INSECTA MADERENSIA:

BEING

AN ACCOUNT OF THE INSECTS

OF

THE ISLANDS

OF

THE MADEIRAN GROUP.

y

T. VERNON WOLLASTOK, M.A., F.L.S.

6 SetTTTOTT;? yap fiov fierewpo'; alperai
linnfhov eh rov akp eiri tov KavOdpov.

Aristoph. Pax, 80.

LONDON:

JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW.

1854.

Though never ase until a later day

AssaQ'd thj' forests' huge antiquity.

Yet elder Fame had many tales of thee —

Wliether Pha?nician shipman far astray

Had brought uncertain notices away

Of islands dreaming in the middle sea ;

Or that man's heart, which struggles to be free

From this old worn-out world, had never stay

Till, for a place to rest on, it had foimd

A region out of ken, that happier isle,

AVliich the mild ocean breezes blow around.

Where they who thrice upon this mortal stage

Had kept their hands from wrong, their hearts from gmle,

ShoiUd come at length, and live a tearless age.

, Teench.

I'B1>"TED BY T-VYLOll AND FKANCIS,
RED LION COtTHT, FLEET STREET.

VIRO . REVERENDO

RICARDO-THOMiE . LOWE . A.M.

ECCLESItE . ANGLICAN/E

IN . INSVLIS . MADERENSIBVS

ANNOS . VNVM . ET . VIGINTI

PRiESVLI

NECNON . SIMVL

SCIENTIA . NATVRALI . PERITISSIMO

HOC . OPVSCVLViM

QVALECVNQVE . GRATI . ANIMI . SIGNVM

DICATVM . VOLVIT

AVCTOR.

PREFACE.

It is not without some degree of hesitation that I am at length induced to bring
together my notes on the Coleoptera of the Madeiran Group in a sufficiently
connected form for the press ; and in offering them to the scientific Avorld, I
would wish briefly to state for what pui-pose they were originally commenced.

Having been advised in October of 1847 to leave England for the benefit of
my health, I employed a seven months' residence at Funchal in collectiug such
insects (and desultory information concerning them) as came beneath my notice,
but without any ulterior design than that of a mere temporary amusement, and
to relieve the monotony of a winter's exile in a distant land.

In November of the following year, however, another migration being recom-
mended to me, I decided on " making a vu-tue of necessity," and tm-ning my
second banishment to a more practical account than the first one ; and con-
sequently started with the full intention of accumulating matter for publication,
— which I was bold to hope would at any rate so far expand, ia importance
and extent, as to furnish a series of papers, at a future time, for some of the
Natural History journals of the day.

But having been rewarded, in this my second expedition, with more success
than I had had reason to anticipate (owing in a large measm'c to my health
having permitted me, not only to use greater diligence, but also to visit many
remote rocks, and to ascend into regions, hitherto forbidden), and having
convinced myself that I had obtained the major part of the species which were

vi PREFACE.

to be met Avith between the limits of October and Jime ; I felt that a summer's
oljservation in situ was the main thing reqiined to render my knowledge of
tlie Coleopterous fauna tolerably complete. Hence, in May of 1850, at the
instigation of the E.ev. 11. T. Lowe (whose imremittiag services I shall have
al)undant opportimities elsewhere of announcing), having procured a tent, I
again set sail for the island, — prepared to take up my abode, diu'ing the hotter
period, in districts as yet but imperfectly explored ; and, by thus applying myself
in good earnest (at elevations, moreover, difficult of access except at that peculiar
season), I conceived that 1 should be in a position, at the close of my thii'd
sojourn, to attempt a more lengthened and systematic treatise than I had at the
beginning ventured to contemj)late.

My material having, in this manner, been gradually amassed, considerable
leisure was afforded me, during the intervals of my return to England, not only
of carefully studying the new modifications which had been brought to light,
but also of sending them for comparison to the principal museums of the
Continent, — by which means I was the better qualified to form a correct oj)iiiion
on their several affinities.

To those of my friends and correspondents who have aided me in this some-
what difficult task, whether in the collation of specimens or in the loan of types,
I would dcsu'c to express my sincere obligations. Particularly, however, would
I draw attention to the valuable help which I have received from J. O. West-
wood, Esq., whose pencil has been so elaborately employed in the figures which
I am thus enabled to attach, and by Avhom many of the minutest of the dissec-
tions were accomplished, — ^^ith a degree of delicacy, moreover, to which I did
not myself at the commencement of this Work (though I haA'e since succeeded in
anatomizing the larger portion of them, likewise) lay claim.

From Frederick Smith, Esq., for the unwearied attention which he has
bestowed, and the amoimt of skill which he has brought to play, upon the
engraving, I have also more than common assistance to record.

From A. H. Haliday, Esq., of Dublin ; from Messrs. Wliite and Watcrhouse, of
the British Museum; and from E. ^\ . Janson, Esq., Curator of the Entomological

PREFACE. . vii

Society of London, I am bound to confess that I have received much useful
information and practical hints, — apart from the many facilities of reference
which they have most liberally afforded me.

To Professor Heer, of Zurich, my especial acknowledgments are due, — not only
for the handsome manner in which he has laid the whole of his Madeiran collec-
tions at my disposal (refusing to describe even the novelties which he had himseK
discovered), but also for putting me in possession of his private notes, compiled at
Funchal during the winter of 1850 and the spring of 1851.

To Dr. H. Schaum, of Berlin, who has spared no trouble in ministering to my
entomological wants, and to whose unexampled kindness I shall have frequent
occasion to allude throughout the present volume ; as well as to Professor
Bohemann, of Stockholm, for his ^ comparison of my Bhyncophora with the
Schonherrian types, I owe much.

To MM. Javet, Chevrolat, Deyrolle, Jacquelin-Duval, Leon-Fairmaire, and
Dr. Axibe, of Paris ; as also to M. Dohrn, President of the Entomological Society
of Stettin, to M. Kiesenwetter of Leipzig, M. Motschulsky of St. Petersburgh, and
to T. S. Leacock, Esq., of Funchal, my recognition of services, in various ways
conferred, is gratefully conceded.

And, lastly (though not least), to the Rev. R. T. Lowe, who, for upwards of
twenty years British Chaplain and the sole guardian of natural science in
Madeira, has not only consented to an invasion of his own field of research, but
has even co-operated with me (directly and indirectly), during my successive visits
to the island, to bring about the object which I had in view, I have incurred a
debt which will not be easily repaid. The generosity moreover with which he has
communicated, without reserve, both his local knowledge in the departments at
which I have been labouring and the result of his long experience in everything
connected with the country itself, demands my warmest thanks; whilst his
unbounded hospitality, not only to myself, but to hundreds who have been
similarly exiled under his control (too many, however, never to return), must not
remain unnoticed.

Viii PREFACE.

If the follo^\•ing pages should be found of sixfficient interest to attract the
attention of a few out of the unfortunate invalids who flock to Funchal, winter
after mnter, for their health, and with whom the main lamentation which every-
where resounds is the total absence of the ordinary enjoyments of a country life,
and the want of some local amusement to divert theii* thoughts from the cmises
of their lianislmient, one at any rate of the objects for which they have been
compiled will have been fully realized.

London, .Inly 14, 1854.

INTEODUCTION.

^VHEN we review the great questions arising out of the geographical distribu-
tion of animals and plants, there can be no doubt whatsoever that the close inves-
tigation of any given area, however minute, must contribute materially, provided
its position be a significant one, to lighten the labours of those more comprehen-
sive naturalists who are able to wield, with a master's hand, the scanty data
gleaned by the humbler workers in the science to a practical account. And, since
it has been said that whatsoever falls ■ndthin the sphere of knowledge is attached
to a radius and tends towards the centre, there is reason to hope that no amount
of truth, once faiiiy arrived at, will be eventually lost ; but that it will sooner or
later find its way into the central mass, to be employed, whensoever chance may
require it, for the general good. Hence it is that we are encouraged, in every
branch of observation, to register what we see ; and to feel that the most trivial
facts, if faithfully recorded, may become the basis from whence the soundest
theories may arise, — such theories forsooth as have ah'eady arisen from the con-
templation of circumstances apparently beneath oiu* notice, and which have grown
up, step by step, into trees of gigantic dimensions, to embrace at last large prin-
ciples within their shade.

Such being the case, I have ventured to hope that the examination of islands
even so small as those now under discussion may not have been altogether without
profit. The intermediate situation of Madeira, which, whilst pertaining artificially
to Europe, has nevertheless much in common with the north of Africa (from
which in distance it is the less remote), imparts to it an interest, the importance
of which the student of Zoological geography cannot faU at once to recognise :
and, if we scan the results arrived at in the following pages, we shall perceive that
there is positive ground for the belief that its Coleopterous fauna is, in a large
measiu'e, of a very isolated type. Although partaking, in the main, of that par-
ticular stamp which is usually acknowledged as Mediterranean, yet the number of
endemic species (and even of genera) would seem to be so great, whilst tlie ncAv
modifications wliich have been brought to light are so extremely characteristic,

b

X INTRODUCTION.

and adjusted to the peculiar nature of the country in which they are placed, that
we cannot resist the conclusion that, whatever may have heen the extent or con-
dition of that ancient continent of which these several Atlantic clusters are the
sure witnesses, that portion of it at any rate which the Madeiras may be supposed
to represent was not only singularly rich in creations adapted specially to itself,
but also that the various forms must have migrated but very slightly ere the land
of passage was destroyed, — seeing that many of them had apparently not even
reached those points of its area which are now the detached portions of the actual
group. That this is really a fact, we may appeal, intei' alia, to such insects as the
Tarphii (only a single one of which, out of 15, occurs beyond Madeii-a proper), to
Argutor and Trechiis (of the same island), to Acalles (of which 12 members, out
of 13, belong to the central mass), to the aberrant Atlantides and the Anemophili
(almost exclusively Porto Santan), or to Deucalion (which reigns supreme on the
nearly inaccessible heights of the two southern Dezertas).

Although it is of com-se possible that some few out of the 270 species, and even
of the 11 genera, which I have treated as novelties, may have l^een ah-eady made
known, yet I believe it will be fovmd, on inspection, that such instances are rare ;
whilst concerning the claims of the majority of them, being apparently of an
endemic natm'e, there cannot be the slightest doubt. In addition to these 270
species, there are 11 which had been pre\aously characterized as Madeiran ; thus
raising the entire num1)er to 281, — which, out o/ 182, it must be admitted is a
large proportion to possess cceii the chance of being peculiar to these islands. The
genera of the present volimie amount, in aU, to 213 : one of these {Cossyphodes)
had been lately described as jMad'eh-an ; and 9 at least (namely Calobius, Dactylo-
sterimm, Xenostrongylus, Metophthalmus, Jflicrochondrus, Pecteropus, Deucalion,
ArthroUps and Macrostethus), out of the 41 which arc indicated as new, I have
reason to suspect have exponents elscAvhere, — which reduces the modifications
which may, or may not, he endemic (but the larger portion of Avhich probably are)
to 3-1. Amongst these 31, perhaps the most remarkable are Zargus, Cossyphodes,
Eitrops, Aphanarthrum, Leijjarthrmn, Echinosoma, Xenorchestes, Gloeosoma, and
Ellipsodes.

It will be seen, on a reference to the Systematic Catalogue of this work, that the
total absence of numerous genera (and even of whole families) which are looked
upon as all but universal, constitutes one of the most striking featm'cs in om*
entomological fauna. Thus, incredible though it may seem, not so much as a
solitary \vitness of the Cicindelidce, Dujjrestida; or Pselaphidce has hitherto been
l)rought to light ; whilst the great genera Carabits*, Nebria*, Silpha, Necro-

* In Dejean's Catalogue there ia a Carahm registered as Madeiran, under the name of C interruptus ;
aud a Nebria under that of N. dilatata : but, as no vestige of either one genus or the other has come
beneath my notice, and since they have totally escaped the researches of the Ecv. E. T. Lowe for a period
of twenty-six years, as also of the late Dr. lleinecken and of every other naturalist (so far as I am aware)
subsequently ; I have not the slightest hesitation in pronouncing Dejean's insects (whatsoever they were)

INTRODUCTION. XI

phorus, Cetonia, Telephoriis, Tentyria, Pimelia, Acis, Asida and Otiorhynchus are
altogetlier wanting. The vast race of the Thaler ophagous Lamellicorns {vid. p. 235),
as also the immense department of the Elateridce {vid. p. 239), are represented
apparently by but a single form, — as are also the SUphklie, Telepliorklce, Tenty-
riadcB, and the (Edemendcs.

Of the 13 primary sections into which I have distribvited the entire Coleoptera,
the Bhyncoplwra contains the largest amount of species, and the Eucerata the
smallest. Arranged numerically, they are as follows : Rhyncophora (104), Necro-
pliaga (80), Geodeplmcja (63), Brachelytra (71), Friocerata (35), Atmchelia (29),
Coirlylocemfa (22), Fhytophaga (21), Pseudotrimera (17), Philhydrkla (13), Tm-
clieUa (11), Hydradephaga (7), Eucerata (6). Now there is an anomaly in these
proportions, which it is not easy, at first sight, to account for, — namely, that,
whUst Madeira is essentially a land of wood and streams, the Longicorns and
Water-beetles should be the least shadowed forth of the whole. As regards the
latter of these, however, the deficiency is not difficult to understand, — the rapid
nature of the rivers, which are liable to sudden inundations from the mountains,
and to deposit their contents in positions distant from their banks, or to poiu' in
ceaseless torrents over the perpendicular faces of the rocks, being anything but
favourable to insect life.

Of the 56 families which enter our lists, the CttrcnlioHidcc, StaphyUnidce and
CarabidcB (as miglit be expected) take the lead, — the first nmnbering 80 species,
the second 73, and the thuxl 63. The next, in point of extent, is the Colydiadce,
— which contains 19. The Galerucidce has 13 ; the Lathridiadce and Coccinellidce
12 ; the Apthodiadce 10 ; the Melyridce 7 ; the Dytiscida;, Sisteridce and Ceram-
bicidcB 6 ; the Chrysomelidce 4, and the ScydnKBuidce 1.

Of the genera with which we have here to do, Tarpthius and Homalota (each of
which have 15 representatives) rank first. Then comes Atlantis (which has 14) ;
Acalles (13) ; Ptinus (10) ; Trechus and Helop)S (9) ; Bemhidium and L(Bmo-
phlceus (8) ; Caulotrnpis, Apion and Philonthus (7) ; Bromius, Corticaria, Apho-
dius, Longitarsus and Scymnns (6) ; Lixiis, Sitona, Psylliodes, Coccinella and
Oxytelns (5), &c.

In glancing over oru* catalogue, we shall be struck, apart from the dearth in the
Hydradephaga and Eucerata (already commented upon), by the great scarcity of
the flower-infesting tribes, — which, in a country like Madeira, where vegetation
i& redundant, is not a little extraordinary. Thus, to take the various families, in
succession, which may be considered as par excellence falling under that denomi-

to have been incorrectly referred (as was also, I imagine, his Melanerus Amaroides) to the islands of our
present gi-oup. Tliey may possibly have been Canarian, or (which is more likely stUl) from the Azores ;
but until fiu-ther evadenee than that of a mere Catalogue (formed in another coiuitry, and subjected to
all the chances of imcertaia information) be supplied, I confess I shall not be inclined to regard them as
otherwise than apocryphal.

62

xii INTRODUCTION.

nation, wc find that the Phalocridce are attested by 4 OUhri ; the entire Thalero-
phagous Lamellicorns by a single Chasmatoptcrits ; the TeJephoridce by an insig-
nificant IlalUiodes ; the Melyridce (which is the best indicated of the whole) by
7 species (contained in 5 difierent genera) ; the Cleridm by an OjydHs and a
Necrobia (the last of which is unquestionably naturalized) ; the Ilordellidce by a
solitary Anaspis; the (Edemeridce by a Stenaxis ; and the Crioceridce by a Lema
and a Crioceris (of which the latter, if not the former also, has been imported
from Em-ope).

Two of the principal features observable throughout the Coleoptera of these
islands, are the general obscureness of colom-ing (gay tints being exceedingly rare)
and the apterous tendency. As regards the second of these, so strongly is it
expressed, that, out of the 182 sjiecies hitherto detected, 178 are either altogether
apterous, or else have theii" wings so imperfectly developed that they may be prac-
tically considered as such. About 86 moreover (out of the 482) may, I imagine,
have been accidentally introduced from other countries ; and, as these belong well
nigh exclusively to the winged forms, the winged species which are in all probabi-
lity tridij indigenous are diminished to 218, — thus exceeding by onl}^ 10 those
which are either apterous or nearly so. Numerous genera indeed (as Tarns,
Loricera, Calathus, Olisthopus, Argutor, Trechus, Hydrohius. &c.) which are
commonly winged arc here almost invariably apterous : whilst of the converse {i. e.
of insects which have their wings ample, although in other countries they are
usually obsolete) there is, I believe, but a single instance, — namely Pristonychus
(concerning which, vide p. 218). As a corollary arising out of this peculiarity, we
should a priori be led to anticipate that a large section of the Madeirau Coleoptera
would be of a very local character, — since, where the means of self-dispersion are
reduced below the ordinary standard, a widely-acquired range is of coui-se next to
impossible. And such, on investigation, we find to be the case, — as a glance, in
fact, at tlic Toi)0(jrophicol Tables will abundantly convince.

Respecting the proportions which the several islands bear to each other, in the
niunber of species observed upon them, the great difllculties attending even a tem-
porary sojourn out of [Madeira proper should be borne in mind, as ser\-ing to
explain in some measure the impeduuents which surround us in arriving at any
positive data on the subject. Independently hoAvever of tliis, the immense super-
ficies of the central mass as contrasted with the satellites of the group, — containing
as it docs about ten times the area of Porto Santo (which last is, in its tvu-n,
gigantic when compared with the barren rocks of the Dezertas), and not only
aboundmg in wood and water, but rising to nearly four times the height, — must
naturally give it an enormous preponderance in the faima of the entii'e region.
Still, having (at three dilferent ]ieriods of the year) resided for more than a month
in Porto Santo, for the sole ])urpose of research, and having twice encamp(>d for a
week (in the winter and siunnier) on the Dezerta Grande, as well as on the llheo
Chao, I believe that I am at any rate in a position to give some sort of an ojiiuion

INTRODUCTION. XUl

on this intricate question : and to any person who has a practical knowledge of the
localities themselves, I think that the following numbers (unequal as they are)
will not appear to be inconsistent with the opposite dimensions and aspects of the
various portions of the cluster to which they respectively refer. Thus, in Madeii-a
proper I have (up to the present period) ascertained 432 species to have occurred,
in Porto Santo 111, on the Dezerta Grande 57, on the Northern Dezerta (or Ilheo
Chao) 15, and on the Southern Dezerta (or Ilheo Bugio) 4. Or, if we choose to
regard the Dezertas as one, the group will separate itself into three natm'al divi-
sions ; and we shall have for Madeu-a proper 432, for the Dezertas 61, and for
Porto Santo 111. Of the 61 species which I have found on the Dezertas, 44 have
been detected in Madeira and 29 in Porto Santo. Tlie species which (so far as I
have been able to ascertain) are peculiar to Madeira proper are 340, to Porto
Santo 32, to the Dezerta Grande 6, to the Ilheo Chao 3, and to the Ilheo Bugio 0.

The only insects of the existence of which I have been enabled to satisfy myself
for certain on ei-erij island are the Scarites ahhreviatus and the Laparocerus morio ;
nevertheless I am all but convinced that the Calatlms complanatus, Sarpalus
vivklus and the Hadriis cinerascens (if we consider the H. illqtus as its Porto
Santan analogue) are equally universal : whilst, at the same time, they may l^e
regarded, in conjunction with the Tarns lineatus, Dromlits ohscuroyiittatus,
OUsthopus Maderensis, Omias ventrosus, Helops JPluto and confertus, and the
Anthicus trlstis, as amongst the species which are the most abimdant indicidually
of all with which we are concerned.

Taking a cursory view of the Coleoptera here described, the fauna may perhaps
be pronounced as having a greater afiinity with that of Sicily than of any other
country which has been hitherto projierly investigated. Apart from the large
number of our genera (and even sj^ecies) which are diffused over more or less of
the entu'e Mediterranean basin, this is especially evinced in some of the most cha-
racteristic forms, — such as Ajwtomiis, Xenostrongylus, Tarpliius, Cholovocera, JSolo-
p>aramecus, Bergimis, LUargus, Thorictus and Boromorphus. There is moreover,
strange though it may appear to be, some slight (though decided) collective assi-
milation with what we observe in the south-western extremity of oiu' own country
and of Ireland, — nearly all the species which are common to Madeira and the
British Isles being found in those particular regions ; whilst one j)oint of coin-
cidence at any rate, and of a very remarkable natm-e, has been fully discussed
{md. p. 320) under Mesites. Whether or not this partial parallelism may be
employed to further Professor E. Porbes's theory of the quondam approximation,
by means of a continuous land, of the Kerry and Gallician hills, and of a huge
miocene continent extending beyond the Azores, and including all these Atlantic
clusters within its embrace, I will not venture to suggest : nevertheless it is im-
possible to deny that, so far as the Madeu'as betoken, everything would go to
favour this grand and comprehensive idea. Partaking in the main of a Mediter-
ranean fauna, the northern tendency of which is in the evident direction of the

XIV INTRODUCTION.

south-western portions of England and Ireland, and with a profusion of endemic
modifications of its own (bearing witness to the engorgement of this ancient tract
with centres of radiation created expressly for itself), whilst geology proclaims the
fact that subsidences on a stupendous scale have taken place, by which means the
ocean grou^js were constituted ; we seem to trace out on every side records of the
past, and to catch the glimpses as it were of a veritable Atlantis from beneath the
waves of time, — being well nigh tempted to inquire,

" And tliou, fairest Isle

In the dayliglit's smile,
Hast thou sunk in the boiling ocean,

"Willie beyond tliy strand

Rose a mightier land
From tlie wave in alternate motion ?

" Are the isles that stud

The Atlantic flood
But the peaks of thy tallest mountains,

Wliile repose below

The great waters' flow
Thy towns and thy towers and fountains ?

" Have the ocean powers

Made their quiet bowers
In thy fanes and thy dim recesses ?

Or, in haunts of thine

Do the sea-maids twine
Coral wreaths for their dewy tresses ?

" But we know not where,

'Neath the desert air,
To look for the pleasant places

Of the youth of Time,

Whose austcror prime
The haunts of his childhood effaces."

Regarding the arrangement which I have adopted, I would especially advert to
the great assistance which I have derived from Mr. West wood's admii-able Intro-
duction to the Modern Classification of Insects, — a work the merit of which it is
dilficidt to overrate, and far surpassing every other in our own coiuitry (if not
elsewhere also), in a systematic point of view, for the soimd impressions which it
conveys, and for the masterly manner in wliich the subject has been treated as a
ichole. It is a comparatively easy task to single out any one family or depart-
ment, and to propound new doctrines on the collocation, inter se, of the various
fragments which unite in composing it ; but to weigh the problem in extenso, to
balance the difficulties of conflicting methods from beginning to end, and to extract

INTRODUCTION. XV

as far as may be possible the good from all (rejecting both what is superfluous and
bad), is indeed a Gordian knot requii-ing a Solon to untie. And, whilst numerous
portions have been subsequently taken in hand by others, and have here and there
been modified (for better or worse), the general plan which Mr. Westwood has
selected does still seem to offer (when contemplated in the mass) the fewest objec-
tions, so far as I am able to judge, of any which has been hitherto proposed. I
would mention this, not because I have altogether followed in his wake, — having
departed from it in many (perhaps too many) instances, —but simply by reason of
the fact that, having made his volume my text-book ab Initio, most of my ideas
on the subject (and many even of the changes suggested) have arisen from a study
of its contents : and, although I have not chosen to consider myself as bound
implicitly to any particular author, yet I think it due to Mr. Westwood to
afiu-m that my method of arrangement has been in a very large measure moulded
out of his.

The 13 primary sections which I have made use of are those adopted by Mr.
Westwood ; nevertheless I have both transposed and inverted them, according as
I have deemed it desirable (or where newly-discovered links rendered it necessary)
to bring certain groups, formerly far asunder, into juxtaposition. Such has been
the case with the Clssklce and Tomici, — a proceeding which, on account of the
close aflfinity of the latter with the Cossonides, rendered the inversion of the Rhyn-
cophora absolutely necessary. Then, the removal of the Brachelytra (from the
Pentamerous departments) to the end, — a step which, after much reflection, I
have thought it advantageous, even on its own account, to take, — has had the
happy effect of bringing AiUhrenus (of the Dermestkla) into direct contact with
the Byrrhi, with which it has so much in common ; whilst I have ventured to
employ the Scydmceniclce (although not actually Brachelytrous) to effect a passage
from Anthicus to the Fselaphi (which apparently however have no exponent in
the Madeira Islands), and from thence (through Falagria) into the Staphylvnidce.
The Trogositklce I have preferred to treat as a distinct family, and (for reasons
stated at page 154<) as more akin to the CucujMce than to the NltkliiUdce, — with
which it is now usually associated. The location of the Anisotomidce may perhaps
require some apology; and I may add that I am not prepared to defend the
situation which I have assigned to it as of necessity the most natural one. I do,
rather, in fact regard it as in reality Necrophagous, and woiild not willingly
disturb the position (near to the Silphida;) which it is generally supposed to
occupy : still, the difficulty has been felt [vkl. p. 484) of disconnecting it from the
Clypeastres ; and since these latter are almost universally acknowledged as insepa-
rable from the Fseudotrimera (an hypothesis however which I am by no means
incHned to accept as capable of positive demonstration, though I have tacitly
endorsed it in the present volume), I have to a certain degree been coerced, con-
trary to my inclinations, in regulating its site.

It may perhaps be objected that I have sometimes been over-minute in de-

XVI INTRODUCTION.

scribing my localities, and in recording the precise circumstances imdcr which
many of the species were observed. And indeed, had I employed myself in
writing for the scientific world only, far removed from the scene of action, there
would liave been considerable force in the accusation, — for it can clearly matter
but little to the universal collector to know even ichat iskoul his specimens are
peculiar to (and, therefore, a fortiori, the exact spot in that island), so long as he
be fully con^'inced that they have come from our present Group. But let it be
remembered that one of my principal designs in the following pages has been, not
only to aflford a complete catalogue, to the general naturalist, of Madeiran Coleo-
ptera, but also to jiut into the hands of the sojoiu'ner there for a short period (of
which there are several huncbeds every winter fi'om England alone, independently
of those from other countries) a full and intelligible account of the actual stations
in which he ■ndll probably be able to procm-e the several insects required. By this
means, indeed, I am emboldened to hope that my researches may be tiu'ned to
some practical account for the amusement of that unfortunate class of wanderers
whose lot it is to submit, year after year, to an eight months' exile in Funchal.
For, plainly, to point out one way (be it but one) in which even a few stray minds
may find an ample field to sport in dm'ing a banishment under emergences not
the most enviable, is a boon which ought not (for the sake of a useless brevity) to
be overlooked, in dealing with a subject thus voluntarily undertaken (however
small it be, and imperfectly performed) for the general good.

And to those who are resident (as occasionally happens) for a longer season than
that which is ordinarily appointed for invalids, and who have health and strength
sufficient to tempt them beyond the limits within which the more cautious adven-
turers are permitted to roam, I would add a few words, ere I close these desultory
remarks, on the pleasures of a Tent-life.

It will doubtless seem an insignificant thing, when contemplated here, to inves-
tigate thoroughly such islands as those which we are now discussing. But the
rambler in situ, who knows the difficulties attending even a single journey to the
interior, and the almost physical impossiblity of visiting many localities except
under the most auspicious circumstances and at particular times, and who has
persevered in vain to reach distant rocks, and failed again and again in his efforts
to obtain a landing on their inhospitable shores, he alone is in a position to imder-
stand aright the numerous obstacles which are likely to intercept his progress.
Yet such impediments, when sm'mounted, only go to increase the satisfaction
derived from the object attained, and give to the explorer who has succeeded in
overcoming them an adtlitional deliglit.

The acbnirer of Nature who has passed a long winter at the mountains' base,
contented merely to gaze upon the towering peaks, which, though clear and cold
at night, seldom reveal themselves during the day with sufficient constancy
(thi'ough the heavy canopy of cloud which hangs aroimd them) to warrant an
ascent, hails AWth imbounded joy the advance of spring, — knowing that the time is

INTRODUCTION. xvii

at hand wlien he will be able to revel at large in this Atlantic paradise, in remote
spots seldom visited by strangers, and at altitudes where the fierce elements of
winter shall give way at last to perpetual sunshine and the fresh breezes of a
calmer sea. There is something amazingly luxurious in betaking oneself to Tent-
life, after months of confinement and annoyance (it may be entirely, — 'partially
it must be) in the heat and noise of Funchal. We are then perhaps more than
ever open to the favoiu'able impressions of an alpine existence ; — and who can
adequately teU the ecstasy of a first encamjoment on these invigorating liills ! To
turn out, morning after morning, in the solemn stillness of aerial forests, — where
not a sound is heard, save ever and anon a woodman's axe in some far-off tributary
ravine, or a stray bird hymning forth its matin song to the ascending sun ; to feel
the cool influence of the early dawn on the upland sward, and to mark the thin
clouds of fleecy snow uniting gradually into a solid bank, — aff'ording glimpses the
while, as they join and separate, of the fair creation stretched out beneath ; to
smell the damp, cold vapour rising from the deep defiles around us, where vegeta-
tion is stni rampant on primaeval rocks and new generations of trees are springing
up, untouched by man, from the decajing carcases of the old ones ; to listen in the
still, calm evening au" to the humming of the insect world (the most active tenants
of these elevated tracts) ; and to mark, as the dayUght wanes, the unnumbered
orbs of night stealing one by one on to the wide arch of heaven, as briUiant as
they were on the first evening of thek birth ; — are the lofty enjoyments, all, which
the intellectual mind can grasp in these transcendent heights.

It is needless however to pursue the picture further, for it is impossible to do
justice to what experience alone can enable us to appreciate. And let not any
one suppose that the varied objects and scenes of novelty which administer to our
superior feelings, and charm the eye, in these upland solitudes are adapted only to
the scrutiny of a naturalist, and are either beneath the notice of, or else cannot
be sufiiciently entered into by the general mass, — for such is by no means the
case. A single trial, we are convinced, T\all be more than enough to prove the
reverse, pro\dded the adventurer be not altogether insensible to perceptions from
without, or incurious as to the workings of the external universe around him.
This however, we need scarcely add, is a sine qua non, — for it has been well said
that " he who wondereth at nothing hath no capabilities of bliss ; but he that
scrutinizeth trifles hath a store of pleasure to his hand : and happy and wise is the
man to whose mind a trifle existeth not^

The great expense necessarily attending the pu.blication of a work Hke the
present one will be a sufficient guarantee that it has been undertaken purely as a
" labour of love," and with the sole aim (within its prescribed limits) of arriving
at the truth. How far I have succeeded in this is a problem which must lie
solved by others : meanwhile I apjpeal boldly to observation, in situ, as the test by
which I would most desire to be judged, — having but httle fear of the experiment,
and believing that we are never in so favourable a position for deciding on tlie

c

xviii INTRODUCTION.

relative importance of Zoological differences as when the local circiimstances con-
nected mth them are taken into account. Where I have overlooked facts, or
failed in my conclusions concerning them, I must crave that indulgence which is
never denied to the honest inquirer even in a field so small as that tlu-oughout
which my researches have been prosecuted, — researches which I am well aware
can at the best add but an iota to our knowledge,

" A drop dissevered from the boimdless sea."

FAMILIARTJM DIAGNOSES.

Ordo I. COLEOPTERA.

"Alee quatuor; anticis cluris coriaceis, posticus membranosas (ante

apicem transverse replicatas) obtegentibiis.
Os ad manducationem factum.
MetmnorpJwsis completa." (Van der Hoeven.)

Sectio I. GEODEPHAGA

Mandibula longje, exsertse, ad apicem acutse.

Maxillarum lobus externus articulatus, palpiformis j internus

imgue fixo terminatus.
Antenna filiformes; ll-articiilatse.

Pedes terrestrii (ssepius valde cursorii) ; tibiis bicalcaratis.
Tarsi 5-articulati.

Fam. 1. Caeabid^ ■<

' Mcmdibulce baud vel leviter (rarius valde) dilatatse.
Ligula porrecta, saepius cornea ; paraglossis aucta.

I Habitant sub lapidibus foKisque arborum, dejectis, hrnni latitantes ; pJe-
\^ rwnque valde rapaces.

1. Tarus (2).

2. Dromius (6).

Subf. 1. BEACHnnDES.

Hlj/fm apice truneata (pygidium vis obtegentia), saepius depressa.

Prothorax plus minusve cordatus.

Tibia anticcs intus emarginataB.

Tarsi aniici maris le\-iter dilatati, subtus parce squamuloso-papillosi.

3. Scarites (2).

4. Jpotomus (1).

Subf. 2. SCAETTIDES.

Elytra sa?pius elongata, subcylindrica. Mandibula plerumque valde

deutatae.
Prothorax postice contractus. Mesotliorax elongatus, augustus.
Antennce articulo primo saepius valde elongate.
TibicB antica intus emarginata', plerumque pabnatte.
Tarsi in uti-oque sesu simplices (rarius in mare dilatati).

c2

XX

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

5. Calmoma (1).

6. Xoliophilui (1).

7. Lorieera (1).

8. Eiirygtmthus Q).
3. Zarijus (3).

10. Pristoni/chits {\).

11. Calal/ius {3).

12. Anchomeniui (2).

13. Olist/iopus (Z).

14. Anjutor (4).

15. Omaseus (2).

16. ^/mara (2).

17. Ani-iodactylm {I).

18. Ilarpalus (4).

19. Opiwnus (1).

20. Slemlnphm (2).

21. Bradycellm (2).

22. Trechm (9).

23. Thalansophilus (1).

24. Bembidium (8).

Subf. 3. Caeabibes.

Palpi articulo ultimo saepius magno, tnmoato, subsecuriformi.
T/Jw omnes uitegTiB (uec antieae emargiuatoe).
Tarsi o«itci maris valde dilatati.

Subf. 4. Haepaiides.

Elytra apiee rotimdata (pygidium plenimque obtegentia).

Tibia anticce intus emargiuata?.

Tfwsi maris, modo antici modo anteriores dilatati.

Div. 1. CHL.a;NnDEA.

Tarsi antici maris art. 2''"' vel S*""' dilatatis (rotundatis vel qua-
dratic), subtus dense spongiosis.
Unguiculi simplices. Pedes plerumque longiores.
Mentum vel dente medio in,structum, vel edentatum.

Div. 2. Pteeostichidea.

Tarsi antici maris art:. 2'°' vel 3""" dilatatis (cordatis vel trian-

gularibus), subtus biseriatim setosis.
Unguiculi sa;pius serrati.

Mentum dente medio (plerumque bifido) instructum, rarius
edentatum.

Div. 3. Habpalidea.

Tarsi anteriores maris art. S""" vel 4 dilatatis, subtus plerumque

biseriatim setosis. ,
Unguiculi sa-pius simplices.

Mentum dente medio (plerumque integro) instructum, rarius
edentatum.

Subf. 5. BEiTBIDIADES.

Palpi articulo ultimo minutissimo, subulate.

Mentum dente medio integro instructum.

TihicB anticce intus emargiuatfe.

Tarsi a?itici maris ai-t. 2""" (sed praesertim 1°) dilatatis.

Sectio II. HYDRADEPHAGA

^ Mandibul<B breves, fere labi-o opertae, ad apicem latiusculae.
Maxillarum lobus externus avticulatus, palpiformis (rarius e.x-

articulatus, rariss. obsoletus).
Antenna filiformes (rarius subfusifornics) ; 11-articulatae.
Pedes natatorii [antici iuterdum subambulatorii).
Ta?-si 5-articulati {anteriores rarius art. 4° obsolete).

F&m. 2. Dttiscid^ .

25. Colymbeles (1).

26. Agabus^i).

27. Hydroporta (2).

Fam. 3. GYSiNiDiE

28. Gyrinu* (1).

' Ma-xillarum lobus externus palpiformis, biarticulatus.
Antennw longiusculae, filiformes. Oculi duo.
Pedes natatorii (posfici ad motum liorizontalem solum facti) .
Tarsi 5-articulati {anteriores rarius art. 4° obsolete).

Habitant in aquis.

(Maxillarum lobus externus exarticulatus (interdum obsoletus).
Antenn<B brevissimae, subfusiformes. Oculi quatuor.
Pedes posteriores natatorii (antici elongati, subambulatorii).
Tarsi o-articulati.

Habitant in aquis quietis ; superjicie velocissime natanies {demergere
•. nescii).

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXI

Sectio III. PHILHYDRIDA

f Mandibula breves, sjepius subopertae, robustse.
Maxillarum lohus externus exarticulatus : palpi maxillares ple-

rumque elongati.
Antenna brevissimae, clavatse (rarius capitatse) ; 6-11-articulatie.
Pedes subuatatorii (rarius omoiiio tcrrestrii).
Tarsi 5-articulati.

f 3IandibulcB ad apicem dentatse.

Palpi maxillares brevissimi.
-p, . p Pedes subuatatorii {tihiis cylindricis, muticis).

^ Tarsi art. 4 baseoa subaequalibus, idtimo valde elongato.

29. Pamus (1).

Fam. 5. Htdkophilid^

30. Ochthebiiis (1).

31. Calobius (1).

32. Limnebius (1).

33. Laccoblus (1).

34. Hydrobius (1).

35. Philhydrua (1).

Fam. 6. Sph^eidiad^

36. Dactylostemnm (1).

37. Spharidium (1).

38. Cercyon (4).

Sectio IV. NECROPHAGA

Habitant in aquis quietis ; plantis adhcerentes ; {swperficie interdv/ni lente
circumferuntur, natare nescii).

Mandibulce plerumque ad apicem bidentatse.

Palpi maxillares ssepius longissimi.

Pedes subuatatorii (tibiis plus muiusve spiuosis, rarius uiuticis).

Tarsi art. 1° brevissimo, 2° arete connato ; posteriores sfepius eiliati.

Habitant in aquis ; plantis aquatiois vel lapidibus adhsrentes.

' Mandihidm plerumque edentatae.
Palpi maxillares antermarum longitudine.

Pedes modo terrestrii, modo subaquatici (tibiis saepius valde spiuosis).
Tarsi art. 1° elougato, libero.

Habitant in stercm-e, vel sub quisquiliis per margines aquarum ; fo-
L dientes.

Maxillarum lobus externus exarticulatus (rarius obsoletus).

Antenna clavatae vel capitatae.

Pedes terrestrii (interdum subcontractiles) .

Tarsi saepius 5-articulati.

Fam. 7. SiLPniD.E
39. Catops (1).

■ MaxillcB bilobffi.
AntenncB 11-art., apicem versus seusim incrassatae, vel clavatae (clava

4-5-art.).
Abdomen e segmentis ventraUbus 6 compositum.
Pedes saepius subgraeiles, leviter elongati.
Tarsi 6-articulati.

Habitant in cadaveribus putrescentibus, quisquiliis, vel sub lapidibus;
vorantes.

r Maxilla bilobse : palpi maxillares art. ultimo minutissimo, acieulari.
Antenncs 11-art., capillares, subclavatae (clava 3-art.).
Abdomen e segmentis ventralibus 5-7 compositum.
Corpus minutissimum ; alis lanceolatis, amplissimis, longissime ciliatis.
Pedes gracUlimi.
Tarsi 3-articuIati,

Habitant in quisquiliis, sub foliis arboriim dejectis, vel in terra hmidd :
velocissime cursitantes.

r MaxillcB bilobae.
Antenncs 11-art., clavatae (clava 3-art.).
Abdomen e segmentis ventralibus 5 compositum.
Fam. 9. Phalaceid^ ■{ p^j^^ grucHes.

Fam. 8. PTiLiAB-a; -

40. Acratrichis (3).

41. Ptenidium (1).

42. Olibrus (4).

Tarsi 5-articulati (art. 4'° minutissimo).
. Habitant inter flores vel in graminosis ; velocissime cursitantes.

XXll

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

I'ani. 10. XlTIDrLID.T. <

43. Carpophilus (3).

44. Nilidula (4).

45. Pria (1).

46. Meligelhes (4).

47. Xenostrongylm {\).

J'":llli. 11. COLYDIAD.E

4S. jTarpAiiM (15).

49. Ciissijplmdes (1).

50. r/(mxoma (1).

51. Europs (1).

52. iyc/iM (1).

Fam. 12. TeogositidjE
53. IVogosita (2).

Fam. 13. CrcujiDiE

54. Cryptamorpha (I).

55. Ltemop/iUeus (8).

56. Silvanujt (3).

Fani. l-l. Crtptophauiu-e

57. Cryplnp/iagtis (2).

58. Diphyllua (1).

59. Ilypocoprus (1).

60. £/jAt«/emtu (1).

' Maxillce loho singulo instructse (rarius bilobae).
Antennte 11-art., capitatse (capitulo ssepiiis .3-art.).
Abdomen e segmeutis veutralibus 5 composituin.
Pedes robusti, brenuseuli, subcoiitractiles.
Tarsi 5-articulati (art. 4'° minutissimo).

Habitant infloribus, sub eortice arborum, inter fungos, vel etiam in ossibus
{eartilaginem arrodentes).

' Maxillm bilobse.
Antennce lO-ll-art., clavatse vel eapitatas (clava sspius 2- vel 3-art.).
Abdomen e segmentis ventralibus 5 compositimi.
Pedes parum graciles, saepe subcontractiles.
Tarsi 4-articulati (rarius subconici).

Habitant sub truncis corticeve arborum marcido, inter lichenes ; vel in
tenebris latentes.

-Maxillce lolo singulo instructas {interna obsoleto).
Antennm 11-art., filiformes vel subclavatje.
Corpus plus minusve elongatum, depressuiii.
Pedes sat robusti, pra^sertini antici.
Tarsi sKpius 5-articulati (art. 1° miaimo).

Habitant circa granaria et domes; inter eras diversas per commercium
swpe translatw.

Maxillce bOoba? (lobo interna saepius miuutissimo).
Antennce 11-art., filiformes vel subelavatne.
Corpus plus niiuusve elongatiun, plerimique valde depressmn.
Pedes pariun graciles, antici s»pius robustiores.

Tarsi saepius 5-art., iu maribus iatorduui beteromeri ; (art. l°pleruinque
miuiuio).

Habitant sub eortice arborum, in granariis vel circa domos ; commercium
inferdum sequentes.

C Maxilla bilobae.
Antenna 11-art., clavatse.

Corpus plus minusve oblongo-ovatum, convexiusculum.
Pedes sa?pius parum graciles
Tarsi 5-artieulati, in maribus iaterdum beteromeri.

Habitant in fungis, quisquiliis, vel etiam in domibus ;
destruentes.

interdum semina

Fam. 15. LA.TUEIDlA.BiE -

61. Cliolovocera (1).

1)2. I loloparamecus (1).

63. Corlicaria (6).

64. Lathridius (3).

65. Meloplitlialmua (1).

Fara. 16. Mtoetophagid.e

f Maxillce bUobae (lobo interna ssepius obsoleto).
Antennce 8-11-art., clavatse.

Corpus minutum, plus minusve oblongo-ovatum, convexum vel depressum.
Pedes subgracUes.
Tarsi saepius 3-articulati (antici interdmn 4-art.).

Habitant sub lapidibus, eortice, in loeis subttrraneis, vel in formicarum
{^ nidis ; currcntes.

66.
67.
6«.
69.

liert/imm (1).
Microc/ioniinu (I).
Typ/ia^a (1).
Litargua (1).

Maxillce bUobse.

Antennce 11-art., clavatse.

Corpus plus minusve oblongo-ovatum, convexiusculum, pilosuni, pictuin.

Pedes parum graciles.

Tarsi 4-articulati (antici in maribus saepius 3-art.).

Habitant intey fungos, sub eortice arborum, vel in ligno antiqvo : sctpius
agiliter moventes.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXUl

Fam. 17. Dermestid^

70. Dermestes (1).

71. Attagerms (1).

72. Anthrenus (1).

' Maxillce bOobre.
Antennce 11-art., clavatoe ; iu fovea prosterni interdum reponendse.
Corpus plus minusve oblougum vel ovatum, crassimi, ssepius piloso-

variegatum.
Pedes parum graciles, subcontractiles.
Tarsi 5-articulati.

Habitant in pellihus et circa domos ; vel (rarius) inter flores in aperto,
volare amantes.

Sectio V. CORDYLOCERATA..

Maxillarum lobus externus exarticulatus ; internus vel minutus

vel obsoletus.
Antenna breves, capitatae, serrato-, vel lamellato-clavatEe (ssepe

geniculatae) ; 8-11 -art.
Pedes terrestrii (ssepe omnino contractiles).
. Tarsi 5-articulati.

Fam. 18. Btrbhidje

73. Syncalypta (3).

Fam. 19. Histeridje

74. Hister (1).

75. Paromalus (2).

76. Saprinus (3).

Fam. 20. Thobictidjd.

77. Thoricttis (1).

Fam. 21. ApuoDiADiE

78. Aphodius (6).

79. Oxyomus (2).

80. Psammodius (2).

Maxillce bilobaj. (Mandiiulce vis exsertae.)

Antenna 11-art., clavatiB, breves ; in fovea prosterni reponendse.

Corpus ovatum, crassum, serieeo-piLosiuu ; prosterno autice producto ;

alis rarius obsoletis.
Pedes robusti, contractUes ; (fe)noribus tibiisqyie longitudiaaliter ex-

cavatis) .
Tarsi 5-articuIati, ad tibias repoueudi.

Habitant in graminosis, sub lapidibiis, vel in arenosis ; propter Immum
L lente repentes.

Maxilla biLobre. {MandibulcB saepius magnfe, exsertse.)

Antennce 11-art., capitatse, breves, geniculatse ; scapo longissimo, in fovea

sub margine capitis reponendo.
Corpus rotimdato-quadratum, diu'um, glaberrimum ; prosterno antice

ssepius producto ; elytris trimcatis.
Pedes robusti, contractUes ; {tibiis plus minusve longitudiilaUter excavatis

et dentatis).
Tarsi 5-articulati, ad tibias sfepius reponendi.

Habitant in cadaveribus et quisquiliis, vel etiam sub lapidibus ; lente
repentes.

r Maxilla bUobae. {Mandibulce vix exsertae.)
Antennce 11-art., capitatae, brevissima?, robustfe ; ad marginem capitis

reponendae.
Corpus obtuso-subovatum, durum, politissimimi ; mesosterno brevissimo,

scutello vix observando ; alis obsoletis.
Pedes robustissimi, subcontractUes {tibiis setosis), ad basin vakle ap-

proximati.
Tarsi 5-articulati, breves, subeonici.

Habitant informicarum nidis, vel sub lapiidibns ; latentes.

r Maxillce biloba?. {Mandibulce labrumque membranaceum clypeo operta;.)
Antenna 9-art., lamellato-clavata?, breves ; iu fovea ad margiuem capitis

reponendse.
Corpus plus minusve oblongum, couvexum ; scutello distincto.
Pedes robusti, subcontractUes ; {tibiis anticis trideutatis, posterioribus

setosis).
Tarsi 5-articulati, ad tibias reponendi.

Habitant in stercore, quisquiliis, vel in arenosis ; fodientes.

XXIV

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

Fam. 22. Trogid^

81. Tro.r(l).

Fain. 23. GLAPHYiiiDiE
82. Chasmatopterus {\).

Sectio VI. PRIOCERATA

Fam. 24. Tueoscidje

8,S. Trixagus (1).

Fam. 25. Elateeid.*

84. Co/itontef/ms (1).

Fam. 26. Ctphonid.!;

8;"!. Eueinetut (1).

MaxiUce bilobse. (Mandibulcs labriMnque insequale cnistaceiim elj'peo

baud opertfe.)
AntentKB 9-10-art., lamellato-clavatae, breves ; in fovea ad margineni

cajjitis repouendse.
Corpus ovatiun, crassum, tuberculato-rugosum ; scuteUo distincto.
Pedes pariun robusti, subcontractiles ; {tibiis setosis, anticis obscure

deutatis).
Tarsi 5-articulati.

Habitant quisquilias in arenosis ; interdum etiam ad ossa allectee (carfila-
ginem an-odentes).

' Maxillm lobo singula dentato iustructse. {ALandibulw subopcrtae. Labrum

crustaceum essertiun.)
AntenncB 9-10-art., lamellato-clavat*, breves ; in fovea ad marginem

ea^jitis repoueiidse.
Corpus oblongiim, subcouvexvim, pilosum ; scutello distiucto ; elytris

leviter trimcatis.
Pedes elongati ; (tibiis anticis ad apieem internum oblique truncatis,

excavatis) .
Tarsi 5-articidati, gracUes ; unguiculis sspius dentatis vel bifidis.

L Habitant super pJantas ; jlores foliaque devorantes.

' Mawillarum lobus externus exarticulatus.

Antenna mediocrcs, filiformes, serratse vel pectinatffi (rarius
clavatic) ; sa'pius 11 -art.

Corpus modo durum, prostcrno producto ; mode molle, prosterno

simplici.
Pedes terrestrii (interdum subcontractiles).
. Tarsi plerumque 5-articulati.

MaxillcB bUoba;. {MandibultB leviter exsertae.)

AntenncB 11-art., clavatfe, breves ; in fovea prosterui reponendie.

Corpus ellipticum, diu-um ; protliorace && augidos posticos valde producto,

prostcrno antice producto.

Pedes gracUes, contractiles.

Tarsi 5-articulati, gracUes, recepti.
I

L Habitant infoliis arborum, inter lichenes, vel in arenosis ; currentes.

r Maxilltp bUobse. (Mandibul<s ad apieem plerumque fissce.)
Antenna 11-art., plus miuusvc breves et serrato-filifonnes ; in fovea

prosterui sa'pius rejioneudic.
Carpus plus minusve angusto-oblongum, durum ; prothorace ad augulos
posticos valde ])roducto, 2>rosterno antice et posticc producto (postice
i s])iniformi, spina in mcsosterniuu I'ccepta).

Pedes breviusculi, subcoutractUes.

Tarsi 5-articulati, simplices vel laminiferi ; unguiculis modo simplicibus
modo serratis.

Habitant super pJantas, vel in ligno antiquo ; (dorso inipositce) resilicntes.

Maxillw bUobsB. (Palpi labiales in typicis furcati, sed in geuere nostro

simplices.)
Antenna 11-art., breves, fdiformes vel subscrrata-.

Carpus plus minusve ovalum vel hemispliipricum (in typicis molle) ;
■^ prosterno simplici.

Pedes sat graciles, postici iutcrdum saltatorii.
Tarsi 5-articulati.

Habitant in paludosis, eel etiam sub cortice laxo ; interdum agre saltanftv.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXV

Fam. 27. TELEPHOBiDiB

86. Malthodes (1).

L

■ Maxillw bilobaa. {Mandihulce graciles, acute.)

Antennm 10-11-art., mediocres, filiformes ; ad basin plus minusve ap-
proximate.

Cm-pus sa^pius elongato-lineare, molle ; prostemo simplici ; elyfris Sfepe

abbreviatis, alas detegentibus.
Pedes longiusculi, subgraciles.
Tarsi 5-articuIati, articulo penultimo bUobo.

Habitant inter flores {prasertim tmlelliferos), velin apricis graminosis ;
heiie volant es.

Fam. 28. MELyEiD.E

87. Malac/iius (1).

88. Pecteropi(s (3).

89. Dasyies (1).

90. Melyrosoma (2).

-Maxillce bilobae. (Ifandibulce latae, ad apicem ssepius acutfe, bifida?.)

Antenna! 11-art., breviusculse, plus minusve serrato-iiliformes, (ui maribus
interdiun pectiaatfe).

Cor2ms plus minusve elongato-oblongum, Isete coloratum, molle ; prosterno

simplici ; alis amplissimis.
Pedes plermnque longiusculi, subgraciles.
Tarsi 5-art. (aliquo articulo imo in maribus interdimi producto) ; ungui-

culis membrana auctis.

. Sahitant inflorihiis ; apricitate bene volantes.

Fam. 29. Clehidje

91. Opilus (1).

92. Necrobia (]).

MaxillcB bilobse. {Mandibulm infra apicem saepius unidentatse.)
Antenna 11-art., breves, plus minusve clavatfe (rarius serrato-filiformes) .
Corpus elongato-subcylindricum, pilosimi, lajte coloratum, pvmctatum,

durusciilum ; prostertio simplici.
Pedes longiusculi, pariun robusti, rarius subcontractUes.
Tarsi 5-art. (modo omnes, modo aliquo pari uno pseudotetrameri), art. 3°

vel 4° saepius bUobo.

Habitant inter flores,
ginem rodentes).

ligno antiquo ; vel etiam in ossibus (cartila-

Fam. 30. Ptinid.e

93. Ptinus (10).

94. Mezium (1).

95. Gmium (1).

96. Anobium (4).

r Maxilla 'h^6hx> (lobo interno lato). (Mandibulce dente plus minus\e
medio, obtuso instructs.)

Antenna: 11-art., breduscuL-e, filiformes vel subclavatsB ; saepe ad basin
ajjprosimatse.

Corpus plus minusve orbiculato-ovatum vel oblongum, diu-um ; prosterno
J simplici ; capite deflexo.

Pe&s longiusculi, graciles vel robusti, plenimque subeontractiles ; (tibiis
simplicibus).

Tarsi 5-articulati.

Habitant inter pelles, circa domos et in ligno antiguo ; vel inter lichenes in
aperto latentes.

Fam. 31. Cissidj:

97. Cm (3).

98. Oclotemnus (1).

99. Ptilinus (1).
100. Rhyzoperiha (1).

^Maxilla bilobae {lobo interno pleriunque minutissimo). (Mandibula ad
apicem ssepius bidentatae.)

Antenna 8-11-art., clavatae (clava laxa 3-art.), breves, distantes, (rariss.
flabeUato-serratae) ,

Corpus subcylindi'icum, durum ; protliorace antice producto, iuterdum
rugoso, prosterno simjslici ; capite deflexo.

Pedes breviusculi, subeontractiles ; {tibiis simplicibus, vel apicem versus

externum dentatis).
Tarsi 4-, vel 5-articulati.

Habitant in fungis, ligno antiqno, vel {rarius) circa domos ; sapius tere-
L brantes.

Cl

XXVI

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

C Lahrum ssepius obsolutum.
Maxilla lobu sinyulo lato cxarticulato plerumque instructae {in-

temo obsolete).
Antennce sjepius geniculate (art. 1° elongato), capitatfe vel
clavatse; y-12-art.

SectioVII. RHYNCHOPHORA. \ Corpus plus minusve elongato-ovatum vel cylindricum ; capile

(prEesertim in maribus) rostrato.
Pedes terrestrii (rarius subcontractiles) ; tibiis uncinatis vel

simplicibus.
Tarsi pseudotetrameri (i. e. 5-art., art. 3° bilobo 4"™ minutiss.
^^ recipiente), rariss. simplices.

I':iii\, 32. ToMICID^S... -

101. Tomicus (2).

102. Aphatiarthrum (1).
10.!. Leiparlhrum (4).

f Jllaaillce lobo singulo lato setoso instructse {interno obsoleto). {Mandi-

hulcB latae, obtusae.)
Lahrum obsoletum. Falpi (prajsertim maxiUares) crassi, couici. Ligula

elongata.
Antennce 8-11-art., capitatoe, breves, geniculatae (scapo longissimo), ad

margiuem capitis iusertiB.
Corpus cyliudricum ; protliorace antice producto, saepius rugoso ; capite

deflexo, vix rostrato.
Pedes brevissimi, robusti, subcontractiles ; (Jihiis saepius compressis,

extus dentatis).
Tarsi 5- (rariss. 4-) art., simplices (art. 4° saltern minutissimo), ad tibias

reponendi.

^ Habitant in ligno, vel sub cortice arborum ; valide terebrantes.

Fam. 33. Hylesinid.e

104. Phlceophthorus {\).

105. Ilijlurgus (2).
lOG. Hylastes (2).

Maxillce lobo singulo lato setoso iustructte {interna obsoleto). {Mandi-

hulcB latae, obtusiP.)
Labrum obsoletum. Palpi (j)ra?sertiiu maxiUares') crassi, couici. Ligiila

elongata.
Antennw 8-11-art., capitata;, breves, geniculatae (scapo lougissimo), ad

marginem capitis iusertse.
Corpus ovatum vel cylindricum ; prothorace leviter producto, rarius

rugoso ; capite deilexo, seusini rostrato.
Pedes breves, robusti, subcontractdes ; (tibiis saepius compressis, extus

dentatis).
Tarsi pseudotetrameri, ad tibias reponendi.

■ Habitant in ligno, vel sub cortice arborum ; valide terebrantes.

Vnm. 34. CUHCULIONID^B

MaxillcB lobo singulo lato setoso instructae {interno obsoleto). {Man-

dibiilcB latae, obtusiuscuLT.)
Labrum obsoletimi. Palpi crassi, couici. Ligula elongata.
Antennce 7-12-art., clavatie vel capitatae, geniculata) (scapo longissimo),

rostro scrobiculato insertae.
Corpus plus minusve elongato-ovatum, convesum ; capite saepius deflexo,

(iuterdum valde) rostrato.
Pedes modice elongati, rarius subcontractdes; {tibiis vel simplicibus,

vel ad apicem imciuatis).
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Habitant super arbores et plantas ; folia, semina, vel etiam ramos, destru-
entes.

rBostrum cylindricum vel filiforme, plerumque elonga-"^

T^. , I turn (rarius 1

Div. 1. ^ , ,

I Antennce ante vel

tum (rarius thoracc brerius). " [ Mecorl.gncln.

[^ oris) iusertic.

pone medium rostri (nee juxta sinum

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXVU

107. Rhyncolus (1).

108. Ph'ioeophngns (1).

109. Caiilofriipis (7).

110. Caiilopfdlus {\).

111. Stenotis (1).

112. Mesites (2).

U.S. Sitophilus (2).

114. Oon!«(l).

115. Cmiorhynchus (4).

116. C»/!0*«(1).

117. Acalles (13).

118. Tychitis {i).

119. P;ssorfe«(l).

120. Unis{b).

121. Ct/phoscelis (1).

122. Laporoceruf (1).

123. Jllanfis (14).

124. Omms (3).

125. Jtiemophilus (3).

126. Licheiiophagtcs {2).

127. Scoliocertts (2).

128. Trachyphlams (1).

Subf. 1. COSSONIDES.

.^m^ewMiB breves ;/i«KCMZo7-art.; eZaDasubsolida,adapicemspongiosa.
Pe(?es OM^ic* ad basin distantes vel approximati.

Subf. 2. Ehtjtchophoeides.

Antennce mediocres ; funiculo 6- (rarius 5-) art. ; elava subsolida

vel 2-art.
Tedes antici plerumque paulo longiores.

Subf. 3. ClONLDES.

Antenna breviuscuae ; funiculo 5-art. ; clavd 3-, vel 4-art.
Pedes antici ad basiu vel approximati vel distantes.

Subf. 4. Cbtptoehtnchibes.

Antenna mediocres ; funiculo 7-art. ; elava 4-art.

Bostrmn iuflexum, iu eaualiculam pectoralem distinetam appli-

candmn.
Pedes antici ad basin distantes.

Subf. 5. Eeibhinibes.

Antenna mediocres ; funiculo 7-art. ; clava 4-art.
Pedes antici ad basin approximati.

Div. 2.

f Bostrum plus minusve crassum et deforme, brevius-
euliun.
Antenna prope apieem rostri (saepe juxta sinum oris)
L insertse ; ssepissime 12 art* .

■ Braclii/rhi/nchi.

129. Eehinoaoma (1).

130. Hypera (3).

131. aemus (1).

132. Sitma (5).

Subf. 6. Ctclomides.

Canalicula antennalis subrecta, versus medium rostri ascendens.
Bostrum breve, subborizontale, lineare, teretiusculum (nonnunquam

apieem versus subattenuatum).
Corpus plerumque brevius, subovatiim, apterum.

Subf. 7. Byesopsibes.

Canalicula antennalis infra-ocularis, cui-vata vel obUqua,

Bostrum breve, iuflexiun, in canaUculam pectoralem plerumque

appUcandum.
Corpus sajpius ovatiuu, convexum, inaequale, squamosum, apterum ;

scuteUo nullo.
Tarsi plerumque angustati, setosi.

Subf. 8. MOLTTIDES.

Canalicula antennalis infra- (vel subinfra-) ocularis, curvata vel

obliqua.
Bostrum longius, deflexum, subcylindricum, paulo areuatum.
Corpus plus minusve oblongum, squamosum et pubescens, apterum

vel alatum.

Subf. 9. Cleonides.

Canalicula antennalis infra-ocularis, curvata vel obUqua.
Bostrum longiusculum, deflexum, apice saepius subincrassatum.
Corpus plerumque sat magnum, squamosum et pubescens, alatum
vel apteriuii.

Subf. 10. Beachtbeeides.

Canalicula antennalis infra-ocularis, curvata vel obliqua.

Bostrum breve (interdiun brevissimum), subborizontale, fere capitis

latitudine, plauiuseulum.
Corpus elongato-oblongum (rarius ovatum), alatum vel aptenun.

d2

XXVUl

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

Fam. 35. Attelabid.e

133. Apion (7).

134. ^ulelet (1).

■Maxilla loho singula lato setoso instructae (interno obsolete). {Mandibul<e

lata?, obtusiusculiB.)
Labrum obsoletiim. Palpi crassi, coiiici.

Antenna il-12-art., clavata? vel subfiliformes, rectae, rostro vis scrobi-
eulato insertie.

Corjms sfepius ovatuin, convexum ; capite subdefleso, (saepissime valde)

rostrato.
Pedes modice elongati ; (tibiis plerumque simplicibus).
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Halitant super plantas et arbores ; folia dcvorantes.

Fain. 36. BKrcHiD.s

r- Maxilla bilobae. (Mandibul<s robustae, acutiuseulae.)
Labrum distinetiim. Palpi sat elongati, filiformes.
Antennce ll-art., subfiliformes vel ciavatfe, rectae, rostro baud scrobicu-
lato insertae.

Cmpus rotundato-ovatxun, convexum ; capite deflexo, le\"iter rostrato,

lato ; elytris saepius abbreviatis.
Pedes modice elongati ; {tibiis plerumque simplicibus) : postici iuterdimi

vaUdiores.
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Habitant super plantas, semina destruentes ; inter lichenes, vel (rarius)
sub cortice arborum laxo.

135. Xetiorchestes (1).

Subf. 1. Ajs'thkibides.

Antenna apieem versus plerumque clavatse, (in maribus iuterduin

lougiores) .
Oculi integri.
Pedes postici baud validiores (scd rariss. subsaltatorii).

136. liruchus (3).

Subf. 2. Betjchibes.

Antenna filiformes, aut apieem versus leviter incrassatse et saepius

subscrrataj.
Oculi limati (i. e. intus profuude emarguiati).
Pedes postici plerumque validiores.

Scctio VIII. EUCERATA

Labrum exsertum (rariss. obsoletum).

MaxiUarum lobus externus exarticulatus ; intemus distinctus

(rariss. obsoletus).
Antenna plus minusvc longissimac, filiformes vel setaceae (rarius

serratag) ; ssepius 1 1 -art.
Corpus plerumque maguuui, elougatum ; oculis saepius lutus

emargiuatis.
Pedes terrestrii, lougiores; {femoribus SKpe clavatis).
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Fam. 37. Cehambicid.!

137. Stromatium (1).

138. P/iymalodes l\).

139. niabifwlm (I).

140. Trichofents (1).

141. ayim{l).

142. Deucalion (1).

Maxilla bUobae {lobe interno sat magiio), submembranacea;.

Antenna sjepius ll-art., lougissima;, filiformes vel serrata>, ad margiuem

oeulorum iutemum insertae.
Corpus magnum, plus ininusve paraUelum ; capite modo porrecto, modo

deflexo.
Pedes clougati ; (Jemoribus plus minusve clavatis) .

Habitant intra lignum antiquum, sub cortice, vel injloribus ; sapius bene
volantes.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXIX

Sectio IX. PHYTOPHAGA

Maxillarum lobus externus seepius subarticulatus, pseudopalpi-

formis.
Antenrue brcviusculse, filifornies vel leviter incrassatae, plus

lainusve approximatse ; ssepius 11 -art.
Corpus ovale, crassura (rarius elongatum), ssepius Isete coloratuni

et glabi'um.
Pedes terrestrii ; {postici interdum saltatorii) .
Tarsi pseudotetrameri.

Fam. 38. Ceioceeid^.

143. Lema (1).

144. Crioceris (1).

- MaxiUis bilobiE (lobis latis subsequalibus, externa hand palpiformi), sub-

membranacea^.
Atitennce 11-art., apicem versus ssepius vis incrassatae, ad basin parum

distautes.
Corpus plus Tninusve elongato-oblongum, paralleluin, pictum ; abdomine

amplo.
Protliorax elytris angustior, ssepius subcylLndricus.
Pedes sat elongati ; {femorihus posticis interdum inerassatis, dentatis ;

tibiis saepe subcurvatis).

Habitant in plantis, prcesertim subaquaticis, vel inter flores ; folia et ramos

destruentes.

Fam. 39. Cassidid^:

145. Cassida (2).

' MaxillcB bilobas (loho ej;r angusto, recto, subpalpiformi ; inf parvo), cum

labio, membranaceaB.
AntenncB 11-art., breves, apicem versus sensim inerassati'e, ad basin

approximatae.
Corpus latimi, subtus deplanatimi, plus minusve rotmidatum ; prosterno

antice le^■iter producto.
Protliorax et elytra ad latera valde producti ; illo semicirculari, caput

obtegente.
P«c?es breves, retractiles ; #«>■« is latiuscuUs (art. 3° longe bUobo, 4"™ 5'"°""'-

ineludente) .

Habitant super folia plantarum, pracipiie in locis hiimidiusculis ; lente
repentes.

Fam. 40. GrALEErciD^

146. Haltica (2).

147. Longi/arsics (6).

148. Psylliodes (5).

f Ifaxillcs bdobse (lobo exf angusto, fracto, subpalpiformi; into' lato,
magno), membranaceae.

AntenncB 11- (rariss. 10-) art., longiusculae, subfUiformes, ad basin ap-
proximatae.

Corpus plus miuiisve ovatum, convexiuscidum.

Protliorax et elytra basi latitudiue ^■ix aequales.

Pedes sat gracdes, longiusculi ; (femoribus posticis saepissime inerassatis,
saltatoriis).

Habitant super folia plantarum, prcesertim in graminosis ; plerumque for-
titer salientes.

Fam. 41. CHETSOMELiD.a;

149. Mniophilosoma (1).

150. Cryptocephahts (1).

151. Chrysornela (1).

152. Gastrophysa (1).

^ Maxillce bdobae {lobo exf sfepius subpalpiformi, incurvo), submein-

branaceae.
AntenncB 11-art., breviusculae, filiformes vel leviter incrassatae, ad basiu

distantes.
Corpus rotuudato-, vel subcylindrico-ovatuni, convesum, crassum, saepe

splendore suj)erbiens.
Protliorax et elytra basi latitudine aequales.
Pedes sat robusti, subretractUes ; tarsis latiuscuUs.

Habitant in foliis plantarum ; apricitate gaudentes.

XXX

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

Sectio X. PSEUDOTRIMERA.

Fain. 42. Coccixellidje

153. Coccinetla (5).

154. Sci/7Hnus (6).

155. Khyzobius (1).

Fain. 43. Cortiophid:e ^

156. Cli/peaster (1).

157. Arthrolip/i (1).

158. Smcoderus (\).

159. Cnrylophus (1).
IGO. Gloeosoma (I).

C Maxillarum lobus extemits exarticulatus ; internus iuterdum ob-

soletus.
Antenna plus minus ve brevissimse, clavatae (rarius subfiliformes) ;

ssepius 11 -art.
Corpus ovale vel hemisphsericum, glabrum aut tenuiter pubescens.
Pedes terresti-ii (sajpius subcontractiles).
Tarsi pseudotrimeri (i. e. 4-art., art. 2° bilobo, 3"" minutiss. re-

cipiente).

^Maxilla bilobse. (Mandibula ssepius apice bifidas et dcnte sub-basali

iutemo instructae.)
AntcnncB ll-art., breAnssimse, clavatae, ad basin distantes.
Corpus plerumque hemispharicuin, supra convexum, subtus deplanatuni,

Sfppius Isete maculatiini.
Prothorax et elytra basi latitudine iequales.
Pedes subeontraetiles ; unguiculis ssepius dente basali armatis (rarius

apice bifidis).

Habitant svper folia plantariim, in cultis, vel ad vias ; Aphides devoranies.

Maxilla lobo sinpilo imgnsto, elongate, recto, apice denticulato, instructae

(interna obsoleto).
Mandibiilee plerumque apice denticulate, per marginem iutemmn in-

terdum crcnulatte.
Antennrs 9-11-art., breriusculae, elavata; vel subclavatae, ad basin distantes

vel subapproximatae.
Corpus ovatum vel hemispliiericuiii, minutiim, saepius supra et subtus

subcouvexum ; alls plei'uiiique amplis eiliatis.
Prothorax et elytra basi latitudine aequales ; illo ad latera et antice pro-

dueto, caput obtegente.
Pedes gracUes, subcontractUes ; (postici valde distantes).
Tarsi 4-articulati, simplices.

Habitant inter pJantas {prcccipue Endogenas) sub f bra stirpium, vel sub
folia dejecta; cursitantes.

Sectio XI. ATRACHELIA

Fam. 44. Anisotomidjs

161. Slagonomorp/ia (1).

MandibulcE saepius ad apicem bifidae, et in medio fisso-sinuatse.
Maxillarum lobus externus exarticulatus : palpi max. art. ultimo

saepius sccuriformi.
Antenna plerumque breviusculaj, filiformes, apice leviter incras-

satae (rarius clavatae) ; saepius sub frontis margine insertae

et ll-art.
Corpus durum, plerumque baud pilosum et obscure coloratum >

capite in cavo prothoracico usque ad oculos immerse.
Pedes terrestrii ; tibiis bicalcaratis, et saepius ad apicem minute

spinulosis.
Tarsi beteromeri (i. e. anteriores 5-, postici 4-art.) ; rariss. omnes

5-, vel 4-art.

Maxilla bdobae (rariss. lobo singulo instructae). (Mandibulce apice in-

tegrae vel bifida?.)
Antenna 9-11-art., breviuseulae, cbivatae (articulo clavae seeundo saepe

niiuuto).
Corpus plus minusve orbiculato-ovatxim, glabrum ; capite sa;pe ad pectus

arete appbcando.
Prothorax et elytra valde convexi, basi l.itituduie aequales.
Pedes subeontraetiles ; {tibiis plus minusve curvatis et spinosis).
Tarsi modo 4-, modo 5-articulati, mode beteromeri.

Habitant in innbrosis humidis, sub truncis arborum marcidis. vel inter
quisquilias ; cursitantes.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXXI

Fam. 45. Diapeeid^

162. Ellipsodes (1).

163. Phaleria (1).

' MaxiUce bilobae {lobo inf simplici). Mentum\iAs\ plerumque angus-
tatum.
AnteniicB ll-art., breviusculfe, apicem versus plus minusve moniliformes

et iiicrassatfe.
Corpus elliptieum vel ovatum, alatum vel apterum, plerumque glabrum,
■^ convexum, colore inetallico.

Pedes breviusculi ; tihiis interdum spinulosis ; tarsis u7i(/uicuUsqae siin-
pUcibus {his rariss. denticulatis).

Habitant in fungis, sub cortice arborvmi laxo, vel etiam sub lapidibus ;

latentes.

Fam. 46. Tenebeionidj;.

161. Cerandria (1).

165. Tribolium (1).

166. Boromorphus (1).

167. Calcar{\).

168. Tenebrio (2).

169. Alphilobim (1).

Fam. 47. Opatbid^

170. Opatrum (2).

171. Hadrus(i).

Fam. 48. Blapsib^ .

172. Macrostethus (\).

173. Blaps{2).

Fam. 49. Tentteiad.s

174. Hec/eter (1).

Fam. 50. Helopidj;

175. Helops (9).

' MaxillcE bilobse {lobo inf simplici). Mentum basi plenunque leviter an-

gustatum.
AnteniKs ll-art., breves, apicem versus plus minusve moniliformes et

leviter incrassatai.
Corpus Uueari-elougatum (rarius ovale), plerumque alatum, depressius-

culum, colore obscuro.
Pedes longiuscuH, robusti ; tarsis unffuicuUsque simplicibus.

Habitant in domibus,pistrinis mercatorumque repositoriis {prcssertim inter
farinas') ; scepe commercium seqttentes.

'Maxilla; biloba? (lobo inf plerumque simplici). Clypeus antice ssepius
profuude bilobus.
Antenna ll-art., breviusculae, apicem versus plus minusve moniliformes
et vix incrassatse.
<! Corpus oblongum vel ovale, apterum vel alatum, depressiusculum, in-
terdiuu pilosum, colore obscuro.
Pedes longiuscidi, sat graciles ; tai'sis unguiculisqae simplicibus.

Habitant in aridis maritimis, prmsertim sub lapidibus, vel ad graminum
radices ; latentes.

Maxilla bilobse {lobo inf saepius biuncinato).

Antenncs ll-art., breviusculse, apicem versus moniliformes et leviter

incrassatse.
Corpus maguum, elougatum, crassiun, plerumque apterum, nigrum;

elytris counatis.
Pedes elongati ; tarsis unguiculisqae. simplicibus.

Habitant circa domes, vel {prcecipue in cavernis) per oram maritimam ;
lucem fugientes.

'Maxillce bOoba; {lobo inf saepius simplici): palpi max. art" ult" minus

inflato. Mentum amplum.
Antennm ll-art., breviusculfe, filiformes, vel apicem versus vis incra^f-

satse.
Corpus magnum, plus minusve crassum, plerumque aptenmi, nigrum ;

elytris ssepius counatis.
Pedes elongati ; tarsis unguictdisque simplicibus.

^Habitant in cavernis maritimis, vel sub lapidibus in aperto ; sese abdentes.

( Maxilla bilobiE (lobo inf sspius simplici, obtuso). Mentum minuseulum,
subquadratiun.
Antenna ll-art., longiusculae, fiUformes, apicem versus \ax sensim in-

crassatse.
Corpus magnum, ss'pius oblongo-ovatum, convexum, alatum vel apterum ;

elytris liberis vel counatis.
Pedes elongati; tarsis anterioribus in maribus saepe leviter dilatatis ;
wnguicuUs simplicibus.
^ Habitant sub lapidibus, cortice laxo, vel in cavernis ; sese occultantes.

XXXll

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

SectioXII. TRACHELIA

Mandibula ad apicem bifidse vel integrre, in medio
sinuatfe.

siepe

Film. .51. QiDEMERID.K
170. Stenarh (1).

Fam. 52. Meloid.t. >

177. Meloe{3).
17«. Zonith {!).

i'ain. 53. Moedellid^ <

179. Anaspk (1).

l";im. 51.

AMiiicxD.r, <

180. ArUhicta (4).

181. XyUtphihts (\).

Maxillarum lobus exf" exarticulatus ; int'" simplex, obtusus.
Antenna plerumque longiusculae, filiformes (rariss. pectinatae) ;

ssepius 11 -art.
Corpus plus minusve moUe et Isete coloratum, plerumque ala-

tum ; capite postice lato, truncato, in cavo prothoracieo

usque ad oculos baud inimerso.
Pedes terrestrii; tibiis srepius bicalcaratis [calcariis interduni

mobilibus, sequalibus).
Tarsi heteromeri (art. penultimo ssepe bilobo).

"" Maxillw bilobse (apice interdum longe pencillatae) : palpi maa:. filiformes,
vel art" idt° seciu-iformi.

Antenna 10-12-art., longiuscidae, filiformes, vel etiam setaceas.

Corpus angusto-elongatuin, la^te coloratum ; capite porrecto ; prothorace.

elytris (postice subatteuuatis) augustiore.
Pedes elongati ; femoribus masculis sjepe incrassatis ; tarsis plerumque

art" penult" bilobo ; unguicuUs simplicibus.

~ Habitant injlorihus; apricitate volare gaudentes.

Ma-xiU<B bilobae : palpi max. subfiliformes (art" idt" vix inflate).

Antenna ll-art., longiuscula;, filiformes, vel in medio incrassatse (in
maribus interdum coutortre) .

Corpus magnum, interdum pictum vel apterum ; capite defleso ; elytris
Siepe abbreviatis, complicantibus.

Pedes elongati ; calcariis sa>pe ina^qualibus ; tarsis simpHeibus ; ungui-
cuUs bifidis (interdiun pectinatis).

Habitant super folia plantarwm liwmilmm, pigrcB ; vel inter arboresflo-
resque, bene volantes.

Maxillw bUobfe : palpi max. art" ult" plerumque securiformi.

Antenna ll-art., brcWusculae, filiformes ; vel apicem versus subserratse,

pectinatiB aut flabellata;.
Corpus arcuatiun, pietum, subtus subcarinatiun ; capite inflexo ; elgtris

acuminatis, s»pe abbreviatis.
Pedes (prjcsertini postici) elongati ; calcariis longis ; tarsis simplicibus ;

unguicuUs simplicibus vel bifidis.

_ Habitant injloribus (pracipue umbelUJ'eri^) ; vix assultim festinantes.

' Maxillm bilobse : palpi max. art" ult° magno securiformi.

Antenna ll-art., breviusculae, apicem versus sensim incrassatae.

Corpus parvum, plus minusve elongatum et pictum ; capite peduneulato ;

prothorace basi eonstricto.

Pedes breviusciili, gracUes ; tarsis art" penult" ssepius bilobo ; unguicuUs
simpUcibus.

Habitant in graminosis et sub lapidibus, vel inter flores ; sese interdum
congregantes.

Sectio XI 11 . BRACHELYTRA.

Maxillarum lobus extemus exarticulatus.

Antenna breviuscula^, filiformes, vel leviter incrassatae (rariss.
clavatse); 9-11-art.

Corpus plus minusve angusto-clongatum • capite plerumque
baud immcrso ; elytris abbreviatis (rariss. integris), abdo-
men magnum, durum, mobile detegcntibus.

Pedes terrestrii ; tibiis sa-jiius bicalcaratis.

Tarsi plerumque 5-art. ; sed interdum 1. 5. 5 ; vel omnes 4-, aut
etiam 3-art.

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

XXXlll

Fam. 55. Sctdm^dnidje

182. ScydnKBnus (1).

Fam. 56. SiAPHrLTNiDiE <

183. Falagria (1).

184. Tackyusa (1).

185. Xenomma (3).

186. Hrmalofa (15).

187. O.vj/poda (1).

188. Almchara ^4).

189. OUgota (1).

190. Somatium (1).

191. Conurus (3).

192. Tac/ii/jiorus (2).

193. Hahrocerus (1).

194. Tachinns (1).

195. Trichophya (1).

196. Mycetoporus (1).

197. OMras (2).

198. Xantholinus (2).

199. Staphylmus (1).

200. Philunthus (7).

201. Achenium (1).

202. Lathrobium (1).

203. Lilhocharis (3).

204. Rugilus (1).

205. Sunius (2).

206. Mecognatkus (1).

Maxilla; bilobse. Pa/j)j art" ult" minutissimo, subulato.

Antenna! ll-art., longiiisculfe, sensim clavat® (clavii lasa, 3- vol 4-art.).

Corpus miniitum, ovatimi ; prothorace basi constricto ; elytris abdomen

totum tegentibus.
Pedes longiusculi, graciles.
T«r«i 5-art., simplices.

Habitant in graminosis, cultis, vel inter muscos ; interdum una cum for-
micis degentes.

Maxillce bilobfe. Palpi art" ult" vel elongate, vel parvo subulato (rariss.
seciu'iformi).

AntenncB ssepiiis 11- (rarms 10-, rariss. 9-) art., filiformes vel leviter

iuerassatse, iuterdum geniculata\
Corpus elongatiim (rarius ovatum) ; protliorace vel elj-trorum latitudine,

vel lis (abbreviatis) vix angustiore.
Pedes lougiusci.ili vel breviusciili ; {anteriores plerumqiie paiilo bre\-iores,

vaUdiores).
Tarsi S-S-art. ; vel ant' 4-, et posf 5-art. ; (sed plerumque omnes 5-art.).

Habitant in quisquiliis, per margines aquarmn, vel in stercore ; scepius
valde voraces.

Subf. 1. Aleochaeides.
MandibwlcB ssepius muticse. Palpi max. art° iilt" parvo, subidato.
AntenncB 11- (rarius 10-) art., ad ocidorum margiuem internum

insertfe, rectae, subfiliformes.
Ligula angusta, porreeta, plerumque apice bifida.
Corpus parvum, ssepius liueare, depressiuseulum ; Idbro integro.
Tarsi 5- (rarius 4-) art. ; vel antici 4-, et posteriores 5-art. : {antici
nonnunquam dilatati).

Subf. 2. Tachtpoeibes.

MandibulcB ssepius muticse. Palpii max. art" ult" vel parvo subulato,

vel prscedente sequali.
AntemicB 11- (rarius 10-) art., infra ocidos sub frontis margine iu-

sertie, rectse, subfiliformes.
Ligula lata, plerumque biloba.

Corpus pai'vum, ssejiius fusiforme, convexiusculiun ; labro integro.
Tibia (vel omnes, vel jjosteriores solum) ssepius spiuulosje.
Tarsi 5- (rarius 4-) art. : {antici ssepe dilatati).

Subf. 3. Staphtlinides.
MandibulcB sfepius medio dentatse. Palpi max. art" idt" prseeedente

subsequali.
AntenncB ll-art., in frontis margine anteriore insertse, ssepe genicu-

latfe et leviter incrassatse.
Ligula parva, biloba vel iutegra.

Corpus plerumque magnum, Uneare, depressiuscidum ; labro bilobo.
TibicB (vel omnes, vel posteriores solum) ssepius sjjinidosse.
Tarsi 5-art. : {antici, prsesertim in maribus, ssepe dilatati).

Subf. 4. P^debides.

MandibulcB tenues, elongatse, medio dentatse. Palpi max. art" ult°

minuto, saspius subulato.
AntenncB ll-art., iufi-a oculos sub frontis margine insertsB, plerumque

rectse, filiformes.
Ligula bUoba, lobis modo approximatis modo distantibus.
Corpus parvusculiim, ssepius angusto-filiforme ; labro bilobo, vel

bidentato.
Prothorax immarginatus. Sctitellum distinctum, triangulare.
Tarsi 5-art. : {antici iuterdiun dilatati).

XXXIV

FAMILIARUM DIAGNOSES.

207. Slenux (4).

208. Platijsthetus (2).

209. Oxylelus (5).

210. Trogophlceus (1).

211. Omaliiim (2).

212. ileffart/iriis {\).

213. Metopsia (1).

Subf. 5. Stehtdes.

Mandlbulce tenues, elongatoe. pone apicem valde unideutatse.
Palpi max. art" 1° elongato, ult" iniuutissimo {yrs. observaudo).
Antennm ll-art., inter oculos (in fronte) plerumque insertse, reetse,

clavatse.
LiguJa levissime mento afSxa(quare, insecto moriente, cum cesophago

ssepe prolabitur) .
Corpus parvusculum, filiforme ; capite maguo ; lahro intcgro vel

denticulato.
Prothorax immarginatus. Scutellum vis distinctum. Coxa antica:

minuta;.
Tarsi 5- (rarius 4-) art., graciles.

Subf. G. OxYTELIDES,

Mandihulcd validiores, sa?piu3 dentata;. Palpi max. art" ult" j)le-

rumque subidato.
AntenntB 11- (rarius 10-) art., sub froutis margiuc laterali insertae,

saepe refracta;, subiucrassatse.
LiguJa apice sLuuata, vel bUoba (rarius integra).
Corpus parvum, liueare, subcylindi'icum vel depressimi ; labro mem-

braua utrinque acumiuata aueto.
Tarsi 3- (in speeiebus aberrautibus 5-) art., plenunque gracUes.

Subf. 7. Omaliakes.
Mandibulw breves, sapius muticse. Palpi max. filiformes, art" ult°

lougiusculo.
Antennce ll-art., sub frontis margins laterali inserts, recta?, apicem

versus vis iucrassata".
Ligula lata, bUoba. Maxillarum lohus internus unco comco armatus.
Corpitts parvum, Uueari-oblongum, depressum ; fronte oceUis duobus

iustructa.
Elytra pectore longiora, angidis exterioribus apicalibus rotundatis.
Tarsi 5-art. : {aiitici rarius subdQatati) .

Subf. 8. PEOTErNIDES.

Mandibulce breves, mutica>. Palpi max. filiformes, art" ult" lougi-
usculo.

AiiteniicE 11- (rai-ius 9-) art., sub frontis margine laterali insertae,
reetae, subclavatse.

Ligula biloba (rariss. integra). Maxillarum hints internus unco
(iuterdum dupUce) armatus.

Corptts parvum, saepius ovatum, latiusciilum, depressinu ; fronte
rarius ocello iustructa.

Elytra pectore lougiora. Coxae antica cylindricsB, baud exsertse.

Tarsi 5- (vel 3-) art., bre^^useuli.

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

Sectio I. GEODEPHAGA.

Fam. 1. Carabidae.

(Subf. 1. Brachinides.)

1. Tarus, Clairv.

1. liueatus, Schon

2. sutm-alis, Dej

Dromius, Bon.

3. insularis, Woll.. .
■ sigma, Rossi, a.
4.^ , |3.

5. avenieolus, M^oll

6. obscuioguttatus, {Anders.) Dufts.

7- negrita, IVoll

8. glabiatus, {Meg.) Dufts

(Subf. 2. Scaritides.)

3. ScARiTES, Fab.

Tabbreviatus, {Koll.) Dej. a.

9J

y-

10. Uumeralis, Woll.

4. Apotomus, Hoffm.
1 1 . rufus, Rossi . .

(Subf. 3. Carabides.)

5. Calosoma, Weber

12. Maderse, Fab

(J. NoTioPHiLus, Dum.
1.3. gemiaatus, Dej.

(Subf. 4. Harpa/ides.)

(Div. 1. Chlecniidea.)
7. LORICERA, Lat.

14. WoUastonii, Javet

8. EURYGNATHUS, Woll.

] r f Latreillei, Lap

■ t , var. /3.

9. Zargus, Woll.

16_ Schaumii, Woll.
17 Desertfc, Woll . .

1 q' / pellucidus, Woll.

(Div. 2. Pterostichidea.)
10. Pristonychu.s, Dp/.

19. alatus. Woll

11. Calathus, Bon.

20. viviiUis, Fab

C coniiilanatus, {Koll.) Dej. a

(3

• 7

21.

22. fuscus. Fab.

12. Anchomenus, Ban.

no J pallipes, Fab. . . .

' \ , vai

2-1. marginatiis, Linn.

13. Olisthopus, Dej.

oc / Maderensis, Woll

■ \ , var. ;

26. Erica;, n-oW

27. elongatus, Woll.

14. Argutor, {Meg.) Steph.

28. robustus, Woll. . .

29. gracilipes, Woll. . .

30. dilaticollis, Woll. . .

31

■{

curtus, Woll.

-, var. /3.

15. Omaseus, (Ziegl.) Steph.

32. nigerrimus, Dej. . . .

33. Wollastoui, Heer . . .

16. Amara, Bon.

04 rtrivialis, Gyll

"''^-l , var. /3..

35. superans, Woll

(Div. 3. Harpalidea.)
17. Anisodactylus, Dej.

36. binotatus, Fab

18. Harpallls, Lat.

on / attenuatus, Steph

' I • — — ■ — ■ , var.

38. litigiosus, Dej

39. distinguendus, Duffs. . .

{vividus, Dej. a
^
y

19. Ophonus, {Ziegl.) Steph.
41. obscurus, Fab

20. Stenolophus, {Meg.) Steph.

42. Teutonus, Schr.

43. dorsalis. Fab

S

XXXVl

CAT2VLOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

21. Bbadycellus, Erich.

44. fulvus, Mshm

r / exc-ultus, H'olt

^■\ , var. 3-

45.

22. Trechl-s, Clairr.

4C. timicola. IV'oll

,- r nigrocruciatiis, IV'oll.

■{

flavomar<»inatus, IV oil.

var. fi.

48

49. (lilutiis, n'oK.

r,, r umbricola, IVoll

•""■ 1 , var. /3.

51. quailrieollis, tt'oll

52. custos, H'oll

53. alticola, VV'oll

54. cautus, VV'oll

-, var. 3.

23. Thalassophilus, WoU.
55. Whitei, Wall

24.

(Subf. .). Bembidiades.)

BEMiiinifM, Lat.

56. bistriatum, {Meg.) Dufts. .

57. curvimanum, JVoll

5^. Luoasii, Diiral

59. obtusum, Sturm

Atlaiiticum, Jl'oU. a

, 0

60.

61. tabellatum, Woll.

62. elougatura, Dej.

63. Schmidtii. Woll.

Sectio II. IIYDRADEPIIAGA.

Fani. 2. Dytiscida.

25. CoLYMnETES, Clairv.

64. Lanio, Fab

26. Agabus, Leach

65. bi])iistulatiis, Ijinn

/-/- f uebiilosus, Forst

\' I , var. ^

67. Mailerensis, H'oll

27. IIvDROPORus, Clairv.

68. vijiilaus, Holt

69. contlueiis. Fab

Fani. 3. Gyrinidae.

28. GvRlNUS, Linn.

70. uatator, Linn

Sectio III. PniLlIYDllIDA.

Fnm. 4. Pamidse.

29. Parnu-s Fab.

71. prolifcricoriiis, Fab

Fam. ."). Hydrophilidae.

30. OcHTHEBius, Leach

72. 4-foveolatus, (Mots.) Woll.

31. Calobils, Woll.

73. Heeri, Woll

32. LiMXEBits, Leach

74. grandicollis, Woll.

33. Laccobius, Erich.

75. minutus, Linn. . . .

34. HvDROBirs, Leach

76. cuiiglobatiis, Woll.

35. Philhydbus, Sol.

-„ J melanocephalus, Oliv

''•L , var. a.

Fam. 6. Sphaeridiadse.

36. Dactylosternum, Woll.
78. Roussetii, Woll

37- SPH.ERIDIUM, Fab.

79. bipustulatum, Fab.

38. Cercyon, Leach

80. inquiiiatiim, Woll

81. fimetarium, Woll

O.J r ct'iitriniaculatum, Sturtn

83. qiiisquilium, Lin

Sectio IV. NECROPHAGA.

Fam. 7. SilpMdae.

39. Catops, Payk.

84 . velox, Sj>ence

Fam. 8. Ptiliadae.

40. ACRATUICHIS, Mots.

85. umbricola, /I 0//. ..

86. fasoicularis, Ilerbst

87. pumilaj Erich

41. Ptenidium, Erich.

88. apicale, {Sturm) Gillm.

Fam. 9. Phalacridae.

42. Olibri s, Erich.

89. Cinerarias Woll

90. l)i(()lor, Fab

91. liquidus, Erich

92. cousiiuilis, Mshm . . . .

Fam. 10. Nitidulidae.

43. CARroPHii.rs. [Leach) Steph.

93. inutihitius, (Hoffm.) Erich.

94 . auropilosus, 1 1 oil

95. hcmipterus, Linn

44. NiTiDi'LA, Fab.

96. flexuosa, 0/ir. . .

97. 4-pustulata, Fab.

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

xxxvu

98. discoidea, Fab.

99. obsoleta. Fab..

45. Pkia, [Kirby) Staph.

100. Dulcamarae, Scop.

■]6. Meligethes, (Kirby) Steph.
1Q1 J Isoplexidis, ]Voll.

-, var. /3.

102. tristis, (Schilpp.) Sturm

103. picipes, Sturm

1 j^ . J varicollis, IVoll

-, vai-. 13.

47. Xenostrongylus, Woll.
105. histrio, IVoll

Fam. 11. Colydiadae.

48. Tarphius, (Germ.) Erich.

106. parallelus, H'oll

107. Lowei, IVoll

108. inornatus, Wall

109. spinipes, Woll

110. sylvicola, IVoll

111. rotundatus, (I'oW. ..

112. Lauri, IVoll

113. compactus, IVoll. ..

114. nodosus, JVoll

115. cicatricosus, JVoll. . .

116. testudinalis, Woll. . .

117. tnineatus, IVoll

118. echinatus, IVoll

119. brevicoUis, JVoll. . .

120. rugosus, IVoll

49. COSSYPHODES, IVestw.

121. WoUastonii, JVestw.

50. Phlceosoma, Wall.

122. elliptieum, JVoll.

51. EuROPS, JVoll.

123. impressicollis, JVoll.

62. Lyctus, Fab.

124. brunneus, Steph. . .

Fam. 12. Trogositidse.

53. Trogosita, Oliv.

125. niauritanica, Linn.

126. serrata, JVoll

Fam. 13. Cncujidse.

54. Cryptamorpha, JFoW.

127. Mus», JJ'oll

55. L^MOPHLCEUS, (Dej.) Erich.

128. Donacioides, JVoll

129. granulatus, JJ'oll

130. vermiculatus, JVoll

131. pusillus, Schiin

132. feiTugineus, (Creutz.) Steph.

133. clavicollis, JVoll

134. axillaris, JVoll

135. Stenoides, Woll

56. SiLVANUS, hat.

136. Siirinamensis, hinn. . .

137. dentatus, Mshm

138. adyena, (Kunze) JValtl.

Fam. 14. Cr3rptophagicL8e.

57. Cryptophagus, Herbst

139. affinis, Sturm

483. Nitiduloides, JVoll. . .

58. Diphyllus, Redt.

140. lunatus, Fab

59. Hypocoprus, Mots.

141. Motschulskii, JVoll.

60. Ephistemus, (JJ'estio.) Steph.

142. dimidiatus, Sturm

143. alternans, fVoll

Fam. 15. Lathridiadae.

61. Choloyocera, Mots.

144. Madera, (JJ'estw.) JVoll. ..

62. Holoparamecus, Curtis

145. niger, (Chevr.) Aube

63. CORTICARIA, Mshm

146. rotulicoUis, JVoll

147. crenicollis, Mann

148. fidva, ( Cherr.) Mann

149. rotuudicoUis, JJ^oll

150. cuita, JVoll

151. Fagi, HoM

64. Lathridius, Herbst

152. assimilis, Mann

153. miuutus, Linn

154. tiansveisus, Oliv

65. Metophthalmus, (Mots.) JVoll.

155. asperatus, JVoll

Fam. 16. Mycetophagidae.

66. Bekoinus, (Dej.) Erich.

156. Tamarisci, (Dej.) JVoll. . . .

67. MiCROCHONDRUS, (Gue'r.) JVoll.
157. domuum, (Guer.) Woll.. . .

68. TYPH.5SA, (Kirby) Steph.
158. fumata, Linn

69. LiTARGUS, Erich.
159. pictus, JVoll.

Fam. 17. DermestidsB.

70. Dermestes, Linn.

160. vulpinus. Fab.

71. Attagenus, Lat.

161. megatoma. Fab.

72. Anthrenus, Geoffr.

162. varius, Fab. . .

XXX^Ill

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

Sectio V. CORDYLOCEEATA.

Fam. 18. Byrrhidae.

73. SV.NCALYPTA, (Dillw.) Stepk.

16.3. capitata, IVoll

Ifi-I. ovulit'ormis, H'oll

1()5. horrida, IVoll

Fam. 19. Histeridae.

74. HisTER, Lhiii.

16(). major, Linn.

75. Paromalts, Erich.

1()7. minimus, (Dej.) Aube
1()8. pumilio, Erich

7(). Saprixur, Erich.

169.

r iiitiduliis. Fab.

-, var. (3.

170. chalcites, Illig.

171. mctallicus, Herbst .

Fain. 20. Thorictidae.

77. Thorictls, Germ.

172. Wcstwoodii, >KoH.

Fam. 21. Aphodiada.

78. .Vi>HODiis, lllig.

17.'i. lIy(lroclia;ris, Fab..

\'4. nitidnlus, Fab. . . .

1 75. nifus, lllig

176. lividus, Oliv

177- Pedrosi, do//. ..

178. granarius, Linn.. . .

79. OxYOMUS, (Esch.) De Casteln.

179. Ileincckeni, f\'oU

180. brevicoUis, JVoU

80. PsAMMODIt'S, Gyll.

181. sabulosus, (Dej.) Mulst

182. ca;siis, Pnz

Fam. 22. Trogidae.

SI. Trox, Fab.

18.3. scaber, Linn

Fam. 23. Glaphyridae.

82. Chas.matoi'terus, (Dej.) Lai.
1 84 . uigrocinctus, IVoll

Sectio VT. PRIOCERATA.

Fam. 2). Throscidae.

83. Trixagis, Kuf/ell.

185. gracilis, H'oll

Fam. 25. Elateridae.

84. COPTOSTETIICS, l\'oll.

186. femoratus. Wall

Fam. 26. Cyphonidae.

85. EUCINETUS, Schiipj).

187. ovum, IVoll

I

Fam. 9.7. Telephoridae.

86. Malthodes, Kies.

188. Kiesenwetteri, iVoll.

Fam. 28. Melyi-idae.

87. Malaciiils, Fab.

189. militaris, WoU

88. Pecteropts, H'oll.

} lladerensis, IVoll.

190.

191. nigosus, Wall.

' rostratus. Wall. a.

, var. B.

192.|;

89. Dasytes, Payk.

193. illustris, {Mots.) IVotl.

90. Melyrosoma, Woll.

194. oceanicum, Woll.

195. Artemisia;, Woll.

Fam. 29. Cleridae.

91. Opilus, Lat.

196. mollis, Linn. . . .

92. Necrobia, Oliv.

197. nificoUis, Thung.

Fam. 30. Ptinidae.

93.

Ptinvs, Linn.

198. advena, Woll

199. mauritanicus, Lucas

200. Dawsoni, Woll

201. pinguis, Woll

202. orbatus, Woll

203. nodulus. Woll

204. pilula, Woll

f albopictus, Woll. a.

B.

205.

206. longicornis, Woll.

207. fragilis, Woll

94. Mezium, (Leach) Curtis
208. sulcatum. Fab. . . .

95. GiBBiLM, Scop.
209. scotias, Fab.

96. .\xoBifM, Fab.

210. vdatum, Woll. . .

211. jiaiiiooum, Linn...

212. striatum, Olir. . .

213. Ptilinoides, Woll.

Fam. 31
97

Cissids.

Ci.s, Lnl.

214. Wolla.stouii, Mellie

215. fuscipcs. (Cheer.) Mellii

216. Lauri, do//

98. Octotemxvs, Mellie'
217- opacus, Mellie'

99. Ptiunus, Geoffr.

218. cylindripimiis, IVoll.

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

XXSIX

100. Rhyzopertha, Steph.
219. pusilla, Fab. . . .

Sectio VII. RHYNCHOPHORA.

Fam. 32. Tomicidse.

101. ToMicus, Lat.

220. villosus, Fab

221. T>ohrmi, IVoll

102. Aphanarthrum, M'oH.
222. Euphorbia:, JVoll.

103. Leiparthrum, WoU.

223. maiidibulare, JVoll. . .
[ bitul)eiculatum, IVoll.

1-

22J.

225. cm-tum, Wall.. . .

226. Artemisiae, ll'oll.

-, var. fi.

Fam. 33. Hylesinidae.

104. PHLCEOPHTHORr.S, l\'olL

227. perfoliatus, IVoll. . .

105. Hylurgus, Lat.

228. ligniperda. Fab.

229. piuiperda, Linn.

106. Hylastes, Erich.

230. Trifolii, MM.

231. clavus, IVolt.

Fam. 34. Curculionidae.
(Div. 1. MecorhyncU.)

(Subf. 1. Cossonides.)

107. Rhy'NCOLUS, (Creutz.) Germ.

232. tenax, Woll

108. PHLfEOPHAGus, Schon.

233. sulcipennis, Woll

109. Caulotrupis, IVoll.

234. lacertosus, JVoll. .
( lucifugus, JVoll. a.

235. ^-

y.

L d.

236. impius, JVoll

237. terebrans, JVoll

OQQ / Chevrolatii, JJ'oll

239. opacus, JJ^oll.

,y,r, ( comcollis, Jl^oll

■ \ , var. (i.

110. Caulophilus, JJ'oll.

241. sculptiiratus, JVotl.

111. Stenotis, JVoll.

242. acicula, JJ'oll

112. Mesites, Schiin.

■ Euphorbife, JJ'oll

243. -1 , var. /3.

, var. y.

c,., J lladerensis, JJ'oll.

■ L , vai-. I

(Subf. 2. Rhynchophorides.)

113. SiTOPHiLUS, Schiin.

245. granarius, Linn

246. Oiyza;, lyj'nn

(Subf. 3. Cionides.)

114. CiONUs, Clairv.

247. pulcheUus, Herbst . . .

(Subf. 4. Cryptorhynchides.)

115. Ceutorhynchus, (Sckujip.) Schon.

248. Echii, Fai

249. quadridens, Pnj

250. nigroterminatus, JJ'oll

251. lineatotessellatus, JJ'oll

116. CcELiODES, Schiin.

252. fuliginosus, Mshm . .

117. AcALLES, Schiin.

253. saxicola, JJ'oll

254. pulverulentus, JJ'oll.

255. oblitus, JJ'oll

256. nodiferus, JJ'oll

257. Vau, JJ'oll.

258.

r terminalis, JJ'oll.

\-

259. oruatus, JJ'oll..

260. dispar. JJ'oll

261. albolineatus, JJ'oll...

262. globulipeunis, JJ'oll.

263. lunulatus, JJ'oll

264. cylindricolbs, JJ'oll.

265. WoUastoui, Chevr. . .

-, var. /3.

(Subf. 5. Erirhirddes.)

118. Tychius, {Germ.) Schon.

266. robustus, JJ'oll

267. albosquamosus, JJ'oll.

268. filirostris, JJ'oll

119. PissoDES, Germ.

269. notatus. Fab.

120. Lixis, Fab.

270. Cheiranthi, JJ'oll. . .

271. Chawneri, JJ'oll

272. vectiformis, JJ'oll. . .

273. angustatus, Fab

274. nititarsis, Schiin

(Div. 2. Brachyrhynchi.)

(Subf. 6. Cyclomides.)

121. Cyphoscelis, Woll.

275. distorta, JJ'oll

122. Laparocbrus, Schon.
276. mono, Schon. . . .

123. Atlantis, JJ'oll.

277. ckvatus, JJ'oll. . .
'27S. lamellipes, JJ'oll.. .

279. calcatrix, JJ^oll. . .

280. noctivagans, JVoll.

281. lauripotens, JJ'oll.

282. australis, JJ'oll. ..

283. vespertimis, Jl'oll.

284. lauatus, H'oW

<

a

xl

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

285. navicularis, Jl'oll.
28(). incoustans, U'oll.

287. mcndax, U'oll. . .

288. iustabilis, U'nll. ..
Qoq f excclsus, Jl'ort.

/ excel
290. 1

var. p.

Seliauinii, U oil

,var.3.(=291 huj.op.)

124.

25.

12«.

O.MIAS, (Germ.) Schiin.
2.92. veutrosus, IVoll..
29.1 aencscens, IVolt. .

Waterhousei, U'oll.

29-1. 1'

Ane.moi'hilus, U'oll.

295. orassus, U'oll

296. siibtessellatus, U'oll.

297. trossulus, Wall

var. /3.

LlCHENOI'HAGrS, U'oll.

298. fritillus, U'oll

299. acuminatus, U'oll.

127. SCOLIOCERUS, U'oll.

300. Madenr, U'oll.

301. cunipes, U'oll.

128. TRACHYPiiLfEUS, Germ.
302. scaber, Linn

(Subf. 7. Hi/rsopsides.)

129. ECHINOSOMA, fToW.

303. porcellus, fl'o/?

(Subf. 8. Molytides.)

1.'50. Hypera, Germ.

30-1. lunata, H'oH

305. inuriiia, Fuh

306. viuiabilis, Herbst ... .

(Subf. 9. Cleonides.)

131. Cleonus, Schiin.

307. plicatus, Oliv

132.

(Subf. 10. Brachy derides.)

Sitona, Germ.

gressoria, Fab

latiju'iinis, Schbn

■anibrica, (A.'4y) Steph. . . .

liiicata, Jjiiin

humeralis, (Kby) Steph. .

308.
309.
310.
311.
312.

Fam. 35. Attelabidae.
133. Ai'loN, Herbst

313. vcriialc, Fab

31-1. sa<;ittiferuiii, ]\'oll

315. Malva. F«6

316. frumentariiim, 7y(nn

chalybeipenne, (Schiin.) U'oll..

; var. /3.

31

318. Wollastoni, Chei-r. . .

319. rotim(li])eune, U'oll.

134. AuLETES, Schiin.

■ Maderensis, U'oll

320. ^ , var. 0.

, var. y.

»■{:

Fam. 36. BrucMdae.

(Subf. 1. Anthribides.)

135. Xenorchestes, Wall.

321. saltitans, U'oll

(Subf. 2. Bruchides.)

136. Bruchls, Geoffr.

3'2'2. rutimanus, Schiin

323. subellipticus, U'oll. . .

324. lichenicola, U'oll

Sectio VIII. EUCERATA.

Fam. 37. Cerambicidae.

137. Stromatium, Serv.

325. imicolor, Oliv

138. Phymatodes.3/h/67

vaiiabilis, Linn.

r,,-,r f vaiiabilis, J

var. ^.

139. Blabixotus, U'oll.

327. spinicoUis, U'oll.

140. Trichoferi s. U'oll.

328. seue.x, U'oll. . . .

141. Clytus, Fa*.

329. Arietis, Linn .

142. Deucalion, U'oll.

330. Desertarum, Wolt.

Sectio IX. PHYTOPHAGA.

Fain. 38. Crioceridae.

143. Lema, Fab.

o.ji / melanopa, Linn.

, var. /3.

144. Crioceris, Geoffr.

332. Asparagi, Linn

Fam. 39. Cassididae.

145. Ca.ssida, Linn.

33.5. ncbulosa, Linn

334. hcmisplia;rica, Herbst

Fam. 40. Galerucida.

146. IIaltica. Geoffr.

335. siibtilis, U'oll

336. Salicaria", Payk

147- Longitarsus, I/o^

337. Isoplexidis, U'oll.

338. Cinerari:r, U'oll.
.339. saltator. U'oll

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

Xli

340. lutescens, Gyll. .
oji f nervosus, H'oH..

342. nubigena, Wall.

148. PsvLLioDES, Lat.

343. chnsocepliala, Linn

344. hospes. Wall

345. umbratilis, Woll

■ vehemens, Woll

346. ■{ , var. /3.

var. y.

34". tarsata, Woll.

Fam. 41. Clirysomelidae.

149. Mniophilosoma, Woll.
348. l»ve, Woll

150. Cryptocephalus, Geoffr.
349. crenatus, Woll

151. Chrysomela, Linn.
350. Fragaria;, Woll.

152. Gastrophvsa, (Chevr.) Redt.
351. Polygoni, Linn

Sectio X. PSEUDOTRIMERA.

Fam. 42. Coccinellidae.

153. CocciNELLA, Linn.

352. mutabilis, Scriba

353. 7-p"iictata, Linn

354. 14-pustulata, Linn

orr f testudiuea, ( Hein.) Woll

■ t — — , var. 0. ,

356. GenistsE, Woll.

154.

ScYMNUS, Kugell.

or- f Duranta;, Woll

' ■ I , var. /3.

oro / marginalis, Rossi

359.

arcuatus, Rossi, a.

, var. /3.

360. flavopietus, Woll. . .

361. mmimus, Rossi . . . .

362. Limnichoides, Woll.

155. Rhyzobius, Stepk.
3g3 flitiira, F«6.

Fam. 43. CoiylophidEB.

156. Clype,\ster, (Anders.) Redt.
364. pusillus, Gi/ll

157- Arthrolips, Woll.

365. piceum, {Kimze) Comolli

.. *

158. Sericoderus, Steph.

366. lateraUs, [Meg.) Gyll.

159. CoRYLOPHUs, (LeacA) S^epA

367. tectiformis, Woll

160. Glceosoma, Woll.

368. velox, Woll

Sectio XI. ATRACHELIA.

Fam. 44. Anisotomidse.

161. Stagonomorpha, Woll.

369. spba;rula, Woll

370. unicolor, Woll. . . .

Fam. 45. Diaperidse.

162. Ellipsodes, Woll.

q-i / glabratus, Fab

•^'^■\ , var.3.

163. Phaleria, Lat.

372. ciliata, Woll

Fam. 40. Tenebrionidae.

164. Cerandria, (Dej.) Lucas
373. cornuta, Fab

165. TjnaoLiVM, MacLeay
374. ferrugineum, Fab.

166. Boromorphus, (Mots.) Woll.
375. Maderae, Woll

167. Calc\k, (Dej.) Lat.

376. elongatus, Herbst

168. Tenebrio, Linn.

377. molitor, Linn..

378. obsciu-us, Fab.

169. Alphitobius, Steph.

379. diaperinus, Kugell..

Fam. 48. Blapsidae.

172. Macrostethus, Woll.

385. tiiberculatus, Woll.

173. Blaps, Fab.

38o.{!2!!!iif!!;Var:0.::::

387. fatadica, (CreM<s.)S<Mrm

Fam. 47. Opatridae.

170. Opatrim, Fab.

380. fuscum, Herbst *

381. errans, iVoll

171. Uaduvs, (Dej.) Woll.

382. alpinus, Woll

383. cinerascens, {Dej.) Woll.

384. illotus, Woll

/

xlii

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

ih.

Fam. 49. Tentyi-iadae.

17t. Hegf.ter, Lut.

.iSM. clongatus. Olic

Fam. .iO. Helopidae.

175. IIei.oi'.s, Fub.

I Vulcanus, Woll.

:m.

;w(). ■[

.•S91. 1
.392. i

.•«3. 1

y.

8.

confertus, iVoll. a.

a.

.391. Pluto, Woll

.392. infeinus, iUll

liieit'u<;us, Woll

, var. i3.

394 / congregatus, Woll. a. .

•jiic f futilis, Woll. a

.396. cinnamoineus, /f 0//. . . .
.397. Portosanctanus. Woll. .

000

Sectio XIT. TUACHELIA.

Fam. 51. (Edemeridae.

176. Stknaxi.s, Schmidt

398. Lowei, Woll

Fam. ;V2. Meloidae.

177- Meloe, Liiiii.

39i). austrinus, Woll

40(). rugosus. Mshm

401. flavicomus, IVoll

178. ZoNlTls, Fab.

402 / 4-puuctata, Fab

Fam. 53. Mordellidae.

179. Anasims, iicnff'r.

403 i ProtPus, Woll

' ■ I , var. (3

Fam. 54. Anthicidae.

180. Anthicis. Pin/k.

404. instal)ilis,( Hq/fm.) ScAniit// ..

40."). litoralis, lieer

40(!. hispidus, Rossi

,.,- { tnstis, Schmidt

' ' I , var. ^

181. Xvi.oPHii.is, (Boiielli) Lot.

408. pallosoous. Woll

Sectio XIII. BRACHELYTRA.
Fam. 55. Scydmaenidae.

182. SCYDM.KMS. Lnl.

409. Ilolfon, Schnum

Fam. .")(). Staphylinidae.

(Subf. 1 . Aleoc/tariden.)

183. Falagria, (Leach) Muiiii.

410. obscura, Grav

we;

184. Tachyisa, Erich.

411. raptoria, IVoll. . .

185. Xexomma, Woll.

412. ])lamfrous. U oil.

413. fonniciinim. Woll.

414. (ilit'onue, Woll. ..

186.

IIoMALOT.\, Mniin.

,,r J sanguiuolcnta, (to//.

, var. /3.,

416. granulosa. JVolI

417. obliquepunctata, l\ oil

41S. luticola. Woll

419. gregaria, Erich

420. Philontboides, Woll

421. currens, Woll

422. tautiUa. Woll

423. pU-bfia, Woll

424. sodalis. Erich

425. umbratilis, Woll

426. insiguis, Ji'oll

427. atramentaria, [Kby) Gyll. . .

428. longicoruis, Grav

429. lividipenuis. Maun

187. OxYPODA, Mann.

430. litigiosa, Heer

188.

Aleochara, Grav.
431. Armitagei, Ji'oll..
4.32. tristis, Grav. . . .

^Qo J nitida, Grav

• I , var. 3.

404. morion, Grav

189. Olioota. Mann.

435. iuflata, Mann .

190.
191.

192.

193.
194.
195.
196.

(Subf. 2. Tachyporides.)

Somatium, Woll.
436. auale, Woll

CONURUS, Stfph.

437. pubcscens. Payk. .

438. pcdicularius, Grav.
j.,n finontioola, Woll.

Taciiyporus, Grav.

440. ccler. Wall

441. bruuueus. Fub.

var. 3.

IIabrocerus, Erich.

442. capillaricornis. Grav.

Taciiinus, Grav.

443. Silphoidcs, Linn. . .

TRinioPHVA. Mann.
444. Iluttoni, Woll.

MvcETOPORVS, Mann.
441 / P'"0"us> Erich.

var. /3...

CATALOGUS TOPOGRAPHICUS.

xliii

(Subf. 3. Staphylinifles.)

197. Othius, (Leach) Steph.

446, stri<;ulosiis, Woll

447. Jansoni, Woll

198. Xantholinus, Dahl

448. punctulatus, Payh..

449. linearis, Oliv

199. Staphylinus, hinn.
4.50. maxillosus, LiHn.

2(10. Philonthus, (Leach) Steph.

451 . a!iicus, Rossi

452. umbratilis, Grav

453. sordidus, Grav

454. bipustulatus, Pnz

455. varians, Pyk

456. atenimus, Grav

457. filiformis, Woll

(Subf. 4. Pcederides.)

201. AcHENiUM, [Leach) Curtis.
458. Hartungii, Heer

202. Lathrobium, Grav.

459. multipunetatutn, Grav.

203. Lithocharis, (Dej.) Lacord.

460. fuscula, (Zieyl.) Lacord.

461 . ocliracea, Gruc

462. melanocephala, Fab. ...

204. RuGiLus, (Leach) Curtis
463. affinis, Erich

205. SuNius, (Leach) Steph.

464. augustatiis, Payh. .

465. bimaculafus. Erich.

206. Mbcogn'athus, M'oll.
466. Chima>ra, IIV;//.

(Subf. 5. Stenides.)

207. Stenus. Lat.

467. guttula, M'Ml

468. providus, Erich

469. undulatus, Woll

4yQ / Hceri, Woll

var. li.

(Subf. 6. Oxytelides.)

208. Platysthetus, Mann.

471. spinosus, Erich

472. fossor, Woll

209.

OXYTELUS, Gruii.

473. piccus, Linn

474. sculi>tus, Grav

475. complanatus, Erich.

476. nitidulus, Grav

477. glareo-sus, Woll. . . .

210. Trogophlceus, Mann.
478. nanus, WoU. . . .

211

(Subf. 7. Omaliades.)

Omalium, Grav.

479. ocellatum, Woll

480. granulatum, Woll

(Subf. 8. Profeitiides.)

212. Meoarthkus, (Kby) Steph.
481. longiconiis, Well

213. Metopsia, Woll.

482. ampliata, M'oll.

<U I QJ

INSECTA MADERENSIA.

OrdoI. COLEOPTERA.

Sectio I. GEODEPHAGA.

Fam. 1. CAKABID^.
(Subf. 1. BEACHIXIDES.)

Genus 1. TARUS.

Clairville, Ihit. Helv. ii. 94 (1806).

Corpus mediocre, oblongo-ovatum, depressum : prothorace subcordato : elytris apice truncatis : alls (in
speciebusMadercusibus) obsoletis. Antenna filiformes, capita protboraceque paido longiores, articulo
primo sequeutibus robustiore, secundo brevi. Labrum transverso-quadi-atum, antice vk emargi-
natum et setis paucis longis instructum, angulis anticis rotundatis. Mandibulce incui-vse acutse.
Maxilla bilobae : lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna acuto incurvo, apice imeinato, intus
valde ciliato. Palpi maxillares subtiliformes, articulo ultimo elongato subfusiformi apice truncate :
labiales longiusculi, articulo xiltimo magno subsccm-iformi. Mentum transversum, antice profunde
emarginatum et dente medio brevi integro instructum. Ligula cornea, apice truncata pilisque
duabus aucta ; paraglossia membranaceis apice rotundatis, ei sequalibus. Pedes longiusculi : t arsis
anticis in maribus \ix dilatatis : wiguiculis serratis.

The entire central tooth of the emargination of its mentum, added to its elongated
labial palpi, with theii' large subsecuriform terminal joiat, will be sufficient, ajiart
from external differences readily apparent, to distinguish Tarns* from other allied

* The names of Tarus and Cymindis were proposed at tlie same time, the former by Clairville, the latter
by Latreille, for the present genus ; and the second of the above titles is the one more generally recognised
by recent coutinental entomologists. Since neither of them, however, possess claims in point of priority, I
have preferred retaining the first, as open to the fewest objections, Kv^irSis having been origiuaUy appHed by
Homer, and early Ionic writers, to a certain bird supposed to be of the Falcon tribe.

B

2 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

groups. The Tari are, for the most part, prettily coloiu'ecl insects, their elytra
being more or less ornamented with longitudinal lines or stripes. They reside,
principally, beneath stones, and delight in open grassy spots.

1. Tarus lineatus.
T. piceo-niger punctatus, elyti'is punctato-striatis, prothoracis latcribus, clytrorum margine exteriore

vittaque clongata subconfluenti, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 32^-4.

Carahus lineatus, Sehou. Syn. Lis. i. 179. t. 3. f. 5 (180G).
Ci/mindis Uneata, Dej. Spec, des Col. i. 207 (1825).

vittata, Dalil. in litt.

Lehia lineola, Dufour, Ann. Gen. Soc. Phys. ^^. 322 (1843).

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus Maderac, tempore hiberno et vernali, vulgatissimus.

T. dark piccous-black, slightly shining. Head and prothorax deeply and rugosely punctm-ed ; the
latter channelled, rather wide anteriorly, and with the extreme lateral edges dull testaceous.
Elytra somewhat short, expanded behind the middle, regularly and finely striated, the strise
minutely and uniformly punctiu-ed, the interstices also punctured ; with the lateral margin, and
a longitudinal vitta anteriorly and posteriorly (especially the former) confluent with it, broadly
testaceous, — lea\ing a wide band down the suture, constricted at the apex, and a narrow lateral
postmedial stria, abbreviated at both ends, of the same colour as the head and prothorax, viz.
piceous-black. Legs, palpi and antenna testaceous.

The Madeiran specimens of this insect differ from Spanish and Algerian ones, in
my collection, in bciug slightly shorter, in having their head and the disk of theu'
prothorax somewhat darker, and in theu* elytral striae being less deeply impressed.
In all other respects they agree sufiiciently well with the ordinary Eui-opean type.
The T. lineatus is a species more especially peculiar to Mediterranean latitudes,
being foimd in the south of France, Italy, Sicily, and on the coast of Earbary.
Dejean, however, mentions that it has been also taken in the south of Russia.
From the T. suturalls it differs in its rather smaller size, more darkly painted
surface, in its wider prothorax (which, -odth the head, is more rugosely pimctvu-ed
and less polished), and by its elytral striae being more decidedly pimctate than is
the case in that species. Its ehi;ra, moreover, when A-iewed l)eneath the microscope,
appear uniformly and finely reticulose, — a sculptvu'c \vhich is scarcely perceptible
in the T. suiumlis, except imder a far liigher magnifying power. It is an exceed-
ingly common insect, dm-iug the autumnal, Avintcr, and early spring months,
tlu-oughout the movmtamous districts of Madeii-a, occurring for the most part
beneath stones in open grassy spots towards the highest peaks. On the lofty
uplands between the Pico dos Arieros and the Pico da Lagoa, as also on the Paul
da Serra, and on the precipitous slopes at the edges of the Ciu'ral das Frcu'as, it is

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 3

extremely abundant ; and it lias been, likewise, taken by Professor Heer near the
Mount Cliureli. It makes its appearance about the middle of July, and lasts until
the following spring. I have not observed it in any of the other islands of the
group.

2. Taras sutiu-alis.
T. testaceus leviter punctatus, elytris striatis, capite prothoraceque parvo rufo-ferrugineis, elytrorum

siitoi-a lineolaque postica abbreviata obscui'e fuscis.
Long, coi'p. lin. 4-4i.

Cymindis suturalis, Dej. Spec, des Col. i. 206 (1825).

Habitat sub lapidibus in locis arenosis ad oram maritimam ins. Portus Sancti, tempore vemali, vulga-
tissimus : unicum exemplai" etiam ad summum cacumen ins. Desertse Grandis mense Januario
A.D. 1849 inveni.

T. pale testaceous, elongate. Head and prothorax narrower tlian in the last species, and more finely
punctured and polished, rufo-testaceous ; the latter channelled, small, and romided behind.
Elytra slightly longer and narrower than in T. lineatus, depressed, regularly and distinctly
striated, the striae impunctate, the interstices rather deeply punctured ; the suture, especially
posteriorly, a short stria springing from it behind the middle (and extending, anteriorly, about
half-way to the base), and a narrow lateral one, distinct behind but vanishing in front, more or
less obscurely fuscescent, or piceous-black.

The present Tarns, which has been hitherto known as peculiarly Egyptian, is
evidently very nearly alKed, in a natiu-al arrangement, to the T. Uneata ; and so
it was considered by Dejean, who, in his Species general des Coleopteres, in 1825,
placed the two insects ahnost in juxtaposition. It is interesting therefore to find
both of them inliabiting the Madeira Islands, and to remark moreover that they
are the only Tavl, so far at least as I have hitherto observed, which the group
produces. The T. suturalis is exceedingly abundant iu Porto Santo, occui'ring
beneath stones in diy sandy spots about the sea-shore, particularly to the east and
west of the Cidade and on the Campo de Baxo. It would seem to be especially
common during the winter months. It does not exist, apparently, in Madeii'a
proper, being there replaced by the previous species : but on the extreme summit
of the Dezerta Grande I detected, dui-ing January 1849, a single specimen in the
cre-vice of a weather-beaten rock. It is a common insect on the shores at Alex-
andria, from whence I possess a fine series collected by my friend Dr. H. Schaum
of Berlin.

Genus 2. DROMIUS.

Bonelli, Observat. Ent. i. tah. synopt. (1813).

Corpxis parvum, oblongo-ovatum, depressum : protlwrace subcordato : elytris apice truncatis : ahs
mode amplis, modo (ut in speciebus nostris plurimis obtinet) obsoletis. Antenna filiformes,
capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, secundo brevi,

B 2

4 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Labrum transverso-quadratum, antice setis paucis longis instructum. Mandibula incurvee acutae,
basi subdenticulatK. Maxilla bilobse : lobo externo palpiformi biarticulato : intcmo acuto incurvo,
apice uncinate, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo elongate, in maxillaribus ovato apice
truncate, in labiulibus subacuminato-ovato. Mentum transversuni, antice profunde emarginatuui
et dente medio nuUo instructum. Ligula cornea, apice retundata ciliata pilisque duabus longis
aucta; paraghssis ci connatis, subcoriaceis. Pedes longiusculi : <arm articulo quarto integro :
unguiculis serratis.

Dromius contains some of the smallest of the known Carahklce ; and from
Torus, the only other Madeiran genus of the subfamily Brachinides, it may be
readily knoAvn by the comparatively minute size of the species ■which compose it,
by the absence of a central tooth to the emargination of its mentum, by the rounded
apex of its ligula, and by the acuminated terminal joint of its labial and maxillary
palpi, especially the former. Althoixgh occurring, more or less abundantly, in
most parts of the world, it is especially a European genus ; the species being found
principally beneath the bark of trees, amongst moss, in crevices of the earth, and
imder stones. They are extremely active in theu' movements, running with the
utmost velocity (whence indeed their name) ; and they are occasionally, like the
Tari, very gregarious.

3. Dromius instdaris, WoU.

D. lineari-elongatus testaceus parce pubescens subopacus, capita prothoraceque rufo-testaceis, hujus

disco, elytrorum sutvu'a fasciaque pone medium abbreviata nigro-fuscis.
Long. corp. lin. 2j-2f .

Habitat sub lapidibus in insulis Maderje, Desertse Grandis, et Desertse Borealis, ajstate rarissimus.

D. elongate, somewhat broad and parallel, testaceous, nearly opake, covered, especially on the elytra,
with exceedingly fine, short, erect, distant hairs. Head large, broad, ovate, dark rufo-testaceous,
lengituchnally strigose between the eyes. Prothorax subquadrate, narrowed behind, about as
broad in front as the base of the elytra, deeply channelled, rufo-testaceous with the disk darker.
Elytra elongate, parallel, deeply striated, the strife impunctate, or ^>'ith a few indistinct irregular
impressions on the outer ones; the suture, and an abbreviated transverse fascia behind the
middle, fuscous or black. IVings obsolete. Claws very powerfully toothed intei'nally.

This large and interesting Dromius is perhaps one of the rarest and most truly
indigenous insects which the Madeu-a Islands have hitherto produced. It would
appear to represent the common D. linearis of Northern and Central Euroi^e,
partaking liowever, almost equally, of the D. loiigiceps likewise, — althoiigh at the
same time abundantly distinct, specifically, from them both. In its large size, and
in the impunctate striae, dark sutui'e and obscui-e post-medial fascia of its el}i;ra,
it approaches the latter ; nevertheless it recedes from it altogether (apart from its
more opake and pubescent surface, and the less apical position of its elytral patch)
in its broader and more ])arallel form, less elongated antennae, and in its wider and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 5

shorter liead and prothorax : whilst from the former (with which it agrees hetter
in the length of its antennae, the shape and colom- of its head and prothorax, and
in its striated forehead) it is no less evidently removed hy its much larger size,
more parallel outline, hroader head, opake suhpuhescent surface, and by the im-
punctate striae, dark suture, and abbreviated fascia of its elytra. It is, apparently,
extremely rare, although widely distributed throughout the islands of the group.
I have captured it twice, from under stones, on the Dezerta Grande (on the great
western promontory beyond the head of the northern valley), — during May ; twice
on the Ilheo Chao, or Elat Dezerta, — in June ; and once in Madeira, at the Feijaa
de C6rte, — at the beginning of August : aU in 1850.

4. Dromius sigma.
D. testaceus nitidus, capite nigro-fusco, elytris substriatis, sutura fasci^que media dentate fuscis.
Var. a. prothorace rufo-testaceo immaculato (ins. Partus Sanctus).
Var. /3. paulo longior, prothoracis disco infuscato (ins. Madera).

Var. y. subopacus, prothorace toto et elytrorum basi fasciaque media latissima fuscis (ins. " Ilheu
de Fora," justa promontorium Sancti Laurentii Maderse).
Long. Corp. lin. l|-2.

Carahus sigma, Eossi, Fna Etrus. i. 226 (1790).
Dromius sigma, Dej. Spec. Col. i. 235 (1825).

fasciatus, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, vii. 42 (1827).

sigma, hipetinifer et Sfurmii, Bab. Trans. Ent. Soc. Land. i. 85 (1836).

sigma, Heer, Col. Sel v. 9 (ISil).

Habitat insulas Maderenses, sub lapidibus, bine inde non infrequens : varietas a. una in Portu Sancto
et nusquam nisi ilHc occurrit : varietas /3. montibus Maderse propria est : varietatis y. unicum
exemplar vidi, in insula quadam jvurta promontorium Sancti Laurentii Maderse "Ilheo de Fora"
dicta a meipso, d. 19 Mart. a.d. 1849, repertum.

D. pale testaceous. Head narrow and rather elongated, dark brownish-black, or black. Prothorax
subquadi'ate, a little narrowed behind, deeply channelled. Elytra most obscm-ely striated, the
humeral angles considerably roimded-oflf; the suture, and a nan-ow submedial zigzag fascia, dark
fuscous. Wings obsolete.

Var. a. shining; the prothorax rufo-testaceous and immaculate. (The state peculiar to Porto
Santo.)

Var. /3. a little longer, shining ; the prothorax rufo-testaceous, with its disk and anterior por-
tion darkly, and the region of the scutellum obscui'ely, infuscate. (The state peculiar to
Madeira.)

Var. y. opake ; the entire prothorax, and the base of the elytra, fuscous ; and the transverse fascia
of the latter extremely broad. (Captured on the Ilheo de Fora.)

Scattered sparingly, though principally at lofty altitudes, tliroughout Madeii-a
and Porto Santo. In the former I have taken it from beneath stones at the

6 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

edges of the Cui-ral das Freiras, and on the northern limits of the Paul da Serra,
— near the extreme head of the Ptibcii'o do Inferno ; and it has been, likewise,
captured by Mr. Kousset on the Pico d'An'ibentao, above Fimchal. It is an
insect of wide Em-ojiean distribution, ranging from Lapland to the Mediterranean
shores; and, licnce, its comparative rarity in oiu* island group would seem to
imply that it has there reached, in aU probability, one of its most southern loca-
tions,— an hypothesis which the consideration that, whUe in higher latitudes it is
confined mainly to the lowest elevations, its normal Madciran limits are apjoarently
from about 1500 to 6000 feet above the sea, would go far to corroborate. By a
reference to the above diagnosis, it will l)e seen that the typical European state of
the D. sigma does not occur at all in Madeu'a proper, l)ut only in Porto Santo.
True it is that the modifications in the several islands present but slight diS'er-
ences inter se ; nevertheless, being constant, I would lay particular stress upon
them, since they go very materially to prove that the effects of isolation on
external insect form are even more important, if possible, than those of latitude.
That this is the case, in the present instance, appears clear from facts so minute
as these. Por, out of the many specimens which have come under my observation
from various countries of Europe, if there is one point more constant than another
in this otherwise A^ariable species, it is, I believe, vmder all circumstances, its im-
maculate prothorax. Now while this, we may almost say essential, character
obtains ia Porto Santo, in Madeii'a it does not hold good : the prothorax there is
invariably infuscate in the centre ; and on a small adjacent rock it is entii'ely dark.
Nor let any one suppose that details apparently so trivial are beneath oui' notice,
or the mere result of chance, since it is by the observation of such-like points, and
by marking theu* development according to the cu'cumstances of the several lo-
calities in which they obtain, that we arc alone able to appreciate thcii' importance,
and so to form, in a A\'idcr and geographical sense, a correct estimate of theii"
value.

5. Dromius arenicolus, WoU.
D. latus ater nitidus, elytris substriatis, lateribus, gutta elongata obliqua humcrali fasciaquc trans-
versa, subapicali pallidis, tibiis tarsisquc piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^—2.

Habitat sub lajjidibus in locis arenosis Portus Sancti, prsesertim per cram maritimam, tempore vernali
\'ulgatissimus.

D. broad, deep black, shining, sometimes with an obscure seneous tinge. Head broad. Prothorax
short, subcordatc, much narrowed behind. Ehjtra rather faintly striated, with the lateral
margin, an elongated obhque humeral \itta or stria (confluent with it), and a transverse fascia a
little before the apex, very pale testaceous. Wings obsolete. Tibite and tarsi piceous. The pale
jiortions of the elytra are sometimes indistinct, though never absent ; and occasionally they are
altogether confluent.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 7

Somewhat allied to the D. albomaculatus, Lucas, from Algeria (as may be seen
by a reference to the splendid work on the insects of that country, published by
the French Government, — p. 18. pi. 2. fig. 8), though at the same time with abun-
dant specific characters to separate it therefrom. The present Dromius is peculiar
to Porto Santo, in which island I captured it in great profusion, fi'om beneath
stones, dm'iag April and May 1848 ; as also, subsequently, in December of the
same year, and in April 1819. It is found in dry exposed spots of a low elevation,
being especially abundant on the level of the sea-shore in the vicinity of the
Cidade, and on the open plain of the Campo de Baxo. It is the Porto Santan
representative of the D. obscuroguttatus ; and distinct as it is in coloiu^ing from
that insect, I am by no means prepared to assert that it may not be, in reality, a
local modification of it, brought about by isolation through a long series of ages on
a calcareous soil. As such a concession, however, would at once entail a host of
difficulties regarding the validity of other " species " (even of European genera)
similarly circumstanced ; and siace out of many hundred specimens which have
come beneath my notice, not a siagle intermediate liak has hitherto occurred to
connect the two, I do not ventiu'e to amalgamate them ; — suffice it to record my
conviction, in this brief remark, that if the time ever should arrive in which the
real effects of latitude and climate on external insect form are better appreciated
than is now the case, the present Dromius, along with other insects innumerable
in positions nearer home, vnR in all probability be doomed, as species, to sink.

6. Dromius obscurogmttatus.

D. latus atro-subseneus, elytris substriatis macula obscui'issima humerali pallida, tibiis tarsisque piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Lehia obscurofjutfata, (Anders.) Diift. Fna Austr. ii. 249 (1812) .
Dromius spilotus, Dej. Spec. Col. i. 240 (1825).

impunctatus, (Kby.) Stepli. III. Brit. Ent. i. 23 (1828).

ohscuroguttatus, Ericli. Kiif. der Mark Brand, i. 32 (1837).

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus IMaderje, tempore biberno et vernali copiosissimus.

D. broad, deep black, witb an seneous tinge. Head broad. Prothorax short, subcordate, much
narrowed behind. Elytra very faintly striated, with an extremely obscm-e, somewhat oblique
patch at the anterior lateral angles paler. Wings obsolete. Tibice and tarsi piceous.

Apart from its somewhat smaller size and fainter striae, the present species may
be at once known from the B. arenicohis by the total absence of pale patches on
its elytra, — excepting a most obscure spot, sometimes scarcely apparent, towards
their humeral angles. It is a common European insect ; and the Madeii-an speci-
mens recede from the ordinary ones in being slightly larger, and in having their
elytra more obscurely striated, with the humeral patch less distinct : then- entii-e
surface moreover is of a deeper black,— a difference which is especially perceptible

8 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

on the legs. I liave hitherto observed it in no islands of the group except Madeii'a
proper, and only there at high elevations, — where however it is extremely abun-
dant. It occurs in the greatest profusion, from the end of the summer to the
early spring months, beneath stones, in the lofty mountain district between the
Pico da Lagoa and the Pico dos Ai-icros ; as also on the flat alpine plain of the
Paul da Serra, from 5000 to 6000 feet above the sea. Although so common
throughout Eiirope, it is perhaps, when geographically considered, one of the most
interesting of the Madciran Coleoptera, as affording another and even more
striking example, not only of the modification of form in a normally northern insect
when on its southern limit (the result, however, perhaps more strictly, as in the
case of the varieties of the D. sigma, of isolation rather than of latitude) ; but as
showing, likewise, how a species abundant on the low sandy shores and sheltered
sea-cliffs of more temperate regions finds its position here only on the summits
of the loftiest mountains. It is true that the aberration from the tj'pical state, as
in the D. sigma, is not in the present instance very considerable ; yet, when the
cii'cumstances producLng it are taken into account, I am persuaded that the
difference is exactly of that nature on which too great stress cannot possibly be
placed, when discussing the general question of geographical distribution as having
a tendency, more or less directly, to affect both colour and form. It is well kno^^-n
to naturalists that a multitude of insects from the New "World, receding from then-
Em-opean analogues merely in certain excessively minute characters, have usually
Ijeen pronounced at once as new to science, first because those differences are con-
stant, and secondly because the specimens have been received from the other side
of the Atlantic. And yet in instances like the present, as in many others which
Ave shall have occasion to notice, — in an island which, while it belongs artificially
to Europe, is yet, natm'ally, sufficiently distinct from it as to form at any rate a
step])ing-stone to the coast of Afi-ica and the mountains of Barbary, — species
similarly cu'cumstanced are not necessarily received as new (and rightly so, I ap-
prehend), though in every respect affording differences not ovlj analogous to those
already mentioned, but in many cases positively identical with them. If however
a specific line of demarcation does of necessity exist between the creatures of the
Old and New AVorlds, the problem yet remains unsolved, so long as intermediate
islands present parallel modifications, where that line is to be di-a-sAii. Meanwhile,
how far geographical varieties of this kind, concerning the non-specific claims of
wliich confessedly but little doubt can exist, may lead to the explanation of the
Transatlantic ones just referred to, I will not venture to suggest. Yet certain it is
that tlic one case bears directly on the other; and that, if we can prove that
common European insects when isolated in the ocean become in nearly all cases
more or less modified externally in form, there is at least presumptive evidence
that the law Avill hold good on a wider scale, and may be extended not only to the
Atlantic itself, but even to cotmtries beyond it. The differences of the present
Dromins from its more nortlicrn representatives arc, as just stated, small ; never-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 9

theless, since they are fixed, those naturalists who do not believe in geographical
iufluence, might choose to consider them of sufficient importance to erect a new
species upon. But after a careful comparison of this Avitli other insects similarly .
circumstanced, I am convinced that the modifications in question are merely local
ones, and such as may he reasonably accounted for by the combined agencies of
latitude and isolation, and the consequently altered habits of the creatm-e, which is
thus compelled to seek alpine localities in Ueu of its natural ones : — observations
which I have been induced to enter into here somewhat at length, as likely to
apply in numerous other cases hereafter to be considered.

7. Dromius negrita, WolL
D. atei- vel obscurissime subijeneo-ater, capite majore, prothorace subquadrato, elytris obsolete stnatis-
Long. Corp. liu. 1|.
Habitat ad vias vel sub lapidibus Maderfe, autumno sat frequens.

D. deep black, or with a very obscure aeneous tinge, shining. Head rather large and broad. Pru-
thorax subquadrate, rounded behind, with a deep central channel. Elytra very obscurely striated.
TVmgs small.

Known from the B. ohsmrocjuttatus by its smaller size, darker and more flat-
tened siu'face, and by the entke absence of pale patches, whether at the shoulders
or elsewhere. It is very nearly allied to the follo^\dng species, but may be distin-
guished from it by its somewhat larger bulk, more robust head and prothorax, the
latter of which is not quite so much narrowed behind as in that insect, and by its
elytral striae, although obsciu-e, being sufficiently apparent. It is tolerably abun-
dant throughout Madeii-a, between the Limits of about from 1000 to 3000 feet
above the sea ; and it may be frequently observed darting rapidly across pathways,
or in grassy spots amongst dead leaves, in company with the D. glahratiis. In the
pine-woods of the Curral das Romeii-as, above Funchal, I took it very plentifuUy
during the autumn of 18i7 ; and, subsequently, at the Ribeii-o Frio in August.

8. Dromius glabratus.

D. angustus ater vel obscure subicneo-ater, capite minore, prothorace subcordato, elytns Isevibus.

Long. corp. liu. 1^;.

Lebia r/lahrata, (Meg.) Duft. Fna Austr. ii. 248 (1812).
Dromius glabratus, Dej. Spec, des Col. i. 244 (1825).

, Stcph. III. Brit. Ent. i. 25 (1828).

, Heer, Fna Col. Heh. 11 (1841).

Habitat bine inde sub lapidibus vel ad vias in insulis Maderse, Portus Sancti, ac Desertse Grandis, toto
anno frequens.

D. deep black, or with an obscure seneous tinge, exceedingly shining. Head slightly smaller and
narrower than in the last species. Prothorax short, subcordate, a little smaller than in the D. iie-

C

10 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

yrita, and rather more rounded behind; deeply channeled. Elytra usually unstriatedj though
occasionally with indications of strise just perceptible. Wings sufficiently ample.

Tlio smallest of the Madeiran Dromii, differing from the last species in its
sUghtly narrower and shorter head and prothorax, the latter of which is more suh-
cordate than is the case in that insect, and in its usually total fi-eedom from ehiiral
strise. It is common throughout the islands of the group, or at any rate in
Madeira, Porto Santo, and on the Dezerta Grande, in all of which I have captui*ed
it ahimdantly, although generally at a rather low elevation. It is universal
throughout Europe ; and occurs also in Algeria and in the Canary Islands.

(Suhf. 2. SCAEITIDES.)
Genus 3. SCARITES.

Fabricius, Syst. Eat. 2i9 (1775).

Corpus magnum, oblongum, subdepressum : mesothorace cylindrico elongato angusto : prothorace
antice lato truncate, postice contracto : alis obsoletis. Antenna filiformes, apicem versus pilosse
et vix incrassatre, in maribus longiuscula; ; articido primo valde elongato subflexuoso-conico,
secundo breviore (tcrtii quartique conjunctim fere longitudinc), quiuto ad ultinium pilosissimis
subrcqualibus. Labrum breve transversum trilobum, lobis externis pihs incui'vis ciUatis, omnibus
setis paucis mediis longissimis intra marginem instructis. Mandibula maximee, validjc, porrectae,
iutus fortiter dentatee. Maxilla bilobre, elongatse, flexuosse: loho externa palpiformi biai-ticulato :
interno apicc incurvo, intus valde et dense ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo subcylindi'ico.
Mentum jugiilo connatum, transversum, trilobum, lobo medio carinato et ad apicem acuto inflexo.
Ligula brevis, lata, pilosissima, emarginata. Pedes robusti : tibiis anticis valde palmatis, inter-
^ mediis ante apicem externum spinis (plerumque duabus) armatis, posticis simphcibus : ta)-sis in
utroque sexu unguiculisquc simplicibus.

Some of the largest Carabideous insects are included in the genus Scarifes ; the
species of which may be at once known by their narrow, cylin(U-ical mesothorax,
which, by disconnecting the prothorax from the base of the elytra, causes the
former, which is itself usually roimded off behind, to appear pedunculated. Their
strongly palmated fore-tibisc enable them to bui'row into the ground willi consider-
able dexterity, and their greatly developed mandibles give them no slight ad-
vantage over the smaller insects on which they feed. They are chiefly nocturnal
in then- habits, residing Ijcneath stones, logs of wood, or imder dead leaves, from
which in the daytime they seldom wander ; and on being exposed to the light
they quickly recede into their bmi'ows, out of which, from their great depth, it is
not always easy to extricate them. In the mountains of Madeira, where detached
blocks of basalt lie confusedly together, and become gradually overgro-mi with
vegetation, the caverns thus formed are well adapted for the residence of tlie
Scantidce ; and we accordmgly find the single species which (although not peculiar

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 11

to them, yet which) alone ascends to a sufficient altitude to embrace those regions,
in the greatest profusion. It occupies the loftiest peaks of nearly all the islands,
and was probably once abundant over the entire ancient continent, whatever its
limits may have been, of which the Madeu'an Group forms but an isolated part.
There are traces of it in the Canary Islands, from whence occasional specimens
have been brought, and which, from the want of local data and of sufficient
numljers to reason upon, have in their turn been severally regarded as distinct.
The fact however is that the species in question is an extremely variable one,
assuming diiferences of size according to the altitude at which it lives, and differ-
ences of sculpture according to the cu'cumstances of the spot on which it is isolated.
That such is actually the case, a careful observation of the many minute changes
which the insect has undergone in the varioiis islands and altitudes of the Madeu'an
Group will, I think, prove to a demonstration. ~Eoy it is impossible to su.pposo
that every rock contains its own species, that is to say, has had a separate creation
expressly for itself, — a conclusion at which we must assuredly arrive, if small and
even constant differences are of necessity specific. Rejecting therefore this hypo-
thesis as utterly untenable, and as contrary to all experience, we are driven to
acknowledge that isolation does, in nearly every instance, in the course of time,
affect, more or less sensibly, external insect form; — which being admitted, we
have at once an intelligible principle whereby to account for modifications innu-
merable, each of which, when viewed simply as a difference, independently of the
circumstances producing it, might have been regarded as sufficient to erect a
" species " upon, had the desu*e for multiplying them overbalanced the love of
truth.

9. Scarites abbreviatus.

S. ater nitidus subdepressus, elytris ovatis impunctato-striatis, marginibus granulatis et seriato-tuber-

culatis, angulis Lumeralibus vix prominentibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 8^—16.

Var. a., politissimus ; elytris brevi-ovatis, margin e basali nigose granulato tiiberculisque distinctis

obsito. — Long. 9-13 lin. (ins. Madera).
Var. (3. politus ; elytris brevi-ovatis, margine basali obsoletissime granulato tuberculisque parvis

obscuris obsito. — Long. 8i-13 lin. (ins. Partus Sanctus).
Var. y. politus ; elytris ovalibus, margine basali parce granulato tuberculisque obsito. — Long.

10-12 lin. (ins. Ilheo de Fora dicta).
Var. I. politus ; elytris elongato-ovalibus, margine basali obsoletissime granulato tuberculisque valdc

distinctis obsito, tuberculo humerali majore. — Long. 12-16 bn. (ins'' Deserta Borealis et Deserta

Grandis) .

Scarites ahlreviahis, (Kollar) Dej. Spec, des Col i. 379 (1825).
Habitat sub lapidibus in insulis Madcrensibus, sat frequcns : in Madera propria atque in Deserta

c2

12 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Grandi montes inde a 1000' s. in. usque ad cacumina prsecipuc occupat ; sed in Portu Sancto,
Deserta Boreali, et in insula prope promontorium Sancti Laurentii Maderse " Ilheo de Fora " dicta
fere ad maris litus descendit.

S. black, shining, slightly depressed. Head large, with two deep longitudinal depressions on the fore-
head. Prothorax transverse, wide in front, narrower and rounded posteriorly, with an impressed
transverse line behind the front margin, and a channel down the disk. Elytra ovate, with the
humeral angles a little prominent, but not projecting beyond the outer margin, deeply striated,
the striae being impunctate ; with the entire margin (basal as well as lateral) thickly and more or
less coarsely granulated, aud with a single row of tubercles (more or less distinct) throughout.
Antenna and le^s (especially the tibia and tarsi) piceous ; the last seven joints of the former
densely clothed with a fine yellowish pubescence, and the latter thickly fringed with strong
golden or rufous bristles.

Var. a. extremely shining. Elytra short, ovate, expanded behind the middle; the basal margin
thickly and coarsely granulated, and with a row of distinct tubercles. {Madeira.)

Var. /3. shining. Elytra short, ovate, expanded behind the middle ; the basal margin with scarcely
perceptible granules, but with a row of rather distinct tubercles. [Porto Santo.)

Var. y. shining ; with the head and prothorax rather narrower than in the other varieties. Elytra
rather longer, and a little expanded about the middle ; the basal margin granulated (though not
very distinctly), and with a row of tolerably distinct tubercles. [Ilheo de Fora.)

Var. 8. shining, very large. Elytra long, and a little expanded about the middle ; the basal margin
with scarcely perceptible granules, but with a row of exceedingly distinct tubercles, the outer or
humeral tubercle being the largest. [Northern and Central Dezertas.)

This is the commou Scarltes of the Madeira Islands, and it may be known, in
all its varieties, from the S. hmneraUs by its brighter surface and less parallel
form, by its humeral angles, although a little prominent, never projecting beyond
the outer edge of its elytra, and by the more granulated margins of the latter,
which have, in every case, a row of tubercles, more or less distinct, along their
entire lengtli, lateral as well as basal. It ranges from the sea-shore to the extreme
summits of the loftiest mountains. In Madoii-a proper, however, it is most abun-
dant between the Kmits of about 2000 to 5000 feet a1)ove the sea ; whilst in Porto
Santo, the Plat Dezerta, and on the Ilheo de Pora it descends to the level of the
shore. On tlic Dozerta Grande it is attached principally, as in Madeira, to the
higher altitudes, Ijcing extremely common in the fissu^res of the weather-beaten
rocks of the most elevated peaks ; where the specimens moreover attain a very
large size, — although they are scarcely perhaps so gigantic as those on the nortliern
island, in which the average length is from 13 to 16 lines. The Madeiran speci-
mens are smaller, and more shining, than any of the other varieties.

10. Scarites humeralis, Woll.
S. ater plenimque opacus depressus, elytris elongato-ovatis impunctato-striatis, marginibus granulatis

et apiccm versus solum obscure sei-iato-tuberculatis, angulis humcralibus valde promincntibus.
Long, corp.lin. 11-15.

Habitat sub lapidibus ins. Portus Sancti, cum prjccedenle sed illo multo rarior.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 13

S. black, usually opake, depressed. Head rather large, with two deep longitudinal depressions on the
forehead. Prothorax transverse, wide in front, narrower and rounded posteriorly, with an im-
pressed transverse line behind the front margin, and a channel down the disk. Elytra elongate-
ovate, with the humeral angles very prominent and distinctly projecting beyond the outer margin,
deeply striated, the striae being impunctate ; with the entire margin (basal as well as lateral)
most minutely and obscurely granulated, and with a single row of tubercles (always minute) to-
wards the apex only. Antenna and legs as in the previous species.

Readily distinguished from tlie S. abhremattis, Avitli wMcli however I had for
some time eoufotmded it, by its more elongated, depressed, and straightened form,
usually opake surface, by its prominent humeral angles which project perceptibly
beyond the outer margin of its elytra, and, more especially, hj the minuteness of
the granules and the total absence of tubercles, except at the extreme apex, along
the edges of the latter. Although the above characters are more than suiRcient,
of themselves, to establish the species, yet the fact that it is found in company with
the S. abbreviatus is additional evidence, were such necessary, that it is in reality
distinct, and no local variety of that insect. It seems to be peculiar to Porto
Santo, where it occurs, beneath stones, along with the car. (3. of the aS*. abbreviatus,
in the low sandy plains near the coast. It is however by far the rarer of the tAvo.

Genus 4. APOTOMUS.

(Hoffmansegg) Illiger, Mag.firr Ins. vi. 348 (1807).

Corpus parvum, subcylindrico-oblongum, pubescens : mesothoi-ace cylindi-ico elongate angusto : protho-
mceparvo subgloboso, postice constricto : alis obsoletis. yin/en?!« longiusculfe filiformes, articulo
primo crassiusculo vk elongato, secundo reliquis subsequalibus cyliudricis breviore. Labium
Iseve transversum emarginatum, angulis anticis leviter productis. Mandibula vix porrectae.
Maxilla! bilobs, intus ciliatEe. Palpi filiformes : maxillares longissimi, articulo ultimo elongato-
cylindrico : labiales breviores, articulo ultimo acuminato piloso. Mentuni jugulo connatum,
transversum, antice emarginatum et dente medio acuto instructum. Pedes longissimi : tibiis
simplicibus baud palmatis, posterioribus ad apicem oblique excavato-truncatis spinisque munitis :
tarsis articvdo primo elongato, anticis in maribus leviter dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The little genus Apotomus is confined chiefly to Mediterranean latitudes, and
the two or three species of which it is composed appear to be nowhere abundant.
The A. rufiis, — the only Madeu-an representative, — has been recorded in Spain,
Portugal, Italy, Sicily, the south of France, and in Algeria : and I possess, like-
wise, specimens from Corfu ; as also a species very nearly allied to it from Egypt,
collected at Cau-o by my friend Dr. H. Schaum of BerHn. The group recedes from
the typical Scaritides in having the tibiae simple and unpahnated, the maxillary
palpi extremely long, and the terminal joint of the labial ones pilose and acumi-
nated,— a cu'cumstance which caused Latreille to place it near to BembicUum, in
which the palpi are distinctly subulatcd. It is evidently however more nearly
allied to Difomus, a position universally conceded to it by recent entomologists.

14 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Unlike Scarites, the species are extremely active, running with the utmost velocity.
They are very voracious, and reside principally l)eneath stones in moist spots. In
the south of Europe they are usually taken at the edges of rivers and streams, Imt
the only specimen wliich I have myself captured in the Madeu'a Islands was in a
decidedly di'y locality.

11. Apotomus rufas.

A. rufo-ferrugineus pubescens, elytris profunde punctato-striatis, pcdibus elongatis testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Scarites rvfiis, Eossi, Fna Etrus. i. 229. pi. 4. f. 3 (1790).

, Oliv. Ent. iii. 30. 15 (1795).

Apotomus rufus, Hoffimansegg, HI. Mag. fur Ins. vi. 348 (1807).

, Dej. S/iec. (les Col. i. 450 (1825).

, Bndle, Hist. iTa^. des Ins. v. 88 (1835).

Habitat sub lapidibiis pvope urbem Fuuchalensem Maderse, rarior : species a meipso semel tantuBi, ad
Praya Formoza d. 8 Mai. a.d. 1818, rcperta ; sed nupcr ad oram niaritimam juxta Gorgulho
Januario ineunte el. Dom. Hear, Turici, detexit.

A. rufo-testaceous, ^•cl•y pubescent. Head and prothorax exceedingly shining ; the former narrow ;
the latter small and globose, constricted behind, and with a slight dorsal channel which is more
particularly apparent in front. Elytra somewhat cylindrical, regularly and deeply punctate-
striated. Antenna dusky testaceous. Legs long, and very pale.

Apparently rare. The only specimen which I have myself liitherto captm-cd was
from beneath a stone, on the 8th of May 1848, on the rocky ledge immediately
above the Praya Formoza, near Funchal. It has been subsequently, however,
taken by Professor Heer, at the Gorgulho, in the vicinity of the same spot ; as also
by M. Rousset. It rims with extreme rapidity, and has more the appearance, at
first sight and when in motion, of a j)ale-coloiu'ed ant than of a Coleojiterous
insect.

(Subf. 3. CAR^UBIDES.)
Genus 5. CALOSOMA.

Weber, Observat. Entom. 20 (script. Callisoma) (1801).

Co)-pus magnum, parallelo-ovatum : prothorace brevi transverso : alls amplis. Antenna filiformes,
apicem versus pilosse, in maribus capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, in foeminis breviores ;
articulo jirimo robusto, sccundo brevi, tertio elongato, reliquis subncqualibus. Labntm breve
transversum bilobum, lobis ciliatis. Mandibula exsertee substriolata;, intus ad basin dcntc obtuso
instructse. Maxillee biloba; : lobo externa palpifonni biarticulato : interna apice subito incui-vo
acutissimo, intus valde et dense ciliato. Paljn longissimi, articulo ultimo subsecuriformi-truncato.
Mentum transversum trilobum, lobo medio brevi aouto. Ligula brc\issima, pilosa ; paraglossis
coriaccis, ci contiguis caniquc supcrantibus. Pedes longiusculi, robusti : tibiis intus baud emar-
ginatis : tarsis anticis in maribus articuhs quatuor valde dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 15

The present genus contains insects of a large size, most of which are more or less
brilliantly ornamented with metallic tints ; which even in the black species are
scarcely ever altogether absent, being there replaced by minute golden punctm-es,
or lines. The only representative which the Madeira Islands possess belongs to
this latter division. The Calosoniata are exceedingly voracious ; and may be often
observed either crawling rapidly over the ground in grassy spots, or else mounting
the trunks and branches of trees, where they can obtain with greater facility the
smaller insects and larvae on which they subsist. It is one of the most mdely
distributed genera in the world ; nevertheless the species composing it are not so
numerous as might be expected. North and South America, the "West Indian
Islands, the Cape of Good Hope, the western coast of Africa, China, Siberia, and
even the little island of St. Helena, have however each of them, like Em'ope, their
peculiar forms. The Madeu-an species is found thi'oughout central and southern
Europe, but is nowhere abundant ; nevertheless it would seem to be commoner in
Mediterranean latitudes than elsewhere. It occurs likcAvise in the Canarian
Group.

12. Calosoma Maderse.

C. nigrum, elytris substriatis obsolete transversim undulato-rugosis punctisque viridi-seneis seriatim

impressis, tibiis posterioribus inctu'vis.

Long. Corp. liu. 10^-13.

Carahiis Madera, Pab. S;/st. Ent. 237 (1775).

Indagator, Fab. Mant. Ins. i. 197 (1787),

Jiorteiisis, Eossi, Fna Etrus. i. 205. 1. 1. f. 3 (1790).

■ auropimctatus, Eossi {nee Payk.) Mant. i. 75 (1792).

Maderce, et Indagator, Oliv. Ent. iii. 35. 31 et 42 (1795).

Maderce, et Calosoma Indagator, Fab. Sgst. Eleu. i. 175 et 211 (1801).

Calosoma Indagator, Dej. Spec, des Col. ii. 205 (1826).
— , Heer, Col. Helv. 33 (1841).

Habitat in montibus JIaderee Portusque Saucti, sestate et autumno frequens : ad Eibeiro Frio per
plures annos copiosissime colligebat Rev. Dom. Lowe ; atque etiam a Cabo Gerajao prope Funcbal
cl. Dom. Heer, Turici, mibi nuper communicavit.

C. black, veiy slightly shining. Head and prothor ax rather roughly punctiu-ed ; the latter short and
small, regidarly rounded at the sides, and with a very obscure longitudinal channel which vanishes
in front. Elytra finely striated, the strise usually punctui-ed, but both punctures and striae occa-
sionally almost obsolete ; the interstices with minute, transverse, curved reticulations, having
much the appearance of imbricated scales ; with three rows of bright golden or greenish im-
pressed points. Four hinder tibice long and sUghtly curved*, the anterior ones short and robust.

The Carabus Maderce and Carabus Indagator, both of Fabricius, are unquestion-

* It seems to have been overlooked by Dejeau, as well as by the other uatiu-alists who have described
the present msect, that it is not merely the intermediate tibis which are ciun-ed, but the hinder ones also.

16 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

ably the same species ; and as the former was estahKshed first, we are bound, in
right of jjriority, to retain oui" present insect, specifically, under that name, although
the latter is the one by which it has been hitherto universally recognised. It
appears however that the insect was first descril)ed by Eabricius, from a Madeiran
specimen in the Banksian collection, in the year 1775, as Carabus Maderce ; and
that in 1787 he gave the name of Carabus Indagator to examples of the same fi-om
Barbary. There is no doubt whatsoever that the two insects are one and the same
species. There is not the remotest difference between them in any single respect,
except that the head and prothorax of the Madeii-an specimens are a little more
roughly jiunctured (nevertheless abnost imperceptibly so) than is the case in the
Eui'opean and African ones. And we can only sujipose, either that Fabricius de-
scribed them hastily (as indeed would appear to be the case, since he registers them
])otli as apterous, whereas they are powerfully winged) and without comparison
Uiter se ; or else that the single Madeiran example from, which he A.vii\\ up his
diagnosis chanced to be some slight aberration from the normal tyjic. The former
of these suppositions, however, is probably correct ; for although no tUlference
whatever exists between the insects in question, yet in 1801 he places them, in his
Systema Eleutheratorum, in different genera, retaining the Maderce as a Carabus,
and raising the Iiidagalor to the rank of a Calosoma ! Be the cause of the mistake
however what it may, it is probable that, having once described them as distinct,
th(>y wcvc never afterwards re-examined, but wcyg retained as such m the whole of
his later works, — from Avhence they have been transcribed into nearly every cata-
logue that has been subsequently published. Being an insect which finds its maxi-
mum in Mediterranean latitudes, it \Aould, even a priori, seem far from unlikely
that Madeira and the opposite coast of Barbary should produce it in common : and
such, on investigation, we find to be the case. It occiu"s likewise in Spain, Italy,
the south of France, and in the Canary Islands. The Calosoma Indagator of
Gyllenhal, and of other northern entomologists, is not the Fabrician species,
but the Carabus auropimctatus of Paykvill, — nearly allied to it. The true C. Inda-
gator of Fabricius (/. c. our present species, Maderce, — by which name it must
stand) does not occur apparently in northern Eurojoe at all.

It is tolerablv abundant throughout Madeira and Porto Santo, both at interme-
diate and lofty altitudes. In the former, it has been taken in great i)rofusion by the
llev. R. T. Lowe at the llibeiro Frio, particvdarly during August of 1819, and I have
myself captured it sparingly in the same district. Dm-ing my encampment in the
upland region of the Fanal, in July 1850, I observed it in considerable numbers,
both there and on the Serra of Seisal, crawling rapidly over the short grass in the
hot sunshine, especially after showers. I have not myself detected it 1)elow the
elevation of about 3000 feet above the sea; nevertheless I possess specimens
collected by Professor Heer, at the end of May, on the Cabo Gerajao, near Funchal ;
and others by M. Rousset, on Ihe lUieo de Baxo of Porto Santo, — the lowest alti-
tudes, so far as I am aware, in which it has hitherto been found.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 17

Genus 6. NOTIOPHILUS.

Diuneril, Consid. gen. sur les Ins. 169 (1823).

Corpus parvum, parallelo-oblongunij politissimum : cap'ite lato, oculis maximis promincntibus : pro-
thorace trausvcrso-quadrato : alls amplis. Antenna filiformes, breviusculae. Labrum rotundatum,
margine antico parce ciliato. Mandibulce arciiatse acutse, margine interno dentato. Maxilla
bilobse : lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato : interno incurvo acutOj intus ad basin valde ciliato.
Palpi robustij articiilo ultimo subovato-truncato. Mentum transversum trilobum, lateribus rotun-
datis, lobo medio brevi emarginato. Ligula antice dilatata, in medio acute producta ; paraglossis
angustis incurvis, ligulam vix superantibus. Pedes sat graciles : tibiis iotus baud emarginatis :
tarsis anticis in maribiis articulis tribus vix dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The singular little insects whicli compose the genus NotiopJiilus are well known
by tlieii" depressed, brilliantly polished surfaces, parallel outline, large transverse
heads, prominent eyes, and by theu' square prothoras. Although specifically not
very numerous, yet abounding as they do, individually, throughout the whole of
Europe, they must be familiar to almost every eye, theu' small glittering bodies so
often observed darting across our pathways, or by the field-sides, especially after
showers, either from beneath clods of earth or out of crevices of the soil, sparkling
like coats of mail to the sun, giving them a character peculiarly their own. They
are extremely variable both in theii- sculptiu'e and hue, being subject to consider-
able local modifications, though more particularly affected, it would appear, by
altitude. Thus, for instance, in our own country, the common representative of
the plains is found likewise on the summits of the mountains, but at that elevation
it becomes liable to great alternations of colour, ranging from pale brassy-brown,
Avith the apex testaceous, mto deep black. The sculptm'e however, perhaps, is
nearly as much dependent on other circumstances, for its modification, as on alti-
tude, since it seems tolerably clear that proximity to the sea-shore, especially
where the localities are saHne, will frequently produce a more faintly impressed
surface, — a peculiarity indeed which I have remarked in other insects besides the
Notiophili.

13. Notiophilus geminatus.

N. viridi-ffineus nitidus, protborace quadi-ato, dense prsesertim ad latera punctato, elytris leviter punc-

tato-striatis plaga longitudinali suturali nitidissima, tibiis testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2\-2h-

Notiophilus geminatus, Dej. Spec, des Col. v. 589 (1831).

Habitat in montibus Maderse ac Desertse Grandis, prsesertim ad vias vel sub lapidibus, hinc inde non
infrequens,

N. brassy-brown, usually with a greenish tinge. Head wide, with deep longitudinal striae between the
eyes, which are large and prominent. Prothoro.x short, transverse-quadrate, slightly produced in
the centre of the front margin, and with a deep longitudinal channel; punctured all over, though
obscurely so on the disk. Elytra much depressed, finely punctate-striated, the second interstice

D

18 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

irom the suture extremely broad and much pohshed. Tibice, and base of antenna testaceous.
Apex of the latter, the femora, and tarsi black.

A somewhat rare insect in Madeira, where I have only taken it sparingly, and
at an altitude from about 3000 to 4000 feet above the sea. The few examples
which I possess are principally from the mountain-slopes at the edges of the
Curral das Freu'as : it has however been captiu'cd by M. Rousset on the Pico
d' Ai'ribentuo, above Punchal. On the Dezerta Grande, Avhere the specimens attain
a larger size, it is far more abundant, occurring in tolerable profusion beneath the
small cluster of fir-trees which have been planted, in the red volcanic soU, on the
flat portion of the summit near to the commencement of the western promontory.
It is found throughout Southern Eiu'ope, and in the north of ^yrica ; and it has
been recorded by "\^'cbb and Berthelot in the Canary Islands.

(Subf. 4. HARPALIDES.)
(Div. 1. CHLiENIIDEA.)

Genus 7. LOEICERA.

Latreille, Gen. Crust, et Ins. i. 224 (1806).

(Subgenus ELLIPT0S03IA, Woll) (Tab. I. fig. 2.)

Corpus mediocre, elongato-ovatum : prothorace subcordato : elytris (in Loricera typica parallelo-ovatis,
sed in nostr^) ellipticis : alis obsoletis. Antenna (I. 2 a) ciuratse setacea;, articulis quinque
baseos setis longissimis munitis, rehquis dense pilosis setisque debilioribus paulatim evanescen-
tibus instructis : articulo primo longissimo robusto subfusiformi, secundo brevi subnodoso, tertio
(in specie nostra) valdc elongate trinodoso, quarto paulo brenore binodoso, quinto (secuudo sub-
jequali) subclavato, reliquis lougitudine subsequalibus (sexto obconico, sequeutibus subcyliudi-icis) .
Labrum (I. 2 b) porrectum, subovatum, postice late truncatum et antice truucato-emarginatum.
MandibulcB (I. 2 c) curtae acutissimse incuiTa:, basi intus denticulatse, extus (in nostra) profunde
fissa;. Maxilla (I. 2 d) biloba;, cxtus ad basin spinoso-fiss?e : lubo externa paljnfomii biarticulato :
interna apice acutissimo intlexo, intus valdc sctoso-ciliato. Palpi elongati iiliformcs, articulo
ultimo elongato subfusiformi-truucato ; labiates (I. 2 e) articulo penultimo valdc elongato sub-
curvato, intus leviter binodoso pilisque longissimis duabus aucto. Mentum transversum, antice
profunde emarginatuin et (in typicA dente medio obtuso, scd in specie Maderensi) dcnte medio
nullo instructuui, lobis rotundatis et ad latera externa pilosis. Ligula apice leviter acuminata ;
paraglossis eam vix superantibus. Pedes (in typica breviusculi, sed in nostr&), pnesertim postici,
longissimi : tarsis anticis in maribus articulis tribus baseos valde dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The Madeiran representative of the common Loricera xnUcornis is one of the
rarest and most interestui£r of all the indigenous Carabidee. "VMiilst totaUv distuict
from that insect in species, it even recedes from it genericaUy in some respects ;
and I am by no means convinced that it has not as great a claim to constitute a
genus as many other forms have which arc noAV universally admitted, — although

INSECTA MADERENSIA. ' 19

in reality they are but offshoots, in like manner, from central groups. Trvie it is
that the singular structiu-e of its antenna? (which have nevertheless, however,
peculiarities of theii' own in the proportions of then- joints) would tend to identify
it T\dth Loricera ; but still there is no reason why that very character may not be
typical of a small cluster of collateral forms, in precisely the same manner as is the
case with Habrocerus and Tricliophya amongst the StaphyUmdce. To say nothing
of the modifications sufficiently evident in some of its antennal articulations
(amongst which, however, the very long and trinodose thu'd one should be par-
ticularly noticed), our present insect differs from Loricera proper, primarily, in
the construction of its mentum, which has no uidication whatsoever of a tooth in
the centre of its emargination, and has its lobes moreover externally pilose and in-
ternally increased by a small lateral projection.. The oater fissures, likemse, of its
maxilljB are different from those of the true Loricera ; its mandibles have a deep
external incision at their base ; its upper lip is very distinctly trimcated and emar-
ginated at the apex ; and the penultimate joint of its labial palpi is much elongated,
subflexuose, and has the rudiments of nodules on its inner edge. In its outward
aspect also the insect unquestionably recedes from Loricera, its elliptical elytra
and extremely elongated legs giving it a very peculiar appearance. StiE, I have
thought it better, in the present instance, not to isolate it ; and have merely pro-
posed a subgeneric name, in case that future investigations, as is not improbable,
should bring to light other, collateral, forms, ranging beneath a similar type, and
so render its separation desirable.

