad gauge sal sleepers to the Rae-Bareili-Benares
Railway, it was most noticeable that the large amount of dead and
dying wood of necessity lying about, consequent on the opening out
the forests, resulted in an enormous increase in the numbers of
of Ceramhycid, Bostri/chid, and to a lesser extent, Scoh/fid beetles.
The writer noted in 1897 that sickly trees and trees that had been
hlown down during the monsoon of 1896 were riddled by Ceram-
hycid beetles of which Iloplocerambyx spinicornis (whose life history
has been descril^ed already) was one of the chief offenders. At a
rough estimate the writer considered that somewhere about 05 per
cent, of the sleepers cut were more or less damaged by the borings
of these beetles. This percentage rapidly increased if the sleepers
were left lyin^ in the forest for any length of time. During June
3 897 H. spinicornis 2Lnd Sinoxylon anale swarmed in the sleeper
depots, and the former could be seen issuing from the sleepers in
all directions, a proceeding which at times caused the rejection of
the sleeper by the railway passing Engineer.

TRIMERA.

No forest trees are badly attacked by this group of beetles,
although slight defoliaiiou may take place.

82

Family Xlll—Coccinellidw—Ldidiyhivd beetles.

This family of beetles ia unimportant in forestry. The beetles
are usually carnivorous, but one gemis and its allies form au excep-
tion to this rule, being leaf-eaters.

J. Epilachna viginli-ucto-punctata, Fabr.

Fabr. En. Soo. V. I., p. 232, 1792.

This beetle is mentioned here as it belongs to a leaf-eating
genus. It has been reported as defoliating Cucurhitaeea in Dehra
Dun. It has also beeii reported as destroying whole fields of
brinjal [Solanum tnelongena) plants in Bardwan and Balasore.

As above mentioned, CoccinelUdce are mostly carnivorous. This
genus and its allies, which form Laeordarie's tribe Coccinilhda
phylophages, are an exception to the general rule.

Figure 53 shows the imago of this insect.

Fia. 53. — Epilachna viginti-octo-punctata

83

OIIAPTER TY.

HYMENOPTERA.

TEREBRANTIA.

The following tree has been reported as attacked by a species
of this »roup : —

Family. Treb attacked. Natube of attack.

^ C 1. Te<\]i, (Fecfona grandis Galls produced on shoots and

CYUIPIDJ5 [ Li^jj)^ ^ branches.

Family l.^TJroceridce,

This family of the Terebrantia group of the Hymeno'pUra
includes the wood wasps. These insects are in Europe very like
wood-boring beetles in character. They feed in standing sickly
coniferous trees, and inhabit cut timber of buildings. The damage
that is done affects the commercial value of the wood after it has
been felled.

None of the Urocerida have as yet been reported to damage
wood in Indian coniferous forests.

Family 11.-^ TenthrediniOce ("Saw Flies").

The larvse of these insects are very like caterpillars [Lepidop-
ieta) and are called " saw flies.''* They feed on the leaves of plants,
and in Europe, of trees {e.g., Lopliyrus pini or the Scotch Pine).
Tenthredinidce have been reported as attacking rose bushes in the
Dehra Dun Forest School compound, but do not seem as yet to
have been reported from the forest.

Family III. — Cynipidw,

1. Gefius? species?

Tree attacked. — Teak {Tedona grandis, Linn.).

A species of Ct/nipid has been reported from the Eilicbpur
Division as producing galls on the teak tree.

The following note was furnished by the Forest Ranger : —

"Some teak trees were observed to present a knotty appearance
just below the node of the leading shoots and branches in com-
partment No. 3 of the Chourakund Circle. To this attention
was drawn by the Conservator of Forests, Hyderabad Assigned
Districts, and observations were ordered to be made. Tliese knotty
portions when cut transversely siiowed that in the middle small
eggs were laid for the future insect. These eggs have been found

84

to be laid in four along the four-sided stem of the teak^ and each
group to contain from twelve to twenty-tour eggs.

"These eggs were hatched during the beginning of July, and
the insect in its larva stage bored its way out. Some of the borings
possess the coat cast out by the insect while undergoing the
metamorphosis.'"'

Localify from where reported. — The Director, Imperial Forest
School, Dehra Dun, forwarded to the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
in July 1895 specimens of an insect said to attack teak trees in
the Malghat forest of the EUichpur Division.

The specimens consisted of dead chrysalids of a minute Hi/men-
oplerns insect belonging to the family CynijiidcR, the material being
insufficient for identification.

ACULEATA.

The wood of the following trees is attacked by species of this
group : —

Family. Teee attacked. Natfee of attack.

. CI. Katbgulav {Ficus glomerata,

APID^ . ^ Eoxb.) .... Wood tunuelled into.

^ f 1. Musre katus {Castanopsis

VESPIDiE .^ tribuloides.kJi^) . . Do. do.

Family IV.-^Apidce,

1. Xylocopa sp.

Tree attacked — Ficui glomerata, Roxb., and the woods of other
trees.

Species of Xt/locopa have been reported as tunnelling into
most kinds of wood. The insects are called " carpenter bees."

Mr. Thompson writes thus concerning this insect :—

''These bore tunnels into timber where they collect honey and
the farina of flowers, leaving a lump of this compound in a divided
cell for the nourishment of the young larva when it is hatched.
Each cell has with the egg a separate supply of this food. The
larvse are hatched sub-cylindrical, whitish worms . . . They change
into the pupal state within their respective cells and come out the
perfect bee after a brief period.^'

Mr. Thompson further remarks that in the North-West
Provinces there are three species ; a large one very destructive to
wood work of buildings, also to the dead wood of forest trees ; a
second which was procured from a Ficus glomerata tree, and a third
and smaller species which lives in colonies and burrows with great
energy. This one, as it lives in gangs, is more destructive, and bored
into thick trunks of Huldoo (name?) to such an extent as to
render them useless for any other purpose save firewood.

85

Xiilocopa are said to be very destructive to the timheis of
buiUlini^s refj-ularly inhabited in the Kanara district^ tlie tunnels
heinj^ somL'times as much aa three-quarters of an incli in
diameter.

The writer has observed Xylocopa boring into the beams of tea
factories in the Duars, thus weakeninij their supporting" power aud
in cases endangering- tlie stability of the roof. A species of this
Duars Xylocopa was procured at the beginning- of March 1895, when
several specimens were noticed on the wing. The specimen obtained
has not yet been identified.

Mr. B. H. Baden-Powell mentions in the Indian Forester^ that
a species of Xylocopa attacks dead but not living sal in the
Dehra Dun Forests (Siwaliks).

Family Y.— Vespidce,

1. fespa sp.

Tree attacl'ed. — Musre katus [Castanopsls trihuloides, A. DC).
A species of Vespa was procured by the writer from the decaying
stumps of a Musre katus tree. The insect was just mature when
cut out of its cell, and very beautiful in colour when first exposed
to the light.

Locality from where ohtained. — The specimen was obtained on
April 28th, 1896, in the Loolagaon Forest of the Tista Division,
Eastern Himalayas, at an elevation of ^,500 feet, by the writer.

It was forwarded to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, in July
1896 for identification. The insect was stated to belong to the
genus Vespa, but the species was new to the Museum.

^ Note on the Delira Dun iu the Indian Forester, Vol. I, p. 21, by
Mr. B. H. Baden-Powell.

S6

CHAPTER T.

DIPTERA.
BRACHYCERA.

This group has not as yet been reported as doiug much damage
iu Indian forests. The following tree is attacked : — •

TPahily. Tbee attacked. Natdee or attack.

MUSCID^ . f !• Mango {Mangifera indica. Fruit tunnelled into.

(_ Linn.).

Family I- — Miiscidce,

1. Dacus fern/gifieus, Fabr.

Fabr. Ent- Syst , IV \ Wiedm Ai'sser. Europ. Zweifivg. Ins , 2nd pt.,
Hamm., 1830, p. 513.

Tree attacked. — Maugo [Mangifera iiidica^'Lmw.).

Jjarva. — The harvse of this fly have been reported as doing eon-
eiderable damage to mangoes. When full grown they are about
the size of grains of boiled rice, and are to be found in the pulp of
the fruit attacked by them.

Locality from where reported. — The pest was reported as doing
considerable damage in Mozufferpore and afterwards from Berham-
pore. Regarding its presence in the latter place, Babu N. G.
Mukerji writes :-—

" They annually visit one of the famous orchards of this dis-
trict, the Katgola garden, and spoil almost every fruit of the
Maldah varieties, which ripen later than those of the country
varieties.'' This observation is interesting, as some doubt was ex-
pressed as to whether really sound fruit is attacked l)y this insect.

2, RiveWa persicce, Bigot.

I M. Notes, Vol., I, p. 192 ; Cat. Dipt. Orient. Beg., Ill, 1892, p. 221.

Tree attacked, — Mango {Mangifera indica^ Linn.) ; Peach
{Trunus persica).

;Egg. — The skin of the sound fruit is perforated by the imago
and the eggs depof.ited in it, unless there is a wound on the f ruic,
when the eggs will be deposited in it.

Xflrwa.— The larva feeds on the fruit. When full-grown, the
fruit having meantime fallen to the ground, it burrows its way
into the earth and changes there to the pupal state.

87

Imago — The imago issues on (he eleventh day after pupation.

Fig. 5i. —liiccllia i;ersi<'ic.

Figure oJsliows the imago of Ixi>'ellia persica.

Locality from where reported. — This ppst has been reported as
attackino- the fruit of the mauiro and peacli, destroying- in the latter
case one-half to two-thirds of the crop, according as to whether the
rains were early or late.

When this family is better known it may be found that both
the seed and leaves of our forest trees suffer to a certain extent
from their attacks.

NEMOCERA.

Family 11,— Cetidomy idee, ^

This family comprises a large number of slender bodied flies
which lay their eggs in the tissues of plants and offcin produce galls
as in the case of the Hyrnenoylenn family, Cynipida.

None of the family seem to have, as yet, been recorded as
destructive in Indian forests.

8S

CHAPTER TI.

LEPIDOPTEEA.
RHOPALOCERA (Butterflies),

Bhopaloeera are not irriportant in Forestry, They damas^e
trees to a small extent, especially fruit trees, in the larval state.
The following trees have been reported as defoliated : —

Family. Teee attacked. Natuee of attack.

Papilionid^ . r "^leli^gle Marmalos,Qorre&.). Leaves eaten.

< "Bev {Ziz^phus Jujtcba, Lam.). Do.

Hespeeid^ . (. Cocoanut {Cocos nucifera, Linn.). Do.

Family h—Pajnlioaidce*

The damage is done by the larvse, who defoliate the trees
attacked.

1. Papilio erithonins, Cramer.

Tree nifachcl. — Bael [Mgle Marmahs, Correa.), Ber [Zizyphus
Jnjvha^ Lam.) and other fruit trees.

Egg. — The eggs are smooth, spherical and pale yellow in colour,
and are always laid on the very young shoots of the tree.

Larva. — When hatched out the larva begins to feed on the
young leaves and shoots. When young the larvae resemble bird
droppings and rest on the exposed side of the leaf. When full-
grown they are bright green in colour and rest on the stems of the
leave?, where they are hidden.

Pupa. — The pupa is angular in shape and is suspended from
the food plant by a silken cord.

Imogo. — The imago is very particular in ovipositing, and never
lays more than three eggs on one plant. Plate V shows the imago,
pupa, ventral and side view, and larva of this insect.

Locality from where reported. — Specimens were sent to the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Bangalore with the information
that the insect attacked lemon trees.

In 1889 specimens were sent from the Saharanpore Botanical
Garden, where the insect was reported as doing much damage to
young budding orange trees.

De Niceville in the Asian^ wrote that he found the larvse
most frequently on the Bael tree, but that in Calcutta it also ieeds
on the orange, pomelo and ber trees.

KLian of 7th February 1888.

89

Family ll,—ll€Si)erlda\

As in the previous family, the damage in this one is done by
defoliating larvae.

1. Qangara thyrsis, Fahr.

Tree allacked. — Cocoanut [Cocos nucifera, Linn.).

£ffff. — The egg, which is spherical in shape, is laid on the
upper surface of the cocoanut frond.

Larva. — The larva? appear in from eight to ten days after the
Q^^ is deposited, and immediately draw a section of the leaf
together, first cutting it laterally to enable it to be drawn into a
cylinder by menns of a tiue silken thread. In this cylinder the
larva} live, travelling out at night to feed. In appearance the
larva? somewhat resembles that of AHacns atlas, but they are of
course very much smaller. They are covered with white Hlaments^
which appear as if powdered with flour. There are two patches of
scarlet on the segments near the head, placed laterally.

Pupa. — The larva changes into the pupal state within the
rolled up part of the leaf.

Imago. — The imago, which is shown in Figure 55, is a medium-
sized stout butterfly.

Fig. 55. — Gangani fhi/rsis.

Local it u from where reported. — Specimens of this IlcaperU
butterfly were received through the Director of the Forest School,
Dehra Dun, from the Distrie^t Forest Officer, North Malabar, who
reported that this caterpillar was very destructive to young cocouv
nut palms in his district.

HETEROCERA (notlis).

Note.— The classification in Ilnrnpson's Moth>i of India bna boon followed
to the end of Geoinotrinje. The volume coutaining the remainin<r families hus
not yet been [Jubli^lled.

90

Next perhaps to the g-reat order Coleoptera the Heterocera
contains the most dangerous pests tluit a forester has to deal with.
Both as defoliators and wood-horers are these pests to be found in
our Indian forests, and the destruction accomplished by them is
sometimes on an enormous scale.

Families.— >Saf«trni^cfcp and Bombycidw.

These are two of the great silk-yielding- families of the
Heterocera, and many of them have a commercial value. The larvae
are defoliators, but have not been as yet reported as doing much
damage in Indian forests. Only these two families will be
noticed here. In Europe defoliating larvae of these families do a
serious amount of damage to conifers.

The following are a few trees defoliated by these insects : —

Family. Tebe attacked. Nature of attack.

f 1. Sal {Shorea robusta, Defoliation.

I Gsevtn.).

I 2. Saj {Terminalia fomenfosa, Do.
SAxruNilD^ . •{ W. andA).

3. Ber {Zizyphus Jujuha, Do.

I Lam,\

t 4. {MicJielia, sp.) . . Do.

BoMBTciD^ . ( 1. Peepul {Ficus reUgiosa, Do.

V

Linn.).

Note. — Numercus otber trees might be mentioned, but as up to date tbe
insects liave proved to be important more from their commercial value than as
pests, it is considered unnecessary to do more than allude to the group.

Family 111.— Satuvnidce.

1. Antheraea paphia, Linn. — The Tusser Silk-Worm.
Linn. Sijst. Nat. I, p. 809 — Antheraea mi/litta, Drury Eccot. Ins. II, pi. 5,

Trees atlatked. — Sal {Shorea robusta) ; Saj {Terminalia tomen-
tosa); Ber {Zizyphus Jujnba).

Larva. — The larva is a brilliant green in colour adorned with
numerous tubercles.

Pupa. — The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon of fine structure which
is attached to the food plant by a strong stalk.

Imago. — The moth is a large, buff-coloured insect with curious
transparent ocelli-like small .windows in its wings. The insect
goes through two generations in the year.

Locality from lo^ere reported, — The insect is found in a wild
state all over India, and feeds on a variety of trees, while it is regu-

1)1

l.irly cnltivated in Cliota Nagpur, Central lutlia and Sontliern
India, giving a large outturn ol: silk yearly.

The Hgure, Plate VI, shows the male and female moths ; also
the cocoon and caterpillar.

2, Aniheraea assama, Westw. — Muga Silk-Worm.
Westw. Cab. Or. i:nt.,p.41,pl.20,fig. 2 ;C.and S. No. 1559.

Tree attacked. — Michelia, sp.

Resembles the Tusser insect, but differs therefrom both in the
nature of the cocoon, which has no stalk, and in the shape and
markings of the moth and larva. The insect goes through about
five generations in the year, and is reared in Assam in much the
same way as the tusser is reared in Chota Nagpur. The larva
feeds on Miohelia sp., etc.

Plate VII shows larva, pupa, and imago of A. assama.

3. Anther aea frilhiiy Moore.

Moore, P. Z. S., 1859, p. 256, ft. 65, Jig. 1 ; C. and S. No. 1561.

Tree attacked, — Sal {Shorea robusta, Linn,).