14. Loricera WoUastomi. (Tab. I. flg. 2.)
It. piceo-brunnea, elytris ellipticis impunctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 4.

Loricera Wollastonii, Javet, Bull, de la Soc. Ent. ile France (2'*'>'« serie) x. 2.3 (1852).

Habitat sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, vel ad fontes, per regionem Maderse sylvaticam,
inde a 3500' s. m., toto anno ; rarissima.

L. dark piceous-brown, slightly sbining. Head and prothorax with a greenish or seneous tinge ; the
former broad, with a depression down the forehead, and constricted behind the eyes, which are
prominent ; the latter narrow, cordate, with a deep fovea on each side behind. Elytra elliptical,
much rounded off at the shoulders and acuminated posteriorly, flattened, deeply striated, the
striffi being impunctate, and with three, sometimes obsolete, depressions down the disk of each.
Mouth, legs, and antenna testaceous.

Apparently extremely rare, although widely distributed thi-oughout the sylvan
districts of Madeu-a, above the altitude of about 3500 feet. It occm-s under stones
and fallen tunber in moist spots, especially in the immediate vicinity of the minute
trickling streams which issue from out of the crevices of the rocks in the dense
ravines of a hi^h elevation. I fii-st discovered it, on the 18th of February 1849,

d2

20 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

near the upper extemity of the Boa Ventura : and in May 1850 I again detected it,
beneath logs of wood, at the edges of the Levada of the Ribeu-o Frio ; and dui'ing
my encampment in the lofty uplands of the Cruzinhas and the Fanal, in July of
the same year, I obtained several specimens from beneath dead leaves and under
the decaying trimks of trees with which those remote forest regions everywhere
aboiind.

Genus 8. EURYGNATHUS, WoU. (Tab. I. fig. 1 et 3.)

Corpus magnum, oblongo-ovatum, depressum, Licino affine : capita magno, in fceminis latiore et ple-
rumque maximo : prothorace subquadrato : ehjtris connatis : alls nullis. Antenrue filiformes,
capite prothoraceque vix breviores, articulo primo robusto, secundo brevi, tei-tii apice et sequen-
tibus pilosis. Labrum (I. 1 a, et I. 3 a) transversum, anticc setosum integrum. Mandibula
validffi latfe robustse crassae obtusissimae, superficie superiore insequali, intus baud dentatse.
Maxilla (I. 3 b) bilobae, breves : lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna flexuoso, parum
obtuso, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo pcnultimo elongato, ultimo subsecuriformi-truncato.
Mentum (I. 3 c) transversum, antice profuude emarginatum et dente medio nullo instructum.
Ligula ampla elongato-quadrata, apice integra ; paraglossis ei aqualibus. Pedes elongati, vix
robusti : tarsis aniicis in maribus (I. 1 b) articulis primo et secundo valde dilatatis (illo elongato-
subquadrato, hoc breviore transverso-quadrato), tertio quartoque parvis ; ultimo in omnibus
elongato subelavato : ungidculis simplicibus.

A €vpv<; latus, et yvddo^ mandibulum.

The singular insect, so abundant in Porto Santo, from which the above diagnosis
has been di'a^vn, ymtglit prima facie be mistaken for a gigantic Licinus ; neverthe-
less a closer inspection will at once show that it possesses many important distinc-
tions which must tend to separate it altogether from that genus. Thus, for
instance, its mandibles are extremely broad, obtuse, and thick, -n-ithout any appear-
ance of teeth internally ; its upper lip, unlike that of Licimts, is perfectly entii-e ;
its ligula is more elongated ; and its inner maxillary lobe is short, and blunt at
the apex. Its greatest pecidiarities, however, arc unquestionably external ones,
for, in addition to its apterous body and connate elji;ra (in both of which respects
it recedes from Licimis), it presents a most anomalous character, — and one un-
paralleled in any other Coleopterous form "with wliich I am acquainted, — in the fact
that the females have the head usually greatly developed and broad, wliilst in the
males it is comparatively narrow and small. So unusual a circumstance as this
led me to suppose, before I had seen the insect in suificieut profusion, that there
were two distinct species, and that I had only obtained one sex of each : Init diu-ing
my residence in the island of Porto Santo, in the ^\'inter of 1818, I had an oppor-
tunity not only of obser-vdng them in situ, but also in coitu ; and of remarking
likewise, from the examination of many hunchvd specimens, that the (Ulatcd tarsi
(the essential characteristic of the males) invariably accompanied tlie small heads,
— and vice versa. It was not, however, in every instance that the heads of the
females were largely developed; nevertheless the tendency to become so was

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 21

apparent in them all, and in about two-thircls of the entire number ■\vliieh came
beneath my notice, it was literally immense. This character is so remarkable, that
we should naturally have expected, even a priori, that others would be found, in
conjunction with it, of sufficient importance to establish the lAcimis Latreillei of
Laporte as a distinct genus.

15. Eurygnathus Latreillei. (Tab. I. fig. l et 3.)

E. ater nitidus, prothorace subquadrato angulis posticis punctatis, elytris ovatis striatis, striis vix
punctatis, antennarum apice pedibusque piceis.
Fmm. capite plerumque latiore magno.
Long. Corp. lin. 9i-12.

Var. /3. opacus, prothorace latiore lateribus valde recurvis, angulis posticis vix punctatis, elytris
parallelo-ovatis, punctato-striatis. (Ins. Deserta Grandis.)
Long. Corp. lin. 11-13.

Licinus Latreillei, Laporte, Utud. Ent. i. 83 (1834).

Habitat sub lapidibus in Portu Sancto, tempore hiberno et vernali, vulgaris : varietatem /3. in insula
Desertse Grandis soli, nieuse Januario a.d. 1849, inveni.

C deep black, shining. Eyes small, remote from the prothorax, wbicb is subquadrate, and a little
narrowed behind, with the lateral edges (especiaUy posteriorly) recurved upwards ; with a longitu-
dinal channel down the disk, and with a few large, shallow, scattered punctures towards the basal
angles. Elytra deeply striated, the strioe being scarcely perceptibly punctate. Antenna (the basal
portions of the first and second joints excepted), palpi, a depressed segmental space behind the
labrum, and the feet, more or less brown or piceous.
Vai-. /3. larger and more parallel, opake ; the prothorax rather wider, especially in front, with its
edges more broadly recurved and its hinder angles less distinctly punctured ; whilst the elytral
striae are more perceptibly punctate. (The state peculiar to the Dezerta Grande.)

A common insect beneath stones in Porto Santo, dui-ing the winter and early
spring months. I have usually found it in greater profusion towards the eastern
extremity of the island than in any other position, especially on the grassy slopes
of the Pico de Baxo (the high conical hiU, on the coast, to the eastward of the
Cidade), and in the dry, sandy, fossUiferous district immediately below it, to the
north, knowTi as the Zimbral d'Areia, — at the mouth of the Kibeii'o de Serra de
Fora. On the open plain of the Campo de Baxo, which extends across the island
to the westward of the iovna., it UkcAvise occvirs, though more sparingly : whilst on
the large adjacent limestone rock of the Ilheo de Baxo, where I first discovered it,
it is tolerably abuudant. The specimens on the Dezerta Grande assume a distiact
variety, — the insect ha-ving apparently become modified by long isolation on that
island, where it not only attains a much larger size than in Porto Santo, but is
invariably also more parallel and opake, has the sides of its prothorax more

22 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

recurved, with the punctures towards the lateral angles almost obsolete, and the
striae of its elytra somewhat more evidently pimctate. It is exceedingly rare on
the Dezerta Grande, the only spot in which I have hitherto observed it bcuig,
under stones, at the upper edge of the precipitous gorge which descends to the
eastern shore from the immediate head of the long northern vaUey. On the Flat
Dezerta, or Ilheo Chao, I have not succeeded in detecting it ; nor as yet in any
part of Madeira proper.

Genus 9. ZARGUS, TTW. (Tab. I. fig. 4, 5 et 6.)

Corpus mediocre, clongato-ovatum, deprcssum, Calatlio habitii generali proximum sed ab eo certe
distinctum : pruthorace subcordato : ehjtris plus minusve inteiTupto-striatis : alls obsolctis. An-
tennee filiformes gi-acillimse, capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo elongate sat
robusto clavato, secimdo brevij tertio primo breviore. Labrum (I. 4 a) prominulum transversum,
antice profunde bilobum, lobo quoque seta longissima apicali instnicto. Mandibula porrectse
elongatse angustatas^ ad apicem subito intlex;e acutse, infra apicem dente magno acuto basi
latissimo munitaj, margine interno valde ciliato. Maxilla (1.46) bilobse, angusto-elongatse :
lobo externa pali)ifornii biarticulato, articulo primo elongato flexuoso, secundo crassiorc clongato-
subovato : interno huic paulo longiore, angusto recto, ad apicem subito ineurvo acutissimo, intus
dense ct fortiter ciliato. Palpi elongati subfiliformcs : maxiUares articulo primo minuto, secundo
elongato subcurvato, tertio quartoque longitudine fequabbus, hoc elongato fusiformi-ovato : la-
hiales (I. 4 c) c scapis ligulaj connatis surgentcs, articulo primo minuto, secundo tertioque sub-
ajqualibus, illo setis duabus internis aucto, boc elongato fusiformi-subovato. Mentum transver-
sum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio nullo instructum. Ligula elongata apice
truncata, membranacea, in media parte antica subcornea setisque duabus omata; paraglossis
tcnuissimis acuminatis, cam supcrantibus. Pedes longiusculi, gracilcs : tarsis anticis in maribus
(I. 4(f, 4e) articulis primo, secundo et tertio valde dilatatis subtus lacinioso-papillosis (primo
obtriangulari angulis anticis rotundatis, secundo tertioque subrotundatis), quarto parvo triangu-
lari ; ultimo in omnibus elongato subclavato : unguiculis simplicibus.

Huic generi nomen dedi in honorem Zargo, insignis viri Lusitanici, qui, a.d. 1419, !Maderam primus
invenisse apud historic scriptores memoratur.

There is perhaps no genus which it has been found necessary to establish, in the
present work, for the reception of new Coleopterous forms from the ]\[adeira
Islands, more interesting, or which may be said to be better defined or more
strictly uidigcnous, than the present one ; for not only docs it differ in many of its
most essential characters from the subfamily Uarpalides (to wliich, nevertheless,
it evidently belongs), but, — if we except a portion of the Scaritides, — it recedes, in
its powerfully dentate and ciliated mandibles, fi'om every member of the entire
Carabidce \nih. which I am acquainted. "VMiilst however there can be no doubt
but that it is correctly referred to Wxa Uarpalides, its exact position therein is not at
first sight altogether intelligible. From the Fterosticliidea (the second of the three
great divisions of the HarpaUdes), to some of the genera of Avliich, particidarly
Calatlnis, it most nearly, in its outward aspect, approximates, the rounded form of
its dilated tarsal joints, which are densely clothed beneath with ragged appendages,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 23

arranged promiscuously and not distributed in a double row ; added to the un-
toothed emargination of its mentum, its simple claws, its deeply bilobed upper lip,
membranaceous Ugula, and its largely developed paraglossre, entirely remove it.
And although the first four of the above details (namely, the structure of its male
foot, above and below, its unserrated claws, and its mentimi destitute of a central
tooth) point to the Chlceniidea as its more natm^al. location ; yet the remaioing
three (namely, the remarkable form of its upper Hp, its thin imperfect ligula, and
its ample paraglossae), in addition to its porrected, strongly dentate, and ciliated
mandibles, are altogether as unrepresented in that division as they are iu the
Pterostlchldea, and would seem almost to debar it from entrance even there. Still
there is no other section of the Harpalides which, as usually defined, could so Avell
receive it ; and since it is necessarily a choice between difiiculties in assigning it a
position at all, we must be content to accept that one which offers the fewest
obstacles to its admission. Whilst therefore it must needs present anomalies
wherever it be placed, yet I believe that it wiU be found, upon the whole, lohen at
the end of the Chlceniidea (and immediately before the commencement of the
Pterostichidea) to be nearest to those genera with which it has the greatest
affinity*. And strange as it may appear in a geographical poiat of view, I am
inclined to suspect that it has perhaj)s a closer connection with the little genus
Homethes, Newman, from Australia, than with any other form liitherto discovered.
The Zargi are extremely voracious, and have as much the habits as they have the
external aspect of the Calathi. They reside, almost exclusively, beneath stones
in grassy spots, and are more particularly abundant at low and intermediate
altitudes.

16. Zar^s Schaumii, Wall. (Tab. I. fig. 5.)

Z. nigro-piceus, supra piceus opacus valde depressus, protliorace subelongato angusto cordato niar-
ginibus infuscatis, elytris profunde interrupto-striatis, lateribus antenuisque infuscatis, pedibus
pallidis.

Loug. Corp. lin. 5-5|.

Habitat in graminosis Madcrse, sub lapidibus, uon infrequens : in Madera australi iuter 500' et 3000'
s. m. prsedominat, sed in Madera boreali usque ad maris litus descendit.

Ob gratias mihi amicissime oblatas banc speciem Zargi eximiam in bonorem Entomologici peritissimi
H. Schaum, M.D,, Berolini, stabilivi.

Z. beneatb dark piceous-black ; above piceous, opake, and exceedingly flattened. Mouth prominent,
and rufo-piceous. Prothorax narrow, somewhat elongated, cordate, widest in front, much

* Ti'ue it is indeed that its extremely membranaceous ligula, with the minute subcomeous centre,
finds an analogue in the genus Bracldnus ; and that the papillose under surface of its male tarsi, its un-
toothed meuttmi, simple claws, and subclavate palpi are, likewise, severally represented in the other
genera of the Braclunides ; nevertheless I cannot persuade myself that it has any real aflSnity whatsoever

24 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

wrinkled, and vnih an obscure longitudinal channel ; the margins broadly infuscate, a good deal
flattened, and recurved, especially behind. Elytra ovate, very much depressed, most finely and
minutely gi-anulated, and very deeply striated, — the strife interrupted at regular intervals, and
consisting of a series of elongated impressions which cause the surface to appear pitted or em-
bossed ; the lateral margins obscurely infuscate, and with a series of large ocellated impressions.
Antenna and legs long and slender ; the former fuscous ; the latter, especially the femora, very
pale testaceous.

A very elegant and peculiar insect, and at once distinguished from tlie other
Zargi by its large size, flattened form, piceous hue, by its long, slender legs and
antennae, by its subcordate and comparatively elongated prothorax, and by its
deeply pitted elytra. It is found, beneath stones, in most parts of Madeira, though
seldom above the altitude of about 3500 feet. On the northern side of the island
it descends to the sea-shore, but on the southern its range does not commence so
low. It occurs very plentifully at times, making its appearance about the end of
summer and lasting until the following spring. On the western slopes of the Pico
do Cardo, near Tunchal, in the Chestnut-wood in the vicinity of the Mount Church,
as also in the north of the island, at the Passo d'Areia near Sao Vincente, on the
level of the beach, I have myseK captured it in considerable abundance. It seems
to be a species peculiar to Madeira proper, it not having been hitherto observed in
any of the other islands of the group.

17. Zargus Desertse, Woll. (Tab. I. fig. 4.)

Z. piceo-niger opacus depressus, prothorace parvo angusto rotundato-subcordato marginibus obscu-
rissime subinfuscatis, elytris leviter subinterrupto-striatis, lateribus antennisque subinfuscatis,
tarsis fuscis.

Long. Corp. lin. 4-4|.

Habitat sub lapidibus in ins. Desertse Grandis, una cum Calatho complaiiato dcgens, — Januario
exeunte a.d. 1849 a meipso detectus.

Z. black, with a very slightly piceous tinge, opake, and depressed, though not. quite so much so as
the last species. Mouth exceedingly prominent, and piceous. Prothorax short, small, much
rounded at the sides, being widest about the middle, slightly wrinkled, and with a tolerably
distinct longitudinal channel ; the margins very naiTowly and most obscurely infuscate, scarcely
at all flattened, and very slightly recurved behind. Elytra ovate, less depressed than in the
Z. Schaumii, most finely and minutely granuled, and lightly striated, — the stria: having gene-
rally a little tendency to be interrupted, though far less so than is the case in the last species ;
the extreme lateral margins most obscxirely infuscate, and with a series of large ocellated im-

with the insects of that division of tlie Caralicla, since its entire general habit recedes from them altogether,
and bespeaks, m every respect, an intimate relation to the JI(n-j)alides. Added to which, the largely-
expanded and rounded joints of its male tarsi wovdd, even alone, at once remove it from the whole race of
the Brachinides.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 25

pressions. Antenna and legs shorter and rather more robust than those of the Z. Schaumii ;
the former fuscous ; the latter piceous, with the tarsi rufo-fuscous.

An exceedingly well-marked species, intermediate, both in size and sciili^ture,
between the Z. Scliaumii and the Z. pellncklus, though with abundant distinctive
characters of its own. Its dark, black hue (its extreme margins, its mouth, and its
tarsi being alone. somewhat fuscescent), added to its short, laterally-rounded pro-
thorax (which is widest about the middle), and its lightly impressed, scarcely
interrupted elytral striae, will serve prinid facie to separate it from the rest of the
genus; whilst from the Z. Schaumii in particular its shorter legs and antennae,
and its less depressed form will still fui'ther tend to remove it. It occm's exclu-
sively, so far as I have hitherto observed, on the Dezerta Grande, where I captured
it m tolerable abundance, in company with Calatlms complanatus, during January
1849, from beneath stones at the head of the great northern valley. They are
extremely active, and apparently very voracious (as indeed their prominent, thickly
ciliated mandibles would seem to indicate), attacking indiscriminately everytliing
with which they may chance to be enclosed, not even sparing theii' own kind. I
possess a remarkable example of a hybrid between the Z. Desertce and the C. com-
planatus, in which one of the elytra is that of an ordinary Calatlms, whilst the other
is much shorter and precisely that of the former insect : the claws moreover are
very imperfectly formed, and some of them are not developed at all. It was'taken
under a stone, in company with a profusion of specimens of the two species in
question, of which there can be no doubt but that it is the common progeny.

18. Zargus pellucidus, Woll. (Tab. I. fig. 6.)

Z. nigro-piceus, supra luteo-infuscatns nitidus subdepressus, prothorace parvo angusto subquadrato
marginibus pallidis, elytris diluto-infuscatis striatis, lateribus, antennis pedibusque pallidis.
Var. (3. vis major et obscurior (ins. Deserta Grandis).
Long. corp. lin. Z\-'i^.

Habitat sub lapidibus IMaderse, in eonvallibus umbrosis declivibusque humidiusculis, tempore hiberno
et vernali, rarissimus : var. /3. in ins. Deserta Grandi et tantum illic occurrit, qua mense Januario
A.D. 1849 duo specimina in rupium fissuris apricarum detexi.

Z. beneath dark piceous-black ; above yellowish-brown, though of an unequal or irregular intensity
in different parts, which gives it a diluted or somewhat transparent appearance ; shining, and
about as much depressed as the last species. Mouth prominent, and pale testaceous. Prothorax
very small, narrow and subquadrate, a little wider before than behind, with very slight indications
of wrinkles, and with a deep dorsal channel ; the margins broadly and distinctly pale, leaving a
square patch on the disk alone dark. Elytra ovate, a little more depressed than in the Z. Deserta,
regularly and rather deeply striated, — the striaj having apparently no tendency to be interrupted ;
with two small depressions on the disk of each, and occasionally one or two extra, irregular ones,
which however appear to be accidental rather than typical ; the lateral margins (particularly the

E

26 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

large ocellated impressions) always, and the shoulders and suture occasionally, more or less pale.
ATitenn<2 and legs slender, but not very long, and exceedingly pale testaceous.
Var. jS. a little larger and darker. (The state peculiar to the Dczerta Grande.)

An extremely rare insect, and known at once from the other Zargi here de-
scribed by its comparatively small size, by its shining, yollowish-bro^^Tl and iiTegn-
larlv clouded sui-face, by its niiuutc, narrow, and snl)quacbate prothorax, wliieh
has the margins broadly and distinctly pale, and by its elytra being imiformly
striated, and free from the pitted appearance which is so evident in the Z.Schanmii,
and is indicated, thovigh more obscurely, in the last species also. It would seem
to be of the greatest rarity, the only four specimens which have as yet come beneath
my observation ha\dng been captured l)y myself, — two in Madeira proper, amongst
small stones and vegetation at the base of the damp perpendicular rocks about
half-way up the Ribeu'o de Santa Luzia, dvu-iug the early spring ; and two on the
Dczerta Grande, from out of the cracks of the exposed weather-beaten eminences
of red volcanic soU (so well known to all who have landed on the island by their
loose rotten struct m'c, and worn, rounded forms) at the extreme head of the great
northern valley, dm-ing January 1849.

(Div. 2. PTEROSTICIilDEA.)
Genus 10. PRISTONYCHUS.

Dejean, Species des Col. iii. 43 (1828).

Corpus sat magnum, elongato-ovatum, depressiusculum : prothorace subcordato : alis (in typicis
obsoletis, sed in specie Maderensi) amplissimis. Antenna filiibrmes, capite prothoraceque paulo
longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, sccundo brcv-i. Labrum quadi-atum, antice
leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum, angulis anticis rotundatis ciUatis.
Mandibidm incurvoe acutie, intus basi denticulatre. Maxilla bilobse : loho extenw palj)iformi
biarticulato : internn acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde eiliato. Palpi iililbrmes, articulo
ultimo fusifornii-truncato. Mcnium transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio
brevi bifido instructum. Ligida cornea, apice truncata pihsque duobus longissimis aucta : para-
fflossis mcmbranaceis linearibus, earn longe superantibus. Pedes longi, graciles : tarsis anticis in
maribus articulis primo, sccundo et tertio leviter dilatatis, triangularibus et subtus biseriato-
setosis : unguiculis basi leviter serratis.

Pristoiii/c/iKS in nearly all piu'cly structural points is coincident with CaUdhus,
its more elongated paraglossic, which are linear, and stretch out to a considerable
distance beyond the apex of its ligula, added to its less powerfully serrated claws,
being apparently the sole distinctive characters, apart from external ones, a\ hich
remove it from that genus*. In real fact however, the whole of this section of the

* I have not seen it elsewhere remarked, but I imagine that it is, in all probability, owing to the want
of this prolongation of the pai-aglossa; in Calathus that the ligula of that genus is described by Erichsou,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 27

Carahidce presents so few, and such sliglit modifications in the oral organs that it
is positively necessary to depend in a great measm-e on outward details even for
generic purposes, unless we are content to amalgamate many grovips which are
universally received. As some compensation however for the deficiency in struc-
tm'al differences, the Frlstonychi are most easily separated from the Calathi exter-
nally, being not only larger and darker insects (their colour being for the most
part black, with a violet or pm-plish tinge), and with much longer legs, but their
prothorax is in every instance more or less narrowed behind, instead of (as is the
case with the latter) in front. The Fristoiii/cM are of a more darkling nature
than the Calathi, being, like the genus Spliodrus, often found in houses, or at any
rate in the immediate vicinity of habitations : and even when this is not the case,
the same kind of propensity seems to be indicated by the peculiarity of the localities
which they select, — a marked preference being sho^vn for caves, and other partially
sheltered spots, beneath the stones in which they frequently delight to congregate.

19. Pristonychus alatus, WoU.

P. alatus, niger, prothorace subcordato, elytris subpuuctato-striatis obscure cyaneis, antennis pedi-

busque plus minusve picescentibus, tibiis in utroque sexu rectis.
Long. Corp. lin. 6-9.

Habitat sub lapidibus in colliuis Maderpe maritimis atque in cavernis tufae, sat frequens : ad Ribeiro
Secco prope ui'bem Funclialensem d. 13 Feb. coUegit cl. Dom. Heer, necnon baud procul a
Sancta Cruce egoniet deprebensi : in insula Portu Sancto usque ad maris litus descendit, qua
prope oppidum mense Decembri exeunte a.d. 1848 copiosissime legi.

P. dark piceous-black, and very sligbtly shining; above witb an obsciu'e bluish tinge, especially on
the elytra, where it is occasionally comparatively brilliant. Head and prothorax nan-ower than
the elytra ; the former with two deep longitudinal impressions on the forehead ; the latter sub-
cordate, with an obscure dorsal channel, and with a deep longitudinal fovea on either side at the
base. Elytra striated, the striae being most obscurely punctured. JVings greatly developed. Legs
palpi and antenna more or less picescent ; the apex of the last, and the tarsi, brownish. Tibia, in
both sexes, straight, and very slender. Claws distinctly serrated.

Eor a long time I had conceived the present JPristonychus to be identical Avith
the European P. subcijaneus, for it bears so strong a resemblance primd facie to
that insect, that, without exainination, it is not easy to separate the two. A more
careful inquiiy however has since convinced me that the Madeiran species is un-
questionably distinct, since the structui'al differences wliich it exhibits are such as
can scarcely be accounted for by the agency either of isolation or of latitude. Thus,

and by most entomologists after him, as " ligula apice rotmidata." In real troth the hgula of Calathus
is as much ti-uucated in front as that of Pristonychus and of the allied genera ; but the fact of its para-
glossae being short, and consequently not projecting at the angles, gives the entire labium a somewhat
roimded appearance anteriorly.

E 2

28 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

in its largely developed ^ings it recedes, I believe, from e-\-ery Pristonycluts yet
described, whilst its straightened and slender tibia?, in both sexes, will serve,
additionally, to distinguish it from the P. subcyanens, in which the intermediate
and hinder pair (especially the former) are decidetlly curved, as well as more
densely ciliated towards their internal ajiex. The claws, moreover, of the P. alatus
are more powerfully serrated at then- base than is usual in the other representatives
of the genus. It does not appear to be a very abundant insect in Madeii'a, although
pretty generally distributed along the southern coast in positions sKghtly elevated
above the shore. On the liills between Machico and Sancta Cruz I have captm-ed
it, not uncommonly, diu'ing the winter months ; and it has been, likewise, taken
by Professor Heer in the llibeu'O Secco, near Eunchal. In Porto Santo it is com-
Ijaratively plentiful, where, at the end of December 1848, I obtained it in con-
siderable profusion from the vicinity of the Cidade.

Genus 11. CALATHUS.

Bonelli, Observ. Ent. i. tah. sgn. (1809).

Corpus mediocre, elongato-ovatum, plcrumque depressiim : prothorace subquadrato, antice ssepius
angustato : alis (in tj-jiicis amplis, sod in speciebus Maderensibus) obsok-tis. Antenna filiformes,
capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiorc, secundo bre\i, tertio
primo multo longiore. Labrum quadi-atum, antice leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis
instructum, angulis anticis rotundatis ciliatis. Mandibula breves incurvre acutte, intus basi den-
ticulatEG. Maxilla biloboe : loho externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna acuto incurvo, apice
uncinate, intus valde ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo subfusifonni-truncato. Mentum
transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dcnte medio bre\-i bifido instruetum. Ligula
cornea, apice truneata pilisqiie diiobus longissimis aucta ; parar/lossis menibranaccis, ei asqualibus.
Pedes longiusculi, graciles : farsis anticis in niaribus articulis primo, secundo et tertio le\iter
dilatatis, subtriangularibus : unguiculis valde serratis.

The distinctions between the present genus and the last have been already
pointed out,— theu' main difference, so far at least as theii" oral organs are con-
cerned, consisting in the form and development of their respective paraglossae,
and the consequent modifications in the general aspect of then- labia. So greatly
indeed, in the parts of theu" mouth, do the whole of these immediate groups
resemble each other, that both Calathus and Pristouychits approximate almost as
much to Argntor as they do inter se; and, in fact, if that genus could be severed
from Ptei'oslichits, it would constitute, in the structure of its trophi, a very gradual
passage between the two, since its paraglossae are shorter and less porrccted than
those of tlic latter, but more developed than those of the former, — wliilst in the
truncation of their ligula? the whole three are almost coincident. Externally how-
ever both Pyistoiiychits and Calathus recede very e"\"idently from Argvtor, though
especially perhaps in having their fore-tibitc and male tarsi less dilated than is the
case Avith the latter and its allied groups. The Calathi reside principally beneath

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 29

stones in grassy spots, and in Madeira are most abundant at intermediate and
lofty altitudes.

20. Calathus vividus.

C. apterus fusco-piceus, prothorace augusto elongato-quadi'ato lateribus valde reflexis ferrugiiieis,

elytris ovatis profunde striatis, siugulo punctis tribus vel quatuor impresso, antennis pedibusque

longissimis testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 6-7.

Carahus vividus, Fab. (testibus D.D. Scliaum, AVestermann et Scbiodte) Syst. Eleu. i. 194 (1801).
Sclion. Syn. Ins. i. 199 (1806).

Habitat sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis in montibus JMaderse, sat frequens.

C. apterous, light brownish-piceous, rarely dark ; the males slightly shining, the females opake.
Head and pruthurax elongated ; the latter narrow and nearly parallel, mth the sides usually much
reflexed and ferruginous ; longitudinally channelled in the centre, and with a large impunctate
fovea on either side at the base. Elytra ovate, broadest about the middle, deeply striated, and
each with three or four usually distinct impressions down its disk near the third stria from the
suture. Legs and antenna exceedingly long, and, with the palpi, usually pale ferruginous, or
testaceous.

The present species may be cUstinguished from every variety of the C. con/p/a-
natiis by its larger size, by the greater length of its legs and antennse, and by its
narrow, elongated, parallel prothorax, which has the lateral margins usually much
recurved. The colour also is generally somewhat paler than in that insect, and its
legs and antennse are more testaceous. It is decidedly rarer than either of the
other Madeiran Calathi, nevertheless it is sufficiently abundant in certain districts
of a lofty elevation. I have taken it near the summit of the Pico Ruivo, at al)out
6000 feet above the sea ; and it was captured by Professor Heer on the Pico dos
Bodes and at the Jardina de Serra, ia 1851. That the insect is correctly identified
I am enabled to state on the authority of my fi'iend Dr. H. Schaimi of Berlin, wlio
examined the original type in the Royal Museum of Copenhagen in the year 1815.
This conclusion has been recently corroborated by a communication from M. Dohrn
of Stettin, who forwarded my own specimens for comparison to Copenhagen, where
they were pronounced, by both "VYestermann and Schiodte, to be imquestionably
the true Carohus vividus of Fabricius. It is -wi'ongly stated in the Systemu Eleu-
tliemtorum to be winged, since, like the rest of the Madeiran Calathi, it is invari-
ably apterous : and had not the original tyjies been stUl in existence, it would ha-\e
been impossible to have recognised oiu^ present insect in the miserably poor
diagnosis there given of it, which would seem indeed, — if it conveys the slightest
idea of anything at all, being equally applicable to about two-thirds of the entire
CaraUdce, — to be better adapted perhaps to the Sarpalus which Dejean erro-
neously, though not unnaturally, afterwards referred to it, than to the Calathvs
now under consideration.

30 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

21. Calathus complanatus.
C. apterus piceuSj prothorace subquadi-ato antice et posticc leviter angustato lateribus subreflexis vix
fernigineis, elytris ovatis profimde striatis, singulo piinctis tribus vel quatuor impresso, antennis
pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. cor]), liu. 4J-5|.

Vw. a. depressus piceus, in utroque sexu prsesertim foemineo subopacus, prothorace angustato.

Long. 5-5i lin. {Madera; usque ad 4000' s. m. prsedominans.)
Var. /3. depressus nigro-piceus leviter angustatus, in utroque sexu prajsertim fcEminco subopacus,

prothorace angustato. Long. 5-6 hn. {Deserta Grandis.)
Var. y. valde depressus piceus latiusculus brevis, mare parum nitido, fcemina valde opaca, prothorace

latiusculo. Long. 4^5i hn. [Partus Sancttis.)
Var. 8. subconvexus piceus latus breviusculus, in utroque sexu prjesertim raasculo nitidus, pro-
thorace lato. Long. 4|— 5 hn. {Madera; a 4000' s. m. usque ad cacumina montium ascendens.)
Long. corj). hn. 4>-G.

Calathis complanatus, (Kollar) Dej. Spec, dcs Col. iii. 73 (1828).

Habitat insulas Maderenses, sub lapidibus trancisque arborum projectis, ubique vulgatissimus, ab ora
maritimS, usque ad cacumina montium ascendens.

C. apterous, usually dark piccous ; the males slightly shining, the females more or less opake. Head
and protliorax less elongated than in the C. vividus ; the latter subquadrate, slightly narrowed
both before and behind, with the sides less reflexed than, and not so ferruginous as, in that
species ; longitudinally channelled in the centre, and with an impunctate fovea on either side at
the base. Elytra ovate, broadest about the uiiddle, deeply striated, and each with three or four
rather obscure impressions down the disk near the thu-d stria from the suture. Legs and antenna
much shorter than in the last species, and, with the paljii, generally dark ferruginous.

Var. a., depressed, piccous; prothorax narrow; both sexes, especially the female, nearly opake.
{Madeira : the typical state below 4000 feet.)

Var. /3. depressed, dark piccous, not quite so wide as the last, and the elytra rather more faintly
striated ; prothorax narrow ; both sexes, especially the female, nearly opake. [Dezerta Grande.)

Var. 7. exceedingly depressed, piccous, generally broader in proportion and shorter than the other
varieties; prothorax rather wide, and a little convex anteriorly; the males very distinctly shining,
the females exceedingly opake. {Porto Santo.)

Var 8. rather cou\ex, light piccous, broad and short ; prothorax wide, convex in front ; both sexes
shining, especially the male, which is often very bright. {Madeira : the usual state in the loftiest
altitudes.)

The present insect is perhaps one of the most variable of all the Madcu-an
Colcoptcra, there being scarcely an altitude or a single rock which has not its own
modification of it, although the aberrations, it is true, are oftentimes but small.
Stni, since their outer limits are exceedingly far apart, they become, in the general
question concerning the influence of locality on insect form, extremely important,
and show but too clearly how great a number of so-caUed species might be erected

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 31

on a single one, when they are not viewed in the mass, and where only a few
examples, received from a distant country and without any local data to reason
from, constitute the whole of our knowledge concerning them. I have not of
course attempted, in the ahove diagnosis, to indicate all the varieties of this pro-
tean species, for they are so numerous that such would be impossible ; but I have
endeavoured to alight vipon those more prominent forms which are characteristic
of the islands and altitudes in which they severally obtain. Nevertheless they
must be regarded only as resting-points on the way, since the intermediate linlvs,
and even occasionally perhaps monstrosities at either extremity, can be supplied
without difficulty by observation on the spot. It will be perceived that those
specimens which have been isolated on the Dezerta Grande have, as usual, attained
a somewhat larger size than those on the other islands ; whereas the Porto Santan
representatives, in addition to the flatter surface which they have assumed, have
slightly diminished in stature : whilst in the less uniform island of Madeira, where
alone we have sufficient altitude to influence them, we observe a range of structm'e
proportionably large, — in length, breadth, colour and sculpture, according to the
cii'cumstances of the respective districts.

22. Calathus fuscus.

C. sub-alatus piceus, prothorace quadrato antice leviter angustato lateribus ferrugineis, elytris sub-

parallelis siibtiliter striatis, singulo punctis duobus impresso, antennis pedibiisque testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 5.

Gar abus fuscus, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 158 (1792).

■ amhiguus, Payk. Fna Suec. i. 165 (1798).

Harpalus fuscus, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 126 (1810).
Calathus fuscus, Dej. Spec, ties Col. iii. 71 (1828).

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus Maderse, inde a 3500' s. m., copiosissime.

C. apterous, or with the wings very rudimentary ; piceous, the males exceedingly shining, the females
rather more opake. Head and prothurax much polished ; the latter quadrate, wide behind and a
little narrowed in front, with the sides scarcely at all reflesed, though brightly ferruginous ; lon-
gitudinally but not deeply channelled in the centre, and with a very shallow impunctate fovea on
either side at the base. Elytra nearly parallel, slightly broader in the middle than at the base,
finely striated, and each with two imjjrcssions on the disk, the anterior one being near the third
stria, and the posterior one near the second, from the suture. Legs, antennce and palpi
testaceous.

A conxmon European insect, at once distinguished from the two preceding species
by its comparatively parallel form, wide prothorax, glossy sm"face, by its shorter
legs and antennge, and by its more finely striated elytra, which have only two
punctures, and those often very indistinct, upon the disk of each. It occurs
abundantly beneath stones in the mountains of Madeira, though only at liigh
altitudes, making its appearance at about 3000 feet above the sea, and ascending

32 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

to the summits of the loftiest peaks. Diu'ing the autumnal and "winter months I
have observed it in the greatest profusion in the elevated region between the Pico
da Lagoa and the Pico dos Arieros ; and on the extreme summit of the Pico
Ruivo, 6100 feet above the sea, in the middle of the siimmer. It is abundant in
most parts of Eui'ope, being recorded in Sweden, Germany, France, S^vitzerland,
Russia and Dalmatia. In cooler latitudes it would appear to seek the lower
lands, — in England being found more particularly on the southern coasts ; and on
the sandy sea-shores in Wales. The Madeiran specimens differ from their more
northern representatives in having their wings either very rudimentary or else
entirely obsolete.

Genus 12. ANCHOMENUS.

Bonelli, Ohservat. Enf. i. tah. sipi. (1809) .

Corpus mediocre vel uiinusculum, elongato-ovatum : prothorace vel (iit in typieis) angustato sub-
cordato angulis posticis subrectis, vel (ut in aberrantibus) latiore subtransverso angulis posticis
rotundatis : alls modo (ut in spccicbus nostris) amplis, modo obsoletis. Antennce filiformes,
capite protlioraccque paulo lougiorcs, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, secundo brevi, tertio
primo longitudine sequali. Labrum quadratum, antice \i\ cmarginatum et setis paucis lon-
gissimis instructum. Mandibulce incurvBe acutffi, intus basi denticulatse. Maxilla biloba; : lobo
externa palpifornii biarticulato : intcrno acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde eiliato. Palpi
filifornics : maxillareti articulo ultimo subf'usiformi-truncato : lahudes articulo ultimo vel (ut in
typieis) subacuminato, vel (ut in aberrantibus) subfusiformi-truncato. Mentum transversum,
antice profunde cmarginatum et dente medio acuto integro instructum. Ligula cornea, apice
truncata pilisque duobus longissimis aucta; paraglossis membranaceis, ei subsequalibus. Pedes
graciusculi : tarsis anticis in maribus articulis primo, secundo et tertio dilatatis : unc/uiculis
simplicibus.

Lilvc so many of the allied genera, Anclwmemis does not in its oral organs
present any very decided modifications peculiarly its ovm, — its principal character
consisting in the shape of the central tooth of the cmargination of its mentum,
which, instead of being bihd, is acute and entu-e. In external aspect the species
ha^'c a tendency to arrange themselves under two tyjies of form, which however,
since they merge imperceptibly into each other, cannot be considered as of more
than sectional importance. In the first of these, which are usually looked upon
as the normal members of the group, the prothorax is comparatively narrow and
subcordate, and with the hinder angles well defined and more or less approaching
to right angles ; the labial palj)i moreover arc slightly acuminated at theii- apex :
whilst in the second the prothorax is broader and more transverse, the posterior
angles are consideral)ly rounded, and the terminal joint of the labial palpi is, like
tliat of the maxillary ones of both divisions, subfusiform-truncate. Tliis latter
group has been ordinarily knoAvn under the generic name of Agonnm, but its
distinctions are so gradually lost sight of in those of the foi'mer that it cannot
possibly be retained as separate, although in coimtries where the intermediate

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 33

links do not exist, it may be convenient to regard it as at any rate a section of
Anchomenus proper. In the only two Madeiran specimens which I have hitherto
been able to detect, it so happens that we have a typical representative of each of
these divisions ; and hence the above remarks seem almost necessary, in order to
account for the juxtaposition of insects apparently so dissimilar under a common
genus. The Anchomenl occm- beneath stones in damp localities, and are especially
partial to the margins of streams and swampy imdi-aiiied spots.

§ I. Protliorax angustatus subcordatus, angulis posticis subrecfis : palpi labiales a.vticuh ultimo sub-

acuminato.

23. Anchomenus palUpes.

A. nigro-piceus, prothorace postice punctato, elytris striatis, antennis pedibusque pallidis.

Var. /3. piceus, elytrorum margine, antennis pedibusque pallidis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3^.

Carabus obhngus, Fab. i:nt. Si/sf. i. 140. 72 (sed vid. 71) (1792).

pallipes. Fab. Syst. Eleu. i. 187 (1801).

albipes, Illig. Mag.fdr Iiisekt. i. .54 (1801).

Ancliomenus albipes, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, v. 175 (1824).

palUpes, Dej. Spec, des Col. iii. 119 (1828).

, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. 58 (1841).

Habitat per litora fluviorum atque in locis humidis Maderse, sub lapidibus, toto anno vadgaris.

A. pitcby-black, slightly shining. Head and prothorax much narrower than the elytra ; the latter a
little convex, subcordate, with an obscure dorsal channel, and coar.sely punctured behind. Elytra
striated, the strise being impunctate. Antenna, palpi and legs pale testaceous.
Var. /3. less deeply black, with the margins of the elytra, and occasionally also the suture, pale fer-
ruginous.

Rather a common insect, beneath stones, at the edges of most of the small
moimtaiu streams of Madeira, though more particularly abundant between the
limits of from 2000 to 4000 feet above the sea. I have not myself observed it ia
the other islands of the group, but I possess an old and pale-colom-ed specimen
from the collection of the late Dr. Heiaecken, and labelled as a " Stomis," which
appears to have been taken in Porto Santo. It is universal throughout Eiu-ope,
and occurs likewise in Als^eria.

"^O^

§ II. ProtJiorax latior, plus minusve transversiis, angulis posticis rotundatis : pa^pi labiales artieulo ultimo
{ut in maxillaribus) subfusiformi-truiicato. (Agonum, Bon.)

24. Anchomenus marginatus.
A. aeneo-viridis depressus, prothorace postice utrinque impresso, elytris subpunctato-striatis, singulo

punctis tribus impresso, margiue tibiisque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 4i-4i.

34 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Cardbus marginatus, Linn. Fna Suec. (nee Sifst. Nat.) 222 (1761).

, Fab. Eiit. Syst i. 158 (1792).

Sarpaliis marginatus, GyU. Fna Suec. ii. 154 (1810).
Agonum marginatum, Dej. Spec, des Col. iii. 133 (1828).
, Ei-ich. Klif. der Mark Brand, i. 109 (1837).

Habitat snb lapidibus in liumidis cditioribus Madera;, rarissime ; a meipso ad Lagoam Fanalensem
mense Julio a.d. 1850 inventus.

A. green, with an seneous tinge, and slightly shining. Head and prothorax broader than those of the
last species, but nevertheless narrower than the elytra; the /o/v«e?- very green ; the latter de-
pressed, the sides and hinder angles rounded, with a dorsal channel, and with a deep impunctate
fovea on either side at the base ; the extreme lateral margins sometimes obscurely pale. Elytra
very delicately granulated ; striated, the strife with very minutely impressed points ; with three
large impressions down the disk of each, the anterior one of which is on the third stria, and the
two posterior ones on the second, from the suture ; the margins broadly testaceous. Antenna at
base, and the femora, somewhat piceous. Tibia, except at the extreme apex, testaceous. Tarsi
and apex of antenna usually piccous-black.

Although SO ahundant an insect throughout Europe and in Algeria, the A. mar-
ginatus is ajiparcntly of the greatest rarity in Madeh-a, occurring only at a very
lofty elevation. The upland district of the Fanal (ahout 5000 feet above the sea) is
the only region in wliich I have hitherto observed it, where, during my encamp-
ment in July 1850, I eaptui-ed several specimens from beneath stones in moist
spots, especially at the extreme head of the Ribeiro Fundo and at the bottom of
the round crater-like basin, known as the Lagoa, immediately before the descent
of the movintain-road towards Porto Moniz.

Genus 13. OLISTHOPUS. (Tab. I. fig. 7, 8.)

Dcjean, Spec, des Col. iii. 17G (1828).

Corpus minusculum, plus minusve elongato-ovatum : prothorace subcordato, angulis posticis rotun-
datis : alis (in spcciebus Maderensibus) obsoletis. Antenna filiformes, capite prothoraceque
paulo longiores, articulo primo scquentibus robustiore, secundo brevi, tertio priuio longitudine
sequali. Lahrum (I. Sa) quadi-atum, antice integrum et setis paucis longissimis instructum.
Mandifmla acutrc rcctiuscula;. Maxilla (I. 8 b) bilobse : lubo externa palpiformi biarticulato :
interna acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo fusiformi-acumi-
nato. Mentum (I. 8 c) transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio uuUo instruc-
tum. lAgula cornea, apice truncata pilisque duobus longis aucta ; para^/ossis membranaceis, earn
paulo superantibus. Pedes graciusculi : tarsis anticis in maribus (I. 8 d) articuhs primo, secundo
et tertio Icviter dilatatis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The Olisthopl in outward aspect approach some of the aberrant members of the
last genus ; nevertheless they recede from the Anchomenl altogether in having no
central tooth to the cmargination of tlieu- mentmn. The species, which are few in
number, arc usually extremely shining and of a broA\'nish-brassy tinge. They

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 35

would seem to play a rather important part amongst the Carahidce of these islands,
the whole three species being, apparently, not only peculiar to Madeira, hut two
out of them being so excessively abundant A\dthin their restricted limits, as, in all
probability, to answer some especial purpose in the insect economy of those remote
regions. They reside beneath stones and the bark of trees, principally at a lofty
elevation, making their appearance in the autumn and lasting until the end of the
following spring.

35. OUsthopus Maderensis, WoU. (Tab. I. fig. 7.)

O. ovatus subconvexiis uigro- vel aeneo-fuscus, prothorace rotundato, elytris striatis, singulo punctis

tribus impresso, interstitiis obsoletissime granulatis, margine et sutura plus minusve nifo-flaves-

centibus, antennis pedibusque pallido-testaceis.
Var. (3. major rufo-fuscus opacus, prothoracis lateribus, elytrorumqiie margine et suturS, late flaves-

centibus, singulo punctis tribus obsoletissime impresso, interstitiis distincte granidatis. (Ins.

Deserta Grandis.)
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3g^.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus Maderse, a 2000' s. m. usque ad cacumina ascendens, tempore
hiberno et vernali, copiosissimus : var. /3. sola in Deserta Grandi, et tantum illic, nisi fallor,
occurrit, qua mense Januario a.d. 1849 plurima specimina in summa insula detexi.

O. ovate, very shining, a little convex, usually dark brassy-brown, or else brassy-black. Head and
prothorax darker than the rest of the surface ; the former elongated ; the latter rather large, wide
in front, and much rounded posteriorly, rugosely punctured at the sides and behind, and with a
channel Aovra. the disk ; the extreme margin very obscurely paler. Elytra finely striated, the
interstices, under a high magnifying power, being most minutely granuled ; with three more or
less distinct impressions down the disk of each near to the third stria from the suture ; the margins,
especially about the shoulders, distinctly, and the sutui'c more or less obscurely fuscescent. Legs,
antenna and palpi pale testaceous.
Var. /3. larger and opake ; reddish-brown, the margins of the prothorax and elytra, and the suture
of the latter, broadly and distinctly pale : the prothorax scarcely at all punctured behind : the
interstices of the elijtra very distinctly granuled, and tlie three impressed points on the third stria
of each from the suture almost obsolete. (The state peculiar to the Deserta Grande.)

I had for a long time considered the present Olisthopns to be identical with the
O. glahratus, of Brull^, from the Canary Islands, of which indeed I still think it
not impossible that it may turn out eventually to be a local state. Nevertheless,
not having been able to procure specimens for comparison, and since the present
species by no means answers to the short and unsatisfactory description given by
Brulle in the Sistoire Ncdurelle cles lies Canaries of Webb and Berthelot, I am
induced to retain it as separate, until at any rate fiu-ther e\ddence shall decide the
point. In the absence in fact of actual examples to judge from, it is impossible
to reconcile the Madeiran insect with the diagnosis, as there enimciated, of the

f2

36 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Canarian one. Thus, for instance, no mention is made whatsoever of the pale
suture, which (though occasionally ohscure) is never absent from the O. 3Iaderensls :
nor can I at all recognise the greatly produced humeral angles of the elytra, and
the fiexuose hinder margin of the prothorax, wliich in that description constitute
two of the most important features. The elytral strise, likewise, are said to be
deep, and the interstices convex, neither of Avhich is the case in those of our
present insect, — which woiild appear moreover to be larger than the one there
detailed. Hence, I conclude, either that the two are in reality distinct, or else
(assimiing M. BriUle's diagnosis to be a generally correct one) that the Canarian
form is a very decided variety as compared with the !Madeiran one. Be this how-
ever as it may, the Avant of any certain information on the subject renders it not
only desu'able, but even necessary not to amalgamate them. The O. Madei'ensis
may be at once known from the O. ErlccB by its larger, broader, more ovate, and
convexer body, by its darker colour, wider and more posteriorly-rounded pro-
thorax, and by the three impressed points on the disk of each of its elytra being
smaller and less evident than those of that species. It is usually also more glossy,
and its pale elytral margins are sometimes only ajiparent at the shoulders, since
the lighter colour has always a tendency to vanish posteriorly. In their liabits
the two species are altogether dissunilar, the first occurring, almost exclusively,
under stones in open grassy spots, Avhilst the second harbours beneath the bark
and fibre of trees -within the sylvan regions. The O. Maderensis, moreover,
inhabits a wider extent of country, not only making its appearance at a lower
elevation than the O. EriccB, but ranging to a higher one. The former indeed
may be said to commence at 2500 feet above the sea, and to continue to the
summits of the loftiest peaks ; whereas the latter is not found in any profusion
below 4000, and, after passing through its maximum at an even higher level, it
almost ceases at an altitude of about 5000 feet. Ovu* present Olisthopus seems to
be more particularly abundant from the end of the summer to the following spring,
existing in large numbers on most of the grassy mountain slopes and exposed
upland districts of the interior of the island, in company with the numerous other
insects which delight in such localities. The var. ft, from the Dezerta Grande, is
particularly interesting, as not only supplying another example of the results of
isolation on external form, but as showing, in addition, the singular tendency
which most of the insects cxhiljit on that rock to attain a somewhat larger than
the average size. So great indeed is the change which the O. JIadereiisis has
undergone, through a long scries of ages, on the Dezerta Grande, that had tlie
case been a solitary one, I should not have hesitated in regarding the specimens
obtained from thence as specifically distinct ; nevertheless, with the knowledge
both of the modifying eff'ects of isolation, and also of the kind of modification
essentially ])oculiar to that island, I am perfectly satisfied that it is a mere local
state, although a very remarkable one, and has no claim whatsoever to be other-
wise considered.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 37

26. Olisthopus Ericse, TT'oU (Tab. I. fig. 8.)

O. elongato-ovatus depressus fusco-aeneus, prothorace elongato-rotundato, elytris striatis, singiilo
piinctis tribus magnis profunde impresso, interstitiis distincte granulatis, margine et sutura plus
minusve flavescentibus, antennis pedibusque pallido-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2i-2|^.

Habitat per partem Maderse sylvaticam, prsecipue sub cortice Erica scoparia, L., et E. arborea, L.,
inter 4000' et 5000' s.m. crescentiunij sestate non infrequens : in regione Fanalensi necnon ad
Cruzinhas abundat, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850 copiosissime deprehensi.

O. narrower than the last, elongate-ovate, sliining, depressed, and pale brassy-brown, — occasionally
almost Ecneo-testaceous, and sometimes with a slight metallic splendour of blue or green. Head
and prothorax darker than the rest of the surface ; the former shorter than that of the 0. Made-
rensis; the latter narrow, and attenuated posteriorly, nevertheless with the hinder angles not
completely rounded oiF; very rugo^ely punctured at the sides and behind, and with a deep
channel down the disk ; the sides sometimes a little pale. Elytra faintly striated, the interstices
distinctly granuled ; with three very large and distinct impressions down the disk of each near to
the third stria from the sutm-e ; the margins and suture more or less distinctly and broadly pale,
the lighter colour being occasionally so much diffused as to leave an elongated \'itta on the disk
alone slightly darker. Legs, antenna and palpi very pale testaceous.

The smaller size, and narrower and flatter body of the present species, added to
its paler and more metallic surface, more quadrate prothorax, and the larger and
deeper punctures down the disk of each of its el}"tra, will be sufficient to separate
it at first sight from the last. Its interstices, moreover, are more evidently
granuled than those of the O. Maderensis, its prothorax, at the sides and behind,
is more roughly punctured, and its antennae are distinctly shorter. It is also by
far the rarer insect of the two, or at any rate more local, its range, as already
stated, being both smaller and confined to portions of the island less easy of
access. It does not appear to be ever very abimdant either below the altitude of
4000, or above 5000, feet, although dm-ing the winter-time I have taken occa-
sional specimens so low do^ii in the Boa Ventura as about the midway point
between the coast and the Bocca das Torrinhas, which is scarcely elevated perhaps
more than 2500 feet above the sea. It is evident however that it attains its
maximum in a much loftier region, since on many of the extensive Serras between
the Limits of 4000 and 5000 feet it exists in actual profusion. Diu-ing my encamp-
ment at the Cruzinhas, in July 1850, I had an opportunity of witnessing this, on
a large scale, in the dense forest uplands known as the Serra de Seisal. That
district is principally clothed with the gigantic Tree Heaths {Erica scoparia, Linn.,
and JE. arhorea, Linn.) ; and beneath the fil^rous outer envelope of these the O. Ericce
literally swarmed. Nor indeed did it preponderate in any one particular spot,
but extended over the whole of those sylvan tracts. It is a remarkably active
insect ; and the only successful way in which I could seciu^e them was, by placing
a large net beneath the trunks and branches of the trees (an operation which their
singularly distorted and flexuose forms rendered extremely easy), and peeling off

38 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

promiscuously the clry, loosely-attached, external fibre, when the OUsthopi would
fall out hj hundi-eds from beneath it. They were generally accompanied by the
pupa and imago of a minute Blatta, which, if possible, was even the more agUe of
the two. They were seldom to be obtaiaed by any other means, although aberrant
specimens might here and there be seen, beneath stones, or the chippings of
timber, — the too frequent indications of the woodman's axe in those remote
regions.

27. OUsthopus elongatus, WoU.

O. parallelo-ovatus depressus fusco-seueus, prothorace subquadi-ato-rotundato, elytris striatis, singulo

punctis tribus impresso, margine obscure siibflavescenti, antennis pedibusquc pallido-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2|.

Habitat sub lapidibus in pinetis Madera, necnon in collibus apricis maritimis, bine inde autumno non
infrequens.

O. elongate-ovate aud considerably parallel, a little shining, depressed, and brassy-brown. Head
and /jroMorr/a' rather darker than the elytra; the. former somewhat short; the latter subquadrate,
and with the hinder angles a little rounded, rugosely punctured at the sides and behind, and
with a channel down the disk. Elytra distinctly striated, with three rather large impressions
down the disk of each near to the third stria from the suture ; the margins, especially at the
shoulders, obscurely fuscescent. Let/s, antenna and paljii pale testaceous.

Apart from minor characteristics sufiiciently apparent, the O. elongatus may be
known from its Madeu'an allies by its narrower aud more parallel outline, and by
its subquadrate, concolorous prothorax. It would seem to be the representative
in these islands of the European O. fuscatus, although at the same time pre-
senting too many distinctive peculiarities of its own to allow of its being identified
with that insect. Thus, it recedes from it in its much smaller size, narrower and
more parallel form, in its pale teneous surface, in its more quacbate and rather
shorter prothorax, and in its less deeply striated elytra. Nevertheless it has
clearly a greater affinity with the ordinary OUsthopi of more northern latitudes
than either of the other species. It is, apparently, not very common, and con-
fined to lower altitudes than the O. Ericce and the O. 3Iaderensis, occurring,
beneath stones, either on the grassy slopes in the viciaity of the coast, or else in
the pine-woods of intermediate elevations. I have obser^'cd it fi-equcntly, dm-ing
the autumnal months, on the exposed sunny cliffs towards the Brazen Head, and
in the fii*-plantations below the Palheiro,— a position in which it has been likewise
captm*ed, subsequently, by M. Rousset.

Genus 14. ARGUTOR.

(Megerie) Steph. W. Brit. Ent. i. 102 (1S28).

Coifus mediocre, plus minusve oblongo-quadratvim, dcpressum : prothorace quadi-ato, postice (in
nostris saltern) lato : alts modo amplis, mode (ut in speciebus Maderensibus) obsolctis. Antenna

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 39

filiformes, capite protlioraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, secundo
brevi. Labrum traasverso-quadratum, antice vix emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis in-
structum, angulis anticis rotundatis ciliatis. Mandibulce incurvje acute, intus basi denticulatse.
Maxilla bilobse : lobo externo palpiformi biarticulato : inteimo acuto incurvo, apice uncinato,
intus valde ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo fusiformi-truucato. Mentum transversum,
antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio brevi bifido instructum. Ligula cornea, apice
truncata pilisque duobus longis aucta ; paraglossia membranaceis liberis, earn paulo superantibus.
Pedes robusti : tibiis masculis * (in speciebus Maderensibus) modo intermediis, modo posteri-
oribus plus miuusve cui-vato-dilatatis et intus ante apicem interdum ampliato-distortis : tarsis
anticis in maribus articulis primo, secundo et tertio dilatatis, cordatis et subtus biseriato-setosis :
unguiculis simplicibus.

Both Argutor and Omaseus, although formerly located far apart, are now
universally allowed to be but sections of the great genus Pterostichus ; and
perhaps rightly so, since it must be admitted that theu- distinctive characters are
(like those iadeed of all the subdivisions of the latter, as now received,) so small,
and, being merely external ones, merge into each other by such slow and imper-
ceptible degrees, that it is impossible, except under a very lax system and some-
what unaginary laws, to regard any of them as of generic importance. Neverthe-
less, since it is equally true that the several subsidiary modifications into which
the Tterostichi have a tendency to distribute themselves are well enough defined
in their normal states to be made use of with much convenience, for more than
subsidiary purposes, in countries where the intermediate connecting links do not
exist, and since the few representatives of the entu-e group which I have hitherto
detected in the Madeka Islands belong essentially to Argutor and Omaseus as
formerly enunciated, I have preferred in the present instance keeping them sepa-
rate,— deeming this brief remark as sufficient to point out how far they have any
real claims for isolation when a wider system of arrangement, so as to embrace
the whole of then- allies kno^vn to science, is entered upon. The Madeiran species
of Argutor differ very materially from those of boreal and temperate climates, as
radiating from a larger and apterous type which appears to attain its maximum
in Mediterranean countries, though especially perhaps in the north of Africa, on
the elevated Serras of Spain and Portugal, and m the Pyi-enees. To this section
belong the A. Abaxoides, Amaroicles, Barbara, Hispanica, and other such-Hke
forms, which would abnost seem, prima facie, to merit the right of removal from

* Species hujus generis quae insulas Maderenses colunt secundum tibiarura maris structuram hoc modo
apte dissolvi possimt :

§ I. TiUce intermedin ante apicem intus valde ampUato-distortcB.

1. Tibi» posticae ad apicem dilatatse robustus.

2. Tibiae posticse ad apicem fere simplices dilatieollis.

§ II. TibicB intermedicB aid simplices, aut ante apicem intus dbscurissime ampliato-distortce.

3. Tibiae posticse ad apicem simplices gi-acilipes.

4. Tibiae posticae ad apicem obscure dilatataj cm'tiis.

40 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the smaller members of the group. After a careful exammation, however, of their
oi-al organs, I can perceive nothing in structiu-e which intlieates the slightest
aljerration from the normal state ; and it is probable therefore that there may be
many specific gradations yet undiscovered in the mountains of central Eiu'ope,
wliich will unite the comparatively gigantic individuals of the south viixh. the
minute ones of northern regions. Some such steps indeed do actually occiu" in
the SavIss Alps, where I have taken, at a high altitude near the head of the
St. Gothard Pass, species (the A. sjiadicens, Dej., for instance, and the ^. alpestris,
Heer) having much the habits and outline of our present type, but inferior as
regards size.

The Ai'gutors of Madeira, although not positively peculiar to the upland por-
tions of the island, are more particularly abundant between the limits of from
2000 to 4000 feet above the sea. On the southern side indeed they seldom make
their appearance below 1500 feet, although in the north, where the climate is con-
siderably colder, I have observed occasional specimens, dui'ing the winter months,
even on the level of the shore. In both instances however they begin to diminish
in numbers above 4000 feet, and at 5000 they have usually ceased. The sylvan
district in fact, properly so called, may be said to be tlieir range ; a definition how-
ever which, while it is actually true as regards altitude, is only partially so as
regards position, — since, in addition to their normal habitat, beneath stones, logs
of wood, and fallen leaves, Avithin the forest regions, they do also occiu* on the
grassy slopes and moist cloudy plains of the ojien covmtry. Up to the present
period I have not remarked a single Argutor in any of the other islands of the
group, from which indeed it is far from imjiossible that the genus may have
partially at any rate, if not entu-ely, disappeared since the destruction of the ancient*
timber, which is recorded, at least in Porto Santo*, to have been once luxTiriant.

28. Argntor robustus, Woll.
A. robustus nigro-piceus subconvexus, prothorace quadrato, elytris profunde striatis singulo punctis
duobus minutissimis imprcsso, antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis.
Mas, nitidus, elytris parallelis ; tibiis intermediis curvatis ante apicem intus valde ampliato-distortis,

posticis subrectis ad apicem dilatatis.
Fcem. subopacus, elytris ovatis ; tibiis posterioribiis simplicibus.
Long. Corp. liu. 5:^-6j.

Habitat per regioncm Madera; sylvaticam, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, pi-resertirn a
.2000' usque ad 5000' s. m., toto auno frequens.

A. robust, dark piccous, and a little convex. Protlwrax large, quadrate, with a slight dorsal channel,
and with a distinct subpuuctatc fovea on cither side at the base. Elytra deejily striated, the

* Cf. Hktaria Insulana das Wios a Portugal Sugeytas no Oceano occidental. Composita par Antonio
CordvTo da Compagnia do Jcsu : Lisboa, 1717.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 41

striae impunctate, and the interstices convex ; mtli two exceedingly minute impressed points on
the disk of each, the anterior one being near the third stria, and the posterior one near the
second, from the suture. Antenna, palpi and leys rufo-piceous ; the last strong and robust.

Male, shining, and with the elji:ra parallel; the intermediate tibia slightly curved, greatly ddated
at, and suddenly distorted internally a little before, the apex ; and with the hinder ones nearly
straight, likewise (though less powerfully) dilated at theii- apex, but not distorted internally.

Female, rather opake, and with the elytra ovatCj being somewhat expanded posteriorly ; and witli
the/oM?' hinder tibia simple.

This large Argutor may be at once known from the remainder of tlie genus here
described by its robnster form and more quadrate prothorax (which has moreover
the basal fovese perceptibly, although not deeply, ptmctured), and by its four
hinder m.ale tibiae being, all of them, especially the intermediate ones (which are,
likeA\ise, curved and inwardly distorted), suddenly and distinctly dilated at their
apex. The degree of tlilatation and curvatiu'e indeed of their fotu- hinder tiljise,
added to the relative amount, and the peculiarity, of the distortion of the imier
edge of the intermediate pau", is at once sufficient whereljy to distinguish the males
of all the Madeiran species from each other ; but the females, in which these tibial
modifications do not hold good, are, inter se, proportionably less easy of identifica-
tion. The females of the present insect, however, may be easily recognised by
theu" large size, those of the A. gixtcilipes alone even approaching them in statui-e,
with which however they cannot possilily be confounded, theii" thick and less
parallel bodies, added to their more powerful legs, at once preventing such a con-
tingency. The A. robustus is by no means an uncommon species thi'oughout
Madeu-a, occurring beneath stones and dead leaves in most parts of the island,
especially Tvithin the sylvan districts and between the altitudes of al)out 2000 and
5000 feet above the sea.

29. Argutor gracilipes, WoU.

A. parallelo-oblongus angustus gracilis nigro-piceus depressus, prothorace subquach-ato, elytris striatis
singulo punctis duobus minutissimis impresso, antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis, tibiis poste-
rioribus in utroque sexu simplicibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 5-5|-.

Habitat in iisdem locis ac prsecedens sed illo paulo rarior : in Madera boreah usque ad maris litus
descendit, qua per oram maritimam prope Sao Vincente tempore hiberno sub lapidibus observavi.

A. parallel-oblong, slenderer and nan'ower than the last species, dark piceous, depressed ; the males
shining, the females somewhat less so. Prothorax rather short, subquadrate, slightly narrowed, and
with the angles a little produced, in front ; with a dorsal channel, and with a distinct impunctate
fovea on either side at the base. Elytra elongate, parallel, or sometimes just perceptibly
attenuated behind, deeply striated, although not quite so coarsely so as the last species, the stria;
impunctate, and the interstices a little convex ; with two exceedingly miaute impressed points in
the same positions as those on the A. robustus. Antenna, palpi and legs rufo-piceous ; the last
long and slender, and with the four hinder tibire simple in both sexes.

G

42 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

An exceedingly well-defined insect, and one wMch may be readily recognised by
its comparatively slender and more parallel form, and by its foiu' binder tibiae
being simple in botli sexes. In fact, witb the exception, of course, of the dilata-
tion of the anterior tarsi, the sole difference between the males and the females
is that the former are just perceptibly the more shining of the two. In its large
size it recedes from all the Madeu-an Ai'gutors except the A. robiistus, from which
nevertheless its more depressed and narrower body, added to its much slenderer
legs, will, apart from the structm'c of its tibiae, at once remove it. It is not quite
so abu^ndant as that species, although widely distrilmted over the island at inter-
mediate altitudes. On the northern side indeed it descends to a low elevation,
since I have observed it, diu-ing the winter months, at the Passo d'^U'eia near
Sao Viucente beneath stones on the level of the sea-shore. On the southern, how-
ever, I l)elieve it seldom occurs below the elevation of about 1500 feet.

30. Argutor dilaticoUis, Woll.

A. oblongo-ovatus latus nigro-piceus valde depressus, prothorace subquadrato postice lato, elytris
Icviter striatis singulo punctis duobus distinctis impresso, antenais pedibusque rufo-piceis.
Mas, nitidus ; tibiis intermediis longe ante apicem iatus valde ampliato-distortis, posticis subrectis

fere simplicibus.
Fcem. vix minus nitidus ; tibiis posterioribus simplicibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 4^-5.

Habitat sub lapidibus foliisque arborum dejectis per partem Maderse sylvaticam restate non infrequens :
ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros abundat, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850 copiose deprebensi.

A. broad, oblong-ovate, robust, dark piceous, and mucli depressed. Prothorax large, subquadi'ate,
usually very broad bebind and a little narrowed in front ; witb a slight dorsal channel, and with
a somewhat obscure, impunctate fovea on either side at the base. Elytra ovate, broad at the
extreme base and attenuated posteriorly, where moreover there is scarcely any appearance of
trimcation or of excavation ; finely striated, the stria; impunctate, and the interstices much flattened ;
with two very distinctly impressed points in the same positions as those of the last species.
Antenna, palpi and legs rufo-piceous ; the last robust.

Male, shining; the intermediate tibice considerably curved, a good deal dilated at, and suddenly
distorted internally a long way before, the apex ; and with the kinder ones straight and almost
simple.

Female, scarcely less shining ; and with the four kinder tibia simple.

The present Argutor and the foUo^^•ing one, from then- smaller size and com-
paratively ovate forms, are not likely to be confoimded with either of the pre-
ceding species, and it is consequently only necessary to be able to distinguish them
inter se. The males can of course be at once recognised from the characters
given ill thcii- respective diagnoses, — the iutermeiUate tibia? being much curved in
those of the A. dilaticoUis, and with the ianer edge considerably distorted or
developed at a distance from the apex ; whilst in those of the A. ciirtm the whole

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 43

posterior four are nearly simple. But there is a mucli greater difl&culty in sepa-
rating tlie females, since, from then' similarity of outline, the smaller varieties of
the former and the larger ones of the latter do certainly approach each other at
times very closely, and might almost be supposed, were it not for the great struc-
tui'al peculiarities afforded by the males, to belong to one and the same species.
Still, even in the case of the females, it is only in these intermediate links, Ijeing
the extremes of each, aberrant in the opposite directions, that there is any real
difficulty in separating the two, since tyjiicalhj the prothorax of the A. dilaticolUs
is so much wider behind, in both sexes, than is the case with that of the A. curtns,
and its elytra are so much broader at their extreme base and more attenuated
posteriorly (there being moreover scarcely any tendency to the apical excavation
which is more or less apparent in nearly all the states of the A. curttis), and the
entire insect is so mvich flatter, larger, and more robust (especially in the deve-
lopment of its legs), that in its normxd state even the female characters are easUy
grasped. But, as touching the externally approxunating varieties of each above
mentioned, I must confess that, after a careful examination of more than eighty
specimens in my possession, there are but few points on whicli to lay hold in
drawing the liiie of demarcation between them ; and I think perhaps that the
somcAvhat less truncated ehi:ra and more robust legs of the A. dilaticolUs are the
most important facts to be observed, in such sjyecimens, while endeavoiu-ing to
identify them. And we may here just remark, that the near resemblance of the
insects in question, in these intermediate but fortunately not very numerous
female links, does not in any way affect their specific validity, which is already
proved to a demonstration by the invariable structiu'al differences in the tiluoe of
theu' respective males. And, proceeding therefore on the positive conviction that
differences do exist, even though we may not always be able at once to appreciate
them, we are compelled to attach the greatest weight to minute (and, in ordinary
cases, perhaps trivial) characters which may afford the slightest clue towards a
right adjustment of the specimens before vis.

The A. dilaticolUs is, apparently, much rarer than any of the other Madeu'an
representatives of the genus, being found principally beneath stones and logs of wood
in the dense ravines of intermediate altitudes, especially towards the north of the
island. During my encampment at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, in July 1850, I
captured it in comparative abundance throughout the whole of that remote district.

31. ArgTitor curtus, WoU.

A. oblongo-ovatus graciusculus nigro-piceus subdepressus, prothorace subquadrato postice ssepius
latiusculo, elytris leviter striatis singulo pucctis duobus sat distinctis impresso, antenuis pedi-
busque nifo-pieeis.
Mas, nitidus ; tibiis intermediis leviter cun'atis ante apicem intus obscurissime anipliato-distortis,
posticis vix eurvatis ad apicem obscure dilatatis.

g2

14 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Foem. paulo magis depressus, interduni subopacus ; tibiis posterioribus simplicibus.
Var. /3. paulo angustior coiivexiusculus, prothorace subelongato, elytris apice minus truncatis.
Long. coij). lin. 3|-4|.

Habitat in convallibus declivibusque Maderse humidiusculis, praesertim sub lapidibus truncisque arbo-
runi ])rojectis, tempore vernali frequens.

A. oblong-ovate, narrowei' tban the last species, and less robust, piceous, or dai'k piceous, and some-
times with a just perceptible aeneous tinge. Prothorax subquadrate, not quite so broad behind
as that of the last si)ccies, and more narrowed anteriorly ; \\\t\\ a slight dorsal channel, and with
an iuipunctate fovea on either side at the base, — about which however a few exceedingly obscure
and irregular punctures are souiutimes evident. Elytra ovate, in most instances broadest a little
behind the extreme base, and rather more truncated at the apex than those of the A. diluticullis,
where they are usually also (especially in the case of the females) a little excavated ; finely
striated, the striaj impunetate, and the interstices sometimes rather convex (and, although tlatter
in the females than in the males, never so much depressed as those of the A. dilaticol/is) ; with
two distinctly impressed points in the same positions as those of the other species. Antenna-,
palpi and k(/s rufo-piceous ; the las-f slenderer than those of the A. diliiticollis.
Male, shining; with the intermediate tibice slightly curved, a little dilated at, but most obscurely
distorted a little before, the apex ; and with the hinder ones also slightly cm-ved, and a little
dilated, though not distorted, at tlieir apex.
Female, a little more depressed, and sometimes (though not always) slightly opake ; the elytra rather
more distinctly excavated at their a])ex, and with the interstices a little tlatter; with the four
hinder tibia simple.
Var. /3. a little narrower and darker, without any indication of the obscure aeneous tinge which is
just perceptible in most of the other specimens. Prothorax slightly longer. Elytra more oval
and narrow, the widest jiart being about the middle, instead of immediately behind the front
margin ; and less truncated behind. Both sexes equally shining, and their intermediate tibise
less pilose internally.

Notmthstandiny the uiKloubted specific clilTereuce between the present insect
and the last, as proved not only by the very dissimilar structure of theu- male
tibite, but also by the well-defined aspects of their respective normal forms, their
females, as already stated, are apt occasionally to become difficult to sepai'ate,
()\\ing to the near approximation in size and outline of some of their extreme
aberrant specimens. As regards these female varieties, they have been ali*eady
discussed ; and it will l)e sufficient therefore to remark here, that the A. curtns,
tjqiically, may be at once recognised from that species by its smaller size, narrower
and less depressed form, by its usually somewhat apically-truncated or excavated
elytra, and by its slenderer legs. It is \A"idely distributed over the mountain regions
of Madeira, and in the moist dense ra'STJies of a high elevation, although nowhere
very abundant. Towards the upper extremity of the liil)eu'o de Santa Luzia,
diu'in^ the early spring, I have found it more commonly perhaps than in any
other locality, — principally amongst the loose stones and grass at the immediate
base of the lofty perpendicular rocks by which that iiarro\\- gorge is laterally

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 45

enclosed. The var. (5. is somewhat scarcer than the ordinary state, and confined
more exchisively to the higher altitudes.

Genus 15. OMASEUS. (Tab. I. fig. 9.)

(Ziegler) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. i. 112 (1828).

Corpus mediocre, plus minusve elongato-oblongum, ssepius convexiusculum : prothorace subcordato : alls
modo (ut in speciebus Maderensibus) amplis, modo obsolctis. Anlennie filiformes, capitis pro-
thoracisque longitudine, articulis primo et tertio reliquis longioribus subsequalibvis (illo robus-
tiorc), secundo brevi. Lahrum trausverso-quadi-atum, antice vix emarginatum et setis jjaucis
longissimis instructum. Mandibula incui-vge acutse, intus basi denticulatse. Maxilla bilobae :
loho externo palpiformi biarticulato : interno acuto incurvo, apice miclnato, intus valde ciliato.
Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo truncato, in maxillaribus breviusculo, in lahialibus elongato.
Mentum transversum, autice jirofunde emarginatimi et dente medio brevi bifido instructum.
Ligula cornea, apice truncata ; paruglossis membranaceis liberis, earn paulo superautibus. Pedes
robusti : tarsis anticis in maribus articulis primo, secundo et tertio dilatatis, cordatis et subtus
biseriato-setosis : unguiculis simplicibus.

Although, as above stated, the present genus and the last cannot strictly be
looked upon as distinct, since in their oral organs they differ in no essential respect,
and even externally merge into each other by gradations almost imperceptible ;
yet their normal aspects are so dissimilar, that I have preferred, since none of the
Madeiran species are aberrant, treating them here as separate. And indeed, when
thus viewed, detached from the intermediate connecting links, they are so readily
identified, and possess so few outward points in common, that they would seem in
reality to be altogether isolated groups. The large elongated outline and the deep
black colour of Oniaseus proper contrast sufiiciently with the shorter, comparatively
broader, more quadrate, and depi'essed body, and the piceous hue of Aryiitor, as
represented in these islands, to render the chance of confounding them inter se
utterly impossible.

32. Omaseus nigerrimus.
O. elongatus ater subuitidus convexiusculus, prothorace subquadrato basi utrinque foveolato, elytris

apice rotundatis profunde subpunctato-striatis singulo punctis tribus magnis valde distinctis

impresso, pedibus elongatis robustis.
Long. Corp. liu. 7.

Feronia nifferrima, Dej. Spec, des Col. m. 291 (1828).
Pterostiehus simplieipunctatus, Kollar, in litf.

Habitat sub lapidibus in locis humidis Maderae australis, rarissimus : exemplar unicum, prope Funchal,
egomet tantum deprehcnsi, sed alteram a cl. Dom. Heiuecken M.D. olini captum in mnseo
Loweano vidi ; necnon tertium, ad Eibeiro de Joao Gomez lectum, nuperrime communicavit
Dom. Rousset.

O. elongate, deep black, sligbtly shining, and a little convex. Head large, elongate, irnpuuctate, and

46 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

with two very deep longitudinal impressions between the eyes. Prothorax large, subquadrate,
slightly rounded and narrowed behind, broadly margined, the margin (especially towards the
posterior angles) being much recun^ed j convex in front ; with a longitudinal channel down the
disk, and a deep, wide, punctured, rounded fovea on either side at the base. Elytra nearly
parallel, rounded posteriorly, deeply striated, the strise being scarcely perceptibly punctate ; and
with three large and distinctly impressed points, or fovese, down the disk of each, of which the
anterior one is near to the third stria, and the two hinder ones to the second, from the suture.
Legs long and robust.

The present insect is closely allied to the common O. aterrinms of northern and
central Europe, of which it is not impossible that it may be in reality but a geo-
graphical variety. Still, it is usually retained as a species, and as such therefore it
must stand. It differs from the O. aterrinms in being larger and less sliining, lq
having its prothorax less quackate (the sides and hinder angles being a little more
rounded), by its elytra being more deeply striated, Init ^^•ith the striae less evi-
dently punctate, and by the three fovese down the disk of each being much smaller.
It has been foimd in Spain, on the Pyrenees, and in. Tangier ; but in Madeira it is
extremely rare. I have myself taken, hitherto, but a single specimen, — from be-
neath a stone in a boggy piece of ground in the Rev. R. T. Lowe's garden at the
Levada. I possess however one more example, lately communicated by ^M. Rousset
from the Ribeiro de Joao Gomez, near Fimchal ; and I have seen a third, in the
collection of the Rev. R. T. Lowe, which was captured many years ago by the late
Dr. Heinecken.

33. Omaseus Wollastoni. (Tab. I. fig. 9.)

O. elongatus ater nitidissimus depressus, prothorace subeordato basi utrinque bifoveolato, elj-tris apice

aeuminatis profunde punctato-striatis singulo punctis nullis impresso, pedibus brevioribus

gracilioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. 6a.

Pterostichus WoUastoni, Hcer, i)i litt.

Habitat sub lapidibus Maderje australis, in collibus declivibusque niaritimis, rarior : species valde
distincta, et a Entomologo pcritissimo Os''° Heer, Turici, super promontorium Cabo Gerajao
dictum d. 25 Feb. a.d 1851 primo inventa, unde etiam nuperrime communicavit Dom. Rousset.

O. elongate, narrower than the last species, deep black, exceedingly shining, and depressed. Head
small, short and narrow, much constricted behind the eyes, which are very prominent ; punctured,
though sparingly so upon the disk, and with two short and very obscure longitudinal impressions
between the eyes. Prothorax small, subcordatc, much narrowed behind, and rounded at the
sides, with the extreme hinder angles produced into a minute tooth, narrowly margined, the
margin not being recurved ; depressed, punctured behind ; with a longitudinal channel dowTi the
disk, and two distinct, narrow, rugosely-punctured fovese on either side at the base. Elytra
nearly parallel, acuminated behind, deeply striated, the stria: being distinctly punctate ; and
without any indications of impressed ])oints, or fovese, on their respective disks. Legs slenderer
and shorter than those of the last species : the setae at the extreme apex of the tibue (especially
of the four hinder ones) golden-yellow.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 47

The discovery of this very distinct and beautiful Omaseus is due to my friend
Professor Heer of Zurich, who, during his residence in IMadeii'a in the winter of
1850-51, captiu'ed several specimens from beneatli stones on the Cabo Gerajao, or
Brazen Head; in Avhich locality it has been subsequently taken by M. E-ovisset.
It is one of the few Coleopterous insects which appear to have escaped my obser-
vation during my repeated researches in these islands. It may be at once distin-
guished from the O. nigerrimus by its slenderer, more shining and depressed body,
by its much smaller head and prothorax (the latter of which is more subcordate,
much more narrowly margined ; and has moreover two fovese on either side at its
base, and its extreme hinder angles produced into a minute tooth), by its shorter
and more delicate legs, and by its elytra having no appearance whatsoever of im-
pressed foveas on their disks, and thek striae very distinctly punctm"ed.

Genus 16. AMARA.

Bonelli, Ohservat. Ent. i. (1809).

Corpus minusculum, plus minusve ovale : prothorace saepiiis subquadrato : alls amplis. Antennce
filiformes, capitis prothoracisque longitudine, articulo primo sequentibus robustiore, secundo
brevi. Lahrum quadratum, antice leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum.
Mandibula breves validse, intus basi denticulatse. Maxilla bilobae : lobo externa palpiformi bi-
articulato : interno acuto iucurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Pulpn filiformes, articulo
ultimo fusLformi-subtruncato. Mentuni transversum, antice profuude emarginatum et dente
medio bifido (rarius integro) instructum. Ligula membranacea, apice truncata pilisque duobus
longis aucta ; paraglossis earn baud superantibus. Pedes validiusculi : tarsis aiiticis in maribus
articulis primo, secundo et tertio dilatatis : uiiguiculis simplicibus.

The Amarce, so abundant in our own country and throughout the whole of
Europe, are too famUiar to every eye to requii-e comment. Then* sinning brassy
surfaces and more or less oval forms, seen so constantly darting across oiu- path-
ways, in fields and by the road-sides, in the hot sunshme, are associated with our
earliest recollections, and can have scarcely failed to have attracted the attention of
the most unobservant. In the details of tlieh' mouth they recede but slightly from
the allied genera ; but their external aspect is fortunately so weU defined as to
render us independent of structm*al characters even in our generic definition of
them. I have hitherto detected but two species in the Madeii'a Islands, one of
which however would appear to be peculiar to the group.

34. Amara triviaUs.
A. ovalis fenea, prothorace antice angustato angulis posticis acutis, basi impunctato utrinque foveolato,
elytris striatis, antennarum basi rufo-ferruginea, tiljiis rufo-piceis.
Var. /3. caerulescenti-, vel viridescenti-micans, nitida.
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3i.

48 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Harpalus trivialis, Gyll. (nee Duft.) Ins. Snec. ii. 140 (1810).
Amara trivialis, Dej. Spec, des Col. iii. 4G4 (1828).

, Erich. Kqf. der Mark Brand, i. 87 (1837).

, Heer, Fna Col. Heh. 94 (1841).

Habitat ad vias vel sub lapidibus Maderse Portusque Sancti, usque ad 4000* s. m., hinc indc non
infrequens.

A. somewhat parallel-oval, slightly depressed, very shining, and seneous. Head rather narrow. Pro-
thorax narrowed in front, with the posterior angles acute and somewhat produced, concolorous ;
obscurely channelled down the centre ; impunctate, mth a narrow distinct fovea, or impressed
line, on either side at the base, and sometimes a very obscure smaller one towards the hinder
angles. Elytra finely striated, the striae being most minutely and almost imperceptibly punc-
tured. Antenna vdth the first' three joints and the base of the fourth bright rufo-ferruginous.
Tihia dull rufo-piceous. Femora, tarsi and apex of antenna nearly black.
rVw. /3. with the upper surface adorned with more or less of a dark bluish, or gi'cenish metallic
splendour.

The size, form, colour and sculptiu'e at once clistinguish tliis common Eiu-opean
Amara from the following one. It is a species of very Avide geographical range,
occurring in all parts of Europe, and in Algeria ; and it has been likewise recorded
from Si1)cria and North America. It is hj no means an al)undant insect in
Madeira, although distributed sparingly over the island fi'om the gardens of
Funchal up to the mountain slopes of the Great Curral. At the Ribeu'o Frio I
have found it, during the winter and spring, in comjiarative profusion, — especially
crawling across the road diu'ing the gleams of sunshine, after rain. In Porto
Santo I have likewise captured it, though somewhat rarely.

35. Amara superaus, Woll.

A. oljlongo-ovalis lata picea, prothorace antice latiusculo angulis posticis subobtusis, basi punctate

utrinque bifoveolato, elytris striatis, antennis pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 4.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus Maderae, ultra 5000' s. m., tempore hiberno et vernali,
rarissime : Amara valde indigena, ct propc summum montem Pico dos Arieros dictum mensibus
Januario ct Februario a.d. 1819 a mcipso detecta.

A. oblong-ovate, broad, slightly depressed, shining, and piceous. Head rather wide. Prothorax
somewhat broader in front than behind, with the ])osterior angles slightly obtuse, and the
extreme lateral margin a little rufesccut ; obscurely channelled down the centre ; coarsely and
deejily punctured behind, and with two distinct fovea; on either side at the base, the inner ones of
which are the largest. Ehjtra faintly striated, the striae being impunctate. Legs and antenna
uniformly pale rufo-ferruginous.

A large and truly indigenous Amara, and apparently extremely rare, the only
spot in which I have hitherto observed it being the exposed alpine ridge, over-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 49

looking the Meyo Metada, between the Ice House Peak and the Pico dos Arieros,
at an elevation of between 5000 and 6000 feet above the sea, where, dm-ing January
and Pebruary of 1849, I detected sevei-al specimens, in company with Trechus
alticolus, beneath stones. It would seem to be the representative in these islands
of the European A. patricia, which I have captuxed in situations precisely similar
on the Swiss Alps. It presents however abundant distinctive characters to
separate it from that insect,^as, for iastance, its more parallel and flattened form,
the impunctate and comparatively lightly impressed striae of its elytra, and the
less acute posterior, and more produced anterior angles of its prothorax ; added to
which, its uniformly pale piceous hue would tend even further to separate it.
Prom its size and general outline it might at first sight be almost mistaken for a
Sarpalus ; nevertheless its male tarsi being dilated in the anterior pau' alone is of
course at once sufiicient, apart from less e\ddent diiferences, to remove it from the
whole of that extensive group.

(Div. 3. HARPALIDEA.)
Genus 17. ANISODACTYLUS.

Dejean, Spec, des Col. iv. 132 (1829).

Cor])us mediocre, oblongum : prothorace subquadrato : alis amplis. Antenna filiformes, capitis pro-
thoracisque longitudine, articulo primo sequeutibus robustiore, secundo brevi. Labium quadra-
turn, antice leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum. Mandibula breves, dente
medio iuterno obtuso armatse, basi denticulatse. Maxillce biloba; : lobo externo palpiformi biarti-
culato: interna acuto incurvo, apice iincinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo
ultimo fusiformi-subtruncato. Mentum transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente
medio nullo instructum. Ligula apice trancata; paraglossis coriaceis acuminatis. Pedes validi :
tarsis anterioribus in maribus articulis quatuor subtus dense spongiosis, secundo, tertio et quarto
valde dilatatis, primo minore : unguiculis simplicibus.

Anisodactyhis differs from Barpalm in having the first joint of the fom- anterior
tarsi of its males small and narrow, whilst the following three are greatly dilated :
then* under surface moreover is destitute of the double row of seta? usually apparent
in the present division and in the Fterostichidea, beuig densely spongiose instead,

in which respect it assimilates the typical members of the Chlaniidea. Its

mentum, likewise, has no tooth in the centre of its emargiaation, a structure of
extremely rare occ\irrence amongst the Harpali, in which the tooth, although
obtuse and short, is nearly always distinct.

36. Anisodactylus binotatus.
A. ater, antennarum basi et palporum tarsorumque apice rufo-ferrugineis, elytris profunde striatis.
Long. corp. lin. 5-5 i.

n

50 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Caralus binotatus, Fab. Enf. Si/st. i. 151 (1792).
Harpalus hinotatus, Gryll. Ins. Suec. ii. 122 (1810).
Anisodactylus hinotatus, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 140 (1829).
, Heer, Fna Col Helv. 100 (1841).

Habitat sub lapidibus per litora rivTiloram atque in locis humidis Maderse, infra 3000' s. ni., toto anno
vulgaris.

A. elongate, deep black ; the males slightly shining, the females a little opake. Head with two
irregular longitudinal impressions between the eyes, and sometimes with a very obscure rufous
spot in the centre of its forehead. Prothurax subquadrate, a little narrowed posteriorly, the
hinder angles nearly right angles; with a longitudinal channel down the disk, and a large,
shallow, roughened fovea on either side at the base. Elytra elongate, rather convex, deeply
striated, the stripe being impunctate, and the interstices convex and likewise impunctate. Legs
deep pitchy-black. Antenna at base and extreme ape.x, palpi at apex, and the tarsi also at apex,
rufo-ferruginous.

A most abundant insect throughout Eurojie and the north of Africa ; and
tolerably common in most parts of Madeii'a below the altitude of about 3000 feet
above the sea, where it occurs beneath stones at the edges of the streams. At the
Curral das Romeiras, and in the other raiines above Funchal, I have at times
observed it in considerable profusion.

Genus 18. HARPALUS.

LatreiUe, Gen. Crust, et Ins. i. 201 (180G).

Corpus mediocre, oblongum : prothorace subquadrato, postice plus minusve attenuate : alis ssppius
amplis, sed in specie Maderensi una obsoletis. Antenna tiliiormes, capitis prothoracisque longi-
tudinc, articulo prime scqvientibus robustiore, secundo bren. Labrum subquadi-atum, antice
leviter emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum, angulis anticis rotundatis ciliatis.
Mandilmlu' breves acuta;, dentc medio brevi interno obtuso instructae, basi subdenticulatae.
MaxilUe biloba; : lubo exienio palpiformi biarticulato : interno acuto incurvo, apice uncinate, intus
valde ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo fusiformi-subtruncato. Mentum transversum,
antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio brevi obtuso (rarissime obsoleto) instructum. Ligula
cornea angusta, apice truncata ; pai-aylossis amplis membranaceis rotundatis, earn j)aulo supcran-
tibus. Pedes validi : tarsis anterioribus in maribus articulis quatuor dilatatis, subtus biseriato-
setosis : unguiculis simpUcibus.

The present genus, so AAddely distributed over the world, has apparently Imt foui*
representatives in the Madeu-a Islands, thi-ee of which arc common Em-opean
species, whilst the other, which belongs to an altogether dilferent type of form, is
peculiar to this region. There is but little fear of confoimding the Harpcdi Avith
any other insects witl\ wliich we are here concerned, theii' oblong bodies, and
usually l)lack or obscure surfaces, added to the four powerfully dilated anterior
tarsi of their male sex, beins; of themselves sufficient wherel)v to distim^uish them
from the allied groups.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 51

§ I. Aim ampla ; elytra libera ; mentwm dente medio hrevi obtuso instrtictvm.

37. Harpalus attenuatus.

H. elongato-oblongus niger, prothorace subquadrato basi attenuate, angulis posticis subrectis et
utrinque distincte foveolato, elytris profunde striatis, antennis fusco-ferrugineis, tibiis tarsisque
rufo-piceis.
Var. /3. paulo longior et nitidior. (Ins. Deserta Grandis.)

Long. Corp. lin. 3^—4^.

Harpalus aUeimafus, Steph. III. Brit. Mnt. i. 1.52 (1828).

consentaneus, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 302 (1829).

desert us, Steven, in litt.

Sardeus, Dalil, in litt.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus Maderae necnon in ins. Desert^ Grandi, sat vulgaris.

H. elongate-oblong, black ; the males shining, the females opake. Head rather wide, with the impres-
sions between the eyes exceedingly obscure. Prothorax subquadrate, and with a deep dorsal
channel ; narrowed towards the base, where it is very rugosely punctured and with a distinct
fovea on either side ; the hinder angles nearly right angles. Elytra elongate-subovate, deeply
striated, the strife being impunctate ; and each with a very minutely impressed point, on the
third interstice, behind. Antenna and palpi dull ferruginous, tibia and tarsi rufo-piceous.
Var. 13. slightly larger, and both sexes a little more shining. (The state peculiar to the Deserta
Grande.)

The present Sarpalus is closely allied to the following one, but differs from it
in its uniformly smaller size, in its somewhat less convex and more elongated pro-
thorax (in which, also, the central channel and basal foveae are more evident, and
the hinder angles better defined), in its more coarsely striated elj^ra, and by its
femora being usually of a deeper black, which causes the tibiae and tarsi to appear
very distinctly rufescent. It is rather a common insect in Madeii-a, occm-ring
beneath stones on the grassy mountain- slopes, especially between the Ihnits of
from 2000 to 3000 feet above the sea. On the Dezerta Grande it is likewise
tolerably abundant, where however the specimens are a little larger and more
elongated, and just perceptibly more shinmg. It is a species of very wide geogra-
phical range, being recorded in England, Erance, Dalmatia, the Caucasus, Sardinia,
Spain, the Canary Islands, and in Algeria; and existing I believe in nearly all
parts of Europe. I possess specimens from the Scilly Islands, captm-ed by the
late E. Holme, Esq., of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

38. Harpalus htigiosus.

H, elongato-oblongus niger antice subangustatus, prothorace convexo transverso-quadrato basi vix
attenuate, angulis posticis obtusiusculis et utrinque vix foveolato, elytris striatis, antennis fusco-
ferrugineis, femoribus piceis, tibiis tarsisque rufo-piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 4J-5|.

h2

52 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Harpahts litigiosui, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 361 (1829).
, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. Ill (1841).

Habitat Maderam australem, in saxosis planiu.sculis prope sinum Praya Formoza dictum tempore vcr-
uali A.D. 1848 a meipso sub lapidibus iuveutus : in Portu Sancto semel tautum legi.

H. elongate-ovate, black, and somewhat narrowed anteriorly; both sexes almost equally shining.
Head rather wide, with the impressions between the eyes more distinct than those of the last
species. Prothorax subquadrate, rather wide and short, convex in front, and with its extreme
margins often most narrowly and obscurely rufescent ; with an indistinct dorsal channel ; a little
rounded at the sides, and less narrowed towards the base than in the H. abbreriatus, where it is
distinctly punctured and transversely impressed, but with the foveae exceedingly shallow and
obscure ; the hinder angles more obtuse, or at any rate rather more roxmded and less defined
than those of the last species. Elytra elongate-subovate, rather less deeply striated than in the
last species, the strife not being perceptibly punctate ; and each with a very minutely impressed
point, on the third interstice, behind. Antennce and legs nearly the same as those of the H. ab-
breviatus; but the latter rather longer, and with the femora more piceous.

Differs from the preceding species in its larger size, in its rather more anteriorly-
narrowed outline, in its proportionably somc^^hat shorter, convexer, and less
posteriorly attenuated prothorax (on which, moreover, the central channel and
Mnder fovese are exceedingly indistiact), in its more tinely striated elytra, and in
its femora being usually of a less decided black. It Avould seem to be a scarce
insect in Madeu-a, or at any rate extremely local, the only spot in which I have
observed it being the Ioav, rocky, and comparatively flattened ledge immediately
above the Praya Formoza, near Funchal, — where however diu'ing the spring of
1848 I captiu-ed it, from beneath stones, in tolerable abundance. In Porto Santo
I have taken hitherto but a single example. It occurs sparingly thi'oughout
central and southern Europe, and is recorded in Switzerland, Prance and Dalmatia.

39. Harpalus distinguendus.

H. elongato-oblongus niger, supra aut viridis aut viridi-aeneus, prothorace subquadrato basi leviter
attenuato, angulis posticis subrectis et utrinque distincte foveolato, elytris striatis, femoribus
plerumque nigrescentibus, tibiis ad basin ferrugineis, ad apicem tarsisque rufo-piccis.

Long. Corp. lin. 4^5.

Carahus distinguemlus, Duft. Fna Aust. ii. 76 (1812).
Harpalus dUtinguendus, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 274 (1829).

, Ei-ich. Kaf. der Mark'. Brand, i. 48 (1837).

, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. 106 (1841).

Habitat ad vias vel sub lapidibus jNIaderie, sat vulgaris : in Portu Sancto praedominat, vineta cam-
posque aridos prope oppidum colcns.

H. elongate-ovate, beneath black, above green, brassy, or brassy-green ; shining, especially the males.
Head moderate, with two impressions between the eyes. Prothorax subquadi-ate, and the extreme

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 53

lateral margins generally obscurely and narrowly rufescent ; a little narrowed towards the base,
where it is coarsely punctured and with a distinct fovea on either side; the hinder angles almost
right angles. Elytra somewhat parallel- ovate, deeply striated, the stripe being sometimes very
obscurely punctate, the interstices impunctate ; a little excavated at the apex, and each with a
very minutely impressed point, on the third interstice, behind. Femora usually dark : tibia at
base ferruginous ; their apex, and the tarsi, more or less rufo-piceous, or piceous. Antennte
fuscous, with the base bright rufo-ferruginous.

The H. distinguendus is very closely allied to the common European S. ceneus,
and, although easily separable from it when in its normal state, yet the frequent
occurrence of connecting- Links between the two would seem to imply that it may
perhaps, in reality, be biit a local variety of that species. Still, it is usually
acknowledged to be distinct, and as such therefore I would retain it, more espe-
cially since the Madeu'an specimens are in their general aspect exceedingly typical
ones. It differs from the K. (enetis in having its elytra only just perceptibly ex-
cavated at their apex, and in theii- submarginal interstices beiag unpunctm-ed and
almost free from pubescence, in its hinder prothoracic angles being less obtuse, in
the prothorax itself being more deeply punctured, and foveolated, towards the
base, and by its femora being for the most part darkly coloured, — whereas in the
JS. ceneus it is the tendency of the legs to be altogether pale. It is a common
insect throughout Madeii-a, occui-ring beneath stones at nearly all elevations ; and
in Porto Santo it is even more abundant still, where I have at times observed it
in the low sandy vineyards behind the sea-beach in the greatest profusion. It is
found in most parts of central and southern Europe, and is recorded by Dejean as
having been brought even from the Brazils.

§ II. Ala nullcB ; elytra interdum subconnata ; mentiim deiite medio nulla instructum.

40. Harpalus vividus.
H. oblongus piceus, vel nigro- vel fusco-piceus, prothorace transverso-subquadrato basi attenuato,
angvdis posticis rectis et utrinque plus minusve leviter foveolato, elytris striatis, singulo ad apicem
suturalem extremum obUque truncato, antennis pedibusque pallidis.

Var. a. angustus convexiusculus plerumque fusco-piceus; mas politus, foemina ssepius subopaca;
prothorace ad basin valde attenuato, chstincte et creberrime punctulato et utrinque sat profunde
foveolato ; elytris liberis subovatis profunde striatis, interstitiis convexiusculis, antennis pedibus-
que pallido-ferrugineis. Long. 4i-5T lin. (Per regionem Maderee sylvaticam varietas prjedo-
minans.)

Var. /3. latior depressus piceus vel ferrugineo-piceus ; mas politissimus, foemina polita ; prothorace
omnino latiore ad basin attenuato, obsolete punctulato et utrinque foveolato; elytris ssepius
connatis truncato-subovatis striatis, interstitiis depressis, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. 4f-5i lin. (Status Desertam Grandem et Desertam Borealem colens : necnon per oroiu
maritimam atque in sumniis montibus Madera plus minusve obtinens.)

54 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Var. y. latus dcpressus plerumque nigro-piceus ; mas subopacus, foemina opaca ; prothorace lato ad
basin minus attenuato, impunctato et utrinque vix foveolato ; elytris sfepius comiatis truucato-
subovatis leviter striatis, interstitiis depressis, antennis pedibusque diluto-fermgineis. Long.
4f-55- lin. (Portui Sancto insulisque parvis adjacentihus propria.)
Long. corp. lin. 4|-5J,

Harpalics vividus, Dcj. (nee Fab. 18U1), Spec, des Col. iv. 332 (1829).

Habitat sub lapidibus omnium insularum Maderensium, ab era maritima usque ad cacumina montium
copiosissime ascendens.

H. oblong, of either a dark-, or a more or less brownish-piceous, occasionally (especially when imma-
ture) almost ferruginous, usually depressed ; the males more or less shining, the females gene-
rally, though not always, a little opake. Head rather large, with scarcely any indications of the
usual longitudinal impressions between the eyes. Prothorax more or less subquadrate, and
narrowed posteriorly ; also, in most of the varieties, more or less punctured towards the base,
and with a fovea on either side, — both the punctures and fovepe having a tendency in the several
states to become more and more obsolete ; generally with the extreme lateral margins obscurely
and narrowly rufescent. Elytra more or less ovate, and striated, the striae being impunctate ; a
little excavated behind, and each of them obliquely truncated off at its extreme apex, causing the
two to divaricate very minutely at the extremity of the suture ; and each of them with a most
minutely impressed point, on the third interstice, behind. Legs, antenna and palpi ferruginous.

Var. a. comparatively narrow and rather convex, generally of a brownish-piceous hue ; the males
shining, the females a little opake. Prothorax narrow, and much attenuated behind, closely,
finely, and distinctly punctured towards the base, and with a deep fovea on either side. Elytra
not soldered together, subovate, and a little acuminated behind, deeply striated, and the inter-
stices rather convex. Legs, antenna and jmlpi \'ery pale ferruginous. {Madeira : the typical
state throughout the sylvan districts.)

Var. (3. distinctly broader and more depressed, piceous, and sometimes with more or less of a ferru-
ginous hue ; both sexes shining, the males being very highly polished. Prothorax broader than
in var. a, and not quite so much attenuated behind, most obscurely punctured towards the base,
the punctures being almost evanescent, and the fovea; more obscure. Elytra generally soldered
together, a little broader and shorter, in proportion, than those of the var. a, and more truncated
both before and behind, less deeply striated, and the interstices flattened. Legs, antenna and
palpi fcrniginous. {Northern and Central Dezertas ; and more or less apphcable to the maritime
and alpine specimens of Madeira.)

Var. y. of nearly the same form as the var. (3, but darker, being usually piceous-black, and de-
pressed ; both sexes opake, though especially the female. Prothorax broad and subquadrate,
being less attenuated behind than in cither of the other varieties, impunctate, and the basal foveae
almost obsolete. Elytra generally soldered together, broad and short, much truncated both be-
fore and behind, lightly striated, and the interstices flattened. Legs, antenna and palpi darker
than in the other varieties, being dusky-ferruginous. {Porto Santo, and the small adjacent
islands.)

A truly indigenous species ; and since it is perhaps one of the most variable with
which we have here to do, it may be well selected as an example of the modifying
influence of isolation and local cii'cumstances on external insect form. "Whether

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 55

we consider its peculiarity to the Madeiran group, or the singular type of struc-
ture which it chsplays, it may appropriately be termed the Harpalus of this region :
and, judging from its existence on every rock, large or small, and at aU altitudes,
and from its capability of adapting itself to contingencies of every kind, we are led
to believe that it was probably abundant over a great portion of that ancient con-
tinent of which these islands are amongst the many surviving witnesses. Ranging
from the sea-shore to the extreme summits of the loftiest moimtains, accom-
modating itself at one time to a low barren rock of twenty yards circumference,
tenanted only by Helopidce, Hadri, Lizards and Gulls, at another to the deep
wooded ravines of intermediate altitudes, around which the clouds perpetually
cUng and where vegetation and decay are ever rampant, or harbouring beneath
the rough basaltic blocks of the weather-beaten peaks, 6000 feet above the sea, —
we should naturally expect, a priori, to discover some slight modifications of out-
ward structure according as the respective localities differed in condition. And
such we find to be everywhere the case. I am satisfied moreover that it is only
by a careful observation on the spot that an insect like the present one can be pro-
perly understood ; for to anybody acquainted with it practically in aU its phases it
is hut too evident how many " species," so-caUed, might be established on un-
doubted varieties, where there exists a desu-e for creating them, and where our sole
knowledge is gathered from a few stray specimens collected by another person, and
unaccompanied by local information to render the aberrations intelligible. Tor it
must be tracked from the sea- shore to an elevation of more than 6000 feet before
we are enabled to discern the causes by which its development is controlled, or
even to connect by slow and easy gradations its opposite extremes of form. And
it is an interesting fact that the distance between its variations does not increase
in proportion to the distance between its altitudes. On the contrary, it would
seem to pass through its minimum of size and maximum of sculpture at about the
elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet ; both above and below which, that is to say,
as it recedes from the upper and lower limits of the sylvan districts, it becomes
gradually modified, and almost in a similar manner. Thus, to a person who had
visited Madeira and had picked up specimens on the coast, and to another who had
perchance penetrated into the interior, as passing visitors from the vessels are
accustomed to do, and had brought away examples from the wooded movmtain-
slopes, the two insects would appear altogether distinct. Eor, commencing on the
level of the beach, the usual type is broad, flat, more or less opake, with the pro-
thorax almost impunctate, and the elytra soldered together. As we ascend higher,
the breadth invariably diminishes, the brightness and depth of sculpture, up to a
certain altitude, seem to increase, and the elytra are seldom or but very imper-
fectly united ; untU, on entering the lower limits of the forest region, at an eleva-
tion perhaps, ore rotundo, of 3000 feet, we find that it has gradually put on a veiy
different aspect (var. a.), being small, narrow, bright, convex, comparatively ovate
and deeply striated, the legs and antennae have become exceedingly pale, tbe pro-

o(5 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

thorax has altered considerably in shape, being much narro-\ved behind and punc-
tured, and the eMra are nearly always free. In this state it continues for about
1500 feet, when again emerging into the broad daylight of the open hills, it
recommences to mould itself as it did below ; until, having reached the summits
of the loftiest peaks, more than COOO feet above the sea, it has almost (though not
entirely) assumed the features which characterized it on the shores beneath. Tliis
is of coiu'se only a general account of the changes which take place during its
upward progress ; yet, although exceptional cases, as to every other rule, "nill now
and then Ijc met with, I beHeve it to be perfectly true on a large scale. That
modifications of a slightly different kind occm- at parallel altitudes in the other
islands of the group is also certain ; but we must not forget that the disappearance
of the dense forest everywhere except in Madeu-a proper may have re-adjusted for
those particular spots the law which there also in all probability once ol:)tained.
^Moreover, whatever the caiises may be which operate in these remote spheres to
affect the insect life wliich has 1)ecome isolated upon them, it is certain, from
observation, that theu* working is not accidental, but depends on the peculiar
circumstances of the respective localities, since species of even opposite natiu'es
are affected in a smiilar manner on the same rocks. Thus we accordingly find, in
tlie present case (as in others which I have ah'eady liad occasion to comment U2)on
under the genera Scarites, Uiiri/r/inft/uis, Calathus and Olisthopus), that the speci-
mens wliich have been detached on the tAvo northern Dezertas have attained a
larger size than those on any other island, that the Madeiran ones are the smallest,
whilst those in Porto Santo are unusually depressed. Although confined to the
sylvan districts and less abundant than any of the remainder, I have nevertheless
assiuned var. a. to be the normal state ; fu"st, because, judging from the description,
I believe it to be the particular form descri])ed by Dejean in 1829, and secondly,
because the ]\Iadeira Islands, as theu* name implies, being by natm-e islands of
wood, it is the variety in all probability which would have formerly predominated
throughout the group, — the other modifications being the result in some measm'e
of the destruction of the timber, and partially therefore, though indii'cetly, refer-
able to the agency of man. I have contented myself, in the above diagnosis, by
indicating three varieties only, since it is impossil)le to define the limits and ranges
of subsidiary modifications, my sole object having been to give a generally correct
idea on a broad scale.

This species, which, in all its phases, is well distinguished from the rest of the
genus inhabiting these islands, presents a type of structure peculiarly its own.
Thus, for instance, it is universally apterous (whereas the others are winged), the
nienlum lias no tooth in the centre of its einargination (a structure of very rare
occm-rence in the trvie HarpaU), and the extreme apices of each of its elytra are
always truncated ol)liquely, causing them to diverge minutely, or divaricate, at
the termination of the suture. But perhaps its most singular character, and in
which it (lilTcrs from every other Ilarpalus with which I am acquainted, consists

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 57

in the tendency of its elytra to become united or soldered together. I say " the
tendency," because it is not always the case that they are joined (which, since the
law exists at all, is perhaps the more remarkable), although in most instances,
especially in localities much exposed and but slightly elevated above the sea-shore,
they are. I have examples, however, from the upper as well as the lower regions,
in which both states are represented; and others again in which the elytra are
only partially connected, being fi-ee at the apex though fii-mly attached towards
the scuteUum. In every instance, however, even where they are united through-
out theii- entire length, a little force will succeed in separating them, showing
their structure, as I have indicated in the diagnosis, to be subconnate rather than
connate. But that it does require force to effect the disjunction, when they are
reaUy in the condition described, is proved to a demonstration to any one who has
seen the remains of the insect beneath the slabs of stone on many of the small
adjacent islands where it most abounds, or drifting about over the surface of the
j^ocks, — under which circumstances I have observed them in immense numbers,
apparently the accumulation of two or three generations, which the violence of the
elements had not been able to sever. It is rare in the sylvan districts to find
them joined, nevertheless such is sometimes the case, — thus proving that the
peculiarity is not actually essential, but merely one which it is the tendency of the
species to assume, and which is more developed in some specimens, and under
certain conditions, than in others.

The Carabus vividm of Pabricius, although in description best according with
the present insect, is proved, from specimens still in existence in the Royal Mu-
seum of Copenhagen, as already stated, to be a Calatlms. The Harpalus now
under consideration was in fact first described by Dejean, in 1829, who appears to
have mistaken it for the Tabrician C. cividus, and to have quoted it as such.

Genus 19. OPHONXJS.

(Ziegler) Stepb. lU. Brit. Ent. i. 159 (1828).

Corjms et instrumenta ciharia fere ut in Harpalo, sed illud subtiliter pubescens et undique punctu-
latiim J necnon pedes plerumqiie paulo graciliores.

There cannot be the slightest doubt but that the Ophoni do not in reality consti-
tute more than a section of Sarpalm, then* minutely pubescent and punctulated
bodies, added to their somewhat longer and less robust legs, being the sole cha-
racters on which their isolation was ever made to rest. And it was therefore well
remarked by Dejean, in his Species general des Colcopteres, that the genus, as
defined by Ziegler, was founded on an inadequate diagnosis and could not, conse-
quently, be upheld. Still, as it is not altogether expunged even by recent ento-
mologists, and since its only Madeiran representative is a peculiarly tjqncal member
of the group as formerly received, I have preferred retaining it in the present

58 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

instance as distinct, deeming it sufficient to have pointed out thus far the real
natvu'c of its generic claims.

41. Ophonus obscurus.
O. oblongus subpubescens punctatus, infra niger, supra subcyanescenSj prothorace transverso-sub-

quadrato lateribus rotundatis, elytris striatis depressis, interstitiis minutissime punctulatis, an-

tennis pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 5^.

Carabus obscunis, Fab. Unt. Sj/st. i. 151 (1792).
Sarpalus ohscurus, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, iv. 85 (1818).
Ophonus ohscurm, Stepb. III. Brit. Ent. i. 160 (1828).
Harpahcs obscunis, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 197 (1829).

Habitat in locis bumidis Maderse, rarissimus ; sub lapide ad fornacem exoletam calcariam juxta Sanc-
tum Vinccntium " Forno de Cal " dictam a meipso d. 2 Jul. a.d. 1850 semel tantum repertus.

O. obloug, very sligbtly shining, punctured all over, and a little pubescent ; beneath dark pitchy-
black ; above with the head and prothnrax of a very obscure bluish tinge and coarsely punctured ;
the latter rather smoother on the disk, and mth a faint dorsal channel, somewhat transverse-
quadrate, a little narrowed behind, and with the sides and angles slightly rounded. Elytra rather
more distinctly blue than the rest of the siu'face, depressed and striated, the strise being impunc-
tate, and with the interstices thickly and finely punctulated. Legs, antenna ani palpi rufo-
ferruginous.

A tolerably common insect throughout Europe and the north of Afiica. In
Madeira however it would appear to be of the greatest rarity, the only indigenous
specimen which I have seen haiing been captiu'ed by myself from beneath a stone
at the edges of the small stream which issues from out of the limestone rock (so
well knoMTi to geologists from its isolated and elevated position amidst the siir-
rounding basalt) at the Forno de Cal, near Sao Vincente, on the 2nd of July 1850.

Genus 20. STENOLOPHUS.

(Megerle) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. i. 165 (1828).

Corpus parvum, oblongum : prothorace subquadrato : alis amplis. Antenna filiformes, capite pro-
thoraceque paulo longiores, articulo primo sequentibus robustiorc, secuudo brevi. Labrum sub-
quadratum, antice truncatum et setis paucis longissiniis instructum. Mandibula breves acutae,
intus basi subdenticulatje. Maxilla bilobse : lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna acute
incurvo, apice uncinato, intus vakle ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo penultimo majorc, fusiformi-
subacuiiiinato. Mentum transvcrsum, autice profundc emarginatum et deute medio nullo in-
structum. Ligula cornea, apice truncata j paraglossis membranaceis rotundatis, eam baud supe-
rantibus. Pedes vix robusti : tarsis anterioribus in maribus articulis quatuor dilatatis, subtus
biseriato-setosis : unguiculis simplicibus.

The present genus is somewhat intermediate between the preceding one and
Trechus; nevertheless it may be at once known from the former by the much

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 59

smaller size, and by the more ornamented, prettily painted surfaces of the species
which compose it, by the more acuminated terminal joint of theu' palpi, and by
the central tooth of their mentum being always obsolete, — whilst from the latter
and Bradycellus, to which in general aspect it is far more intimately related, it
differs in the simple emargination of its mentum, in its ligula being straightly
truncated at the apex, and in having the whole /o?/r anterior tarsi, as in Harpalus,
dilated in its male sex. The StenolopU are insects eminently peculiar to damp
localities, residing for the most part amongst wet moss, and beneath stones, at the
edges of ponds and streams, or burrowing into the loose mud at the roots of rushes
and grass in marshy spots, — thus in then- habits (as well as in then- structure)
making an evident step towards the coming genera, which are more and more
subaquatic as we approach the BemUdiades, and, through them, the truly
Hydi'adephagous groups.

§ I. Tarsi antici maris articulo penuUimo profimde emarginato, liloho.

42. Stenolophus Teutonus.

S. oblongus niger, prothorace quaclrato mfo, elytris riifis macula postica communi maxima subcya-

nescenti-nigra ornatis, atitennarum basi pedibusque rufo-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3-3|-.

Garabus Teutonus, Schrank, Enwm. Ins. Atisir. 214 (1781).

vaporariorum, Fab. (jiec Linn. a.d. 1761) Eiit. Si/st. i. 164 (1792).

, Diift. Fna Austr. ii. 141 (1812).

Stenolophus vaporariorum, Dej. <S^;ec. des Col. iv. 407 (1829).
— , Heer, Fna Col. Seh. 115 (1841).

Habitat sub lapidibus per litora rivulorum atque in locis bumidis Maderse, sat frequens : in convallibus
supra Fuucbal autumno abundat, necnon in Madera boreali, ad Sanctam Annam, mense Maio
observavi.

S. oblong, black, sbining. Prothorax, above and below, bright rufous ; quadrate ; with a faint dorsal
channel ; and with a very obscure impunctate fovea on either side at the base. Elytra rufous
(being usually however a little paler than the prothorax), and with a large hinder patch, common
to both, and covering nearly two-thirds of their entire surface, dark bluish-black ; deeply striated,
the strise being impunctate. Legs, palpi and base of antenruB i-ufo-testaceous.

By no means an unconunon insect both in the north and south of Madeira,
between the limits of from 1000 to about 3000 feet above the sea, occurring be-
neath stones in moist spots and at the edges of the streams. At the Curral das
Romeii'as, and in the other ravines above Funchal, I have taken it in tolerable
abundance during the autumnal months, and in equal profusion, at the end of
May, on the damp ledges of the perpendicular rocks towards the upper extremity
of the Piibeiro de Santa Luzia ; as also, about the middle of May, on the northern
side of the island, at Santa Anna. It is found in nearly all parts of Eui'ope, and
is recorded in Algeria and the Canary Islands.

i2

()() INSECTA MADERENSIA.

§ II. Tarsi antici maris articido peniiltimo leviter emarginato, suhcordato.

43. Stenolophus dorsalis.
S. oblongus niger, prothorace subquadi-ato postice leviter attenuato, testaceo in discum late nigro.

infuscato, elytris testaceis plaga postmedia communi magna plus minusve suffusa subcyanescenti-

nigra ornatis, antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.
Long, corp.lin. 1|.

Carabus dorsalis, Tab. JEnt. Si/st. i. 165 (1792).
JIarpaJus dorsalis, Gyll. Ins. Siiec. ii. 16-t (1810).
Acupalpus dorsalis, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 416 (1829),
Stenolophus dorsalis, Erich. Kaf. der Mark Brand, i. 61 (1837).

Habitat ad ripas fluviorum Maderensium, rarissime, — sub lapidibus ad " Forno de Cal " a meipso Julio
ineunte a.d. 1850 una cum Ophonu obscuro (sed multo copiosior) detectus.

S. oblong, black, shining. Prothorax testaceous, with a large patch on the disk (which is sometimes
so much developed as to leave only the extreme margins paler) brownish-black ; subquadrate, and
a little narrowed behind ; with a faint dorsal channel ; and an obscure subpunctate fovea on
either side at the base. Elytra testaceous, with the region of the scutcllum occasionally, and an
elongated, more or less suffused, postmedial patch, common to both, bluish-black ; striated, the
strife being impunctatc. Leys, palpi and base uf antentue testaceous.

Apparently extremely rare in Madeira, or at any rate local. The only spot in
which I have observed it is the Forno de Cal, near Sao Yinceute, where, on the
2nd of July 1850, I captured several specimens, in company with the hitherto
unique example of Ophonus ohscurus, from imder stones at the edges of the stream
immediately adjoining the famous limestone rock. Like the S. Teutonus, it inhabits
most parts of Europe, and is found likewise in the Canary Islands and in Algeria.

Genus 21. BEADYCELLUS. (Tab. II. fig. 4.)
Erichson, Kdf. der Mark Brand, i. Gl (1837).

Corpus parvum, plus minusve oblongo-ovatum : prothorace subquadrato : alis (in speciebus Maderensi-
bus) obsoletis. Antenna filiformes, capitis prothoracisque longitudine, articulo primo sequentibus
robustiore, secundo brcviusculo. Labrum (II. 4 a) subquadratum, antice truncatum et setis
paucis lougissiiiiis iustructum. Maiidibttla (II. 4 b) breves acutie, intus basi dcnticulatae.
Maxilla (II. 4 c) bilobse : lobo externa palpiforrni biarticulato : interno acuto incurvo, apice un-
cinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo penultimo majore, fusiformi-subacuminato.
Mentum (II. 4</) transvcrsum, antice profunde emarginatum ct dente medio acuto intcgro in-
structum. Ligula cornea, apice in typicis sinuata, rarius truncata; paraglossis membranaceis
subacuminatis, earn paulo superantibus. Pedes vix robusti : tarsis anticis in maribus articidis
quatuor dilatatis, subtus biseriato-setosis (primo ssepius subquadi-ato) : unguiculis simplicibus.

Bradycellus agrees with Trechus in haidng the emargination of its mentum
toothed in the centre, and in its male tarsi being only dilated in the front pair of

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 61

legs : nevertheless it recedes from it in having the terminal joint of its palpi large
and fusiform (instead of conical), in its males having four joints of theii- feet dilated
(instead of two), and in its ligula l^eing more or less sinuated at the apex (instead
of rounded), with the paraglossse scarcely extending beyond it, whereas in Trechus
the latter are exceedingly long and linear.

§ I. Ligula apice sinuata, paraglossis earn vix sitperantibus ; tarsi antici maris a/rticulo prvnio subquadrato.

44. Bradycellus fulvus.
B. oblongo-ovatus rufescenti-piceus, prothorace subquadrato postice leviter attenuate, elytris piceis

profunde striatis, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2\.

Carabusfulms, Marsh. Ent. JBrit. i. 456 (1802).
Trechus fulm,s, Stepb. Bl. Brit. Ent. i. 169 (1828).
Acupalpus harpalinus, Dej. Spec, des Col. iv. 471 (1829).
•, Heer, F/ia Col. Helv. 118 (1841).

Habitat in convallibus Maderse humidiusculis, necnon sub lapidibus in graminosis editioribus, bine
inde, autumno prsedominans.

B. oblong-ovate, rufo-piceous, shining; when immature almost ferruginous. Prothorax somewhat
short and subquadrato, slightly narrowed and transversely impressed behind, and with the sides
and posterior angles a little rounded; with a faint dorsal channel, and with a deep coarsely-
punctured fovea on either side at the base. Elytra often a shade darker than the prothorax,
deeply striated, the striae being impunctate. Legs, palpi and antenna ferruginous ; the last short
and robust.

The B. fulvus, so abundant throughout Europe, occurs in Madeira only at
intermediate and lofty elevations, ranging from about 1500 to 5000 feet above the
sea, although attaining its maximum, apparently, towards the lower rather than
the upper extremity of those limits. At the Cui-ral das Romeiras, and the other
ravines above Funchal, I have taken it rather commonly during the autumnal
months, both by brushing the rank vegetation in damp spots and from amongst
loose shingle at a short distance from the streams. It is also found sparingly,
beneath stones, on the exposed mountain-slopes of higher altitudes, under which
circumstances I have observed it on the descent to the open plain of the Fateiras
from the Pico Poizo. The Madeiran specimens differ from their more northern
representatives in having the wings invariably obsolete.

§ II. Ligula apice frwncafa, paraglossis earn parum swperantibus ; tarsi antici maris articulo prima via-

■subquadrato.

45, Bradycellus excultus, ww. (Tab. II. fig. 4.)
B. oblongo-ovatus pieeus, prothorace subquadrato postice attenuate, testaceo, in discnm leviter infus-

62 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

cato, elytrorum margine et sutur^ obscure pallidioribus, antennarum basi pedibusque pallido-
testaceis, tarsis plerumque obscurioribus.
Var. fi. piceus, prothoracis limbo elytrorumque siitura solum pallidioribus.
Loug. coi-p. lin. li-lf.

Habitat in locis cditioribus jMaderfe, sub lapidibus, prsesertim per partem sylvaticam, a 2500' s. m.
fere ad cacumina montium ascendens : ad basin rupium excelsarum in Ribeiro de Santa Luzia,
inter radices graminum ibidem crescentium, necnon in regione Fanalensi (5000' s. m.) mense
Julio A.D. 1850, rarius deprehensi.

B. oblong-ovate, piceous, sbining, sometimes with a just perceptibly bluish tinge. Prothorax testa-
ceous, with a more or less dusky cloud on its disk ; a little longer in proportion than that of the
last species, and rather more naiTowed behind, where it is slightly punctured but not transversely
impressed; the posterior angles obtuse; with an obscure dorsal channel, and a narrow fovea on
either side at the base. Elytra less deeply striated than in the B.fulvus, the strise however, as
in that insect, being impunctate ; the suture and lateral margins, especially the former, a little
paler. Antenna fuscous towards the apex ; their base, the palpi, and the legs pale testaceous, —
the tarsi and the extremity of the tibia being usually a little darker.
Var. fi. entirely piceous-black, with the extreme margins of the prothorax and the sutui-e of the
elytra, alone, very obscurely paler. Legs, palpi and antenna as in the normal state.

A most distinct and beautiful Bradycelhis, and apparently of the greatest rarity,
being confined, so far as I have hitherto observed, to remote upland spots more or
less difficult of access. I have taken it, during the winter and early spring,
towards the upper extremity of the Eibeiro de Santa Luzia, especially from amongst
loos(^ stones at the roots of the vegetation at the immediate base of the lofty
periJcncUcular rocks : and in July 1850 I captured it sparingly in the bed of a
dried-up stream in the elevated region of the Fanal, more than 5000 feet above
the sea : and a specimen has been recently communicated to me by M. Rousset,
from the Pico d'Arribentao, above Ftmchal.

Genus 22. TRECHUS. (Tab. II. fig. l, 2, 3.)

Clairvillc, Ent. Reh. ii. 23 (180G).

Corpus parvum, plus minusve ovatum, vel oblongo-ovatum : prothorace subquadi-ato : alts typice amplis,
sed in spcciebus Jladerensibus plurimis obsolctis. Antenna filiformcs, capitc prothoraceque
paulo lougiores, articulo primo scquentibus robustiore, secundo breviusculo. Labruni (II. 1«, 2rt)
transversum, antice plus minusve emarginatum et setis paucis longissimis instructum. Mandi-
bula (II. 1 a) prominula; acut?e, intus basi denticulatpc. Maxilla (II. 1 6, 2 b) bilobre : lubo
externa palpiformi biartieulato : interna acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi
articulo ultimo penultimo paulo minore, in typicis couico, sed in nostris plerumque subfusiformi-
conico. Mentum (II. 1 c, 2 c) transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio vel (ut
in spcciebus typicis) integro, vel (ut in aben-antibus) bifido instructum. Ligiila cornea, apice
rotundata, rarius truncata ; paraylassis linearibus, cam louge supcrantibus. Pedes graciusculi :
tarsis aniicis in maribus (II. 1 d) articulis primo et secundo dilatatis atque intus productis : un-
guiculis simplicibus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 63

In spite of the large number of TrecM described below, there is but one amongst
them of the ordinary European form, the remainder beiag moulded on a type
•which would seem to be peculiarly IMadeiran, and almost in fact to merit separa-
tion from the normal members of the genus. In its usual state Trechus is winged,
has the central tooth of the emargiaation of its mentum entu-e, and the ultimate
joint of its palpi very decidedly conical (being of the same breadth at the base as
the penultimate one is at the apex) ; whereas, with the single exception just men-
tioned, all oiu' present species are apterous, the tooth of then* mentimi is imiver-
sally bifid, and the terminal articulation of then palpi has a tendency to become
rather more fusiform than conical. StUl, since in then- very elongated linear
paraglossae, and in the two internally-produced dilated joints of then male tarsi,
they retain the essential characters of the true TrecM, I would not regard the
above aberrations as indicative of more than a weU-defined subsidiary section,—
especially since the non-development of wings may be ahnost looked upon as a
geographical deficiency amongst the Coleopterous population of these islands, —
and have therefore merely proposed a subgeneric name in case that it should be
found desu-able, at any futiu-e period, to isolate it as a distinct group. The Trechi
are particiLlarly partial to damp spots, nevertheless they are not so subaquatic in
then- habits as the BemhicUa, being found beneath stones, logs of wood, and dead
leaves within the sylvan districts, more than at the edges of streams and on wet
mud,— the localities eminently selected by the latter. In Madeii-a they are nearly
exclusively confined to the dense ravines of intermediate and lofty altitudes.

§ I. Alatus : mentum deiite medio iiitegro instructum : paJpi articulo ultimo conico.

46. Trechus fimicola^ Wall
T. oblongo-ovatus depressus cliluto-testaceus, capite nigra, piothorace subcordato basi utrinque vix

impresso angulis posticis subrotundatis, elytris substriatis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. I5-I7.

Habitat Maderam borealem, stercore bovino arido in castanetis Sanctae Annte Junio exeunte a.d. 1850
a meipso sat copiose repertus.

T. oblong-ovate, flattened, shining, and brownish- or lurid-testaceous. Head black. Prothorax
somewhat cordate, or subquadrate and nan-owed behind ; the posterior angles a little rounded ;
with a faint dorsal channel ; and a scarcely perceptible impression on either side at the base ;
sometimes a little rufescent, and with the extreme lateral edges generally dark. Ehjtra with very
obsolete indications of striae towards the suture, but almost unstriated towards the margin ; and
with two very minutely impressed points on the disk of each. Antenna, mouth and legs testa-
ceous; the first short and robust.

Of aU the Madenan Trechi which I have hitherto detected, the present one is
the only species which may be said to be truly typical of the genus. It may

64 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

perhaps be regarded as the representative of the common European T. minntus in
these islands ; which indeed in general aspect it somewhat resembles, though at
the same time with abundant distinctive characters of its otvti. Thus, for instance,
it is always very much smaller than that insect, and its colour is invariably pale
lurid-testaceous (instead of rufo-piceous), whilst its head is of a deep black ; its
prothorax is subcordate (instead of transverse), and proportionably much longer
than in that species ; its cl;v'tra are almost impercejitibly striated, and its antennae
are extremely short and robust, being scarcely more than half the length of those
of the T. mvmiUis. It is apparently extremely rare, the only spot in which I have
observed it being at Santa Anna, in the north of the island, where, at the end of
June 1850, I captured many specimens, on several occasions, beneath the chestnut-
trees in the vineyard of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly, and invariably in the perforations
of di'ied cow-dung, — a somewhat singular liabitat for a Trechiis ; nevertheless I was
not able to procui-e it under any other circumstances.

§ II. Apterus : mentwm dente medio bifida instruct urn : palpi articulo ultimo subfusiformi-conico.

(Subgenus CALOTEECHUS, WoU.)
A. Elytra phis minusve varier/afa.

47. Trechus nigrocruciatus, n^oll. (Tab. II. fig. l.)

T. ovatus nigro-piceus, prothorace subquadrato basi lato et utrinque impresso angulis posticis sub-
acuminato-rectis, eljrtris mox pone basin convexis leviter striatis rufo-testaceis cruce maxima
nigro-picea ornatis, antennis infuscatis, pedibus pallidis.
Var. fi. omnino pallidior, prothorace ad latera testaceo, elji:ris pallidis fascia subapicali dentata
nigrescenti ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2j-2j.

Habitat in Madcnl sylvatica excelsa, sub lapidibus foliisque arborum dejectis, circa 5000' s. m., raris-
simiis : in locis humidiusculis prope Cruzinhas, nccnon ad summam originem convallis Ribeiro
Fundo dicta>, quai in regione Fanalensi sita est, mense Julio a.d. 1850 primus inveni.

T. ovate, shining, and piceous-black. Prothorax subquadrate, wide behind and narrowed in front ;
the posterior angles somewhat acuminated and nearly right angles ; with a deep dorsal channel ;
and a wide, somewhat wrinkled fovea on either side at the base ; the lateral margins a little
rcflexc'd, and in most instances vciy obscurely rufcscent. Elytra convex just behind the base,
rather lightly striated, and with two minutely impressed points on the disk of each near the
third stria from the suture; rufo-testaceous, with a broad, immensely developed black cross in
the centre, occupying the greater portion of the entire surface, and leaving only an elongated
patch about the shoulders, the apex, and a narrow ill-defined marginal line (connecting the two),
pale. Antenna infuscatcj their basal joints, the pulp i and the legs pale testaceous, — the tarsi at
base and the tibia at apex being usually a little obscurer.
Var. /3. altogether paler ; the lateral margins of the prothorax being dull testaceous ; and the
elytra, with the exception of a zigzag postmedial fascia which is more or less black, entirely pale.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 65

A most elegant species, and apparently one of the rarest of all the Madeiran
Coleoptera. It may be at once known from the remainder of the genus here
described by its large ovate outHne, by its posteriorly widened prothorax, and by
its brightly spotted elytra, — which last indeed might almost have been described
as quacU-ipunctate did not the existence of the pale varieties seem rather to imply
that they should be regarded, more correctly, as testaceous, with two darker bands
(the one sutural, and the other postmedial, — and iatersecting each other at right
angles) placed vipon them, and which are so immensely developed as to cover the
entire sm*face except a conspicuous spot at each of the shoulders, the apex, and a
narrow connecting line along the margin. It occurs only at very lofty elevations,
its range being the vipper limits of the sylvan districts, and extending perhajjs
from about 4500 to 5000 feet above the sea. It is found beneath dead rotting
leaves in the vicinity of the springs and small trickling streams ; imder which
circmnstances I captured it at the Cruzinhas, during my encampment there in
July 1850, as also at the extreme head of the Ribeu-o Fundo, — on the northern
edge of the Fanal.

48. Trechus flavomarginatus, WoU. (Tab. II. fig. 2.)

T. oblongo-ovatus depressiis nigro-piceus, prothorace subquadrato basi vix angustato et utrinque im-
pressD angulis posticis subrectis, elytris striatis ad marginem prsesertim antice et postice flavo-
testaceis, antennis infuscatis, pedibus paliidis.
Var. /3. paido major et latior, valde depressus, elytris minus profunda striatis atque latius flavo-
marginatis.

Long. Corp. liu. l^^-li.

Habitat per regionem Maderae sylvaticam, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum projectis, prsesertim in
locis humidiusculis, toto auno frequens.

T. oblong-ovate, depressed, shining, and piceous-black. Prothorax subquadrate, rather wider in front
than behind ; the posterior angles nearly right angles ; with an obscure dorsal channel ; and a
distinct fovea on either side at the base. Elytra deeply striated ; and with two distinctly im-
pressed points on the disk of each near the thu-d stria from the suture ; with the margins, espe-
cially about the shoulders and apex, more or less distinctly testaceous-yellow ; and the suture also
just perceptibly pale. AntenncB darkly infuscate; their basal joints, the palpi and the legs very
pale testaceous, — the tibia at apex, especially the hinder ones, being a little dusky.
Var. /3. rather larger, and proportionably wider, also somewhat more depressed ; the elytra less
deeply striated, and with the margins and suture more broadly and distinctly testaceous.

Appareiitly the most abundant of all the Trechi peculiar to these islands ; and
it may perhajjs be regarded as especially characteristic of the Madeii^an type, —
occupying somewhat of a central position from which most of the others would
seem to radiate. It presents, in common with the T. dilutus, a very evident inter-
mediate link between the large, ovate, spotted form of the T. nigrocruciatus and

66 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the more elongated, deeply-coloured, and concolorous ones represented by the
T. umbricola, ciistos, alticola, and cautns. It may he readily known from the
remainder of the present section by its small size, and by the imiversally testa-
ceous margin of its cl}i;ra ; -which is never entirely absent, and which, as though
to recognise the same principle of colom-ing which obtains in the last species, is
somewhat expanded at the humeral angles and apex, — thus calling to mind in a
slight degree the four large and weU-defined patches so conspicuous in that insect.
StUl, these spot-like expansions are so doubtful and suffused, compared with those
of the T. nigrocvHciatus, that they can scarcely be looked upon as more than mere
dilations of the pale marginal Une, — and not therefore as the jiri'^ai'l/ tint of the
elytra, left uncovered by the darker central cloud imposed ujion them. And,
although it is almost immaterial by which method we choose to consider the present
arrangement of the light and dark portions of the surface to have been produced,
yet the fact that the former is the most probable is worthy of notice, as showing
the maimer in which tlie law of colouring would appear to change at tliis midway
point between the two specific extremes. It is essentially a sylvan insect, ranging
from al)Out 2000 to nearly 5000 feet above the sea, and aboimding throughout the
wooded districts in most parts of the island. I have observed it in great profusion
at the Ribeiro Frio, dm-iug the spring and early summer; at the Lombo dos
Peccgucu'os, and at the Cruziuhas, in July ; and at the FeijJva de C6rte in August ;
and I have like\^'ise captured it in the Boa Ventura in January. It would appear
to attain its maxinimn at an altitude of from 3000 to aI)out 4000 feet : and in the
upland region of the Fanal it is comparatively scarce, — its place being there
supplied by the T. cnstos, which is the prevaiHng species. The var. ji. I have
hitherto only taken in the Boa Ventura and at the Cruzinhas.

49. Trechus dilutus, JVoll.

T. oblongo-ovatus depressus fusco-piccus, prothorace subcordato basi utrinque profunde impresso
angulis posticis acuminato-siibrectis, el\i;ris profunde striatis fusco-testaceis macula postica
maxiniA antice valdc suffusa fusco-picca ornatis, antennis iufuscatis, pcdibus pallidis.

Long. Corp. lin. lj-l§.

Habitat cum prgecedcnte, sod illo miilto rarior, locos magis editiores pra;cipue colens.

T. oblong-ovate, depressed, shining, of a dirty piceous-brown, irregularly clouded in parts, giving the
surface a somewhat transparent appearance. Prothurax subcordate, or subquadrate and nan-owed
behind ; the posterior angles sensibly acuminated, and nearly right angles ; with a dorsal
channel ; and a deep fovea on either side at the base. Elytra more deeply striated than in the
last species; and with two larger and more distinctly impressed points on the disk of each near
the third stria from tlie suture; dull brownish-testaceous, shading off gradually behind into a
large cloudy fusco-piceous patch, which is more or less distinct in the different specimens, and
which usually covers the entire hinder portion of the surface. Antenna and legs as in the last
species, though generally not quite so pale.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 67

A very distinct little species, and readily known from the remainder by its com-
paratively subcordate protborax, wbicb has the hinder angles prodviced into a
minute point, and by its diluted, cloudy surface, — the darker portions shading off
so gradually, and yet so unequally, into the lighter ones as to give the insect
somewhat the appearance of tortoiseshell. It is more deeply striated than any of
the rest, and the impressed points on its elytra are usually larger and more
apparent. It is generally taken in company with the T. flavomarginatus, which
at first sight it slightly resembles. It is however by far the rarer of the two, and
occm's in lofty rather than in intermediate altitudes. My specimens are princi-
pally from the Lombo dos Pecegueii'os, the Cruzinhas, the Lombo das Vacas, and
the Fanal.

B. Eh/tra, suturd ohscurissimd excepta, concoloria.

50. Trechus iimbricola, Woll. (Tab. II. fig. 3.)

T. oblongo-ovatus subconvexus nigro-piceus, prothorace subquadrato basi utrinque profunde impresso
angulis posticis subrectis, elytiis striatis, antennis pedibusque pallidis.
Var. |3. paulo minor et interdum picescentior, elytris profuudius striatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2|-2§.

Habitat Maderam borealem sylvaticam, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, a 3000' s. m.
usque ad 5000' prsedominans : ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros abundat, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850
sat copiose collegi.

T. oblong-ovate, rather convex, shining, and piceous-black ; when immature more or less ferruginous.
Prothorax subquadrate ; the posterior angles a little thickened, and nearly right angles ; with a
dorsal channel ; and a deep fovea on either side at the base. Elytra rather lightly striated ; and
with two impressed points on the disk of each near the third stria from the suture, which is just
perceptibly paler than the rest of the suiface, especially behind. Antenna ferruginous ; palpi
and the legs testaceous, — the femora at base and the tibice towards the apex (especially the hinder
ones) being usually a little dusky.
Var. j3. rather smaller, and a little more piceous ; the prothorax a little narrower, and the elytra
more deeply striated.

Readily known by its large, elongated outline and dark piceous hue, — its legs
and antenna3, and the suture behind, being alone pale. Although not so broad, in
j)roportion, as the T. nigrocruciatus, it is the longest of the Madeii'au Treclii ; and
it would appear moreover to be one of the rarer, or at any rate the more local,
species. It is confined to the damp sylvan districts of intermediate and lofty
elevations ; and seems to be commoner in the region of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros
than in any other portion of the island which I have had an opportunity of inves-
tigating,— where, diu'ing Jidy 1850, 1 captured it from beneath stones and decaying
logs of wood in comparative abundance. I have Likewise taken it, though more
sparingly, on the Lombo das Vacas, in June ; as also at the Cruzinhas and the

Fanal.

k2

68 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

51. Trechus quadi-icollis, Woll.

T. ovato-oblongus subdepressus rufo-ferrugineus, prothoracc subquadrato basi utrinque profunde im-

presso angulis posticis rectis, elytris profunde striatis, antennis ferrugineis, pedibus pallidis.
Long. CGI-]), lin. 2g.

Habitat Maderam australem, rarissimns; — ad Curral das Romeiras, autumno exeunte a.d. 1847, sub
cortice Lauri Indicte laxo semel tantum repcrtus.

T. ovate-oblong, slightly depressed, shining, and pale rufo-testaceous. Prothorax subquadrate ; the
sides almost straight, and the posterior angles nearly right angles ; w-ith a distinct dorsal channel ;
and a deep fovea on either side at the base. Elytra somewhat parallel, deeply striated, the striae
being just perceptibly punctate; and with two very obscurely impressed points on the disk of
each near the third stria from the suture, which is behind just appreciably paler than the rest of
the surface. Antennce, palpi and leffs, especially the last, pale testaceous, — the tibiee being
scarcely more dusky than the femora and tarsi.

The specimen from which the above description has been compiled is hitherto
unique ; nevertheless it presents so many distinctive features of its own that there
can be no doubt as to its true specific claims. Apart from its pale rufo-ferru-
ginous hue, which in the absence of further examples to judge from can scarcely
be pronounced for certain to be an invariable character, its somewhat oblong, sub-
parallel outUne, its rather large and square prothorax, which is scarcely at all
narrowed behind, and its deeply striated elytra, wUl at once serve, in conjxmction,
to remove it from the remainder of the Madeiran Trechi. It was captured by
myself, m the autumn of 18 i?, from beneath the loose bark of an old vinhatico at
the Ciu-ral das Romeiras, above Funchal.

52. Trechus custos, TJ'oU.

T. oblongo-ovatus subconvexus piceus, prothorace subquadrato basi Icviter angustato et utrinque

impresso angulis posticis subrotundatis, elytris striatis, antennis pedibusque pallidis.
Long, coi-p. lin. lj-2.

Habitat in iisdcm locis ac T. jlavoinarginatus, sed etiam paulo ultra regioncm sylvatieam hinc iudc
ascendens.

T. oblong-ovate, a little convex, shining, and jjiceous ; rarely piceous-black. Prothorax subquadrate,
and narrowed behind ; the sides distinctly, and the posterior angles obscurely, rounded ; with a
dorsal channel ; and a rather obscure fovea on either side at the base. Elytra ovate, lightly
striated ; and with two rather distinctly impressed points on the disk of each near the third stria
from the suture, which, es{)ccially behind, is a little paler than the rest of the sui-face. Antemue
ferrugineous, and generally a little infuscate towards their apex; the palpi and the legs pale
testaceous, — the /e/nora at extreme base, and the tibia towards the apex, being a little dusky-

Next to the T. Jlavomarginatus, this is vmquestionably the commonest of the
Madeiran Trec/i^, beiag found beneath stones and decaying logs of wood through-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 69

out tlie entire sylvan regions, and occasionally indeed extending even a little
beyond them. It is the prevailing species in the upland district of the Fanal,
and on most of the alpine Serras where the forest, although on a gigantic scale, is
less dense, and is gradually becoming extinct. Xevertheless, though attaining its
maximum in these elevated tracts, it is by no means peculiar to them, since it
exists, more or less abundantly, at all altitudes between the limits of from 2500 to
5000 feet above the sea ; and at all seasons of the year. I have taken it in great
profusion, in July, at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, the Cruzinhas, and the Fanal ;
as also, more sparingly, at the head of the Ril^eiro de JoRo Delgada ; at the Feijaa
de C6rte, in August ; and at the E-ibeiro Frio diu'ing the mnter and early spring.
I possess an example from the south of the island (I believe from the Cui'ral das
Romeiras) which is somewhat larger and more convex than the ordinary type, and
has its prothorax proportionably a Kttle smaller and more quackate ; bvit I con-
ceive it to be merely a local state of our present insect, and without even the claim
to be regarded as a permanent variety.

53. Trechus alticola, WoU.
T. oblongo-ovatus subconvexus nigro-piceus politissinms, prothorace subquadrato basi vix angustato

et utrinque impresso angulis posticis obtusis, elytris leviter striatis, antennis pedibusque pallidis,

tibiis distincte infuscatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus Maderse; — supra fastigium saxosura in ascensu
mentis Pico dos Arieros dicti, Meya Metade prospiciens, tempore hiberno et vernali a.d. 1849 a
meipso captus.

T. oblong-ovate, a little convex, exceedingly shining, and piceous-black. Prothorax subquadrate, not
quite so much narrowed behind as that of the T. ciistos ; the posterior angles obtuse but scarcely
at all rounded; with a dorsal channel; and a distinct fovea on either side at the base. Elytrii
ovate, very lightly striated ; aud with two distinctly impressed points on the disk of each near
the third stria from the suture, which is somewhat more perceptibly pale than in the last species,
especially behind. Antenna and legs as in the T. custos, only with the tibiee, particularly towards
their apex, more evidently infuscate.

This is the only Madeu'an Trechus of which I have the slightest doubt as to the
true specific claims, since it unquestionably approaches the T. custos very closely :
nevertheless since the minute points wliich separate it from that insect appear to
remain constant, and since in its habits it recedes from the rest of the genus here
described, I have thought it better not to unite the two, until at all events further
evidence shall decide the question. It is the only one, so far as I am aware, in
Madeu'a proper, the normal range of which would seem to be extra-sylvan, the
single locality in which I have hitherto observed it being the lofty uplands be-
tween the Ice House Peak and the Pico dos Arieros, — at an elevation of not less

70 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

than 5600 feet above the sea, and far removed from the highest forest limits in
that portion of the island. The spot moreover being one which, from its exposed
nature, could never have been wooded at any time, there is the less reason for
suspecting that the T. alticola may be merely a state of the T. citstos, gradually
assvuncd since the disappearance of the native timber from the region which it
inhabits. '\Mien such causes as these can be shown to have operated, I would at
all times make abundant allowances for them, since their effect in certain instances
has been already proved to a demonstration : but where there is equally decisive
evidence that they could never have been brought into play, small differences must
frequently be regarded as of primary importance Avhere, under other cii'ciun-
stances, even greater ones might be comj^aratively worthless. For these reasons I
am induced to believe that the two insects under consideration may be in reality
distinct ; and, until intermediate links, both in aspect and habits, shall have been
foiuid to connect them, I think we have sufficient grounds for retaining them as
such. The T. alticola tlifi'ers from every form of the T. ciistos which has come
beneath my notice in being more brightly polished and of a uniformly darker hue,
in haA-ing its prothorax slightly less attenuated behind, its elytra more obscm-ely
striated, and its tibia) in all instances much more CAddently infuscate, — more so in
fact than is the case with any of the other species. I captm'ed it, on several
occasions, dm-iug the ■winter and early spring of 1819, in company with Amara
superans, on the bleak exposed ridge, overlooking the head of the Metade valley,
between, as abeady stated, the Ice House Peak and the Pico dos Arieros.

54. Trechus cautus, WoU.
T. ovatus antice subattenuatus, convexus piceus, prothorace convexo subquadrato basi vix angustato et

haud iinprcsso angulis posticis obtusis, elytiis striatis, striis ad latera evanesccntibus, antenuis

pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. liu. 2.

Habitat in montibus Portus Sancti, sub lapidibus in declivibus graminosis, tempore biberno et ver-

nali, rarior.

T. ovate, rather attenuated anteriorly and expanded behind, convex, shining, and piccous. Prothorax
convex, subquadrate, the posterior angles obtuse ; with a veiy obscure dorsal channel ; and with
no appearance whatsoever of fovea; at the base. Elytra ovate, distinctly striated towards the
suture but almost unstriated towards the margin ; with two impressed points on the disk of each
near the third stria from the suture, which is obscurely paler than the rest of the surface, espe-
cially behind. Antenna, palpi and legs rufo-ferruginous.

An exceedingly Avell-marked species, and rt'adily known from tlie rest of the
genus here described l)y its ovate and somewhat anteriorly-acuminated form, by its
convex prothorax, aaIucIi has no appearance whatsoever of foveas or impressions
behind, and by the stria? of its elji;ra, although distinct near the sutm-c, being

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 71

evanescent towards the outer margin. It is the only Trechns which I have
hitherto observed in any of the other islands of the group; being apparently
peculiar to Porto Santo, where, dviring the winter and early spring, I have ob-
served it in tolerable abundance, beneath stones, on the grassy mountain- slopes at
an elevation of about 900 feet above the sea, — though especially on the green
exposed ridge which connects the Pico de Faclio with the Pico do Oastello.

Genus 23. THALASSOPHILUS, Wall. (Tab. II. fig. 5.)

Corpus parvum, lineare : prothorace cordato : alis obsoletis. Antenme filiformes, capite prothoraceque
multo longiores, articulo ])rimo sequentibus robustiore, secundo breviusculo, reliquis sub-
aequalibiis. Lahrum (II. 5 a) transvei'sum, antice profunde emarginatum, aut potius bilobum,
lobo quoque apice barbato et setis paucis longissimis instructo. Mandibulee (II. 5 b, o c) longse
porrectse acutae, intus basi denticulate. Maxilla (II. 5 d) bilobse : lobo externa palpifonni
biai'ticulato : interno acuto iucurvo, apice uuciuato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo
penultimo minore, in maxillaribus eonico, in labiulibus (II. 5 e) subfusiformi-conico. Mentum
transversum, antice profunda emarginatum et dente medio brevi bifido instructum. Ligula
brevis subcornea, apice rotundata pilisque longissimis ornata; paraglossis angustis linearibus,
cam superantibus. Pedes robusti : tarsis anticis in maribus (II. 5 /) articulis primo et secundo
dilatatis atque intus productis : unguiculis simplicibus.

A OaXaaaa mare, et ^tXo? amicus.

The very interesting insect for which the present genus has been established
approaches slightly, in its outward appearance, to the Cillenum laterale of oui- owti
country ; nevertheless the large terminal joint of its palpi wiU of com-se remove it
from the whole section of the Bembidiudes, whilst from that species in particular the
bifid central tooth of its mentum and deeply bilobed upper lip, in conjimction with
its elongated antennae (which have the foui-th joint not shorter than the pre^dous one)
and the peculiar dilation of its male tarsi, will serve additionally to distinguish
it. In the proportions of its palpi indeed, and of its upper Hp, as well as in its
freedom from Avings, ThalassopUlus is perhaps more nearly related to Aepus than
to anything else with which I am acquamted. StiU, its comparatively gigantic
size and dissimilar form, added to the bifid tooth of its mentum, will readily
separate it from that genus also : and it may not inappropriately be regarded as
constituting a passage between the Hmyalldes and the Bembidiades, — for whilst
the greatly developed ultunate joint of its palpi must needs place it amongst the
former, yet its general habits and aspect are so intimately allied to some of the
early members of the latter as to render its affinity with them Likewise scarcely
less obvious.

55. Thalassophilus WMtei, Woll. (Tab. II. fig. 5.)
T. rufo-ferrugineus nitidus depressus, capite picescenti, prothorace cordato lateribus postice sub-

72 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

reflexis, elytris diluto-testaceis striatis, striis ad latera evanescentibus, fascia subapicali obsciira
nigrescenti ornatis et singulo punctis duobus distinctis impresso, pedibus testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 12.

Habitat insulas Maderenses, in subsalinis ad ostia rivuloram, vel per litora maris, inter lapillos
fodiens ; rarissimus : duo specimina tantum vidi, unum so. in ins. Portus Sancti Decembri
mense a.d. 1848 a meipso inventum, et alteram a Dom. Rousset ab ora Funchalensi maritima
nuperrime communicatum.
Aniico cl. A. White, Arm., Musei Britannici comiti, hoc insectum valde indigenum et certe no\um
tribiii.

T. elongate, parallel, depressed, shining, and rufo-ferruginous. Head large, more or less riifo-piceous,
with two very deep longitudinal furrows down the forehead; eyes jn'ominent. Prothorax cordate,
margined, especially towards the base, where it is a little retiexed; the extreme posterior angles
rather prominent and acute ; with a distinct dorsal channel ; but with no appearance of fovese
behind. Elytra testaceous, striated, the striae not being perceptibly punctate and vanishing
towards the margins ; with two deep impressions on the disk of each ; and with an obscure,
cloudy, ill-defined patch, common to both and forming an almost obsolete subapical fascia,
slightly infuscate. Antenna infiiscate towards their apex. Legs testaceous.

Apparently one of the rarest of the Macleiran Coleoptera, residing, like the
European Blenuis areolatus and its allies, beneath shingle in brackish spots, into
which it burrows with great dexterity. In spite of my constant researches in
these islands I have hitherto captured but a single specimen, — detected, during
December 1848, at the edges of a small stream in the island of Porto Santo, knoA^-n
as the E-ibeiro de Serra de Fora, at a short distance l)efore it empties itself into
the sea. A second example however has been recently communicated to me by
M. Rousset, — discovered, I believe, on the beach near Funchal. The Madeii-an
representative is somewhat more highly coloured than the Porto Santan one, its
suliapical fascia being more distinctly developed; but whether this is merely
accidental, or would hold good on a larger scale, I am unable, in the absence of
further evidence, to decide.

(Subf. 5. BEMBIDIADES.)
Genus 24. BEMBIDIUM. (Tab. II. fig. 6.)

Latreille, Oen. Crust, et Ins. i. 183 (script. BembiiUon) (1806).

Corptis parvum, plus minusve oblongum : alls amplis. Antenna filiformes, capite prothoraccque
siepius ])aulo longiores, articulo priino scqucntibus robustiore. Lahrum breve transversum,
antice plus minusve leviter emarginatum et setis jiaucis longissimis instructum. Mandibula
porrecta; arcuatse acutre, intus basi plerumque denticulatse. Maxilla (II. 6 a) biloba; : Ivlw
externa palpiformi biarticulato : interna acuto incurvo, apice uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi
articulo penultinio maximo subelavato, ultimo minutissimo subuliformi acuto. Mentum (II. 6 b)

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 73

transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio integvo instructum. Ligula cornea,
apice subrotundata ; paraglossis siiblinearibus, earn parum superantibus. Pedes robusti : tarsis
anticis in maribus (II. 6 c) articulis primo et secundo dilatatis (iUo magno siibquadrato) : -un-
guiculis simplicibus.

The immense genus Bembiclium, with its numerous subdivisions (proposed suc-
cessively as genera by Megerle, Ziegler and Leach), would seem prima facie to
include many well-defined types of form ; nevertheless the sections which the
several modifications tend to compose merge into each other by such slow grada-
tions, that, like the divisions of Pterosticlms, it is not possible ia a general arrange-
ment to ujihold them. In the structure of their oral organs they present, inter se,
scarcely the slightest difference, every one of them being moulded on a pattern so
nearly similar as to be almost coincident. The minute, subulated terminal joint
of their palpi, the entire central tooth of their mentum, and the largely dilated
basal articulation of their two anterior male feet are the principal distiactive
features which the group displays ; — the fii'st of which moreover is clearly the
most imjiortant, as ser^dng even of itself to isolate the Bembidiades from the
whole of the other subfamilies of the Carabidce. In their habits the species are
essentially subaquatic, being peculiar to moist spots, and especially abundant
beneath stones and shiagle at the margins of ponds and streams.

(Subgenus TACHTS, Ziegl.)

56. Bembidivun bistriatum.
B. fusco-piceum depressum, prothorace subcordato angulis posticis subrectis, elytro singulo striis

duabus suturalibus punctoque impresso, antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |.

Elaph'us histriatus, (Meg.) HvtSt. Fna Aitstr. ri..2Qo (1^12).
Tachys minutissimus, (Leacli) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. ii. 7 (1829).
Bemhidium bistriatum, Dej. Spec, des CoZ. v. 42 (1831).
, Heer, Fna Col. Reh. 123 (1841).

Habitat Maderam, vel ad margines rivulorum, vel super oras rupium humidarum exstantes, inter
muscos lapillosque degens, a vere novo usque ad autumnum, sat vulgare.

B. minute, not very shining, depressed, and brownish-piceous ; sometimes almost ferruginous, or
even with a vei-y slight testaceous tinge. Prothorax subcordate, the posterior angles nearly
right angles ; vrith a deep dorsal channel ; and an impression on either side at the base. Elytra
ovate ; with two distinct striae on each near the sutm-e, the outer ones being evanescent ; and
with a single, rather distinctly impressed point on the disk of each before the middle. Antemice
infuscate ; their basal joints, the apex of the terminal one, the palpi and the legs testaceous.

Rather a common insect beneath small stones and moss on the damp ledges of
the rocks, and amongst loose shingle by the margins of the trickling streams, both

74 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

in the north and south of Macleii-a, at somewhat low and intermediate altitudes.
About half-way up the Ribeii'o de Santa Luzia, from Funchal, I have taken it in
considerable abundance during the spring ; and in June and July at Sao Vincente
and the Forno de Cal. It occurs thi-oughout the greater portion of central and
southern Eui'ope. The Madeiran specimens differ from their more northern
representatives in being a little narrower and less depressed, and in having their
legs and antennae not quite so robust.

57. Bembidivun curvimanimi, iroU. (Tab. II. fig. 6.)

B. nigrum angustiusculuin, prothorace subquadi'ato angulis posticis rectis, elytro singulo striis
quatuor punctatis suturam versus impresso et plagis duabus obscui-is, una magna, subhumerali et
altera minore subapicali, valde suflFuisis rufcscentibus ornato, antennarum basi pcdibusque testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Habitat in ins. Portus Sancti, rarissimum ; — sub lapide ad marginem riviili cujusdam Ribeiro de Sen-a
de Fora dicti semel tautum, Decembri mensc a.d. 1848, repertum.

B. rather narrow, shining, and black. Prothorax longer in proportion than that of the B. Lucasii,
and more quadrate, the posterior angles being right angles ; with a distinct dorsal channel ; and
an obscure impression on either side at the base. Elytra elongate-ovate ; with foui' striae, and
the rudiments of a fifth, on each towards the suture, the outer ones being evanescent ; the striae
distinctly punctured, the sutural one being the longest, and the others gradually abbreviated,
though less abruptly so than in the B. Lucasii; the two impressed points (so thstinct on the disk
of each in that species, on the third stria from the suture) being here almost, if not altogether
obsolete ; each with a large, obscure, ill-defined, suflFiised, rufescent blotch near the shoulder, and
a smaller one, even more indistinct still, behind the apex. Antenna at base, palpi and legs testa-
ceous : the first ferruginous, or slightly infuscate, towards their apex : the two anterior tibite
suddenly bent inwards at a short distance from their extremity.

A very peculiar and interesting little BeinbicUian, and hitherto unique, — the
specimen from which the above description has been compiled haA"ing been cap-
tured by myself in Porto Santo, at the edges of the small stream known as the
llibeu'o de Serra de Fora, during December 1848. It would seem to be the repre-
sentative of the B. Lucasii in that island, to which in some respects it is allied,
although abundantly distinct from it specifically. Thus, it not only recedes from
it, as indeed it does from all the Bemhidia here described, in the singular con-
struction of its anterior tibiae, which are so suddenly bent inwards at a short
distance from their extremity as to give the insect a most unusual appearance,
but it differs likewise in its minuter size, and in its narrower and more parallel
outline, in its total freedom from the brassy-green tinge which is there so con-
spicuous, in its squarer and proportionably longer prothorax, which is much less
narrowed bchmd, and in its elytra having two patches on each, — which are more-
over large (especially the humeral one), rufescent, and so extremely suffused as to

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 75

be only just tlistingiushable. The striae of its elytra are also perceptibly punctate,
and at least four in number (tbere being the rudiments of even a fifth), whereas in
the B. Liicasii there are merely three ; and the impressed points on the disk are
apparently obsolete.

58. Bembidium Lucasii.

B. Beneo-viridescenti-nigrum, prothorace transverso-subquadi'ato basi attenuato angulis posticis sub-
rectis, elytro singiilo striis tribus suturam versus pimctisque duobus impresso et macula subapicali
parva rotundata valde distincta testace^ ornato, antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.

Long. covp. lin. \\-\l.

Berribiditmi Lucasii, Duval, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France (2'^™« serie), x. 137 (1851).

Habitat in bumidis Maderse, ad Sanctam Annam Maio exeunte a.d. 1850 copiose collectum; necnon
exemplar unicum etiam in Madera australi, prope urbem Funchalensem, el. Dom. Hear detexit :
in viciuitate aquarum desilientium prfedominat, nunc in luto sepultum, nunc per superficiem
velocissime cui-rens, — quapropter difficilius capiendum.

B. larger than the last species, shining, dark greenish-black, and generally with a very obscure brassy
tinge. Prothorax short, subcordate, attenuated behind, nevertheless with the posterior angles
nearly right angles ; with an obscure dorsal channel ; and an impression on either side at the
base. Elytra ovate; with three deep striae on each towards the suture, the outer ones being
evanescent ; the strise not perceptibly punctured, the sutural one being the longest, and the
others successively shorter and abruptly terminated anteriorly ; with two impressed points on the
disk of each on the third, or outer stria ; each with a small, rounded, well-defined patch, behind
the apex, testaceous. Antenna at base, palpi and legs testaceous : the first rather longer than
those of the B. curvimanum, and more darkly iufuscate towards then- apex: the tivo anterior tibiae
just perceptibly bent inwards at a short distance from their extremity, though very much less so
than in the last species.

The distinctions between the present species and the last have been ak-eady
pointed out. The B. I/iicasii is strictly a Mediterranean insect, having been
hitherto only recorded in Algeria and Spain. Although not rare, it is apparently
extremely local in Madeira, the only spot in. which I have observed it in any pro-
fusion being at Santa Anna, in the north of the island, where, during May and
June of 1850, I captured it in great abundance at the edges of the small stream
which crosses the pathway down to the sea, at about a thu-d of the distance, from
the Quinta of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly. On the southern side of the island I have
not as yet, myself, detected it ; but I possess a specimen, communicated to me by
Professor Heer of Zurich, collected diu'ing the winter of 1850-51 in the vicinity of
Funchal.

59. Bembidium obtusum.

B. subviridescenti-, vel subpicescenti-nigrum, prothorace subquadrato angulis posticis rotundato-

L 2

7G INSECTA MADERENSIA.

obtusis, elytris leviter punctato-striatisj singulo punctis duobus impresso, antenaarum basi pedi-
busque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. l^^-lf .

JBembidium obtusum, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, vi. 165 (1825).
TacJii/s obfusiis, Steph. HI. Brit. Ent. ii. 6 (1829).
Bembidium obtusum, Dej. Sj^ec. des Col. v. 177 (1831).
, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. 136 (1841).

Habitat insulas Maderenses, sub lapidibus vel ad vias, Line inde ab orS, maritima usque ad summos
montes ascendens : in graminosis Portus Sancti abundat ; neenon in ins. Ueserta Grandi, qua
speeimina amplitudine acerescunt.

B, elongate-oblong, shining, black, and with a just perceptibly greenish, or piceous tinge. Prothorax
large, subquadrate, the sides and posterior angles being somewhat rounded; with a dorsal
channel ; and an impression on either side at the base. Elytra somewhat parallel ; finely punc-
tate-striated, the striffi being evanescent towards the margin ; and with two minutely impressed
points on the disk of each near the third stria from the sutm-e. Antenna at base, and legs ferru-
ginous ; the former darkly infuscate towards their apex.

The B. obtusum, so universal throughout Europe and the north of Africa, occurs
in most of the islands of the Madeii-an group, though not very abundantly in any
of them. It is found at all altitudes, but is commoner in low, or but slightly
elevated localities than in the higher regions, existing beneath stones in grassy
spots, and occasionally to be seen, especially on the wing, even in the gardens of
Funchal. On the cliffs to the eastward. of the town, towards the Cabo Gerajao, I
have taken it constantly, during the autumnal months ; as also, late in the spring,
at Santa Anna,; and, during July, in the lofty district of the Fanal, — upwards of
5000 feet above the sea. It has been likewise captui'ed by Professor Heer at the
Campan.'irio and on the Pico da Cruz. On the mountain slopes of Porto Santo it
is by no means rare ; and I possess a tolerably extensive series from the Dezcrta
Grande, obtained, during my encampment there with the Rev. E. T. Lowe, in
May 1850, and ranging somewhat above the average in point of size. On oil the
islands indeed the insect attains a larger stattire than it does in more northern
countries, and presents other differences likewise, which it is evident however are
merely geograpliieal ones. Thus, it is not only longer than the ordinary i\])c but
projiortionably more parallel, the hinder angles of its prothorax are a little more
rounded and less thickened, its elytral striae are much less deeply impressed, and
its entire surface is more brilliantly polished. It is in fact the particular state
which appears to obtain, more or less CAridently, tlu'oughout the greater portion of
southern Eru'ope, — and is, consequently, the result of latitude rather than of
isolation. I am informed by my friend Dr. H. Schaum of Berlin that he has
observed precisely the same variety at Nice, as the Madeii-an one, where it is
extremely abundant.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 77

(Subgenus PERYPHTJS, Meg.)

60. Bembidium Atlanticum, WoU.

B. subcyaneo-, vel subsenescenti-v-iride, prothorace parvo cordato basi valde attenuate angulis posticis

rectis, elytris punctato-striatis fascia communi subapicali rufo-testacea (interdum obsoleta)

decoratis, singulo punctis duobus distinctis impresso et plaga subbumerali suffasa rufo-testacea

(interdum obsoleta) ornatis, antennarum basi pedibusque rufo-testaceis.
Var. a. subcyaneo-viride, elytris fere immaculatis, fascia plagisque obsoletis. (In Madera Boreuli

status typicus.)
Var. ^. subcyaneo-, vel subsenescenti-viride, elytromm fascia plagisque valde indistinctis. (In

Madera Boreali et in Portu Sancto ; rarior.)
Var. y. cyaneo-viride, elytrorum fascia plagisque valde distinctis. (In Fortu Sancto status typicus;

sed in Madera Boreali rarissimus.)
Var. i. cyaneo-viride, elytris leete coloratis, fere testaceis, fascia distincta et plagis valde sufFusis

confluentibus. (In Portu Sancto, rarior.)
Var. e. paulo majus et latius, cyaneo- senescent!- viride, elj-tris fere immaculatis, fascia omnino et

plagis fere obsoletis; pedibus, prsesertim tibiis, iuEequaliter infuscatis. (In Madera Australi,

rarissimus.)
Long. corp. lin. 2i-2f.

Habitat per litora rivulorum Maderae, prsesertim Borealis; necnon in ins. Portu Sancto, tempore
biberno et veraali, frequens : var. a. in Ribeiro de Sao Jorge, baud procul a Sancta Anna,
abundat, qua d. 17 Mai. a.d. 1850 copiosissime collegi; varietatis ^. exemplar unicum bactenus
vidi, a meipso ad Curral das Romeiras in Madera AustraU autumno exeunte a.d. 1847
detectum.

B. sbining, more or less of a bluish-green bue, and occasionally with a brassy tinge. Prothorax
small, cordate, convex, and highly pohshed, much attenuated, and transversely punctm-ed, be-
hind, the posterior angles being right angles ; with a distinct dorsal channel ; and a deep fovea
on either side at the base. Elytra parallel ; uniformly punctate-striated ; with two distinctly
impressed points on the disk of each near the third stria from the suture ; with a large sublunu-
late fascia behind, common to both, and a diffused patch on each about the region of the
shoulders, more or less obscurely rufo-testaceous, — either the fascia or the patches, and occa-
sionally both, having a tendency to become obsolete. Antenna at base, palpi and legs rufo-
testaceous : the fii-st more or less infuscate towards their apex.

Var. a. bluish-green; and with the elytra almost immaculate,— there being scarcely the slightest
indication of either the fascia or patches. (The typical state in the north of Madeira.)

Var. fi. bluish-green, or green with an jeneous tinge; the elj-tra with both the fascia and patches
perceptible, although indistinct. (Abnormal both in the north of Madeira and in Porto Santo.)

Var. y. bluish-green, or greenish-blue ; the elytra with the fascia and patches exceedingly well
defined. (The typical state in Porto Santo, but extremely rare in the north of Madeira.)

Var. 8. bluish-green, or greenish-blue ; the elytra abuost testaceous, the fascia being exceedingly
bright, and the patches large, and so much diffused as to be almost confluent, and to cover the

78 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

greater portion of the surface. Antennae less infuscate than in the other states. (The extreme
pale variety of Porto Santo.)
Var. e. somewhat larger and broader than any of the above states ; brassy-green, and with a bluish
tinge unequally distributed over the surface ; the elytra almost immaculate, the fascia being
obsolete, and the patches only just indicated. Legs, especially the tibiae, more or less infuscated
in parts. (Ravines in the south of Madeira.)

Throughout all the Madeii-an Coleoptera there is perhaps no insect which dis-
plays such an extraordinary range of colouring as the present one does ; and
although it is true that the section of Bembidhim to which it belongs is essentially
a A'ariable one, yet I am not acquainted "nith any Feryphns in which the paler
liatches of the elytra are so remarkal)ly unstable, or which appear to be so com-
pletely under the control of external circumstances, as are those of the B. Atlan-
ticum* : and indeed unless viewed in the mass, we should scarcely be inclined to
recognise the same species in the many diflferent aspects which it puts on between
its extremes. The examination however of a very large number of examples, and
a carefid consideration of the several localities and altitudes in which they were
taken, has convinced me that there is unquestionably but a single type of form
amongst my entire series, since the whole are so intimately connected, by success-
ive gradations both of outhne and colom% that it is perfectly impossible to isolate
even a single specimen, or to draw a line of specific demarcation between any two
consecutive members of the chain. It will be perceived, by a reference to the
above diagnosis, that the insect in question passes unperceptibly from nearly a
pure green, thi-ough a well-defined spotted state, into one which has the ehi;ra
abuost testaceous, — the paler portions being at last so largely developed as to
become confluent and almost to cover the entire sm-face. In Madeii"a proper the
darker varieties would seem to be tyjiical ; whereas in Porto Santo the brightly
coloured ones preponderate, and in fact are all but universal. Both extremes do
nevertheless occur in both islands, the tendency being merely, in either case, to
assmne the particular modification characteristic of the spot. In the north of
Madeira the specimens are somewhat narrower than either the southern or the
Porto Santan representatives. I have taken it abimdantly in tlie Eibeiro de Sao
Jorge, Avhere, on the 17th of May 1850, I observed it va literal profusion, near the
old road from Santa Anna to Ponta Delgada, AAhich crosses the valley at a greater
distance from the sea than the present one does, and consequently at a somewhat
higher elevation. In the south of the island it is far scarcer, — the tributary
ravuie to the Curral das Romcu-as being the only spot in which I have hitherto
detected it. In Porto Santo it is tolerably common : and, at edges of a small
stream which finds its way over the abrupt rocks of the northern shore, from the

* Our present insect is jjrobably allied to (lie B. Ltmtanicum, Putzeys (Entoni. Zcit., a.d. 18-15,
p. 139) ; nevertheless I should state that I forwarded speeiiiicus to 51. Duval, of Paris, duinng the time
in which he was preparing liis monograph on the European Bemhidia, who pronoimced them to be un-
questionably new.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 79

open plain of the Campo de Baxo, I captured an extensive series, during December
of 18i8.

61. Bembidium tabellatum, WoU.

B. valde depressum nigro-viride subopacum, protborace cordato basi attenuato angulis posticis rectis,
elytris profunde subpunctato-striatis, singulo punctis tribus magnis distinctis impresso, antenna-
rum basi pedibusqiie rufo-piceis.

Long. Corp. bn. 3.

Habitat Maderam australem, ad marginem rivub cujusdam parvi prope Curral das Romeu'as, sero
autumno a.d, 1847, inventum : in Madera boreaU mibi adbuc non obvium.

B. very mucb depressed, dull blackish-green, and nearly opake. Prothoraoe small, cordate, much
attenuated behind, the posterior angles being right angles j with a distinct dorsal channel ; and
a veiy deep, roughened fovea on either side at the base. Elytra less parallel than in the last
species, and rather acuminated behind ; very deeply striated, the strijE being minutely punctm'ed
and the interstices rather convex ; with three very large, distinct, and deeply impressed points on
the disk of each near the third stria from the suture. Antenna elongated, their base rufo-piceous
or ferruginous; darkly infuscated, or almost black, towards their apex. Leffs more or less
piceous, or fusco-piceous.

Apparently the representative in these islands of the common B. tihiale of more
northern latitudes, of which indeed it is just possible that it may be a geogra-
phical variety. Still, it presents so many small distinctive characters peculiarly
its o"\vn that it is scarcely safe to refer it to that insect. Thus, it differs from it in
its extraordinarily depressed body, in its uniformly opake and darker surface, in its
small, short, and cordate prothorax, which is exceedingly attenuated behind, and
in its more deeply striated and apicaUy acuminated elytra, which have moreover
three very large and distinctly impressed points, instead of only two, on the disk
of each. Its antennte also are somewhat longer than those of that species, and its
tibise are not sensibly paler than the femora and tarsi, — its legs being entu'ely
picescent, It would seem to be local, occui"ring at the edges of the streams
towards the south of the island. In the ravine immediately to the westward of
the Curral das Romeiras, towards the Mount Church, I captm-ed it sparingly
during the autumn of 18i7, but I have not since succeeded in detecting it.

62. Bembidium elongatum.

B. angusto-elongatum subaenescenti-viride, prothorace elongato-subcordato basi valde attenuato angulis
posticis rectis, antice posticeque punctato, elytris subcyanescentibus subcylindricis profunde
punctato-striatis, striis apicem versus evanescentibus, singulo punctis duobus impresso et macula
submarginali testacea. longe intra apicem ornato, antennarum basi pedibusque paUidis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2-2A.

80 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Bemhiditim elongatum, Dej. Spec, des Col. v. 148 (1831).
— , Heer, Fna Col Heh. 134 (1841).

Habitat Maderam, vel ad ripas fluviorum vel sub lapidibus in locis humidis, toto anno frequens : in
Madera boreali fure ad maris litus descendit, sed in australi vix infra 1500' s. m. hactenus
observavT.

B. elongated and narrow, shining, dark obscure green, and with a slightly jeneous tinge. Prothorax
elongate-subcordate, convex, and highly polished, much attenuated behind, the posterior angles
being right angles ; with a cluster of large, scattered punctures in front, and a greater number
across the hinder margin ; with a distinct dorsal channel ; and a small fovea on either side at the
base. Elytra with a slightly bluish tinge ; subcyliudrical, with the sides nearly parallel ; deeply
punctate-striated, the striae vanishing near the apex, which is obscurely testaceous ; each with two
impressed points on its disk near the third stria from the suture (of which the anterior one is
large and distinct, and the posterior one almost obsolete), and a rounded, submarginal, testaceous
patch at a considerable distance behind the apex. Antenna at base rufo-testaceous, darkly infus-
cated towards their apex. Legs (except the extreme base of the tibiae, which is darker) pale
testaceous.

The narrow, elongated outline and subcylindi-ical body of the present Bem-
bidium, added to its (not posteriorly only, but) anteriorly punctured prothorax,
its dark green sui-face, and the pale submarginal patch with which each of its
elytra is ornamented at a considerable distance behind the apex, will be sufficient
to distinguish it, even prima facie, from the remainder of the genus here described.
It is a tolerably abimdant insect in Madeii-a, being widely distributed over the
island at intermediate and lofty elevations, and occui-ring beneath stones by the
edges of the streams, at nearly all seasons of the year. Towards the north it is
less peculiar to the mountain districts than it is in the south, being not imconmion
in the -sicinity of Sao Vincente and at the Forno de Cal; whereas the lowest
altitude at which I have hitherto observ^ed it in the latter is the Cui-ral das
Romeiras, above Funchal, where dm'ing the autumn of 1847 I captiu-ed it in
considerable profusion. It would seem to attain its maximum, however, in much
higher regions, being very plentiful in damp spots on the mountain-slopes imme-
diately below the summit of the Paul da Serra, — both on the ascent from Sao
Vincente, and likewise, on its north-western Kmits, towards the Fanal. It is
recorded ia Spain, France, S^vitzerland, Styria, and Dalmatia ; and I have seen
specunens, in the collection of J. B-ix, Esq. of St. Neots, which were taken in
Jersey.

(Subgenus LOPIIA, Meg.)

63. Bembidium Schmidtii, WoJl.
B. suba:nescenti-atrum, prothorace cordato basi valde attenuato punctato angulis posticis rectis,
elytris antice profunde punctato-striatis, striis pone medium evanescentibus, singulo punctis
dunbus magnis impresso et maculis duabus diluto-testaceis, una magna triangulari subhumcrali

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 81

et altera minore longe intra apicem sita, ad marginem fere coufluentibus ornato, antennarum
basi pedibusque rufo-picescentibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 2-2^.

Habitat ad margines aquarutn, vel stagnantium vel fluentium, in Madera excelsa sylvatica, rarius : ad

Cruzinhas prfedominatj qua mense Julio ineunte a.d. 1850 plurima specimina cepi.
In honorem Entomologici periti Dom. Ferd. Jos. Schmidt nomen triviale dedi.

B. shining, and deep feneous-black. Prothorax cordate, a good deal wrinkled in front, coarsely-
punctured and much attenuated behind, the posterior angles being right angles ; with a dorsal
channel ; and a small fovea on either side at the base. Elytra oblong-ovate ; deeply punctate-
striated anteriorly, the striae being almost evanescent about the middle ; with two large, though
not very deeply impressed points on the disk of each near the third stria from the suture, and
each with a large subtriangular patch about the shoulders, and a smaller, somewhat rounded one
at a considerable distance behind the apex (the two almost united towards the lateral margin),
dull testaceous. Antenna at base and legs more or less rufo-picescent.

The present Bemhidium would seem to be the Madeiran representative of the
B. callosum, Kust., of central and southern Europe. It is not impossi])le indeed
that it may be an extreme local state of that insect ; nevertheless, like the B. tabel-
latum, it possesses so many peculiarities essentially its own that I prefer retaining
it as separate to incurring the risk of conceding too much to geographical effects.
It differs from the species in qiiestion in being larger, and proportionably broader,
ia its more brassy hue, in the obscurer patches of its much more deeply striated
elytra, and in its legs being uniformly darker and more piceous. It is, apparently,
exceedingly rare, or at any rate local, its normal range being the edges of the
streams and pools towards the upper limits of the wooded districts. The only
occasion on which I ever observed it plentifully was, in the lofty region of the
Cruzinhas, during July 1850. I once indeed caj)tm'ed a few specimens even on the
level of the shore, on the coast-road leading from Sao Vincente to Seisal, — in the
vicinity of the first large waterfall, which issues from the ravines above and finds
its way, over the beach, into the sea. From the nature of the spot, however, I
have not the slightest doubt but that they had been washed down by some of the
floods Avhich occur so frequently in Madeira, and with such violence, especially
towards the north of the island, as occasionally to carry almost everytliing before
them; — a supj)osition which is rendered the more probable from the fact that
other insects, unquestionably alpine, were found in company with them, which
could scarcely have existed in such a position except by accident.

M

82 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Sectio II. HYDRADEPHAGA.
ram. 2. DYTISCID^.

Genus 25. COLYMBETES.

ClairviUe, Ent. Helv. ii. 198 (1806).

Cm'pus vel mediocre, vel (ut in specie nostra) magnum, plus minusve oblongum : alis amplis. An-
tenna filiformes. Labrum brevissimum, antice Icviter emarginatum. Mandibula; breves, apice
lato-emarginat?e, intus basi bidentatse. Maxilla bilobse: lobo externa palpiformi biarticulato :
inferno acuto incurve, ad apicem uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo
elongato-truncato : labiales articulo secundo elongate, ultimo paulo brcviore subarcuato. Mentum
transversum, antice profunde emarginatum et dente medio brevi trancato instructum. Liyula
quadrata, antice ciliata. Pedes natatorii : tarsis anterioribiis in maribus articulis tribus dilatatis,
subtus acctabulis obsitis : unguiculis anterioribus magnis valde curvatis sequalibus, posticis sub-
rectis inaequalibus, superiore fixo.

The genus Cohjmhetes, embracing Uybitts and Agohns, Avhich are now regarded
as distinct, was established by Clau-ville in 1806 ; but it was not until 1817 that
it was restricted (as above defined), by Dr. Leach, to the larger members of the
group. As thus limited, it has, apparently, but a single representative in the
Madeii'a Islands ; namely —

64. Colymbetes Lanio.
C. oblongus nigro-piccus, capitis parte antica maculisque duabus in fronte sitis et prothoracis lateribus

rufo-testaceis, elytris testaceis densissime nigro-irroratis, singulo longitudinaliter profunde

triseriato-punctato, antennis pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 10.

Dytiscus Lanio, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 190 (1792).

•, Oliv. Ent. iii. 40. 19. pi. 2. fig. 9 (1795).

Cohjmhetes Lanio, Aube, Hydroeanth. 221 (1838).

Habitat in aquis Maderse, prsesertim fluentibus, a 1000' usque ad 4000' s. m. ascendens : in rivulis
supra Funchal, necnon in Madera boreali in ascensu a Sao Vincente ad campum ilium Paul da
Serra dictum, a-state et autumno abundat.

C. large, oblong, and somewhat convex; both sexes shining; piceous-black. Head and prothorax
(especially in the male sex) somewhat rcticulose : the former with its anterior portion (com-
mencing from the insertion of the antenna?), and two large transverse patches on the forehead, rufo-
testacoous, and with a sinuated impression on either side, between the eyes : the latter transverse,
impressed behind and before, and with the edges broadly rufo-testaceous. Elytra testaceous, and
exceedingly densely besprinkled with minute, black, and more or less confluent spots, wiiich
almost obscure the entire surface ; with three longitudinal rows of large and deeply impressed
points on each, the outer one of which is the least apparent. Legs and antenna rufo-ferruginous.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 83

A largo and beautiful Colymbetes, and apparently peculiar to Madeira, — having
been first described by Pabricius, from a specimen in the Banksian collection, in
the year 1792. It is universally distributed, beyond the elevation of about 1000
feet, but is more especially abundant between the limits of from 3000 to 4000,
above the sea. Owing to the rapidity of the mountain torrents, water insects are
comparatively scarce in Madeira ; and the pi'esent species would seem to be one of
the few which is able to exist indiscriminately, its powerful and greatly developed
wings enabling it to take refuge in the most isolated pools, and in other spots
which it could not possibly reach except by flight. In the streams which issue from
the Paul da Serra it is common ; and I have observed it, likewise, in most of the
rivers flowing towards the south of the island, particularly in the Ribeiro de Santa
Luzia and at the Curral das Romeiras, — where it occurs in profusion at nearly all
seasons of the year, though especially dui'ing the autumnal months.

Genus 26. AGABUS.

Leach, Zool. Miscall, iii, 69, 72 (1817),

Corpus fere ut in genere prsecedenti, sed minus. Palpi labiates articulis secundo et ultimo subsequali-
bus : mentuin antice dente medio brevi subemarginato instructum : et unguiculi postici (ut
anteriores) aequales curvati mobiles.

Agabus may be readily distinguished from Colymbetes proper by the smaller
size of the species which compose it, by the second and thii'd joints of its labial
palpi being of almost the same length, and by its two hinder claws being, like the
remainder, equal and moveable, — instead of unequal and with the larger one fixed.
So far as I have hitherto observed, the genus has three representatives in Madeii-a ;
one of which, moreover, is peculiar to the island,

65. Agabus bipustulatus.

A. oblongus subdepressus subseneacenti-nigropiceus, minutissime longitudinaliter strigulosus, ore et

capitis maculis duabus obscurissimis in fronte sitis ferrugineis, elytro singulo longitudinaliter

confuse triseriato-punctato, antennis pedibusque picescenti-ferrugineis.

Variat colore plus minusve picescenti, — prsesertim in foemina, cujus superficies plerumque opacior
est.

Long. Corp. lin. 5-5i.

Dytiseus bipustulatus, Linn. Si/st. Nat, ii. 667 (1767).

_, Fab, Syst. Eleu. i. 263 (1801).

Cohjmletes hipusttclatus, Steph, III. Brit. Ent. n. 80 (1829).
Agabus bipustulatus, Aube, Hydrocan. 357 (1838).

Habitat in rivTolis Maderse, necnon in aquis quietis ; ubique vulgaris, sed supra 1000' s, m. prsedominans.

A. oblong, and somewhat depressed, dark piceous-black, and with a shghtly seneous tinge ; the entire

m2

84 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

surface most closely and minutely strigulose ; the males shining ; the females opake, and usually
of a somewhat more piccous hue. Head with the parts of the mouth, and two very obscure
transverse patches on the forehead dull feiTuginous. Prothoraw sparingly punctured along its
hinder margin towards the posterior angles. Elytra with three very irregular longitudinal rows
of impressed points on each. Legs and antenna more or less rufo-piceous, or rufo-ferruginous ;
the latter being the paler of the two ; and the former with the femora generally somewhat darker
than the tibise and tarsi.

The A. hipustulatus, so abundant througliout the whole of Eiu'ope and the north
of Africa, occiu's in nearly all the streams and pools of Madeira, and at all alti-
tudes,— though perhaps it is more common above the elevation of 1000 feet than
below it. Being an insect of such wide geographical range, we should not expect
it to be much affected by either latitude or position ; and accordingly we find that
the Madeiran specimens do not in any respect differ from the usual type.

66. Agabus nebulosus.
A. ovatus convexus nitidus uigro-piceus, capitis parte antica maculisque duabus in fronte sitis obscure
rufo-testaceis, prothorace rufo-testaceo in di.scum bimaculato, elytris testaceis, macidis plurimis
ininutis inajqualibus nigris plus minusve confluentibus undique iiToratis, singulo longitudinaliter
obsolctissime triseriato-punctidato, antennis pedibusque rufescenti-testaceis.
Var. /3. maculis frontalibus vel obsoletis vel confluentibus, prothorace immaculate.
Long. Corp. lin. 4-44.

Bytisctis nebulosus, Forster, Nov. Spec. Ins. 56 (1771).

bipunctatus, Fab. MaiU. Lw. 190 (1787).

, Oliv. i:nf. iii. 40. 22 (179.5).

Colymhetes nebulosus, Stopli. lU. Brit. Ent. ii. 72 (1829).
Agabus bipunctatus, Aube, Hydrocan. 328 (1838).

Habitat Madcram, in aquis prope urbem Funchalensem a Dom. Ilousset nuper detectus.

A. ovate, rather convex, beneath piceous-black ; both sexes shining. Head dark behind, its anterior
portion (commencing from about the insertion of the antenna;), and two obscure transverse
patches on the forehead, dull rufo-testaceous. Prothorax rufo-testaceous, rather mottled, or
clouded, in parts, and with two small darker patches on the centre of its disk ; most minutely
and sparingly punctured along its hinder margin towards the posterior angles. Elytra testaceous,
and more or less densely mottled, or clouded (especially behind), with small, U'regular, partially
confluent, black patches or spots, — which leave however a large, ill-defined blotch upon each,
behind the middle of the lateral margin, entirely pale ; with three longitudinal rows of most
minutely impressed pointsjust perceptible on each. Legs and antenna rut'o-testaceous.
Var. /3. with the frontal patches either obsolete or confluent j — in the latter case causing the head,
except the hinder and lateral margins, to be entirely ferruginous : and with the prothorax im-
maculate, the two small discal spots being absent.

Apparently somewhat scarce, and confined, so far as I have been able to ascer-
tain, to the streams in the vicinity of Fuuchal, from whence I have lately received

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 85

several specimens captured by M. E,ousset. It is one of the few representatives
of the Coleoptera which appear to have escaped my own observation in these
islands. Judging from the examples before me, the only local peculiarity which
the sjiecies would seem to possess is, that the state in which the prothorax is
immacvilate, and which in most countries is aberrant, is apparently, in, Madeira,
the commoner of the two. StUl, as I have not had an opportunity of myself
observing this in situ, 1 am scarcely in a position to decide whether or not it is
the case generally ; and hence I have preferred considering the darker form as the
typical one, as being more in accordance with our usual notions regarding the
insect. It is abimdant throughout the whole of Em'ope ; and it is recorded by
Webb and Berthelot in the Canarian Group.

67. Agabus Maderensis, Woll.

A. oblongus pariim nitidus, nigro-piceus, ore, capitis maculis duabus obscurissimis, prothoracis late-
ribus, antennis, pedibusque ferrugiueis, elytroruin superficie paulo insequali, profunde subseriato-
punctata.

Long. Corp. lin. 3-3i.

Habitat in aquis ^Maderse, pr;esertim ultra 2000' s. m., toto anno frequens : in Madera boreali prsedo-
minat, qua fere ad mavis litus descendit.

A. oblong, less convex tban the last species, but more so than the A. bipustulafus, dark piceous ; both
sexes shining, although not very highly polished. Head with the parts of the mouth, and two
very obscure transverse patches on the hinder portion of the forehead dull ferruginous. Prothorax
broader in front than is the case with any of the other species (its sides being much less oblique) ;
with a slightly impressed transverse line along its hinder margin ; considerably roughened,
and with a few scattered punctures, towards the posterior angles ; with the lateral edges more or
less distinctly ferruginous. Elytra with their surface rather uneven, and more or less roughened
with large, scattered punctures, which have a tendency to arrange themselves in three or four
longitudinal rows on each, of which the sutural one is generally the most evident. Le(js and
antenna entirely ferruginous.

An exceedingly indigenous insect, and readily distinguished from the previous
two by its smaller size and piceous coloui*, by the ferruguious edges of its
anteriorly-broader prothorax, and by the somewhat uneven surface and large
punctures of its elytra, — the latter of which are extremely irregvdar and diffused,
having for the most part merely a tendency to arrange themselves in longitudinal
rows. It is abundant in all the mountain torrents of Madeira, from an elevation,
on the southern side of the island of about 1000 feet, and on the northern from
nearly the level of the shore, up to the highest point at which water is found to
exist. It is rarer however towards the south than it is in the north. In the
former I have not detected it much below the upper extremity of the Ribeiro de
Santa Luzia ; but at Sao Vincente, in the latter, I once took it sparingly even on
tlie sea-beach, by the edges of a small stream which issues from the perpendicular

86 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

cliflFs over the road to Seisal, — wliere however it is more than probable that it had
been -washed do^ii from the lofty ravines above. On the upland plain of the Paul
da Serra, 5000 feet above the sea, I have captured it in profusion, from under
stones in the shallow pools and springs which feed the waters of the valley beneath ;
as also in similar positions at the Cruzinhas, in the Eibeu'O de Seisal, and at the
respective heads of the Ribeu'O Fundo and the Ribeiro de Joao Delgada : and Uke-
vnse, very plentifully at times, in. the levada of the Eibeu'o Frio, amongst moist
leaves and rubbish in spots from whence the water had retu'ed.

Genus 27. HYDROPORUS.

Clairv-iUe, Mit. Heh. ii. 1S3 (180G).

Corpus ])arvum, oblongiim vel ovatum : prothorace basi in mcflio proclucto : alls amplis. Anfenrus
filiforraes. Labrum brevissimuiu ti'ansvcrsum, autice profunde euiarginatum. Mandibula breves,
apice late emarginatre, intus unideiitatse. Maxilla bilobiB : lobo externo palpiformi biarticulato :
interna acuto incurvo, ad apicem uucinato, intus ciliato. Palpi articulo ultimo elongato robusto
subtruncato. Mentum traiisversum, aiitice profunde emargiuatum et dente medio brevi acuto
instructum. Liyula subquadrata. Pedes natatorii : tarsis anterioribus 4-articulatis, in maribus
articulis tribus dilatatis ; posticis 5-articiilatis : unguiculis omnibus aequalibus mobilibus.

The minute size of the Hydropori, added to then- foui- anterior tarsi being
quadi'iarticulate, will, apart fi-om minor characters, at once distinguish them fi-om
the members of the aUied groups. Up to the present period, but two represen-
tatives of this large genus have been detected in Madeu-a, which, for an island
abounding with streams, and in a genus so widely distributed and extensive, is
somewhat remarkable. It may be indeed that the excessive rapidity of the
torrents, which arc constantly liable, from the hea^-y rains, to overHow then-
limits and to precipitate then* contents on to distant and isolated spots (which
quickly afterwards, either by evaporation or absorption, become di'y), is anything
but favourable to aquatic life ; but whether such be the case or not, it is certain
that the Hydradephaga are extremely scarce.

68. Hydroporus vigilans, Woll.

H. oblongus subdepressus fusco-piceus, capitc, prothorace, elytrommque liueis inteiTuptis, plus

muiusve rufo-testaceis, antennis pedibusque pallido-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2i-2|.

Habitat in rivulis Maderse, praesertim per regiones superiores, toto anno \'ulgaris.

H.

oblong, somewhat depressed, dark brownisb-piceous ; the males shining, the females opake.
Head and prothorax i-ufo-testaccous ; i\\c former large, and more or less dusky about the region
of the eyes ; the hitter regularly and equally rounded at the sides, being broadest in the middle,
distinctly punctured along its anterior and posterior margins, and with a narrow transverse
portion before and behind (and occasionally the disk also) more or less cloudy or infuscate.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 87

Elytra with a few faint, irregular, interrupted longitudinal lines dull testaceous ; and with three
longitudinal rows of impressed points on each,— the two inner ones of which are distinct, and
disposed in depressed stria;, whilst the outer one is almost obsolete. Prothorax beneath, legs,
antenna, and parts of the mouth pale ferruginous.

A rather coiiimon Si/drojoonis in nearly all the streams of Madeira, above the
altitude of 1000 feet ; and on the northern side of the island descendinar to a much
lower elevation. In the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, and at the Cui-ral das Romeii-as,
above Punchal, I have observed it in great profusion ; and in the rivulets issuing
from the Paul da Serra it is equally abundant. Its normal range however would
appear to be from about 2000 to 3000 feet above the sea. Near Sao Vincente
indeed I have eaptm-ed it, occasionally, on the level of the shore ; but, like the
Agabus Maderensis with which it was found in company, it is possible that such
specimens had descended from the lofty ravines above, which terminate at that
particular point, as indeed they do ahnost everywhere along the northern coast, in
abrupt sea cliffs, over which the mountain torrents pour in constant waterfalls.
In such positions it is clear that insects of a normally higher range might, and in
all probability would, be continually washed down, — especially dm-ing the severe
floods to which the island is subject, — and so become naturalized below.

69. Hydroporus confluens.
H. ovatus nigi-o-piceus, supra flavus capite postice leviter infuscato atque elytris apicem versus lineis

interruptis nigris ornatis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Bytiscus conjluens, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 198 (1792).
Hyphydrus confluens, GyU. Ins. Suec. i. 522 (1808).
Mygrotus conflttens, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. ii. 47 (1828).
Hydroporus confluens, Aube, Hydrocan. 557 (18.38).

Habitat Maderam australem, rarissimus : in stagno quodam parvo baud procul ab urbe Funchalensi
sito exemplar unicum nuperrime collegit Dom. Rousset.

H. ovate, shining, beneath piceous-black, above pale yellow. Head of a deeper yellow than the rest
of the surface, being almost testaceous ; dusky behind, and about the region of the eyes. Pro-
thorax very short and small, narrower than the elytra, being attenuated in front, and with the
sides (though oblique) straight ; punctured before and behind. Elytra exceedingly pale, with
the suture, and four irregular lines towards the apex of each, deep black, — of which the one
nearest to the suture is short ; the second longer, extending to a little before the middle ; the
third somewhat shorter than the first ; and the fourth long but broken, the lower portion beino-
contluent with the third, and the upper (which in the common European type is well-defined,
and only just detached) almost obsolete, being merely indicated by a minute dash considerably
in advance of the former : with two or three longitudinal rows of impressed points (disposed in
strise) on each, and some large scattered puiictui-es about the region of the suture. Lens and
antennce pale testaceous.

88 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Readily kno^\Ti by its small size and ovate form, by its pallid hue, and by the
abbreviated black lines A^ith which the apical portion of its elytra are decorated ;
— but which are somewhat shorter and less distinct in the single Madeiran
specimen which has hitherto come beneath my notice than in the ordinary type.
It is to M. Uousset tliat we are indebted for the admission of tliis species into our
fauna, a unique example (Avliich is just perceptibly narrower than is usually the
case with its more northern representatives) having been lately discovered by him
in the immediate vicinity of Funchal. It is an abundant insect throughout the
whole of Em'ope and in the north of Africa, — being recorded in Egypt, Algeria,
and Barbary.

Fain. 3. GYRINID^.

Genus 28. GYRINUS.
Linnaeus, S_i/st. JS'af. ii. 567 (1767).

Corpus parvum, ovatum : ocu/is quatuor : prothorace basi in medio producto : alls amplis. Antenna
lO-articulatse, brevissimse, articulo primo minuto, secundo maximo globoso extus in lobum pro-
ducto, reliquis brevissimis inter se arete applicatis, clavam fusiformem eflBcientibus. Labrinn
transversum, antice levitcr emarginatum. Mandihula breves, apice emarginato-dentatne. Maxilla
bilobse : lubo extei-no angusto subulate, exarticulato : interno acuto incurvo, ad apiceni uncinato,
intus valde ciliato. Palpi breves, articulo ultimo in maxillaribus magno ovato, in labialibus
graciliore. Mentuni transversum, antice profunde emarginatum. Ligula brcvis lata, apice
truncata. Pedes posteriores uatatorii, breves compressi ; postici elongati : tarsis postcrioribus
articulis primo, secundo et tertio intus valde productis, ultimo minutissimo.

The Linnsean genus Gi/riuiis presents such remarkal)le featm-es in the struc-
tiu-e of its tarsi, antennae and mouth, that it is hardly necessary to point out its
ilistinctions from any of the ncighbom'ing forms. The species are indeed too well
known, from theu' habits, to require comment : tlicir small, brilliant l)odies so
constantly to be seen on the sm-faces of the stUl pools, ditches, and quiet waters of
nearly every country, — weaving cu'cles, and clustering, in the sun, — can scarcely
have failed to have attracted the attention of tlie most casual observers. I am
doul)tfid whether the group is truly indigenous to these islands, not having myself
succeeded in detecting it, and the only representative which I have hitherto seen
being an example of the common G. natator, given to me by the Eev. R. T. Lowe
from the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken, but unaccompanied by the details of
its capture.

70. Gyrinus natator.
G. ovatus subviridesccnti-nigcr nitidus, elytris striato-punctatis, prothoracis elytrorumque marginibus

inflc.xis, pectore, ano, pedibusque rufo-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin, 3.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 89

Dytiscus nniator, Linn. Fna Suec. 779 (1761).
Oi/n'nus natator, Linn. Sysf. Nnt. 567 (1767).

, Eab. Ent. Syst. i. 202 (1792).

• , Aube, Hydrocan. QQi (1838).

Habitat Maderam, niilii non obvius : exemplar unicunij a Doin. Heinecken olim captum (e.x Anglia
cum plantis aquaticis introductus ?) in museo Loweano vidi.

G. ovate, black, with a slightly greenish tinge, shining. Prothorax short, produced iu the centre
behind; and transversely furrowed in front, especially towards the anterior angles. Elytra
truncated at their apex, and finely striate-punctate ; their inflexed margin (with that of the pro-
thorax), the breast, the apex of the abdomen underneath, and the legs riifo-testaceous.

As just stated, it is not Avitliout hesitation that I admit the common European
G. natator into our present fauna : nevertheless, since there cannot be any doubt
that Dr. Heinecken's specimen was captured in the island, it is possible that the
species may be truly indigenous, although rare, and that it has hitherto escaped
the observation both of myself and the other naturaUsts who have been working
during the last few years in the Madeiran group. I tliink it far from unlikely,
however, that the unique example on which its admission must be considered to
rest may have been accidentally introduced with aquatic plants, from more northern
latitudes, which were formerly imported into the gardens more generally than
they are now by the English residents ; — -an idea which is rendered the more pro-
bable, since I am informed by Mr. Lowe that Dr. Heinecken's collection was
principally made in the immediate vicinity of Eunchal, where the fresh-water
tanks, attached to nearly every house, would afford ample facilities for an insect
like the present one to become temporarily naturalized.

Sectio hi. PHILHYDRIDA.
Fam. 4. PARNID^.

Genus 29. PARNUS.

Pabriciua, Ent. Syst. i. 215 (1792).

Corpus minusculum, subcylindrico-oblongum, villosum : alis amplis. Antennae 1 0-articulatae bre-
vissimse, articulis primo et secundo majoribus, hoc maximo extus valde producto, reliquis bre-
vissimis, clavam elongato-fusiformem subserratam efficientibus. Lahrum amplum transversum,
antiee leviter emarginatum. MandibulcB acutfe, apice dentatee. Maxilla bilobse membranacese :
lubo externa latiusculo : interna angusto, intus ciliato. Palpi brevissimi, articulo ultimo robusto,
in maxillaribus subovato, in lahialibus subgloboso. Mentum transversum, antiee leviter emar-
ginatum. Ligula ampla. Pedes ambulatorio-subnatatorii, graciles elongati : tibiis cylindricis
muticis : tarsis articulis quatuor subaequalibus, quinto longissimo.

N

90 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

The genus Parnus, concerning the location of which entomologists are stUl so
much divided, may be readily known by the subcylindi-ical, villose bodies of the
few species which compose it, by their slender elongated legs and unarmed tibiae,
and by their subnatatorial habits, — their legs not being formed for s-ndmming, but
for walking on muddy banks, or adhering to the submerged aquatic plants of
ditches and pools. They are of an extremely sluggish natiuT, and possess the power
of remaining a great length of time imder water, theii- woolly smfaces enabling
them to retain a sufficient quantity of air for respii-ation dm-ing submersion.

71. Parnus prolifericomis.

P. subcylindrico-oblongus fusco-uiger, infra albido-holosericeus, supra olivaceo-v'illosus, elytris obso-

Ictissime subpunctato-striatis, tarsis elongatis piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2-2j.

Parnus prolifericomis, Fab. Ent. Si/st. i. 245 (1792).

, GyU. Ins. Suec. i. 139 (1808).

, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. ii. 103 (1829).

, Zett. Ins. Lap. 125 (1840).

Habitat in aqiiis quietis Maderje, plantis aquaticis adhferens, vel sub lapidibus ad margiues rivulorum,
toto anno frequens.

P. elongate, subcylindrical-oblong, brownish-black with a just perceptibly sneous tinge; densely
clothed beneath with a short, whitish, and above wth a lougj woolly, olivaceous pubescence ;
minutely punctured. Prothorax convex on the disk; and with an impressed longitudinal line
on either side. Elytra very obsoletely striated, the strife having obscure indications of being
punctured. 7am long and piceous.

Abundant at aU seasons of the year at the edges of the pools and streams of
Madcu-a, ranging fi-om about 1000 to 5000 feet above the sea. My own specimens
are principally from the Cm-ral das Romeiras, Santa i\jina, the Cruzinhas, and the
Panal ; but there is scarcely a district in the island in which I have not observed
it to exist. It is a common insect tlu'oughout Eiu'ope and Algeria ; and the
Madeii"an specimens do not appear to differ in any respect fi'om the ordinary type.

Farn. 5. HYDROPHILIDiE.

Genus 30. OCHTHEBIUS.

Leach, Zool. Miseell. iii. 91 (1817).

Corpus niinutum, elongato-ovatum : prothorace subcordato, plus minusve foveolato : alis amplis.
Antenna 9-articulat;e brcvissimae, articuhs primo et secundo robustis, illo elongate flexuoso, hoc
breviore subovato, tertio gracillimo subspatulato, quarto brevi minutissimo, reliquis clavam
oblongam jjubescentem quinque-artieulatam apicc obtusam efficicntibus. Labrum transvcrsum,
antice leviter euiarginatum cihatum. Mandibutte breves latir, apice fissK, basi membranacea;

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 91

dente trifido armatse. Maxilla bilobfe : lobo externa articulato angusto, apice acutissime
uncinate : interno breviore, ad apicem acuto iuciirvo imcinato, iutus spinuloso ciliato. Palpi
maxiUares \vs. longiusculi, articulo ultimo minuto subulato : lahiales (in tj-picis brevissimi, sed
in specie Maderensi) parum elongati, articulo primo brevissimo, seeundo longissimo btflexuoso,
ultimo brevi subovato. Mentum amplum subquadratum, margine antico rotundato. Ligula
brevis lata, apice vix emarginata. Pedes subnatatorii, robusti, antici breviusculi : femoribus sub-
cylindi'icis : tibiis rectis spinosis, aniicis apicem versus Icviter dilatatis : tarsis baud cibatis,
articulo primo brevissimOj seeundo arete connate, quinto elongato curvato.

The little genus Ochthehhis may be known by its 9-jointed antennae, by its
subcorclate and more or less foveolated protborax, and by its comparatively sbort
maxillary palpi, with tbeir minute, subulated terminal joint. I have not been
able to detect more than a single species in Madeira, \vi. —

72. Ochthebius 4-foveolatus.

O. eloDgato-ovatus nigro-seneus parce pubescens, protborace subcordato canaliculato utrinque linea
longitudinali interrupta, foveolas duas eiSciente, instructo, lateribus rugose inaequaliter impressis,
elj^tris profunde punctatis baud striatis, antennis pedibusque rufo-testaceis.

Long. corp. lin. 1^^.

Ochthehius 4:-foveoJafus, Motsebulsky, in litf.

Habitat jMaderam borealcm, — in rivulo Ribeiro de Sao Jorge dicto, baud procul a Sancta Anna, d. 17
Mai. A.D. 1850 a meipso copiosissime inventus.

O. elongate-ovate, dark feneous, sbining, and very sparingly pubescent ; clotbed beneath with a fine,
white, decumbent pile. Head with two very deep rounded depressions on the forehead. Pro-
thorax subcordate ; with a dorsal channel, and two short, deep, distinct fovese on either side,
placed one over the other as though formed by an interrupted longitudinal line ; rugosely and
deeply impressed towards the lateral margins (a small portion of which behind is transparent and
white), where there are indications of one or two other abbreviated, though irregular fovese.
Elytra coarsely punctured, but not punctate-striated. Legs, antenna and palpi rufo-testaceous.

Clearly the Madeu*an representative of the O. punctatus of more northern lati-
tudes, although with too many distinctive characters of its o^\^l to allow of its
being identified with that species. It differs from it, principally, in its greater
bulk and comparatively broader outline, in its more brassy and less pubescent
svu'face, in its legs being longer and more robust, and in its protborax being
altogether larger and more distinctly foveolated. I have observed it hitherto only
in the north of the island; where, on the 17th of May 1850, I captm-ed it in
the utmost profusion in the Hibeu'o de Sao Jorge, close to the ascent of the old
road to Santa Anna. I have retained the name which was proposed for it by
M. Motsebulsky during his late visit to England.

N 2

92 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 31. CALOBIUS*, WoU. (Tab. II. fig. 7.)

Corpus minutum, gracile, elongatum : cajiite prodiicto ; oculis magnis, valde prominentibus : pro-
thorace subquadrato, postice rotundato : elytris ad apicem pygidium vix tegentibus : alls amplis.
Antenna {II. 7 «) 9-articulat:E brevissimEB, articulis primo et secundo robustisj illo longissimo
bitlexuoso, hoc breviore obpyrit'ormi, tertio gracillimo subspatulato, reliquis clavam paraUelo-
oblongam sex-articulatam apice obtusam efficientibus (quarto transverso brevissimo, intus in
mucronem minutissimum acutissimum producto). Labrum (II. 7 b) maximum durum corneum,
valde porrectum, subquadratum, antice in medio profunde incisum, aut potius bilobum, baud
ciliatum. Mandibula (II. 7 c) breves latissimae, basi mcnibranaceBe, apicem versus internum
denticulatse. Maxilla (II. 7 d) bilobse : lobo externa brevi lato subrecto, apice intus mucronato :
interna paulo longiore graciliore, ad apicem acutissime uncinato, intus in medio setoso-pencillato.
Palpi maxillares articido primo minutissimo, secundo curvato, tertio vix longiore robustiore
subclavato, ultimo minute subulate. Labium totum (II. 7 e) valde imperfectum : palpos et
ligulam detegere baud potui, et nisi fallor omnino obsoleti sunt : patella magna mentiformis,
utrinque in angulum medium acutissimum producta, sola apparet, sed antice est magis tenuis ac
dense ciliata, fitquc inter pilos fortasse partium oris inferiorum rudimeuta lateaut, sed vere abesse
credo. Pedes subnatatorii, elongati gracillimi : femoribus cylindricis : tibiis linearibus, baud
spinosis sed subtilissime pubescentibus : tarsis (II. 7/) baud ciliatis, clongatis, articulo primo
brevissimo, secundo arete connate, quinto longissimo curvato.

A Kokot formosus, et /3to9 vita.

Throughout all the Madeu'an Coleoptera there is no form more truly interesting
than Caloblns, which so completely unites the essential characters of Ochtliebius
and Hydvicna, that, at first sight, it might almost be referred to either of those
groups. In reality, however, it is perhaps more nearly akin to the latter than to
the former, agreeing ^\ith it in its porrectcd, dccply-incised, and unciHated upper
lip, in its long slender legs, and in its antennoe being composed of seven articula-
tions only : but the enormously lengthened maxillary palpi of that genus, with
their large, somewhat thickened, and fusiform terminal joint, are eutu'ely unre-
])r(>seuted in our present insect, which possesses the short and apicaUy-subulated
l)alpi wliich constitute one of the maui distinctive features of OcJdhehius. XeA"er-
theless, whilst it appropriates so many of the most important structural details of
the two genera in question, it offers very decided peculiarities iu which it recedes
from them both, since its short, broad, and mucronated outer maxillary lobe, and
its subelongated and powerfully hooked inner one are exceedingly remarkal)le in
this doi)artmont of the Philhijdrida, in Avhich the maxilla? are not generally so
liighly developed : added to which, its perfectly unfurrowed and posteriorly
roimded protliorax, and its granulated, unpunctured surface give it an unusual
appearance, which we are altogether unaccustomed to in the ordinary modifica-
tions of its immediate allies. And it is worthy of observation that its habits are
as anomalous as its aspect ; for, although many of the Ochthehii and Hydraince, it
is well known, delight in brackish spots, yet I am not aware that any of thcni

* The present genua is written Hahhim in the plate by mistake.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 93

reside in water that is purely salt, — whereas Calobim occurs amongst marine
ConfervcB in the pools formed by the actual sea.

73. Calobius Heeri, WoU. (Tab. II. fig. 7.)

C. gracilis glaber et fere opacus, crebre granulatus, subsenescenti- vel subcuprescenti-niger, pro-
tboracis limbo pellucido et angulis posticis valde rotundatis, elytris obsoletissime substriatis,
antennis tibiisque diluto-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Habitat Madcram maritimam, mihi non obvius : ad " Gorgulbo," baud procul ab m-be Funchalensi,
inter confervas in staguantibus aquis marinis crescentes, primus detexit cl. Dom. Heer, cujus in
honorem nomen triviale dedi.

C. slender, elongated, glabrous, and almost opake, brownish-black, and with either an seneous or a
slightly coppery tinge. Head and prothorax closely and minutely granulated ; the former a good
deal produced, with the eyes very large and prominent, and with an impression on either side of
the forehead ; the latter subquadrate, being truncated in front and rounded behind, without any
appearance of grooves or sulci, — even the dorsal channel being in most instances imperceptible ;
the extreme margins (anterior, posterior and lateral), especially towards the anterior angles,
transparent. Elytra rather more roughened than the head and prothorax, and (under a high
magnifying power) with a few very minute, distant punctures, disposed in longitudinal rows,
and with the interstices just perceptibly raised. Anteimx exceedingly short and slender, usually
not at all apparent from above; flavescent. Palpi and legs piceous-black,— the latter having the
tibicB, especially the two anterior ones, obscurely flavescent.

It is to Professor Heer that we are indebted for the discovery of this very
interesting little insect, which entirely eluded my own researches in these islands.
It was first detected by him, on the 6th of February 1851, adhering to marine
CoiiferviB in salt-water pools at the Gorgulbo, near Funchal, — in which position it
has been since captui-ed, abundantly, by M. Rousset. I am informed by my friend
Dr. H. Schaum, of Berlin, that it is very closely allied to the Ochthebms quaclri-
collis, Mulsant (Ann. de la Soc. Royal d'Agricult. de Lyon, a.d. 1844, p. 377),
from Corsica and Dalmatia, though specifically distinct ; and that in all probability
the above species will be found, on dissection, to be a true Calobius.

Genus 32. LIMNEBIUS.

Leach, Zool Miscell. iii. 93 (1817).

Corpus minutum, plus minusve ovatum vel ellipticum : prothorace brevi, postice lato : elytris apice
leviter truncatis, pygidium vix tegentibus : alis amplis. Antenna 8-articulat£e brevissimae,
articulis primo et secundo elougatis, tertio, quarto et quinto miuutis, reliquis clavam triarticu-
latam efficientibus. Labrum transversum, antice leviter emarginatum. Mandibula breves lat?e,
apice fissffi. Maxillts bilobse : lobo externa lato, apice dense barbato : interno paulo longiore,
angusto, recto, ad apicem uncinato, intus ciliato. Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo elongato

94 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

fusiformi-cyliiidrico ; maxillares longissimi ; labiales mediocres. Mentum amplum, transverso-
qnadratum. Lii/ula brevis lata, a])ice fissa. Pedes subuatatorii, robusti, antici brc\'iusculi :
femuribus iihiisqiw corapressis : his curvatis; anticis extus soriato-spinulosis, apicem versus
dilatatis ; posterioribus leviter spinosis, vix ciliatis : tarsis articulo primo brevissimo, secundo
arete connate ; posterioribus ciliatis.

The minute size and somewhat elliptical outline of the Limuebil (which, unlike
Ochtheh'ms and Calob'ms, have their prothorax broadest behind), added to their
8-jointed antennae and their entire freedom from metallic lustre, wdll be sufficient,
— a])art from the distinctive peculiarities of their oral organs, which, although
considerable, are, necessarily, in insects thus small, less easy of observation, — at
once to separate them from the members of the neighbouring groups. In theu-
habits, they prefer stagnant water to streams, residing in shallow pools and ponds,
especially towards the margins, and attaching themselves to stones and decaying
leaves, or whatever other sul)stances chance may place in their way, — the form of
theu' bodies, which are flattened beneath, and arched and polished aboAC, being
eminently adapted for the kind of adhesion which is characteristic of the greater
portion of this department of the Fh'dhydnda.

74. Linmebius grandicoUis, Woll.

L. subclliptico-obovatus niger, minutissime et parce pubescens, subtiliter punctulatus, prothorace

elytrisque obscure pallido-marginatis, antenuis, palpis pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. t.

Habitat in aquis Madei"se, vol stagnantibus vel lente fluentibus, — ad Cruzinhas (5000' s. m.), foliis
arborum madidis adhferens, Julio ineunte a.d. 1850 repertus.

Ij. somewhat ovate or elliptical, and rather acuminated posteriorly, black, slightly shining, minutely
and sparingly pubescent, and most delicately but rather closely punctulated. Prothorax large
and broad, being widest behind ; the lateral margins, especially about the hinder angles, dull
rufo-ferruginous ; without any appearance of a dorsal channel. Scutellum rounded and very
minute. Elytra acuminated behind, with the extreme margins very obscui-ely ferruginous.
Legs, antenna and palpi pale ferruginous.

The present insect differs a little from all the European Limncbii which have
hitherto come beneath my notice, and cannot, I think, be consistently referred to
any of them ; its comparatively pubescent and distinctly punctulated upper surface,
its large prothorax, its very minute scutellum, and its much posteriorly-acumi-
nated clvtra combining to indicate what I have but Httlc doubt is an additional
species, — though one Avhich is evidently closely allied to some of the more northern
members of the group. It is extremely rare, — or, at any rate, local, — being appa-
rently confined to lofty altitudes, and to spots more or less diilicult of access.
The only district in fact in which I have observed it is the region of the Cruzinlias
(about 5000 feet above the sea), — where, during July 1850, I captm'ed many

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 95

specimens, adhering to the under sides of decaying leaves, in the small shallow
pools and trickling streams with which those densely wooded uplands everywhere
abound.

Genus 33. LACCOBIUS.

Erichson, Kaf. der Mark Brand, i. 202 (1837).

Corpus parviim, subhemisphaericum : prothorace brevi, postice lato : alis amplis, Antennce S-articulatse
breves, articulo primo longiusculo, secundo breviore crasso, tertio minutissimo, quarto quintoque
latioribus transversis arete connatis (hoc subpoculiformi), reliquis clavam oblongam pubesceatem
triarticulatam efficientibus. Labrum transversum, antice vix emarginatum. Mandibula breves
latse, apice incurvae fissse. Maxilla bilobte : lobo externa lato ovato, apice barbato, ungue minu-
tissimo incurve terminali munito : interno paulo breviore angustiore, intus ad apicem barbato
eiliato, margiue interno membrana instructo. Paljn subfiliformes, articulo ultimo elongato-sub-
ovatoj maxillares longiusculi; labmles mediocres. Mentum amplum, transverso-quadratum,
margine antico rotundato. Ligula brevis lata, apice fissa, aut potius biloba. Pedes su^bnatatorii,
robusti, antici breviusculi : femoribus tibiisque compressis : his spinosis, valde calearatis, baud
ciliatis ; anticis apicem versus leviter dilatatis ; posticis curvatis : tarsis filiformibus elongatis
parce ciliatis, articulo primo brevissimo, secundo arete connato.

Laccobms may be known by the convex and somewhat hemispherical form of
the insects composing it, — which are not only of a much larger size than the
Limnebii, and have their elytra entirely covering their abdomen, but the articula-
tions of their antennae and the lobes of their maxillae are differently constructed
from those of that genus ; their tibiae also (the hinder pair of which are alone
curved) are more powerfully spurred and spinulose, and their tarsi are more
elongated and slender. Erom Hi/drohius (to which, in general aspect, it approaches
nearer than it does to Llmneb'ms), its 8-jointed antennae, the minute terminal claw
with which the outer lobe of its maxillae is furnished, added to its hinder tibiae
being slightly curved, will readily separate it.

75. Laccobius minutus.
Ii. rotundato-ovatus couvexus niger punctulatus, prothoracis lateribus elytrisque pallido-testaceis, his

dense substriato-punctatis et plus minusve, prsesertim in discum, nigro-irroratis, antennis pedi-

busque pallido-ferrugineis.
Long. corp. lin. 1|-1|.

Chrysomela mimita, Linn. Fna Suec. 166 (1761).
Hydvophilus hipunctatus, Fab. ^yst. Eleu. i. 251 (1801).

minutus, G-yll. Ins. Suec. i. 116 (1808).

Laccobius minutus, Erich. Kaf. der Marh Brand, i. 203 (1837).

Habitat Maderam excelsam sylvaticam, in locis similibus ac Limnebius grandicoUis, sed illo multo
frequentior.

L. short-ovate, convex, black (sometimes with a just perceptibly aeneous tinge), and slightly shining.

96 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Head and prothorax densely and minutely punctulated ; the latter with the sides hroadly testaceous.
Ell/Ira closely substriate-punctate (the punctures having generally only a tendency to arrange
themselves in longitudinal rows) ; pale testaceous, and more or less densely mottled, or be-
sprinkled (especially on the disk), with black. Lec/s, palpi and antenna either testaceous or else
very pale ferruginous.

The Madeiran specimens of this common Evu-opean insect differ in being a little
larger and less shining than the ordinary type, and in having the pimctui-es of
their elytra somewhat less distinct and not quite so regularly disposed in striae.
It is decidedly rare, being confined almost exclusively, like the lAmnebius gran-
(JicoUis, to lofty positions Avithin the sylvan districts. I have taken it at the
Ribeiro Frio, in the spring; in the small trickling streams of the Cruzinhas,
adhering to submerged leaves ; and in similar spots at the head of the Eibeii'o
Fundo, on the northern edges of the Fanal, — during July.

Gemis 34. HYDROBIUS.

Leach, Zool MisceU. iii. 93 (1S17).

Corpus vel mediocre, vel (ut in specie Maderensi) parvum, oblongo- vel rotundato-ovale : prothorace
postice lato : mesnsterno carinato : alls (in typicis amplis, scd in specie nostra) obsolctis. An-
tennce 9-articulat:c breves, articulo primo elougato crasso flexuoso, secundo paulo breviore sub-
cylindrico, tertio brevi, quarto quintoquc brevissimis, sexto lato subpoculiformi, reliquis validiori-
bus, clavam magnam oblongam pubescentem triarticulatam efficientibus, ultimo (in typicis vel
acuminato vel oblongo, sed in nostra) globoso. Labrum transversum, antice leviter emarginatum.
MandibuliB breves latie obtectfc, apice incurvre acutie fissa;. Maxilla bOobpe : lobo externa brcvi
lato, apice dense barbato : internu paulo breviore angustiore, intus ad apicem barbato eihato, mar-
gine intemo membrana instructo. Palpi inaxiUares breviusculi robusti, articulo ultimo penultimo
lougiore ; labiates mcdiocres. Mentum amplum, transverso-quadratum, margine antico rotundato
sed ad summum apicem ssepius le\iter emarginato. Ligula lata, apice fissa, aut potius biloba,
lobis rotundatis ciliatis. Pedes subnatatorii, robusti, antici vis breviores : femoribus tibiisqae
subcompressis : his roctis spinosis, valde calcaratis, apicem versus (prjesertim anticis) leviter
dilatatis : tarsis {prxcipue pusteriuribus) parce ciliatis, articulo primo brevissimo, secundo arete
connato.

In addition to minor points of distinction, sufficiently apparent, Hi/drobius may
be known from Laccohins ])y its 9-jointed antenna?, by tlie absence of any indica-
tion of a cui'ved hook to the outer lobe of its maxillye, and by its miiformly
straightened tibise. The minute and suborbicular form of a few of the species
which compose it (represented in Madeira by the only member of the group
which I have hitherto been able to detect) gives them, at fii'st sight, a strong
resemblance to Ch(etorthria, Waterh. (Stcph. ///. Brit. Ent. a.d. 1832 •,= CiiUidh(m,
Erich. Kdf. der Jlar/c Brand, a.d. 1837) ; but the simple sternum of that genus,
added to the slender and very elongated basal, and the short, thick, and globose
second, joints of its antennaj, and the large penultmiate (and small, truncated

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 97

terminal) one of its labial palpi, will be more than sufficient to prevent the possi-
bility of confounding it, on closer examination, with Hydrobius.

76. Hydrobius conglobatus, WoU.

H. subglobosus nitidiusculus niger, minutissime punctulatus, prothoracis lateribus diluto-testaceis,
elytris confertissime et subtilissime granulatis, singulo stri^ suturali postica leviter impresso, ad
marginem anguste, sed ad apicem late testaceis, pedibus rufo-piceis.

Long. corp. lin. 1-li.

Habitat Maderam borealem excelsam sylvaticam, rarissime, — ad summam originem convallis Ribeiro
de Joao Delgada dictje d. 19 Jul. a.d. 1850 a meipso detectus.

H. short, subglobose, black, and slightly shining; regularly punctured above with somewhat distant,
but excessively minute points. Prothorax with the sides broadly testaceous. Elytra with a
very lightly impressed sutural stria on each behind, but none whatsoever in front ; rather less
shining than the prothorax, and, in addition to the punctures (which are not disposed in strife),
most minutely and closely granulated (a sculpture, however, which is only apparent under a high
magnifying power) ; the lateral margins narrowly and obscurely, but the apex broadly, testaceous,
— the junction of the darker and lighter portions being usually somewhat abrupt and oblique,
(the suture also, when the elytra are upraised, appearing sUghtly pale). Wings entirely obsolete.
Palpi and antenna testaceous. Let/s rufo-piceous.

A most distinct and interesting little Hydrohms; and one which, from its
minute size and subglobose body, bears a considerable prima facie resemblance (as
ah-eady stated) to the genus Chcetarthria. Its antennse and trophi however prove
it to be a true Hydrobius : and it would appear to be the Madehan representative
of the common S. globulus of more northern latitudes, — although abundantly
separated from that insect, specifically, in structure, sculptiu'e, and form. Thus,
to say nothing of its behig apterous, it is much shorter, more globose, and less
highly polished than the S. globulus ; the pale apex of its elytra, instead of
shading off gradually and imperceptibly into the darker base, is usually well-
defined and abrupt, terminating ol)liquely at about one-third of the distance from
the extremity ; and the large and deep punctiu-es which are so apparent on the
upper surface of that species are, in the S. conglobatus, far apart and excessively
small ; whUst the elytra are (in addition) most closely and finely granulated, — or,
more strictly perhaps (for it is only beneath a very high magnifying power that it
is perceptible), densely crowded Avith an under-series of most dehcate and minutely
impressed points. This peculiarity of sculpture indeed (although a microscopic
character) is exceedingly remarkable, and one which I do not see developed, to
the same extent, in any other member of the FMlliydrida with which I am
acquainted. From the S. globulus it likewise recedes in the club of its antennae,
which is large and perfoliated, and with the ultimate joint (instead of being
acuminated) exceedingly globose. It is, apparently, of the greatest rarity, and

o

98 IXSECTA MADERENSIA.

confined to high altitudes. The only tlu'ee specimens which I have seen were
captured by myself, on the 19th of July 1850, in the bed of a smaU trickling
stream Avhich issues out of the rocks at the extreme head of the Ribeu'O de Joiio
Delgada.

Genus 35. PHILHYDRUS.

Solier, Ann. Je la Soc. Ent. de France, iii. 315 (1834).

Corpus fere ut in Hydi-obio, sed luajoris magnitudinis et luinus convexum; alls amplis; palpis
maxillaribus longissimis gracilioribus, articulo ultimo penultimo bre^dore.

Fhilhydriis is sometimes regarded as a section of the last genus ; but it 'oould
appear to have as great a claim for isolation as at any rate many other gi'oups
which are universally received. It differs from Sydrobms in the less convex form
of the insects which compose it, and in the much greater length of their maxillary
palpi, — which are slender, and have the terminal joint always shorter than the
penultimate one. In the ^Madeira Islands, moreover, the great disparity of size
between the single representatives of each genus wiU serve additionally to di-
stinguish them.

77. PMLhydrus melanocephalus.
P. ovalis nitidus niger, supra fusco-testaceus, capite posticc nigricanti, prothorace in discum plus
rainusvc obsolete infuscato, clytro singulo stria suturali postica impresso ct plaga parva basali
obscura longe intra huuierum sita nigrcscente ornato, tibiis tarsisque piccscenti-ferrugineis.
Var. /3. supra late nigrescens, limbo solo obscure pallidescenti.
Long. Corp. lin. 2\-^.

Ht/drophilus melanocephalus, Oliv. Ent. iii. 39. 14 (1795).

, GyU. Im. Suec. i. 119 (1808).

Hydrohius melanocephalus, Ericli. Eiif. der Mark Brand, i. 209 (1837).
Philhydrus melanocephalus, Mulsaut, Palp. 137 (IS 14).

Habitat Portum Sanctum : in ri\'ido quodam parvo Ribeiro de Serra de Fora dicto, lapidibus adhae-
rentem, Aprili exeunte a.d. 1848 copiose collegi : iu Madera propria mihi adhuc non obvius.

P. oval, rather convex (though depressed compared with the H. conglobatus), and shining ; most
minutely and closely punctiu'cd all over ; piceous-black. Head with a large subtriaugidar patch
in front of each eye paler. Prothoraa: and elytra brownish-testaceous ; the former generally more
or less obsoletely infuscatcd on its disk, slightly punctured in front of its posterior angles, and
with an impressed point on either side of its disk behind ; the latter with just perceptible indica-
tions (under a high magnifying power) of punctured striic, but with a deep sutural one on each
behind, with a small obscure dash at the extreme base of each, rather nearer to the shoulder than
to the suture, and occasionally a still fainter and more elongated one close to the shoulder itself,
more or less dusky-black. Femora piccous ; tibia, tarsi, palpi and antenna rufo-ferruginous ;
the first two more or less picescent.
Var, fi. with the entire upper disk darkly and broadly infuscatcd, or almost black, — the patches in

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 99

front of the eyes, and the lateral margins of the prothorax and of the elytra (especially the
former) being alone paler.

Found only, so far as I have liitlierto observed, in tlie island of Porto Santo ;
where I captiu"ed it in profusion, during April 1848, adhering to the undersides of
stones in the little stream known as the Ribeu-o de Serra de Pora. It occurs in
nearly aU parts of Europe, and is abundant in Algeria.

Fam. 6. SPH^RIDIAD^.

Genus 36. DACTYLOSTERNUM, WoU. (Tab. III. %. 1.)

Corpus minusculum, oblongum, subdepressum : p7-othorace postice lato : elytris pi'ofunde striatis :
metasterno (III. 1 a) piano, antice in mucronem subsagittatum (III. 1 «*) producto : alis amplis.
Antenna (III. 1 h) 9-articulat8e geniculatje, ante oculos sub margiue capitis iusertse, articulo
prime longissimo ad basin flexuoso, secundo brevi subconico-truncato, tertio, quarto quiutoque
minutissimis, sexto latiore subpoculiformi, reliquis clavam magnam pubescentem elongato-
ovalem triarticulatam efficientibus. Labrum (III. I c) breve transversum, antice emarginatum
et dense ciliatum. MandibuJce (III. 1 d) validse, apice incurvfe acutfe, louge intra apicem
unidentatse et margine interno membranaceo ciliato. Maxilla (III. 1 e) bilobse subcoriacese : lobu
externa brevi lato, apice dense barbato : interno paulo breviore, intus membranaceo, apicem
versus pvibescente. Palpi maxillares longiusculi, articulo secundo robusto subclavato, ultimo
subfusiformi : labiates (III. !_/) e scapis ligulte connatis surgeutes, mediocres. Mentum amplum
transverso-quadratum angulis anticis acutis, margine antico subrotundato sed ad apicem ipsum
leviter bilobo. Liyula lata, profunde biloba, lobis divergentibus pubescentibus. Pedes (III. \g. 1 h)
subfossorii, robusti: femoribus tibiisqae subcompressis ; his parce seriato-spinulosis, valde calcaratis,
apicem versus leviter dilatatis : taisis, ■pr?ese]:tim postez-ioribus (III. 1 A), articulo primo elongato
libero : unguiculis (III. 1 k) simplicibus, subtus ad basin rotundato-ampliatis.

A BdKTv\o<; digitus, et urepvov pectus.

The very anomalous insect for the reception of which I have established the
present genus is perhaps one of the most remarkable of all the Madeu-an Coleo-
ptera. It would appear to constitute a connecting link between Cercyon and
Cijclonotum, agreeing with the fii'st in the subsolid club of its 9-jointed antennte,
and in its deeply punctate- striated elytra ; whilst in its emargmated labrum, in its
transverse-quadrate mentum, and in its simple meso-, and anteriorly produced
meta-stema it assumes to a certain, extent the peculiarities of the second. In its
mandibles however it is central between the two. For one of the most important
characteristics of Cyclonotum is its apically bifid mandibles, — a structm-e which it
possesses in common \Ai\\ the members of the preceding family, the llydropliiUdcp
(to which in fact in many respects it more strictly belongs). In the remainder of
the Sphceridiadce however (a group almost purely, with the exception of Cyclo-
notum, terrestrial) this modification is lost sight of, the mandibles being edentate.
Now, the habits of Dactylostermmi are exactly intermediate between those of

o2

100 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Cyclonotum and Cercyon, since it combines the subaquatic propensities of the one
^vith the stercoraceous tendency of the other ; and hence it is extremely inter-
esting to find an intermediate state of mandible corresponding, as it were, to its
double nature, — for the tooth which, in the former case, by being placed at the
extremity causes the mandibles to be cleft, and by being removed altogether, in
the latter, to be unarmed, being situated so far fi'om the termination in JDactylo-
stermim as to indicate, almost of itself, a tj^oe of form midway between the ex-
tremes. The general aspect of the insect under consideration is that of an enormous
Ccrcyon ; nevertheless, although coinciding Tvdth that genus (as ah-eady stated) in
the detads of its antennae, and in its punctate-striated elji:ra, — it wants, not merely
the edentate mandibles, but Hkewise the entu-e upper lip, the semicircular mentum,
and the simple meso-, and the keeled meta-sterna, the most essential featiu-es of
that group.

It will be perceived, by a reference to the plate, that the anterior metasternal
appendage of oiu- present genus is of a very singular kind ; since it not only differs
from that Avhich exists in Cyclonotum, but from every other corresponding process
with which I am acquainted.

78. Dactylosternum Roussetii, WoU. (Tab. III. fig. l.)

D. oblongum subdeprcssum nitidum nigrum, miuutissime et creberrime punctulatutn, elytris pro-
funde (prsesertim postice) punctato-striatis, antennis pallido-testaceis clava infuscata, palpis
pedibusque rufo-piceis, tarsis prsesertim anticis pallidioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 2^.

Habitat Maderam australem, mihi non obvium: exemplar unicum, a Rev''° Dom° Lowe munifice
donatum, fere ad hoc tempus solum possedi; sed plui-ima specimina sub lapidibus crastaceisque
vacuis niariiiis in liumidis per Oram Funclialensem maritimam, sed prresertim ad stagna circa
stabula suilla, nupcrrimc detcxit Dom. Rousset, insectorum jMaderensium scrutator, cujus in
honorem speciem stabilivi.

D. oblong, and a little depressed, black, and shining ; most closely and delicately punctulated all
over. Prothorax sometimes narrowly and very indistinctly piceous at the extreme edge of its
front emargination. Scutellum large and triangular. Elytra deeply punctate-striated, especially
behind. Antennae at base pale testaceous, their chtb infuscatcd. Palpi and legs rufo-piceous ;
the tarsi (particularly the two front ones) being a little paler.

The present insect is one which altogether escaped my own observations in the
Madeira Islands. i\jid indeed untU witliin the last few months but a single
example had come beneath my notice, captm-ed many years ago by the late
Dr. Ileinecken, from whose collection it was presented to me by the Rev. 11. T.
Lowe. It is therefore Avith great pleasiu-e that I have just received a large series
from M. Rousset, collected in moist spots on the beach near Funchal, — especially
(as he informs me) in the em})ty shells of crabs, and other marine Crustacea,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 101

which had accumulated about the pig-sties and sewers, and other such-like filthy
receptacles of the rejectamenta of the town. At the base of the sea-wall at the
Santiago Fort he states that it is exceedingly common.

Genus 37. SPH^RIDIUM.

Fabricius, Si/st. JEleu.i. 92 (1801).

Corpus miuusculum, subhemisplisericum, minus convexum : prothorace postice lato sinuato : ehjtris
fere baud striatis : mesosterno carinato : inetasterno piano, antice baud producto : alls ampbs.
Antenna S-articulatae breviusculse, articulo primo longissimo ad basin flexuoso, secundo brevi
subconico-truncato, tertio quartoque minutissimis, quinto lato brevissimo subpoculiformi, reliquis
clavam maguam pubescentem subperfoliatam elongato-ovalem triarticulatam efficientibus (ultimo
apice oblique truncate). Labrum breve transversum, antice integrum et dense ciliatum. Man-
dibulce validse, apice edentate incurvre, intus membranacese ciliatse. Maxilla bilobje membra-
nacese : lobo externa brevi lato, apice dense barbato : interno angustiore brevissimo, intus
membrana (ad apicem pencillata) instructo. Palpi maxillares lougiusculi, articulo secundo robusto
subclavato: labiales mediocres, articulo ultimo minuto, penultimo majore crasso. Mentum
amplum transverso-subquadratum anguiis anticis rotundatis, margiue antico subrotundato. Lujula
lata, profunde biloba, lobis divergentibus pubescentibus. Peies fossorii, robusti: femoribus
tibiisque compressis ; his valde spinosis et calcaratis, apicem versus dilatatis : tarsis articulo primo
elongato libero, anticis in maribus artieulis quatuor brevissimis, ultimo ad apicem valde uncinato-
ampliato.

Then- 8-jointed antennae, and powerfully spined tibiae, added to the singularly
distorted and hooked terminal joint of their male fore-feet, will at once distinguish
the SphcsricUa from the members of the allied groups. They are larger and less
convex than the representatives of the following genus ; and their elytra are either
altogether unstriated, or else have the strise so excessively obsolete that they may
be practically regarded as such. In their habits they are purely stercoraceous,
not even having, apparently, the subaquatic tendency displayed by some of the
species of Cercyon.

79. Sphseridimn bipustulatum.

S. subhemisph?ericum sub-opacum nigrum, minutissime et crcberrime punctulatum, prothorace
elytrisque angustissime pallido-marginatis, his ad apicem late rufo-testaceis, singulo stria sutiu-ali
postica impresso et macula subhumerali rubescente obsoletissima vix perspicua ornato, pedibus
rufo-ferrugineis.

Long. corp. lin. 2\-2\.

8pli(rridium hipustiiJatum, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 78 (1781).
Dermesies 4i-7naculatus, Mskm, Ent. Brit. 66 (1802).
Sphceridium marginatum, Heer, Fiia Col. Helv. 488, var. d. (1841).
bipustulatum, Mulsant, Palp. 154, var. B. (1844).

Habitat Maderam, prajsertim infra 2000' s. m., in stercore bovino, toto anno frequens.

102 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

S. hemispherical, black, and somewhat opake; most closely and delicately punctulated all o\er.
Prothorax and ehjtra with their extreme lateral margins narrowly rufo-testaceous ; the latter with
the apex broadly, and more or less brightly rufo-testaceous ; each with an impressed sutural line
behind, and with a most obscure and obsolete patch (generally scarcely perceptible, except when
the elytra are upraised) towards the shoulders rufescent. Legs rufo-ferruginous.

The Macleiran state of tliis common European insect would appear to be that in
which the subhumeral patches of the elytra are aU but evanescent ; since it is only
in very rare instances that they are distinctly perceptible. It is abundant thi-ough-
out Madeii'a, in the dung of cattle, though priacipally at rather low elevations.
Tn the -\-icimty of Fiinchal, and at Santa Anna in the north of the island, I have
o])sorved it very plentifully at most seasons of the year.

Genus 38. CERCYON.

Leach, Zool. Mwcell. iii. 95 (1817).

Corpus parvum, convexum : prnthornce postice lato : eli/tris ])lerumque profunde striatis : mesosterno
carinato : vietasterno \t\-Ano, antice baud producto : «/wamplis. ^H<e7i««'J-articuliitfebreviuscul;e,
articulo ])rimo longissimo ad basin flexuoso, secundo brevi subconico-truncato, tertio, quarto
quintoque minutissimis, sexto latiore subpoculiformi, reliquis clavam magnam pubescentem
subsolidam oblongo-ovalem triarticulatam efficientibus. Luhrum breve transversum, antice
integi-um et dense ciliatum. Mandibulte valid.T, apice edentata; incurvae, intus membranaccfe
ciUatse. Maxilla bilobse membranacese : lobo externa brevi lato, apice dense barbato : interna
angustiore brcvissimo, intus membranil (ad apicem pencilhita) iustructo. Palpi maxillares
longiusculi graciles, articulo secundo robuslo subclavato : lahiales mediocres. Meittum amplum
semicircularc. Liijula lata, profunde biloba, lobis divergentibus pubescentibus. Pedes fossorii,
robusti : femoribus tibiisqnc compressis ; his seriato-spinulosis, apicem versus (pi-asertim poste-
rioribus) dilatatis : tarsis (prsesertim posterioribus) articulo primo elongate libcro.

Cercyon may be readily known fi-om SphcericUum by the smaller and convexer
l)odies of the insects which compose it, by theii' more or less deeply striated elytra,
by theii' less powerfully spiued tibia3, and by the somewhat more solid club of
their 9-jointcd antenntx;. ^Mthough ty|)ically stercoraccous, some of the species
have a decidedly subaquatic tendency, residing amongst moss and decaying
vegetable matter in marshy spots, and at the edges of ponds, — into the mud and
refuse of which their powerful tibiae enable them to bm-row \nth considerable
dexterity. It is a genus more particularly abundant in northern and temperate
latitudes. Like the Homalotcc however, and many of the smaller dimg-iiifestmg
Brachclytra, the Cercya are constantly liable to become naturalized thi'ough the
agency of cattle ; and I think it far from improbable that two at least, out of the
four Madeiran representatives, may have been originally introduced into the
island, either from south-western Europe or else fi'om England.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 103

80. Cercyon inquinatum, WbU.
C. i-otundato-oblongum convexum nigrum nitidissimum, prothorace plus minusve subpicescenti, elytris

profunde subcrenato-striatis, pedibus rufo-fen-ugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1t-1|.

Habitat Maderam australem, a Dom. Rousset ab ovk Funchalensi maritima nuper communicatum.

C. roundisli-oblong, convex, black, and exceedingly shining ; most delicately, but not veiy closely
punctulated all over (the punctures appearing, under the microscope, smaller and more remote
than those of any of the other species). Prothorax more or less perceptibly picescent, especially
at the margins. Elytra deeply crenate- (scarcely punctate-) striated, particularly behind ; and
^^•ith slight indications of a cm-ved, or lunate, portion a little behind the apex, and common to
both, dull rufescent or infuscate. Antmnm at base, and the jialpi, rufo-testaceous ; the former
with the club (which is more elongated than in the other species) infuscate. Legs rufo-
ferraginous, or rufo-piceous.

An exceedingly distinct species, and one which may be readily known fi-om the
rest of the Cercya here described by its larger, somewhat rounder, and more highly
poHshed body, by its elj^tra being more evidently cme«ife-striated, and by the
comparatively elongated club of its antennje. It 'is moreover of a darker hue,—
the tendency of its prothorax to become picescent being at times so slight as to
be scarcely perceptible; whilst the obscui-e sublimate portion, or patch, towards the
apex of its elytra is, likewise, occasionally nearly obsolete. It is an insect which
entii-ely escaped my own observations in the Madeu-a Islands, the only specimens
which I have seen having been lately commimicated by M. Eousset, who captui-ed
them on the sea-beach at Eunchal. It recedes from all the Em-opean members of
the genus with which I am acquainted, but is more aUied perhaps to the common
C.flavipes than to any other;— fi-om which nevertheless its differently colovu-ed,
less punctiu-ed, and more shining surface, added to its crenate-striated elytra, wUl
be sufficient, apart from minor characteristics, at once to remove it.

81. Cercyon fimetarium, Woll.
C. obovatum (postice acuminatum) convexum nigrum subnitidum distincte punctulatum, elytris

profunde punctato-striatis ad apicem late testaceis, pedibus pallido-ferrugineis.
Long, corp.liu. 1.

Habitat Maderam, in stercore bovino ubique vulgaris, ab ora maritime fere ad cacumina montium
ascendens.

C. obovate (being somewhat acuminated behind), convex, black, and but slightly shining ; rather
closely and distinctly punctulated all over. Pruthorax concolorous, the margins having no
tendency to be paler. Ebjtra deeply punctate-striated ; with the apex, and more or less of the
lateral edges, broadly and brightly testaceous. Antenna at base, and the palpi testaceous ; the
former with the club, and the latter more or less in parts, infuscate. Legs pale ferruginous.

104 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Known from the last by its diminished Ijulk, and by the broadly and distinctly
paler terminal portion of its elytra; whilst its posteriorly-acuminated, more
deeply punctured, and less shining body, and its entu'ely dark prothorax will at
once separate it from the whole of the genus with which we have here to do. It
is somewhat allied to the common Eiu-opean C. ancde, — from which however its
smaller size, much more coarsely sculptured siu-face, and its very brightly testa-
ceous hinder apex will readily remove it. It is pretty generally distributed
tlu'oughout Madeira, occurrmg, in the dung of cattle, in nearly all parts of the
island. I have observed it in the neighboiu-hood of Eunchal, as also at Santa
Anna and Sfio Vincente, dm'ing the summer months ; and in the lofty region of
the Cruzinhas Ln July.

82. Cercyon centrimaculatum.
C. subrotundato-oblongum subconvexum nigrum nitidum, prothoracis lateribus elytrisque diluto-
testaceis, his subpunctato-stiiatis macula magna postmcdia communi infuscata plus miuusve
suiFusa ornatis, pedibus rufo-ferrugineis.
Var. /3. prothoracc elytrisque diluto-testaceis, illo in discum solum obscure ini'uscato, horum
macula postmedia communi fere obsoleta, pedibus pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. |-],

S])h<sridiwm centrimaculatum, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, ii. 23 (1807).

pygmcstim, Gryll. Ins. Suec. i. 104, var. h. (1808).

Cercyon centrimaculatum, Erich. Kiif. der Mark Brand, i. 218 (1837).
, Mulsant, Palp. 169 (1844).

Habitat Maderam, in iisdem locis ac prsecedens sed illo multo copiosior.

C. short and oblong, but not quite so much rounded as the C. inquinatum, and somewhat less convex
than cither of the foregoing species ; black or piceous-blaek, and shining ; closely and delicately
punctulated all over. Prothorax with the lateral edges narrowly testaceous. Elytra sub-
punctate-striated ; dull testaceous, and with a large, usually ill-defined and suffused, postmedial
fascia or cloud, eonunon to both, infuscate. AntenntP, palpi and legs as in the last species.
Vnr. /3. with the prothorax and elytra dull diluted-testaeeous ; the former having only an obscui-e
cloud on the disk infuscate, and the postmedial patch of the latter being almost obsolete. Limbs
altogether a little paler.

The smallest and by far the most abundant of the Madeiran Cercya. It is of
an exceedingly variable hue ; nevertheless the most essential featm-e which it
possesses, namely the liinder fascia or cloud Avith Avliich its elytra are adorned, is
more or less expressed throughout aU its varieties, and wall serve to distinguish it
from the remainder of the genus here described. The paler state (which I liave
indicated as var. /3) is to a certain extent the result of immatm-ity ; 'nhilst the
extreme darker ones, especially when they happen to be below the average in size,
approach at iii-st sight to the common C. pygmcBum of more northern latitudes.
Even such specimens as these however, — that is to say, where the postmedial

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 105

patch is so largely developed as to cover nearly the whole of the elytra,— a small
erubescent portion at the base (which in the C. pygmcevm, a species pale only
behind, does not exist) is sufficient to point out the law of colouring, and thus,
independently of minor cUfferences, to cUstiuguish them from that insect. It
occm-s in most parts of Madeira, and at aU seasons of the year. In the vicinity of
Funchal, and at Santa Anna in the north of the island, I have observed it in
great profusion ; as also on the edges of the Paul da Serra. It is found through-
out the whole of Europe, and is recorded by Mulsant as having been brought
even from South America.

83. Cercyon quisquUium.
C. oblongum subconvexum nigrum nitidum, prothoracis lateribus elytrisque flavis, his subpuactato-

striatis, pedibus rufo-ferrugiueis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1-1^.

ScarabcBus quisquilius, Linn. Fiia Suec. 138 (1761).
SjplKBridium imipunctattim, var. 'Eah.Hnt. Syst. i. 82 (1792).
Cercyon quisquUium, Stepb. III. Brit. Eiit. u. 153. <j (1829).
, Miilsaut, Palj}. 166 (1811-).

Habitat in stercore bovino Maderae Portilsque Sancti, vulgaris: circa Funchal interdum abiindat,
etiam in ipsa m-be occurrens qua tempore sereno per aerem volare sEepissime videatur.

C. oblong, and about as convex as the last species, black, and shining ; closely and deUcately punctu-
lated all over. Prothorax with the extreme lateral edges dull testaceous, or fen-uginous. Elytra
subpunctate-striated; bright testaceous-yellow. Antenna, palpi, and leys as in the last species,
except that the first two are rather more darkly infuscated in parts.

Readily known from the last two species by its rather larger bulk ; and from aU
the Cerci/a here described by the colour of its elytra, which are uniformly of a pale
testaceous or yeUow hue. The common C.wivpmictatus, L., is supposed by some ento-
mologists to be the female of the present insect : but, if such is the case, it is at least
remarkable that I should not have detected that sex in the Madeii-a Islands, where
the present one is extremely abvmdant. A jn-iori therefore, I shoidd rather be
inclined to agree with Mulsant in considering them as distinct. It occurs plenti-
fully in most parts of Madeira, in the dung of cattle, my own specimens being
principaUy from the neighbourhood of Funchal, Santa Anna, and from the upland
district of the Fanal. In Porto Santo it is equaUy common. It is universal
throughout Europe and the north of Africa,— from the former of which it has
probably been introduced into these islands.

lOG INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Sectio IV. NECROPHAGA.
Fam. 7. SILPHID^.

Gemis 39. CATOPS.
PaykuU, Fna Suec. i. 342 (1798).

Corpus minusculum, plus minusve ovatum, subtilissime pubescens : prothorace magno convexo, basi
lato, angulis posticis acutis : alis amplis. Antenna capitis prothoracisque longitudine, apicem
versus leviter incrassatae, articulo octavo contigiiis paulo minore, ultimo ad apicem ipsum acuto.
Labrum transversum, antice leviter emarginatum. Mandibulce cornc;e acutae, apicem versus
unidentatfc. Maxilla bilobse : lobo externa lineari, apice truncato : interno paulo breviore, ungue
cornco terminali munito. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo conico acuminato : labiales breves,
articulo ultimo ovato. Mentum transverso-quadratum. Ligula profunde biloba. Pedes elongati
graciles : fciiioribus anticis in maribus interdum dente obscuro obtuso subtus armatis : tarsis
anticis in maribus articulis tribus subdilatatis.

A single member of the present genus is the only representative of the entire
SilphklcB wliich I have hitherto been able to detect in the Madeira Islands.
Strictly spcaldug, it falls under Ftomophagiis of lUiger ; but the distinctive
characteristics of that group are so trifling, — depending almost exclusively on
the shorter antennae, the more acute hinder prothoracic angles, and the less
evidently striated elytra of the insects which compose it, — that they can scarcely
be regarded, at the utmost, as of more than sectional importance. In theu* habits,
the species of Cotops arc exceedingly active, and reside, for the most part, beneath
decaying vegetable substances, and stones ia damp, sylvan spots.

84. Catops velox.

C. obovatus fuscus, prothorace diluto-ferrugineo, elytris plus minusve nigrescentibus, singulo stria

suturali impresso, antennarum basi pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. H.

Ckoleva velox, Spence, Linn. Trans, xi. 154 (1809).
Ptomophagus velox, Steph. ///. Brit. Ent. iii. 6 (1830).
Catops velox, Erich. Kaf. der Mark Brand, i. 243 (1837).

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excclsii, rarissime; — ad Ribeiro Frio sub stipitibus madidis propc
marginem aqufc ductus " Lcvada " Lusitanice dicti jacentibus tempore veruali captus.

C. obovate (being rather acuminated behind), obscure rusty-brown (when immature, almost ferru-
ginous), very slightly shining, and densely clothed throughout with a minute yellowish pile.
Prol/wrax dull ferruginous, and very convex. Elytra darker than the prothorax, and generally
a little darker than the head also, — being more or less of a blackish-brown ; each with a deeply

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 107

impressed stria near the suture. Antemue very slightly incrassated towards their apex ; their basal
joints and the legs ferruginous.

A common European insect, but apparently of the greatest rarity in Madeii-a,
the only two indigenous examples which I have seen having been captiu'ed by
myself at the edges of the Levada of the Eil^eiro Frio, during the early spring.
They differ in no respect from the ordinary type, except that their antennse are
perhaps just perceptibly longer, and somewhat less incrassated at their apex.

Fam. 8. PTILIAD-Sl.

Genus 40. ACRATRICHIS.

Motsehulsky, Bull, de la Soc. Imp. de Moscou, xxi. 569 (1848).

Corpus minutissimum, latum, punctatissimum, pubescens : prothorace maximo convexo, basi plerumque
latissimo, angulis posticis plus minusve produetis : ehjtris subdepressis, apice truncatis : meso-
sterno carinato, scutello maximo : abdomine ex segmentis ventralibus sex composito : alls
amplissimis lanceolatis, pilis longissimis instructis. AntenncB rectae capillares pilosse, articulis
primo et secuudo robustissimis subquadratis, tertio ad octavum graciUbus latitudine eequalibus,
reliquis sensim crassiores, clavam laxam valde elongatam triarticulatam efficientibus. Lahrum
amplum porrectum subtriaugulare. Mandibula acut?e, intus bidentatse. Maxilla biloboe mem-
branacese : lobo externo elongato, intus crenulato : interna breviore angustiore, intus ciliato.
Palpi maxillai-es articulo penultimo maximo lato subpyriformi, ultimo minutissimo aciculari :
labiates biarticulatl gracillimi, ad apicem ligulfe inserti. Me/iium angustum transversum.
Ligula elongata, apice fissa, basi paraglossis aucta. Pedes valde cursorii, graciles : coxis posticis
laminatis distantibus : tarsis 3-articulatis, articido ultimo elongato.

The excessive minuteness of the insects comprehended luider the Ptiliada; wdll
at once distinguish them from the members of every other family. The entire
group indeed is one of the most isolated and best defined within the whole range
of the Coleoptera, its unique characters of -uing and foot being of themselves
sufficient to remove it from every other department. Nor are its oral organs
less remarkable, theii* singularly developed paraglossse and palpi displaying modi-
fications of structm'e exceedingly anomalous. It is under the appellation of
Trlchopteryx (proposed by Kirby, for the SilpJia minutissima of Marsham, in
1828*, and first defined, by Stephens, in 1830) that the present genus is usually
recognised. That title however hai-ing been preoccupied in the Lepidoptera, by
Hubner, in 1816, it is clear that (whether afterwards retained or not) it cannot
strictly be employed in another Order ; and hence it was that Motsehulsky in 1848
published the name of Acratnchis instead, — which ought therefore, in accordance
with the laws of priority, to be received. "When their microscopic dunensions are
considered, the species of Acratrichis may be regarded as amongst the most active

* Vide Int. to Ent. iii. -il, — note.

P 2

108 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

of the whole annual kingdom, the velocity with which they run heing perfectly
prodigious. Like Catops, they delight in moist and shady spots, occurring imder
dead leaves, logs of wood, and other rotting sulistances of a vegetable nature ; as
weU as at the roots of grass, and amongst moss, in damp localities beneath trees.

85. Acratrichis vunbricola, WoU.

A. obovata lata valde pubescens fusco-nigra subopaca, protborace amplissimo elytris latiorc, sub-
picescenti, angulis posticis dilutioribus et valdissime productis, antennis pedibusque palbdo-
testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. \.

Habitat in montibus Maderae, sub foliis arborum madidis, — prope lacum crateriformem Lagoa dictum,
in regione Fanalensi, d. 12 Jid. a.u. 1850 parcissime lecta.

A. broad, and obovate (being mucb wider in front tbau behind), brownish-black, and with a just
perceptibly yellowish or aeneous tinge; closely punctured, subopake, and exceedingly pubescent.
PrutJiorax very large, and wide (especially behind), surpassing the elytra in breadth; convex,
and usually rather more fuscous, or picescent than the rest of the surface ; with its posterior
angles much produced, and (together with its extreme basal edge) somewhat flavescent. Elytra
short and wide, with their hinder margin a little paler. Antennce and legs pale-testaceous ; the
former rather long.

A large and well-marked Acratrichis, somewhat approaching to the A. grandi-
collis and the A. atomaria of more northern latitudes : nevertheless it differs from
both of those species in its superior size, in its wider (though proportionably
shorter) form, in its very pale legs and antennae, and in its greatly developed and
somewhat picescent prothorax, — which, at its base, far exceeds the el}i:ra in
breadth. It is apparently extremely rare, and confined to lofty sylvan spots where
tlie constantly accumulating leaves are in a state of perpetual decay. In such
localities I have taken it, diu'iiig July, in the upland region of the Fanal (more
than 5000 feet above the sea), especially at the edges of the rovmd crater-Uke basin,
known as the Lagoa, immediately before the descent of the mountain-road to the
Ribeiro da Janella and Porto Moniz.

86. Acratrichis fascicvdaris.
A. oblongo-ovata pubescens nigra nitida, prothorace amplo ad basin elytris paulo latiore, angulis

posticis valde productis, antennis infuscatis, pedibus testaceis.
Long. corp. Hn. \.

Latridius fascicularis, Herbst, Kaf. v. 8. t. 44. f. 7 (1793).
Tricliopteryx fascicularu, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. i. 374 (1841).
graiuUcolUs, Erich. Xat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 20 (1848).

Habitat Maderam, sub stercore foliisque arborum marcidis, sestate minus frequens.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 109

A. smaller than the A. umbricola, and more oblong (being neither so wide in front nor so acuminated
behind), and, likewise, of a deeper black ; a little more coarsely punctured and shining, but not
nearly so pubescent. Prothurax large, but not so greatly developed as that of the last species,
and only slightly exceeding, behind, the base of the elytra in breadth ; convex, and concolorous
with the rest of the surface ; with its posterior angles produced, but not so much so as those of
the A. umbricola, and apparently not at all flavescent, though the extreme basal edge in that par-
ticular region is just perceptibly paler. Elytra with their hinder margin a little paler. An-
tenncE shorter and darker than those of the last species, being infuscate. Legs testaceous.

I can perceive no real distinctions between the present AcratricMs and the
common European A. fasclciilaris ; though it is due to my friend M. Motschulsky
to state that he was able to detect some minute difference (unappreciable by myself)
sufficient, as he supposed, to separate it from that iusect, — and hence the specific
title of brevicornis was proposed for it by him. An accurate measurement how-
ever will show that its antennse are not in reality shorter than those of the ordi-
nary A. fascicularis ; and, rather therefore than incur the risk of multiplying
names unnecessarily in these microscopic tribes, I prefer ascribing it to that
species, especially since I cannot, myself, discover any characters important enough
to warrant its removal from it.

87. AcratricMs pumila.
A. ovato-oblonga pubescens nigra subnitida, prothorace elytrorum latitudine subsequali, angulis

posticis leviter productis, antennis fusco-piceis, pedibus testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. ^-|.

Ftiliwm sericans, Schupp. in litt,

Trichopteryx sericans, G-illm. in Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xvii. 52 {nee Heer, 1841) (1845).

pumila, Erich. Nat. der Ins. DeutscTi. iii. 22 (1848).

Acratricliis fumila. Mots. Hull, de la Soc. Imp. de il/bscoi«, xxi. 568 (1848).

Habitat Maderam, et borealem et australem, ad radices graminum vel sub foliis arborum marcidis,
infra 3000' s. m. ubique vulgaris.

A. the smallest of the three species, and more oblong than either of the others, being of almost equal
breadth before and behind, — though, if anything, rather more expanded posteriorly than in front ;
deep black; rather distinctly punctured and pubescent, but not quite so shining as the A. fas-
cicularis. Prothorax less developed than in either of the other species, being scarcely perceptibly
broader behind than the base of the elytra ; less convex than in either of the other species ; and
entirely concolorous with the rest of the surface ; and with its posterior angles very much less
produced. Elytra with their hinder margin a little paler. Antenna and legs as in the A. fasci-
cularis ; except that the former are a little more darkly infuscated, or picescent, and have their
apical joint rather more acuminated.

The smallest of the Madeiran FtiUadce ; and I believe I do not err in referring
it to the A. ]}umila of Erichson. It may be readily kno-mi from the other two
species of the present genus by its more oljlong and narrower outline, and by its

110 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

liindor pvothoracic angles being scarcely at all produced*. It is an abundant insect
througliout Madeira, l)elo\v the altitude of al)Out 3000 feet, during the summer
and autumnal months, — occui'ring principally at the roots of grass, and beneath
leaves and other decajdng vegetable substances. In the vicinity of Funchal, and
also at Santa Anna, I have observed it at times in great profusion.

Genus 41. PTENIDIUM.

Erichson, JVo^ der Lis. Deutsch. iii. .Si (1848).

Corpvis minutissimum, ovale, convexiusculum, nitidissimuru, subglabrum : prothorace lateribus rotun-
datis, antice et postice subfequaliter angustato, angulis posticis plus minusve rotundatis : ebjtris
apice iiitegris subacuminatis : mesosterno vix carinato, scutello magno : abdomine ex scgmentis
ventralibus septem composito : alis amplissimis lanceolatis, pilis longissimis instructis. Instru-
menta cibaria fere ut in Acratrichi. Pedes valde cursorii, graciles : coxis posticis simplicibus
distantibus : tarsis 3-articulatis, articulo ultimo elongate.

The present group may be known from the previous one by the more oval, con-
vex, and polished bodies of the minute insects which compose it, — the ehi;ra of
which cover the whole of their abdomen, instead of being (as in Acndrichis)
aln'uptly truncated behind. Theii' upper siu'face, moreover, is almost entirely free
from punctures and pubescence, and theii' prothorax (instead of being dilated) is
constricted at its base, Tvith the posterior angles more or less rounded and obtuse.
In their habits, the species are similar to the members of the last genus.

88. Ptenidium apicale.
P. oblongo-ovale convexum subglabnim nigrum nitidissimum remote punctatum, prothoracis angulis

posticis lateribusquc rotundatis, clytris apicem versus late flavescentibus, antcnuis pedibusque

pallido-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |.

Ptilium apicale, Stunii, in Utt.

Trichopteryx apicalis, Grillm. in Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xvii. 85 (1845).

Ptenidium apicale, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 3G (1848).

Habitat Maderam, ad radices graminum, vel sub lapidibus foliisque arborum marcidis toto anno
vulgaris : ctiam in ins. Deserta Grandi occui'rit, qua Maio exeunte, a.d. 1850 pauca specimina
cepi.

* Tlie present Aci-atrichis varies the eightli of a line iu length, and a little in outline, according to the
altitude and cLrcimistauces imder which it is found, but it retains the same characters of coloiu-, scul])-
ture, and pubescence throughout, — as 1 have been able to ascertain from the examination of a very large
series of specimens collected from .ill parts of the island. I should mention however that it was separated
into three species by ^l. ^rotj^chulsky, two of them being considered as new. for which he proposed the
names of nigricornis and ovatula; whilst the third (dcj)eudiug on a single indixidual, without a head) he
identified with the minutissima of Linna>us. In my opinion, however, they are all referable to one ; and
T am inclined to think that the common A. pumila la the species to which they must be assigned.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. Ill

P. oblong-oval, convex, and exceedingly highly polished; deep black; remotely punctured and very
sparingly pubescent. Prothorax rounded at the sides, being broadest a little behind the middle
and narrowed at its extreme base ; the posterior angles rounded. Elytra with the punctures
more perceptible than those on the prothorax ; broadly flavesccnt towards their apex, — though
more or less distinctly so in different specimens. AntenruB and legs pale testaceous.

The only Ftenidium* , apparently, in the Madeira Islands ; and exceedingly
ahundant below the elevation of about 3000 feet. It resides principally at the
roots of grass and beneath fallen leaves, under which circumstances I have
captured it in. the utmost profusion in the Chestnut-woods at Santa Anna, and
in the dense forest region of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, during the summer
months. On the southei'u side of the island it is equally common ; and it may
be often observed in gardens about Funchal. In that of the Rev. R. T. Lowe, at
the Levada, I have taken it in great abundance ; as also on the Pico do Cardo,
from under stones beneath the Tir-trees : and even, though more sparingly, on
the Dezerta Grande.

Fam. 9. PHALACRIDJl.

Genus 42. OLIBRUS. (Tab. II. fig. 9.)

Erichsou, Nat. der Ins. Beutsch. iii. 113 (1848).

Corpus minusculum, obovatum vel ellipticum, convexum, nitidissimum, glabrum : prothurace postice
lato : alis amplis. Antenna (II. 9 a) breviusculse, articulis primo et secundo (illo prsecipue)
crassis, tertio longiore graciliore, quarto ad octavum paulatim brevioribus sed latitudine vix
crescentibus, reliquis clavam magnam laxam oblongam triarticulatam efficientibus. Lnbrum
breve transversum, antice integrum ciliatuui. Mandibula (II. 9 6) validte incurvse, apice fortiter
bidentatse, intus basin versus membrana instructae. Maxilla (II. 9 c) bilobfe membranacese :
lobo externo longiusculo lato, apice dense barbato : interno brevi angusto pencillato. Palpi
maxillares (II. 9 c) breviusculi filiformes, articulo ultimo elongato-ovato : labiates (II. 9 d) breves,
sat robusti, articulo ultimo acuminato. Mentuni amplum transverso-quadratum membranaceum.

* I cannot observe the slightest diflerence in any of the Madeiran specimens of this insect which I
have hitherto examined : nevertheless M. Motschulsky, since his late visit to England, has distributed
my series under three species, bearing the names of P. punctatvm, Gyll., elongatulum. Mots., and atoma-
roides, Mots. After a careful comparison however of the whole of them beneath the microscope, and
a consideration of the circimistances imder which they were taken, anything like specific distinctions
appear to me to be simply imaginary, since I am unable to detect so much as a single aberration out of
the entire number of sufficient importance to be regarded as even a variety. I have consequently
sunk them : and I believe that they are more correctly referred to the P. apicale, Stimn, than to any
other member of the genus. From the P. punctatum they diiier {vide Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 29.3, and
Stiurm's Beutsch. Fna, xvii. 8-1) in having the apex of their elytra always flavescent, and their punctiu-es
less apparent, — those moreover on the prothorax being the faintest and exceedingly few in niunber :
whereas in that insect the pimctm-es are described as being numerous, and more deeply impressed on the
prothorax than on the elytra. The prothorax also of the P. punctatum is of a different form.

112 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

anticc Icviter angustatum ct temiissimuin, utrinquc in lobum medium lateralem productum. Ligula
lata biloba, lobis rotundatis ciliatis. Pedes cursorii, subgraciles : femoribus libusque compressis,
his apice lenter spinulosis ct calcariis internis sat distinctis munitis : tarsis (II. 9 e. 9/. 9^)
articulo tertio bilobo, quarto minutissimo ; posticis (II. 9 e) elongatis, articulo secundo longiusculo.

Olibrus was established by Ericbson, in 1848, m. order to contain those members
of Phalacrus which had the terminal joint of their maxillaiy palpi slightly robuster
than is the case with the ordinary representatives of the group, their tibial spurs
distinctor, and their two hinder tarsi somewhat more produced, and ■nith the
second articulation the longest. To these characters however I think the con-
struction of the mentiun should certainly be added, since, if my observations be
correct, it is the most invariable, and therefore the most important, feature which
the several species possess. Thus, in all the Olibri which I have dissected it is
narrowed anteriorly (where it is extremely thin and membranaceous), and has the
sides produced, about the middle, into a large rounded lobe ; whereas in the true
Phalacri it is broader in front than behind, truncated at the apex, and altogether
more transverse and of a thicker textm-c. In fact, with the exception of the
peculiarity of their mentum, it seems to me that the Olibri, as defined by Erich-
son, are apt to merge almost imperceptibly (especially as regards the spines of
theu- tibia?) into the normal Fhalacri, — of which the common Em-opean P. coruscns
is supposed to be the type : and it is far from improbable moreover that in some
of the forms an intermediate state of mentum may exist likewise, — in which case
none of the elements of Olibrus can be considered as sufficiently constant to be of
more than sectional significance. They are insects which are subject to con-
siderable instability, both in size and colour, and are consequently in many
instances extremely difiicult to determine, specifically. There are few genera
indeed amongst the entire Coleoptera in which an extensive series of examples
is more positively required in order to investigate the species aright, and to
discover tlie boundaries between which some of them would appear to range.
They are almost exclusively of flower-infesting habits ; and rim with the utmost
agility. They are excessively gregarious, and may usually therefore be taken in
large numbers where they exist at aU.

89. OUbnis Cmerariae, Woll (Tab. II. fig. 9.)
O. subrotundato-obovatus subviridescenti-niger nitidus, capite prothoraceque rufo-testaceis, elytris

substriatis ad apicem testaceis, singuli striis duabus suturam versus reliquis paulo distinctioribus,

antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. coq). lin. I^.

Habitat florcs Cineraria aurita { = Senecionis Maderensis, De Cand.) in rupibus Maderse crescentis,
proosertira per partem sylvaticam aestate, rarissimus : ad Cruzinhas est paulo copiosior, qua Julio
incunte a.d. 1850 plurima speciniina collcgi.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 113

O. roundisli- ovate (being but very slightly wider in front than behind), convex, shining, and black, —
with a just distinguishable greenish tinge. Head and prothorax bright rufo-testaceous. Elytra
obscurely substriated, the striae (as in the other species) vanishing in front, the two on each
which are nearest the suture being more distinct than the rest : their apex more or less pale
testaceous. Antenna and legs testaceous, or rufo-testaceous, — being usually only a shade paler
than the head and prothorax.

A large and most elegant OUbms, and at once distinguislied by its compara-
tively hemispheric form, by its bright rufo-testaceous head and prothorax, and by
its deep black elytra, — which have a just perceptibly greenish tinge on their
sui'face, and of which the extreme apex is alone pale. It is apparently exceedingly
rare, or at any rate local, occurring principally at high elevations, and in remote
spots, within the sylvan districts. It would seem to be confined to the flowers of
the Cineraria aurita, the j^m-ple clusters of wliich are so conspicuous on the damp
perpendicular rocks of lofty altitudes. I have captiu-ed it, sparingly, near the
head of the Ribeu'o de Santa Luzia in May ; and, more abundantly, in the upland
region of the Cruzinhas, diu'ing Jvily.

90. Olibrus bicolor.
O, obovatus subsenescenti-nigropiceus nitidissimus, elytris substriatis, apicem versus obscui'e diluto-

rufescentibus, singuli striis duabus suturam versus distinctioribus, antennis pedibusque subdiluto-

testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 1^-1|^.

Splusridium bicolor, Fab. Iltit. Si/st. i. 82 (1792).
Fhalacrus bicolor, Sturm, Deutsch. Mia, ii. 77 (1807).

, Gvll. Ins. Suee. iii. 431 (1813).

Olibrus bicolor, Erich. Mit. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 116 (1848).

Habitat in floribus Maderaj, bine inde, tempore vernali, vidgatissimus.

O. obovate (being distinctly wider in front than behind), convex, exceedingly brilUantly polished, and
more or less of a dark rufo-piceous, or piceous-black hue, — with a very perceptibly seneous tinge.
Elytra obscm-ely substriated, the two striae on each nearest to the suture being alone tolerably
distinct : more or less obscurely, and very gradually dull brownish-rufescent, or somewhat chest-
nut, towards the apex. Antenna and legs dull testaceous.

There can be no doubt but that the present insect and the following one ap-
proach each other very closely, and it is not Avithout hesitation that I have treated
them as separate. For some time indeed I had considered them to be but modi-
fications of the O. bicolor ; nevertheless a careful comparison of a very large series
of specimens has subsequently induced me to believe that they are truly distinct,
since there is no difficulty whatsoever in discriminating them in a general way,
even though it is equally certain that about two examples out of every forty which
I have examined are doubtful, and might apparently be referred to either. StiU,

Q

114 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the normal states are so clearly expressed that I cannot regard these occasional
links as more than exceptional varieties from either side, and Avhich Avould fall as
unmistakeahly into their proper spheres as any of the remainder, were we better
able to grasp their exact characteristics, and to appreciate small shades of differ-
ence which are not the less real because obscure. Nor must we forget that in our
ignorance of even the nature of " species," so called, we may sometimes err in
attempting to define too rigidly the boimdaries of theii- attributes ; for, whilst, as
a matter of com-se, we must unquestionably assume them to be absolutely micon-
nected (that is to say, to have descended from common parents, — each of their
pecidiar kind), yet it is difficult to assert positively that creatures which in out-
ward points are thus intimately allied are of necessity so opposite in their endow-
ments that they may not now and then intermix, and produce those very aberra-
tions (all)eit perhaps not able, themselves, to perpetuate their race) which we are
apt to lay hold of, even when occm-riug thus sparingly, to destroy the specific
claims of the insects which have accidentally given them bii-th. And I shoidd
frequently, therefore, be inclined to look upon such-like media as lapsus natures
rather than as connective, — at any rate where they are only of rare exiwrience and
exist between forms the limits of wliich are other^-ise clear and unambiguous.
With these few remarks, which I have somewhat prolonged, as likely to apply in
instances besides the present one, it will be sufficient to add that the O. bicolor
(which, if my identification of it be correct, would appear to attain a rather larger
size in Madeira than the ordinary type) may be distinguished, for the most part,
from the following species, not merely by its superior bidk, but by its less poste-
riorly-aciuninated outline, l)y its usually just perceptibly darker and less brassy
hue, and by its legs and antenna? being, almost invariably, both of a more diluted
testaceous tinge and (proportionably) a trifle longer. It is an abundant insect,
diu'ing the spring and smnmer months, in certain parts of Madeira, at rather low
and intermediate elevations. In May of 18i9, wliUst encamped in the Eibeii-o de
Santa Luzia with the Rev. 11. T. Lowe, I captiu-cd it in the utmost profusion from
amonsrst the loni? cjrass and flowers immediatelv outside my tent, — and in com-
pany with the O. Uquidus, which thus, at all events, cannot be a local variety of it.

91. Olibnis Hquidus.

O. obovatus postice paulo magis acuminatus, subjeuesccnti-uigropiceus uitidissinius, clytris sub-
striatis, apicem versus diluto-rufescentibus, singuli striis duabus suturam versus distinctioribus,
antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis breviusculis.

Long. Corp. lin. -f^-l^.

Plialacnis ovaiiis, llott'iii. in mm.

Olibrus Uquidus, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 117 (1848).

Habitat Maderam, in locis similibus ac 0. bicolor, uua cum illo degens.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 115

O. similar to the last species, but smaller and of more variable stature, a little narrower in proportion,
and rather more acuminated behind, also, for the most part, with a little more perceptibly brassy
tinge. Elytra as in the O. bicolor, but generally a little paler, or more brightly chestnut,
posteriorly. Antennm and legs testaceous, being a shade paler than those of that insect.

The cUstinctions between the present insect and the last have been ah*eady fully
pointed out, not only under that species, but likewise in the above comparative
diagnosis. It is equally abundant, occui-ring on flowers and amongst grass, and
usually in company with it. I believe it to be correctly referred to the O. Uquidus
of Erichson, with the description of which it appears to agree sufficiently well.

92. Olibrus consimilis.
O. rotundato-oblongus infuscato-rufopiceus nitidissimus, elytris apicem versus late testaceis, singulo

stria suturali valde profunda impresso, antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis breviusculis.
Long. corp. lin. 1-1|.

Dermestes consimilis, Mshm, Eiit. Brit. i. 75 (1802).
Phalcicrus geminus, Illig. in Panz. Krit. Mev. i. 27 (1805).

testaceus, Gyll. Ins. Siiec. iii. 432 (1813).

Olihrus gemmus, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutscli. iii. 120 (1848).

Habitat in graminosis Maderse, rarissimus : tria specimina adhuc vidi, unum sc. ad summam originem
convallis Kibeiro de Santa Luzia dictse Maio exeunte a.d. 1849, et duo ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros
mense Julio a.d. 1850, a meipso reperta.

O. roundish-oblong (being but very shghtly wider in front than behind, but neither quite so broad
nor so rounded as the O. Cinei-aria), not quite so convex as any of the other species, exceedingly
brilliantly polished, and of a pale, brownish-rufopiceous hue. Elytra almost unstriated, with the
exception of a single, very deeply impressed sutural stria on each : their apex broadly and
brightly testaceous. Antenrus and legs, also, testaceous : the former rather short.

A most abundant European insect, but apparently extremely rare in Madeira,
which in all probability is one of its most southern stations. During my constant
researches in all parts of the island I have hitherto taken but three specimens ; —
one in 18i9 in the Ribeno de Santa Luzia, and two at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros
in July 1850. It may be readily known from the rest of the Olibri here described
by its pale fusco-piceous hue, by its short and comparatively oblong form, by its
rather abbreviated antennge, and by the single deep stria with which each of its
elytra are impressed close to the suture.

Fam. 10. NITIDULIDiE.

Genus 43. CARPOPHILUS.

(Leach) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 50 (1830).

Corpus minusculum, phis minusve subcylindi-ico-oblongum : prothorace subquadrato convexo : elytris

Q2

116 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

abbreviatis, apice truncatis : alts amplis. Antenna breves, articulo primo magno crasso, secundo
ct tertio longioribus et (hoc praecipue) graeilioribus, quarto ad octaviim minutis latitudine
paulatim vix crescentibus, reliquis capitulum magnum solidum orbiculato-ovatum triarticulatum
efficicntibus. Labrum semicirculare ciliatum, antice fisso-emarginatum. Mandibula valida;,
apice bidentatse. Maxillm lobo singulo pubescenti instructaj. Palpi liliformes, articulo ultimo
elougato, ill maxillaribus subacuininato, in labialibus crassiorc ovato-truncato. Mentiim trans-
verso-quadratum, antice angustatum. Ligula apice biloba, lobis divergentibus pubescentibus.
Pedes subcontractiles : tarsis articulo quarto minutissiino.

Apart from the modifications of its trophi, which may be gathered from the
above diagnosis, but which differ however but slightly from those of the neigh-
l)ouring genera, Carpopliilus may be known by its abbreviated elytra and its more
cjuadratc prothorax, — which last is usually convex throughout, instead of having
the margins flattened or recurved, as is more or less the case in Xifidida proper.
It is a genus which subsists mainly on articles of commerce, especially sugar and
cb'ied fruits ; and hence, as might be expected, is widely distributed over the
world, follo^\•ing everjT^here in the track of man. The species are often very
abimdant on board ship ; and in all probability the three Madeiran representatives
have been imported into the island from other coimtries, being found either in
Fuuchal itself, or in houses where merchandise is stowed away, in its immediate
vicinity.

93. Carpophilus mutilatus.

C. subcylindrico-oblongus nifo-ferrugincus pubescens, prothoracc magno subquadrato, elytris vix

jiallidioribus, abdomine supra ct infra subfuscescente.

Jjong. corp, lin. 1§.

mtidula hemiptem, Fab. {nee Llnu. 1767) Ent. Si/st. i. 261 (1792).

Ca)popkilus mutilatus, (Hoffiu. in mus.) Erich. Germ. Zeitsch. fiir die Ent. iv. 258 (18i3).

Habitat in domibus Maderfc, prsesertim propc Funchal, minus frequens ; in ipsd urbe mercatorum
repositoriis frequentior, forsan ex Americse meridionalis insulis illuc saccharinis introductus.

C oblong, somewhat parallel and subcylindric ; punctured, rufo-ferruginous, and clothed with paler
pubescence. Prothorax large and subquadrate, being almost as broad before as behind. Be-
neath with the meso- and meta-thoraces and the abdomen (the last above as well as below)
slightly darker. Elytra a little paler than the remainder of the surface.

Evidently imported into IMadeu-a ; occm-ring on the waUs of houses in and near
•Fimchal, though nowhere abundantly. In granaries and warehouses, however, it
is less scarce, where it Avoidd appear to feed more especially on sugar and dried
fruits, in company with the C. hemlpterus. It is foimd under similar circmn-
stanccs in the south of Europe, — where it is recorded in Spain, Portugal and
Sicily : I also possess specimens from Italy. It was ^\Tongly referred by Ea-
bricius to the Dermestes hemipterus of Linntcus, which is a totally different insect,
as may be seen from tbe diagnosis given below ; and hence it is that tlie name of

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 117

mntilatus (fli'st proposed by HoflFniansegg for a specimen from Portugal) was
retained by Erichson for the present species.

94. CarpopMlus am'opilosus, WoU.

C. oblongus fusco-niger pubescens, prothorace magno subquadi-ato convexo, antennis pedibusque

ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. It.

Habitat urbem Funchalensem, unde exemplar unicum Dom. Kousset nuper misit.

C. oblong, punctured, black mtli a slight bro-miish tinge, and densely clotbed ^\'itb pale yeDowish
pubescence. Prothorax large, convex and subquadi-ate, being nearly as broad before as behind.
Elytra with the extreme apical margin a little infuscate. Mouth, legs and antenna ferruginous,
the last with their club somewhat dusky.

Distinguished from the C. nmtilatus and the C. hemij^terus by its somewhat
smaller size and uniformly dark hue, — its antennae and legs, added to the golden
pubescence wdth which it is clothed, being alone pale. The only specimen which
I have seen was lately communicated to me by M. Rousset, by whom it was
captm-ed in the ^-icinity of Funchal. Like the other Madeiran CarjwjiMli, it is
probably an introduced insect : nevertheless, not having been able to identify it
with any known species, I have been compelled to describe it as new.

95. CarpopMlus hemipterus.
C. subovato-oblongus nigro-fuscus pubescens, prothorace minus quadi-ato, elytro singulo maculis

duabus, una sc. humerali sinuata et altera apicali magna, flavis interdum confluentibus ornato,

antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. lA-lf.

Dermestes liemipterus, Linn. Sysf. Nat. ii. 567 (1767).
Nitidula himaculata, Oliv. Ent. ii. 12. 6 (1790).

, GyU. Ins. Suec. i. 244 (1808).

Carp(^hilus hemipterus, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, sv. 36 (1844).
. , Erich. Nat. der Ins. Beutsch. iii. 135 (1848).

Habitat Maderam, cum C. mutilato sed illo multo copiosior.

C. oblong-ovate, punctured, blackish-brown, or black, and clothed with a yellowish pubescence.
Prothorax large, but somewhat transverse, being a httle narrower before than behind, and with
the margins occasionally slightly paler than the disk. Elytra rather shorter than in either of
the preceding species, with two zigzag patches on each, — viz. a small one at the shoulder, and a
large one occupying more or less of the entire apical half, — pale yellow ; the latter sometimes so
broad as to be almost confluent with the former. Mouth, base of antenna and legs testaceous.

Found in company with the C. nmtilatus, but much more plentifully : amongst

118 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

di'icd figs I have observed it occasionally ia the greatest profusion. It is common
tlirougliout Em-ope and in Algeria, but was, originally, in all probability, a native
of a colder climate than the C. mutilatus, since the latter has not been able, ap-
parently, to establish itseK in northern Europe, whereas the present insect occou-s
in equal abimdance both in the north and the south.

Genus 44. NITIDULA.
Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 77 (1775).

Corpus minusculum, plus minusve depressum et laete coloratum : prothorace in discum subconvexo, ad
latera plerumquc complanato necnon ssepius subrecurvo : elytris apice truncatis, pj'gidium vix
tcgcntibus : alls amplis. Antenna bre\iusculffi, articulo primo magno crasso, secundo ad octavum
multo gracilioribus (tertio ssepe reliquis lougiore graciliore), reliquis capitulum maguum subsoli-
dum orbiculato-ovatum triarticulatum efficientibus. Lahrum antice ciliatum. Mandibula valida;,
apice bidentatffi. Maxilla lobo singula pubescenti instructse. Palpi filiformes. Mentum trans-
verso-subquadratum, antice vel leviter emarginatum vel productum. Ligula apice biloba, lobis
magnis pubescentibus. Pedes subcoutractiles : tibiis extus integris : tarsis articulo quarto minu-
tissimo, anticis articulis tribus saepius dilatatis.

The Nitiditlce, subdivided by Erichson, as I camiot but believe, into too many
genera, may, apart from the distinctive characters of theii* oral organs (which will
be gathered from the above diagnosis), be usually recognised from theii- allies by
their comparatively depressed bodies, and by the more or less flattened edges of
their prothorax. In their economy they are midway between Carjiophilus and
MeUgethes, combining the ossiphagous, or almost omnivorous, propensities of the
former -ttdth the flower-infesting habits of the latter. And, since we have such
opposite modes of life indicated in the same genus, we find, as would natm-aUy be
cKpected, insects of intermediate tendencies likewise, — which are perhaps the
most numerous, and may be considered as constituting the normal members of the
group. Such species reside between chippings of wood or under the bark of trees,
feeding on decaying vegetable matter, more particularly in spots where recent
womids have caused the sap to exude and the bark to have become loose. Of
the fom" representatives however which I have hitherto detected in the ]Madeii'a
Islands, tkree belong to the ossiphagous, and one only to the strictly subcortical
division : and it is more than probalile indeed that the former may have been
accidentally imported from more northern latitudes, since they do not appear to
exist at aU in the uncultivated regions, but merely in the A-icinity of the to-mas, —
positions in which they would be the more easily naturalized, from the constant
supply of theii- proper food with which such localities must necessarily abound.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 119

§ I. Labrum transversum, antice leviter emarginatum : ^alpi articulo ultimo subammiinato : mentum antice
plus minusve productum, (Nitidula et Omosita, Ericli^. Habitant prsecipue in cadaveribus.

96. Nitidula flexuosa.

N. lato-oblonga depressa subfusco-nigra, protborace antice vix emarginato, lateribus testaceis ciliatis,
el3ftris macula media communi abbreviata necnon plaga magna (postice dentat^) ad humeruni
singuli sita pallido-testaceis ornatis, antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. li-2|.

Nitidula flexuosa, Oliv. Ent. ii. 12. 7 (1790).

, Fab. Ent. Sysf. i. 258 (1792).

, Heer, Fna Col. Relv. 397 (1841).

• , Erich. Nat. der Ins. Beutseh. iii. 159 (1818).

Habitat in cadaveribus Portus Sancti, tempore biberno et vernali non infrequens.

N. broad and oblong, depressed, dull brownisb- or piceous-black, most minutely punctulated, and
pubescent. Prothorax very slightly emarginated, or arcuated, in front ; large and wide, rounded
at the sides, and broadest a little behind the middle ; the lateral edges testaceous, and fringed
with a fine silken pubescence. Elytra with a transverse abbreviated central patch, common to
both, and a large flexuose (posteriorly ragged) portion at the shoulder of each (usually enclosing
a minute isolated one within its concavity) pale testaceous. Antenna at base and the legs testa-
ceous ; the former with their club infuscate.

Owing probably to its habits, which, would favour its dissemination over the
civilized countries of the world, the present large and beautiful Nitidula is an
insect of very wide geographical range. It occurs (though scarcely in such
abundance as some of the allied species) thi-oughout the greater portion of Eiu-oj^e
and the north of Africa ; and it has been even received from Syria, and other parts
of Asia. Hitherto I have not observed it in Madeira proper, but only in the
island of Porto Santo, where, during December of 1848, I captui'ed it in great
profusion, adliering to the dried skeleton of a goat, on the edges of the Campo
de Baxo, to the westward of the Cidade.

97. Nitidula 4-pustiilata.

N. angusto-suboblonga fusco-nigra, prothorace convexo antice vix emarginato, lateribus ciliatis, elytro
singulo maculis duabus, una sc. subrotundata longe intra humerum sita necnon altera majore
oblonga obliqua postmedia, testaceis ornato, antennarum basi pedibusque ferrugineis.

Long. corp. lin. 1-1^.

Nitidula i-pustulata, Fab. Ent. Sgsf. i. 255 (1792).

, ULig. Mag. fur Ins. i. 88 (1801).

■ , Heer, Fna Col. Relv. 401 (1841).

, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deufsch. iii. 160 (1848).

Habitat jNIaderam, et borealem et australem, tempore hiberno et vernali, passim, — etiam m hortis
Funchalensibus interdum abundans.

120 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

N. narrow and nearly oblong, less depressed than the last species, brownish-blaek, most minutely
punctulated, and pubescent. Prutlwrax scarcely at all cmarginated in front (being even less so
than in the A^. flexuosa), narrower in proportion than that of the last species, and straighter at
the sides ; the lateral edges fringed with a fine silken pubescence. Elytra with a small roundish
patch a long way within the humeral angle of each, and a larger, oblique and somewhat oblong
one a little behind their respective disks, testaceous. Antenna at base and the legs ferruginous ;
the former with their club infuscate.

In all probability an imported insect into Madeira, occm-ring principally in the
immediate vicinity of Funchal, — especially in gardens, where it may be often
captured adhering to bones. I have however taken it, likewise, in the north of
the island, at Santa Anna, though more sparingly. It occui-s throughout the
greater portion of Europe, but is not usually so abundant as the N. discoidea.

98. Nitidula discoidea.
N. liito-suboblonga nigra, prothorace antice profunde emarginato, insequali, pone discum bifoveolato,

limbo plus minusve fcrruginco, elytris in discum latissime testaceis, antennis pedibusque infus-

cato-ferrugincis.
Long. corp. lin. 1^-lj-

Nitidula discoidea, Fab. Ent. Si/st. 78 (1775).

, Elig. Kaf. Pre«s.3Sl (1798).

— , GyU. Ins. Suec. i. 219 (1808).

, Heer, Fna Col. Heh. 398 (1841).

Omosita , Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deiitseh. iii. 168 (1848).

Habitat in ossibus prope Funchal, una cum praicedente degens sed ilia rarior.

N. broad and oblong, a little more convex on the disk than either of the preceding species, black,
rather coarsely punctulated (especially on the prothorax), and somewhat sparingly pubescent.
Prothorax deeply cmarginated in front, short and transverse, the entire margins (especially about
the anterior angles) more or less dusky ferruginous ; its sui-face uneven, being considerably
flattened and a little recurved at the sides, and with two short rounded foveje behind the centre
of the disk. Elytra with a large, ragged, pale testaceous blotch, common to both, upon the
disk, — leaving only the margins, the apical portion, and a few broken lines or spots within the
paler region, black. Antenna and legs brownish-feiTuginous.

One of the coimuonest European Nitidulcc, and, like the N. '^-jmstulata, pro-
bably natm-alizcd in Madeira, where it is apparently exceedingly scarce. I have
taken it from out of bones in the neighbourhood of Funchal, during the whiter
and spring, but have not as yet observed it in any other portion of the island.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 121

§ II. Labrum semicirculare, antice anguste fisso-emarginatum : palpi articulo ultimo in maxillarihus suh-
ovato, in lahialihus crassiore subrotundato-triincato : mentum antice leviter einarginatmn. (Epurasa,
Srich.) Habitant pleniinque sub cortice arborum vel etiam in floribus.

99. Nitidula obsoleta,
N. oblonga depressa diluto-testacea, in discum plus minusve subinfuscata, prothorace antice profunde
emarginato, elytro singulo maculis duabus obsoletissimis vix observandis pallidioribus ornato^
antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.

Variat colore omnino pallido-testaceo.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^-li.

Nitidula obsoleta, Eab. Ent. Sgst. i. 256 (1792).

, Gyll. Lis. Suec. i. 223 (1808).

, Hear, Fna Col. Helv. 398 (1841).

Epurcea , Erich. Nat. der Ins. Detitsch. iii. 148 (1848).

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, sub cortice arborum truncisque recenter sectis, tempore vernali et
sestivo, rarissima : ad Ribeiro Frio necnon in Madera boreali, in castanetis Sanctse Annse, bine
inde observavi.

N. oblong, depressed, testaceous, minutely punctidated and pubescent. Prothorax very deeply
eniargined in front (being ratber more so than even that of the last species), rather straightened
at the sides, and broadest a little behind the middle ; the disk generally slightly infuscated.
Elytra, likewise, a bttle darker on the disk ; and each with an exceedingly obscure (sometimes
scarcely perceptible) patch behind the centre of its disk, and another (still obscurer) about the
region of the shoulder, paler. Antenna and legs usually of a rather paler testaceous shade than
the rest of the surface ; the former with their club inf uscate.

Likewise a common European insect, but exceedingly rare in Madeii^a, being
found sparingly tliroughout the sylvan districts beneath the bark and chippings
of trees, or adhering to the under sides of recently felled trunks. I have taken it,
during the summer months, at the Ribeiro Frio and in the Chestnut-woods of
Santa Anna ; as also at the head of the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, during my
encampment there with the Rev. R. T. Lowe, in May 1819.

Genus 45. PRIA.

(Kirby) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 49 (1830).

Corpus minusculum, subconvexum : prothorace leviter marginato : ehjti'is apice truncatis, pygidium
totum vix tegentibus : alis amplis. Antenna, prsecipue in maribus, longiusculoe, clava mascula
4-articulata laxa subserrata (articulis octavo, nono et decimo intus productis), clava fceminea
3-articulata solidiore. Labrum prominulum, antice ciliatum et profunde bilobum. Mandibulte
validpe, apice denticulatse, basi latissimse. Maxilla lobo singulo brevi pubescenti instructse.
Palpi filiformes, articulo ultimo subacumiuato-truncato. Mentum subquadi'atum antice angus-
tatum, summo apice emarginato. Ligula apice biloba, lobis angustis divergentibus pubescentibus.

E.

122 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Pedes contractiles : tibiis anticis atl marginem externum minutissitue spinulosis : tarsis articulo
quarto minutissimo, anticis articulis tribus dilatatis.

Of the present genus but a single species has been hitherto discovered, namely
the Luria Dulcaynarce of Scopoli, — for the male of which (supposed erroneously to
be distinct from the female) the group was originally proposed. It is on account
of the structure of its antennae that the mistake as regards the sexes appears to
have arisen, — those of the male being the longest, and having their clul) com-
posed of four loosely-attached and (with the exception of the apical one) internally-
produced joints, whereas in tlie female it is subsoHd and merely triarticulate.
Such characters as these are of cotirse sufficient, evjen of themselves, to separate
Tria from the allied forms ; and we need only therefore add that it would seem,
externally, to constitute somewhat of a connecting link between Nitidula and
3Ieligethes, its partially pale surface and submargined prothorax leading us very
gradually from the variegated and flattened bodies of the former to the darker
and convexer ones of the latter, — to which in its flower-infesting habits however it
is the more nearly allied.

100. Pria Dulcamarae.

P. oblonga iiifuscato-ferruginea, regione scutellari, pectore, abdomine antennarumque clava plus

minusve nigrescentibus, antennarum basi pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. f-1.

Laria Duleamarce, Scop. £nt. Cam. 22 (1763).

NitiduU Dulcamara, III. Kaf. Preus. 387 (1798).

Silpha truncatella, Mshni, Ent. Brit. i. 123 (1802).

Pria trimcatella et MeUgethcs DulcamarcB, Steph. ///. Brit. Ent. iii. 45 et 50 (1830).

DulcamarcB, Stiu'in, Deutsch. Fna, xv. 127 (1814).

Habitat in tloribus jMadcra;, tempore vcmali et sestivo, non infrequens : ab hortis Funchalensibus fere
ad summos montes ascendit, sed in locis intermediis (e. g. castanetis Sanctae Annse) pi-secipue
abundat.

P. oblong, slightly convex, brownish-ferruginous, or testaceous-brown, minutely punctulated and
pubescent. Prothoraa: subquadrate. The region of the scutellum, the breast, the abdomen, and
the antenna at apex more or less dark, or nigrescent. The last at base, and the legs diluted-
testaceous.

A \videly distributed insect over Europe, but apparently somewhat scarce in
Madeira ; — occiu'ring however sparingly in most pai-ts of the island, and at nearly
all elevations. I have taken it from out of flowers in the gardens aroimd Fimchal,
in INIay, — especially in that of the Rev. R. T. Lowe at the Levada ; as also in the
Chestnut-woods of Santa Anna, more abimdantly, in Jime ; and in the upland
region of the Cruzinhas (nearly 5000 feet above the sea), dui-ing July.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 123

Genus 46. MELIGETHES.

(Kirby) Steph. Ill Brit. Ent. iii. 45 (1830).

Corpus minusculum, convexum, colore ssepius obscuro vel submetallico : prothorace vix marginctto :
ebjtris apice truncatis, pygidium totum \{x tegentibus : alls amplis. Antenrue breviusculse,
articulis primo et secundo (illo praecipue) magnis crassis, tertio reliquis longiore graciliore, inde
ad octavum paulatim brevioribus crassioribus, reliquis capitulum magnum subsolidum orbiculato-
ovatum triarticulatum efficientibus. Labrum antice ciliatum et profunde bilobum. Mandibula
valida;, apice denticulatpe, basi latse. Maxilla lobo singulo elongate pubescenti instructse. Palpi
subfiliformes, articulo ultimo subacuminato-truncato. Mentum transversum antice angustatum,
summo apice emarginato. Ligula apice biloba, lobis magnis pubescentibus. Pedes contractiles :
tibiis (prjesertim anticis) ad marginem externum sfepius spinulosis : tarsis articulo quarto minu-
tissimo, anticis articulis tribus dilatatis.

Ileligethes, altliougli differing but slightly in real stritcture from the neigh-
bouring genera, has nevertheless, as may be gathered from the above diagnosis,
small distinctive features of its own (amongst which the elongated lobe of its
maxillge should be especially noticed) even in the details of its oral organs. In
its deeply bilobed upper lip and in the truncated apex of its labial palpi it coin-
cides with Pria ; whilst, on the other hand, its transverse mentum and the short-
ness of its antennae would tend to strengthen its relation with Nitidula. Exter-
nally, however, there is but little fear of confounding the species which compose it
with those of any of the neighboui'ing groups, their convex and usually darkly
coloui'ed bodies, which are generally either entirely black or else ornamented with
a slightly metallic tinge, in conjunction with the comparatively unmargitied
edges of their prothorax, at once serving, even prima facie, to identify them. Of
the four Madeu-an representatives which I have hitherto succeeded in detecting,
two would appear to be undescribed, and are probably peculiar to these islands.

101. Meligethes Isoplexidis, Woll.
M. oblongo-ovatus subdepressus niger longe olivaceo-pubescens, elytris ad apicem magis abbreviatis,
antennis pedibusque infuscato-ferragineis, tibiis anticis apicem versus subdilatatis atque extus
valde pectinato-serratis.
Var. /3. subcyanescenti-niger et cinereo-pubescens, prothorace paulo latiore, antennis pedibusque
pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. li-H.

Habitat Maderam, in floribus necnon super folia Isoplexidis Sceptri, ad rupes locis editioribus
nascentis, sestate baud infrequens : ad Feijaa de Corte mense Augusto inwnte a.d. 1850
utrumque sexum (in copula) copiosissime cepi.

M. oblong-ovate, somewhat acuminated before and behind, comparatively depressed, black, finely and
closely punctulated, and densely clothed with a long, and rather robust, olivaceous (sometimes
nearly golden-yellow) pubescence. Prothorax subquadrate. Elytra more truncated behind than

R 2

124 INSECTA MADERENSIA,

is the case with any of the following species, exposing the pygidiura, which is usuallv somewhat
acuminated. AnienruB and leys dull brownish- or picco-fciTuginous : the former with their base
a little paler: the latter with their fore-tibia shghtly dilated towards the apex, and with the outer
edge very powerfully serrated, — ha\ing usually about nine large teeth (diminishing in size), and
about six more (very minute ones) which extend to the extreme base.
Var. /3. with a slightly bluish tinge, and ■nnth the pubescence on the upper surface cinereous
(instead of olivaceous) : the prothorax rather larger and broader than in the ordinary type ; and
the legs and antenrue somewhat paler.

A large and distinct 3Ieligethes, and one wliich may be readily known from the
rest of the genus here described, not only by its anteriorly and posteriorly sub-
acuminated outline, and by its more abbreviated elytra, but likemse by the dense
olivaceous, or almost golden pubescence wdth Avhich its uj)per sui'face is clothed,
and by the structure of its fore-tibiae, wliich are more powerfully serrated than in
any of the other species, and have nine exceedingly robust (though unequal) teeth
on the apical half of their outer edge, and about six or seven extremely minute
ones extending to its base. I have as yet only detected it on the flowers and
foliage of the Isoplexis Sceptriim, where, during the summer months, it would
appear to l)e far from uncommon at intermediate and lofty altitudes in the momi-
tains of Madeira, — although, from the precipitous and almost inaccessible nature
of the rocks on which that magnificent plant prmcipally fioiu'ishes, it is usually a
somewhat difficult insect to obtain. On the abrupt declivities at the Feijaa de
C6rte, and in the remote adjoining ravine of the Ribeu-o da Quebrada, I took it in
great a])undance, at the Ijeguining of August 1850. Of the var. /3. but a single
specimen has liitherto come beneath my observation, — captiu'ed, by myself, at the
extreme head of the Ribeiro de Joao Delgada during July of the same year.

102. MeUgethes tristis.

M. oblongus subconvexus niger cinereo-pubescens, autennarum basi vix conspicue pallidiore, tibiis

anticis sublinearibus, extus pectinato-serratis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1-1^.

Nitidula tristis, Schupp. in litt.

Meligethes tristis, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xvi. 40. t. 309. f. a. A, h (1845).

, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Betitsch. iii. 190 (1848).

, Eodt. Fna Aiistr. 1G9 (184.9).

Habitat insulas iladercnses, tempore vernali in floribus ubique vulgaris : in Portu Sancto necuon in
ins. Descrta; Grandis abundat : " Funchal in rosis," teste Dom. Heer.

M. ahnost oblong, rather narrower and convexer than the last species, black, finely and closely punc-
tulated, and densely clothed with a delicate cinereous pubescence, — which has sometimes a
slightly yellowish tinge. Prothorax subquadratc. Antemue at base only just perceptibly paler
than the rest of the surface. The legs with their fore-tibite comparatively linear, being less
dilated, or extemally rounded, towards the apex than is the case in any of the other species, and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 125

with the outer edge powerfully serrated, — haWng usually six large teeth (of unequal sizes), and
about five more (very minute ones) which extend nearly to, although gradually diminishing at,
the base.

The present Mellgethes may be at once known from the other species with
which we are here concerned by its smaller size and ahnost entirely black hue (the
basal portion of its antennse being alone just perceptibly paler than the rest of the
surface), as well as by the structure of its comparatively linear fore-tibise, — which
have six very powerful teeth along the apical half of theu- outer edge, and about
five or six other, very minute, ones gradually diminishing towards their' base.
The relative proportions of the teeth are not precisely the same as those which are
figured in Sturm's Deutschlands Fauna, but tyjncal specimens of the M. tristis
which I have received from Berlin agree sufl&ciently well with the Madeiran
insect as to leave but little doubt, in my ot\ti mind, that the two are specifically
coincident. It is extremely abimdant throughout most of the islands of the group,
occurring in flowers during the sj)ring and early summer months. In the imme-
diate vicinity of Punchal, especially towards the upper extremity of the Ribeiro de
Santa Luzia, I have at times observed it in the greatest profusion : and in Porto
Santo and on the Dezerta Grande it is scarcely less common.

103. Meligethes picipes.
M. subrotundato-oblongus convexus niger cinereo-pubescens, antennis pedibusque anticis fusco-

picescentibus, posterioribus fere nigris, tibiis anticis ante medium dilatatis, extus subtiliter

serratis.
Long. corp. lin. 1^.

Meligethes picipes, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xvi. 47. t. 310. f. a, A, b (1845).

, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 199 (1848).

, E^dt. Fna Austr. 170 (1849).

Habitat in floribus Maderse, una cum M. t)istl degens, vulgatissimus.

M. roundish-oblong, being a little broader and convexer (and, on the average, a trifle larger) than the
M. tristis, deep black, finely and closely punctulated, and clothed (more or less) with a delicate
cinereous pubescence. Prothorax just perceptibly more transverse than that of the last species.
Antenna and the two fore-legs dark brownish-ferruginous, or picescent ; the four hinder legs
being always of a darker tinge, and generally nearly black : the fore-tibia considerably dilated a
little before the middle, and with the outer edge very finely sen-ated along its entire length, — the
teeth which are situated on the broadest portion being slightly larger than the rest.

Like the last, a common European Meligethes. It may be kno^\Ti from the
other Madeiran species by its colom- being almost entu'ely black A\ith the excep-
tion of its front-legs and antennae, which (although sometimes obscui-ely so) are
always paler than the two hinder pair. It is, at first sight, very closely allied to

126 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the M. tristis, Avith which it is usually found in comjiany ; nevertheless, the j^oints
just enumerated, in conjunction with its slightly larger size, its comparatively
broader and convexer form, its somewhat less pubescent el)i;ra, and the more
rounded and finely serrated external edge of its fore-tibise, ^ill, on examination,
readily separate it from that insect. It is abundant throughout Madeira, at nearly
all altitvules below about iOOO feet, occurring on flowers, for the most part in com-
pany ■with the M. tristis, during the spring and early summer months. In the
neighbourhood of Funchal, in the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, in the north of the
island (at Santa Anna), and in the district of the Ribeiro Frio I have observed it
in considerable profusion.

104. MeUgethes varicollis, WoU.

M. subrotundato-oblongus convexus Beneo-viridis subcinereo-pubescens et profundius punctulatus,
antennis pedibusque ferrugineis, tibiis anticis ante medium dilatatis, extus subtiliter serratis.
Var. /3. (an sexualis distinctio ?) prothoracis lateribus, anteunis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^-1 j.

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, in floribus, — a meipso ad Ribeiro Frio d. 22 Mai. a.d. 1850 repertus.

M. large and robust, roundish-oblong, convex, brassy-green, rather coarsely punctulated (especially
on the elytra), and more or less clothed with a cinereous pubescence, — which has sometimes a
yellowish tinge. ProtJiorax wider and more transverse than in any of the other species.
Antenna and ler/s brownish-ferruginous : the latter with their fore-tibite considerably dilated a
httle before the middle, and the outer edge finely serrated along its entire length, — the teeth
gradually diminishing in size from the apex.
Vai-. /3. with the lateral margins of the prothorax broadly testaceous ; antennse and legs paler than
in the ordinary state, being testaceous.

An exceedingly well-marked and truly indigenous species. It may be at once
recognised from the remainder of the genus here described by its brassy-green
surface, more distinctly pimctulated elytra, and, — in the case of the variety (a
state which, if indeed it be not a sexual modification, of which I am by no means
certain, it seems constantly liable to assume), — by the broadly pale margins of its
prothorax. In its general outline, and in the structure of its fore-tibiae, it
approaclies the M. picipes ; but the above characters, independently of its larger
size and its much paler limbs, will immediately distinguish it from that insect.
It is, apparently, the rarest of the INIadeii-an members of the group, or at any rate
the m.ost local ; and would seem to be confined to sylvan spots of intermediate
altitudes. The only occasion on wliich I have liitherto observed it was on the
22nd of May 1850, at the Ribeiro Frio, — where both varieties were tolerably
abundant, in flowers, at the edges of the Levada. Its season is probably of short
duration, since later in the summer I searched for it, in exactly the same position
and under the same circumstances, in vain.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 127

Genus 47. XENOSTRONGYLUS, Woll. (Tab. II. fig. 8.)

Corpus parvum, convexum, valde pubescen.s : prothorace vix marginato : elytris abdomen totum tegen-
tibus : alls amplis. Antenna prothovacis longitudiiie, articulis primo et secundo (illo prscipue)
magnis crassis, tertio reliquis longiore graciliore, quarto ad octavum paulatim brevioribus scd vix
crassioribus, reliquis capitulum magnum subsolidum rotundato-oblongum triarticulatum effici-
entibus. Labrum prominulum transversum, antice profunde bilobum, lobis rotiindatis extus
ciliatis. Mandibula validae, in medio lata;, extus basi sinuate, intus membrana pubeseenti
instructs necnon ad apicem dentibus quatuor armats. Maxilla lobo singula elongato, apice
subdilatato pubeseenti, instructfe. Palpi subfiliformes, articulo secundo tertio longiore, ultimo
subfusiformi-truncato. Ligula elongata, apice biloba, lobis rotundatis ciliatis. Mentum trans-
verso-quadi-atum, antice profunde emarginatum. Pedes subcontractiles : tibiis ad marginem ex-
ternum integi-is : tarsis articulo quarto minutissimo, anticis articulis tribus dilatatis valde cordatis.
A ^€vo9 mirabilis, et Strongylus (genus Coleopterorum).

The peculiar little insect, so singularly variegated externally, from which the
above generic diagnosis has been drawn out, woidd appear to be intermediate
between Meligethes on the one hand, and Thahjcra and Cychramus on the other ;
partaking of the former in its deeply bilobed upper Hp and in the construction of
its mandibles, whilst its very convex body, its extremely pubescent and variously-
coloui-ed sm-face, and its imserrated tibise would tend to associate it more evidently
with the latter. Its lichen-infesting habits however would indicate a closer affinity
with the StrongylincB than with any of the preceding forms ; nevertheless its oral
organs are so nearly similar to those of Meligethes that it clearly ovxght not to be
far removed from that group : — and I woi.dd therefore place it immediately after
it, in which position it constitutes a very natm'al passage to the Strongyli, which
in their tm*n lead us gradually on into the Colydiadce. From Cryptarcha, to
which it might be supposed at first sight to be related, it is readUy distinguished
by the remarkable construction of the antennae of that genus, which have not
only their basal joint inserted beneath the lateral margins of the head, but, like-
wise, the terminal articulation of their (perfoliated) club spongiose and greatly
truncated at its extremity, — where it is siu-mounted moreover by a smaU conical
excrescence. It seems to be the representative of a type which exists sparingly
in Mediterranean latitudes, but which has not hitherto, apparently, been charac-
terized. Thus, I am informed by M. Leon Fairmaire, of Paris, that he has lately
received the X. histrio fi'om SicUy ; whUst a second species* has come imder my

* This species is closely allied to the Madeiran one, though unquestionably distinct from it specifically.
It may be briefly described as follows : —

Xenostrongylus Canariensis, Woll.
X. brevis rotundato-ovatus subconvexus niger, pube nigrescenti, subcinerea et fulva subdepressa va-

riegatus, antennis pedibusque infascato-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. §.

Habitat in insulis Canariensibus, a Teneriffa a Itev''" Dom. Armitage commTinicatus.

X. smaller than the X. liistrio, and not quite so convex, also of a much darker coloiu-, the surface being

128 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

observation, fi'om the Canary Islands, where it was discovered by the Rev. AV. J.
Armitage in Teneriffe,

105. Xenostrongylus histrio, WoU. (Tab. II. fig. 8.)

X. rotimdato-ovatus convexus piceiis, pube ciuerca, fidva et nigra robusta depressa Isete fasciato-

variegatus, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 1.

Habitat insulas Maderenscs, pra;sertini inter lichenes in rupium fissuris crescentes, hinc inde vul-
garis: in Portu Sancto necnon in Deserta Grandi abundat; sed etiam in hortis culinaribus
vinetisque Maderfe australis, vix ab urbe Funchalensi remotis, super folia plantarum tempore
vernali interdum legatur.

X. roundish-ovate, convex, piceous, finely punctulated (but not punctate-striated), and densely
clothed with a long, exceedingly robust and decumbent pile, — which on the under side of the
insect is uniformly cinereous ; but above cinereous, fulvous, aud black, intermixed, and occasionally
with a slight addition of golden-brown, which gives the entire upper surface a beautifully varie-
gated and histrionic appearance. Prothorax and elytra ornameutcd with more or less confluent
patches and broken fascia; ; which on the former are arranged principally on the hinder j)ortion,
and have their concavities turned towards and resting upon the base ; whilst on the latter it is
their main tendency to shape-out a large arcuated postmedial one, parallel to the curvature of
the margin and enclosing a darker central portion behind the scutellum (which is, itself, however,
always clothed with pale pubescence). The pubescence of this large arcuated fascia (which is
often a good deal broken and interrupted) is normally, like the scutellum, composed of pale
cinereous hau-s ; and there are usually indications of a smaller transverse zigzag band (of the
same colour) between it and the apex. The space between these two fascia;, as also an ob-
scure subsidiai-y ill-defined arch in fi-ont of the disk {i. e. in the dark space behind the
scutellum), with the pubescence, tj-pically, of a fulvous or golden-brown tinge : — but, although
these are the positions and tints of the fasciae and patches in well-developed and brilliant speci-
mens, the whole arc often so much obscured and shaded-off into each other as to be but indi-
stinctly defined ; in all instances however the large and comparatively dark portion of the elytra
behind the scutellum is at once apparent. Antenna and legs testaceous; the former with their
club generally a little dusky.

One of the most elegant of the Madeiran Coleoptera, the interrupted, arcuated
fascial, and broken patches, of variously coloured pubescence, with which its upper
surface is densely crowded, giving it, at first sight, an almost histrionic appear-
ance. It occurs throughout most of the islands of the group, and in certain
positions in the greatest abundance. Tjiucally, it is an inliabitant of lichen

apparently almost black. The pubescence likewise of an altogether darker nature, and neither quite
so robust nor so completely depressed, — a larger portion of it being black ; with distinct indications,
nevertheless, of a paler, variegated, arched subapical fascia on the el^-tra. Anteiime and Irys darker
than those of the JT. histrio ; the former having their club considerably infuscated.

As already mentioned, it was detected by the 'Rev. AV. J. .irmitage in Teneriffe ; but the circumstances
of its capture I have not been able to ascertain.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 129

(particularly of the RamaUna scopulonim and the Evernia prunastri), — in the
bunches of which on the exposed weather-beaten rocks of Porto Santo and the
Dezerta Grande I have observed it, hybernating, literally by thousands. As the
season advances, however, it would appear, partially, to leave the rocks, when it
may be found in grassy spots in theii* vicinity, — and frequently taking flight to
more distant localities. Thus, diu*ing April 18i8, I captured it even in the
gardens near Fuuchal, on the leaves of plants (especially those of the Sinapis
tribe) and in an exceedingly active state. A few weeks later however it was in
far greater abundance on the mountain-slopes of Porto Santo, where immediately
below the extreme summit of the Pico de Pacho it existed in the utmost pro-
fusion. In May of 1849, whilst encamped mth the Hev. R. T. Lowe high up in
the Ribeu'o de Santa Luzia, I took it in considerable numbers from amongst the
vegetation which clothes the lofty perpendicular edges of the ravine. As already
stated, it varies a good deal in the brightness of its colouring : and I have usually
remarked that the Porto Santan representatives are, on the average, of an obsciu-er
hue than the Madeii'an ones ; whilst those from the Dezerta Grande are somewhat
intermediate between the two.

Fam. 11. COLYDIAD^.

Genus 48. TARPHIUS. (Tab. III. fig. 4, 5 et 6.)

(Germar) Ericli. Nat. der Ins. Beutscli. iii. 256 (1848).

Corpus minusculum, subconvexum vel gibbosum, ssepius rugosum et lutosum : capite prothoraceque
granulis (plerumque crebris et valde obtusis) obsitis, granulo quoque setula parva, mediS, munito ;
illo prothoracis excavatione fere ad oculos inserto ; hoc amplo, in discum convexo, lateribus valde
complanatis, antice profunde emarginato caput recipiente : scutello minutissimo (vix observando) :
alls obsoletis. Antenna (III. 4 a) prothoracis longitudine, distantes, rectse, ante oculos et sub
margine capitis insertae, per otium sub lateribus concavis reponendie, articulo primo magno
crasso superne vix conspicuo, secundo sat robusto, sed primo paulo graciliore, subclavato apice
truncato, tertio gracili reliquis paulo longiore, quarto ad nonum longitudine decrescentibus vix
paulatim crassioribus, decimo et undecimo clavam magnam laxam abruptam biarticulatam
efficientibus, illo subpoculiformi intus interdum obscurissime producto, hoc subgloboso. Labrum
(III. 4 b) subquadratum angulis anticis rotundatis, margine ciliato. Mandibula (III. 4 c) validse,
apice edeutatfe acutae, intus medio leviter sinuatse ac lacinia niembranacea pubescenti instructse.
MaxilldE (III. 4>d) bilobje : lobo externa apice dilatato truncato, dense barbato : interna angustiore
vix breviore, valde ciliato, apice uncinato. Palpi maxillares articulo primo minuto, secundo et
tertio incrassatis, subfequalibus, ultimo robusto ovato, ad summum apicem subcarnoso et vix
oblique truncato : labiates articulis primo et secundo subfequalibus, illo gracdi, hoc subclavato,
ultimo ovato robusto ad apicem subcarnoso-subtruncato. Mentum (III. 4 e) subquadratum.
Ligula subrotundato-quadrata, antice valde ciliata. Pedes (III. 4/, 4^) cursorii, subcontractiles,
distantes : femoribm tibiisc[ne compressis, his gracilibus, extus ssepe obsoletissime erosis, aut
potius subserratis, et mox pone apicem subito subconstrictis, apicem subdilatatum efFormantibus :
tarsis (III. 4/, -iff, et 6) 4-articulatis, articulis tribus baseos subsequalibus intus valde barbatis,

S

130 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

primo interdum (in sexu masculo, ut opinor) in lobuni spiniformeni plus minusve obtusum
subtus producto (III. 4/, et 6), quarto valde elongato flexuoso subclavato, unguicuUs simplicibus
munito.

There is perhaps no Madeiran genus more interesting geograpliically, or better
defined, than Tarphius. In its general contour and habits, and in its 4-jointed
tarsi, it is intimately related to such groups as Diodesma, Coxelus, ColoMcus and
Synchita, though with abundant distinctive characters of its O'vro.. It is with the
first of these howcA'er that it would seem to possess the strongest afl&nity, since it
not only approaches it in the details of its antennae and mouth, but likewise in its
freedom from wings. Nevertheless, in many of its most important features it
recedes from the whole of them, and in none more so than in the structiu-e of
its feet, — which have a tendency in (what I believe to be) the males of most of
the representatives to have theu" l)asal articulation produced beneath into a more
or less acute spiniform lobe, and which in some instances is so exaggerated as
to be at once conspicuous even to the naked eye. As regards their outward
configuration, the Tarphil are either brightly maculated on theu- elytra or else
armed with nodules, — the one state appearing to be normal and the other
aberrant. T\Tiere the patches are well-marked* there is seldom any indication
of protuberances ; but, as the former are gradually removed the latter begin to
arise t, — until, at last, in those species | where the patches ai'c altogether cither
evanescent or suffused, the projections have attained theii- maximum and become
detached humps (concolorous with, the rest of the body) in the exact positions
occupied by the sjiots. These prominences however are generated in a rather
singular manner, and should perhaps, more strictly, be defined as broken ridges
than isolated nodes; for as the blotches vanish the alternate interstices (which
have always a faint tendency to elevation) become not only more perceptibly raised,
but, at the same time, interrupted, especially behind, — thus lea^dng larger or
smaller gibbosities, which have every appearance, at first sight, of having been
independently developed. In rare cases § indeed there is a pale tinge even on the
nodules, but in such the colour is more or less distributed over the entire elytra
also, — diluting their surface and giving them a somewhat transparent aspect.
^Vnother modification || occurs, in which the short rigid pubescence with which the
insect is clothed takes a partially golden tinge, and im^iarts to the himches, even
in the absence of under-patches, a dirty-yello^^■ish cast, — so keeping up the analogy
of the latter in a very peculiar way.

The males of the Tarphii, if I be right in my identification of them, are for the
most part a little smaller than the females ; and, since tliis is in accordance mth
what we observe throughout the Coleoptera generally, it is probable, thus far at

* E. g. T. rotundafus, Lauri, and Lowei. t T. echinatns and compactus.

X T. testudinalU, nodosus, and rugosus. § T. cicatricosus, truncatus, and hrevicollU.

II T. nodosus and testudinalis.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 131

least, that the sexes have been correctly determmed. Nevertheless, if snch be
true, the ordinary law of development would seem in one respect to be departed
from, the tubercles being frequently more particularly enlarged in i\iQ females : at
any rate this is so uninistakeably carried out in a single instance* that the fact
ought not to remain unnoticed. The whole of the members have a tendency to
be more or less covered with a scaly substance resembling dii-t, and which at times
so completely enveloijes them as nearly to conceal even the brighter portions of
the spotted forms. They are, likewise, as regards at all events their elytra, more
or less wriukled and rugulose, — although (considering the T. Lcmri as a specific
centre from which most of the others appear as it were to radiate) it wUl be per-
ceived that a few indeed become comparatively smooth, — even whilst the greater
number recede so manifestly in the opposite dii'ection that they become at length
almost difficult to characterize from the accumulation of protuberances, ridges,
granules, and setae with which they are beset. The sculptiu'e of their heads and
prothoraces (the latter particularly) is exceedingly anomalous, and constitutes in
fact a significant item even in theii' generic diagnosis. Thus, our fu'st Lmj)ression,
on examining one of the outer limits of its variations, would probably be that it
was widely and oj)enly reticulose : nevertheless a closer inspection (especially of
the subcu'cularity of the " reticulations," and of how they gradually contract, and
become, during the process, more and more elevated) would at once explain the
nature of the structure, which may be pronounced, under all circumstances, to be
granulate. "WTien thus enunciated, the successive modifications are easily in-
telligible,— the extreme state in one direction being that in which the pustules
are so closely set, broad, and flattened as to cause the surface to appear reticu-
lated; whilst that in which they have diminished so far in breadth as to leave
spaces between them, and have become proportionably more upraised and acute,
is the ultra condition in the other. The former of these obtains in that section of
the genus which I have assumed (for Madeu*a) to be normal, whereas the latter is
indicative of those members which are al:)errant. In Sicily however, where the
only representative which has hitherto been discovered occiu-s, it is not imj)ossible
that the second of these states may prevail, since the T. gibbulus of that island has
the granules comparatively minute and few, and with a more decided appearance
of being truly isolated and distinct than in any of the species mth which we are
here concerned. "V^liilst the insects are at rest their antennae recline backwards
beneath the dilated edges of their prothorax, which, although not channeled, is
concave, or slightly hollowed out, on the under side in order to receive them. In
the Sicilian T. gibbulus, this cavity, owing partially to the excessive prominence of
its pronotmn which causes the sides to descend like a roof, is remarkably evident,
■ — nevertheless even there it can scarcely be considered grooved, as described by
Erichson. I have observed that several of the species (as, for instance, the T. ro-
tundatus, nodosus, and cicatricosus) are liable to be affected with an extremely

* T. nodosus.

s2

132 INSECTA MADERENSIA,

minute, elliptical, and almost microscopic parasite (III. 4*), which attaches itself
so firmly to the body, especially about the thoracic region, that it is not -u-ithout
considerable force and perseverance that it can be removed.

As already stated, there is perhaps no genus throughout the whole of the
Coleoptera with which we have here to do, more important, in a geographical
sense, than Tarphiiis. Represented hitherto by a single European species of the
greatest rarity, — the T. gibbulus-\ , from Sicily (of which a short notice is given in
Erichson's Nat. der Ins. Deutschlands, vol. iii. p. 25G, A.u. 18i8), — it was abnost
unknown to science ; and hence the detection of a series thus extensive iu the
Madeiran islands, moulded on a pattern so similar to the Sicilian type, becomes
doubly interesting. Of the influence and economy, in situ, of such an assemblage
it is not easy to speculate, — suffice it therefore to remark that the enormous
numbers in wliich they exist, when compared with the limits within which they
arc confined, would seem to poiut to some especial end which they may be pre-
sumed to fulfil amongst the insect population of those remote upland districts.
Meanwhile it is far from improbable, that, like many of the Nitidiilidce and the
Xylophagous groups, they may assist materially in the decomposition of the
superfluous masses of loose, rolling timber M'ith which the damp ravines and dense

t I am indebted to J. O. "Westwood, Esq. for the loan of a specimen of the true TarpJiius gibbulun,
which was captured by the late Mr. Melly in Sicily : and as Erichson's brief notice of it is hardly suffi-
cient to serve for even a generic diagnosis, and therefore, a fortiori, a specific one, I subjoin tlie I'ollo^s-iiig
description, in order to point out in what manner the Sicilian species differs from the fifteen Madeirau
ones : —

Tarphius gibbulus.

T. gibbus cylindricus piceus pilosus lutosus ; prothorace amplo antice subtruncato, pone medium dilatato,
in discum valde convexo, lateribus rotundatia vix complanatis, granulis dispersis obtusis obsito,
obsolete canaliculato et marginc postico (pra;sertim ad angulos) iinpresso ; elytris rugoso- (sed ^ix
seriato-) punctatis, antice et postice obsoletissime submaculatis ; auteunis pedibusijue ferrugiueis.

Long. corp. lin. 1^.

Eecedes from all the Madeiran Tarphii in its very convex and cylindrical form ; in its long, flexible and
pilose (instead of rigid and setose) pubescence ; in its prothorax having the hinder margin deeply im-
pressed transversely (especially towards the posterior angles), the disk exceedingly convex, and the sides
but slightly flattened, — and although scarcely grooved beneath yet considerably concave, or hollowed out,
for the reception of the antennae. The closely-set, large, and obtuse granules which on the prothorax of
most of the Mad(Mran species are so apparent (and whicli give it an almost reticulated sculpture), are liere
entirely wanting, being replaced by minute and distant ones. There is no indication on the el_\-tra of
either ridges or nodules ; but the bright patches with which most of the Madeiran representatives are
more or less adorned (or, rather, which it is their tendency to possess) are here faintly expressed by the
somewhat paler hue of the basal and apical portions, which is gradually shaded-oft' into the darker central
disk. Although differing widely in detaU from all the species described below, I am inclined to consider
the T. gihhuhis as possessing a greater affinity with the T. Lowei than with any of the others, from which
indeed in size, scidpture, colour and contour it is not very remote : — a fact of considerable interest when
we remember that, of all the Madeiran Tarphii, not only does the T. Lowei recede farthest in aspect and
habits from the local t}i)e, but that it is, likewise, of a wider distribution than the remainder, being the
only one, so far as I am aware, which is found out of Madeira proper.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 133

mountain- slopes of Madeii"a everywliere abound. To such localities it is that they
are exclusively assigned, occm-ring in the greatest profusion in those spots which
are the least accessible, and where consequently the primaeval timber is, except by
the hand of time, most untouched. In then- habits the Tarpkii are strictly
noctiu'nal, adhering to the imder sides of moist decaying logs of wood, felled
timber, and even stones dm*ing the day, and Ijeing only active, apparently, by
night. From 2000 to 5000 feet above the sea may be said to include their range ;
nevertheless they are more peculiarly abimdant from 3000 to 4000, and it is perhaps
towards the upper edge of those bounds that they find their maximum. Out of a
large assortment of specimens, collected in nearly all parts of the sylvan regions, I
have succeeded in detecting fifteen distinct forms ; and, although this nimiber may
appear considerable for an island thus small, yet I have but little doubt, fi'om the
evident local importance of the race, that its extent is even greater still, and that
other species will yet be brought to light different from any of those described
l)elow. Considering however the inaccessible nature of theu* favourite haunts, it is
far from unlikely that many of them will remain for ever undiscovered, — a possi-
bility which is not lessened by the fact either of the remarkable manner in which
they are able to counterfeit death, and so to elude observation, or of tlie near
resemblance of the dull rusty colouring of their uneven and inanimate-looking
surfaces to the stones, lichen, and portions of rotting wood to wliich in the day-
time they remain firmly fixed*.

* Out of 486 specimens which I have lately been examining, I find the species distributed in the pro-
portions indicated in the annexed table, which I cannot but consider worthy of insertion, not merely
because so large a number of examples will perhaps never be brought together again for comparison, but,
more especially, because the remote and nimierous positions in which I have collected induce me to be-
lieve that it will give a very correct idea of the comparative rarity of the several members of the group ; —
T. parallelus 8

— Lowei 6

— inomatus {3 5, ? 14) 19

— spinipes 1

— sylvicola 4

— rotundattis 148

— Lauri {S91, ? 107) 198

— compactus 17

— «oiosM« ((? 24, ?29) 53

— cicatricosus 14

— testudinalis 5

— truncatits 5

— echinatus 4

— hrevieollis 3

— rugostts 1

486
I should state that this eniuneration is entirely of Madeiran specimens, and does not include those of the
T. Lowei from Porto Santo, which on several occasions have occm-red iu indefinite niunbers. Nor does
it contain the entire mass even of those which I have captured in Madeira proper, since many have been
distributed amongst my friends in the course of the last three years. But I believe it will, nevertheless,
present a fair estimate of the comparative abundance of the species which I have described.

134 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

106. Tarphius parallelus, Tf'oU.

T. parallelo-oblongus opacus ferrugineus, prothorace amplo ante medium dilatato, rugoso, granulis
obtusis obsito, vix canaliculate, elytris concoloribus rugosissime (sed vix seriato-) punctatis,
interstitiis alternis leviter elcvatis, tarsis in utroque sexu simplicibus.

Long, coi-p. lin. l|-2.

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excelsa, sub stipitibus truncisque arborum projectis, sestate, rarior ; — per
regionem Fanalensem necnon ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros mense Julio a.d. 1850 a meipso lectus.

T. large, oblong, and parallel, dull rusty ferruginous, more or less covered with scales, and opake.
Head and protlwrax rough, and beset with obtuse granules : the latter sometimes distinctly, but
generally very obscurely, channeled, broader in front than behind, though most dilated a little
before the middle ; the sides much flattened, and the front edge a little raised along the central
emargination. Elytra concolorous, very rugosely punctured and transversely wrinkled, — the
punctures however having scarcely any tendency to be disposed in striae ; the suture and alter-
nate interstices most obscurely raised. Antennce and leys a little paler : the latter with their
tarsi simple in both sexes.

A large and most distinct species, its parallel outline and anteriorly T^idened
prothorax, in conjunction \d\h its pale rusty colour, and the sculptiu-e of its upper
surface, — which is extremely rugose, and yet without the slightest indication of
nodules, — being at once sufficient to separate it from the remainder of the genus
here described. It is apparently exceedingly rare, and confined to moist shady
spots of a lofty altitude. During July of 1850 I captured it sparingly both at the
Lombo dos Pecegueiros and in the uj)land region of the Fanal.

107. Tarpliius Lowei, WoU. (Tab. III. fig. 5.)

T, subparallelo-oblongus intcrdum vix opacus subinfuscato-niger, prothorace sublunulato (angulis
posticis rotundatis), granulis dispersis obtusis obsito, elytris rufo-maculatis rugose seriato-punc-
tatis, tarsis in utroque sexu simplicibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^-1^.

Habitat lichenes in truncis ramisquc arborum emortuis crescentes per partem lladerre syhaticam,
rarissimus : in Portu Sancto abundat, qua Decembri mense a.d. 1848, prsesertim in ascensu
montis Pico d'Anna Ferreira dicti, e rupium fissuris copiosissime coUegi.

In honorem Rev"^ Dom. Lowe, A.M., qui in insulis ^laderensibiis, per tot aunos longe lateque
Celebris, scientire naturalis solus investigator eluccbat, hanc Tarphii speciem e.ximiam valde di-
stinctam nuncupa\'i.

T. small aud rather parallel, black or brownish-black, gi'ncraliy much iucrusted with dirty scales, and
not quite so opake as the last species, — being often perceptibly shining. Head and prothorax
rough, and beset with somewhat distant, small, dark, and obtuse granules : the latter not
channeled, but sometimes most obscurely transvcr.sely-impresscd behind, sublunulate (being
widened a little before the middle and with the hinder angles nmch rounded-off, — as well as
indistinctly excavated towards the posterior margin). Elytra linear, rugosely punctured, and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 135

transversely wrinkled (the punctures when the scales are removed appearing in very evident
rows) ; each ornamented with rufous or rufo-testaceous spots, which are arranged, typically, as
follows : — a large oblong one at the inner base, parallel to and alongside the suture ; a rather
narrower one (likewise elongated) towards the margin and in front of the shoulder, but extending
nearer to the apex than the last ; a small roundish one on the inner disk ; and two large ones
behind, — one towards the suture and the other towards the margin, — which usually, as in most
of the spotted species, become confluent, and form an irregular arcuated fascia which has its
concavity turned towards the apex of the elytron. Antenna and tarsi ferruginous : the latter
simple in both sexes.

The smallest of the Tarphii here described, and readily known (apart from its
maculated surface) by the rounded hinder angles of its comparatively sublunulate
prothorax. It is the only member of the groixp wliich I have hitherto detected
out of Madeira proper, — being extremely abundant, during the winter and spring,
amongst lichen in the fissures of the exposed weather-beaten rocks of Porto Santo.
I first discovered it in April 1848, on the northern side of the extreme summit of
the Pico de Pacho ; and diuing December of the same year it occurred in literal
profusion on the ascent of the Pico d'Anna Perreii'a from the east. In Madeira it
would appear to be extremely rare, although widely distributed over the sylvan
districts between the limits of from 3000 to about 4500 feet above the sea. It
seems to be more peculiarly attached than any of the other species to lichen,
ascending, in the forest regions, to the highest branches of the trees, — as I have
proved (not without some risk) l)oth at the Ribeiro Prio and the Panal. During
my encampment at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros in July 1850, I captm-ed it by
brushing the rank vegetation immediately outside my tent, in the dusk of the
evening, — at which time its nocturnal wanderings, like those of the other repre-
sentatives of the genus, may be said to commence.

108. Tarphius inomatus, Woll.

T. subcylindrico-oblongus subnitidus nigro-piceus, prothorace subquadrato, granulis crebris magnis
obtusissimis obsito, vix canaliculate, elytris concoloribus seriato-punctatis (puuetis magnis
distinctis), interstitiis alternis leviter elevatis.
Mas, tarsis posticis articulo basilari in lobum elongatum spiniformem subtus producto.
Foem. tarsis simplicibus.
Long. Corp. lin. mas, lf-2 : foem. 2.

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, sub tiamcis arborum putridis hinc inde humi jacentibus, non infvequens.

T. large, oblong, parallel and somewhat cylindric, dark piceous, generally but slightly covered with
scales, and a little shining. Head and prothorax rather smooth, and closely beset with large and
very obtuse granules : the latter not channeled (or, occasionally, most obscm-ely so), subquadrate
(the sides being comparatively straight), and in its widest point scarcely equalling the elytra in
breadth. Elytra concolorous, seriate-punctate (the punctures being large, particularly in the
female, — though rather shallow upon the disk), and but very slightly (especially in the male

136 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

sex) wrinkled transversely ; the suture and alternate interstices most obscurely raised. Antenna

and tarsi ferruginous.
Male, with the basal joint of the two hinder tarsi produced beneath into a vei-y elongated, spiniform

lobe, — which to the naked eye appears like an acute articulated spine, but under the microscope

an elongated lobe, narrowed towards the apex though rouudcd, aud furnished with a pencil of

minute hairs, at the extreme jioint.
Female, \\ itli the tarsi simple.