This insect is common at low elevations in Sikkim. The larva
feeds on the sal and the insect hybernates as a pupa. It is bivol-
tine, the moths appearing in March and again in August.

Family IV .—Bombycidw,

1. Gunda sikkima, Moore.

Moore P. Z. S., 1879, p. 406, pi. 33, fig. 3 ; C. and S. No. 1112, Aristhala

sikkima, Moore.

Tree attacked. — Ficus religiosa, Linn, and otherst

A small moth reported from the Sikkim forests.

It spins its cocoon on the underside of a leaf. The cocoon is

glistening white in colour and contains a good deal of fine silk.

The caterpillar does some damage as a defoliator.

^ir

Fig. 5G. — Gundd sikkima $

92

y>'[,'Mi

Fig. 57. — Gunda siJckima. ?

Fig. 58. — Cocoon of Gunda slkklma.

Figures 56 aiul 57 represent the male and female moths. Figure
58 sliowp part »^f a leaf with a ])iereed cocoon attached to it.

93

Family Y.^Eupterotidce.

Species of this family have hecn veportod as ewarminw over
the country and devastating growth of all kinds, the damage
being done by the larvte.

1. Eupterote minor, Moore.

JWoore, Indian 21 us. Notes, Vol. Ill, Ko. 2,p. 89, genus Spalyria,
Moore.

Tree utlacJceii, — Herbaceous plants and shrubs.

Some liairy larvae of this moth were sent to the Indian
Mnsenm, Calcutta, in November 1891 throujj:h Mr. De Niceville
from Rangoon, with the information tliat the insect had been very
destructive.

In a report received from the Northern Division, Shwebo,
Burma, it was stated that a ]>lague of hair}' caterpillars had ap-
peared which literally covered the country, destroying the herbage
and swarming on the roads to such an extent that thousands of
them must be trodden under foot by passing wayfarers. Con-
tact with the hairs produces irritation and even sores. The
larva is said to turn into a species of yellow moth about August.

Fig. 59. — Lfirva of Eupterote minor.

The "Burmese name for the insect is '' Pagnnde " or " Rugnungde."
Figure 59 shows a dorsal and side view of the caterpillar (natural
size).

94.

liocality from ivhere reported. — This pest was sent to the
Calcutta Museum from Burma, and the authorities forwarded it
to Mr. Moore for identification. By the latter it was determined
as E. minor.

It is curious that in the above account no mention is made
of trees having been attacked by the insect. In a swarm of this
magnitude it is extremely probable that trees suffered to some
extent, and yet there does not seem to have been any report to
this effect. In the event of a fresh swarm it would be interest-
ing to know something more about the habits of the pest in this
respect.

.<'-
,- ^."•--

1'

\

~k

i'lG. 60. — A'lij^terotc minor, i. \ ;..

Fig. 61. — Eupterote minor, ?

Figure CO shows the male and Figure 01 the female of
E, minor.

2. Genus? species?

Tree attacked. — Buk {Qnercus lamellosa, Sm.).

The following note was sent to the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
by Mr. C. G. Rogers of the Forest Service, from Darjiling : —

*' In April 1890 a blackish, hair-covered, processional caterpillar,
about two inches in length, defoliated the Buk {Quercus
lamellosa) trees over an area of about twelve miles long by eight
miles broad, near Darjiling ; the trees, which were in some cases
as much as seventy feet in height, being often completely denuded
of their leaves. Much injury was not done, however, as at the
time that the caterpillar appeared the trees had only their last
year's leaves upon them, while they put forth their young leaves
again in the following June.*''

Beyond the information contained in the above note nothing
further seems to have been reported on this insect.

95

Family VlSesUdce,

The wood-boring- families of the llcterocera contain some of
the most destructive of forest insect pests. In the larval state
they are wood-borers, and in the amount of damage they are
capnble of doing to wood they, althonc^lj their numbers are per-
haps less numerous, rival the Coleopterous families Bostrychidm,
Scoli/li(J(d and Ceramhi/ciila;. The larva can always le distin-
guished from Coleopterous ones by the possession of the charac-
teristic fleshy abdominal prolegs of Lepidoptera.

A species of this family has been reported to tunnel into the
wood of a poplar tree, completely riddling it.

1. Trochilium omnaliaforme^ Moore. Baluchistan Poplar Borer.

Moore, M. S.=genus SpJiecia, Sithn. Verz., p. 127 (1818).

Tree attached. — Poplar {Popuhis euphratica, Olivier).

The following is the probable life history of this pest : —

Egg. — The eggs are probably laid in the bark of the tree
attacked in the early part of the cold weather, say during the
last week in October and first part of November. A part of the
cold weather is probably passed in this stage.

Larva. — The larvae probably emerge about the beginning of
January. They at once commence boring through the bark, and
in April, when they are aboxrt half-grown, they may be found
between the bark and the wood. From this time they commence
boring straight into the heart-wood, getting- well into it before
the sap commences to rise in the spring. They remain tunnellino"
through the wood till about September.

Pupa. — In September the larvae commence to change into
pupae. These are to be found in cocoons made of chips and
situated near the entrances of the burrows, as showu in Figure 62.

Imago. — The imagoes appear in October. Specimens were
reared in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from stumps of poplar
received from Baluchistan. The moth is a small clear- win "-ed
Sesiid, and so closely resembles the wasp Vespa ciricta in ap-
pearance as to be easily mistaken for it when looked at super-
ficially ; and this resemblance, as in the case of other mimickino-
insects, no doubt affords the moth protection from the attacks
of birds, the latter being careful not to meddle with V. cincfa
and its powerful sting. It may be mentioned here that the
characteristic of the Sesiid family is that the imagoes resemble
small hawk moths [Sphiugidce) with the scales gone from the
wings (therefore called " clear wings " ). Some species, as in this

H Z

96

case, often liave a striking resemblance to wasps. Florure 62 shows
a section of a tunnel containing the cocoon of chips in which the

Fig. 62.— Cocoon of Trochilium omnatioeforme.

97

pupa is formed. Figure 63 shows the laiva, pupal case and imago

Fig. 03. — Larva, ptipal case and ima^o of Trochilium omnaticcforme.

of the insect, whilst Figure 64 shows a section of the trunk of a
young poplar tree from Baluchistan, one-tenth natural size,
showing tiie tunnels made by the larva) of this moth.

L

i..

Fix. C4. — Section of Poplar, one-tenth natural size, showing attacks of
T. omnatlcpforme.

The following shows diagramatically the above life history^
etc., the life cycle being taken as one year only : —

i^

Ih*

&

M

b'

M

^

C3

i

>->

C3
g

.a
4)

Si

<

•A

§

"a

3

to

0
<

a

o

e

s
g

1867

t

■

t+t t

t + tt

1893

_ mmm • 'f t ^

+

1

-

98

Locality from whre reported. — According' to Mr. Clegliorn
the Poplar tree (? Populus euphralica) , which constitutes the
most generally useful wood of the country (Baluchistan), suffers
eeverely from the attack of a boring insect. This insect proves
to be the larva of the Sesiid moth Irochilitim oninati(zforme.
The poplar trees are grown from cuttings, and when about two
years old are almost invariably attacked by the caterpillar, which
bores through the trunk and riddles it in all directions close to
the ground, generally killing off the stem before it reaches the
age of five years but leaving the roots intact, so that fresh shoots,
i.e., coppice shoots, come up from the grouud. These shoots,
having well established roots to support them, generally manage
to survive the attack of the insect and to repair the damage by
throwing fresh wood around the injured portion. The loss there-
fore that is occasioned by the insect chiefly consists in the
throwing back of the growth of the young trees by two or three
years. Now as the tree is a fast-growing one, this loss is very
considerable, two-year old trees being often as much as fourteen
feet in height with stems of two and-a-half inches in diameter
when they are killed down by the pest. Out of thirty- five trees
planted out five years previously, Mr. Cleghorn found remaining
eight of the original trees which had survived the attack of the
insect, fifteen trees, eacli apparently from three to four years old,
and twelve trees, each one to two years in age, all coppice shoots
from the original roots, the first shoots having been destroyed by
the insect. The percentage of trees attacked was found to he
very much smaller in 1891 than in 1890, a result which
Mr. Cleghorn attributes to the hardness of the winter of 1890-91.

The above serves as a good illustration of the enormous amount
of damage an insect can do in a plantation, i£ it once gets firmly
established in it.

Family VII.— Ps2/c7ii(Zce. CBag Worms.)

The larvse of this family defoliate many plants in India, and
do some damage in our forests. The family may be recognised
by the fact that the larva always lives inside a bag or bundle
of sticks (resembling a bundle of faggots en tninature) or rolled up
leaf, which it carries about on its back after the manner of a snail
and its shell.

The following are the trees reported as damaged by the
group : —

Familt. Tree attacked. Nature of attack.

Sal {Shorea rohusta,, Gaertn.) Defoliation.

PsTCHiD^ -j 2 Gall nut tree (Terminalia Cheoula, Ketz.) do.

Lagerstromia, sp.) do.

1. Clania variegata, Suell.

99

Snell. Ti/d. Ent.,xxii, 1879, p, lU.'s-Eumeta siJckima, Moore, Iml. Mas.
Notes a, No. 1, 2}. 67 {1891).

Tree attacked. — Sal {Shorea robusfa, Grartn.).

Jiff{/. — The female lays her ecrcrs about the be^inninf* of March
in the pupal shell, within the case, amono- the remaining loose
Bcales which have not been emitted and which serve as a protection
for the eggs. After laying nearly all her eggs her abdomen so
decreases in size that she falls out of her case and dies. The eggs
are yellow, smooth ovals, slightly squared at the ends and
immarked. The outer covering is not hard and shell-like, but
simply a skin, and the slightest touch will put the egg out of shape
and render it useless.

Larva. — The larva) emerge about the 1st of April from the
eggs laid in March. This is the first brood of the year, but the
others do not follow in any regularity, and their number during
the year has not been ascertained. Both larvae and pupse are
found in all stages during the rains. The larvae when they first
emerge are about one-sixteenth of an inch in length ; colour, reddish
brown ; head, large, with strong mandibles. Only after about
the third or fourth day do they begin to form cases from bits of
moss and bark of sill trees, on the young leaves of which they
feed. The larva never leaves its case once it has begun to enlarge
it. The mouth of the case is made flexible so that it can be
drawn in with the head. Later on in life the larva seems to
prefer the old sal leaves as food. "When about to change to the
pupal stage the case is fastened to a twig or on to the bark of the
tree, and the mouth of the case is drawn out in the shape of a
neck, which is then closed. The larva then proceeds to cover
the inside of the case with a very fine loose silk, and then turns
round inside so as to hang head downwards.

Pupa. — In the male the pupa is shiny, dark mahogany coloured
and cylindrical. In the female it is much thicker than in the
male and of a lighter reddish brown, and when the pupa changes
into the imaq;o state only the top head and thoracic seo-ments
of the shell are thrown off, and the insect cuts its way out of the
lower end of its cocoon by means of its sharp-edged beak.

Imago. — As is usual in this family, the male moth is alone
perftctly developed. The female never leaves her ease and is a
mere bag of eggs (after coupling) without, it is said, any wino-s
limbs, eyes, or antennae.

The male has highly peotinnated antennae, and is about two and-
a-half inches across the wings.

The female has some means of attracting the male to her
and copulation takes place by the male settling on the head

100

of the female and forcing his abdomen in between the pupal shell
and the body of the female. Figure 65 shows (1) the ^ moth ;

Fig. 65. — Clania variegata,

(2) the degraded wingless female as she appears when taken out
of the case; (-3) the larval case in which the female passes her
existence ; (4) the larval case of the male with pupal skia protrud-
ing from wbicli the male moth has emerged. The figures are all
natural size.

Locality from where reported. — This insect was reported by
Mr. Dudgeon as attacking the sal tree and tea bushes in the
Darjiliug District. Mr. Dudgeon wrote : " Tlie larva of this
moth is found everywhere in the Darjiling District where sal trees
groWj and would be perhaps the most to be feared as a pest should
it increase greatly, which it has apparently little to prevent it
doing. It appears, however, to be little known, probably on
account of its ability of hiding itself witliin its case made of
moss, bark, and dried leaves, and in this way becomes indis-
tinguishable from the bark or twigs near which it may be
suspeaded whilst feeding.''

101

Since Mr. Dndg-eon de^scribed C. vari^f/afa the writer has also
noticed it to be common in the sal forests of the Darjilinjj
District.

2. Acanthopsyche [Metisa] moorei, Heyl,

Eei/l. Bull. Soc. But. Belq.. 1890, p, 2. — Bahula grotei, Moore, J. A. S. B.
' llx, pi. 2, p. 262.

Trees attacked. — Gall nut tree [Terminalia Chelula^ Retz.) and
Lagerslroinia sp.

Egg. — The eorgs are probably laid by the female moth inside
her case, which she never quits.

Larva. — The yoking larva? first thatch themselves with little
rough bits of leaf, e^radually adding to the case thus constructed
and making it bigger ami neater as they grow older. When full
grown they spin themselves up into their cases, which they sus-
pend from some convenient branch by silken threads. Tliev then
turn themselves round inside the case so that the head rests in the
position previously occupied by the anal extremity.

"Pupa. — In the above-mentioned position the larva shuffles off
its larval skin and becomes a pupa.

Imago. — The male imago emerges from what was formerly the
anal end of the larva's case, and generally leaves part of the pupal
slviu protruding from the case, as shown in Fig. 66, The male is

Fig. 66. — Acanthopsyche (Metisa) moorei.

an active little moth. The female has not yet been observed but
is likely to be a wingless grub-like insect, which pa-^ses her
whole life within the case.

Locality from tohere reporter/. ^This insect is thought to be
the one that has been reported as attacking the gall-nut tree
(? Terminalia chehula] in the Madras Presidency.

The insect is also said to do a great deal of damage in Calcutta
as a defoliator, attacking Lagerstromia sp., and rose bushes
etc.

3. Genus {^ Clani.o)^ species.

Tree attacked. — Sal [Shorca robitsta, Gsertn.).

102

Specimens of a PsJ/cJdd larva were sent to tlie Indian
Museum, in Calcutta, in June 1888, by Mr, C. V. Johnson from
Ranehi, Cbota Nagpur. He stated that they infested sM, tea
and other plants. This insect is probably closely allied to
Clania variegata if it does not prove to be the same insect.

In 1894 the writer attempted to rear a Psychid caterpillar
found attackinc^ the sal tree in the Singhbhum sal forests (about
eighty miles south of Ranehi), but was unsuccessful in obtaining
any imagoes. Owing to constant shifts of camp the larva and
pupso got so knocked about that they all died.

Families.— Cossiefcp, Hepialidce, Limacodidce,

As in the case of the previously described family Sesiida, most
of the larvse of these three families are wood-borers ; they bore into
such valuable trees as Tectona grandis, Santalum album, and
Sioietenia Mahogani, They also do some damage as defoliators.

The following trees are attacked by these families : —

Family. Tbee attacked. Natttee oe attach.

1. Teak (JTectona grandis, Linn.) . . Wood tunnelled
CossiD^ . \ into.

.2. Sandal-wood {Santalum album, Linn.) • Do. do.
1. Cinchona {Cinchona sp.) • . . Do. do.

Hepialid^ ^

Teak {Tectona grandis, Linn.) * . Do. do.
1. Mango {Mangifera indica, Linn.) . Defoliated.

LlMACOriD^ \

Mahogany {Swietenia Mahogani, Linn.) Do. do.
Lharcoal Tree or r Trema orientalis, BI. C
Unknown . 3 j {z=Spomia orientalis,\ Wood tunnelled

Indian Nettletreel Planch.) 1 into.

C. Casuarina, sp. ^

i

Family Vlll-—Cossidce.

1. Cossus cadambe, Moore (or an ally of this species).
Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, f. 822 ; C. and S., No. 1582.
Tree atiacJced. — Teak {Tectona grandis, Linn.).
Egg. — The eggs are laid about the end of March in the rotten
wood on the stems of the trees attacked.

Larva. — The larva is red in colour and not quite an inch in
length, and is to be found in the wood from May onwards. It is
stated that large mature larvse are to the found at other times, so
it is probable that more than one season is sometimes passed in
this stage. The tunnel in the wood made by the larva is about the
gize of a quill and not at all straight.

Pupa. — The pupa is apparently not enclosed in a cocoon.

103

Imago. — The perfect iusect emerges In the cold weather about
March, Fiy^ui-e 67 shows the liirva, pupa aud icrag-o of this iueect.

Fig. 67. — Cossus cadambe.

Locality from where reported. — Specimens of this pest were
forwarded to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Mr. BonrJillon.
It was reported as doing very serious injury to teak trees in
Travancore by boring into the stems.

The following is an extract from Mr. Bonrdillon's letters on
the subject^ : —

" Tiie teak tree occurs in Travancore, and is found over consi-
derable areas both in the low country and on the bills up to 3,000
feet elevation. It attains very large dimensions (five feet in
diameter), and grows to a great age at moderate elevations (1,000
feet or so) and on well-drained situations, but in the low country
it seldom grows much above fifteen inches in diameter, the
timber here being much heavier and the concentric rings much
closer together than when the tree grows on the hills. This is
probably due more to its growing on a hard laterite soil than on
the difference in elevation.

"This small stunted teak is very much troubled by a species
of red borer, not quite an inch long, which perforates the wood,
chiefly in the neighbourhood of the old branches, and of course
very much lowers its value .

" This boring is entirely due to the dreadful system of lopping
teak to manure the paddy fields, which prevails in Travancore . .
The trees are lopped in May and June just when they are in
full leaf, little snags being left by the people by which to climb
up. These snags die back, and as the sap is iu full flow a new
branch is thrown out at the side of the old one, which is in turn
cut back, so that gradually large spaces of soft rotting wood about

' The first of theae letters was published in the Indian Forester for July
1889.

104

ten inclies square are left at intervals all up the tree. This soft
wood is seized on by some insect which lays its egtr^ there, and
in time borers riddle the wood. They work in and down to the
distance of eight to nine inches, and are to be found at work about
May and June . . .

" The trees thus attackc'l die down after a time from the top,
and eventually no part of them remains alive but the base of the
stem, from which suckers are thrown up.

*'The wood is of course completely damag'el for furniture or
ordinary work, but wben the trees are not badly damaged they
can be used for rough work, such as posts, though they are of
course permanently disfigured.

" There can be no doubt that the damage is caused entirely by
the lopping of the trees, for in the forest where the teak is not
subject to this ill-treatment, the trees do not suffer in the least."

The above is a good illustration of how enforced bad manage-
ment of a forest brmgs about and assists insect attacks, which,
under a different procedure, could be kept at bay, if not entirely
obviated.

2. Zenzera coffece, Nietner.

Nietn. Edin. Neio Phil. Journ. XV, 1862, p. 86 ; C. and S., Wo. 1588 ;
Moore Lep. Ceyl. ii, pi. 143, figs. 1, la, b {la)'va).

Tree attacked. — Sandal wood {Santalum album, Linn.).

^0. — The eggs are laid by the female in the bark of the tree.

Larva. — The larva is two inches in length and as thick as a
goose quill, nearly naked and yellowish in colour, back red, head,
thoracic, and anal plates blackish ; when full grown the colours
are light and dirty. On emergence from the e^g the young larvaa
tunnel their way into the heart of the tree. It is stated that
when they attack tea bushes the larvse are at first found in the
smaller twigs, but as they grow bigger they make their way into
the main branches and stem. The presence of the insect may
usually be detected by the sickly drooping foliage and the heaps
of saw dust lika excrement to be found on the ground under the
tree attacked. The larva is stated to bore into both the stem and
the root of the sandal-wood, either killing the sapling outright or
weakening it so that it is liable to get blown over by the wind.
It is not improbable that the larval life is of more than one year's
duration.

Pupa. — When full grown the larva proceed to the outer
layers of wood and change into the pupal state near the mouth of
the tunnel. The pupa is said to rest three months, and the pupal
skin half protrudes from the hole when the imago escapes.

Imago.— "VXie. moth measures one and three-quarter inches

105

across the winors, which are wliite spotted witli steel bhie ; the
upper ones with one huge spot and numerous series of small ones

Fia. 68. — Zenzera coffees.

placed in rows between the nerves ; the lower wings are less
spotted ; thornx with four spots near the margin; abdomen varie-
<iated with blue ; leg^s blue. The moth emerges in Febmaiy.
Mr. Green, however, notices that in Ceylon the moths are found
at several other times of the year. Figure 68 shows a caterpillar
inside a tunnel in the wood, also a chrysalis and a chrysalis case
protruding from a tunnel, and the moth, all natural size.

Localiti/ from where reported. — The pest was reported by the
Assistant Conservator of Forests, Mysore, in 1891 as attacking
and seriously damaging sandal-wond. He stated that saplings
of this tree were either killed outright or so weakened b}- the
attacks of this pest that they were thrown down by the wind.
As this tree yields an important revenue to the Mysore State, this
damage done to the young trees was of consequence.

Mr. J. Cameron also found sandal-wood trees being attacked
in the Botanical Gardens at, Bangalore, and sent some of the
affected stems to the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The identity of
the insect, which also proved to be Zetizera coffea, was ascertained
from a moth that emerged in the Museum from these stems.

The chief points which remain to be ascertained about the life
history of this pest are the dates of emergence of the moth, and
the period spent in the various stages, particularly the number
of months or years spent by the larva tunnelling in the tree.

106

Family lX,—HepiaUdce.

Ill tliis family the damage is done by the insect, in the larval
state, boring into the wood of tiees.

1. P/iaasus pupurascens, Moove.

Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii,p.l56,pl. 143, ficf. 4 ; C. and S. No. 1620.

Tree attached. — Cinchona [Cinchona, sp.).

Nothing much seems to be known about this insect. Its
larvse have been reported as tunnelling into Cinchona trees.

2. Genus 'i species'^ —

Tree attached. — Teak [Tectona grandis, Linn.).

Specimens of a Heterocerous larva, probably belonging to the
family Hepialida, were received in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
in January 1890 through the Madras Museum. The larvse were
reported as boring into the Government teak plantations in
Nilamber, Malabar. No data on the life history of tlie pest
seem to have been reported.

3. Genus "i species'^

Tree attached. — Teak [Tectona grandis, Linn.).

Specimens of a caterpillar of a boring moth, together with
pieces o£ teakwood bored by them, were sent to the Indian
Museum by Mr. F, J. Branthwaite, Prome District, in December
1«9J<. Mr. Bianthwaite wrote as follows with reference to the
pest : —

*' When visiting some plantations of teak this morning planted
in the Prome Division in 1892, in company with the Conservator,
Pegu Circle, and the Deputy Conservator of Forests, Tharrawaddy,
we noticed that several of the young trees were attacked by some
larvse, two specimens of which are herewith sent.

^' The plantation where the larvse were found was one planted
in lines 12' X 3', the space intervening between the lines being
overgrown with a fairly thick growth of various grasses.'''

It was found impossible to identify the larvse sent, but they
were Lepidopterous and probably a Hepialid,

The larvse, which are of a dirty cream colour with brown
heads, are said to enter the stem of the young teak plant about
one inch above the ground and then to bore right down into the
tap root. They may be discovered by the heap of excreta present
round the entrance of the hole.

This is another pest which should prove easy of identification
if the officer in charge of the plantation collects the insect in all
its stages of larva, pupa, and imago.

107

Family X,—Litnacodidce,

The larvae of tins family do damage by defoliating trees,

1. Natada veUdina, KoUan (or an allied species).

Koll. EilgeVs Kaschmir, iv, p. 473 ; C. and S. No. 1274 ; Butl. III. Het. vi,

pi. 102, fig. 1.

Tree attacked. — Mango [Mangifera indica, Linn.).
This insect has been reported as defoliating young mango
trees in Poona.

Nothing further appears to be known about it.

2. Genus "^ species ?

Tree attached* — Mahogany (Szoietenia 3Iahogani, Linn.).

Mr. J. Cameron of the Bangalore Public Garden wrote to the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, on 16th January 1889, that they were
being troulled by an inject which defoliated young mahogany
plants. He was, he said, trying the experimental planting of
mahogany; a week or so ago the young plants had in many cases
been stripped of their leaves by the pest.

The specimens received in the Museum were found to be the
larvae of a moth belonging to the family Litnacodidce.

Note. — There are two other wood-boring Heteroeerus insects
which have not as yet been classified or put into their families for
want of proper material to identify them by.

1 . Genus ? species ?

Tree attacked. — Charcoal tree. {Trema orientalis, Bl.ssSpomia

orientalis, Planch.).

Some larvse have been reported as very destructive to this
tree in Southern India (Bidie).

2. Genus ? species ?

Tree attacked.— Casuarina, sp.

Specimens of an insect, probably beloufring to this group,
were forwarded to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, through the
Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun, from the Divisional
Forest Officer, Ciiingleput, with the remark that they were found
in the bark of Casuarina trees and were said to stunt their growth,
although they did not kill the tree.

Family ^l.—Lyinantriidce.

This is another family containing defoliating larvae. A species
has been reported as defoliating the sal {S/wrea robusta), and
consequently interfering with the growth of the tree over several
hundreds of square miles at a time.

108

The followino- trees have been reported as suffering from the
attacks of species of this family : —

Family. Tree attacked. Natuee of attack.

rl. Sal [Shorea ro7)usta, Gsertn.) . Defoliation.

Tti- -B Tvi:' J 2- I^Iakai (Shorea assamica, Dyer) . Do.

JiTMANTBliDiE ^ .^ ^yj^^^^^^ {Mangifera huUca Linn.) . Do.

(^4. Khumbi (Careya arhorea, Roxb.) . Do.

1. Dasychira tJiwaUesii, Moore.

Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii, p. 98, pi. 116, -fig. 1, la, b, {larva) ; C. and 8.

No. 991.

Trees altacJced. — Sal (Shorea robusia, Gsertn.), Makai {Shorea
assamica, Dyer), and Khumbi {Careya arhorea, Roxb.).

A description of a severe attack by this insect on the sal
forests (which they completely defoliated) in Assam in 1878
was given by Mr. W. R. Fisher, late Conservator of Forests in
that Province, in the Indian Forester^.

The following is an account of what is at present known of
tbe life history of the pest.

Egg. — The ^^g is laid by the imago on the leaves of the sal
and other trees attacked.

Larva. — When full fed the larvse are about one and a quarter
to two inches long, covered all over with lono", erect, yellow hairs,
a thick bunch of which occurs on the dorsal aspect of each ot the
first four segments of the abdomen and also on the terminal seg-
ment ; there is a black transverse stripe between the two anterior
dorsal tufts. After it is full grown the larva spins itself up
between the leaves of its food plant into a very scanty cocoon
composed of its own hairs, wbich appear to be very easily
detached, and which it binds together witli silk.

Pupa. — After almost completely denuding itself of hairs to
form the cocoon in which it encloses itself, the caterpillar creeps
out of its larval skin and becomes a pupa. In the case of the
February generation the insect remains in the pupal stage for
rather less than a fortnight.

Imago. — The most noticeable feature about the moth is the
difference between the sexes, the male being very much smaller
and more brightly coloured than the female. Mr. Moore^ describes
the moth as follows : —

(J fore wing greyish white, crossed by a basal, antemediab
and a postmedial, indistinct, black speckled sinuous duplex line?
and a marginal side line, a lunular mark at the end of the celb

1 Indian Forester, Vol. VI, p. 243 (1881).
^ Lepidoptera, Ce5'lon, Vol. II., p. 99.

109

tbe lines sli<^li(ly dilatocl at tlie costal end ; hind winn^ pale lnown,
the costal border ami the eilia f^reyish white; thorax, liead, pai)>i,
and leo'.'J crreyish white; abdomen pale brown; thorax sli^^lit ly
brown speckled ; sides of head and palpi blackish ; legs with black
spots ; antennae ocbreous brown, shaft white.

$ fore wing" greyish white irrorated with nnmerous brown
scales, the transverse sinuous lines muidi less defined, beiny mostly
apparent at the costal end, and composed of scattered brown
scales ; hind wing- white with a few brown scales from the anal
angle ; body greyish white ; thorax brown speckled ; legs and
antennae as in the S-

Expanse — S 1^ inches; ? 2f inches.

The insect appears to be singularly suliject to the attacks of
parasites. A considerable number of cocoons sent to the Indian
Aluseum, Calcutta, were destroyed by parasites, Uicknid flies and
species of ChalcidcB being the chief ones identified. Mr. Fisher
also wrote on this subject :— ■

'' I collected several hundred chrysalids^ intending to send speci-
mens for identification, but they all died, whether from a disease
or ichneumons I cannot now determine. Since May 1879 I have
not noticed a single specimen of the iusect.''

Plate VIII (1) shows the male and female moths, the cocoon
partially wrapped in a leaf, the chrysalis extracted from the cocoon,
and the caterpillar, all natural size.

Locality from where reported, — As above mentioned, Mr. Fisher
wrote an account in the Indian Forester of an insect, subse-
quently ). roved to be J), tkwaitisii, that defoliated sal trees in the
Eastern Duars and Goalpara in 1S78. He wrote tliat in the
commencement of October 1 878 every leaf of the sal trees, in a
forest of about two hundred square miles in extent, had been
devoured. In this tract, which is situated on a raised plateau of
red loam and gravel, and is called the Purbotjuar and Guma
forests, and in which sal almost everywhere constitutes the
predominant species, the foliage was so completely destroyed that
the sal trees were rendered ]terfectly bare of leaves and the
ground was strewn with their debris and with the caterpillars'
dung.

The caterpillars, however, prevailed over a mueb larger area,
the more westerly forests in the plains of the Eastern Duars
suffering the most. Other trees were also attacked, especially
Careya arhorca^ and even the tea plants of a garden which had
been lately opened out in the neighbourhood of tlie forest.

From some of the villagers Mr. Fisher also learnt that there
bad been similar attacks of carterpillars within their memory

no

He o\)Served thnt a lar^e portion of the Sidli forests escaped
damag-e, and that elsewhere patches where the forest growth was
densest and finest, and probahly the soil and air dampest, had also
escaped, whilst in the forests of more scattered growth and where
trees had been damaged by jungle fires, the leaves were all stripped
off. ThiB Mr. Fisher thought might perhaps have beeu due to
the iuability of the larva to feed on leaves full of strong acrid
juice which would be found in the more vigorous portions of the
forest This fact that vigorous trees are not attacked is worthy of
consideration, as it seems to be a general law with most insect pests.

Mr. T. J. Campbell also alludes as follows to this insect in
the Indian Forester} The attack was in the Goalpara district.
" Considerably surpassing this " (other damage done) " is the
wholesale defoliation of sal by the Lepidopterous DasycJiira
thwaitisii, nor has it confined its ravages to this individual tree,
but has invaded ail the associated species, particularly Bomlax
malaharicum^ Careya arhorea, and Dillenia pentagpia. Their
depredations include lower hill forest and mixed plain forest,
deciduous or evergreen. Small in proportion as the latter class of
forest is, confined to narrow margins along banks of streams, it
has not escaped the common enemy. The forest growing on an
almost laterite clay, that on the richer loam of the submontane
regions, that of more recent formation resulting from scourings
of disintegrated igneous rocks, or that on the humus clad surface,
with a poor sandy subsoil impregnated with mica, have all suffered
in varying degrees. Pure sal forest, however, suffered more
than mixed, as did forest growing on the lighter poorer soil.
The area estimated as being affected cannot be less than 800
square miles, and no sal forest whatever has escaped on the north
of the Brahmaputra."

"As far back as 1878 Mr. W. R. Fisher, now at Cooper's Hill,
reported the defoliation of 200 square miles of sal forest by this
same pest. His description of the caterpillar was not quite
correct, as it is covered with long, erect, yellow hairs with a black
transverse stripe, the moth being a fluffy greyish white. ^ It is
possible too that he under-estimated the area affected, as his
observations closed early."

Mr. Campbell then mentions that the insect is present every year,
and continues : " Its power for mischief has been miscalcula-
ted, however, as the sudden arrest of growth at its most active
period ol' vitality has resulted in the death of a large number
of new shouts, tender twigs and branches, and the foliage of many
tiees presents the aspect ot a severe burning. In addition to thi>-^,
a year which opened with the promise of a most abundant seed-

> Indian Forester, Vol. XX, No. 7, pp. 256-257.

^The citerpillar rauy have been in Hnother stage of growth, or tie
species inny be different — E. F. S. .

m

snpply ends with a crop of which not more tlian 5 ppr cent,
has i-eoded, tlie profnso iiilloieseeuce haviny sulleied ecjually with
the tender new leaves."