Easily distinguished by its robust and somewhat cylindrical form, by its dark
subglabrous sui'face, and by the large, though somewhat shallow punctures of its
clj'lra. Apart from which, the males may be of course at once known by the
structure of their tarsi, — of which the four anterior ones are simple, whUst the
posterior 2»ir have their basal joint developed beneath into a long spiniform lobe.
It is apparently one of the rarer forms, or at any rate partial in its distribution.
My specimens were chiefly captured at the Ribeiro Frio and at the Peijaa de
C6rte, — during August. It is the only Tarph'ms which I have hitherto observed
in the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, where, at the extreme head of the ravine, close to
the great waterfall, it is still tolerably abundant vmder the bark, and amongst the
remains of the old trees with wliich that gorge must have been once densely
clothed, — but which are now rapidly disappearing, as in so many other parts of
the island, before the woodman's axe.

109. Tarphius spinipes, Woll.

T. subovato-oblongus vix opacus nigro-piceus, prothoracc subquadrato, granulis crebris magnis obtu-
sissimis obsito, elytris concoloribus seriato-punctatis (punctis minus profundis), interstitiis
alternis leviter elevatis.
Mas, tarsis anticis et posticis articulo basilari in lobum (in posticis elongatissimum) spiniformeni

subtus producto, intermcdiis vix simplicibus.
Fmm. adhuc latet. (Specimen unicum, sc. masculuui, tantum habeo.)
Long. corp. lin. If.

Habitat in Madera sylvatiea, semel tantum repertus.

T. rather smaller than the T. inornatus, also less parallel and rather more ovate, dark piceous, a good
deal obscured with scales, and but very slightly shining. Head and protfwrax closely beset with
large and very obtuse granules : the latter apparently unehannclcd, and subquadrate. Eli/tra
concolorous, lightly seriate-punctate, and a little wrinkled transversely, — the puuctiu'cs being less
distinct than those of the last species ; the sutui*e and alternate interstices most obscurely raised.
Antenna and leffs ferruginous : the latter with their femora and tibi?e only slightly darker than
the tai'si, — beiug merely a little more picescent.
Male, with basal joint of the fore-tarsi produced beneath into a robust, elongated, spiniform lobe, —
which appears under a high magnifying power to be obtusely roimded and furnished with a
pencil of hairs at the apex : the intermediate ones nearly simple, the basal joint being most
obsciu-ely produced beneath : the posterior pau- with the basal joint produced into a very long,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 187

spiniform and somewhat acute lobe, — likewise surmouutcd at the extremity (as in all the other
joints of the tarsi throughout the genus) with a small tuft of pile.
Female, as yet undiscovered.

Hitlierto unique ; nevertheless the remarkable structure of its feet, — the speci-
men happening fortunately to be a male, — will prevent the possibility of its being
confounded vrith any of the other species hitherto discovered. It may be at once
knovpn, so. far as that sex is concerned, by its intermediate tarsi being almost
sinij)le, vt^hilst the anterior and j)Osterior ones are produced beneath into a long
and robust spiniform lobe. I am not quite certain as to the exact position in
which it was taken ; l3ut I believe that I captured it either at the Ribeu'o Frio or
at the Lombo dos Pecegueu-os, during the summer of 1850.

110. Tarphius sylvicola, Wall.

T. rotundato-ovatus brevis subnitidus niger, prothorace antice attenuato, granulis crebris magnis
obtusissimis obsito, elytris concoloribus profunde seriato-punctatis, pone medium leviter nodosis,
tarsis in utroque sexu simplicibus.

Long. Corp. lin. li-lj.

Habitat in Maderse sylvaticis, ad Ribeiro Frio necnou ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros sestate media
A.D. 1850 deprehensus.

T. short and round, of a deeper black than any of the other species, almost free from scales, and a
little shining. Head and prutliorax beset with very close, large and exceedingly obtuse granules :
the latter not channeled, short, much dilated behind and narrowed in front (the sides, although
oblique, being comparatively but very slightly curved). Elytra concolorous, short and much
rounded behind, deeply seriate-punctate, and without transverse wrinkles, — the punctures being
large, regular and distinct ; with three or four rather obscure nodules between the apex and the
centre of the disk. Antenrue and tarsi (which are simple in both sexes) pale fen-uginous : the
femora and tibiee darker, though paler and more piceous than the rest of the surface.

A well-marked little species ; and one which may be known by its short rounded
form and dark concolorous hue, — the elytra moreover being armed with small
protuberances towards their hinder region. It is more allied to the T. rotmidahis
than to any of the other Tarphii here described ; nevertheless its smaller size and
anteriorly-attenuated prothorax will, apart from the nodules of its unspotted
surface, readUy separate it from that insect. It is one of the rarest of the genus,
four specimens being all that I have hitherto captured of it, — two of which were
taken at the Ribeu'o Frio, and two at the Lombo dos Pecegueu'os, diu'ing July
1850.

111. Tarphius rotundatus, Woll.

T. rotundato-ovatus subnitidus piceus, prothorace transverso circa vel pone medium leviter ddatato,

T

138 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

gramilis crebris magnis obtusissimis obsito, elytris rufo-maculatis profunde seriato-punctatis, tarsis
in utroque sexu simplicibus.
Long. corj). lin. l^-lf •

Habitat in Maderjc unibrosis excelsis, sub truncis arborum prolapsis vel ligno rcccnter secto, sestate
vulgaris, — ad Ribeiro Frio priiedominans.

T. roundish-ovate (being however neither quite so round nor so short as the T. syhkolu), light
piccous (sometimes rufo-piceous), usually pretty free from scales, and slightly shining. Head
and prothorax beset with very close, large, and exceedingly obtuse granules : the latter not
channeled, rather short, and dilated either about or (more often) behind the middle. Elytra
somewhat rounded behind ; each ornamented wth large, bright, rufous, or rufo-testaceous patches
(the number and positions of which are much the same as those of the T. Lowei), which some-
times however arc dull, one or more (especially the subhumeral one) having even a tendency
to disappear, — the subapical ones nearly always confluent, forming a large bright fascia behind ;
deej)ly seriate-punctate, and without transverse wrinkles, — the punctures being large, regular,
and distinct. Antennce and leys ferruginous : the former, and the tarsi of the latter (which are
simple in both sexes), being paler than the femora and tibia;.

The T. rotumlatus clilfers from tlic other spotted species in its comparatively
rounded form, in its short and broad prothorax, and in the smooth interstices,
and the deep and regular pvmctiu'es, of its elytra. Next to the T. Lauri, it is
certainly the most common of the genus, abounding beneath logs of decaying
wood, felled timber, and stones in nearly all the dense ravines of intermediate and
lofty altitudes, though especially between the lunits of from 3000 to ioOO feet
above the sea. I have taken it plentLfully, during the summer months, both at
the Cruzinhas and the E,ibcii'o Prio, — particularly the latter.

112. Tai-phius Lauri, WoU. (Tab. HI. fig. i.)

T. ovatus vix opacus piceus vcl mfo-piccus, prothorace longiusculo postice angustato et mox ante
medium dilatato, granulis crebris obtusissimis obsito, elytris rufo-maculatis rugose seriato-
punctatis.
Mas, tarsis, praesertim posticis, articulo basilari in lobum brevissimum obtusum (apice barbatum)

subtus producto. (III. 4/.)
Fmm. tarsis simplicibus. (III. 4.)
Long. corp. lin. ly-1^.

Habitat in iisdem locis ac T. rotundatus (una cum illo degens), toto anno vulgaris.

T. ovate, piceous or rufo-piceous, usually not much covered with scales, and less perceptibly shining
tiian the last species, — being nearly opake. Head and prolhurax beset with vcrj' close and ex-
ceedingly obtuse granules : the latter not channeled, rather long, abruptly expanded just before
the middle, and narrowed before and behind. Elytra ornamented with bright rufous or rufo-
testaccous patches (the number and positions of which arc the same as in the T. rotundatus),

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 139

which occasionally however become rather obscure ; deeply seriate-punctatCj and much wrinkled
transversely ; the suture and alternate interstices most obscurely raised, — sometimes but just
perceptibly so. Antenna and legs of the same colour as those of the last species.

Male, with the basal joint of all the tarsi (though especially perhaps of the posterior ones) produced
beneath into a very short and rounded lobe, — which however, from being terminated by an un-
usually distinct tuft of convergent pile, has the appearance under an insufficient magnifying
power of being longer and more acute than it really is.

Female, with the tarsi simple.

The present species, the T. rotmidahis and the T. Loicei are the most tlistinctly
spotted of the group, the patches on each of them occasionally becoming obscure
but never being altogether absent. The T. Lauri is at once distinguished from
the T. Lowei by its comparatively gigantic bulk and its altogether different form
(especially of the prothorax) ; whilst from the T. rotundatus its more lengthened,
ovate outline, and elongated, posteriorly narrowed prothorax, in conjunction with
its very rugosely punctured and somewhat more brightly maculated elytra, will
equally remove it. Apart from which, its male sex may be recognised, even prima
facie, from the rest of the genus by the sjiort rounded lobe into which the basal
joint of all its tarsi is produced. The females are, in every respect with the
exception of the feet, similar to the males. It is unquestionably the most abun-
dant of the Madeiran Tarphii; and, in a certain sense, it is a kind of central
modification from which most of the others would appear as it were to radiate.
It is common in all the damp ravines and on the densely wooded mountain-slopes
of intermediate and rather lofty elevations. In the districts of the E-ibeiro Prio,
the Cruzinhas, and the Fanal I have taken it in the greatest profusion ; and,
during June, sparingly, in even the chestnut-woods of Sao Viucente, — the lowest
position (about 1300 feet above the sea) at which, so far as I am aware, any
member of the genus has hitherto been observed.

113. Tarphius compactus, Woll
T. subquadrato-ovatus breviusculus compactus piceus, prothorace subquadrato postice minus angus-

tato, granulis crebris obtusissimis obsito, elytris concoloribus latiusculis ragose seriato-punctatis,

pone medium vix nodosis, tarsis in iitroque sexu simplicibus.
Long. Corp. lin. I5— 1^.

Habitat Maderam excelsam sylvaticam, sestate minus frequens.

T. a little larger than the T. Lauri, and somewhat more quadrate and compact, dull piceous, generally
much incrusted with dirty mud-like scales, and but very slightly shining. Head and jjrothorax
beset with very close and exceedingly obtuse granules : the latter not channeled (or very ob-
scurely so), somewhat square, — the sides being regularly, though only slightly, rounded, and the
front edge a little raised along the central emargination. Elytra concolorous, rather wide and
straight at the shoulders, and rounded behind ; seriate-punctate, and wrinkled transversely ; the

t2

140 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

suture and alternate interstices a little raised and interrupted, — forming, generally, most obscure
nodules behind, which are more or less sparingly clothed with a dull olivaceous pubescence.
Antenna and leys ferruginous : the latter with their femora and tibiae a little darker than the
tarsi, which are simple in both sexes.

Less distinct, prima facie, than any of the remainder; nevertheless it may be
known by its compact, rather short, and squarish form, by its obscou-e and gene-
rally much incrusted surface, and by its subconcolorous and subnodose elytra.
Although without many decided characters to separate it from one or two of its
allies, yet, after a careful examination of many specimens, I am inclined to believe
tliat the T. compactus is a true species, being somewhat intermediate between the
T. nodosns, on the one hand, and the T. Lauri and rotundatus, on the other, —
partakmg slightly of the characters of the whole tlu-ee, though merging into none.
It is not very common, but is found occasionally, during the summer months, in
the damp ra^-incs of intermediate altitudes, in company with the rest. My speci-
mens were taken principally at the Ribeu-o Frio.

114. TarpMus nodosns, WoU. (Tab. III. fig. 6.)
T. subquadi-ato-ovatus robustus nigcr, prothorace subquadrato, granulis crebris obtusissimis obsito,
elytris concoloribus rugose seriato-punctatis, interstitiis alternis elevatis interruptis, nodos
formantibus.
Mas, elytrorum nodis minoribus, tarsis anterioribus articulo basilari in lobum longissimum spini-

formem acutum subtus producto, posticis simplicibus.
Fmm. elytrorum nodis majoribus, tarsis simplicibus.
Long. corp. lin. mas, 1^-1^ : fcem. \^-2\.

Habitat per regionem Maderse sylvaticam, sub truncis arborum prolapsis necnon sub lai)idibus, sestate
baud infrequens.

T. large and robust, and somewhat quadrate, dull black, not much clothed with scales, and with the
setifi of an obscure golden-brown tinge. Head and pruthurux beset with very close and obtuse
grannies : the latter obscurely channeled, rather wide and subquadiate, — being widest however a
little before the middle. Elytra concolorous, rugosely seriate-punctate, and wrinkled transversely ;
the suture and alternate interstices elevated and interrupted, especially towards the outer disk
and apex, forming distinct nodules. Antenna and legs of the same colour as those of the last
species.

Male, rather smaller than the female, and with the nodules less apparent : the basal joint of the
fore and intermediate tarsi produced internally into a very long, spiniform and acute lobe ; the
hinder tarsi simple.

Female, large and robust, with the surface more uneven, the nodules being greatly developed : the
tarsi simple.

Distinguished from all the Tinph'ii here described; — as regards the males, by
its four front feet having theii- basal joint produced beneath into a very elongated,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 141

spiniform lobe, which does not exist in the hinder pair ; and, in the case of the
females, by its large, subqnadrate and robust form, and by its greatly developed
nodules. The females might sometimes be confounded with the T. cicatricosns,
did not the more diluted and piceous hue, and the anteriorly -narrower outline of
that insect, in conjunction with the pale, subglabrous tubercles of its somewhat
less deeply sculptured elytra, at once separate it from the present one. After the
T. Lauri and rotimdatus, it is the most abundant and widely distributed member
of the group. I have taken it, during the summer months, in the region of the
Ribeiro Frio, the Cruzinhas, at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, and the Fanal.

115. Tarphius cicatricosus, Woll.

T. subovatus piceus, prothorace lateribus dilutioribus, granulis crebris obtusissimis obsito, vix canali-
culato, elytris submaculatis rugose (sed vix seriato-) punctatis, interstitiis alternis elevatis inter-
ruptis, nodos rufescentibus subglabros formantibus, tarsis in utroque sexu simplicibus.

Long. Corp. lin. l|-2.

Habitat in locis similibus ac prsecedens, sed illo rarior.

T. a little smaller, more ovate, and nan-ower (especially in front) than the T. nodosus, piceous, and
often more or less diluted or rufescent, and nearly free from scales. Head and prothorax beset
with very close and obtuse granules : the latter not channeled (or very obscurely so), rather
shorter than in the jjreceding species and not quite so wide, and with the flattened sides often
of a paler or more rufescent tinge, — which imparts to them a somewhat transparent appearance.
Elytra more or less indistinctly spotted, rugosely seriate-punctate, — the punctures being obscurer
and smaller than those of the T. nodonts ; the suture and alternate interstices raised and inter-
rupted, forming (in the usual positions) distinct, but not veiy large, subglabrous nodules, which
are always paler than the rest of the surface and often of a bright rufous tinge, — especially the
hinder, broken fascia, which is at times large, and diffused over the entire apical portion of the
elytra. Antenna and leffs a little paler than those of the last species : the latte)- with the tarsi
simple in both sexes.

Somewhat allied, at first sight, to the females of the T. nodosus, though easily
separable from them, on examination, by its more diluted or rufescent hue, by its
rather shorter and narrower prothorax, and by the smaller and more lighily-im-
pressed punctures of its elytra, — which last have the tubercles always paler than
the remainder of the surface, being usually (together with the hinder noduled
fascia) of a distinctly rufous tinge. It is one of the rarer species, and is fovmd in
the same localities as the last.

116. Tarphius testudinalis, WoU.

T. c'longato-oblongus subnitidus piceus, prothorace amplo lateribus valde complanatis, granulis
crebris obtusis obsito, canaliculato, elytris concoloribus insequalibus ad apicem magis acuminatis.

142 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

profunde et rugose seriato-punctatis, interstitiis alternis elevatis iutcrruptis, nodos magnos for-
maiitibus, tarsis in utroque sexu simplicibus.
Long, coi'p. lin. 2-2j.

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excclsa, sestate rarior.

T. very large and robust, squarish-oblong, light piceous and a little shining (and sometimes with a
slightly transparent appearance, which gives the insect rather the aspect of tortoiseshell), not
much covered with scales, but more or less clothed with short and distinct golden-brown setae.
Head and prothorax beset with close and obtuse granules : the lattei- channeled, large and wide,
dilated before the middle, and the sides much flattened and somewhat diluted in colouring, or
subtransparent. Elytra concolorous, much acuminated at the apex, very uneven, deeply and
rugosely seriate-punctate, and wi'inkled (the punctures being exceedingly large and distinct) ; the
alternate interstices much raised and interrupted, forming large nodules in the usual positions,
which are more densely beset with the golden-brown setae than the remainder of the surface.
AntenruB and leys as in the last species : the latter with the tarsi simple in both sexes.

Well distmguishcd from its congeners by its robust, though proportionably
elongated form, by its pale rusty-piceous (or almost tortoiseshell-coloui-ed) hue, by
the widely flattened edges of its prothorax, and by the large regularly-disposed
punctures and fully-developed nodules of its exceedingly xmeren and apically-
aeuminated elji:ra. Although one of the rarest of the Madeu-an Tarphli, it is
nevertheless widely distributed over the sylvan districts of the island, occurring
during the summer months, in company with its allies, in the damp woods of lofty
altitudes. My specimens are principally from the Cruzinhas, the Lombo dos
Pecegueiros, and the Fanal.

117. Tarphiiis tnmcatus, WoU.

T. parallelo-oblongus valde setosus piceus, prothorace rugoso, ante medium leviter dilatato, granulis
crebris obtusis obsito, canaliculato, elytris submaculatis postice truncatis, profunde et rugose
seriato-punctatis, interstitiis alternis leviter elevatis interruptis, nodos formantibus, tarsis in
utroque sexu simplicibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1*.

Habitat in echtioribus sylvaticis Maderae, una cum aliis degens, sestate rarissimus.

T. parallel-oblong, being very much smaller and (comparatively) narrower than the last species,
bright rusty-piceous, not nmch covered with scales, but densely clothed with somewhat short
and rigid set«. Head and prothorax rough, and closely beset with obtuse granules and set» :
the latter channeled, not much dilated, — but widest a httle before the middle, where it is about
the breadth of the elytra; the posterior portion a little attenuated, and the sides not much
curved. Elytra submaculated, parallel, a little narrowed and rather more shortened behind
than in the other species, very rugosely seriate-punctate ; the alternate interstices raised and in-
terrupted, forming nodules and ridges in the usual positions, which are somewhat more lightly

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 143

coloured than the rest of the surface. Antenna and leffs as in the preceding species : the latter
with the ta7-si simple in both sexes.

The small size and parallel outline of the present species, in conjunction with
its rigidly, though somewhat shortly setose surface, and the comparatively trun-
cated, or abruptly-shortened hinder portion of its elytra, will suffice to discrimi-
nate it from its allies. In its submaculated and nodose elytra it approaches the
T. brevlcollis; nevertheless its comparatively short setre, added to its narrower
and less ovate form, and its entirely different prothorax, at once remove it from
that insect. It is one of the rarest of the genus, and is taken in company with
the other species, — although, as will he perceived by a reference to the umnerical
table given above, exceedingly sparingly.

118. TarpMus echinatus, Woll

T. ovatus valde et longissime setosus ferrugineus, prothorace brevi rugoso, circa medium dilatato,
granulis obscuris obsito, elytris submaculatis rugose seriato-punctatis, interstitiis alternis leviter
elevatis, nodos vLx formantibus, tarsis in utroque sexu (nisi fallor) simplicibus.

Long. Corp. lin. l^-l^^.

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, in iisdem locis ac prsecedens, rarissimus.

T. short and ovate, more or less ferruginous, not much incrusted with scales, but densely clothed with
very long, erect and rigid setae. Head and prothorax rough, and beset with rather small, obtuse
granules, — which, from the bristles and scales with which they are intermingled, are usually
somewhat obscure : the latter not channeled (or very indistinctly so), rather short and wide,
most dilated about, or a little before the middle, but with the sides not greatly curved, — the
anterior and posterior portions being subequally attenuated. Elytra rather rounded behind,
submaculated, — having exceedingly obscure patches in the usual positions, which appear,
normally, to be much diffused over the elytra (thus diluting their surface) and to take the form
of ill-defined blotches rather than distinct spots ; rugosely seriate-punctate, the punctures being
large and distinct ; the suture and alternate interstices a little raised and somewhat interrupted,
though scarcely sufficiently so as to form nodules. Antennce and legs rather paler than those of
the last species : the latter with the tarsi (I believe) simple in both sexes.

The present species and the T. brevlcollis are readily separated from the re-
mainder of the genus by the comparatively long and erect bristles with which
they are beset. At first sight they would appear to be, inter se, a good deal
allied ; but a more accurate inspection will disclose abundant characters by which
they may be distinguished from each other. Thus, the more rounded, or ovate
outline of the T. ecldnatus, in conjimction with its ferruginous hue, the greater
length of its bristles, and its much less basally-constricted (or medially dilated)
prothorax, ■ndll, apart from minor points, be more than sufficient to prevent the
possibility of confounding it with that insect.

144 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

119. Tarphius brevicoUis, WoU.

T. quadrato-ovatus piceo-ferrugineus valde et louge sctosus, prothorace rugoso bre\issimo lato, circa
medium subito dilatato et postice angustato, granulis obscurissimis obsito, canaliculato, clytris
submaculatis rugose subseriato-grauulatis, interstitiis alternis leviter elevatis interruptisj nodos
formantibus, tarsis in utroque sexu (nisi fallor) simplicibus.

Long, coi-p. liu. li-lg^.

Habitat in locis similibus ac T. echinatus, sestate rarissimus.

T. short, more quadrate and oblong tlian the T. echinatus, and of a sligbtly darker, or more rusty,
ferruginous hue, not much incrusted with scales, but densely clothed with long, erect and rigid
seta;, — which however are shorter than those of the last species. Head and prothorax rough,
and beset with obscure and rather distant granules, which are so mixed up with bristles and
scales as to be but indistinctly perceptible : the latter deeply channeled, very short, suddenly
and greatly dilated in the middle, and narrowed before and behind, especially the latter, — which
causes the sides to be considerably cui-ved. Elytra more or less indistinctly spotted, more
parallel at the base than those of the last insect, rugoscly granuled (rather than punctured), and
wrinkled transversely, — the granules being more especially perceptible towards the outer margin,
and appearing to replace the punctures which are more or less evident in the whole of the pre-
ceding species, although somewhat intermingled with, and merging into, punctures towards
the suture; the alternate interstices slightly elevated and interrupted, forming small but very
distinct nodules in the usual positions, which with the ridges are rather more lightly coloured,
or rufescent, than the rest of the surface. Antemue and leys as in the last species.

The distinctions between the present insect and the last hare been already
pointed oiit, — its more parallel, or oblong outline, added to its somewhat shorter
setue and darker hue, its more noduled, granulated, and less e^'idently pimctiu'ed
elj'ira, and the totally different form of its (deeply channeled) prothorax, being-
sufficient, even prima facie, to separate it from that species. It is extremely rare,
I)eing found, in company with its allies, in the damp wooded districts of lofty
elevations.

120. Tai-phius nigosiis, Woll.

T. oblongo-quadratus nigro-piceus, prothorace rugoso amplo, ante medium valde dilatato, lateribus
subajqualiter rotundatis, granulis dispersis obtusis obsito, canaliculato, elytris concoloribus rugose
granulatis, interstitio juxta suturam costato-elevato, reliquis valde interruptis, nodum exstantcm
longc pone apicem singuli situm formantibus, tarsis in utroque sexu (nisi fallor) simplicibus.

Long. corp. lin. \ix 2.

Hahitat in Madera sylvatic^, semcl tantuni (ad Ribciro Frio) repcrtus.

T. large, squarer than any of the other species, piceous-black, rough, apparently a good deal incrusted
with scales, and quite opake. Head and prothorax very rough, and beset with rather small,
distant granides, which are more or less concealed amidst the very short and robust seta^ with
which they are intermixed : the latter deeply channeled, very large, and much dilated about the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 145

middle, and witli the sides almost equally rounded before and behind. Elytra concolorous,
rough, quadrate, rather suddenly shortened behind, very densely crowded with granules, bristles
and scales, — the first of which preponderate, but are apparently not disposed in rows ; the inter-
stice of each elytron nearest to the suture raised, and scarcely at all interrupted, though more
especially apparent (in the form of an elongated prominent ridge) behind the middle, — and
the remaining ones hardly perceptibly elevated except towards the apex, where a very prominent
isolated projection (nearer to the outer margin than to the suture) is the principal fragment of
them which is evident, although a few, exceedingly obscure ones about the disk are just indicated.
Antenrue and legs a little darker than those of the last insect.

Au exceedingly distinct and large species, and one which may be readily known
from the remainder of the genus here described by its wide, quadi'ate form, by its
greatly dilated and anteriorly-roimded prothorax, by its dark rugose sm^face, and
by the very prominent outer, and costate inner protuberances of its elytra, — which
last are extremely roughly granulated, and with no indications of punctures inter-
mixed. It is hitherto unique, the specimens from which the above description
has been compiled having been captm-ed by myself at the E,ibeu-o Erio, — where I
have since frequently searched for it, but in vain.

Genus 49. COSSYPHODES. (Tab. III. fig. 3.)

Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. of Loud. (New Series) i. 168 (1851).

Corpus parvum, valde depressum, subparallelo-oblongum, ad latera complanatum, Cosstjphi formam
simulans, sed ab eo aflSnitate longe distans : capite magno semicirculari, fere piano, margine
laterali paulo elevato atque ad basin impressione parva obliquo-longitudinali utrinque instructo ;
oculis obsoletis, aut saltern baud detectis (an in fossulis duabus lougitudiualibus reconditis ?) ;
subtus (III. 3 a), jugulo utrinque porrecto, fossulas duas pro receptione antennarum formante :
prothorace et elytris in dorso longitudinaliter carinatis et utrinque carinis gracilibus (aut potius
striis elevatis) notatis ; illo transverso-quadrato : smtello baud observando : alis obsoletis : ab-
domine (III. 3 b) ex segmentis ventralibus quinque (paulatim longitudine decrescentibus) com-
posite. Antenna (III. 3 c) brevissimte distantes geniculatae, sub margine capitis insertee et inter
otium sub lateribus reponendse, articulo primo maximo crasso elongato superne recondito, secundo
parvo breviter ovato, tertio ad nonuui brevissimis transversis latitudine leviter crescentibus,
decimo et undecimo magnis arete aj)plicatis, capitulum magnum abruptum ovalem biarticulatum
efficicutibus. Labruni (III. 3 d) sub clypeo reconditum, transverso-quadratum, angulis anticis
rotundatis ciliatis. Mandibula (III. 3 e, 3/) breves validre cornea?, apice bidentatfe, intus medio
sinuatfe. Maxilla (III. 3^) bilobse, processu exteruo porrecto (basin palporum dcfendente)
munitfe : lobo externa brevi, apice truncate pubescenti : interno huic vix breviore, valde ciliato.
Pa/pi maxillares articulis penultimo et antejienultimo brevibus latis, ultimo multo longiore
subovali-subacuminato : labiates (III. 3 h) articulis primo et secundo minutis subaequalibus,
ultimo longiore apice subacuminato. Mentuin amplissimum subquadratum, lateribus in medio
eraarginato-incisis. Ligula brevis angustior, angulis anticis ciliatis. Pedes (III. 3 A, 3 /, 3 in)
valde cursorii brevissimi compressi, antici paulo longiores : tibiis gracilibus, ad femora inter
otium applicandis : tarsis anticis (III. 3 k) 5-, posterioribus (III. 3 /, 3 »i) 4-articulatis ; articulis
in omnibus (ultimo acuminato excepto) brevibus, magnitudine vix sensim decrescentibus.

U

146 IN SECT A MADE REN SI A.

The extraordinary little insect for wliicli the present genixs was established by
Mr. Westwood, is perhaps one of the most remarkable as yet detected within the
whole range of the Coleoj)tera, its total freedom, apparently, from eyes, in con-
junction with the singular numerical variation of its tarsal joints, presenting
anomalies of a very peculiar kind. Mr. Westwood has so ably discussed its affi-
nities, that I will not enter into them afresh, but prefer gi^'ing the result of his
conclusions on the subject in his owa words. " This is altogether," says he, " one
of the most anomalous genera hitherto described amongst Coleopterous insects.
At fu'st sight, it possesses so strong a resemblance to the Heteromerous genus
Cossi/plms, that it was for a time regarded as merely a minute species of that
genus, — for the outline of the head and pronotum are nearly continuous, so that
it was not until a more careful examination was made that the ordinary exposed
condition of the head, and its division from the prothorax, was observed. The
tarsi arc not, however, heteromerous*. The structure of the anteunai, moreover,
at once removes this genus from the whole of the Seteromera, — since they are
ellwwed at the extremity of the large first joint, and have a nearly solid 2-jointed
terminal club. It is, I apprehend, amongst the genera originally placed by La-
treille amongst the Xylophaga (but separated therefrom by MacLeay, by whom
they were introduced amongst the Necrophaga) that we must look for the true
relations of this insect, some of which are already known to exhibit various nume-
rical peculiarities in respect to the joints of theu* tarsi, often varying in the sexes
in this respect. Biphyllns, as the name implies, has a 2-jointed clava to the
antennae, and some of the species of Cerylon have similarly polished bodies. Bi-
toma has also a biarticulate club to the antennae, as well as a carinated pronotum
and elytra. This last-named genus, in fact, notwithstanding the various very
striking points of disagreement mth Cossyphodes, may perhaps be regarded as
most nearly allied to it of any known genus ; indeed the parts of the mouth of
Bitoma, as figured by Mr. Ciu-tis, present a strong general conformity with those
of Cossyphodes."

121. Cossyphodes Wollastonii. (Tab. III. fig. 3.)

C. latus subparallelo-oblongus valde dcpressus fcrrugineus Isevis subnitidus, antennis pedibusque

concoloribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1?.

Cossyphodes Wollastonii, Westn'. Trans. Ent. Soc. of Land. {I^ew Series) i. 170 (1851).

Habitat in Mader^ australi propc urbem Funchalensem, rarissimus : ad Praya Formoza exemplar
unicum sub lapide, Maio cxeunte .\.d. 1848, primus inveni; sed nidos (Ecophthora pusilla colere

* Strictly speaking, the tarsi are heteromerous, — that is to say, they do not consist of the same num-
ber of articulations in all the legs : but in the true Heteromera the hinder feet alone are -l-jointed, —
whereas in the genus before us the four posterior tarsi are quadriartieulate, the front pair only being
pentamerous.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 147

apud cl. Dom. Heer, Turici, dicitur, qui plurima specimina ad Gorgulho, necnon etiam in ipsa
lu'be, mensibus Januario et Februario a.d. 1851 detexit.

C. broad, parallel-oblong (the outline of the head, prothorax and elytra being nearly continuous) ,
much flattened (especially at the sides), ferruginous or of a somewhat pale chestnut hue, spotless,
and very slightly shining, — the surface appearing beneath the microscope to be densely beset
with an excessively minute and short decumbent cinereous pubescence, which gives the entire
insect a peculiar kind of opacity, or, more strictly perhaps, bloom, which is perceptible even to
the naked eye. Head large and semicircular, almost flat, the margin (especially towards the
hinder angles) a little elevated, impressed on either side at the base with a small oblique longi-
tudinal line, occupying the positions of the eyes, which are apparently quite obsolete, — although
it is just possible that they may be imperfectly develoj)ed, and concealed within these depressions.
Prothorax large, transverse-quadrate, much flattened at the sides, and obtusely keeled down the
centre of its disk, — also with three smaller, very delicate carina?, or raised strise, on either side of
this central elevation. Elytra, likewise, keeled along the suture and much flattened laterally,
but v!'ii\\ four delicately raised carinas on either side, — instead of three. Antenna and kffs con-
colorous with, or perhaps a little paler than, the remainder of the surface.

Apparently extremely rare, — or, at any rate, local ; and, from its peculiar habits,
somewhat difficult to obtain. A single example was first discovered by myself, on
the 8th of May 1848, beneath a stone on the flat ledge of ground immediately above
the Praya Eormoza, near Funchal, — the only specimen in fact which I have hitherto
taken. It is to the researches of Professor Heer of Zurich that we are indebted
for a knowledge of its habits, who informs me that he has captiu'ed it in the nests
of CEcophtliora pusilla both at the Gorgulho and even in Punchal itself. Having
collected a portion of the earth in which the nests of that ant were situated, and
having carefully placed it in his house va. Funchal, he states that he used fre-
quently to observe a specimen of Cossyphodes adhering to the small loose stones
which he had allowed to remain on the surface. But, even when thus sought
after in its legitimate position, it would seem to be far from common, since Pro-
fessor Heer, dui-ing his winter's residence in the island, did not obtain, I believe,
more than seven or eight examples iu all. It runs with such prodigious velocity
that more than ordinary dexterity is required in securing it, — which, for a hlind
insect (if indeed its eyes be in reality altogether wanting, as would certainly
appear to be the case) is very remarkable.

Genus 50. PLCEOSOMA*, WoU. (Tab. IX. fig. 9.)

Cm-pus parvum ellipticum glabervimum : capite in cavo prothoracico usque ad oculos immerso : pro-
thorace postice lato elytris arete applicato : abdomine ex segmentis ventralibus quinque composito,
segmento basali amplo : scutello distincto subtriangulari : alls obsoletis. Antenna (IX. 9 a)
breviusculse (capitis prothoracisque vix longitudine) distantes capitatse, articulo primo robusto

* Genus Ceryloni aifinitate proximum, sed labro bilobo valde membranaceo, tibiis siibcurvatis excalca-
ratis, alis obsoletis, necuou forma \\x punctata elliptica ab eo sat distiuctum videtiu".

u2

148 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

crasso, secundo huic longitudine subjequali at multo graciliore subcylindrico, tertio breriore, iude
ad nonum latitudine vLx crescentibus longitudine sub;equalibus, reliquis capitulum magnum
abraptuni ovale solidissimum obscure biarticulatum efficientibus. Labrum (IX. 9 b) amplum
membranaceum pilosum, antice bilobum, marginibus membraneo-tenuissimis. Mandibula
(IX. 9 c) inagnse validae elongatse cornese, basi lata;, apice bidentatse, inde ad medium sinuatse et
membrana auctae. Maxilla (IX. 9 d) bilobae membranacese : lobo externa elongatissimo gracili
recto, apice leviter pubescenti : intenio breviore gracillimo recto, apieem versus ciliato. Palpi
maxillares articulo primo longiusculo flexuoso, secundo crassiore jiaulo breviore, tertio maximo
inflato subovato, ultimo primi longitudine sed recto aciculari : luhiales (IX. 9 e) articulo primo
flexuoso, secundo maximo inflato subovato, ultimo primi longitudine sed recto aciculari. Mctitum
elongato-subquadratum, antice acuminatum, lateribus ante basin constrictis. Ligula apice bifida,
lobis latis membraneo-tenuissimis aucta. Pedes sat validi : libiis (pra?sertim anticis) subflexuosis
apieem versus dilatatis vix calcaratis : tarsis (IX. 9/) 4-articulatis pilosis, articulo primo levater
elongato, secundo et tertio brevioribus iBqualibus, ultimo longissimo subclavato unguiculis sim-
lilicibus munito.
A ttXoIov navis, et auifia corpus.

The little insect on which I have erected the present genus is perhaps one of the
most truly indigenous of all the Madeiran Coleoptera. After a careful considera-
tion of its habits, and of the ditferent points of its structure, I have not the
sliglitcst doubt l)ut that it is correctly placed amongst the Colydiadcc, with which,
in its four-jointed tarsi, bidentate mandibles, and its biarticulate antenual club
(the essential characteristics of that family) it entu*ely coincides. It is in fact
closely allied to Cerylon, not only in its general habit {Floeosoma being not merely
subcortical, but also, like that genus, found in the very centre of moist decaying
Avood) and glabrous surfiice, but more especially in the elongated, narrow lobes of
its maxiUa!, quadriarticulate feet, in the shape of its mentum, in the extremely
solid club of its antennae, and iu the largely inflated penidtimate, and aciculated
ultimate, joii^ts both of its labial and maxillary ijaliii. Still, in spite of this
evident approach to Cerylou, it is not possible that it can be actually associated
with it, since in its deejily bilobed, membranous upper lip, in its slightly cmwed,
unspurred tibial, in its obsolete wings, as well as in its elliptical form, and in its
comparatively impunctate surface it recedes from that genus entnely. It is certain
however that it should be placed near to it, since it evidently forms one of those
small attendant genera so often observed as offshoots from a central type, tlie
importance of which, when geographically considered, it is difficult to overrate.

122. Ploeosoma ellipticum, Woll. (Tab. IX. fig. 9.)
P. ellipticum couvexum piceum Iscve nitiduui, prothoracc leviter puuctato, elytris vLx puuctatis apice

rufeseentibus, antennis pcdibusque feiTugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1-1}.

Habitat sub cortice, in ligno putrido, vel sub truncis arborum marcidis in locis humidiusculis Maderse,
inter 2500' et 5000' s. m. toto anno non infrcqucns.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 14.9

P. elliptical (being widest about the middle, and almost equally attenuated before and behind), convex,
bright piceous, shining, and free from pubescence. Prothorax ample, wide behind (whore it is
closely applied to the elytra), more or less rufescent, and covered, both above and below, with
shallow but rather large punctures. Elytra generally rufescent towards their apex, extremely
minutely and distantly punctured, — the punctm-es being scarcely perceptible except under a high
magnifying power ; when they will be observed moreover to be slightly disposed in rows.
Mouth, antenna and legs ferruginous.

The small size, in conjunction with the glabrous, shining, and elKptical body, of
this interesting insect will readUy distinguish it from the remainder of the Coly-
diadcB here described. It is confined exclusively to the forest districts of Madeira,
where it would appear to range between the limits of from about 2500 to 5000
feet above the sea, occurriag more especially, as might be expected, in those spots
which, from the difficulty of access, have been least disturbed. It is found either
beneath bark or in the interior of rotting wood, — occasionally even adhering to
the undersides of wet decaying logs, particularly in regions where the moisture is
excessive, and where consequently decomposition goes on the most rapidly. I
have taken it at the base of the Pico Grande and in the Boa Ventura, durino-
February ; on the Lombo das Vacas, in June ; at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, in
July ; and at the Feijaa de C6rte, at the beginning of August.

Genus 51. EUROPS*, Woll. (Tab. III. fig. 1.)

Corpus parvum, subcylindrico-liueare : capite subpedunculato, in maribus (III. 2) magno, in fceminis
medioci'i, oculis magnis prominentibus, subtus (III. 3 a), jugulo (prsesertim in maribus) lateribus
utrinque valde dilatatis, projecturam subconcavam (superne, ante oculos, conspicuam) formante :
prothorace elongato, lineari-quadrato : mesothorace superne subobservando, scutello minuto :
elytris apice truncato-abbreviatis, abdomen baud tegentibus : alls amplis : ahdomine ex segmentis
ventralibus quinquc composito, segmento apicali reliquis paulo longiore. Antenna breves (capite
paulo longiores) distantes rectse, articulis primo et secundo robustis subglobosis, illo majore cras-
siore, tertio ad octavum brevibus subtransversis subsequalibus, reliquis clavam magnam abruptam
ovalem biarticulatam efficientibus (nono magno subpoculiformi, ultimo maximo subgloboso obscu-
rissime biaunulato atque ad apicem leviter tuberculato-subacuminato). Labrum brevissimum,
vix conspicuum. Mandibula (III. 2 a, 2 b) magnse validse cornese triangulse, extus basi sinuatse,
apice incurvse acutse, intus pone medium lacinia pubescenti instructfe. Maxilla (III. 2 c) bilobse :
lobo externa gracillimo aciculari curvato : interno huic longitudine requali, lato, valde pubescenti.
Palpi maxillares articulo primo brevissimo, secundo et tertio robustioribus subeequalibus, ultimo
multo longiore subconico-subacuminato : labiales (III. 2 d) articulo primo brevissimo, secundo
paulo majore crassiore, ultimo elongato robusto subovali-subacuminato. Mentum elongato-
quadratum, apicem versus angustatum. Ligula elongata linearis, apice rotundata. Pedes parum
robusti : tibiis apicem versus leviter dilatatis : tarsis (III. 2 e) 4-articulatis pilosis, articulis primo
et secundo latis crassis, tertio minuto, quarto longissimo subclavato unguiculis simphcibus
munito.

A evpv<; latus, et oip' vultus.

* Genus masiUarum forma elji^risque trimcatis Rhyzopliago simillimum, sed tarsorum struetura et
habitu general! Colydiadis affinitate proximmn videtur, et cum illis, nisi fallor, recte poneuduni est.

150 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

The insect for the reception of which the present genus is founded bears, at fii-st
sight, a strong resemblance to a Bhyzophagus, but the details of its mouth and
tarsi point out at once its true location, amongst the Colydiadce, — from some of
the members of which it is not very remotely distant. Still, there are a few points,
it must be confessed, in which it approaches i?%co/;//r'^?/*, especially in its slender,
aciculated outer maxillary lobe, and its truncated el)i:ra; though the abundant
characters in which it recedes from it are sufficient to remove it altosrether from
that group. Thus, the structiu-e of its antennae will at once be noticed, which are
not only shorter and more robust, but want likewise the elongated thii-d joint of
Rhyzopliagus, and have their club, in lieu of a solid one, much perfoliated, — beiag
composed of two subequal, loosely-connected parts, the fli'st of Avhich is large and
cup-shaped, and the second globose and obscurely annulated (as though made up
of two). It differs moreover very considerably in the form of the largely developed
head of its males, which is not only (as indeed is the case in both sexes) constricted
into a tolerably distinct neck posteriorly, but is, likewise, broadest just behind the
eyes. The edges of the jugulum, underneath, are so much developed laterally as
to be apparent from above, the projecting portion seeming, at first sight (especially
in the males, where it is largest), to belong to the lateral margins of the head
itself. The eyes, ujilike those of Bhyzophagus, are large and prominent ; and the
entu'e insect, instead of being glal)rous, is, both above and below, pilose. The
elytra are much more abbreviated posteriorly than in any of the Rhyzophagl, being
broadly and transversely truncated, — exposing the pygidium, which is greatly elon-
gated. The legs arc slenderer also, and somewhat shorter, and without any
appearance on the tibite of external teeth ; wliUst the feet, instead of being hetero-
merous in one sex, are, as in most of the Colydiadce, quadi-iarticulate throughout.

123. Em-ops impressicoUis, WolJ. (Tab. III. fig. 2.)

E. angustus subcylindi'ico-linearis rufo-ferrugineus et parce pubescens, capite prothoraceque remote
punctatis, hoc elongato-quadrato in disco profunde longitudinaliter impresso, elytris punctato-
striatis pallido-testaceis sed ad apicem nigro-infuscatis, pcdibus testaceis.

Long. corp. lin. li-l?.

Habitat in insula Desertae Grandis, rarissimus, — Maioexeunte a.d. 1850, apricitate volitans, a meipso
deprehensus.

E. narrow, linear, somewhat cylindrical, sparingly pubescent, shining, and rufo-ferruginous. Head
and prothorax remotely but rather deeply punctured : the former large (especially in the males)
and wide, — though widest immediately behind the eyes, and from thence suddenly constricted
posteriorly into a neck, which is tolerably apparent when the head is at all protruded ; gradually
a little dilated, on either side, in front of the eyes, and, likewise, elevated into somewhat of a
ridge, out of which spring the antennse, — these ridges causing, in conjunction with the slightly
convex clypcus, two oblique depressions, or sulci, to appear on the forehead ; the lateral portions of
the Jugulum, underneath (III. 2 a), are so much produced, or swollen (particularly in the male sex),

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 151

as to project beyond the margin of the head in the form of a rounded concave prominence, which,
when viewed from above, it is not easy, at first sight, to separate from the sides of the upper
surface itself,— an arrangement which causes the lateral expansion in front of the eyes (at which
pomt this under-process makes its appearance) to seem larger and more irregular than it really
IS : — the latter {i. e. the prothorax) extremely narrowly margined at the sides and behind, long
and parallel, just perceptibly narrower than the elytra, and with a broad and deep elongated
longitudinal depression on the disk, — which however scarcely extends to either the anterior or
the posterior margins. Elytra pale testaceous, deeply punctate-striated, and much abbreviated
and transversely truncated behind, exposing the pygidium,— which, together with the apex of the
former, their extreme lateral margins, and sometimes even their suture, is more or less black (in
quite mature specimens rather deeply so, but in others merely infuscated or picescent). An-
tmrm ferruginous. Legs testaceous. Beneath dark ferruginous, with the underside of the head
and the three hinder segments of the abdomen paler.

Of the greatest rarity,— the few specunens which I have hitherto seen having
been captiu-ed by myself on the Dezerta Grande, diu-ing my encampment there
with the Rev. R. T. Lowe at the end of May 1850. They were taken on the
outer canvass of my tent, — whither they had Aotvti, in company with other insects
(particularly the minute ArfliroUps 2nceus), in the hot sunshine, — on the high
ridge at the commencement of the long northern valley, immediately above the
precipitous gorge which constitutes the only ascent of the island from the landing-
place below.

Genus 52. LYCTUS. (Tab. IY. fig, 3.)
Pabricius, Unt. Si/st. i. ii. 502 (1792).

Corpus minusculum, lineari-cylindricum : capite lato ; oculis magnis prominentibus : prothorace elon-
gato-subquacbato, postice interdum (ut in specie Maderensi) leviter angustato et anguKs anticis
amphato-productis ; lateribus plus minusve crenulatis : ehjtris integris : alls amplis. Antenna
(IV. 3 a) breviusculae (capitis prothoracisque vix longitudine) distantes, articulis primo et
secundo robustis, illo majore crassiore, tertio ad nonum longitudine paulatim vix decrescentibus
latitudme subsequalibus, decimo et undecimo clavam magnam ovalem biarticulatam eiEcientibus
(articulis subsequalibus, illo subpoculiformi, hoc paulo angustiore ovato basi truncate). Labnmi
(IV. 3 h) amplum porrectum, antice leviter bilobum, lobis rotuudatis ct longe ciliatis. Mandi-
bular (IV. 3 c) validse cornese, apice incurve bidentata;. Maxilla (IV. 3 f/) biloba;: lobo externa
elongate, apice valde pubescenti : interna breviore recto, intus pubescenti ciliato. Palpi maxillares
elongati, articulis primo et secundo longitudine subsqualibus (illo flexuoso, hoc subclavato),
tertio paulo breviore, ultimo elongate apice plus minusve acuminate : labiales (IV. 3 e) e scapis
Ugulae connatis sm-gentes, articulo primo lengiusculo subflexuoso, secundo paulo breviore sub-
clavato, ultimo elongato apice plus minusve acuminate. Mentum semicirculare, ad sunimum
apicem vel integrum, vel (ut in specie nostra) leviter truncatum. Ligula subovata antice acumi-
nata, lobis longis teuuissimo-membranaceis aucta. Pedes parum graciles : tibiis anticis (IV. 3/)
apicem versus leviter dilatatis, ad apicem externum in angulum exstantem productis, ad internum
unco robustissimo munitis, pasterioribus (IV. 3 g) rectis gracilibus : tarsis 4-articulatis, articulis
primo, secundo et tertio longitudine subsequalibus (primo vix longiore, et subtus ante basin
leviter constricto, — ahum articulum, sc. basalem, fere simrdanti), quarto longissimo subclavato
unguiculis simpHcibus munito.

152 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

The insect wliich represents Lyctm in !Madeii"a constitutes the genus Xylotrogiis
of Stephens, which was established in. 1830 to receive the identical species now
under consideration, which appears to be liable to importation throughout the
civilized world, and in which the prothorax is more constricted behind, and \vith
its anterior angles more developed and produced, than is the case with the acknow-
ledged tj^ie. IMi'. Stephens's characters being merely external ones, it would have
Ijccn difficult mthout dissection to have offered an opinion as to theii- real value,
or whether they were accompanied by corresponding differences of positive struc-
tiu'c. In addition however to the Madeiran examples, I have lately received fi-om
Mr. Westwood (by whom the specimen wMch is figured was dissected) a true
X. brtmneus (captured, many years ago, at Paris by M. Che\Tolat, — who, beheving
it to be im described, proposed for it the name of Jj. Gli/ci/rrJiizce), and have conse-
quently been enabled to examine minutely its oral organs and other details. After
comparing them carefully with those of the i. cancdiculatKs, I cannot perceive
any decided distinctions whatsoever between the two, — the slightly more elongated
and apically-acuminated palpi of the X. hrunneus, in conjimction with its rather
less robust antennae, being the sole points, unless I am much mistaken, in which
(apart from the shape of its prothorax) it recedes from the normal state ; — and it
is clearly impossible to regard such trivial modifications as of more than specific
importance. In defining its palpi as " very short," and its prothoracic margins as
"not crenatcd" (the main features selected in order to separate it from Lyctus),
Mr. Stephens was unquestionably in error, since its palpi are distinctly longer
than those of the L. canaliculutus, whilst the edges of its prothorax are certainly
crenulated, — albeit more obscvu'cly so than in the common generic type. So com-
pletely indeed are the structvu'al minutiae of the L. canalicidatus possessed by the
X. brmmeus that it is almost needless to enumerate them : suffice it therefore to
obsene that, in the proportions of theii- antennae, in their bUobed upper Hps,
bidentate mandibles, as also in theu* maxiUae, semicii'cular menta, pecviliar, apicaUy-
acumiuatcd ligula?, in theu' powerful and ciuiously armed anterior tibite, and in
the constricted basal joint of theii- quadiiarticulate feet, the tAvo insects are
actually identical.

124. Lyctus bnmneus. (Tab. IV. fig. .3.)

Ij. angustus cylindricus pubescens bnmneus, capite prothoiaceque crebre punctatis, hoc postice leviter
angustato angulis anticis productis obtusis, elytris ferrugineis obsolete substriato-pvinctatis (striis
suturam versus evanescentibus), interstitiis minutissime punctulatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^— 2i.

Lyctus parasiticus, Steph. Syst. Cat. of Brit. Ins. 94 (1829).
Xiilotrogus hninnciis, Steph. 777. Brif. Ent. iii. 116 (1830).
Lyctus Colydioides ? Dej. Cat. (edit. 3) 338 (1837).
OlycyrrhiziB, Chev. in Dej. Cat. (edit. 3) 338 (1837).

Habitat Maderam, circa oppida et vicos, vcl etiam iu urbe ipsa Funcbaleusi, hinc inde, rarior : in

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 153

domo quadam ad Seisal, mense Julio a.d. 1850, primus detexit Rev''"'' Dora. Lowe ; sed plmima
specimina a Dom. Hartung Madera ablata nuper cl. Dohrn communicavit.

L. narrow, linear, cylindrical, brown or reddisb-brown, pubescent, and but very slightly shining.
Head and jn'othorax coarsely and rather closely punctured : the former widest about the eyes,
which are very large and prominent : the latter elongated, a little narrowed and straightened
posteriorly, and with the anterior angles considerably enlarged (although obtuse) and downwardly
produced; the sides minutely crenulated; convex in front, where there is no appearance of a
dorsal channel, but with a wide and more or less shallow longitudinal depression on the hinder
disk. Elytra ferruginous, being paler and more rufescent than the head and prothorax; obso-
letely and finely striate-punctate, — the strise being tolerably apparent towards the outer portion,
but vanishing near the suture ; the interstices minutely punctulated ; entire and roimded at the
apex. Antenna and legs concolorous with, or perhaps a little darker than, the elytra.

The present Lyctus lias in all probability been naturalized in these islands, it
being an insect which, from its habits, is liable to constant transmission through-
out the world : nevertheless, since it would appear to establish itself with greater
facility in subaustral than in northern regions, it may perhaps be truly indigenous
on the southern Mediterranean limits, — in which case it is just possible that
Madeh-a may come within its legitimate range. It is my belief, however, that it
has been imported from other countries, — an hj^iothesis which is somewhat
strengthened by the fact that it is never found, so far at least as I am aware,
except either in or near the villages and towns, whilst most of the specimens
which have hitherto turned up were captured in the houses themselves. The
first example which came beneath my notice was detected by the Rev. E. T. Lowe,
dm-ing July 1850, in a Quinta at Seisal : and it was not untU June of the follow-
ing year that it again occm-red, — when a second was communicated by M. Dohrn
of Stettin, which had crawled out of a di-ied skin which had been prepared in
Madeii-a by M. Hartimg. About the same time, moreover, I received it from
Mr. Leacock, — taken in Funchal; and within the last month M. Dohrn has
informed me that it has been reared in abundance at Konigsberg, from larv«
which have been lately brought away from the island. In its habits, it would
seem, to a certain extent, to combine the dermaphagous tendency of Trogositu
with the Hgnivorous propensities of the true I/ycti, since it is, apparently, able to
adapt itself to even dried animal food. Still, like the common European L. cana-
liculatus, it is normally attached to wood, — from out of which indeed M. Dohrn
states that the Konigsberg specimens were produced.

Fam. 12. TROGOSITIDiE.

Genus 53. TROGOSITA.

Olivier, Ent. ii. 19 (scrip. Trogossita) (1790).

Corpus mediocre, elongatum : protkorace ssepius subcordato, angulis anticis productis : alts amplis.

X

154 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Antenna breviusculae (capitis prothoracisque vix longitudine), artieulo primo robusto, secimdo
minuto, reliquis usque ad apicem sensim crassioribus (rarius subclavatis), Labrum transverso-
quadratunij antice integrum et valde ciliatum. Mandihulce magase valida; cornese porrectje, basi
lata", apice fortiter bidentatse. Maxilla lubo sincjulo elongato valde ciliato ad apicem obtuso
instructse [intemo obsoleto). Palpi artieulo ultimo elougato, subfusiformi-truncato. Mentum
transversum, apice late emarginatum. Ligula ampla cornea integra, antice pilosa. Pedes validi :
tibiis anticis apicem %Trsus lev'itcr dilatatis, calcari intemo maximo robusto unciformi (externo
reliquis fcquali, miuuto) : larsis artieulo primo minutissimo, ultimo elongato subclavato.

The elongated and more or less flattened bodies of the Trogositce, in conjunction
with thcu- obsolete inner maxillary lobe, and the extraordinary enlarg-emcut of
one of then' two front til)ial s^jiu's, as compared with the other, will be sufficient
whereby to distinguish them from theii" immediate allies. In the construction of
theu" mentum, and in the minute basal joint of theu* tarsi, as well as in the small-
ness of the second articulation of their antennae, they approach the Lcemophloei
and other t}q>ical members of the Cuciijidce, — Avith many of which in habits,
likewise, they essentially coincide. Hence, I have preferred the present position
for them to placing them amongst the Nitidididce, with which they are now
usually associated, — deeming the above peculiarities of greater importance than
even the non-development of the inner lobe of their maxillae ; and especially so since
several of the Ciicicjidce have that lobe so far reduced in size as to indicate, even
in this respect, a no very distant relation vdih Trogosifa. "N^'ere its habits indeed
alone to be taken into account, the present genus might be supposed to have some
affinity with Teuehno and other representatives of the Seteromera ; but its penta-
merous feet, and the total absence of an internal emargination to its mandibles,
apart from other points no less evident, will at once remove it m toto from the
whole of those groups.

§ I. Prothorax subcordatus, angulis ipsis postiois exstantihus : antenna apicem versus sensim incrassata.

125. Trogosita mauritanica.
T. depressa picea subniticTa, elytris post medium leviter dilatatis, subpunctato-striatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 4.

Tenebrio mauritanicus, Liun. Syst. Nat. ii. G74 (17C7).
Trogossita mauritanica, Qi]i\.Ent. ii. 19. 6. pi. 1. tig. 2 o, i (1790).
Trogosita carahoides, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 115 (1792).

mauritanica, GyU. Ins. Suec. i. 72 (1808).

, Erich. JVat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 243 (1848).

Habitat in grauariis douiibusque Maderje, prsesertim circa Funcbal, vulgaris : interdum in ipsa urbe
(mercatorum rcpositoriis) abundat, e.x alienis certe introducta.

T. elongated, much depressed, dark piceous, and slightly sinning. Head and prothorax deeply
punctured : the latter somewhat short aud cordate (being broad in front and narrowed behind),

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 155

with the anterior angles produced, and the extreme posterior ones distinctly prominent. Elytra
widest behind the middle, and faintly jjunctate-striated ; the interstices each with two rows of
minutely impressed points. Bodij beneath, and the legs bright rufo-piceous. Antenna darker
(especially in the middle), and gradually incrassated towards their apex.

The common T. mauritanica is one of those insects Avhich follow in the wake of
commerce, and it is consequently fonncl, at times, in nearly all countries of the
world. It is not only with flour and grain, but even amongst skins and fiu's, and
such like merchandise, that it is liable to become introduced ; and in England it
has been frequently received, alive, in boxes of natural curiosities from India and
China. In Madeu-a it is, in lilve manner, at intervals abundant, — occurring in
granaries and warehouses in and near Funchal ; and I have occasionally captured
it on board vessels which have been lying at anchor in the bay.

§ II. Protliorax sulqmdratus, angulis ipsis posticis vLv exstantihus : anfennce breviores, ad apicem clavafce
{articulis nono, decimo et undeoimo clavam distinctam intiis serratam e_fficientibus).

126. Trogosita serrata, Woll.

T. angusto-subcylindrica picescenti-ferruginea subopaca, elytris parallelis profunda punctato-striatis.
Long. corp. lin. 3|.

Habitat Maderam ; mihi non obvia, sed duo specimina benigne communicavit ReV^^^ Dom. Lowe.

T. narrower, more cylindrical and parallel than the T. mauritanica, also less depressed, of a pale
piceo-ferruginous hue, and much more opake. Head and prothorax deeply punctured : the
latter much more quadrate than that of the last species (being narrower in front and broader
behind,— and consequently with the sides straighter) ; with the anterior angles rather obtuser and
less produced, and the extreme posterior ones not so much thickened or prominent as those of that
insect. Elytra narrow, parallel, and deeply punctate-striated ; the interstices each with two rows
of most minutely impressed points. Antenna and legs concolorous with the rest of the surface ;
the latter rather shorter than those of the T. mauritanica, and distinctly clavated at their apex, —
the terminal three joints forming a tolerably abrupt and internally-serrated club.

In its distinctly clavated antennae and comparatively subquadrate prothorax the
present insect recedes from the normal members of the genus. As regards the
former indeed its structure is very remarkable, the ninth, tenth and eleventh
joints forming an abrupt and internally-serrated club : — nevertheless there can be
no doubt but that it is a true Trogosita, since in aU other respects it retains the
essential characteristics of the group. I have not, myself, succeeded in detecting
it in the Madeira Islands, the only two specimens which have hitherto come
beneath my notice having been presented to me by the Rev. R. T. Lowe from the
collection of the late Dr. Heineeken, by whom they were captured many years ago
near Funchal, — and where it is far from improbable that they may have been
accidentally introduced with corn or merchandise.

x2

156 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Fam. 13. CUCUJID^.

Genus 54. CRYPTAMORPHA, WoU. (Tab. IV. fig. 1.)

Corpus minusculuni, parallelo-elongatum, depressum, Psammoeco affine : prothorace subcylindrico,
lateribus (pncsertiin ad aiigulos anticos) creiiulatis : scutellu distincto, transverso : alls auiplis.
AntenruE capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, parum robustse, subfiliformes (apicem versus vix
sensim incrassatae), articulo primo sat elongate, secundo brevi, rebquis ad dccimura longitudine
vix decrescentibus, undecimo ovato basi truncato. Labrum (IV. I a) porrectum transversuni,
anticc integrum ciliatum. Mandibulce (IV. 1 b) vabdae, basi latae, ad sumnium apicem (ut in
Dendi'opbago) bidentatse, necnon infra apicem dente minuto instructse. Maxillx (IV. 1 c)
bilobae : lobo externa lato, apice valde j)ubescenti : interno minuto angusto valde pubescenti
membranaceo. Palpi maxillares articulo j)rimo minutissimo, secundo magno crasso subclavato,
tertio minora transverso, ultimo fusiformi-subacuminato basi truncato : labiales (IV. 1 d) articulo
primo minutissimo, secundo magno crasso subclavato, ultimo maximo brevi latissimo securiformi-
transverso apice truncato. Meiiliim breve transversum, antice angustatnin, ad summum a])icem
excavato-emarginatum et angulis lateralibus porrcctis acuti.s. Ligula membrauacea, antice pilosa.
Pedes valde cursorii : tibiis muticis : tarsis (IV. 1 e) pilosis (in maribus, nisi fallor, heteromeris),
articulo primo leviter abbreviate, secundo et tertio longitudine subsequalibus (illo subcordato,
boc profunde bilobo), quarto minutissimo inter lobos tertii inimerso, ultimo clougato unguicuUs
siiupHcibus niunito.

A Crypta (genus Coleopteroruni) ct fJ.op(f)Tj figura.

I had for some time regarded the insect on wliich the present genus is founded
as a true Fsammoecus {= Crypta, Steph. a.d. 1830), to which both in its habits
and outline it is very closely allied. A more careful examination, however, of its
oral organs and feet has subsequently con'vinced me that it is impossible to asso-
ciate it ^ith that group, as usually defined (and of which the Anthicusbipimctatus
of Fabricius is supposed to be the typo), however much it may resemble some of
the meml)crs of it externally, — since it is wanting in many of the most essential
structural characteristics on which it is made to depend. Thus, the enormously
developed secm-iform joint \\'\.t\\ which the maxillary palpi of Psamiiioecus are
terminated is here narrow and fusiform, and even acuminated towards its apex ;
whilst the labial ones have their ultimate articulation immenselv swollen, and
more abruptly hatchet-shaped than is there the case. Its mandibles also, which
are bidiMitate at their extremity, and have a small additional subapical tooth
within, recede from those of Fsainmoecm, and coincide almost entirely with the
modification which obtains in Dendrophagxs. Then, the mentum likewise is of a
very different form, being deeply emarginated anteriorly, instead of produced;
whilst, lastly, its tarsi (instead of being quadriarticulate) arc pentamerous in the
females (the minute fourtli joint being concealed between the greatly enlarged
lobes of the third), and heteromerous (unless indeed my observations deceive me)
in the males. U])on the whole, therefore, I should consider Cryptamorpha as an

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 157

undoubtedly new genus, — intermediate perhaps between Psammcecus and Dendro-
phagus ; since it partakes of the former in its general habits and aspect, in its
prominent upper lip, and in the construction of the inner lobe of its maxillae and
thh'd tarsal joint ; whilst in its mandil)les and maxUlary palpi, and in the number
of the articulations of its feet (in one sex at all events, if not indeed in both) it ap-
proaches the latter. In the shape of its nientum and labial j)alpi, on the other
hand, it agrees with neither, — although the first more nearly resembles that of
Dendrophagus than of PsammoecKs, whilst the second assimilate those of Psani-
moeciis rather than of Dendrophagus.

127. Cryptamorpha Musse, Woll. (Tab. IV. fig. l.)

C. elongata depressa pubescens rufo-testacea, elytris profunde punctato-striatis testaceis macula sub-
scutellari fasciaque postmedia, necuon linea plus minusve coujungenti vel sufTusa (in singido
prope suturam sita), nigre.scentibus, antennis pedibusque pallido-testaceis, illaruni articulis sub-
apicalibus infuseatis.

Long. Corp. lin. If.

Habitat in Madera australi, circa urbem Funcbalensem, rarissime : in horto EcclesiEe Anglicanse (qua;
in Bcco das Arliubas sita est), sub libra Musa sapientitm, Linn., Augusto ineunte a.d. 1850 pri-
mus inveni ; et tempore vernali a.d. 1851 in floribus Calocasiee cl. Dom. Heer detexit.

C. elongated, depressed, very pubescent, and rufo-testaceous. Head rather large and prominent,
finely punctulated, and with a deep and narrow longitudinal impression, or groove, on either side
between the eyes, which however terminates abruptly on the hinder portion of the forehead.
Prothorax elongated and subcylindrical, a little narrowed behind, and with the hinder disk a
good deal flattened ; rather more deeply punctured than the head (the spaces between the punc-
ttu'es appearing beneath a high magnifying power to be very delicately roughened, or somewhat
granulose) ; with the lateral edges minutely crenulated, — especially about the anterior angles,
which are a little downwardly-produced. Elytra deeply punctate-striated ; testaceous, with a
somewhat triangular patch in front of the scutellum, and a transverse postmedial abbreviated
zigzag fascia, common to both, — as also a narrow connecting line close alongside the suture of
each (but which is often suffused, or even evanescent, especially in front), — black. Antenna and
legs pale testaceous : the former with their subapical joints more or less infuscated, — the terminal
one being always pale.

A most elegant insect, and apjoarently extremely scarce ; being confined, so far
as I am aware, to hot sheltered spots in and immediately around Funchal. It was
first discovered by myself, early in August 1850, in the garden of the English
Church in the Beco das Aranhas, beneath the outer fibre of the stems of the
Banana {Ilusa sapientmu,, Linn.), — where it would appear more especially to reside,
subsisting (much in the same manner as the Psammcecus bipimctatus does on the
Carex acuta of central and northern Europe) on the sap with which that gigantic
Monocotyledon abounds ; — a mode of life for which its unarmed and densely

158 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

pubescent maxill83 and its deeply bilobed antepenultimate tarsal joint would seem
to be peculiarly adapted. It is exceedingly rapid in its movements, running with
such immense velocity when exposed to the light as not to be seciu'ed without
some degree of dexterity. Professor Heer informs me that he met with it sparingly
on the flowers of a Calocasia, in Funchal, during the spring of 1851 ; and I have
lately received a specimen from M. Dohrn of Stettin, communicated to him by
M. Hartunff.

^O"

Genus 55. L.ffiMOPHL(EUS. (Tab. III. fig. 7, 8 et 9.)
(Dcj. Cat. edit. 2. 315) Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 315 (184:8).

Corpus minusculum vol parvuni, parallelo-eloogatum, plcrumque valde deprcssum : capite pro-
thoracequc stria longitudinali elevata utrinque ssepius instructis, hue angulis anticis plus minusve
leviter productis : alls amplis. Antenna vel (III. 8) filiformes et (praesertim iu maribus) lon-
giuscula?, vel (III. 7, 9) moniliformes breviores robustse et apicem versus sensim subincrassatse ;
articulo primo sat elongato robusto, secundo bren, reliquis modo (III. 8) latitudine a-qualibus et
lougitudiue subcrescentibus, modo (III. 7, 9) longitudine suba'qualibus et latitudine leviter
crescentibus (ultimo interdum subturbinato, aut potius ad apicem ipsum tuberculato). Labrum
(III. 8 a) porrectum, subscmicirculare, antice ciliatum. Mandihuhe (III. 8 b) validie, ad sum-
mum apicem bidcntata; et infra ajiicera excisce, basin versus niembrana tcnui auct?e. Maxilla
(III. 8 c) bilobse : lobo extemo lato, apice valde pubescenti : intemo minutissimo brevi angusto,
ad apicem acutissimo-uncinato. Palpi maxillares articulo primo minutissimo, secundo majore
crassiore subclavato, tertio brevi, iiltimo secundo vix longiore fusiformi basi truncate : labialcs
(III. 8 d) e scapis ligula; connatis surgentes, articulo primo minutissimo, secundo et ultimo
elongatis longitudine subrequalibus (illo subclavato, lioc subfusiformi basi truncato). Mentum
breve transversum, antice excavato-emarginatum. Liyula cornea, antice pilosa. Pedes sat
robusti : tibiis calcari terminali, praecipue iu anticis (III. 8 e), armatis : tarsis simplicibus (in
maribus heteromeris), articulo primo minutissimo a;gre observaudo, ultimo elongato unguiculis
simplicibus munito.

In addition to the structure of their oral organs and feet, — amongst the details
of which the excessive minuteness of theu- (imciuated) inner maxillary lobe (as
though to connect them with the Trogositid(B, in which that lobe is obsolete), and
the heteromerous condition of the male sex should be especially noticed, — the
Lcnmophloei may be at once recognised by many external characteristics peculiarly
their own. Thus, their usually small size and exceedingly flattened bodies, in
conjunction witli the elevated submarginal stria wliich (although occasionally
increased by a second one) is seldom, if ever, entu'ely absent from the edges of
either theu* forehead or prothorax, as also the singidar tendency which a portion
of the species possess to have the terminal joint of theu* antennae so distinctly
tubercled at its apex as almost to seem (beneath a high magnifying power) to be
composed of two, are nearly sufficient, even alone, to separate them fi-om the
members of the allied groups. Nevertheless, in some other respects they present
considerable diversity inter se, — so much so indeed, that, were the extremes of form

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 159

merely to be taken into account, they might appear to arrange themselves under two
well-defined sections ; in the first (III. 8) of which the antennae are long (especially
in the males) and filiform (the articulations being inclined, if anything, rather to
increase hi length and dimiaish in breadth), and the forehead is terminated abruptly,
and hollowed out, immediately before the point of their insertion : wliUst in the
second (III. 7, 9) the antennae are comparatively abbreviated, moniliform, and roliust
(the joints becoming, for the most part, gradually thicker from the base), and the
forehead is much more produced anteriorly, being truncated only at its extremity,
— and generally moreover in a straight line instead of an incui'ved arc. These
modifications however, although remarkably apparent in the extremes, are so far
lost sight of, and merged into each other, in the means as to be scarcely traceable ;
and hence it is not possible to make use of them, for even subsidiary purposes, in
a universal arrangement. Still, since aU the representatives which I have hitherto
been able to detect in the Madeira Islands are unmistakeable members of one or
the other of these ojjposite types, the divisions may be employed hi the present
instance with great convenience.

§ I. AntenncB longed filiformes, articulo ultimo dehiliore tuherculiforml (quasi ex articulis duobus composito) :
frons ad antennarum insertionem late subemarginato-truncata : elytra apice truncata.

128. Laemophloeus Lonacioides, Wall. (Tab. III. fig. 8.)

L. plumbeo-piceus granulatus opacus, capite prothoraceque subtiliter punctatis, hoc breviusculo sub-

quadrato, angulis antici-s subexstantibus, posticis subrotundatis, margine antico lineis duabus

brevissimis politis submediis notato, elytris testaceis striatis ad apicem valde truncatis, sutura,

striis et interdum margine plumbeis, antennarum basi ferruginea, pedibus testaceis.

Mas, antennis longissimis, prothorace pone discuni punctis duobus magnis (rarius evanescentibus)

utriuque longitudinaliter impresso.
Foem. antennis minus elongatis, prothorace haud impresso.
Long. Corp. lin. mas, If : fmm. I3— 1|.

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, sub cortice arbonim, rarissimus : in sylvis convallis Boa Ventura dictse
d. 18 Febr. a.d. 1849 primus iuveni ; necnon in castanetis Sanctse Annse sestate media a.d. 1850
parce coUegi.

Ij. large, exceedingly depressed, dull piceous with a lead-coloured tinge, opake, and almost free from
pubescence. Head and prothorax very closely and rather coarsely granulated, and with fine
punctures intermixed : forehead with the anterior edge truncated, and hollowed out immediately
in front of the antennse ; with a raised marginal stria, and a very distinctly impressed central
one down the disk. Prothorax rather short, subquadrate, and slightly narrowed behind; the
posterior angles somewhat rounded, and the anterior ones a little prominent; with two small,
polished, longitudinal spaces in the centre of the front margin, — resembling very minute portions
of glabrous lines. Elytra more delicately granulated than the head and prothorax, very shortly
and most sparingly pubescent ; very much truncated behind, exposing the pygidium ; distinctly

160 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

striated upon the disk, — the strhe vanishing towards the base and apex, especially the latter ;
testaceous, with the suture, the strije, and occasionally also the external margins, darker.
Antenna at base ferruginous ; and with their apical joint very distinctly tubercled at its extremity.
Legs testaceous.
Male, with the antennae exceedingly long ; and with two large punctures, or rounded fovese (rarely
evanescent), placed longitudinally on either side of the hinder prothoracic disk.

A large and most beautiful Lccmophlcc)(s, and one which recedes in many ini-
jjortant particulars from the other members of the genus here described, — its dark
and comparatively variegated surface, and the great length of its antemiae, in con-
junction with the two abbreviated polished spaces at the anterior margin, and the
four rounded impressions (in the male sex) on the hinder disk of its prothorax,
giWng it a character essentially its own. It is, apparently, very rare, and confined
to intermediate altitudes within the sylvan districts. I have taken it during the
summer months, on more than one occasion, from beneath the bark of the Spanish
chestnuts in Senhor Louiz Acciaioly's vineyard at Santa Anna ; and, likewise, in
the Boa Ventura, on the 18th of February 1849.

129. Lsemophloeus graniilatus, WuU.

Ij. rufo-ferrugineus granulatus opacus, capite prothoraceque parce leviter punctatis, hoc elongato-
subquadrato angulis subaequaliter exstantibus, elytris striatis ad apicem leviter truncatis, pedibus
rufo-testaceis.
Mas, antennis longioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1-1^.

Habitat per regionem Maderse sylvaticam, non infrequens : in convalle Boa Ventura dicta mense
Februario, necnon tempore sestivo in castanetis Sancta Annie, sat copiose observavi.

Ij. exceedingly depressed, parallel, rufo-ferruginous, opake, and almost free from pubescence. Head
and prothorax very closely granulated, and with fine and very shallow punctures intermixed :
forehead with the anterior edge truncated and hollowed out immediately in front of the antennae;
with a raised marginal stria, and a very distinctly impressed central one down the disk. Prothorax
elongate-subquadrate, and very slightly narrowed behind; with the anterior and posterior angles
almost equally ])roniinent (the former perhaps, if anything, being rather the more so). Elytra
rather long, similarly granulated with the head and ])rothorax ; much less truncated behind than
those of the last species; striated, — the subsutural strise being generally obsolete in front.
Antenna longer in the males than in the females (longer, in both sexes, than those of any of the
following species, but shorter than those of the L. Donncioides) ; and with their apical joint very
distinctly tubercled at its extremity. Legs rufo-testaceous.

In their opake, granulated, and almost unpubescent sm'faces, and in the com-
paratively great length of theu" antennaj (the apical articulation of which is shrunk
and suddenly acuminated at its extremity, — so as to resemble a separate tubercle,
or even an additional joint), as well as in the broad truncation (or somewhat

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 161

emargined anterior edge) of theii- foreheads, the present insect and the last are
coincident : but the small size and pale immaculate hue of the L. grannlatus
would tend, 2)i'imd facie, to associate it more with the members of the second
section than with the i. Donacioides. The above characters however will of
cou.rse at once distinguish it from any of the following species, — from which,
moreover, its deep fi-ontal stria and the subequaUy prominent angles of its
straightened prothorax will serve even farther to remove it. It is widely distri-
buted over the forest regions of Madeu-a, above the elevation of about 1500 feet.
I have captiu-ed it from beneath the bark of trees, during the winter, in the Boa
Ventm-a ; and, in the summer, at the Eibeu-o Prio and the Lombo dos Pecegueii-os,
— as also, though more sparingly, in the Chestnut- woods of Santa Anna.

§ II. Antenna: breviores, iilus minusve moniliformes {apicem versus interdum leviter incrassates), articulo
ultimo fere vel omnino integro ; frons antice magis producta, ad apicem solum subrecto-truncata ;
elytra apice Integra.

130. Lsemophlceus vermicvdatus, Wall.

L. angustus pallido-ferrugineus subnitidus parce subtiliter pubescens, capite prothoraceque (prse-
sertim illo) subvenniculato-punctato, hoc postice attenuate, angulis anticis subobtusis, posticis
rotundatis, elytris striatis vis pallidioribus, pedibus testaceis.
Mas adhuc latet (exemplar umcum, sc. foemineum, tantum possideo) .

Long. corp. lin. ^.

Habitat Maderam borealem sylvaticam, — in castanetis SanctseAnnse sestate medi^ a.d. 1850 a meipso
repertus.

Ii. small and narrow, depressed, parallel, pale ferruginous, slightly shining, and very sparingly
pubescent. Head and prothorax rather deeply, but somewhat irregularly punctured, — the
punctures (especially on the former) being lengthened, or, more strictly, with a tendency to
become confluent and to produce somewhat curved furrows, as though they had been scooped or
eaten out : forehead considerably produced anteriorly, and with the extreme edge straightly
truncated (as is more or less the case with all the species of this division) in front ; with a raised
marginal stria, but with scarcely any indications of a central line down the disk. Prothorax
long, rather more convex than that of the L.granulatus, and naiTOwed behind; with the anterior
angles obtuse and scarcely at all prominent, and the posterior ones rounded oiF. Elytra rather
long and parallel, a little paler than the head and prothorax ; entire at their apex ; and very
distinctly striated. Leys testaceous.

The present minute species, of which I have seen hitherto but a single example,
may be kno^\Ti by its narrow and parallel outline, and by the singular punctxu'es
of its head and (somewhat posteriorly-narrowed) prothorax, — which (especially on
the former) have the appearance, when viewed beneath the microscope, of being
carved or eaten out, rather than round and isolated. My unique specunen was
captm-ed in the Chestnut-woods of Santa Anna, dui"ing the summer of 1850.

T

162 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

131. Lsemophlceus pusillus.
I>. curtus pallido-ferrugineus subnitidus valde pubescens, prothorace subquadrato punctato, angulis
anticis obtusis, posticis rectis, elytris striatis vix pallidioribuSj interstitiis obscure seriato-punctu-
latis, pedibus testaceis.
Mas, antennis paulo longioribus.
Long. corp. lin. ^.

Cueujus minutm, Oliv. {nee Kugell. in ScJineid. Mag. 1791-1794) Ent. iv. bia 8, 9 (1795).

pusillus, Schou. Syn. Ins. iii. 55 (1817).

LcemopMceus pusillus, Erich. Xat. cler Ins. Deiitsch. iii. 321 (1848).
, Sturm, Beutscli. Fna, xxi. 50. tab. 383. fig. E, F (1851).

Habitat in granariis domibusquc Maderse, priesertim in urbe ipsa Funcbalensi, toto anno vulga-
tissimus, — foi'san e.x Europa vel Americse meridionalis insulis introductus.

1m. very minute, short and comparatively broad, exceedingly depressed, pale ferruginous, slightly
shining, and very pubescent. Head and prothorax rather unequally punctured : forehead less
produced anteriorly than in the last species, but transversely truncated iu front ; with a raised
mai-ginal stria, and sometimes with exceedingly faint indications of an abbreviated central line
behind. Prothorax short, broad and subquadrate, scarcely at all narrowed behind, and with the
disk much depressed ; the posterior angles right angles, and the anterior ones obtuse. Elytra a
httle paler than the head and prothorax, very pubescent ; entire at then- apex ; distinctly striated,
and with the interstices longitudinally (though obscurely) punctured. Antenna of equal thick-
ness throughout, — short and rather robust in the females, and with the joints subglobose ; a
little longer in the males, and with the joints rather less abbreviated. Leys testaceous.

The smallest of the Madeii-an Lcemophloei, and readily knoTAii, apart from its
diminutive hulk, hy its comparatively short and Ijroad outline and very puhes-
cent siu'face, and hy the somewhat irregular pvmctm-es of its head and (ahnost
quadrate) prothorax. It is unquestionahly an imported insect into Madeu-a,
heing extremely common in the granaries and houses of Funehal ; and it may he
frequently ohserved crawling up the outer walls, even in the city itself, in great
l)rofusion. At tunes indeed it makes its appearance in actual multitudes, espe-
cially during the autumnal months, — Avhen it may he seen emerging from the
windows and doorways, especially of the shops in various parts of the town, the
white-washed exteriors of the huildings, in conjimction with its somewhat sluggish
moA^ements, rendering it, even though thus minute, remarkahly conspicuous.
It has hecome natiu-alized in most parts of Europe, heing a species liahle to
transmission amongst civilized countries Avith different kinds of stores, — though
especially with corn and rice. It a])pears howcA'cr to he tridy incUgenous in certain
districts of central and subaustral latitudes ; and it is not improbahle therefore
that the southern Mediterranean limits may have heen one of its original centres
of diflrision.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 163

132. LgemopMoeus ferrugineus.
L. pallido-ferrugineus nitidus piibescens, prothorace elongato punctate, postice attenuate, angulis
anticis obtusis, posticis exstantibus, elytris striatis vix pallidioribus, pedibus testaceis.
Mas mihi in Madera non obvius (focminam tantum habeo) ; sed differt solum antennis paulo lon-
gioi'ibus (teste Lcemophlcei Monographid, in Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xxi. tab. 383. fig. B).
Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Cuciijus ferrugineits, Creutzer, in lift.

testaceus, Payk. {nee Fab. 1792) Fna Suec. ii. 168 (1798).

ferrugineits, Stepb. Bl. Brit. Ent. iv. 232 (1831).

Lcemopliloeus ferrugineus, Ericli. JSTat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 322 (1818).
■ , Sturm, Bewtsch. Fna, xxi. 53. tab. 383. fig. B (1851).

Habitat in iisdem locis ac praecedens, semel tantum (in urbe Funchalensi) captus.

I». a little longer, more parallel and shining than the L. pusillus, depressed, pale ferruginous, and
clothed with a silken pubescence. Head and prothorax rather more finely punctui'ed than (and
perhaps not quite so much depressed as in) the last species : forehead as in that insect, but with-
out the slightest indication, apparently, of a central line. Pruthurax rather long, and narrowed
behind ; the posterior angles prominent, and the anterior ones obtuse. Elytra a little paler
than the head and protjiorax, rather longer than in the last species, very pubescent ; entire at
their apex ; and distinctly striated. Legs testaceous.

Somewhat intermediate between the L. pusillus and the L. clavicollis, — from
the former of which however it may be known by its rather longer, more parallel
and shining body, and by the totally different construction of its prothorax ; AvhUst
the more distinctly prominent hinder angles of the last, which is of a more de-
pressed and less posteriorly-narrowed form, in conjunction with the comparatively
broader outline of the entire insect, will serve to separate it from the latter*. In
its habits and general contour, however, it is clearly more related to the first of
those species (with which it appears to be found in company) than to the second,
it being liable, in the same manner, to importation, amongst grain, — under which
circumstances it occasionally makes its appearance, in Europe, in considerable
abundance. In Madeira I have hitherto captured but a single specimen; but,
since that one was taken in Funchal, it is probable that it wotild be detected in
sufficient numbers were the granaries and storehouses of the city to be properly
investigated.

133. Laemophloeus clavicollis, WoU.

Ij. angustus pallido-ferrugineus subnitidus pubescens, capite prothoraceque subconvexis, illo postice

* In size and outward aspect the L. ferrugineus approaches the L. duplicalus of Waltl; but it has not
the slightest indication of the double protlioracic line which constitutes one of the principal distiuctiye
featiu-es of that insect ; whilst from the L. vermiculatus it may be recognized by its broader and more
pubescent siu-face, by the different character of the pimctuation of its forehead, and by the prominent
hinder angles of its prothorax,

y2

164 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

lato, hoc punctate antice dilatato et postice valde attenuato, angulis anticis obtusisj posticis sub-
rotundatis, elytris striatis vix pallidioribus, pedibus testaceis.
Mas, antennis paulo longioribus, capite postice latiore.
Long. Corp. lin. f-1^-

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, sub cortice arborum, prjesertim in castanetis ; — ad Sanctam Annam
necnon ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros aestate media a.d. 1850 detectus.

L. narrow and parallel, pale ferruginous, slightly shining, and pubescent. Head and prothor ax punc-
tui-ed, and more convex than in any of the foregoing species : the former (especially in the male
sex) wide between the eyes ; with the forehead produced, and trans\ersely truncated, in front ;
\^^th a raised marginal stria, but usually without any indications of a central line. Prothorax
long, wide in front and exceedingly narrowed behind ; with the anterior angles obtuse, and the
posterior ones just perceptibly prominent at their extreme point. Elytra parallel, a little paler
than the head and prothorax ; entire, or nearly so, at their apex ; and distinctly striated. An-
tenna just iicrcejitibly thickened towards their extremities, — the joints being subglobose ; a little
longer in the males than in the females. Legs pale testaceous.

The peculiar shape of the head and prothorax of the present Lcemophloens, — the
former of which (especially in the male sex) is vddc hetween the eyes, whilst the
latter is very much attenuated posteriorly, — will serve to distinguish it, prima
facie, from the remainder of the genus here described except the L. axillaris ; —
from which nevertheless its much smaller size and pallid hue, in conjimction with
its pubescent surface and different sculptiu-e, will equally remove it. From the
L. ferrtigineiis it differs in its narrower outline, and in the more roimded hinder
angles of its somewhat convexer and much more posteriorly-attenuated prothorax.
In its habits it is quite distinct from that insect, being a truly indigenous species,
and confined to the sylvan districts of intermediate altitudes. It is apparently
however more attached to the chestnut-woods than to the native laurels, — my
specimens being princijjally from the -sdneyards of Santa Anna and fi-om that
portion of the dense forest-region of the Lombo dos Pecegueii"os kuoflTi as the
Chao das Castanheiras.

134. Laemophloeiis axillaris, Woll. (Tab. III. fig. 7.)

li. angusto-subcylindricus piceus subopacus, capite prothoraceque convexis, illo postice latissimo pro-
funde longitudinaliter striguloso-punctato, hoc subtilissime granulato et subruguloso-punctato,
antice valde dilatato et postice attenuato, angulis rotundato-obtusis, elytris striatis subtilissime
granulatis ad humeros liete rufescentibus, antennis tibiisque picescenti-ferrugineis, tarsis
testaceis.
Mas (III. 7), antennis brevibus moniliformibus robustis, apicem versus subincrassatis.

Long. Corp. lin. \\.

Habitat in ^Madera sylvatica, rarissimus ; ad Ribeiro Frio Augusto ineuntc a.d. 1850 semel tantum
repertus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 165

L. long, narrow, and somewhat cylindrical, piceous with a slightly rufescent, or rosy tinge, subopake,
but almost free from pubescence. Head and prothorax convex : the former rather suddenly
shortened (or less convex) in front of the antcunse, exceedingly wide (at any rate in the male sex)
between the eyes (which are small, and placed at a considerable distance from the anterior edge
of the prothorax), and very rugosely punctured, — the punctures being somewhat confluent, or
vermiculate, causing the sculpture to be almost longitudinally strigulose; with the forehead much
produced, although transversely truncated, in front ; with a raised marginal stria, and a very
obscurely depressed central one down the disk. Prothorax long, most delicately and minutely
granulated, exceedingly wide in front and narrowed behind ; and with all the angles rounded or
obtuse; the extreme front margin a little paler, or rufescent. Elytra subcylindrical, likewise
most minutely granulated ; entire at their apex ; distinctly striated, and with the interstices
longitudinally (though very obscurely) punctured; with an ill-deSned and sufiiised patch at the
shoulder of each of a rosy or rufescent tinge. Antenna piceo-ferruginous, short, moniliform (the
joints being subglobose), and robust (at any rate in the male, — and therefore probably, « for-
tiori, in the female), and becoming gradually a little thicker towards their apex. Femora rufo-
picescent : tibia piceo-ferruginous : tarsi testaceous.

One of tlie most distinct and elegant of the Madeiran L(Bmo2Mcei. It may Ije
immediately known from all the other species hy its long, narrow, and subcylin-
drical form, by its excessively broad head and posteriorly-narrowed prothorax (from
the anterior edge of which its unusually small eyes are placed at a considerable
distance), by its deeply sculptured and longitudinally strigitlose forehead, and l)y
the dark colour of its body, — a suffused, rosy, or rufescent portion at the shoulder
of each of its elytra being alone paler. It is, apparently, extremely rare, the only
specimen (a male) which has hitherto come under my observation ha\-ing l^een
captured by myself at the edges of the Levada of the Ribeiro Erio, August 6, 1860.

135. Lsemophlceiis Stenoides, Wall. (Tab. III. fig. 9.)

L. antice subattenuatus rufo-ferrugineus opacus subtilissime subgranulatus, capite prothoraceque valde
rugulosis (sed vix punctatis), hoc elongato-subquadrato, angulis anticis obtusis, posticis leviter
exstantibus, elytris costato-striatis, pedibus rufo-testaceis.
Mas adhuc latet (foeminam tantum habeo, — cujus antennse sunt valde robustse et brevissimse) .

Long, coi-p. lin. \\.

Habitat Maderam; una cum L. axillari, d. 6 Aug. a.d. 1850, ad Ribeiro Frio a meipso captus.

L. somewhat attenuated anteriorly, depressed, rufo-ferruginous, opake, free from pubescence, and
most minutely roughened, or very delicately subgranulated, all over. Head and prothorax (espe-
cially the former) greatly wrinkled, but not punctured : forehead much produced, though trans-
versely truncated, in front ; with a raised marginal stria, and with obscure indications of a
slightly elevated central one, which vanishes however both before and behind. Prothorax elon-
gate-subquadi-ate (being straight and very slightly narrowed behind) ; the anterior angles obtuse,
and the posterior ones a little prominent. Elytra entire at their apex ; and with about four very
distinctly raised strise on each. Antennce (at any rate in the female, of which I can alone speak)

166 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

exceedingly short, monilrform, and robust, becoming sensibly thicker toyvards their apex. Legs
rufo-testaceous.

An exceedingly Avell-cleflned species, — its anteriorly subaciiniinated outline, in
conjunction with the excessive shortness and robustness of its antenna?, the opake
and greatly wrinlded (though tnqmnctured) siu-facc of its head and prothorax, and
its raised elytral striae, at once distinguishing it from all the Lcemophlcei -nith
which we have here to do. Like the L. axillaris, it is hitherto iinique, the
example from wliich the above description has been cbaA^Ti out having been cap-
tured Ijy myself, in company 'o-ith that insect, at the Ribeiro Frio, during August
1850.

Genus 56. SILVANUS.

Latreille, Gen. Crust, et Lis. iii. 19 (1S07).

Corptis minusculum vol par\'uni, plus niinusvc elongatum angustatum et dcprcssum : pruthorace
angulis (prasertim anticis) sa;pius valde productis, ad latera plus minusve crenulato-dentato :
alis amplis. Antenna spepius subclavatse, articulis inimo, secundo et tertio longitudine sub-
sequalibus (prime sat robusto), quarto ad scptimum subglobosis, octavo ])aulo niinore, rcliquis
clavaui plus minusve obscui-am laxam triarticulatam efficientibus. Labrum transvcrsum, antice
integrum ciliatum. Mandibulee validaj acutse, infra apicem profunde excisse ciliatse. Maxilla
bilobie : lobu externa lato, apice valde pubesceuti : interno minuto brevi angusto pubesccnti.
Palpi maxillarcs articulo primo angusto flexuoso, sceuudo et turtio crassis subtcqualibus, ultimo
elongato fusiformi basi truncato : labiates articulo primo minutissimo, secundo et idtimo elougatis
longitudine subsequalibus (illo subclavato, hoc subfusiformi basi truncato). Mentum transvcr-
sum, antice excavato-emarginatum. Licjula ampla subquadrata, apice valde pilosa. Pedes
robusti : tarsis articulis primo, secundo et tertio magnis suba^qualibus (tertio cordato), quarto
minutissimo.

Not to mention minor points of distinction, which Avill be readily gathered from
the above diagnosis, the genus Silcamts may be kno^\■n from Lcemophloeus by its
usually less depressed form, by its shorter and more clavated antenna?, and by the
structiu'c of its mandibles and tarsi, — the last of which are pentamerous in both
sexes, and have their basal articulation comparatively large {iiot being percei)tibly
more abbreviated than either of the following two), and their fourth one extremely
minute. In their oral organs, as well as in their habits, the S'lhani approach veiy
closely to the Cri/ptophagi (from wliieh indeed one or tAvo of the less tj-pical species
are not, at first sight, very easily separable), — thus constituting a vciy natural
link between the Cryptophagidce and the CucttJidcB, to both of which they are so
intimately related that it matters but little, I conceive, to which of those families
we choose to assign them. The most essential featm-es in wliich they recede from
C'rfiptopliayus, apart from their narrower, flatter, and generally more sculptm'cd
liodies, are the longer and subaciuninated terminal joint of their palpi, and the
construction of theii' feet, — those of the Cryptophagl being heteromerous in the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 167

males, and with tlieir penultimate articulation, in both males and females, scarcely
smaller than any of those which precede it. The Silvani are insects peculiarly
liable to dissemination over the world through the medium of commerce, feeding-
on sugar and other saccharine substances, — amongst which however (since they are
more particularly indigenous to tropical climates) they are, in northern latitudes,
more frequently perhaps to be found dead than alive. Some of the aberrant
members of the group (represented by the S. advena in Madeira) are less restricted
in theu- modes of life, occurring in various kinds of stores, and being partially
attached even to farinaceous preparations and grain, — like some of the true
Cryptopliagl.

136. Silvanus Surinamensis.

S. subparallelo-elongatus angustus fuscus opacus, capite prothoraceque crebre et profunde piinctatis,
illo maguo, hoc tricarinato et dentibus sex lateralibus utrinque armato, elytris profimde sub-
striato-puuctatis, interstitiis alternis leviter elevatis, anteunis minus clavatis, pedibus rufo-
picescentibus.

Long. Corp. lin. l^-ly.

Dermestes Surinamensis, Lum. Syst. Nat. i. 2. bQ5 (1767).

Anohium frumentarium, Fab. Mant. Ins. i. 39 (1787).

Ips fntmentaria, Oliv. Ent. ii. 18. 10 (1790).

Dermestes Q-dentatus, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 232 (1792).

Silvanus Surinamemis, Stepli. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 104 (1830).

frumentarius, Sturm, Beutsch. Fna, xxi. 90. tab. 388. f. A. (18.51).

Habitat urbem Funchalensem, in domibus et mercatorum repositoriis, illuc saccharinis introductus.

S. elongated and narrow, subparallel (being very slightly narrowed anteriorly), less depressed than
the S. dentatus, reddish-brown, exceedingly pubescent, and opake. Head and prothorax ven'
deeply and closely punctured : the former large, wide at its base, and with the sides sinuous and
considerably raised in front of the eyes, which are small : the latter narrow and elongated, almost
equally attenuated before and behind ; with a straight central ridge down the disk, and an
incurved one on either side ; the lateral edges armed, each, with six teeth, — those constituting
the anterior and posterior angles being very long and acute. Elytra deeply substriate-punctate,
and with the alternate interstices elevated. Antenna less clavated at their apex than those of
either of the following species, Leffs bright rufo-piceous.

A universally imported insect (though, in northern latitudes, never, I believe, in
a living state), amongst sugar and other articles of commerce, tlu'oughout the
civilized world, — and of constant occurrence in Madeira, under such circumstances.
It may be known by its narrow, elongated outline, by its largely-developed head,
minute eyes, and tricostate prothorax, and by its antennae being less distinctly
clavated than those of the allied species.

137. Silvanus dentatus.
* S. parallelo-elongatus depressus fuscus vix opacus, capite prothoraceque crebre sed minus profunde

168 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

subpunctatis, hoc amplo dentibus sex lateralibus magiiis utrinquc armatOj elytris leviter sub-

seriato-punctatis, interstitiis alternis (prsesertim versus latera) elevatis, antennis robustis clavatis,

pedibns rufo-picescentibus, femoribus denticulo minuto subtus miinitis.

Long. Corp. lin. li.

Corticaria dentata, Mshm, Ent. Brit. i. 108 (1802).

Sihanits dentatus, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. iii. 104 (1830).

intermedins, Smith, Cat. Ins. Brit. Miis. {Cucujida:) 16 (1851).

Habitat iu iisdem locis ac prsecedens, saccharinis introductus.

S. larger, broader, more parallel and depressed than the S. Surinamensis, reddish-brown, pubescent,
but not quite opake. Head and prothorax much less deeply and distinctly (although closely)
punctured than in that insect : the former with the sides straight posteriorly, and raised from the
extreme base to the insertion of the antennse, which causes a longitudinal groove, or depression,
to be shaped out at either edge : the latter altogether larger and wider (especially in front) than
that of the S. Suri/iamensis, much produced behind (in front of the scutellum), and compara-
tively convex, — there being no appearance of ridges, although with two very obscure and shallow
curved depressions on the hinder disk, which almost unite posteriorly ; the lateral edges armed
each with six powerful teeth, — which are obtuser and wider than those of the last species, the
ones which constitute the anterior and posterior angles (although greatly developed) not being
quite so long and acute, compared w^ith the remainder, as iu that insect. Elytra more rufescent
than the rest of the surface, very lightly subseriate-punctate, and with the alternate interstices
(especially towards the margin) elevated. Antenna robust, and much more clavated than those
of the last species. Legs bright rufo-piceous ; the two hinder femora being armed beneath with
a small and acute tooth.

Eoiind under the same circumstances as the S. Simnametisis, heing constantly
liable to importation, amongst sugar and other saccharine substances, from
tropical climates. As with that species, I have never been able, either in Madeira
or elsewhere, to detect it in a living state, — it apparently not having succeeded in
naturalizing itself in more noi'thern latitudes.

138. Silvauus advena.

S. oblougo-ovatus subconvexus pallido-ferrugiueus vel testaccus nitidus, capite prothoraceque minute
puuctulatis, hoc convcxo subquadrato, angulis anticis valde ampliato-exstantibus, posticis sub-
rectis, elytris vL\ pallidioribus obscure leviter subseriato-punctatis, antennis abrupte clavatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Cryptophagm ferruyineus, Sturm, Cat. 127 (1826).

advena, (Kunze) AValtl, in Silb. Bev. Ent. ii. 256 (1834).

Silvanus ferrugineus, Sturm, Cat. 235 (1813).

advena, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 339 (1848).

, Stiu-m, Deutsch. Fna, xsi. 100. tab. 390. f. B. (1851).

Habitat in granariis domibusque Madei-je, rarior, — forsan cum frumentariis in insulam invectus.

S. smaller, broader, more ovate and convex than either of the previous species, pale nifo-ferruginous

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 169

or even testaceous, shiuing, and pubescent. Head and prothorax very delicately punctulated,
and closely so at the sides : the latter subquadrate, a little narrowed behind, convex and without
any appearance of either ridges or depressions ; the anterior angles produced into a large,
powerfid, and obtuse tooth, or projection, and the posterior ones almost right angles, — the edges
being tolerably straight, and very minutely and regularly crenulated throughout. Elytra
slightly paler than the head and prothorax, obscurely and very lightly subseriate-punctate ; and
with the interstices very minutely punctulated, but not raised. Antenna exceedingly abruptly
clavated at their apex.

The present insect, in its general contoiu* and testaceous line, bears sucli a
strong resemblance to a Cry2)to])hagus, that it might be almost supposed, at first
sight, to be referable to that genus : nevertheless a more careful inspection of its
structui-al characters will show it to be a true Silvanm, — although imquestion-
ably a less typical member of the group than either of the preceding species.
Apart from its pallid, more shining, and less sculptured surface, it recedes so com-
pletely from the other Silvan I here described in its comparatively convex and
oblong form, and in the construction of its (subquadi-ate) prothorax, — which has
the anterior angles produced iato a large and obtuse tooth, and the hinder ones
nearly right angles, whilst the lateral edges are minutely crenulated throughout,
— as to render the chance of confounding it with either of them altogether im-
possible. In its habits moreover, as well as in its outward aspect, it makes an
evident approach towards CryptophciQus, — it being more general in its mode of
Hfe, and often attaching itself to farinaceous substances and grain. Although,
owing to its HabUity to transmission amongst articles of commerce, its proper
country is not now easy to decide, it is evidently a native of more northern regions
than either the »S. Surinamensis or the S. clentatus; and perhaps the southern
Mediterranean limits may be regarded as, ui all probability, one of its origiaal
areas of diffusion. It is apparently rare in Madeira, the only specimens which
have hitherto come beneath my notice having been captured by myself in the
garden of the Quinta d'iLaibrosio, near Punchal, during January 1848.

Fam. 14. CRYPTOPHAGID^.

Genus 57. CRYPTOPHAGUS.

Herbst, Nat. die Kdf. iv. 172 (scrip. Kryptophagus) (1792).

Corpus minusculum vel parvum, plus minusve oblongo-ovatum et convexum : prothorace angulis
anticis elongato-ampliatis et subrecurvo-incrassatis, ad latera plus minusve deutato-creuulato ;
alls amplis. Antenna clavatae, articulis primo et secundo (illo praecipue) parum robustis, tertio
paulo longiore, quarto ad octavum brevioribus subsquahbus, reliquis clavam sublaxam triarticu-
latam eificientibus (ultimo ad apicem oblique truncato). Labrum transversum, antice integrum
ciliatum. Mandibulce validse acutae, infra apicem subcrenulatse, dein excisae ciliatae. Maxilla
bilobBe : lobo externa Iato, apice valde pubescenti : interna minore angustiore pubescenti. Paljii

Z

170 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

maxillares articulo primo angusto flexuoso, secundo et tertio crassioribus subxqualibus, ultimo
ovato : lahialcs e scapis ligulae connatis surgentcs, articulo primo flexuoso, secundo crassiore
brevi, ultimo apice subtruncato. Mentum amplum, antice angustatum, summo apice excavato-
emarginato. Li(jula subquadrata, apice membranri pilosa ancta. Pedes minus robusti : tarsis
simplicibus (in maribus bcteromeris) ; articuiis omnibus, ultimo excepto, subjequalibus latitudiue
vix decrescentibus.

The Cnjptoj)hagi may be at once clistinguislicd by the stmctm-c of theii- pro-
thorax, Avkich, throughout the genus, presents but slight successive modifications
of a type which is common to the whole of it, — in which the anterior angles are
developed into a more or less elongated shoulder, or ridge (which forms a kind of
lengthened tooth, with the apex usually pointing backwards), whUst the remaining
l)ortion of the edges are, either partially or altogether, subcrenulated, and have a
small and more or less evident spine, on either side, about the centre. The
species are generally somewhat pubescent and convex, and are principally of a
testaceous, or pale ferruginous hue ; whilst the males, unlike those of the Silvani,
are heteromerous, — the tarsal joints moreover, of both sexes, being (-nith the
exception of the apical one) of almost equal length. They are insects of rather
various habits, residing either in the open coimtry (amongst Bolcti, and beneath
the loose bark and moss of trees), or else attaching themselves, like the Silcani
and many of the Seteromera, to inhabited spots, — subsisting on grain, farinaceous
substances, biscuits, and other articles of commerce, to which they fi-equently do
considerable damage on board ship. The same species in fact wUl often adapt
themselves to these opposite modes of life, — as is eminently the case with the
single Madeiran representative of the group.

139. Ciyptophagiis affinis.

C. oblongo-oVatus convexus pallido-ferrugincus subuitidus et valde pubescens, capite prothoraceque
profunde punctatis, hoc subquadrato-transverso dcnte medio lateral! utrinque armato et augulis
anticis elongato-ampliatis, elytris vix pallidioribus undique (sed baud striato-) punctatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1-1|^.

Cryptaphagm affinis, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xvi. 79. tab. 31-1. f. C. (184:5).

, Erich, ^^at. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 360 (1848).

, Ecdt. Fna Austr. 192 (1849).

Habitat ^iaderani, a domibus granariisque Funchalcnsibus usque ad rcgionem sylvaticam asccndeus,
toto anno \iilgaris : in ipsa ui-be iutcrdum abundat, inter plantas Tea siccatas pi-xsertim latitans,
quarum scmina dcstruit.

C. obloug-ovatc, convex, pale ferruginous, or sometimes almost testaceous, slightly shining, and
densely clothed with a long and silken pubescence. Head &\x<X prothvrdx deeply punctured : the
latter more or less transverse-quadrate (varying a little in length in different specimens), with
the anterior angles enlarged into an obtuse, shoulder-like projection, or ridge, and with a minute,
subrecurved tooth about the centre of cither lateral edge,— the space between which and the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 171

hinder angles is very obscurely crenulated (the crenulations being only perceptible beneath a
high magnifying power). Elytra usually a little paler than the rest of the surface, and punc-
tured all over,— the punctures being rather smaller than those on the head and prothorax, and
with no tendency to be disposed in strise.

Out of the many examples of Cryptoj)lwgus whicli I have hitherto captured in
Madeira, I have not heen able to satisfy myself that more than a single species is
indicated, — although in some respects there is certainly a slight diversity (espe-
ciaUy as regards the length of the prothorax) in the external outline of a few of
them. Having carefully however examined the whole of my specimens beneath
the microscope, I find that the shape and relative proportions of their lateral den-
ticulations offer no essential differences throughout (even though they may occa-
sionally be rather largely developed) ; and hence I have not ventured to draw
lines of demarcation between consecutive shades of form, which, even if not alto-
gether imaginary, are at any rate so nearly coincident as to be with difficulty
separable, — and that moreover in a genus which I cannot but believe has been
already too much subjected to a like abuse. Our present insect is, in its normal
state, unquestionably referable to the C. affinis of Sturm,— a species very closely
allied to the C. scauicus and cellaris, though differing in being a little more
strongly punctm-ed, and in its (robuster) central prothoracic tooth having a
tendency to be more perceptibly recurved (or backwardly directed) at its apex.
As ali-eady stated, it is exceedingly varied in its habits, occurring at nearly all
elevations, from the houses and granaries of Funchal (where it aboimds amongst
Indian corn, and other stores) up to the sylvan districts of intermediate altitudes,
— in which it is found xmder the loose bark of trees, and decaying logs of wood,
or even stones. "With such a power of adaptation, it is not surprising that it
should display some slight distinctive modifications according to the circimi-
stances of its position ; and in fact we should « ^jr«ori expect that such would
actually be the case. Although existing in such profusion at times in Eunchal as
to have the appearance of having been imported, yet any doubt as to its claims to
be truly indigenous are at once set at rest by the fact that I have taken it in
almost equal numbers in distant spots, far removed from any traces of habitations.
Thus, I have captured it, during May, at the edges of the Levada of the Eibeiro
Frio ; at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, in July (where I have observed it crawling
rapidly up the outer canvass of my tent, towards the dusk of the evening) ; and
at the Feijaa de C6rte, in August,— by brushing the rank vegetation beneath the
gigantic chestnut-trees for which that remote region is so celebrated.

Genus 58. DIPHYLLUS.

Eedtenbacher, F/ia Austr. 188 (1849).

Corpus minusculum, oblongo-ovatum, subconvexum : prolhurace vix simphci (adlatera minute sub-
crenulato) et striis duabus elevatis utriuque instructo: alls amphs. Antenna breves clavatte,

z 2

172 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

articulis pniiio et secundo (illo prsecipue) robustis, tertio ad uonum brexdoribus subsequalibus
latitudine vix crescentibus, reliquis clavam magnam laxam biarticulatam efficientibus (decirao
magno subpoculiforini, undecimo paulo minore suborbiculato basi subtrimcato). Labrum trans-
versum, anticc integruiu ciliatuni. Mandibula valida; acutse, ad basin exteniam fisso-sinuatffi,
intus excisa; cilialie ct uietubraiia iustructse. Maxillie bdobie : lubo externa subovato, apice valde
pubescent! : interno paulo breviore pubescenti. Palpi maxillares artieulo primo angusto flexuoso,
secundo et tertio crassioribus subsequalibus, ultimo elongato fusiformi basi truncate : labiales
artieulo primo subflexuoso, secundo paulo longiore crassiore, ultimo maximo crasso securiformi-
truucato. Mmtum amplum, antice angustatum, summo apice excavato-emarginato. Liyula
quadrata, apice membrana divergenti pilosa aueta. Pedes subgi-aciles : tarsis articulis primo,
secundo et tertio subajqualibus (tertio subcordato), quarto minutissimo.

The genus Diphyllm {=B'q}hyllus of Dejean's Catalogue, a.d. 1821), founded
on the Bermestes lunatus of Fabricius, combines, to a certain extent, the cha-
racters of Cryj)tophafjus and Sihanus, agi'eeing with the former in its general
liabits and contom-, in its abruptly clavated antennge, and in the shape of its
ligula ; whilst in the structure of its mandibles, maxillary palpi and feet it ap-
proaches the latter. In its biarticulated club, and in the greatly developed, securi-
form ultimate joint of its labial i)alpi, it differs from them both, — peculiarities
moreoA^er which are sufficient, even of themselves, to distinguish it from the other
allied groups. By a glance at the above diagnosis, it will be seen that Diphyllus
has more in common \\dth Sih-amis than it has with Cvyptophagus ; so that it
miijht, not without reason, be svipposed to lead us in the opposite direction to that
winch I have endeavoured to make it indicate, that is to say, towards the prcA-ious
family, the CucuJuIcb, — a supposition which the large and securiform termination
of its labial palpi (in A\hich it assimilates Psammcecus and CryptamorplicC), and its
elevated prothoracic striae (in Avhich it approaches Lcemophloeits) would not indeed
tend to render the less probable. Still, however, it has so many points of agree-
ment vi\i\\ Crypfojjhaffus likewise, that I have preferred placing it in the present
position to breaking the link l)etween either Silcanns and Crtjptophagus or be-
tween the former and Lcemophloeus, — which I cannot but believe are all too nearly
related inter se to render it desu-able to interpolate a form like Diphyllus between
them ; and it would be manifestly unnatural, I conceive, to assign it an earlier
position amongst the CitcuJidfO, receding as it does in external structure and habits
from the normal members of that division. In the selection of its food, Diphyllm
does not appear to display any vegetable tendency, — bones, and other partially
chied animal substances, being its favourite haunts.

140. Diphyllus lunatus.
D. oblongo-ovatus niger nitidus pubescens, capita prothoraceque pi-ofunde punctatis, hoc transverse

postice lato, elytris punctato-striatis fascia media communi valde abbrcviata bilunulata albido-

pubesccnte ornatis, antenuis pcdibusque piccscenti-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1|.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. l/o

Dermestes lunatus, Pab. Ent. Syst. i. 232 (1792).
Siljilia Sphcti-ice, Mslim, Euf. Brit. i. 122 (1802).
BipliyUus lumtus, Stepli. ///. Brit. Ent. iii. 78 (1830).
Biphyllus lunatus, Eedt. Fna Austr. 188 (1849).

Habitat Maderam, rarissimus : unicum exemplar solum adhuc vidi,— baud procul ab origine convallis
Ribeiro de Santa Luzia dictse, per aerem volitans, Maio exeunte a.d. 1849 a meipso de-
prehensum.

D. oblong-ovate, convex, black, with a just perceptibly bluish or subcyaneous tinge, shining, and ex-
ceedingly pubescent. Head and pruthorax deeply and rather irregularly punctured : the latter
short, wide behind and rather narrowed in front (the lateral edges being rounded and very obscurely
crenulated) ; with two raised longitudinal lines on either side (the outer one of which is the more
evident) towards, and parallel to the edge. Elytra deeply punctate-striated ; with a sublunulate
patch on each (confluent at the suture, and forming, in conjuntdion, a transverse and exceedingly
abbreviated zigzag fascia, common to both, on the centre of the disk) composed of whitish, or
cinereous pubescence; and with a muiuter, and generally much obscurer, rounded one, of a
sunilar character, near the apex of each. Antenna; and legs piceo-ferruginous, or rufo-piceous :
t\ie, former short.

The JD. lunatus, wliicli occm-s, tliougli not very abundantly, throughout the
greater portion of Eiu-ope, would appear to be exceedingly rare in Madeira, a
single example only having hitherto come beneath my observation. It was cap-
tui-ed by myself, on the wing, towards the upper extremity of the Ribeiro de Santa
Luzia, during my encampment there with the Eev. R. T. Lowe, at the end of May
1849. It is just perceptibly larger than the average of British specimens ; as also
of a somewhat deeper black, and with the discal fascia of a purer white.

Genus 59. HYPOCOPRUS.

Motschulsky, Bull, de la Soc. Imp. de Moscou, 72. tab. v. fig. d^W (1839).

Corpus minutum, angusto-parallelum : prothorace simplici (ad latera baud crenulato) : abdomine ex
segmentis ventralibus (longitudine paulatim decrescentibus) quinque composito : alis amphssimis,
miuutissime punctulatis, ad basin angustis sed apicem versus dilatatis, per marginem inferiorem
totam longe ciliatis. Antenna capitis prothoracisque longitudine, articulis primo et secundo
(illo prsecipue) robustis, tertio (in specie typica minuto, quarti longitudine; sed in nostra)
secundo vix breviore sed graciliore, quarto minuto globoso, quinto (in typica maximo obconico
extus producto ; sed in nostrsi) magno crasso globoso ad apicem subtruucato, sexto, septmio et
octavo Eequalibus (in typica subconicis ; sed in nostra) globosis moniliformibus pai-vis (quarto vix
majoribus), reliquis clavam laxam elongatam triarticulatam efficientibus (nono et decimo in typica
transversis, sed in nostra globosis apice subtruncatis ; ultimo in typica pyriformi, sed in nostra
ovato). (Hujus generis, apud cl. Motschulsky primum indicati, instrumenta cibaria baud exa-
minavi, at, si ex unico specimine indiscisso adjudicare licet, genus antennarum stractura, habitu
geuerali absque valde anomalis amplissimis ciliatis sat distinctum videtur : transitum forsan
inter Cryptophagidas et Ptiliadas constituat, sed Cryptophagidis affinitate proximum est et cum
illis, nisi fallor, recte poneudum). Pedes cnviorn: femoribus sat incrassatis : izfins gracilibus,
apicem versus vix dilatatis: tursis iiliformibus, articulo primo parvo ad basin subrecondito.

174 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

secundo, tertio et quarto majoribus subsequalibus (quarto in posticis paulo minore), ultimo
elongate vix subclavato unguiculis simplicibus munito.

Possessing but a single example of the minute insect whicli constitutes the
present genus, and being unwilling to sacrifice a unique specimen for dissection, I
have not examined the details of its mouth. Unfortunately, the characters given
by Motschvilsky in the Bulletin cle la Societe Imperiale de Moscou are, Ukewise,
merely external ones : nevertheless they include so many points of peculiarity
that there can Ijc but little fear of confounding Hijpocoprus with the members of
any of the neighbouring groups, — its diminutive bulk, and narrow, elongated
outline, in conjimction ^vith its pentamerous feet and the very singular conforma-
tion of its antennaj (which have theu- fifth joint considerably enlarged, — thus
calling to mind, as aptly remarked by Motschulsky, the little Pselaphideous
Tychi, — wliilst the one A\'hich precedes, and the three which follow it are small),
being abimdantly sufficient, when combiued, whereby at once to identify it. The
anomalous natiu'c of its wings does not appear to have been noticed by [Mot-
schulsky ; — a structure which in fact tends very considerably to confii'm his
opinion that Uypocoprns may perhaps constitute a passage between the Crypto-
phagidxB and the PtiUadce, theu' enormous dimensions and hau'-like appendages
making a very decided a])proach to those of the latter family. In addition to
thcii- unusual development, as regards size, the ^^ings of Uypocoprns are greatly
narrowed at theu- base, and then suddenly tlilated, — theu* entii-e lower edge being
strongly ciliated, mu.ch iu the same manner (although ia a less degree) as we
observe in the Ptiliudce. They are nearly free from nerves, and delicately punctu-
lated all over, — coinciding thus far ^"itli those of Ephistemus : whilst in some
respects they are identical with the modification which obtains in Paramccosoma,
— vdih. which genus indeed I am inclined to suspect that Uypocoprns has by no
means a distant afiinity.

141. Hypocopnis Motschvdskii, Woll.

H. angusto-elongatus fuscus subnitidus pubescens, capite prothoraceque crcben-ime et minutissime
granulatis punctisque obsoletissimis adspersis, hoc elongato-quadrato, elj'tris parallelis pro-
thorace vl\ latioribus, singulo stria suturali postica impresso, antennis pedibusque diluto-testaceis.

Long. Corp. Hn. \.

Habitat ins. Portus Sancti, rarissimus : in asccnsu montis Pico d'Anna Ferreira dicti, inter graminum
radices humi cursitaus, d. 21 Ap. a.d. 181-9 specimen unicum inveni.

In honorem cl. Dom. jMotschulsky, Petropoli, nomen trinale dixi.

H. elongated and narrow, dark brown, slightly shining, and pubescent. Head and prothorax closely
and minutely granulated all over, and with large (although exceedingly shallow and almost
obsolete) punctures intermixed : the former porrectcd and triangular, being almost as wide as
the prothorax in its widest part, which is immediately behind the eyes, — which are tolerably

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 175

large, and remote from the anterior margin of the prothorax : the latter elongate-quadrate, and
very slightly narrower than the elytra (the lateral edges being nearly parallel, and the posterior
angles scarcely more rounded or obtuse than the anterior ones) ; without any appearance of either
a longitudinal channel or ridges, though with a small and obscure rounded depression, or fovea,
in the centre of the hinder disk. Elytra elongated and parallel, rather more shining and less
evidently sculptured than the head and prothorax, with their apex rounded, and each with a
single impressed stria close alongside the suture, — more especially apparent behind. Antenrue
and legs diluted testaceous ; the former with their club a httle infuscated.

Apparently of the greatest rarity, tlie iinique example from which the above
description has been th-awn out having been detected by myself in the island of
Porto Santo, April 21, 1849, — running rapidly over the hot ground, in a diy and
grassy spot on the ascent of the Pico d'Anna Ferreira from the west. I have
dedicated the species to my friend M. Motschulsky of St. Petersburg, to whom we
are indebted for our knowledge of the genus, —which was described by him from a
specimen, to which he gave the name of H. LathricUokles* , captured out of a nest
of the Formica riifa (into which he supposes that it had been accidentally intro-
duced with the dung of mice, — though it seems more probable that the insect is
in reality an attendant upon ants) on the prairies of the Caucasus.

Genus 60. EPHISTEMUS.

("Westwood) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. ii. 167 (1829).

Corpus minutum, globoso-ovatum, valde convexum : protliorace postice lato, elytris arete applicato :
alis plerumque amplis et minutissime punctulatis, sed in specie Maderensi una obsoletis.
Antennm clavatse, basi subapproximatse, articulis primo et secundo (illo prsecipue) robustis, tertio
graciliore (secundi fere longitudine), quarto ad octavum in speciebus typicis brevibus subglobosis,
sed in specierum ]Maderensium una alternatim brevibus et longioribus (i. e. quarto, sexto, octavo
brevibus, et quinto septimoque longioribus), reliquis clavam magnam laxam triarticulatam effi-
cientibus. Lahrum transverso-subquadratum, antice leviter rotundatum et ciliatum. Mandibulm
validse acutse, intus excisse et membrana ciliata auctse (necnon rarissime dente minuto infra
apicem instructs). Maxilla bilobae: lobo externa apice valde pubescenti : interno paulo breviore,
ciliato. Palpi maxillares articulo primo angusto flexuoso, secundo maximo crasso, tertio angus-
tiore brevi, ultimo elongato fusiformi basi truncato : labiales articulo primo angusto flexuoso,
secundo maximo crasso subgloboso, ultimo aciculari. Mentum amplum, antice angustatum,
summo apice emarginato-sinuato. Ligula subquadrata, apice truncata Integra, angulis anticis
(in Ephistemo alternante saltern) membrana tenuissima divergenti-acuminata auctis. Pedes
graciles : tarsis articalis primo, secundo et tertio subsequalibus (tertio subcordato), quarto minuto.

* Judging from the description and figiu-e, given in the Bull, de la Sac. Imp. de Moscow, our present
Hypocoprus difters from the H. Lathridioides, — first, in the distinctive structural modifications of the
joints of its anteunfe (which vriU be at once gathered from the above chaguosis ; but which do not appear
to be of more than specific importance, siace the same essential character of the enlarged fifth articulation
is equally expressed hi both) ; and, secondly, in its more granulated and pubescent sm-face, iu its poste-
riorly-undilated prothorax, and iu its somewhat broader head.

170 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

The little genus Ephistemns* {=Ps>/cJiidi>()n, Heer, Fiia Col. Helc. a.d. 1841)
may be readily kno\\Ti by the basally-subapproximated antennse, and by the very
incrassated second, and subaciciilated ultimate joints of both the labial and maxil-
lary palpi of the few minute and subglobose insects which compose it. Of the
two representatives wliich I have hitherto detected in Madeira one only is t\^ical,
— the other, which is apparently peculiar to the island, being aberrant in so many
j)oints of its structm-e as well nigh to merit isolation from the normal members of
the group. Thus, in addition to the non-development of its wings (a local pecu-
liarity however which seems to be almost a geographical one, since it obtains
throughout the larger portion of the Coleoptera mth which we have here to do),
its mandibles have a minute tooth immediately within theii* apex (which I do not
ol)serve in any other Ejihistemiis which I have dissected), wliilst its antennse,
which (with the legs) are very much longer than in the ordinary species, have
their articulations, from the fourth to the eighth (inclusive), instead of being
al)breviated and subequal, alternately long and sliort. The Ejthistemi occur prin-
cipally amongst rank herbage beneath trees, or else luider decaying vegetable
substances on the damp grou.nd, — theii" apically-subaciculated palpi moreover
seeming to indicate a partiality for moist spots.

§ 1. Alee amplee : antenncB pedesquc breves ; iUa articulis quarto ad octavum brevibus subglobosis cpqualibus ;

mandibulw edentatm. (Epliistemi typici.)

142. EpMstemus dimidiatus.
E. brevis niger Isevis nitidissiinus et fere impunctatus, dytris ad apicem plus minusvc rufo-pices-

centibus, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Loug. Corp. lin. j.

Plialacrvs dimidiatus, Shirm, Deutsch. Fiia, ii. 85. tab. 32. fig. D (1807).
EpMstemus confnis, Stepli. 111. Brit. Ent. ii. 169. pi. xv. fig. 2 (1829).
Psychidium ghbulum, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. i. 433 (1841).
Epistemus dimidiatus, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xnii. S3, tab. 343. fig. A (1846).
, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 401 (1848).

Habitat ]\Iaderain, et borealem et australcm, prjesertim in cultis et graminosis unibrosis huniidiusculis
infra 2000' s. m., liiiic inde nou infrequens : in vinctis prope Funchal intcrdum oecurrit, nccaon
in horto Loweano ad Levada etiam in fungis emortuis parce observavi.

E. short-ovate, acute before and behind, exceedingly convex and polished, black with more or less of
a pieeous tinge, almost impunctate (a few most minute and distant punctures being only just

* The title of the present group was altered by Eriehsou into Epi.<<temus, — though it is diifieult to
understand why, since neither the laws of nomenclature required the change, nor have the numerous
names similarly compounded ever been objected to : whilst the practical result of a proceeding thus
arbitrar\- is to appropriate as his own a genus which has been .already fidly described by another. I have
consequently restored its original orthography, and assigned it to its proper author.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 177

perceptible beneath a high power of the microscope), and entii-ely free from pubescence. Elytra
more or less reddish-castaneous, or rufescent, towards their apex. Antenna and legs short and
testaceous : the former wnth their club a little dusky.

The common Em*opean E. dimicUatus occurs sparingly, and at most seasons of
the year, throughout Madeka, below the elevation of about 2000 feet, — though
more particularly in damp shady spots in the immediate vicLoity of the Wneyards
and other cultivated grounds. I have captiu-ed it at the Cm-ral das Romeii*as,
and in the Eev, H. T. Lowe's garden near Eimchal, — in the last of which I have,
likewise, observed it amongst dead fungi on the trunks of decayed peach-trees ;
and also in the ueighboui'hoods of Sao Vincente and Santa Anna, towards the
northern coast.

§ II. Alw obsolete: antenn<e pedesque longiores ; itl<B articulis quarto ad ocfavum alternatim brevibus et
longiusculis : mandibulcB max infra apicem dente minwto instructcB.

(Subgenus ]\nCEOUM, Woll.)
143. Ephistemus altemans, Woll.

E. fusco-niger pubescens subopacus et distincte punctulatus, elytris ssepius ad basin rufo-castaneis

ad apicem concoloribus, antennarum basi ferruginea, pedibus diluto-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |-|^.

Habitat per partem Madera; sylvaticam, in graminosis humidiusculis, rarissime; — ad Ribeu-o Frio
sestate a.d. 1850 a meipso captus.

E. larger, more ovate, and rather more acuminated posteriorly than the E. dimidiatus, also subopake,
both distinctly punctulated and pubescent, and vaiying from a brownish black into a light
chestnut hue. Head and prothorax rather more opake and more perceptibly punctm-ed than the
elytra, — their surface moreover appearing, beneath the microscope, to be closely and most
delicately granulated. Elytra with their apex concolorous, but with their base (especially about
the shoulders) usually bright rufo-castaneous. Antennce and legs veiy much longer than those
of the last species ; the former (which have their joints, from the fourth to the eighth, alternately
short and long) brownish-piceous, with their base ferruginous ; the latter pale diluted testaceous.

A most elegant and truly indigenous Uj^histemus, and apparently extremely
scarce. Apart from the peculiarities of its structure, which have been akeady
pointed out, its large and comparatively elongated form, added to its distinctly
punctulated, pubescent, subgranulated and partially opake surface, and the ten-
dency of its elytra to become bright rufo-castaneous at their base (whilst the apex
is concolorous), wiU serve, prima facie, to separate it from every other species*

* In size and general contoiu- the -E. altemans approaches rather nearer perhaps to my species, the
E. palustris {Ann. of Nat. Hist, xviii. pi. 9. fig. 2), than to any other : nevertheless the above structural
characters, apart from its subopake, more pubescent, and differently coloured sm-face, will of coiu-se
remove it altogether from that insect.

2 A

178 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

hitherto described. It is one of the rarest of the Madeu'an insects, the only spot
in which I have hitherto observed it being in the district of the Ribeiro Frio,
where, dm-ing May and August of 1850, I captm'ed five specimens, l)y brushing
the rank grass at the edges of the Levada.

Fam. 15. LATHEIDIAD^.

Genus 61. CHOLOVOCERA. (Taj!. X. fig. 1.)

Motschulsky, Bull, de Moscou, 177 (1838).

Corpus minutum, ellipticum vel rotundato-ellipticum, politum : capite magno lato, oculis ex lentibus
paucis compositis : pruthorace transverse, postice lato : scutellu distincto triangular! : alis obsoletis.
Antenna (X. 1 a) vakle clavata;, capitis prothoracisque vix longitudiue, S-articulatse, articulis
primo et secundo (illo pnecipue) longiusculis robustis, inde ad septimum latitudine a>qualibus
(tertio in tjqjicis elongate, sed in specie Maderensi longiusculo tantum ; quarto ad septimum
minutis), ultimo maximo apice latissimo, sccuriformi. Labrum, palpos labiales, mentwn ligu-
lamqiic Laud examinare potui. Mandibula (X. 1 b) validae acuta;, mox infra apiccm dente valido
instructs, margine interno arcuato et membrana aucto. Maxilla (X. 1 c) vix bilobae : lobo
extemo magno lato recto, apice setoso leviter ineurvo ; interno minutissimo, fere obsoleto,
uncinato. Palpi maxillares artieulo primo parvo, secundo et tertio majoribus incrassatis (hoc
breviore), ultimo elongate subfusiformi-ovato basi truncate. Pedes vix rebusti : femoribus leviter
clavatis : tarsis (X. 1 d) 3-articulatis simplieibus, artieulo secundo prime paule breviore, xdtimo
elongate unyuiculis simplieibus munite.

There is no genus the natiu-al position of Avhich has been hitherto more doubted
than Cholovocera. Nevertheless, owdng partly perhaps to the extreme rarity of the
few species which compose it, scarcely any critical remarks have ever been offered
as to its affinities ; and, consequently, in the different European Catalogues Avhich
have recently lieen published, it has been made, successively, to occupy positions
altogether remote from each other, — until at last it has been entii-ely set aside, as
one of the forms of almost impossible location. Upon the whole, however, it has
been more often conceded to the Erotrjlidce than to any other diAdsion ; though it
is difficult to understand why, since it is neither pseudotetramerous, nor has it
the terminal joint of its palpi secm-iform. The apical articulation of its antenncB
is securiform, it is true, — but the ErotyUda' have nothmg in common with this ;
and we must clearly look for some other section therefore to receive it. Now the
main u-rcgularitics of Cholovocera appear to lie in the reduced number of the
joints of its antenna?, in its triarticulated, yet simple feet, and in the almost
evanescent inner lobe of its maxillae. And there is but one family in the Cole-
optera, so far as I am aware, in which these tlu-ee characteristics constitute, in
conjunction, the chief distinguishing feature, — namely the Lathridiadcc. Thus,
for instance, in Holoparamcctis the tarsi are simple and triarticulatc, the antennal
joints vary from nine to eleven, the inner maxillary lobe is excessively small, the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 179

mandibles are bidentate at their extremity, wliUst the body is apterous, extremely
smooth, and highly polished, — in all of which it is positively identical with Cholo-
vocera. Again, in Corticaria and Luthridhts the feet are, likewise, trimerous;
and, although the antennaj are 11-jointed, the inner lobe of the maxillae is wholly
obsolete. Then, in Monotonia we also find a reduction in the antennal and tarsal
joints (the former being curtailed to ten, and the latter to four), the inner maxillary
lobe is absent, and the club of the antennae, though not securiform, is compre-
hended in a single articulation. Whilst in the little genus Metophthalnms the
number of the joints of the antennae is diminished, in like manner, to ten, the
feet are triarticulated, the inner lobe of the maxillae is evanescent, the body is
apterous, and the eyes are constructed, as regards the paucity and magnitude of
the facets which compose them, on precisely the same anomalous type as those of
Cholovocera.

Thus, we perceive that the genera of the Lathridiadce contain cdl the elements
(and more or less in conuexion) for which Cholovocera is especially remarkable ;
and there can, consequently, be but little doubt, I imagine, that its proper
situation is there. And, if we look even to external contour and habits, we shall
find that this affinity is not the less indicated, since so many of the adjoining
groups (as Monotonia, Langellandla, Myrmeconomus, and Iletoplitlialmus) are
notorious either for their subterraneous or Ant-associating propensities, or else,
like Soloparamecus, for then- minute bulk and glabrous surfaces. The largely-
developed, securiform, one-articulated clava of Cholovocera cannot be regarded as
of more than generic signiiication ; and it is therefore by no means necessary that
we should expect to find even the rudiments of a similar organization amongst its
immediate allies : nevertheless we may perhaps detect some slight expression of it
in the ohliquelij-truncated last joint of the antennae of Koloparamecus, and in the
uni-articnlated club of Monotonia. Upon the whole, however, I am inclined to
suspect that it has a more intimate relation with Koloparamecus than with
anything else hitherto described : and, although the Madeiran representative may
seem, at first sight, in its rounded outline to recede very considerably from the
normal members of the Lathridiadce ; yet the only two other species known
(namely the C. formicarla, Mots., from Georgia, and the C. 2>i'nctaf a, Mnvkel, from
Sicily,— typical specimens of both of which I have been enabled, through the
kindness of Mr. Westwood, to examine, but which seem to be so nearly akin that
it is not easy to assert in what they differ) approach them, in this respect, far more
closely, — since in their narrower, and less convex bodies, and in then* basally-sub-
constricted elytra they do in fact bear a very strong j)rimd facie resemblance to at
any rate the Soloparameci (with wliich it has been akeady shown that in many of
the most essential of their structural peculiarities they are actually coincident).

This remarkable genus was first described by Motschulsky, from specimens

discovered beneath stones (in the vicinity of Ants' nests) at Derbent, not far from

the Caspian Sea.

2 a2

180 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

144. Cholovocera Maderae. (Tab. X. fii,'. l.)

C. rotuiidato-elliptica convexa fernigiiiea glaberrima politissima et fere iinpunctata, protliorace

postice lato, antennis pedibusque vix pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. |.

Coccinella succina, Heinecken, in lift.
Cholovocera Ifadens, Westw'ood, in litt.

Habitat Maderam, rarissima, — formicarum nidos certe colens : unicum exemplar tantuni vidi, a
jigydo Dom. Lowe e rnuseo Heineckeaiano mihi munifice donatum.

C. roundish-elliptical, convex, pale rufo-ferruginous, exceedingly highly polished, almost impunctate,
and perfectly free from pubescence. Head large and wide, with the eyes (which are of a most
anomalous structure, being composed of merely a few large facets, set widely apai't upon a convex
surface) prominent. Pruthorax transverse and convex ; widest behind, where it is of the same
breadth as the elytra, on which excessively minute punctures are just traceable beneath the
highest powers of the microscope. Antemue and legs scarcely paler than the rest of the surface.

A single cxaniplc ouly of this most interesting little insect has hitherto come
under my observation, — ^which was captured many years ago (probably near Fun-
chal) l^y the late Dr. Heinecken, from whose collection it was presented to me by
the Rev. H. T. Lowe. It differs from the Georgian and Sicilian representatives of
the group (\\ hich however, as abeady stated, appear to be almost, if not indeed
entirely, identical) in its larger size and almost impunctate surface, and in its
broader, less apically-acuminated, and more roimded outline,^the prot borax and
elytra being widest at their extreme bases, instead of, as there, a little constricted,
or pinched in (a peculiarity which, we may just remark, is particularly evident in
Holoparamecus, likewise). In addition to which, the third joint of its antennae is
not quite so long as is the case with those of either of the above-mentioned species.
Like them, it is unquestionably an attendant upon iVnts, — as in fact the general
singularity of its structiu'e, more especially of its eyes, would lead us, a priori, to
suspect.

Genus 62. HOLOPAEAMECUS.

Curtis, Ent. 2Iay. i. IsG (1S33).

Corpus minutum, plus minusve subelliptico-oblongum, politum : jirothorace postice constricto et trans-
verse impresso : alls obsoletis. Antenna clavata^, capitis prothoraeisque longitudinc, modo (ut
in specie nostra) 11-, modo 10-, modo etiam 9-articulat<T, articulis primo ct sccundo (illo prse-
cipue) elongatis robustis, indc ad nonum minutis longitudine suba-qualibus ct latitudine vix
crescentibus, rcliquis clavam magnam laxam biarticulatam cfficicntibus (peuultimo subpoculi-
formi, ultimo ovato ad apicem oblique truncato). Lnhrum amplum, scmicirculare, ant ice in-
tegrum ciliatum. Mandibulte validae acutae, mox infra apicem dcute sat conspicuo instructse,
membranS, basah auctse. Maxilla bilobae : lobo externo lato recto, apice incurvo valde ])ubescenti :
interna angustissimo brevi, intus valde pubcsccnti. Palpi maxillarcs articulo primo miuutissimo,
sccundo maximo crasso, tertio paulo angustiore brevi, ultimo elongato fusiformi basi truncato :

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 181

labiales articulo priino parvo, secundo maximo crasso subgloboso, ultimo minore subconico.
Mentum amplum, antice angustatum, summo apice (nisi fallor) emarginato. Ligula antice
rotundata et lueuibrana tenuissima (ad apicem truncata ciliata) aucta. Pedes subgraciles : tarsis
3-articulatis, articulo secundo primo paulo breviore, ultimo elongato.

Soloparamecus {;=Calijptohium, Villa, Cat. Col. Eur. dupl. a.d. 1833) may be at
once distinguished from Cortlcaria and LatlirkUus by the biai'ticulated club of its
antennae; by its freedom from wings, by its apically bidentate mandibles, and by
its perceptibly bilobed maxillae. The numerical variations also in the joints of its
antennae are exceedingly remarkable, and present an anomaly which I am not
aware that wc find, to the same extent, in any other genus of the Coleoptera.
This peculiarity of structure has been ably discussed by Mr. Westwood in a very
interesting paper, read before the Entomological Society of London in May 1845,
and published in the fourth volvime of their Transactions. After tracing back the
generic synonymy to its source, and pointing out the confusion which had arisen
in three separate diagnoses (put forth, successively, by Mr. Curtis, himself, and
Dr. Aub(^), in which different species had been accidentally selected as the type,
he thus sums up the result of his inquiry, from which, I think (after a careful
consideration of the several forms in question, externally and in detail), it is im-
possible to dissent : — " We have therefore a genus in which the characters assigned
to it by three different writers entirely agree, except that Mr. Curtis describes the
antennae as 9-jointed, Dr. Aube as 11-jointed, and myself as 10-jointed. On
examining these insects, and comparing them with Dr. Aube's figui-es, it is im-
possible to arrive at any other conclusion than that they belong to one and the
same genus, and that the variation in the number of the joints of the antennae is
either a specific or a sexual character, a circumstance in itself of so unusual occur-
rence in the Clavicorn Coleoptera, that I have considered it weU worthy of being
brought l)efore the notice of the Society." Making use however of these varia-
tions in the joints of the antennae for sectional purposes, which at any rate we are
entitled to do, we find that the European representatives of the group arrange
themselves imder three heads, — the first of which embraces the H. caularum, Aub^
(=:Pa)ikoucJdi, Guerin), and the S. niger, Aub6, characterized by their 11-jointed
antennae ; the second the H. Kimzei, Aube, in which the antennae are but 10-arti-
culate ; and the third the 11. singular Is, Beck. {=^depressus, Curtis, = Villas, Aub6),
which has the antennae composed of nine joints only.

Regarding the affinities of this genus various opinions have been entertained.
Mr. Curtis imagines that, in conjunction with Eutheia, it may very likely consti-
tute a passage between the LathridiadcB and the Scydmcenidce. Nevertheless, of
its certain connexion with at all events the former there can, I think, be no
reasonable doubt, its trimerous feet, and the largely develoj)ed second articulation
of both its labial and maxillary palpi, apart from its general habits and aspect,
bespeaking a very close relationship with Cortlcaria and Lathridius. Its palpi
indeed correspond almost precisely with those of Atomaria and Ephistenius,

182 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

amongst the Cryptophagidce, thus additionally strengthening the bond of union
between that family and the present one, — which I cannot but believe are most
intimately allied, even though placed by many recent naturalists far asunder.
And in fact I should be even, further, inclined to suspect that, taking into account
both its tarsi and oral organs, there is perhajis no form more evidently suggestive
of the two (whilst belonging essentially to one of them) than JZoIojHiratneciis. In
theu" modes of life the Soloparameci somewhat recede fi'om the Corticarice and
Lathridii, being found more especially, like certain of the Cryptophagidce, in
the vicinity of warehouses and dwellings, where they are frequently introduced
with different kinds of stores (though it may be that they should be rather re-
garded as inhabiting the crevices of the boxes in which the stores are contained
than the stores themselves) : and in England they have often been received, in a
living state, amongst insects and skins, from India and China. They are not
however solely attached to such positions, since one or two of the species occur
beneath stones in hot exposed localities, far removed fi'om any traces of habita-
tions,— as is the case in many parts of the south of Europe, and \^■ith the Madeiran
representative of the genus. It is only in rare instances that they ajipear to
subsist, like the tj^ical Lathridiadce, under the bark of trees.

145. Holoparamecus niger.
H. subelliptico-oblongus angustus ferrugineus politus et subtilissime punctulatus, prothorace postice

constricto et injequaliter transverso-signato, elytro singulo stria suturali subflexuosa profunda

impresso, antenais pedibusque pallido-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |.

Cdlyptohivm nigrum, Chevrier, in litt.

, Aube, Ann. dc la Soc. Ent. Je France (2i*'"« serio) i. 246 (1843).

Habitat in locis inforioribus Madcrre ct Portus Sancti, vol aprico bumi inter graminum radices cur-
sitans vel sub seoriis lapidibusque latens, ab autumuo usque ad ver novum vulgatissimus :
" Praya Formoza, sub lapidibus/' teste Dom. Heer.

H. minute, narrow and elongated, and somewhat elliptical-oblong (the widest part being, although
the sides are not continuous, a little behind the base of the elytra), varying from ferruginous
into a reddish-chestnut hue, — the cf)lour being generally of a rather unequal intensity, which
causes the surface to seem somewhat transparent, or pellucid ; exceedingly shining, and appearing
beneath the microscope to be most minutely and distantly punctidated, and even perceptibly
pubescent. Head long and convex, scarcely so broad as the anterior part of the prothorax,
which is rounded at the sides, constricted behind, and with its posterior region broadly, trans-
versely, and >nievcnly impressed, — the impressed band continuing to the hinder angles (which
are almost right angles, and have their extreme lateral edge a little thickened, and produced
backwards, in the form of an elevated and straight longitudinal ridge, to about a third of the
distance towards the anterior margin), and being interrupted in the centre by a large and
slightly raised portion, which, from being cloven by a medial line, has somewhat the appearance
of two rounded tubercles in front of (but remote from) the scutellum. Elytra considerably

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 183

acuminated posteriorly, and slightly so in front, being widest at a short distance behind the
base ; and with a deeply impressed sutural stria on each, which is slightly curved (and more
especially distinct) in front. Antenna and legs pale testaceous.

The present Holoparameciis recedes from the S. ccmlarum (the only other
member of the genus hitherto described which has eleven joints to its antennae)
principally ia its darker and more pellucid hue, and ia its somewhat more pubes-
cent and posteriorly-actuniaated form; whilst its hinder prothoracic constriction
is of a different nature, — the raised, cloven portion in the centre beiag more
distinctly developed than in that species, which has (instead of it) a twofold
impression a little in advance of its place. Nevertheless it must be admitted that
the two insects approach each other very closely. The S. niger was discovered in
Sicily, in 1842, by the late Mr. Melly of Liverpool, beneath the bark of a fig-tree
in the garden of a Convent near Catania, and was sent by Che\T.*ier, under the
specific title which it still retains, to Dr. Aube for description, — by whom it was
characterized in the Amiales de la Societe Entomologique de France in 1843. As
its name would seem to imply, the Sicilian specimens are very much darker than
the Madeiran ones, — which last appear to correspond better with a pale variety
detected by Gene in Sardinia. On the simny slopes of Madeii'a, at low altitudes,
it is exceedingly abiuidant, dvu'ing the autumnal and winter months, adhering to
the under sides of stones and scorige, from the latter of which it is often almost
impossible to extricate it, — its very minute size enabling it to retreat into the
numerous cavities and air-holes with which they are everywhere ramified. I first
took it, in October 1847, on the high cliffs between Funchal and the Cabo Gerajao ;
and it has subsequently occurred to me in innumeraljle localities throughout the
southern districts of the island, from the level of the shore at the Praya Formoza
to the summit of the little hills of the Pico da Cruz and the Pico do Cardo. In
dry exposed spots towards the south of Porto Santo, slightly elevated above the
sea, it is equally common : but I have not as yet observed it, either there or else-
where, in any other position except either beneath stones, or else crawling at the
roots of grass on the hot ground in their immediate vicinity.

Genus 63. CORTICARIA.

Marsham, Ent. Brit. i. 106 (1802).

Corpus minutum, plus minusve ovatum, convexiusculum, pubescens : prothorace subrotundato, ad
latera interdum crenulato sed haud marginato : alls amplis. Antenna clavatse, capitis pro-
thoracisque vix longitudine, articulis primo et secundo (illo, subgloboso, prsecipue) robustis,
tertio secundi longitudine, quarto paulo brcviore, iude ad octavum paulatim brevioribus lati-
tudine subjequalibus, reliquis clavam magnam laxani triarticulatam efficientibus (ultimo ovato
apice oblique truncato). Labrum transversum, antiee integrum. Mandibula acutissimae eden-
tatse incuiTfe, intus membraua tenuissinia ciliata auctse. Maxilla lobo singulo recto apice piloso
instructse. Palpi maxillares breves, articulis primo et secundo minutissimis, tertio magno sub-

184 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

globoso, ultimo minore subconico : labiales brcvissimi, articulo primo minutissimo brevissimo,
sccundo maximo crasso subgloboso, ultimo minutissimo teauissimo aciculari vix perspicuo, ad
apicem ipsum setis paucis munito. Mentum hexagonum, antice angustatuin. Lirjulu aiiij)la
lata, apicc truncata Integra ciliata. Pedes subgraciles : tarsis 3-articulatis, articulo primo secundo
longiorc, ultimo elongato.

The CorticaricB are x'eadily separable, even prima facie, fi'oin the Lathridii by
their more convex, ovate, pubescent, and less scul2)tm-ecl bodies, and by their
prothorax bciag broader and more rounded, — occasionally crenulated at its edges,
l}ut never margined like that of the latter ; neither are the angles at all produced,
nor is the disk flattened and costate. In pui-cly structiu-al characters, abnost the
only })oints in Avliich the groups differ inter se would appear to consist in the very
slight distinctive proportions of the joints of their respective antennae and feet, —
the former of which in Corticaria have the second articulation much less thickened
than the first, and the third perceptibly longer than the foiu-th ; whereas in
Lathridius the second joint is nearly as much iucrassated as the basal one, and
the third is distinctly shorter than the foui'th : whilst, as regards their tarsi, the
first articulation (if indeed my observations be correct) is always a little longer
than the second in those of the Corticarice, but shorter in those of the Lathridii.
In their habits, tlie members of the present genus are not so strictly subcortical as
those of the following one, — which in fact their less hardened and depressed forms
would seem to imply. They occur, for the most part, amongst heritage in grassy
spots, hybernating more commonly under moss and lichen on the trunks of trees
than beneath the bark.

146. Corticaria rotiihcollis, WoU.

C. clongato-ovata rufo-picea, capite prothoraceque profunde et crcbre punctatis, hoc ad latera valde
crenulato, fovea, postmediii rotundat^ profunda impresso, elytris paulo obscuiioribus rugulose
substriato-pvmctatis, antcnnarum basi pcdibusque rufo-testaceis.

Long. corj). lin. |-1.

Habitat Madcram, rarior, — a Rev''" Dom. Lowe prope Funclial primo detecta : sed plurima specimina
nuper collcgit Dom. Hartung, qui inter bolctos in truncis laurorum nascentes invenisse apud el.
Dohrn dicitur.

C. elongate-ovate, rufo-piceous, pubescent, and very slightly shining. Head and prot/ioraj: deeply and
closely punctured : the latter with the edges rounded, and powerfully crenulated throughout ; with
a large, round, and deeply impressed fovea on the centre of the hinder disk. Elytra a little
darker and less rufeseent than the head and jirothorax ; rather nigosely striate-punctate. An-
teniue and leys rufo-testaceous ; i]ie former with their club infuscate.

A large and well-marked species ; distinguished from the other Corticarice here
descriljed by the rather deep and closely-set punctures of its head and prothorax,
and by the greatly developed creuulations of the latter. It is apparently some-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 185

■what scarce, though taken occasionally near Funchal, from whence I possess
specimens captured by the Rev. R. T. Lowe and Mr. Leacock : and several
examples have been recently communicated to me by M. Dohrn of Stettin, which
are stated to have been collected by M. Hartung from Boleti growing on the
trunks of the native laurels.

147. Corticaria crenicollis.

C. elongato-ovata antice siibacuminata, fulvo-ferruginea, capite prothoraceque granulatis (sed vk,
prajsertim illo, punctatis), hoc ad latera leviter crenulato, fovea postmedia rotundata profunda
impresso, elytris substriato-punctatis, antenuis pedibusque vix pallidioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Corticaria crenicollis, Mann, in Germ. Zeitsch.filr die Ent. v. 37 (1844).

Habitat prope urbem Maderse Funchalensem, in horto ad Quinta d'Ambrosio pertinente seinel tantum
(mense Januario a.d. 1848) lecta.

C. elongate-ovate, and rather acuminated anteriorly, bright fulvo-ferruginous, and sparingly pubes-
cent. Head and prothorax almost opake, and very distinctly granulated : the former with
scarcely any indications of additional punctures intermixed : the latter with them most obscurely
develo]3ed,— merely imparting to its surface a rather rugose or wi-inkled appearance ; with the
edges rounded and obscurely crenulated (though rather more evidently so behind than in front) ;
the postmedial fovea well-defined and exceedingly deep. Elytra rather shining; and substriate-
punctate. Antenna: and legs almost concolorous with, or a little paler than, the rest of the surface.

At once known from the other Madeiran Corticarlce by its rather anteriorly-
subacuminated outline and pallid hue, by its somewhat shining elytra, and liy the
very distinctly granulated sm-face of its head and prothorax,— the former of which
is almost entirely free from larger additional punctures, whilst even the latter (the
hinder fovea of which is excessively deeply impressed, but the sides only obscm*ely
crenulated) has them but imperfectly developed. It is very probably an imported
insect into Madeira, the single example on which its admission into the Fatma
rests having been captm-ed by myseK in the garden of the Quinta d'Ambrosio, near
Funchal, during the winter of 1848. It is stated by Mannerheim to be common in
Finland and France.

148. Corticaria fulva.

C. elongato-ovata magis pubescens fulvo-ferruginea, capite prothoraceque valde profunde punctatis,
hoc ad latera crenulato, fovei postmedia rotundata minus profunda impresso, elytris substriato-
punctatis, antennis pedibusque vix pallidioribus.

Long. corp. lin. 1-1^.

Latridius fulvus, Che\Tier, in lift.

, Villa, Cat. Col. Eur. 45 (1835).

Oortica/riafuloa, Mann, in Oerm. Zeifsch.fur die Ent. v. 42 (1844).
, Eedt. Fna Austr. 209 (1849).

Habitat Maderam, hinc inde in domibus et hortis, ex Europ^ forsan introducta : ad Sanctum

2 B

186 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Vincentium cepit Rev''"' Dom. Lowe, necnon prope urbem Funchalensem tempore hibemo egomet
parce deprehensi.

C. large, elongate-ovate, pale fulvo-ferruginous (sometimes almost testaceous), elothed with exceedingly
long, and rather robust pubescence, and but slightly shining. Head and prothorax beset wnth
very large, deep, but comparatively distant punctures : the latter with the edges rounded and
distinctly crenulated (though not quite so powerfully so as in the C. rotulicollis), especially
behind; the postmcdial fovea shallower and obscurer than in either of the preceding species.
Elytra rather coarsely substriate-punctate. Antenna and legs a little paler than the rest of the
surface.

A rather common Eiu'opean insect, and in all probability naturalized in !Madeii"a
from more northern latitudes. It may be immediately recognised by its large
size and pallid hue, by its exceedingly pubescent and deeply pimctm'ed sm-face,
and by the tolerably distinct crenulations (especially behind) of its prothorax.
The Madeiran specimens differ in no respect fi-om the ordinary type, except that
perhaps their postmcdial prothoracic depression is a little fainter. It appears to
be somewhat scarce, occm-ring sparingly about dwellings and out-houses, in the
immediate vicinity of the callages and towns. I have captiu'ed it, dm-ing January,
in the garden of the Quinta d^imbrosio, near Funchal ; and it has been taken in
the north of the island, at Sao Vincente, by the llev. R. T. Lowe.

149. Corticaria rotiindicollis, iVolh

C. ovata rufo-picea, capite prothoraceque granulatis et leviter punctatis, hoc circa medium dilatato ad
latera integro, foveS, postmedia rotundata profundi impresso, elytris obscurioribus substriato-
punctatis, antennaram basi pedibusque rufo-testaceis.

Long, coi-p. lin. |.

Habitat in montibus Madcr<e, rarissima: ad Lombo das Vacas solstitio sestivo a.d. 1850 duo speci-
mina inveni.

C. ovate, rufo-piceoiis, pubescent, and rather shining. Head sai prothorax distinctly granulated, and
intermixed with rather obscure, shallow, and distant punctures : the latter with the edges
rounded, but apparently not at all crenulated j widest about the middle ; the postmcdial fovea
well-defined and deep. Elytra darker than the head and prothorax, rather convex posteriorly j
and substriate-punctate. Antennce and legs rufo-testaceous ; the former with their club in-
fuscated.

The ovate outlines of the present species and the following one -will readily
distinguish them from the remainder of the genus with which we have here to do.
The C. rotundicolUs however recedes fi'om the C. curta in its darker hue (especially
of the elytra), in its slightly larger size, and in its different prothorax, — which has
its edges entu-e (and with no appearance of an excavation and tooth at the hinder
angles), and its sm-face (like that of the head) very evidently granidated, the punc-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 187

tures with which, the granules are intermixed, being remarkably shallow and ill-
defined. Its postmedial prothoracic fovea is, likewise, deeper, and the club of its
antennae is more dusky than is the case in that insect. The only two specimens
which I have hitherto seen were captured, by myself, on the Lombo das Vacas,
June 21, 1850.

150. Corticaria curta, Woll.

C. ovata nifo-fusca, capite prothoraceque punctatis sed vix granulatis, hoc curto pone medium dilatato
ad latera subintegro, circa angulos posticos leviter excavato (angulis ipsis exstantibus), fovea
postmedi^ vel minus distinctS, vel obsoleta, elytris obscurioribus (paulo magis infuscatis) striato-
punctatis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. |-|.

Habitat sub lapidibus omnium insularum Maderensium, prsesertim in locis graminosis, vulgaris : in
Porta Sancto necnon in Deserta Grandi tempore vernali abundat.

C. short, ovate, reddish-brown, pubescent, and very shghtly shining. Head and prothorax much
more deeply punctured and less evidently granulated than in the last species : the latter short,
with the edges rounded and almost free from crenulations (or with very slight indications of
them) ; widest behind the middle ; minutely excavated immediately before the hinder angles
(which are, themselves, however, a little prominent) ; the postmedial fovea usually faint, and
occasionally obsolete. Elytra rather darker and less rufescent than the head and prothorax,
being of a purer brown ; and somewhat distinctly striate-punctate. Antenna and legs testaceous ;
the former not having, usually, even their club iufuscate.

The smallest of the Corticarice here described, and known by its short, ovate
outline, by its more or less reddish-brown, or infuscated hue, and by the construc-
tion of its prothorax, — which is broadest a little behind the midtUe, obsciu'cly
excavated immediately in fi'ont of the postei'ior angles (which are, themselves,
consequently prominent, — assuming somewhat the form of a minute tooth), and
(unlike that of the C. rotundicolUs) is impressed with distinct and rather large
punctures, the intermediate granulations being scarcely perceptible. Its antennee
moreover are usually quite pale, and the postmedial prothoracic fovea is often
entii-ely obsolete. It would seem to be the Madeiran representative of the common
Eui'opean C.fuscula, although with too many distinctive characters of its own to
aUow of its being referred to that insect. Thus, for instance, it is more ovate, and,
in all cases, considerably smaller ; its prothorax is more suddenly dilated behind
the middle, and less distinctly excavated at the posterior angles ; and its antennse,
which are iuvariably more abbreviated and less robust, want the dusky apex
which is there so conspicuous. It is the most abundant of the Corticarice of these
islands, and a truly indigenous species, — beiag widely distriljuted throughout the
group, and in positions for the most part far removed from cultivated spots. In
Porto Santo and on the Dezerta Grande I have taken it ia profusion, from

2 B 2

188 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

beneath stones, durins^ the spring and early summer months ; whilst at interme-
diate altitudes of Madeii'a proper, whether within the sylvan regions or out of
them, it is ixniversal.

151. Corticaria Fagi, WoU.

C. elongato-parallela angusta fiilvo-fen'uginea, capite prothoraceque profuude et subremote punctatis,

hoc ad latera postice crenulato, fovea postmedia magnii profundi impresso, elytris striato-

punctatis, antennis pedibusque vix pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. §.

Habitat Maderam borealem sylvaticam, ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros mense Julio a.d. 1850 copiosissime
lecta.

C. narrower, more elongated and parallel than any of the foregoing species, very pubescent, pale fulvo-
ferruginous, and slightly shining. Head and prothorax beset with very large, deep, but some-
what remote punctures : the latter with the edges rounded and finely crenulated posteriorly ; the
postmedial fovea large and deep, but not quite so rounded as in the other species, — having a
tendency to be a little curved, or arcuated in front. Elytra regularly and distinctly striatc-
punctate. Antenna and legs concolorous with, or (especially the former) a little paler than, the
rest of the surface.

The narrow and linear outline of the present Corticaria, in conjunction Avith its
pallid hue and its large hinder prothoracic fovea, will at once separate it from the
whole of the preceding species. It is apparently the Madeiran representative of
the C. elongata of Schuppcl, though clearly not identical with it, — since it is not
only somewhat darker, and less parallel and pubescent than that insect, but its
prothorax is less perceptibly crenulated posteriorly, and (together with the head) is
beset with extremely large, coarse and deep punctures ; whereas in the C. elongata
the punctures are so minute as to be scarcely perceptible. It is exceedingly local,
and would seem to be confined to the forest regions of intermediate and rather
lofty altitudes. The only district in which I have hitherto observed it is that of
the Lombo dos Peccgueu-os, where, during July 1850, I captured it in profusion, —
especially on the outer canvass of my tent towards the dusk of the evening and
after showers. The particular spot in which I was encamped (known as the Chilo
das Castanheiras) being thickly studded wdth enormous Spanish chestnuts, I am
inclined to suspect that it was from off that tree, rather than the native laurels,
that my specimens must have flowia.

Gemis 64. LATHRIDIUS.

Herbst, Natursyst. v. S (script. Lati-idius) (1793).

Corpus minutum, plus minusve clongato- vol parallelo-ovatum, depressiusculum, calvum sed sculptu-
ratum : protlioracc srcpius elytris angustiorc, clonguto-subquadrato aiigulis auticis plus minusve
ampliatis, ad latera marginato et plus minusve complanato : alls amplis. Antenna capitis pro-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 189

thoracisque vix longitudine, articulis primo et secundo (illo vix prsecipue) subglobosis robustis,
tertio secundo paulo breviore, quarto longiore, inde ad octaviim paulatim brevioribus latitudine
subfequalibus, reliquis clavam magnam laxam triarticulatam efficientibus (ultimo subquadrato-
ovato ad apicem oblique truncato). Labrum breve transversum, antice vix emarginatum. Man-
dibulte acutae incui-vae, apice vix denticulatse, intus membrana tenuissima ciliata auctse. Maxillie
lobo singula recto apice piloso instructfe. Palpi maxillares breves, articulo priuio minutissimo,
secundo majore crassiore, tertio magno subgloboso, ultimo minora subconico : labiales brevissimi,
articulo primo minutissimo brevissimo, secundo maximo crasso subgloboso, ultimo minutissimo
tenuissimo aciculari vix perspicuo, ad apicem ipsum setulis paucis munito. Mentum hexagonum,
antice angustatum. Ligula ampla lata, apice truncata Integra ciliata. Pedes subgraciles : tarsis
3-articulatis, articulo primo secundo breviore, ultimo elongato.

The distinctions between the Lathridii and the Cort'icarice have been already
pointed out, — the flatter, usually less ovate, somewhat harder and more sculp-
tui'ed (though unpubescent) bodies of the former being at once sufficient, apart
from the minute characters to be gathered from the relative proportions of their
antenna! and tarsal joints, whereby to sej^arate them, even at first sight, from the
latter. As lately stated, they are more strictly subcortical in tliek habits than
the members of the previous genus : nevertheless both groups are usually more or
less abundant during the summer months (at which season the insects are in an
active state) amongst dense herbage and vegetation, — particularly in shady
localities beneath trees, and in waste spots adjoining cultivated grounds.

152. Lathridius assimilis.

L. parallelo-subovatus piceo-ferrugineus, capite prothoraceque subpunctato-rugosis, hoc ad latera
valde complanato, angulis auticis rotundato-ampliatis, elytris profunda punctato-striatis, intar-
stitiis altarnis elevatis, antennis pedibusque diluto-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Lathridius assimilis, Maun. i?i Germ. Zeitsch. v. 98 (1844).
coUaris, Motschulsky, in litt.

Habitat prope urbem Maderae Funchalensem, hinc inda, rarior.

I». elongata-subovate, rather mora parallel than either of the following species, and more or less picao-
ferruginous, or pale rusty-piceous. Head and prothorax rugosely punctured and wrinkled, — thf
punctures being large, a good deal confluent and ill-defined : \h^ former almost unchannelad : the
latter tolerably large, and narrowed behind ; the sides much flattened, and with the anterior angles
considerably expanded, or rounded, outwards ; with an obscure impression (or wide abbreviated
channel) on the fore part of the disk, and transversely impressed behind. Elytra rather parallel
at the sides ; deeply punctate-striated, — the punctures being very large, distinct, and regular ;
the interstices convex, and the alternate ones elevated. Antenna and legs a little palar than the
rest of the insect, — being dull rusty-testaceous.

The present Lathridius may be at once known from the L. mimittis by its rather

190 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

larger and more parallel outline, by its paler and more rusty hue, Ijy its somewhat
longer prothorax (which has the anterior angles more distinctly expanded, or
rounded, outwards), and by the raised alternate interstices of its more deeply and
regularly punctate-striated elytra. It is apparently scarce in Madcii-a, the only
district in which I have hitherto taken it being the Weinity of Funchal, — where it
may possibly have been accidentally introduced from more northern latitudes. It
is not an imcommon insect throughout Eiu'ope, being recorded in Finland, Russia,
Germany, Poland, and Switzerland ; it is however far less abimdant than either of
the following species.

153. Lathridius minutus.
I*, ovatus nigro-piceus, capite prothoraceque (vix subpunctato-) rugosis, hoc ad latera complanato,

angulis anticis minus rotundato-ampliatis, elytris punctato-striatis, interstitiis convexis, anten-

narum basi pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |-|.

Tenebrio minutus, LLim. Syst. Nat. ii. 675 (17C7).
Ips minuta, Oliv. Ent. ii. 18. 22 (1790).
Corticaria puUa, Mslim, Ent. Brit. i. Ill (1802).
Lairidius porcatus, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 113 (1830).
Lathridius minutus, Mann, in Germ. Zeitsch. v. 96 (1844).

Habitat Maderam, usque ad 4000' s. m. ubique \Tilgaris.

L. shorter and more ovate than the L. assimilis, and dark piceous-black. Head and prothorax ahnost
as rugose as in that insect, but with the punctures even more irregular, being scarcely at all
defined : the former with a distinct longitudinal channel down the centre : the latter rather short,
and naiTowed behind; the sides flattened, and with the anterior angles expanded, or rounded,
outwards, — though much less so than in the L. assimilis ; usually with a very obscure impression
(or abbreviated channel) on the fore part of the disk, and transversely impressed behind. Elytra
rounded at the sides, the widest part being about the middle ; punctate-sti-iated, — the punctures
being smaller and much less distinct than those of the last species ; the interstices rather convex,
but the alternate ones not more elevated than the remainder. Anteniue and legs diluted-testa-
ceous; the former with their club often a little infuscated.

Distinguished from the i. ossimilis, as alroadv stated, bv its smaller, more
ovate, and darker body, by its more deeply channeled forehead and less anteriorly-
dUated prothorax, and by the sculpture of its el}i:ra, — which arc not only more
obscurely pimctured than in that insect, but want Hke^ise the elevated alternate
interstices which are there so apparent. It is by far the most abundant of the
Madeiran Lothridii, occiu'ring in profusion in nearly aU parts of the island below
the altitude of about 1000 feet. In the llibciro de Santa Luzia, near Funchal ;
in the chestnut-woods of Santa AixavL ; throughout the region of the Kibeiro Frio ;
and at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros I have captured it commonly, dm'ing the spring

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 191

and summer months —particularly in the last of these districts, where in July
1850 I observed it by thousands on the outer canvass of my tent, whither it had
flown, in company with the Cortlcaria Fagi, towards the dusk of the evening. It
is a species of very wide geographical range, being recorded by Mannerhekn in
Lapland, Sweden, Finland, Siberia, Russia, Germany, England, France, Italy,
Armenia, the Caucasus, and even from Greenland.

154. Lathridius transversus.

L. ovatus antice subacuminatus, femigineus, capite prothoraceque (vix subpunctato-) rugosis, hoc
parvo subquadrato (angulis anticis baud ampliatis), ad latera complanato necnon ad basin pro-
fundius transversim impresso, elytris (antice sat profunde) punctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque
nifo-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. |-|.

Ips transversa, Oliv. Ent. ii. 18. 20. pi. 3. fig. 20 a, h (1790).
Corticaria transversa, Mshm, I^nt. Brit. i. 109 (1802).
Latridius transversus, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 112 (1830).
Lathridius transversus, Mami. in Germ. Zeitsch. v. 94 (1844).

Habitat Maderam, prsesertim prope ui-bem Funchalensem, rarior; una cum L. assimili a meipso
captus.

L. ovate, rather acuminated anteriorly, and bright ferruginous. Head and prot/iorax sculptured much
in the same manner as those of the L. minutus : the former obscurely channeled down tlie centre :
the latter smaller and narrower (especially in front) than in either of the other species,— being
subquadrate, and with the anterior angles hardly more developed (although much more rounded)
than the posterior ones ; with a tolerably distinct and rounded impression on the fore part of the
disk, and with the hinder transverse impression deeper than in either of the preceding species.
Elytra rather shining, and rounded at the sides, the widest part being a little behind the middle ;
somewhat deeply punctate-striated in front, but with the sculpture altogether much fainter
posterioriy,— the punctures towards the base however being rather large and distinct. Antenna
and legs (especially the former) a little paler than the rest of the surface.

The somewhat anteriorly-acuminated outline and pallid hue of the present
insect, in conjunction mth the sculptm-e of its elytra (which is deep at theii- l^ase,
but fainter towards their apex), and the more distinct transverse impression and
less expanded front angles of its (comparatively small, narrow and subquack-ate)
prothorax, will be at once sufficient to separate it, prima facie, from the other
Madeii-an Lathrklli. Like the last, it is a species of wide geographical range,
abounding in all parts of Europe, and being recorded, in Asia, from Siberia to the
Caucasus. In Madeira it would seem to be decidedly scarce, or at any rate local,
—the exceedingly few specimens which have come beneath my notice having been
captui-ed by myself in the immediate vicinity of Fimchal and towards the upper
extremity of the Ribeii'o de Santa Luzia.

192 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 65. METOPHTHALMUS. (Tab. IV. fig. 4.)

Motsc'hidsky, in Jitt. (scrijjt. ^letaphthalinus).

Corpus minutum, parallelo-subovatum, depressum, cal\Tim, sculpturatum, Lathridio babitu proximum
sed ab co valdc distinctum : capite porrecto costatOj ad latera crenulato ; oculis minutis valde
convexis subconicis, supra marginem capitis lateralem omnino sitis atque ex lentibus paucis com-
positis : prothorace elytris angustiore, sulcato, ad latera crenulato rotundato et late complanato :
alls obsoletis. Antenna (IV. 4 a) ad basin ab oculis remotre, et supra marginem (ad angulos
anteriores) capitis insertfe, lO-articulatre, clavatse, articulis primo et secundo (illo praecipue)
magnis crassis (illo subquadrato, hoc globoso), tertio brevi minuto, quarto longiore graciliore
subclavato, inde ad octavum longitudine decrescentibus latitudine vix crcscentibus, rebquis
clavam magnam laxam elongatam biarticulatam efficieutibus (penultimo brevi subpoculiformi,
ultimo maximo elongato-ovato ad apicem internum oblique truncato et setis paucis munito).
Labrum prominulum, breve transversum, antice rotundatum integrum. Mandibulas baud
observare potui. Maxilla (nisi fallor) lobo singula pubescenti instructie. Palpi maxillares
articulo primo niinutissimo, secundo magno crassiore, tertio maximo valde incrassato sub-
globoso, ultimo tcrtii longitudine sed graciliore fusiformi apice truncato : labiales brevissimi,
articulo primo minuto brevissimo, secundo maximo crasso subgloboso, ultimo minutissimo (aegre
observando) mammuliformi apice obtuso setisque paucis obscm'issimis munito. Mentum trans-
versum, in parte media transversim punctato-perforatum, antice leviter dilatatum, apice sinuato.
Ligula ampla lata, apice vix emarginata. Pedes subgraciles : tibiis rcctis subclavatis r tarsis
(IV. 46) 3-articulatis simplicibus, articulo primo secundo vix breviore, ultimo valde elongato
fusiformi, ad ajjicem (in anticis saltem) miuutissimc bispinoso unguiculisque simplicibus magnis
munito.
A /u,€Ta post, et 6cp9a\fj,6^ oculus.