"In May and June 1892 a few specimens of these caterpillars
were observed, but heavy and continuous rain (allinfjf early in the
year possibly interfered with the further development and
metamorphosis of the insect. In the following cold weather it
was occasionally observed, but at about the close of" March no less
than 25 square miles were covered, the defoliation being complete.
The operations were fragmentary, aud of this area not more than
two square miles were in one block. The insect confined itself to
exposed situations, such as demarcated lines, fire lines, roads, etc.,
and trees growing on the poorest soils. That the affected area
was not more extensive may be accounted for by the suggestion
made in Indian Museum I^cfes that the parasite Chains [Brac/iy-
meria) Enplcea^ and a species of Perilampns destroy the cocoons.
The mere firing of the forest did not seem to retard the insect's
energies much, as a portion of a sal area badly burnt in February
was not thereby excluded from the insect's favour. It is some-
what difficult to form an opinion regarding reasons for the whole-
sale appearance of the insect this year, but it is peculiar that like
1891-92 there was little cold weather rain followed by a long
drought with very hot weather in the spring. In 1 892-93 on the
contrary, the rainfall was far above the average, and commenced
nn an extensive scale in March. It undoubtedly prevented the
insect's expansion. Tlie trees which suffered least as far as seed
bearing is concerned were the more mature, robust ones.'*

With reference to the periodical increase and consequent
invasion of this insect it is probable that in a wet and cold year it is
weakly and much less able to withstand parasitical attacks. In
such years these obtain the upper hand, and the insect seems to
have disappeared. This is probably what took place in l&92-9;3.

Note. — In Europe the Pale Tussock moth [DasycHra pndi-
hun(ta) larva in a similar manner does extensive damage in beech
forests.

The foliage is at first only skeletonised, but after August the
leaves are almost entirely eaten, or the petioles are eaten through
and the leaves fall to the ground. The damage done consists in
loss of increment and reduction in the production of seed as fewer
flower- buds are developed ; the quantity of beech-mast is much
diminished and the nuts are often empty. This is highly preju-
dicial to beech forest under natural reproduction.

2. Eiiproctis sciniillant, Wlk.

Wlk. Cat. vii, p. 1734 ; Butl. III. Het. v., pi. 90, fig. 1 ; C. and S. No. 924
=zArtaxa limbata, Butl. III. Het. v., p. 58, pi. 90, fig. 3 ; C. and S. No. 915.

Tree attacked. — Mango {Mangifeia indica, Linn.).

}i 2

112

Hgg. — This stage does not peem to have been noticed.

Larva. — Larvse were found attaekin<r yount^ mangoes on the
23rd September. They are dark brown in colour with a series o£
Crimson lateral tubercles on a yellow line bearing tufts of grey
bair.

Pupa, — The cocoons were spun on the 29th September.

Imago, — The moths emerged on the 12th October.

Head-yellow ; thorax brown -, abdomen black or yellow, the

anal tuft orange. Fore wings vinous
brown, irrorated with dark scales,
which colour extends as two spurs
across the yellow marginal area below
the apex and to the centre of margin,
but sometimes not reaching the
niar<»in ; costa often yellow. Hind
"EiQ. &9.—Euproctis wing yellow or in some specimens

luscous brown, with a broad yellow
margin.

Figure 69 shows one of the moths that was reared.

Locality from where received. — The specimens of this moth
were received in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, from Mr. R.
Wroughton, Conservator of Forests, Poona. He stated that the
larvse were injurious to young grafted mangoes. He reared the
moth from the larvse found,

3. Genus? species ? — " Kulsi sal caterpillar.''

Tree attacked. — Sal {Shorea rohusta^ Gsertn.).

The Deputy Conservator of Forests, Kamrup Division, Assam,
forwarded to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, pujae of a moth said
to have suddenly appeared in vast swarms and denuded sal trees
in the Kuls-i range of their leaves. This particular caterpillar
had not leen noticed previously, and the natives attributed the
visitation to the successful prote3tion of the forest from fire.
Pupae were found in the end of October 1889.

Imagoes appeared immediately afterwards and laid eggs which
produced larvoe in the beginning of November, after which the
'pest seems to have disappeared for some time, moths and larvae
"being again noticed, however, in the middle of December. Several
attempts were made to rear the pupae in (/alcutta to enable the
identity of the moth to be ascertained, but the only insects
-that emerged from the pupae were Tachnid and Hyineiiopterous
parasites, with which the pupae seem to have been very much
iuftisted.

113

From (he aliovo description it will be seen tliat tin's insect lias
at least two fj^enerations in the year, and it is this pvolificness thiit
vendtTS those pests most dangerous in Indian forests and harder
to deal with.

Family XII.— Noctuidce,

Defoliation is the chief dama2;e done in Indian forests by this
family of moths. These attacks on the foliage of trees are carried
ont by the larvro, a few of the caterpillars have a limited wood-
boring capacity, and another has been reported as tunnelling into
the seed pods of trees.

The followinir trees have been reported as suffering from
.attacks of Noctuid insects : —

Faiiilt. Tree attacked. Natuee of attack.

'L. Teak (Tectona grandiSflt^-n-n.) . . Defoliation.

2. Silk cotton tree {Bombax rnalaharicum, Pods tunnelled into.
Noctuid^ -DC).

3. Tallow tree {Sapium schiferum, Eoxb.) Defoliation.
\_4. ^e\ {Shorea rohusta, Gimxixi.) , . Do.

1. J gratis ypsilon, Rott,

Rott. Natutf. XI, p. 141.=Ag)'oiis snffusa, Fabr.

Tree attacked. — Plants of all kinds.

This insect is mentioned hpre as it does an immense amount of
damage, as the so-called "cut worm'', to crops and ])lants in India.
The writer has been unable to find any reports of its having pioved
destructive in Indian forests ; but as the changes which the sys-
tematic management of our forests will produce become more
pronounced, it is not unlikely that this pest will make its appear-
ance in forest nurseries and elsewhere.

The larvse are earth -coloured grubs, which live in burrows in
the jrround. They sally out at night and cut off young plants,
which they drag to tlieir holes to feed on. Plate Vlll(ii) repre-
sents the imago and larva of this insect.

2. Mudaria cornifro7is, Moore.

Moore, Ind. Museum Notes Hi, p. 68.
Tree attacked— SWk cotton tree ( ? Bombax rnalaharicum^ D.C.)

Egf).— \s probably laid on the flower or immature pods of the
silk Cotton tree in about February (ihe time would vary iu differ-
ent parts of India).

Larva. — The worm on hatching out tunnels into the pod nnd
rpmains feeding in it till the pod falls to the ground. As soon as
the pod reaches the ground the larva tunnels out of it into the
soil and there constructs a typical Nocines cell of earth for the pro-
tection of the pupa. (This earthen cell is very characteristic of
the hairless Noctuid larvae ; they almost invariably turn to the
pupal state in the ground, and tirst build this earthen cell for their
protection when in the chrysalis stage).

Papa. — The insect probably hybernates 'in the pupal state
within the earthen cell in the ground. It thus passes the longest
part of its life in this state.

Imago.— -The imagoes emerge in March at about the time the
silk cotton trees are in flow^er in Calcutta. The moth is greenish
in colour and about cue and-a-half inches across the wings.

Fig. 70. — Mudaria coniifrons.

The male and female superficially resemble one another, but
the female is lighter in colour. Figure 70 shows the male, female
and tlie pupa lying in the earthern cell that the cateri)illar makes
in the ground, all natural size.

As the life history of the insect appears to depend on the

115

floweriii2c and soediiis^ of the silk cotton tree, the life cycle is of
one year's dmatiou and is shown diagrainatically as follows : —

t

a

.c

_J

h

»4

s

»4

a

a
c
ca

•-5

-a

eg

0

a
>->

"3

1-5

be

3

o.
o
00

o
O

o

o

1907 .

t

t^-

__..L..-.

AAAA mmmm

AAAB

AAAA

••

^

••••

••••

WW

W99

le9K .

••••

••••

t t -

Zocaliiy from where reported. — This insect was reared in the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, from silk cotton pods obtained iu
Calcutta. All the sta.^eswere observed. As yet thft insect has not
been reported as attacking this tree iu other parts of India, but it
is very likely that it does so unnoticed,

3. IJi/bloea puera, Cramer.

Cram. Tap. Exot., pi. 103,Jj<js. B, E ; C. and S. No. 2232, Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. Hi, pi. 154, figs. 2, 2a (larva).

Tree attacked. — Teak {Tectona grandis, Linn.).

The following life history is drawn up from some notes by
Lieutenant-Colonel Bingham on this insect : — ^'

Egg. — Is not mentioned.

Larva. — Length a little over an inch ; whitish yellow
beneath, dusky greenish above ; along the middle of the back is a
pale flesh-coloured stripe with a darker smoky-brown one on each
side J head dark brown ; a few erect hairs scattered over each
segment.

The larva makes its appearance in April and May, shortly after
the flushing of the spring leaves and strips the leaves.

Lieutenant'Colonel Bingham writes;—

" My recollection is , . . .that the larvee appeared in the teak
plantations about the 20th May, sometimes in almost incredible
numbers " together with the Ptfralid caterpillar, Val'uja damas'-
tesaiis, Walker. " Their ravages were confined to certain areas,
where they reappeared year after year, stripping the young tfak
of their leaves with the rapidity almost of locusts and bunging
iu thousands by webs to the branches of the trees.^'

About the end of Muy the larvte begin to let themselves down
by silken threads to the ground to pupate.

Pupa. — The pupa is formed in a flimsy cocoon, which is often
attached to dead leaves on the ground. The pupal stage lusts fur
about eight to eleven days.

116

Imago. — The imago is a small dusky moth with reddish
markings on ihe hind wings ; expanse of wings is about one

Fig. 71. — Jli^hluea puera.

aud-a-qnarter inches. The moth is very like a large Tartrix in
appearance. Figure 71 shows the larva, pupa, and imago of
H. puera.

Locality from where reported. — This insect was reportr d by
Lieutenant-Colonel Bingham of the Forest Service as stiipping
tpak trees of their leaves in the teak plantations of the Rangoon
Forest Division.

This pest is said to occur annually in that division, but Colonel
Bingham notes that the larva? have their enemies, as the attacked
plantation is alive with jungle fowl, ground thrushes (Pitta) and
insectivorous birds of all kinds.

In 1893 the pest was reported from the teak forests of the
Hyderabad Assigned Districts. The attack was said to have been
very severe in pure patches of teak forest, but was less noticeable
in mixed forest. A good deal of damage was done during the
rainy season. The trees attacked looked quite brown amongst the
surrounding foliage and ultimately lost their leaves, but a new
flush of leaves soon appeared.

In August 1893 damage was again occasioned to the teak
forests of Berar by larvee. Specimens were forwarded to tlie
Indian Museum, Calcutta, by the Forest Department from Eilich-
pur. The larvse first appeared on the 7th June, and commenced
defoliating the teak trees.

The pest has also been reported as attacking teak trees in
Dehra Dun, North-West Provinces, and in the Kulsi plantation
in Assam, and probably occurs wherever the teak grows throu2:h-
out India. In Assam it was reported by "A. J. j\l.'' in the Indian
Forester ^ to have appeared in May and Septemher 1881 in the
Kulsi teak plantation, the leaves being entirely stripped off the
trees.

* Indian Forester, Vol. IX, p. 366.

117

In the Indian Fureater^ Mr. Ni^liet, writinij^on the injury done
l»y this insect in the Pegu Circle (Burma), observes : —

" These ravaijes. . . are really of very considerable

importance. From April till July, when the summer flush of
leaves comes, the increment in j^rowth is lost ulmost entirely, and
the later increment of the year must to some, and in all probability
to a considerable extent, have been affected by the denudation of
leaves previously. The occurrence of these attacks and details as
to their ma<;nitude do not yet find a place in our Annual Reports,
although in all likelihood they do as much " (or more ?) " harm than
a fire, unless the latter passes through a plantation where the accu-
mulation of debris is great/'

4. OpJiuisa meltcerie. — Drury.

Brury, III. Exot. Ins. 1, p. 46, pi. 23, Jig. 1 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. in, pi. 168,
Jig. 2, 2a, h (larva) = Genus Achcea, Hiibn.

Tree attacked. — Tallow {Sapiiim sehiferum^ Roxb.).

Egg. — No observations on the time and manner of laying the
eggs seem to have been recorded.

Larva. — It has been noted that the larval stao-e lasts about
fifteen days, the worms appearing just before the rains.

Pupa. — This stage is stated to last about ten days.

Imago. — According to the above observations the imago would
appear on the wing at about the end of June or first week in July.
No notes seem to liave been recorded as to when the female lays
her eggs, or of tiie number of generations, if more than one, passed
through during the year.

Locdlty from where reported. — Injury by the larvae of this
insect was rejiorted in August lh92 from Dehra Dun, North-
Western Himalayas, and in October of the same year from
Cuddapah in Madras.

In Dehra the insects appeared shortly before the rains and
pfarted eating the tallow tree leaves. When these were finished
they let themselves down by silk threads on to tea bushes below
and stripped these also.

The three following undetermined insects probably belong to
the Noctuidce.

1. Germs ? species ?

Tree attacked. — Sal {Shorea rohusta, Gsertn.).

In July 1893 specimens cf insects reported as defoliating sal
forest in tiie Pilibliit Division were forwarded to the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, through the Director of the Forest School,
Dehra.

• Indian Forester, Vol. XVIII, pp. 46 to 48,

lis

From a report of the local Forest Officer it appears that the
larvae were first noticed at the end of April over an area which had
beea recently burnt Later on the ios'jcts spread throughout tiie
entire area of the Pilibhit forests and stripped a large number of
trees of then* entire foliage. The attack seemed to be almost
entirely confined to sal trees.

Amongst the numerous miscellaneous insects sent to the Museum
in connection with the attack numerous Noctuid larvae were found,
and these are likely to be the depredators. The material was how-
ever insufficient for identification.

Considering how destructive this defoliation has proved itself
to be, advantage should be taken of the next attack to obtain good
specimens of all the stages of the insect to enable it to be identified
properly,

2. Genus ? species ?

Tree attacked. — Teak [Tectona grandis, Linn.).

Specimens of a larva which feeds on teak leaves were sent to
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. Tomes from Miduupur. The
pest apparently only attacked the teak trees, leaving other kinds
untouched. When full fed the larvse rolled themselves up in the
leaves to pupate at about the end of July. Specimens of the larvte
and pupa were sent, but no imago, and so it was impossible to
identify the pest, which however somewhat resembled the cotton
worm [Aletia argillacia) of America.

8. Genus ? species ?

Tree attacked. — Teak {Tectona grandis , Linn.).

Mr. Fernandez of the Forest Service states that teak trees over
square miles of forest in the Central Provinces are sometimes
completely defoliated during the latter half of the rainy season by
larvee which pass their pupal stage in the ground, and when alarm-
ed on the trees drop themselves to the ground by silken threads.

This insect is probably a Noctuid larva and it should not prove
difficult to get it correctly classified.

Family Xlll.—GeometridcB,

Thi caterpillars of this family are the well known '' loopers '*
and do some damage as defoliators.

The following trees are reported as attacked : —

Family. Teee attacked. Natcee of attack.

(Tectona grandis, Defoliation.

'lyptus sp. Do.

1, Boarmia trii^pinaria, Vy'alker,

r 1. Teak (:

GaOMKTEIDiE . < Linn.).

(. 2. Eucalypt

no

WiiUer, Cat. Lcp. Ilct. B. M. XXL p. -uS ; Moore, Proc. Zoo. Soc, Land.,

J80?,f. 0:>0.

Tree attacked. — Teak {I'ectona ffrandis, liinu.) and Eucalyptus

Some imagoes reared from larvte found feeding on teak and
eucalyptus trees in Dehra Dun were forwarded to the Indian
IMuseum, Calcutta, by the Director of the Forest School at Dehra
in October 1892. The species sent presented a large range of
individual variation, but one was found to be identical with a speci-
men in the Museum named Boarmia trispinaria. Walker.

No report as to dates of emergence from the various stages or
of the time taken to puss through one generation of the insect
seems to have been forwarded.

Families.— jP//^'«?«<Z«^, 3Inrgavonida\ Phycitidw,

Tineidw.

The following trees suffer from attacks of tliese families of
insects : —

Family.
Pybalid^

Mabgabonidje
PnYciTiDa:

Teee attacked.

(1. Teak {Tectona gra/K^is,
Linn.).
2. Kulluk, Bamboo (5ami«sa
vulfiaris, Wcndl.).
\ 3. Male Bamboo (Deiidrocalif
j mils strictus, Noes.).
[ 4. Kaikar {Garuga pinnata,
^ Eoxb.).

CI. ^lango {Mangifera indica.

Nature of attace.
Defoliation.

Do.

Do.

Fruit tunnelled into.

Do.

TiNEIDiE

Unknown

Linn.).

( 1. Toon {Cedrala Toona, Twigs and .seed tunnelled into.
5 Roxb.).
' 1 2. .Maho^'any (Stvietenia Twigs tunnelled in:o.

V. Ma/igoani, Linn.).

f 1. Tirmal (i^/cM5 Roxhurghii, Fruit tunnelled into.
J Wall.).

* ] 2. Deodar (Cedrus Deodara, Cones tunnelled into.
L Lond.).
C 1. Salci {Boswellia serrata, Wood tunnelled into.

• \ lloxb.).

Family XlV.—Pyralidw.

This family lias been reported as defoliators. The larvte are
also said to tunnel into the fruit of tre.-s.

1. Faliga damastesalis, Moore. — Teak-leaf roller.

Moore, Lep. Ceyl. Hi, p. 350 (1886).
Tree attacked. — Teak [Tectona graudis, Linn,).

120

Effff.^The efjfTS are probably liiid on the leaves of the teak
tree. There appear to be several generations of the pest during tlie
year.

Larva. — Length of larva 0*7 of an inch to one inch; colour
pale sap-green j two lines of purplish spots along the middle of
the back; head yellow; a few pale erect hairs scattered over each
segment. The larva feeds on the teak, stripping the tree of all
its foliage. When ready to pupate it rolls itself up in the edge
of a leaf, holding it in position by a few threads. The laivse have
been noticed as attacking teak in April and May and again in
September and October.

Pupa. — The larva changes to the pupal stage within the rolled
up teak leaf. The pupal state lasts for from eight to eleven days.

Imago. — The moth is a peai'ly-white insect with numerous tiny
red spots and cross bands on the wings. Imagoes have been
obtained in May and again in October, Figure 72 shows the
imago, pupa, and the dorsal and side views of the larva.

Fig. 72. — Taliga damastesalis.

Locality from where reported. — This pest was reported as
attacking and defoliating teak plantations in the Rangoon Forest
Division by Lieutenant Colonel Bingham, of the Forest Depart-
ment, in 1892. He wrote that in conjunction with //. puera
(described under Noctuida) it did enormous damage.

In several cases these insects had been found working together,
and in the Burma attacks P, damastesalis occurred in by far the
greater numbers.

Both insects have also appeared in Berar in the teak forests of
the Elliehpur Division. In August 1893 Hubloea puera was sent
to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, as damaging pure teak forests,
and in October of the same year larvce of P. damesiesah's were
sent and reported as having appeared in September and October

121

in the teak forests, wliich they had defoliated. This would prob-
ably be the second or third <^eneratioa of the year.

" E. L." in the Indinu Fores fer ^ mentions that all the teak in
the Haira^arh and Giijj^uraal Reserves in Berar were stiipjied by
small caterpillars in this fashion in 1884.

P. datnaslesalis was reported to have done damage for the last
three years in these forests. It is probable tiiat both insects were
present together, as there is no doubt that in the Burma attacks
they work in company.

The insects are said to be particularly dangerous in pure teak
forests. It is extremely important that the number of generations
passed through by these insects during one year should be noted.

** J. N." in the Indian Forester'^ mentions that a bad attack by
a Tortrix (Pyralid ?) took place in the Kyetp3'oogou plantation of
the Rangoon Division in 1881-, and another in the Pyun Chaung
plantation of the Toungoo Division in 1889. In both cases the
entire foliage was destroyed in April and May. It was probably
caused by these insects.

2. Botys slreftualis, Walker.

Walker, Cat. Lejp. Set, B. M. XXXIV, p. U52, (1865)= B. calesalis

Wlk.

Tree atiachd.— KwWvik, [Bambusa vulgaris, W.) and Male
Bamboo {Dendrocalatnus strictus, Ntes.).

Specimens of this insect were forwarded to the Indian Museum,
Calcutta, by Mr. F, Gleadow from Foona in September 1893.
The moth was said to frequent the bamboos, B. vulgaris ami
y>. */rfciJ«*, but had not up to then been noticed as doing any
great damage.

The insect proved to be new to the Museum, and was for-
warded to Mr Hampson and by him identified as B. strennalis.

8. Cknogethes jouncti/eralis, Meyrick.

Meyrich, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 314 ; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. Hi,

p. 338 (1886).

Tree attaehid. — Kaikar [Garvga 'pinna' a, Roxb.).

In May 1893 specimens <'f the fruit of Garnga piiina!ay
attacked by insects, were forwarded to the Indian Museum from
Poona by Mr. Marshall Woodrow. The fruit was found to be
tunnelled by numerous small Microlepidop'.erous laivso.

These larvse were reared in the Museum, the moth emerging
on the 26th May.

> Indian Forester, Vol. X, pp. 568-569.
* " The Tortrix of tlie teak tree " by " J. N." in thu Indian Forester, Vol.
XVUI.pp. -16— 48.

122
Nothing furtlier seems to have been reported about the pest.

Fig. 73. — Conogethes punctiferaUs
Figure 73 shows the larva, pupa and imago of C inmdiferalu.

Family X^.—Margaronidce,

1. Manic a sp.

Tree attacked. — Mango {Mangifera indica, Linn.).

This insect has been reported as tunnelling into the mango
fruit iu Calcutta. It was submitted to Colonel Swinhoe for identi-
fication. He reported that the species was undescribed, and that
the genus was allied to Maruca.

Family XVL—F7iycUidce.

The larvm of this family have been reported as tunnelling into
both the twigs and fruit of trees.

1. 3Iagiria rohnsta, Moore.— Toon Twig Borer.

Moore, Lep. Ceyl. in, p. 365, p)l- 184, fgs 4, 4a, (18S6), Ceylon.

Tree aitaclced. — Toon [Cedrela Toona, Rosb.) ; Maiiogany

{Swietenia Mahogani, Linn.).

Egg. — Has not been described.

i/<2»t?a. —Larvae have been reported as appearing in India in
June, but they do not appear to have been described. In Ceylon
they are stated to be full fed in the latter pait of September, when
they spin a cocoon before changing to pupae.

The damage is due to the larvae mining along the succulent
twigs and constantly destroying the leading shoot, and causing-
adventitious shoots to be given out on all sides. '1 his goes on year
after year, the leading shoot being constantly destroyed and the
trees becoming a mass of stunted branches, with no well-defined
trunk a few feet above the ground. '1 he larva is chiefly found in
young trees, but its work is only too apparent in the majority of old
trees, very few of which have anything approaching a well-made
trunk.

Pnpa. — H\\.Q pupae are to be found in cocoons within the twii,'s
at the end of September in Ceylon. In India they may apparently
be found at the end of June,

123

Imago. — In Iiulia the moth would seem to appear on the wing
in July, whilst in Ceylon imaj^oes were reared and appeared in
October. It will probably be found that there are two or more
generations of the insect during" the year.

Localitf/ from rchere reported. — In June 1693 a mass of matted
silU containing' numerous cocoons was sent through the Provincial
Museum, Luckuow, from the Principal, Thomason College, Roorkee,
to the Indian Museum, Calcutta. The Principal wrcjte that every
toon tree in the station was covered with the matted silk from ])ase
to top. The insect was reared in the Museum and proved to be
Magtria rohusta.

The larva habitually spins a cocoon, but the formation of the
web seems to be very um;sual. Plate Vill (Ji) represerts the
larva, pupa and imago of this pest.

The following extract, signed "T. S. G.,^^ is from the Indian
Forester ^ and appears to apply to 31, rohu,sta : —

'' The insect almost yearly attacks the young shoots of the toon
tree, boring its way along the pith, which it seems to live ujx^n,
leaving behind it an unsightly looking mass of transparent gummy
exudation. The larva is white with black and yellow spots
It attacks trees both in plantations and in the forests, and prefers
those about three feet in height and of strong growth. It seems
to attack, however, more particularly those trees which grow in
cleared land or near roads, while others growing close by in grass
or with other trees have been comparatively unharmed.''

The pest has also been reported as attacking the small succu-
lent branches of mahogany trees in the Western Duars.

In Nilambar, Madras, it was also said to attack the '^succulent
branches of experimental mahogany plants.''^

Larvae of this insect were also obtained from the Museum of
the Forest School, Dehra Dim, w^here they w^ere marked as having
in June 1886 proved destructive to the seeds of the Cedrela Toona
tree.

Family XVll.—Toi'tt'icidce.

This is a family of defuliators, Tliey are characterised by the
square shape of the upper wing. The larvte feed iusidc a roiled
up leaf.

In India this family have only as yet been reported as de-
structive to tea and cofTe*; bushes. The family is mentioned here
as in Europe some of its species are terrible pests and do a great
deal of damage by defoliation. As our knowledge of Forest Eu-
tcmology increases in India, it is not unlikely that some Tortrix
enemies will be found at work in our Indian forests.

^ Indian Furtste,; Vol. I, p. 197 (1876).

124

Family XVIU—Tineidfe.

This family contains the smallest existing moths. Their larvtB
Lore into the seed of trees^ aud the family may thus prove danger-
ous to stored seed.

1 . Genus ? species ?

Tree attacked. — ^Ficns BoxhirgJiii.

A species of Tinea has been reported to tunnel into the fruit of
Ficus Hoxburghii in Calcutta.

2. Genus? species ?

Tree attacked. — Deodar [Ccdrns Deodara).

Cones of Cedms deodara, attacked by larvse, were forwarded
to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, througdi the Dehra Forest School
from the Kulu Division in July 189:Z. The material was insuffi-
cient for indentification, but it is not unlikely to prove a Tinea or
Tortrix.

llapsifera rugosella, Snell.

Sntllen. Tijd. Voor. Ent. XXVIII, pi. II., figs. 1—4, 1884.
Tree attacked, — Salei [BoswelUa serrata, Roxb. ex Colebr.) —

In January 1893 a small piece of BosiveUid serrata wood was

forwarded to the Indian
Museum, Calcutta, by the
Director of the Forest School.
^^ It was perforated in all
> directions with small round

holes ranging from less than
-— a millimetre to more than four

millimetres in diameter. In
these Coleopterous and Lepi-
j^jo.. 74. dopterous larvae were foimd.

An imago was reared from the
Lppidopteroiis larvce. It proved to be a microlepidopterous moth,
and was named as //. ruga set I a by Lord V\ alsingham. Figure 74
shows the imago. It is not considered likely, however, that this
insect tunnelled into and damaged the wood.
Note.- — Genus ? species ?

Tree attached. — Himalayan Spruce Fir {Pice'a Morinda, Linn.).
The following is an account of the life history of an Heterocerous
insect whose name is as yet undetermined, (it probably belongs
to one of the last five families described.)

Egg. — The eggs of this insect do not appear to have been yet
found, but the developing buds on which the larva? feed grow about
half an inch to one inch in length, and sometimes more before their
further growth is st**]iped by the larvae. This seems to point to

125

tlie e^g being laid in the bud at the end of a terminal or side sho<^)t
in the rains or autumn ; and to the e^-g (a solitary one) being laid
in the middle of the bud, or at any rate at its base. Some leaves
are developed before the egg is hatched and the larva emerges.

Larva. — Larvae of this insect were found on Oune 7th. They
were noticed feeding on the shoots of the tree. These shoots are
not normally developed, the needles after growing fi-om half an
inch to one inch in length being formed into a pointed ovoid body,
the free ends of the leaves being bound together so as to form a
case. These needles are bound together with silk threads, and
within the protective covering thus formed around the developing
bud is the larva.

Tbis protective covering is, on an average, two inches long, one
quarter of an inch broad at the centre, and has very tapering ends.
The further development of the bud is prevented by the covering
of needles, which surround it on all sides, and the larva feeds on
the tender partially-etiolated leaves, which are developed inside
the covering of full-grown needles.

The average length of the larva is 0*31 inch and avemge
width 0*05 inch ; colour pale yellowish wdiite, the skin being
transparent and slightly hairy. The insect is very irritable when
touched, and can give out a thin line of silk with which to suspend
itself when recjiiired. It unites the outer and furthest developed
leaves of the younii: shoots by silk threads in order to form a protec-
tion for itself and the developing bud on which it feeds.

It should be noticed that the bud scales, which form the protec-
tive covering of the bud during the winter, are pushed off as a
whole by the developing bud and thus keep the free ends of the
needle together, and it is only when the young shoot has developed
to some extent from one to three inches that the bud scales fall off
or are pierced by the needles of the young shoot. Tbis method of
development no doubt helps the larva to make his protective cover-
ing.

The larva changes to a clirysalis within the protective covering.
There appears to be usually only one larva inside each case.

Pupa. — Some pupre taken in the second week of June deve-
loped into moths in the beginning of Jnly, the exact dates not
having been noticed. One larva, which changed into the ciirysalid
state on the 7th — 8th June, had not turned into a motli on the 7th
July, so that they probably take a month on an average to develop
from the pupa into the imago state.

The chrysalides secan to be very constant in length. The
average of five measured was 0*25 inch.

The wing cases, antenna;, and eyes of the moth are clearly visi-
ble in the chrysahs.

126

The wing eases are about half as long as the whole chrysalis,
which is liL'ht yellow when young, but matures to a light brown.
The abdominal portion of the pupa shows seven segments. Three
of these lie between the wing oases, and the remaining four are
quite clear of the wing cases,, each segment has two rows of small
prickle-like protuberances on the back of the chrysalis, parallel to
the segmental divisions of the body and close to the upper end
(the one nearest the head) of the segment. One of the pupae
examined on the 7th June was found to contain the chrysalis of a
fly which proved to be an Ichneumonid one, and is probably parasitic
on the larvse.

Imago. — The imago, of which no description appears to have
been given in the report on the insect, emerges from the pupa in
July. It seems to be common in the Jaunsar Forest Division, in
the North- West Provinces, wherever the Spruce Fir is found, as
?igns of its presence were found at Deoban, Bodyai', Konain,
and Mandate. It does not confine its attacks to small trees, but
attacks larofe trees as well as small poles and saplings, and together
witli the fungus AUcidium ahietum, Barclay, does very serious
damage to the Spruce. It apparently confines its attention to tliis
tree, and does not attack the Deodar {Cedrns Deodara, Lond.), or
Silver Fir [Abies webhiana) with which the Spruce is associated.

Locality from -where reported.'— In July 1894) the Director of
the Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dun, forwarded specimens to
the Indian Museum, Calcutta, of the larva, pupa, and imago of the
above insect, which was reported to have been doing considerable
damage to the Himalayan Spruce Fir [Ficea Morinda, Link.) in
the Jaunsar forest. 'Ihe moth appeared to be new to the Museum
collection, and has been sent to Europe for precise identification.
It is noti improbably a member of either of the Fyralid or Tineid
families of the Heteroeera.

A single specimen of an Ichneumonid fly was also sent with
the specimens, and is probably a parasite on the larva.

The injury was discovered by Mr. C. G, Rogers, Deputy
Conservator of Forests, and the above notes are taken from his
report^ on the subject.

Whilst in camp at Konain in April he noticed that the last
yearns shoots of small spruce saplings had been injured by some-
thing, as they had not developed at all. In June of the same year
he noticed the larvse at work on the new shoots at Bodyar.

Mr. Rogers remarks that in a pure spruce forest, more parti-
cularly a yoimg one, this moth would undoubtedly develop into a
very serious pest, and might endanger the very existence of the
wood. Saplings have been noticed with nearly all their young shoots,
including the leader, attacked by these larvae, and spruce saplings
in the advance growth, and saplings and poles suffering from want
of light are at once attacked and their lives materially shortened,

' Indian Museum Notes, Vol. IV, No. 1, pp. 19—21.

127

It will be seen that a pest of this kind may do a lar^e amount
of unn7n'Ar T'^' '""r^ "^'-^^ both afPect the growth and production
ot uood of the larger trees, whilst at the same time killiuo- off poles
and suppressed ones. "^ '

129

APPENDIX A.

Alphabetical List of Trees, with Names of Insects hy which they are

attacked.

1. Acacia aeabica, Willd. Babul. — [Coleop. ] Ccelo.itcrna apinata, Fabr.,

p. 67 ; Pachydi.tsus holosericens, Fabr., p. 69 ; [Mcmip.]. Carteria
lacca, Kerr., p. 16 ; Genus ? species ? (Pentatomidic), p. 28.