The very interesting little genus for which Motschulsky has proposed the name
of 3Ietaphthalmus, — hut which, since it has not yet heen either puhlished or
defined, I have altered to Metophthalmns (as the more correct orthograj)hy), — is
c-vidently nearly akin to Lathrklius, though at the same time with abundant
distinctive cltaracters of its own which must altogether separate it, generically,
from that group. Thus, its 10-jointed antcnnoe, ^ith then* biarticulated club, in
conjunction with the remarkable construction of its eyes, which are exceedingly
convex (although minute), and placed completely on the upper siu"face of the head
(the lateral edges of a\ hich jn'oject perceptibly beyond them), are points amply
sufficient, even alone, to separate it from the LctthrkUi, — with which nevertheless
in the details of its palpi and feet, as well as in its general contour and deeply
sculptured siu-face, it is coincident. A glance, however, at the diagnosis avlLI show
that, apart from the more conspicuous points just aUuded to, there are other
peculiarities, albeit less apparent, in ^^ liich it does in reality recede from Latliri-
dius very considerably, — amongst which, its total freedom from \vings and the
serrated margins of its hecal should be especially noticed. Still, it is unquestion-
ably in its organs of siglit that its most extraordinary feature is indicated, which,
from their anomalous situation and diminutiAc size, and in the paucity of the
large facets which unite in composing them, are of a very unusual natiu-e. This type

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 193

of eye (which is likewise carried out, in almost every respect except iti position, in
Cholovocera) is of extremely rare occurrence in the Coleoptera : and since- the
sides of the head entii-ely intercept it fi-om below, it follows that the insect must
be incapable of perceiving what is immediately beneath it; and it would be
interesting therefore to inquii-e whether its habits are in any way modified so as
to meet this restricted arrangement for vision. In a certain degree this apparent
deficiency has been compensated for by the great convexity of the eye, the remote
lenses of which are so adjusted as to form somewhat of a cone, which thus not
only gives the creature a more extended horizon, but causes also objects which are
placed at merely a very short distance from it to come within its field of view. I
tliink it far fi'om unlikely however that it is a native of Ants' nests, or at least
subterraneous in its propensities, — the single example which has hitherto been
detected being in all probability a chance specimen, astray from its legitimate
haimts ; in which case, many of the above-mentioned irregularities become, if not
actually intelligible, at any rate in accordance vriih. what experience tells us that
under such cii-cumstances we may, in some measure, expect.

In my dissection of this minute insect, I have unfortxmately failed to detect the
mandibles : but the remaining particulars of its structiu'e will more than suffice to
point out its affinities, — if indeed there could, even a priori, have been any doubt
regarding them.

155. Metophthalmus asperatus, WoU. (Tab. IY. fig. 4.)

M. parallelo-subovatus rufus, capite prothoraceque rugosis insequalibus, illo subacuminato-porrecto in
fronte binodoso utrinque costato necnon ad latera serrato, hoc ad latera serrato rotundato et late
complanato, pone medium transversim impresso, in dorse convexo sed in media parte ipsa longi-
tudinaliter concavo, elytris rufo-piceis profunda punctato-striatis, sutm-a interstitiisque alternis
valde elevatis.

Long. Corp. lin. vix |-.

Habitat Maderam borealem sylvaticam, ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros d. 22 Jul. a.d. 1850 a meipso
repertus.

M. elongate-ovate, narrow, somewhat acuminated anteriorly, rufous, and a little shining. Head and
prothorax rough, and very uneven : the former elongated, and considerably acuminated in front j
crenulatedj or more strictly perhaps serrated, at the edges ; with an elevated and slightly curved
ridge on either side from the inner margin of the eye to the insertion of the antenna, and
another, almost straight and less evident one (being perceptible only beneath a high magnifying
power), between it and the lateral edge, and extending from the antenna to the outer margin of
the eye ; the forehead with two very abbreviated strise (forming minute nodules) in the centre, —
which are nearly confluent at their commencement, but which diverge outwards, in the direction
of the mouth, and enclose within their angle a minute rounded impression somewhat resembling
an ocellus ; eyes minute, and extremely convex, — placed on the upper surface of the head, the
lateral margins of which project sensibly beyond them. Prothorax regularly rounded and crenu-

2 c

19 i INSECTA MADERENSIA.

lated at the sides, although somewhat wider towards the posterior than the anterior portion ;
Ukewise, excessively uneven and furrowed, — though it is not easy to perceive the exact direction
which the impressions take ; the sides however are very broadly flattened, and the dorsal portion
is elevated, though at the same time with an evident and wide channel, or lougitudinal groove,
down its (otherwise) highest, or central portion (especially apparent in front) ; this groove is
inten-upted behind the middle by a transverse one, which is somewhat more distinct, — the two
intersecting each other in the form of a cross. Elytra considerably darker than the head and
prothorax, being rufo-piceous ; rather undulating in its external outhne ; vei-y deeply jjunctate-
striated (the punctures being exceedingly large and distinct) ; and with their sutm-e and
alternate interstices considerably raised. Antenna, mouth and legs very pale rufous, or rufo-
ferruginous.

Apparently extremely rare ; the only specimen wliicli I liave seen liaA-ing been
captured by myself in the north of Madeira, by brusliing the long and rank grass
at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, near the edges of the precipitous cliff-road Ijctween
Sao Vincente and Seisal, — at a short distance from the eastern limit of the Ribcii-o
de Joao Delgada, — on the 22nd of July, 1850.

Fam. 16. MYCETOPHAGIDiE.

Genus 66. BERGINUS.

(Dejean) Erichson, Nat. do- Ins. Brutsch. ill. 405 (1848).

Curpus minvitum suboblongo-cjliudricuni, pubescens : prothorace elytris paulo angustiore, ad latera
minutissime crenulato-marginato (sed baud complanato) : alis amphs. Antenna capitis pro-
thoracisque fere longitudine, clavatse pilosse, articulo primo robusto subgloboso, secundo longiore
graciliorc subclavato, tertio huic longitudine requali sed graciliore, inde ad nonum paulatim vix
brevioribus latitudine suba;qualibus, reliquis clavam magnam laxam perfoliatam biarticulatam
efficientibus (decimo magno subpocidiformi, ultimo paido angustiore ovato ad apicem oblique
subtruncato). Labrum porrectum subquadratum, antice rotundatum vLx emarginatum ciliatum.
MundibuliE valida? triangulares, apice acuta bidentata;, intus basin versus membrana tcnuissima
auctae. Maxilla biloba; : lobo externa magno lato subovato, apice vakle pubcscenti : iiiternu
breviore angustissimo valdc pubescenti-pencillato. Palpi maxillares articulo ])riiuc) ))arvo,
secundo magno elongato subcla\ato, tertio breviore, ultimo magno (fere subsecuriformi) sub-
ovato apice oblique truncato : lubiales robusti, articulo primo parvo, secundo maximo crasso,
ultimo vix breviore sed multo graciliore subcylindrico. Mentum amplum transverso-quadratum,
antice integrum. Ligula ampla lata, apice truncata ciliata. Pedes graciles : tibiis rectis, apicem
versus leviter dilatatis : tnrsis l-articulatis, articulo ])rimo Icviter elongato, secundo et tertio
brevioribus suba;qualibus, hoc cmarginato ultimum elongatum recipiente ; unguiculis simplicibus.

Berginus may, I think, be regarded as constituting a veiy natui-al passage
between the Luthvidiada: and the ^lycetophagkhc, being allied to both of them in
many particulars of its economy and structiu'c, whilst at the same time it cnil)races
the entire essential characters of neither. It is usually however placed, and per-
haps rightly, amongst the latter, as possessing a considerable affinity with such

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 195

genera as lAtargus and Typhcea, — though it is almost equally impossible to over-
look its relationship with LathricUus likewise, to which in its general contour and
habits, as well as in the largely-developed penultimate joint of its labial palpi, it
makes a decided approach. StUl, its tetramerous feet and pubescent body (the
former of which, nevertheless, do not appear to be triartictdate in the anterior
male pair), in conjimction Avith its distinctly bilobed maxillte, would seem (in a
choice between the two families) to remove it into the Ilycetoplmgicla;, — where
indeed it is stationed by Erichson, alongside the genus Typhcea, which is in all
probability its most correct position.

156. Berginus Tamarisci.

B. suboblongo-cylindricus brunneo-ferrugineus pubescens, capite prothoraceque rugose punctatis,
hoc elongato-subquadrato ad latera minutissime crennlato, basi foveola rotundata utrinque
impresso, elytris rugose subpunctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque diluto-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. ^1.

Berginus Tamarisci, Dejean, in lift.

Habitat in locis subinfevioribus Maderae australis, prsesertim in cultis vix ab urbe Funcbalensi remotis,
tempore vernali uon infrequens : in Portu Sancto praedominat, qua Aprili exeunte a.d. 1848 in
clivis graminosis mox infra summum ipsum montem Pico de Facho dictum copiose collegi.

B. elongated, parallel, and rather cylindric, reddish-brown, pubescent, and nearly opake. Head and
prothorax rugosely punctured,— the punctures being large, a good deal confluent, and not at all
well-defined : the former with the eyes large and prominent : the latter somewhat elongate-
quadrate (though with the hinder angles a good deal rounded) and convex; very minutely
margined and crenulated at the edges ; and impressed on either side, at the base (towards the
posterior angles), with a small, though distinct and rounded fovea. Elytra parallel, rugosely
punctate-striated, — the punctures however being even less defined still than those of the head
and prothorax ; and with the interstices (especially in front) a little raised. Antennce and legs
(particularly the latter) paler, being usually dull rufo-testaceous.

By no means an uncommon insect thi'oughout the southern districts of Madeii'a,
below the elevation of about 800 feet, — though more attached perhaps to the
immediate vicinity of Funchal than elsewhere. It occurs principally amongst old
wood in waste neglected spots within the cidtivated regions, often frequenting
gardens and vineyards, — under which circumstances I have once or twice captured
it in that of the Rev. R. T. Lowe at the Levada, where, if I mistake not, it had
issued from out of the rotten stalks of the Datura. On the little hill above Santo
Antonio, known as the Pico do Cardo, I observed it plentifully, during March
1848, in the decayed stump of a tree, in company with the Ftinus longicornis
and orhatus : whilst in Porto Santo it is altogether more aloundant, and would
seem likewise to be more strictly indigenous, — where, in April and May of the
same year, I took it in profusion by brushing the short grass on the mountain-

2 c 2

196 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

slopes of the Pico tie Faclio (IGOO feet above tlie sea), facing the south. It is a
species of Mediterranean latitudes, though apparently somewhat scarce. It is
recorded in the south of France ; and I possess specimens, also, from Sicily, which
agree in every respect with the Madeiran ones, except that they are just perceptibly
darker in their colouring.

Genus 67. MICROCHONDRUS. (Tab. IV. fig. 2.)
Gueriu-Meueville, in litt.

Corpus minutum, ovatum, convexum, pubescens, Jlycetscfe affinitate proximum sed ab eo (nisi fallor)
distinctum : prothorace lato, ad latera minute subcrenulato-marginato : alis amplis. Antenme
capitis pi'othoracisque longitudlne, clavatfe pilosa;, articulis primo et secundo (illo, subgloboso,
pnecipuc) robustis longitudiiie subtcqualibus (hoc subclavato), tcrtio ad octavum parns sub-
sequalibus, reliquis clavam magnam laxam perfoliatam triarticulataiu efScientibus (nono et
decimo subsequalibus subpocuHformibus, ultimo niagno ovato ad apicem oblique truncato).
Lnhrum (IV. 2 a) aiiipluin transversuni, antice membranaccum leviter emarginatum et ciliatum.
Mandibula (IV. 2 b) validje incurva;, apice acuta fortiter bidentatsCj intus late cmarginata; et
membrana tenuissima auctse. Maxilla (IV. 2 c) bilobse : lobo externa magno lato subovato valde
pubescenti : interno brevissimo angusto valde pubesccnti, apice acutissimo incurvo. Palpi
tnaxillares articulo primo minute, secundo longiore subclavato, tcrtio brenore transverse, ultimo
clongato-subovato : labiahs (IV. 2 d) robusti, articulo primo minutissimo, secundo longiore
crassiore subclavato, ultimo maxinio valde inflate globose apice truncate. Menium amplum
transvcrso-subquadratum, antice leviter angustatum mcmbranaceum integrum. Liijula ampla
lata, apice vix emarginata valde pubescens ciliata. Pedes graciles : tibiis rectis, apicem versus
leviter dilatatis : tarsis (IV. 2/) 4-articulatis, articulis prime et secundo inter sc arete cou-
junctis (suturS, segi-c observanda), ille hoc paido bre\dore, tertio secundi lengitudine sed paule
angustiore, ultimo elongate subclavato unguiculis simplicibus munito.

A fitKph'i pan'us, et ^j^ot'S/ao? granum.

The insect from which the above generic diagnosis has been drawn out is inti-
mately allied to 3Ii/cetceo, for which indeed it might, at first sight, be easily
mistaken. After a careful examination however of the various parts of its struc-
ture, I am inclined to believe that it may perhaps present sufficient differences to
warrant its separation from that genus : — an hjqiothesis which is rendered the
more probable since Mr. Westwood informs mc that it has in fact been already
detached liy M. Gudrin-^M^ncAille, who had sui)plicd him with a copy of the
dissections from his vmpubUshed manuscript, which appear miquestionably, in
spite of certain discrepancies, to belong to the species now imder consideration.
Although of an important nature, these incongruities are nevertheless such as
may be readily accounted for in objects thus small and difficult of observation ;
and it was not untU I had placed them beneath the highest magnifying poAver
that I succeeded, myself, in detecting their actual condition. Thus, M. Gueriu's
details represent the tarsi as composed of only three articulations, and the inner
maxillarv lobe as obsolete : whereas in realitv the former are tetramcrous ; and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 197

the latter certainly exists, although in a very diminutive, or rutUmentary state.
As regards the feet, the truth is that the fii'st two joints are so exactly connected
mter se, and are so precisely of the same breadth throughout, that even the micro-
scope does not show then* line of demarcation without some difficulty ; biit that it
is to be perceived, when closely looked for, there cannot be the remotest doubt.
Whilst it inust be admitted, therefore, that the points of deviation from Mycetcea
are considerably reduced from what they were originally supposed to lie, yet there
stUl remain many distinctive modifications in the minutiae of its oral organs
which, when combined with external ones, will go far, I uuagine, towards render-
ing its isolation desirable. Thus, for example, the enormously developed sub-
globose termiual joint of its labial palpi (which, with that of the antennae, is
obliquely truncated at its apex), added to its transverse, subemarginated upper lip,
the excessive minuteness of the inner lobe of its maxillae, and the diflPerent con-
struction of their palpi, are all of them features which recede from the parallel
ones of Mycetcea : whilst its ?f«margined pvothorax (the sides of which, however,
are obsoletely crenulated), and the total exemption of its elytral punctures from
longitudinal distribution, would still farther tend to remove it from that genus,^ —
to which in its general habits it manifestly approximates.

157. Microchondrus domuiun. (Tab. IV. fig. 2.)
M. ovatus rufo-testaceus nitidus longe sed parce pubescens, prothorace transverso subtilissime et
pai-ce punctulato, ad latera minutissime subcrenulato, basi fovea valde profunda (extus siib-
costato-terminata) utrinque instructo, elytris vix distinctius punctulatis, singulo stria suturali
antice ilexuosa impresso, antenuis pedibusque paulo pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. |— 1.

Microchonirus domuiim, G-uerin, in lift.

Habitat in domibus Funchalensibus, rarissimus, — a meipso Novembri mense a.d. 1847 primo detectus :
sed in Madera boreali, sub cortice arborum in castanetis Sanctse Annae, sestate a.d. 1850 paulo
copiosiorem obseiTavi.

M. ovate, obtuse both before and behind, rufo-testaceous, shining (especially the prothorax, which is
brilliantly polished), and sparingly beset (more thickly so however towards the sides) with long
pile. Head and prothorax almost inipunctate (most minutely impressed and distant points being
only just distinguishable even beneath the microscope) : the latter broad, transverse, convex, and
widest a short distance in front of its extreme base; with the edges rounded and a little recurved
(and appearing beneath a high magnifying power to be most obscurely subcrenulatcd) ; and
deeply impressed on either side behind with a large fovea, which is abruptly terminated towards
the base of its outer limit by a slightly raised line, or costa (which however is apparent only
when the insect is viewed obliquely). Elytra broad at the base, and with the lateral margins
about the shoulders slightly and very narrowly recurved ; the punctures larger and rather more
evident than those of the head and prothorax, but with no tendency whatsoever to be disposed ni
rows; and with an impunctate stria on each alongside the suture, — and parallel to it, except in

198 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

front where it is considerably curved outwards. Antenna and legs a little paler than the rest of
the surface, being testaceous.

Independently of the structural characters ali'eady enumerated, the present
insect may be at once known from the common Mycetceu liirta, to which in many
respects it is so nearly allied, by its broader and less acmninated outline (especially
posteriorly), by its shorter, ^ider and more shining prothorax (on which the raised
sublateral costa, which is so conspicuous in that genus, is but faintly expressed by
a small, obsciu-e, and exceedingly abbreviated ridge on either side beliind), and by
its vei-y much less sculptured smface, — its elytra (which are broad at their base,
and hare a distinct sutural stria on each) displaying moreover no tendency what-
soever to have thcii' pimctures even longitudinally disposed, and, therefore,
a fortiori, of being deeply and regularly punctate-s^/v'«ie(Z as in Ilycetcea. It is
apparently exceedingly rare, subsisting, for the most part, about, or in the imme-
diate Wciuity of dwellings. I tii-st captui'ed it, in November of 1847, in a house
in Funchal : and in the sunmicr of 1850 several specimens occurred to me beneath
the bark of an old Spanish chestnut-tree in the north of the island, — in Senhor
Louiz Acciaioly's vineyard at Santa Anna.

Gemis 68. TYPH^A.
(Kirby) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iu. 70 (1830).

Corpus par\Tim, oblongum, valde pubesccns : prothorace transverso, postice lato elytris arete applicato :
alts aniplis. Antenna capitis prothoracisque longitudiuc, clavatie pilosa;, articulis primo et
secundo longitudine subfequalibus (illo robusto subgloboso), tertio graciliore, inde ad octavum
longitudine levitcr decrcscentibus latitudine crcscentibus, reliquis clavam magnam laxam elon-
gatam perfoliatam triarticulatam efficientibus (nono et decimo subpoculiformibus, ultimo subovato
basi trancato). Labrum transversum, antice vix integrum cdiatum. Mandibula vaUdse, apice
acutse bifidae, intus late emarginatfc et membrana tenuissima auctae. Maxilla bilobae : lobo externa
magno, apice dilatato valde pubescenti : interna breviore angusto, apice pubescenti-pencillato.
Palpi maxillares articulo prinio parvo, secundo et tertio longioribus crassis subsequalibus, lUtimo
elongato subfusiformi apice oblique tnmcato : labiales articulo primo minuto, secundo paulo
longiore subclavato, ultimo elongato fusiform! apice recte truncato. Mentum subquadrato-trans-
vcrsum, apice integrum. Liyula ampla lata cornea, apice pubesccns vix emarginata. Pedes
graciles pilosi : tibiis sctosis et apicem versus parcc spinulosis, anticis vix rectis apice leviter
dilatatis : tarsis 4-articulatis (anticis in maribus 3-articulatis) fihformibus, in utroque sexu
articulo primo (praesertim in pasticis) longiusculo.

Ty2>h(ca (characterized wrongly by Stephens in 1830, and rightly by Curtis in
1838) is very nearly aUied, in its structural details, to Litargiis. It may however
be known by its pallid hue, by its oblong and exceedingly pubescent body, and by
its robust and corneous ligula. The basal joint of aU its tarsi is much less elon-
gated than in Litargus, whilst that of the front male pair is, lilvcwise, not so broad.
In its habits it is more fungivorous than subcortical; nevertheless it is often

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 199

found in flowers, and is very active on the wing. Like the following genus, it
retains all the characters of the typical Mycetophagida.

158. Typhaea fumata.
T. oblonga testacea subnitida valde pubesceus, prothorace traosverso, elytris rugulosis piloso-seriatis,

antennis pedibusque vix pallidioribus.
Long, coi-p. lin. 1;^.

Dermestes fumatus, Linn. Sjst. Nat. ii. 56i (1767) .

Mycetophagiis fumatus, G-yll. Ins. Suec. iii. 399 (1813).

Typlima testacea et tomentosa, Stepb. 111. Brit. Unt. iii. 71 (1830).

fumata, Ciirtis, Srit. Enf. xv. 702 (1838).

, Sturm, Beutsch. Fna, xix. 35. tab. 318 (1847).

Habitat Maderam, mibi non obvia ; nuperrime a Dom. Rousset communicata.

T. oblong, testaceous, very slightly shining, and densely clothed with long and pale pubescence.
Head and prothorax deeply punctured : the latter a little narrowed iu front, but wide behind,
where it is of the same breadth as tlie elytra, and closely appUed to them. Elytra rather rough
or wrinkled, obscurely punctured, the punctm-es having merely a very slight tendency to be
disposed in rows ; and with the pubescence very distinctly seriate. AntenruE and legs a httle
paler than the rest of the surface.

Apparently very rare (although abvmdant throughout the whole of Europe),
having hitherto entkely escaped my o\vn observations in the Madeka Islands.
The only specimens which I have seen have been lately communicated to me by
M. Rousset, to whom we are indebted for many additions to the entomological
fauna of the group. There is a good deal of confusion regarding its synonymy,
o^\dng partially perhaps to the Linnsean description and type not altogether
tallying. That the Dermestes fumatus is really however the present insect is
evident from a specimen still in existence, with the original label attached to it, in
the Linnaean collection, — as was also remarked by Gyllenhal, on the au.thority of
Kii'by, who, it would seem, likewise noticed the discrejmncy between the diagnosis
and its representative. The Dermestes fumatus of Marsham, although supposed
both by liimself and others to be the Linnaean species, is the Mycetcea hirta of
European cabinets, — Marsham having apparently transcribed Linnaeus's description
and referred a wronsr insect to it.

■'o

Genus 69. LITARGUS. (Tab. IY. %. 5.)

Erichson, Nat. der Lis. Deutscli. iii. -±15 (1848).

Corpus parvum, eUipticum, Isete picto-variegatum : prothorace transverso, postice lato elytris arete
applicato : alis amplis. Antenna capitis prothoracisque vix longitudine, clavatse pilosfe, articulis
primo, secundo et tertio longitudine subsequalibus (primo leviter robustiore, tertio graciliore
subclavato), quarto ad octavum longitudine decrescentibus latitudine vix crescentibus, reliquis

200 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

clavam magnam laxam elongatara perfoliatam triarticulatam efficientibus (nono subquadrato,
decimo subquadrato-transverso, ultimo subovato basi truncato). Labrum transversum, antice
integrum parce ciliatum. Mandibula valida;, apice acutse bifida;, intus late emarginatse et mem-
brana tenuissima auctje. Maxilla bilobse : lobo extemo magno, apice dilatato valdc j)ubcscenti :
interno breviore minuto angusto, apice pubcscenti-pencillato. Palpi maxillares articulo primo
brevi flexuoso, secundo et tertio longioribus crassis subfequalibus, ultimo elongate subovato apice
oblique tnincato : labiates articulo primo minuto, secundo paulo longiore subclavato, ultimo
eiongato subfusiformi apice recte truncato. Mentum amplum subquaJi'atum, apice integrum et
Icviter rotundatum. Ligula ampla lata membranacea, apice leviter emarginata pubescens ciliata.
Pedes valde cursorii, graciles pilosi : tibiis anticis subrectis apice leviter dilatatis, posterioribus
rectis extus sctosis et (in specie Madercnsi saltcni) ad apicem ipsura pectinato-spinulosis : tarsis
4-articulatis [anticis in maribus 3-articulatis, articulo primo latiore), posteriuribus filiformibus ;
omnibus in utroque sexu articulo primo eiongato (in anterioribus ultimi longitudine sed in posticis
ultimo multo longiore), secundo minore, tertio paulo breviore, ultimo subclavato unguiculis sim-
plicibus munito.

The exceedingly elegant insect wliicli represents the present genus in Madeu'a
(lilTcrs so ^^idely from every other member of the Coleoptera with which we are
here concerned, that even its specific characters would more than suffice to identify
it. Nevertheless, it may be desu-ablc to state that the main featiu-es Avhich eom-
Ijiuc in separating Litargus from the rest of the typical Mycetophagidcc are, its
entire eyes (which arc not emarginated anteriorly, as is the case vrith those of
Mycetoj)h((gus and TrijjJiyllus), the triarticulated club of its antenna?, and its
membranous and anteriorly-subemai-giaated ligida. It is the only normal genus
of the Mycetophagidce (the discovery of TyphcBa being due to M. Eousset) which I
have myself detected in these islands, — the construction of its tarsi, which are
com])osed of three joints only in the anterior male pau-, the remainder being
quacb'iarticulate, entirely according with the family diagnosis as rigidly defined.
The group was established by Erichson in 1818, to embrace, amongst other species
(extra-European), the Mycetophagus bifasciatus of Eabricius, an insect by no means
uncommon in Germany and France, and with which in all its piu-cly structm'al
details the one now under consideration strictly coincides. In external /rtc/^s how-
ever there are a few particulars m Avliich it recedes fi'om it, such as, for instance,
the basal angles of its pronotum not being produced, and its elj'tra being punctate-
striatecl, as well as in the extreme apex of its four hinder tibiae being fringed with
minute spines ; — but these are characters Avhich can scarcely be looked upon as
of generic signification, and hence I have no hesitation in regarding it as a true
Zitargiis. The Litargi seem to be more peculiar to Mediterranean than to northern
latitudes ; and I have been informed by M. Leon Fairmaire, of Paris, that he has
lately received two undescribed forms, somewhat allied to the L. picliis, from Sicily
and Algeria.

■T)^

159. Litargns pictus, Jfolt. (Tab. IV. fii,'. 5.)
L. cllipticus niger vel nigro-piceus subnitidus pubescens, prothorace brevi trausverso, lateribus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 201

elytrorum punctato-striatorum maculis parvis fasciisque variis interruptis, antennarum basi pedi-
busque rufo-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. mas, ly-l|^ : fcem. l|-2.

Habitat per partem Maderae sylvaticam, inter 2000' et 4000' s. m., sub cortice arborum laxo non in-
frequens : specimen unicum etiam in horto Loweano prope Funchal (vespere volitans) deprebensi,
— illic forsan e regione montana, arboratoribus casu deportatum.

L. elliptical (or perhaps slightly more acuminated behind than before), black or piceous-black, slightly
shining, and clothed with a short but robust pubescence. Head and prot/ioi-ax deeply punc-
tured : the latter narrowed in front but wide behind, where it is of the same breadth as the elytra
and closely applied to them ; the posterior margin nearly straight (the basal angles not being
at all produced as in the typical Litargi) ; the edges, especially the lateral ones, more or less
broadly and distinctly rufo-testaceous ; with a deep fovea on either side of the hinder disk, which
does not however extend to the posterior margin. Elytra deeply punctate-striated, and with the
interstices minutely punctulated ; with the lateral margins and a quantity of detached patches
(which have rather the tendency to form aii interrupted anterior, and a somewhat less broken
postmedial, fascia) bright rufo-testaceous. AntenruE at base, and the legs testaceous ; the former
with their club (except the apical half of the terminal joint) darkly infuscated ; and the latter
with their hinder tibife sometimes a little dusky.

A triily indigenous and distinct lAtargus, and by no means uncouunon through-
out the sylvan regions of Madeira between the limits of from 2000 to aboixt 4500
feet above the sea. I have rarely observed it below the former of those altitudes ;
although I once detected a single specimen even in the immediate vicinity of Fun-
chal (in the E-ev. E/. T. Lowe's garden at the Levada), attracted by the light of a
candle into an open window, after twUight : — that specimen however, I have but
little doubt was an accidental one, brought dovni perchance from the moimtains
through the agency of the wood-cutters, or by some other means equally the result
of chance. It is found for the most part beneath the loose bark of trees, — under
which circumstances I have taken it abundantly diu'ing the summer months in
the districts of the Ribeiro Frio and the Panal ; as also, on the 18th of February
1819, in the Boa Ventura : and in July 1850 it was extremely plentiful at the
Lombo dos Pecegueiros, In point of size, the males are a trifle smaller than the
females; but, as regards rarity, both sexes would appear to be pretty evenly
distributed, since out of forty-six specimens fi-om which the above description has
been compiled, twenty-five are males and twenty-one females. Although its
habits are typically subcortical, it may be occasionally extracted from the very
interior of soft decomposed wood, — a mode of life which would seem to be espe-
ciaUy denoted in insects of an elliptical form ; and which is carried to its maximum
in such genera as Flceosoma and Cerylou, in which the unangalar and boat-shaped
bodies, so eminently adapted for forcing, rather than gnaicing theu- way (like the,
more cylindrical, Xyloplmgi) through a spongy, or porous medium, is still further
qualified by the excessive smoothness of their surface, which off'ers, consequently,
no resistance to their progress.

2d

202 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Fam. 17. DERMESTID^.

Genus 70. DERMESTES.
Linnteus, Si/st. JS^at. ii. 501 (17G7).

Corpus mediocre, oblongum, convexum : prothorace postice lato dytris arete applieato, necnon in
medio obtuse lobato : alls amplis. Antennte breves (capite paulo longiores) clavatse pilosse,
artieulo primo subovato crasso, secundo ad septimum paulatim miiuitioribus vix suba;qualibus,
octavo brcvi transverso subpatelliformi, reliquis elavam magnam ovatam triarticulatam efficientibus
(ultimo antecedente angustiore minore). Labrum transversum, antice emarginatum ciliatum.
Mandihulte validse eurtse crassa;, apice vix bidentataj, intus ad basin emarginatse ct membrana
pilosa aucta;. Maxilla bilobse : loho externa lato, apice valde pubesceuti : inferno ineurvo un-
cinato, intus ciliato. Palpi maxillares, artieulo primo minuto, secundo et tertio majoribus sub-
aequalibus, ultimo elongato subfusiforini apice truneato : labiules artieulo primo minuto, secundo
magno subclavato, ultimo majore subcylindrico. Mentum amplum, oblongum postice truncatum,
apice vix emarginatum. Ligula ampla lata cordata. Pedes gracdes retractUes : tibiis extus
setoso-spinulosis, anticis subrectis apice versus leviter dilatatis, posterioribus rectis : tarsis articulis
quatuor baseos subsequalibus.

The common genus Dermestes may be kno^^^l by the thick, oblong forms of the
insects which compose it, and which are ahnost equally roimded at either extre-
mity, and are, most of them, more or less mottled with closely-set sericeous pUe.
The club of their antenna; is ovate and does )iot vary in the sexes, and the first
fom- joints of all then- tarsi are subcqual. The species are found principally in
skins, or amongst bones, furs, and other animal substances, — whether in a par-
tially dried state or prepared by art; as likewise about larders, and in houses
generally, where they often commit considerable damage.

160. Dermestes vulpinus.

D. oblongus niger subflavcscenti-cinereo-pubescens, prothorace ad latera densius pubescenti; subtus
niveo-villosus, segmento penultimo tuberculo medio rotundato picco instructo, et ultimo vitta
media nigra longitudinal! lata ornato necnon ad apieem (cum scutello) fulvo-pubescenti ; elytro
singulo ad apieem ipsum mucronato, antenuarum basi pedibusque picescentibus.

Long. cOrp. lin. 3-45.

Dermestes vulpinus, Fab. Spec. Ins. i. 6-1 (1781).

, OUv. Ent. ii. 9. 8. pi. 1. fig. 6 (1790).

, Gyll. 7«.s. Sure. i. 147 (1808).

— , Steph. HI. Brit. Ent. iii. 123 (1830).

Habitat in urbe Fuucbalensi, ex alienis introductus : specimen uuicum per acrem volitaus autumno
A.D. 1847 deprehensit Rev''"' Dom. Lowe.

D. oblong, black, slightly shining, closely and minutely puuctulated all over, and clothed with a short
yellowish-cinereous, or somewhat griseous pubescence. Prothorax: with the pubescence towards

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 203

the sides longer, much denser, and slightly paler than that of the elytra, — the disk being almost
denuded. Body beneath densely beset with sno^vy-white pubescence, with a black, subdenuded
marginal spot at either lateral edge of each of the abdominal segments, with a round piceous
tubercle in the centre of the penultimate one, and with a broad longitudinal dark subglabrous
vitta on the ultimate one, — the apex of which is more or less beset (like the scutellum) with a
fulvescent, or golden-brown pile. Antenn(B and legs piccscent, — the basal portion of \\ie former,
and the tarsi of the lattei- being paler, or more rufescent.

An insect almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, being a universal attendant
on commerce throughout the civilized world. It aboufids amongst merchandise of
various kinds in Eiu'ope and America, and it was captured by Dr. Horsfield in
Java. I have seen hitherto but a single Madeiran specimen, — which was taken in
Funchal, on the wing, by the Eev. R. T. Lowe in the autumn of 1847 ; but as it
is manifestly an imported species, no very great interest can attach to it, — since it
would probal^ly be found in sufficient numbers were the proper localities inves-
tigated which its destructive habits render bitt too necessary for its sustenance.

Genus 71. ATTAGENUS.

Latreille, Gen. Crust, et Lis. ii. 32 (1802).

Corpus sat parvum, ovale, convexum : prothorace postice lato elytris arete applicato, necnon in medio
ssepius subacute lobato : alls amplis. AnteniuE breviusculse clavatre pilosffi, articulo primo sub-
ovato crasso, secundo miuore subgloboso, inde ad septimum minutis longitudine vix decrescentibus,
octavo brevi transverso paulo latiore, reliquis clavam magnam elongatam triarticulatam efficien-
tibus, ultimo in marc elongatissimo, in foemina ovato basi truncato, in utroque sexu antecedente
multo longiore. Labrum transversum, autice integrum ciliatum. Mandibulm validse curtfe
crassse, apice denticulatse, intus ad basin integrse et membrana ciliat4 angusta auctse. Maxilla
bilobfe : lobo externo lato, apice valde pubescenti : interna incurvo uncinato, intus ciliato. Palpi
maxillares articulo primo minuto, secundo et tertio majoribus (iUo hoc paulo longiore), ultimo
elongate fusiformi apice acuminato-subtruncato : labiales articulo primo minuto, secundo majore
crassiore, ultimo elongato fusiformi apice acuminato-subtruncato. Mentiim aniplum, subqua-
dratum antice angustatum, apice leviter productum. Liyula ampla lata cordata. Pedes graciles
retractQes : tibiis extus seriato-spinulosis, anticis subrectis apicem versus leviter dilatatis, poste-
rioribus rectis : tarsis articulo primo minuto, secundo in posterioribus elongato.

The Attac/eiii may be readily kno^vn from Dermestes by their smaller size, by
the hinder margin of theii- prothorax being usually more acutely jDroduced, or
sinuated, in the centre, and by the proportions of their antennae and trophi, — the
former of which are dissimilar in the sexes, whilst the latter differ in having the
upper lip entire, the mandibles less emarginated at theu* inuer base, and the ter-
minal joint of the palpi longer and more aciuninated than is the case in that
group. The four hinder feet, moreover, oi Attageniis have their second joint much
more elongated than (the ultimate one, of course, excepted) any of the remainder,
— a character indeed which at once separates it from the other genera of the
Dermestid(^,

2d 2

204 IXSECTA MADERENSIA.

161. Attagenus megatoma.

A. ovalis piceo-niger, supra nigro-, iulra subcinereo-flavescenti-pubescens, auteiinarum basi pcdibus-

que rufo-ferrugineis.

Mas, antennanim articulo ultimo elongato subcylindrico.

Long. Corp. lin. lf-2.

Dermestes megatoma. Fab. Ent. Syst. v. Suppl. 71 (1798).

, Dufts. Fna Austr. iii. 40 (1825).

Attafjeiius megatoma, Sturm, Deutsch. Fna, xix. 76. tab. 355. fig. c (1847).
, Ericii. .VaC. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 441 (1848).

Habitat in domibus Madenc, rarissimus : duo specimina a Doin. Heinecken olim capta amicissiiue
communicavit Rev*""' Dom. Lowe.

A. short, oval, slightly shining, piceous-black, very closely and minutely punctulated all over (less
distinctly so however than the D. vulpinus), and clothed (above) with a black pubescence. Body
beneath more or less densely beset with a somewhat ashy-yellow pubescence. Antenna and legs
rufo-f(M'rugiuous ; the former with their club somewhat darker.

Two specimens only of this insect have hitherto conic beneath my notice, —
which were captured many years ago (probably in Funchal) l>y the late Dr. Hei-
necken, from whose collection they were presented to me by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
Being extremely old, and in a somewhat imperfect state, they are not very satis-
factory subjects for examination : nevertheless I have no doubt but that they are
correctly referred to the A. megatoma of European cabinets, — from Silesian
examples of which in my jjossession they do not appear at all to differ, unless
indeed it be that their blackness is slightly less intense (the result perchance of
immatimty, — and answering to the var. /3. of Duftschmidt's Fauna Auslriaca),
and that their ^irothorax is perhaps just perceptil)ly shorter than is there the case.
Like most of the Dermestklw, it is a species liable to transmission -^-ith mer-
chandise ; so that it has consequently obtained for itself a wdde geograjihical
range, — being recorded by Erichson from Syria, North America, and the West
Indian Islands*.

Genus 72. ANTHRENUS.

GKjoflroy, Hist, ties Ins. i. 113 (17G1).

Corpus parvum, fere orbiculatum (subtus valde coiivexum), squamis dcciduis variegatum : capite parvo
inflcxo, ad prosternuni applicando, et occUo frontali instructo : prothorace posticc lato clytris arete

* In Dejean's Catalogue there is an insect quoted as coming li-oiu Jhuleira, mider the name of Noso-
ilendron Maderense, Faldermami, and given as a synonym of the Attagcniis ohtusus of Gylleuhal. I
possess specimens of the true A. ohttisus (Schonlierr) from Algeria, which are altogether distinct from the
present species; and since I have no reason to believe that any Attageniis, except the megatoma, has
liitherto occurreil in JNIadeira, I should be iucliucd to suspect that some mistake has arisen in either the
identification or the locality of Faldermann's insect.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 205

applicato, necnon in medio acute lobato (z. e. in angulum medium producto) : scutello minu-
tissimo, ifigre observando : alts amplis. Antenna brevissimse (capitis longitudiiie) clavatse, in
fovea sub margine pvothoracis inter otium repositfe, articulis primo et ^ecundo robustis, mde
ad octavum minutis subaequalibus, reliquis clavam magnam subsolidam triarticulatam efficien-
tibus. Labrum transversum, antice integrum rotuudatum ciliatum. Mandibula validre curtse
arcuatjE acuta;. Maxilla bilobre : lobo externa pubescenti : interno setaceo, intus ciliato. Palpi
iiliformes, articulo ultimo cylindrico apice truncato. Mentum amplum, subquadratum antice
angustatum, apice \dx emarginatum. Li</ula lata cordata. Pedes breves gracillimi retractiles :
femoribus tibiisqae (insecto quieto) corpori arete applicandis : tarsis liberis, articulis quatuor
baseos subsequalibus.

Anthreniis is supposed to constitute a passage between tlie present family and
the ByrrUdcB, agreeing with the former ia the structiu-e and habits of its larvse,
and in the squamose, variegated surface and slender Umbs of its imago ; whilst ia
the contractility of its legs and antennse (which is more perfect than in the re-
mainder of the Dermestklce, — albeit not complete, since the tarsi are free), and in
its s-eneral subglobose contour it assimilates the latter. In their modes of life
moreover the species are, likewise, somewhat intermediate between Dermestes and
Byrrhus, being found not only amongst skins, bones, furs, &c., but also in the
open country on the flowers of Umbelllferw, or even, occasionally, like the true
Byrrlii, adhering to the undersides of stones in grassy spots.

162. Anthrenus varius.

A. suborbiculatus niger vel fusco-niger et squamis luteis variegatus, prothorace circa angulos posticos
necnon ad angulum ipsum medium niveo-squamoso, elytris fasciis tribus undatis (plus minusve
distinctis) niveo-squamosis ornato ; subtus squamis niveis dcnsius tectus ; antennis pedibusque
nigris.

Long. Corp. lin. \-\^-

Anthrenus Verhasci, Oliv. (nee Liim. 1767) i:nt. ii. 14. 7. pi. 1. fig. 2a-d (1790).

mriiis, Y&h.Snt. S//st. i. 262 (1792).

, Stiirm, Deutsch. Fna, ii. 127 (1807).

Verbasci, Hear, Fna Col Helv. i. 441 (1841).

varius, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Deutsch. iii. 455 (1848).

Habitat Maderam australem, circa domos vel inter flores in hortis Funchalensibus, tempore vernali
vulgaris.

A. suborbicular, black or brownish-black, and with the entire upper surface more or less densely
clothed with luteous or golden-yellow scales. Prothorax with the region about the hmder
angles, and a minute spot at the central angle of the posterior margin with the scales more or
less snowy-white. Ebjtra with three transverse, flexuous, or zigzag fasciae (sometimes a good
deal interrupted, and occasionally altogether obliterated), likewise, composed of white scales.
Body beneath with the scales very thickly set, and almost entirely white, — a small basal space at
either lateral edge of each of the abdominal segments (near which there are indications, also, of a
few scattered yellowish scales) being alone dark. Antenna and legs black.

206 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Much confusion seems to have arisen in the synonjiny of the Anthreni* , —
owing partially perhaps to the perishable nature of theii" scales, and their conse-
quent liability to become more or less denuded of them, under which cu-cum-
stanccs many of the species exliibit, prima facie, but slight differences from each
other. TMien in that condition the A. variiis and nutseorum might be ahnost
confounded inter se, did not other characters than the arrangement of their
pubescence exist to separate them. In aU instances, however, the entirely black
legs and antennse of the former will, apart from its rather larger size and its
normal tendency to be more densely clothed with golden-yellow scales, serve to
distinguish it from the latter. The present insect is very abundant at times in
the vicinity of Funchal, — particularly in gardens during the spring, where it may
be often observed in the flowers of the common moutlily rose : and in April of
1851 it was captm'cd by Professor Heer from the blossoms of apple-trees. It is
universally distributed over Em-ope, and occm-s likemse in the Canary Islands.

Sectio v. CORDYLOCERATA.
Fam. 18. BYRRHIDiE.

Genus 73. SYNCALYPTA.

(DiUwyn) Stojili. 7//. Brit. Eiit. iii. 133 (1830).

Corpus miuutum, orbiculato-ovatum, couvcxum, plus miuusve tomentosum setisque rigidis adspersum :
capite retracto inflexo, ad prosternum applicando : prothorace postice lato elytris arete applicato ;
prosterno antice producto : alis (in speeiebus Maderensibus) obsoletis. Antenna breves (capite
paulo longiores) elavatfc, in fovea prostcrni inter otium repositse, articulis primo et secundo
robustis subcylindricis, inde ad octavum (in speeiebus typieis niinutis sub;eqiialibus, sed in
nostris) longitudine decrescentibus, reliquis clavam magnam subsolidam triarticulatam efficientibus
(nono parvo transverse, deeimo majore, ultimo maximo globoso vel ovato). Labrum breve trans-
versum. Mandibuhe curtre, apice denticulatfe, intus basi profundc sinuatse. Maxill<e biloba; :

* The Anthreniis -with which we arc liere concerned has usually stood under the name of Verhasci,
Linn., having been supposed to be identical with the Byrrhus Verhasci oi i\\e Systema Xaturce {x.it. 1767),
— wliich in realitv' however is a totally diilcrent insect. In point of foct, Olivier was the first to charac-
terize it (In 1790) ; but since he fell into the error (wliioli has since been generally endorsed) of referring
it to the B. Verbasci of Linnaeus, liis description, so far at least as tlie name is concerned, becomes void,
and we are compelled to accept the Fabrieian one of varius (published in 1792) instead. Linnseus's
Byrrlius Verbasci is (as rightly conjectured by Erichson) the Altayeniis trifasciattis of modem authors
(whicii title it ought therefore, in right of priority, to supei-sede),- — as may be seen by a reference to the
Linnsean collection, where there are two well-preserved specimens stUI in existence of the B. Verbasci,
with the original label attached to them, difiering in no respect from the Attagcnus trifasciatus of later
times.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 207

lobo externa ovato pubescenti : interno angustiore, intus ciliato. Palpi maxillares articulo vdtimo
fusifoi-mi apice acuminato. Mentum ad basin, ad apicem, necnon ad latera emarginatum, angulis
omnibus acutis. Ligula brevis, apicem versus angustata bifida. Pedes breves robustissimi,
omnino retractiles (i. e., insecto quieto, corpori arete applicati) : tibiis latis compressis : tarsis
longiusculis, articulis quatuor baseos longitudine leviter decrescentibus.

The genus Sy)icalypta, containing the minims of the ByrrMdm, may be known
by the minute, hispid bodies of the insects which compose it, and by the abrupt
triarticulated club of their antennae. It is a group purely European, and of small
extent, embracing (hitherto) four or five species only, which seem to be nowhere
abundant. In Madeira it is represented by three closely allied forms, which
recede from the more northern types in being invariably apterous. They reside
for the most part beneath stones on the grassy mountain-slopes of a high eleva-
tion, and are, apjoarently, somewhat rare.

163. Syncalypta capitata, Woll.

S. ovata nigra setis rigidis adspersa, prothorace erebre punctate, elytris punctato-striatis, pedibus

rufo-piceis, antennarum ferrugineai-um clava testace^ magna subglobosa.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat sub lapidibus iu montibus Maderoe, rarissima; — prope summum montem Pico dos Ai-ieros
dictum (circa 5500' s. m.) autumno a.d. 1848 a meipso reperta.

S. ovate (being rather acuminated behind), slightly shining, black, more or less besprinkled with a
decumbent cinereous pubescence, and with erect rigid bristles intermixed. Head and prothorax
vei-y obscurely picescent, and closely punctulated. Elytra punctate-striated, but more lightly
so than in either of the following species. Legs rufo-piceous. Antenna ferruginous ; with their
club testaceous, large and subglobose.

Known from the following two by its superior size, less deeply striated elytra,
and by the large, abrupt and rounded club of its antennae. It is apparently
extremely rare, the only specimen which I have seen having been captiu'ed by
myseK, fi-om beneath a stone, in the lofty iipland region immediately below the
summit of the Pico dos Arieros (about 5500 feet above the sea), during the
autmBn of 1848.

164. Syncalypta ovuliformis, Woll.

S. ovata nigra setis rigidis adspersa, prothorace erebre punctate, elytris profunde striato-punetatis,

pedibus rufo-piceis, antennarum ferruginearum clava testacea ovata.
Long. Corp. lin. li.

Habitat in iisdem locis ac prfecedens, sed ilia paulo frequentior.

S. rather smaller than the S. capitata, and with the bristles perhaps not quite so dense, or so robust.

208 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Head aud prothorax as in that insect, though with the punctures appearing, beneath the micro-
scope, to be just perceptibly less deep. Elytra deeply striate-punctate, the punctm-es being more
evident than in that species, — as also (on account of the strise being less deep) than those of the
following one (even though they are not so large). Anteiincs and leys as in the S. capitata,
except that the club of the former is smaller, more ovate and less abrupt.

Apparently the most common of the Madekan Sy needy ptcB, though at the same
time far from abundant. It may be distinguished from the ^S*. capitata by its
smaller size, more deeply punctm-ed elytral stria?, and by the less abrupt and more
ovate club of its antcnntc ; — whilst from the following species its less rounded
outline and different sculptm-c will equally remove it. I have taken it sparingly,
dm-ing the autumnal and winter mouths, beneath stones, on the grassy mountain-
slopes between the Fonte das Mogas and the Pico dos Arieros (upwards of 5000
feet above the sea) ; and in July of 1850 I even captm'cd it, at the Feijaa de C6rte,
beneath the loosely attached bark of trees, — a position however into which it had
e^ddently retreated by mere accident.

165. Syncalypta horrida, Woll.

S. brevi-ovata nigra setis valde rigidis adspersa, prothorace remote punctate (punctis magnis), elytris

profunde punctato-striatis, pedibus rufo-piceis, antennarum ferr-uginearum clava testacea.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat sub lapidibus Portus Sancti, in locis inferioribus arenosis ; — prope oppidum tempore hiberno
A.D. 1848 detecta.

S. shorter than either of the preceding species, being less perceptibly acuminated behind, — but with
the erect setse rather more closely set and distinctly robuster, being exceedingly rigid. Head and
prothorax as in those insects ; except that the latter is much less densely punctured, aud with the
punctures themselves very much larger. Elytra deeply punctate-striated, the striae being deeper
than those of the last species, — and with the punctures rather larger, though perhaps (from being
more deeply immersed) scarcely so apparent. Legs rufo-piceous. AntemuB ferruginous, with
their club a little paler.

The present species may be easily recognized from the previous two by its
smaller size and shorter outline, by the deeper, more distant, and very much larger
pimctures of its prothorax, and by its more coarsely striated elytra, — the punc-
tures of which are, likewise, exceedingly large, though, on accoimt of the depth of
the strite in which they are immersed, not proportionobly evident. It is hitherto
unique, the specunen from which the above description has been di-awn out havmg
been captm-ed by myself in Porto Santo, from beneath a stone in the immediate
■\dcinity of the town, during the ^\-inter of 1818; — thus receding in its habits
altogether from the other Syiicalyptce here described, the range of which is the
grassy slopes of the loftiest altitudes.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 209

Fam. 19. HISTERID^.

Genus 74. HISTER.

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ii. 566 (1767).

Corpus mediocre, plus minusve oblongo-quadratum, durum, glaberrimum : capite retracto : prothorace
postice lato elj-tris arete applicato, mox intra latera striate ; prosterno antice in lobum corneum
(capitis basin inferiorem obtegentem) producto : elytris ad apicem truncatis, striis subrectis
(omuino vel fere integris) impressis : alls modo amplis, modo obsoletis. Antenna breves (capite
vix longiores) capitatae geniculatse, articulo primo elongatissimo robusto flexuoso, in fovea sub
margine capitis inter otium reposito, funiculo {i. e. articulis inter basalem et clavam sitis, — in
hoc genera ex articulis septem composito) apicem versus paulatim incrassato, reliquis capitulum
magnum solidum ovale triarticulatum eflScientibus. Labrum subquadratum niarginibus valde
ciliatis, antice saepius integrum, sed interdum (ut in specie nostra) in medio profunde fisso-
emarginatum. Mandibula magnae validae incurvfe exsertae, interdum inaequaies, infra apicem
saepius dente valido instructae, ad basin sinuatae et pubescentes. Maxilla bilobae : lobo externo
elongato recto, intus et apice valde pubescenti : inferno brevi pubescenti membranaceo, intus
valde ciliato. Paljyi filiformes ; maxillares articulo primo parvo, reliquis longitudine subaequa-
libus (secundo et tertio flexuosis subclavatis, ultimo fusiformi) ; labiales e scapis ligulae connatis
surgentes, articulo primo parvo, secundo majore crassiore, ultimo elongato subfusiformi. Mentum
transverso-subquadratum pilosum, apice leviter emarginatum. Ligula bipartita valde pilosa, lobis
longis divergentibus membranaceis. Pedes validi retractiles : tibiis latis compressis, extus plus
minusve fortiter dentatis [posterioribus necnon seriatim spinulosis) : tarsis filiformibus {anticis
subreceptis), articulis quatuor baseos longitudine subsequalibus.

The members of tlie present family, — whose power of contracting their limbs,
and thus counterfeiting death, is so great as to have gaiaed for them the popular
appellation of " Mimic-Beetles," and the generic name of Sister, — are almost too
well known to require comment. Their hard, subquadrate, highly-polished bodies
and usually deep black hue, in conjunction with the excessive robustness of their
strongly-spiaed legs, are ia admirable accordance with their darkling nature and
eminently burrowdng propensities, — the species residing principally ia putrescent
substances (both animal and vegetable), which they assist in decomposing and helji
therefore materially to remove. The representatives of the typical genus (the one
now under consideration) may, apart from their external configuration and
superior size, be known from the Paromali and Scqwini by the structure of their
antennae, — which have the scape (though elongated and flexuose) less strictly
clavated, and the funiculus (instead of being filiform) gradually and regularly
thickened towards its apex, — by the last three joints of their maxillary palpi being
of nearly similar length, by then." prothorax being impressed wdth one or more
longitudinal lines towards either of its lateral edges, and the striae of their elytra
being either altogether entu'e or else but very slightly abbreviated behind. In
their anteriorly produced prosterna and dentate mandibles they coincide witli
Paromalus ; whilst in the formation of tlieir inner maxillary lobe, in the subequal

2 E

210 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

articulations of thcii- feet, as ■well as in their general habits, they are more inti-
mately related to Saprhms. It is somewhat remarkable that a group so \ndely
and uniformly distributed throughout northern and central latitudes as Sister is,
and indeed over a great portion of the knowTi world, shoiild be but sparingly
indicated in islands only just removed from the Em-opean continent ; for in Ma-
deu'a proper not so much as a single species has hitherto come beneath my notice,
— a solitary specimen of the IT. major, fi'om the sea-shore of Porto Santo, con-
stituting its soIq claims to admission into our fauna at all.

166. Hister major.

H. oblongo-subquadratus ater nitidissimus, prothorace intra latera unistriato necnon ad latera pills
fulvis dense ciliato, elytro singulo striis quatuor (tribus fere rectis sed externa flexuosa fracta)
impresso, abdomine crebre punctnlato, antennarum articulo ultimo fulvo.

Long. Corp. lin. 5i.

Sister major, Linii. Si/st. ^at. ii. 566 (1767).

, Fab. Enf. Si/st. i. 72 (1792).

, Payk. Mon. Hist. 11. tab. ii. fig. 3 (1811).

, Heer, Fim Col. IMu. i. 4-52 (1841)

Habitat per oraiu niaritimam Portus Sancti, semel tantum (a.d. 1848) repertus.

H. somewhat squarisb-oblong, intense black, exceedingly highly polished, and with the faintest
possible indications (rather more apparent however towards the sides) of minute punctures
throughout. Prothorax with a deep submarginal stria on either side, and with the lateral and
front edges (particularly the former) densely fringed with long fulvous pile ; and with a row of
punctures along the extreme hinder margin, — which however are almost evanescent in the
middle, though extremely evident midway between the centre and sides. Elytra very obliquely
truncated behind ; and with four somewhat lightly impressed strife do\TO the outer disk of each,
extending nearly to the apex, — of which the three inner ones are nearly straight, and that
towards the margin greatly flexuose, and broken in the centre by a small oblique intersecting
line. Abdomen closely and rather deeply punctulated. Antenrue shghtly piceous, with their
apical joint fulvous.

The deeply bilobed upper lip of this large and well-marked Ulster, — in which it
recedes from the ordinary generic type, — in conjimction ^\ith the bright fulvous
pile Avith Avhich the edges of its prothorax are densely fringed, will at once serve,
even alone, to identify it from the remainder of the family here described. The
only specimen which has hitherto come under my obserAation in these islands was
captured by myself on the beach of Porto Santo, in 1818. It is an insect which
does not appear to be found in northern Europe, being more especially peculiar to
maritime spots of Mediterranean latitudes. In the south of Prance and Spain it
is exceedingly common ; and it occurs also in the north of ^\irica and in the
Canarian group : and it is recorded by Linnaeus as having been received even
fi'om India.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 211

Genus 75. PAROMALUS.

Erictson, in Klug JaJirh. i. 167 (1834).

Corpus parvunij plerumque quadrato-rotuudatum, durum, glaberrimum : capite retracto : prothorace
postice lato elytris arete applieato, latera versus haud striate ; prosterno antice in lobum corneum
(capitis basin inferiorem obtegentem) producto : elytris ad apicem recto-truncatis, striis subrectis
(fere integris) ssepius impressis : alis amplis. Antenna breves (capite vix longiores) capitatse
geniculatre, articulo primo elongatissimo robusto flexuoso clavato, in fovea sub margine capitis
inter otium reposito, funiculo subfiliformi (articulis primo et ultimo majoribus, illo sat elongate,
hoc latiore transverso), reliquis capitulum magnum solidum ovale triarticulatum eflBcicntibus.
Labrum transversum, antice integrum vix ciliatum. Mandiliula magufe validfe incurvfe exsertse,
infra apicem dente valido instructae, ad basin lataj pubescentes. MaxilLe bilobte membranaccEe :
lobo externa elongato, intus et apice valde pubescenti : interno brevi angusto, apice incurvo
uncinato, intus valde ciliato. Palpi filiformes ; maxillures articulo primo parvo, secundo et tertio
majoribus crassioribus sequalibus, ultimo elongato fusiformi basi truncato : labiales e scapis ligulse
connatis surgentes, articulo primo parvo, secundo majore cra.ssiore subclavato, ultimo elongato
fusiformi basi subtruncato. Mentum parvum, apice fisso-emarginatum. Ligula bipartita valde
pilosa, lobis longis divergentibus membranaceis. Pedes validi retractiles : tibiis leviter inciu'vis,
compressis, modo angustioribus modo latiusculis, extus (prsesertim anticis) plus miuusve eroso-
subdentatis {posticis fere integris) : tarsis filiformibus longiusculis (anticis subreceptis), articulo
primo elongato.

Apart from the minute bulb of the few insects which unite in composing it,
Faromalus may be known from Sister proper by the proportions of its antennae
(of which the scape is comi^aratively more robust and clavatecl, and the funiculus
much more filiform, than is the case in that genus), by the smaller, narrower, and
more uncinated inner lobe of its maxilla?, by the second and tliird articulations of
its maxillary palpi bemg far shorter than the ultimate one, and by the somewhat
different construction of its mentum, tibiae and tarsi, — the last of which have then*
basal joint distinctly longer than (the fifth excepted) any of the rest*. It is iu
their habits however, more than ia their structure, that the Paromali recede from
■the H'tstri and Saprbii, since they are scarcely ever found, so far as I am aware,
either in carrion or dung (the especial haunts of the latter), but in fungi, beneath
the bark and moss of trees, or adhering to the under sides of stones even in the
open country, — a position which may perhaps be partially accounted for by the
fact, which has more than once been recorded, that some of the species occasionally

* Paromalus approaclies very closely to the genus DendropJiihis, from wliich perhaps it is scarcely
sufficiently distinct ; nevertheless, since it has been separated therefrom by Erichson, I have not ventured
to re-amalgamate them. After a carefid dissection however of the two Madeiran Paromali., and also of a
specimen of Deiulrophilus punctatiis (from Berlin), it appears to me that the only points in which the
former recede from the latter are, fii'st, in the somewhat longer and less robust scape, and the more oval
club, of their auteimse ; and, secondly, in the stitietm-e of their tibiae, which are a Httle incurved, and not
quite so broad, — nor are they obliquely truncated towards their external base (a peculiarity which, —
though but faintly expressed iu the anterior pair, — is exceedingly evident in the foiu' hinder tibite of the
Dendrophili; and which gives them the appearance of being slightly angulated about the middle of their
outer edge) .

2 E 2

212 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

associate ^vitli Ants. The second however of the two representatives described
below would appear to be aberrant in this respect, occurring, like the true Histri,
amongst putrescent substances, — of an animal as well as a vegetable nature.

§ I. Corpus suhqtMdrato-rotundatum : tihiis angustiorihus, extus leviter eroso-subdentatis : iarsix articuJo

primo valde elanqato.

167. Paromalus minimus.
P. niger nitidus imdique crebre punctulatus, elytro singulo striis quatuor (interna minus profunda,

postice abbreviate sed antice fere ad suturam incurva) impresso, abdomine crebre punctulato,

antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |.

Ulster minimus, Dej. Cat. (edit. 1) (1821).

Dendrophilm punctafus, Steph. (uec Eiif. Uefte) Til. Brit. Ent. iii. 159 (1830).

minimus, Dej. Cat. (edit. 3) li3 (1837).

Paromalus minimus, Aubc, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France (2'*"'« serie) viii. 322 (1850).

Habitat sub lapidibus Maderae, prsesertim in clivis graminosis inter 2000' et 4500' s. m., hinc inde
parum vulgaris, — formicarum nidos, nisi fallor, interdum colens.

P. small and nearly round, black, often witb a piceous tinge (especially on the prothorax), shining,
and closely punctulated* all over, — the punctures being rather larger on the elytra, and towards
the hinder portion of the prothorax, than in front. Elytra with their extreme apex picescent ;
and with four impressed and obscurely punctate stri;e down the outer disk of each, shghtly
abbreviated behind, — especially the inner one, which is moreover very much fainter than the rest,
and incurved in front (where it has the appearance, beneath the microscope, of being regularly
and curiously undulated, or zigzaged) nearly to the suture, where it is suddenly terminated at a
short distance from the scutellum. Abdomen closely and finely punctulated. Antenna and legs
rufo-piceous ; the former with their club a httlc paler.

A very distinct little Paromalus ; and kno^-n at once by its minute, roimded,
and densely punctulated body, and by the innermost of it?, four elytral stria? being
exceedingly lightly impressed, and arcuated in front almost to the suture. It is
rather a common insect throughout Madeira, occurring for the most part under
stones in grassy spots, between the limits of from 2000 to about 4500 feet above
the sea. On most of the mountain-slopes above Funchal I have taken it in
tolerable abundance, and at all seasons of the year ; as also in exposed positions at
Camacha, and on the Paid da Scrra, in July. It is a species of central and
Mediterranean latitudes, being recorded in France, Spain, SicUy and Algeria ; and
I have, likewise, captured it along the southern shores of England and ^^'ales,

♦ This sculpture, when viewed beneatli a liigli magnifying power, is of a very pccuhar nature, tlie
spaces between the larger pimctures being muformly studded (especially on the elytra) \v\i\\ fasciculi of
excessively minute impressions, — each fascicidus, or cluster, being usually composed of about three of
tliese microscopic points, of which the centnd one is the largest.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 213

and on one occasion even so far north as Lincolnshire. Dr. Aub6 states that he
has found it beneath dried animal remains near Paris ; but I have not, myself,
ever observed it in such situations, — though I think it far from improbable that
it may be an attendant, at certain times, within the nests of Ants.

§ II. Corpus subquadrato-oblongum : tibiis lafiusculis, extus profunde eroso-subdentatis : tarsis articido

prima leviter elongato.

168. Paromalus pumiHo.

P. ater nitidissimus, prothorace versus latera parce punctulato (punctis magnis sed baud profundis)
necnon per marginem ipsum posticum seriato-punctato, elytris ad apicem punctulatis, singulo
striis septem profundis (suturali antice abbreviata) punctatis impresso, abdomine subremote
punctulato, antennis pedibusque pieescentibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1-1 1-.

Pa/romalus pvmilio, Erich, in King Jahrh. i. 169 (1834).

Habitat in marcidis Maderse australis, mihi non obvius : per oram Funchalensem maritimam primus
collegit Dom. Rousset, qui plui'ima specimina nuper communicavit.

P. larger than the P. minimus, squarish-oblong, of an intenser black, and much more brilliantly
polished. Pruthorax much broader in front than in that insect, almost unsculptured on the
disk, but with large (though shallow) and distant punctures towards the sides; and with a
row of distinct punctures along the extreme hinder margin, — of which the central one is slightly
advanced and the most apparent. Elytra with their extreme apex picescent and besprinkled
with large shallow punctures ; and with seven deeply-impressed and distinctly punctate strise
down each, extending almost to the extreme apex, — though with the inner, or sutural one con-
siderably abbreviated in fi-ont. Abdomen more sparingly pimctured than in the last species, —
the punctures however being large, though exceedingly shallow. Antenna and legs somewhat
darker, or less rufescent, than those of the P. minimus.

Readily distinguished from the P. minimns by its larger size, less rounded, or
somewhat squarish-oblong outHne, by its more brilliant, intensely black, and less
punctulated surface, and by the seven very deep and distinctly punctui-ed striae
with which its elytra are impressed. It is an insect which I have not, myself,
detected in the Madeira Islands, — the discovery of it being due to M. Rousset,
who informs me that it occurs abundantly (in company vrvih. Dactijlosternnm
Boussetii, Apliodlus obccenus, and Oxyomus sabulosus) beneath stones, amongst
animal and vegetable rejectamenta, on the sea-beach of Funchal, especially at the
outlets of the filthy drains which carry off the refuse of the town below the chui-ch
of Nossa Sen^ do Calhao, towards the St. Jago Eort. It does not appear to be a
species of very general European distribution : I possess however specimens from
Berlin, given to me by Dr. H. Schavun, which differ in no respect from the

214 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Madeiran ones, except that the single row of pimctui-es along the extreme hinder
margin of theu* prothorax is rather less evident.

Genus 76. SAPRINUS.

Erichsou, in Klug Jalirl. i. 172 (1834).

Corpus mediocre, \A\\% minusve ovato-quadratum (lateribus plerumque le\-iter undulatis), durum,
glaberrimum, srepius punctatum : capite retracto : pruthorace postice lato elytris arete applicato,
latera versus baud striato : prosterno antice lobo nullo iustructo : eh/tris ad apicem truncatis,
striis obliquis (postice valde abbreviatis) inipressis : alis plerumque amplis. Antenna bre-
vissimse (capitis longitudine) capitatse geniculatse, articulo primo clongato robustissimo flexuoso
cla^•ato, in fovea ad margiuem capitis inter otium rejiosito, funieulo subfiliformi (articulo primo
robusto globoso-quadi-ato, ultimo brevissimo lato lamelliformi), reliquis capitulum magnum
solidissimum truneato-globosum triartieulatum efficientibus. Lahmm transversum, antice levitcr
emarginatum, lateribus ciliatis. Mandibulte magnse valida; incurva; exsertae (dente infra apicem
ssepius obsolcto), ad basin latse pnbcsccutes. Maxilf<e bilobse membranacese : lobo externa
elongate latiusculo, intus ct apice valde pubescenti : interno brcvi pubeseeuti, intus valde ciliato.
Palpi filiformes ; maxillares articulo primo parvo, secundo ct tcrtio majoribus crassioribus sub-
ajqualibus (ultimo elongato fusiformi basi truncato) : labiales e scapis ligulse eonnatis surgentes,
articulo primo jiarvo, secundo et tertio longitudine sub;cqualibus (illo subelavato, hoc fusiformi
basi subtruncato). Mentiim subquadratum, apice emarginatum. Liyula bipartita valde pilosa,
lobis longis divergentibus membranaceis. Pedes validi retractiles : tibiis latis compressis, extus
plus minusve dentatis (posterioribus necnon biseriatim spinulosis) : tarsis filiformibus liberis,
articulis quatuor baseos longitudine subrequalibus.

SapHntts, in the size and habits of the species which compose it, as also in
the construction of its inner maxillary lobe and in the subequal joints of its feet,
brings us nearly back again to Il/sfer. Like the preceding group however, and
others not found in the ]\Iadeii'a Islands, it would seem to be best understood
when regarded as an offshoot from Sister proper. For ijerhaps we are too apt to
be misled by names, and to imagine that genera, simply because they are so called,
are necessarily of equal importance inter se : whereas it is well known to
natm'alists, that, attendant upon great primary forms (such as Mister, Cicindela,
OtiorJii/iichiis, &c.), which arc distributed over more or less of the known world,
Ave almost invarial)ly discover a certain niunbcr of subsidiary modiiications, "which
remain constant within theh' respective boixnds, and are often of geographical
significance, shaping out, as it were, secondary though well-defined assemblages, —
satellites around their central tjqies. It is just such a position as this that the
genus before us would appear to occupy : — for, as the Ophoni arc distinguished
from Harpalus, the Allcoitidcs from Laparocerits, and the O.vijomi ivom. uijjhodiiis,
so the Saprini are moulded out of Uister, according to a fixed law which we can
seldom fail even ijrimd facie to detect. Thus, theu* somewhat shorter, more
ovate and rather undulated outliue, in conjunction AAith the more or less sub-
metallic hue of theu* comparatively piuictulated surfaces, the very oblique and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 215

posteriorly-abbre\datecl strife of theii- elytra, and the iinimpressed edges of theii-
prouotum, all tend to prove that this variation is steadfast, and therefore, — if Ave
choose so to designate it, — a generic one. And, as regards less conspicuous points
of structure, their anteriorly unproduced prosternuni, their perceptibly more
robust and abbreviated antennae (the scape of which is clavate, and the funiculus
nearly filiform, — the basal articulation however being large and squarish, and the
ultimate one broad, extremely short, and compressed into a thin plate, — whilst
the club is very sohd and globose), added to theii- subemarginated upper lip and
their usually edentate mandibles, are abundantly sufficient, when combined, to
separate the Scqorini, not only from the normal Histers, but also, equally, from
the FaromaU and the remainder of theu- allies.

169. Saprinus nitidulus.

S. subovato-quadi'atus subsenescenti-niger nitidissimus, capite insequaliter punctulato, prothorace
versus latera necnon per marginem posticum profimde punctato, eljiiro siugido striis quinque
dimidiatis obliquis et una suturali recta antice obsoleta impresso, parte postica dimidia profunde
punctata, antennis pedibusque picescentibus, tibiis anticis spinuloso-subdentatis.

Long. corp. lin. 3-3i.

Var. (3. minor, paulo magis rotundatus, tibiarum anticarum spinulis minoribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 2-2i.

Sister nitidulus, Fab. Syst. EJeu. i. 85 (1801).

■ semistriatus, Ent. Sefte, i. 77 (1803).

nitidulus, Payk. Mon. Hist. 58. tab. v. fig. 3 (1811).

Saprinus nitidulus, Erich. Edf. der Mark Brand, ii. 670 (1839).

Habitat Maderam australem, mibi non obvius : quinque specimina, a Dom. Heinecken M.D. olini
capta, benigne donavit Rev'*'^ Dom. Lowe; necnon exemplar unicum ad cram Funcbalensem
maritimam in marcidis detectum Dom. Rousset nuperrime misit.

S. squarish-ovate, black with an aeneous tinge, and exceedingly shining. Head rather unequally
punctm-ed (only sparingly so behind) ; and with the forehead most narrowly margined at the
sides (the margin being totally evanescent in front) . Prothorax almost imperceptibly margined ;
with the anterior angles (which have a wide shallow depression within each) regularly rounded,
and with the front emargination shallow ; with large and rather deep punctures towards the sides
and along the hinder margin. Elytra with their extreme apex sometimes a little picescent; with
their posterior region (equalling about one-half of the entire surface, — and concave anteriorly)
deeply and distinctly punctured ; and with five deeply-impressed, punctate and very oblique striae
down the outer disk of each, extending but slightly behind the middle (of which the third is
usually rather the longest, and the inner one incurved to within a short distance of the scutellum),
as also a straight but anteriorly-obsolete one close alongside the suture, — the space between the
third and fifth striffi being more or less punctured and rugulose. Abdomen rather acuminated,
closely and coarsely punctured. Antenna and le(/s dark piceous ; the former with their funiculus

216 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

a little more rufescent and their club infuscate ; and the latter with their anterior tibise spinulose
externally, — the number of the spines being usually about twelve.
Var. /3. smaller, and rather rounder in outhne; and with the anterior tibiae more minutely spinulose
along their outer edge.

The S. nitidulus may be at once known from the two folloAving species by its much
larger, somewhat more ovate (or acumiuated) body, by the anteriorly-obsolete
sutural striae of its elji;ra (the punctured portion of which is concave in front), and
by the number of its fore-tibial spines being usually about twelve. It is an
abundant insect thi-oughout Europe and in the north of Africa, and it is recorded
l)y Weljl) and Berthelot in the Canary Islands. I have not myself succeeded in
detecting it in Madeu'a ; but I possess five specimens, given to me by the Rev.
R. T. Lowe, from the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken, by whom they were
taken near Funchal. Three of these {var. /3.) are considerably smaller than the
remaining two ; and from a label still attached to them, appear to have occurred
in his garden at the Valle. A single recent individual only has come beneath my
notice, — captured by M. Roussct, in company -with Faromahts imm'dio, amongst
rejectamenta, in the immediate vicinity of the sewers and di-ains, on the beach of
Funchal.

170. Saprinus chalcites.

S. subrotundato-quadratus seneus nitidissimus, capite crebre et subtiliter punctulato, prothorace
versus latera Icviter, sed per margincm posticum profunde punctato, elytro singulo striis quinque
dimidiatis obliquis (externa angulata fracta) et una suturali recta intcgra impresso, parte postica
dimidia, punctata, antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis, tibiis anticis spinuloso-subdentatis.

Long. Corp. lin. \\-2.

Mister chalcites, lUig. Mag. fur Ins. vi. 40 (1807).

rufipes, Gyll. Ins. Suec. i. 90 (1808).

njinis, Payk. Hon. Hist. 76. tab. vii. fig. 2 (1811).

Sa2)rinus chalcites, Erich, in Khig Jahrh. i. 182 (1834).
, Lucas, Col de VAlgerie, 229 (1849).

Habitat in marcidis insidarum ]\Liderensium, rarior : in Porta Sancto duo specimina (una cum
Sf. metallico dcgcns), necnon unicum etiam in Dcserta Grandi (Maio cxcunte a.d. 1850) collcgi :
in Madera propria mihi non obviu.«, sed exemplar possideo a Bom. Heinecken prope urbem Fun-
chalenscm nisi fallor olim rcpertum.

S. roundi.sh-quadrate, peneous (more or less bright, and occasionally with even a slightlv ])iceous
tinge), and exceedingly highly polished. Head \evy closely and finely punctured; and with the
forehead most narrowly margined at the sides (the margin being totally evanescent in the extreme
centre in front). Prothorax, likewise, narrowly margined; with the anterior angles (which have
a rounded shallow depression at a considerable distance within each) broad and somewhat ob-
liquely truncated, and the front cmargination shallow ; with small and very lightly impressed
punctures towards the sides, and deeper ones along the hinder margin. Elytra witli their
extreme ape.x picescent, or ferruginous ; with their posterior region (scarcely equalling a half of

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 217

the entire surface) finely but distinctly punctured ; and with five deep, subpunctate and oblique
striae (not quite so oblique however as those of the S. nitidulus) down the outer disk of each,
extending but slightly behind the middle (of which the second is rather the longest, the outer,
or marginal one obscure, angulated and broken, and the inner one incurved to within a short
distance of the scutellum, where it joins) a straight and entire (though anteriorly lightly im-
pressed) one close alongside the suture, —the space between the third and fifth strife being a little
punctured and rugulose. Abdomen closely and coarsely punctured. Antmna and legs bright
rufo-piceous ; the la(/er with theu- anterior tibiae spinulose externally, — the number of the spines
being usually about eight or nine.

A very distinct species ; and one whicli may be known from the other Saprini
here described by its more rounded outline and brassy hue, and by its bright rufo-
piceous limbs ; by the anterior angles of its prothorax being wider and somewhat
obliquely truncated (instead of uniformly rounded) at theii- apex, by the general
fineness of its punctuation, and by the spinules of its front tibia; being about
eight in munber*. It is apparently somewhat scarce. I possess an old specimen
taken by the late Dr. Heinecken near Fimchal ; and I have myself observed it,
sparingly, in company mth the ,S'. metallicus, in Porto Santo,— as also on the
Dezerta Grande, where I captm^ed a single individual dm*ing my encampment
there, with the Eev. R. T. Lowe, at the end of May 1850. It is an insect of rather
wide geographical range, but is not very abundant tlu-oughout Em-ope, — occurring
principally in Mediterranean latitudes. It is recorded as tolerably common in
Barbary and Algeria. There are African examples in the British Museum ; and I
have seen others, in the collection of Mr. Waterhouse, from the Cape of Good
Hope : whilst it is stated by Paykull to have been received even from the East
Indies.

171. Saprinus metaUicixs.

S. suboblongo-quadi-atus jeneus, vel aenescenti-niger, vel etiam subcyanescenti-niger, nitidus, capite
fortiter margiuato impunctato sed antice rugoso, prothorace versus latera leviter substriguloso-,
sed per marginem posticum profunde, punctato, elytro singulo striis quinque dimidiatis obliquis
(externa angulata fracta) et una suturali recta Integra distincta impresso, parte postica (dimidio
paulo majore) crebre punctata, antennis pedibusque picescentibus, tibiis anticis quinque-dentatis.

Long. Corp. lin. ]|-1|.

Ulster metallicus, Herbst, Xdf. iv. 32 (1792).

, Fab. Syst. Eleu. i. 89 (1801).

Saj>rinus metallicus, Erich, in King Jalirl. i. 195 (ISSi).

Habitat per oram maritimam Portus Sancti, a meipso copiose repertus.

* In general contour, the -S. clialcites slightly resembles the common European (S*. ceneus ; nevertheless
a closer examination will show- that it does in reality recede from it in most of the distinctive characters
above enumerated, — though especially in its elyti-al striae (which are altogether dissimilar), in the shape of
its prothorax (with its peculiarly sub truncated anterior angles), in its less deeply pimctulated suiiace, and
m the somewhat greater robustness of its frout-tibial spines.

2r

218 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

S. squarish-oblong, varj'ing from feneous into acneous-black, and often with a bluish or cyaneous
tinge ; less shining than cither of the previous species. Head unpunctured ; but with the
forehead strongly margined both at the sides and in front, and transversely wrinkled and pitted
anteriorly. Protlwrax, likewise, more distinctly margined than in either of the preceding species ;
with the anterior angles (which have no indication of a depression within them) porrected (though
rounded), and the front cmargination comparatively deep ; verj' lightly roughened towards the
sides with exceedingly faint and somewhat contlueut punctures (which causes the sculpture to be
slightly strigulose), but with very deep ones along the hinder margin. Elytra with their extreme
apex more or less picescent, or ferruginous ; with their posterior region (distinctly exceeding the
half of the entire surface) very closely and dcejily punctured ; and with five deeply-impressed
punctate and oblique strise do\vn the outer disk of each, extending but slightly behind the
middle (of which the third is rather the longest, the outer, or marginal one obscure, angulated
and broken, and the inner one incurved to within a short distance of the scutellum, where it
joins), a straight, deep and entire one close alongside the suture, — the space between the third
and fifth stritc being usually more free from punctures and wrinkles than in either of the other
species. Abdomen closely and rather coarsely punctured. Antenna and legs dark piceous ; the
former with their club fuscous ; and the latter with their anterior tibiae armed externally with five
powerful teeth.

An abundant insect throughout the whole of Europe and in the north of Afi'ica.
It may be easily recognized from the previous two by its more oblong form, by its
deeply pitted and strongly margined (though unpunctm-ed) forehead, by the more
porrected anterior angles of its (laterally substrigulosc) prothorax (which do 7iot
enclose a depression, as in the other sjiecies, Avithin them), by the pimctm-ed
portion of its elytra rather exceeding the half of their entire sui'face, and by the
front tibia? being each armed with five powerful and well-defined teeth*. I have
taken it abundantly on the sea-shore of Porto Santo, but have not hitherto
observed it in any of the other islands of the group.

Fam. 20. THORICTID^.

Genus 77. THORICTUS. (Tab. IV. fig. G.)

Germar, in Silb. liev. Ent. ii. 2. 15 (1834).

Corpus parvum, obtusum, dm-um, politissimum : prothorace amplissimo : mesothorace brevissimo,
scutello min>itissimo (segre observando) : elijtris subeonnatis ad apicem rotundatis integris : alts
obsolctis. AntenruB (IV. 6 a) brevissimre (caj)ite vix longiores) crassK capitata?, ad marginem
capitis repositse, articulis prime et secundo (illo prsecipue) robustis, tertio ad octavum breubus

* The present Saprinus diflers from the S. metallicus of the Entomohgische Hefte, of Gyllenlial, and
of Paykull's Monograph (wluch, aecordiiig to Erichson, is the II. rugifrons of PaykuU's Fauna Suecica)
in being a little smaller, and in having only five teeth, mstead of six, to its front tibia\ The insect which
has usually stood in British collections imder the name of S. metallicus is (accepting Erichson's state-
ment) the true rugifrons. But I think it for from improbable however that the two may be in reality but
states of the same species, — in the same manner as we have two distinct modifications of the S. niiidulus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 219

longitddine aqualibus latitudine vix sensirn crescentibus, reliquis capitulum magnum solidissimuin
ovatum apice oblique truncatum triarticulatum efficientibus (nono et decimo magnis trausversis,
ultimo brevissirao subemerso oblique tmucato necnon ad apicem ipsum piloso). Labrum trans-
verso-subquadratum, antice leviter bilobura, lobis rotundatis eiliatis. Mandibula (IV. 6 b)
validre crassffi obtusa; latm glabra;, apice bidentatae. Maxilla (IV. 6 c) bilobse : lobo exlerno
membranaceo latiusculo, intus et apice valde pubescenti : interno paulo breviore angusto, apice
incui-vo unciuato acuto, intus pubescenti. Palpi maxillares articulo primo parvo subflexuoso,
secundo et tertio crassioribus sequalibus, ultimo elongato-subovato basi truncate : labiales (IV. 6 d)
articulo primo parvo subcarnoso translucido, secundo et tertio durioribus elongatis (illo sub-
flexuoso clavato, hoc paulo longiore crassiore oblongo). Mentum (IV. 6 e) corneum valde
anomalum, veluti e duplici parte formatum, alia sc. apicali quadrata ad apicem in medio leviter
fissa, alia basilari (prioris stipite) latiore transverso-subquadrata ad apicem et latera (ilium pra-
cipue) in angulum medium producta. Liffula (IV. 6 d) membranacea, antice leviter biloba
ciliata. Pedes robustissimi subcontractiles, omnes basi subapproximati, anteriores breves : femo-
ribiis subcurvatis : tibiis setosis, anterioribiis apicem versus dilatatis : iarsis (praesertim anteri-
oribus) crassis subconicis (apicem versus sensim acuminatis), articulis quatuor baseos sub^qualibus,
quinto paulo longiore subconico-truncato unguiculis simplicibus munito.

The little genus Tliorictus, equal to Sphceropliorus of Waltl {Silb. Bev. Ent.
A.D. 1836, iv. 150) and Xylonotrogus of Motscliulsky {Bull, cle Moscon, a.d. 1839,
tab. 5. f. C), was established by Germav in 1834 to contain a large species, the
T. castaneus, from Nubia. It is composed of a few, very anomalous, insects almost
peculiar to Mediterranean latitudes (Sicily, Corfu, Smyi-na, Egypt, Algeria, &c.),
and characterized by their obtuse, apterous, shining and nearly glabrous bodies,
by their enormously developed prothoras and minute mesothorax, and by the
excessive robustness of their legs and antennae, — the former of which, from the
reduced length of the mesosternujn, approximate very closely at their base, and
have their tibiae exceedingly setose, and their tarsi thick and acuminated (a struc-
ture of very rare occurrence in the Coleoptera, but which is expressed, likewise, ia
3IyrmecoUus, Cossyplwdes, and in a few of the msteridce) ; whilst the latter are
remarkable for the terminal joint of their (particularly solid) club being unna-
turally foreshortened (as though deeply immersed in the penultimate one), or
obliquely lopped oif (and pilose), at its extremity. Theii- pro- and meso-thoraces,
moreover, would appear to be very iatimately united, — a peculiarity which I have
observed whilst dissecting them, having at times experienced no slight diflaculty
iu accomplishing an incision between the two. In obscurer details also, the
ThoiHcti present abundant distinctive features of their own, amongst which their
broad, incrassated mandibles, and the extraordinary nature of their mentum
should be especially noticed. Their mentum is in fact extremely anomalous, and
recedes from that of every other genus with which I am acquainted ; being made
up, apparently, of two portions, not articulated to each other, but springing out of
the jugulum, side by side, at the same place, and so firmly bound together that
the inner one (which is elongated and parallel, reaching beyond the other) wovdd
have had all the appearance of having been engrafted on to the front margm of

2f3

220 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the outer one, did not the transparency of the latter allow the former to be seen
through it frotn its commencement, — thus disclosing the fact that it is really an
additional plate (arising from then- common hase), and not merely an apical piece
joined to the anterior edge of the true mentum, as prhnd facie it might seem to
he. This rectangular internal lamina hears some resemhlance to a corneous
lio-ula, — which indeed I should at first have heen inclined to have considered it,
had I not succeeded in dissevering the undouhted ligula from it (with the palpi
affixed), which is so exceedingly delicate as to he scarcely appreciahle whilst
attached to the dark solid sm-face over which it is spread.

There are hut few known species of Thorictus ; and as respects their hahits very
little indeed has heen hitherto ascertained. I have no hesitation however in
regarding them as inhahitants of Ants'-nests, — the few stray specimens which I
have ever captured having been found beneath stones in positions very similar to
those in which Cossyphodes occurs, and theu- very curious, subcorneal feet being
precisely in accordance with what we are accustomed to perceive amongst insects
of an Ant-associating tendency.

172. Thorictus Westwoodii, JVuU. (Tat). IY. fig. 6.)
T. obtusus mbescenti-badius iiitidissimus, punctis dispcrsis miuutissimis vLx (prsesertim iu elytris)
perspicuis obsitus, prothorace maximo convexo ad latera valde rotundato-ampliato (in medio
latissimo necnon ad basin ipsam fortiter constricto), elytris pone discum convexis, singulo costa
basali abbreviata (mox intra humerum sitfi) iustructo, antenuis pedibusque obseurioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Habitat circa urbem Maderse Funchalcnsem, rarissime: duo specimina tantuiu vidi, unum sc. ad
Praya Formoza Maio ineunte a.d. 1848 et alterum in coUe aprico prope Ribeiro de Sao Gongalo
mense Januario a.d. 1819, sub lai)idibus a mcipso invcnta. Genus, ut structura tarsorum sub-
conica atque habitus generalis valde anomalus indicare videntur, formicaruui nidos nisi fallor
colens.

In honorcm luminis Entomologicoruiii J. 0. Westwood, arm", qui jam per plures annos indagationi
deditus Entomologise scientiam insulis Britannicis laudibus amplificavit, banc spccieni Thoricti
ccrte novam institui.

T. (ibtuse (especially in front), bright reddish-chestnut, exceedingly highly polished, and nearly
glabrous (there being just perceptible indications, beneath the microscope, of a few short and
scattered hairs towards the sides, — though especially about the humeral angles of the elytra).
Prothorax very large, and widest about the middle (where it exceeds the eh'tra in breadth), with
the sides uniformly rounded, though much constricted at the extreme hinder margin ; beset with
minute and distinct punctures; extremely convex, particularly in front ; and sometimes with an
obscure oblique impression (as in the plate) on either side behind, — which at others however
would appear to be obsolete. Elytra very convex (and semitransparent) behind the middle of
the disk, being comparatively depressed towards the anterior margin ; beset with most minute
and distant punctures (even less perceptible than those on the prothorax, and only to be
distinguished uuder the microscope) ; and with an exceedingly abbreviated costa, or ridge (and a

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 221

fovea within it, which is continuous with the obUque impression, when present, of the prothorax)
at the base (immediately within the shoulder) of each. Antewia and legs somewhat darker;
except the extreme apices of the club and tarsi, which are more rufescent.

Apparently one of the rarest of the Madeiran Coleoptera, the only two specimens
which have come imder my notice having been captured by myself near Funchal,
—one from beneath a stone (in company with Cossijpliodes TFoUastonii) on tlie
rocky ledge above the Praya Pormoza, May 8th, 1818 ; and the other, in a sunilar
position, on the cliff to the eastward of the town, immediately beyond the Ribeiro
de Sao Gon9alo, in January 1819. Although most unquestionably distinct from it,
it is very nearly alHed to the T. gramlicollis, Germar, from SicUy,— for a typical
example of which I am indebted to Dr. H. Schaum of Berlin. In colour and
general aspect the two insects are, at fii'st sight, tolerably sunilar ; nevertheless
the Madeii-an may be easily recognised from the SiciHan one by the form of its
prothorax, which is somewhat longer and less quadi-ate, and has the sides very
much more rounded,— thus causmg its breadth at the extreme hinder margin to be
considerably less than is the case in that species. This difference of structure is
very perceptible when the respective insects are viewed obliquely. The elytra,
also, of the T. Westwoodii are a little narrower throughout, and more parallel at
the shoulders, than those of the T. grandicollis. In his generic diagnosis pub-
lished, as already stated, in 1834, Germar remarked, concerning the Nubian
T. castaneus (from which his oljservations were drawn up), that he was not al:)le to
detect any traces of eyes. In the Madeii-an and Sicilian representatives, however,
as well as in two others, fi-om Egypt and Algeria, which I have examined, the eyes
are certainly apparent.

Fam. 21. APHODIAD^.

Genus 78. APHODIUS.

lUiger, Kdfer Preuss. i. 28 (1798).

Corpus mediocre, subcylindrico-oblongum, plus minusve Isete coloratura : clypeo punctato, plerumque
semihexagono antice integro, sjepius (prajcipue in maribus) tuberculato ; prothorace iutegro {i. e.
hand canaliculato) : scutello distincto : alis amplis. Antemm breves (capitis vix longitudine)
lamellato-clavatfe 9-articulata?, ad marginem capitis inter otium repositae, articulis prmio et
secundo robustis (illo longissimo subcyhndrico, hoc brevi), tertio ad sextum longitudine decrescen-
tibus latitudine crescentibus, reliquis clavam magnam triphyllam efficientibus. Labrum trans-
versum tenuissimo-membranaceum pilosum, apice in medio ssepius leviter productum et interdum
fissura minutissima instructum, sub clypeo (una cum mandibulis) opertum. Mandibula latfe, basi
corneBe, dein membranaceo-coriacese, apicem versus tenuissimo-membranaceae obtusse, margme
interno ciliato. MaxillcehWoh?^ subcomese, lobis membranaceis ; externa latissimo subovato, apicem
versus pilis breviusculis dense obsito; interno minuto piloso bifido. Palpi filiformes; maxillares
glabri articulo primo minuto subflexuoso, secundo elongate subclavato, tertio brevi, ultimo elon-
gate (secundi longitudine) fusiformi-cylindrico : labiates pilosi, e ligula ad lobos menti auticos

222 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

surgentes, articulo primo longiusculo sat robusto, secundo paulo minore, tertio (primo vix breviore)
subovato. Mentiim amplum subquadratum, pilis longissiinis munitum, antice leviter bilobum.
Ligula mento fere occultataj tenuissimo-membranacea biloba ciliata. Pedes validi subretractiles :
tibiis anticis dilatatis cxtus fortitcr tridentatis, posterioribus spinulosis : tarsis filiformibus, articulis
secundo, tertio et quarto longitudine subzequalibus, primo in anticis saepius brevi, in posterioribus
elongato.

Theii- diing-infesting propensities and biuTOwing nature, in conjunction with
their somewhat cylindrical and more or less maculated bodies, have rendered the
species of the present group familiar to almost every observer. In northern and
temperate regions, Avhere they supply the place of the larger Lamellicorns of
warmer latitudes, and have the same office to perform, they are especially abmi-
dant ; and hence it is that in Europe the Aphod'u are connected with our earliest
associations, — making then* appearance at particular times in such vast multitudes
as even to have attracted the attention of naturalists in recording the simultaneous
development of animals and plants at stated seasons of the year. Well known as
they are however from their habits and general outward aspect, they present
structurally far greater pecuUarities, which will serve additionally to separate
them, in common with the rest of the family to which they belong, from the
members of the other genera of this department of the Coleoptera. Thus, theii'
extremely thin, membranous mandibles and upper lip, both of which are concealed
beneath their (in Aphodlus proper usually tubercled and unemarginated) clypcus,
added to their powerfully tridentated anterior tibite, and the lamellated club of
theii- 9-joiuted antennae, Avill more than suffice, apart from the obscurer featm-es
of then- organization, to distinguish them from the whole of the other insects with
which we have here to do.

173. Aphodius Hydrochaeris.

A. diluto-tcstaceus, clypeo (subruguloso), scutello (profunde punctate) et pedibus paulo rufcscen-

tioribus, prothorace breviusculo antice marginato, sat crebre insequaliter punctulato, in disco

antico late nigrescenti necnon latera versus nebula obscura conspurcato, elytrorum interstitiis

minutissime punctulatis et sutura anguste nigrescenti.

Mas subnitidus, tuberculo frontali medio valde distincto, prothorace paulo latiore subtibus

punctulato.

Foem. subopacus, tuberculo frontali medio minus cxstanti (lateralibus vix majore), prothorace paulo

angustiore fortius et crebrius punctulato.

Long. Corp. lin. 3-4J.

Scarahceus ITi/droeJiaris, Fab. Eiit. Sj/st. Siipj)!. 23 (1798).
ApJiodiiis Ili/drocha'ris, Illig. Mag.fiir Ins. ii. 103 (1S03).

, Heer, Fna Col. Relv. i. 522 (18il).

, Muls. LamelL de France, 217 (1842).

Habitat in stereore bovino Maderfc Portusque Sancti, sat vulgaris, — ab autunmo usque ad ver
primum prxdominans.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 223

A. diluted-, or somewhat dirty-testaceous : with the chjpeus (which is tubercled, somewhat rugulose,
recurved at the edges, rounded in front, and usually a little infuscated behind), the scutellwn
(which is deeply punctured), and the legs, rather more rufescent, or sometimes rufo-picescent.
Prothorax (which is rather short, and has the extreme front edge distinctly margined) unequally
and rather closely punctulated ; with a large and broad patch on the fore disk, and an obscure
and ill-defined cloud on either side, towards the middle of the lateral edges, more or less black or
brownish-black. Elytra crenate-striated, with the interstices most minutely and indistinctly
punctulated ; and with the suture narrowly darker. Body beneath rather coarsely punctured.

Male slightly shining ; with the central frontal tubercle exceedingly prominent ; and with the
prothorax rather wide, and (together with the interstices of the elytra) less distinctly punctulated
than that of the female.

Female subopake; with the central frontal tubercle much less developed (being scarcely more
evident than the lateral ones) ; and with the prothorax narrower, and more deeply and closely
punctulated.

The largest of the Madeiran Apliodii ; and known from the rest by its less
shining sui-face and dirty yellowish hue, and by the greater sexual variation in the
breadth and sculpture of its (anteriorly margined) prothorax. From the A. niti-
dulns, in addition to the above characters, it may be distinguished by its slightly
paler legs, smaller (and posteriorly-abbreviated) prothoracic patch, and by the
visually somewhat convexer, and even more minutely punctulated, interstices
of its elytra. It is rather a common insect, both in Madeu-a and Porto Santo,
occurring in the dung of cattle at most seasons of the year, though more especially
during the autumnal and winter months. It does not appear to be very generally
distributed throughout Europe, being more particularly confined to subaustral
and Mediterranean latitudes. Thu.s, in Germany and Switzerland it is scarce ;
whilst in the south of Prance, Spain, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily it is
tolerably abundant ; — as also in the north of Africa (Algeria and Tangier), from
whence indeed the specimens described by Pabricius, in 1789, were obtained.

174. Aphodius nitidulus.
A. nitidus testaceus, clypeo et scutello (profunde punctato) picescenti-nigris, prothorace sat crebre
insequaliter punctulato, in disco latissime nigro (latera versus sola pallido), elytrorum interstitiis
minutissime punctulatis et sutura anguste nigrescenti.
Mas, tuberculo frontali medio distincto, prothorace vix latiore paulo subtilius punctulato.
Fcem. tuberculo frontali medio minus exstanti (lateralibus vix majore), prothorace vix angustiore
fortius et crebrius punctulato.
Long. corp. lin. 2i-3.

Scarabceus nitidulus, Pab. JUnt. 8i/st. i. 30 (1792).

ictericus, Payk. Fna Suec. i. 17 (1798).

Aphodius nitidulws, Gryll. Ins. Suec. i. 28 (1808).

, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 192 (1830).

— ■ , Heer, Fna Col. Relv. i. 523 (ISll).

Habitat Maderam et Portum Sanctum, in stercore bovine, vulgaris.

224 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

A. testaceous and shining : with the clypeus (which is tubercled, recurved at the edges, and truncated
and i-ufescent in front) and the scutellum (which is deeply punctured), piceous-black, or some-
times almost black. Pruthorax unequally and rather closely punctulated ; with an extremely
largely developed patch on the disk (which covers the entire surface except the sides, and is con-
fluent with the dusky cloud-hke blotch towards the middle of the lateral edges) black. Elytra
crenate- striated, with the interstices most minutely punctulated (though rather more e\'idently so
than in the A. Hydrochteris) ; and with the suture narrowly black. Body beneath dusky brownish-
testaceous, and rather coarsely punctured. Legs rufo-piceous.
Sexual distinctions the same as in the last species (only in a less degree), except that both sexes are
almost equally shining.

A common. European Aphodius ; and one whicli may be distinguished from the
other species here described by its almost entirely dark head and prothorax, and
pale testaceous el}i:ra, — the last of which have merely their sutm-e black. It is
the most abundant of the Madeirau representatives of the genus, being found at
all seasons of the year and in nearly every island of the group, — though more
especially plentiful (as indeed its stercoraceous habits would lead us to expect) in
Madeu-a proper and Porto Santo. The specimens recede from the northern type
in being usually a little paler and more distinctly punctulated.

175. Aphodius nifus.

A. angustus nitidus rufo-ferrugineus, clypeo nx tuberculato posticc infuscato, prothorace sat crebre
insequalitcr punctulato, in disco antico subinfuscato necnon latcra versus nebula pan^A obscu-
rissimd conspurcato, elytris rufo-testaceis, interstitiis minutissime sed paruni crebre punctulatis,
pedibus paUido-rufo-piceis.

Long. corp. lin. 2.

Aphodius rufus, Illig. Mag.filr Ins. ii. 195 (1S03).

, Sturm, Beutsch. Fna, i. 144. tab. 14. fig. D (1805).

, Dufts. Fna Amtr. i. 127 (1805).

, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Beutsch. iii. 836 (1848).

ferrugineits, Dalil, in lift.

Habitat ad vias necnon in vinetis Maderae, in stercore bovino et equino, rarior : propc urbcm Funcha-
Icnscm atquc in castanetis Sancta; Annie restate obscrvavi.

A. narrow, pale rufo-ferruginous and shining : with the clypeus (which is almost untubcrcled, slightly
recurved at the edges, and truncated in front) infuscated along its posterior portion. Prothorax
unequally, rather closely, but somewhat finely punctulated ; very obscurely infuscated on the
fore disk, and with exceedingly faint indications of a smaller patch, iu the usual position, towards
the middle of either lateral edge. Elytra a little jjaler than the head and prothorax, being
rufo-testaceous; crenate- (or almost punctate-) striated, with the interstices most minutely, but
quite perceptibly and rather closely, punctidated. Body beneath infuscate. Legs pale rufo-
piceous.

Known readily l)y its narrow outliae and iiallid luio (the hinder regions of its

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 225

forehead being the only portion which is invariably infnscated), and by its clypeus
being ahnost entirely free from any indications of tubercles. It occui-s both in
the north and south of Madeira, but is apparently somewhat scarce ; I have how-
ever captured it in the neighbourhood of Funchal, and (on two occasions) at Santa
Anna, in comparative abundance. It occurs, though sparingly, throughout the
greater part of Europe ; and is recorded in Germany, Portugal, Sicily and the
Tyi-ol.

176. Aphodius lividus.

A. brevis, nitidissimus livido-testaceus, cljrpeo postice nigro-infuscato, prothorace utrinque parcissime
punctate, in disco antico late et suffuse nigro-Lnfuscato necnon latera versus nebula obscura con-
spurcato, elytro singulo in disco longitudinaliter obscuro-, et per suturam late nigro-infuscato,
interstitiis impunctatis, pedibus pallido-rufopiceis.

Long. cprp. lin. 2.

Scarabceus lividus, Oliv. Etit. i. 3. 86 (1789).
ApJtodius Anaclioreta, Fab. Syst. Eleu. i. 74 (1801).
Scarabceus bilituratus, Mslim, Unt. Brit. i. 15 (1802).
Aplodius lividus, Stepb. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 192 (1830)
, Heer, Fna Col. Heh. i. 524 (1841).

Habitat Maderam, rarissimus : duo specimina tantum vidi, unum sc. a meipso sestate media a.d. 1850
in stercore bovine ad Sanctam Annam, et alterum a Dom. Heinecken prope urbem Funchalensem
d. 20 Jul. A.D. 1829, reperta.

A. ratber short and broad, livid-, or pale brownish-testaceous, and exceedingly shining : with the
clypeus (which is tubercled, recurved at the edges, and truncated in front) rather rufesceut
anteriorly, but darkly infnscated along its posterior portion. Prothorax almost impunctate,
though with an exceedingly few scattered punctures towards the sides ; with a large cloudy, or
suffused patch on the fore-disk, and a dusky cloud, in the usual position, towards the middle of
either lateral edge, more or less darkly infuscated. Elytra crenate-striated, with the interstices
almost impunctate ; with the suture broadly and darkly, and a large longitudinal dash down the
disk of each obscurely, infuscated. Body beneath rather coarsely punctured. Legs pale Tufo-
piceous.

The rather short and wide outline of the A. lividus, in conjunction with its
extremely glossy, lurid, and comparatively unpunctured surface, its broadly infus-
cated sutm'e, and the cloudy longitudinal dash down the disk of each of its elytra,
will at once distinguish it from the other ApJiodii with which we have here to do.
Although conmion thi-oughout Europe, and occurring also in the north of Africa,
it is decidedly rare in Madeira, two specimens only having hitherto come beneath
my notice, — one of which was captui-ed by myself in the north of the island, at
Santa Anna, dm'ing the siunmer of 1850, and the other by the late Dr. Heinecken
near Funchal (according to the origbaal label, still attached to it), on the 20th of
July 1829, from whose collection it was presented to me by the E,ev. U. T. Lowe.

2g

226 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

177. Aphodius Pedrosi, WoU.

A. brevis antice subangustatusj nitidus nigro-piceus, prothorace utrinque valde profunde punctato ad
latera paulo rufescenti, elytris nifo-piceis, interstitiis fere impunctatis, pedibus pallido-rufo-
piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1|.

Habitat in arcnosis Portus Sancti, semel tantum (sub lapide prope oppidum) Decembri mense a.d.

1848 repertus.
In honorem illustrissimi Dom. Pedrozo, qui ab antiqua stirpe in agro Portosanctano oriundus per tot

annos nomen Lusitanicum omavit, hunc Aphodium valde indigenum denominavi.

A. short, and ratlier narrowed anteriorly, piceous black, and shining : with the clypeus (which is
rather wide, roughened, tubercled, recurved at the edges, and truncated in front) rather rufescent
about the anterior margins. Prothorax a little narrowed in front, with exceedingly large, deep,
and distinct punctures, — especially towards the sides, which are (particularly about the anterior
angles) obscurely rufescent. Elytra rufo-pieeous, being much paler and more rufescent (especially
posteriorly) than the head and prothorax ; crenate-striated, with the interstices almost impunctate.
Legs pale rufo-piceous.

A veiy distinct little Aphodius, and hitherto unique. It may be recognised from
the rest by its smaller size, shorter and anteriorly-subacuminated outline, by its
dull-rufescent elytra, and by the extremely large and deep punctures of its pro-
thorax. The only specimen which I have seen was captm*ed, by myself, from
beneath a stone in the \'icinity of the Ciddde of Porto Santo, dm'ing December
1848. It was taken, in company with other insects, towards the dusk of the
evening, — whilst burrowing into the sand which forms so prominent a feature
throughout the southern district of the island. I have dedicated the species to
Senhor Pedrozo, to whom I am indebted for much kindness and hospitality during
my sojourns in Porto Santo.

178. Aphodius granarius.
A. breviusculus, nitidus niger, prothorace amplo utrinque parce profunde punctato necnon latera versus

plaga rufescenti obscurissuna ornato, elytris postice intcrdum levitcr rufescentibus, interstitiis

fere impunctatis, pedibus piceis.
Long. corp. lin. 2-2j.

Scaralceus granarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. ii. 547 (17G7).

, Oliv. Ent. i. 3. 82 (1789).

Aphodius granarius, Ulig. Mag. fur Ins. ii. 192 (1803).

, Steph. //;. Brit. Ent. iii. 197 (1830).

, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. i. 519 (1841).

Habitat in stercore bovine Maderse et Portus Sancti, ab oris maritimis usque ad cacumina montium
ascendens : in hortis Funchalensibus, ad vias, vel etiam in ips^ urbe tempore serene per aerem
volitans ssepissime observetur.

INSECTA MADERENSIA.

227

A. rather short, deep black, and shining : with the chjpeus (which is rather roughened, tubercled,
recui-ved at the edges, and truncated in front) completely dark. Prothorax ample, with large
and scattered punctures (which however are not so large as those of the A. Pedrosi, though
larger and much more numerous than those of the A. lividus), — especially towards the sides,
which have obscure indications of a rufescent patch (sometimes scarcely perceptible) at about the
centre of either lateral edge (the position occupied by the darker cloud which is more or less
apparent in the whole of the previous species). Ely Ira crenate-striated, with the interstices almost
impunctate ; and with their extreme apex sometimes a httle rufescent or piceous. Body beneath
coarsely punctured. Leffs piceous.

Its deep-black surface, in conjunction with the just perceptibly rufescent patch,
on either side of its prothorax, about the centre, wall more than suffice to
distinguish the common European A. grcmarius from the other Apliodii here
described. It is a universal iusect throughout Madeu-a and Porto Santo, —
occurring at all elevations, fi-om the level of the sea-shore and the streets of
Funchal (where it may be frequently captured on the wing) to within a short
distance of the extreme summits of the peaks. During July of 1850 it was
tolerably abimdantiu the upland region of the Tanal.

Genus 79. OXYOMUS.

(Eschscholtz) De Castehi. Hist. ii. 98 (1840).

Corpus minusculum, oblongo-ovatum, plerumque nigrum : chjpeo spepius semi-hexagono antice leviter
emarginato, punctato sed hand tuberculato : profhorace modo integro, modo postice canaliculato :
scutello distincto : elytris plerumque profunde sulcatis : alls amphs. Antenna, labrum, mandibula,
maxillm, mentum et ligula fere ut in Aphodio, sed maxillarum lobo externo apicem versus pectinato-
piloso. Palpi vix filiformes ; maxillares glabri, articulo primo minuto subflexuoso, secundo
longiore subclavato, tertio brevi, ultimo elongate (secundo longiore) fusiformi-ovato sed per mar-
ginem internum areuato : labiales leviter pilosi, e ligula ad lobos menti anticos surgentes, articulo
primo breviusculo, secundo paulo crassiore, ultimo elongato (primo multo longiore) ovato. Pedes
valitU subretractiles : tibiis anticis dilatatis, extus fortiter tridentatis, posterioribus spinulosis:
tarsis filiformibus, articulis secundo, tertio et quarto longitudine subsequahbus, primo elongato.

The present genus may be considered as constitutiag a passage between the
Aphodii proper and the Psammodii, approaching the former in its general outline,
in the lightly impressed sculptiu'e of its clypeus, in its apically-mucronated tipper
lip, and in the membranous and largely dilated outer lobe of its maxillse ; whilst in
its freedom from frontal tubercles, in the deep striation of its elytra, siibclavated
palpi, and in the elongated basal joint of all its feet, as well as in the obscm^e
colour of the insects which compose it, it agrees more evidently with the latter.
In its slightly bUobed clypeus, however, and in its sometimes entire, sometimes
channeled prothorax, it is intermediate between the two,

2 g2

228 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

179. Oxyomus Heineckeni, WoU.

O. latiusculus subnitidus niger vel piceo-niger, prothorace transverse (ad latere subrecto et ciliato) sat
profunde et parum crcbre punctate, elytris profunde crenato-striatis, interstitiis latiusculis postice
convexis, pedibus piceis pilosis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2?-25.

Habitat prope urbcm Funchalensem, rarissime; mihi non obvius, sed insulis JIaderensibus certe
indigenus : duo specimina, a Rev''° Dom. Lowe munificc donata, sola \idi, quae pridem invenit
Dom. Heinccken, M.D., cujus in memoriam nomen triviale dedi.

O. broad and much depressed, black or piceous black, and slightly shining : with the clypeus (which has
no indication of tubercles, but is convex in the centre, a little recurved at the edges, and slightly
emarginated in front) somewhat picescent, and almost unpunctured, anteriorly ; but rather deeply
and closely punctured behind. Prothorax short and broad, of nearly the same width before and
behind, — the anterior and posterior angles being subequal, and the lateral edges (which are
distinctly ciliated) consequently comparatively straight ; rather closely and deeply punctured, —
especially towards the sides, where the punctures are larger and the surface wrinkled, or uneven.
Elytra very slightly narrowed at their base (where they are not quite so broad as the prothorax) ;
just perceptibly notched (or each obliquely subtruncated) at the extreme apex of their suture ;
deeply crenate- (or almost punctate-) striated ; with the interstices impunctate, broad in front,
but gradually narrowed and slightly more elevated behind, — where however they are scarcely
costate. Legs piceous, or rufo-piceous, and pilose (especially the femora, which have a row of very
long hairs down the centre of their inner sui-face) : fore tibia with three minute serrations
towards the base of their outer edge (beyond the larger teeth), — which are exceedingly distinct
under a moderate magnifying power : tarsi with the second, third and fourth joints subequal, but
longer than those of the following species.

The present Oxyomus approaches very closely, at first sight, to the O. breci-
collis ; from wliich nevertheless it will be perceived, on examination, to be abtin-
(lantly distinct, — receding from it not only in its greater bulk, in the different form
of its laterally setose prothorax (wliich has the hinder angles much less rounded-olf,
and the sides therefore comparatively straight), and in the ^"ider, more depressed,
and less posterior ly-costate interstices of its elytra ; but, slightly, even in the
structure of its legs, which are, apparently, more pUose (particularly the femora),
have the minute serrations towards the outer base of their fore-tibia? much more
e\-ident, and their three intermediate tarsal joints perceptibly longer than is the
case in that species. It is one of the insects which I have not myself succeeded in
detecting, during my researches in these islands ; nor indeed have any recent spe-
cunens hitherto come beneath my notice, — the only two examples which I have
seen having been presented to me by the Rev. R. T. Lowe from the collection of
the late Dr. Heinccken, by whom they Avere captured, many years ago, near
Fimchal. Possessing as it does, however, so much in common with the O. brevi-
colli-s, I have but little doubt that it avlU be found to inhabit similar spots, —
towards the southern coast.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 229

180. Oxyomus brevicollis, WoU.
O. subniticlus niger, prothorace transverso (angulis anticis deflexis, posticis truncato-rotundatis) paiilo

crebrius punctato, elytris profunde crenato-striatis, interstitiis angustioribus postice costato-

convexis, pedibus piceis minus pilosis.
Long, coi-p. lin. 2.

Habitat Maderam aiistralem, non infrequens : plurima specimina Junio ineunte a.d. 1849, in horto
Loweano ad Levada, primus inveni ; atque alia, per oram Funchalensem maritimam sub lapidibus
in cloacis detecta, nuperrime communicavit Dom. Rousset.

O, smaller, and not so broad as the O. Heineckeni, and not quite so depressed, black, and slightly
shining : with the clypeus as in that species, except that it is not quite so distinctly punctui-ed
behind. Prothorax short and broad, rather narrower behind than before, — the anterior angles
being more defiexed and the posterior ones much more truncated, or gradually rounded-ofF, than
is the case with the last species ; a stracture which causes the lateral edges (which are not ciliated)
to be comparatively oblique (this difference becoming particularly apparent when the respective
insects are viewed laterally) ; rather more closely, and perhaps not quite so deeply, punctured as
in the O. Heineckeni, and less perceptibly wrinkled towards the sides. Elytra as in that insect,
except that they are a little more narrowed at their base, have their striae rather less evidently
crenated, and their interstices narrower and more convex, — being distinctly elevated, or costate,
behind. Legs much less pilose than in that species (the femora having their inner row of hairs
short, and scarcely apparent) : fore-tibiee with two or three most minute serrations towards the
base of their outer edge (beyond the larger teeth), — which are but just indicated even beneath a
very high magnifying power : tarsi with the second, third and fourth joints snbequal, but shorter
than those of the O. Heineckeni.

Both of the Oxyotni here described may be known from the remainder of the
Madeiran members of the present family by theii" comparatively broad and de-
pressed bodies, finely sculptm'ed, untubercled and slightly bilobed clypei, and by
tlieu- short and thickly punctnlated prothoraces : whilst fi'om the O, Heineckeni
the O. brevicollis is readily distinguished by its smaller and somewhat narrower
outline, by the different construction of its prothorax (which, moreover, is free
from the lateral cilia which are so evident in that species), by the posteriorly
costate and less widened interstices of its elytra, and by its more glabrous legs.
Although exceedingly local, it appears to be rather a common insect m the imme-
diate \icinity of Funchal, — where I first discovered it, early in June 1849 (abun-
dantly), in the garden of the Hev. R. T. Lowe at the Levada : and many specimens
have been lately communicated to me by M. B-ousset, captiu-ed from beneath
stones and amongst rejectamenta on the beach of Funchal ; where it would seem
to reside, in company ^vitli Dactylosternum Roussetii, FaronialKS j^tonilio, Psam-
modius sahnlosus, and other insects which delight in such localities, in the neigh-
botu'hood of the drains and sewers, which constitute the general receptacles of the
animal and vegetable refuse of the town ; — precincts, which, from their uninviting
nature, I have not prevailed upon myself to examine, but which in all probability
would amply repay an investigation.

230 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 80. PSAMMODIUS.
Gyllenhal, Ins. Suec. i. 6 (1808).

Corpxis minusculunij oblongo-ovatum vel subcylindricum, plerumque nigrum : clypeo ssepius semi-
circulari anticc sat profunde emarginato, granulato-aspcrato scd baud tuberculato : prothorace
postice canaliculato : scutello distincto : ehjtris plerumque profunde sulcatis : alis amplis. An-
tenrue, mandibulce , mentum et ligula fere ut in Aphodio. Lahrum in medio integrum. Mawillarum
lobu extemo comeo, apice dentate. Palpi vLx filiformes ; maxillares glabri, articulo prime minute
subflexuoso, secundo longiore subclavato, tertio brevi, ultimo elongate (secundo longiore) fusi-
formi-evato sed per marginem internum arcuate : labiates leviter pUosi, c ligula ad lobes menti
anticos surgentes, articule prime parvo, secundo majore crassiere, ultimo elongate (reliquis lengi-
tudine sequali) ovate. Pedes validi subretractiles : tibiis anticis fertiter dilatatis, extus tridentatis,
posterioribus spinulosis ; tarsis filiformibus, articulis secundo, tertio et quarto lengitudine sub-
sequalibus, prime elongate.

Psammodius is distinguished from Ajjhoclins by the smaller size and universally
dark colour (as in Oxyomiis) of the insects which compose it, — which have their
elytra more deeply sulcatetl, their clypeus coarsely granuled, untubercled, nearly
semicircular, and considerably bUobed in front, their prothorax invariably grooved
l)ehind (and beset with large punctures, remote and deep), their upper lip entu*e
(not being produced into a cleft central mucro), the external lobe of theii* maxillae
horny, and powerfully toothed towards its apex, their palpi (like those of Oxyomtts)
slightly clavate, and the basal joint of all their feet elongated : whUst from the
last genus, its more semicu-cular (though anteriorly emargiuated) and roughened
clypeus, in conjimccion with its posteriorly channeled pronotum, the apically-
dentated and corneous structure of its outer maxillary lobe, will, apart from minor
differences, equally remove it. The Fsanimodii slightly recede, moreover, even in
theu' habits (as indeed is likewise the case, though less apparently, with the iater-
mediate Oxyomi) from the normal members of the present family, exhibiting less
stercoraccous propensities, and residing either in sandy spots beneath stones, or,
occasionally, amongst putrescent animal (as well as vegetable) substances, — iuto
which their largely developed fore-tibiae, which are stUl more powerful than those
of tlie Aphodil proper, enable them to burrow with considerable dexterity.

181. Fsammodius sabulosus.
P. subcylindrice-ovatus nitidus nigcr vcl piceo-niger, prothorace antice subattenuato valde profunde
sed remote punctate (punctis masdmis), utrinque trausverse-sulcato, el}i;ris piceis profunde
crenato-striatis, interstitiis convexis, pedibus nifo-piceis.
Variat colore omnino rufescenti vel etiam ferrugineo.
Long. Corp. lin. Ij-lf.

Oxyomui sabulosus, Dej. Cat. (edit. 3) 163 (1837).
Platytomus sabulosus, Muls. Lamell. de France, 310 (1842).

Habitat in locis inferioribua Madene Portusque Sancti, hinc inde ^Igaris : in Portu Sancte abundat,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 231

qua Aprili exeunte a.d. 1848 in arenosis prope oppidum sitis primus detexi ; sed per oram
Funchalensem maritimam, prsesertim in cloacis circa stabula suilla, nuper collegerunt DD.
Rousset et Heer.

P. somewhat cylindric-ovate, and convex, being slightly narrowed in front, black or piceous-black
(varying into more or less of a rufescent or ferruginous hue), and shining: with the clypeus
(which has no indication of tubercles, but is a little recurved at the edges, and emarginated at its
apex) rufescent, and very rugosely granulated, anteriorly, but almost smooth behind. Prothorax
very convex, broader behind than before ; beset with exceedingly large, deep, and remote punc-
tures ; with a deep transverse groove on either side, towards the anterior angles, and a second,
usually obscurer one, behind it ; and with a distinct, though vei-y abbreviated, longitudinal
channel on the hinder disk. Elytra usually more picescent than the head and prothorax ;
narrowed at the base and widest behind the middle; deeply crenate- (or almost punctate-)
striated ; with the interstices impunetate and rather convex, — the suture being more flattened,
and sometimes (together with the apical portion of the elytra) very distinctly rufescent. Legs
and antenna rufo-piceous ; the latter with their club ferruginous.

Readily distinguished by its ovate, anteriorly-acuminated form, more or less
picescent elytra, and by the enormous and very deep punctures of its prothorax.
It is a tolerably common insect, in certain positions, both in Madeira and Porto
Santo. It was in the latter island that I first, myself, discovered it ; where, at
the end of April 1848, it occxirred in great profusion, beneath stones in sandy
spots, in the immediate vicinity of the Cidade. It appeared to be more especiaUy
active during the evenings, biirrowing into the loose soil with considerable dex-
terity. In Madeira it seems to be principally confined to the southern shore, and to
the neighbourhood of Funchal, — where it has been captured abundantly both by
M. Rousset and Professor Heer, amongst animal and vegetable rejectamenta, on
the sea-beach. It is a species almost peciiliar to Mediterranean latitudes, being
recorded in the south of France and in Algeria ; and I possess specimens from
Spain, collected by Professor Heer near Seville.

182. Psammodius caesus.
P. angusto-subcylindricus nitidus niger, prothorace subquadrato-transverso profunde sed remote

punctato, utrinque transverso-sulcato, elytris crenato-striatis, interstitiis minus convexis, pedibus

rufo-piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. l^-lf •

Scarabteus ccesus, Pauz. Fna Germ. 85. 2 (1796).
Aphodius ccesus, Fab. St/st. Elew. i. 82 (1801).

, Heer, Fna Col. Meh. i. 530 (1841).

Psammodius cmsus, Erich. Nat. der Ins. Beutsch. iii. 913 (1848).

Habitat Maderam, rarior : in boreali, baud procul a Sancta Anna, atque etiam in urbe ipsa Funcha-
lensi egomet parce deprehensi ; necnon per oram maritimam australem cl. Dom. Heer detexit.

P. cylindrical and very narrow, being of almost equal breadth throughout, black, and shining (espe-

232 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

cially the males) : with the clypeus as in the last species. Prothorax convex, and more quadrate
than that of the P. sabulosus, being of almost equal breadth before and behind (though perhaps,
if anjihing, a little widest in front) ; beset with large, deep and remote punctures (though not so
large or so deep as those of that insect) ; with a deep transverse groove on either side, towards the
anterior angles, and a second, obscui-er one behind it ; and with a distinct, though very abbre-
viated, longitudinal channel on the hinder disk. Elytra parallel, of equal breadth throughout,
crcnate-striated (but less deeply so than in the P. sabulosus) ; with the interstices impunctate
and rather flattened, — especially the suture, which is sometimes obscurely picescent. Legs and
antenruE rufo-piceous ; the latter with their club ferruginous.

The very narrow, elongated and cylindrical body of the P. ctestis will at once
distinguish it fi'om the remainder of the Aiihodladce ^^ith wliich we are here con-
cerned. The piinctTU'es of its prothorax are not quite so large and deep, nor are
the interstices of its elytra so convex as is the case with the P. sabulosiis. It
does not seem to be a very abundant insect in Madeira, though widely diffused
over the island at low and intermediate altitudes. I have taken stray specimens,
occasionally, in the streets and gardens of Funchal ; and a single example occiu'red
to me in the north of the island, during the summer of 1850, beneath a stone on
the lofty sea-cliif which constitutes the eastern boundary of the Ribeiro de Sao
Jorge, at its termination : and it has been captured sparingly on the beach of
Fimchal by M. Rousset and Professor Hecr, — where its habits are in all proba-
bility similar to those of the last species. It is pretty generaUy distributed
throughout Em'ope ; and is recorded, likewise, in Algeria.

Fam. 22. TROGID^.

Genus 81. TROX.

Fabricius, Ent. Syst. i. 86 (1792).

Corpus mediocre, plus minusve obtuso-ovatum, crassum, tuberculato-rugosum et setis rigidis ad-
spersum : capite deflexo : prothorace brevi lato, per marginera posticum sinuato : scutello distincto :
alis amplis (rarissime obsoletis). Antenna breves (capite vix longiores) lamellato-clavat;e 10-arti-
culatee, ad marginem capitis inter otium repositse, articulis primo et secundo robustis sctisque
elongatis instructis (illo longissimo subclavato, hoc brevi subgloboso), tertio ad septimum parvis
longitudine suba;qualibus latitudine vix crescentibus, reliquis clavam magnam tri])hyllani effici-
entibus. Labrum subscmicirculare crustaceum pilosum exsertum, ad apicem plus minusve
ina;qualiter emarginatum. MandibulcE validse cornese crassse, estus valde pUosEe, apicem versus
incurvJE acutre, margine intcrno in media parte ])rofunde fisso-sinuato et lacinia parva sub-
coriacea pubescenti aucto. MaxilUc biloba; subcornea!, lobis subxqualibus ; externa apice setis
incurvis longissimis munito; intemo leviter arcuato, apice valde uncinato, intus setoso-ciliato.
Palpi leviter clavati; maxillares articulo primo minuto, secundo elongato subclavato, tertio
brcviorc, ultimo elongato (secundo longiorc) fusiformi-ovato : labiates articulo primo minuto,
secundo longiorc flexuoso subclavato, tertio crassiore elongato subovato. Mentum auiplum sub-
quadratum, pilis longissimis munitum, anticc arcuato-emarginatum. Ligula mento occultata.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 233

membranacea biloba. Pedes parum validi svxbretractiles : femorihus anticis valde dilatatis : tibiis
anticis extus leviter tridentatis, omnibus setosis : tarsis filiformibus, articulis quatuor baseos lon-
gitudine subsequalibus.

Apart from their thick, obtuse, more or less setose and rugosely tuberculated
bodies, the Tvoges have many points of peculiarity which will serve to separate
them from the neighbouring groups. Thus, for instance, their 10-jointed and
basaUy -pilose antennae, in conjunction with their ««eg'««Z/?/-emarginated upper
lip and singular maxillas, the inner lobe of which is powerfully uncinated at its
tip, and scarcely smaller than the outer one (a structure of very rare occurrence
in the Corel ylocerata, in which the interior division is usually minute, and often
altogether ol^solete), are more than sufficient whereby to identify them. From
the Aphodiad(B the members of the present family are immediately distinguished
by the robust nature of their corneous and incrassated (though apically acute)
mandibles and hardened labrum (both of which are imconcealed by the clypeus, —
though, at the same time, on account of the deflexion of the head, they are not
very apparent from above), and by their broader anterior femora and less dilated
fore-tibige. In then- modes of life the Trogklce somewhat recede from the Cordijlo-
cerata generally, carrying out the subnecrophagous tendency which is faintly
indicated in the aberrant Aphodiadce to a much greater extent; though it is
scarcely possible however to regard them as strictly necrophagous, since they
partake almost equally of the normal habits of the Fsammodii, in frequenting
putrescent vegetable matter in maritime or sandy spots. Still, their constant
lialDility to be attracted by di'ied animal remains compels us to regard them as
at any rate partially osslpliagous ; siuce, whatever may be their means of suste-
nance in positions where such food is not to be obtained, it is certain that they
not only feed, but feed voraciously on the cartilaginous portions of bones when
placed within their reach, — a propensity which their strong, pointed mandibles
and uncinated maxillae would seem in fact especially to favoui*.

183. Trox scaber.

T. obtuso-ovatus niger, setulis fulvis adspersus necnon ad latera ciliatus, prothorace transverso
injequali, elytris leviter pimctato-striatis, inteistitiis longitudinaliter fasciculato-tuberculatis,
antennis ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3.

Silplta scahra, Limi. ^st. Nat. i. ii. 573 (1767).
Trox a/renarius, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 87 (1792).

, G-yU. Ins. Suec. i. 11 (1808).

scahei; Hear, Fiia Col HcJv. i. 533 (ISil).

Habitat Maderam, mihi non obvius : exemplar unicum, a Dom. Heineckeu prope urbem Funchalensem
jam pridem captum, amicissime communicavit Rev"^"^ Dom. Lowe.

T. ovate, obtuse and thick, dull black, convex, and more or less beset with short, rigid, fulvous setse,

2h

231 IXSECTA MADERENSIA.

— with which the extreme edges of the body are uniformly cihated. Prothorax verj' short and
transverse, and with the hinder margin sinuated ; thickly, but confusedly punctured, and densely
setose ; uneven, being roughened with obscure elevations and depressions, — amongst which how-
ever a broad longitudinal canal down the centre is exceedingly apparent. Elytra widest (and
very obtuse) behind ; lightly punctate-striated ; and the interstices, each, with a longitudinal
row of small tubercles, which are densely beset, or fasciculated, with rigid fulvous setae, — of
which the alternate series are somewhat the largest. Anteniue dull ferruginous.

A common insect tliroughout Europe, and in the north of Africa ; Ijut apjia-
rently of the greatest rarity in ^Madeira, — if indeed (of Avhich I am by no means
certain) it be in reality indigenous. A single example only has hitherto come
beneath my notice, which was captured, many years ago, by the late Dr. lleincckcn,
from whose collection it was presented to me by the Eev. R. T. Lowe. It differs
in no respect from the ordinary type, except that its prothorax is perhaps a trifle
less distinctly punctured, and the tubercles of its elytra are almost equal through-
out,— the alternate series being scarcely at all larger than the intermediate ones.

Fam. 23. GLAPHYRID^.

Genus 82. CHASMATOPTERUS.

(Dejean, Cat.) LatreiUe, Eeff. An. iv. 567 (1829).

Corpus mediocre, plus minusvc oblongo-ovatum et valde hirsutuni : capite subdeflexo, oculis antice
profunde emarginatis : elytris apice truncatis : alls amplis. Antennce breves (capitis vix longitu-
dine) lamellato-clavata; 9-articulatDe, ad marginem capitis inter otium repositre, articulis primo
et secundo robustis setisque valde elongatis iustructis (illo longissimo clavato, hoc brevi sub-
globoso), tertio ad sextum parvis longitudine nx decrescentibus latitudine leviter crescentibus,
reliquis clavam magnam triphyllam eflScientibus. Labrum breve transversum crustaceum
exsertum, apice vix integrum pilisque longissimis munitum, Mandibula validae cornea;, extus
pilosse, apicem versus incurva;, margine interno arcuato. Maxilla lubo singulo coi'nco valde
biuncinato ad apicem pilosissimo instructje [interno obsoleto). Pa^i vix filiformes ; maxillares
artieulo primo parvo subflexuoso, secundo et tertio robustioribus longitudine suba-qualibus (illo
paiilo majorc), ultimo valde elongate (reliquis conjunctim vix longiore) fusiformi-subovato : labiates
e liguli'l ad angulos menti antieos surgentes, artieulo primo parvo, secundo longiore subclavato,
tertio paulo gi-aciliore elongato fusiformi-subovato. Mentum amplum subquadratum, pilis lon-
gissimis munitum, Ligula mento fere occultata, membranacea, lobis elongatis divergentibus
introrsum ciliatis aucta. Pedes elongati pilosi : tibiis posterioribus extus mox^ante medium
angulato-unisubdentatis ; anticis ad apicem in lobum elongatum productis, subtus concavis
articulum tarsorum basalem louge pone apicem ipsum recipientibus : tarsis filiformibus articulis
quatuor baseos longitudine decrescentibus, primo (pra'sertim in anterioribus) elongato, quinto vix
subclavato unyuiculis divisis niunito.

Chasmatopterits (which, ha it observed, contains the only member of the
Thalerophagous Cordylocerata hitherto detected in the Madeii-a Islands) may

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 235

be known from the other genera with which we are concerned by its extremely
hairy hodj and sub-abbreviated elytra, by its long and comparatively slender legs
and divided claws, and by its blossom-iafesting habits. None of its kindred forms,
so numerous in Mediterranean latitudes, existing in the present instance to con-
trast it with, there is but little fear of confoundiag it with any of the groups which
it is necessary here to notice : sufidce it therefore to remark, that its strong and
arcuated mandibles, the apically biuncinated outer, and the obsolete inner portion
of its maxiUa?, in conjunction Avith the largely divergent lobes of its ligula and the
singular construction of its fore-tibise (which are much produced at thek extre-
mity, and obliquely scooped-out within, — the basal joint of their tarsi being
received into the cavity at a considerable distance l)ehind the tip), wUl be amply
sufficient, apart from other characteristics readily apparent, to distinguish Chasma-
topterus from the remainder of the Coleoptera descril:)ed in this work.

And w^e may here briefly advert to the extraordinary circiunstance, that the
immense department of the Thalerophagous Lamellicorns (or those which subsist
on living vegetable substances), so -widely diflPused throughout the world, shoiild be
represented in Madeira by, apparently, but a solitary species, — and even that one
of such extreme rarity that, during my constant researches in these islands, at
nearly aU seasons and extending over a period of about three years, not so mu.ch
as a single example should have occurred to me ; its sole admission into our fauna
resting on an isolated specimen captured by the late Dr. Heinecken, many years
ago, near Eimehal. Wlien we consider the vast importance of the Thalerophagous,
or Melitophilous, section of the Cordylocerata in promoting the fecundation of
plants (the hau-iness of the numerous creatm-es which compose it, in connection
with their almost exclusive attachment to flowers, constituting them especial media
in the distribution of poUen), it does certainly seem imaccountable that, in islands
where sunshine is the ruling power and where the flora is literally redundant, so
gross an oversight in the economy of Nature should present itself. In the
Saprophagous division (or those which feed on decomposed vegetable matter, as, for
instance, the Aphodiada:), our species, on the contrary, attain a very fail- average
in point of number, — especially when the natui-e of the country and the smaUness
of the island cluster is taken into account ; and we are naturally therefore led to
inquire why it is that the Thalerophagous type is so sparingly indicated. To a
certain extent, the large preponderance of Hymenopterous and Dipterous insects
may compensate for the deficiency, and enable us to arrive at a partial solution of
an enigma otherwise difiiciilt ; — since it is more than probable that the dispersion
of the pollen is abundantly effected (so far at least as it is dependent on insect
agency at all) by the extra amount of individuals which those enormous Orders are
here made to embrace. StUl, be the explanation what it may, the fact must ever
remain strange, that so significant a portion of the Coleoptera, and one which is
scarcely less universal than profuse, should be but thus faintly expressed amongst
" upwards of a thousand members of a subau.stral fauna.

2 h2

236 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

184. Chasmatopterus nigTocinctus, JVoU.

C. oblongo-ovatus niger subnitidus et pilis longissimis pallidioribus vestitus, prothorace convexo
profunde punctato, elytris subrugidoso-punctatis rufo-testaceis, sutura, margine, humeris et
scutello nigris, antennis tarsisque picescentibus.

Long, coi-p. lin. 85.

habitat Maderani, rarissime : specimen unicum tantum \ idi, e niuseo Heincckeniano a Rev**" Dom.
Lowe benigne communicatum.

C. oblong-ovate, deep black, with a just appreciable tendency to take an obscure bluish tinge, very
sliglitly shining, and sparingly clothed with exceedingly long and flexible griseous pile. Head
thickly, but rather confusedly punctiu'cd ; and with the front and lateral margins of the clypeus
raised and recurved. Prothorax convex, and rather narrower than the elytra (being widest about
the middle, though slightly broader behind than before) ; with just perceptible indications of a
dorsal channel jiosteriorly ; and uniformly beset with large, deep and distinct punctures (which
are dcc])er, and much more remote and defined, than those upon the head). Elytra subrugulose;
and co\ ered with large, but rather shallow and not veiy well-defined, punctures (which are not
however disposed in strise) ; testaceous, — with the suture, the lateral and apical margins, and the
shoulders (which are exceedinglv prominent), together with the scutcllum, black. Antenna and
tarsi slightly picescent.

Apparently extremely rare ; and hitlierto unique, — tlie specimen from wliich the
above description has been draAin out having- been communicated to me by the
Rev. H. T. Lowe from the collection of the late Dr. llciuccken, by Avlioni it was
captiu'ed, many years ago, near Eunchal.

Sectio VI. PRIOCERATA.

Fam. 24. THROSCID^.
Genus 83. TRIXAGUS.

Kugelaun, in Schneid. Mag. v. 534 (1794).

Corpus parvum, ellipticum, pubescens : prothorace postice lato lobato elytris arete applicato, angulis
posticis valde acuto-productis ; prosterno antice leviter producto : alis amplis. Antenna brevius-
culae (capite jjrothoraceque breviores) perfoliato-clavatae, in foveA sub margine prothoracis inter
otium repositK, articulis prime et secundo robustis (dlo clongato subclavato, hoc brevi sub-
globoso), tertio ad octavum parvis subrrqualibus, rehquis clavam magnam elongatam snbper-
foliatam triarticulatam efficientibus. Lalmim subsemicirculare jjilosum. Mandibulte validse,
extus leviter pilosse, apicem versus incurvae acuta;. Maxillce bilobse : lobo externa lato, intus et
apice valde pubescenti : interna angusto incurvo ciliato. Pa/pi clavati; ma.riUarcs articulo primo
parvo, secundo et tertio majoribus crassioribus (illo hoc paulo longiorc), ultimo magno subsecuri-
formi ; labiates articulo priuio parvo, secundo paulo longiore subclavato, tertio magno subsecuri-
formi. Mention anipluni trausversum, antice in lobum medium productum. Lir/ula magna

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 237

subquadrata, apice truncata. Pedes graciles contractiles : tihiis sublineari-compressis : Uasis
filifonuibus gracilibus in foveis tibiarum receptis, articulo primo elongate, quarto leviter bifido.

The little genus Trixagns {=Throscus, Lat., Gen. Crust, et Ins. ii. 36, a.d. 1807)
is so doubtful in its affinities, that entomologists are still at variance as to its
correct location ; some placing it near to, or mth the J3i/rrhid(B, some with the Der-
mestidce, others amongst the aberrant Eucnemidce, whilst by Linuseus and Latreille
the ElateridcB were selected to receive it. In real fact however it partakes in certain
respects of the essential characters of all ; so that it becomes a matter of no very
great importance to which of them we choose to consider it as the most nearly
allied, — and, esj)ecially, since it cannot be actually admitted into any of the above
divisions, but must constitute a separate family in the immediate vicinity of one or
the other of them. In M. Gaubil's recently published Catalogue of the European
Coleoptera it is associated with Myrmecobiiis and TJiorictus, and made to perform
the passage from the Bijrrhidce into the Sistri : but, although it is imquestionably
desu-able that it should be regarded as the type of an isolated group, I am by no
means convinced that it possesses anything in common with the latter, — whUst
with Thorictus it does not appear to me to have even the most distant connection.
To the ByrrhklcB it is manifestly akin in many particulars of its structure (its
clavated antennae, for instance, — which are received diu-ing repose into grooves of
its miteriorly jyrodiiced prosternum, — and ia the contractility of its legs) ; and it is
impossible to deny that it approaches very evidently towards the ElateridcB like-
wise (as its general contour, and the extremely acuminated hinder angles of its
prothorax obviously indicate) : so that it is, in all probability, between those two
families that it forms a connecting link, — and it is shnply therefore a question of
degree to which of them it is the more closely related. For my own part, I am
inclined to accept the position assigned to it by Mr. Westwood, in his aditiirable
Introduction to the lloderii Classification of Insects, as by far the most natural
one, — believing, with him, that " the least important of its characters as family
characteristics are those which separate it from the Elateridce." The Trixagi are
Em'opean insects, and exceedingly few in species, — three only having been hitherto
described. They occur normally in fimgi; though in reality they are more
frequently to he found, in an active state, amongst dense herbage, or on the flowers
and foliage of plants, in shady spots beneath trees.

185. Trixagus gracilis, Woll.

T. ellipticus rufo-brunneus dense cinereo-pubescens, protliorace punctulato angulis posticis valde acuto-
productis necnon ad basin lobato, elytris leviter subpunctato-striatis, interstitiis distincte punc-
tulatis, anteunis ferragineis, pedibus testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. ]^.

Habitat Maderam australem,— in horto Loweano ad Levada, inter lichenes una cum Ephistemo dinii-
diato degens, a meipso repertus.

238 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

T. elliptical, reddish-brown, and densely clothed with a decumbent cinereous pile. Head and pro-
thorax regularly punctulated : the latter broad behind, with the posterior angles exceedingly pro-
duced and acute, and with the basal margin lobed in the centre. Elytra very finely striated
(the strife being most obsoletely punctured) ; and with the interstices rather thickly and distinctly
jnuictulated, — the punctures being larger and more oblong than those of the prothorax. An-
tenrut fcrniginous. Leys testaceous.

Readily distinguished from the common European T. clemiestoides by its smaller
and narrower body, by the almost imperceptibly punctate striae, and very distinctly
punctulated iaterstices, of its ehi:ra, by the absence of the two raised ridges which
arc so conspicuous on the forehead of that insect, and by the less abrupt and
differently formed club of its much slenderer antennae. It is intermediate between
the T. clemiestoides, Linn., and the T. 2ii(siUtis, Heer; and I should have been
inclined to have referred it to the T. elatero'ules of the latter author, had not that
species been described as " pronoto longiore, anterius multo angustiore [quam in
T. dermestokIes~\, basi in medio impresso; elytris striatis, striis ad suturam valde
obsoletis," — none of wliicli characters appertain to the Madeu-an representative of
tlie group ; wliich has its elytral striae unquestionaljly punctate, A\'hUst the shape
of its prothorax differs in no respect from that of the T. dermestoides. Its size
moreover exceeds by the third of a line that given by Professor Heer for the
T. elaterokles, — of which I have not been able to procure a specimen for com-
parison ; and with which I am consequently unable, with such points of apparent
discrepancy, to identify it. It is exceedingly rare, the only example which I have
seen ha\-ing been captured by myself, in the garden of the Eev. R. T. Lowe, at the
Levada, in company ^vith Ephistemus dimidiatiis and Cis fuscijpes, amongst lichen
and fungi on the rotten stump of an old peach-tree.

Fam. 25. ELATERID^.

Genus 84. COPTOSTETHUS, Woll (Tau. IV. fig. 8.)

Corpus pamim, elongato-subovatum, undique dense villosum : prothorace magno, elytris arete appli-
cato, angulis posticis valde acumiuato-productis ; jirosterno antice producto et postice in spinam
acutam attenuato (spina in mesosternum recepta) : alls obsoletis. AntenruB longissimse (capite
prothoraceque multo longiorcs) subfiliformes, basin versus subserratae, ad prosterni superficiem
inter otium arctc reposita^, articulo primo robusto, secundo brevi subgloboso, tcrtio majore
(sed hand quarti longitudine), reliquis latitudine vix decresceutibus longitudine \vs. crescentibus.
Labrum subsemicirculare pilosum. Mandihula validce aroiatse angustae acutissima?, ad basin
lata; cxtus pilosa;, margine intcrno basi coriaceo leviter pubescenti necnon apicem versus dentc
\alido instructo. Maxilla (IV. 8 h) biloba; memhranacere : lobo externo lato, apice valde pubes-
centi : interno breviore, minus pubescenti. Palpi subfiliformes ; maxillares articulo primo parvo,
secundo majore crassiore, tertio breviusculo (secundo paulo graciliore), ultimo (secundo vix lon-
giore sed crassiore) subfusiformi apice oblique truncato : labiales (IV. 8 c) e scapis ligulse connatis

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 239

surgentes, articulo primo parvo, secundo paiilo longiore crassiore, ultimo elongate subovato apice
vix truncato. Mentum amplum subquadratum membranaceum, antice integrum tenuissimum.
Ligula magna membranacea, antice lata, apice truncata pilosa bifida. Pedes elongati : femo-
ribus (prsesertim posticis) incrassatis : tibiis gracilibus : tarsis filiformibus simplicibus elongatis,
articulis quatuor baseos longitudine decrescentibus, quinto longissimo unguiculis simplicibus
munito.

A KOTTTO'} sectus, et <TTrj6o<i pectus.

The very interesting insect from which the above structural diagnosis has been
compLled Avould aj^pear, in its habits and general affinity, to be the Madeiran
analogue of Cryj}tohypmts, though at the same time with too many distinctive
features of its own to allow of its being referred to that genus. Thus, for instance,
its apterous and excessively villose body, in conjunction with its largely developed
prothorax, the enormous length of its antennae (of which the second joint only is
minute, — the third being scarcely smaller than the foUoAving one), and the unusual
tliickness of its posterior femora, w^ill more than suffice, apart from the modifica-
tions of its oral organs, to separate it, even prima facie, from the members of that
and the immediately adjoining groups. It would seem to be of the greatest rarity,
two specimens merely having come beneath my notice, — captured by myself in
Porto Santo during the winter of 1848 : and since it is the only representative of
the Elateri(l(B which enters into our fauna, it follows that in Madeira j)roper the
family, so far at least as our researches up to the present period would tend to
prove, is literally not even indicated, — a fact so perfectly astounding as, a priori,
to be well nigh incredible. It cannot of course be positively affirmed that a
department so vast and important as the Elateridce is actually non-existent in
an island thus extensive, and abounding in every condition and requisite for its
subsistence, inasmuch as it is not possible to prove a negative proposition ; but I
can add with certainty, that, diu'ing my repeated investigations of it, distributed
over an interval of nearly three years, and those of the Rev. R. T. Low^, tkrough-
out a far longer period, and from amongst the constant collections which have
been from time to time communicated to me by friends on the spot (which how-
ever have not added, in all, more than about thirty species, in the Coleoptera, to
those which I had myself detected), not so much as the fragment of an Elater has
been hitherto Ijrought to light ; and we are therefore at least entitled to conclude
that, should any member of this widely-distributed race be present, it must occur
in very scanty numbers to have escaped oiu* combined observations thus far. We
have ali'eady had occasion to advert to the remarkable circumstance that the
Thalerophagous Lamellicornes should have but a single form, apparently, to bear
them witness in the Madeii-an group : but strange as that u.nquestionably is, in a
coimtry where sunshine may be said to be the one controlling element, it is
perhaps surpassed by the total absence (if such be indeed the case) of the Elate-
ridce from the central mass ; — whilst even in the smaller adjacent island of Porto
Santo it is but just expressed.

240 IXSECTA MADERENSIA.

186. Coptostethus femoratus, JVoII. (Tab. IT. fig. 8.)

C. elongato-subovatus subsenescenti-nigro-brunneus densissime cinereo-villosus, prothorace magno in
disco convexo, ante mediimi lato uecnon ad latera rotuudato, elytris Icviter striatis, antennis fer-
rugineis, pedibus testaceis, tibiarum parte media infuscata.

Long. Corp. lin. 1|.

Habitat in montibus Portus Sancti, rarissimus : duo specimina iu cavernfi quadam basaltica mox inii-a
cacumen mentis "Pico d'Anna Ferreira" dicti sit^ d. 7 Dec. a.d. 1848 sub lapidibus inveni.

C. elongate-subovate, blackish-brown, with a very obscure feneous tinge, minutely and indistinctly
])unctulated all over, and densely clothed with a long and soft cinereous pile. ProtJiorax very
large, widest before the middle, and narrowed behind (the sides being rounded) ; veiy convex
on the disk ; and with the hinder angles exceedingly produced and acuminated. Elytra obtuse
at the apex, and rounded at the sides, — being broadest just behind the middle ; and very lightly
striated. ^?i/enn« exceedingly long, and ferruginous, iej'* testaceous, with the /emora (which,
especially the hinder ones, are somewhat thickened) slightly infuscated, and with the tibia
infuscated in their centre, — their base and apex being testaceous.

Ap])arently of the greatest rarity ; the only two spechnens which I have seen
lia\ing ])een captured by myself, December 7th, 1818, in the island of Porto
Santo, — from beneath loose stones in a large basaltic cavern immediately below
the extreme summit of the Pico d'x\.nna Perreii-a, facing the south.

ram. 26. CYPHONID^.

Genus 85. EUCINETUS.
Schuppel, in Germ. Mag. iii. 255 (1818).

Corpus parvum, ovatum, supra \alde convexum, infra planum ; fegre saltatorium : cnj/ite inflexo, ad
prosternum inter otium applicando : prothorace parvo lato rotundato, elytris arete applicato ;
prosterno simplici : alis sat amplis. Antenna; breviuscuhe (eapite prothoi'acequc paulo longiores)
tiliformes, articulo primo vix robusto cylindrico, secundo, tertio et quarto paulo gracilioribus lon-
gioribus obconicis, reliquis (ultimo ovato exccpto) requalibus suboblongis apice truncatis. Labrum
transversum pilosum, anticc integrum. Mandibula compressfe subcornese arcuatiB, ad basin lata;
extus Icviter pilosse, apicem versus aeutissim;e bifid;e, intus late emarginata; et mcnibranii
tcnuissima instructae. Maxillie biloba; : lobo externa mcmbranaceo brevi lato, apice valde pubes-
centi : interno longiore validiore angusto recto, apice incurvo acutissime uncinato, intus pilis
longis ciliato. Palpi subfiliformes pilosi; maxillares articulo primo parvo, secundo crassiore
leviter clongato, tertio huic paulo broviore, ultimo elongate subfusiformi apice acuminato ;
labiates articulo primo parvo, secundo paulo longiore crassiore, ultimo clongato subfusiforuii-
ovato. Mentum amplum subcorneum pilosum transverso-subquadratum, antice angustatum
uecnon ad apicem integrum. Ligula transversa membranacea, basi valde constricta, ajiicem
versus dilatata vix sub-biloba. Pedes elongati pilosi subcontractiles : femnribus anticis gracilibus
cylindricis, posterioribus crassioribus subovatis : tibiis anticis gracilibus subcylindrieis, apice vix
calcaratis vel spinulosis; posterioribus robustioribus apicem versus dilatatis, apice valde spinu-

INSECTA MADERENSIA.

241

losis {intermediis breviusculis calcariis duobus sequalibus, posticis longiusculis leviter incurvis cal-
caribus duobus inrcqualibus, munitis) : tarsis subacuminato-filifomubus (posterioribus longissimis),
articulis quatuor baseos longitudine decrescentibus necnon ad apicem ipsum valde spinulosis,
quinto gracili-subcylindrico (in posterioribus parum brevi) unguiculis minutis minus validis munito.

The subsaltatorial powers of Eucinetus {=Nycteus, Lat., a.d. 1825), its convex
and anteriorly-obtuse body (the head being inflexed, and very closely appUed during
repose against the chest), in conjunction with its minute prothorax and largely
spurred posterior tibire (with their exceedingly long, spinulose and subsetiform, or
slightly aciuniuated*, feet), will readily distinguish it from every other genus vni\\
which we have here to do. As regards the obscui-er details of its structure, its
internally membranous and apically-bifid mandibles, added to the basal constric-
tion of its ligula, and the peculiar form of its inner maxillary lobe (which, although
narrower, is perceptibly longei' than the outer one, — and is, likewise, more corneous,
and armed at its tip A\dth a robust and extremely acute claw), shovild be especially
noticed. Its capability of jumping, which would appear to reside principally in
the greatly developed calcaria of its four hinder legs, is singularly imperfect, and
often degenerates into a mere shufaing motion, the insect not being ordinarily
able, even during its most successful attempts, to rise much higher than an inch,

as in fact its very moderately incrassated posterior femora, as compared with

those of the bounding groups generally, would seem to indicate (the strong
muscles which are so evidently denoted in the Salticce not being here present to
require the extra support). Nevertheless, the four hinder thighs are considerably
more thickened than the front ones, — which last indeed are unusually slender ;
the whole leg being weak, almost destitute of spinous appendages, and enth-ely in
accordance with the smallness of the prothoracic segment for which the Eucineti
are so remarkable. The only other point to which I would particularly direct
attention relates to the spurs and spinules of the four posterior legs,— the first of
which are equal in the intermediate, and unequal in the hinder pair ; — whilst the
second fringe the extreme apices of the tibiae, and of aU the joints, except the last,
of the tarsi, with a dense cii-cle of rigid bristles, which in all probability assist
very materially, in connexion with the two larger spiu-s, in enabling the creatm-e
to perform its (more or less abortive) leap. In their modes of life the Eucineti
would seem to be in accordance with the ordinary Cyphonidce, delighting in damp
and rather shady spots,— and often secreting themselves beneath the loosely-
attached bark of trees, or in the grooves and crevices which indent the outer
surfaces of the trunks.

* This structure of foot must not be confoimded with the (likewise) acuminated one already discussed
under the genera Cossi/phodes and TJiorictus—vrhich. we see so often expressed in insects of an Ant-asso-
ciating tendency, hut which is of an altogether different nature. The modification which obtains in
Eucinetus is long and sefifonn, and is especiaUy indicative of subsaltatorial, or shuffling, habits (like
those, for instance, of the Mordellida); whereas the other is short, thick and conical, and completely free
from 'anything like adcUtional spinulose appendages,— being usuaUy m fact constituted out of a less
hardened, or more elastic, material than those of the present type.

2 I

242 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

187. Eucinetus ovum, WoU.
E. ovatus convexus infra planus, infuscato-niger necnon cinereo-pubescens, prothorace parvo fere

impunctato, clytris dense et minute punctulatis, postice obsoletissime substriatis, apicem versus

dilutioribus, antennarum basi pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. l§-2.

Habitat per regionem Maderae sylvaticam, ab autumno usque ad ver novunij rarior : sub cortice
arborum laxo ad Curral das Romciras primus detexit Rev'''"' Dom. Armitage ; necnon ad Lombo
dos Pecegueiros, in Madcnl boreali, egoiuet parce collegi.

E. ovate (being exceedingly obtuse in front), very convex above (especially anteriorl)') and flattened
beneatli ; brownish-black, and densely clothed with a cinereous pubescence. Prothorax small ;
wide behind, and with the basal margin rounded and closely applied to the elytra, — which it
exactly equals in breadth ; highly polished, and almost impunctate ; and usually a little diluted
in colouring towards the sides. Elytra closely and minutely ])uiictulated all over (the punctures
appearing beneath the microscope to be rather obliquely impinged, but with scarcely any indica-
tion on the surface of the transversely-reticulated sculpture which is so conspicuous in the
European species) ; less shining than the prothorax ; very obscurely substriated behind (though
rather more evidently so towards the suture than towards the margins) ; and more or less gradu-
ally diluted, or of a paler brown hue, at their apex. Anlennte at base, and the legs diluted-
testaceous ; the latter with the circlet of spinules which fringes the extreme apices of their four
hinder tibia, and of all the joints except the last of their /owr hinder tarsi, black.

A large and very distinct Eucinetus ; and one which may he readily known
from the European E. hcemorrhous by its much greater bulk, wider and less
apically acuminated form, by its less deeply black, or more fuscescent, hue, and
by its almost total freedom from any appearance of the transverse reticulations,
and by the entii'c absence of the briglitly rufescent terminal patch, which are so
conspicuous on the elytra of that sjiecies. It is exceedingly rare, being found
sparingly beneath the loose bark, or in the cracks and iudentations on the outer
surfaces, of trees, during the autumnal and winter months, throughout the sylvan
districts of intermediate altitudes. It has been captu.red by the Rev. W. J. Armitage
at the Curral das llomciras, near Funchal ; and I have, also, taken dead specimens
in the north of tlie island, at the Lombo dos Pccegueii'os, dvuing July.

Fam. 27. TELEPHORID-E.

Genus 86. MALTHODES.
Kiesenwetter, in Linn. Ent. vii. 265 (1852).

Corpus parvum, angusto-lineare, molle : cnpite panim convcxo, postice constricto, oculis magnis :
prothorace parvo subquadrato-transverso : elytris saepius valde abbreviatis, alas amplissimas baud
tegentibus. Antenna (prsesertim in maribus) elongate filiformes basi subapproximata;, mox infra
oculorum nuirgiuem internum iusertre, articulo primo levitcr robusto longiusculo subclavato.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 243

reliquis latitudine sequalibus longitudine (secundo vix breviusculo excepto) subsequalibus. Man-
dibulce cornefe elongatfe arcuatfe, apiceiu versus acut,T, intiis baud dentatfe. Maxilla; bilobse
membranacese : lobo externa lato, apice pubescenti : inlerno brevi barbato, lacinia tenuissimo-
membranacea ciliata instructo. Palpi subfiliformes ; maxillares (ut mihi videntur) articxdo
primo parvo trarislucido, secundo elongato subclavato, tertio huic paulo breviore subilexuoso,
ultimo elongato (sccundi longitudine) leviter iucrassato subfusiforrai, ad apicem valde acuminate
translucido ; Icihiales omuiuo translucidi articulo piimo parvo subgloboso, secundo elongato vix
subclavato, ultimo subfusiformi ad apicem valde acuminato. Menlum membranaceum. Ligula
tenuissimo-membranacea. Pedes graciles : tibiis subcylindricis : tarsis articulo pi-imo (prsesertim
in posterioribus) elongato, quarto valde bilobo, quinto breviusculo subtlexuoso unguiculis sim-
plicibus munito.

MalthocJes, recently established by Kiesenwetter to contain a portion of Mal-
thimis of Latreille, differs principally from the latter in having the head more
convex and less suddenly constricted behind, in the antennae being inserted slightly
nearer to the inner margin of the eyes, and in the mandibles being simple inter-
nally, instead of (as in that genus) armed with a powerful tooth. It possesses
however many characters in common with MaWi'mus, — as, for instance, its linear-
elongate form, its delicate and flexible texture, its apically abbreviated elytra and
its exposed wings, — which apart from the peculiarities of its oral organs (amongst
which, their ahnost membranous general structure, and the subfusiform, ex-
tremely acviminated terminal joint of the palpi should be especially noticed), will
serve at once to distinguish it from every other allied grouj). They are insects
nearly, if not quite, peculiar to temperate latitudes, upwards of forty species
having been described as European ; but, owing to the extraordinary softness of
their outer envelope, which is liable to shrivel, or collapse, when dry, they are
not always easy of determination. They occur for the most part amongst dense
vegetation and flowers, and are often remarkably gregarious.

188. Malthodes Kiesenwetteri, WoU.

M. angusto-linearis subnitidus infuscato-niger et cinereo-pubescens, prothorace brevi, elytris valde
abbreviatis vix pallidioribus necnon ad apicem obsolete flavo-terminatis, antennarum basi pedi-
busque paulo dilutioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. l-l^. ;

Habitat per partem Maderse sylvaticam, sestate non infrequens : usque ad 5000' s. m. ascendit, sed in

gramiuosis intermediis prjedominat.
Species M. brevicolli, Payk., valde affinis, ab illo tamen esse vere diversa apud cl. Dom. Kiesenwetter,

Lipsise, dicitur, cujus in lionorem nomen triviale proposui.

M. narrow and linear, very sligbtly shining, most delicately and remotely punctulated, obscure
brownish -black, and densely clothed with a rather robust cinereous pubescence. Head convex.
Prothorax very short. Elytra usually a little paler than the head and prothorax, and exceedingly
abbreviated ; rather wrinkled, and with the apex of each terminated with a very obscure (some-

2 I 2

2iJ- INSECTA MADERENSIA.

times only just perceptible) yellowish spot. AntenntB ut base, and the legs more diluted, or
fuscescent.

The Madeiran representative of the common M. brecicollis of more northern
latitudes, to which it ap^n'oximates very closely : nevertheless, ha^-ing recently
sent it for examination to M. Kiesenwetter, of Leipzig, — the author of an elaborate
Monograph of the genus,- published in the sixth volume of the Liniuea Entohiolo-
gica, — who pronoimces it to l)e distinct from that species, I have retained it as such.
It appears to he tolerably abundant throughout the sylvan districts of the island,
occurring in grassy spots, and amongst flowers, during the spring and summer
months, — though, from its small size and obscure, delicate frame, it is very liable
to be overlooked; its exposed wings, moreover, and general contonr giving it
rather the aspect, at first sight, of an Hvnnenopterous than of a Coleopterous
insect. I have taken it at the head of the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, and in the
Chestnut-woods of Santa Anna, in May ; on the Lombo das Vacas, in June ; and
at the Cruzinhas, and the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, in July.

Fam. 28. MELYRID^.

Genus 87. MALACHIUS.
Fabrieius, Etit. Si/st. i. 221 (1792).

(Corpus mediocre vel parvum, plus ininusvc lineari-oblongum, molle, plerumque late coloratum : capite
])arum convexo subrotundato, uculis magnis prominulis, clypeo plus minusve membranaceo, trans-
verso : prothorace ssepius subquadrato, ad latera (cum abdomine) interdum flabellato : alis am-
plissimis. Antenna (prsesertim in niaribus) longiusculff, filiformcs (ut in specie nostra), vel
serratse ; modo in utroque sexu simplices, modo in masculo articuiis basilaribus intus productis ;
basi plus minusve approximatse, infra oculorum marginem anticum insertse ; articulo primo
leviter robusto subclavato, reliquis (secuudo breviusculo et ultimo ovali exceptis) subajqualibus,
vel latitudino leviter deerescentibus. Lahnim corneum limbo coriacco, transverso-subquadratum,
antice plus minusve rotundatum. Mandibula magnae corner lat;e, apicem versus acutissimae
bifidse. Maxilla biloba;, apice leviter pubescentes : lobo externa apice dilatato submembranaceo :
interno paulo breviore, omnino suhmembranaceo. Palpi filiformes breviuscuh ; maxillares articulo
primo parvo, seeundo et tertio crassioribus subwqualibus, ultimo longiusculo fusiformi-conico ad
apicem ipsum truncate; labiales articuhs primo et seeundo parvis, ultimo paulo longiore fusi-
formi-conico ad apicem ipsum truncato. Mentum (nisi fallor) veluti e duplici parte formatum,
alia terminali magna subquadrato coriaceO apice membranaceri, alia basali (prioris stipite) mem-
branacea brevissima transversa. Ligula mcmbranacca pilosa, apice rotundata. Pedes elongati
graciles : tibiis cyliiuU-icis : tarsis articuiis quatuor bascos subtus leviter oblique productis (primo
et seeundo sequalibus, tertio vix breviore, quarto bren), quinto elongato clavato, ad apicem mem-
brana tenuissima biloba unffuiculisqne parvis validis munito.

The common genus Malachins, well kno^v^l by the gaily coloui'ed (though not
usually metallic) surfaces, soft texture, and the flower-infesting habits of the active

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 245

insects which compose it, is represented in the Madeira Islands by, apparently,
but a single species, — wliich, perhaps, from the short and very membranous
strvicture of its clj^eus, may fall, more strictly, under the genus Attains of Erich-
son. The characters however on wliich this latter group is made to rest are so
small, that it is scarcely possible to regard them as of more than sectional import-
ance ; and I have preferred therefore quotrag the present insect as a Malachiiis, —
with which in every essential particular (as may be gathered from the above
diagnosis, drawn solely from the Madeiran tj^Q) it unquestionably agrees.

189. Malachius militaris, WoU.

M. lineari-oblongus nitidus subviridescenti-ater et subtiliter ciuereo-pubescens, prothorace elytro-
rumque apice ruSs, illius disco nigro, antennarum basi pedibusque anticis obscure infuscato-
picescentibus.

Long. Corp. lin. lf-2.

Habitat iu floribus Maderse australis, prsesertim in urbe ips^ Funchalensi, tempore vernali non
infrequens : in horto Ecclesiae Anglicanae mense Maio a.d. 1849 plurima specimina e rosis
coUegi.

M. narrow, linear-oblong, shining, deep black with an obscure greenish tinge, and clothed with a very
delicate cinereous pubescence. Head convex behind. Prothorax bright rufous, with a dark patch
in the centre of the disk (very rarely absent) . Elytra with the apex bright rufous. Mesothorax
underneath rufous. Antenrus at base, and the two front legs usually very obscurely fuscescent.

Not an uncommon insect in gardens near Funchal dtiring the spring. It
ajjproaches a little, in general external aspect, to the common 31. pulicarms of
more northern latitudes. Nevertheless it is abundantly distinct from that species,
not only in its smaller and narrower form, shorter legs and antennse, more
glabrous surface, and less dilated prothorax, but likewise in many points even of
its structm'C, — amongst which its shorter and slenderer feet, with their more
oblique joints, are at once apparent. I took it abundantly in May 1849 out of the
flowers of the common monthly rose, in the garden of the EngHsh Church, in the
Beco das Aranhas, at Funchal ; and it has been subsequently captured, in similar
positions, by Dr. Albers of Berlin.

Genus 88. PECTEROPUS, Woll. (Tab. IV. fig. 7 et 9.)

Corpus mediocre vel parvum, plus minusve elongato-subovatum, moUe, metallicum : capite modo (ut
in P. Maderensi, Tab. IV. fig. 7) subrotundato convexiusculo oculis prominuhs chjpeoqne brevi,
modo (ut in P. rostrato, Tab. IV. fig. 9 a) subelongato depresso oculis minus prominuhs clypeo-
que longiusculo, modo (ut in P. rugoso) intermedio (?'. e. subrotundato depressiusculo oculis pro-
minuhs clypeoqae leviter longiusculo) ; clypeo in omnibus membranaceo : pi'othorace rotundato-
subquadi-ato : alis amplissimis. Antenna (prsesertim in maribus) longiusculse subserrato-
filiformes (in utroque sexu simplices), basi minus approximatse, infra oculorum marginem anticum

246 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

(et ab illis remotse) insertse, articulo primo leviter robusto clavato, reliquis (secundo breviusculo
et ultimo ovali exceptis) subsequalibus. Lubrum vix coriaceum, limbo merabranaceo, transverso-
subquadratum, antice rotundatum. Mandibulte magUK corncfe longiuscuhe, apicem versus
acutissimee bifida, intus membrana angusta tenuissim^ auctse. Maxilla (IV. 9 b) bilobse, apice
leviter pubescentes : lobo externa basi angusto subcoriacco, apice subito dilatato submembranaceo :
inferno breviorc, omnino submembranaceo. Paljji filiformes, breviuseuli vel elongati ; maxillares
articulo primo parvo, secundo et tertio crassioribus suba?qualibus (mode, ut in P. Maderensi,
brevibus; modo, ut in P. rostrato et i-ugoso, longiusculis), ultimo elongate fusifornii sub-
acuminato ad apicom ipsum vix truncato; labiahs (IV. 9 c) conici crassi, articulis primo et
secundo latitudine sub.-equalibus (illo brevi lato, hoc paulo longiore), ultimo augustiore longiusculo
subfusifomii-conico ad apicem ipsum truncato. Mentum (ut mihi vidctur) veluti e duplici parte
formatum, alia terminali magna (subquadratii ad latera rotundata) coriacea antice membranacea,
aliil basali (prioris stipite) cornea apice subcoriacea (transverso-subquadratu ad latera in angulum
medium producta pilisquc duobus longissiniis instructii). Ligula clongata membranacea pilosa,
apice truncata. Pedes elongati graciles : tibiis cylindricis : tarsis (IV. 9 d) articulis quatuor
baseos subtus leviter oblique productis (primo et secundo ajqualibus, tertio vix breviore, quarto
brevi), anticis in maribus (IV. 7 a, et 9e) articulo secundo in lobum elongatissimum concavum
subgaleiformcm apice subito incur\'um (introrsum plus minusve valde nigro-setoso-pectinatum)
supra-producto, quinto (in omnibus atque in utroque sexu) elongato valde clavato, apice mem-
bran^ tenuissima biloba unffuiculisque majoribus validis muuito.

A TreKrrjp pectinator, et iroOv pes. (Tj-pus — P. Maderensis.)

A very interesting and well-marked genus, being one moreover of the most truly
indigenous and characteristic throughout the Madeiran Coleoptera. Apart from
the metallic lustre of the insects which compose it, it may be readOy known from
the allied forms, as indeed from every other Avith which T am acquainted, by the
very peculiarly constructed second joint of its anterior male tarsi, which is oblique
in an opposite direction to the remainder, being produced on the upj^er side into
an extremely elongated, subgaleiform or concave process, Avhich is deflected, and
strongly pectinated within with dark and powerful bristles, which are more or less
numerous in each of the species hitherto discovered, — remaining constant, in one
case (P. 7'iigosus) to the extreme apex only, in another (P. rostratiis) to the apex
and a small portion of the sides, whilst in a third (the P. Maderensis, which I should
regard as the tj^ie) they fringe the terminal and lateral margins along very nearly
theii' entire distance. All three representatives moreover difi'er a little in the relative
proportions (the length especially) of then' head, cl}7)eus and palpi, — which, being
structural points, have rendered it convenient to arrange them under separate sec-
tions. Yet, retaining as they do all essential characters in common, and, more par-
ticularly, preserving unimpaired the feature which is so remarkable in theii- anterior
male feet (the modifications in the number of the inner bristles, and the breadth of
the lobe, being of course merely specific), it is impossible to regard them in any
other light than as members of a single (and perhaps geographical*) group.