2. Acacia Catechu, Willd., Khair.—[Co\QO\>. ] Belionota scutellaris,

Fabr., p. 39 ; Sinoxylon sp. p. 41 ; Stromatium barhattum, Fabr,
p. 73.

3. AcBOCABPUs FBAXiNiFotirs, Wight. Mandania, Nep.— [Hemip. ]

Dactylopius adonidum, Linn., p. 15.

4. iEoLE Mabmelos, Correa. ^ae^.— [Lepid.] Fapilio erithonitis,

Cramer, p. 88.

5. AtBizziA PBOCEEA, Btb. Safed Siris, P. — [Coleop. ] Genus ? species

(Curculionidse), p. 61.

6. Albizzia sp. — [Coleop.] Genus ? species ? (Cerambycidoe), p, 80.

7. AlNTJS NEPALENSI8, D. Don. Utis, P.— [Coleop.], Anomala viridis,

Fabr., p. 37.

8. ANTHEocEPHAtirs CADAMBA, Miq. Xa(?a»i, P. — [Coleop.] Gemcs? sp. P

(Curculionidae), p. 61.

9. Abeca catecuv, Lmn., Stiparee met palm.— I'H.emi'p.'] Chionaspis aspi-

distrcB, Sign. p. 12.

10. Aeundinaeia aeistata, Gamble. Pz-ewj SajwSoo— [Coleop.] Odoiporus

sp.'-p. 59.

11. Bambusa abundinacba, Eetz. Kaltung. — [Hemip.] Oregma bambusce

Buckton, p. 20.

12. Bambusa vulqaeis, Wendl. Kvlluk. — [Lepid.] Botys strenualis

Walkr., p. 121.

13. Bambusa sp. — [Coleop.] Dinoderus sp. p. 42.

14. Betula ctlindeosTachts, Wall., Saur. Nep. — [Coleop.] Lucanus

cantoris, Hope, p. 34 ; Genus P species P (Scarabaeidte) p. 37 ;
Genus ? species P (Cerambjcidse) p. 80.

15. BoMBAX MALABABicuM, D. C. ScMul. — [Coleop.] Plocederus obesns,

Daporet {■=P. pedestris. Cotes) p. 68 ; Batocera sp. p. 77 ; [Lepid.]
Mudaria cornifrons, Moore, p. 113.

16. BosWELLiA sEBBATA, Eoxb. cx Colebr. Salei. — [Lepid.] Sapsifera

rugosella, Thunb., p. 124.

17. BuTEA EBONDOSA, Roxb. Pa?aj, Z>/ia^. — [Coloop.] Sipalus granulatus,

Fabr., p. 58 ; Plocederus obesus, Daporet, p. 68 ; [Hemip.] Carteria
lacca, Kerr., p. 16.

18. Cabeta abboeea, Roxb. Khumbi. — [Lepid.] Dasychira thwaitesii

Moore, p. 108.

19. Caseabia tomentosa, Roxb. Chilla, — [Hemip.] Scutellera nobilis

Fabr., p. 28.

20. CastaNOPSis tbibuloides, A. D. C, Musre katus, Nep.— [Coleop.]

Lucanus cantoris, Hope. p. 34 ; [Hymen.] Vespa sp. p. 85.

130

21. Castania sp. — [Hernip.] Psuedo-pulvinaria sikhimensis, Mkia-

son, p. 16.

22. Casuaeina (?) EQUisiTiFOLiA. Forst., Beefwood of Australia.-^

[Coleop.] Genus P species ?, (Scarabaeidse) p. 36 ; [Lepid.] Genus P
species ? p. 107.

23. Cedbela toona, Eoxb, Toon. — [Lepid.] Magiria rohusta, Moore, p. 122.

24. Cedeela sp. — [Hemip.] Dactylopius adonidum, Linn. p. 15.

25. Cedeus Deodaba, Lend. Cedar, Deodar. — [Lepid,] Genus P sp. ?

(Tineidae) p. 124.

26. Cinchona, sp. — [Lepid.] Phassus purpurascens, Moore, p. 106 ;

[Hemip.] Psuedo-pulvinaria sikkimensis, Atkinson, p. 16 ; Pem-
p/iigus cinchona, Buckton, p. 17 ; Ceretaphis sp. p. 20 ; Helopeltis
fehriculosa, Begrotb., p. 30 ; Disphinctus humeralis. Walker, p. 30.

27. Cocos NUCIPEEA, Linn. Cocoanut Palm. — [Coleop.] 0;'.yc^e5 rhinoceros,

Linn, p. 37 ; Rhynchophoj^usferrugineus, Oliv., p. 52 ; Sphenophorus
planipennis, Gyll., p. 59 ; Batocera ruhus, Linn, p. 77 ; [Lepjd.]
Gangara thyrsis, Pabr., p. 89 ; [Hemip.] Aspidiotus destructor, Sign.
p. 13 ; Dactylopius cocotis, Maskell, p. 15.

28. Dendeocalamus Hamilton ii, Nees et Arnott. Tama bans, Nep. —

[Coleop.] Cyrptotrachelus dux, Bohem, p. 55.

29. Dendeocalamus steicttts, Nees., Male bamboo. — [Lepid.] Botys

strenualis. Walker, p. 121.
SO. Dendeocalamus sp. — [Coleop.] Dinoderus sp., p. 42 ; Estigmena

chinensis, Hope, p. 50.
81. DiLLENiA PENTAGTNA — [Lepid.] Dasychira thwaitisii, Moore, p. 108.

32. Ebttheina subEEosa, Eoxb., Itoongra. — [Coleop.] Batocera sp. p. 77,

33. Ettcaltptus sp. Australian gum tree. — [Lepid.] Boarmia irispinaria

Walker, p. 118.

34. FiciTs aspeeeima, Roxb., Karwat, — [Hemip.] Dactylopius adonidum

Linn., p. 15.

35. Ficus glomeeata, Eoxb. Kathgular. — [Hemip.] Dactylopius adoni-

dum, Linn., p. 15 ; [Hymen.] Xylocopa sp. p. 84.

36. FiciTs MTsoEENsis, Hejne, 8unkong-Kung, L. — '[Q.Qm.i^.']Dactylopius

adonidum, Linn. p. 15.

37. Ficus eeli giosa, Linn. P/^aZ.— [Lepid.] Gunda sikkima, Moore

p. 91 ; [He mip.] Ceroplastes ceriferus, Sign., p. 16 ; Carteria lacca,
Kerr., p. 16.

38. FicTTs EoxBUEGHll, Wall., TtVjwa^— [Lepid.] Genus P sp. P (Tine

idae), p. 124.

39. Gaeuga pxnnata, Eoxb., Kaikar. — [Coleop.] Genus P sp. ? (Bupres-

tidae), p. 40 ; [Lepid.] Conogethes punctiferalis, Meyrick, p. 121 ;
[Hemip.] Phacopteron lentiginosum, Buckton, p. 25.

40. Gmelina aeboeea, Eoxb., Shivan tree. — [Coleop.] Calopepla leayana •

Fabr., p. 51.

41. Lagerstbomia sp. — [Lepid.] Acanthopsyche (Metisa) moorei

HeyL, p. 101.

42. LoNiCEEA angustifolia, Wall., Honey-suckle. — [Coleop.] Cantharis

antennalis, Marseul, p. 45.

43. LoNicEEA quinqueloctilaeis, Hardwicke, ^o»e^-*«cHe.[— Coleop.]

Cantharis antennalis, Marseul, p. 45.

131^

44. MaNGIFEEa INDICA, Tiinn, Mango. — [Coleop.] QennsP sp ? (Bnpres-
tidic) p. 10; Crijptorrhynchus mangifercBy Fabr., p. 55 ; [Lepid.]
JSitproctis sctntillans, Walker, p. Ill ; Natada vellutina, Kollan,
p. 107 ; Maruca ftp. p. 122 ; (Hemip.] Lecanium acuminatum, Sign.,
p. 12 ; Ceroplastes cerifei'us,HigQ., p. 16 ; Fnylla clstcJlata, Buck-
ton, p. 2i ; Idiocerus niveosparsus, Lethjerrj, p. 'IQ ; Idiocerus
clypcalit, Lethierry, p. 27 ; Idiocerus athinsonii, Lethiery, p. 27 ;
[Dip.] Dacusferrugineus, Tabr., p. 86 liivellia persicce, iiigot.,
p. 86.

46. Manihot Glaziovii, Miill. Arg. Ceara rubier. — [Hemip.] Lecanium
nigrum, Nietner, p. 12.

46. MiCHELiA sp. — [Lepid.] Antheroea assama, Westw., p. 91.

47. MoEiNGA rTEEYGOSPEBMA, Ga3rth. Sanjna. — [Coleop.] ^a^oeera sp ,

p. 77.

48. Odina "N^odier, Eoxb., Jhingan. — [Coleop.] Plocederus obesus,

Daporet ( = P. pedestris, Cotes) p. 68.

49. Phcenix dacttlifeba, Linn. Dale-palm. — [Coleop.] RhyncJiophorus

ferrugineus, 01iv.,p. 52.

50. Picea MoBiNDA, Link. ( = Abies Smithiana, Forbes.) Himalayan

Spruce Fir. — [Hemip.] Chermes ahictis, Liun., p. 22.

51. Pixus LONGiFOLiA,Roxb. C7h>.— [Coleop.] Genus P *^.P (Buprestidaj)

p. 40 ; Astycus lateralis, Fabr., p. 57 ; Genus ? sp. ? (Scoljtidae) p. 65.
[Ortbop.] Caloptenus sp, p. 2 ; Clirotogonus sp. p. 2 ; Catantops
indicus, Sauss. p. 3 ; QLdalus sjJ- p. 3.

52. PiNus EXCEL8A, Wall., J'a/7.— [Coleop.] Polygraphus sp. p. 63.

53. PiNus GEKAEDiANA, Wall. Galjoga. — [Coleop.] Genus? sp P

(Scolytidaj) p. 65.

54. Pin us east a, Eoyle, Dingsa. — [Coleop.] Pityogenes scitus, Blard.

p. 64.

55. PisTACEA Tebebinthus, Linn., Terebinth tree. — [Hemip.] Pem-

phigus edificator, Buckton, p. 17.

56. PoPULUS eupheatica, Olivier, Po^/a/', ^a/<«w, Pb.— [Coleop.] Genus?

species? (Buprestid*) p. 40; [Lepid.] Trochilium omnatiaformce,
Moore, p. 95 ; [Hemip.] Pemphigus napasus, Buckton, p. 18.

57. PoPULUs ? TBEMULA, Linn. Aspen. — [Hemip.] Pemphigus immunis,

Buckton, p. 19.

58. QuEBCCs INCANA, Roxb. Bin. — [Coleop.] Genus ? sp. P (Scolytida?),

p. 65.

59. QuEBCUs LAMELLOSA, 8m. Bilk Lep. & Nep. — [Coleop.] Genus P sp. ?

(Curculionida?) p. 61 ; [Lepid.] Genus ? sp. ? ("Eupterotidae), p. 94.

60. QuEBcus PACHTPHTLLA, Kurz. Bara katus, P. — [Coleop.] Genus P

sp. ? (Curculionida?), p. 61.

61. QtTEBCUS sp. ? — [Coleop] Lzicanus lunifer, Hope, p. 32 ; Diaptii

impressus, Janson, p. 62 ; [Hemip.] P suedo-pul oinaria sikkimensis,
Atkinson, p. 16.

62. EoBiNiA, sp. — (Coleop.] Genus ? sp. ? (Cerambycidse) p. 80 ; [Orthop.,]

Chrotogonus trachypterus. Blanch., p. 3 ; CEdalus marmoratus
Thimh., -p. d ; JEpacromia dorsalis, Thunb., Tp. 4. ;■ Acrotylus, sp.,
p. 5.

63. Saiix TETBA8PEEMA,Roxb. Wild Willow, Baishi. — [Coleop.] 5a#oeera

sp. p. 77.

64. Salix Elegans, Wall, — [Coleop.] Melasoma sp. p. 50.

65. Santalcxi album, Linn. Sandal-wood, Chandan. — [Colfop.] Geaus ?

sp. ? (Tenebrionida?) ; p. 46 ; [Lepid.] Zeuzera coffees, Nietner.,
p. 104.

132

66- Sapium sebiferdm, Roxb. Chinese Tallow ^^-ee.— [Lejiid.] Ophuisa
melicerte, Drury, p. 117.

67. ScHiMA Wallichii, Choisy., Chilauni. — [Hemip.] Selopeltis

theiovora, Mooie, p. 28.

68. ScHLEiCHEEA TEiJUGA, Willd. ^Msw.— [Heuoip.] CaHeria lacca,

Kerz., p. 16.

69. Shouea assamica, Dyer, Mahai. — [Coleop.] Pacht/dissus holosericeus'

Fabr., p. 69 ; [Lepid.] Dasychira thtuaitisii, Moore, p. 10?.

70. Shoeea eobusta, Gsertn. Sal. — [Coleop.] Chrysohothris sexnotafa>

Gory, p. 38 ; Sinoxylon anale, Lesne, p. 42 ; Sinoxylon sp. p. 41 ;
Bostrychus jesuita, ¥&h\\i^. 'i2 ; Genus? spceies? (CiirculionidsB),
p. 60 ; Genus ? species ? (Scolytidse), p. 65 ; Ccelosterna scabrata,
Pal)r. p. 66 ; Plocedenis obesus, Daporet, (P. pedestris, Cotes),
p. 68 ; Pachydissus holosericeus, Fabr., p. 69 ; Soplocerambyx spini-
cornis, p. 71 ; Acanthophorus serraticornis, Ul., p. 80 ; [Lepid.]
Dasychira thivaitisii, Moore, p. 108 ; Clania variegata, Snell.
p. 98 ; Clania sp. p. 101 ; Antheraea paphia, Linn., p. 90 ; An-
ther aeafrithii, Moore, p. 91 ; G^emts? species? (Noctuidse), p. 1]7.

71. Spondias MANGiFEEA, Willd. The Hogflum, Amara. — [Coleop.]

Plocederus obesus, Daporet, {P. pedestris, Cotes), p. 68.

72. Steobilanthus pectinattjs, T. And. XiJw.— [Coleop.] Apion

strobilanthi, Desbroch, p. 59.

73. SwiBTENiA Mahooani, Linn., Mahogany. [Coleop.] Genus? species P

(CurculionidjB), p. 60; [Lepid.] Genus? species? (Limacodidte?)
p. 107 ; 31agiria robusta, Mcore, p. 122.

74. Symplocos THEj:roLiA, Ham., Kharani, Nep. — [Coleop.] Lucanus

7nea?'esi, Hope, p. 34 ; Lucanus cantoris, Hope, p. 34.

75. Tabeenacmontana sp.~ [Coleop.] Sthenias grisator, Fabr., p. 78,

76. Tamaeindus indica, Linn. Tamarind, Jm?i.~-[Coleop.] Caryohorus

gonagra, Fabr., p. 49.

77. Tamaeix aeticttlata, Vahl. Farash. — [Coleop.] Pachydissus holoseri'

ceus, Fabr., p. 69 ; [Hemip.] Machoerota sp. p. 26.

78. Tectona geandis, Linn. Teah, Sagun. — [Coleop.] Psilopterafastuosa,

Fabricius. p. 38 ; Pachydissus holesericeus, Fabr,, p. 69 ; Stromatium,
barbatum, Fabr., p. 73 ; Stromatium asperulum, Wbite, p. 76 ;
^gosoma laeertosum, Pascoe, p. 78 ; [Lepid.] Cossus cadambe,
Moore, p. 102; Genus? sp.? (Hepialidas) p. 106; Genus? sp.?
(Hepialidse) p. 106 ; Hyblcea puera, Cramer, p. 115; Genus? sp .?
(Noctuidse), p. 118; Genus? sp.? ( l^octuidse), p. 118; Boarmia
trispinaria. Walker, p. 118 ; Paliga, damastesalis, Moore, p. 119 ;
[Hymen.] Genus ? species ? (Cynipidse), p. 16.

79. Tebminalia belebica, Roxb., Bahera. — [Coleop.] Sinoxylon sp. p. 41.

80. Teeminalia chebula, Eetz., Barra. — [Lepid.] Acantopsyche (Metisa)

moorii, Heyl. p. 101 ; [Hemip.] Ceroplastes ceriferus, Sign., p. 16.