* Belonging evidently to the present genus (though I have not been able to procure a male specimen,
and therefore to examine the anterior tarsi of that sex) is a very interesting and distinct species, detected

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 247

§ I. Caput subrotundatum latum suhconvexum, clypeo hrevi, oculis prominulis : palpi maxillaresbreviusculi,
articuJis secundo et tertio breviusculis : tarsi antici maris articulo secundo in lohum elongatwn
{margine apicali lateribusque intus peetinatis) supra producto.

190. Pecteropus Maderensis, Woll. (Tab. IV. fig. 7.)
P. antice subacuminatusj parce pubescens nitidus viridescenti- vel cuprescenti-seneus, capite pro-
thoraceque parce punctatis, elytris leviter subpunctato-rugulosis, antennarum basi pedibusque
rufo-testaceis.
Mas sjepius viridescenti-seneus (Interdum etiam omnino viridi-micans), an tennis pavdo longioribus,

femoribus (prsesertim posterioribus) plerumque subinfuscatis.
Fcem. sjepius cuprescenti-aeneus, antennis paulo brevioribus, femoribus rarius iafuscatis.
Var. /3. capite protboraceque crebrius punctatis necnon subtuberculatis.
Long. corp. lin. 1|-2|.

Habitat Maderam, tempore sestivo, bine inde \Tilgaris, a 2500' s. m. usque ad caciimina montium
ascendens : ad Lombo das Vacas die solstitiali a.d. 1850 primus inveni, et plurima specimina e
floribus Cineraria aurita {■= Senecionis Maderensis, De Candolle) ad Cruzinhas crescentis mense
Jubo ejusdem anni cepi; aba etiam in summo ipso monte (6100' s. m.) Pico Ruivo dicto, flores
EriccE cinerete circumvolantia, Augusto ineunte deprebensi.

P. elongate-ovate (being rather dilated behind and acuminated anteriorly) ; pubescent and shining ;
seneousj with a more or less brilliantly greenish or coppery splendour. Head and prothorax brightly
polished, and sparingly punctured : the forrner roundish, convex behind, and with two rather deep

by the Eev. W. J. Armitage in Teneriffe : — so that it is far from improbable that Pecteropus may em-
body a type of form which obtains, more or less, throughout the whole of the islands of this portion of
the Atlantic. The following short description may serve to characterize the Canarian representative : —

Pecteropus pelluoidus, Woll.

P. antice subacuminatus, pubescens nitidus feuescenti-mger, capite protboraceque parce pvmetatis, illo
subrotundato latiusculo, hoc parvo ad angidos posticos pallido-pellucido, elytris leviter subpunctato-
rugulosis, antennarum tarsorumque basi subinfuscata.

Long. corp. Un. 1§.

Habitat in insula Tenerifia Canariensi, a Eev''° Dom. Armitage communieatus.

P. elongate-ovate (being dilated behind, and rather acuminated anteriorly) ; piibescent and shining ; black
with a greenish-brassy tinge. Head and protJim-ax rather brightly polished, and very sparingly and
minutely punctured : the former roimdish, nather convex behind, but with very slight indications of
frontal impressions ; vrith the ei/es prominent : the latter small, and widest about the middle ; and
with the hinder angles pale whitish-testaceous and pellucid. Elytra very lightly rugulose and sub-
punctate. AntenncB at base, together with the extreme apices of the tibia and the bases of the tarsi,
infuscate.

A most elegant little species ; approaching more nearly, in its general outline and sculpture, to the
P. Maderensis than to either of the other Madeiran members of the group : nevertheless, its comparatively
dark siu-face (which is black, with a greenish-brassy tinge), in conjunction with the pale and curiously
transparent portion of its margin at either posterior angle, will at once abundantly characterize it.

248 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

longitudinal impressions in front ; with the eyes prominent : the latter widest about the middle.

Elytra rugulose (but not very coarsely so) and subpunctate ; usually expanded behind. Antenna

at base (rarely at the apex also), and the legs rufo-testaceous.
Male, usually greener than the female ; with the antenna;, also, a little longer ; and with the femora

(especially the four hinder ones) generally more or less infuscated.
Female, generally more aeneous, or else more coppeiy, than the male ; with the antenna; a little

shorter ; and with the legs usually altogether pale, their femora being rarely infuscated.
Var. /9. with the head and prothorax (of both sexes, though especially of the female) more closely

and coarsely punctured : and likewise subgranulate, particularly towards the sides.

Known readily from the foUofldng members of the genus by its usually more
brilliant colour (the greenish lustre, which is seldom very apparent on either of its
Madeii-an allies, being here, especially in the male sex, often exceedingly con-
spicuous), and by its brighter and less roughened sm-face, — the closely-set granules
which are so evident on the head and prothorax of the P. rugosus and rostratus
being represented by distant punctures (even though in extreme varieties a ten-
dency to tubercles, at any rate towards the sides, may be occasionally detected).
In its broad head and prominent eyes it approaches the former of those species
more nearly than the latter ; so much so indeed, that aberrant females (where
granulations are slightly indicated) might sometimes be mistaken, jr/'imd facie,
for those of the P. rugosits : nevertheless, the rather larger size and more apicaliy-
expanded form, in conjunction with their convexer head (which has two deep
longitudinal impressions in front), more shining, metallic body, and fainter sculp-
ture, will always serve, on inspection, to separate them from that insect. It
recedes from it very decidedly, moreover, even in its habits ; being confined
exclusively to the mountains, and ranging from about the altitude of 2500 feet to
the highest peaks. It would seem also (as in fact its alpine natvu-e Avould lead us
to expect) to come into existence later in the season than the P. rugosiis, occui-ring
pecidiarly during the summer months. It is more especially abundant within the
sylvan districts, and is much attached to the flowers of the Cineraria aurita
{=Senecio Madcrensis, De Cand.), which hang in clusters over the damp rocks of
intermediate and lofty elevations. I have captvu-ed it on the Lombo das Vacas, in
June ; at the Cruzinhas, the Fanal, the llibeiro de Joao Delgada, and the Lombo
dos Pecegueiros, in July ; and at the Ribeu'O Frio, in August. "Whilst encamped
on the summit of the Pico Ruivo (6100 feet above the sea) in August of 1850, I
observed it rather commonly during the heat of the day, — at Avhich time it Avas
exceedingly active witli its wings, flying rapidly from flower to flower ; especially
those of the Erica cinerea, which attain to such perfection on that remote upland
tract. The Pico Uuivan specimens have their femora almost invariably dusky, — a
state which I have generally remarked to be the excejition, rather than the rule,
in lower regions. As would appear to be the case with most insects, the greater
the altitude at which it occurs the moi-e ready it is as regards flight, — the rarefied
atmosphere seeming to invest it with additional strength.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 249

§ II. Caput suhroUmdatum latum subdepressum, clypeo minus brevi, oculis prominulis : palpi maxillares
longiusculi, articulis secundo et tertio longiusculis : tarsi anfici maris articulo secundo in lobum
elongatum latum (rnargine apicali intus pectinato) supra producto.

191. Pecteropus rugosus, Woll.

P. antice minus acuminatus (subparallelus),- pubescens subnitidus cuprescenti- (rarius viridescenti-)
seneus, capite prothoraceque crebre tuberculato-asperatisj elytris profmide subpunctato-rugulosisj
antennarum basi pedibusqiie rufo-testaceis, femoribus plus minusve infuscatis, antennis in
utroque sexu brevioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1|-1^.

Habitat in locis inferioribus Maderse, prjesertim circa urbem Funchalensem, tempore vernali, rarior :
ad Praya Formoza mense Martio a.d. 1848 plurima specimiua e floribus collegi.

P. elongate- subovate (being however rather broader anteriorly, and therefore a little more parallel,
than the P. Maderensis) ; more thickly pubescent, and rather less shining, than the last species ;
aeneous, with a coppery (rarely with a greenish) additional tinge. Head and prothorax thickly
and coarsely granulated : the former roundish, less convex than in the last species, and \v\i\\
scarcely any indications of frontal impressions ; with the eyes prominent : the latter widest about
the middle, usually a trifle larger than that of the P. Maderensis, and with the anterior angles
perhaps a little more rounded. Elytra coarsely rugulose, and subpunctate ; very slightly
expanded behind. Antenna at base, and the legs rufo-testaceous ; the /onwe;- rather short, and
scarcely longer in the males than in the females ; the latter with their femora (in both sexes)
more or less infuscated.

A species confined, apparently, to low altitudes, occurring during the spring
months in the immediate vicinity of Funchal. It appears to vary but little either
in sculptiu'e or coloiu', — the former being universally coarse, and represented on
the head and prothorax by closely-set tubercles ; whilst the latter is seldom
brilliant, being generally of a dull coppery-, or almost brownish-brassy hue
(having only a tinge of green), and but very slightly shining. The males of all
the Fecteropi here descril^ed differ so essentially in the structure of the second
joint of then- fore-feet, that there is but little fear of confounding them (even when
their other distinctive characters are aberrant) inter se. Nor indeed is there any
difficulty as regards the opposite sex, except now and then, in rare cases, when (as
lately stated) the females of the present insect might not always be at once recog-
nised from those of the last one. A more careful examination, however, will never
fail to separate the two, since the smaller size and broader outline (that is to say,
less expanded posteriorly, and therefore less narrowed in front) of the P. rugosiis,
in conjimction with its flatter head (which has scarcely any indications of the
longitudinal impressions which are so conspicuous in the P. lladerensis), and its
usually rather shorter antennge, will aU tend (apart from its more obscure, coppery
and roughened sm*face) to remove it, even at first sight, from every variety of the
P. Maderensis. It seems to be somewhat scarce, or at any rate local ; occurring

2 K

250 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

amongst flowers in the neiglil)oiu'liood of Fimclial, especially in low positions
towards the coast. On the rocky ledge above the Praya Formoza I took it in
tolerable abundance during March of 1848 ; since which time I have not succeeded
in detectuig it.

§ III. Caput ovatum angustum depressum, clypeo longiore, oculis demissis : palpi maxilhres longksimi,
articulis secundo et tertio longiorihus : tarsi antici maris artieulo secundo in lohum elongatum
(apicem versus intus valde pectinatwm) supra producto.

192. Pecteropus rostratus, Woll. (Tab. IV. fig. 9.)

P. antice acuminatus, pubescens subnitidus subviridescenti- vel subcuprescenti-aeneus, capite pro-
thoraceque creberrime tuberculato-asperatis, elytris profunde puuctato-rugulosis, antennarum
basi pedibusque rufo-testaceis, illis iu marc longioribus.
Var. a., plerumque subviridescenti-seneus antice valde acuminatus, prothorace antice angustato,

pedibus omnino pallidis. (Ins. Partus Sanctus.)
Var. fi. plerumque subcuprescenti-seneus antice acuminatus, prothorace antice minus angustato,
tibiis intcrdum vix obscui-ioribus. (Ins. Deserta Grandis.)
Long. Corp. lin. 2-21.

Habitat in floribus Portus Sancti et Desertse Grandis, tempore vemali, non infrequens : var. a., sola in
Portu Sancto solo occurrit ; scd var. /3. ad Desertam Grandcm, et tantum uisi fallor ad banc
insulam, pcrtinet, qua Maio c.xeunte a.d. 1850 plurima specimina inveni.

P. elongate-ovate (being more acuminated anteriorly than either of the preceding species) ; thickly
pubescent and very slightly shining ; fencous, with either a slightly greenish or a slightly coppery
tinge. Head and prothorax very thickly and coarsely granidated : i]i& former ovate (being longer
and narrower than in either of the other species), exceedingly depressed,, and with scarcely any
indications of frontal impressions ; with the eyes hardly at all prominent : the latter widest cither
about or a little behind the middle. Elytra coarsely rugulosc, and more distinctly punctui'cd
than in either of the previous species ; rather expanded behind. Anteniue at base, and the legs
rufo-testaceous ; the former very distinctly longer in the males than in the females.

Var. a. generally of a greenish-brassy tinge, and much acuminated anteriorly, — the prothorax being
usually widest a little behind the middle and considerably narrowed in front; the legs entirely
pale. (The state peculiar to Porto Santo.)

Var. /3. usually of a more coppery tinge, and less acuminated auterioi'ly, — the prothorax being
generally widest about the middle and but very slightly narrowed in front ; the tibia: generally
a little dusky. (The form on the Dezcrta Grande.)

A very interesting Pecteropus, and one which has been liitherto only detected,
so far as I am aware, in Porto Santo and on the Dezcrta Grande. It may be
immediately recognised from the P. Jluderensls and rtigosus, th'st, by the strtictiu'e
of the second joint of its male fore feet (the peculiarities in the distribution of the
inner setoe of which have been ah'eady pointed out) ; and, secondly, by its some-
what larger and anteriorly tapering outline, — its narrow, ovate and exceedingly

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 261

depressed head, in conjiinction Tvitli its iinprojecting eyes, giving it an almost
rostrate appearance. This distinctive conformation is especially evident in the
Porto Santan tj^jc (Tab. IV. fig. 9), which has moreover the front region of its
prothoras considerably more acuminated (being defiexed and compressed at the
sides) than is the case with the Dezertan specimens, — a difference indeed which, in
connection with its imiversally greener hue and paler legs, I might have been
inclined to have regarded as specific, had not the examination of a great quantity
of examples, from both islands, presented a suflicient number of intermediate links
to convince me that they are in reality but local states of the same insect. The
»«r. a. I captured, abundantly, in Porto Santo, in April of 1848 ; and the var. ^.
on the Dezerta Grande, dui'ing my encampment there with the Rev. R. T. Lowe,
at the end of May 1850.

Genus 89. DASYTES.

PaykuU, Fiia Siiec. ii. 156 (1798).

Corpus mediocre vel parvum, plus minusve lineare vel lineari-oblongum, vix duram, sfepe (ut iu specie
nostra) viridi-splendens, pilosum : prothorace ssepius subquadi'ato : alis amplissimis. AntenruE
breves subserrato-filiformes vel omnino intus serratse, infra oculorum marginem anticum insertae,
articiilis primo et secundo intus svibclavato-nodosis (illo robustiore longiore), reliquis (ultimo ovali
excepto) subsequalibiis plus minusve obtuse serratis. Labrum vix corneum limbo submem-
branaceo, transverso-subquadratum, antice integrum sed vix rotundatum. Mandibula niagnae
cornese latfe, apieem versus acutissimse bifidse, margine interno integro ssepius minute crenulato.
Maxilla bilobse, apice pubescentes : lobo extemo subcoriaceo : interno paulo breviore submem-
branacco. Palpi \ix filiformes; maxillares articulo primo parvo, secundo longiore erassiore,
tertio buic paulo breviore, ultimo longiusculo subfusiformi ad apieem oblique truncato ; labiales
articulis primo et secundo (illo prscipue) parvis, ultimo erassiore longiusculo fusiformi-ovato ad
apieem oblique truncato. Mentum (ut mihi videtur) quasi e duplici parte formatum, alia ter-
minali magna membranacea apice coriacea, alia basali (prioris stipite) cornea brevissima trans-
versa. Ligula membranacea pilosa, apice vix emarginata. Pedes elongati : tihiis subcylindricis :
tarsis pilosis plerumque simplicibus, articulis quatuor baseos subtus leviter oblique productis
longitudine paulatim decrescentibus (quarto minore), quinto clavato unguiculis validis (intus
membrana angusta pilosa auctis) munito.

Dasytes, like most of the genera of the Ilelyridce, is composed of insects
remarkable for theu' flower-infesting habits. They recede however from the gaily-
coloured, more or less painted, and often spotted, or fasciated, Malachii in being
either of a duller hue, or else brilliantly (and generally vniforwli/) ornamented
with metallic tints, — the only Madeiran representative being, like several of its
more northern allies, of a resplendent brassy-green lustre. In the details of then-
structui-e they do not offer any great peculiarities ; nevertheless their broad (though
apicaUy-acute) mandibles, which have the internal edge scarcely at all emarginated
and, in most instances, very minutely crenulate, added to the obliquely truncated
last joint of their palpi, then- pubescent feet, and the narrow ciliated membrane

2k 2

252 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

whicli is attached along the inner curvature of each of their claws, should be
especially noticed. Their bodies are usually more or less elongate, narrow, and
pilose ; and there is nearly always some slight tendency to metallic ii'idescence,
even on the darker members of the group.

193. Dasytes iUustris.

D. angusto-siiblinearis pubescens viridi- vel subKnesccuti-viridi-si)lendcns, capite prothoraccque pro-
funde punctatis, hoc brevi traasverso-subquadrato, elytris punctato-rugulosis, auteiinis (versus
apicem) tarsisque nigrescentibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 2—2'.

Doii/tes iUustfis, ilotschulsky, in litt.

Habitat in floribiis onniium insularum Maderensium tempore vernali et sestivo, vulgatissimus ; ab or^
maritima usque ad 400U' s. lu. ascendens.

D. narrow aud sublinear, thickly pubescent, shining, and of a brilliant bluish-, or brassy-green hue.
Head and prothorax very thickly and coarsely punctured (the punctures being exceedingly large) :
the former roundish, rather convex behind, aud with the eyes prominent : the latter short and
subquadrate, though rather widest a little before the middle. Elytra very slightly expanded
behind (sometimes almost entirely parallel), punctured and coarsely I'ugulose. Antenrue towards
their apex, and the tarsi blackish.

The Madeiran representative of the common European D. nobilis, — of which it
is possible indeed that it may be an extreme geograpliical variety. Eor some time
in fact I had regarded it as such ; but, since it tmquestionably dilfers in many
minute; jjarticulars from that insect, and since moreover it has been carefully
compared with t\-|iical specimens at Berlin, by my friend Dr. H. Schaum, who
considers it as distinct, I have retained it under the name which was proposed for
it ])y M. Motschulsky diu'iug his late visit to England. It differs from the D. nobilk
in being smaUer, of a greener, or more golden hue, in its prothorax being shorter
and rather more quadrate, and in the punctiu*es of its (more rugulose^i elytra not
])eing so clearly defined. I possess a species from Corfu, which in some respects
approaches the Madeiran one; but it is even smaller still, has its prothorax
distinctly longer, aud more narrowed behind (as in the D. nobilis), and its punc-
tures altogether less developed. It is an abimdant insect throughout most of the
islands of the Madeiran group, occurring in flowers dm'iug the spring and early
summer months, and at nearly all elevations. In low grassy s.])ois towards the
coast it may l)c observed at times in great jirofusion, esjiccially in the vicinity of
Funchal, — making its appearance in sucli situations in the spring, but in higher
altitudes somewhat later. Thus, at the Ribeiro Frio and the Eeijaa de C6rte, I have
captiu'ed it in August. In Porto Santo it existed by thousands dui-ing April of
1819 ; and in May 1850 it was equally common on the Dezerta Grande.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 253

Genus 90. MELYROSOMA, Woll (Tab. V. fig. l et 2.)

Corpus parvum, plus minusve elongato-suboblongum, molle, nigrum, Melyricli affinitate proximum
sed ab illo certe distiuctum : capite leviter rotundato, ocuHs pvoininulis, cli/peo brevi mcmbranaceo :
prothorace rotundato-subquadrato : ehjtris phis minusve costatis : alis ami)lissimis. Antenna
(V. 2 a), pi'sesertim in maribus (V. 2), longiusculse serrato-filiformes, in utroque sexu simplices,
infra ocuiorum marginem anticum (et ab illis remotse) insertse, articulis primo et secundo intus
subclavato-nodosis (illo robustiore longiore), tertio brevi gracili extus oblique leviter producto,
reliquis (ultimo ovali excepto) sequalibus intus acutissime et subrequaliter serratis. Labrum
(V. 2 b) eoriaceura limbo membranaceo, transversum, antice rotundatum. Mandibula (V. 2 c)
magnse cornese latte, apicem versus acutissimoe bifidae, intus minutissime subcrenulatse et mem-
brana angusta tenuissima auctse. Maxilla (V. 2 d) biloboe, lobis membranaceis apice pubescen-
tibus : externa latiusculo : interna breviore angustiore. Palpi subfiliformes ; nmxillares articulo
primo parvo, secundo et tertio crassioribus subsequalibus, ultimo elongato subfusiformi basi
truncato ad apicem aeuminato ; labiales (V. 2 e) e scapis submembranaceis ligulfe connatis
surgentes, articulo primo parvo, secundo paulo majorc crassiore, ultimo elongato subfusiformi
basi truncato ad apicem aeuminato. Mentum (nisi fallor) veluti e duplici parte formatum, alia
terminali (ad latera rotundata) coriacea antice membranacea, alia basali (prioris stipite) subcornea
apice coriacea (ad latera in angulum medium plus minusve producta). Ligula elougata mem-
branacea pilosa, apice biloba. Pedes longiusculi graciles : tibiis subcylindricis : tarsis (V. 2/)
articulis quatuor baseos (primo et secundo prjecipue) subtus leviter oblique productis (primo bre-
viuscvilo basi subrecondito, secundo, tertio et quarto sequalibus paulatim minus obliquis), quinto
elongato vix subclavato imguiculis (V. 2 g) niagnis valde bifidis munito.

A Melyris (genus Coleopterorum), et crco/ia corpus.

A very interesting little genus, approaching closely, in general affinity and
contour, to 3Ielyris, though at the same time with abundant distinctive features
of its own. Thus, the structure of its antennae and palpi should be especially
noticed, — the former of which have theu' third joint (which is the longest of the
whole in Melyris proper) excessively small and obliquely produced e^rternally, the
fourth to the tenth being very acutely (and equally) serrated within ; whilst the
latter are greatly attenuated at their extreme apex, instead of (as in Ilelyris)
robust and obtuse, Added to which, its bifid and more acute mandibles, the short
and j)artially concealed basal articulation of its feet, and its deeply bipartite claws,
in conjunction with the less transverse prothorax, slenderer legs, and the small-
ness of the species which compose it, are all of them characters which wUl serve
to separate it from the members of that group.

194. Melyrosoma oceanicum, Wall. (Tab. V. fig. l.)

M. robustum nigrum et pilis brevibus subdepressis parce vestitum, capite prothoraceque ruguloso-
subpunctatis, elytro singulo costis tribus (externa fere obsoleta) longitudinaliter instructo, inter-
stitiis profunde, crebre et rugose (sed vix seriatim) punctatis, antennarum basi tarsisque fusces-
centibus.
Mas vix minor, antenuis paulo lougioribus.

Long. corp. lin. li-2.

251 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Habitat in locis editioribus Maderae, tempore sestivo, hinc inde vulgare : in summo ipso monte
Ruivenso (GIOC s. m.), flores Erica cinerea (una cum Pecteropo Maderensi) circumvolans, necnon
in ascensu montis a Feijaa de Corte Augusto ineunte a.d. 1850 copiosissime coUegi.

M. elongate and robust, deep black (rarely with a piceous tinge), and beset (although not very densely)
with a short, nearly decumbent and somewhat cinereous pile. Head and prothorax rugulose and
subpunctate : the former tiattencd : the latter convex, and narrowed in front. Elytra with the
suture raised, and also with three costse down the disk of each, — which are abbre\iated posteriorly,
and the outer one of which is usually nearly obsolete ; the interstices deeply, very closely and
coarsely punctured (the punctures being vei-y large, but with only a slight tendency to be disposed
in rows). Antenna at base, and the tarsi just perceptibly paler than the rest of the surface.
Male a little smaller than the female, and with the antennae distinctly longer, — though not so long
as those of (both sexes of) the M. Artemisia,

Readily known from the follo^\dng species by its larger and more robust form,
and by its more intensely black bue. It is also far less pubescent, its forehead is
flatter, and its antennae (in. both sexes ; and therefore, a fortiori, in the female)
are proportionably shorter than those of that insect. It is, apparently, peculiar to
the mountains ; and, so far as I have hitherto observed, to Madeira proper, —
whore it occtu's, throughout the summer months, in flowers, from an altitude
of about 3000 feet to the summits of the loftiest peaks. I fii-st detected it,
August 2nd, 1850, on the ascent of the Pico Ruivo from the Curral das Freiras,
where it was extremely abundant, — especially on a precipitous projecting buttress,
known as the Lombo das Portaes, overlooking the Feijaa de C6rte : and during
my encampment on the Pico Ruivo itself (GlOO feet above the sea), I captured it
in almost equal profusion (La company with the Tecteropits Maderenms) out of
the flowers of Erica cinerea, — or else, on the wing, in thcu' immediate vicinity.

195. Melyi'osoma Ai-temisiae, Woll (Tab. V. fig. 2.)
M. gracile infuscato-nigrum et pilis subolivaceis longissimis mollibus suberectis vestitum, capite pro-
thoraceque leviter subruguloso-subpunctatis, elytro singulo costis tribus longitudinalitcr instruct©,
interstitiis profunde, crebre et rugose (sed vix seriatim) punctatis, antennarum basi, tibiis tarsisque
fuscescentibus, antennis in utroque sexu elongatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1-lj.

Habitat iusulas Desertas, restate novft sat frequens : in Desert^ Grandi rarius occurrit ; sed in Boreali
abundat, qua inter plantas Artemisia argentea, Herit., fere per totam insulam nascentes, Junio
ineunte a.d. 1850, plurima speciuiina depi'ehensi.

M. smaller, slenderer, and rather less e\])andcd posteriorly than the M. oceanicum, also of a less
intensely black hue (being more infuscated or piccscent), and densely beset with an exceedingly
long, silken, nearly erect, and yellowish cinereous (or somewhat olivaceous) pile, — which often
imparts to the surface an obscure subseneous tinge. Head and prothorax less distinctly sculj)-
tured than in the last species (being only slightly rugulose, and with veiy faint indications of
pimctures) : the former rather broader in proportion than that of the M. oceanicum, and a little

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 255

more convex behind : the latter narrowed in front. Elytra as in the last species, only with the
two inner costa; not quite so much elevated, and the outer (or submarginal) one proportionably
rather more so ; and with the punctures of the interstices, if anything, even larger than those of
that insect. Antenna at base, and the legs (especially the tibia and tarsi) more or less paler, or
fuscescent. Antenna in both sexes of nearly equal length, and considerably more elongated (in
proportion to the size of the insect) than those of the M, oceanicum.

A well-defined species, and apparently peculiar to the two northern Dezertas.
It differs from the preceding one in its smaller and slenderer form, and in its
less intensely black hue, in the long, silken, somewhat olivaceous and almost erect
pubescence with which it is beset, and by its more infuscated legs and less abbre-
viated antennse, — which last are of nearly equal length in both sexes. It appears
to be scarce on the Dezerta Grande ; where, nevertheless, I fii-st discovered it,—
on the outer canvass of my tent, during the hot sunshine, at the end of May 1850.
On the Flat Dezerta, or Illieo Chao, however, it is far more abundant,— where a
few days later (i. e. at the beginning of June) it occurred to me in profusion ;
principally from amongst the large masses of AVormwood {Artemisia argentea,
Herit.) with which that remarkable little island is in certain spots densely clothed.
It woLild seem to be less decidedly attached to flowers than the 31. oceanicum ;
and indeed less so than is the case with the Ilelyridce generaUy,— in whicli
respect, as weU as in many minor details of its economy, it makes an evident
approach towards the following family, the Cleridce.

Fam. 29. CLERID^.

Genus 91. OPILUS*.

Latreille, Hist. Nat. cles Ins. iii. Ill (script. Opilo) (1802);

Corpus mediocre, plerumque lineari-elongatum, vix durum, pubescens, Isete coloratura et punctatum :
prothorace angusto, subcylindrico postice leviter constricto : alis amplis. Antenna pilosae, apicem
versus leviter incrassatse, articulo primo robusto, secundo brevi, inde ad octavum obconicis lati-
tudine subjequalibus, reliquis leviter incrassatis, clavam laxam elongatani baud abruptam tri-
articulatam efficientibus. Labrum vix coriaceum, transversum, antice bilobum valde pdosum.
Mandibula magnje cornese validffi acutissimse, extus valde pilosa;, infra apicem umdentatfe.

* Strictly speaking, the title of the present genus is Opilo ; but since it has been usually quoted as
Opilus, I have not considered it worthwhile to create confusion by adhering to the original orthography :
nevertheless I think it exceedingly questionable how far we are justified in sanctioning the change, so
long as other terminations in o (as, for instance, HeUiio, Pi/tho, Tenelrio, Cehrio, Crabro, &c.) are per-
mitted to remain ; and whether we do not lay oui-selves open to the charge of inconsistency by smgHng
out any one of them as objectionable, whUst,"at the same time, we endorse the rest. A similar absurdity
presents itself in Bembidion of Latreille, which is mvariably coiTected into Bemlidium ; and yet Omopliron
and Cerylon, of the same author, are retained. If however the Latm terminal is alone admissible in these
Greek compounds (and I am by no means prepared to contend that it is not to beprefen-ed, and therefore
far letter adhered to in the comage of new generic names), why is it that we countenance such terms as
Borcadion, Unnearthron, Pentodon, Urodon, Lymexylon, GymnaHron, Cercyon, &c., which at any rate
should be governed by the same law, — be it of rejection or sidferance ?

256 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Maxilla bilobse, lobis submcmbranaceis, apice pubescentibus ; extemo latiusculo ; inferno bre-
viore angustiore. Palpi vakle clavati ; maxillares articulo primo parvo, secundo elongate, tertio
breviore subflexuoso, ultimo maximo dilatato securiforini ; luhiales articulo primo parvo, secundo
elongato, ultimo maximo dilatato triangulari-securiformi. Mentuin pan'um subquadratum,
antice membranaceum. Liyula elongata membranacea, valde pilosa bifida. Pedes elongati
robusti hirsutissimi : tarsis articulis quatuor baseos subtus oblique productis laciniisque spon-
gioso-submembranaceis pilosissimis (modo, ut in specie nostra) bifidis (modo integris) auctis
(primo brevi ad basin recondite superne vix obsen'ando, secundo, tertio et quarto longitudine
decrescentibus, obliquitate crescentibus necnon paulatim caudatioribus), quinto breviusculo minus
clavato unguiculis simplicibus munito.

Single species of Opilus and Necrohia are the only representatives of the
CleridcB which have been hitherto detected in the Madeira Islands ; and even of
these, the latter at any rate would appear to have been naturalized from more
northern cotintries, — occurring, only, either about houses or in the immediate
vicinity of the towns, and at aU times under doubtful circumstances. Opilus may
be readily known by its linear outUne, hirsute and prettily fasciated siirface, and
by the largely developed securiform joint with which the whole of its palpi are
terminated. The somewhat spongiose structm-e, and membranous adjimcts, of
the soles of its feet should be especially noticed, — the joints themselves moreover
being oblique, with the basal one extremely small and (on account of its obUqmty)
scarcely perceptible from above ; wliilst the penultimate one (as also, though in a
less degree, the antepenultimate) has its under appendages distinctly bUobed (a
peculiarity* wliich is remarkably apparent in the INladciran member of the group).
The O^nli are found principally in rotten wood, or beneath the loose bark of trees,
— on which, nevertheless, they are supposed not to feed, but rather on the minute
insects and larvae with which such localities necessarily abound.

196. OpUas moUis.

O. lineari-elongatus subcylindricus fusco-piceus et pilis longissimis mollibus suberectis adspersus,
capite prothoraceque ruguloso-punctatis, hoc postice constricto ad apicem pallidiore, elytris pro-
funde seriatim punctatis, fasciis duabus (unS, sc. basali obliqud, sed altera media transversa) et
apice pallido-omatis, antennis pedibusque pallidis.

Long. Corp. lin. 4^6.

Attelahus mollis, Linn. Fna Sure. 186 (1761)."
Notoxtts mollis, Vab. Unt. S^st. i. 211 (1792).
Opilo mollis, Lat. Sist. JVa/. des Ins. ix. 149 (1804).
Opilus mollis. Staph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 323 (1830).

Habitat Maderam, sestate, rarior : ad Ribciro Frio mense Julio a.d. 1851 detexit Rev''"" Dom. Lowe,
necnon tria specimina prope Funchal reperta nuperrime Dom. Leacock communicavit.

* In a few, less typical species which do not concern us here,— as, for instance, the O. porcafus. Fab.,
and the O.fasciculatus, Schreib., — this bilohed structure does not appear to hold good ; the appendages
of the tarsal joints being there undirided.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 257

O. narrow, elongated and somewhat cylindrical ; dark piceons brown, and beset (on the limbs as well
as on the body) with an exceedingly long, very soft, woolly, and nearly erect paler pile. Head and
prothorax closely and roughly punctured : the funner broad behind : tiie latter wide in front and
constricted posteriorly ; with its anterior edge rufo-testaceous, and with indications of a small
and oblique tubercle on either side of its fore-disk. Elytra very distinctly seriate-punctate (the
punctures being large, regular and deep) ; with an oblique fascia (commencing at the shoulder
of each) at the base, a transverse one about, or immediately behind, the middle, and the apex
itself (the whole of them being interrupted along the suture) pale testaceous. Body beneath with
the abdomen rufescent. AnteniitB, pa/jji and leffs bright rusty-testaceous, — except the basal two-
thirds of the femora, which are extremely pale.

A common insect throughout central and southern Eui-ope, and in the north of
Africa. In Madeira however it woukl appear to be rare ; occurring, nevertheless,
diu'ing the summer months, in positions far removed from each other. I have
not myself detected it in these islands : but I possess specimens from the col-
lection of the late Dr. Heinecken ; and others, -n hich were captured by the Rev.
E;. T. Lowe, in July 1851, at the Eibeiro Frio ; whilst three more have been
recently communicated to me by Mr. Leacock,— found in his house at Santo
Antonio, near Funchal.

Genus 92. NECROBIA.

Olivier, IJntom. iv. 76 bis (1795).

Corpus parvum, oblongum, sat durum, pubescens, laete coloratura et punctatum : prothorace convexo
subquadrato-rotundato : alls amplis. Antenna prothoracis longitudine, clavatse, articulo primo
sat elongato robusto clavato, secundo brevi, tertio elongato, quarto ad octa\'um brevioribus lati-
tudine vix crescentibus, reliquis clavam magnam subovatam triarticulatam efficientibus (nono et
decimo breviusculis transversis, ultimo maximo crasso subquadrato ad apicem oblique truncato).
Lahrum corneum limbo coriaceo, transversum, antice bilobum pilosum. Mandibulce magnse
comese validse acutissimse, infra apicem dentat<e. Maxilla bilobfe, lobis submembranaceis apice
pubescentibus ; externa latiusculo ; interna breviore, paulo angustiore. Palpi filiformes ; maxil-
lares articulo primo parvo, secundo longiusculo, tertio breviore subflexuoso, ultimo elongato
fusiformi apice subacuminato ; labiates articulo primo parvo, secundo longiore, tertio elongato
fusiformi apice subacuminato. Mentum subquadratum, margiue antico producto. Ligula ampla
membranacea pilosa cordata. Pedes robusti subcontractiles : tarsis articulis tribus baseos sfibtus
oblique productis laciniisque spongioso-membranaceis, pilosissimis integris auctis (primo bre-
viusculo, secundo et tertio sub?equalibus, illo subcordato, hoc valde cordato), quarto minutissimo
inter tertii lobos recondito, quinto elongato clavato unguiculis in medio unidentatis munito.

Necrobia is by some entomologists amalgamated with Conjnetes of Herbst
(established in 1792, and therefore the older name) ; but it seems to me to be more
natural to regard them as separate genera, since their antennge and palpi pre-
sent, both of them, sufficient characters to preclude the chance of confusing, inter
se, the species which severally compose them. Thus, the former are thicker, and
somewhat more abbreviated, in Necrobia than in Corynetes, and have their club

2l

258 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

(instead of being oblong, narrow, and composed of three equal and loosely-attached
parts) robust, broad, ovate and more compact, — the first two joints being short
and transverse, and the last extremely large, wide and subquadrate, and obliquely
truncated at its extremity : whilst, as regards their palpi, the apical articulation
in Necrohia is fusiform and subacuminated (not exceeding the prcAaous one in
breadth) ; whereas in Corynetes it is dilated and securiform. In other respects,
the groups are almost coincident ; unless indeed it be that the minute fourth
articulation of theu* feet is perhaps even smaller in Necrohia than it is in Corynetes,
— which mav possibh' in fact be the reason wliy it was overlooked bv Cm'tis, who
gives " the tarsi i-jointed " as one of the distinctive featiu'es of the Necrohice.

197. Necrobia ruficoUis.
N. oblonga cyanea pubescens et pilis longissimis mollibus suberectis adspersa, capite prothoraceque

punctatis, hoc elytrommque basi rufis, thorace subtus pedibusque rufo-testaceis, antennis abdo-

mineque nigrescentlbus.
Long. Corp. lin. 2-2i.

Anohium ruficolle, Thung. Nov. Spec. i. 8. fig. 7 (1781).
Dermestes ruficoUis, Fab. Ent. Si/sf. i. 230 (1792).
Necrobia ruficoUis, Oliv. Ent. iv. 76. 2. pi. 1. fig. 2 a,b (1795).
, Stcph. lU. Brit. Ent. iii. 327 (1830).

Habitat in domibus Maderse (mihi non obvia), ex alienis certe introducta : duo specimina e nmseo
Heineckeniano a Rev''" Dom. Lowe munifice donata sola possideo; sed in ipsa ui-be Funchalensi
mense Aprili a.d. 1851 collegit cl. Dom. Heer.

N. oblong, cyaneous (or shining blue), very pubescent, and beset with exceedingly long, soft, nearly
erect, paler additional pile. Head and prothorax regularly punctured : the latter, together with
the base of the elytra (which arc finely punctate-striated, and rugulose), rufous. Body beneath
with the entire thoracic segments pale rufous, or rufo-testaceous, and with the abdomen black.
AntenruB nearly black. Legs rufo-testaceous.

An insect of very wide geographical range, occurring in all parts of Europe, and
in the north of a\ii'ica; and being recorded as ha^-iug been received even from
India. In real fact however, it is a species attendant upon commerce, being liable
to constant transmission tlu'oughout the ci^olized world, amongst skins and other
articles of merchandise, — on portions of which it subsists : and it is probably, in
fact, through some such agency that it has insinuated itself into Mademi. It is
found priucii)ally about dwellings and warehouses, in and near Funchal ; but, as
my own researches have been but slightly prosecuted in such positions, I have not
myself succeeded in detecting it. I possess however two very old siiecimens from
the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken, — from a label still attached to which, the
insect appears to have been "common [about the year 1828] in rotten cheese;"
and it has been recently taken by Professor Heer, in Fimchal.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 259

Fam. 30. PTINID-ffil.

Genus 93. PTINUS. (Tab. V. fig. 4, 5 et 6.)
Lmn»us, Si/sf. Nat. ii. 565 (1767).

Corpus parviira, oblongum vel sphsericum, durum, plus minusve pubescens vel squamosum : capite
deflexo, sub prothorace vix abscondito : scutello modo distincto, modo baud observando : pro-
thorace vel gibboso ad basin constricto, vel convexo : alls modo amplis, modo obsoletis. Antenna
plus minusve approximatpe, aut filiformes aut siibclavatse, articulo prinio robusto, seeundo vix
breviusculo, reliquis vel Eequalibus ultimo elougato-ovato, vel latitudine sensim crassioribus
ultimo ovato. Lahruui corneum transversum, antice pilosum leviter emarginatum. Mandihula
maguse cornefe validfe latoe subtriangulares obtusse, intus medio dente obtuso instructse. Maxilla
bilobffi, lobis submembranaceis apice pubescentibus ; externa leviter incurvo ; interno paulo
breviore latiore. Palpi subclavati; maxillares articulo primo vel parvo, vel (ut in Mezio et
Gibbio) longiusculo subflexuoso, seeiuido et tertio crassioribus subsequalibus, ultimo clongato
robusto fusiformi apice acuminato ; labiates articulo primo gracili, seeundo lougiore crassiore,
ultimo robusto subovato apice vix acuminato. Mentum corneum, modo subrotundatum, modo
elongatum antice acuminatum. Ligula membranacea elongata, apice dilatata Integra pilosa.
Pedes longiusculi subcontractiles, graciles vel robusti : femorihus apicem versus subito incrassatis :
tarsis modo longiusculis articulis quatuor baseos (primo longiusculo) longitudine leviter decres-
centibus, modo breviusculis articulis quatuor baseos (prsesertim in anterioribus) subsequalibus ;
quinto vel longiusculo vel breviusculo unguiculis simplicibus munito.

The great diversity, both in structure and outward contour, of the Ptini renders
the group an extremely intricate one to define ; and the gradual manner ia which
many of its variations are apt to merge into each other makes it almost equally
useless, without an intimate acquaintance Tvdth all the forms hitherto described,
to attempt to dissever any portion of it from the remainder. Yet some of the
species do nevertheless exhibit, in habits as well as detaU, such obvious differences
inter se, that it is possible that a careful examination of their oral organs, on a
comprehensive scale, might succeed in detecting sufiicient characters for generic
subdivision : but until this is done it would be lost labour to chalk out lines of
demarcation, — especially in a work like the present one, which, having but a few
memliers to deal with, must of necessity be confined withia very restricted bovmds.
StUl, the Madeiran representatives (from the want, it may be, of intermediate
links to unite them) do at any rate arrange themselves imder two clearly-defined
heads ; the fii-st of which, like the ordinary Ftini of central and boreal Europe,
has the body comparatively elongated and pubescent, and for the most part
winged, the prothorax more or less gibbous (or nodulose) in front and transversely
contracted behind, the scutellum large, and the antennae and feet slender and
filiform (the last of which, moreover, have their basal joiat perceptibly longer
than any of the folloAving three) ;— whilst in the second (a most abundant modifi-
cation along the southern Mediterranean limits) the shape is altogether more
spherical, the surface more or less densely scaly (but free from pile), the body

2l2

260 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

apterous, the prothorax, instead of being humped, is sinii^ly convex, and (though
rounded off) not at all constricted posteriorly, the scutellum is so minute as to be
barely visible, the antennae are shorter (generally very robust), and with their
apical joint invariably (and the subapical ones freqviently) more or less incrassated,
and the legs are often unnaturally thickened, with their tarsi (in which the iirst
four articulations, especially of the two anterior pair, are subequal) shorter and
proportionably broader (though more acuminated) than is the case in the usual
northern t\^e.

How far these distinctions will obtain on a more extended ^new, observation
can alone prove ; — Ijut I am inclined to suspect that a critical analysis of the
genus, with reference not merely to the structure but also to the modes of life of
the several insects which now compose it, Mill rather tend to uphold the divisions
just alluded to than to re-amalgamate them. The members of the first of these
sections are peculiarly aggressive in their nature, attaching themselves to inhabited
spots, and occurring about dwellings and out-houses, — especially in the vicinity of
merchandise ; wliilst those of the second prefer the open coimtry, existing almost
exclusively, so far as I am aware, in positions remote from any traces of civiliza-
tion,— as, for instance, in the decayed branches of trees, in the crevices of weather-
beaten rocks, or amongst lichen and beneath the stones of exposed mountain sum-
mits. For the latter of tliese the name of Sphtsricus was proposed by !Motschulsky,
during his late visit to England ; — which I have accordingly adopted (although
in a subsidiary sense, liolieving it to be scarcely prudent, in so widely distributed
an assemblage and with our imperfect data, to employ it in a stricter signilication).
The representatives of both of the above departments are subject to very great
variation in size and colour ; and since even tlie sexes themselves often display
consideralile incongruities inter se, it is not surprising that the boundaries between
some of the species which are nearly allied should be occasionally difficult to trace
out. Such being tlie fact, it is impossible to overrate the importance of studying
them in »itu, — so as to be enaldcd not only to connect the numerous aberrations,
but even, at times, perhaps, in a certain measm-e to account for them : since it is
by this process of inquiry that we are more likely to arrive at the truth than by
the collation of treble the amount of individuals at a distance, where anything
like local pboenoinena in connexion with them must of course be entirely over-
looked. So completely indeed are some of the Madtm'an Ffini affected by isola-
tion, and by exposure to a perpetually stormy atmosphere, that they do not attain
half the bidk on many of the adjacent rocks that they do in the more sheltered
districts of the central mass ; and so marvellously is this veiified in a particular
instance, that I have but little doubt that five or six " species " (so called) might
have been recorded out of one, had only a few stray specimens been brought home
for identification, without any regard having l)een paid to the respective circum-
stances under which they were found. Judging from many hundi'cd exami)les
which I have submitted to a close comparison, the most constant of their cha-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 261

racteristics would seem to be outline and sculptiu-e, — whilst size and colour are
apparently the least to be depended upon : and hence trifling differences may be
often of speciiic indication in the former case, where in the latter much larger
ones are worthless.

A. Anteniice hasi approximated.

§ I. Corpus plus minusve oblonc/um pubescens alatum, prothorace gibhoso ad basin valde constricto, scutello
distincto : antenncB Jiliforines : tarsi longiusculi JtUformes, articulo primo leviter elongato. (Ptini
per Eiiropce partem majorem typici).

198. Ptinus advena, WW.

P. ferrugineus valde (prsesertim in prothorace) subsetuloso-pubescens, scutello squamis subfulveseenti-
cinereis tecto, elytris ellipticis punctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque elongatis graciUbus parce
squamosis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1|.

Habitat in domibus Maderse, rarissimus : exemplar uuicum, a Rev''" Dom. Lowe ad Sanctum Vincen-
tium captum, solum vidi.

P. ferruginous, and densely beset (especially on the prothorax) with a long, stiff, suberect, robust,
somewhat setiform, and rather ragged pile. Pj-uthorax gibbous (but scarcely subnodulose) on
the fore-disk; and suddenly and greatly constricted behind. Scutellum distinct and round; and
clothed with brownish-, or rather yellowish-cinereous scales. Elytra almost elliptical (being but
very slightly more acuminated behind than before) ; and punctate-striated. Antenna and legs
elongated and slender, and rather sparingly clothed with dull yellowish-cinereous scales ; the
former filiform, with their apical joint acute; the latter with their tarsi narrow, — the basal
articulation being distinctly longer than any of the following three.

A Ptinus of the ordinary northern mould, and one in fact of the common type
of form which is so constantly liable to transmission throughout the civUized
world ; nevertheless, not having been able to identify it with any of the species to
which I have had access, I have been compelled to describe it as new. It
possesses, in conjimction with the P. mauntanicus, abundant characteristics (as,
for instance, its comparatively large, pubescent, and more oblong body, distinctly
developed scutellum and wings, its gibbous and posteriorly constricted prothorax,
and the subelongated basal joint of its tarsi) which will at once separate it from
the other members of the group with which we have here to do ; — whilst from that
insect in particular its coucolorous, ferruginous hue, and its slenderer and more
filiform antennae and feet will immediately remove it. It is apparently exceed-
ingly rare, the only specimen which I have seen having been captured in the north
of the island, at Sfio Viucente, by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

199. Ptinus mauritanicus.

P. piceo-niger, prothorace (fortiter quadrituberculato) scutelloque squamis cinereo-fulvescentibus varic-

262 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

gatis, elytris parallelo-oblongis punctato-striatis rugulosis, fasciis duabus (un& sc. sub-basali
undulata, sed altera longe ultra medium sita) nivosis ornatis, antennis pedibusque elongatis
robustis ferrugineis et dense (prsesertim his) squamosis.
Long. Corp. lin. lf-2.

Ptinus mauritanicus, Lucas, Col. de VAlgerie, 208 (1849).

Habitat Maderam, et borealem et australem, rarissimus : duo specimina sola vidi, unuin sc. sestate
A.D. 1850 in horto Loweano ad Levada, et altcrum ad Passo d'Areia prope Sanctum Vincentium
(ad radices Seiiipcrvivi tahuliformis, Haw., in rupibus crescentis latitans) tempore hiberno .\.d.
181-9, a meipso reperta.

P. piceous-black, and sparingly beset with short and decumbent set?e. Prothorax extremely gibbous
on the fore-disk, where it is armed with four powerful nodules (the two outer ones of which are
far apart and exceedingly prominent, whilst the inner ones are smaller, placed nearer together,
and slightly in advance of the others) ; suddenly and greatly constricted behind ; and densely
variegated with yellowish-cinereous, deep fulvous-brown, and whitish scales. Scutellum distinct
and rounded, and with the scales uniformly yellowish-cinereous (being unmingled with either
darker or lighter ones). Elytra ample, oblong, and parallel at the sides; punctate-striated and
rugulose ; and with two transverse fasciae (one of which is more or less undulated and placed
l)ehind their base, whilst the other is straighter and situated midway between their apex and
the centre of their disk) pure snowy-white. Antenna and le(/s elongated and robust, and
densely clothed (especially the latter) with yellowish-cinereous scales; the former filiform, with
their apical joint more obtuse than that of the P. advena ; the latter with their tarsi broader
than those of that insect, — the basal articulation however being, as there, distinctly longer than
any of the following three.

The largest of the Madeiran Ftini; and (apart from the sect iona I characteristics
enumerated under the preceding species) it may he at once recognised hy its wide
and parallel outline, hy the briglit fulvescent scales of its scutellum and (quadri-
tuljcrculate) prothorax, and by the two conspicuous and snowy-white fasciae with
which its elytra are adorned, — the anterior one of which moreover is not basal (as in
the other decorated members of the group), but sub-basal, and usually well-defined.
It is exceedingly rare ; and in its habits (though not in its structm-e) would appear
to be somewhat intermediate between the ordinary I^tini of northern latitudes and
the more southern tyjie (indicated under the following section), since it occurs
both in the vicinity of old houses and, likewise, in the open country. Thus, out
of the only two examples which have hitherto come beneath my notice (and which
were captured by myself), one was taken near Funchal, dm-ing the smnmer of
1850, in the garden of the Rev. Ft. T. Lowe at the Levada ; and the other in the
north of the island, in February 1819, at the roots of the Scniperciciim luhuli-
forme. Haw., which stud the perpendicular rocks at the Passo d'Areia near Sao
Vincente. It is apparently a Mediterranean insect, having been recently described
by ^I. Lucas in the magnificent work published by the French Government on the
Natm-al Histoi-y of .iUgeria.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 263

§ II. Corpus plus minusve sphcericum squamosum apterum, prothorace convexo, scutello vix ohservando :
antennm ad apicem plus minusve subclavatce : tarsi hreviusculi subacuminati, articuUs quatuor haseos
longitudine suhceqwalibus. (Ptiiii aberrantes, sed in insults Maderensibm typici.)

(Subgenus SPH^EICUS, Mots, in litt.)
200. Ptinus Dawsoni, Woll. (Tab. V. fig. 5.)
P. piceus squamis fulvescenti-cinereis adspersus, elytris rotundato-ovatis profunde seriato-punctatis
(punctis maximis), fasciis duabus (una sc. ad basin ipsam posita et postice valde iniequaliter
lacero-indentata, sed altera longe ultra medium sita) per sutm-am late interruptis albidis ornatis,
antennis pedibusque robustissimis ferrugineis et dense squamosis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat in ins. Deserta Grandi, sub lapide JVIaio exeunte a.d. 1850 a meipso repertus.
In honorem el. Ricardi Dawson, M.D., Londini, ob gratias mihi per plures annos amice oblatas caris-
simi, hoc insectum pulchritudine superbiens et valde distinctum citavi.

P. piceous or brownish-piceous, and more or less besprinkled with yellowish-cinereous scales. Pro-
thorax convex, rounded at the sides, — and therefore narrowed (although not constricted) both
before and behind. Elytra roundish-ovate (being widest a little behind the base) ; less densely
clothed with scales than the prothorax; very deeply seriate- (but not striate-) punctate (the
punctures being exceedingly large and distinct) ; and with two transverse fascise (one of which is
placed at their extreme base, — and is exceedingly ragged, and unequally produced backwards,
posteriorly ; whilst the other is straighter, and situated midway between their apex and the centre
of their disk), which are widely interrupted in the middle, white. Antennce and legs extremely
robust, ferruginous, and densely clothed with yellowish-cinereous scales ; the former nearly fili-
form, with their apical joint thick and ovate; the latter with their tarsi short and broad, —
though (as in most of the other members of the present section) rather acuminated.

A most elegant and weU-defined Ftinus ; and one which is hitherto unique, —
the only specimen which has been detected, so far at least as I am aware, having
been captured l)y myself, from beneath a stone, on the lofty weather-beaten ridge
which constitutes the northern extremity of the Dezerta Grande, during my
encampment there with the Rev. R. T. Lowe, at the end of May 1850. As already
stated, the whole of the members of the present division of the genus may be
recognised from those of the preceding one by their more spherical, scaly (but
unpubescent) and apterous bodies, by their ahnost obsolete scutella, by their
convex (though not posteriorly constricted) prothoraces, and by then- antennae and
legs being more abbreviated and robust, — the former of which moreover have
their apical joint universally (and occasionally the subapical ones likewise) incras-
sated ; whilst the latter are remarkable for their shorter and subacmrdnated feet,
the basal articulation of which (especially in the two anterior pair) is scarcely
longer than any of the following tliree, whilst the terminal one is unusually
minute. Apart from which characters (which are sectional and not specific), the
P. Dawsoni may be at once distingxushed by its excessively thickened limbs, and

264 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

l)y the enormous punctiires and conspicuous fasciae of its comparatively ovate
elytra. I have dedicated the species to my friend Richard Dawson, Esq., M.D., of
London, to whom I have been indebted for much kindness throughout many years ;
and whose microscopic researches, in a higher department of natural science, have
been long made known.

201. Ptinus pingTiis, Wall.

P. piceus squamis cinereo-fulvescentibus dense tectus, clytris rotundatis impunctatis, fascia posticA
obsoletissima (saepe omnino obliterate) ornatis, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis et dense squa-
mosis, illis in man; (?) robustioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. ^l^-

Habitat Madcram, rarior : prope Funchal egomet parce coUegi, necnon exemplar unicum possideo a
Rev''° Doin. Lowe a Madera boreali communicatum.

P. Ijfownish-piccous, and densely clothed with yellowish-cinereous scales (which often assume, espe-
cially on the prothorax where they are more thickly set, a slightly golden tinge). Prothorax
rather convex, tian-ow, and scarcely at all rounded at the sides ; and, normally, with obscure
indications of a white line down the centre, and another on either side. Elytra exceedingly
round and convex (being widest about the middle) ; rather less densely clothed with scales than
the prothorax ; impunctate ; and, in highly coloured specimens, with a very obscure paler
posterior patch on each (to indicate the usual hinder fascia, — the basal one being quite obsolete).
Antenna and legs robust, especially in the males (?), ferruginous, and densely clothed with
yellowish-cinereous scales ; the former nearly filiform, with their apical joint thick and ovate ;
the latter with their tarsi not very short, but rather broad at the base.

Easily distinguished from the remainder of the genus here described by its
entirely unpunctate svu-face; — a peculiarity which, in connexion with its obese,
extremely roxmded form, and the yellowish and somewhat silken scales with which
it is uniformly clothed, gives the insect, jiHmd facie, a rather greasy, or oily
appearance. Like the following species, it would seem to be scarce : nevertheless
I have captured it near Eunchal (I believe in the Eibeiro de Santa Ltizia), and I
possess an old specimen from the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken ; wliilst
another has been recently communicated to me by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, by whom
it was taken in the north of the island, at Sfio Vincente.

202. Ptinus orbatus, Woll. (Tab. V. fig. 6.)

, P. ferrugineis squamis subfulvescenti-cinereis parce tectus, elytris subovato-rotundatis subseriato-
punctatis (punctis magnis rcmotis), fascia subpostica obsoletissimA ornatis, antennis pedibusque
brevibus robustis et \-ix dense squamosis.
Long. Corp. lin. vLx |.

Habitat ^Lideram, rarissimus : in colic quodani parvo (Pico do Cardo dicto) baud procul ab urbe
Funclialensi sito, e trunco arboris emortuo (uni cum Ptino lonijicbrni degens), tempore vemali
A.D. 18-18 specimen unicum cepi.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 265

P. ferrun-inoiis, and apparently not much beset with scales. Prothornx rather convex, small, narrow,
and scarcely at all rounded at the sides. Elytra roundish, — though rather more ovate than
those of the P. pinguis (being widest a little before the middle) ; subseriate- (but not striate-)
punctate (the punctures being very large, though not deep, and exceedingly far apart ; and with
only a tendency to be disposed in rows). Antenna and legs short and robust; the former nearly
fihform, with their apical joint thick and ovate; the latter with their tarsi short, and rather
broad at the base.

Tlie ferruginous hue, in conjunction with the large, shallow and distant punc-
tures of its (slightly ovate) elytra, and the comparative shortness of its limhs, will
at once suffice to separate the P. orbatus from its immediate allies. The paucity
of scales on the unique example from which the above description has been com-
piled may possibly be the result of accident, — since, from then- deciduous nature,
they are very liable to Ijecome obliterated ; and hence I would not lay any great
stress on that particular circmnstance, as a specific character. Its outline, sculp-
tm-e and proportions, however, will more than suffice to identify it. My specimen
was captured in the dead stump of a tree, in company with the P. longicornis, on
the little hill, known as the Pico do Cardo (about two miles to the north-west of
Eunchal, in the parish of Santo Antonio), diu-ing the spring of 1848.

203. Ptinus nodulus, WoU.

P. nigro-piceus squamis subcinereis tectus, elytris rotundatis leviter subseriatim punctatis (punctis sat
magnis remotis), fasciis duabus plus minusve obsoletis (sc. basali et subposticii) per suturam late
interruptis albidis ornatis, antennis pedibusque robustis ferrugineis et dense squamosis.

Long. Corp. lin. |-^.

Habitat in montibus Portus Sancti, inter lichenes in rupium fissuris nascentes, tempore vernali vul-
garis : in ascensu montis illius Pico d'Anna Ferreu-a dicti mense Aprili a.d. 1849 copiosissime
observavi.

P. dark piceous, and more or less densely clothed with cinereous or yellowish- cinereous scales. Pro-
thorax convex, narrow, and scarcely at all rounded at the sides. Elytra round and convex
(being widest about the middle) ; lightly subseriate-punctate (the punctures being rather large,
but exceedingly shallow, and somewhat distant ; and with only a very slight tendency to be
disposed in rows) ; and with a very obscure, interrupted, transverse band at their extreme base,
and with a rather more evident, though equally interrupted, posterior one (in the usual position),
more or less white. Antenn<e and legs robust, ferruginous, and densely clothed with yellowish-
cinereous scales ; the former nearly filiform, with their apical joint considerably thickened and
ovate ; the latter with then tarsi rather short, and broad at the base.

In the large, remote and lightly-impressed punctures of its elytra the present
Ftinus is som'ewhat allied to the P. or5ai«5,— nevertheless, they are neither so large
nor so wide apart as those of that species ; whUst, on the other hand (as regards
profundity), they are even stiU shaUower. In other respects the two insects are
verv distinct,— the more rounded oittUne of the P. nodalus, in conjimction with
^ 2m

266 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

its darker hue, lai'ger prothorax, and its longer and more robust limbs, being
at once sufficient to characterize it ; whilst the peciiliar nature of its scvdptvire
will, of itself, immediately separate it from the remainder of the genus here
described. I have hitherto only observed it in Porto Santo, — where however it is
at times exceedingly abu^ndant, during the early spring months, amongst lichen in
the fissures of the exposed rocks, especially towards the mountain summits. In
such positions, diu'ing AprU of 1819, I captured it in the greatest profusion, in
company with the F.fragilis and the Tarphius Loicei, — particularly on the ascent
of the Pico d' Anna Perreira from the east.

204. Ptiaus pilula, WolL

P. fusco-piceus squamis subcinereis tectus, elytris rotundatis subruguloso-punctatis (punctis minoribus
crebris), fasciis duabus (sc. basali obsoletissima et subpostica plus minusve obsoleta) per suturam
late intcrraptis albidis ornatis, anteniiis pedibusque subgracilibus pallido-ferrugineis et parce
squamosis.

Long. Corp. lin. ^.

Habitat Maderam ; seme! tantum, a meipso prope urbcm Funchalensem, detectus.

P. brownish-piceous, and more or less densely clothed with dirty cinereous scales. Prothorax rather
convex, short, and rounded at the sides. Elytra round, short and convex (being widest about
the middle) ; very obscurely punctured and subrugulose (the punctures being small, ill-defined
and rather close together; and without any tendency, apparently, to be disposed in rows) ; with
very obscure indications of paler scales in the usual positions, — to represent the basal and post-
medial fascife. Anteniue and legs rather long and slender, ])ale ferruginous, and very sparingly
clothed with scales ; the former nearly filiform, with their apical joint elongate-ovate ; the latter
with their tarsi (which, with the tibia, are paler than the femora) rather longer and narrower
than those of the last species.

The present insect approaches very closely to the P. alhopictus, with which
nevertheless it can scarcely be associated, — differing as it does (even though
sHghtly) in the most constant characters which this section of the Ptini appears
to possess. Having unfortunately but a single individual to judge from, I should
not have ventured to have regarded it as distinct, had not the examination of a
very large mass of specimens of its nearest ally inclined me to suspect that the
minute peculiarities which it possesses are just of the nature to indicate an
additional species, — Avhich as yet however we reqiiire greater niunbers of in order
to appreciate. The main points which separate it from the P. albopictus are its
outline, proportions and sculptxu'e. Thus, its elytra are shorter and more spherical
than in any of the varieties (especially the Madeiran one, — an important con-
sideration, as coming from the same island) of tliat insect, its prothorax is rather
more al^brcviated, and rounder at the sides, the sculptm-e of its elytra is more
rugulose (and has the punctures, although equaUy small, less clearly defined), and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. • 267

its legs and antennse, particularly the latter, are less robust, — the former of which
moreover have their tibite and tarsi paler than the femora, whilst the terminal
joint of the latter is more elongated and less apically obtuse than in the P. albo-
jnctiis. The only specimen which I have seen was captured by myself in the
vicinity of Funchal (I believe in the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia) during the spring
of 1849.

205. Ptinus albopictus, Woll. (Tab. V. fig. 4.)

P. fusco- (rarius nigro-) piceus squamis cinereis variegatus, elytris subrotundatis dilutioribus punc-
tatis (punctis minoribus crebris), fasciis duabus (sc. basali, vel omnino diffusa vel obsoletissima ;
et subpostica, plus minusve distincta) per suturam interruptis albidis ornatis, antennis pedibusque
subelongatis pallidioribus sed vix squamosis.

Var. a. nigro-piceus parce cinereo-adspersus, elytris rufescenti-brunneis, fascia basali obsoleta sed
subpostica distincta, pedibus obscuris. Long. 1-1^ lin. (In Madera propi-id stains typicus.)

Var. j3. fusco-piceus cinereo-variegatus, elytris paulo dilutioribus, fascia basali diffusa sed sub-
postica distincta, pedibus rufo-testaceis. Long. |-1 lin. (In Desertd Grandi status typicus.)

Var. y. fusco-piceus vel fusco-ferrugineus dense cinereo-variegatus, elytris paulo dilutioribus, fasciis
omnino diffusis confluentibus, pedibus plerumque rufo-testaceis. Long. 'i-\ lin. (In Desertd
Ch-andi status aberrans, sed in Porlu Sancto typicus.) (Tab. V. fig. 4.)

Var. S. fusco-ferrugineus dense cinereo-variegatus, elytris dilutioribus (interdum etiam subflaves-
centibus), fasciis diffusis sed subposticS, ssepius leviter distincta, pedibus rufo-testaceis vel etiam
testaceis. Long, vix i-§ lin. (In Desertd Boreali.)
Long. Corp. lin. vix ^-1^.

Habitat in insulis Maderensibus, usque ad 3000' s. m. ascendens : ror. a. ad Maderam propriam
solam (nisi fallor) pertinet : var. /3. Desertse Grandi propria est, qua. caules Silybi Mariani, Grtn.
( = Cardui benedicti, antiquorum) destruit : var. y. in Portu Sancto prsedominat, lichenes in
rupium fissuris crescentes colens : var. S. in DesertS, Boreali, et nusquam nisi illic, occurrit, qua
Junio ineunte a.d. 1850 copiosissime observavi.

P. brownish- (rarely dark) piceous, and more or less densely variegated with cinereous scales. Pro-
thorax rather convex, a little longer than in the P. pilula, and very slightly rounded at the sides.
Elytra subrotundate, — being, throughout all the varieties, less decidedly spherical than those of
the P. pilula (nevertheless not ovate, since they are widest about the middle) ; more or less diluted,
or rufescent, in colouring ; punctured (the punctures being small, and close together ; and with-
out any tendency to be disposed in rows) ; and with more or less obscurely defined paler scales
in the usual positions, to represent the fascise, — the basal one of which however is usually im-
mensely diffused, so as to lose its fascia-form character, and often entirely confluent with the
posterior one (being only in rare instances evanescent) ; whilst the hinder one is generally better
defined (being seldom entirely suffused). Antennae and legs rather slender, more or less pale,
and almost free from scales ; the former nearly filiform, with their apical joint thick and ovate ;
the latter with their tarsi rather long, but not very broad.
Var. a. usually large, dark ])iceous, and only sparingly besprinkled with (rather small) cinereous

2m 2

268 • INSECTA MADERENSIA.

scales ; elytra dull reddish-brown, with the basal fascia almost obsolete, but the posterior one
distinct ; antennjc and legs darker than in any of the following species, — being scarcely paler
than the prothorax. (The typical state in Madeira proper.)

Var. /3. a little smaller, brownish-piceous, and rather more densely variegated than the last variety
with cinereous scales ; elytra a little paler, with the basal fascia traceable, but a great deal diffused,
and with the posterior one usually very distinct ; antennee and legs rufo-testaceous. (The typical
state on the Dezerta Grande.)

Var. y. (PI. V. fig. 4) a little smaller still, brownish-piceous or brownish-ferruginous, and very
densely variegated with cinereous scales ; elytra a little paler, with the fascia; for the most part
altogether diffused or confluent, — mottling the entire surface ; anteunaj and legs generally rufo-
tcstaceous. (The aberrant state on the Dezerta Grande, but typical in Pur/o Santo.)

Var. 8. extremely variable in size (being sometimes, especially in the male sex, excessively minute),
generally brownish-ferruginous, and often with an obscure yellowish (or almost aeneous) tinge,
and very densely variegated with cinereous scales ; elytra a little paler (being occasionally, par-
ticularly when immature, almost testaceous), with the fasciae generally greatly diffused, — the
posterior one however being at times sufficiently apparent ; antennae and legs rufo-testaceous, or
even altogether testaceous. (The state peculiar to the Northern Dezerta, or Ilheo Chao.)

The commonest of the Madeiran Ftini ; and by far the most variable, having a
separate radiating-form for aknost every island of the grouji, — wliilst, at the same
time, the whole are so intimately connected together (and merge into each other)
by innviniorable intermediate links, that it is impossible to regard them, in spite of
the opposite contour of the extremes, in any other light than as different aspects
of a single species, according as circumstances may favoiu-, retard, or otherwdse
regulate its development. Instability in fact (in its broadest sense) may be con-
sidered to be one of its most promineiit characteristics, since it appears to be more
sensitive to isolation and altitude than any of the other members of the genus with
which we have here to do, — as mav be proved to a demonstration l)v a careful study
of its hal)its on the spot, where the influences of position and exposure are, in nearly
all instances, more than sufficient to account for the successive phases assiuiicd.
Thus, commencing wdth var. u, which reaches its maximum in the sheltered
ravines of the central mass, the bulk is usually large, and the tints comparatively
intense. Var. (3. is likewise Ijrightly Aaricgated, but it is smaller. jS'ow, if oui*
premises be correct, that locality and the action of the external elements have
much to do with the changes in question, we might have expected a priori that
tills state, from its peculiarity to the Dezerta Grande, would not only have been
reduced in dimensions (which it is), but in colour also (which it is not). Here,
therefore, observation i/i, situ becomes extremely imjiortant ; since such does at
once convince us that its almost exclusive attachment to the interior of the stalks
of the Sill/bum Marianum, Grtn. (the Hohj Thistle of the ancients), witli A\hich
the more protected portions of that island everyAvhere aboimd, affords it ample
conditions, even on so bleak a rock, for its completion. Nevertheless, its stature
(as ah-eady stated) is slightly diminished in spite of this : and when we come to
examine the individuals which infest the lichen of more open situations (aberrant

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 269

however on the Dezerta Grande, and answering to the car. y. of the above diagnosis),
we immediately perceive that both of our requii-ed results are indicated, — the
reduction not being limited to size, but extended also to hue. In Porto Santo
this modification is the normal one, — where the insect, likewise, displays the same
lichenophagous tendency, and where the districts in which it exists are equally
barren. But, if its maximum be attained in Madeu-a proper, and a certain
number of minor delations range throughout Porto Santo and the Dezerta
Grande, it still remains for us to show where its m'mhmim is to be obtained :• —
which, true to the modus operandi by which we have conjectured its divers
degrees of abortion to have been brought about, would seem to be centred on the
Northern Dezerta, or Ilheo Chao. When we bear in mind the minute dimensions
of that flattened rock, which does not include so much as a single valley, or
depression, within its bounds, and is consequently seldom free from the violence
of the ^vinds (Avhich sweep across it incessantly, from whatever qviarter they may
arise) ; it could hardly be supposed that an insect which is so obviously subser-
\dent to atmospheric control should not have become materially affected, in its
outward guise, through long seclusion on such a spot : — and accordingly Ave are
not astonished to find the race which has been thus cut off for ages on this extra-
ordinary little island, itself as extraordinary. It is indeed very remarkable to
trace out how clearly the agencies we are discussing have here operated on the
species under consideration, — for both sexes (though especially the male) descend
on the Ilheo Chao to somewhat less than half a line in length, being literally of
scarcely greater magnitude than some of the larger representatives of the FtiUadce !

After an accurate examination of a great mass of specimens of the P. alboplctus,
collected in dissimilar quarters and at nmnerous elevations, fom- principal phases
are all that I have been able to detect, — and which it will be perceived are mainly
dependent on geographical causes. To register every intervening gradation would
be superfluous ; nor, practically, could any advantage ensue from such a step,
since the very existence of varieties presupposes, from the nature of the case, the
media wliich are requisite to unite them to their parent type, — for, were such
indeed absent, we could have no warrant in pronouncing them to be varieties at
all. The utmost therefore that we can hope to do in an instance like the present
one is, to select those more conspicuous forms which stand forth as it were from
the rest, and constitute local foci from which subsidiary rays would seem in a
measure to branch out.

Regarding the distribution of the Ptiims under consideration, it would appear
to be rarer on the large than on the small islands of the group. Thus, in Madeira
proper it is, so far as I have hitherto remarked, decidedly scarce. In Porto Santo
it is far less so, occurring from intermediate altitudes to the very siunmits of the
movmtains, — where I have taken it, during the early spring, from amongst the
dense Hchen (particidarly Ramaliua scopu'lorum and Evernia prunastri) which
gathers around the crevices and inequalities of the weather-beaten peaks ; and I

270 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

have, likewise, brushed it from off the short grass on the southern slopes of the
Pico de Facho, IGOO feet above the sea. On the Dezerta Grande it abounds in the
stems of the Silyhum Mcmamim, on the pith of wliich (in common -ndth the Caido-
trirpis impiiis) it subsists ; whilst on the Ilheo Chao it absolutely teems ; — as I had
an opportunity of witnessing during my encampment on that interesting little
island, with the Rev. R. T. Lowe, at the beginning of June 1850. So perpetually
(as lately mentioned) is that remote table-rock played over by the breezes of the
ocean, that even a temporary resjiite is almost an anomaly ■^^'ithin its desolate
area ; and if so be that such a crisis should chance at times to arrive, it is curious
to note how every species of life, taking advantage of Nature's repose, comes forth
to enjoy the cabn. I shall not indeed forget the pleasure I derived, on the 5th of
June 1850, from the sudden effects of a lull, after an exposui'e to the blasts diu"ing
several successive days, on this iron-bound isle, — how all things seemed to par-
ticipate in the change, and literally to rejoice. Even the vegetation, as though
released from its suffering, began to look up ; whilst insects, unthought of before,
filled the atmosphere as it were on the instant, — as though experience had taught
them that such tranquillity was of but short dm-ation, and that, if it would be
enjoyed at all, not a moment was to be lost. It was on that particular afternoon
that I fii'st appreciated the prodigious numbers of the Hliputian Ptimis under con-
sideration,— which, though apparently scarce diu'ing the more boisterous period,
commenced now to emerge, by thousands, on every side. From whence they
came it would liave been difiicult to conjectiu'c, had not analogy led me to con-
clude that it was from out of the stalks of some of the softer plants. I believe
that I obtained more by beating the Artemisia argentea, Herit., than by any other
means ; nevertheless they were in greater or less profusion everywhere, — until, as
the evening approached and the winds began to return, as quickly as they came
every one of them vanished.

206. Ptinus longicomis, WoU.

P. fiisco-piceus squamis cinereis variegatus, elytris subelongato-rotundatis dilutioribus punctatis
(punctis minoribus crebris), fasciis duabus (sc. basali obsoletissiina diffusa et subpostica, plus
minusve distincta) albidis ornatis, antenuis pedibusque elongatis pallidioribus sed vix squamosis.

Long. Corp. lin. §-^.

Habitat ^laderam, et borcalem et australem, hinc indc non infi-equens : in graminosis humidiusculis
per regioncm sylvaticam sitis prajdouiinat, sed ctiani in horto Loweano propc Funchal acstate
parce observavi.

P. brownisli-piceous, and more or less densely variegated with cinereous scales, — which however arc
somewhat less dense than those of the P. albupidus. Prothorax and elytra the same as in that
species, except tliat the luttrr are rather more elongated (or less spherical), and not quite so
suddenly shortened bchiiul. Antenna: and legs paler than in the var. a. of that insect, but darker

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 271

than those of any of the other varieties ; also rather longer (especially the former, which are per-
haps a little more gradually incrassated towards their apex) and more robust, and almost free
from scales.

I believe the present Ftinus to be truly distinct from the P. albopictus, never-
theless it must be admitted that it approaches it very closely. It is however much
smaller than the Madeiran form of that species, as also somewhat less spherical
and a little less shortened at its apex ; and its antennae and legs (especially the
former) are proportionably a trifle longer and more robust. It is possible indeed
that it may be but a state of the P. albopictus ; nevertheless, since I possess so
large a series of that insect, and have connected its numerous modifications in all
the islands in which I have hitherto observed it, and (which is more particularly
important) since the P. longicornis differs materially, both in size and outline, as
well as in the length and proportions of its antennae, from the Madeiran variety of
the P. albopictus, I have not hesitated in retaining it as separate. It appears to
be widely distributed over the island, although nowhere very abundant, — attaining
its maxhnum however in the moist ra\TJies of intermediate altitudes. Thus, I
have captured it at the Ribeiro Frio in August, at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros in
July (especially by brushing the rank grass and fern towards the edges of tlie
Ribeiro do Inferno), in the chestnut-woods of Santa Anna during June, in the
dead stump of a tree on the Pico do Cardo (to the north-west of Fuuchal) during
the early spring ; and, on one occasion, even close to Punchal itself, — namely, in
the Rev. R. T. Lowe's garden at the Levada.

B. AnteniKB hasi distantes, articuUs ultimo et penultimo rohnstis, clavam efficientihus.

207. Ptinus fragilis, Woll.

P. ater, squamis albidis (praesertim in capite prothoraceque) incrustatis, elytris subquadrato-rotundatis
punctatis (punctis distinctis et parum crebris), an tennis pedibusque fragilibus subpicescentibus
sed vix squamosis.

Long. corp. lin. |-^.

Habitat in Portu Saucto et Deserta Grandi, inter lichenes in rupium fissuris nascentes, a vere novo
usque ad sestatem vulgaris.

P. deep black, and more or less incrusted (especially on the head and proihorax, on the latter of which
they are often dense) with pui-e white scales. Prothorax slightly rounded at the sides, and
widest behind the middle. Elytra rather less spherical than in the preceding species, and with a
slight tendency to be somewhat quadrate (the anterior angles being less rounded-off) ; very
convex, and punctured (the punctures being sufficiently distinct, and tolerably close together ;
and without any tendency to be disposed in rows) ; just perceptibly pubescent, and apparently
but very sparingly clothed with scales, — though, these latter being of a very deciduous nature,
it is possible that fresh and recently developed specimens might possess them to a greater extent.
Antennae and tarsi shorter than in any of the other species, and remarkably fragile, slightly

272 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

picescent (especially in the Porto Santan specimens), and almost free from scales; the former
distant at their insertion, and with their last two joints distinctly and suddenly thickened,-^
forniins: a biarticulated club.

The deep black siu'face of the present anomalous little Tt'mns (which has its
head and prothorax, especially the latter, incrusted with sno\^y-white scales), in
connection with its comparatively quadrate (though very convex) form, would
even of themselves at once distinguish it from the remainder of the genus here
described. Its structural details hoAvever are far more important, and altogether
remove it from the other Madeiran members of the group, — its antennae not only
l)eing distant at their base (of very rare occurrence amongst the Ptiiii, though one
of the essential characteristics of Hedobia, — with which nevertheless in other
respects it does not coincide), but having likewise their last ^?t'o joints so distinctly
and suddenly thickened as to constitute a tolerably well-defined Inarticulated club.
It displays moreover a very remarkable feature (which observation however in situ
can alone appreciate) in the exceedingly fragile nature of its Hmbs, Avhich are so
delicate and easily removed, that it was with the utmost difficulty that I could
procure so much as a single perfect specimen out of a very large number wliich I
have, on various occasions, captured during my researches in these islands. And
I would lay particular stress on this peculiarity, since the limbs of the Ptini are
generally not only remarkably robust, but so fii-mly attached to the liody that it
requires consideralde force to disengage them ; — and the present species may con-
sequently be regarded as entirely aberrant from the normal representatives of the
genus. I have not hitherto detected it in Madeira proper ; but it is abundant in
Porto Santo and on the Dezerta Grande (esjiecially the former), where it resides, I
believe exclusively, amongst the dense masses of lichen which choke up the
fissures and besprinkle the surfaces of the exposed weather-beaten rocks. It
occurs during the spring and early siunmer months, in company Avith the
P. nodulus and (ilboplctns, Tarphius Loicei, Xenostrongylus hi^trio, and the
numerous other insects of similar propensities.

Genus 94. MEZIUM.
(Leach) Curtis, Brit. Ent. v. 232 (1828).

Corpus parvum, durum : capite deflexo, sub prothoracf abscondito : protlwrace squamoso gibboso, mox
ante basin valde dilatato sed ad basin ipsam subito constricto : scutello baud observando . elytris
politissiiuis compresso-ovatis subconnatis : alls obsoletis. Antenna approximatae setuloso-squa-
mosic filiforuics, articnlo primo magno robusto intus producto, secundo paulo breviore graciliorc,
reliquis (ultimo ovato oblique subtruncato excejjto) suba>qualibus. Labrum corneum, antice
pilosum valde emarginatum. MandibuUe et maxilla fere ut iu Ptiuo. Pulpi subclavati ; maxil-
lares articulo ])rimo longiusculo subgracili ilcxuoso, secundo et tertio crassioribus subwqualibus,
ultimo elougato-ovato robusto ; labiales articulo primo longiusculo subgracili flexuoso, secundo
crassiore, ultimo ovato robusto. Mentum corneum triangulare pilosum. Ligula elongata sub-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 273

membvanacea, apice integra pilosa. Pedes robustissimi elongati et dense subsetuloso-squamosi :
femoribus apicem versus incrassatis : tarsis articulis quatuor baseos longitudine leviter decres-
centibus.

Neitlier Ilezimn nor GihUum differ very materially in the structure of their oral
organs from Ftim(s,—smcQ their emarginated upper lip, then* triangular form of
mentum, and the slender, arcuated first joint of their palpi are exhihited, to a
certain extent, in many of the aberrant members of that group also. Yet ex-
ternally they may be easily recognised, since both of them possess characters
sufficient (thus far) to AAarrant their isolation from theii' central type,— though
perhaps not more important ones than those which constitute the subgenus
SphcBncus, which in fact would appear to be related to Ftinus proper in about the
same degree as the two now imder consideration. As regards outward contour
however, Mezium may be readily distinguished by its extremely glossy, and an-
teriorly setose and compressed, elytra, by the yellowish-white scales with which
its head and prothorax are densely clothed (the latter of wliich is strongly nodose
and sulcate, and cUlated behind the middle, though suddenly constricted or
shortened immediately before its extreme posterior margin), and by the excessive
thickness of its antennse and legs,— the former of which have their basal articula-
tion large and internally produced, and theii- apical one somewhat obliquely trun-
cated ; whilst the latter have their thighs (although more robust) less abruptly
clavated than is the case in Gibhium (with which however in its invisible
scutellum, subconnate elytra, and freedom from wings it nevertheless coincides).
In habits both genera agree precisely with the normal Ftmi,—heing found in and
about houses, or amongst dried animal substances.

208. Mezium sulcatum.
M. castaneo-piceum, capita protboraceque squamis albido-cinereis dense vestitis, boc longitudinaliter

valde nodoso et sulcato, elytris politissimis et basin versus setis erectis parce obsitis, antennis

pedibusque robustissimis et dense subsetuloso-squamosis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1-1|.

Ptinus sulcatus, Fab. Sjjec. Ins. i. 73 (1781).

, Mshm, Enf. Brit. i. 91 (1802).

Mezium sulcatum, Curtis, Brit. Ent. v. 232 (1828).
, Stm-m, Deutsch. Fna, xii. 31. tab. 217 (1837).

Habitat in domibus Maderse, prsesertim circa oppida, bine inde non infrequens.

M. piceous or castaneo-piceous, and impunctate. Head and prothorax closely beset with cinereous, or
yellowisb-wbite, scales ; tbe latter large, greatly expanded behind, though suddenly constricted
at its extreme base, and with three wide longitudinal furrows, — shaping-out broad ridges between
them, which are greatly elevated and nodule-shaped on the hinder dilated portion. Elytra
laterally compressed, especially in front, and exceedingly highly polished; and more or less

2 N

274 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

sparingly besprinkled towards their base with short, erect and rigid bristles. Antennoe and legs
long, and densely clothed with paler scales (with indications of setse intermixed) ; the /onner with
their apical joint rather short, and somewhat obliquely truncated at its extremity.

An abundant insect throughout most parts of Etu'ope, — being, like many others
of similar habits, lial)lc to transmission through the medium of commerce. In
Madeira it occurs sparingly, in houses, in and around Funchal ; and I have, like-
wise, captured it at Machico, and (ui the north of the island) at Sao Yinceute.

Genus 95. GIBBIUM.

Scopoli, Lit. ad Hist. Nat. 505 (1777).

Corptts parvum, ovatum, durum, glaberrimum, politum : capite deflexo, sub prothorace abscondito : pru-
thorace parvo, basi late elytris arete applicato necnon in medio producto : scutello baud observando :
elytris subconnatis : alis obsoletis. Antenrue approximate dense squamosa; subsetaceie, articulo
primo parvo, secundo ])aulo niajore, tertio leviter elongato, reliquis (ultimo elongato acuminato
excepto) longitudine subiequalibus, latitudine vix decrescentibus. Labrum corneum, antice
pilosum emarginatum. Mandilm/te et maxilUe fere ut in I'tino. Palpi filiformes ; maxillares
articulo primo longiusculo subgracili flexuoso, secundo et tertio crassioribus sub;pqualibus,
ultimo elongato leviter robusto apice subacuminato ; labiules articulo primo longiusculo subgra-
cili flexuoso, secundo crassiore, ultimo elongato ovato robusto. Mentum corneum triangulare
pilosum. Ligula elongata submembranacea, apice cordata pilosa. Pedes robusti clongati et
dense squamosi : femorihus apicem versus sub-abrupte incrassatis : tarsis articulis quatuor bassos
louffitudine leviter decrescentibus.

''D'

As already stated, the present genus and the last arc in the structm'e of their
trophi almost identical ; nevertheless in external distinctions they are so well
defined, that it is perhaps desirable not to amalgamate them. Apart from its more
ovate and less laterally-compressed form, Gihh'mm may be known from Mezium by
its extremely minute and glabrous prothorax (which is narrowed in front and
broad behind, — where it is closely applied to, and continuous with, the elytra ; and
is angulated, or produced backwards, in the centre, into the place of the scutellum),
and by its rather less thickened limbs, — of which the antenna; somc^\■hat taper
towards their extremity, and have their basal articulation much smaller, and their
apical one longer and more straightly acuminated, than is the case in that genus.
The single known species of Gibbium is a very remarkable insect, — its smooth and
semi-transparent surface, in conjunction with its posteriorly-uiflated, ovate body,
and its peculiar colour, giving it somewhat the appearance, when its limbs are
closely applied beneath it, of a drop of blood.

209. Gibbitmi scotias.
G. ovatum rufesceuti-castaneum pohtum glabrum, prothorace brcvi mmuto, autennis pedibusque

robustis et dense subflavcscenti-squamosis.
Long. Corp. lin. H.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 275

Ptinns scotias, Fab. .S/)ce. Ins. i. 74 (1781).

, OUv. Iliit. ii. 17. 9 (1790).

Gibhium scotias, Kugell. in ScJmeid. Mac/, iv. 502 (1794).
, Sturm, Beutscli. Fna, xii. 32. tab. 248 (1837).

Habitat in iisdem locis ac praBcedens, sed illo paulo rarius,

G. ovate (being attenuated in front and inflated behind), bright reddish-chestnut, impunctate, glabrous
and shining. Head with an abbreviated costa on either side, behind the insertion of the antennae,
— terminating abruptly in front. Prothorax short and minute, narrowed anteriorly and broad
behind (the sides being continuous with the base of the elytra) ; and 'produced backwards, or
angulatcd, in the centre of its posterior margin into the place of the scutellum. Elytra some-
what translucent, and with indications of being longitudinally dappled. Antenna and kffs long
and robust (though not (juite so thickened as in Mezium), and densely clothed with fine, yellowish,
and rather silken scales; i\x& former with their apical joint long, and straightly acuminated at its
extremity.

Likewise a common Em-opean insect, although perhaps not quite so generally
distributed as the 31. sulcatum. It occurs under the same circumstances as that
species,— namely in and about the houses of Funchal ; and has unquestionably
been imported into the island from more northern latitudes.

Genus 96. ANOBIUM. (Tab. V. fig. 3.)
Fabricius, S^yst. Unf. 62 (1775).

Corpus parvum vel mediocre, subcylindrico-oblongum, sat durum : capite deflexo, sub prothorace vix
abscondito : scutello distincto : alis amplis. Antenna distantes leviter clavatse, artieulis primo et
secundo robustis (illo longiore crassiore), tertio ad octavum minutis subsequalibus, reliquis lon-
gissimis snbrequalibus, clavam elongatam laxam intus subserratam efficientibus (ultimo elongato-
ovato). Labrum corneum transversum, autice pilosum integrum. Mandibula magnje cornese
validse latae subtriangulares obtusse, infra apicem dente robusto obtuso instructse. Maxilla
bilobae, lobis submembranaceis apice pubescentibus ; externa leviter incui-vo ; interna paulo
breviore angustiore. Palpi subclavati ; maxillares articulo primo parvo, secundo et tertio
crassioribus subaqualibus, ultimo elongato robusto subfusiformi-ovato ; labiates artieulis primo et
secundo longitudine subsequalibus (illo graeiliore), ultimo elongato robusto subsecuriformi-ovato.
Mentum corneum subtriangulare, apice truncatum. Ligula membranacea cordata, apice pilosa.
Pedes parum graciles subcontractiles : femoribus hand clavatis, sidcatis (tibias subrecipientibus) :
tarsis artieulis quatuor baseos longitudine decrescentibus.

Although typically somewhat more lignivorous, the Anohia, in their habits,
have much in common with the Ptini. They may however be easily recognised
from the members of that genus by their more cylindrical and longer bodies, by
their distant and subclavated antennae, and by their apically-bidentate mandibles,
—in all of which respects it will be perceived that they make an evident approach
towards Cis. The proportions indeed of their anteunal joints (the first two of
which are rather robust, the following six very minute, and the terminal three

2 N 2

276 IXSECTA MADERENSIA.

exceedingly elongated and forming a loosely-connected club) are very remarkable,
and woiild suffice even alone to characterize the group. "Whilst apparently
attaining theu- maximvun in temperate and northern latitudes, they are insects of
a ^Tide geographical range, — the result partially perhaps of their liability to trans-
mission amonecst ci^"ilized countries with timljer and various articles of merchandise
and commerce, on which they principally su.bsist. The peculiar noise which some
of the species are accustomed to make duriug their season of pairing, by striking
then' robust jaws against the wood within which they are situated, — supposed to
be a signal for the opposite sex, and wliich, from its measured repetition, some-
what resembles the ticking of a Avatch, — has rendered them famous in the annals
of oiu" popular suijerstitions, and gained for them the name of " Death-watches."

210. Anobimn velatum, JFuU. (Tab. Y. fig. 3.)

A. subcvlindrico-oblongum rufescenti-bruuneum et valde hirsutuui, pi'othorace eequo (in disco con-
vexo) et granulis inagnis crebris obsito, autice truncato nccnon ad latera minus rotundatOj elj-tris
profunde punctato-striatis, interstitiis subrugulosis, antennis pedibusque obscuro-ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. liu. lf-2j.

Habitat in locis inferioribus Madera?, astate non infrequeus : iu horto Lowcauo propc Funchal niense
Augusto deprehensi ; necnon ad Sao Vincente in Madera boreali collegit Rev'*'" Dom. Lowe.

A. subcylindrical-oblong, brown with more or less (especially on the elytra) of a rufescent tinge, and
densely and uniformly clothed with exceedingly long, almost erect, very soft and flexible pile.
Prothorax closely beset with rather large and coarse granules ; short and wide, truncated in
front, and with the sides straightcr than in any of the other species, — both the anterior and
posterior angles (particularly the former, which are almost right angles) being distinct ; convex
on the disk, but without any Jippearance of elevations or nodules, — though with a glabrous lon-
gitudinal line down the centre, which is more especially evident behind. Elytra deeply punctate-
striated (the punctures being very large and well-defined) ; and with the interstices rather convex
and roughened, though scarcely perceptibly punctulated. Antenna and k(/s dull ferruginous.

Intimately related, in general contour and size, to the A. villosum of Mediterra-
nean latitudes, though differing from it very materially, on examination, in the
structm-e of its prothorax, — which (instead of bemg largely rounded oil' behind,
and so extremely convex as to l)e almost nodose in the centre of the disk) is nearly
straight at the sides (the anterior and posterior angles being almost equally pro-
minent), and without any appearance of elevations in any portion of its surface ;
whilst, at the same time, it is uniformly studded with much coarser and more
closely-set granules. The pubescence, likcAvise, is even more dense and erect than
that of the A. rillosnm (and without the slightest tendency to be disposed, as is
there the case, in fascia?), and the interstices of its elytra are altogether more
flattened. Although I have not been able to procm-e specimens for comparison, I
am inclined to suspect that the Anohiiim which is quoted by Brulle in AVebb and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 277

Bertlielot's Sistoire Natiirelle des lies Canaries as the A. villostmi may be iden-
tical with the present one, — which bears so strong a prima facie resemblance to
that species, that, without a careful inspection, it might be almost mistaken for it ;
and especially so, since the very short and loose descriptions given in that work are
more than sufficient to warrant the conclusion that no great pains can have been
bestowed on the determination of any of the Coleoptera enumerated in it. At all
events, whether such be the case or not, the Madeiraii insect is unquestionably
distinct from its European ally. It is tolerably common, both in the north and
south of the island, at rather low elevations, dm*ing the sumnaer months, — making
its appearance about July. It occurs principally in vineyards and near neglected
buildings. I have taken it around Funchal in August ; and it has been captured
by the Rev. R. T. Lowe at Sao Vincente, later in the season.

211. Anobium pauiceum.

A. subcylindrico-ovale rufescenti-brunneum vel ferrugineum et pubescens, prothorace fequo et granulis
minutissimis subremotis obsito, aiitice producto necnon postice sinuato, elytris leviter subcrenato-
striatis, interstitiis minutissime seriatim punctulatis et subtilissime subrugulosis, antennis pedi-
busque vix pallidioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1-1|.

Dermestes paniceum, Lirm. Fna Suec. 431 (1761).
Anohiiim paniceim, Oliv. Ent. ii. 16. 10 (1790).

, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 237 (1792).

, GyH. Ins. Suec. i. 293 (1808).

, Stepli. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 340 (1830).

Habitat circa domos Maderse, prsesertim in pane diutius asservato, ex Europ^ certe introductum : in
domo amici cl. A. Ross, M.D., in ipsa urbe Funchalensi sita, Januario ineunte a.d. 1848
copiosissime observavi.

A. subcylindrical-oval (being smaller and proportionably shorter than the A, velatum), varying from
reddish-brown into pale ferruginous, and densely clothed with short and nearly decumbent pile.
Prothorax beset with rather distant and exceedingly minute granules ; short and rather wide, a
little produced and rounded in front, and slightly sinuated along its hinder margin, — the central
portion being somewhat produced backwards in front of the scutellum ; without any appearance
of nodules, — though with an abbreviated, glabrous, and very obscurely raised central keel behind.
Elytra finely crenate- (scarcely punctate-) striated ; and with the interstices perfectly flat, most
delicately rugulose, and with a longitudinal series of exceedingly minute punctures down each.
Antenna and legs a little paler than the rest of the surface.

Known from the other Anobia here described by its shorter and more oval
form, by its usually paler (or more ferruginous) hue, and by the sculpture of the
interstices of its (finely cre««^e-striated) elytra, — which are most delicately rugu-
lose, and have a longitudinal series of most minutely impressed points down each.
In the length and decumbency of its pubescence it is intermediate between the

278 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

A. velatiim and striatum ; but the above characters will, of themselves, suffice to
distinguish it. In its habits it is less strictly lignivorous than any of the re-
mainder ; being evidently an imported insect into Madeira, where it is found about
houses and amongst stores, especially biscuit and bread, — on which, as well as on
different kinds of merchandise, it appears to subsist. It is occasionally tolerably
common around Funchal ; and I once captured it in abundance in the city itself,
— on the walls of the house belonging to my friend Dr. Ross, in the Rua da
Carreii'a, — at the beginning of January 1848.

212. Anobium striatum.

A. subcylindricum brunneum et subtilissime pubescens, prothoracc infecniali (postice carinato-nodoso)
et granulis minutissimis punctisque obscuris obsito, antice acuniinato-prodiicto necnon ad
angulos posticos sinuato, elytris punctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque feiTugineis.

Long. corp. lin. \\-2.

Anobium striatum, OYw.Ent. ii. 16. 9. (1790).

pertinax. Fab. (nee Linn. 1761) Ent. Syst. i. 237 (1792).

striatum, Gyll. Ins. Suec. i. 291 (1808).

, Steph. lU. Brit. Ent. iii. ,340 (1830).

Habitat Maderam, bine inde sat frequens, — ex alienis forsan introdtictum.

A. subcylindrical (being proportionably rather narrower, especially anteriorly, than either of the pre-
vious species), of a more or less obscure broflu, and densely clothed with most minute and
decumbent pile. Prothorax closely beset with veiy small and obscure granules and punctm-es ;
rather elongated and narrow, — particularly iu front, where it is both constricted and rounded
(which gives the sides an unequal, or undulating, appearance) ; with the hinder angles sinuated,
or scooped out; with a slightly impressed longitudinal channel, and a greatly elevated keel-
shaped nodide in the centre of the hinder disk, — on either side of which the surface is trans-
versely impressed. Elytra a little paler than the prothorax, punctate- striated; and with the in-
terstices rather convex, though scarcely punctulated. Antenna and legs more or less ferruginous.

A most abundant Eui'opoan jlnohunn ; and one which has in all probability,
like the last species, been naturalized in Madeira from more northern latitudes.
It is an insect in fact peculiarly liable to dissemination over the world through
the agency of commerce, — being attached to rotten wood, and often making its
appearance in considerable numbers on board shi}). It is widely distributed OA'cr
IVIadeira, though it does not seem to occur anAn\'here in profusion. I have cap-
tured it in the vicinity of Funchal during the early spring, at Canical in ^lay, at
Santa Anna and Sao Yincente in Jime, and at the Ribeiro Frio and the Feijaa de
C6rte in August.

213. Anobium Ptilinoides, WoU.
A. cylindricum rufesccnti-brunneum et subtilitcr pubescens, prothoracc fcquo convcxo et granulis

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 279

minutis creberrimis obsito, antice vix producto, elytris paulo dilutioribus leviter punctato-
striatis, anteuuis pedibusque ferrugiueis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2^-3.

Habitat IMaderam, mihi non obviixm : tria specimiua, prope urbem Funchalensem capta, nuper misit
Dom. Leacock.

A. cylindrical, brown with more or less of a rufescent tinge, and densely clothed with short pile, —
which is dark and erect upon the prothorax, but pale and almost decumbent on the elytra.
Prothorax very closely beset with minute points or granules, — which, in conjunction with the
short pile, give the surface an almost velvety appearance ; convex, slightly produced m front,
and with the sides rounded ; perfectly even, having no appearance of elevations, nodules, or even
of a central line. Elytra a little paler than the prothorax, — the colour and decumbency of the
pubescence however causing it to seem paler than it really is j rather lightly punctate- stiiated ;
and with the interstices wide (but not quite flattened), though scarcely punctulated. Antenna
and legs ferruginous.

Readily known by its large size and extremely cylindrical form (in wliich
respect it bears a very strong prima facie resemblance to a Ptilinus), and by the
small thickly-set granules and somewhat velvety surface of its (comparatively
globose) prothorax, — the pubescence of wliich is darker and more erect than that
of the elytra. It is one of the insects which entii'ely escaped my own observations
in these islands, — the only tlu-ee specimens which I have seen having been recently
communicated to me by T. S. Leacock, Esq., by whom they were captured near
Fimchal.

Fam. 31. CISSID^.

Genus 97. CIS. (Tab. V. fig. 7 et 8.)
Latreille, Precis des Caract. Gen. des Ins. 50 (1796).

Corpus parvum, subcylindrico-oblongum vel subcylindi-icum, durum : capite subdeflexo : prothorace
antice plus minusve producto, interdum cornuto : alis parum amplis. Antenna (V. 7 a, 8 a)
10-articulatfe clavatse, articulis primo et secundo robustis (illo longiore crassiore), tertio lougius-
culo (vel gracili vel parum robusto), quarto ad septimum vel longitudine paulatim decrescentibus
(V. 8 a), vel minutis subsequalibus (V. 7 a), reliquis clavam magnam elongatam perfoliatam
triarticulatam efficientibus (octavo et nono subaequalibus, decimo paulo longiore ovato ad apicem
tuberculo acumiuato instructo). Labrum corneum subquadratum, basi leviter angustatum.
Mandibula (V. 8 b) cornese validse latge subtriangulares, intus dentibus (uno sc, mox infra apicem
sito, robusto ; et altero, basin versus posito, robustissimo obtuso) instructse. Maxilla (V. 8 c)
bilobse, lobis subcoriaceis apice setosis ; externa magno lato apice incurvo ; interna brevissimo
minuto. Palpi maxillares clavati, articulo primo parvo, secundo et tertio longioribus crassioribus
(hoc majore crassiore subclavato), ultimo robusto elongato-ovato : labiates (V. 8rf) articuHs primo
et secundo latitudine sequalibus (illo brevissimo, hoc longiusculo), ultimo gracili subovato-
cylindi-ico. Mentum tenue \dx coriaceum subquadratum. Ligula subcoriacea elongata, apice

280 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

levitcr rotundata. Pedes parum graciles subcontractUes : tibiis saepius (V. 8 e) simplicibus, sed
intcrdum (V. 7 b, 7 c) apice levdter dilatatis et in anticis (\ . 7 h) extus denticulatis : tarsis 4-arti-
culatis, articulis tnbus baseos minutis subaequalibus, quarto longissimo subclavato unyuiculis
simplicibus munito.

The genus Cis may be readily kno^^^^ by the subcylindi-ical and more or less
glabrous bodies of the species which compose it, and by the structure of its an-
tennae and feet, — the former of which are but 10-articiilate, and have their clava
(although perfoliated) abrupt, and fui'nished with a minute tubercle at its tip ;
whilst the latter are made up of four joints only, the basal three being extremely
small. It may be considered as forming a very gradual passage between the
Ptinid(B and the Xylophagous Fseudotet.ramera : for whilst, on the one hand, it
evinces a close relationship with the ylnoiia (as its apically-bidentate mandibles,
its loosely-connected club, and its generally simple tibiae would, apart from
external featiu-es, abundantly indicate) ; yet, the almost obsolete inner lobe of its
(subsetose) maxillae, in conjunction with its elongated ligula, and the diminished
number of its antennal and tarsal joints, alike combine in pointing towards the
Toinicldce and Ilylesini, — in which the whole of these peculiai'ities, although more
developed, are amongst the most essential characters possessed. And indeed I
cannot but believe that the system, not uxifrequently adopted, which would remove
that extremity of the Fseudotetramera to a distance fi'om the Cissidce is an}i:hing
Init a natm-al one ; — and more especially so, since there are connecting links
(shortly to be noticed) which effect, even more evidently than Cts, a transition
between the groups.

214. Cis Wollastonii. (Tab. \. fig. 8.)

C. oblongo-subcylindricul^iceus subnitidus leviter subruguloso-punctulatus et subtilissime pubescens,
prothorace s-bquadrato, antice subtruucato necnon ad latera subrecto margiuato, hiuc inde
inaquaiiter rufescenti, elytrorum basi apiceque nifcscentibus, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis,
illarum clava infuscata.

Long. Corp. lin. H-2.

Cis Wollastonii, Mellie, in Giier. Jiev. de Zool. (2'^""' serie) i. 586 (1849).

Habitat IMaderam sylvaticam, prsesertim inter 3000' ct 4500' s.m., sub cortice arborum laxo, hinc inde
non infrequens. ^

C. large, elongated and subcylindrical (being however a little narrowed anteriorly), not very convex,
piceous, a little shining, and rather sparingly clothed throughout with au exceedingly minute,
delicate, and decumbent cinereous pubescence (wliich however is scarcely perceptible except
beneath a powerful lens). Head large, but very slightly deflexed (and therefore a good deal
exposed), rounded and margined anteriorly, with a very faint transverse impression in front, and
obscurely convex in the centre of its forehead behind. Prothorax subquadrate (the sides being
nearly straight) ; truncated (or scarcely at all jiroduced) anteriorly ; finely and closely punctulated
(the punctures being shallow and not very well defined) ; the lateral edges very broadly margined,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 281

and the hinder one very narrowly so ; the anterior angles rather obtuse ; without any appearance
of a dorsal channel ; and with its surface more or less unequally rufescent, or diluted, in parts,
— the extreme fore-margin, a patch in front of the scutellum, and a larger (transverse) one
towards the anterior angles being the positions which it is the tendency of the paler por-
tions to occupy. Ehjtra punctulated like the prothorax, but a little more rugulose or uneven
(neither the punctures nor pubescence having any tendency to be disposed in rows) ; broadly,
though more or less obscurely, rufescent at their base (especially about the shoulders) and apex,
— the paler portions being generally interrupted along the suture, which in occasional (highly
coloured) specimens causes them to assume somewhat the appearance of four large patches. An-
tennce and legs pale ferruginous ; the former with their club a little dusky.

A very interesting and most elegant Cls ; and one which may be known from
every other species with which I am acquainted by its large and elongated body,
which is less convex than is usually the case with the normal members of the
group, and by the more or less brightly rufescent patches with which its surface
is ornamented, — its entire general facies somewhat calling to mind, at first sight,
the Heteromerous genus Hypophlceus. It is widely distributed over the sylvan
districts of Madeira, between the limits of from 3000 to about 4500 feet above the
sea ; but does not appear to be very abundant, — although, from its gregarious
nature, here and there tolerably common. It is usually to be met with beneath
the loosely attached bark of felled timber or of decaying trees. I have captured
it, dm'ing the spring, in the region of the E-ibeu'o Frio ; and, in the summer, at
the Cruzinhas, the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, and the Fanal.

215. Cis fascipes.
C. ovali-cylindricus fuscus subnitidus ruguloso-punctulatus et dense setuloso-pubescens, prothorace
transverso subconvexo, antice leviter producto necnon ad latera subrotundato marginato, elytris
vix pallidioribus, antennis pedibusque omnino testaceis.
Mas, capita leviter tuberculato.
Long. Corp. lin. l^-l^^-

Cw/««c«>es,(Chevrolat)MelUe,^m8. JeZaSoc.^w<.&i?Va»ce(2'^™serie)vi.271.tab.2.fig.25(1848).
Habitat Maderam australem, inter lichenes in horto Loweano prope Funchal a meipso repertus.

C. shorter and more oval (and likewise rather more convex and cylindrical) than the C. Wollastonii,
brown, a little shining, and clothed throughout with rather long, suberect and rigid setae of a
cinereous (or sometimes yellowish-cinereous) tinge. Head rounded and margined anteriorly,
with a transverse impression in front ; and slightly tubercled behind in the males. Prothorax
more transverse and convex than that of the last species (the sides being slightly rounded) ;
rather produced anteriorly (where it is a little paler than the rest of the surface) ; more rugosely
and deeply punctured than in the C. Wollastonii ; the lateral edges very broadly margined, but
the hinder one almost simple ; the anterior angles rather porrected and acute ; and with very
faint indications of a dorsal channel. Elytra punctured like the prothorax, but considerably
rugulose or uneven (both the punctures and pubescence having a tendency to be disposed in
rows) . Antenna and legs entu'ely pale testaceous.

2o

282 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

A species which recedes in no respect from the ordinary generic type of more
northern latitudes. It may be distinguished from its only allies ■ndth which we
are here concerned, by the brown hue and setose surface of its more parallel and
cylindrical body, by the somewhat porrected anterior angles of its prothorax, and
by its entu'ely pale limbs. I am not altogether satisfied that it is truly indi-
genous to the Madehan group, the only specimens which I have hitherto seen
having been captui-ed by myself close to Funchal, in the garden of the E,ev.
R. T. Lowe at the Levada (a spot in which I once however observed it in abun-
dance),— from amongst lichen and fungi on the decayed stump of an old peach-
tree. On several occasions I have detected it either in or near the same locality :
— but, as it has been recorded by M. !MeUi6, in Ms exceUent Monograph of these
immediate genera, as American, it is possible that it may have been accidentally
imported into the island, and thus become established in the vicinity of the toAvn.

216. Cis Lauri, Woll (Tab. Y. fig. 7.)

C. ovato-subcylindricus curtus fusco-piceus opacus leviter punctulatus ct dense pubescens, prothorace
amplo convexo, antice valde producto necnon ad latera rotundato et angustissime marginato,
elytris (prxsertim postice) valde convexis, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis, illarum clava infuscata-
Mas, capite leviter tuberculato, prothorace antice sub-bidentato.
Long. Corp. lin. ^-1.

Habitat per partem Maderae sylvaticam, sub cortice arbonmi vcl in fungis, ubique vulgatissimus.

C. short and minute (being more ovate than either of the preceding species), a little truncated behind
and exceedingly convex, dull brown ish-piceous or reddish-brown, opake, and clothed with a rather
fine and suberect pile of a somewhat cinereous hue. Head rather small, rounded and margined
anteriorly, with a faint transverse impression in front ; and, apparently, slightly tubercled behind
in the males. Prothorax large and extremely convex (the sides being rounded) ; the anterior
portion very much produced over the head (where it is generally a little paler than the rest of the
surface), and divided in the males into two small rounded prominences or obscure teeth ; very
finely, uniformly, but not very closely punctured ; the lateral and hinder edges most narrowly
margined ; both the anterior and posterior angles much rounded off; and ijithout any appear-
ance of a dorsal channel, — though faint indications of a line may be sometimes traced by the
absence of punctures along a uan-ow central portion. Elytra rather more deeply punctured than
the prothorax (neither the punctures nor pubescence having any tendency to be arranged in
rows). Antenna and legs pale ferruginous; the former with their club a little dusky.

A tndy indigenous Uttlc Cis*, — recedmg in its minute size, somewhat ovate,
thickened, exceedingly convex, and posteriorly-subtruncated form, in its opake
and finely punctulated siu-face, and in its largely developed prothorax (the angles
of which are very much rounded off, whilst the anterior portion is produced into a

* I ought perhaps to state that I forwarded specimens of this CU for comparison to 'M. JleUie, of
Paris, immediately after the publication of his elaborate Monograph, -who pronounced them to be
unquestionably new.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 283

distinct hood over the head), from the other members of the genus here described.
In conjunction mth the Octotemnns opacus, it is perhaps one of the most abimdant
and destructive of all the Madeu-an Coleoptera, — occurring, often by thousands,
beneath the bark of the native lam^els at intermediate and lofty elevations. In
some of the damp sylvan districts which are difficult of access it literally teems, —
undergoing its changes, generation after generation, imtouched. In such positions
it does not confine its ravages to the trees alone, siace the fungi are equally its
food, — some of the larger species of which may be occasionally observed almost
alive with it. I have captured it in profusion on the Lombo das Vacas, and in the
regions of the Boa Ventura and the Eibeko Frio : and it has been taken by the
Rev. R. T. Lowe in the nearly inaccessible mountain-ravine between the Sao Vin-
cente valley and the Ribeiro do Inferno.

Genus 98. OCTOTEMNUS.

Mellie, Ann. de la Soc. i:nt. de France (2i^""<= serie) \\. 384 (1848).

Corpus sat minutum, subfusiformi- cylindricum, durum : capite deflexo : prothorace antice levitei- pro-
ducto integro : alls amplis. Antenna 8-articulatse clavatse, articulis primo et secundo robustis
(illo longiore crassiorc), tertio longiusculo subgvacili, quarto et quinto minutis subajqualibus, re-
liquis clavam magnam elongatam perfoliatam triarticulatam efficientibus (articulis subsqualibus,
sexto et septimo vix majoribus globosis, octavo globoso-ovato). Instrumenta cibaria fere lit in
geuere prsecedenti ; sed palpi paulo graciliores, maxillarium articulo ultimo valde elongato. Pedes
pamm graciles subcontraetiles : tibiis apice leviter dilatatis, per marginem externum minutissime
serratis : tarsis 4-articulatis, articulis tribus baseos minutis subtequalibus, quarto longissimo
subclavato.

Octotemnns differs from Cis, priacipally, in ha^ing but eight joints to its
antennae (the club of which moreover is exceedingly abrupt, and has its extremity
free from the acute tubercle which is so conspicuous in that genus), and in its
tibiae being very minutely spiuulose along theu- entire outer edge. The size also
of the only two knowTi species (the Madeiran representative being one of them)
which compose it is smaller, the body somewhat more fusiform, and the palpi
rather slenderer, and more acuminated at thek apex. In other respects it coin-
cides almost entu'ely with Cis.

217. Octotemnns opacus.
O. fusiformi-cylindricus piceus subopacus tenuissime punctulatus et parce subtiliter pubescens, pro-
thorace antice producto necnon ad latera rotundato et angustissime marginato, elytris plerumque
(prsesertim basin versus) pallido-castaneis, antennis pedibusque testaceis, illarum clava nigrescenti.
Long. corp. lin. 1.

Octolemnus opacus, IMellie, Ann. de la Soc. Eni. de France (2'^'°^ serie) vi. 386 (1848).

Habitat per regionem Maderfe sylvaticam, in fungis vel sub cortice arborum, toto anno vulgatissimus.

2 o 2

284 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

O. somewhat fusiform-cylindric (being a little narrowed both before and behind), convex, dark piceous,
slightly opake, most delicately granulated all over, and very sparingly clothed with a minute,
decumbent, and somewhat cinereous pubescence. Head rounded and slightly margined anteriorly,
and with a deep transverse impression in front. Prothorax convex (the sides being rounded) ;
rather narrowed and produced anteriorly (where it is of a bright reddish-brown) ; very minutely
and uniformly punctulated ; the lateral and hinder edges most narrowly margined ; both the
anterior and posterior angles, especially the former, much rounded off; and with slight indica-
tions (sometimes only just traceable) of an obscure central ridge. Elytra rather more shining
than the prothorax ; also with the punctures smaller, and with the surface towards their base a
little roughened ; of a more or less bright chestnut-brown, — the humeral region of each being
often exceedingly pale. Antenna and lec/s pale testaceous ; the former with their club darkly
infuscated.

A species closely allied to the common European 0. ghibriculns (wliich, as
already stated, is the only other member of the genus hitherto described) ; never-
theless it may be recognised from that insect by being larger, more opake, and
distinctly pubescent, by ha\ing the produced anterior portion of its pronotum
bright reddish-brown, by its elytra being of a much more diluted hue (especially
at theu" base) than the prothorax, and by the extreme paleness of its antennae and
legs, — the former of which however have theu- club uniformly dark. M. MeUie's
diagnosis of it, in the Annales de la Societe Entomolofjique de France (compiled
from a single specimen wliich I forwarded to him after my retiu-n from the
Madeu-a Islands in 1818), is not quite correct, — since it is there stated to be
glabrous ; whereas the existence of a Avell-defined (though sparingly scattered)
pile is one of the most important of the characters which serve to separate it from
its more northern ally (on ^^•hich I am unable to detect the smallest traces, even
beneath a liigli magnifying power, of any pubescence at all). It is abundant
throughout the whole sylvan districts of Madeira, especially between the limits
of from about 3000 to 5000 feet above the sea. Like the Cis Laiiri (with w^hich
it is often found in company), it is occasionally to be met with by thousands, par-
ticularly in a species of gigantic fimgus which occm-s in the dense raWnes of inter-
mediate altitudes. At the Lombo dos Pecegueu-os, the Feijua de C6rte, in the
region of the Ribeu-o Frio, and at the Cvu-ral das Eomeii-as (above Funchal) I
have observed it in the utmost profusion.

Genus 99. PTILINUS. . ^^^^

Geoffroy, Hist. Abr. des Ins. i. 65 (ITe^S-

Corptts sat parvum, elongatum, cylindricum, durum : capite dellexo : prothorace subgloboso convexo,
antice producto et scabroso : alls amplis. Antenna intus in foeminis serratae, in maribus valde
llabcilatie ; articulis primo et sccundo (in utroque sexu) simplicibus (illo leviter robusto, hoc
parvo brcvissimo intus subnodoso), tertio ad dccimum in foemin.i intus scrratis, in mare in lobos
(primo bre\i obtuso, reliquis longissimis) lincaribus intus productis, ultimo in foeminis ovate, in
maribus liiicari longissimo. Lahrum comeum trausversum, antice ])ilusum. Mandibulce cuxtie

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 285

cornese validse latje subtriangulares, apice acutse bidentatse. Maxilla bilobse, lobis submem-
branaceis apice pubescentibus ; externa magno lato, apice truncato ; intemo brevissimo minuto.
Palpi subclavati; maxillares articulo primo longiusculo subgracili, secundo leviter elougato
subclavato, tertio breviore (primi longitudine), ultimo elongato robusto fusiformi apice aciiminato ;
labiales longissimi, articulo prinio parvo, secundo longissimo subflexuoso clavato, ultimo vix
breviore robusto fusiformi apice subacuminato. Mentum corneum transversum, antice bilobuni.
Ligula membranacea cordata, apice pilosa. Pedes breviusculi graciles : tibiis anterioribus {anticis
prsecipue) extus minutissime subserratis necnon ad apicem externum in angulum leviter exstantem
subdentiformem productis : tarsis articulis primo et secundo elongatis, tertio, quarto et quinto
brevibus (tertio et quarto subtus leviter oblique productis, quinto crasso paulo longiore clavato).

Ptllimts may be readily known botli by external and structural characters, —
the narrow cylindi-ical bodies and globose prothoraces of the species which com-
pose it, in conjunction with the two elongated basal, and the three abbreviated
remaining, joints of theu* feet, and the singular flabeUated antennae of the male
sex, being at once suflS.cient to distinguish it from its allies. Although easily
recognised however as a genus, it is one of rather doubtful position in a general
arrangement, since in the modification of its antennae and tarsi it altogether
recedes from the present family, and has more in common with the Ptinidce.
Still, in its apically bidentate mandibles, in the excessive minuteness of the inner
lobe of its maxillae, and in its almost simple tibia? it agrees unquestionably with
Cis ; and since in some respects it is suggestive of groups even beyond it (pecu-
liarities moreover which are supposed to be of greater importance than those by
which it is attracted to the Ft in Idee, — and which its very cylindi"ic form and its
anteriorly rugulose pronotum would especially represent), I believe it is more
natural to keep it nearer to this extremity of the Cissldce than to the other, — its
tendency (as just stated) being rather in the dh-ection of the departments in
advance of us than of those which we have left behind. The Ptilini reside abnost
exclusively in rotten wood, and are most frequently to be found about houses, — in
the timber of which their rounded perforations are often but too conspicuous.

218. Ptilinus cylindripennis, Woll.

P. cylindricus rufescenti- vel fuscescenti-brunneus et dense subtiliter pubescens, prothorace sub-
globoso convexo granulato necnon antice mucronibus dispersis asperato, elytris vix punctulatis,
antennis pedibusque pallidioribus.
Mas, paulo minor, antennis valde flabellatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^-31.

Habitat Maderam, ab ord maritima usque ad 3500' s. m. ascendens : in vinetis circa urbem Funchalen-
sem sitis, ad Sanctam Annam, necnon etiam in aperto bine inde observavi.

P. elongated and cylindrical, varying from a dark fuscous hue into a bright reddish-brown, and
densely, though very minutely pubescent. Prvthorax exceedingly convex and globose ; minutely

286 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

granulated, and with coarser tubercles or points scattered over its anterior region, — which is
produced and a little acuminated, and has its extreme apical margin slightly reflexed ; with a
longitudinal, abbreviated, subglabrous dorsal line behind, and with obscure indications of a small
irregular elevation on either side of it. Elytra usually rather paler than (and a little naiTower
than the central portion of) the prothorax ; free from longitudinal costae, and almost impunctate,
— or with very slight indications of ill-defined punctures just perceptible towards the outer mar-
gins. Antenna and legs generally pale ferruginous ; the furvier usually (particularly the flabel-
lated processes of the male articulations) a little infuscated.

The Madoiran representative of the common Eixropean P. ^jec^mecorwis, although
most unqucstionalily distinct from it, — being not only, on the average (for both
species are exceedingly variable in size), larger and more rufescent than that
insect, but hlvcwise differing in the sculpture of its elytra, which are (though
[)ubescent) comparatively smooth and almost impunctate ; whereas in the P. pec-
tmicornis the punctures are large and conspicuous. It is decidedly scarce, —
nevertheless widely distril)uted over Madeu'a, from the vineyards of the southern
coast to about 3500 feet above the sea. I first captured it in the garden of the
Quinta d'Ambrosio, near Punchal, during the spring of 181-8 ; and in June of 1850
I met with it in the north of the island, — in the house of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly,
at Santa Anna. It is not attached exclusively however to the -vicinity of the
towns and villages, — since, during July of 1850, I took it in the dense forest
region of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros ; and, in August of the same year, in the
(Equally remote, though more open, district of the Feijaa de C6rte.

Genus 100. RHYZOPERTHA.

Stephens, ///. Brit. Ent. iii. 3o4 (1830).

Corpus parvum, elongatum, cylindricum, durum : capite deflexo : prothorace subgloboso convexo,
antice producto ct scabroso : alls amplis. Antenna lO-articulatse clavata;, articulis primo et
sccundo robustis (illo paulo longiore crassiore), tertio ad septimum minutissimis suba;qualibus,
reliquis clavam magnam abruptam perfoliatam triarticulatam cfficientibus (octavo et nono sub-
aequalibus intus productis, decimo obliquo-ovato). Labrum subcorneum amplum hexagonum,
apice valdc pilosum. MandihuLf magnne cornere valida? arcuatre, infra apicem dente obscuro,
necnon ad basin membrana, iustructai. AlaxilUe bilob:e, lobis submcmbranaccis valde pubcscen-
tibus ; externa elongato angusto ; inteiiw paulo brcviore angustissimo. Palpi subfiliformes ;
maxillares articulo primo parvo, secundo longiore crassiore clavato, tertio huic paulo brenore,
ultimo longissimo subacuminato-cylindrico ; lahiales articulo primo parvo, sccundo longiore cras-
siore, ultimo elongato subcylindrico-ovato. Mentum corneum transversuni, antice levitcr rotun-
dato-productum. Ligula mcmbranacea longiuscula, apice valde pdosa. Pedes breviusculi sub-
graciles : tibiis extus sparse fortiter serratis (ad apicem externum in spinam majorcm, pntsertim
in aniicis, productis) : tarsis articulis quatuor bascos miuutis suba?qualibus (primo paulo brcviore,
in tibiarum apice immerso, supernc vix couspicuo), quiuto longissimo subclavato.

Tthyzopertha is in many respects quite as discordant as Ftilinus, — combining

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 287

the cliaracters of the present family, and to a certain extent even of the previous
one also, with the outward fades of the Tomicidce. Like it, however, its tendency
would appear to he towards the last of these ; and, in spite therefore of the many
points of discrepancy Avhich it displays with the incipient Pseudoietramera, we are
compelled to place it here, as, upon the whole, the best position which we can
assign to it : — and which is rendered the more natural from the consideration that
both it and Ptilimis are perhaps nearer akin to Apate than to anything else (a group
which leads us very gradually on, particularly tlu'ough the medium of its accom-
panying links, in the dkection of the Tomicl). Thus, for instance, the 10-jointed
antennoe of Rhyzopertha, with its perfoliated club, in connection with its distinctly
developed upper lip and slender legs, would go far to establish its afl&nity with
Cis, and its farinaceous and store-infesting habits might indicate some relation
even mtli the PtiuklcB ; yet, on the other hand, in its extremely cylindrical form, its
anteriorly roughened and produced prothorax, the obliquely subtruncated apex of
its elytra, and in its serrated tibiee, it offers so strong a prima facie resemblance
to Tomicus, that, were it not for its loosely-connected clava, it might be almost
mistaken at first sight for a species of that genus, — from which, consequently, it
Avould seem desirable that it sliould not be further removed than is necessary. It
occurs usually in and about houses ; and since, like many of the typical Ptinidce,
it attaches itself to different kinds of provisions and articles of commerce, it is
liable to become diffused, in various ways, throughout the civilized world.

219. Rhyzopertha pusilla.
R. cylindrica ferruginea, prothorace convexo valde scabroso uecnon antice niucrouibus asperato, elytris

nitidis profunde substriato-punctatis (punctis magnis), ad apicem oblique subtruncatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1 ~.

Si/nodendron pusilkim. Fab. Hut. Si/sf. v. (Siq^jil.) 156 (1798).
Ptimis Jissicornis et piceus, Mslim, Hut. Brit. i. 82 et 88 (1802).
Bhyzopertha inisilla, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 354 (1830).
, Lucas, Col. de VAlgerie, 468 (1849).

Habitat in domibus mercatorumque repositoriis Maderse, prsesertim in urbe ipsa Funchalensi, — in
insulam ex alienis farinariis et radicibus invecta.

R. elongated and cylindrical, bright ferruginous, and nearly free from pubescence. Prothorax ex-
ceedingly convex, roughly scabrous or granulated, and with coarser tubercles or points (which
have a tendency to arrange themselves in concentric folds) densely scattered over its anterior
region, — which is slightly narrowed, produced and rounded (but not at all acuminated), and has
its extreme margin roughened and slightly reflexed ; and without any appearance of a dorsal
channel. Elytra shining, very distinctly and regularly substriate-punctate (the punctures being
exceedingly large and deep, but the striae excessively shallow) ; and with a slight tendency to be
obliquely truncated at their extremity. Antenna a little paler, and the le^s usually a trifle darker,
than the rest of the surface.

288 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Evidently an imported insect into Madeira, occuiTing principally in tlie houses
of Funclial, — where it attaches itself to articles of commerce, though more espe-
cially to farinaceous preparations and di-ied vegetable sul)stances of various kinds.
It is under such circumstances that it is found throughout Europe generally ; and
in England I have obserA'ed it, in great abimdance, in powdered arrow-root. It is
stated by Kii-by and Spence to have been detected amongst roots of Turkey
rhubarb in the East India Company's warehouses in London ; and both Marsham
and Stephens have remarked that it is constantly liable to be introduced with roots
and seeds from India, — from whence indeed the specimens described by Fabricius
in 1798 were brought. Hence, its original centre of diffusion was probably extra-
European : nevertheless, if not truly indigenous, it would appear to have esta-
blished itself more completely on the southern Mediterranean limits than in cooler
latitudes, since M. Lucas, in his accoimt of the Coleoptera of Algeria, records its
existence beneath the bark of the Quercus suber and Cytisus spinosiis dui-ing the
winter and spring months, in the vicinity of Oran.

Sectio vii. rhyncophora.

Fam. 32. TOMICID^.

Genus 101. TOMICUS*.

LatrciUe, Hist. Nat. des Ins. iii. 203 (1802).

Corpus parvum, cylindricum : capite subdeflexo, vix producto : prolhorace amplo convexo, aiitice pro-
ducto et scabroso : elytris apice plus minusve obliquo- truncatis : alis amplis. Antenna capitatae;
scapo (i. e. ai-ticulo primo) longissimo clavato ; funiculo [i. e. articulis inter scapum et capitulum
sitis) 5-articulato, articulo primo robusto apice truncate, reliquis brevissimis a basi angusta
latitudine paulatim crescentibus ; capitulo solidissinio, obscure quadri-annulato. Labrum ob-
soletum. Mandibula comese validse subtriangulares obtusse, infra apicem dente obtuso instructae

* It is difficult to understand on wliat principle many of the European entomologists sfill persist in
appropriating the title oi Bostiicliu.i iV)r the Tomici, except ou the unfair partiality which exists of em-
pl()\ing everything Fahrician at the expense of priority. If indeed the term of Bostrichns is to be used
at all (and there is no reason why it should not), it is clear that it should be applied to the Bermestes
capiicinus, Linn., for which it was originally established by Geoftroy inl764, — and to which, eleven years
afterwards, Fabricius chose to give the name of Apate. The fact of Fabricius ha\'ing cited (in 1792)
some of the members of the present group as Bostriclii cannot be the slightest excuse for endorsing his
falsification of G^eoflroy's generic name, — which appertains to the Bermestes capminus (and to whatsoever
allied species may have been since discovered) exclusively. Bostrichus therefore having been correctly
disposed of (and moreover conceded to its projyer author, which in common justice we are bound to do),
it is evident that Latreille's appellation of Tomicm, proposed for these insects in 1802, should, ui accord-
ance with the laws of precedence, be accepted.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 289

necnon ad basin sinuatfe. Maxilla lobo singula lato setoso instructse [interno obsoleto). Palpi
conici crassi ; maxillares articulo pi-imo brevissimo lato, secundo longiore vix graciliore, tertio
brevi, ultimo mimito conico; labiates articulis primo et secundo crassiusculis subsequalibus,
ultimo minuto conico. Ligula membranacea elongata subtriangularis. Pedes brevissimi validi :
iibiis compressis, apicem versus dilatatis, extus fortiter dentatis, ad apicem interuum spina recta
armatis : tarsis articulis tribus baseos longiusculis crassiusculis subsequalibus, quarto minu-
tissimo, quinto longissimo subclavato.

The TomicidcB, which by some entomologists are amalgamated with the Hylesi-
nidce, would appear to supply a very natural passage into the typical lihynco2)hora
from the departments which we have just left behind us ; for, whilst in all essential
respects they are Pseudotetramerovis, yet the peculiar characteristics of that
section (and especially of the E-hyncophorous portion of it) are unquestionably
less developed in them than in the more advanced forms. Thvis, whilst they
almost coincide as regards theii' oral organs with the modification observable in
the Hylesinldce, yet the head, which is distinctly elongated in that family (a struc-
ture which reaches its maximum in the Curculionklce), is here scarcely at all pro-
duced ; — and, whilst their tarsi, on the other hand, display the minute penultimate
joint which is so universal throughout the entire province of the Pseudotetrmnera,
yet the antepenultimate (which is, normally, in that division, deeply cordate, so
as to receive the following one between its lobes) is here simple, — as though to
connect the genera towards which we are approaching with the preceding (penta-
merous) ones. Such are the featm*es on which I would lay more decided stress
in detaching the TomicidcB from the HylesinidcB ; and it must be admitted that
they are very important, as being of all others perhaps the most prominent
which we make use of in framing om' actual definition of the Bhyncophora.
Nevertheless, essential as they are, they do not constitute all, since in the minor
details of their organization there are a few particulars wliich may serve, albeit in
a general way, to separate the two groups in question. Thus, for instance, the
more cylindrical bodies of the Tomicidce, the more produced and rugose front
region of their pronotum (singularities, be it noticed, which are broadly expressed
in the later Cissidce), in conjimction with their more (obliquely) truncated extre-
mity, are sufficiently evident, when contrasted with the corresponding points of
the Sylesmidce, to be at once appreciated.

Tomicus proper may be known from its immediate allies by its 5-articulated
funiculus, and l^y the powerful denticulations of its tibiae. It possesses also those
two primary diagnostics of the ordinary members of the family, — namely the
anteriorly roughened and hooded prothorax, and the obliquely terminated elytra, —
more positively than is the case with either of the other Madeiran genera ; both of
which indeed are extremely anomalous, — whilst one of them, in the subemarginated
tliird joint of its tarsi, is so far aberrant as to form a connecting link with the Sy-
lesinidcB. The Tomici are of eminently lignivorous habits, — attaching themselves to
the larger trees, and being in nowise connected with the stalks of smaller plants.

2p

290 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

220. Tomicus villosus.

T. lato-cylindricus subnitidus piceo-ferrugineus et pilis longissimis erectis subfulvescentibus adspersus,
prothorace undique rugose scabroso-granulato, anticc rotundato sed vix asperato, elytris rugose
seriatim punctatis (seriebus alternis ex punctis maximis compositis), ad apieem obliquo-truncatis,
antennis pedibusque tcstaceis.

Long. corj). lin. 1^-li.

Bostrichus villosus, Fab. Unf. Si/st. i. ii. 367 (1792).

, Payk. Fna Siiec. iii. 154 (1800).

Ips villosus, Mshm, IJnt. Brit. i. 53 (1802).

Tomicus villosus. Staph. III. Brit. Ent. iii. 356 (1830).

Habitat Maderam, sub cortice arborum, rarissimus : tria specimina, in castanetis Sanctse Annae Junio
exeunte a.d. 1850 a meipso reperta, sola vidi.

T. rather short, tiiick and cylindrical, slightly shining, ferruginous or pale piceo-ferruginous, and
densely besprinkled with exceedingly long, erect and fulvescent hairs. Prothorax not very
convex, uniformly and roughly scabrous or granulated, but scarcely more roughened in front
than elsewhere, — where however it is rounded and produced ; and without any appearance of
either a dorsal channel or ridge. Elytra rough, and very deeply seriate-punctate (the punctures
being extremely large and distinct), and the interstices with a longitudinal row of very minute
punctures down each ; abruptly truncated behind, — where there is a deeply-impressed stria on
either side of the suture, which gradually vanishes in front, but without any tendency to addi-
tional asperity. Antenna and legs testaceous.

A large and well-marked Tomicus; and readily known from the following
species by its (proportionably) short, thick and robust form, pale rufo-piceous, or
almost ferruginous, hue, by its extremely hairy and roughened sui-face, and by
the sculpture of its prothorax and el}i;ra, — the former of which moreover is not
expanded anteriorly, whilst the latter are comparatively mitch truncated at their
hinder extremity. It is a tolerably common insect throughout boreal and central
liurope, Ijut Avould appear in Madeu-a to be decidedly scarce, — where it is just
possible indeed that it may have been introduced from more northern latitudes.
Three specimens only have hitherto come beneath my notice, — all of which were
captured by myself, during the summer of 1850, from under the bark of Spanish
chestnut-trees in Senhor Louiz Acciaioly's vineyard at Santa Anna.

221. Tomicus Dohmii, Woll.

T. angusto-cylindricus nitidus nigro-piccus et pilis brevioribus subcrectis cinereis adspersus, pro-
thorace amplo subtilissime et parcc punctulato, ante medium subnodoso-convexo, antice dilatato
obtuse rotundato necnon mucronibus asperato, elytris minute seriatim punctatis (seriebus alternis
vix observandis), ad apieem leviter obliquo-truncatis, antennis pedibusque palUdo-tcstaceis.

Long. corp. lin. 1-1 i.

Habital in Mader^ (pi-jesertim boreali) excelsd sylvatic^, sub cortice arborum, hinc inde vulgatissimus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 291

Species valde indigena, et in honorem illust. C. A. Dohrn, qui in Gennania per plures annos scientise
Entomologicse patronus exstitit, a me denominata.

T. narrower, and comparatively more elongated, than the T. villosm, cylindrical (though a little
expanded anteriorly), shining (especially the elytra), dark piceous, and besprinkled with fine,
erect and cinereous hairs, — which however are much shorter, and not all of them so erect, as
those of the last species. Prothorax large, straightened behind and dilated in front ; with a small
convexity (almost resembling the rudiments of a nodule) on its fore-disk ; most delicately and
distantly punctulated behind, — where it is nearly glabrous, and sometimes of an obscure rufescent
tinge ; greatly roughened in front with coarse and somewhat transverse tubercles and points, —
where it is produced, and (on account of the expansion) obtusely rounded ; without any appear-
ance of either a dorsal channel or ridge. Ehjtra minutely seriate-punctate (the punctures how-
ever being much larger than those on the hinder portion of the prothorax), and the interstices
also with a longitudinal row of small and exceedingly shallow punctui'es down each (which how-
ever, on account of their shallowness, are scarcely perceptible except beneath the microscope) ; the
pubescence rather longer than on the prothorax, and somewhat disposed in rows posteriorly ;
much less evidently truncated behind than in the T. villosus, — where however there are indications
of a few raised costse and tubercles. Antenna and legs pale testaceous.

A very distinct species, and one of the most truly indigenous of all the Madeiran
Coleoptera, — occurring beneath the bark and in the rotten wood of the native
laiu'els (occasionally in great profusion) in most of the sylvan regions of inter-
mediate and lofty altitudes. It may be easily recognised by its narrow cylindrical
form, by the greatly roughened and dilated anterior portion of its (large) pro-
thorax,— the hinder haK of which is bright and almost impunctate, whilst its fore-
disk is upheaved into an obscure convexity (somewhat resembling an incipient
nodule) ; by its, also, finely sculptvu'ed elytra, and by the excessive paleness of its
limbs. Contrasted with the T. villosus, it is likewise darker, much more shining,
and less pubescent. It is an insect which does not usually make its appearance
much before quite the latter end of the spring. Its legitimate range would seem
to be from about 2000 to 4500 feet above the sea ; though it evidently attains its
maximum rather towards the upper than the lower extremity of those limits.
Thus, in the slightly raised districts of Santa Anna and Sao Vincente it is com-
paratively scarce, — where nevertheless I have observed it, at times, during Jime :
but in the more elevated (and dense) forests of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros it is
common ; where, in the summer of 1850, I took an extensive series of specimens,
— principally on the wing, or attracted to the white canvass of my tent towards
the dusk of the evening: whilst, ascending higher still, to the upland Serras
bordering on the Panal, we find it in literal profusion ; so much so indeed, that,
whUst encamped at the Cruzinhas (early in July of the same year), I might have
captured it by thousands, —especially, as at the Pecegueiros, from off my tent ;
although most abundantly, in that locality, during the heat of the day.

I have dedicated the species to M. Dohrn, President of the Entomological

Society of Stettin, to whom I am indebted for the contribution of various insects,

for comparison, throughout the elaboration of this work.

2 p 2

292 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 102. APHANARTHRUM, WoU. (Tab. YI. fig. 2.)

Corpus parvum, cyliiKlricum, laetc coloratum : prothorace amplo convexo, antice producto sed baud
scabroso : etytris apice rotundatis integris : alls ampUs. Antenna (VI. 2 a) capitatae ; scapo
longissimo clavato, basi flexuoso; funiculo 3-articulato, articulo pi-iiuo robusto apice truncate
basi subflexuoso, secundo et tertio minutissimis brevissimis (hoc \ix observando necnon in capi-
tuhim oblique inserto) ; capitulo solido ovato pilosissimo quadri-annulato. Labrum obsoletum.
Mandibulte (VI. 2 h) corner vabda; subtriangularcs obtusEC, infra apicem dente obtuso instructse,
ad basin integrse. Maxilla (VI. 2 c) lobo singula lato setose instructse {intemo obsolete). Palpi
cenici; maxillares minutissinii crassi, articulis prime, secundo et tertio brc\issiniis transversis,
ultimo paulo longiore graciliore conico ; labiates (V. 2 d) longiores, articulis longitudine sub-
a;qualibus, primo et secundo crassis, ultimo gracili ovato basi truncate. Ligula membrauacea
elongata, apice truncata. Pedes breves validi : tibiis (VI. 2 e) compressis, apicem versus dila-
tatis, extus fortitev dentatis (dentibus, in anticis tribus vel quatuor, in posterioribus septem vel
octe), ad apicem internum spina parva recta subacuta armatis : tarsis articulis tribus baseos lon-
giusculis crassiusculis subsequalibus (primo vix graciliore), quarto minutissimo, quinto longis-
simo unguiculis simplicibus munito.

Ab a<^avri<; c visu absconditus, et apOpov artus.

Throughout the whole of the Madeiran insects there is perhaps no form more
interesting than the anomalous little species from which the above structural
diagnosis has been compiled. In its general facies, it displays a peculiarity of
colouring to which we are totally unaccustomed in this department of the Coleop-
tcra, in which anything like painted or variegated sm-faces is almost imkno'mi ;
whilst in the proportions of its antennae it is scarcely less remarkalile. These last
indeed are of a very extraordinary nature, their funiculus being composed of three
joints only, — one of which moreover is so excessively minute, as to cause it, before
very closely inspected, to appear actually biarticulate. It was some time in fact
})efore I discovered this diminutive joint at all, — which is doubly difficult to be
detected, not only because of its literally microscopic dimensions, but likcAnse on
account of an irregularity which the genus possesses of having its funiculus in-
serted obliquely into its club, — the axes of the two, instead of uniting at the point
of contact, being separated by an appreciable space ; so that the convexity of the
latter entirely conceals this item of the former from view, except when examined
in a particular direction, and ui\der favom-able circumstances for definition and
light — (a feature which suggested the nanie of Aphanarthrum, as, in the present
instance, singularly appropriate). In its smooth prothorax and apically entke
elytra it recedes from the tj^pical Tomicidce ; yet its short head, greatly produced
prothorax, and very cylindi'ical body, in conjunction with its simple tarsi, point to
that family as, nevertheless, its correct location. Upon the whole, I am inclined
to think that it may be more akin to Jli/pothcnemits of '^^'estwood (enunciated in
the first volume of the Entomological Society's Transactions, in 1836) than to any
other genus hitherto known, — which is not only, like Aphanarthnnn, an exception
to the generality of these groups as regards hue (exhibiting gay and opposite

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 293

tints), but has, in like manner, a 3-j orated funiculus and its feet moulded on the
same type. Although thus far coincident however with ITi/potheneitms, with
which it must consequently be admitted to have a very decided affinity, it is
almost needless to add that it offers abundant distinctive characters of its o-mi
which entirely debar it from association with that genus, — amongst which its com-
paratively gigantic size, its anteriorly um-oughened pronotum, and the eccentric
implantation, and nearly evanescent tliird joint, of its funiculus should be espe-
cially noticed.

222. Aphanarthrmn Euphorbise, Wall. (Tab. VI. fig. 2.)

A. cylindricum opacum fusco-nigrum et pilis brevibus cinereis vestitum, protborace subtilissime et
creberrime granulato, in medio obsoletissime carinato, antice subacuminato lurido sed baud
asperate, elytris crebre ruguloso-subpunctulatis subolivaceo-luridis, fasciis duabus (una sc. sub-
media valde sinuato-undulata et altera postica subarcuato-transversa) nigris ornatis, ad apicem
baud truncatis, autennis pedibusque lurido-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. ^-l.

Habitat per partem Maderae sylvaticam, in truncis Euphorbia mellifera, Linn. Phil., inter 3000' et
5000' s. m. nascentis, bine inde nou infrequens : in nemore illo Euphorbiarum in regione Fana-
lensi (prope lacum crateriformem Lagoa dictum) sito d. 17 Jul. a.d. 1851 primus copiosissime
inveni ; sed Augusto ineunte ejusdem anni pauca specimina etiam ad Ribeiro Frio cepi ; necnon
in trunco Eupborbise emortuo ad Jardim de Serra d. 10 Jan. a.d. 1851 coUegit cl. Dom. Heer.

A. cylindrical, nearly opake, brownisb-black, and densely clothed with a short, fine and cinereous
pubescence. Prothorax most delicately and closely granulated all over (but with scarcely any in-
dications of punctures intermixed), and not at all more roughened in front than elsewhere, — where
however it is a great deal produced, somewhat acuminated, and of a dull lurid, or brownish-
yellow hue ; with an obscure dorsal ridge down the disk (more especially apparent posteriorly) ;
and with the hinder margin in immature specimens slightly diluted, or lutescent. Elytra closely
and rather rugosely subpunctulated (the punctures being small, ill-defined, and without any ten-
dency to be disposed in rows) ; the pubescence rather coarser and paler than on the prothorax ;
rounded and entire at their extremity (having no appearance of oblique tmncation) ; pale lurid-
yellow (often with a slightly olivaceous tinge), — with a greatly sinuated submedial fascia (the
lateral portions of which are oblique and transverse, and the central one suddenly looped back-
wards, and with its concavity turned towards the base), and a transverse subarcuated posterior
one (generally disconnected at the suture, and scarcely ever extending to the lateral margins),
black. Antenna and legs lurid-testaceous ; the former with their club a little picescent ; and the
latter with their tarsi very pale.

An insect as truly indigenous as it is remarkable ; and one which might be easily
overlooked, even by a careful observer, from its (apparently) exclusive attachment
to the gigantic Tree Euphorbia {Euplwrhla melUfera, Liiin. Phil.) of elevated, and
more or less remote, inland spots. It was not indeed until my thii'd sojom-n in
these islands that I succeeded in detecting it : but, whilst encamped in the lofty

294 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

district of the Fanal during July of 1850, I was induced by the Eev. R. T. Lowe
to visit a icood of these monstrous Euphorbias, immediately below the round
crater -like basin of the Lagoa, on the descent of the mountain-road towards the
Ribeu-a da Janclla and Porto Moniz, — Avhen, much to my delight, I found the
entu'e substance of many of the older trees perforated by this elegant little AjjJm-
narthrum ; in conjimction moreover with a species of Mesites which hitherto I
have not elsewhere met with. It is not easy in fact to pronounce which afforded
me the greatest pleasure, — the sudden discovery of two novelties so interesting, or
the first sight of this unique grove of noble Euphorbias : both however had their
charms, and will long impart to that day a reminiscence peculiarly its own. This
is not the only locality however in which it has occurred to me ; for, ha'ving once
ascertained its halnts, I was of course on the look-out wherever the Eupliorhia
tnelUfera was to be traced, — and I subsequently procured it, although sparingly,
at the Ribeiro Erio likewise. Nevertheless it probably exists throughout most of
the upland regions in which the Eupliorh'm mellifera j^revails ; since, on the 10th
of January 1851, it was captvu'ed, by Professor Hcer, in considex'able numbers at
the Jardim da Serra, — where that j)lant is tolerably common.

Genus 103. LEIPARTHRUM, Woll. (Tab. Y. fig. 9, ti Tab. VI. fig. 3.)

Corpus minutiim, cylindricuni : prothornce ainplo convcxo, antice prodiicto haud scabroso sed plerum-
quc tubcrculis minutissiniis obsito : ebjtris apice rotuudatis iutegris : alls amplis. Antenna
(VI. 3a) capitate; scapo elongato clavato subflexuoso; funiculo 4-articulato, articulo primo
robiisto apice truncato, secundo et tertio minutis, quarto paulo latiore transverso ; capitulo soli-
dissimo clongato-ovato piloso, obscurissime quadii-aimulato. Lahntm obsoletum. Mandibula
(VI. Z b) cornea; validfc triangulares obtusa', intra apiccni dente parvo obtuso obseuro iustructse,
ad basin integra;. Maxilla (VI. 3 c) lobo singula latissimo bre\i rotundato setoso instructae
{interna obsoleto). Palpi subsetoso-conici ; maxillares minuti, articulis primo, secundo et tertio
bre\issimis transversis, ultimo longiore graciliore subconico ; labiales (VI. 3 d) longiusculi,
articulo primo crasso, secundo paulo breviore crassiusculo, ultimo elongato gracili subcyliudrico.
Liyula membranacea subelongata pilosa, basi angustata, apice truncata. Pedes brevissimi, parum
validi : tibiis compressis, apicem versus lev-iter dilatatis, anticis (V. 9 a, et VI. 3 e) simplicibus,
pasteriaribus (V. 9 i, et VI. 3/) subcurvatis extus 4-dcntatis, amnibus ad apicem internum spin4
(in anticis elongata robustissima valde obtusfi recta, in posterioribus minore angustiore leviter
acutS, subrecta) armatis : tarsis 4-articulatis, articulis duobus baseos longiusculis crassis sub-
wqualibus (primo paulo longiore basi angusto subflexuoso, secundo apice obscure emarginato),
tertio minutissimo, quarto elongate unyuiculis simplicibus munito.

A XetTrw relinquo, et apdpov artus. (Typus — Leiparthrum biiuberculatum.)

At once distinguished from every modification both of the present and folloA^ving
families with whicli I am acquainted by its quach'iarticulatc feet ; — and from aU,
except Fohjyraplnis, Xy later us and CrypludKS, by its fom'-jointcd fimiculus. As
regards these three genera, however, — apart from its tarsi, wliich constitute its
most anomalous feature, — it may be known; first, from Toli/ffrajifiiis, by its

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 295

simple front-tibifB, and by its sinaUer and more cylindrical form ; secondly, from
Xylotenis, by (likewise) its diminutive size, by its robuster and more elongated
club, its unwrinkled forehead (in both sexes), and by its strongly-dentate posterior
tibiae ; whilst, thirdly, the structui-e of its tibiae, and its comparatively smooth
prothorax will, inter alia, remove it equally from CnjplialnS: In general contour
indeed it somewhat approaches to Cryptnrgus, but the biarticulatcd funiculus and
the toothed fore-tibia; of that genus are of themselves sufficient to separate it from
LeipaHhrum. It is needless however to trace out its affinities any further, since
in its tetramerous feet it recedes from all the members of the Tomlcidcs and
Hijlesinidce combined which have been hitherto made known. The pecuHar con-
formation of its anterior til)ia; (PL VI. fig. 3) however should be adcUtionally
noticed ; which, although not denticulated, have two most remarkable cmcks (for
it is difficult to express them by any term so appropriate) along their outer edge,
having much the appearance of recently-healed cuts, or wounds,— whilst their
terminal portion is lengthened out into an exceedriigly powerful, obtuse and
apically-subdilated lobe. So that, when (in connection with these particulars) we
take into consideration the subemarginated second joint of its tarsi (as though to
connect the present family with the foUowing one), and the singiUar tubercles
which three of the species described below are armed with on the anterior region
of theii- pronotum (and which I am inclined to suspect may in fact exist in a rudi-
mentary state even on the fourth also,— though, if such be the case, they must be
amazingly obscure, since I am not able to detect them even beneath the micro-
scope), we may fairly regard Leiparthrum as one of the best-defined and most
abnormal groups as yet enunciated in this department of the Xylophaga.

223. Leiparthnun mandibulare, WoU. (Tab. V. fig. 9.)
L. cylmdricum diluto-testaceum et pilis rigidis parce vestitum, mandibulis magnis ponectis, pro-

thorace minus amplo, tuberculis (sc. duobus mox infra apicem, necnon in disco antico septem

vel octo minutioribus in circulum partim dispositis), obsito, elytris ragulosis obsolete substriato-

subpunctatis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. vix 1.
Habitat Maderam borealem, sub cortice arboris cujusdam in castanetis Sanctse Anna^ semel (aestate

media a.d. 1850) repertum.
Insectum valde anomalum, mandibuUs porrectis ordineque tuberculorum prothoracicorum mn'abili ab

aliis hujus generis rccedens; sed tamen in tibiarum et tarsorum quadriarticulatorum forma ilbs

omnino congruit, et cum Leiparthro recte adnumerandum est.

L cylindrical, slightly sbining, diluted-testaceous, and sparingly clothed with a short, thick, rigid,
cinereous and somewhat scaly pubescence. Head with the mandibles exceedingly large and por-
rected. Prothorax rather small, and beset with tolerably distinct punctures; very slightly pro-
duced in front, where it is armed with two small and obtuse tubercles, placed close together
immediately within the centre of the anterior margin, and behind them (reaching to about the

296 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

middle of the disk) seven or eight more (somewhat smaller than the front pair) arranged {vide
PI. V. fig. 9 a) as follows, — two, placed near together, at a little distance behind (but rather
further apart than) the front ones ; and, at about an equal distance behind these, a circlet of five
or six, extending to about the centre of the disk. Elytra slightly rugulose, and with both the
punctures and set<e (the former of which are exceedingly obscure) arranged in rows, — there being
a double series (one large and the other small) of each (a structure however which is not veiy
perceptible without the aid of a powerful glass) ; rounded and entire at their extremity. An-
tennm and legs testaceous.

There are few insects which have given me more trouble in the determination of
them than the present one ; for, unfortunately, the unique example which I possess
(extracted from out of a cobweb, in a dead state, beneath the bark of a Spanish
chestnut-tree at Santa Anna) is too much mutilated to afford a full view of all its
parts. Hence it is not surprising that, before I had accurately examined such of
its members as were decipherable, its enormously developed mandibles (at least
for these groups) shoidd have led me to imagine that it embodied the t^-jie of a
well-marked and very anomalous genus. Fiu'thcr investigation however has
satisfied me that it is a true Leijiurthrum, — its l-jointed tarsi (which I have been
able most clearly to recognise) and peculiar tibise at once associating it with the
other three representatives described Ijelow. The existence moreover of the usual
pair of tubercles witliin the front margin of its pronotum, and of the smaller ones
behind tliem (the arrangement of which is, in this instance, exceedingly beautiful),
in connection with a similar sculpture to that which obtains in the remaining
forms, will still further tend to remove all doubt as to its correct generic identifi-
cation. Its ample mandibles therefore (which, after aU, perhaps, may be less
prominent in reality than they seem to be, — since the single damaged individual
which I captui'ed might have been accidentally so distorted as to cause the head
to be pvished forward somewhat unnaturally, but which in all probability would
not be perceived to be unnatural in an object thus small) can be only regarded as
of specific importance, — a i-emark which ■ndll equally apply to the distribution of
the raised points with which the anterior disk of its prothorax is furnished. As
regards the species however, it is imquestionably most distinct and interesting, —
reeeduig from all the rest, not only in this singularity of its mandibles (which
cannot possibly be entirely the result of chance, if indeed, as I am by no means
convinced, it be so at all), but likewise in its much greater bulk, paler hue, and in
the collocation of its prothoracic pustules. These last in fact {vide PL V. fig. 9 a)
should be especially observed, since they do not appear to be dispersed ii-regularly
about (as, when they exist at all, is usual in these groups, and which is partially
the case with its other Madciran allies), — but in a given order, wliieh will be best
understood by a reference to the figm'c, and which shoidd be avcU noticed, since it
is the modification which it is the tendency of the other species to assume also,
even though the symmetry be less perfect in them than it is T\-ith the L. mandi-
bnlnre. Of these tubercles the foremost two are slightly the largest ; whilst the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 297

remainder (which are of equal size) have the intermediate pair somewhat wider
apart than the anterior ones, and those which constitute the circlet amoimting to
ahout iive or six in number. My solitary specimen was taken, during the summer
of 1850, in the vineyard of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly at Santa Anna. It is evidently
excessively rare, otherwise it could hardly have escaped further observation during
my constant researches in these islands.

224. Leiparthmm bituberculatum, WoU. (Tab. VI. fig. .3.)

Ii. subangusto-cylindricum nigro-fuscuni et pilis rigidis vestitum, prothorace aniplo, tuberculis (sc.

duobus mox infra apicem, necnon in disco antico plurimis minutissimis in circulum vis dispositis)

obsito, per marginem posticum fen-ugiueo, elytris rugulosis obscure striato-punctatis, antennarum

basi pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Var. /3. paulo minus, ferrugineo-fuscum, prothorace postice latius ferrugineo, antennarum basi

pedibusque pallidioribus.
Long. corp. lin. §— ^.

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, in umbrosis graminosis inter 2000' et 4000' s. m. sitis baud infrequens :
var. ^. etiam ad locos subinferiores descendit, in castanetis Sanctse Annse sestate abundansj sed
status typicus montibus proprius est.

Ii. cylindrical, but narrower than the last species, blackish-brown, and more densely clothed with (the
same character of) pubescence. Prothorax rather large, and beset with small and somewhat
distant punctures ; produced iu front, where it is armed with two small, porrected and obtuse
tubercles (which are most developed in the males), and with a few smaller scattered ones, on the
fore-disk, behind them, — which have a tendency to arrange themselves in a circle, though much
less evidently so than those of the L. mandibulare ; the hinder margin more or less narrowly
ferruginous. Elytra rugiilose, and with the same peculiarity of sculpture and pubescence as in
the last species, — except that the latter is more dense, and perhaps more evidently arranged in
alternate rows of robust and finer scale-like setse, or rigid pile; rounded and entire at then-
extremity. Antenna at base and the legs diluted-testaceous ; the former with their club a little
dusky.
Var. (3. a trifle smaller, and of an altogether paler hue, — being usually bright ferruginous-brown ;
and with the hinder margin of the prothorax, the antennae and the legs stUl paler.

Both the present species and the following one are readily distinguished from
the L. Artemisia by the pustules of theu* pronota; whilst, inter se, the greater
size and more elongated form, in conjunction with the less developed prothorax
and different colour, will serve to separate the L. bituberculatum from the L. cur-
tum. It is not an uncommon insect within the sylvan districts of Madeira, be-
tween the limits of about 2000 and 4000 feet above the sea, — the typical specimens
occupying the upper, and the var. (5. the lower portion of this range. Thus, the
mountain state (which I have assumed to be normal, and which is somewhat
darker and larger than the other is apparently confined to the moist and shady

2q

298 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

districts of rather lofty altitudes. I have captured it on the Lombo das Vacas in
June, at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros in July, and at the Feijaa de C6i"te and the
Ribeiro Frio in August. The var. (3. (which is smaller and of a paler hue) descends
lower, — the only spot in Avliich I have hitherto detected it being the chestnut-
woods of Santa Anna, where I took it in great profusion (by brushing the long
grass in the vineyard of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly) dm'ing May and June of 1850.

225. Leiparthrum curttun, Woll.
Im. brevi-cylindricum ferrugineum et pilis rigidis vestitum, prothorace amplissimo, tuberculis (sc.

duobus mox infra apicem minutis, sed reliquis fere obsoletis) obsito, elytris rugulosis obscure

substriato-punctatis, antennis pedibusque fere concoloribus.
Long. Corp. lin. i.

Habitat Maderam australem, — in horto Loweano prope Funchal, per aerem volitans, mense Februario
A.D. 1848 a meipso deprehensum.

Ij. shorter, and proportionably thicker, than the L. bituberculatum, pale ferruginous, and with the
pubescence and sculpture the same as in that insect. Prothorax comparatively somewhat larger
(being greatly developed) ; with the two anterior tubercles a little smaller than in that species,
and with the scattered ones behind them exceedingly minute and scarcely perceptible ; the front
portion also darker, — leaving the hinder margin very broadly pale. Elytra short ; rounded and
entire at their extremity. Antennie and legs concolorous with (or perhaps slightly darker than)
the elytra.

Possessing but a single example of this very minute insect, I should not have
been inclined to have retained it as distinct from the preceding one, had not the
examination of an extensive series of that species failed in detecting any interme-
diate links (in size, colour or proportions) to unite the two forms ; and if indeed
the present individual be a normal representative of its race (and there is no reason
to suspect the contrary), there cannot be the slightest doubt as to its specific
claims. In its habits moreover it woixld appear to be different ; for, whilst I have
never observed the L. bituberculatum except in the north of the island, or below
the altitude of 2000 feet, — my unique specimen of the L. curtum was captured in
the south, and in a position but slightly elevated above the coast ; a fact which,
from the analogy of other insects similarly cii'ciunstanced, would go far a priori to
render its identity with the former at any rate improbable. Assuming therefore
the above description to be imiversaUy applicable, the L. curtum may be at once
recognised from the L. bituberculatum by its smaller size, shorter and proportion-
ably broader form, paler hue, and by its more developed prothorax, — the last of
which, being only dark in front, has its hinder margin very much more broadly
pale than is the case even in the var. /3. of the latter. My unique example was
taken, on the wing, in the Eev. R. T. Lowe's garden, near Funchal, during
February 184..8.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 299

226. Leiparthnun Artemisise, WoU.
Im. subangusto-cylindricum nigrum et pilis rigidis vestitum, prothorace minus amplo, baud tuberculato,

elytris rugulosis obscure striato-punctatis, antennarum basi pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. ^-f .

Habitat in ins. Deserts Borealis, qua'Junio ineunte a.d. 1850 plurima specimina ex Artemisia argented,
Herit., collegi.

L. of mucb the same form as tbe L. bituberculatum, but ratber smaller in size, of a uniform dull black
bue, and witb tbe same character of pubescence as that insect. Prothorax ratber smaller, a little
less obtuse in front, and without any indication (apparently) of tbe tubercles which are more or less
evident in tbe other members of the genus. Elytra rounded and entire at their extremity, but
with tbe punctures rather more defined (and distinctly smaller) than in either of the previous two
species. Antenna at base and the tarsi pale testaceous; the club of the former, and the /mora
and tibim, being more or less dusky.

A most distinct little species, being intermediate in length between tbe L. bitn-
herculatmn and ciirtim,—jet at once separated from tbem both by its uniformly
dark hue (its tarsi and tbe base of its antennae being alone pale), by its narrower
form, and by tbe absence (apparently) of any indication of tubercles on its (some-
what smaller) prothorax. It appears to be peculiar to the Northern Dezerta,
Avhere I detected it, whilst encamped there with the Rev. R. T. Lowe, at the
beginning of June 1850. It seemed to be more particularly attached to the thick
masses of wormwood {Artemisia argentea, Herit.) with which that singular island
is in certain positions densely clothed, and from off which the greater number of
my specimens were taken, — those which did not occur on that plant having been
either attracted to the white canvass of my tent, dtu'ing the hot sunshine, or else
captured on the wing.

Fam. 33. HYLESINID^.

Genus 104. PHLCEOPHTHORUS, Wall. (Tab. YI. fig. l.)

Corpus parvum, subcylindricum : capite leviter producto : prothorace amplo convexo, antice minus
producto et baud scabroso : elytris apice rotundatis integris : alis amplis. Antenna (YI. 1 a)
longiusculffi clavatse; scapo elongate subclavato, basi flexuoso; funiculo 5-articulato, articulo
primo robusto apice truncato ad basin constricto sinuato, reliquis brevissimis longitudine sub-
ffiqualibus, a basi angusta latitudine paulatim crescentibus ; clava elongata laxa valde perfohata
triarticulata, articulis longitudine subaequalibus (primo et secundo latioribus, illo leviter, hoc vix
intus-producto, iiltimo subacuminato-ovato). iairam obsoletum. Mandibula {YI. 1 b) cornese
validffi, basi latse, apicem versus parum angustse acutse, infra apicem dente minutissimo obscurissimo
instruct-e. Maxilla (VI. 1 e) lobo singulo lato brevissimo setoso instructae {interna obsolete) .
Palpi subsetoso-conici ; maxillares minuti, articulis primo, secundo et tertio brevissimis trans-
versis, ultimo longiore graciliore subcylindrico-conico ; labiates (YI. 1 d) longiores, articulo

2q2

300 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

primo crasso, secundo paulo breviore crassiusculo, ultimo graciliore elongato-subovato. Liyula
niembranacea subclougata, basi angustata, apice truncal a. Pedes longiores validi : tibiis com-
pressis, apiccm versus cxtus dentatis necnon subito et valde dilatatis, ad apiceni internum spina
recta (in anticis, V. 1 e, robustu obtusa, in posterioribus gracili acuta) armatis : tarsis pseudo-
tetramcris [i. e. 5-articulatis, articulo tertio valde bilobo quartum minutissimum inter lobos reci-
pientc) articulis tribus baseos longiusculis crassiusculis, quinto elongato crasso clavato unguiculis
simplicibus munito.
A ^Xoto? cortex, et <f>d6po<; excisio.

A most important and well-marked genus, supplying a link which has been long
looked for 1)etween the present family and the Cissiche. It is difficult indeed to
overrate the significance of this interesting form, bearing witness as it does in the
strongest manner to the affinity of the two groups in question ; for, whilst its oral
organs and feet are moulded on the Rhjoicophorous type, the triarticulated and
perfoliated clava of its (comparatively elongated) antennae is almost coincident
with that of Cis. ■ The antonn;e of the whole of this section of the Xylophaga, it is
well known, are remarkal)lc for their extremely solid club, — which is perliaps the
most constant of all the characters which have been employed by those Avho would
remove it to a distance from the allies of Apate. I have already stated that I
cannot but believe such a step to be an unnatural one ; and, if further evidence
were necessary in support of this, it covild not be fiu-nishcd more effectually than
by the discovery of a modification like PhloeophtJwrKS, which combines at once the
essential featiu-es of each of the departments under consideration. Still, it must
only be regarded as possessing a very limited connection with the Cissidce, since
the majority of its details are altogether Rhyncophorous, and point to the Ilylcsi-
nidce as its undoubted location. Upon the whole, I should imagine it to be more
akin perhaps to Fhla'otribiis than to anji;hing else, — which, it will be recollected,
offi;rs, as regards its clava, the only exception to the normal representatives of this
division of the Xylophaga hitherto described. And, although the greatly lamel-
lated club of Phloeotrlbiis does certainly recede widely from that of Phloeophthorus,
yet this difierence is more in degree than in kind, since the two lower joints of
that of the latter are slightly produced internally, as thougli to give the first
warning of the peculiarity of development which is carried to its maximum in the
former : added to which, moreover, the fact of its being composed in both cases of
three articulations only (whereas four, when indeed they are sufficiently distinct to
be recognised at all, are almost invariably indicated in the present groujjs), —
whilst at the same tune they agree equally in their tibiae and yb«/"-jointed funiculi
(a number which obtains only, so far as I am aware, in three other genera of the
III/ les ill idee and Tomicidce combined, namely Toiniciis, JJi/pobonis and Dendroc-
tonus), — would certainly tend to strengthen this relation rather than to weaken it.
Its habits are, in all probability, more stalk-infesting than actually Ugnivorous, —
its somewhat pliant external envelope and general contour l)espeakiug an attach-
ment rather to the softer plants than to the forest-trees.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 301

227. PMoeophtliorus perfoliatus, W'^oll. (Tab. VI. fig. l.)

P. brevi-subcylindricus niger rugulosus et pilis rigidis vestitus, prothorace parce subpunctato, elytris
obscure striato-puuctatis, antennis pedibusque piceis, tarsis pallidioribuSj articulo ultimo testaceo.
Long. Corp. lin. |.

Habitat in sylvaticis locorum editiorura Maderae, rarissimus : ad Lombo das Vacas solstitio sestivo
A.D. 1850 duo specimina inveni.

P. short and subcylindrical, almost opake, black, and clothed with a short, thick, rigid, cinereous and
somewhat scaly pubescence. Prothorax convex and rounded, rugulose, beset with rather large
but somewhat obscure and irregular punctures ; very slightly produced in front, where there are
no indications of any additional asperity. Elytra likewise rugulose, and with both the punctures
and setse arranged in rows ; rounded and entire at their e.xtremity. Antenna and kffs slightly
piceous; the latter with their tarsi paler, — especially the apical joint, which is testaceous.

Apparently exceedingly rare, and confined to remote sylvan spots more or less
difficult of access. The only two specimens which have come beneath my observa-
tion were captured by myself, June the 21st, 1850, on the extreme summit of the
lofty mountain-preciiiice which forms the eastern barrier of the Ribeira de Sao
Vincente, — immediately before entering the almost inaccessible district of the
Lombo das Vacas.

Genus 105. HYLURGUS.

Latreille, Gen. Oriist. et Lis. ii. 274 (1807).

Corpus sat parvum, subovato-cylindricum : capita leviter producto : prothorace antice subacuminato,
vix producto et baud scabroso : elytris apice rotundatis, fere integris : alis amplis. Antenna
breves capitatse; scapo elongato subclavato, basi fle.xuoso ; funiculo 6-articulato, articulo prnuo
robusto apice truncato ad basin constricto sinuato, reliquis longitudine decrescentibus, a basi
angusta latitudine paulatim crescentibus ; capitulo solido ovato quadri-annulato. Labrum
obsoletum. Mandibula cornese validse triangulares subacutse, infra apicem dente robusto obtuso
instructfe, ad basin integrse. Maxilla lobo singulo lato brevi setoso instructee (interno obsoleto).
Palpi subsetoso-conici ; maxillares minuti, articulis prime, secundo et tertio brevibus trans-
versis, ultimo graciliore subconico ; labiates longiores, articulo primo crasso, secundo paulo bre-
viore crassiusciUo, ultimo graciliore subconico. Ligula membranacea elongata, basi angustata,
apice truucata. Pedes parum breves, validi : tibiis compressis, apicem versus extus denticulati.s
et dilatatis, ad apicem internum spina (in anterioribus subcurvata robust^ sed in posticis subreeta
acutiuscula) armatis : tarsis pseudotetrameris, articulo primo longiusculo, quinto elongato vix
subclavato unguiculis simplicibus munito.

With the exception of Scolytus (which however has its tibiae not only entire,
but likewise produced into a curved claw, as in many of the Curcwlioiiiclce, at
their outer apical angle), Hylurgas is the only Em-opean genus, in either the
present family or the previous one, in which the funiciilus is composed of six
joints. In the structm-e of their oral organs and feet the members of the Bhyn-
cophora are for the most part nearly coincident ; and hence, in that section, we

302 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

must not look to the particulars which we have been accustomed to do in others
for generic distinctions, — Avhich is probably indeed the reason why, in the immense
province of the CitrcuHonidm to which we are now approaching, the details of the
mouth have been hitherto by all naturalists universally neglected. The truth
however is, that the differences which they present inter se are comparatively so
triWal, that we are di-iven to place less confidence in them than in points simply
external ; — and of all these, next to the development of the rostnun (which, as
might naturally be expected in a department where the prolongation of the head
is the main feature, must rank first in importance), perhaps the proi^rtions of the
antennae and tibiae, in conjunction with the general outward contour, are, as
regards constancy, the most to be relied upon. And so it is with the genera of
the Hylesinidce, which, almost identical as they are in every respect with Ehyn-
nolus, and other inciiiient Curculionideous forms, derive their most essential cha-
racteristics from these special portions of their body, — the modifications of wliich
are here also of primary significance.

228. Hylurgus ligniperda.

H. subcylindi"icus (antice subacuminatus) elongatus niger subnitidus et pilis longissimis moUibus
vestitus, prothorace elongato profunde et insequaliter punctatOj elytris subpicescentibus creber-
rime rugosis et obscure subpunctato-striatis, ad apicem obliquo-truncatis, femoribus tibiisque
piceis, antcnnis tarsisque ferrugineis.

Long. cor]i. lin. 3-3j.

Bostriclnts tigniperda, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. ii. 367 (1702).

Hylesintts , Gvll. Ins Suec. iii. 335 (1813).

Hylurgus , Erich, in Wicgm. ArcJiiv, i. 52 (1836).

Hylesinus , Eatz. Forsf-Ins. Kaf. pi. ^■iii. fig. 9 (1839).

Habitat in montibus ^ladcrse, pr?esertim in pinetis inter 1800' et 2500' s. m. sitis, hinc inde \'nlgaris :
inter lignum recenter sectum ad Curral das Romeiras sero autunino a.d. 184-7 copiosissime
observavi.

H. elongated, subcylindrical (and slightly acuminated anteriorly), very obscurely shining, pitchy-
black, and somewhat densely clothed with a long and fine pubescence. Head broad and ])ro-
duced ; closely and rather roughly punctm-ed, but without any appearance of a central ridge.
Prot/ioj-ax more deeply, unequally, but not quite so closely punctured as the head ; somewhat
acuminated and constricted (thoiigh very slightly produced) iu front ; and with a very obscurely
raised impxmclate central keel. Elytra a little more piceous than the prothorax, and with the
pubescence shorter and more dense ; closely and exceedingly rugidose, and obscurely punctate-
striated ; obliquely truncated at their extremity. Legs piceous, except the tarsi, which, with the
antenna, are ferruginous.

A very local insect in Madeira, and perhaps introduced fi-om more northern
latitudes with the various species of fii' whicli are now so largely cultivated on the
mountains towards the soutliern and eastern districts of the island. In the cxten-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 303

sive plantations of Senlior D'Ornellas, which cover a considerable portion of the
hills to the north-east of Funchal, it is abixnclant diu-ing the autumnal and winter
months ; and in October of 1847 I took it in great profusion from off the stumps
and amongst the chippings of pine-trees at the Curral das Romeiras. It possesses
a wide European range, being recorded from the forests of Lapland and Archangel
to the Mediterranean limits. It may be at once recognised from the S. pini-
perda by its siiperior size and more elongated prothorax, by its darker and more
pubescent sm-face, unkeeled head, and by its extremely rugulose and obUquely
truncated elytra.

229. Hylurgns piniperda.
H. subovali-cylindricus piceo-ferrugineus nitidus et pilis longiusculis mollibus vestitus, prothorace

profunde punctato, elytris plerumque pallidioribus parce subrugulosis et leviter striato-punctatis,

ad apicem obscurissime subtruncatis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2^.

Dermestes piniperda, Liim. Fna Suec. 421 (1761).
Bostrichus piniperda, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. ii. 367 (1792).
Dendroctonus piniperda, Erich, in Wiegm. Archiv, ii. 53 (1836).
Hylesinus piniperda, Eatz. Forst-Ins. Kiif. 171. pi. vii. fig. 1 (1839).
Sylurgus piniperda, Eedt. Fna Ausfr. 364 (1849).

Habitat Maderam australem, ex Europa forsan introductus : exemplar unicum, a Dom. Leacock prope
urbem Funchalensem captum, solum vidi.

H. cylindrical (though shorter and more oval than the H. ligniperda), shining, pitchy-feiTuginous,
and somewhat sparingly clothed with a rather long and fine pubescence, — which however is
neither so long nor so dense as that of the last species. Head AnA jjrothorax rather more distinctly,
and less densely and rugosely, punctured than in the H. piniperda ; the former with a tolerably
distinct central keel ; the latter somewhat acuminated and constricted (though very slightly pro-
duced) in front, and with a very obscurely raised and somewhat less punctured central keel.
Elytra of a rather paler hue than the prothorax, and with the pubescence shorter, more erect,
and much less dense ; sparingly rugulose (though more thickly so about the shoulders and front
margin), finely and very lightly striate-punctate, and with the interstices minutely, though
remotely punctulated, and with a longitudinal row of small tubercles down each, — which are
exceedingly apparent behind, though less so anteriorly, and evanescent towards the centre of the
lateral margins ; rounded at their extremity, having only the faintest possible tendency to oblique
truncation. Antenna and legs testaceous.

A common European Sylurgus, and one which has in aU probability, like the
last, been natm'alized in Madeira. It may be known from the H. ligniperda by
its smaller size and more oval outline, by its brighter, smoother, paler and less
densely pubescent svirface, by its strongly keeled head, shorter prothorax, and by
its apically siibentire elytra. The only specimen which has come beneath my
observation (recently conmaunicated by T. S. Leacock, Esq. from the vicinity of
Funchal) corresponds Avith the ferruginous variety which is so constantly to be

304 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

met with in northern latitudes; but whether this particular state obtains in
Madeira generally I am xmable to say, — though it is probalile that the insect
would not be exempt from those altei-nations of hue which characterize it in other
countries. In Erichson's analysis of this family, published in IFiegrnonn's
Archices in 1836, the present species is admitted into his genus Dendroctonus.
It unquestionably however possesses six joints to its funiculus ; and since almost
the only distinctive featiu'e on which that group is made to rest is the qitadri-
articulate structure of this portion of the antennae, it is certain that the pinijjerda
is wrongly referred to Dendroctonus, and that it belongs in reality to Hylurgus.

Genus 106. HYLASTES.

Erichson, Wiegm. Arcliii; i. -47 (1836).

Corpus parvum, plus minusve ovato- vel elongato-cylindricum : capite producto : prothorace antice
ssppius subacuminato, vix producto et baud scabroso : alls amplis. Antenna breves capitatse ;
scapo elongate clavato, basi flexuoso; fuuiculo 7-articulato, articulo prime robusto apice trun-
cato ad basin constricto sinuato, reliquis longitudine decrescentibus, a basi angusta latitudine
paulatim crescentibus ; capitulo solido brevi-ovato quadri-annulato. Labrum obsoletum. Man-
(libula, maxilla, palpi, ligula, et pedes fere ut in Hylurgo.

The 7-jointed funiculus of Hylastes ^\ill at once separate it from every other
genus, both of tlic present family and of the Tomic'ulcc, here described. The only
allied Eurojjean form in fact in wliich that portion of the antennae is made up of
a similar number of articulations is Hi/lesiniis, — but there the joints are more
minute, and of subequal breadth throughout, whereas here they are gradually and
uniformly thickened from the base to the club. In Ili/lastes moreover the clava
is shorter and less acimiinated than it is in Hylesinns, the scape is less distinctly
curved, the head is more produced, the entu'e body is longer and less convex, and
the tibiae are more powerfully denticulated externally, — the anterior pan* of which
are, likemse, less suddenly flattened outwards at theu' apex than is there the case.
The species display, inter se, considerable diversity of ovitline, some bcLag elon-
gated and cylindrical, whilst others are nearly ovate. The only two which I have
hitherto detected in these islands happen to represent these opposite extremes,
and hence they might be almost suj^posed prima facie to belong to different
genera. They retain however in common the essential characteristics of Hylastes,
;ind merely require the intermediate links which elsewhere exist to make them
intelligible members, even when viewed superficially, of one and the same group.

230. Hylastes Trifolii.

H. subovato-cylindricus brevis fusco-niger subopacus, capite minus elongato, prothorace antice acumi-
nate creberrime ruguloso-subpunctato, elytris vix dilutioribus crebre rugosis et ebsciu'e punctato-
striatis, antennis pallido-ferrugineis, pedibus piceis.

Long. corp. lin. li.

IMSECTA MADERENSIA. 305

Hylesinus Trifolii, Miiller, in Journ. de la Soc. des Scien. du Dep. dii Mont Tonnerre (1803).
— , Schmidt, in Ent. Zeit. v. 395 (184i).

Habitat in graminosis per regionem IMadera; sylvaticam sitis, ad Ribeiro Frio Augusto ineunte
A.D. 1850 a meipso repertus.

H. somewhat ovate-eylindric (being rather short and thick, and a httle narrowed anteriorly), convex,
almost opake, brownish- or pitchy-black, and rather densely beset with short pubescence. Head
not much produced ; closely and roughly punctured, but without any appearance of a central
ridge. Prothorax likewise closely and very roughly punctured ; much smaller than that of the
following species, and acuminated in front,— where it is very slightly produced and a little
fuscescent ; and with almost imperceptible indications of a central line or ridge. Elytra rather
more diluted, or browaish-piceous, than the prothorax ; closely and exceedingly rugulose (espe-
cially about the front margin, which is distinctly raised), and rather obscurely punctate-striated
(the punctures however being large) ; rounded and entire at their extremity. AntenncE pale fer-
ruginous (or almost testaceous). Le^s piceous.

Eeadily known from the H. clacus by its smaller, more ovate and convexer
body, by its shorter and anteriorly attenuated prothorax, and by its altogether
more rugulose, though less distinctly pimctui'ed, sm-face. It is apparently ex-
ceedingly rare, the only two examples which have come beneath my notice having
been captured by myself at the Ribeii-o Prio, by brushing the coarse grass at the
edges of the Levada, early in August 1850. It is not an uncommon insect through-
out Europe ; and the Madeiran specimens differ in no respect from typical ones
which I possess from the Tyrol.

231. Hylastes clavus, Woll.

H. angusto-cylindricus elongatus subdepressus niger, prothorace elongato subcylindrico (postice
leviter angustato) subnitido et profunde vermiculato-punctato, elytris dilutioribus profunde
punctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque longioribus valde robustis, illis ferrugineis, his piceis.

Long. corp. lin. 1|.

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam Eestate, rarissimus.

H. narrow, elongated and cylindrical (though a little depressed), being nearly parallel throughout,
black, and rather sparingly beset with short and somewhat rigid pubescence. Head more pro-
duced than in the H. Trifolii ; closely and rather finely punctured, and with a tolerably distinct
central ridge. Prothorax very coarsely and rather distantly (but not roughly) punctured (the
punctures being exceedingly large, though more or less united, especially on the disk, — so as to
form somewhat vermiculate, subconfluent longitudinal grooves) ; much more elongated than in
the last species, bein"- nearly cylindrical, or perhaps a little narrower behind than in front, — where
it is sliijhtly produced and most obscurely fuscescent; and with a sufficiently apparent im-
punctate central line. Elytra considerably more diluted than the prothorax, being of a rusty, or
brownish-piceous hue ; much less roughened than in the H. Trifolii (the front margin more-
over having no appearance of being raised), deeply punctate-striated (the punctures being large

2b

306 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

and distinct), and the interstices with a row of minutely impressed points down each ; rounded
and entire at their extremity. Antentue and legs longer and more robust than those of the last
species ; the former ferruginous, the latter piceous.

An exceedingly well-marked Hylastes, slightly resembling in general contom-
the common European H. ater, though with abundant distkictiye characters of its
own which altogether separate it specifically from that insect. From the H. Tri-
folii it may be at once recognised by its narrower, and remarkably parallel, though
somewhat less convex, form, by its more produced and keeled head, by its much
longer and ^)os^<?rio?7_?/-subattenuatcd prothorax, by its altogether less rugulose,
though more distinctly pimctured, sm"face, and by its robuster and less abbreviated
limbs. It would seem to be extremely rare, — a single specimen, captured by
myself at (I believe) the Ribeii'o Frio, being the only example which I have
hitherto seen.

Fam. 34. CTJECULIONID^.

(Div. 1. MECORHYNCHI.)

(Subf. 1. COSSONIDES.)
Genus 107. RHYNCOLUS.

(Creutzer) Germ. Ins. Spec. 307 (1824).

Corpus parvum, subcylindricum : rostro brevi crassiusculo lineari subdcflexo : prothorace subconvexo,
ad latcra pone medium rotundato, autice Icvitcr coarctato : ehjtris cylindricis : alls vLx amplis.
Antenna breviusculse crassiusculse, in medio rostri insertae ; funiculo 7-articulato, articulo primo
majore, reliquis brevioribus, ultimo clav?e baud arete adpresso ; capitulo solido subovato ob-
scurissimc annulato. Pedes breves validiusculi subjequales, antici basi approximati vel parum
distantes : femoribus muticis : tibiis rectis, ad apiccm externum in imcum magnum acutum pro-
ductis : tarsis gracilibus, articulo ultimo clavato unguiculis mediocribus munito.

Tlic present genus and the following one contain insects which arc removed but
slightly from the Ilylesinkhe. Both in thcu* habits and general aspect indeed they
possess much in common with Hylastes, and may be regarded as the connecting
links between the groups through which we have just passed and the CurcuUo-
uiclce. They reside either beneath the loose bark of trees or in the interior of
rotten wood, — which may be often observed to be thickly perforated M-itli their
l)urrows, into which their subeylindrical bodies, and the strong cm-vcd hook with
which the outer apex of thek tibite is fui-nished (a structure which is greatly
developed in the eaidy members of the CurcidionklcB), enable them to advance and
retreat Avith facility. The Bhyncoli are widely distributed over the world, and are
usually very gregarious. Schonherr, in his Genera et Species CurcuUonidum,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. • 307

describes eighteen species from Europe, four from Asia, six from Africa, and nine
from America. In the Madeira Islands I have liitherto detected but a single
species, namely the

232. Rhyncolus tenax, wbll

R. subcylindricus rufo-brunneus plus minusve subseneus, rostro in medio carinato, prothorace crebre
punctato latiusculo, elytris subcinerco-pubescentibus leviter punctato-striatis, aii.tennis pedibusque
ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. lin. li-2.

Habitat sub cortice arborum laxo et in ligno putrido Maderse, praesertim per regionem sylvaticam, toto
anno vulgaris.

■'b"

R. subcyliudrical and rather depressed, reddish-brown with more or less of an seneous tinge, especially
on the prothoras. Rostrum rather broad and linear, and keeled down the centre. Prothorax
thickly and rather finely punctured, and with very faint indications of a keel down the disk,
broadest just behind the middle (where it is almost as wide as the elytra), and a little constricted
at the anterior margin. Ehjtra parallel, and somewhat transversely-rugulose, lightly punctate-
striated, and more or less clothed with a fine decumbent yellowish pubescence. Anteima and
legs ferruginous.

A most abundant insect throughout the sylvan districts of Madeira, occurring
beneath the bark of trees (especially that of the Vinhatico and Til), and in the
substance of the rotten wood, in nearly all the dense ravines of intermediate and
lofty altitudes. I have taken it at the Curral das Romeiras, near Funchal, during
the autumnal and vidnter months ; at Santa Anna, and the Ribeiro Erio in May ;
at Sao Vincente and the Lombo das Vacas in June ; and at the Cruziuhas, the
Eanal, and the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, in July.

Genus 108. PHL(EOPHAGUS.

Schonherr, Gen. et Spec. Cure. iv. 1047 (1838).

Corpus parvum, subcylindrico-ovatum, plus minusve sculpturatum : rostro elongato teretiusculo sub-
arcuato deflexo : prothorace convexo ad latera sub?equaliter rotundato, antice vix coarctato : elytris
subovatis basi truncatis, supra (prajsertim posterius) convexis : alis (in specie nostra) obsoletis.
Antenna: breviusculae subtenues, in medio rostri insertse; funiculo 7-articulato, articulo prime
(tantum, in specie Maderensi) majore, reliquis brevioribus, ultimo clavse baud arete adpresso;
capitulo solido subovato, obscurissime annulato. Pedes fere ut in Rhyncolo, sed antici basi
plerumque approximate

The JPhlceoiihagi are a good deal allied to the Rhyncoli, nevertheless they may
be known from them by tlieii" more ovate outUne, and by their longer, narrower,
and more deflexed rostrum. They are usually also more convex, especially behind,
their surface is more deeply sculptured, theu- prothorax is more regularly rounded

2 ii2

308 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

at the sides, and their antennae are for the most part a little slenderer. In the
tjqiical species moreover the second articulation of the funiciilus is some^^•hat
longer than is the case with the Blnjncoli : nevertheless in the only Madeii-an
representative which has been hitherto obsen-ed, this distinction does not appear
to hold good, since there the basal joint only is enlarged, as in R/ii/ncolus.

233. Phlceophagus sulcipennis, Woll.

P. subcylindrico-ovatus postice convexus, niger, prothorace profundius et subremote punctate
utrinque minus ampliato, elytris cinereo-setulosis profunda sulcato-punctatis, antennis pedi-
busque piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^-1|^.

Habitat Maderam rarissime : duo specimina, a Dora. Heinecken olim capta et mihi a Rev''" Dom. Lowe
benigne communicata, sola vidi.

P. subcylindrical-ovatc and convex, especially behind, blacic. Rostrum longer, narrower, and some-
what more curved than in the Rhyncolus tenax, and not keeled in the centre. Prothorax very
deeply punctured, the punctures being large and less numerous than in the last insect, broadest
about the middle (where however it is distinctly narrower than the elytra), the sides being
almost equally and uniformly rounded. Elytra subovate, deeply sulcate-punctate, and clothed
with a rigid and almost erect cinereous pubescence. Antennee and legs piceous.

The present FhlccojjhagKs is somewhat allied to the spadix of Herljst, though
with its sculpture deeper and closer, and its rostrum shorter than in that species.
It is apparently rare, being one of the few Coleopterous insects, hitherto observed,
which I failed in detecting during my repeated reseai-ches in the ^Madeira Islands.
The only two specimens that have come beneath my notice were presented to me
l)y the Rev. 11. T. Lowe from the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken, by whom
they were captured, many years ago, near Eimchal.

Genus 109. CAULOTRUPIS, iVoU. (Tab. VI. fig. 6, 7, 8 et 9.)

Corpus par^imi, plus minusve subcyliudrico- vel fusiformi-ovatum, minus sculjituratiun, srlabrum :
rostro (VI. 9fl), in maribus saltem, longiusculo (rarius bi-evi crasso) subarcuato detlexo; oculis
parvis subrotundatis : prothorace ad latera rotundato (rare conico) : scutello minutissimo, vLx
observando : elytris subovatis vel subfusiformibus basi truncatis, subconnatis : alls obsoletis.
Antenna; (VL 9 b) breviusculfc crassiusculfc, in medio rostri insertw ; funicido 7-articulato,
articulo priuio majore, secundo primi lougitudiue sed graeiUore, reliquis brcvioribus traus\ersis
latitudine paulatim vix crescentibus, ultimo clavse haud arete adpresso ; capitido solido subovato,
obscurissime quadri-annulato (annulis vix distiuguendis) . Pedes (VL 9 c) fere ut in Rhyncolo
et I'hloeophago, sod unffuiculis minoribus.

A Kav\6<; caulis, et Tpmrdo) foro. (Typus — Caulotnipis lucifugus.)

The small assemblage of insects for the reception of which the present genus is

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 309

constituted is one of the most truly indigenous throughout all the Madeu'an Cole-
optera. WTiilst their general structui-e shows them to be nearly related to Phlceo-
phagus, theu* comparatively unsculptured, glabrous bodies, and almost obsolete
scutella, in connexion with their subconnate elytra, freedom from wings, and
stalk-infesting habits, give them a character peculiarly their own. In this last
respect however (as also in its shorter rostrum) the first of the following species is
somewhat aberrant, since it appears to be strictly an inhabitant of rotten wood,
as the Rhyncoli, and not attached to mountaiu plants in exposed grassy spots, as
is the case, more or less, with the remainder : nevertheless in all essential par-
ticulars it belongs to the present group, and must consequently be regarded as a
Caulotrupis rather than a Phloeophagus. Several of them indeed may be often
captured beneath chippings of felled trees within the sylvan districts : yet all are
more abundant in the open coimtry, where they are found either within the stems
of plants, or adhering to the under sides of stones in positions entirely destitute of
timber. They are apparently more numerous on the adjacent islands than in
Madeira proper, — the green slopes of Porto Santo, and the weather-beaten surfaces
of the two northern Dezertas and of the Ilheo de Fora affording them localities in
which they would seem more especially to flourish.

234. Caulotrupis lacertosus, Woll. (Tab. VI. fig. 6.)

C. ovato-subcylindricus ater opacus granulatus, rostro brevi crasso, prothorace amplo subtilissime

punctate, elytris leviter crenato-striatis, antennis ferrugineis, pedibus piceis.
Long. corp. lin. 2.

Habitat Maderam, in ligno emortuo ad Curral das Romeiras prope Funchal autumno exeunte a.d. 18-t7
a meipso inventus.

C. ovate-subcylindric and tbick, deep black, minutely granulated all over, and opake. Rostrum short
and broad. Prothorax convex and very large ; most minutely punctured ; and broadest about,
or a little before, the middle. Elytra lightly crenate-striated, and broadest behind the middle.
AntenncE short, and ferruginous. Legs piceous.

A very distinct and well-marked species, differing from all the remainder in its
short, broad rostrum and largely developed prothorax, in its opake and deep black
surface, and in its finely crenate-striated elytra. In habits moreover, as ah'eady
stated, it would appear to recede from the rest of the genus here descrijjed, being,
I believe, strictly arboreal. The only two examples which have hitherto come
beneath my observation were captured by myself, during the autumn of 1847,
from the interior of rotten wood, in company with the Bhyncolus tenax, at the
Cujral das Romeiras near Eunchal. It was extremely sluggish in its movements,
— so much so indeed that it was with cUfficulty that it could be made to crawl at
all, when extracted out of its burrows.

310 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

235. Caulotrupis lucifug^is, JFoU. (Tab. VI. fig. 7, 9.)

C. ovato-subfusiformis niger subopacus, prothorace punctato, elytris subnitidis plus minusve obsolete
substriato-pimctatis, antennis fernigineis, pedibus piceis.
Vrir. u. prothorace crebrius punctato, elytris substriato-punctatis interdum obscurissime subsenes-

centibus, (Madera propria et Ilheo de Fora.)
Far. /3. prothorace vix crebre punctato, elji;ris leviter substriato-punctatis. {Deserta Grandis.)
Var. y. prothorace subremote et subtilissime punctato, elj'tris obsoletissime substriato-punctatis

nitidioribus aenescentibus. {Partus Sanctus.)
Var. 8. fere ut var. /3, sed paulo magis fusiformis ac subuitidior, et elytrorum striis minus distinctis,
{Deserta Borealis.)
Long. Corp. lin. 1|-2;|^.

Habitat insulas Maderenses, intra plantarum caules vel sub lapidibus, toto anno non infrequens : in
Deserta Boreali praedominat, qua Junio ineunte a.d. 1850 varietatem I. copiosissime legi.

C. ovatc-subi'usiform, veiy slightly sculptured, black, and subopakc. Prothorax minutely punc-
tured ; and broadest about, or a little behind, the middle. Elytra a little more shining than the
prothorax, and in some instances (as in var. y.) distinctly polished ; more or less obsoletely sub-
striate-punctate; broadest either about or a little behind the middle. Antenna short, and ferru-
ginous. Legs piceous.

Var. a., with the prothorax rather more thickly and distinctly punctured than in the other varieties ;
and with the elytra more evidently striated, and occasionally with a very obsolete aeneous tinge.
{Madeira and the I/heo de Fora.)

Var. /3. with the prothorax rather more remotely punctured than in the last variety; and with the
elytra not quite so distinctly striated, and usually free from any indication of an aeneous tinge.
{Deserta Grande.)

Var. y. with the prothorax remotely and most minutely punctured (the punctures being only per-
ceptible under rather a powerful lens) ; and with the elytra almost unseuljitured (both the punc-
tures and striic being nearly obsolete), more shining than in any of the other varieties, and
usually with a very distinct aeneous tinge, especially behind. {Porto Santo.)

Var. 8. much the same as var. y, only somewhat narrower and more fusiform, altogether a little
more shining, and with the elytral striae less apparent. {Northern Dezerta or Ilheo Chao.)

Although ranging through no very ojiposite phases, either of outline or sculp-
ture, the present Canlotvitpis (which I would consider the generic tyiie) appeal's
to possess a slight modification for every island of the Madcirau group : and
hence small shades of difference, which might other\\-ise be regai'ded as trifling,
become directly important, and cannot be ignored in a local Fauna, — even though
a general collector may deem it unnecessary to recognise them. In real fact how-
ever, such distinctions, \\\\c\\ viewed geographically, arc of the greatest interest,
as serving to illustrate what we have already so often had occasion to conniient
upon, namely the iafiuence of isolation and other cii'cumstances on external insect
form. Not only is the C. btciftigus more generally diffused than any of the
remaining species, but it would seem, likewise, to be peculiarly normal both in its

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 311

strvicture and habits, and therefore eminently calculated as it were to represent
the genus. It is found exclusively, so far as I have hitherto observed, either in
the stems of mountain plants or else beneath stones, in exposed grassy spots
(entirely free from timber) of rather low and intermediate altitudes. It is appa-
rently scarcer in Madeira proper than on the other islands, the only position in
which I have as yet taken it being the sunny slopes above the cliffs to the east-
ward of Funchal, towards the Cabo Gerajao or Brazen Head, — where during the
autumn of 184<7 I captm-ed it sparingly, from amongst short vegetation and
broken fragments of shrubs between the detached blocks of tufa and scoriae. In
December 181-8 I discovered the var. 7. in tolerable abundance in Porto Santo,
adhering to dried stalks and the under-sides of stones, on the ascent of nearly aU
the peaks : and on the 19th of March 1819 I met with specunens on the Ilheo de
Fora receding in no respect from the Madeiran ones. At the end of May 1850 I
took the var. (3. on the simimit of the Dezerta Grande, diu'ing my encampment
there with the Rev. R. T. Lowe : and a week later (namely, early in Jime) the
var. g. occurred in the utmost profusion on the Northern Dezerta, or lUieo Chao,
from whence I collected a large series of examples, all bearing the slight distinctive
features which I have endeavoured to indicate in the diagnosis of that variety.
They delight in the most ■«dndy positions ; nevertheless they would appear to
secrete themselves either beneath or immediately around the loose slabs of basalt,
or about the stems and roots of the harder, stunted plants, with which such
localities everywhere abound.

236. Caulotrupis impius, Wdl.

C. subcylindrico-ovatus piceo-niger subopacus, prothorace levitei- subpunctato, elytris subnitidis pro-
funde punctato-striatis, antennis longiusculis ferrugineis, pedibus piceis.
Variat (immaturus) colore omnino ferrugineo.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^-1|^.

Habitat intra caules Silybi Mariani, Grtn. {=Cardui benedicti, antiquorum, — unde nomen triviale
proposui) in ins. Desertaj Grandis, Maio exeunte a.d. 1850 a meipso copiosissime captus : in
Madera propria mihi non obvius, at unicum exemplar indigenum, nisi me fallit, nuper com-
municavit Dom. Leacock.

C. subcylindric-ovate, brownish- or piceous-black (when immature, more or less fen-uginous), and
sub-opake. Prothorax very indistinctly punctured, the punctures being exceedingly shallow and
ill-defined ; broadest a little behind the middle. Elytra rather more shining than the pro-
thorax, and with more or less of an obscure jeneous or greenish tinge ; deeply punctate-striated ;
subcylindi'ical, and broadest a little behind the middle. Antenna longish, and ferruginous. Legs
piceous.

The small size of the present Ccmlotnqjis will readily separate it from every other
species here described except the C. terebr'ans, fi*om which however it is at once

312 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

distrnguislied by its broader and less fusiform outline, darker bue, more deeply
striated elytra, and by tbe very obsolete punctures of its prothorax. Tbe only
locality in which I have myself hitherto observed it is on the Dezerta Grande,
\\hcro, at the end of May 1850, I detected it in the utmost profusion in the rotten
stems of the Sllybum Marianum, Grtn. (the Carduus benedictits, or Holy Thistle,
of the ancients), throughout the entire length of the long valley which runs fi'om
the northern extremity towards the centre of the island. A single specimen how-
ever has been recently communicated to me by T. S. Leacock, Esq. of Funchal,
stated to have been taken in Madeira proper, though the circumstances of its
capture he was unaljle to recall.

237. Cauloti-upis terebrans, Woll. (Tab. VI. fig. 8.)
C. subfusifomii-ovatus a?neus subnitidus, prothorace punctate, elytris nitidis striato-punctatis, an-

tennis longiusculis pallido-ferrugiaeis, pedibus rufo-piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat ad latera necaon in cacuminibus montium Portus Sancti, mtra caules plautarum vcl in rupiuui
fissuris, rarissime : in summo ipso monte Pico de Faebo dicto (circa 16G0' s. m.) Aprili exeunte
A.D. 1818 duo specimina inveiii.

C. .subfusiform-ovatc, being, proportionably, a little narrower and somewhat less expanded behind
than the last species, seneous, and shining. Prothorax much more deeply punctured tlian in
C.impius, the punctures being distinct and rather large; broadest behind the middle. Elytra
tolerably brilliant; rather deeply punctate-striated; and broadest about or a little behind the
middle. Antenrue longish, and pale ferruginous. Leffs rufo-piceous.

Easily distingiiishaljle by its small bulk, comparatively brQliant and entirely
l)rassy surface, and by its deeply punctiu-ed prothorax. This last moreover is,
proportionably, somewhat more, and its elytra just perceptibly less, expanded
behind than is the case with the C. impius, giving it altogether a slightly more
fusiform appearance ; in addition to which it is not quite so deeply striated as that
insect. If the two examples which have come beneath my notice be tyi^ical as
regards size, the C. terebrans (even though somewhat larger than extreme speci-
mens of the impius and Chevrolatil) would seem to be the smallest CatttotrKpis,
on the average, of all the species here described. It is, apparently, excessively
local, being confined, so far as I have hitherto observed, to Porto Santo, — where,
during my ^dsit to that island with the Eev. W. J. Armitage in AprU and May
1818, I captm-ed a pair from out of the crevices of the rocks on the northern side
of the extreme simimit of the Pico de Facho (about IGGO feet above the sea) ; a
spot in which I first discovered the Taip/iiiis Loicei and IIiip)era liniato. Al-
though I searched diligently in the same place on two subsequent occasions, I
failed in detecting more ; and hence it may be presumed to be not only local, but
rare.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 313

238. Caulotrupis Chevrolatii, WoU.

C. ovato-fusiformis seneus subuiticlus, prothorace pimctato, elytris nitidis obsolete substriato-pimc-
tatis, antennis elongatis pallido-ferrugineis, pedibus rufo-piceis.
Var. /3. obscurior, elj'trorum striis vix distiuctioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. l5-2.

Habitat per rcgionem sylvaticam Maderse, sub lapidibus tmncisque arborum prolapsis, a 3000' usque
ad 6000' s. m., testate non infrequens.

C. ovate-fusiform, seneous, and shining. Prothorax punctm-ed, though not quite so deeply so as in
the C. terebrans ; broadest in the middle, and distinctly narrowed behind. Scutellum more ap-
parent than in any of the other species (although excessively small). Elytra brilliant; lightly
punctate-striated, both the punctm-es and stride vanishing towards the outer margin and apex ;
and broadest about the middle. Antenna long, and pale-ferrxiginous. Legs rufo-piceous.
Var. /3. of an obscurer hue, and with the elytra somewhat more distinctly striated.

In its sliining, brassy siu'face, and distinct prothoracic punctures, tlie present
Caiilotnqjis assimilates the C. terebrans. Nevertheless its larger size, more strictly
fusiform outline, posteriorly narrowed prothorax, and very lightly seidptured
elytra will at once separate it from that insect : whilst in its more evident scu-
telliun, which, though minute, is quite perceptible beneath a moderate lens, it
recedes from all the other species here described. Both the C. Chevrolatii and
opacus are less stalk-infesting in their habits than the allied forms, occurring
principally beneath stones and amongst chippings of wood in the lofty sylvan
districts. Diu'ing the summer of 1850 I captured it sparingly at the Lombo das
Vacas and the Lombo dos Pecegueiros ; as also, in tolerable abundance, in the
region of the Cruzinhas and Fanal. I have dedicated the species to M. Chevrolat
of Paris, whose valuable collection has afforded me much assistance, and whose
liberality in the loan and examination of specimens it gives me great pleasui'e to
record.

239. Caulotrupis opacus, WoU.

C. ovato-fusiformis subpiceo-seneus subopacus, prothorace subtilissime punctato, elytris obsolete sub-

striato-punctatis, antennis elongatis pallido-fen-ugineis, pedibus rufo-piceis.
Long. Corp. liu. l|-2^.

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam excelsam, in locis similibus ac prsecedens, sed iUo rarior.

C. ovate-fusiform (though somewhat broader^ rather less convex, and more elliptical than the last
species), seneous with a slightly piceous tinge, and nearly opake. Prothorax most minutely
punctured ; broadest about the middle, and more or less narrowed behind. Elytra lightly punc-
tate-striated, both the punctures and striae (as in the C. Chevrolatii) vanishing towards the outer
margin and apex ; and broadest about the middle. Antenna long, and pale-ferruginous. Legs
nifo-piceous.

2 s

Sii INSECTA MADERENSIA.

A good deal allied to the last species, from which however it differs iu its larger
size, broader, somewhat more elliptical and depressed body, in its less distinct
prothoracic punctures, obscurer colour, and in its almost opake surface. It is
exceedingly rare, and, like the C. ChevrolatU, confined to the sylvan regions of a
high elevation, — where it is found beneath decaying logs, and under chippings of
wood, dui'ing the summer months. I have captm-ed it on the Lombo das Vacas
in June ; and, more abimdantly, at the Lombo dos Pecegueu'os in July.

240. CaiUotnipis conicoUis, WoU.

C. obpyriformis aeneus (vel nigro- vel violaceo-aeneus) nitidus, prothorace conico fere impunctato,
elytris convexis postice substriatis, antennis breviusculis ferrugineis, pedibiis rufo-piceis.
Var. /3. vix major, prothorace minus conico, punctis, elytrorumque striis paulo distinctioribus.
(Ins. Deserta Grandis.)
Long. Corp. lin. 1|-2|.

Habitat in graminosis Maderse, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, usque ad 3000' s. m.,
toto anno passim : var. /3. (ins. Desertam Graudem nisi fallor solam colcns) fortasse alteram
speciem constituat, nam ex unico speciminc immaturo vix satis adjudicare licet : an igitur species
sit vera egomct affirmare nequeo, sed credo earn ad C. conicoUem tantum 2)ertinere.

C. obpyriform (i. e. inverted pear-shaped), aeneous, sometimes with either a violet or piceous tinge,
and shining. Protlwrax conical (being wide behind and narrowed in front, with the sides
straight) ; almost impunctate, though with very faint indications of punctures anteriorly and at
the lateral edges, especially the former. Elytra convex ; striated behind, but nearly unsculptm-ed
in front; broadest a little before the middle. Antenna shortish, and pale-ferruginous. Legs
rufo-piccous.
Var. /3. a little larger, and less pyriform (the prothorax not being quite so conical, nor the elytra so
suddenly expanded before the middle), and with the prothoracic punctures and elytral striae,
especially the latter, rather more distinct. (The state peculiar to the Dezerta Grande.)

One of the most singular and characteristic of all the Madeiran Coleopterous
insects, and easUy recognized from the other Caidotnqndes here described by its
obpyriform outline (in which it resembles some of the members of the genus
Apion), conical prothorax, more convex elytra (which are suddenly expanded a
little before the middle), and by its almost unsculptm'cd siu'face. So remarkable
is its general contour, that it might almost be supposed, at first sight, to embody
the type of a separate genus ; nevertheless a closer inquiry into its structiu-e and
liabits proves it to be an imdoubted Caulotnipis. Like the C. l/icifiiffiis, it seems
to be principally confined to grassy spots of low and intermediate altitudes, re-
siding either beneath stones in exposed localities, or else (as in the north of the
island) under logs of wood in the vicinity of vineyards and other cultivated
groimds. I have taken it, during the autmnual and winter months, in the neigh-
bourhood of Funchal, — especially to the eastward of the town (towards the Brazen

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 315

Head) and in the Eibeii-o de Santa Lvizia ; and likewise, during May and June,
in the chestnut-woods of Santa Anna. Of the car. /3. (captiu'ed by myself, on the
summit of the Dezerta Grande, in May 1860) I possess but a single example ; and
hence it is scarcely possible to decide for certain whether the small distinctive
features which it presents be indicative of an additional species, or merely of a
local state of the C. conicolUs. After a careful examination, I am inclined to the
latter opinion, since even Madeii-an specimens do occasionally show a slight ten-
dency to have their punctiu-es and elytral striae perceptibly developed ; whilst, on
the other hand, the small differences of its figure are scarcely more than those
which cannot fail to be acknowledged in the insular modifications of the C. liici-
fngus : nevertheless it is clear that a larger number of individuals should be
obtained before we pronounce absolutely on the subject.

Genus 110. CAULOPHILUS, Woll. (Tab. VI. fig. 4.)

Corpus parvum, lineare, depressum, sculpturatum, glabrum : rostro (VI. 4 a) longiusculo subarcuato
subdeflexo; oculis magnis rotimdatis : prothorace ad latera rotundato : scutello distiucto sub-
rotundato : eZy/m parallelis profunde sulcatis : afe, nisi fallor, obsoletis. Antenna (VI. 4 6) et
pedes (VI. 4 c) fere ut in Uaulotrupide, sed ill<B paulo crassiores.

A KavKo<i caulis, et </)t\o? amicus.

The hitherto unique insect from which the above diagnosis has been di"awn out
possesses much in common with Phloeopliagus and Caulotrupis, though with
distinctive characters of its own sufiicient, as I believe, to warrant its isolation
from both of them. Its linear outline, and depressed, deeply sculptured surface,
in conjunction with its comparatively large eyes and scutellum, will at once serv^e
to separate it from the latter ; whilst from the former its incrassated antennae,
obsolete wings, and flattened, parallel body will, apart from minor differences,
equally remove it.

241. Caulophilus sculpturatus, WoU. (Tab. VI. fig. 4.)
C. linearis rufo-piceus subnitidus depressus, prothorace profunde punctato, elytris profunde sub-

crenato-sulcatis, interstitiis seriatim punctatis, antennarum clava ferruginea.
Long. Corp. lin. 1|.

Habitat Maderam rarissimus : exemplar unicum, sero autumno a.d. 1847 prope Cabo Gerajao a
meipso detectum, tantum vidi.

C. linear, depressed, rufo-piceous, and slightly shining. Head and prothorax (especially the latter)
deeply and closely punctured. Elytra parallel, deeply subcrenate-sulcate, the interstices with a
longitudinal row of small punctures down each. Antenna with their club ferruginous. Legs
rufo-piceous.

Apparently extremely rare ; the only specimen which I have seen having been

2 s2

310 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

captured by myself, during the autumn of IS^T, on the exposed grassy eminence
to the eastward of Funchal (along the Caniso road), immediately before arriving at
the Cabo Gerajao or Brazen Head.

Genus 111. STENOTIS, WoU. (Tab. YI. fig. 5.)

Corpus parvum, angusto-lineare, depressum : fronte amplo integro : rosiro longissimo tereti (ad anten-
nanim insertionem haud ampliato) subporrecto : oculis mediocribus rotundatis : prothorace
anterius acumiiiato, apice coarctato, basi recte truncato : scutello distincto lajvi subrotundato :
eli/tris elongatis parallclis pubcscentibus, basi recte truncatis : alts parvis. Antenna (VI. 5 a)
niediocres subgraciles, pone medium rostri (in utroque sexu nisi fallor) insertse ; funiculo 7-arti-
culato, articulis primo et secundo turbinatis, illo paulo crassiore, reliquis brevioribus transversis
paulatim latitudiue leviter cresccntibus, ultimo clavte haud arete adpresso ; capitulo solido sub-
ovato, apicem versus obscurissime annulate. Pedes validiusculi, antici paulo longiores basi parum
distantes ; femoribus clavatis subcompressis muticis : HMis subrectis, ad apicem externum in
uncum magnum acutum deflerum productis : tarsis articulo antepenultimo valde bilobo, ultimo
clavato unr/uiculis parvis munito.

A aTevoTi)^ angustia.

The genus Stenotic may be readily distinguished from Mesites by the minute
and extremely narrow body of the singular little insect for the reception of which
it has been erected, by its more pubescent surface, longer and unchannelled
forehead, by the straightly truncated basal margins of its elytra and of its (ante-
riorly acuminated) prothorax, and by its antennae being, in both sexes (unless
indeed the only two specimens which have come beneath my observation are, as I
do not l)elievc to be the case, females), inserted behind the middle of its (more por-
reetod and slenderer) rostrum : wliilst, amongst its obscurer characteristics, its less
hardened outer envelope, its slightly more approximated front legs, and the largely
developed lobes of the antepenultimate joiut of all its tarsi should be especially
noticed. In its external aspect it is somewhat more exotic than the generality of
the Madeiran Coleoptera, calling to mind such groups as Catolethnts and Por-
thetes, — from America and Southern Africa. With the former indeed it possesses
a good deal in common ; and it cannot but be regarded as altogether one of the
most interesting forms which these islands have produced.

242. Stenotis acicula, WoU. (Tab. VI. fig. 5.)
S. angustissimo-linearis testacea depressa, prothorace obsolete punctate, elytris leviter punctato-

striatis pubesccntibus, pedibus vLx pallidioribus.
Long. corp. lin. 2.

Habitat Maderam borcalcm sylvaticam rarissimc, a mcipso ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros, haud procul a
llibeira de Jouo Delgada, 23 Jul. a.d. 1850 deprehensa.

S. extremely narrow and linear, depressed, pale testaceous, and almost opake. Head and prothorax

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 317

obsoletely punctured ; the former elongate and sub-porrected ; the latter narrowed anteriorly,
and widest behind the middle, where it is of about the same breadth as the elytra. Elytra
parallel, pubescent, and lightly punctate-striated. Legs of a slightly paler testaceous hue than
the rest of the body.

Excessively rare, the only two specimens wMch I have seen having been
captured by myself, in the north of Madeira, on the 23rd of July 1850, in
the remote sylvan district of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, towards the eastern
edge of the Ribeira de Jofio Delgada.

Genus 112. MESITES.

Schonherr, Gen. et Spec. Cure. iv. 1043 (1838.)

Corpus mediocre, sublineare, sculpturatum : fronts canaliculato : rostro elongato subdeflexo ; in
maribus crassiusculo punctulato canaliculato, prope vel ante medium (ad antennarum inser-
tionem) plus minusve ampliato ; in foeminis tenuiore integro, prope basin (ad antennarum inser-
tionem) punctato ampliato, deinde laeviore tereti : oculis mediocribus subrotundatis : prothorace
apice plus minusve coarctato, basi subsinuato-truncato : scutello distincto Isevi subrotundato :
elytris plus minusve parallelis, (in Europjeis fere glabris, sed in speciebus Maderensibus) sub-
tiliter vel subtilissime pubescentibus, basi sinuato-truncatis : alls parvis, subobsoletis. Antenrue
longiusculae valida;, in maribus prope vel ante medium, in foeminis ad vel prope basin rostri
insertae ; funiculo capituloque fere ut in Stenotis, sed hoc solidissimo (annulis baud observandis).
Pedes fere ut in Stenotis, sed longiores validiores, anticis basi paulo distantioribus, tibiis omnibus
fortius uncinatis, et articulo tarsorum antepenuUimo minus profunde bilobo.

Mesites was established by Schonherr, in 1838, to receive the three Eiu'opean
Cossoni {pallidipennis, Tarclii, and cunipes), in which the antennse, iastead of being
inserted, as in the remainder, towards the apex of the rostrum, are placed about (or
a little before) the middle in the males, and at (or just in front of) the base in the
females. Since the publication of the Genera et Species Curctdionkhim, no addi-
tions have been made to the group ; and therefore two well-defined representatives
from Madeira become extremely interestiag, — and especially so since they would
appear, from then* vast numbers, to play a prominent part amongst the Coleo-
pterous population of the upland districts of the island. The very near relationship
moreover of one of them (in aspect, structure and habits) to an insect which, until
discovered by myself in the south-west of England, was supposed to be exclusively
Irish, must give the genus a geographical importance peculiarly its own, and
scarcely sm-passed by any other with which we have here to do. The species of
Mesites are eminently gregarious, congregating beneath the loose bark of trees,
from which they seldom wander except at night. Great variability in statm-e may
be, also, regarded as amongst the most essential of their features. So wide indeed
is the range through which they severally pass, that small individuals are often
scarcely one-third of the size attained by larger ones of the same race ; and hence

318 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

it becomes necessary, in nearly every instance, to procure an extensive series of
specimens l^efore we are able to connect the extremes of form, and fully to appre-
ciate its Umits.

§ I. Antennee breviuseula : rostrum in maribus prope medium {ad antennarum insertUmem) vix ampliatum.

243. Mesites Euphorbiae, WoU.

M. sublinearis badio-piceus depressus, prothorace profuiulo punctato longitudinaliter obscurissime

carinato, elytris crenato-striatis subtiliter pubescentibus, sutura. necnon interdum plaga obsole-

tissima versus latera nigrescentibus, interstitiis subplanis minutissime punctulatis, antennis

pedibusque rufo-piceis.

Vai-. /3. plerumque minor, plus minusve badius vel rufo-fen-ugineus, capite, rostro ad basin, scutello,

elytrorumque suturS, nigrescentibus.
Vw. y. protboracis punetis minoribus indistinctis.
Long. Corp. lin. mas, 2^-4^^ : foem., 2^-3f .

Habitat locos editiores Maderse, sub cortice Euphorbia mellifercB, Linn. PhiL, hinc inde vulgaris : in
sylva quadam Enphui-biarum prope Lagoani Fanalensem sitS, (circa SOCKy s. m.) d. 17 Jul. a.u.
1850 copiosissime iuveni.

M. subliucar, reddisb-piceous witb more or less of an additional chestnut hue (causing the surface to
be somewhat clouded, or unequal in intensity, like the darker portions of tortoiseshell), scarcely
at all shining, and exceedingly depressed. Forehead, in both sexes, roughly punctured and
grooved between the eyes. Prothorax coarsely punctured, with a deep central depression behind
(in front of the seutellum), and with very obscui'c indications of an unpunctured keel down the
centre. Elytra perceptibly pubescent, deeply crcnatc-striatcd, with the interstices subeonvex
and most delicately punetalated ; the sutiu-e (with the seutellum), and a very ill-detined dash
towards the lateral edges, more or less obscurely darker. Antenna and legs rufo-piccous ; the
former short, with their club ferruginous ; and the latter with the base of their femora usually a
little dusky.

Male, with the rostrum thick, punctulated and grooved, and scarcely at ail dilated at the point of
insertion of the antennae, — which are placed about midway between its base and apex.

Female, with the rostioim rather shorter, slenderer, and polished, being almost unpunctulated and
witliout a groove, — its extreme base (just in front of which its antennae are inserted) being alone
dilated and rough.

\'nr. j3. usually of a smaller size, and more or less of a pale chestnut, or rufo-ferniginous hue, —
the head, the rostrum (especially at its base), the seutellum, and the elytral suture being alone
more or less distinctly darker.

Var. y. with the prothoracic punctures exceedingly small and indistinct.

Apart from minor differences, in coloiir and sculi)turc, the present Jfesifes may
1)6 readily known from the following one by its smaller size, flatter body, and by
its shorter antenna?, which iu the male sex arc implanted nearer the middle of the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 319

rostrum than is the case with the M. Maclerensis, — the rostrum itseK moreover
being less perceptibly expanded at the point of insertion. It is, apparently,
extremely local, and attached exclusively, so far as I have hitherto observed, to
the gigantic Tree-Euphorbia {Euphorbia mellifera, Linn. Phil.) of lofty altitudes, —
beneath the bark of which it would seem to be found in certain spots in the
utmost profusion. The only occasion on which I have detected it was on the
17th of June 1850, in the extraordinary Euphorbia p)lantation (upwards of 5000
feet above the sea) on the descent of the mountain-road leading from the Lagoa of
the Eanal towards Porto Moniz, — ^where it existed in the greatest abundance.

§ II. AntenncB longiusculw ; rostrum in marihus ante medium (ad antennartim insertionem) evidenter

ampliatvm.

244. Mesites Maderensis, Woll.
M. sublinearis nigro-piceus subconvexus, prothorace profundius punctate longitudinaliter obscure
carinato, elytris crenato-stiiatis subtllissime pubescentibus, interstitiis planis minute punctulatis,
antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis.
Var. ^. plerumque minor, plus minusve ferrugineus, capite, scutello, et interdum etiam elytrorum
sutura paulo obscurioribus.
Long. corp. lin. mas, 2|-6 : foem., 3-5.

Habitat in Maderse sylvis editioribus, sub cortice arborum laxo, sestate vulgaris : per regionem Fana-
lensem prsecipue abundat, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850 copiosissime legi.

M. sublinear, dark piceous, almost opake, more convex than the last species. Forehead, in both
sexes, roughly punctured and grooved between the eyes. Prothorax very coarsely punctured,
the punctures being somewhat larger than in the M. Euphorbia ; also with a deep central de-
pression behind (in front of the scutellum), as in that insect ; and with a slightly more distinct,
unpunctm-ed keel down the centre. Elytra almost imperceptibly pubescent; deeply crenate-
striated ; with the interstices flattened and rather more distinctly punctulated than in the last
species. Antenna and lec/s rufo-piceous ; the fonner with their club more or less ferruginous.

Male, with the rostrum as in the last species, only more distinctly dilated at the point of insertion
of the antennoe, — which are placed nearer to the apex than to the base.

Female, with the rostrum as in the last species.

Var. /3. usually of a smaller size, and of a more or less dull ferruginous hue, — the head, the scutellum,
and sometimes also the elytral suture, being alone obscurely darker.

The larger size, convexer body, and longer antennae of the present Mesites, in
addition to the differences already pointed out in the male rostrum, will serve to
separate it, even prima facie, from the last. Its habits moreover are of a less
local character, since it does not appear to confine its ravages to any particular
tree, — although most partial to the various kinds of laurel with which the elevated
sylvan districts of Madeira principally abound. Like the 31. Euphorbia, it is

320 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

strictly of an alpine nature : in fact I have never observed it below the elevation
of about 3000 feet, whilst it would seem to attain its maximum at a far higher
altitude. I have captured it sjwringly in the region of the Eibeu"0 Frio, in ^lay ;
and in the utmost profusion, during July, beneath loose bark at the Cruzinhas
and Fanal. AMien viewed geographically, it is one of the most interesting of the
Coleopterous inhabitants of these islands, as being the exact i*epresentative of the
31. Tarda*, Curtis, hitherto peculiar to Ireland and the south-west of England.
In their modes of life indeed the two are positively coincident, both being more
particidarly attached to evergreen trees, either in mountain or submaritime spots ;
whilst in their range of size, colour, and general contour they present so great a
similarity inter se, that they might at first sight be almost confounded. So close
is this resemblance, that, until I had made an actual comparison, I had imagined
them to be but local states of one and the same sjoecies : nevertheless, a careful
examination proves them to be uuquestiona1)ly distinct, theu" differences being
such as cannot be accounted for by change of latitude, isolation, or any other
miion of circumstances to which they may have been, respectively, exposed. The
M. Maderensis may be known from the Tardii by its more opake, slightly flatter,
and less deeply sculptured sm-face, by the more sinuated basal margins of its pro-
thorax and elytra, by the latter being more perceptibly pubescent (with their
interstices more evidently punctulated and less rugulose), by its rostrmn being less
quadrately expanded in the males, and by the antenuEe of the females being
inserted nearer to the eyes than is the case in that insect.

like its Irish analogue, it is purely noctui'nal, — never wandering by day ; in
which respect it somewhat recedes from the 31. Euphorhicv, which I not only
detected under the outer coating of the stems of the Euphorbia meUifcra (in the
famous plantation of the Eanal), but even, though in much smaller nimibers, on
the foliage also, — and which is partially therefore, at any rate, dim-nal.

* This insect, -nliicli li.as not yet oecivrred in any part of the continent of Europe, was originallv dis-
covered in decayed hollies at Powerscourt ^A^aterfall, in the county of Wicklow, by jNIr. Tardy of Dublin.
For many years subsequently it appears to have been altogether lost sight of, until detected by myself,
in 1S41, at Mount Edgeeumbc iu Dcvoushire,^and along the coast of Cornwall, westwards, as far as
Menabilly and Fowey. In the north of Devon I have, likewise, obser\cd it, in the valley of the LjTi,
tliough less abundantly than on the shores of the English Channel. Thus, skirting as it were the south-
western extremity of our own country, it passes over to Ireland, where it may be said to attain its maxi-
mum,— attaching itself to the trees (especially evergi-ecns) in the mountains of Wicklow and Kerry (and
probably in other districts equally), nnich to the detriment of tlie ancient timber, in which its ravages
(e\idently for ccntui-ies) are but too conspicuous. Judging from the extent of the injury committed, it
would seem to have been commoner formerly, and more generally diffused, than now. At Killarney I
have been accustomed to mark its devastations for several ye.ars past, and had constantly met with traces
of it, under the form of detached el\-tra and broken portions of its body, in tlic oldest trees : but it was
not until the siunmer of 1853 that a perfect specimen, captured by a friend in a decayed hoUy at
Dinas, came beneath my notice. Being thus warned of more than its past existence, we commenced a
carefid research during the following September on Imiisfallen, one of the islands of the Lower Lake,
where we found it still ranging in profusion, — and from whence I obtained a fine series of examples,
averaging a somewhat larger size than the Devonshu-e and Cornish ones.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 321

(Subf. 2. RHYNCOPHORIDES.)

Genus 113. SITOPHILUS.

Schonherr, Gen. et Spec. Cure. iv. 967 (1838).

Corpus parvum, sublineari-oblongum, depressum, sculpturatum : rostro elongato subarcuato sub-
deflexo, basi (ad antennarum insertionem) ampliato ; oculis oblongis : prothorace amplissimo, apice
coarctato : scutello distincto subrotundato : elytris planiusciilis, posterius angustatis, ad apicem
abdomine brevioribus : alis amplis. Antenna breviusculre validfCj prope basin rostri insertse ; scapo
robusto subclavato ; funiculo 6-articulato articulis primo et secundo longiusculis (illo crassiore),
reliquis brevioribus latitudine leviter crescentibus ; capitulo solido oblongo-ovato, apice obscure
aimulato et spongioso. Pedes validi, antici paulo longiores basi distantes : femoribus clavatis
muticis ; tibiis rectis, intus (prfesertim anticis) plus minusve crenulatisj ad apicem externum m
uncum magnum acutum deflexum productis ; tarsis reflexis.

The SitopJiili may be easily known by their depressed and deeply-sculptiu-ed
upper surface, by their greatly developed prothorax and internally crenulated
tibiae, by their posteriorly narrowed and apically abbreviated elytra, by their
six-jointed funiculus, and by their antennae being inserted near the base of the
rostrum, — which is itself more or less thickened at the point of junction. In
their liabits they are purely granivorous, subsisting on different kinds of corn,
rice, and such-like articles of commerce, to which, especially in the larva state,
they are often very injurious : and hence it is that many of them have become
naturalized, as is the case with the following two species of the Madeu'^ Islands,
throughout the civilized world, — abounding, at times, in granaries, and other
receptacles of merchandise, in the larger cities and ports of nearly every country.

245. Sitophilus granarius.
S. rufo-ferrugineus subnitidus, prothorace profunde sparsim punctato (punctis oblongis), elytris pro-
funde crenato-striatis, interstitiis alternis antice elevatioribus.
Mas, rostro fortius punctato et basi evidentius carinato.
Fcem., rostro laeviore, basi vix carinato.
Long. corp. lin. 2-2^.

Curculio granarius, Linn. Fna Suec. 587 (1761).

, Fab. Unt. St/st. i. ii. 414 (1792).

Galandra granaria, Steph. HI. Brit. Ent. iv. 9 (18.31).
Sitoplnlus granarius, Schon. Oen. et Spec. Cure. iv. 977 (1838).

Habitat circa domos Funchalenses, prsesertim in frumentariis, grana destruens: in ipsa iu:be prse-
dominat qua mui'os lente ascendere sjepissime videatur.

S. rufo-ferruginous, and slightly shining. Prothorax very deeply punctured, — the punctures oemg
large and oblong, though somewhat remote. Elytra deeply crenate-striated, with the interstices

2 T

322 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

broad and convex, — the alternate ones being considerably elevated in front, and that on either
side of the suture with a longitudinal row of impressed points. Antenna and legs concolorous
with, or a little paler than, the rest of the insect.

Male, with the rostrum rather more coarsely punctured, and with its base more perceptibly keeled.

Female, with the rostrum more lightly punctured, and with its base scarcely, if at all, keeled.

Readily distinguislicd from the following by its somewliat larger size, mfo-ferru-
ginous hue, and by its altogether different sculptm-e, — its prothoracic pvinctm'es
being deep, oblong and comparatively remote, whilst its elytra are c;*e??a^e-striated,
with their interstices wide, and the alternate ones much elevated in fi-ont. It is a
universal insect throughout Europe, and indeed tlu'oughout the greater portion of
the ci\dlized world, being liable to transmission with corn and other grain. It is,
apparently, however less common in southern latitudes than ia temperate and
northern ones ; and hence in Madeu*a it is rarer than the S. OryzcB, which aboimds
in nearly all the houses and shops of Funchal. The present species is, never-
theless, occasionally but too plentiful in granaries; and it may be constantly
observed crawling on the walls, both external and internal, in and about the

villages and to^vns.

246. Sitophilus Oryzae.

S. nigi-o-piceus subopacus, prothorace profunde confertim punctato (punctis rotundatis), elytris pro-

funde punctato-striatis, singulo macuUs duabus rufesccntibus ornato, antennis pedibusque rufo-

ferrugineis.

Mas, rostro carinato et profunde punctato.

Fam., rostro basi tantum carinato profunde punctato (apicem versus laeviore nitido).

Long. Corp. lin. l^-S.

Curculio Orijzce, Limi. Cent. Ins. 12 (1763).

, Fab. i:nf. Si/st. i. ii. iU (1792).

Calandra Oryzm, Stcph. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 9 (1831).
Sitophilus , Schon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. iv. 981 (1838).

Habitat inter semina Onjza et Teee, vel super muros domuum Funchalensium, — una cum prsecedente
degens, sed illo multo frcquentior.

S. dark-piceous, and almost opake. Prothorax very deeply and thickly punctured, — the punctures
being round, and much closer together than those of the last species. Elytra deeply punctate-
striated, with the interstices narrow and raised ; each with a rufescent patch near the shoulder,
and another towards the apex. Antenna and legs rufo-feiTuginous.

Male, with the rostrum keeled and coarsely punctured.

Female, with the rostrum keeled and coarsely punctured at its extreme base only, — being uukeeled,
more lightly punctured, and shining towards its apex.

Its darker colour, and nearly opake, differently sculptured surface, ui conjimc-
tion with the four rufescent patches of its elytra, will, prima facie, separate the
present Sitophilus from the preceding one. As already stated, it is by far the
commoner of the two in Madeii-a, occurring in nearly all the houses, — and occa-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 323

sionally aboiinding in tlie shops of Funchal and the larger villages, where it has
been introduced, principally, with rice and Indian corn ; on which, especially in
the larva state, it almost exclusively subsists.

(Subf. 3. CIONIDES.)
Genus 114. CIONUS.

Clairville, Ent. HeJu. i. 6J. (1798).

Corpus parvum, quadrato-ovatum, convexum, squamoso-tessellatum : rostro elongato subarcuato tereti
inflexo ; oculis oblongo-ovatis, in fronte paulo approximatis : prothorace parvo, elytris multo
angustiore, infra apicem coai-ctato : scutello cUstincto subrotundato : elytris am])lis convexis sub-
quadratis, anum tegentibus : alis amplissimis. Antennce breviusculse subgraciles, ante medium
rostri insertse ; scapo apicem versus faeilius clavato ; fuaiculo 5-articulato, articulis primo et
secundo longiusculis (illo crassiore), reliquis brevioribus latitudine leviter crescentibus ; capitulo
oblougo-ovali, obscure quadri-annulato. Pedes vix robusti, antici basi approximati : femoribm
subclavatis, subtus unidentatis : tihiis rectis, ad apicem truncatis muticis.

The short, convex and subglobose body of Cionns, in conjunction with its minute
prothorax, ample elytra andmngs, prettily tessellated surface, 5-jointed fimlculus,
dentate femora, and apicaUy unarmed tibiae, will at once serve to distinguish it
from the neighbouring forms here described. Its 5-articulate funiculus indeed
is characteristic of the whole of Schonherr's smaU subfamily of Cionides, — a
group which would appear to possess but a single representative in these islands.
The Cioni are almost exclusively attached to the foliage of the Scrophularice and
Verhasca, on which, both in their larva and imago states, they subsist. They
are extremely gregarious, being usually foimd, where they exist at all, in con-
siderable numbers ; and even several species may be frequently observed con-
gregating on the same actual plant : nevertheless in Madeka I have not been able
hitherto to detect more than a solitary species.

247. Clonus pulchellus.

C. brunneus, parce griseo-squamosus, prothorace minuto nebuloso, elytris punctato-striatis, inter-
stitiis alternis Ifete fasciculato-tessellatis (fasciculis ex squamis atris albisque alterne compositis),
sutura atro-ti-imaculata (macula intermedia majore), antennis pedibusque pallido-ferrugineis,
femoribus in medio antennarumque capitulo obscurioribus.

Long. Corp. liu. 1|-1t.

Cur oulio pulchellus, Herbst, Kaf. vi. 356 (1795).
RJiynchcBnus Solani, GyU. (nee Fab.) Ins. Suec. iii. 216 (1813).
Cleojnis piilcJieUits, Steph. Ill Brit. Ent. iv. 19 (1831).
Cionus pulchellus, Scbon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. iv. 741 (1838).

Habitat super plantas Scrophularice in Madera sylvatica nascentes, sestate non infrequens.

2 T 2

324 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

C. brown or reddish-brown, and more or less densely beset with a griseous pubescence. Prothorax
minute, and clouded, — having usually a triangular patch at its base (in front of the scutellum),
a small one on either side of its disk, and an ill-defined dash at its lateral edges, indistinctly
darker. Elytra punctate-striated; the alternate interstices with a line of slightly elevated
pubescence down each, composed of alternate fascicles of black and white scales ; and the suture
the same, only with the fascicles white and black, respectively (instead of black and white), — the
latter colour assuming three distinct dark patches, of which the intermediate one is much the
largest, and forms (in conjunction with the black tufts of the alternate ridges) somewhat of an
obscure post-medial fascia. AntenruE and legs pale-ferruginous; the former with their club
darker ; and the latter with their femora dusky in the middle.

A tolerably common insect throughout central and southern Europe. In Ma-
deira it would appear to ])e scarce, or at any rate exceedingly local, and confined
to intermediate altitudes, — the only district in which I have hitherto observed it
being that of the Ribeiro Frio, where I have tAvice captured it, on a species of
Seroiihiilaria growing by the edges of the Levada, during the summer months.

(Subf. 4. CRYPTORHYNCHIDES.)
Genus 115. CEUTORHYNCHUS.

(Schuppel) Schonherr, Cure. Disp. Meth. 298 (1826).

Corpus parvum, plus minusve ovato-quadratum sculpturatum et squamosum : rostra elougato arcuato
tereti intlexo, in canaliculam pcctoralem indeterminatam (inter coxas pedum anticorum dcsiiicn-
tem) arete applicando ; oculis rotundatis : proihorace brevi, anterius angustiore, longe infra apicem
coarctato, antice plerumque reflexo-elevato, supra plus minusve insequali et ssepissime utriuque
tuberculato : scutello minutissimo [vix observando) : eli/tris obtriangulari- (vel iuterdum sub-
rotundato-) quadratis, ad apicem abdomine brevioribus et siugulatim obtuse rotundatis: alis vel
amplis vel obsoletis. Antenna longiusculse graeiles, ante medium rostri insertse ; funiculo 7-
articulato, articulis tribus vel quatuor basalibus longiusculis (primo erassiore), reliquis brevioribus
subrotundatis ; . capitulo oblongo-ovali apice acuminato, quadri-annulato. Pedes sat robusti,
antici basi parum distantes : femoribus vel muticis, vel subtus deiiticulo acuto armatis : tibiis ad
apicem externum truncatis muticis ad internum nonnunquam (in maribus prjecipue) leviter
uncinatis.

The immense genus Ceutorhynchus {=Nedyi(s, Schonherr in Utt., Stephens's
Illustrations of British Entomology, a.d. 1831) may be knoAvu by the short, sub-
qitackate bodies of the species which compose it, and which have theu" prothorax
more or less uneven or tuberculose, and narrow in front, theu- femora frccpieutly
fm-nishod with a minute spine beneath, theu" tilnit' always unarmed at the outer
apex, and their rostrum closely applied during repose against tlieir chest, — and
received into a groove (or channel) which is never abruptly terminated behind as
in Coeliodes, nor does it extend beyond the base of the coxte of the anterior pair
of legs. Although more or less distributed over the world, the Ceiitorhynchi,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 325

168 species of wliich are described in Sclionherr's Genera et Species Curculionidimi,
are especially abundant in Eiu^opean latitudes, — frequenting, for the most part,
the flowers and foliage of the smaller plants, upon the roots of which, in their
larva state, they principally feed.

§ I. Femora fortiter dentata : tihim intermedim sinuatw.

248. Ceutorhynchus Echii.
C. niger fusco-squamosiis, prothorace leviter canaliculato, mai-gine postico lineisque tribus angustis

albis, elytris obtriangulari-quadi'atis, versus latera muricatis, undique lineolis albis (quibusdam

obliquis) ornatis, pedibus albo-irroratis, tarsis rufo-piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2^-3.

Curculio Echii, Fab. Ent. Si/st. i. ii. 436 (1792).

, Mshm. Ent. Brit. i. 279 (1802).

Nedym Echii, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 38 (1831).
Ceutorhynchus Echii, Schon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. iv. 504 (1837).

Habitat Maderam, rarior ; necnon in montibus Portus Sancti, qua super plantas Echii violacei, Linn.
( = -E. plantagimi, Linn.) ibidem crescentes mensibus Aprili et Maio a.d. 1848 plurima speci-
mina inveni.

C. black, clothed beneath with whitish, and above with fuscous scales. Head with a faint keel
down the centre. Prothorax with a narrow and faint dorsal channel, an obscure tubercle on
either side of its disk, and with its front margin considerably elevated; its extreme hinder
margin, three (more or less distinct) narrow longitudinal lines, and sometimes with indica-
tions also of a transverse one, white. Elytra obtriangular-quadrate (the sides being oblique
and almost straight), and abbreviated at the apex; roughened with small projecting prominences
towards the lateral edges and shoulders ; and more or less ornamented with narrow, longitudinal,
white lines, and a few broken and irregular transverse or oblique ones,— giving the entire sur-
face a somewhat pencilled appearance. Legs more or less clothed with whitish scales : femora
with a large and powerful spine beneath : intermediate tibia slightly sinuated or curved : tarsi (as
also the antenna) rufo-piceous.

The large size of the present Ceutorhynchus, added to its powerfully spined
femora, curved intermediate tibiae, and curiously pencilled surface, will at once
distinguish it from the remainder of the genus here described. It is an insect
widely distributed over central and southern Europe ; and it has been likewise
recorded from Egypt. In these islands however it would appear to be extremely
local, the only spot in which I have hitherto observed it in Madeu-a proper being
the upper extremity of the Ribeii-o de Santa Luzia. In Porto Santo it is more
common, where I captured many specimens, on the southern side of the Pico de
Eacho, during April and MaylSiS, — from off plants oiEchium violaceum growing
on the grassy slopes immediately beneath the summit.

326 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

§ II. Femora (jprcesertim antica) minus fortiter dentata : tihics rectw.

249. Ceutorhjrnchus quadridens.
C. nigcr siibdepressus cinerco-squamosus, prothorace profunde canaliculato, clytris obtriangulari-
quadratis macula subscutcllari diluto-albida ornatis, pedibus cinereo-Lrroratis, geniculis, tibiis ad
apicem, tarsisque rufo-testaceis,
Mas, antennis paido propius apiccm rostri (ut solet in multis Curculionibus) insertis, et tibiis pos-
terioribus ad apicem internum in uncum excurvatum productis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^-1 1.

Curculio quadridens. Panzer, Fna Germ, xxxvi. 13 (1796).

Ehynchanus Boraginis, Gyll. (nee Fab.) Ins. Suec. iii. 227, et iv. 594 (1813 et 1828).

JSTedi/m Borraginii, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. iv. 35 (1831).

Cetitorln/nchus quadridens, Sehon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. iv. 534 (1837).

Habitat in cultis Madera;, prsesertim in vinctis et hortis culiuaribus, a>state uou iufrequens : etiam in
ins. Deserta Grandi, meuse Maio exeunte a.d. 1850 (a jNladcra illuc forsan iutroductus), cepi.

C. black, more or less besprinkled or clotted (especially beneath) with cinereous or ashy scales, and
somewhat depressed. Head strongly keeled behind, but not at all so in front. Prothorax
coarsely and rather remotely punctured ; with a wide and deep dorsal channel, especially behind,
a distinct tubercle on either side of its disk, and with its front margin greatly elevated. Elytra-
obtriangular-quadrate, and very slightly abbreviated at the apex ; with a more or less well-defined
patch, at the base of the suture (immediately behind the scutellum), more thickly beset than the
rest of the surface with ashy scales. Legs more or less clothed with ashy scales or hairs : femora
with a very small and obscure spine beneath, that on the anterior pair (particularly of the males)
being almost obsolete : libice straight, with their extreme base, and a larger portion at their apex,
together with the tarsi and the antenna (except the apical half of then- club, which is ferruginous),
rufo-testaceous.
Male, with the antenna; inserted rather nearer to the apex of the rostrum than is the case with the
female (a character which obtains, more or less, throughout a large portion of the Curculionida) ;
and with the four hinder tibia; produced at their inner apex into an outwardly-curved hook.

The C. quadridens, so extremely abundant tliroug-hout the whole of Europe,
may be known from the other Madeii-an Cenlorhunehi by its somewhat dejiressed
form and deeply punctured prothorax, by the cinereous or ashy scales with which
its upper sm-face is more or less besprinkled (and which are condensed into a patch
about the scutellum only), and by the acute, outwardly-curved hook with which
the inner apex of the four hinder tibiae of its males are furnished. The Madeiran
specimens differ from the ordinary ones in having the apex and extreme base of
their til)ite more distinctly testaceous. It occurs, dimng the summer months, in
cidtivated grounds of rather low elevations. I have taken it in the Rev. R. T.
Lowe's garden near Funchal, and in the vineyards of Santa Anna; as also, in
tolerable abimdance, at the end of May 1850, on the Dezerta Grande, — where in
all probability it has been accidentally introduced with culinary and other plants

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 327

(which, during the short period of its colonization, were once sparingly cultivated
towards the southern extremity of the island) from Madcu'a.

250. Ceutorhynchus nigroterminatus, WoU.

C. niger, parce albo-squamosus, subrugulosus, protliorace canaliculato, elytris obtriangulari-quaclratis
abbreviatis obscure albo-iiToratis, macula subscutellari et margine postico albidioribus, pedibus
albo-irroratis, tarsis rufo-testaceis articulo ultimo nigro-terminato, antennis nigricantibus.

Long. Corp. lin.'ll-li.

Habitat Maderam borealem, in castanetis Sanctse Annse mense Maio a.d. 1850 a mcipso i-epertus.

C. black, densely clothed beneath with yellowish-white, and above sparingly besprinkled with white,
scales ; somewhat rugulose. Head slightly keeled behind. Pruthorax with a wide and deep
dorsal channel behind, which is almost obsolete anteriorly, with a rather small but prominent
tubercle on either side of its disk, and with its front margin very slightly elevated. Elytra
obtriangular-quadrate, somewhat short, and very much abbreviated at the apex; with a very
obscure patch at the base of the suture (immediately behind the scutellum), together with the
extreme hinder margin, more densely clothed than the rest of the surface with white scales.
Legs sparingly clothed with white scales or hairs : femora with a tolerably distinct spine beneath,
that on the anterior pair however being the smallest : tibice straight, just perceptibly rufescent at
their extreme base : tarsi rufo-testaceous, with the extreme tip of their terminal joint black.
Antennce dark piceous, with their club nearly black.

A very distinct and interesting Ceutorhynchus, readily known by its somewhat
shortened outline, suhrugulose surface, considerably abbreviated elytra (which
have not only an obscure patch about the scutellum, but likewise then- hinder
margm more or less densely clothed with white scales), by its comparatively dark
antenniB, and by the apical joint of all its tarsi being tipped with black. It is
exceedingly rare, and confined, so far as I have hitherto observed, to the north of
the island, — the only two examples which I have seen having been captured by
myself, during May 1850, in the chestnut- woods of Santa Anna.

251. Ceutorhynchus lineatotesseUatus, Woll.
C. fusco-niger convexus fusco-squamosus, prothorace profunde canaliculato, elytris rotundato-qua-

dratis subventricosis fere integris, longitudinahter lineato-tessellatis, pedibus fusco-ferrugineis et

obscure albo-annulatis.
Long. Corp. lin. If -2.

Habitat in graminosis IMaderse sylvaticse, rarissimus : duo specimina hactenus vidi, unum sc. prope
summam originem convallis Ribeiro de Santa Luzia dictfe tempore vernali a.d. 1849, et alteram
ad Ribeiro Frio mense Augusto ineunte a.d. 1850, a meipso detecta.

C. brownish-black, clothed beneath with yellowish-white, and above with dark fuscous, scales ; convex.
Head not perceptibly keeled. Prothurax with a very wide and deep dorsal channel, extending to

328 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the anterior constriction, with a very large and prominent tubercle on either side of its disk, and
with its front mar^n tolerably elevated. Elytra subventricose, or inflated (the sides being con-
siderably rounded), and scarcely at all abbreviated at the apex (the abdomen being almost
entirely concealed) ; each ornamented with three or four indistinct longitudinal lines, composed
of alternate tufts of dark brown and white scales, — the one nearest to the suture being the most
apparent and entire. Legs duU ferruginous, or reddish-brown, and more or less indistinctly
clothed with rings of whitish pubescence : femora with a small spine beneath, that on the anterior
pair being almost obsolete : tibia straight : tarsi, and the base of the antenna, of a slightly more
testaceous hue ; the club of the latter, especially at its apex, darker.

A truly indigenous insect, and apparently of the greatest rarity. It may be at
once recognised from the foregoing Ceutorhynchi by its comparatively convex and
inflated body, — its elytra (which almost entirely cover the abdomen, and are each
of them ornamented with three or four tessellated longitudinal stripes, composed
of dull alternate patches of brown and white scales) being considerably roimdod, —
by its deep and wide prothoracic chamiel, and by the pubescence of its legs being
arranged in toleral:)ly distinct rings, especially on the femora (a peculiarity how-
ever which is only apparent in fresh and unrubbed specimens). It seems to be
peculiar to intermediate altitudes ; and, like the last species, only two examples
have as yet come beneath my notice, — one of which I captiu'ed, during the spring
of 1819, from amongst thick herbage at the base of the perpendicular rocks
towards the upper extremity of the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, and the other by
brushing the rank vegetation at the edges of the Levada of the Ribeu'O Frio, at the
begimiing of August 1850.

Genus 116. C(ELIODES.

Schonherr, Cure. Disp. Mcth. 29G (1826).

Corpus fere ut in Ceutorhyncho, sed lateribus plerumque pauIo rotundatioribus, et canaliculd pectorali
longiore, apicc argute determinata (usque ad coxis pedum intermediorum extendente). Antennte
et pedes fere ut in Ceutorhyncho, sed hi [antici saltem) basi xva distantiores.

Cceliodes and CeiitorhyncJnts are prima facie almost coincident ; nevertheless
the former has usually the sides of its elytra a little more rounded than those of
the latter, — whilst the foi'ination of the pectoral groove for the reception of thou-
rostra, which is much longer in CoiUodcs than in Ccutorhynchus (extending to
the base of, or even a little beyond, the intermediate coxae), and is more deeply
and abruptly terminated l)chind, will always serve, on closer examination, to
distinguish them from each other. Several of the species of Coeliodes are strictly
arboreal in their habits, being confined to the foliage of forest trees ; nevertheless
many, like the generality of the members of the preceding genus, are attached,
likewise, to the smaller plants, — as is the case indeed with the only representative
which I have hitherto detected in the Madeu-a Islands, and which I imagine has
been unquestionably introduced from more northern latitudes.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 329

252. Cceliodes faliginosus.

C. niger, subtus dense albido-, supra parce fusco-squamulosus, prothorace canaliculato, canalicula in
medio late interrupta, elytris rotundato-qnadratis, maculis duabus so. antica et postica sutu-
ralibus albo-sqiiamosis ornatis, ilia fascicule postico holosericeo-atro aucta, pedibus parce albo-
irroratis, tarsis ferrugineis articulo ultimo piceo-terminato.

Long. Corp. lin. 1 J.

CurculiofuJiginosus, Mslim, Ent. Brit. i. 280 (1802).

cinereus, Mshm, (teste Mus". Kirb".) Ent. Brit. i. 283 (1802).

Ceutorhynclius fuJiginosus, Stepli. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 25 (1831).
Codiodes fuliginosus, Schon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. iv. 291 (1837).

Habitat in hortis culinaribus Maderse, semel tantum (a mcipso prope Funchal sestate exeunte a.d. 1850)
captus.

C. dull-black, densely clothed beneath viiXh. whitish, and above sparingly with minute fuscous, scales.
Head with a veiy slight and abbreviated keel behind, unkeeled and unchanneled in front. Pro-
thorax with a wide and tolerably deep dorsal channel before and behind, which is greatly inter-
rupted in the middle ; with a prominent tubercle on either side of its disk, and with its front
margin elevated. Elytra rotundate-quadrate (the sides being considerably rounded) ; with two
abbreviated sutural patches, w\z. one at the base and another (somewhat larger) at the apex,
densely clothed with whitish scales, — the basal one moreover being increased behind with an
elongated tuft of velvety black pile. Legs sparingly clothed with whitish scales or hairs : femora
with a powerful spine beneath : tibia straight : tarsi dull ferruginous, with the extreme tip of
their terminal joint dark piceous. Antenna nearly black.

Apart from tlie struetm-al character already pointed out, iu the formation of its
pectoral groove, the present insect* may be at once known from the Madeiran
representatives of the preceding genus by its centrally-interrupted prothoracic
channel, and by the well-defined white patches at the base and apex of its elytral
suture, — the former of which is augmented behind by an elongated fascicle of
deep black, velvety scales. It is a most abundant species throughout Europe, and
one which has, iu all probability, been accidentally introduced into these islands
from more northern latitudes, — very possibly with some of the Siiuqndce, or other
culinary vegetables (in the gaUs at the roots of which its larvae, like those of many
of the Ceutorhynclii, are said to reside). The only specimen which has hitherto
come beneath my notice was capttu'ed hy myself from off a cabbage near Funchal
(in the Rev. E. T. Lowe's garden at the Levada), during the smnmer of 1850.

* The C. fuliginosus is a good deal allied to the C. guttula, of Fabrieius, — which is almost equally abim-
dant in European latitudes. It may however be known from it by being rather smaller, by having its
forehead free from the centi-al channel characteristic of that insect, by the somewhat different construc-
tion of its prothorax and prothoracic tubercles, and by having a conspicuous white patch (in addition to
the black fascicle of scales common to both species) at the base of its elytra, immediately behind the
scutelluni.

2v

330 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 117. ACALLES.

Schoiiherr, Cure. Disp. Meth. 295 (1826).

Corpus mediocre vel parvum, plus minusve oblongo-ovatum gibbosuin sculpturatum, sa;pius dense
squainoso-variegatum : rustru longiusculo \alid() subarcuato, in maribus opaco rugose punctato et
(in speciebus Maderensibus saltern) in medio plus miuiisve obscurissime carinato, in foeminis
paulo tcnuiore nitido leviter punctato ; inflexo, in canaliculain pectoralem profundam argutissime
deterniinatam (fere ad coxas pedum intermediorum extcndentem) arete applicando ; uculis sub-
rotundatis : prothorace subovato basi truncato, longe intra apicem coarctato, ad latera in medio
plus minusve rotundato-ampliato, antice acuminate et (in nostris) plus minusve setose : scutello
aut null(j, aut minutissimo (vix observaudo) : elytris subovatis basi truncatis, plus minus\e
gibbosis et ad apicem leviter coarctato-acuminatis, connatis : alls obsoletis. Antenna brcviuseula;
crassiuscula;, prope medium rostri inserta;; funiculo 7-articulato, articulis primo et secundo
elongatis, illo crassiore obconico, reliquis brevioribus subretundatis ; capitulo subovato quadri-
annulato. Pedes robusti, an/ici basi distantes, intermedii interdum brcviusculi : femoribus mode
(ut in nostris) muticis, mode subtus deuticulo minute armatis : tibiis rectis vel subrectis, ad
apicem internum plerumque truncatis muticis, ad externum in uncum deflexum productis.

The connate clj-tra and nndevelopcd wings of Acalles, added to its densely scaly,
more or less variegated and uneven surface, its robust rostrum (especially of the
males, which is always more rugosely pimctiu'ed and less shining than that of the
females), its exceedingly deep and abruptly terminated pectoral groove, its an-
teriorly-acuminated prothorax, and its more or less apically-constricted hinder
quarters, will at once serve to distinguish it from the neighbouring genera with
which we have lierc to do. The insects which it embraces reside either under
stones in exposed grassy spots, or amongst dense herbage beneath trees ; and are
extremely sluggish during the day, though more active at night. The genus may
be said to play an important part amongst the Curculionidce of this region, no less
tliau thirteen species having been the result of my researches up to the present
period, — all of them, apparently, pecidiar to the ]\Iadeu'an grouji. They belong
however, principally, to a rather large U^^c of form which Avould seem to prevail
throughout Mediterranean latitudes, and traces of which we meet with, more or
less evidently, in Sicily, the south of Spain, Portugal, the north of Africa, on the
rocks of the Salvages*, and in the Canary Islands. In ^Madeira they appear to

* The gigantic and very interesting Acalles, wliieh has been lately brought from those remote rocks by
my friend T. S. Leaeock, Esq. of Fuuehal, is apparently more akin to the A. saxieola than to any other
species hitherto discovered. In its general habits and coutoui- indeed it possesses a vast deal in common
with the Dezertau insect, and proves no less clearly than the remarkable genus Deucalion (hereafter to be
noticed), the close relationship of the Salvages to the Dezerlas in their Coleopterous population. The
A. arffillosiis of Schouliorr, from Tenerille, is in all probabUity (judging from the description) modelled
on much the same type ; — in which case, we have a continuous series of intimately aUicd forms, yet speci-
fically distinct, existing throughout nearly all the islands of this portion of the Atlantic. I subjoin a
diagnosis of the representative from the Salvages, which will not be considered, here, out of place :

Acalles Nepttmus, IVoll.
A. oblongo-ovatus, squamis ciuereis magnis variegatus ; prothorace ante medium latiuscido, angxdis

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 331

separate tliemselves into two tolerably well-defined sections ; in one of wliicli the
size is comparatively large, the sciitellmii is obsolete, and the colours are obscure,
— whilst in the other they descend to a much smaller bulk, have visually their
scutellum quite perceptible, and their bodies adorned with more lively tints. The
representatives of the first of these divisions, moreover, are attached generally to
lower districts, scarcely ever ranging above the altitude of 2000 feet, and delighting
in dry and rocky localities in the vicinity of the coast ; whereas those of the
second attain their maximum at a far higher elevation, l)eing more particularly
numerous in the moist sylvan tracts between the limits of from 4000 to 5000 feet

posticis subreetis, distiucte canaliciilato seel transversini vix siibtuberculato, ad apicein minus producto
et le^ater setuloso ; scutello baud observaudo ; elytris profunde punctato-striatis, ad latera suli-
rotundatis, carinis subinterniptis vix noduHformibus obsciiris iustriictis, plaga hastata eommuni
postmedia (autice et postice atro-variegata) phis mimisve obsciira, et fascicado miuuto commiuii
doi'sali atro ornatis ; antemiis obscure ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. liu. 31-5.

Habitat iu insulis desolatis remotis "Salvages" dictis, super insulam minorem sub uomiue "Great
Pitou" Anglice coguitam, a Dom. Leacock nuper collectiis.

A. oblong-ovate, densely variegated with large asby-white scales. Rostriim dark piceous, opake, exceed-
ingly roughly puuctiu-ed, and with a distinct abbreviated central keel, in the males ; — a little slenderer,
very shining, and lightly piinctm-ed iu the females. Prothorax broad before the middle, and with
the hinder angles almost right angles, causing the sides behind to appear comparatively straight ;
with a distinct dorsal channel, but with scarcely any indication of tubercles across the central portion ;
less produced in front than iu any of the Madeiran species except the A. pulverulenfus, and but very
sUghtly setose at the apex. JSlytra deeply pimctate-striated, and not much rounded at the sides ;
the alternate interstices slightly raised, and sometimes a Httle interrujited, though hardly sufficientlj^
80 as to form nodules anywhere ; with a transverse, hastate, postmedia! abbreviated fascia, or patch,
common to both (and terminated before and behind by a more clouded portion of the siu'face, — and
variegated, especially behind, with irregidar spots, or broken lines, of a deep black), as hkevdse
indications, towards the sides of each, of an oblique, extremely obscure, antemedial fascia, more or
less distinctly paler ; and with a minute, usually distinct, fasciculated dorsal spot (Uljewise common
to both), and sometimes also the entire portion of the suture between the hinder point of the pale
hastate patch and the apex of the elytra, deep black. Antennce brownish-ferruginous, being much
darker than in any of the Madeiran species. TibicB encircled by a dusky ring, that on the femora
being usually obsolete.

In its habits and general aspect, as weU as in its want of a scutellum, the A. Neptimus agrees with
those Madeiran forms which are included in the first of the two sections into which I have distributed the
entire number ; whilst its pale ashy-coloured scales, imtubercled prothorax, the regidarly hastate shape of
its elytral fascia, and the very rugosely pimctiu-ed rostrum of its male sex, would, as just stated, betoken
a nearer relation to the A. saxicola than to any of the remainder. Specifically, however, it is scarcely
necessary to add, it is of course altogether separate from that insect, even though it possesses thus
much in common with it ; since its comparatively enormous size, the peculiar construction of its (distinctly
channeled) prothorax, which has the posterior angles so nearly right angles as to cause the sides behmd
to appear almost straight (its anterior portion moreover being less produced than is the case with any of
the Madeiran species, — the A.pulverulentus excepted, which coincides with it in that respect), in conjunc-
tion with the accessions and modifications in the minutiae of its patches and spots (abeady pointed out),
are more than suificient to discriminate it from its Dezertan analogue.

2u 2

332 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

above the sea. The males of the followiag species slightly exceed the females m
magnitude, and are, likewise, more abundant, — since, out of 89 specimens from
which the descriptions have been compiled, I find them distributed in the propor-
tion of 53 of the former to 36 of the latter.

§ I. Corpus plerumque magnum, ohscure coloratum ; scuteUo nulla, aut saltern hand ohs&rvando. (Habitant
in locis aridis subinaritimis, prrosertim iufra 2000 pcd. alt.)

253. Acalles saxicola, Woll.

A. oblongo-ovatus, squamis cinercis variegatus ; prothorace convexo integro, nee canaliculate nee
tubcrculato sed lineis pallidioribus plus minusve obsoletis longitudinaliter decorate, ad apieem
leviter setuloso ; elytris profimde punctato-striatis, ad latera rotundatis, carinis interruptis nodu-
lisve minutis post medium instructis, plaga hastata communi postmedia (antice et prtesertim
postice nigro-terminata) plus minusve obseura ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2-3^.

Habitat ins. Desertae Grandis, sub lapidibus Maio exeunte a.d. 1850 a meipso repertus.

A. oblong-ovate, densely variegated with ashy-white scales. Rostrum dark piccous, opake and exceed-
ingly roughly punctured in the males, being more rugose than in any of the other ^ladeiran
species ; a little slenderer, shining, and less punctured in the females. Prothorax convex (especially
heliind) and entire, having no appearance of a dorsal channel, or of tubercles across the central
])ortion, but usually ornamented with three vei"y obscurely paler, more or less obsolete, longitu-
dinal lines ; produced, but veiy slightly setose, at the apex. Elytra deeply punctate-striated ;
and rounded at the sides ; with a few small nodules, or interrupted ridges, behind the middle ;
and with a transverse, hastate, postmedial abbreviated fascia, or patch, common to both (and
terminated before and behind by a more clouded portion of the surface, — especially the latter,
where there are, likewise, indications of a darker margin), more or less distinctly paler. Antenna
feiTUginous. Femora and tibia (particularly the latter) each encircled by a darker ring.

Apparently peculiar to the Dezerta Grande, from whence I obtained a series of
examples during my encampment there at the end of May 1850. In conjunction
witli the following three species, it would seem to be modelled, in some respects,
on a slightly different type fi-om the remamder of the genus, — as not only being
of an ol)scurer hue and altogether destitute of a ^-isible scutellum, but as, likcAWse,
inhaljitiug (instead of the lofty sylvan regions) arid rocky spots, principally near
the coast, and of a somewhat lower elevation. It may be known by the jxile ashy-
coloured scales with wliich it is densely variegated, by the extremely rougldy
punctiu'ed rostrimi of the males, by its posteriorly-convex, entire prothorax, and
by the small postmedial nodules and regularly hastate patch of its (laterally
rounded) elytra. My specimens were captured from out of the hollows of loose
stones, or scoi'iaj (in the I'urtliest recesses of wliieh they were accustomed to secrete
themselves by day), towards the northern extremity of the island.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 333

254. Acalles pulverulentus, Woll.

A. oblongTis, squamis fusco-brunneis dense tectus; pi-othorace breviusculo latiusculo, traiisversim vix
subtuberculato, ad apicem minus producto et vix setuloso ; elytris profunde punctato-striatis
(punctis maximis), ad latera subrectis, baud nodulosis sed interstitiis alternis post medium plus
minusve elevatis et postice abrupte terminatis, plaga sublunulata communi postmedia, (antice et
postice nigro-terminata) obscm-issima ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3^.

Habitat ill locis submaritimis Maderse australis, a meipso sub lapide prope lu-bem Fuuchalensem
semel tantum lectus.

A. oblong, densely clothed with dull, rusty-brown scales. Rostrum piceous, opake and coarsely
punctured in the males, and with a somewhat more e\'ident central hne, or keel, than in the
other species. Prothorax rather short and wide, especially before the middle, with a shallow
dorsal channel, and with exceedingly faint indications of tubercles across the central portion ; less
produced at the apex than in any of the other species, where moreover the setae are, apparently,
not more developed than in other parts of the surface. Elytra exceedingly deeply punctate-
striated (the punctures being larger than is the case in any of the other species) ; and somewhat
parallel at the sides ; scarcely nodulose, though with the alternate interstices just perceptiblv
raised at the base, and more evidently so behind the middle, where they are abruptly terminated
posteriorly ; and with a transverse, sublunulate, postniedial abbreviated fascia, or patch, common
to both (and terminated before and behind by an obscure blackish cloud), very indistinctly paler.
Antenna ferruginous. Femora and tibue (especially the latter) each encircled by a darker ring.

Judging from the single specimen (a male) wldch I have hitherto captured of
this insect, it would seem to be the largest of the Madeu'an Acalles, and well
distinguished specifically from all the rest, — its oblong and comparatively parallel
outline, rather short and broad prothorax, which is nearly untubercled, and is less
acuminated and setose anteriorly than in any of the other species, added to the
enormous punctui'es of its elytra, its very obscure subluuvilate postmedia! band,
and its almost uniformly brown surface (which, from the denseness and the regu-
larity of the scales with which it is clothed, has a dull and somewhat dusty appear-
ance), at once combining to sej)arate it from the remainder. In its comparatively
unproduced pronotum it approaches the^. Neptumis, from the Salvages, wliilst its
general habit and aspect are eminently characteristic of the fii'st of the two
sections into which I have distributed the Madeiran representatives of the genus.
It appears to occur at a rather low elevation, — my unique example having been
taken by myself, from beneath a stone in the vicinity of Funchal, in a dry exposed
spot near the coast.

255. Acalles obUtus, WoU.

A. elongato-subovatus, squamis fusco-brunneis dense tectus ; prothorace subangusto transversini
setoso-subtuberculato, ad apicem parce bifasciculato-setoso ; elytris profunde punctato-striatis, ad

334 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

latera vix rotundatis, carinis interruptis nodulisque obscuris subsetosis (prsesertim post medium)
instructis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Habitat Maderam in locis similibus ac prsecedens, semel hactenus repertus.

A. elougate-subovate, and rather narrow', densely clothed, as in the last species, with rusty-browu
scales. Rostrum with, apparently, the same sexual distinctions as in the other species. Pro-
thorax somewhat narrow, with an almost obsolete dorsal channel, and with two setose and tolerably
distinct tubercles across the central portion (the two lateral ones being obsolete) ; produced
and setose at the apex, where the setae have a tendency to arrange themselves into two fascicles.
Elytra rather deeply punctate-striated, and but slightly rounded at the sides ; with a few small
obscure nodules, or intcrrapted ridges, especially towards the base and behind the middle, — the
latter of which however are the most evident ; but apparently without any indication of a trans-
verse postmedial band. Antenna and leffs as in the last species.

Likemse unique. lu its densely broA^^l, rusty surface it resembles the A. p/d-
verulentns : nevertheless its much smaller size, more ovate outline, diilerently
constructed prothorax (which is setose anteriorly, and produced as in the other
species, and has moreover two tolerably evident setose tubercles across its disk), in
conjunction with the more distinct nodules and much smaller pimctm-es of its
elytra, and its apparent freedom from a postmedial patch, ttiU readily serve to
separate it from that insect. In its habits it is in every respect similar to the
A. jJiili^erulentus, my only specimen haAdng been captured, from beneath a stone,
on the barren cliffs to the eastward of Funchal, facing the south.

256. Acalles nodiferus, WW.

A. oblongo-subovatus, squamis fusco-brunneis parce tectus, prothorace transversim subsetoso-tuber-
culato, ad apicem leviter setuloso ; elji;ris profunde punctato-striatis, ad latera rotundato-
ampliatis, carinis interruptis nodulisque majoribus subsetosis (prsesertim post medium) instructis,
])lag;\ communi postmedia obscurissima ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. vix 3i.

Habitat prope urbem Funchalenscm Maderse, cum prsecedeiitibus ct illis \'ix frequentior.

A. oblong-subovate, sparingly clothed with brownish scales. Rostrum as in the other species, though
perhaps a little longer, proportionably, in the females. Prothorax with a shallow dorsal channel,
and with four setose but not vciy distinct tubercles across the central portion (the inner ones of
which are the most evident) ; produced, but apparently only slightly setose, at the apex. Ehjtra
deeply punctate-striated; and with the sides rounded, rather uneven, and projecting; with
several large interrupted ridges and nodules (formed apparently, as in the other species, by the
breaking-off, the abnq)t termination, and the unequal development of the elevated alternate
interstices), especially towards the base and behind the middle,— the latter of which are the most
distinct ; and with very slight indications of a transverse, postmedial patch, common to both, a
little paler. Antenna and legs as in the pre\'ious species.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 335

In the great development of its uodules the present Acalles approaches some of
the early members of the second division of the genus ; nevertheless its large size,
obscure colour, its want of a visible scutellum, and its general habits must retain
it in the first of the sections. It occui's, like the previous two species, near Evm-
chal, where however it appears to be exceedingly scarce.

§ II. Corpus plerumque minus, interdum late variegatum ; scutello scepius distincte ohservando. (Habitant

in locis sylvaticis, prsesertim supra 2000 ped. alt.)

257. Acalles Vau, Woll.

A. oblongo-ovatus, squamis cinereo-brunneis variegatus ; prothorace transversim valde setoso-tuber-
ciilato, ad apicem dense bifasciculato-setoso ; scutello valde distincto ; elytris punctato-striatis,
ad latera rotundato-ampliatis, earinis interruptis nodulisque majoribus setosis (prsesertim post
medium) instructis, figura V communi postmedia valde distincta ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2,\-Z.

Habitat ad rupes locorum editiorum Maderfe, inter arbusculas ibidem cre.scentes, testate rarior : ad
Cruzinhas et in convalli Ribeiro de Joao Delgada dicta meuse Julio a.d. 1850 primus inveni.

A. oblong-ovate, densely variegated witb brownish and ashy-white scales. Rostrum with the same
sexual distinctions as in the other species. Prothorax with a shallow dorsal channel, and with
four very setose tubercles across the central portion (the inner ones of which are the largest) ;
produced, and densely setose, at the apex, where the setse arrange themselves into two distinct
fascicles. Scutellum very apparent, and clothed with ashy scales. Elytra punctate-striated ; and
with the sides tolerably rounded, uneven, and projecting; with several large, more or less setose,
interrupted ridges and nodules, those behind the middle being very greatly developed and pro-
minent ; and with a transverse, postmedial, very abbreviated V-shaped patch, common to both,
of a more or less pure white. Antenna and legs as in the previous species, the latter however
being a little more variegated with pale and dark scales.

The regular and well-defined V-shaped postmedial patch of the present species
will be sufiicient, apart from its largely developed nodules and setae, its compara-
tively e\"ident scutellum, and the more or less ashy-white scales with which it is
besprinkled, to distinguish it from the remainder of the genus here described. It
is exceedingly rare ; and I have hitherto only taken it by brushing the short but
dense vegetation which clothes the faces of the perpendicular rocks in the lofty
sylvan districts ; under which circumstances I cajitured several specimens, both at
the Cruzinhas and at the extreme head of the Ribeii'o de Joao Delgada, dm^ing
July 1850.

258. Acalles tenninalis, Woll.

A. oblongo-ovatus, squamis luteo-brunneis variegatus; prothorace transversim setoso-tuberculato, ad
apicem dense bifascieulato-setoso ; scutello distincto ; elytris punctato-striatis, ad latera rotundato-
ampliatis, earinis interruptis nodulisque majoribus setosis (prsesertim post medium) instructis.

330 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

plaga (plcrumquc sub-oblunulata) coinmuni postmedia postice sufFusa (fere ad apicem eontinuata
et antice solum nigro-terminata) plus minusve distinct^ ornatis.
Far. fi. elytrorum macula postmedia non solum ad apicem, sed etiam usque ad basin retrorsum
ducta, plagam suturalem sufFusam postice ampliatam efficiente.
Long. Corp. lin. 2-3.

Hnbitat per regionem ^ladera? sylvaticam, a 3000' usque ad 4000* s. m. prsedominans ; ad Ribeiro
Frio et Lombo dos Pecegueiros mensibus Julio et Augusto a.d. 1850 a meipso repertus.

A. oblong-ovate, densely variegated with yellowish-brown scales. Rostrum as in the other species.
Prothorax with a shallow dorsal channel, and with two very setose tubercles across the central
portion (the two lateral ones being small, and generally scarcely apparent) ; produced, and
densely setose, at the apex, where the setfe arrange themselves into two distinct fascicles. Scu-
tellum not quite so ])erceptible as in the A. Van. Elytra punctate-striated; and with the sides
tolerably rounded, somewhat uneven, and a little projecting ; with several rather large, more or
less setose, interrupted ridges and nodules, those behind the middle being considerably developed,
though not quite so much as in the last species ; and with a transverse, more or less anteriorly-
convex, postmedial patch, common to both (suffused behind and usually continued to the apex,
being terminated in front only by a durkcr ])ortion of the surface, — where however that portion,
from the base being somewhat jialc, frequently takes the form of an obscure, transverse, brownish
band), more or less distinctly paler. Antenna and let/s as in the last species.
Var. /3. with the postmedial patch, not only suffused behind to the apex, but likewise continued
anteriorlij to the base, — forming a wide and indistinct sutural band which increases in width
j)osteriorly.

Although of course much smaller than that insect, the present Acalles hears a
slight prima facie resemblance to the common Ci'iiptorlninchas Lapathi of more
northern latitudes ; and it may be known from the other Madeiran species, not
only l)y the yellowish-brown scales with which it is for the most part densely
variegated, ])ut likewise by its postmedial patch being generally more or less
convex anteriorly, and suffused behind to the apex, — its front edge being alone
1)ouu(led by a darker portion of the sm*face. That darker portion, moreover, from
tlic elytra being obscurely pale at their l)ase, usually assumes the form of an
indistinct, bro\niish, transverse band, fading off gradually in front, but thickly
clouded in the opposite dii'cction; — an arrangement by which the dullest and
briglitest of the tints are brought into direct contact, in a rather peculiar manner,
immediately beyond the middle. It is apparently, like the A. Van, confined to
the sylvan districts, tliough of a somewhat lower elevation, — being more par-
ticularly abundant between the limits of from 3000 to iOOO feet above the sea. I
have captured it in the region of the Ribeii'o Trio, dmiug May and August ; and
at the liombo dos Pecegueiros in July.

259. Acalles omatus, WoU.
A. oblongo-ovatus, squamis griseo-brunneis variegatus; prothorace transversim valde setoso-tubcr-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 337

culato, ad apicera dense bifasciculato-setoso ; scutello distincto ; elytris punetato-striatis, ad
latera subrotundatis, carinis interruptis nodulisque majoribus valde setosis nigrescentibus (praj-
sertim antice et post medium) instructis, plaga lunulato-hastata communi postmedia (antice et
postice nigro-terminata) distincta, macula subscutellari suffusa, et fascia antemedia obliqua
obscurissima fracta nivea ornatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2i-2|.

Habitat in locis editioribus Maderse sylvaticse, ad Cruzinhas et per regionem Fanalensem aestate media
A.D. 1850 captus.

A. oblong-ovate, densely variegated with dark-browu scales. Rostrum as in the other species. Pro-
thorax with a sliallow dorsal channel, and with two very setose tubercles across the central por-
tion (the two lateral ones being smaller and less apparent) ; produced, and densely setose, at the
apex, where, as in the pre\'ious species, the setse arrange themselves into two distinct fascicles.
Scutellum about the same size as in the A. terminalis. Elytra punctate-striated; and with the
sides not much rounded or projecting, although rather uneven ; with several large, setose, and
somewhat darker interrupted ridges and nodules, those towards the base and behind the middle
(especially the latter) being greatly developed ; with a transverse, sublunulate, or sublunulate-
hastate, abbreviated, postmedial patch, common to both (and terminated before and behind by a
darker portion of the surface), distinctly, — and with very faint indications towards the outer disk
of each of an oblique, broken, antemedial fascia indistinctly, pale-white : also with a suffused
blotch about the scutellum of a more or less obscurely paler hue. Antenna and le^s as in the
other species.

The largely-developed and somewliat darkly setose nodiiles of tlie present species,
added to its beautifully variegated siu-face (which has not only a sublimate post-
medial patch, but obscm'e indications likewise of a broken oblique antemedial
fascia, of a more or less ptu*e white ; and a suffused cloud about the region of the
scutellum of a pale, though usually brownish, hue), wUl serve to separate it, prima
facie, from its congeners. It is apparently very rare, and, Uke the A. T'au, con-
fined to the wooded regions of a lofty elevation. I captm-ed it sparingly both at
the Cruziohas and the Fanal, during my encampment in those remote regions, in
July of 1850.

260. AcaUes dispar, Wall.

A. oblongo-ovatus, squamis nigro-bruuneis variegatus ; prothorace transversim setoso-subtuberculato,
ad apicem sub-bifasciculato-setoso J scutello sat distincto; elytris profunde punetato-striatis, ad
latera subrotundatis, carinis interruptis noduUsque minoribus subsetosis (prssertim post medium)
instructis, plaga sublunulata communi postmedia (antice et postice nigro-terminata) plus minusve
distincta, macula subscutellari (interdum obsoleta), et fasciculo elongato communi dorsali nigro
ornatis.

Long. corp. lin. lf-2j.

Habitat sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, per partem Maderse sylvaticam, restate sat vulgaris.

2 X

338 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

A. oblong-ovate, densely variegated with dark brown scales. Rostrum as in the other species. Pro-
thorax with a shallow dorsal channel, and with four more or less evident and setose tubercles
across the central portion (the inner ones of which are the largest) ; produced, and setose, at the
apex, where the setse arrange themselves into two rather iU-defincd fascicles. Scutellum as in the
preceding species. Elytra punctate-striated ; and with the sides not much rounded ; with several
tolerably distinct, more or less setose, and somewhat darker, interrupted ridges and nodules,
those behind the middle being the largest ; with a transverse, sublunulate, postmedial, abbreviated
patch, common to both (and terminated before and behind by a more or less darker portion of
the surface), tolerably distinctly, — and sometimes with exceedingly faint indications before the
outer disk of each of an oblique, broken, antemedial fascia very indistinctly, paler : also with a
suffused blotch about the scutellum more or less distinctly paler ; and with a narrow, elongated,
velvety, dorsal fascicle, likewise common to both (more or less obsolete, but in brightly-coloured
specimens connecting the hinder portion of the seutellary blotch with the anterior edge of the
sublunulate postmedial patch), of a dark blackish-brown. Antenna and legs as in the previous
species.

The commonest of the Madeu-an Acalles, and, in stature as well as in intensity
of colouring, by far the most variable. Its patches and spots are modelled much
after the fasliion of those of the A. ornatus ; nevertheless it may be at once recog-
nised from that insect by its smaller size, less developed nodules and setse, and by
its total want of the additional ashy- (or sometimes even snowy-) white scales
Avliich are there more or less evident. It seems to be peculiar to the dense wooded
regions of intermediate and lofty elevations, occurring, generally beneath stones
and logs of wood, in the thickest parts of the forests, — under wliich circumstances
I took it in profusion at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, diu-iug my encampment in
that remote district in July 1850 : and I have likewise captured it at the Cru-
zinhas and the Fanal.

261. Acalles albolineatus, Wall.

A. oblongo-ovatus, squarais einereis variegatus ; prothorace convexiusculo transversim vix setuloso-
subtuberculato, ad apieem bifasciculato-setuloso ; scutello minutissimo ; elytris punctato-striatis,
ad latera subrotundatis, carinis interruptis nodulisque obscuris (prsesertira post medium) instructis,
sutura et plaga (plerumque sub-oblunulata) communi postmedia postice suffusa (fere ad apieem
continuata et antice solum abrupte terminata) ornatis.

Long. Corp. Hn. lf-l|.

Habitat in iisdem locis ac prsecedens, sed illo multo rarior.

A. oblong-ovate, sparingly variegated with dull ashy-white scales. Rostrtim as in the other species.
Prothorax with very slight indications of a dorsal channel, somewhat convex behind, and with
two tolerably distinct but scarcely setose tubercles across the central ])ortion (the two lateral ones
being almost obsolete) ; produced, and slightly setose, at the apex, where the setae aiTange them-
selves into two smallish fascicles. Scutellum very small. Elytra punctate-striated ; and with the
sides not much rounded ; with several more or less obscure, but scarcely setose, interrupted ridges

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 339

and nodules, those behind the middle being the largest ; with the suture, and with a transverse,
more or less anteriorly-convex, postmedial patch, common to botli (usually a good deal suffused
behind, and sometimes continued to the apex, — being bounded in front only by a somewhat
darker portion of the surface), more or less distinctly paler. Antenna and legs rather more fer-
ruginous, and somewhat less variegated, than in the preceding species.

Smaller than any of tlie foregoing species, and readily distiaguislied by its ashy-
white suture and the form of its postmedial patch, which assumes somewhat the
shape of that which constitutes one of the chief features of the A. terminalis, —
ha\'ing a tendency, as in that insect, to be convex in front (iastead of concave), and
to be more or less suffused behind into the apes. It is, apparently, very rare, the
few specimens which 1 have hitlierto seen having been captured by myself in the
same localities as the A. dispar, and usually in company with it.

262. Acalles globulipennis, Woll

A. ovatus, squamis nigro-brunneis variegatus ; prothorace convexo transversim setuloso-subtuberculato,
ad apicem sub-bifasciculato-setuloso ; scutello hand observando ; elytris punctato-striatis valde
convexis, ad latera rotundatis, fascicuUs rainutis setosis nigris (prjesertim post medium, fasciam
arcuatam nigrescentem efficientibus) instnictis, plaga lunulata communi subapicali (interdum ad
apicem sufFusa, sed antice semper nigro-terminata), et macula subscutellari, plus minusve distinctis,
ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. li-vix 1|.

Habitat in locis graminosis humidis per Maderfe regioncm sylvaticam, testate rarior.

A. ovate, sparingly variegated with brownish scales. Rostrum as in the previous species. ProtJiorax
with scarcely any indications of a dorsal channel, but, when denuded of its scales, with a very
obscm-e central line or ridge; convex behind, and with two tolerably distinct setose fascicles
across the central portion (the two lateral ones being almost obsolete) ; produced, and setose, at
the apex, where the setae arrange themselves into two ill-defined fascicles. Scutellum obsolete.
Elytra punctate-striated ; exceedingly convex, and with the sides greatly rounded ; without either
ridges or nodules, but with several minute fascicles of dark setae, those behind the middle being
the largest, and arranged transversely so as to form a dark arcuated postmedial band ; with a
transverse, lunulate, abbreviated, sub-apical patch, common to both (and generally more or less
suffused behind into the apes, but bounded in front by the postmedial arcuated band of black
fascicles), — and with a patch about the region of the scutellum, both more or less distinctly
paler. Antenna and legs as in the last species.

An exceedingly distinct and very interesting little Acalles, and one which
departs in many respects from the ordinary Madeiran type, — at the same time
making an approach towards the small representatives of more northern latitudes.
It may be at once recognised from the remainder of the genus here described by
its short ovate outline, by its very convex, inflated and subglobose elytra, and by
the minute fasciculated tufts of black setse (with which it is beset) supplying the

2x2

340 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

place of the ridges and nodules more or less evident in the whole of its allies, —
and forming behind the middle a narrow arcuated band which bounds the anterior
edge of the pale subapical patch. Although in its want of a scutellum it recedes
from tlio species ^Yit'h which I have associated it, yet its general habits and contour
Ijcspoak such a far closer connection 'VA'ith the members of the second section than
with those of the first, that I have considered its present position to be the most
natm-al to it. It is confined to the moist sylvan districts of iatermediate eleva-
tions, and is apparently extremely rare. It is however widely distributed over
the island, and ocem's dm'iug the summer months. I have captured it on the
Loml)o das Vacas in June, at the Loml)o dos Pecegueu'os ia July, and in the region
of the llibeiro Frio in August.

263. AcaUes lumilatus, Woll.

A. oblongo-subovatus angustus, squamis nigi-o-brunneis variegatus ; prothorace transversim setuloso-
subtuberculato, ad apicem sub-bifasciculato-setuloso ; scutcllo valde distincto ; elytris punctato-
striatis, ad latera vix rotundatis, nodulis minutis setosis nigrescentibus (prresertim antice, medio,
et post medium) instructis, plaga lunulata communi postmedia, et fascia anteraedia obliqua
fracta, plus minusve distinctis, ornatis.

Long, coi-p. lin. l^-l^-

Habitat Maderam, in convallibus humidisque sylvaticis inter 2000' et 4000* s. m. sitis, rarissime.

A. oblong-subovate and narrow, densely variegated with dark-brown scales. Rostrum of the males
less roughlv punctured than in any of the other s])ecies, and that of the females rather coarsely
sculptured at its base, — so that the sexes are not, at first sight, veiy easily separable. Prothorax
with scarcely any indications of a dorsal channel, and with two very small and subsctosc tubercles
across the central portion (the two lateral ones being almost obsolete) ; produced, and slightly
setose, at the apex, where however the seta; are scarcely disposed in fascicles. Scutellum large
and rounded, and covered with pale-brown scales. Elytra punctate-striated ; and with the sides
very slightly rounded ; with several minute, more or less distinct, and somewhat darker fasci-
culated nodules distributed, more or less evidently, in three transverse rows, the first of w^hich is
immediately behind the base, the second across the disk, and the third (where, as in the other
species, they are rather more distinct) behind the middle; with a transverse, extremely lunu-
lated, abbreviated, postmcdial patch, common to both (and bounded before and behind, especially
the former, by a darker portion of the sui-face), usually very distinctly, — and with the rudiments
before the outer disk of each of an oblique, broken, antemedial fascia more or less indistinctly,
paler (occasionally pure snowy-white) : also with the darker central portion gradually fading-oflf
towards the base into a paler brown. Antenna' and leys as in the preceding species, only of a
somewhat more ferruginous hue.

■•d'

A well-defined species, and distinguished by its narrow form, comparatixely
apparent scutoUuni, l)y its exceedingly lunulate postmcdial patch, its more or less
evident antemedial fascia, and by its nodules having a tendency to be arranged in
three transverse rows. Like the A. globuUpenms, it would seem to be peculiar to

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 341

dense humid spots of intermediate altitudes, being usually found amongst ranlv
vegetation in the thickest parts of the forest districts, especially in the vicinity of
the waterfalls and streams. In such situations, I have taken it at the Lombo dos
Pecegueiros in July, and in the region of the Uibeiro Frio in August.

264. Acalles cylindricollis, WoU.

A. suboblongus angustus, squamis brunneis dense nebulosus ; prothorace subcylindrico postice con-
vexo, haud tuberculato sod setis paucis mediis transversim muiiito, ad apieem minus acuminato
sed setoso ; scutello distincto ; elytris punctato-striatis, ad latera subreetis, haud nodulosis sed
plaga transversa communi postmedia (postice sed praesertim antice fusco-terminata) sat distincta,
et fascia antemedia obliqua (in maculam subscutellarem obscuram antice suffusa) obscurissima,
ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat in Maderse convallibus umbrosis, rarissimus ; ad Ribeiro de Santa Luzia Maio exeunte a.d.
1849 semel tantum repertus.

A. nearly oblong, and narrow, densely variegated with brownish scales. Rostrum as in the other
species. Prothorax with scarcely any indications of a dorsal channel; subcylindrical, convex
behind, almost untubercled, but with a few large seta; scattered across the central portion ;
slightly produced, though not at all acuminated, at the apex, where however there are several
large scattered setae. Scutellum large. Elytra punctate-striated, with the sides somewhat
straight, though ohlique, — being rather constricted at the base and a little expanded behind the
middle ; without nodules, though with the alternate interstices just perceptibly raised throughout ;
with a transverse, abbreviated, postmedial patch, common to both (bounded evidently in front,
and more obscurely behind, by a darker portion of the surface), tolerably distinctly,— and with an
oblique antemedial fascia (suifused in front into an obscure scutellary patch, — the two together
forming an indistinct, and somewhat triangular, basal blotch) most obscurely, paler. Antenna
and legs as in the last species.

It is just possible that the unique insect from which the above diagnosis has
been di-awn out may be but a greatly developed and local state of the A. Wollas-
toni ; nevertheless since it certainly possesses characters abimdantly sufficient for
specific isolation, if it be a normal specimen of its Idnd, I am induced to retain it
as separate, believing that future investigations will fully confirm me in regarding
it as in reality distinct. Assvmiiag therefore my single indi-^-idual to be a typical
one, it may be described as larger and more setose than the A. Wollastonl, as
being more densely clothed with brownish scales, and altogether free fi-om the
ashy-white ones which are more or less perceptible on that iasect, and as having
its elytra straighter at the sides (though oblique), with their widest part behind
the middle, and with theu- postmedial patch and basal space much more clearly
defined, — the former of which moreover is very conspicuously terminated in front
by a darker transverse portion of the surface. My solitary example was captiu-ed,

342 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

by myself, by brushing the rank vegetation at the extreme head of the Ribeu'o de
Santa Luzia (on the summit of the high bank to the left of the waterfall) during
May of 181.9.

265. Acalles Wollastoni.
A. subovato-oblongus angustus, squamis cinereo-brunneis parce nebulosus ; prothorace subcylindrico

postice convexo, baud tuberculato et vix setuloso, ad apicem minus acuminato et vL\ setuloso ;

scutello distincto ; elytris punctato-striatis, ad latera vLx rotundatis, baud nodulosis sed plaga

transversa communi postmcdia, ct fascia antemedia obliqua (interdum in nebulam subscutellarem

obsoletissimam antice suffusa), segre discernendis subcinereis, ornatis.
Long. Corp. lin. ^1^.

Acalles Wollastoni, ChcnTolat, in Quer. Eev. de Zool. iv. (2i^n>« serie) 279 (1852).

Hnbitat in graminosis humidiusculis ^Maderfe, praisertim per partem sylvaticam, restate, rarior : ad
Lombo dos Pccegueiros et Ribeiro Frio mensibus Julio et Augusto cepi ; necnon unicum exemplar
etiam iu castanetis Sanctie Annse Maio exeunte a.d. 1850 inveni.

A. subovate-oblong, and narrow, most sparingly variegated vnih brownish, and besprinkled wnth
ashy, scales. Rostrum as in the last species. Prothorax aj)parently unchanneled ; subcylindrical,
convex behind, untubercled, and almost free from seta;; slightly produced, though scarcely at all
acuminated or setose, at the apex. Scutellum large. Elytra punctate-striated, with the sides
not quite so straight as in the last species, — being a little more rounded, with the widest part
about, instead of behind, the middle; without nodules or ridges; with a faint, transverse, post-
medial cloud, common to both (just perceptibly bounded in front, and sometimes likewise be-
hind, by a more iufuscated portion of the surface), — and with the rudiments of an oblique ante-
medial fascia (occasionally suffused iu front iuto a most indistinct scutellary patch, — the two
together, in that case, forming an almost obsolete basal blotch), just perceptibly clothed with
ashy-white scales. Antenna and legs as in the last species.

This very minute Acalles (the smallest, so far as I have hitherto observed, of
the whole Madeu-an CurcuUonidce) may be distinguished, apart from its diminu-
tive size, by the almost obsolete patches and fasciae of its elytra, which are so
obscvirely developed as to render the law of their formation, at first sight, not
very clear. Without indeed the remainder of the genus to guide us (iu which o)ie
type of coloimng, presenting successive modiiications for the several species, may
be considered as prevailing more or less tlu'oughout), we perhaps might have failed
to recognise anything like a fixed arrangement in the very faint lights and shades
of this remarkable little insect : nevertheless, after a careful examination of its
allies, we shall at once perceive that the parts of its sui-face which (from the ashy-
white scales with wliich they are sparmgly clothed) are just perceptiljly more
blanched tlian the rest, are in reality the combined result of a postmediol patch
and a scarcely distinguishable antemedial fascia, — the latter of which, from being
(jl)lique, and generally more or less suffused in fi-ont into a palish scutellai-y blotch,
loses its true character and assumes the form (wlien indeed it is sufficiently appa-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 343

rent to be discerned at all) of a somewhat triangular, basal, snbcinereons cloud.
We can thus understand, that when this basal nebula and the postmcdial vitta
are in the least decipherable (which alone is the case in fresh and unrubljcd speci-
mens), the only darker portion which may be said to be at all evident is (the
feeblest indication of) a central transverse band, expanding towards the lateral
edges but decreasing in width, and becoming either almost or entirely absorbed, on
the disk. It is not always however that the antemedial fascia and the scutellary
blotch are entirely confluent, since sometimes the latter does not exist at all,—
under wliich circumstances the former is of course comparatively weU-defined.
In the A. cylindricollis, on the contrary (judging from the single example Avhicli
has hitherto come beneath my notice), this amalgamation is complete, — a large
and faded basal patch being the consequence, and which is not only more con-
spicuoiis and of a different outline from the one which it is the tendency of the
A. TFollastoni to possess, but seems, likewise, to be destitute of the ashy-white
scales which are so characteristic of that insect. The A. Wollastoni is decidedly
rare, occurring more particiilarly in moist grassy spots of the dense ravines of
intermediate altitudes. I have taken it at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros in July,
and at the Ribeiro Frio in August ; and dtu'ing May of 1850 I even captured a
specunen in the chestnut-woods of Santa Anna, — the lowest elevation at which I
have observed it.

(Subf. 5. EEIRHINIDES.)

Genus 118. TYCHIUS.

(Grermar) Schonherr, Cure. Disp. Meth. 245 (1826).

Corpus parvum, oblongo-ovatum, squamosum : rostro elongato arcuato, modo basi crassiusculo et
apicem versus paulatim attenuate, modo (ut in speciebus Madereusibus) tenui lineari : oculis in
typicis subrotundatis, sed in speciebus insularum Maderensium duabus valde reniformibus :
prothorace transverso, basi apiceque subtruncato, ad latera plerumque Eequaliter rotundato : alia
(in nostris) obsoletis. Antennce longiusciilse sat graciles, ante medium rostri insertsej funiculo
7-articulato, articulis prime et secundo elongatis obconicis, reliquis brevioribus ; capitulo oblongo-
ovato quadri-annulato. Pedes aut robusti, aut parum graciles, aniici basi approximati : femoribus
modo (ut in speciebus nostris) muticis, modo subtus denticulatis : tibiis rectis, ad apicem e.xternum
truncatis excavatis muticis, ad internum in uncum valde deflexum plus miuusve obsoletum
productis.

Although recorded from most parts of the world, the Tych'd are more especially
European insects, and may be said to find their maximum in central and Mediter-
ranean latitvides. They occur, principally, either beneath stones in diy and sandy
spots, or on the foHage of the low plants peculiar to such localities. The genus
divides itself into two sections, in one of which the rostrum is somewhat thickened
at its base and tapers towards its apex, wliilst in the other it is slenderer and
linear throughout. It is to the latter of these that the Madeiran representatives

344 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

belong. The Ti/chii are generally densely clothed with scales, hut are not often
variegated, — and never nodulose, as is the case with the preceding genus. They
may he further recognised by their somewhat shortened prothorax, which is more
or less uniformly rounded at the sides, and (which however is characteristic of the
entii'C Erirh'mides, the subfamily to ^A'hich they belong) by their want of a pectoral
groove, and by their approximated anterior legs. In the Madeii'a Islands the
species have their rostra more or less sculptm'ed A\T.th longitudinal sulci.

§ I. Carpus magnum crassum ; pedibus valde rohustis.

266. Tychius robustus, Woll.

T. ovatus fusco-piceus, squamis flavescenti-brunneis piliformibus dense tectus, prothorace transverse
profundc punctato ad latei-a rotundato, elyti-is profunda crenato-striatis, interstitiis miuutissime
punctulatis, rostro antennisque riifo-piceis, illo sulculis punctatis a basi usque ad apicem ductis
longitudinaliter instructo, oculis rcniformibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 2i-3.

HnbUat sub lapidibus in locis aridis Portus Sancti, necnon in insulis Deserta: Grandis et Deserta?
Horcalis, a vere novo usque ad a;statem, liinc indc nou infrequens : in Madera propria mihi
adliuc non obvius est.

T. thick, ovate, robust, and broad ; browuish-piceous, and densely clothed with fine, hair-like, yellowish-
brown scales. liustrum very long and linear; rufo-piccous, and (except at the extreme base)
free from scales ; with several deeply-punctured longitudinal sulci, commencing just in front of
the base, and continuing to about the insertion of the antenme, — where they are slightly inter-
rui)ted, and afterwards resumed to the apex : eyes large, reniform, and extending a little beneath
the head. Pruthorax deeply punctured ; broad, and transverse, — the sides being considerably
and almost uniformly rounded. Elytra with the sides distinctly rounded, and widest about the
middle ; vciy deeply crenate-striated, and with the interstices very minutely punctulated.
Antenna; rufo-piccous, and almost free from scales. Legs exceedingly robust, and as densely
clothed as the rest of the surface with yellowish-brown hair-like scales.

This beautiful and truly indigenous Ti/chliis, in its comparatively enormous size,
excessivclv robust limbs, and in the line, vellowish-brown, liair-like scales with
which it is densely clothed, recedes so much from the oilier Madeu'an S2)ecics as to
appear, at first sight, to be scarcely admissible into the same genus with them.
Still, in all essential resjiects it is a Tychius, — belonging in reality to a larger type
of form, which is by no means of uncommon occiu-rence in Mediterranean lati-
tudes. Apart from the above distinctions, its broad subovate outline, transverse
and laterally-rounded prothorax, and its coarsely crenate-striated elytra, in con-
junction with the sulci being invarial)ly continued throughout the entire length
(excepting a small space near to the insertion of the antennte) of its rostrum, will
more than suflice at once to separate it from the other two members of the grouj)

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 345

with which we have here to do. I first discovered it, during April 1848, in Porto
Santo, where it was extremely common beneath stones in dry barren spots towards
the southern coast, — especially on the semi-cultivated slopes but slightly elevated
above the sea-shore : and, in May and June of 1850, I took it sparingly on both
the Northern and Central Dezertas, during my encampment on those islands with
the Rev. U. T. Lowe.- The Dezertan specimens are not, usually, quite so broad as
the Porto Santan ones, nor have theii' scales generally such a decidedly yellowish
tinge. I have not hitherto observed it in Madeira proper.

§ II. Corpus rnhjits ; pediliits gracilioribits.

267. Tychius albosquamosus, WoU.
T. oblongus niger, squamis diluto-cretaceis tectus, prothorace parvo angusto subtilissime punctato,

elytris striatis, interstitiis impunctatis, rostro sulculis mediis profundis ante apicem abrupte ter-

minatis longitudinaliter instructo, ocuHs reniformibus siibinferioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. vix 1;^^.

Habitat insulam Deserts Grandis, qua Maio exeunte a.d. 1850 exemplar imicum sub lapide inveni.

T. oblong ; black, clotbed with coarse chalky-white scales, and with apparently a few obscurer ones
intermixed. Rostrum proportionably shorter, and not quite so linear as in the last species
(being just perceptibly attenuated towards the apex) ; with the apical portion free from scales ;
coarsely wrinkled (though scarcely punctured) at the base ; and with several longitudinal sulci,
commencing a little before the middle and continued to within a short distance of the apex,
where they are suddenly and abruptly terminated: eyes large, reniform, and extending con-
siderably beneath the head. Prothorax very obscurely punctured, and in front minutely
granuled; small, and much narrower than the elytra,— being widest about, or perhaps just
behind, the middle. Elytra with the sides almost parallel (the humeral angles being nearly right
angles); striated (the striae being neither punctate nor crenate), and with the interstices im-
puuctate. Antenna and legs concolorous with the rest of the surface, being black; the former
however, and the tarsi of the latter, being alone almost free from scales.

A most peculiar and distinct little Tychius, and hitherto unique. It may be
readily recognised by its deep-black surface (the whole of which, however, except
the antennae, the apex of the rostrum, and the tarsi, appears to be more or less
clothed with chalky-white scales), by its oblong and comparatively parallel outline
(the homieral angles being nearly right angles), by its small and most obso-
letely pimctm-ed prothorax (which is very much narrower than the elytra), by
its simple strise, and by ttie singular construction of its longitudinal rostral sulci,
— which commence gradually a little before the middle and are abruptlv and
entu'ely terminated at a short distance from the apex. It is apparently extremely
rare, the only specimen which has hitherto come imder my notice havino- been
captm-ed by myself, from beneath a stone, on the Dezerta Grande, at the end of
May 1850.

2 Y

346 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

268. Tychius filirostris, TT'oU.

T. oblongo-ovatus piceus, squamis subflavescenti-albidis subsericeis densissime tectus, prothorace
profunde punctate, elytris crenato-striatis, interstitiis impunctatis, rostro antennisquc fen-u-
gineis, illo tenuissimo sulculis punctatis ad basin longitudinaliter instructo, pcdibus ferrugineis
squamosis, oculis panis subrotundatis.

Long. Corp. lin. vix 1^.

Habitat insulam Portus Sancti ; sub laj)idc ad Zimbral d'Areia Aprili medio a.d. 1849 semel tantuni
dctexi.

T. oblong-ovate ; piceous, and most densely clothed with somewhat silken yellowish-white scales
(which arc of a slightly narrower form than those on the T. albosquamosus) . Rostrum long,
linear, and excessively slender ; ferruginous, and (except at the extreme base) free from scales ;
with several punctured longitudinal sulci, commencing just in front of the base and continued to
about the middle, where they gradually cease : eyes small, roundish, and lateral. Pruthurax
deeply punctured ; broader than in the T. albosquamosus, but not so broad as in the T. robustus,
— being widest behind the middle. Ehjtra not quite so parallel as those of the last species (the
humeral angles being more obtuse) ; crenate- striated, and with the interstices impunetate. An-
tenme ferruginous, and almost free from scales. Legs (especially the tibia and tarsi) likewise
ferruginous, but clothed with scales.

The excessively delicate and ferruginous rostrum of the present insect, which is
indented with sulci towards its base only, added to its paler legs, and small, com-
paratively rounded, and more lateral eyes, will be quite sufficient to separate it,
prima facie, from either of the other members of the genus here described. In its
general aspect it bears a strong resemblance to some of the minute Tychii of more
northern latitudes, especially to the T. Junceus, llcich, and the T. Jlavicollis,
Stephens. A closer inspection however will not only prove that it is distinct from
tliose species, but that it is even moulded on a different type, — its extremely
slender and filiform rostrum, with its powerful basal grooves, at once identifying
it with the peculiar modification which obtains in the Madeira Islands. Apart
from this character, however, which we may almost call a sectional one, the
T. Jilifonnis is naiTower than either the T. junceus or the T. flavicoUis, its scales
are of a l)roader and rolmster kind, and the interstices of its elytra are unsculp-
tured, — whereas in hot It of those insects (particularly the latter) the interstices
are strongly puuctiilated. Like the T. albosquamosus, it is hitherto unique, — the
only examiile which I have seen haAdng been discovered by myself in Porto Santo,
dvu'ing April 1819, in the dry fossiliferous district immediately below the Pico de
Baxo (to the north), known as the Zimbral d'Areia, at the mouth of the Piibeiro de
Serra de Fora. Considering the barrenness of that calcareous region, and the
almost total freedom from vegetation of the spot in which it occurred, its habits
are not altogether evident: nevertheless, since the Tychii are usually active at
night, it had probably wandered from a distance, and had accidentally taken
shelter in tlic position where I found it.

INSECTA MADERENSIA, 347

Genus 119. PISSODES.

Germar, Ins. Spec. 316 (1824).

Corpus mediocre, oblongunij durum, squamoso-variegatum : rostro elongate arcuato tenui ; oculis
subovatis : protliorace subovato, basi sinuato-truncato : scutello sat magno, rotuudato : ehjtris
subparcallelis, antice sinuato-truncatis et prothoracis basi vix latioribus, ad apicem vix coarctatis •
alls amplissimis. Antenna mediocres, prope medium rostri insertse ; funiculo 7-articulato,
articulo primo longiusculo obeonico, reliquis brevioribus (secundo sub-obconico) ; capitulo ovato,
apicc acuminatOj quadri-annulato. Pedes robusti, antici basi approsimati : femoribus subclavatis
muticis : tibiis subrectis, ad apicem externum in uncum magnum deflexum arcuatum productis.

The species of Fissodes are, apparently, not very numerous, only ten being
recorded by Schonberr in bis Genera et Species CurcuUonidum ; and the greater
number of them are natives eitber of nortbern or alpine regions, — being especially
attached, and often very injurious, to pine-forests, on tbe resinous trees of wbicb
tbey principally subsist. Tbey may be known by tbeir extremely bard and
prettily variegated surfaces, and more or less oblong bodies, by the sinuated basal
margins of theu- prothorax and el}i;ra, by the somewhat shortened second joint of
their funiculus, and by the exceedingly curved hook at the apex of their tibiae.

269. Pissodes notatus.

P. oblongus rufo-piceus, squamulis albidis undique irroratus, prothorace basi valde sinuate angulis
posticis acutisj in medio punctis quatuor albidis notato, scutello albido, elytris puuctato-striatis,
fasciis duabus (una sc. antemedia obscura et altera postmedia majore) flavo-albidis ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2\-Al.

CurcuUo notatus, Fab. Ifant. Ins. i. 103 (1787).
Mhynch(Enus notatus, Grj'll. Ins. Suec. iii. 69 (1813).

, Zetterst. Fna Ins. Lapp. i. 315 (1828).

Pissodes notatus, Schon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. iii. 258 (1836).

Habitat in Maderse australis pinetis, sub ligno recenter secto vel ad truncos arborum resinosos,
autumno non infrequens : ad Curral das Romeiras abundat, qua Novembri mense a.d. 1817
copiosissime observavi.

P. oblong, rufo-piceous, and besprinkled all over witb small whitish scales. Rostrum long, linear,
and finely punctured. Prothorax rugoscly punctured ; nearly as wide behind as the base of the
elytra ; with a faint unpuuctured dorsal keel ; and with the posterior margin considerably
sinuated, the hinder angles being acute. Scutellum i-ound, and densely clothed with pale scales.
Elytra almost parallel at their base; punctate-striated; with the alternate interstices just per-
ceptibly raised, and aliruptly terminated before the apex, — which is consequently somewhat
constricted; with an obscure, broken, oblique fascia before the middle, and another, larger,
broader, and transverse one behind the middle, common to both, more or less clothed with white

and yellowish-white scales.

9 V 9

348 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

The present beautiful Fissocles has in all probability been introduced into Ma-
deira from liigher latitudes, — perhaps with, the firs which are now extensively
cultivated on the uplands above Funchal, and amongst which I have hitherto
alone observed it. It is an insect, however, eitlier of a natiu*ally wide geographical
range or else with great powers of clLmatal ada])tatiou, it being recorded in nearly
all the countries between the limits of Lapland and Barbary. Nevertheless there
can be no doubt that it is normally either a boreal or an alpine form, since it
would appear to attain its maximum in the pine forests of northern Europe. In
the large fir woods of Madeira, especially those of Senlior D'Ornellas, which clothe
a considerable portion of the nioimtain-slopes to the south of the island, I have
occasionally detected it in tolerable abundance dui'uig the autumnal mouths ; and
in November 1817 it occurred to me in actual profusion at the Curral das Eo-
meiras, from beneath chippings of wood, and out of the creWces of the stumps of
recently felled trees.

Genus 120. LIXUS.
Fabricius, Syst. Eiit. ii. 498 (1775).

Corpus magnum vel mediocre, elongato-subeylindricum, durum, plus minusve pubcscens et farinosum :
rostri) elongato subarcuato valido ; oculis subovatis : jjnjthurace conico, basi sinuato : scutello
minutissimo, vix observando : elytris elongatis cylindricis, antice singulatim rotundatis et pro-
thoracis basi vix latioribus, ad apicem modo seorsum acuminatis et plus minusve dehiscentibus,
modo conjunctim rotundatis : alis amplis. Antenna; mediocrcs, ante medium rostri insertae ;
t'uniculo 7-articulato, articulis primo et secundo longiusculis subobconicis, reliquis brcvioribus
(septimo latiore, clavse adpresso) ; capitulo ovate, apice acuminato, quadri-annulato. Pedes
robusti, antici basi approximati : femoribus modo (ut in speciebus Maderensibus) niuticis, modo
subtus dentatis : ti/jiis vel rcctis vel subrectis, ad ajjicem externum in uncum magnum valde
dctlcxum productis.

The immense genus Lixus, so universally distributed throughout the world, and
nearly 200 species of which are described in Schonherr's great Avork on the C'lir-
calionidce, may be known by the elongated, hardened, subcylincbical bodies of the
usually somewhat large uisects which compose it, and most of which have a ten-
dency to be slightly pubescent, and more or less clothed with a very fine powdery
substance resembling pollen. This dust-Hke covering is, in aU probability, com-
posed of exceedingly minute scales, wliich from their great delicacy are peculiarly
perishable, and consequently not often fully apparent except on fresh or imrubl)ed
specimens. The prothorax of the LLvi is conical, being generally about" as wide
behind as the base of their el}i:ra ; theu- scutellum is so small as to be scarcely
distinguishable ; and their clji:ra are, each of them, much rounded at the anterior
margin, whUst at the apex they are either conjointly obtuse (as in the ordinary
Coleoptcra), or else separately acuminated, and with the two points more or less
recurved and divergent. They are insects which occur exclusively u})on plants, at

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 349

the roots and witliin the stems of which their larvae reside, — much to the detri-
ment of the inner portions, which they gradually destroy.

§ I. Elytra apice seorsum plus minusve acuminata, interdum dehiscentia.

270. Lixus Cheiranthi, Woll.

Ij. opacus, pube cinereo-albida depressa dense tectus et linea marginal! niveo-squamosa valde distincta
ornatus, prothorace leviter varioloso-granulato, elytris sat profunde striato-punctatis, apice
seorsum acuminatis et subrecurvo-dehiscentibus, rostro minus elongato crasso minute sub-
punctato, antennis ad basin ipsam rufo-piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 5-8i.

Habitat prope urbem Maderse Funclialensem, a Rev''" Dom° Reynardsou Novembri mense a.d. 1848
primo delectus, et mibi benevole comnmuicatus : super plantas Cheiranthi Cheiri, Linn., in hortis
crescentes prsesertim victitat, eujus caules larva destruit.

I*, opake, densely clothed with a pale ashy-white and exceedingly decumbent pubescence ; and mar-
gined with a broad, conspicuous snowy-white band. Head with a very minute (sometimes
almost obsolete) impression between the eyes ; and with the rostrum thick, not very long, and
rather densely, but very minutely and obscurely, punctulated. Prothorax somewhat unevenly
granulated, and with obscure indications of a few irregular shallow punctures, or varioles, inter-
mixed ; and with scarcely any trace of a dorsal line. Elytra more shining (when denuded of
their scales) than the prothorax, not granulated, and rather more thickly clothed with whitish
pubescence, somewhat deeply striate-punctate ; each of them considerably acuminated at the apex,
the points being a good deal divergent and slightly recurved. Antennte rather short, and with
about two-thirds of the scape dull rufo-piceous.

A large and most elegant Lixus, and readily recognised from the remainder of
the genus with which we have here to do by the pale ashy-white, and very decum-
bent pubescence with which it is densely clothed (and which, from being placed
on a darker ground, gives the entire surface a somewhat leaden hue), by the
extremely broad and conspicuous snowy margin with which it is begirt, by its
unevenly granuled and subvariolose prothorax, by the liasal portion of the scape of
its (rather short) antennae lieing alone rufescent, and by its comparatively greatly
aciiminated and apically- divergent elytra. It appears to be exceedingly scarce,
and confined, so far as I am aware, to the immediate vicinity of Funchal, where it
was discovered by the E-ev. J. Birch Reynardson, in November of 1848, on plants
of the common wallflower {Cheircmtlms Cheiri, Linn.) in the garden of the Quinta
dos Saltos (on the Caminho de Santa Luzia Velha), above the town. I possess
specimens of the larva, extracted from out of the stalks by Mr. Reynardsou, liut
they do not in any respect differ from the ordinary larvse of the Curculionkke.
The insect appears to be somewhat allied to the L. Wagneri, Lucas, from Algeria,
as also to the L. ochraceus, Schon., from Dalmatia, — though unqu.estionalily
distinct, specifically, from them both.

350 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

271. Lixus Chawneri, Woll.

Im. subuitidus, pube cinerea subtilissima adspersus et linea marginali albo-squamos& ornatus, interduui
tenuissime subflavescenti-pollinosus, prothorace confertim subruguloso-punctato, elytris striato-
punctatis postice Icviter attenuatis, apice seorsum vix acuminatis et vix dehiscentibus, rostro lon-
giusculo ad basin profunde punctato, antenriis basi rufo-ferrugineis.

Long. corj). lin. 5.

Habitat Maderam australem, rarissime : hanc speciem egomet baud obscrvavi, at dao specimina pos-
sideo a Rev''" Dorn. C. F. Cbawner prope urbem Funcbalensem olini capta, cujus in honorem
nonien triviale ])roposui.

L. more shining than any of the other species, besprinkled with a most delicate, excessively minute,
ashy pubescence, and occasionally bedewed with a very fine and somewhat yellowish pollen ;
margined with a white baud, which however is not quite so broad or so white as that of the last
species. Head with a distinct impression between the eyes ; and with the rostrum slenderer than
that of the L. Cheiranthi, and (in proportion) just perceptibly perhaps longer, deeply punctured
at the base, but minutely so at the apex. Prothorax somewhat roughly and closely punctured,
and with very obscure traces of a slightly raised dorsal line ; regularly conical (being widest at
the extreme base, and with the sides almost straight). Elytra striate-punctate, and gradually
somewhat attenuated behind ; each of them scarcely at all acuminated at the apex, the points
(though not in conjunction) not being at all outwardly divergent or recurved. Antenna with the
scape distinctly, and the base of the funiculus obscurely, ferruginous.

The mucli smaller size and narrower form of the present Li.rns, added to its
more shining, less pubescent, differently coloured, and differently sculptured
surface, will be sufficient, apart from its slenderer rostrimi and its comparatively
unacuminated and undivergent elytra, at once to distinguish it from the L. Chei-
ranthi. It is very nearly allied to a species from Sicily, given to me by the late
Mr. Melly of Liverpool imder the name of " L. Jurenei, Dahl," but which
I suspect is more probably the L. Juncii of the same author, — since I cannot
satisfy myself that there is any Lixits in existence bearing the above title. At
any rate, whether the Sicilian representative be the L. Juncii or not, it approaches
the Madeiran one very closely, though at the same time it imquestionably is not
identical vdih. it. It has its rostrum thicker and shorter than is the case in the
L. Chaicneri, its frontal impression is very much deeper, its prothorax is less
conical, broader in front, and with the dorsal line scarcely traceable, and its elytra
are somcAvhat more coarsely sculptured, less attenuated behind, and not at all
acmninated at then- apex. I have not myself detected this insect, but possess two
examples which were captured by the Rev. C. Fox Chawner (to whom I have
dedicated the species) several years ago near Funchal ; and I have likewise another,
presented to me by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, from the collection of the late Dr. Hein-
eckon. Its habits I have not been able to ascertain ; but Mr. Chawner informs
me that the Avhole of his specimens were taken from off a single plant, — so that,
like the L. ritfitarsis, it would appear at any rate to be gregarious.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 351

272. Lixus vectiformis, Woll.

L. angustus subopacus, pube cinere^ subtilissima adspersus et linea marginali albo-squamos& ornatns,
prothorace ruguloso-subpunctato, elytris leviter punctato-striatis, apice seorsum vix acuminatis
sed leviter siibrecurvo-dehiscentibus, rostro brevi ad basin ruguloso-subpunctato, antennis basi
rufo-ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. lin. 4.

Habitat in insula Portu Sancto, rarissimus ; a meipso Decembri mense a.d. 1848 semel tantum lectus.

L. exceedingly narrow, and nearly opake, more evidently besprinkled with minute ashy pubescence
than the L. Chawneri ; but, like it, margined with a narrow whitish band. Head with the frontal
impression very distinct, and with the eyes rather prominent ; with the rostrum much shorter,
and proportionably thicker, than that of the last species, and somewhat rugosely punctured, or
variolose, at the base. Prothorax with the punctures not quite so well defined as those of the
last species, it being rather more variolose than punctured; and with the slightly-raised dorsal
line more evident. Elytra more lightly sculptured than in any of the other species, being more-
over punctate-striated rather than striate-punctate ; not more acuminated (each of them) at the
apex than those of the L. Chawneri, nevertheless with the appearance of being rather more so
on account of their being more divergent and just perceptibly recurved. Antenna a little shorter
than, but of the same colour as, those of the last species.

The extremely narrow body of the present insect, in conjunction with its short
and thick rostrum, somewhat prominent eyes, and the subdivergent and svib-
recurved apices of its (lightly striated) elytra, will be quite sufficient whereby to
recognise it prima facie from the rest of the genus here described ; whilst from its
nearest ally, the L. Chawneri, its subsidiary distinctions may be readily gathered
from the above comparative diagnosis. It is hitherto unique, the only specimen
which I have seen having been captured by myself in Porto Santo, — in a small
barren ravine of the Campo de Baxo, diu'ing my residence in that island with the
Rev. W. J. Ai'mitage in December 1848. I may add that I lately forwarded it
(together with the previous two species) to Professor Bohemann of Stockholm, for
comparison vdth the Schonherrian collection, by whom it was pronounced as un-
questionably new.

§ II. Elytra apice aut seorsum aut eonjunctim rotwndafa.

273. Lixus angustatus.

L. subuitidus, pube cinerea subtilissima adspersus et flavescenti-pollinosus, prothorace rugose scabroso-
punctato, elytris profunde striato-punctatis, apice eonjunctim rotundatis, rostro elongato inaequa-
liter punctatOj antennis longiusculis fusco-piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 6-8.

352 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Ourculio angustatus, Fab. Syst. Ent. 135 (1775).
■ Lixus angustatus, Fab. Syst. Eleu. ii. 502 (1801).

, Stepli. ///. Brit. Ent. iv. 158 (1831). ,

, Sclion Gen. et Spec. Cure. iii. 43 (1836).

Habitat super plantas Maderse australis, autumno non infrequens : species valde timida et in locis
quibusdam herbidis sat vulgaris, scd terrefacta bumi subito deciditj quapropter difficilius invenienda.

L. slightly shining, besprinkled with a most delicate, excessively minute, ashy pubescence, and more
or less densely clothed with a veiy fine yellow pollen. Head with a small impression between
the eyes ; and with the rostrum elongated, minutely punctulated, the punctures being unequal in
size, and with obscure indications of an abbreviated dorsal channel at the insertion of the antennae.
Prathurax very roughly wrinkled and punctured, especially behind, and with scarcely any traces
of a dorsal line. Elytra rather deeply striate-punctate, especially towards the base — where the
surface also is somewhat transversely wrinkled ; with their apex (conjointly) rounded and obtuse.
Antenrue rather long, and dull brownish-piceous, with the apex obscure.

The L. anyiistatKS is au insect of very vA([e geographical range, occurring
throughout the whole of central and southern Europe, the north of Afi-ica, and in
the Canarian group ; and it has likewise heen recorded from Persia. It would
appear however to attain its maximum in a slightly higher latitude than Madoii-a,
being exceedingly common in SicUy, Malta, and most of the countries included
mtliin the Mediterranean liasin. In England it is extremely rare, — being there
on one of its most northern limits, and only making its appearance on the southern
coast. It may be at once known from the other lAxi Avith wliich we have here to
do by its large and cylindrical body, somewhat elongated rostrum and antennae,
l)y its elytra being conjointly rounded and obtuse at theii* apes, and l)y the fine
golden-yellow powder with Avhich it has a tendency, when in a fresh state, to be
more or less densely clothed. It is not a very abundant species in i\Iadeira,
though pretty generally distributed over the south of the island from about 500 to
2000 feet above the sea. It is found, usually, amongst dense vegetation in sunny
sheltered spots, but, from its habit of falling to the ground Avhen approached, it is
not always easy to secure. I have taken it amongst the thick herbage on the
slopes of the Curral das Ilomeiras, during the autumnal months ; and it has been
captured in the Ribeiro de Sao Goncalvo, near Eunchal, by M. Eousset. The
Madeiran specimens have the punctures of their elytra a little deeper than is gene-
rally the case with the English ones.

274. Lixus nifitarsis.

L. (ii)acus, pube subcinere^ tectus, prothorace confertissime punctate, elytris punctato-striatis, apice
seorsum rotundatis, interstitiis rugulosis, rostro breviusculo subgracili confertissime rugoso-sub-
punctato, antennis (prajsertim ad basin) tarsisque rufo-ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3-4.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 353

Lixtis riifitarsis, Sclion. Gen. et Spec. Cure. iii. 78 (1836).

, Dej. Cat. des Col. 296 (1837).

angustatus, DaU, in lift.

Habitat in Maderae lierbidis, super folia Carduorum, hinc inde vulgaris : in convalle Ribeiro de
Santa Luzia dicta Maio exeunte a.d. 1849, necnon ad Ribeiro Frio sestate media a.d. 1850,
copiosissime collegi ; atque etiam in horto Loweano prope Funchal exemplar unicum inveni.

Ij. opake, and clothed with a very distinct, somewhat ashy pubescence. Head usually without any
appearance of an impression between the eyes ; and with the rostrum rather short, but somewhat
slender (the antenn?e being inserted into it more medially than is the case with the other species),
most densely and rugosely subpunctulated. Prothorax, also, most densely punctured, but with
the punctures better defined than those on the rostrum, usually without any ti'aces of a dorsal
line, and with the sides slightly rounded. Elytra rather deeply punctate-striated, the interstices
being minutely roughened, and rather \vider at the base than the prothorax; each of them
slightly rounded at the apex, — the points being, consequently, not qiute in conjunction, though
at the same time neither acuminated nor outwardly divergent. Antenrus (especially at their base),
and the tarsi, rufo-ferruginous.

The smallest of tlie Madeiran Lixi, and readily distinguished by its opake
pubescent siu-face, by its densely punctured prothorax and rostrum (the former of
wliich is somewhat rounded at the sides and slightly narrower behind than the
elytra, whilst the latter is rather slender and has the antennae inserted into it
about midway between its base and apex), by its roughened interstices, and by its
more or less ferruginous antennse and feet. It is a very gregarious insect (being
usually exceedingly numerous, where it occiu's at all), and is found principally
upon thistles. It ranges in Madeii'a fi'om about 300 to 3000 feet above the sea,
though it is more abundant perhaps at about 2000 than at any other elevation. I
took it in great profusion, in May 1849, at the extreme head of the Ribeiro de
Santa Luzia; as also, later in the summer, diu'ing 1850, at the edges of the
Levada of the Hibeu'o Frio ; and a single specimen occvu'red to me on one occasion
even (in the Rev. R. T. Lowe's garden) near Punchal. It is not uncommon in
Mediterranean latitudes, and is recorded by Schonherr from the south of France,
SicUy, and Portugal.

(Div. 2. BRACHYRHYNCHI.)
(Subf. 6. CYCLOMIDES.)

Of all the insects with which we are here concerned, there are none perhaps
more difficult to investigate, though at the same time more interesting geographi-
cally, than the small cluster of allied genera which commence the BrachyrhyncM,
— ^the second great division of the Gonatocerous CurcuUonidcB. Our total reliance
on external details throughout the sections and groups of the whole of this enor-
mous family renders it even more perplexing to arrive at the correct affinities of

2z

35Jt INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the different members which compose it ; and it is only by a veiy careful consider-
ation of their outward structure with reference to their halnts, and of their sexual
distinctions, intei' se, that we can hope to accomplish the task at all. In Schon-
herr's immense work on this department of the Coleoptera, the early representa-
tives of the Brachyrhpichl (recounting them in the opposite direction, which we
are equally at liberty to do) are distril)utcd under two heads, the Otiorhynchkles
and the Cyclomides, which would appear however to merge into each other by such
imperceptible gradations, that it is scarcely possible to di-aw the line of demarca-
tion between them. In their normal states, nevertheless, they may be usually
recognised from each other with tolerable facility ; and since all the species which
I have hitherto detected in these islands belong essentially to the latter, it
may be useful to remark that they are mainly distinguished from those of the
former by having then- rostrum somewhat shorter and less divergent at its apex,
by their antennal groove being slightly sliallower, wider, and less defined, and in
the insects themselves being on the average of a rather smaller and less elongated
bulk. Considering the cu-cumscribed area "oithin which theii* range is of com"se
confined, the Cyclomides are exceedingly numerous even specifically in the Ma-
dcii-an group, whilst indicidually they literally abound ; and hence it becomes very
desirable to understand theu* affinities aright before we attempt to generalise con-
cerning them, and to assign to each its most natural position. Being insects
moreover which are subject to considerable instability both in size and outline, it
is almost necessary to view them in the mass before we can either appreciate their
specific characters, or gain a true estimate of the value of their generic ones.
After a very close examination of many hundi'cd specimens, from Avhich the
following descriptions have been drawn out, I am convinced that the most import-
ant of all the minutiae which om* present type of form presents, consists in the
several modifications and developments of its tibiae and antennal scape, each of
which in theii- turn remain perfectly constant, whilst other points are aberrant,
and which therefore afford an invaluable clue, not only in a prunary sense, for
generic purposes, but, within subsidiary limits, even for sj^ecific ones.

With these preliminary observations, we may just state, before entering upon
llic distinctions of the genera inter se, that the Madeii-an tyjje of the larger Cyclo-
mides, Avliich may be considered as radiating from Laparocerus, — ^in one direction
towards Cyphoscelis, in which some of the peculiarities are so much exaggerated
as to appear well nigh monstrous, and in the other, through Atlautis and the
(iberrunt Atluntides, by successive gradations, iiito Omius proper, where anything
extraordinary in structiu-e has altogether ceased to exist, — is mainly characterized
by the tendency which it possesses to have, either separately or conjointly, its
antennal scape extremely slender to within a short distance of the apex, where it is
suddenly and abruptly clavated; and its tibiiu crcnulatcd internally, — the four
anterior ones being incm'ved (and concave beneath, or scooped out) at tlieu* termi-
nation, where they are armed with an inwardly dii'ccted spine which is always

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 355

most developed in the intermediate pair, and the two posterior ones being com-
pressed and dilated at their extremity, with the outer angle prominent, and the
inner one emarginated, trvmcated, or entire (and, consequently, more or less shaped-
out into a post-apical heel), according to the genus and species of the different
insects which unite in composing it. In addition to which, a very unusual struc-
ture is indicated in the tendency of the tibiae (especially the hinder ones) of many
of its representatives to be constricted before their apex, which causes their sub-
basal region to be rounded (sometimes very considerably) into a broader portion,
or calf, which, though scarcely perceptible in Laparocerus, is sufficiently expressed
in Atlantis proper, and carried to an excess in Cyphoscelis : whilst another cha-
racter presents itseK in nearly the whole of the above peculiarities being either
almost or entirely evanescent* in the females, — in which sex moreover the legs
are, for the most part, shorter and very much slenderer than is the case with the
males.

Such are the general features of the larger Madeiran Cyclomides, and which
exist, separately or conjointly, as already stated (and subjected to minor modifica-
tions), in the normal groups, but Avhich are slowly lost sight of, through the
aberrant Atlantides, as we move onwards towards Omias. Nevertheless, although
merged into the ordinary smaller meml^ers of the subfamily, in one sense, gra-
dually, the gradations are not so imperceptible but that tolerably well-defined lines
of generic demarcation may be drawn between them ; and were it not indeed for
the aberrant Atlantides (more strictly perhaps to be regarded as a distinct genus),
which perform the passage into Omias, we should scarcely recognise any resem-
blance at all to the minute Cyclomides in these comparatively gigantic forms.

The Cyclomides of the Madeii'a Islands are invariably apterous ; and in many
instances they have their elytra united. They are extremely gregarious in their
habits, and reside principally beneath stones in the most barren spots, or on the

* Althougli, as regards the females of these Oi/clomides, it is my belief that tlie tihial spur at all events
is non-existent iu them, — yet I wovild not wish positively to assert that any of the above characters are
ever removed in toto from either sex ; or that, for instance, the highest microscopic powers may not occa-
sionally show the rudiments of a muiute projection at the inner apex of the male tibiae even iu those
instances in which I have treated the terminal spiue as wantiug ; or, on the other hand, that the faiutest
crenulations cannot possibly be brought to light in cases where I have regarded them as evanescent, —
since I think I am able to perceive indications of the former in the males of some of the aherrant Atlan-
tides (which, however, though considered as practically imarmed, I have expressly stated to be "fere
iuarmatse"), and of the latter in the intermediate and posterior legs of a few of the other members of
that genus (one of the definitions of which is that the front pair alone are crenulated). It is needless
however to remark that these extreme revelations of the microscope do not come vrithiu the province of
descriptive Natm-al History, in which wliat is sti-ictly obsolete is usually spoken of as being absent ; for,
were we once to admit such theoretical accuracy to be indispensable in ovir generic and specific diagnoses,
utter confusion to science, from the rejection of former enimciations and statements, would, as the fiici-
lities for observation advanced, be the certain practical result. Such questions as these belong to the
physiologist more than to the naturalist, and are rightly disregarded, ui then- ultra sense, by the latter,
whose duty is to describe what everybody can see, rather than what they must believe, to exist, — aud
which can be alone appreciated by the experienced few.

2 z 2

350 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

exposed mountain-slopes ; those which inhal)it the sylvan districts (represented hy
some of the Atlantides, hoth typical and aberrant) being an exception to the
general rule. They appear to be all more or less nocturnal insects, — scarcely ever
wandering by day, though both active and voracious at night.

Genus 121. CYPHOSCELIS, WoU. (Tab. VII. fig. 2.)

Corpus miausculum, ovato-ellipticum, depressum, dense subtiliter pubescens : rostro brevi, supra
piano, ad apicern attenuato et profunde triangulariter cmarginato ; scrobe oblonga lata, versus
medium rostri ascciidente ; oculis oblongis demissis : prothorace depresso, basi subsinuato-, apice
recto-triincato, ad latera rotundato (antice angustiore), elytris subarcte applicato : scutello sat
magno, triangular! : elytris subconnatis ovatis apice attenuatis, ad basin sinuato-truncatis et illic
prothorace pavdo latiore, ad humeros porreetis : alis obsoletis. Antenna (VII. 2 a) fere ut in
Laparocero, gracillimse, scape subrecto subito elavato. Pedes in maribus (VII. 2) crassi, in foeminis
graciliores sed \ix breviores : tibiis omnibus pilosis et apice setuloso-ciliatis, intus in maribus
(VII. 2 i, 2 c) distincte crenulatis, in foeminis (VII. 2 6*, 2 e*) nee ci-enulatis nee ad apicern
uncinatis ; anteriuribus in maribus subtus (prresertim antieis) torto-concavis atque apicern versus
.subgaleiformibus, ad apicem internum in uncum parvum (in antieis obtusum minus distinctum,
in intermediis eonspieuorem acutiorem) inflexum prodiictis; antieis in maribus (VII. 2 b), prae-
sertim ad apicem, incurvis et intus basin versus in gibbam rotundatam cavam ampliatis, in foeminis
(VII. 2 6*) ad apicem solum (et baud distincte) incurvis et intus simplicibus; intermediis in
maribus ad apicem solum incurvis et intus basin versus vix cavo-ampliatis, in foeminis rectis et
intus simplicibus ; posticis in utroque sexu (VII. 2 c, 2 c*) rectis, in foemineo (VII. 2 c*) simpli-
cibus, in maseulo (VII. 2 c) conipressis robustis latis, intus in gibbam mediam maximam rotun-
datam compressam (suram simulantem) subito ampliatis, apice valde dilatatis et lateraliter
Mitrorsum exsecatis, ad apicem internum nee cmarginatis, nee truncatis, ncc angulatis, sed etiam
in calcaneum rotundatum leviter ampliatis; necnon ad externum in angulum acutum valde
exstantem explanatis : tarsis pilosis.

A Kv<f)b'i gibba, et <rKeX.U tibia.

The exceedingly curious insect to contain which the present genus is erected
presents so many peculiarities of its own, that it is scarcely possible to confound it
Avith any of the other Madeu-an Cyclomides. The singular type of structure in fact
of which Laparocerus is the centre may be said to be more fully carried out in
CuphosceVis than in any of the neighbouring groups ; and I believe therefore that
it is correctly placed at the commencement of them. In its anteriorly-attenuated
rostrum, and in the details of its antenna?, it coincides with Laparocerus, — the
latter being especially remarkable, in both of these genera, for then- excessive
slenderness and the suddenly clavated apex of thcu- almost straightened scape.
It recedes however from that genus in particular in the shape of its prothorax, in
its densely pubescent surface, and in the construction of its tibitr, — which are
perfectly simple in the females (being neither crenidated nor spined), and are not
emarginatcd at the inner angle in the posterior pair of the opposite sex : whilst
from the whole of these umiiediate forms its subelliptical outline and depressed

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 357

body, in conjunction mth its oblong eyes, its basally sinuated and posteriorly
acuminated elytra, with their extremely porrected shoulders, and the very remark-
able development of its tibia?, will at once remove it. These last indeed afford
male characters the value of which will be readily appreciated, since the extra-
ordinary manner in which their inner edge is expanded into a rounded prominence,
or calf (especially apparent in the hinder ones, where it is medial instead of sub-
basal), is scarcely paralleled in any other Coleopterous genus with which I am
acquainted. True it is that it may be merely an exaggeration of the tendency
which the tibite of this Madeiran type appear to possess, to be suddenly constricted
before their extremity, which causes the hinder region to appear unusually ex-
panded, and which we see very distinctly indicated in the normal Atlantides ; yet
still, it is so largely expressed in Cyphoscells, and is accompanied by so many other
structm'al anomalies, that it cannot but be looked upon as a very important addi-
tion to its generic diagnosis. Nor is this the only u'regularity which the tibiae of
Cyphoscelis display, the apically subgaleated conformation which is just traceable
in its allies being there perceptible, not only throughout their entire lengtli, but
(in a less degree) even in the intermediate pair. Although it is only at their ter-
mination that they may be considered as precisely galeated, yet they are so com-
pletely concave, or scooped out (in a tortuous or twisted manner), beneath, that
they have the appearance, under the microscope, of being a mere shell rather than
a solid mass. Both edges of this flexuose under-groove would seem to l^e more or
less armed with crenulations, — though, from the oblique curvatm-e of the former,
the latter are not very easily to be detected. The two front tibiae are more
regularly arcuated in the males of Cyphoscelis than in those of any of the approxi-
mate forms, — in all of which they are nearly straight, and inwardly directed at
their extremities only. The main distinctive featiu-e in the hinder male tibiae
(VII. 2 c) of our present genus (apart from their largely developed medial process)
consists in their inner angle being neither emarginated, nor truncated, nor yet
exactly entire, — but rounded into an obtvise and slightly prominent heel. In the
disproportionate tliickness of its legs in the two sexes, Cyplioscelis agrees with
Laparocerus and the typical Atlantides.

275. Cyphoscelis distorta, Tf^oll. (Tab. VII. fig. 2.)

C. ovato-elliptica depressa nigra, piibe aurescenti-, vel viridescenti-brunnea depressa dense tecta,
prothorace subcarinato profimde et parce punctate, elytris leviter punctato-striatis, setulis
miuutis erectis remotis obsitis sad vix tessellatis, antennis tarsisque pallido-ferrugineis.
Mas, pedibus robustis latis : tibiis intus crenulatis ; anterioribus apice leviter uncinatis ; anticis
(prsesertim ad apieem) incurvis ; posticis in surain mediam internam ampliatis, ad apicem subito
explanatis, angulo interno calcaneiformi rotundato, externo acuto exstante.
Fcem., pedibus gracilioribus sed vix brevioribus, simplicibus.
Long. corp. lin. 2^-3;^.

358 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Habitat in j\Iadera excels^ sylvatica, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum jsrolapsis, sestate rarior : ad
Lombo das Vacas d. 21 Jun. a.d. 1850, necnon ad Cruzinhas et Lombo dos Pecegueiros mense
Julio cjusdem anni cepi.

C. nearly elliptical, much depressed, black, and densely clothed with very decumbent, golden-, or
greenish-brown pubescence. Rostrum short, and narrowed anteriorly ; longitudinally strigulose ;
and with a channel down the centre (sometimes replaced by a slightly elevated line), especially
apparent between the eyes, — which are oblong and depressed. Prothorax with the sides rounded,
but widest behind the middle ; deeply and remotely punctured ; and \rith indications of a slightly
raised keel on the disk. Elytra lightly punctate-striated, and beset with vei-y minute, short,
distant, and nearly erect hair-like bristles ; the under-pubescence having an exceedingly slight
tendency to assume the tessellated appearance which in the neighbouring forms is more or less
distinctly evident. Antenna and taisi pale mfo-ferruginous ; the latter sometimes almost testa-
ceous : femora and tibia more or less piceseent.
Male, with the legs broad and robust. The tibia crenulated internally ; the four anterior ones
concave beneath, and with a small inwardly-directed spine at their inner apex ; the two anterior
ones incurved (though especially at their extremity), and slightly expanded towards their inner
base ; the intermediate ones less distinctly so ; the hinder ones expanded inside into a large, com-
pressed, medial process, suddenly constricted before their extremity, — the extremity itself with
its external surface suddenly expanded out, the inner angle being rounded into an obtuse heel,
and the outer one being produced into a prominent and acute process or angle.
Female, with the legs much slenderer, but very slightly shorter ; entirely simple ; the tibia being
neither crenulated, hooked at their apex, nor dilated, — the two anterior ones however slightly
incurved at their extremity.

Apparently extremely rare, and confined to lofty sylvan spots more or less
(lifiicult of access, — occurring beneath stones and logs of wood dui'ing the smiimer
months. I haA'e captured it on the Lombo das Vacas in June ; and at the Cru-
zinhas, and the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, in July.

Genus 122. LAPAROCERUS. (Tab. YII. fig. 1.)
Schonherr, Gen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 530 (1834).

Corpus mediocre, subovato-oblongum, convexum, parce subtilissime pubescens : rostro (VII. 1 a) brevi,
supra piano, ad apieem leviter attenuato et profunde triangulariter emarginato ; scrobe oblonga
lata, versus medium rostri asccndente; oculis subrotundatis : prothorace convexo, basi apiceque
recto-truneato, ad latera rotundato (antiee et postice roqualiter angustiore), elytris baud arete
applicato : scutello sat maguo, triangulari : elytris connatis oblongo-subovatis, ad basin recto-
truncatis, et illic prothorace latiore, ad humeros rotundatis : alis obsoletis. Antenna (VII. 1 a)
longa; graciles; scapo subreeto, ad apieem subito davato ; funiculo 7-articulato, articulis obconicis,
])rimo et secundo longinsculis subaequalibus, reliquis longitudiuc decrcscentibus ; clava elongato-
oblongfi, quadi-i-articulatfi. Pedes in maribus crassi, in foeminis graciliores breviores: tibiis
omnibus pilosis et apice fortiter setuloso-ciliatis, intus in maribus (VII. \b,\c) distincte, sed in
foeminis (VII. 1 e*) vix pcrspieuc crenulatis, necnon in hoc sexu ad apieem internum in uncum
minutissimum (in interinediis paulo longiorcm acutiorem, sed in omuibus pilis sctisque fere
celatura) inflexum productis ; anterioribus in maribus ad apieem internum in uncum magnum (in

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 359

intermediis paulo longiorem acutiorem) valde inflexum ])rocluctis ; anticis in ntroque sexu, sed
priesertim in masculo (VII. 1 b), apice incm-vis, necnon in hoc sexu subtus apicem versus leviter
excavato-concavis atque ad apicem ipsum vix subgalciformibus ; intermediis in maribus fere, in
foeminis omnino rectis; posticis in utroque sexu (VII. \c,\ e*) rectis, in foemineo (VII. 1 c*)
simplicibus, in masculo (VII. 1 c) compressis apicem versus valde sed facilius dilatatis et latera-
liter introrsum exsecatis, ad apicem internum latissime arcuato-truncatis (calcaneum obtusum
longe pone apicem ipsum vix exstantem efficientibus) ; necnon ad externum in angulum sub-
rectum valde setulosum explanatis : tarsis pilosissimis.