81. Teeminalia tomentosa, W. & A. Saj, Asan. — [Coleop.] Pachydissus

holosericeus, Fabr., p. 69 ; [Lepid.] Anthercea paphia, Linn,, p. 90 ;
[Hemip.] Ceroplastes ceriferus. Sign.,' p. 16.

82. Teema oeientalis, 'h\.{:=Spomia orientalis. Planch.). Charcoal or

Indian Nettle tree. — [Lepid.] Genus ? sp. ? (Limaoodidaj), p. 107.

83. Weightia tinctoeia, R. L'r., Dudhi.— [Coleop.] Xylor^'hiza adusta

Wiedem. p. 79.

84. ZizTPHtJS JuJUBA, Lam., Ber. — [Lepid.] Papilio erithonius, Crsimer,

p. 88 ; Anthercea paphia., Linn., p. 90 ; [Hemip.] Carteria lacca,
Kerr., p . 16.

133

APPENDIX B.

Trees on tolnch the Lac Insect is reported tofeeu.

1. Acacia arahica, Willd, Babul. — In Sind and Guzcrat violds lar<;o

quantities of lac.

2. Acacia Catechu, Willd.

3. Alhizzia lucida, Benth. Silkori, Bcnff,

4s. Alcurites molluccuiw, Willd. Akrot.

5. Anona squamosa Linn., Ata,

6. Buteafrondosa, Roxb,, DhaJc, Palds,

7. Butea superba, Roxb.

8. Carissa carandas, Linn.

9. Celtis Boxbicrghii, Bedd. Eastern Bensral, Cefttral and Sontliern India.

10. Ceratonia Siliqua, Linn. The Carob tree ; now almost naturalized in

the Piinjab and Southern India.

11. Croton Draco, Selilech.

12. Dalbergia latifolia, Eoxb.

13. „ paniculata, Roxb.

14. Diehrostachys cinera,yf. &, k. The Virtuli,& slirnb of Cenlral and

Southern India.

15. Dolichandrone Bheedii, Seem. A small troe of BuruAa and the

Andamans.

16. Eriolcpna SooJcariana, W. & A.

17. JErythrina indica, Linn.

18. Feronia Elephantuin, Correa.

19. Fie us bengalensis, Linn.

20. „ comosa, Roxb., in Assam.

21. „ cord if alia, Roxb. Assam Lac.

22. „ elastica, Bl. The India Rubber Tree, Bar.

23. „ glomerata, Roxb.

24. „ infectoria, Willd. Pakar or Keol.

25. „ laccifera, Roxb. A native of Sjlhet, the Ruthal But.

26. „ re^/^rjosa, Linn. Astcat at pipal.

27. Garuga pinnata, Roxb., Kaikar.

28. Kydia calcirm, Roxb., Pola.

29. Lagerstromia parviflora, Hook, Bakli or Sida.

30. 3£angifera indica, Linn. The mango iu its wild state often yiehls l:\c.

31. yephelium Litchii, Carab. The Lichi.

32. Ougeinia dalbergioides, Benth., Sandan.

33. Prosopis spicigera, Linn. The Jhand of the arid zones of the Punjab

and Guzcrat.

34. Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb. Bija or Kino tree, a niitive of Central

and South India.

134

86. Pithecolohium dulce, Benth. Dakhini babul.

36. Schima crenata, Korth. An evergreen of Burma.

37. SclileicTiera trijtiga, Willd. Kusm. The most important of the lac trees.

It is a native of the Sub-Himalaya, Central, South India and Burma.

38. Shorea rohusta, Gsertn. The tree coppices easily and so is good for lac

cultivation.

39. S/iorea Talura, Eoxb. A native of Mysore.

40. Tectona grandis, Linn. Teak, a native of Central and South India, and

Burma.

41. Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A. Saj, Asan.

42. Zizyphns Jujiiha, Lam. Ber. This tree is especially used for propaga-

tion in the Punjab.

43. Zizyphus zylopyra, Willd. Kat-her.

Extracted from the " Dictionary of Economic Products of India," by G. Watt,
M.B., CM., C.I.E., Volume II, pages 410 to 411.

135

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Abies smith iana . «
Abies webbiana
Acicia arabica, Willd.
Acacia Catechu, Willd. •
Acanthophorus serraticomis, Oliv,
Acanthopsjche (Metisa) moorii, Hejl
AdiEea melicerte, Drury
Acridium peregrinum, Oliv.
Aciocarpus fraxinifolius, Wight
Acrotylus, sp.
Acrydiida) .
Aculeata . .
^cidium abietium, Barclay
Mg\e Marmelos, Correa
.5)g03oma lacertosum, Pascoe
A^rotis suffusa, Hiibn. .
Agrotis ypsilon, Eott.
Albizzia procera, Bth. .
Albizzia lucida, Benth .
Albizzia, sp. . .

Aleurites moluccana, Willd.
Alnus nepalensis, D. Don.
Anomala viridis, Fabr.
Anona squamosa, Linn.
Antheraea, assama, Westw.
Authersea frithii
Anthersea paphia, Drury
Anthrocephalus cadamba, Miq
Aphidae
ApidsB •

Apion strobilanthi, Desbroch.
Areca catechu, Linn.
Aristhala sikkima, Moore
Artaxa Jimbata, Butler

Arundinaria aristata, Gamble

Aspidiotus destructor, Sign.

Astycus lateralis, Fabr.

Attacus atlas

27,
31,

28, 47;
39, 41,

67, 68, 70
42, 47, 73

90

Pagb.

11. 22, 131

126

71, 129, 133

7G, 129, 133

71, 80, 132

101, 130, 132

117

1

11, 15, 129

3, 5. 131

1—5

84,85

12(3

88, 129

76, 78, 132

113

113, 152

47, 61, 129

133

48, 80, 129

133

31, 37, 129

37, 129

133

91, 131, 152

91, 132

91, 132, 151

47. 61, 129

11, 17—24

84,85

59, 60, 132

11, 12, 129

91, 92

111

59, 129

13—15,130

57, 68, 13J

89

136

Babnla gtotei, Moore .

Bambusa arundinacea, Eetz.

Bambusa vulgaris, Wendl.

Eambusa sp. . •

Batocera rubus, Linn. >.

Batocera sp.

Belionota scutellaiis, Fabr.

Betula cylindTostacb_\s, Wall

Boarmia trispinaria, Walker

Bombax malabaiicum, DC

BombycldiE • •

Bostiychidse

Bostrycbus jesuita, Fabr.

Boswellia serra'a, Eoxb.

Botys coclesalis, Walker

Botys strfnualis, Walker

Brachycera . •

Brucbidae . • •

Bruehus cbinensis, Linn.

Bruclius pisi

Buprestidae

Butea f roudosa, Eoxb.

Butea superba, Eoxb.

Page.

101
11, 20, 22, 120
. 119, 121, 129
31,42-45,129
. 14, 77, 130
77, 78, 129, 130, 131
. 39, 129
31, 34, 35, 37, 48, 80, 129
118, 119,130, 132
47, 68, 69, 77, 78, 110, 113—115, 129

90—92

. 31, 41—45, 95

42, 71, 132

. 119, 121, 129

121

. 121, 129, 130

. 86, 87

46,48-50

48

49

31,38-40

47, 58, 68, 129, 133

133

Calopepla leayana, Latr.

Caloptemus sp.

Cantbaridse

Cantbaris antennalis, Marseul

Capsida? •

Careya arborea, Eoxb.

Carisga carandas, Linn.

Carteria lacca, Kerr . -

Caryoborus gonagia, Fabr.

Casearia tomentosa, Eoxb.

Cassia fistula

Custanopsis tribuluides, A. DC.

Castania sp.

Casuavina sp.

Cataiitops indicus, Sanss.

Cecidoinyidse

Cediela To. ua, Eoxb. .

. 51, 130

. 2, 3, 131

45, 46

. 45, 46, 130

. 27—30

.108-110, 129

133

16, 129, 130, 132

49, 50, 132

27, 28, 129

49

31, 34, 35, 84, 85, 129
11, 16, 130
31, 36, 102, 107, 130
2, 3, 131
87
119, 122. 123, 130

137

Jedrcla ep.

Cedrus Deodara, Lond.

Celtis Roxburghii, Bedd.

Cerambyoida)

Cer.imbyx vatica, Thomp.

Ceiatonia Siliqiia, Linn.

Cercopida3 . .

Oeretaphis sp, .

Ceioplastes ceiiferus. Sign.

Chains (Brachymeria) euploe

Cheriues abietis, Linn.

Chionaspis aspidistrte, Sifjii.

Chrotogonus tracbypterus, Blancb.

Chrotogonus sp. .

Chrysobotbris sex-notata, Gory

Cbrysomelidte . .

Cincadellidae

Cinobona sp. .

Clunia variegata, Snell.

Clania sp. ...

Coccidae ....

CoccinellidsB

Coccus cacti, Linn.

Cocos nucifera, Linn. . . 11, 13, 15,

Cojlosterna scabrata, Fabr. .

Ccelosterna spinata, Fabr.

Coleoptera

Conogetbes punctiferalis, Meyrick

Coreidse ....

Cossida3 ....

Cossus tadambe, Moore

Crotou Draco, Scblecb.

Cryptorrbyncbus mangifera3, Fabi

Gurculiouidaj

Cynipidaj ....

Cyrtotrachelas dux, Bobern.

119,

47.

16.

11.

16, 17, 20,

31, 37, 46,

47, 52—59

Page.

11, 15, 130
, 124, 126, 130

133

48,06—81, 95

. 69—71

133

. 11,26

20, 130, 151

I, 130, 131, 132

111

22— 2 i, 131

12, 13, 129
. 3, 131
. 2, 3, 131
. 38, 132
46, 50—51

11, 26. 27
27, 30, 102, 106, 130
98—101, 132
101, 102, 132
. 11—16
82
16
77, 88, 89, 130
66, 67, 132, 151
Q7, 68, 129
. 31-82
121, 122, 130
. 27, 28
102—105
102-104, 132
133
55-57, 131, 151
46, 47, 51—62
83, 84, 87
. 55, 130

Dactylopius adonidum, Linn.
Dactylopius cocotis, Maskell
Dacus ferrugineus, Fabr.
Dulbergia latifolia, Roxb.
Dalbergia pauiculata, Roxb.

15, 129, 130

13,14, 15, 130

. 86, 131

133

133

138

Dasychira pudibnnda . .
Dasychira thwaitisii, Moore
Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, Nees.
Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees
Dendrocalamus sp.
Diapus impressus, Janson .
Dichrostachys oinera, W. and A.
Dillenia pentagyna
Dinoderus sp. .
Diptera ....
Disphinotus humeralis, Walker
Dolichandrone Rheedii, Siem.

t Arnot

Pass.
Ill

108- -111, 12,. 130, 132, 152
46, 55, 130
. 119, 121, 130
. 46, 50, 130
. 65, 63, 131
183
. 110, 130
42—45, 129, 130
. 86, 87
. 30,130
133

E

Elateridaa .....
Epracomia dorsalis, Thunb. .
Epilachna viginti-octo-punctata, Pabr.
Eriolsena Hookeriana, W. and A. .
Erythrina indica, Linn.
Erythvina suberosa, Roxb. .
Estigmena cbine nsis, Hope .
Eucalyptus sp. .
Eumeta sikkima, Moore
Eumeta sp. ....

Euproctis scintillans, Walker
Eupterote minor, Moore
Eupterotidse ....

. 40—41

3, 4, 5, 131

82

133

133

48, 78, 130

. 50, 130

xl8. 119, 130

. 98—101

. 101, 102

■ 1112,131

, 93, 94

. 93, 94

P

Feronia Elephantum, Correa
Ficus asperrima, Roxb.
Ficus bengalensis, Linn.
Ficus comosa, Eoxb. .
Ficus cordifolia, Roxb.
Ficus elastica. El.
Ficus giomerata, Roxb,
Ficus infectoria, Willd.
Ficus laccifera, Roxb.
Ficus mysorensis, Heyne
Ficus religiosa, Linn.
Ficus Roxburgbii, Wall.

188
11, 15, 13C
138
183
133
18.3

11, 15, 84, 130, 135

138

133

11, 15, 130

16, 90, 91, 130, 133

. 119, 124, 130

139

Gangara thjrsis, Fabr.
Garuga piniiata, Boxb.
GeometridiB
Gmelina arborea, Roxb.
Gunda sikkima, Moore

Paob.

. 89, 130
11, 25, 31, 40, 119, 121, 130, 133

118, 119

46, 51, 130
91,92,130

Hapsifera rugosella, Snell .

Helopeltis febrioulosa, Begroth

Helopelt's theiovora, Moore

Heiuiptera

HopialidiB

Hesperidas

Heterocera

Heteromera

Heteroptera

Homoptera

Hoplocerambjx epinicomis, Newn

Hybloea pnera, Cramer

Hymenoptera

. 124, 129

. 30, 130

28-80, 132

. 11-30

. 102, 106

. 88, 89

. 89—127

. 45, 46

. 27-30

. 11—27

71—73, 81, 132, 151, 152

. 115-117, 120, 132

. 83—85

Idiocerus atkinsonii, Lethierry
Idiocerus clypealis, Lethierry
Idiocerus niveosparsus, Lethierry

. 27,131

. 27,131

26, 27, 131, 151

Kjdia calcina, Eoxb.

133

lachnosterna impressa, Burm.

.

. 35. 36

Lagerstromia parviflora. Hook.

.

133

Lagerstromia sp. . . . .

.

98, 101, 130

Lecaniam acTuninatum. Sign.

. 12,

131, 151, 152

Lecanium nigrum, Neitner .

.

. 12,131

Lepidoptera .....

.

. 88—127

Liinacodida) .....

.

. 102, 107

Locustidae

.

1,5

Lonicera angustifolia, Wall. . .

.

45, 46, 130

14,0

Lonicera quinquelocnlaris, H
Lucanidis . . .
Lucanus cantoris, Hope
Lucanus lunifer, Hopa
Lucanus mearesi, Hope
Lyiuautriidse .

lid wi eke

Pagb.

45, 46, 130

. 31—35

34, 35, 129, 132

. 32—34, 131

. 34, 132

. 12, 107—113

M

Machcerota sp. ....

Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fabr.
Magiria robusta ....

Mangifeia iudica, Linu, 11, 12, 16, 24, 26, 27

Manihot Glaziovii, Mull. Arg.
Margaiouidse

Maruca sp. ...

Melanotus fuscuB, Fabr.
Melasoma sp. .
Melolontba vulgaris, Fabr. .
Michelia sp. . . .

Moringa pterygosperma, Gcerth.
Mouochamus soongna
Mudaria cornifrons, Moore
Muscid£8 ....
Mylabris sp. .

. 122, 123

31, 40, 46, 55, 86;
111, 112, 119

. 26,132

35

130, 132, 152

102, 107, 108,

I, 122, 131, 133

11,12,131

. 119, 122

. 122, 131

. 40, 41

50, 51, 131

35

90,91, 131

48, 78, 131

. 77, 78

113—115, 129

. 86, 87

46

N

Natada velutina, Kollan .....

. 107, 131

Nemocera ..... ...

87

Nepbelium I-itchii, Camb

133

Neocerambyx holosericeus, Fabr

. 69—71

Neuroptera .......

30

Noctuidse

113—118

Odina Wodier, Koxb. .
Odoiporus sp. .
ffidalus marmoratus, Tbunb.
Qildalus sp. . . .

Oplmisa melicerte, Drury .
Oregma bambusjB, Buckton .
Ortbopetera . . ■

47, 68, 69, 131
. 59,129
. 3, 4, 131
. 2. 3, 131
. 117, 132
20—22. 129
, 1—10

141

Orlhoptera Genunina . .
Orthoptera Psendoneuroptera
Oryctes rhinoceros, Linn.
Ougoinia dalbergoides, Benth.

Pagk.

1-5

. 6-10

14, 37, 52, 55. 130

. . 133

Pachydiesus holoserlceng, Fabr.

Paliga damastesalis, Moore .

Papilio erithonius, Cramer .

Papilionid£B ....

Pemphigns bursarius .

Pemphigus cinchona, Buckton

Pemphigus edificator, Bnckton .

Pemphigus immunis, Buckton

Pemphigus napoeus, Buckton

Pentamera ....

PentatomidsB ....

Perilampus sp. . . . .

Phacopteron lentigiuosum, Eucktoa

Phflssus purpurascens, Moore .

Phoenix dactylifera, Linn.

Phycitidse .....

Picea Morinda, Link (=Abies Smithiana

Pinus excel^a, Wall.

Pinus Geraidiana, Wall.

Pinus kasya, Eoyle . . .

Pinus longifolia, Koxb.

Pistacea Terebinthus, Liun. .

Pithecolobiura dulce, Henth .

Fityogenes scitus, Eland.

Plocederus obesus, Gahan (=P. pedestris,

Polygraphus sp, . ...

Populus euphratica, Olivier . .

Populus (P) tremula, Linn. . - .

• Prionus ' .^ . . .

Prosopis spicigera, Linn.

Pseudo-pulvinaria sikkimensis, Atkinson

Psiloptera fastuosa, Fabr.

Psycbida) .....

Fsylla oisteliata, Buckton

Psyllida} .....

Pterocarpus JIarsupium, Roxb .

Pyralidte ...;«■

69, 70, 71, 76, 78, 129, 132, 151
116,119—121, 132
88, 129, 132, 151
88
20
. 17,130
. 17, 18, 131
19, 20, 131, 151
18, 19, 20, 131, 151
• . . 31—45
. 27, 28
113
. 25, 26, 130
106, 130
46, 52, 131
. 119, 122, 123
Forbes) . 11. 22. 124—127, 131
31, 45, 47, 63, 64, 131
. 31, 45, 47, 65, 131
47, 64. 65, 131
1, 2, 3, 31, 40, 47, 67, 65, 151
11, 17, 18, 131
134
64, 65, 131
Cotes) 68, 59, 72, 129, 131, 132, 151
63, 64. 131
11, 1 8, 31, 40, 95, 97, 98, 131
11, 19, 131
32
133
. 16, 130, 131
38, 39, 132
. 98—102
24, 25, 131
11, 24r-26
133
119—122

14.2

Quercus incana, Roxb.
Qi^Brcns lamellosa, Pin.
Quercus pachjphylla, Kurz.
QuercQB sp. . . .

Q

Page.

47, 65, 131
. 47, 61, 94, 131

47, 61; 131

11, 31, 32, 47, 62, 131

Ehopalocera . . .
Bbynohota . . .

Rhj'noophorus ferrugineus, OH v.
Rivellia perslcce, Bigot -
Robinia sp. ...

. 88,89
. 11—30

. 52—55, 130, 131
. 86, 87, 131

1, 3, 4, 5, 48, 80, 131

S

Salix tefrasperma, Roxb.

Salix elegans, Wall.

Saltatoria •

Santalum album, Linn.

Sapium sebiferuui, Roxb.

Saturniidae

8carabaeid£e

Scbima crenata, Korth.

Scbima Wallicbii, Choisy

Scbleichera trijuga, Willd

Scbizodactylus monstrosus, BruU^

SeolytidsB .

Scutellera nobilis, Fabr.

Sesiidae . . .

Shorea assamica. Dyer

Sborea robusta, Gsertn.

31, 38, 41

Sborea Talura, Roxb.
Sinoxylon sp. .
Sinoxylon auale, Lesne.
Sipalus granulatus, Fabr.
Spalyria minor, Moore
Spbecia omnatiEeforme, Moore
Spbeuopborus planipenuis, Nietner
Spondias mangifera, Willd.
Sthenias grisator, Fabr.
Strobilanthus pectinatus, T. And
Stromatiuin asperulum .

45,46

47. 77, 131
46, 50, 131
1-5
, 102, 104, 131
113, 117, 132
. 90, 91
31, 35-37
134
27, 28, 132
. 132, 134
5
47, 62-66, 95
. 28, 129
. 95—98
65, 70, 71, 108—111, 132
42, 47, 60, 65, 66, 68-73, 80, 90, 91,
98—102, 107—113, 117, 118, 132, 134

134

41, 42, 129, 133

.42, 71, 81, 132

. 58, 59, 129

. 93, 94

. 95—98

59, 180

47, 68, 69, 132

78, 79, 132

. 59, 132

3, 76, 77, 132

143

Pa«B

Stromatium barbatum, Fair 73_7(5^ yg^ 1^29, 132

Swietcnia Mahogani, Linn. . . .47, CO, 1C2, 107, 119, 122, 123, 132
Sj-mplocos theajfolia, Ham 31, 34, 35, 132

T

Tabernaomontana sp. 48, 78, 132

Tamarindus iiidioa, Linn. . . . . . . . 46, 49, 1.12

Tamaiix aiticiilata, Vahl 11,26,47,70,71,132

Tectona grandis, Linn. 31, 38, 47, 70, 73—76, 78, 83, 102, 106, 1 13, 115, 116

118— 12J,1S2, 134
Tenebrionida) '••........ 46

Tenthrediuida? .......... 83

Terebrantia 83—84

Termes taprobanus. Walker ........ 6 — 10

Tertninnlia belerica, Eoxb 31, 41, 42, 132

Terminalia Chebula, Retz 16, 98, lOl, 132

Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A 16, 47, 70, 90, 132» 134

Termitidse . 6 — 10

Tetramera .......... 46—81

Tineidae 119, 124—127

Tortricidae ........... 123

Tiema orientalis, Bl. =Spomia orieutalis, Planch. . . . 102, 107, 132

Trimera 81, 82

Trochilium omnatiaeforme, Moore 95_98^ 13i

U

Uroceridse . . . « , §3

Vespa 8p. 85, 129

Vespida" 84, 85

WrJghtia tinctoria, R. Br.

W

48, 79, 80, 132

Xyleborus perforans, Wollaston
Xjlocopa sp. .
Xylorrhiza adiista, Wiedem. .
Xylotrechus quadripes, Chevr.

. 65, 66

84, 85, 130
79, 80, 132
. 80, 81

Zenzera coffee, Nietner
Zizyphns Jujuba, Lam.
Zizyphus zylopyra, Willd.

. 104. 1C5, 131

88, 90, 132, 134

. 90,134

145

INDEX OF ENGLISH AND VERNACULAR
NAMES, ETC.

Page,

Akrot

Amara

Ai^an

Aspen

Assam Lac

Aswat

Ata .

Australian Gum Tree

133

. 47, 68, 69, 132

. 16, 132, 134

.11,19,20, 131

133

133

133

130

Eabul

Bael .

Bagworms .

Bahan .

Bahera

Baishi

Bakli

Baluchistan Popla:

Bamboo

Bamboo borer

Bar .

Bara katus, P.

Beech tree

Beefwood tree

Ber .

Bija .

Black bug

Blister beetles

Buk, Lep. & Nep

T bcr

27, 28,47,67,68,70,129,133
. 88,129
. 98—102
131
31, 41, 42, 132
131
133
95—98

11,31,42—45,46,55,119,121
42—45
133
47, 61, 131
111
130
88, 90, 132, 134
133
12
45,46
47, 61, 94, 131

Carob tree
Cask borer
Ceara rubber tree

133
. 65, 66
11, 12, 131

146

Page.

Cedar 119, 121, 126, 130

Chandan 131

Charcoal tree 102, 107, 132

Chestnut

ChilaunJ, P. .

ChiUa

Chinese Tallow Tree

Chir

Cinchona . .

Click heetles .

Cochineal insect

Cockchafer •

Cocoanat palm .

Cootee

Cut worm

11, 16

27,28,132

27,28,129

. 113,117,132

. 1, 2, 3, 31, 40, 47, 57, 65, 131

, 11, 16, 17, 20, 27, 30, 102. 106, 130

40

16

35,36

11, 13, 15, 31, 37, 46, 47, 52, 54, 59, 77. 88, 89, 130

43,44

113

Dakhini bfthdl ,

134

Date-palm

46, 52, 54, 131

Deodar

. 119, 124, 126, 130

Dhak

. 47, 68, 68, 129, 133

Dingsa

. 47, 64, 131

Dudhi

48, 79, 80, 132

Farash

11, 26, 47, 70, 132

G

Galgoja .31,47,65,131

Ghoong • 42, 65

Havra . •
Himalayan Spruce Fir
Hog plum . .
Honeysuckle

. 16,132

11, 22, 24, 124-127, 131

. 47,132

. 45, 46, 130

Imli

Indian liettle Tree

India-ruhber Tree

132

. 102,107,132
133

14.7
J

Jhand
Jhingan

Paob.

133

47, 68, 69, 131

Eadam, P.

Kailcar

Kail

Kaltung .

Karwat

KaUber

Katbgular

Keol

*Kliair .

Kbarani, Nep.

Kliumbi .

Kibu .

Kino .

Kulluk .

Kulsi Sill caterpillar

Kulsi Teak borer

Kusm •

. 47,61,
11,25,31, 119,121,130,
31, 47, 63.
. 20,
. 11,

11, 84,

31

39, 41, 42

47, 73, 76,

31, 34, 35,

108—110,

59, 60,

119, 121,

•

. 73-
. 132,

129
133
131
129
130
134
130
133
129
132
129
133
133
129
112
-76
134

Lac insect
Ladybird beetles
Licbi •

16

82
133

M

Mahogany 47, 60, 102, 107, 119, 122, 123, 132

Makai 65,70,71,108-111,132

Male bamboo 119, 121, 130

Mandania, Nep. ......... H, 129

Mango . . 11, 12, 16, 24, 25, 26, 27. 31, 40, 4fi, 55, 56, 86, 87, 102

107, 108, 111, 112, 119, 122, 131

Mosquito Blight 28—30

Muga silk worm ......... 91

Musre katus, Nep. 31,34,35,81,85,129

Oak .

. 11, 16, 31, 32-34, 47, 61, 62, 63, 65, 94

US

Page.

Pakar

133

Palas

. 129, 133

Pale Tussock Moth

111

Palm weevil . •

. 52-55

Pola

133

Pipal . .

. 16, 130, 133

Poplar

•

11, 18, 31, 40, 95, 97, 98, 131

Preng bamboo .

.

. 69, 129

Rhinoceros beetle
Em .
Roongra •
Ruthal But

37, 52, 55

. 47,131

48, 78, 130

133

Safed siris, P. .
Sagun
Saj .
Sal .

Sal girdler

Salei

Sandalwood .

Sandan

Sanjna . .

Sauer, Nep.

Scale insects

Semul . .

Shivan tree

Sida

Silkori

Silver Fir •

Singbhum Sal borer

Spruce-gall aphis

Sunkong-Kung

Suparee nut palnp

31, 3b. 41

42, 47, 60,

47, 61, 129
132

. 47, 70, 71, 90—132, 134

65—73, 80, 85, 90, 91, 98—102,
107—113, 117, 118, 132

. 66, 67

. 119, 124, 129

45. 46, 102, 104, 105, 131

133

48, 78, 131
31,34,35,37, 48, 80j 129

. 11-16

47, 48, 68, 77, 113-115, 129

46, 51, 130

133

133

126

. 71—73

. 22-24

. 11, 130

. 11, 12, 129

Tallow Tree

Tama bamboo, Nep.

Tamarind . •

. 113, 117

130

46, 49, 50, 132

149

Taalc

Teak -leaf roller
Terebinth tree .
Tirmal .
Toon

Toon-twig borer
Tusser silkworm

Pagb.

31, 3S, 39, 47, 70, 71, 73 -7t% 78, S3, S4, lOl, 100, 1 13 .
115, 116,118-121, 132, 131

119—121

. 11, 131

. 119,124,130

119, 122, 123, 130

. 122, 123

. 90, 91

U
Utis 31,37,129

V
Virtuli . , 133

W

White ant 6—10

White grub 35

White insect wax ..•••...• 16

Willow 46, 47, 50, 51. 77, 131

Wireworm ..••.•...* 40

151

KEY TO THE PLATES.

PlATE I (1). — Zecavt'um acuminatum, S'lffn.

(a) Porsal surface, magnified about seven tirnes.

(i) Ventral surface.

(c) Side view, magnified about seven times.

(2).— Cerataphis sp.

Laiva and pupa enlarged,

(3). — Idlocerus niveosparsus, Lethierry.

(a) Imago.
(6) Larva.

Plate II (1). — Pemphigus najioeus^ BwcViorx.
(2). — Pemphigus immunis, Buckton.

Plate III {}.)-— Cryptorrhynchiis mang if ercp, Fabr.

(rt) Larva.
(Ij) Pupa.

(c) Im:igo (dorsal view).

(d) Imago (ventral view) : all enlnrged.

(2) Ccelosterna scab rata, Fabr.

Imago, natural size.

(3) Plocedrus ohesus. Dap.

(a) Imago ? natural size.

{b) Imago $ head and thorax, natural size,

(c) Calcareous pujia cell, natural size.

(4) Pachydisstis holosericeus, Fabr.

(rt) ImaiTO $ natural size.

(^) Imago $ head and thorax, natural si'/e.

Plate 1Y ,— ITopIoceramhyx spinicornis, Newn.

{a) imago ? natural size.
{h) Imago $ head and thorax.

Pi ATE V. — Papilio erithonius, Cramer.

(«) Tmago.
(i) Pupa3.
(c) Lnrva ; all natural size.

Flats W.—Anlhercea paphia, Linn.

{a) r.arva.

(//) Pupa attached to a brn»ich.

{c) In.ago $ and i- : all naiuial eizet

152

P ATE VII. — AntJiercea assama, Westw.

(a) Larva.

{h) Pupa.

(c) Imago $ and ? : all natural size.

Ilatb VIII (1). — DasycMra thioaitisii, Moore.

(a) Imago $

{h) Imago $

(c) Cocoon on a leaf.

{d) Pupa.

(e) Larva (dorsal view).

{f) Larva (side view): all natural size.
[g) Chalcis euplcea, Hope (enlarged) ") ..

{h) £ erilampus, new species (enlarged) ) P^^'f^sues.

(2) Agrotis ypsilon, Eott.

(a) Larva (natural size),
(i) Larval head (enlarged),
(c) ImRgo (natural size).

(3) Magira robusta, Moore.

{a) Imago.

(6) Pupa.

(c) Larva in a toon twig : all nataral size.

Plate IXa. — Chermes ahietis, Linn.

Gall of Chermes abietis on a spruce twig.

h. — Genus ? sp. ? (Curoulionidse) —

(a) Piece of wool with bark removed showing coooon made

of rough chips beneath, natural size.

(b) Pupa inside cocoon, natural size.

(c) Pupa, ventral surface, natural size,

c. — Hoploceramhyx spinicornisj Newn.
Larva.

G. I. C. P, 0.— No. 83 R. & A.— 16.5-89.— 300.— Kose.

CHAPTER n.

/T-

FLATK I

1. LECANIUM ACUMINATUM SIGN

2. CERATAPHIS SF.

3. miOCERUS NIVEOSPARSUS.LETHIERRY.

Fhoto-elching-Survey of India Of&ces.Cal(rutta.December 1833.

vPTERH.

I'lATK E.

"1

G.C . Chuckrabur tty , del .

1. PEMPHIGUS NAPiEUS

Fh.,t.artcliin* -Survey of India Offices.Calcutta, Juiy 1898.

Z. PEMPHIGUS IMMUNIS

CHAPTER m.

^r

1. CRYPTORRHYNCHUS MANGIFERA.FABR.THE MANGO WEEVIL.

SAL GIRDLER.
2. CCELOSTERNA SCABRATA.FABR.

4. PACHYDISSUS HOLOSERICEUS.FABR.

.^1

3. FLOCEDERUS OBESUS.DAP.

Photo-etching -Survey of India Offices.Calcutta.January 1899

CHAPTER VI.

PLATE V

Photo-etching -

Surv^ oC tiuliaOfiice9jCalculta.Kavcinber 183d .

CHAPTER VI.

TUSSER.
Antherauea paphia.Lmn.

G.C -Chuclcrahot^ deL

Photoetching from the original pencil Drawings Survey of India Offices.CalcuttaJuIy 1838

CHAPTER \1.

PLATE Va

JM -'% ^,

M U C A.
Antheraea aaaama.WESTvr.

GCChnckrabotiy, del.

Pholo-etchiii| from the original pencil DrawinSs -Survey of India Offices. Calcutta. July 1838.

HAPTER VI.

PLATE VIL

Photo-etching 'Svirvey of India Offices.Calcutta. January 189S.

\

Gall of Chermes abietia, L.
on a Spruce twig,
nat. size.

Pig. 41.

a. Piece of wood with bark removed showing cocoon

made of rough chips beneath.

b. Pupa inside cocoon.

c. Pupa.

Fig. 49.

E. P. S., del.

^^

j::^>?t

:i4^^l-i.

=^..^