Of Laparocerus but two representatives seem to have been hitherto described.
Both of these, the L. morio and the L.piceus, are stated to be natives of Portugal,
and have been until quite recently of the greatest rarity in the cabiaets of entomo-
logists. I have never been able either to procui-e or to see a truly Portuguese
specimen of either ; and whilst there seems no reason, geographically, to doubt
that they are really indigenous to that country, nor any cause for suspicion that
an error has arisen as to their correct extraction, it is just worthy of remark, that
Faldermann, on whose authority they appear to have been admitted into the
Eui'opean fauna, either collected in, or received iasects from, Madeira, where the
first of the above species literally abounds. Although the L. morio is the only
member of the genus which I have as yet been able to detect in these islands,
yet it is an insect so excessively abundant throughout the whole of them, — existing
on every rock, and rangiag from the sea-shore to the extreme summits of the
peaks, — and contains, as lately stated, all the elements of the peculiar tj^e of
form which is more or less developed in the greater portion of the larger Madeiran
Ci/clomides, that Laparocerus may be said to play a very important j^art amongst
the Curcullonidce of the Madeiran group. The main characteristics which these
immediate genera possess in common have been already pointed out ; and we need
merely therefore add, that whilst in its greatly thickened male legs, in its exceed-
ingly pilose tibise, and in the length of its antennse, Laparocerus agrees with
Cijplioscelis and Atlantis proper, and whUst in its almost straightened, slender,
and suddenly clavated scape, and in its short and subacuminated rostrum it is
coincident with the former, it recedes from them both in its comparatively un-
pubescent surface, ia its convex and equally-rounded prothorax, and in the con-
struction of its tibiae, — which are more strongly setulose at theu' extremity, have
the apical spine of the four anterior ones more powerful, and not merely confined
to (although most perceptible in) those of the males, have the internal crenula-
tions (which exist, as in Cijplioscelis, in the entii'e number) much more evident,
and, likewise, traceable in the female sex, and have then' hinder male pau* (VII. 1 c)
more gradually dilated from the base, with the inner angle largely emarginated,
or scooped out, so as to form an obtuse, though slightly prominent, heel at a con-
siderable distance behind the apex. The outer angle moreover is less acute than
in either of those genera, being almost a right angle, — though appearing to project
further than it really docs on account of the dense and robust setse with which it

300 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

is ciliated. It ^vill be perceived that, whilst in Laparocerus the males are larger
tliaii the females, in Atlantis the reverse is invariahlv the case. •

276. Laparocerus morio. (Tab. VII. fig. 1.)

Ij. oblongo-ovatus convexus niger vel piceo-nigcr, pubc subtilissima cinerea parce tectus, prothorace
valde convexo sat crebre punctulato, elytris punctato-striatis, interstitiis plus minusve obsole-
tissime longitudinaliter subopalino-cinereo-tessellatis et tuberculis minutissimis remotis obsitis,
antenuis tarsorumque apice ferrugineis.
Mas, pedibus robustis latis : tibiis intus crenulatis ; anterioribus apice robuste uncinatis ; anticis
ad apicem incurvis; posticis apicem versus facile dilatatis, angulo interno late arcuato-emar-
ginato (calcaneum rotundatura longe pone apicem efBciente), externo subrecto valde setuloso
le\iter exstante.
Fam., paulo niiuor; pedibus graeilioribus brevioribus : tibiis intus obsoletissime crenulatis et apice

valde indistiucte uncinatis ; anticis ad apicem leviter incur\'is ; posticis simplicibus.
Variat colore et statur4 generali : hac vel oblongo-ovata evidentius subtiliter pubescente, vel majore
suboblonga fere glabra ; illo jam nigro, jam piceo-nigro pedibus infuscatis, jam (immaturo) etiani
oinnino fusco-ferrugineo.
Long. Corp. lin. mas, 4^-6* : fcein., 3j-42-

Laparocerus morio, Schon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 531 (1834).

Habitat sub lapidibus insularuni omnium Maderensiuni, ab ora maritima usque ad summos montes
ascendens : in insulis Desertis, Boreali et Grandi (prajsertim hac), amplitudine accrescit, qua
mense Januario e fissuris rupium excelsaruiii, una cum insectis quibusdam heteromeris degeus,
copiosissimc collegi.

L. oblong-ovate, or nearly oblong (being at times comparatively parallel), convex, black, or piceous-
black, (when immature of a dull ])rownish-fcrruginous hue,) and more or less sparingly clothed
with an exceedingly minute, decumbent, cinereous pubescence, — wliich is occasionally nearly
absent. Rostrum short, and narrowed anteriorly; longitudinally strigulose; and with a very
deep impression, or abbreviated channel, between the eyes, — which are subrotundate. Prothorax
extrcnu-lv convex (in some specimens almost subglobose), with the sides regularly and equally
rounded, being widest about the middle ; sufficiently closely, but not very deeply punctured, the
spaces between the punctures being densely beset with most minutely and delicately impressed
points*. Elytra either ovate or suboblong, more or less deeply punctate-striated ; the inter-
stices very minutely rugulose, studded, especially behind, with small and distant tubercles, and
with a very faint tendency (sometimes comparatively evident, at others scarcely distinguishable)
to be longitudinally tessellated with paler portions of the pubescence, which often assume a
slightly subopalinc hue, — the cinereous scales being just perceptibly tinged with a bluish-, or

• When viewed beneath the microscope, this sculpture is of a very peculiar character, — the larger
pmictures throwing out radiating lines which almost meet, and which, in conjunction with the minutely
impressed intermediate points, give the surface a somewhat rugulose appearance.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 361

yellowish-green lustre (which moreover is generally bright upon the scutellum). Antenna, and
apex of tarsi, ferruginous ; the latter at base fusco-piceous, and (with the extremity of the tibiae)
densely clothed beneath with long and pale pubescence ; femora and tibia either black, infuscate,
or entirely (especially when immatiu'e) of a dull brownish-ferruginous hue.

Male, with the legs broad and robust. The tibia distinctly crenulated internally ; the four anterior
ones with a powerful inwardly directed spine at their inner apex ; the two anterior ones con-
siderably incurved at their extremity ; the intermediate ones less distinctly so ; the hinder ones
with no appearance of constriction before their extremity, but gradually and regularly dilated
from the base, — the extremity itself with its external surface expanded, the inner angle being
broadly emarginated (or scooped out) so as to form a rounded heel at a considerable distance
behind the apex, and the outer one being only slightly produced, and consequently almost a
right angle (though with the appearance of being more acute and prominent than it really is on
account of the strong setaj with which it is cihated) .

Female rather smaller : with the legs much slenderer, and also perceptibly shorter ; the tibia being
most obscurely crenulated internally, and with an exceedingly small spine at their inner apex
(most perceptible in the intermediate pair) ; the two anterior ones very slightly incurved at their
extremity ; the intermediate and hinder ones, especially the latter, simple.

A universal insect throughout all the islands and altitudes of the Madeiran
group, ahounding on many of the smaller rocks, where it congregates beneath
stones in the most exposed spots, in company with HelopidcB, Hadri, and other
genera of the Heteromera. It is a variable species, ranging from uniform black
into a brownish-piceous hue, and presenting differences of size and outline
according to the cu'cumstances under which it exists. It occurs from the sea-
shore to the extreme siunmits of the mountains, but would appear to attain its
maximum on the barren maritime sloj>es of rather a low elevation. In the sandy
plains of Porto Santo, as also on the adjacent rocks, it literally teems ; and on the
two northern Dezertas it is scarcely less common, — where moreover the specimens
average a comparatively gigantic size, and are, for the most part, of a more elon-
gated form. On the liighest points of the Dezerta Grande I have captured it,
particularly diu'ing the Avinter time, from out of the fissm'cs of the weather-beaten
peaks, in great profusion. In Madeu-a proper it is especially partial to localities
either but slightly raised above the level of the beach or else of a subalpine
natiu'e; and is decidedly both scarcer and less powerfully developed within the
sylvan districts than elsewhere. It is found at all seasons of the year; and is
usually very gregarious.

Genus 123. ATLANTIS, Woll. (Tab. VII. fig. 3, 4, 5, et 6.)

Corpus mediocre vel minusculum, oblongo-ovatum vel ovatuin, eonvexum, pube sat robusta plus
minusve variegatum : rostro ut in Laparocero, sed apicem versus baud attenuato, et ocuHs i-otun-
datioribus, prominentibus : jirothorace basi apiceque recto-truncato, ad latera rotundato (antice
paulo angustiore), elytris hand arete applicato : scutellu sat magno, triangular! : ehjtris subconnatis,
oblongo-ovatis vel ovatis, ad basin recto-truncatis et illic prothorace latiore, ad humeros rotundatis :
alts obsoletis. Antenna (VII. 5 a) longse subgraciles ; scapo curvato apicem versus facile incras-

3a

362 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

sato, sed in specie singula (fortasse huic generi vix referenda) (^'^11. 3 a) gracillimae, scapo sub-
recto et ad apiccrn subito clavato (ut in Laparocero) ; fiiniculo 7-articulato, articulis obconicis,
priino et sccuiido longiusculis (modo hoc, niodo illo longiore), reliquis longitudine decrescentibus;
clava elongato-obovata, distincte tri- (fortasse quadri-) articulata. Pedes (typice) in maribus
crassiusculi, in focminis graciliores sed vix brcviores : tibiis omnibus pilosissimis et apice obscure
setuloso-ciliatis, in fceminis nee intus crenulatis nee ad apicem uncinatis ; antcrioribus in maribus
ad apicem internum in uncum (in anticis plerumque obsoletum, sed in intermcdiis sa;pius
distincte observandum, — necnon in omnibus pilis setisquc celatum) inflexum productis ; anticis
in utroque sexu (VII. 5 6, 5 b*), sed prsesertim in masculo (VII. 5 b), apice incurvis, necnon
in hoc sexu intus plus minusvc obscurissime (interdum, oculo inarmato, vix perspicue)
crenulatisj subtus apicem versus plus minusve leviter subconcavo-emarginatis atque ad apicem
ipsum \ix subgaleiformibus ; intei-mediis in utroque sexu, sed prsesertim in foemineo, rectis ;
posticis in utroque sexu rectis, in foemineo (VII. 5 c) simplicibus, — in speciebus aberrantibus
ctiam in masculo simplicibus, sed in typicis (VII. 5*) apice valdc dilatatis et lateraliter
introrsum exsecatis, ad apicem internum plus minusve lamellato-productis et oblique trun-
catis (calcaneum mox pone apicem ipsum plus minusve exstantem et acutum efficientibus) ;
necnon ad externum in angulum ])lcrumque acutum et valdissime exstantem explanatis : iarsis
pilosissimis.

Typus — Atlantis lamelHpes. (T.vn. VII. fig. 5.)

The somewhat dissimilar si^ecics which I have inchuled under the present genus
are insects of extremely difficult location ; and it is probable that at least thi'ee
distinct modifications of form are indicated amongst tliem. Being unwilling
however to create too many genera in this obscure department of the CurcHlio/iidie,
I have been content to distrilnite them into sections, — which, it will be perceived,
arc gradually more and more removed, both in size and structure, from the larger
Madeiran tj^jio until they are almost merged into Oniias. Seeing therefore that I
woidd merely adopt this adjustment as a provisional one, it is scarcely necessary
to remark, that I Avould only regard the A. lamellipes, calcatrLv, noctkagans,
laiiripotens, australis, vespertimis and lanatits as normal AtlantkJes, believing that
they are sufficiently defined to be altogether isolated from the remainder. The
A. clavatus indeed, from the peculiar construction of its antenna?, I should rather
have referred to Lnparoccrus, but, not having been able hitherto to procui'e a male
specimen for comparison, I have thought it safer, since the sexes of that genus are
so exceedingly well-defined, to keep it in its present doubtful position, where it is
necessarily free for removal to wherever future investigations may render de-
su'ablc : at the same time I may add that it seems far from improbable that it Avill
be eventually found to constitute another centre of radiation of equal value with
Ciiphoscelis and Atlantis propo'. Touching the smaller members of the group,
which, for the sake of convenience, and to obviate as far as is consistent the neces-
sity for multiplying genera, I have termed aberrant Atlantides, it may be enough
to state that they also, in their unpilose elytra, almost equally robust legs in both
sexes, and in the undilated and nearly unarmed tibite of their males, would appear
to merit I'cmoval from the rest ; nevertheless, for the reasons above assigned, I

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 363

would retain them at present as a subdivision of Atlantis, to which the larger of
their representatives in general aspect a good deal approximate.

§ I. Antennce ffraciUimce, scwpo subrecto ad apicem suhito clavafo, clavd elongato-ohlongd.

277. Atlantis clavatus, Woll. (Tab. VII. fig. 3.)

A. subelliptico-ovatus gracilis piceo-niger, pube fulvescenti-brunnea depressa variegatus, oculis parvis
valde promineDtibus, prothorace (prsesertim autice) angusto crebre punctate, elytris punctato-
striatis obsolete undulato-insequalibus, liumeris leviter porrectis, interstitiis fulvescenti-subfasci-
culato-tessellatis, antennis pedibusque infuscato-testaceis, illarum articulis secundo et tertio sub-
sequalibus.
Mas adhuc latet.

Fcem., pedibus gracilibus simplicibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 3|-.

Habitat in montibus IMaderse, rarissimus; — a meipso sub lapide in deseensu a fastigio "Pouso" ad
campum excelsum ilium Fateiras dictum, tempore vernali a.d. 1848, semel tantum repertus.

Insectum antennarum structura Laparocero sat affine, sed babitu cum Atlantide potius convenit : ex
unico tamen specimine, fceminco, vix satis de genere adjudicare licet. An igitur genus novum
constituat egomet affirmare nequeo, sed Atlantidi affinitate generali proximum videtur.

A. subelliptical-ovate, and slender, being somewhat acute both before and behind, piceous-black, and
clothed (though apparently not very densely) with a decumbent fulvescent-, or slightly golden-
brown pubescence. Rostrum a little longer and slenderer than in any of the other species, and
(as in them) slightly dilated at its apex ; rugosely punctm-ed ; and with a very abbreviated longi-
tudinal channel between the eijes, — which are small, perfectly round, and exceedingly prominent.
Prothorax very much narrower than the elytra, widest behind the middle ; densely and rather
coarsely punctured. Elytra ovate, but much truncated at the base, the humeral angles being
slightly porrected ; the surface rather undulated or uneven ; punctate-striated ; entirely free from
the elongated, suberect additional hairs which are so evident in nearly all the other species ; the
suture more densely and uniformly clothed, and the interstices (especially the alternate ones)
longitudinally tessellated, with pale fulvescent-, or somewhat golden-brown pubescence. Antenna
and legs testaceous, though a little infuscated in parts ; the former with the first and second
joints of their funiculus equal, and with their club slender and elongate-oblong ; the latter with
the clau'S black.

Male, hitherto undiscovered.

Female, with the legs exceedingly slender, and simple.

As already stated, the present insect, on account of a female example having
been alone discovered, is one of extremely doubtful location, and will perhaps form
the type, eventually, of a distinct genus. At any rate, it cannot be a tvue Atlantis,
regarding that group as limited to the seven species which constitute the first
portion of the second of the sections into which I have distributed the entire
number, — the construction of its antennae, in which it is coincident with Laparo-

3 a2

364 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

cerus and Cyphoscelis, vmquestionably removing it in the opposite direction. Its
tendency moreover to have the shoulders porrected, instead of rounded off, would
seem stUl further to iadicate an approach towards Ci/jihoscelis ; and it is merely
through ignorance of its male characters that I have been induced to place it
where I have, — for the sexual distinctions both of Cyphoscelis and Laparocenis
are so remarkable, that I think it better to retain it in a confessedly neutral
position than to admit it into a well-defined group, only a portion of the elements
of which it may perhaps be found afterwards to possess. At the same time, whilst
it agrees with these two genera exactly in the peculiarity of its antennae, it is
\\'idely separated from them both (even in the female sex) in its longer and un-
acuminated rostrum, and in its exceedingly small and jironunent eyes ; and I
think it more than probable that its males Avdll display modifications in the struc-
tm'e of theu* tibiae equally important. Considering it therefore for the present as
an aberrant Atlantis, it will be sufficient to add that it may be at once distin-
guished from the remainder of the genus here described, not only by the details of
its autenntie above mentioned, but likewise by its somewhat anteriorly-, and
posteriorly-pointed outline, by its slightly longer, slenderer, and more deejily
sculptured rostrum, by its excessively small and prominent eyes, by its narrow
and subcorneal prothorax, by the more porrected humeral angles and somewhat
imdulated surface of its bro'svuly-tessellated elytra (which moreover are perfectly
free from the elongated, sub erect additional hairs which constitute so remarkable
a feature in most of the other species), and by its testaceous legs. My unique
specimen I captured, from beneath a stone, on the descent from the Pouso to the
level, though elevated plain of the Fateu-as, during the ^prmg of 1848.

§ II. AntenncB minus graciles, scapo curvato apiccm versus facilius incrassato, clavd plerumque ehngato-

ohovatd.

A. Elytra piiUs longis sxtperadditis undiqne adspersa. Pedes in marihus qtiam infceminu cra^siores ; tihiis
masculis ad ap ice m plus minusve distincte armatis (spind in 2>oslicis calcaneiformi), posticis dilatatis.
(Atlantides tj^ici.)

278. Atlantis lameUipes, WoU. (Tab. VII. fig. 5.)

A. elongato-subovatus piceo-nigcr, piibe diluto-tlavescenti et diluto-viridescenti robusta depress^
dense variogatus, prothoracc subremote ])unctato, elytris punctato-striatis, pilis longis suberectis
parum rigidis reniotis adspersis, intcrstitiis alternis longitudinaliter nigro-fasciculato-tcssellatis,
antennis elongatis fcrrugineis, articulis secundo et tertio snba;qualibus.
Mas, pedibus robustis latis : tibiis anterioribus apice fere inarmatis ; anticis (VII. 5 b) intus obscure
creniilatis, apieem versus subito et profunde emarginatis atque ad apiccm multo iiicurvis ; posticis
ante apiccm vix constrictis, ad apiccm subito valdc explanatis, angulo iutcruo subrccto (vix
truncato et vix calcaneiformi), cxterno acumiuato valdissime exstaate.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 365

Fa>m. paulo major ; pedibus gracilioribus sed liaud brevioribus ; simplicibus, aiit potius angulo
tibianim posticarum (VII. 5 c) externo vix producto.
Long. Corp. lin. 5— 5f .

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excelsa, — per regionem Fanalensem abundans, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850
copiosissime observavi : inter Hellenes et muscos super truncos arboruni nascentes, vel sub cortiee
laxo, die sese latitat, nocte sola vagans.

A. elongate-ovate, piceous-black, and densely variegated with a robust, decumbent, dull greenish-
brown and dirty-yellowish pubescence. Rostrum shghtly dilated at the apex ; almost unpunctured ;
and with a narrow longitudinal channel, more especially apparent between the eyes. Prothorax
widest about, or sometimes a little behind, the middle ; rather remotely, but distinctly pimctured.
Elytra punctate- striated ; sparingly beset with elongated, suberect, stiff additional hairs (which
are rather longer posteriorly, and somewhat more numerous, than in front) ; and the alternate
interstices longitudinally tessellated with fascicles of blacker pile. Antenna elongaied, and
ferruginous ; the first and second joints of their funiculus equal (or, if there be any difference,
the former rather longer than the latter). Legs more or less fuscescent, or piceous ; the tarsi
fusco-ferruginous, their terminal joint (except the claws, which are, as in all the other species,
black) being rufo-testaceous.
Male, with the legs broad and robust. The two anterior tibia with their apical spine obsolete,
crenrdated internally, suddenly and greatly emarginated or scooped out towards their extremity,
and with the extremity itself considerably incurved ; the intermediate ones with the spine only
just perceptible (being triangular, and placed rather behind the extreme apex), with the crenula-
tions (as in the hinder pair) obsolete*, and but slightly incurved at their extremity; the hinder
ones very slightly constricted before their extremity, the extremity itself with its external surface
suddenly and greatly expanded out, the inner angle being scarcely at all either truncated or
formed into a heel, and consequently almost a right angle, and the outer one being produced into
an excessively prominent and acuminated process,— the whole forming a somewhat triangular

plate.
Female rather larger ; with the legs slenderer, but not shorter, and simple, — the hinder tibiae being
but very slightly produced at their outer apical angle.

A large and exceedingly well-defined species. Apart from the structiu-al modi-
fications of its tibiae, it may be at once known from the other Atlantkles here
described by its gigantic size, lengthened antennae, by the dull yeUowish-green
pubescence with which it is variegated, by the robustness and remoteness of the
elongated additional hairs with which it is beset, and by the distinctness and
comparative regularity of the darker fascicles with which the alternate mter-
stices of its elytra are longitudiaaUy tessellated. Its male sex however is suffi-
ciently identified even by the development of its tibiae,— the deep subapical
emargination of the anterior pair, added to the almost unarmed intermediate, and
nearly entu-e irmer angle of the posterior ones, giving it a character which it is
impossible to mistake. It seems to be confined to high elevations, and to attain
its maximum on the extreme upper limits of the forest districts. It is strictly

* Vide note, p. 355.

360 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

however a sylran. species, congi'egating between the loose bark of trees, moss, and
lichen, — from which it never wanders by day. Like most of its allies, it becomes
extremely active at night, as I have frequently experienced during my encamp-
ments in the wooded regions of lofty altitudes. I shall not indeed easily forget
the positive inconvenience which I suffered from it on the night of the 16th of
July 1850, wliilst encamped with the Rev. E,.. T. Lowe in the uplands of the
Fanal (more than 5000 feet above the sea), — when some unknoAATi cause l)rought
such a host of them, accompanied mth the A. nocticagans, into my tent that they
caused me no slight annoyance, by falling do^^^l from the canvass on to my Ijcd.
It would appear to be more especially aljimdant daring the summer months ;
nevertheless it occurs in the winter also, since I have taken it, hybernating, from
beneath moss on the trunks of the old vinhaticos at the edges of the mountain
plain of the Fateii-as, — which still remain to represent the ancient forest with
wMch that portion of the island must have been once densely clothed.

279. Atlantis calcatrix, WoU.

A. elongato-subovatus piceus, pubc viri descent i-, aurcscenti-, et cuprescenti-micante robust^ depressa
variegatus, prothorace obsolete punctato, elytris punctato-striatis, pilis longis suberectis remotis
adspersis, ubique confuse variegatis et interstitiis alternis indistincte tessellatis, autennis brevius-
culis rufo-feiTugineis, articulo tertio secundo vix longiore et clava elougato-oblong^.
Mas, pedibus robustis latis : tibiis intermediis apicc robuste armatis ; anticis subgracilibus intus
obscurissime crenulatis subintegris atque ad apicem Icviter incurvis ; posticis ante apicem con-
strictis, ad apicem subito valde explanatis, angiJo interne oblique truncato (calcaneum obtusum
digiti-, aiit potius pollicifornieni pone apicem maxime exstantem efficiente), externo acuminate
valdissime exstantc.
Fcem. paulo major; pedibus gi-acilioribus scd baud brevioribus, simplicibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 45-4f.

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, — ad Ribeiro Frio, necnon super truncos arborum vetustarum ad oras
cam|)i illius excelsi Fateiras dicti nascentium, tempore vernali repertus.

A. elongate-ovate, a little narrower in proportion tlian tbe last species, piceous, and densely variegated
witb a robust, decumbent, greenish, golden-green, and sometimes slightly coppery pubescence, —
reflecting more or less of a metallic splendour, though occasionally comparatively dull. Rostrum
slightly dilated at tbe apex ; almost unpunctured ; and with a narrow longitudinal channel, more
especially apparent between the eyes. Prothorax widest just behind the middle ; and obsoletely
punctured. Elytra rather finely punctate-striated; sparingly beset with elongated, suberect
additional hairs (rather more numerous and distinct posteriorly than in front) ; confusedly
variegated with more or less bright scales, or pubescence, the alternate interstices not being
much less regularly tessellated than those of the A. lamellipes. Antennm shorter than those of
that species, and rufo-ferruginous ; the second joint of their funiculus being just perceptibly
longer than the first, and their club elongate-oblong. Li'ys more or less brownish-testaceous, or
fusco-piceous : the tarsi paler, their terminal joint being rufo-testaeeous.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 367

Male, with the legs broad and robust : the two anterior tibia slender, and with their apical spine
obsolete, very obscurely crenulated internally, and entire, being narrow throughout their entire
length and scarcely at all emarginated towards their extremity, — with the extremity itself slightly
incurved ; the intermediate ones with the spine large and robust, and, likewise, slightly incurved
at their extremity ; the hinder ones constricted before their extremity, — the extremity itself with
its external surface suddenly and immensely expanded out, the inner angle being obliquely
truncated so as to form a heel (which is immensely produced, and somewhat thumb-shaped, being
obtuse or rounded at its termination) behind the apex, and the outer one being produced into
an excessively prominent and acuminated process.

Female, rather larger; with the legs slenderer, though not shorter, and simple.

In point of size, tlie present Atlantis is intermediate between the A. lamelllpes
and the A. noctivagans ; nevertheless it has a far greater affinity with the latter
than with the former, the comparative shortness of its antennae, the minutise of its
colour and sculpture, the robust apical spine of its intermediate legs, and (to a less
extent) the construction both of its anterior and posterior ones, being all partially
coincident with the corresponding details of that insect. So much indeed is this
the case, that before I had carefully examined the few specimens which I possess,
I had imagined them to be but largely developed examples of the A. noctivagans.
A more critical comparison however has subsequently convinced me that they are
certainly distinct, — since, apart from the modifications of their male tibia3, the
many small peculiarities which they display make up, in the aggregate, a consider-
able amount of difference, and must unquestionably establish them as a separate
species. They may be known from the A. noctivagans (with Avhich alone they
could be confounded) by their greater bulk and somewhat less deeply sculptvired
surface, by the slenderer club of their antennae, and by the tibiae of their males, —
of which the anterior pair are narrow, and almost entirely straight along theu' inner
edge (being scarcely perceptibly constricted, or emarginated, before then* extre-
mity so as to shape-out a rounded calf towards their base) ; whilst the posterior
ones present a peculiarity of dilatation which is very remarkable, being immensely
produced behind (/. e. at the postapical projection formed by the oblique truncation
of the inner angle) into an exceedingly prominent and thumb-shaped heel, which
is not only of gigantic dimensions compared with that of the^. noctivagans, but is
likewise rounded and obtvise at the extremity, instead of acute. The only male
specimen of the A. calcatrix wliich has hitherto come beneath my notice was
captured by myself from under a stone at the edges of the Levada of the Ribeiro
Erio, dm*ing the spring of 1849 : but I have taken females, which I do not
hesitate to refer to the same species, from amongst moss and lichen on the trimks
of the old vinhaticos on the eastern limits of the elevated plain of the Fateiras.

280. Atlantis noctivagans, Woll.
A. elongate- subovatus piceo-niger, pube viridescenti-, aurescenti-, et cuprescenti-micante plus minusve

368 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

diluta robusta depress^ variegatus, prothorace punctate, elytris punctato-striatis, pilis longis
suberectis adspersis, ubique confuse variegatis et interstitiis alternis indistincte tessellatis, an-
tennis breviusculis ferrugineis articulo tertio secundo longiore.

Mas, pedibus robustis latis : tibiis intermediis apice parum robuste arniatis ; anticis intus obscuris-
sime crenulatis, apicem versus facilius et leviter emarginatis atque ad apicem incurvis ; posticis
(VII. 5*) ante apicem constrictis, ad apicem subito valde explanatis, angulo interno oblique
tmncato (calcaueum acutum subtriangularem pone apicem exstantem efficiente), externo
acuminato valdissime exstante.

Fcem. paulo major; pedibus gracilioribus sed baud brevioribus, simplicibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 3i-4j.

Habitat in locis similibus ac A. lamellipes, noctivagare amans.

A. elongate-ovate, piceous-black, and densely variegated with a robust, decumbent, greenish, golden-
green, and somewhat coppery pubescence, — which reflects more or less of a metallic splendour.
Rostrum and prothorax as in the A. cahatrix, the latter perhaps a little more distinctly punc-
tured. Elytra as in the A. calcatrix, only usually rather more brilliantly variegated, the alter-
nate interstices being much less regularly tessellated than those of the A. lamellipes. Antenna
and legs as in the last species ; though the former wth the second joint of their funiculus
usually more evidently longer than the first, and with their club somewhat slender and elliptical.

Male, with the legs broad and robust. The two anterior tibia with their apical spine obsolete, very
obscurely crenulated internally, gradually and slightly emargiuated (or scooped out) towards
their extremity (though very much less so, and much more gradually, than is the case with the
A. lamellipes) so as to form a gently-rounded, though perceptibly broader portion (or calf)
towards their base, — with the extremity itself slightly incurved ; the intermediate ones with the
spine large and robust (though not quite so large as that of the A. calcatrix), and, likewise,
sliglitly incurved at their extremity; the kinder ones constricted before their extremity, — the
extremity itself with its external surface suddenly and greatly expanded out, the inner angle
being obliquely truncated so as to form a heel (which is considerably produced, though far
less so than in the last species, and somewhat beak-shaped, being extremely angular at its
termination) behind the apex, and the outer one being produced into a prominent and acu-
minated process (not quite so prominent however as that either of the A. lamellipes or of the
A. calcatrix).

Female, rather larger; with the legs slenderer, though not shorter, and simple.

The distinctions between the present insect and the last have been already
pointed out, — the respective modifications of then* male tibia} being, on account of
their constancy, the most imiiortant of them. Like the whole of the tiipical
Atlaiitides except the A. cespevtiniis, the A. noctkagans is essentially a sylvan
species, occm*ring- at lofty elevations (often in company with the A. lamellipes),
and being most abtindant towards the upper extremity of the forest regions.
During my encampment at the Fanal, in July 1850, 1 captm-ed it, as lately stated,
in the utmost profusion, — where it congregates beneath the loose bark of trees,
and under moss and Uchcn, bv dav, beimr active onlv at nio^ht.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 369

281. Atlantis lauripotens, Woll.

A. elongato-subovatus piceo-niger, pube viridescenti-et subaurescenti-micante depressa parce varie-
gatuSj prothorace punctate, elytris sat profunde punctato-striatis, pilis lougis suberectis mollibus
dense adspersis, interstitiis valde indistincte tessellatis, antennis breviusculis rufo-fen-ugineis,
artieulo tertlo seeundo paulo longiore.
Mas, pedibus sat robustis latlusculis : tibiis intermediis apice robuste armatis ; antieis subgracilibus
intus obscurissime crenulatis, apicem versus facillime et leviter emarginatis atque ad apicem
leviter incni-vis ; posticis ante apicem fortiter constiictis, ad apicem subito valde explanatis, angulo
interno oblique truncate (calcaneum obtusum gibbiformem pone apicem multo exstantem
eflSciente), externo acuminato valdissime exstante.
Fasm. paulo major; pedibus gracilioribus sed baud brevioribus, simpllcibus.

Long. Corp. liu. 3.

Habitat in lauretis Maderse, inter folia latitans, — ad Curral das Romeiras supra Funchal autumno
exeuute a.d. 1847 a meipso detectus.

A. elongate-ovate, piceous-black (wben immature, more or less rufo-fen-uginous), and sparingly
variegated with a rather fine, decumbent, greenish, or golden-green pubescence. Rostrum and
prothorax as in the A. noctivagans, except that the latter is a little more distinctly punctured.
Elytra rather deeply punctate-striated; somewhat densely beset with elongated, suberect addi-
tional hairs, which are less robust than in any of the previous species ; the interstices having only
the slightest possible tendency in front to be longitudinally tessellated with denser patches of the
brighter pubescence, but more evidently variegated behind. Anteimm and legs as in the A. noc-
tivagans.

Male, with the legs as in the last species, — but the two anterior tibiee somewhat slenderer, being
even still more slightly emarginated towards their inner apex, and, consequently, only just per-
ceptibly broader at their sub-basal region than elsewhere ; and the kinder ones much more con-
stricted before their extremity, and with their inner heel rather more produced, — and hunch-
shaped (or rounded at its apex), instead of angular and acute.

Female rather larger ; with the legs slenderer, though not shorter, and simple.

Allied to the A. noctivagans, though certainly distinct from it ; — ranging more-
over in somewhat lower altitudes, and being less nocturnal in its habits. It may
be recognised from that insect by its smaller size, by its rather more deeply scidp-
tured and less variegated surface, by the suberect pile of its elytra being both
denser and of a slightly softer natiu-e, by its anterior male tibise being slenderer,
and less perceptibly \\-idened about theu" sub-basal region, and by the hinder pair
being not only much more constricted before their extremity, but with the inner
heel rounded, and hump-shaped, instead of acute. It woukl seem to occur in less
elevated spots than any of the preceding species, attaining its maximum towards
the lower limits of the sylvan districts, — at an elevation perhaps of from 1500 to
about 2000 feet above the sea. I have hitherto detected it in the south of the
island only, where it is found on the foliage of the native laurels : and during the

3 B

370 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

aiituinn of 1847 I captured many specimens from off tlie old vinhaticos of the
Cm-ral das Eomeiras, — iu a comparatively active state even by day.

282. Atlantis australis, Woll.
A. eloiigato-subovatus fusco-piceus, pubc subviridesccuti-ciaerea depressa parce variegatus, prothorace
paruui profunde punctato^ elytris sat profuiide punctato-striatis, pilis longis suberectis moUibus
dense adspersis, interstitiis vix tessellatis, anteniiis brcviusciilis riifo-ferrugineis, articulo tertio
secundo paulo longiore.
Mas, pcdibus sat robustis latiusculis : tibiis iuteroicdiis apicc parum robuste armatis ; anticis iutus
obseurissime crenulatis, apiccm versus facillime et leviter emarginatis atque ad apicem leviter
incurvis ; posticis ante apicem fortiter constrictis, ad apicem subito explanatis, angulo interno
oblique truueato (calcaneum acutum subtriangularem pone apicem exstantem efficiente), externo
acuiuinato valde exstante.
Foem, ])aulo major; pedibus gracilioribus sed baud brevioribus, simplicibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3|.

Habitat in Maderje australis sylvaticis, prajsertim super folia Lauri Indices et L.faetentis in locis sub-
inferioribus nascentium, restate ct autumno frcquens : usque ad 800' et 700' s. ui. descendit,
etiam in cultis vix ab urbe Funchalensi remotis intcrduui occurrens.

A. elongate-ovate, brovvnish-piceous, or sometimes ferruginous, and sparingly variegated with a rather
fine, decumbent, somewhat greenish-cinereous pubescence. Rostruni and pruthorax as in the
A. laurijjolens, except that the latter is rather more deeply punctured. Elytra as in the last
species, but even less variegated still, the anterior portion having usually scarcely any tendency
to be longitudinally tessellated, whilst the hinder patches also are less evident than those of that
insect. Antenna and leffs as in the A. luuripotens.

Male, with the legs as in the last species, but a little longer, — the two anferiur tibi(e not quite so
slender; and the hinder ones rather less expanded at their extremity, and witli their inner heel
beak-shaped and acute, — like that of the A. nodivagans.

Female rather larger ; with the legs slenderer, though not shorter, and simple.

Very nearly related to the last species, with which indeed, A^'ere it not for the
structural characters of its male tibine, it might almost be confounded. It is
usuallv however of a more piccous, or brownish-piccous colour than that insect,
its siu'facc is even still less variegated, the iiubesceuce being of a j)aler and more
cinereous hue, its prothorax is rather more deeply punctured, and its legs are just
perceptibly longer ; whilst the liinder tibiae of its males (A\hich are not quite so
broadly expanded at their extremity, and have thcu- inner heel beak-shaped and
acute, like that of the A. noctivagans) will at once distinguish that particular sex
from the corresponding one of the A. laurqwtens. Its range moreover is, appa-
rently, lower than that of any of the preceding members of the group, since it
would seem to descend into the cultivated districts, and it may be occasionally
observed so low as 700 or 800 feet above the sea : — indeed in the summer of 1850

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 371

I captured it from off the foliage of a Til-tree in tlie grounds of the Quinta da
Palmeha, above Punchal. It is more particularly abundant during the early
autumnal months; and, like the A. lauripotens, its habits are comparatively
diurnal.

283. Atlantis vespertinus, Woll. (Tab. VII. fig. 4.)
A. oblongo-subovatus nitidus piceus, pube subcinerea depressa parcissime variegatus, rostro brevi
lato longitudinaliter striguloso, protliorace convexo crebre et sat profunde punctato, elytns
leviter punctato-striatis, pilis longiusculis suberectis adspersis, interstitiis vix tessellatis, antennis
breviusculis subgracilibus fusco-ferrugineis, articulis secundo et tertio jequalibus.
Mas, pedibus robustis latiusculis: tibiis intermediis apice parum robuste armatis ; anticis intus
obscurissime crenulatis, apicem versus vix emarginatis atque ad apicem leviter mcurvis ; posticis
ante apicem baud constrictis (i. c. usque a basi facile dilatatis), ad apicem subito explanatis,
angulo interno oblique truncato (calcaneum acutum subtriangularem parvuui pone apicem minus
exstantem efficiente), externo leviter acuminato exstante.
Fam. paulo major ; pedibus gracilioribus sed baud brevioribus, simplicibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3§.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus Maderse, inde a 3000' s. m. ascendens : ab autumno
ad ver novum prfcdominat, quo tempore per totam regionem prsecelsam cacuminibus montis Pico
dos Arieros dicti subjacentem copiosissime observavi.

A. oblong-subovate, being less acuminated anteriorly than any of the other species, more or less
shining and piceous, and exceedingly sparingly clothed with a decumbent subcinereous pubescence.
Rostrum short and broad, and not at all dilated at the apex; longitudinally strigulose; and with
a central channel, especially apparent between the eyes. Prothorax convex, with the sides almost
equally rounded, being widest about the middle ; closely, and more or less deeply punctured.
Elytra lightly punctate-striated ; more or less sparingly beset with longish, suberect additional
hairs, which have sometimes a tendency to arrange themselves in rows ; the interstices with the
faintest possible tendency to be longitudinally tessellated with denser patches of the subcinereous
pile. Antenna short, slender, and brownish-ferruginous ; the second joint of their funiculus not
being perceptibly longer than the first. Leffs as in the previous species.
Male, with the legs rather broad and robust. Tlie two anterior tibia with their apical spine obso-
lete, most obscurely crenulated internally, scarcely at all emarginated towards their extremity,—
the extremity itself slightly incurved ; the intermediate ones with the spine tolerably distinct, and
very slightly incurved at their extremity; the hinder ones not constricted before their extremity
(being gradually dilated from their base),— the extremity itself with its external surface suddenly,
but not very greatly, expanded out, the inner angle being obliquely truncated so as to form a heel
(which is slightly produced, small, and trigonate, being extremely angular at its termination)
behind the apex, and the outer one being produced into a prominent and acuminated process
(though less prominent and less acuminated than in any of the previous species) .
Female generally a little larger ; with the legs slenderer, but not shorter, and simple.

One of the best-defined of all the Atlantides hitherto discovered, partaking in
some measure of the peculiarities of Laparocerits, though not sufiiciently so to be

3b2

372 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

included in tliat genus. In its habits moreover it recedes from the whole of
the preceding members of the group, being confined exclusively to the exposed
mountain-slopes of lofty altitudes, and, so far as I have hitherto observed, never
entering the wooded districts. In its short, broad, imexpanded, and longitudi-
nally strigulose rostrum, and in its convex and equally-roimded prothorax, as
well as in its less densely pul^escent surface and its extra-sylvan nature, it makes
an evident regression in the direction of Laparocerus ; and were there the smallest
grounds for supposing that the examples from which that genus was established
(in 1834) were ^vl•ongly referred to Portugal, by Faldermann (Avho appears either
to have collected in, or else to have received insects from, Madeira), I should have
been rather inclined to have identified it with the L. piceus of Schonlierr, with
which, judging from the description, it would seem in many particulars to agree.
Still, several of its most striking characters (as, for instance, the suberect elongated
pile with which it is more or less clothed) are not alluded to in the diagnosis as
enunciated in the Genera et Species Ci(rcnlionich(m ; and there can be no doubt
therefore that if the specimens described from icere in reality Portuguese, they are
certainly distinct specifically fi'om the Madeiran ones ; — and it is merely the possi-
bility (already hinted at) of a mistake having arisen as to the original types which
would induce me to entertain the contrary suspicion at all. In either case, how-
ever, oiu" present insect cannot be a Laparocerus, since it wants the modifications
both of the antennae and tibia? which constitute the main features of that genus.
Nevertheless it does even in these respects make a slight approach towards the
Laparoceri, since the former are just perceptibly slenderer than those of the other
Atlantides, and the latter are vmconstricted before their extremity, — being gradu-
ally expanded from the base, so as scarcely to display any greater breadth about
their sul)-basal region than elsewhere.

The A. vespertinus abovmds, during the winter and early spring, in open grassy
spots of high elevations, ranging from about 3000 feet above the sea to the
extreme mountain-tops, — and apparently attaining its maximum but a short
distance below the summits of the peaks. On the upland ridges from the Fonte
das Mocas to the Pico dos Arieros, and from thence to the Pico da Lagoa, I have
observed it by thousands in January and Pebruary, congregating beneath stones
in company with Heteromcrous and other insects which delight in such localities.
The species varies a little m the depth of its sculpture and the density of its
pubescence ; but it possesses so many characters essentially its own, that there is
but little fear of confounding it with any of the other Atlantides with which Ave
have here to do.

284. Atlantis lanatus, WoU. (Tab. YII. fig. G.)
A. elongato-ovatus nigro-, vel fusco-piceus, pube subfulvescenti-cinered robust^ depressfi parce varie-
gatus, prothorace remote punctato, punctis maximis sed baud semper profundis, elj^ris profunde
punctato-striatis, pilis valde clougatis erectis moUissimis lanatis dense adspersis, intcrstitiis

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 373

alternis vix tessellatis, antennis longiusculis crassis infuscato-ferrugineis, articulo tertio secundo
multum longiore.
Mas, pedibus vis robustioribus : tibiis omnibus mox pone apiceni internum spina parva acuta (in
posticis minutissima acutissima) armatis ; anticis apicem versus incurvis ; posterioribus (sed prse-
sertim posticis) rectis; posticis ad apicem baud explanatis (omnino simplicibus).
Fcem. paulo major ; pedibus vix gracilioribus et baud brevioribus, simplicibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 3^-^^.

Habitat Maderam australem, vel in sylvaticis super folia Laurorum, vel etiam sub lapidibus in aperto,
ab autumno usque ad ver novum prjedominans : ad Curral das Romeiras prope Funcbal Octobri
mense a.d. 1 847 copiose observavij necnon in summo monte Pico da Cruz dicto tempore hiberno
A.D. 1851 detexit cl. Dom. Heer. •.

A. elongate-ovate, piceous-black, piceous, or brownish-piceous, and sparingly clothed with a robust,
decumbent, brownish-cinereous, or entirely cinereous pubescence. Rosti-um slightly dilated at its
apex; rather distinctly sculptured, having a tendency to be longitudinally strigulose ; and with
a deep central channel between the eyes. Prothorax widest just behind the middle ; rather
roughened and remotely punctured, the punctures extremely large, and sometimes (though not
always) deep, — the spaces between them being beset with most minutely and delicately impressed
points*. Elytra deeply punctate-striated; densely beset with very elongated, erect, extremely
fine, and woolly additional hairs, which are of a softer nature than those of any of the other
species ; the alternate interstices having only the slightest possible tendency (which is sometimes
not at all perceptible) to be longitudinally tessellated with denser patches of the pubescence.
Antenna rather long, and exceedingly robust; their scape being dull ferruginous, and the
remainder more or less darkly infuscated, or picescent : the second joint of their funiculus
immensely longer than the first. Leffs more or less brownish-testaceous, or fusco-piceous : the
tarsi paler, their terminal joint being rufo-testaceous.
Male, with the legs scarcely more robust than the female : all the tibia armed with a small, acute
spine (which in the hinder pair is very small, and exceedingly acute) at a short distance behind
their inner apices ; the two anterior ones considerably incurved towards their extremity ; the four
posterior ones (especially the hinder pair) straight ; the hinder ones not expanded at their extre-
mity, but entirely simple.
Female rather larger; mth the legs vei-y slightly slenderer, but not shorter, and simple.

A most distinct species, differing from the remainder of the genus here desci'ibed,
not only in the exceedingly soft, or woolly nature of the elongated erect hau's with
which it is clothed, but likewise in its deeply sculptured sm*face (that of the pro-
thorax, as already stated, presenting a very peculiar structure), in the thickness
and robustness of its antennte, which have the second joint of their funiculus
hnmensely longer than the first, and in the small, acute spine with which the
internal apex of all the tibise of its male sex are furnished at a short distance from

* These intermediate points are scarcely perceptible except beneath the microscope : but when thus
viewed, the sculpture has much the appearance of that which forms such a peculiar featiu-e of the Lapa-
rocerus morio, — except that the superior punctures are immensely larger, and the iuferior ones smaller
stiU (aud less numerous) than those of that insect.

;J74 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

their extremity. It docs in fact form somewhat of a connecting link between the
typical and aberrant Atlantides ; for whilst its excessively pilose elytra, and the
slis^htlv incrassated leers and the armed tibia? of its males must needs (as the most
important of its characters) retain it amongst the former, yet the posterior tibia?
being undilated at their termination wovxld tend to identify it with the latter, did
not the singular and very acute Httle spur, with which they are fortified behind
then- apex, exist, to represent the inner heel (as it evidently does), which is more
or less largely developed, and modified, throiighout the whole of the normal
members of the group. The A. lanatus is a rather abundant insect towards the
{owQY limits of the wooded districts, — occm*ring occasionally, likewise, beneath
stones in more open spots. I have not myself observed it except in the south of
the island ; but have taken it conamonly, during the autumnal months, at tlie
Curral das Romeiras, above Funchal, — and it was captured by Professor Heer at
the Mount Church, and on the Pico da Cruz, dming the -ndnter of 1850-51.

U. Elytra pilis superadditis carentia, vet ad apicem solum parce pilosa. Pedes in utroque sexu crassitudine
xubtequah-s ; tibiis masculis ad apicem fere inarmatis, posticis hand dilatatis. (Atlantides aberrantes,
forsan genus alterum efficientes^

285. Atlantis navicularis, Woll.

A. elongato-ovatus rufo-piccus, pube aureo-viridcsccnti-iiiicante robust;! depressa parce variegatus,
prothorace subremote puuctato, elytris punctato-striatis, ad apicem navicularibus atque illic pilis
longiusculis erectis mollissimis parce adspersis, interstitiis alternis sat distincte tessellatis,
aiitennarum scapo gracili, articulis secundo et tertio subjcqualibus.

I,ong. Corp. lin. 3j-3f.

Habitat in insula Portu Sancto, sub lapidibus Decembri mense a.d. 1818 a meipso repertus.

A. elongate-ovate, rufo-piceous, and sparingly variegated with a robust, decumbent, green and golden,
or golden-grceu pubescence, — reflecting a metallic splendour. Rostrum and prothorax as in the
last species ; the latter being a little more distinctly keeled in the centre, but with the same
character of punctuation (namely, large punctures with minute ones between, the former having
impressed radiating lines divergent from each of them). Elijtra somewhat parallel towards their
base; rather deeply punctate-striated; quite free from additional pile except at the extreme apex,
where there are a few, tolerably elongated, erect, and exceedingly soft, or silken hairs ; pinched
in on either side about the apex, causing the suture in that region to be prominent and keeled,
and that poi-tion of the body consequently to be boat-shaped ; the alternate interstices rather
distinctly tessellated with denser patches of the golden-green ])ubesccnce. Antenna somewhat
long and slender, rufo-ferruginous ; their scape slender at the base, being rather suddenly
thickened towards the apex : the first and second joints of their funiculus of aboftt equal length.
Legs more or less rufo-fenuginous, exceedingly pilose, and simple in both sexes* : the tarsi with
their terminal joint rufo-testaceous.

* Vide note, p. 355.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 375

The representatives of the second subsection oi Atlantis, — which I would detin(>
as the aberrant members of the group, and perhaps in reality to be considered as
generically distinct, — may be at once- recognised by their freedom from the elon-
gated additional pile (except at the extreme apex only) with which the elytra in
the previous division is more or less densely besprinkled, and by the similarity of
their legs in both sexes, — which last are not merely of equal (or, at any rate, of
subequal) thickness in the two, biit are, likewise, unexpanded at theu' termination
in the males, and have the apical spine which characterizes the normal forms
either entirely absent, or else so far reduced in size that it may be practically
regarded as svich. They are insects, moreover, of a less sylvan natiu^e, being, witli
a single exception, confined, so far as I have hitherto observed, to barren, sulj-
maritime spots altogether destitute of trees, — residing beneath stones, but being,
like most of the Cyclomkles, of exceedingly gregarious habits. It is worthy of
remark, that, up to the present period, I have detected but a solitary species in
Madeu'a proper (namely, the A. excelsus, — the one just referred to, as ranging
within the wooded districts), five, out of the remainiug six, being peculiar to Porto
Santo, and the other to the Ilheo de Pora, — the little island which constitutes th<^
detached extremity of the Sao Lauren90 promontory, the most eastern point of
Madeu-a.

The A. namciilaris, which, on accoiuit of the comparatively bright, golden-green
scales with wliich it is tessellated, approaches in general aspect some of the typical
members of the genus, may be readily distinguished from the rest of the present
di\dsion by its remotely punctured prothorax, and by the softer, more elongated,
and silken additional hairs with which the apex of its elytra is beset, — whilst the
ciu'iously constricted, or pinchcd-in, structure which is so apparent in that portion
of its sm'face, and which causes the suture to project like a keel, giving a boat-
shaped appearance to that particular region of its body, will serve to sej)arate it
from the whole of the other species, normal and aberrant, here described. In the
somewhat slender scape of its antennae it almost agrees with the A. inconstans,
whilst in the equaUty of the fu'st and second joints of its funiculus it recedes from
that insect, as well as from the A. instabills, A\itli which it was foimd in comijany.
And, upon the whole, I am inclined to think that it may perhaps have a greater
affinity with the unique A. claratits (though widely distinct from it specifically),
than with any othev Atlantis hitherto discovered. The only three specimens which
I liave seen, were captiu-ed by myself in Porto Santo, during my residence there
with the Hev. W. J. Armitage, in December 1848, — but whether taken on the
Campo de Baxo or at a higher elevation, I cannot at present recall.

286. Atlantis inconstans, WoU.

A. elougato-subovatus piceus vel fusco-piceus, pube ciuereo-subcuprescente vel cinereo-subviridescente
diliita depressa parce variegatus, protliorace deuse punctato, elytris punctato-striatis, ad apicern

376 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

setis brevibus erectis parce adspersis, interstitiis alternis valde indistincte tessellatis, autennaruni
scapo subgracili, articulo tertio secundo longiore.
Long. Corp. lin. 3^-4^.

Habitat Portum Sanctum : sub lapidibus in campis aridis, necnon in vinetis mox pone cram mari-
timaiu sitis, Decembri excunte a.d. 1848 plurima specimina detexi.

A. elongate-subovate, piceous, or brownish-piceous, and sparingly variegated with a fine, decumbent,
somewhat coppery-cinereous, or greenish-cinereous pubescence, — of an exceedingly variable nature,
but usually reflecting, when viewed obliquely, more or less of a dull metallic lustre. Rostrum
and prothorax as in the last species, except that the latter is usually widest about the middle
(instead of a little behind the middle), and is very much more densely punctured, — the punctures
however having generally a slight tendency to radiate as in that insect, but with the intermediate
ones (even under the microscope) scarcely perceptible. Elytra rather deeply punctate-striated ;
free from additional pile except at the extreme apex, where there are a few very short bristles, or
stiflF hairs ; the alternate interstices very obscurely tessellated with denser portions of the pubes-
cence,— occasionally however rather distinctly so behind, where the suture also is sometimes a
little more evidently paler, or blotched, than in most of the other species. Antenna fusco-ferru-
ginous, or fusco-testaceous ; their scape generally a little paler than the remainder, and rather
slender : the second joint of their funiculus distinctly longer than the first. Legs rather long,
varying from rufo-ferruginous into testaceous, and simple in both sexes : the tarsi with their
terminal joint rufo-testaceous.

The A. ineonstans may be known by its comparatively large size and obscurely
tessellated surface (which, although of a very variable natiu-e, has generally more
or less of a tlull coppery or golden-green tinge when \-iewed obliquely), by its
densely pim^ctured prothorax, somewhat elongated legs, and by its scape being
rather slender at the base. In the first joint of its funiculus being distinctly
shorter than the second it agrees with the A. instahUis ; nevertheless its much
greater bviUc, longer limbs, and the less robust base of its antennae will at once
separate it from that insect. It is apparently peculiar to Porto Santo, where I
captured several specimens, diu'ing December 1848, from beneath stones on the
open plain of the Campo de Baxo, and in the low sandy idneyards, to the south of
the island, immediately behind the sea-beach.

287. Atlantis mendax, Wall.

A. elongato-ovatus, antice subangustatus, piceus, pube subcinere^ vel sub\Tridescenti-cinereii robust^
depressa variegatus, prothorace profundc punctato, elytris punctato-striatis, ad apicem setis
brevibus erectis parcissime adspersis, interstitiis alternis valde indistincte tessellatis, antennarum
scapo robusto valde eurvato, articulis secundo et tertio subiequalibus.

Long. Corp. lin. Sj-^.

Habitat Fortuiu Sanctum, ui iisdcm locis ac pncccduns, scd illo rarior.

A. elongate-ovate, and a little narrowed anteriorly, piceous, and more or less densely clothed with a

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 377

rather robust, decumbent, cinereous, or somewhat greenish-cinereous pubescence. Rostrum and
prothiirax as in the A, inconstans ; the latter however with its widest portion perhaps just per-
ceptibly less medial, and also rather more deeply, and not quite so closely punctured, — the
larger punctures having no tendency to throw out radiating lines, and the intermediate ones
being a little more evident than those of that species. Elytra rather less deeply punctate-
striated than in the A. inconstans, and with the scales, or pubescence, somewhat more robust,
paler, and with less of a metallic lustre. Antenna and legs as in the last species ; except that
\h& former are rather shorter, and have their scape much robuster at its base (and more curved),
and with the first and second joints of their funiculus subequal.

The distinctions between the present insect and the last have been ah-eady
pointed ont in the above comparative description ; and it will be sufficient there-
fore to add that, whilst in point of size it is intermediate between the A. inconstans
and the A. insfablUs, and is in general structure somewhat allied to both ; its
anteriorly subacuminated form, the robustness of its scales and scape, and the
equality of the first and second joints of its funiculus would seem to indicate,
apart from minor differences, that it is a true species, and no local state of either
of them. Three examples only have hitherto come under my observation ; which
I captured, from beneath stones, on the Campo de Baxo of Porto Santo during
December 184)8.

288. Atlantis instabilis, WoU.
A. elongato-ovatus vel subovatus, fusco-piceus vel ferrugineus, pube subcinerea vel subfulvescenti-
cinerea depressa variegatus, prothorace profunde punctato, elytris punetato-striatis, ad apiceni
setis brevibus erectis parce adspersis, interstitiis alternis plus minusve indistincte tessellatis,
antennarum scapo subrobusto valde curvato, articulo tertio secundo paulo longiore.
Variat elytris rotundatioribus, vel interstitiis alternis baud perspicue tessellatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2-3i.

Habitat in Portu Sancto, vulgaris ; — sub lapicUbus in Campo de Baxo, sed prsesertim super promon-
torium quoddam orfe septentrionalis, mensibus Decembri et Aprili a meipso lectus.

A. more or less elongate-ovate, or ovate, brownish -piceous or ferruginous, and rather densely clothed
with a decumbent fulvo-cinereous, or subcinereous pubescence, — which has sometimes a brownish-
golden tinge, but very rarely any admixture of green. Rostrum and protkorax as in the A. mendaw ;
the latter being perhaps rather more closely, though equally deeply punctured. Elytra punctate-
striated ; free from additional pile except at the extreme apex, where there are an exceedingly
few, and very short bristles, or stiffish hairs; the alternate interstices more or less obscurely
tessellated with denser portions of the pubescence, but sometimes so faintly so as to appear
altogether untessellated. Antennae and legs as in the A. mendax ; except that the former have
the scape perhaps not quite so robust (though very much thicker at its base than that of the
A. inconstans), — and with the second joint of their funiculus a little longer than the first.

By far the commonest and most unstable of aU the Porto Santan Atlantides, —
scarcely two specimens out of more than thirty, from which the above description

3c

378 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

has Ijeen compiled, being exactly alike. In the tessellation of its elytra it passes
through many degrees of relative obscurity, — until, in some instances, the pubes-
cence displays no traces of variegation whatsoever, being uniformly of a brownish-
ciuereous hue. It may however be generally recognised, in all its stages, from the
A. mendax and the prc\dous species (with wliich alone it could be confounded), by
its far smaller size (some of the extreme examples scarcely attaining so much as
three lines in length), and by the second joint of its fimiculus being distiactly
longer than the fli"st. In this last respect however it approaches (though only to
a certain extent) the A. inconstans ; nevertheless, in addition to its comparatively
diminutive bulk, it is abundantly separated from that insect, not only by the
robustness and cau'vatm-c of its scape and by its shorter limlxs, but, likewise, by its
different sculpture, colour, and form. It is essentially an inhabitant of barren
exposed spots, occurring beneath stones in localities but slightly elevated above
the shore. On the open plain of the Campo de Baxo, but especially on the
summit of a rounded cliff on the northern coast (whilst searching for the large and
beautiful Helix lenludinaUs), I captured it in considerable abundance, during
December 1818 and AprH 1819.

289. Atlantis excelsiis, Woll.

A. ovatus convesus fusco-niger, pube subfulvcscenti-, vcl subaurescenti-olivacea depress^ dense
variegatus, rostro breviusculo crasso, prothorace brevi j)UQctato, elytris pimctato- (an potius
crcnato-?) striatis, ncc pilis nee setis superadditis adspersis, interstitiis alternis plus minusve
distincte tessellatis, antcnnarum scapo gracili, articulis secundo et tertio subsqualibus.
Var. |3. elytris setulis subrigidis brevissimis superadditis undique obsitis.

Long, coi-p. lin. 2^-85.

Habitat per totani regionem Madcrtc syhaticam, sed prsesertim inter 1000' et 5000' s. m., a;state non
int'requens : folia Laiiroruni destruit, etiam die vagans.

A. ovate and convex, dark brow-nish-piceous, and densely variegated with a fine, decumbent, greenish-
brown, or somewhat olivaceous pubescence, — reflecting more or less, when viewed obliquely, a
dull golden lustre. Rostrum rather short, and scarcely at all dilated at its apex ; occasionally
with a tendency to be longitudinally strigulose ; and with a central channel between the eyes,
which is sometitnes replaced in front by a slightly-raised line, or keel. Prothorax short, widest
about the middle ; transversely convex behind the middle, and with the extreme anterior margin
often a little raised ; closely and rather roughly punctured ; and usually more distinctly keeled
in the centre than is the case with any of the preceding si)ccies. Eh/Ira punctate- (or, more
strictly jierhaps, crenate-) striated ; free from additional erect ])ile in all ])ortions of their surface ;
the alternate interstices more or less distinctly tessellated with denser portions of the pubescence.
Antennts somewhat slender, and ferruginous ; their scape very slightly curved, slender at its base,
and rather suddenly thickened towards its extremity : and with the first and second joints of
their funiculus subcqual. Lcffs as in the preceding species, but somewhat slender.
Var. /3. with the elytra densely beset all over with most minute, subcrect additional bristles, or stiff
hairs.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 379

There can be but little fear of confounding tlie present Atlantis mtli any of the
remainder here described, the only one which it assimilates in the least being the
A. Schaumn, — with which it agrees in the equality of the first and second joints of
its funiculus, and, to a certain extent, in its convex and ovate form. It may
however be at once recognised from that insect by the somewhat straight, and
more suddenly clavated scape of its antennre, by its thicker, and less apically-
divergcnt rostrum, by its shorter, wider, and more deeply sculptured prothorax,
and by its more posteriorly acuminated elytra, — which last are not only more
closely covered and tessellated with scales and have their striaj crenated rather
than punctate, but entu'ely want the longer additional hairs which are so con-
spicuous towards the hinder quarters of that insect. Added to which, its
pubescence is not merely denser, but is altogether of a different colour from that of
the A. Schmtmii, — being of a uniformly dull olivaceous-, or golden-brown, and
completely free from the bright metallic green tinge which characterises the small
portion wliich exists on tliat insect. Its habits moreover are of a totally different
nature from those of the A. Scliaumii, being sylvan, alpine, diiu'ual, and solitary ;
whereas the latter agrees in every respect with the other aberrant Atlantides, —
congregating in vast numbers beneath stones on the exposed mountain-slopes of
low and intermediate elevations, from which it never wanders except by night. It
is the only Madeiraii representative of the present division of the genus which I
have hitherto been able to detect ; being not uncommon during the summer
months throughout the forest regions, though apparently attaining its maximum
towards their upper limits, — from about 4000 feet, perhaps, to nearly 5000 above
the sea. It is found on the native laurels in the densest parts of the wooded
districts, the whole of my specimens having been obtained by beating the foliage
during the daytime, when they were always in an active state. I have captured it
on the Lombo das Vacas in June ; at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, the Cruzinhas,
the Faual, and at the head of the Ribeiro de Jofio Delgada, in July ; and at the
Ribeiro Frio in August.

In its normal state it may be immediately distinguished, apart from other
(though not less important) differences, by its perfect freedom from additional erect
pile, which is not traceable even at its hinder extremity ; and the var. (3., in which
the entire surface of the elytra is thickly beset with short and minute setse, is
scarcely less remarkable, being unparalleled in any of the other species of Atlantis,
— though exactly represented in the Cyphoscelis distoHa, an insect of which the
habits are exceedingly similar. The var. /3. is decidedly rare ; nevertheless I have
taken it at the Cruzinhas, at the head of the Ribeiro de Joao Delgada, and at the
Ribeiro Frio.

290. Atlantis Schamnii, Woll.
A. brevi-ovatus convexus piceus, pube subviridescenti-, vel subaurescenti-micante depress^ parcissime
variegatus, protborace leviter punctato, elytris subglobosis punctato-striatis, apicem versus setis

3 c 2

380 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

erectis parce adspersis, interstitiis alternis vix tessellatis, antennarum scapo subgracili curvato,
articulis secundo et tertio subaqualibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 2V-3.

Habitat in suinmo montc illo Portus Sancti " Pico do Castello " dicto, sub lapidibus ruinas castclli
exolcti circunijaccntibus, mensibus Aprili et ^laio a mcipso copiosissime collectus : species valde
distincta et iu hoiiorein amici II. Schaum, Beroliui, citata.

A. ovate and convex, dark piceous, and most sparingly variegated with a rather robust, decumbent,
greenish, or golden-green pubescence, — reflecting, when viewed obliquely, a metallic lustre.
Rostrum not so thick as iu the A. excelsus, and more divergent at its apex. Prothurax neither so
short, nor proportionably so wide as in that insect, also much less deeply punctured, and with its
mdest point perhaps ju.st perceptibly less medial. Elytra more strictly /w«cte/e-striated than in
that species, subglobosc, and more suddenly shortened behind ; very distinctly besprinkled witii
erect, additional, stiffish hairs towards their posterior region ; the alternate interstices scarcely
at all tessellated, though in fresh and very perfect specimens sometimes tolerably distinctly so
behind (where the scales reflect more or less of a golden-greenish splendour). Antenna and legs
as in the A. excelsus; except that they are altogether a little robustcr, — especially the scape of the
former, which is also rather more curved and less suddenly clavated at its extremity.

The distinctions between the present insect and the A. excelsus have been
ah'cady pointed out, not only in the above comparative diagnosis, but likewise in
the observations under that species. It will be suificient therefore to remark, that
in its shortened and sul)globosc outline, in its very sparingly pubescent surface,
and in the additional erect pile with which the entu'e posterior j)ortion of its el\"tra
is besprinkled, it recedes from the whole of the genus (except the A. Force, — which
may possibly be a local variety of it) here described ; whilst its habits are rather
more of a mountain character than those of the other Porto Sautan representatives
of the grou^). The only sjjot iu A\hich I have ever ol^served it iu any profusion is
at the extreme summit of the Pico do Castello, where it literally aboimds ; and
where, during May of 1848 and April of 1849, I captured it in vast numbers, from
beneath the large slabs of stone \vithin the ruins of the ancient fort. I have dedi-
cated the species to my friend Dr. H. Schamn of Berlin.

291. Atlantis Fora3, JVoll.

A. ovatus subsenescenti-piceus, pube subviridescenti-micante depress^ parcissime variegatus, pro-
thorace subpunctato, elytris punctato-striatis, apicem versus setis longis erectis adspci-sis, inter-
stitiis alternis vix tesscllatis, antennis breviusculis scapo curvato, articulis secundo et tertio sub-
fequalibus.

Long. Corp. lin. vix 2^.

Habitat in insulA quadam parvA juxta promontorium Saucti Laureutii Maderas llheo de Fora dictfi,
sub lapide d. 19 Mart. 1849 reportus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 381

A. ovate, but less convex and rounded tliaii the A. Schaumii, piceous, with (especially on the elytra) a
distinctly brassy tinge, and most sparingly variegated with a rather robust, decumbent pubescence,
of much the same character as that of the A. Schaumii. Rostrum and prothorax as in that
species ; except that the latter is less evidently punctured, — being in fact, on the disk, only sub-
punctate. Elytra as in the A. Schaumii, except that they are not quite so inflated and convex,
or so abruptly shortened behind, and with the additional erect pile which is sprinkled over their
apical region both longer and somewhat denser. Antennce and legs as in that insect, except that
the former are just perceptibly shorter, and perhaps a little more robust.

As just stated, the unique insect from which the above description has been
drawTi out may perhaps be but a local variety of the A. Schaumii ; nevertheless,
as it appears to possess small distinctive characters, which are sufficient, I think,
if constant, to indicate an additional species, I have preferred retaining it as
separate until at any rate future investigations shall decide the point. My single
example was captured by myself on the Ilheo de Eora (the small detached rock
which constitutes the extremity of the Ponta de Sao Lam-engo), during an expe-
dition to that minute island, with the Rev. W. J. Armitage, on the 19th of
March 1849.

Genus 124. OMIAS. (Tab. VII. fig. 8.)

(G-ermar) Schon. Cure. Disp. Meth. 190 (1826).

Corpus parvum, ovatum vcl subrotundatum, convexum, subglabrum vel (rarius) pube variegatum :
rostro brevi, supra piano, ad apicem plus minusve attenuato et (in speeiebus Maderensibus)
triangulariter emarginato ; scrobe (in typieis brevi subcurvata, sed in nostris) oblonga lata, versus
medium rostri ascendente; oculis subrotundatis : prothorace ant subconico, aut ad latera rotun-
dato : scutello (in typieis baud vel vix observando, sed in nostris) perspicuo sed parvo : elytris (m
typieis) valde convexis : alis obsoletis. Antenna (VII. 8 a) in speeiebus Maderensibus longse
subgraciles ; scapo curvato, ad apicem parum subito clavato ; funiculo 7-articulatOj articulis
primo et secuudo (illo praecipue) longiusciilis crassiusciilis, reliquis subnodosis ; clava elongato-
ovata, obscure articulata. Pedes (VII. 8 b) in utroque sexu simplices ; tibiis masculis fere (vix
omnino, nisi fallor) inarmatis, sed anticis ad apicem ipsum (in maribus vix magis quam in foe-
minis) plerumque leviter incurvis.

The insects which I have referred to Omias are by no means normal represen-
tatives of it ; nevertheless the great difficulty of obtaining anything like iixed
structural characters from the external details of these smaller Cyclomides renders
it desirable not to multiply the genera more than is necessary, especially where
no decided reasons exist for suspecting the several modifications assumed to be
geographical variations (like Atlantis) from some central ty|)e. In fact, two out
of the three species described below approach very closely, as already stated, to
the lesser aljerrant Atlantides ; and it is the disj)arity of size more than any thin «■
else, between even the extremes (in opposite directions) of the respective groups,
which enables us to draw the line of demarcation between them. The O. JFater-
housei, however, would appear, in its subglobose and almost glabrous body, and in

382 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

its nearly obsolete scutellum, to agree better with, the ordinary Oiniades than
either the O. ventrosus or the O.Jlafi];)es; and I am by no means certain that it
might not be more natiu-al to regard the last two as minute Atlaatides, and the
first one only as an Omias. Still, I prefer, upon the whole, the present arrange-
ment, since there are a few particulars, even independently of bulk (as, for
instance, their entii-ely pilose elytra, their perceptibly acuminated rostrum, and
the basal joint of then- funiculus being distinctly longer than the second), which
would seem to imply that the space l^etween the Atlantis Force and the Omias
ventrosus is more than a specific one. Be this however as it may, there can be
no doubt that two at least out of the Madoiran members of Omias (as I have
defined them to be) are very intimately related, in real affinity, to the aberrant
Atlantides, — since they have not only a \'isible scutellum, and their front tibia?
more apically incurved than is the case with the prevailing northern forms, but
theii" surfaces arc densely pubescent and by no means vmusually convex, and the
groove of their (somewhat long and slender) antennae is altogether wider, and not
nearly so abbre\'iated as that which exists in the Omiades proper.

§1. Corpus plus minii^ve avatmn pubeseens ; scutello distincto.

292. Omias ventrosus, WoU.

O. subovatus piceo-nigcr, pube infuscato-cinercri robusta depressa tectus, prothorace profiinde punc-
tato, clytris punctato-striatis, pilis brevissiiuis paruin rigidis suberectis plefumque undique
obsitis, interstitiis alteruis iuterdum obsolete tessellatis, antennis pedibusque fusco-ferrugincis.

Long. Corp. bn. l|-2.

Habitat sub lapidibus in graminosis cditioribus Maderse, tempore hiberno et vernali, vulgatissimus, —
inter 4000' et 5000' s. m. pncdominans.

O. subovate, black or jiiceous-black, and ratber densely clothed with a robust, decumbent, dull
brownish-cinereous pubescence. Rostrum shoi't, thick, and roughly punctured : the eyes I'ather
prominent. Prothorax deeply punctured ; with the sides rounded ; and widest about, or a little
behind the middle. Elytra not very convex, and usually widest a little behind the middle ;
punctate-striated ; beset all over with exceedingly short, robust, suberect additional hairs (which,
although usually distinct, are however occasionally scarcely perceptible) ; the alternate interstices
with a tendency to be very obscurely tessellated with denser portions of the pubescence. Antenna
and legs dull brownish-feri-uginous, and more or less darkly infuscated in parts.

A most abundant insect, dtu-ing the Avinter months, on the grassy mountain-
slopes of jMadeira at lofty elevations, — apparently attaining its maximum between
the limits of from 4000 to abovit 5000 feet above the sea. On the somewhat flat
and exposed district towards the base of the Pico da Silva (on the Caminho de
Meio), and along the itpland ridges from the P6uso and the Fonte das !Mocas to
the Pico da Lagoa, and from thence to the Pico dos Axieros ; as well as on the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 383

liills above the Allegria and Sao Roque, I hare observed it, from November
until April, in the utmost profusion, — congregating beneath stones, in company
with other alpine insects which delight in similar localities. As already stated, I
do not view it as a true Omias ; and have merely placed it in its present position,
as being u.nwilling . to multiply genera more than is necessary in these obscure
departments of the smaller Ci/clomides : and I may repeat, that it is far from
improbal)le that intermediate specific links will be brought to light to connect it
with Atlantis, and that so it may eventually be found desirable to regard it, along
with the O. ceiiescens, as a minute aberrant member of that group.

293. Omias senescens, Woll.

O. ovatus senescenti-nigro-piceus subnitidus, pube senescenti-cinerea robusta depressa parce tectus,
pi'othorace subcylindrico profunde punctate, elytris subconvexis punctato-striatis, pilis lougis
moUibus erectis undique dense obsitis, antennis pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis vel fere testaceis.

Long, coi-p. lin. l|-lf .

Habitat in locis similibus ac O. ventrosus, una cum illo degens, sed multo rarior.

O. ratber rounder and more ovate than the O. ventrosus, also generally more piceous, and with a
distinctly Eeneous tinge, slightly shining, and rather sparingly clothed with a robust, decumbent,
subcinereous, or brassy-cinereous pubescence. Rostrum and prothorax as in the last species ;
except that the eyes are perhaps a little less prominent, and the latter somewhat more cylindrical,
— being less rounded at the sides, and not quite so broad in the middle. Elytra more inflated
and convex than in that insect, and widest about, or just before the middle ; punctate-striated ;
densely beset all over with rather long, soft, or silken, erect additional hairs (very much softer
and longer than those of the O. ventrosus) ; the alternate interstices with, apparently, scarcely
any tendency to be longitudinally tessellated. Antenna and legs pale rufo-ferruginous, or occa-
sionally almost rufo-testaceous ; the latter a little robuster, in proportion, than those of the last
species.

The alcove comparative description will l)e sufficient to point out the distinctions
between the present insect and the last, — its more ovate and convex body, added
to its more shining and perceptil^ly brassy surface, the denser, softer, and longer
erect pile with which it is beset, its somewhat cylindrical prothorax, and its paler
limbs, at once separating it, apart from minor differences, from that species. It is
apparently extremely rare, and is found in company with the O. ventrosus, — the
few specimens which have come beneath my observation having lieen captm-ed by
myself, during the winter and spring of 181-9, on the lofty upland ridges between
the Fonte das Mo9as and the Pico dos Arieros (from about 4000 to 5000 feet above
the sea). In its great scarcity indeed it offers a striking contrast to its ally, —
which, as ah*eady stated, is not only universal, but exists in literal profusion
throughout most of the exposed alpine districts of the island (but amongst the
large numbers of which, however, it is not impossible that it may have been
occasionally overlooked).

384 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

§ II. Corpus plus minusve sulfflohoso-ovatum fere fflabrum ; seutello minutissimo.

294. Omias Waterhousei, nw. (Tab. YII. fig. 8.)

O. iubglobosus valde arcuato-couve.xus nitidiis, obsoletissime subviridcsccnti-, vel subcyanescenti-ater
et undique subtiliter punctulatus^ prothorace subconico, elj'tris punctato-striatisj antennis pedi-
busque rufo-ferrugineis.
Var. ^. paulo major et ovatior, vLx minus nitidus, elytris leviter striato-punctatis. (Ins. Deserta
Grandis.)

Long. Corp. lin. 1^-2.

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus superioribus Maderse, prsesertim in graminosis a 3000' usque ad
4000' s. m., toto anno frequens : var. /3. sola in Deserta Grandi, et illic tantum, nisi fallor,
occurrit, qua mensibus Januario a.d. 1849 et Maio a.d. 1850 plurima specimina cepi.

In honorcm peritissimi G. R. WaterhousCj Musei Britannici comiti, qui tamdiu scientise naturalis
magister nomen Anglicanum honoribus sustulit, hoc insectum valde iudigenum nuucupavi.

O. .subglobose-ovate, being exceedingly convex and regularly arcuated above (there being no depres-
sion at the junction of the prothorax with the elytra), intense black, with a just perceptibly
greenish or bluish tinge, shining and almost glabrous, and minutely punctulatcd all over. Ros-
trum very short and thick ; considerably attenuated towards the apex ; more roughly punctured
than the rest of the surface, and with a tendency to be longitudinally strigulose : the eijes very
much depressed. Prothurax subconical, being widest at, or immediately in front of, its extreme
base; without any appearance of a dorsal line; and usually with an exceedingly few scales, of an
opaline, greenish-white, or golden-green tinge, scattered about its sides. Elytra much inflated
and convex, and usually mdest about midway between its centre and base; rather lightly
punctate-striated ; entirely free from erect hairs or pile, but with a few scattered depressed scales
(similar to those on the prothorax) generally apparent towards its base and apex, — especially the
former, where they are often tolerably distinct about the region of the shoulders. Anienrue and
leffs rufo-ferruginous.
Var. (3. larger and more ovate, just perceptibly less shining, and with the elytra more lightly
sculptured (not only the striae being less perceptible, but the punctures, also, shallower), — and
more strictly striate-punctate than punctate-striate. (The state peculiar to the Dezerta Grande.)

A triily iudigenous insect, — its intensely dark, subglabrous, higlily polished,
minutely punctulated, very convex, and I'egularly arcuated iipper sui-face, added to
its short, ovate outline, conical prothorax, and acuminated rostrum, giving it a
character which it is impossible to mistake. The just perceptibly greenish or cya-
ncous tinge, moreover, which is traceable in all parts of its body, except on the
liml)s (which arc pale rufo-ferruginous), in conjunction witli the exceedingly few
opaline, or greenish-white scales which are scattered about its sides, and which
reflect, when viewed obliquely, more or less of a metallic lustre, imjaart a peculiar
additional shade to its (otherwise) deep black hue, wliich I do not remember to
liave noticed in any other insect with which I am acquainted. Although by no
means an ordinarv Oiuias, it has rather more in conunon with that crenus than

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 385"

either tlie 0. ventrosus or tlie O. cenescens, — its excessively minute scutellura, Lu
connection with its inflated and ahnost impubescent form, calling to mind some of
the Omiades of more northern latitudes. Still, in the structure of its rostral
groove and antennae, it agrees better with the Madeiran type through which we
have just passed, and which descends (liable to sul)sidiary modifications) from
Laparocerus and Atlantis, through the aberrant Atl an tides, until its distinctive
features are almost lost sight of in these smaller groups. It is a common insect on
all the mountain- slopes of Madeu'a, between the Hmits of from 2000 to 5000 feet
above the sea, but is perhaps most abundant about midway between those
extremes. It occurs throughout the whole year, though more particularly during
the winter and spring, — at which seasons I have observed it in great profusion on
the grassy decli^dties of the Curral das Ereii'as, and on the exposed ridges above
the Allegria and Sao Roque. I have however captured it on the Lonibo das Vacas
in June, at the Cruzinhas and the Fanal in Jiily, and at the Eeijaa de C6rte in
August. It exists likewise on the Dezerta Grande, where it will be perceived, from
the above diagnosis, that the specimens assume a distinct state peculiar to that
island, — and where, dm'ing January 1849 and May 1850, I collected a series of
examples from beneath stones on the great western promontory. I have dedicated
the species to my friend G. E.. Waterhouse, Esq., of the British Museum, whose
long attention to the Curculionidce is well known, and to whom I am indebted for
much valuable assistance in the comparison of the insects of this work.

Genus 125. ANEMOPHILUS, WoU. (Tab. VII. fig. 7, 9.)

Corpus parvum, ovatum, convexum, pube variegatum : 7-ostro et scrobe ut iu genere prsecedenti, seel
illo paulo breviore, vix oculos attingente, et postice minus piano ; oculis minutis subrotnndatis
demissis : prothorace ad latera sub?equaliter rotundato : scutello vel minutissimo vel distincto :
" elytris subconnatis, ad humeros rotundatis : alls obsoletis. Antemice (VII. 7 a, 9 a) breves crassse ;
scapo cm-vato, ad apicem clavato; funiciilo 7-articiilato, articulo primo magno crasso obconico,
secundo minore, reliquis brevibus subnodosis; clava ovata, obscure articulata. Pedes breves
robusti : tibiis in utroque sexu similibus et apice valde setuloso-ciliatis ; anticis apicem versus
dilatatis, ad apicem internum leviter incurvis, ad externum vel truncatis vel acutis ; posterioribus
(VII. 7 b, 9 b) ad apicem subito plus minusve dilatatis, angulis iuterno et extemo subsequalibus
acutis.

Ab avefMo^ ventus, et cf)tXo<; amicus. (Typus — Anemophilus crassus.)

The three singular little insects which I would include imder the present genus,
possess so many peculiarities of theu* own, that it is impossible to admit them,
even as a separate section, into Omias, the distinctive modifications of then* un-
usually short and thick limbs receding altogether from the corresponding details
of the Omiades (as represented in Madeira), and seeming to imply, apart from
minor differences, that they are correctly treated as members of an independent,
though nearly allied (and, to a certain extent, subsidiary) group. As regards

3d

386 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

indeed tlieii- antennae and tiljiio, they are remarkably well-defined, since, irrespect-
ively of their comparative robustness and diminished length, the former have the
basal joint of their funiculus much larger and broader than the second, and their
club very much rounder and more ovate than is the case with any of the preceding
forms ; whilst the latter have their extremity (either in all the legs or else in the
two hmder pair only) suddenly (and in one instance considerably) expanded, so as
to cause both angles to be not only somewhat acute, but siihequalhj prominent.
And if we look at tlieir secondary characters we shall not fail to discover other
features likewise, which (whilst of a less imjiortant nature in themselves), when
combined with those just mentioned, will additionally tend to render the isolation
of the species in question both natiu-al and convenient. Thus, in theu* excessively
small eyes and laterally-rounded prothorax, as well as in theii" very lightly striated
sm'faces and their rather shorter rostral groove, they would appear, scarcely less
evidently, to merit detaclmient from the remainder of the minute Cyclomides with
which we have here to do : and I think it far from improbable that they may in
reality constitute a portion of a little geographical assemblage indigenous (if not to
Porto Santo exclusively, at any rate) to the islands of the Madeii-an group. With
the exception of the lower elevation to wliich theu* range is confined, the Anemo-
j)hili, in their haljits, have a good deal in common mth the members of the last
genus, residing beneath stones in the most exposed and barren spots : nevertheless
they would appear also to harbour amongst lichen in the crevices of the rocks, — a
propensity which is never indicated, so far as I am aware, in any of the Omiades.

§ I. Tibia ad apieem valde dilatatw, anticw ad angulum externum suh2)roduct<s : antennarum scapus leviter

curvatus : scuteUum minutissimuvi punctifurme.

295. Anemophilus crassus, WoU. (Tab. VII. fig. 7.)

A. subrotundato-ovatus convexus fusco-niger vel fuscus, pube cuprescenti-cinerea subtLli depresssi
parce variegatus, prothorace ruguloso-subpunctato, elytris leviter punctato-substriatis, autennis
tarsisque fusco-ferrugineis, oculis minutissimis demissis.

Long. Corp. lin. l^-lf .

Habitat Portum Sanctum, sub lapidibus in rupium fissmis, necnon inter lichenes ibidem nascentes,
tempore biberno et vemali vulgaris : in asccnsu moutis Pico d'Anua Ferreira dicti abundat, qua
Dccembri mcnse a.d. 1848 copiosissime inveni.

A. sbort, roundish-ovate and convex, brownish-black, or of an entirely rusty-brown hue, and rather
sparingly clothed with an excessively fine, decumbent, and somewhat ashy pubescence, — which,
when viewed obliquely, reflects more or less of a cojjpery tinge. Rostrum very short and thick ;
and considerably attenuated towards the apex : the eyes exceedingly small, and very much de-
pressed. Prothorax convex, with the sides regularly and considerably rounded, being widest
about the middle ; roughened, and obscurely punctulated. ScuteUum extremely minute, and
punctiform. Elytra convex, especially behind the middle, and rather suddenly shortened, or

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 387

bent inwards towards their apex ; very lightly punctate-striated ; without the slightest indication
of either additional pile or setae; and with the alternate interstices, apparently, untessellated.
Aniennes and tarsi (and sometimes the entire legs) brownish-feri-uginous ; the latter with their
tibice considerably dilated at their extremity, — the inner and outer angles being subequally
prominent.

The present species, and the A. suhtessellatus, agree in their excessiyely small,
punctiform scutelliim, and in the comparatively slight ciu'vature of then* scape.
Nevertheless the A. crassus recedes from that insect in its perceptibly shorter and
more inflated body, in its less opake, and much less densely pubescent surface, in
its rather more evidently abbreviated antennse, and in the absence of any appear-
ance either of minute additional setae or of tessellation from its elytra. Its tibiae,
moreover, are much more dilated at their termination, and the anterior pair
(instead of being somewhat roimded off) are slightly produced at theii* outer angle,
— a structure which, in conjunction with the incurved interior one (which obtains
throughout the whole of these groups), causes theu" extremity to be unusually
robust and broad. It occurs beneath stones on the grassy ledges of the rocks, as
well as amongst lichen, in the mountains of Porto Santo, — where, in certain posi-
tions, it is extremely common from the begianing of the winter to the early spring.
Dui'Lag my residence in that island, with the Rev. "W. J. Armitage, in December
18J;8, I captured it in great profusion on the Pico d'Anna Ferreii-a, especially
towards the eastern ascent from the Campo de Baxo.

§ II. TiUcB ad apicem minus dilatatm, anticm ad angulum externum subtruncatce.
A. Antennarum scaptis leviter curvatus : scutellum minutissimum punciiforme.

296. Anemophilus subtessellatus, TT^oIl

A. ovatus subconvexus niger, pube subcuprescenti-, vel subvii-idesceuti-cinerea subtih depress^ dense
variegatus, prothorace ruguloso-subpunctato, elytris leviter punctato-substriatis, setulis minu-
tissimis brevissimis (interdum vix observandis) rigidis erectis undique dense obsitis, interstitiis
alternis plus minusve obscure submaculoso-tessellatis, antennis tarsisque fusco-ferrugineis, oculis
minutis subdemissis.

Long. Corp. lin. l^r-lf.

Habitat ins. Portus Sancti, inter lichenes in rupium fissuris crescentes, una cum Anemophilo crasso
degens, — ab autumno usque ad ver primum vulgaris.

A. ovate, but not quite so round or so convex as the A. crasstts ; also of a darker and less rasty hue,
and more densely clothed, — the pubescence moreover being of a rather more yellowish-green
tinge. Rostrum, prothorax, and scutellum as in that insect; except that the_^Vs/ is perhaps just
perceptibly longer, and the second not quite so convex or so broad in the middle : the e^Jes also
not quite so minute^ and a Uttle more prominent. Elytra less convex than in the last species,

3d 2

388 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

and not quite so abruptly shortened behind ; very lightly punctate-striated ; densely beset all
over with extremely minute (though robust) additional setfe, which in some specimens are only
perceptible when viewed obliquely ; and with the alternate interstices obscurely tessellated, or
dappled, especially behind. Antenrue and legs as in the last species ; except that the former are
just perceptibly longer, and that the /«^/er have their tibice much less dilated at their extremity, —
the outer apical angle moreover of the front pair being (even proportionably) less prominent.

An equally abundant insect with the last in Porto Santo, from the autumn to
the early spring. It is however more peculiarly attached to lichen than that
species, since it occurs almost exclusively in the crevices of the weather-beaten
rocks, and is scarcely ever foimd beneath stones. In December of 1848 and April
of ISiO I observed it in literal profusion on the ascent of the Pico d'Anna
Ferreii-a, in company with the A. crassus, the Lichenophagus fritilliis, the Tar-
phius Lotoei, and the Ftimis nodulus, albopictns, and fmgilis, — in all of which the
hal)its have the same lichen-infesting tendency.

B. Antennarwn scapus valde curvatus : scutellum distinctum triangulare.

297. Anemopliilus trossulus, WoU. (Tab. "\T:I. fig. 9.)

A. oblongo-ovatus convexus seneo-piceus nitidus, pube senescenti-, vel flavescenti-cinerea robusta

depressa parce variegatus, prothorace profunde punctato, elytris leviter punctulatis, obsoletissime

striatis, pilis mollibus suberectis parcissime adspersis, antennaruin basi pedibusque fusco-ferru-

gineis, ocuhs paulo majoribus subprominulis.

Long. Corp. lin. li-li.

Habitat in Portu Sancto, rarissime, — sub lapidibus baud procul a basi montis Pico d'Anna Ferreira a
meipso repertus.

A. ovate and convex, but rather more oblong and parallel than either of the foregoing species j brassy-
piceous, and shining (especially the elytra), and rather sparingly clothed with an exceedingly
robust, decumbent, brassy- or yellowish-cinereous pubescence. Rostrum rather broader at the
apex than is the case with either of the other species ; the eyes, also, a little larger and more
prominent. Prothorax with the sides regularly, and almost equally rounded ; decjily punctui-ed,
— the punctures being large and oblong, with minute rounded ones between them. Scutellum
very much larger than in either of the other species, and triangular. Elytra somewhat parallel
towards their base, and rounded behind ; with shallow punctures all over, only a portion of them
having a tendency (so faint as to be only just perceptible) to arrange themselves in longitudinal
rows ; sparingly besprinkled (the prothorax likewise) with veiy soft, suberect additional hairs ;
and with the alternate interstices apparently untessellated. Antenna short, with then- scape
much curved ; dull brownish-ferruginous, the funiculus being generally darker. Legs ferruginous,
with their /o(o- hiiuler tibia- only slightly dilated at their extremity, and the front pair with their
outer apical angle rounded off.

A most interesting little insect, receding from the other members of the present
group not only in its smaller and more oblong form and less acuminated rostriuu,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 389

but likewise iu its comparatively large and triangular scutellum, in its shining,
brassy surface (on which there are distinct indications of suberect additional pile),
in its deeply punctm-ed prothorax, and in its elytra being scarcely perceptibly
striated. In the structure of its antennae and legs, moreover, it differs slightly
from the two preceding species, — since the former have their scape more curved,
whilst the latter are but slightly expanded at their extremity, and have the outer
apical angle of the front pair regularly rounded off. With such characters as
these, it is possible that it may not be correctly associated with the AnemopMli,
as described above ; and hence I have removed it into a separate section, in case
that future investigations should render it desirable to detach it from the group.
It does not appear to have any tendency to assume the lichen-infesting habits of
its allies, the few specimens which I have liitherto taken having been from
beneath stones in the open country, and at low elevations. The Campo de Baxo
of Porto Santo is the only district in which I have observed it, where I captured
several examples, principally towards the eastern base of the Pico d' Anna Perreira,
during April of 1849.

Genus 126. LICHENOPHAGUS, WoU. (Tab. VIII. fig. l et 3.)

Corpus sat parvum, elongato-ovatum, vix convexum, densissime squamoso-variegatum : rostro ut in
Anemopliilo, sed paulo longiore et subparallelo (apicera versus vix acuminato) ; scrobe magna
lata, infra ocidos profunda et ibidem curvata ; oculis parvis subrotundatis : prothorace ad latera
rotundato : scutello minuto subtriangulari : elytris subeonnatis : alts obsoletis. Antenna (VIII. I a)
ut in genera praecedenti, sed paulo longiores, scape valde curvato atque ad apieem multo magis
incrassato. Pedes (VIII. 1 b) valde robusti, in utroque sexu simplices, tibiis anticis ad apieem
ipsum solum incm-vis.

A Xixv^ lichen, et (payelv edere. '

It is not without some hesitation that I propose another genus amongst these
obscm-e Cyclomides ; and I would merely therefore wish to regard the present one
as provisional, since it is not improbable that intermediate species may occur to
connect it Avith the last, to which in many respects it is clearly allied. Still, in
the absence of those links, which we cannot assume to exist, it is not possible
to admit the two insects which represent Lichenopliagus into that division, their
simple tibiae, ia conjunction with theu" immensely thickened and greatly curved
scape, and theu- large and deep antennal groove (which scarcely ascends so high as
that which obtains in AuemopMlKs, or at any rate is more apparent and arcuated
beneath the eyes), at once preventing such an amalgamation : whilst, in addition
to these primary distinctive characters, their superior bulk and densely scaly
(instead of pubescent) sm-faces, combined with their apically broader and almost
parallel rostrum, then' less duninutive eyes, and theu- longer and even robuster
limbs, would seem stiU further to render their isolation necessary. They appear
to be of entirely lichen-infesting habits, in which respect they agree with the

390 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Anemophilus siihtesselhttus, — ^"ith wliicli (wliilst thoy recede from it in all the
above-mentioned particulars) they have a greater affinity than with either of the
other members of the preceding group.

298. Lichenophagns fritillus, Woll. (Tab. VIII. fig. 1.)

L, elongato-ovatus fusco-nigerj squamis infuscato-cinereis densissime variegatus, prothorace profunde
punctato, elytris punctato-striatis ad apicem sub-abrupte terminatis, interstitiis alternis Isete
squamoso-tessellatis, antennis fusco-piceis, tarsis diluto-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Habitat in rupium fissnris Portus Sancti, inter lichenes ibidem crescentes, tempore hiberno et vernali,
non infrequens : in moute Pico d'Anna Ferreira dicto prtecipue abundat, quu Decembri mense
A.D. 1848 copiose observavi.

Ij. elougate-ovatc, brownish-, or rusty-black, and exceedingly densely clothed with flat, pai'tially over-
la])ping, closely set, pale brownish, or brownish-cinereous scales. Rostrum wide, but almost
parallel, being scarcely at all attenuated towards the apex. Prothorax with the sides rounded,
being widest just behind the middle ; rather produced anteriorly ; deeply punctured, and more
or less variegated with ashy and brown scales. Elytra somewhat convex (and usually a little
widened) behind the middle, being rather suddenly shortened towards their apex ; punctate-
striated ; the alternate interstices generally very distinctly and prettily tessellated with paler and
dai'ker patches of the scales. Antennte with their scape dull brownish-piceous ; their funiculus
and club being usually a little brighter. Lei/s more or less brownish-piceous, with the tarsi
testaceous.

Apart from aU other characters (which nevertheless have been pointed out), the
present insect and the following one may be at once recognised from the a\ hole of
the other Cyclomides, wliich we have as yet considered, by their densely scaly
(instead of pubescent) sm-faces, in which respect they coincide with ScoUocerus and
Tracliyphlosiis, as well as with certain members, such as Acalles and Ti/cMiis, of
the 3Iecorlujnchi, — the fu-st of the two great divisions of the Gonatocerous Curcu-
lionidce. The L. fritillus tliffers from the L. Hcumiiiatiis in its comparatively ovate
outline, and in its paler, more deeply sculptured, and generally prettily tessellated
surface, — on wliich moreover there is scarcely the slightest indication, except under
a very high magnifjang power, of the erect additional seta3 so conspicuous on that
species. It is, apparently, peculiar to Porto Santo, where however, dui-ing the
^\inter and early spring, it is tolerably common in particular spots, amongst lichen
ill the fissures of the exposed weather-beaten rocks. On the ascent of the Pico
d'Anna Ferreira from the east I have taken it abundantly, in company with
other insects of similar habits, — though more especially at only a short distance
1)elow the extreme summit of the mountain. Although of a very gregarious
nature, it is exceedingly partial in its distribution, since on many of the moun-
tains which offered precisely similar conditions for its existence I could detect no
traces of it whatsoever.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 391

299. Lichenophagus acuminatus, tToU. (Tab. VIII. fig. 3.)
L. elongatus oblongo-ovatiis fusco-niger, squamis siibcinereo-brunneis densissime tectus et undique
setulis rigidis erectis dense obsitus, protborace punctate, elytris leviter punctato-striatis, sub-
parallelis ad apieem leviter acuminatis, interstitiis alternis vix tessellatis, antennis fusco-piceis,
tarsis ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Habitat in insula Desertse Grandis, semel tantum (Maio exeunte a.d. 1850) repertus.

L. rather slenderer than tbe L. fritillus, and less ovate, being more parallel and oblong ; also of an
obscurer and more rusty brown hue, being less variegated with paler and darker scales ; densely
beset all over with short, robust, and erect setae, which however are longer and more perceptible
on the elytra than on the prothorax. Rostrum and prothorax as in that species, except that they
are not quite so deeply punctured, and that the widest point of the latter is perhaps rather more
strictly medial. Elytra, likewise, rather less deeply punctate-striated; more parallel at their
base and less shortened behind, their apex being comparatively produced or acuminated ; .the
alternate interstices very much less tessellated than in that insect, being apparently almost con-
colorous with the rest of the surface. Antenna and leffs as in the L. fritillus ; except that the
latter are a little longer, and have their tarsi of an obscurer testaceous, or ferruginous.

Hitherto unique, tlie example from which the above diagnosis has been com-
piled ha\-ing been discovered by myself on the Dezerta Grande, during my encamp-
ment on that island with the Ptev. E,. T. Lowe, at the end of May 1850. It is an
exceedingly distinct species, as may be gathered from the description. Like most
of the Cyclomides, its habits are noctui'nal, — my specimen having been captured
at night, attracted by the light of a candle, on the inner canvass of my tent.

Genus 127. SCOLIOCERUS, Woll. (Tab. VIII. fig. 2.)

Corpus sat parvum, sub-oblongum, vix convexum, parce lutoso-squamosum et undique setosum: rostro
brevi, supra piano, ad apieem leviter attenuate et integi-o (nee triangulariter emarginato) ; scrobe
profunda subsinuata, medium oculi attingentc ; oculis rotundatis : prothorace subangusto, ad
latera a^qualiter rotundato : scutello distincto triangidari : eli/tris subconnatis, basi conjuuctmi
emarginatis: afe obsoletis. Antenna (VIII. 2 a) breves crassissimse setosre; scapo vel ad basm
subito angulato-flexuoso abrupte incrassato atque inde ad apieem latitudine subsequali, vel
omnino curvato atque apieem versus facilius (tamen valde) incrassato; funiculo 7-articidato,
articulo primo crasso brevi, reliquis vel brevissimis longitudinc subsequalibus, vel secundo paulo
longiore ; clava ovata, obscurissime articulata. Pedes valde robusti, setosi : femoribus clavatis,
basi pedunculatis : tibiis vel subcurvatis, posterioribus apieem versus acuminatis, vel anticis
solum subcurvatis ; omnibus ad apieem (praesertim externum) valde setuloso-eiiiatis, ad apieem
internum (prsesertini in posterioribus) in uncum acutissimum detlexum productis, necnon intus
ante apieem plus minusve constrictis.

A (7Ko\w<; flexus, et Kepav cornu. (Typus — Scoliocerus Maderce.)

Wliilst somewhat related, in general aspect, to Tmcliyphlceus, the two singular

392 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

bisects described below possess so many peculiarities of theii* own, that they cannot
be referred to any of the groups hitherto published in this section of the Curcu-
noiiidiB. They possess perhaps a greater affinity with Cathormiocei^us than with
anything else with which I am acquainted ; nevertheless many of the most
essential features of that genus (as, for instance, the triangularly emarginated
rostrum, the submedial insertion of the antennae with their do^Tiwardly-curved
groove, the obsolete scutellum, and the straightened tibiae) are altogether wanting
to them. In fact, in the entire front margin of their rostrum and the central
]iosition of its lateral canal, in the details of their enormously thickened and
apically-inserted antenna?, as well as in their distinct scutellum and rather largely-
developed and acute tibial spine, they recede from the whole of tlie recognised
types in this department of the Cyclomides ; whilst the curiously distorted and
liasaUy angulated scape of the fli'st of the following species, together with the con-
struction of the tibiae of them both (which m the ^S". Maderce have the fi-ont pair
deeply emarginated internally, and in the ^S". cnrvlpes the foiu" posterior ones con-
sideraljlj" curved and acuminated towards theu" extremity), ■rtII serve additionally
to characterize them. In then* habits I believe them to be, at any rate partially,
attendant upon Ants' nests, being usually found beneath stones on the grassy
mountain-slopes in positions where the Ants are more particularly abundant, —
and then* anomalous structure rather favourmg such an hy]^)othesis. At all
events, whetlier this l)e the case or not, it is eWdont that such localities are not
essential for them, — since in certain districts I have observed them, occasionally,
far removed from the habitations, or indeed fi'om any traces, of Ants.

§ 1. Antennarum scapus mox po7ie basin suhito angulalo-flexuosus atque ibidem abrupte incrassatus, deiit
usque ad apican latitudine subteqiialis ; articulo secundo brevi {sequentibus hand longiore). Tibia
antica subcwvatce, initis ante apicern emarginato-eonstnctcB, suram sub-basalem efficientes.

300. Scoliocenis Maderae, WoU. (Tab. YIII. fig. 2.)
S. piceo-niger subnitidus puree lutoso-squamosus, prothorace crebrc punctato, elytris subpunctato-
striatis, interstitiis setis suberectis longiusculis seriatim instructis, antennis pedibusque ferrugiueis.
Long. eorp. lin. lJ-2.

Habitat sub lapidibus Maderse, prnesertim in graminosis minus elevatis, hine inde non infrequens, —
formiearum nidos, nisi fallor, colens.

S. oblong, and a little shining, piceous-black, and sparingly clothed with dirty, browuish-white, mud-
like scales. Rostrum very slightly attenuated towards the apex, and longitudinally channeled.
Prothorax with the sides regularly rounded, being widest in the middle, — but altogether a good
deal narrower than the clj-tra ; very closely, and rather deeply punctured ; and usually somewhat
densely clothed with scales at its lateral edges. Elytra nearly parallel ; sub])unctute-striated ;
the interstices flattened, and each beset with a single row of rather long, suberect setae, — which
however are often comparatively few in number (or at any rate obliterated) on the disk. Antenna

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 393

and legs more or less ferruginous : the funner rather the darker of the two ; extremely robust ;
with the second joint of their funiculus excessively short (being of the same length as each of the
following ones) ; and with their scape suddenly bent (or angulated), and thickened, immediately
in front of its base, from which point it is greatly incrassated the whole way to the apex, — and,
compared with that of the following species, of subequal breadth throughout the entire distance :
the latter with i\\e'\v front tibia alone curved, — which moreover have their inner edge deeply con-
stricted, or scooped out, at a considerable distance behind then* extremity.

A most peculiar insect, the basally-angiilated, or bent, structure of its scape,
wliich is suddenly thickened at that point, and continues excessively robust (and
but slightly increasing in breadth) the whole way to the apex, in conjunction with
the deeply constricted inner margin of its front tibiae, being of themselves suffi-
cient to distinguish it from every other member of the Curculionidce here described.
From the ^S*. curvipes it may be known, apart from the above (sectional) charac-
teristics, by its rather shining and more piceous hue, by the comparative paucity
of the dirty mud-like scales with which it has a tendency to be clothed, and by
the somewhat longer, less rigid, and generally partially obliterated setae with
which its upper surface is beset. It is not very uncommon on the grassy slopes
of Madeira at rather low elevations. On the high cliffs to the eastward of
Funchal, below the Palheiro, I have observed it more abundantly than elsewhere,
especially diu'ing the autumnal months ; and, as abeady stated, I think it far from
unlikely that it may be an attendant upon Ants' nests ; and should such be the
case, it would, in all probability, be found in greater numbers were its proper
localities more rigidly investigated.

§ II. Antennarum seapus omnino eurvatus atque apicem versus facilius (tamen valde) incrassatus ; articulo
secv/ndo sequentibus distincte longiore. Tihice omnes siibcv/rvateB,posteriores apicem versus acuminatcB.

301. Scoliocerus curvipes, Woll.

S. fusco-niger parum dense lutoso-squamosus, prothorace crebre punctato, elytris subpunctato-striatis,
interstitiis setis suberectis breviuscuhs valde rigidis subcrebris seriatim instructis, antennis pedi-
busque fusco-ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. lin. l|-2.

Habitat Maderam, et borealem et australem, in locis similibus ac prsecedens, sed usque ad clivos
montium ascendens.

S. similar to the S. Madera, bu.t of a more rusty and less piceous hue, perfectly opake, and more
densely clothed all over with mud-like scales. Rostrum and prothorax as in that species, except
that the former is perhaps a little shorter and more distinctly attenuated towards the apex.
Elytra with the setae of their interstices much robuster (though perhaps not quite so long) and
rather more numerous, — having less of a tendency moreover to be rubbed off, or obhterated, on
the disk. Antenna ani legs, likewise, darker than in that insect, being usually of a dull brownish-
ferruginous : the former a little less thick than those of the S. Madera ; with the second joint of

3 E

391 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

their funiculus perceptibly longer than any of the follomng ones ; and mth their scape curved
throughout its entire length, being more gradually (although considerably) incrassated at its
apex ; the latter with all their tibia slightly curved, — and with their fuur posterior ones very
distinctly acuminated towards their extremity. \

The tlistinctions between the present species and the preceding one hare been
ah'eady doubly pointed out, — the peculiarities of their respective antennce and legs
being more than sufficient, even alone, to identify them. The construction of the
tibise of the aS*. curvipes is in fact of a very singular nature, theu* gradually
diminishing breadth, from the base, added to their slightly arcuated form (more
especially cA^dent however in the two hinder pau's), gi^^ing them a most unusual
and anomalous appearance. It is rather more common than the S. Madera;, and
of a somewhat higher range ; but in other respects its habits are very similar to
those of that insect. On the mountain-slopes above Funchal, particularly towards
the Pico da Silva (on the Caminho de Meio), I have constantly observed it from
the autumn to the early spring ; and dui'ing July of 1850 I took it, sparingly, in
the chestnut- woods of Santa Anna.

Genus 128. TRACHYPHLffiUS.

Germar, Ins. Spec. i. 403 (1824).

Corpus sat parvum, ovatum, convexum, plerumquc dcnsissime squamosum et parce setosum : i-ostro
longiusculo, supra piano, lineari, minus lato, ad apicem triangulariter emargiuato ; scrohe pro-
funda subrectii elongata, ad medium oculorum ascendente sed cos vix attingente ; oculis rotun-
datis : prothorace brevi transverso, ad latera subampliato-rotundato, antice valde truncato : scutello
haud ohservando : ebjtris subconnatis, basi conjunctim subintegris : alis obsoletis. Antennw
breves crassa; et parce setosa;, pone apicem rostri insertje ; scapo recto, apicem versus incrassato ;
funiculo 7-articulato, articulo primo magno crasso obconico, secundo gracihore et paulo breviore,
reliquis brevibus transversis; clava ovata, obscurissime articulata. Pedes breviusculi, valde
robusti, setosi : femoribus subclavatis : tibiis rectis, ad apicem fortiter spinuloso-ciliatis, ad apicem
internum (pra;sertim in postcrioribus) in uncum minutum acutum detlexum productis, necnou
intus ante apicem leviter constrictis.

The common Em-opeau genus Trachyplilcexts (which appears to possess but a
single representative in the Madeu'a Islands) may be kno^^^l fi-om its allies with
wliich we have here to do by the ovate, convex, densely scaly, and more or less
setose bodies of the insects which compose it, by theu' short and transverse pro-
thorax, linear and ratlicr elongated rostrum (into which the antcnnrc are inserted
at a considerable distance from the apex), and by their uncm-ved tibia; and scape.
They reside principally beneath stones, particularly in sandy or gravelly spots ;
and are, some of them, I believe, occasionally attendant uj)on i\jits.

302. Trachyphloeus scaber.
T. ovatus fusco-niger, squamis fusco-cinereis densissime tectus, rostro ante basin strigS transversa

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 395

impresso, prothorace brevi insequali, leviter canaliculato et postice utrinque foveolato, elytris sub-

punctato-striatis, interstitiis obsolete tessellatis et setis suberectis brevibus valde rigidis dispersis

seriatim instructis, antennis pedibusque fusco-ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. liii. 3.

Curculio scaler, Limi. Fna Siiec. 176 (1761).

tesseUaUts, Mshm, Ent. Brit. i. 307 (1802).

— scahriculus, G-yll. Ins. Suec. iii. 309 (1813).

Trachypliloetis scahriculus, Schoii. Oen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 490 (1834).

Habitat sub lapidibus Maderas, et borealis et australis, toto anno frequens.

T. ovate (being rather inflated posteriorly) and opake, brownish-black, and very densely clothed with
brownish-cinereous scales, — which often assume more or less of a rusty or ferruginous bue.
Rostrum rather long and almost linear (being of nearly equal breadth throughout), obscurely
channeled in the centre, and with a straight transverse impression, or striga, immediately before
the base. Prothorax short and transverse, and with the sides much rounded, — ^being widest just
behind the middle ; truncated both before and behind ; rather uneven, and with a shallow
central channel and a (more or less distinct) rounded fovea on either side behind. Elytra widest
behind the middle and very convex ; subpuuctate-striated ; the interstices ratber convex, usually
a little tessellated, and each beset with a single row of ratber short, suberect and very stiff setae.
Antenna and legs brownisb-ferruginous, and densely clothed with scales and setfe; the latter
rather short.

A ttniversal insect througliout Europe, and tolerably common in Madeira at
rather low and intermediate elevations, — occurring bencatli stones on the grassy
slopes both in the north and south of the island, and at aU seasons of the year. I
have taken it in the neighlwurhood of Funchal, at Sao Vincente, and in the chest-
nut-woods of Santa Anna, at times, in comparative abundance.

(Subf. 7. BYRSOPSIDES.)

Genus 129. ECHINOSOMA, Woll. (Tab. VIII. fig. 5.)

Corpus sat parvum, ovatum, gibboso-convexum, setis valde rigidis et squamis robustis undique densis-
sime tectum : rostro (VIII. 5 a) longiusculo, supra piano, lineari, minus lato, subdeformi, ad
apicem intcgro (nee emarginato), leviter curvato et inflexo (ad pectus arete applicando sed in
canaliculam pectoralem baud immerso) ; scf)-obe angusta elougata subflexuoso-obliqua, longe infra
oculum retrorsum ducta ; oculis minutis subrotundatis demissis : jjrothorace elongato subangusto
insequali, ad laiera undulato, antice producto et leviter acuminato : scutello baud observando :
elytris subconnatis, basi conjunctim leviter emarginatis : alis obsoletis. Antenna (VIII. 5 b)
breves graciles, pone apicem rostri inserts ; scapo recto, ad apicem subito (sed leviter) clavato, per
marginem inferiorem (prsesertim versus apicem) longissime et parce setoso ; funiculo 5-articulato,
articulo primo leviter robusto, secundo graciliore multo longiore subcylindrico, reliquis brevioribus
longitudine subajqualibus latitudine leviter crescentibus ; clava pilosa ovata, obscurissime articu-
lata. Pedes breviusculi robustissimi, longe, fortiter et densissime setosi : femoribus crassis sub-

3 E 2

390 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

clavatis : tibiis subrectis latis compressis breviusculis, anterioribus ad apicem externum in uncum
parvum acutum decun'um productis, sed posticis (VIII. 5 c) simplicibus («'. e. baud uncinatis) :
tarsis pilosis, sed baud setosis.

Ab i-xlvo<; echinus, et croifjM corpus.

Thi'oughout all the Madeiran Curculionidce there is perhaps no form more
anomalous than that which is displayed by the singular insect from which the
above diagnosis has been compiled. Its natm-al position in the family is indeed at
first sight anything but apparent, its outward contour calling so forcil)ly to mind
some of the members (such as Trachodes and Acalles) of the 3Iecorhynchi, as to
render it doubtful whether it should not be rather referred to that di\ision. Still,
in its misshapen rostrum and in the subapical insertion of its antennae, it is, even
as regards its primary featui'es, better identified mth the Brachyrhynchi ; and, after
a careful consideration of the various points of its structure, I have but little doubt
that it is correctly associated with the Byrsopsides of Schonherr, — with which in
the ciu"vatm*e and situation of its lateral scrobs, in its inflexed rostrum (which is
capable of being compactly lodged, dui-ing repose, against its cliest), in its ovate
outline, squamose and imeven sm-face, as well as in its obsolete scutellum and
freedom from wings, it entirely agrees. Nevertheless, although thus far coincident
with the representatives of that subfamily, there is at the same time no indication
of the pectoral groove which is there more or less expressed, — whilst in its excess-
ively setose body and cm'ious antennte it offers characters essentially its own.
These last in fact are of a very unusual nature, and should be especially noticed, —
being not only remarkably slender, as compared ^vith the general robustness of the
insect (and particularly of its legs), but having theu' funiculus composed of Jive
joints only, whilst the extremely long, thick and svibsetiform ap2)endages \\\i\\
which the lower edge of its scape is fringed are altogether unparalleled in any
other genus with which I am acquainted. Upon the whole, however, it has so
much more in common with the Byrsopsides than wdth any other recognised por-
tion of the Ctirculionidce, that I have no hesitation in locating it there, — a station
which is the more plausible in the present instance, as happening to bring it into
du'cct contact Anth the Cyclomideous Trachyphlcei, to which prima facie it is
somewhat akin. Its habits would appear to be precisely those of Acalles, -vA-ith
which it is principally foimd in company, — and from 'which, when its rostrum is
closely applied against its prosternum, it is not easy without examination to
distinguish it.

303. Echinosoma porcellus, WoU. (Tab. Till. fig. 5.)
E. ovatum, squamis fuscis robustis setisque valde rigidis erectis undique densissime tectum, pro-
thorace in medio transversim sctoso-fasciculato, clytris profundc subpunctato-striatis mox pone
basin transversim setoso-fasciculatis, fasciis duabus (so. media et postmedia) per suturam inter-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 397

ruptis subcinereis obscure ornatis, antennis gracilibus ferrugineis, pedibiis valde robustis setosis,
tarsis ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. l|-2.

Habitat per regionem Maderae sylvaticam, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, pestate
rarissimum : ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros mense Julio, uecnou ad Feijaa de Corte Augusto ineunte,
A.D. 1850 parce collegi.

E. ovate, piceous, and most densely clothed with robust brownish scales, and with extremely thick,
rigid and erect setse intermixed, — which are partly of a darker and partly of a paler colour than
the scales. Rostrum rather long and almost linear (though unequally thickened in depth behind
its apex). Prothorax tolerably elongated, and considerably narrower than the elytra; uneven,
and with the sides rather undulated ; a good deal produced, and rather acuminated, anteriorly ;
with four (more or less distinct) denser fascicles of setae transversely arranged across its central
portion, — the two inner ones of which are generally very apparent, though the outer ones are
often nearly obsolete. Ehjtra widest behind the middle and convex ; deeply subpunctate-striated,
and ^"ith the surface more or less uneven, — there being small fascicles of darker sette transversely
placed (and usually sufficiently apparent) immediately within the extreme base, and sometimes
indications of others a little behind the middle ; and with two transverse and somewhat oblique
fasciae (one of which is medial and the other postmedial, and both of them widely inten'upted
along the suture) of paler, or subcinereous scales, — which are occasionally however exceedingly
obscure. AntenncE slender, comparatively glabrous, and ferruginous. Legs extremely thick and
robust, and most densely beset with rigid setae, — except the tarsi, which are ferruginous and
merely pubescent.

Apparently extremely rare, and confined to remote sylvan spots of intermediate
altitudes. It occurs beneath stones and logs of wood, in company with different
species of Acalles, — under which circumstances I took it sparingly, during July
1850, in the dense region of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros ; and also, in August of
the same year, at the Feijaa de C6rte.

(Subf. 8. MOLYTIDES.)
Genus 130, HYPERA.

Germar, Mag. der Ent..\\-. 335 (1821).

Corpus mediocre vel sat parvum, plus minusve oblongo-ovatum vel oblongum, squamoso-variegatum
et pilosum : rostro parum elongato teretiusculo lineari subgracili, ad apicem iutegro, leviter
arcuato ; scrobe obliqua, infra medium oculi retrorsum ducta sed cum vix attingente ; oculis
ovatis demissis : prothorace ad latera saepius subaequaliter rotundato, antice subtrancato : scutello
plerumque minuto triangulari : ehjtris liberis : alis saepivis (ut in speciebus Maderensibus) sat
amplis (rarissime obsoletis). Antenna mediocrcs subgraciles, mox pone apicem rostri insertae;
scapo subrecto, ad apicem subito clavato ; funiculo 7-articulato, articulis primo et secundo elon-
gatis obconicis (illo robustiore), reliquis brevibus latitudine vix crescentibus ; clava, elongato-
ovali, quadriarticulata. Pedes longiusculi : femoribus clavatis : tibiis vel rectis vel obsoletissime
subcuiTatis, ad apicem fere muticis.

398 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

The immense genus Hypera {=l?hytonomns, Sclion. a.d. 1826) contains insects
which, both in their larva and perfect states, are eminently attached to the foliage
of the smaller plants, — being seldom foimd, like the Cyclomides, beneath stones ;
and never ia any way connected, like so many of the earlier groups, with the
larger vegetation and trees. In their rather narrow and subcylindi-ical rostra
they slightly recede from the normal members of this di\dsion of the Curcit-
lionidfs, in which the flatness and breadth of that portion of the body constitutes
one of the main distinctive featm*es; whilst in their more or less pubescent
surfaces, nearly unarmed tibia?, disengaged elytra and usually developed wings,
they seem to belong to a different type of form from those \^hich we have just left
heliind us. They are subject to great instability in the coloiu" and arrangement of
their scales ; and hence it is that varieties have been often described as species,
and true species lost sight of amongst varieties, antU the greatest confusion as
regards their synonymy has been the result. Of the three representatives which
have been hitherto detected in Madeira, two are abundant throughout Eiu-ope;
whilst the tliird, which is of a more truly indigenous uatui-e, would seem to be
peculiar to these islands.

304. Hypera lunata, WoU.

H. nigra, squamis fuscis et fusco-nigrescentibus densissime tecta, prothorace plus minusve distincte
trilineato, elytris fascieulis minutissimis nigrescentibus undique irroratis, fascia magna commuui
antemedia luniformi pallidiore ornatis, antennis pedibusque ferragineis et squamoso-variegatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3-3^.

Habitat Maderam et Portum Sanctum, rarior : in ilM mihi non obvia, tamcn plurima specimina, in
horto quodam ad Sanctum Antonium capta, nuper communicavit Dom. Leacock ; sod in hoc
egomet obsenavi, qua mense Aprili a.d. 1848 in summo ipso monte Pico de Facho dicto exemplar
unieum e rupium fissura (inter licheues) collegi.

H. large, black or piceous-black, most densely clothed with brown and blackish-brown scales, and
beset with a short, decumbent and rigid pubescence. Rostrum rather long. Prothorax with the
sides rounded, and rather widest just before the niiddk' ; generally with a distinct central line of
paler scales, and with indications of an ill-defined and curved one on either side. Ebjtra scarcely
wider behind the middle than at their base ; besprinkled with very minute, and more or less
evident fascicles of darker pile-like scales, and usually with foui- larger (triangular) ones (two on
either side of the scutellum) at their extreme base ; often with their entire (common) disk con-
siderably darker than the sides, — in which case, these larger basal and the remaining (minute)
fascicles are suffused (as regards colour) into the obscurer central portion ; but in «// instances
with a large luniform fascia of paler scales, common to both (arising from either shoulder, and
extending, in an unbroken arch, to nearly the centre of their disk), more or less apparent in
front. Antenna? and leys ferruginous; but the latter densely variegated with darker and paler
scales, and with their cluws very robust.

A large and most elegant Hypera, somewhat calling to mind the H./asciculata

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 399

of more northern latitudes, though abundantly distmct from it specifically, — in
size, outline, colour and structure. It may be at once recognised by the greatly
developed, and generally very perfectly-formed, lunate fascia of paler scales with
which the anterior portion of its elytra is ornamented, and by its elongated and
powerful claws. It is apparently exceedingly local, and a truly indigenous insect.
The only occasion on which I have myself captured it was during April of 1848,
in the island of Porto Santo, — when a single individual occui'red to me, from
amongst moss and lichen in a fissure of the weather-beaten rocks, on the northern
side of the extreme summit of the Pico de Tacho (1660 feet above the sea). I
have lately however received several specimens from Madeii-a proper, taken by
Mr. Leacock in the garden of liis house (the Quinta dos Padres) at Santo Antonio,
near Funchal, — where he states that they are far from uncommon, and where he
has observed them (during October) for two successive years, adhering to small
pegs of wood on a stone seat immediately outside his door, to Avhich they were
accustomed to attach themselves in the course of the night ; and which he informs
me are the only circumstances under which he has hitherto detected them.

305. Hypera murina.
H. nigra, squamis griseis vel subcinereis adspersa, prothorace paulo magis convexo obscurius triliueato,

elytris plerumque minus tessellatis, squamis pallidioribus undique subsequaliter irroratis, antennis

pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 25-2^.

Curculio murinus, Pab. Ent. Syst. i. ii. 463 (1792).
Eliyncli(enws murinus, G-yll. Ins. Suec. iii. 108 (1813).
Hypera murina, Germ. Mag. der Ent. iv. 341 (1821).
Phytonomus murinus, Scbou. Gen. et S^jec. Cure. ii. 383 (1834).

Habitat in locis iuferioribus Maderse Portusque Sancti, bine inde non infrequens.

H. black or piceous-black, more or less clothed or mottled witb griseous or somewhat cinereous scales,
and beset with a short, rather fine and partially decumbent pubescence. Rostrum a little thicker
and shorter (in proportion) than that of either of the other species. Prothorax convex, and with
the sides rounded, — being widest about the middle ; and generally with only veiy faint indica-
tions of three longitudinal lines. Elytra usually just perceptibly wider behind the middle than
at their base ; hardly at all tessellated, though more or less mottled or besprinkled with the paler
scales. Antenrue and legs ferruginous.

Very closely allied to the following species, from which it principally diifers in
its rather larger size and less variegated surface, in its somewhat more globose
prothorax, and in its just perceptibly thicker rostrmn. It occm-s sparingly in
grassy spots of low elevations in the neighboui-hood of Punchal (occasionally
beneath stones), and I have likewise taken it lq Porto Santo, — in the immediate
vicinity of the Cidade.

400 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

306. Hypera variabilis.
H. nigra, squamis cinereis (vel fulvescenti-cinereis) et nigris variegata, prothorace trilineato, elytris

plerumque distinctius longitudinaliter tessellatis, regione suturali basin versus obscuriore, antennis

pedibusque femigineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 24-2|.

CurcuUo variabilis, Hcrbst, Kaf. vi. 26.3. tab. 80. fig. 1 (1795).

himaciilatus, Msbin, Ent. Brit. i. 266 (1802).

Rliynchenus variabilis, Gyll. Itts. Suec. iii. lOi (1813).
Phytonomus variabilis, Schon. Oen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 384 (1834).

Habitat Maderam, passim (usque ad 3500' s. m. ascendens) : necnon etiam m Deserta Grandi Maio
exeunte a.d. 1850 specimen iinicum inveni.

H. similar to the last species, but (on the average) a little smaller, and also more densely variegated
with scales, — there being generally an admixture of dark ones, and the jjaler ones having, also,
more of a fulvescent tinge. Rustrum perhaps a trifle slenderer and longer than in that insect.
Prothorax not quite so convex, and with the longitudinal lines usually better defiued. Elytra
more distinctly tessellated (the alternate interstices being more or less chequered with darker
pile-like scales), and with their sutural region towards its base more evidently obscured. An-
tetma and Icffs ferruginous.

It is possible that the present insect and the last one may be but states of the
same species : nevertheless, since I believe them to be correctly identified with, the
coimnon European M. variabilis and miirina (which are usually retained as
distinct), I have not amalgamated them. The H. rariabilis is foimd sparingly
throughout Madeira, in much the same positions as the H. murlna, — ascending
however somewhat higher, since (in addition to the vicinity of Fimchal, in ^^■hich
I have frequently observed it at rather low elevations) I captm-ed a specimen
during the summer of 1850 at the Ribeu'o Frio ; and another, at the end of May
of the same vear, towards the summit of the Dezerta Grande.

(Subf 9. CLEONIDES.)
Genus 131. CLEONUS.

SchiJnherr, Cure. Disp. Meth. 145 (1826).

Corpus sat magnum, plerumque oblongum, plus minusve squamuloso-variegatum (vel submaculatum)
et pubescens, durum : rustro (in specie nostra) parum elongate sulcato-teretiusculo, basin versus
subgracili sed apice paulo latiore, ad apicem ipsum vel subtruncato vel (ut in nostrd) triangulariter
cmarginato, leviter arcuato ; scrobe subflexuoso-obliqua, versus marginem oculi inferiorcm retror-
sum profunde ducta sed eum vix attingente ; oculis ovatis demissis : prothorace subconico, mox
pone apicem sa?pius leviter constricto, necnon per marginem basalem subsinuato : scutello pai-vo
rotundato: ehjtris Uberis, basi sfcpius singulatim subrotundatis, sed interdum (ut in specie
nostra) conjunctim leviter emarginatis : alls plerumque (ut in specie Maderensi) parum amplis

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 401

(rarius obsoletis). Antenna mediocres aut breviuscula;, sat validfe; scapo subrecto, ad apicem
clavato ; funiculo 7-articulato, articiilis primo et secundo plus minusve obconicis, tertio ad sextum
brevibus transversis, septimo majore clavse arete adpresso; clava acuminata, quadri-articulata.
Pedes longiusculi : femoribus subclavatis : tihiis ad apicem internum in uncum dctlexum pro-
ductis.

The Cleoni are insects of a considerable size, of a principally elongated-oblong
outline, and of either blotched or fasciated surfaces. They may be further recog-
nised by their subconical prothoras, by their apically-subdilated rostrum (and by
the form of its lateral scrobs, which is curved beneath, in a deep channel, almost
to the inferior margin of the eye), and by the joints of their funiculus, — the first
and second of which are (especially in the Madeiran representative) obconic, the
third to the sixth short and transverse, whilst the seventh is larger and closely
applied to the club. Their elytra, likemse, are usually sUghtly callose, or irre-
gularly subnodulose, towards their extremity (as in many of the species of Acalles) ;
and their tibiae are generally produced at the inner angle into a downwardly-
(Hi'ected spine. They reside for the most part in gravelly or barren localities,
more or less free from vegetation, — secreting themselves amongst stones during
the day, with which their obscurely daj^pled, or submaculated, bodies often display
a remarkable similarity as regards colouring ; particularly when clothed with dust,
which in such positions they are constantly liable to become.

307. Cleonus plicatus.

C. niger, squamvJia cinereo-brunneis suberetaceis undique densissime teetus, rostro sulcato, prothorace
costis plurimis undulatis instructo, elytris profunda striato-punctatis, faseiis duabus communibus
(una sc. antica luniformi sed in medio latissime interrupta, et altera subapicali transversa dentata
integra) vix pallidioribus ornatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 6-7.

Curculio plicatus, Oliv. i:nt. v. 83. 322. pi. 6. fig 65 (1807).
Rliytideres plicatus, Scliou. Cure. Disp. Meth. 150 (1826).
Cleonus plicatus, Schon. Oen. et Spec. Owrc. ii. 203 (1834).
Cleonis ■plicatus, Dej. Cat. (S'^-^^ edit.) 281 (1887).

Habitat in Portu Sancto et Deserta Grandi, prsesertim inter lapides in rupium fissuris jacentes, hinc
inde non infrequens : in Madera milii non obvius.

C. large, black, but most densely clothed with whitish-brown or brownish-white scales, of a somewhat
cretaceous, or chalky, nature, — and which are always of a paler colour beneath the insect than
on the upper side. Rostrum rather long, and deeply channeled longitudinally (both in the centre
and at the sides). Prothorasc subconical, and closely beset with longitudinal costse, which are
more or less undulated or waved, — especially the one on either side of the central canal. Elytra
a good deal broader than the prothorax, and nearly parallel ; deeply striate-punctate ; and with
two transverse fasci:e (one of which is situated on the anterior portion, and is large and luniform,
though broadly interrupted in the centre, thus constituting an oblique band on either elytron, —

3 F

402 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

whilst the other is subapieal, transverse, zigzaged and abbreviated, but entire at the suture),
common to both, of a rather paler hue, — and which are sometimes only just distinguishable.
AntcnruB and legs a little more piccous than the rest of the surface, but considerably pubescent,
and (like the body) usually densely clothed with scales.

Apparently a rather scarce insect, and one which I have hitherto only observed
in Porto Santo and on the Dezerta Grande, — where it occurs principally amongst
dry and loose stones in the crevices of the weather-beaten rocks. In the former
of those islands I detected it, not uncommonly, during April of 1848 ; and on the
latter (in the fissures of the highest central peaks) during January 18 i9. It is a
species of Mediterranean latitudes, being recorded in the south of Spain, France
and Sicily : as also in the Canarian group.

(Subf. 10. BEACHYDEEIDES.)
Genus 132. SITONA.

Gcrmar, Ins. Spec. i. 414 (1824).

Corpus sat parvum, elongatum, plus minusve squamuloso-variegatum et pubescens : rostro brevi crasso,
supra piano, sublineari aut apicem versus Icviter attenuato, ad apicem ipsum ssepius triangulariter
emarginato ; scrube angusta curvata, infra oculum retrorsum desiliente ; oculis rotundatis vcl
oblongis, interdum valde prominentibus : prothorace ad latera plus minusve rotundato, antice
truncato et mox pone apicem leviter constricto : scutellu parvo rotundato : ehjtris liberis : alls
plerumque amplis (rarius obsoletis). AntemuB breviusculae subgracUes ; scapo vel recto vcl sub-
flesuoso, ad apicem clavato ; funiculo 7-articulato, articulis primo et secundo obconicis (illo paulo
robustiore), reliquis brevibus latitudine vix crescentibus ; clava parum angusta acuminata, quadri-
articulata. Pedes longiusculi (vel subffiquales vel antici longiorcs) : femoribus subfusiformibus
(i. e, in medio lc\iter incrassatis) : iiljiis ad apicem truncatis muticis.

Although widely distributed tlu'oughout the world, the Siton^ are principally
confined to temperate latitudes, — nearly fifty species having been recorded as
European. Out of the five representatives which I have hitherto detected in
these islands, none would appear to be undescribed, — whilst two out of them are of
almost universal distrilnition, and may perhaps have been accidentally introduced
from more northern countries. They are insects which rnay be known (amongst
other distinguishing features) by their rather narrow and elongated bodies, by
their short and l)road rostrum (with its greatly curved lateral groove), by their
somewhat slender, though abbreviated, antenncc, and by their apically-unarmed
tibiae. They occur amongst the smaller vegetation, particitlarly in cultivated
districts, — where they often abound. In clover-fields and meadows in our own
country some of the commoner ones occasionally teem ; and after sudden floods
they may be frequently observed by tens of thousands amongst the refuse left at
the edges of rivers. .

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 403

§ I. Rostrum paulo longius et angustius, supra longitudinaliter sulcatum ; oculis ohlongis valde prominen-

tibus : iarsorum spongim distinetw.

308. Sitona gressoria.

S, fusiformi-elongata, squamulis fulvescentibus tecta^ protliorace profunde et rugose punetato, ad
latera in medio subampliato-rotundato, elytris profunde punctato-striatis, interstitiis convexis, per
suturam stepius densius squamulosis, antennis pedibusque robustis, illis brevibus, his elongatis.

Long. Corp. lin, 4-4|-.

Cwreulio gressorius, Eab. Ent. Sgst. i. ii. 465 (1792).

— , Herbst, Kaf. vi. 493 (1795).

Sitona gressorius, G-erm. Ins. Spec. i. 416 (1824).
, Scliou. Gen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 97 (1834).

Habitat Maderam, jestate rarior : in castanetis Sanctae Anna; Junio exeuute a.d. 1850 tria specimina
cepi.

S. the largest of the genus, elongate and somewhat fusiform (being acuminated both before and
behind), black, and generally rather densely clothed with yellowish-brown or fulvescent scales
above, and with paler ones underneath. Rostrum longer and narrower than in any of the follow-
ing species, and more grooved (or sulcated) above, — having not only a deeper and broader central
channel, but likewise one on either side of it in front of the eyes. Eges large, oblong and pro-
minent. Prothorax deeply and roughly punctured (the punctures being often a good deal con-
fluent, and not very well defined) ; rounded at the sides, — the widest part being about the centre,
at which point it is generally slightly angulated ; with a conspicuous pale line down the disk,
and with usually only very obscure indications of one on either side. Elytra deeply punctate-
striated, wdth the interstices convex, and with the suture generally a little paler than the rest of
the surface. Antenna short and rather robust (and with their scape more perceptibly flexuose,
and more gradually thickened towards its apex, than in any of the other species). Legs long
(the intermediate pan being rather the shortest) ; with their tarsi large and distinctly cushioned
beneath.

An insect of Mediterranean latitudes, and the largest of all the SttoncB hitherto
described. It recedes in so many respects from the normal members of the group
as to have been originally regarded by Schonherr as the type of a separate genus
(tmder the name of Charagmiis), which, however, in his Genera et Sj^ecies Curcu-
Uonklum, he afterwards suppressed. Independently of its bulk, it may be at once
known from its allies with which we have here to do, by its fusiform outline, by
its more produced, proportionably narrower and deeply sulcated rostrum, by its
oblong eyes, by the sides of its prothorax being subangulated in the centre, by
the coarse sculptui'c and convex interstices of its elytra, by its rather short and
thickened antennae (the scape of which is slightly flexuose, and more gradnally
incrassated towards its apex), and by its exceedingly elongated legs. It occurs
throughout southern Eiu*ope (being recorded in Italy, France and Portugal) and
in the Canary Islands, but does not appear to extend into boreal, or even sub-

3 F 2

404 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

boreal regions. It is in fact the representative (except in habits) of the ^S". grisea
of our own country (so abundant in sandy districts towards the coast), with which
indeed by some entomoloi,nsts it has been actually united, — but from which it is
in my opinion most unquestionably distinct, displaying as it does important differ-
ences (even of structure) which can hardly be accounted for by geographical
influence. Thus, it is not only of greater magnitude, and otherwise adorned in
the arrangement of its scales, but its punctuation is altogether much more rugose,
its eyes are more oblong, and its prothorax (the sides of which, as already stated,
have a very e\adent tendency to be acute, instead of obtusely rounded, in theii-
centre) is longer. It would seem to be rare in Madeira, the only three specimens
Avhich I have taken having been captured in the chestnut-woods of Santa Anna
during the summer of 1850.

§ II. Bostrum breve latum, sitpm lined media longitudinali impressum ; oculis subrotundatis : tarsorum

sponijice minus distinctce.

a. Oculi prominentes : pedes antici leviter elongati.

309. Sitona latipennis.

S. subovato-elongata, squamulis raetallico-cinereis et albidis dense irrorata, prothorace leviter rugnloso-
subpunctulato convexo, ad latera in medio rotundato-ampliato, elytris punctato-striatis convexis,
post medium latioribus et callo postico utrinque notatis, interstitiis alternis plerumque obsole-
tissime tessellatis, antennis pedibusque ferrugiueis longiusculis, illis gracilibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 3-3i.

Sitona latipennis, Schon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 99 (1834).
Habitat in montibus MaderjE, super folia Genista scoparice, Linn., aistate et autumno frequens.

S. somewhat ovate-elongate (being expanded posteriorly), black, and more or less densely besprinkled
with very deciduous scales, — part of which (especially towards the hinder region) are white, but
the greater portion submetallic-cinereous (reflecting, when viewed obliquely, either a slightly
golden or greenish-golden lustre). Rostrum shorter and broader than that of the last species,
and more flattened above, — having no lateral sulci, and not being excavated in the centre (the
\nedial canal of that insect being here represented by merely a narrowly impressed hne). Eyes
nearly round, and very prominent. Prothorax almost unpunctured on the disk, but very lightly
rugulose and subpunctulatcd towards the sides; convex, and considerably rounded at the
edges, — the widest part being about the middle; with its front margin a little raised, and
generally with an exceedingly shallow rounded fovea on either side of its hinder disk. Elytra
convex, and expanded behind the middle ; punctate-striated ; and with the interstices flattened,
— the alternate ones, together with the suture, being often very obsoletely tessellated with the
darker and paler scales (but which in many instances is altogether imperceptible) ; rather more
pubescent behind than in any of the other species, and armed on either side with a small
callosity at a short distance within their apex. Antenna and legs ferruginous, and rather long ;
\.\\c former being slender; and the latter having their anterior pair more elongated than the rest.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 405

A large and well-marked member of the group, ranking next, in bulk, to the
S. gressoria. It may be immediately recognised by its convex and comparatively
ovate (or posteriorly inflated) body, by its greatly rounded and very lightly sculp-
tured prothorax, by the submetallic lustre and fragile nature of its scales (which
have frequently a tendency, in highly coloured examples, to tessellate the alternate
interstices of its elytra), by the small callosity with which it is armed towards its
hinder quarters on either side, and by its long and ferruginous antennae and legs,
— the former of which are slender, whilst the latter have their anterior pair more
perceptibly lengthened than the remainder. It is a truly indigenous Sitona, and
confined, so far as I have hitherto observed, to the common Broom {Genista
scoparia, Linn.) of intermediate and lofty altitudes, — making its appearance about
the beginning of summer and lasting until the eai'ly winter months. I have taken
it abundantly at the Curral das Romeiras (above Funchal) during October and
November ; and on the ascent of the Paul da Serra from Sao Vincente, in July.
It is announced by Schonherr, on the aiithority of Faldermann, to be a native of
Portugal ; and whilst there is no reason why it should not occur in that coimtry,
yet, since I have grounds for suspicion that mistakes have arisen as to the correct
geographical reference of several of the insects which were disseminated by Falder-
mann (who seems either to have touched at these islands, on his travels, or else to
have received specimens from them, — and hj whom many species which have
altogether escaped our combined researches durmg a coiu'se of many years, but
which are universal in Portugal, were reported as Madeiran; whilst others,
apparently peculiar to Madeii-a, were registered as Portuguese), and since I have
never detected any traces of it amongst the numerous collections which I have
examined from the south-western districts of Europe, I accept that statement with
considerable hesitation, — and more especially so, since it is not only certain that
such-like misapplications are of frequent experience in Museums of a large and
general scale ; but also because it is far from improlmble, that, since Madeira, is
regarded as a province of Portugal, any very great acciu*acy, or precautions against
error, might have been deemed superfluous in preserving records of localities
within what are artificially but parts (even though widely distinct by nature) of
one and the same kingdom.

310. Sitona cambrica.

S. parallelo-elongata vix squamiilosa sed pilis subcinereo-nigrescentibus bvevibus tecta, prothorace
profunde punctato, ad latera in medio rotundato-ampliato, scutello albo-squamoso, elytris sat
profunde pmictato-striatis, interstitiis subconvexis, antenais picescentibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 2|-2^.

Sitona cambrica, (Kirby) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 140 (1831).

crihricollis, Schon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 101 (1831).

ruguJosus, DiUw'iTi, in litt.

seticollis, Woll. (olim) in litt.

iOG INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Habitat ad vias vel sub lapidibus in locis inferioribus Maderse Portusque Sancti, praesertim circa urbem
Fiinchalensemj passim.

S. elongate and parallel, black, and almost free from scales above (though closely beset with cinereous
ones beneath), but rather densely clothed with pile (which is exceedingly short and decumbent
on the elytra, though longer, robuster and often partially erect on the head and prothorax) of a
dark hue, but which has more or less of a subcinereous and slightly fulvescent tinge when viewed
obliquely. Rostrum as in the S. latipennis, but with its central canal wder and much deeper.
Eyes large, rounded and exceedingly convex, being more prominent than in any of the other
Sitonee here described. Prothorax very roughly and deeply punctured; considerably rounded at
the sides, — the widest part being about the middle ; with its front margin a Uttle raised ; and
generally with a few paler scales in the centre of its base (adjoining the scutellum, which is itself
always beset with conspicuously pale scales). Elytra rather deeply punctate-striated, and with
the interstices a little convex. Antenna somewhat picescent, with their base ferruginous. Leys
almost concolorous with the rest of the surface (though with the knees and tarsi perhaps a little
picescent), and with their anterior pair rather more elongated than the rest, — though not so
evidently so as in the S. latipennis.

Readily known from the other Sitonee here described by its comparatively dark
colour (the scutellum and a minute dash on the hinder margiu of the prothorax,
opposite to it, being the only portions of its upper surface Avhich are invariably
paler), by the extreme prominence of its eyes, and by the anterior half of its body
being considerably pUose, — its head and rostrum (and occasionally also the pro-
thorax) being often beset with long, partially erect, and more or less rigid hairs.
It seems to be principally confined to the south of the island, and to tlie neigh-
bourliood of Fimchal, — where I have constantly taken it, dming the autiminal and
winter months, in and about the vineyards and cultivated groimds, as well as
l)eneath stones on the grassy slopes towards the coast ; and I have likewise
observed it, sparingly, in Porto Santo. It appears to be one of the scarcer species
throughout Em-ope generally, being recorded by Schonherr from Austria only. I
have however met "with it rather plentifully in the west of England, and on the
sandy sea-shores of AValcs, — especially in the immediate vicioity of Holyhead,
where it abounds. The Madciran specimens differ in no respect from the "Welsh
ones, of which I possess an extensive series, — though they arc somewhat smaller
and narrower than the average of those from Devonshire and Cornwall.

b. Oculi minus jJrominentes : pedes subcequales.

311. Sitona lineata.
S. parallelo-elongata, squamulis fuscis et subcinereo-fuscis dense tecta, prothorace crebre et subtiliter

punctulato, ad latera pone medium leviter rotundato, elytris punctato-striatis, interstitiis alternis

pallidioribus, antennis, tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2j-2j.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 407

Curculio Jineatus, Linn. Fna Sttec. 183 (1761).

— , Fab. Ent. Syst. i. ii. 466 (1792).

Sitona lineata, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 135 (1831).

lineatus, Sclion. Gen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 109 (1834).

Habitat in TMadera Portixque Sancto, liinc inde sat vulgaris, ex Europ^ forsan introducta.

S. elongate and parallel, black, and densely clothed vsdth fulvous and cinereo-fulvous scales above, and
with pale cinereous ones beneath. Rostrum as in the S. canibrica, except that it is flatter and
less sculptured above, and with the medial canal narrower and less deep. Erjes nearly round,
and less prominent than in any of the preceding species. Prothorax finely and very closely
punctulated ; widest a little behind the middle ; with its front margin slightly raised ; and with
three more or less distinct longitudinal lines composed of the paler scales. Elytra punctate-
striated, and with the interstices flattened, — the scales of the alternate ones being more or less
evidently paler. Antenna, tibia and tarsi pale ferruginous, — the legs being of subequal length.

An insect which ahoimds thronghont every portion of Evirope, — from where
indeed it has j)robahly been introduced into these islands. It is not very common
in Madeii'a, occui'ring principally at low elevations and in the neighbourhood of
Funchal, — where I have constantly observed it during the spring months, espe-
cially in the Rev. E,. T. Lowe's garden at the Levada. It is occasionally however
to be met Tvath at higher elevations, since in the simimer of 1850 I took it
sparingly at the Hibeu'o Prio. I have likewise captured it, behind the sea-beach,
in Porto Santo. It may be at once known by its parallel outline, by the light
brown scales with which it is clothed (the three prothoracic lines and the
alternate interstices of its elytra being alone slightly paler), and by its ferruginous
antennae, tibiae and feet.

312. Sitona humeralis.

S. subparallelo-elongata (antice subacuminata), squamuKs cinereis et infuscato-cinereis insequaliter
tecta, prothorace rugulose punctato angusto subconico (ad latera pone medium vix rotundato),
elytris leviter punctato-striatis, versus latera cinereo-variegatis sed in disco communi ssepius late
obscurioribus, antennis, tibiis tarsisque obscuro-ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2- vLx 2j.

Sitona humeralis, (Kirby) Steph. Ill Brit. Ent. iv. 138 (1831).

Bid, Steph. m. Brit. Ent. iv. 139 (1831).

promptus, Schon. Oen. et Spec. Cure. ii. 113 (1834).

Sitones promptus, Eedt. Fna Aiistr. 451 (1849).

Habitat in locis similibus ac prsecedens, sed paulo rarior : in Portu Sancto tamen prsedominat, quii
mense Aprili a.d. 1848 plurima specimina per oram maritimam collegi.

S. about the same size as (or a little smaller than) the S. lineata, but rather less parallel (being
slightly acuminated anteriorly), black, and densely, though unequally, clothed with cinereous and
brownish-cinereous scales above, — but with uniformly cinereous ones beneath. Rostrum rather
narrower than that of the -S. lineata, and with its medial channel (like that of the S. cambrica)

1,08 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

deep and wide. Eyes round, but more depressed than in any of the other species. Proihorax
rather rugosely punctured; narrow and subconical (being widest behind the middle, and less
rounded at the sides than in any of the foregoing species) ; with its front margin slightly raised,
and with three usually distinct longitudinal lines composed of the paler scales. Elytra some-
what finely punctate-striated, and with the interstices flattened ; more or less dappled, or clothed,
with paler scales towards the sides, but usually broadly infuscatcd, or obscured, on their common
disk, — throughout nearly the entire length of the suture. Antenna, tibia and tarsi dull
ferniginous, — the kffs (which, with the antennae, are rather shorter than those of the S. lineata)
being of subequal length.

Likewise an abundant Eui'opean Sitona, though not quite so universal as the
^S". lineata, — and recorded also from Persia and the Caucasus. It may be
recognised from that insect by its anteriorly-subacuminatcd form, by its narrower
and subconical prot borax (which is more roughly punctured, and has the edges
Init v(>ry sHghtly roimded), l)y the pale ashy-coloured scales with Avliich it has a
tendency to be lilotched or dappled towards its sides (its disk remaining broadly
obscured), and by its somewhat shorter limbs. Like the last species, it may
perhaps have been introduced into these islands from more northern latitudes, —
occurrinu at low elevations within the cultivated districts. I have taken it rather
plentifully behind the sandy sea-beach of Porto Santo, dm-ing the spring ; but in
]\Iadeu-a proper it would seem to be scarce, — tlie only specimen which I have
seen having been recently communicated by T. S. Leacock, Esq., from the neigli-
liourhood of Funchal.

Fani. 35. ATTELABID^.

Genus 133. APION. (Tab. VIII. fig. 4 et 6.)
llerbst, Kiif. vii. 100 (1797).

Corpus miuutum, ob-pyriforme et antice valde attenuatum, plus minusve pubescens vel laete coloratum
(rarius squamosum) : rostru subpornctu, plerumquc gracili teruti arcuato (rarius valido), scd in
paucis basi crassiusculo ; oculis rotuudatis promiuulis ; proihurace vel subconico vcl subcylindrico :
scutello parvo : elytris ovatis : alis sat amplis. Antenna mediocres rectse, ad (aut i)otius inox
ante) basin vel versus medium rostri insertse, sub capite inter otium inflexse, articulo primo
le\iter elongate clavato, secundo breviore sub-obconico, tertio ad octavum pan-is subcTqualibus,
reliquis inter se arete couuexis, elavam quadri-articulatani acuto-ovalem elticientibus. Pedes
longiusculi : tibiis rectis teretibus, ad apicem muticis.

The genus Apion, so universal tlu-oughout temperate latitudes, may be recog-
nised by the ob-pyriform (or inverted pear-shaped) and anteriorly-acuminated
bodies of the numerous and minute species which unite in composing it, — and
which are often gaily colovu-ed (exhibiting occasionally metallic tints), have theii-
surfaces more frequently pubescent than scaly (sometimes enth-ely glabrous), their
tibipe unarmed, aiul their antenme (as is always the case in the present family)

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 409

straightcjied (instead of elbowed, as iu the Curcnlionid(B,—i\\e first joint being
only slightly elongated), and inserted either near to the base or else towards the
middle of their (nsually slender, arcuated, cylindrical and porrected) rostrum.
They are insects which are princiioally attached to the smaller plants, on the softer
portions of which they subsist, — comparatively few being connected with the
foliage of trees. So abundant are some of the commoner forms, in certain places
and seasons, as to commit considerable damage amongst various kinds of veffetables
in agricultm-al districts. Nearly 130 species are recorded as Em-opean, — more
than 70 of which are found m the British Islands. When the southern position
of Madeira and its limited area are taken into account, the group may be con-
sidered to be well represented in our Coleopterous fauna : nevertheless, out of the
seven members described below, three may perhaps have been originally introduced
from more northern countries, — whilst the remaining fom* are of remarkaljly
indigenous habits, occurring at higher altitudes, and in spots for the most part
altogether removed from any traces of cultivation.

§ I. Antenncd ante basin rostri inserted.

313. Apion vemale.

A. subgracile piceo-fuscum subopacum, squamis albidis, fusco-albidis et subnigresceutibus Isete varie-
gatum, rostro breviusculo minus arcuato, prothorace ruguloso-punctato, ad basin sinuato et in
disco postico distincte foveolato, elytris elongato-subovatis crenato-striatis, ad apicem ipsum sub-
acuminato-constrictis necnon singulatim rotundatis et debiscentibus, fascia postmedia maxima
valde arcuata commimi albida (antice et postice plaga obscuriore subnuda terminata) ornatis,
antennis pedibusque infuscato-testaceis.

Long. Corp. hu. 1-1^.

Attelabus vermlis, Pab. I^nt. Sy^t. i. ii. 392 (1792).
Curculio eoncinnus, Mslim, Ent. Brit. i. 248 (1802).
Apion vemale, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iii. 33 (1813).
, Sehon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. i. 273 (1833).

Habitat in graminosis Maderse australis, tempore vernab, non infrequens.

A. ratber slender, piceous-brown, subopake, and densely variegated witb white and brownish-white
scales, — with a few darker ones intermixed. Rostrum rather short, and but very slightly arcuated ;
thickened behind the insertion of the antennae (which are placed at a short distance in front of
its extreme base) ; sculptured, and densely clothed with scales, in the male ; but shining,
glabrous and rufo-piceous, from the insertion of the antennae to the apex, in the female. P?-o-
thorax subconical, and with its posterior margin considerably sinuated; closely and roughly
punctured ; with a deep, distinct and somewhat rounded fovea in the centre of its hinder disk ;
and usually densely beset with white scales at its sides. Elytra elongate-subovate and crenate-
striated ; rather produced and constricted at their extreme apex,— where each of them is separately

3g

410 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

rounded (and the two consequently somewhat gaping, or divergent, at the suture) ; and with a
large, postmedial, arcuated fascia, common to both (and bounded in front and behind, especially
the former, by a darker subglabrous portion, — which is generally besprinkled with a few blackish
scales), more or less distinctly white. Antenna and legs dusky-testaceous, — the former, and the
tarsi of the latter, being sometimes rather more obscure.

A very distinct 'E\\xo])eva\ Apion ; and one wliicli may be at once recognised, not
only by its slender form and prettily fasciated siu-face, bvit likewise by the deep
postmedial fovea, and greatly sinuated hind margin, of its prothorax; though,
above all, by the peculiar construction of the apex of its elytra, — which I have not
seen elsewhere alluded to, but wliich is of a very extraordinary natm-e. If the
insect be viewed from behind, it will be perceived that each elytron is somewhat
in-oduced and separately rounded-off, so that the two slightly gape (or diverge) at
the suture, — a singularity which is rendered the more apparent from then* having
a tendency to be, also, constricted and subelevated in that particular region. It
occm-s in grassy spots, and amongst dense herbage, during the spring months, in
the vicinity of Funchal, though not very abundantly. Dm-ing my encampment
however in the llibeiro de Santa Luzia, ■\A'ith the Rev. R. T. Lowe, in May of 181-9,
I took it in considerable numbers towards the base of the lofty perpendicular rocks
wliich constitute the boundaries of the ravine.

314. Apion sagittiferum, WoU.

A. fusco-piceum subopacum, squamis albidis et subflavescenti-albidis adspersum, rostro brcviusculo,
prothorace ruguloso-punctato, ad basin leviter sinuato et in disco postico obscure foveolato, elytris
subovatis crenato-striatis, ad apicem integris et baud acuminatis, macula parva antemedia sub-
sagittata et fascia postmedia transversa recta communibus albidis ornatis, autennis pedibusque
testaceis, illis plerumque obscurioribus.

Long. corp. liii. 1-1^.

Huliitat insulas jMaderenses, prpcscrtim in gramiuosis locorum subeditiorum, hiuc inde vulgaris : in
Portu Sancto et Descrta Grandi abundat, inter lichenes in rupium fissm-is crescentes tempore
hiberno latitaus.

A. smaller, shorter, convexer and more ovate than the A. veniale, brownish-piccous (sometimes with
a just perceptibly a;neous tinge), subopakc, and clothed (though not very densely) with white
and yellowish-white scales. Rostrum as in that insect, but a little more arcuated, less evidently
thickened behind the insertion of the antenu;v, and (if anything) perhaps a trifle shorter and
more robust. Pruthurax a little broader and shorter (in proportion) than that of the A. vernale,
also with its posterior margin rather less evidently sinuated, and with the fovea (or abbreviated
canal) of its hinder disk (instead of being deep and lai-ge) hardly perceptible, and sometimes
obsolete ; and not more bcs]n-inklcd with scales towards its sides than elsewhere. Elytra shorter,
more convex and ovate than in that species ; crenate-striated ; entire at their apex (luning no
appearance of the acuminated, constricted and subdivergent structure which is there so con-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 411

spicuous) ; with a small autemcdial patch ou the suture of the shape of an arrow-head, or an
inverted V (formed by an oblique spot on each, confluent anteriorly), and a straight postmedial
transverse fascia (bounded in front by a darker siibglabrous portion), common to both, more or
less obscurely white. Antennca and legs testaceous,- the former being generally more or less
darkly infuscated.

A most interesting little Ajrion, and of an exceedingly indigenous nature. Be-
fore I had subjected it to a critical analysis, I had imagined it to be Init a local
state of the A. veniale,— to which in its fasciated siu-face and general aspect it
bears a certain 2)rlmd facie resemblance : but, apart from its opposite habits, and
many minute distinctive features (shortly to be noticed) which had long combined,
even before examination, to give it a peculiar character (albeit more easily seen
than expressed),— the discovery of the singularly acuminated and subdehiscent
structure of the apex of the elytra which is so universal in that insect (and which
is not so much as indicated here)' at once removed all doubt as to its true specific
clauns. The comparison moreover of a very large series of specimens, coUected in
Madeira, Porto Santo, and on the Dezerta Grande, has subsequently convinced me
that it is not even so variable as (under the former hyiwthesis) I had concluded it
to be,— whilst the arrangement of its scales, as compared with those of such-Uke
species generaUy, is in fact remarkably constant. Thus, it is not only smaUer,
convexer, thicker and more ovate than the A. vernale, but its prothorax is less
sinuated along its posterior margin, has its central fovea very much less evident,
and is not more clothed at the sides than elsewhere; whilst its elytra (which, as
just stated, are entire at their extremity) are differently colom-ed,- the minute
sagittiform, or inverted V-shaped, patch before the middle of the suture, in con-
junction with the straightened transverse postmedial fascia, immediately suflacing
to identify it. Its legs also are of a purer testaceous hue, and the darker portion
of its scales has more or less of an obscure yellowish tinge (which frequently
imparts to the entu-e surface a subfeneous cast) ; whHst its antennee are nearly
always more decidedly infascated than is the case in that insect. It is principally
confined to higher elevations than the A. vernale, and seems to be more especially
attached to lichen and dense vegetation on the rocks of intermediate altitudes.
Nevertheless it is occasionally to be met with in lower regions, since I have cap-
tured it sparingly in gardens near Funchal, and (in the north of the island) in the
chestnut-woods of Santa Anna. It is more abundant however in Porto Santo and
on the Dezerta Grande than in Madeu-a proper,— where I have taken it in pro-
fusion, dm-ing the spring months, from out of the fissm-es of the weather-beaten
peaks, as well as in grassy spots m their immediate vicinity.

315. Apion Malvse.
A. nigrum subnitidum, squamis albidis vel subflavescenti-albidis magnis adspersum, rostro bre-
viusculo robusto, apicem versus interdum testaceo, prothorace ruguloso-punctato (punctis

3 G 2

412 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

oblongis), elytris ovatis striatis omniao (regione basali triangulari except^) testaceis, anteaais
pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Curculio MalecB, Fab. Syst. Ent. 132 (1775).

, Mshm, Ent. Brit. i. 246 (1802).

Apion Malom, Schoa. Gen. et Spec. Cure. i. 272 (1833).
, Eedt. Fna Austr. 462 (1849).

Habitat super folia Maivarum in locis subinferioribus Maderse, tempore vcrnali hinc inde vulgaris.

A. rather short and robust, black, very slightly shining, and more or less clothed (usually not very
densely so on the elytra) with large (though somewhat deciduous) whitish or yellowish-white
scales. Rostrum rather short and thick, generally slightly denuded (and often paler) towards its
apex, — and with the antenna inserted into it at a considerable distance in front of its base.
Prothorax somewhat broad (especially behind), and with its posterior margin just perceptibly
sinuated ; rugosely punctured (the punctures being subcontluent, and more or less elongated or
oblong). Elytra ovate, and striated (the strise not being crenate, but simple) ; entire at their
apex ; and testaceous, — except tlic inner region of the base of each, which is obliquely darker (the
two together causing a large triangular dusky patch to appear about the region of the scutellum).
Antenna and leys robust, and testaceous.

The A. JIalf(e, common througliout the Avhole of central and southern Eiu-ope,
and which perhaps has been imported into these islands from more northern
latitudes, may be known by its rather ovate and thickened form, by its pale
testaceous elytra and limbs (the former of which have merely a triangular patch
at their base darker), and hj the large, whitish, or yellowish- white scales with
which it is besprinkled. It is found on the foliage of plants (esiiecially Mallows),
during the spring months, in the vicinity of Funchal, — being by no means gene-
rally diffused, though in certain spots sufficiently abundant. I have taken it in
the Rev. E,. T. Lowe's garden at the Levada ; as also about half-way up the Ilibeii'o
de Santa Luzia, during my encampment there in May of 1849.

316. Apion finunentaiium.
A. pallido-sanguineum (oculis solis nigris) opacum subtiliter cinereo-pubescens, rostro robusto, pro-

thorace profunde et crebre punctato, elytris ovatis profunde crenato-striatis, antennis pedibusque

vix pallidioribus.
Long. corp. lin. li-lf.

Curculio frumeiitarius, Linn. Fna Suec. 175 (1761).

, Payk. Moil. Cure. 139 (1792).

Ajnon hwrnatodes, Stejih. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 174 (1831).
frumentarium, Schon. Oen. et Spec. Cure. i. 283 (1833).

Habitat Maderam, et borealeni et australem, toto anno, passim : necnon in Porta Sancto, sed minus
frcquens occurrit.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 413

A. pale sanguineous (the eyes being aloue black), opake, and sparingly besprinkled with a fine
cinereous pubescence. Rostrum rather short (though somewhat longer than in the A. Malva)
and robust, slightly shining, — and with the antennse inserted into it at a considerable distance in
front of its base. Prothorax with its posterior margin straightly truncated ; closely and deeply
punctured. Elytra ovate, deeply crenate-striated, and entire at their apes. Antennce and %«
scarcely pajer than the rest of the surface.

The bright red, or pale sanguineous, hue of the present Apioii (its eyes alone
])eing black) Avill at once serve to distinguish it from the other species with which
Ave have here to do. It is a universal insect throughout Europe, — ^and widely
scattered (though somewhat sparingly) over Madeira at rather low and inter-
mediate elevations. I have taken it in the neighboui-hood of Funchal; at the
Ribeiro Frio ; as also (in the north of the island) at Sao Vincente and Santa Anna :
and I have Likewise captured it in Porto Santo.

317. Apion chalybeipenne.
A. elongatum nigrum subnitidum, squamulis cinereis subtilibus parce irroratum, rostro elongato
arcuate, prothorace profunda punctato et postice in medio leviter canahculato, elytris subellipticis
crenato-striatis et obscure subsenescenti-viridescentibus, antennis ad basin ipsam rufo-ferrugineis.
Var. /3. omnino (prsesertim in elytris) chalybeum et minus cinereo-pubescens.
Long. Corp. lin. 1|^-1|.

Apion ehalyheipenne, Schon. in lift, (teste Dom. Bohemann).

Habitat in montibus Maderre Portusque Sancti, prssertim super folia Malvarum, tempore vernali
et sestivo non infrequens : varietatem /3. ad Feijaa de Corte solum vidi.

A. elongate, black (except on the elytra), slightly shining, and sparingly besprinkled with small,
exceedingly deciduous, cinereous scales. Rostrum long and arcuated (being more curved than in
any of the other species), — and with the antennfe inserted into it at a considerable distance in
front of its base. Prothorax with a very faint tendency to have its posterior margin sinuated;
deeply and regularly punctured, but not quite so closely so as in the preceding species ; and with
an impressed central channel behind. Elytra subelliptical (being widest about the middle), and
crenate-striated ; a little acuminated at their apex, — where each of them has a slight tendency to
be separately rouuded-off; of a more or less obscure brassy-green tinge. Antennx and legs
rather robust ; the former with their extreme base rufo-ferruginous.
Var. j3. altogether of a chalybeous, or bluish, lustre (especially on the elytra) ; and with less appear-
ance of the small cinereous scales or pubescence.

Very closely aUied to the common A. rad loins of more northern latitudes, —
from which it differs in being a little smaller, in having its rostrum and limbs
somewhat shorter and less thickened, in its antennae being more evidently ferru-
ginous at their extreme base, and in its surface being usually more besprinkled
with minute cinereous scales. The var. |3. however is often almost free from
pubescence, — nevertheless that particular state recedes entii'ely from the A. radi-

il-1 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

olus in coloiu", being of a bluisk or chalybeous tint. The obscure brassy-green
hue which is so perceptible on the elytra of the normal specimens is precisely
sunilar to what we observe in that insect, — a remark which Avill equally apply to
tlie (rather considerable) cui"vatui'e of its rostrum. I am informed Ijy M. Bohe-
mann that it agrees with the A. ch((lybeipenne of Schonherr {in lift.), and I have
therefore retained it under that name. It seems to he confined to intermediate
and rather lofty elevations, occurring amongst herbage during the spring and
summer months. I have taken it towards the head of the Kibeiro de Santa.
Luzia in May ; from off a species of Mallow at the Feijaa dc C6rte in July ; and
on the ascent of the Pico E,uivo from the Curral das Freu-as early in August :
and I likewise captured it on the grassy mountain- slopes of Porto Santo (imme-
diately below the summit of the Pico de Facho) during April of 1848. The vai\ (5.
I have hitherto only detected at the Feij{\a de C6rte.

§ II. AntenncB versus medivm rostri insertee.

318. Apion Wollastoni. (Tab. VIII. fig. 4.)

A. viridescenti-seneum nitidum, pai'ce et subtiliter einereo-pubeseens, rostro elongato gracili, pro-
thorace parvo profuiidc ct rugose puuctato, clytris ovatis crcnato-striatis et magis metallicis
(plerumquc plus minusvc cuprescenti-micantibus), interstitiis minutissime rugulosis et punc-
tulatis, antennis pedibusque longiusculis robustis fere nigris.

Long. Corp. lin. l{-lj.

Apion Wollastoni, Chevrolat, in Cruer. liev. de Zool. iv. (2''">« serie) 278 (1852) .

Habitat in Mader^ boreali, ad Sanctam Annam super plantas Equiseti ftuviatilis sestate a.d. 1850 a
meipso sat copiose repertum.

A. grceuish-brassy or brassy-gi'ecn, sliiuing, and sparingly besprinkled with a very tine cinereous
pubescence. Rostrum long and arcuated (though not quite so much cun'ed as that of the
A. chuhjheipenne) , — and with the antennae inserted into it about midway between its base and
apex. Prothoraw small, slightly rounded at the sides, and with its posterior margin straightly
truncated ; deeply and rugosely punctured, and with faint indications of a central chanucl.
Elijtra ovate, and creiiate- striated ; just perceptibly acuminated at their apex, — where each of
thcni is separately rounded-off; with the interstices most delicately rugulose and punctulatcd ;
usually of a more coppc-ry or brassy tinge than the prothorax (in which metallic-green is the pre-
vailing hue). Antenntc and leys rather long and robust, and nearly black, — displaying but a very
shght metallic lustre.

Both the present Apion and the folloT\-ing one may be known from the species
here described by their antennte being inserted near to the middle of their rostrum,
instead of towards its base ; whilst, inter se, the more shining and metallic body
of the A. Wollastoni, which has its prothorax (although small) not quite so
minute or so cylindrical, in conjunction with its rather more pubescent surface,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 4'15

the subnigiilose and delicately punctulatcd interstices of its (more perceptibly
ovate and apically subdebiscent) elytra, and its rather longer and robuster limbs,
will serve to separate it from the A. rotimdipenne. It is apparently extremely
rare (or at any rate local), the only spot in which I have hitherto observed it being
in the north of the island, at Santa Anna,— where, during May and June of 1850,
I captm-ed many specimens from off the Eqtmetumfuv'mUle in a boggy piece of
sroimd on the left-hand side of the road which leads from the Quinta of Senhor
Louiz Acciaioly down to the sea. Although I searched diUgently in similar spots,
I did not succeed in procuring it elsewhere.

319. Apion rotimdipenne, Wall. (Tab. VIII. flg. 6.)
A. purpurascenti- vel subsenescenti-nigmm subopacum et vix pubescens, rostro longiusculo gracili,
protborace miuuto subcylindrico profunde et sat rugose punctato, elytris vel subgloboso-ovatis
vel ovatis, profunde crenato-striatis et paulo magis metallico-micantibus, iuterstitiis vix punc-
tulatis, antennis pedibusque gracilibus nigris.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^-ly-

Habitat in montibus Maderse, prssertim super folia Vicice conspicuce, Lowe, a vere novo usque ad
autumnum nou infrequens.

A. less shining and metallic tban the A. Wollastoni, being usually either black or purplish-black, and
less evidently pubescent. Rostrum a trifle shorter, and not quite so arcuated. Prothorux
rather smaller and more cylindrical than that of the A. Wollastuni (the sides being scarcely at all
rounded), and not quite so rugosely punctui-ed. Elytra varying from roundish-ovate into ovate,
and deeply crenate-striated ; with less indications of being subdebiscent (or separately rounded-
ofi") at their extreme apex than in the last species ; the interstices with scarcely any tendency to
be punctulated ; generally rather more metallic than the prothorax, being either of a shghtly
coppery or greenish tinge. Antenna and legs rather shorter and less robust than those of the
A. Wollastoni, and apparently free from metallic lustre.

Apart from the above coinjmrative diagnosis, the distinctions between the
present species and the last one have been already pointed out. The A. rotimdi-
penne varies a good deal in the outline of its elytra, which are either subglobose
or else (like those of the A. Wollasto)ii) ovate. They are both of them strictly
indigenous insects, — the one under consideration however being, so far as I have
hitherto observed, the more widely distributed of the two. It occm-s, at most
seasons of the year, in grassy spots of intermediate elevations, and would seem
to be more attached to the Vicia consplcua, Lowe, than to any other plant, —
an additional reason (since that vetch is essentially Madeiran) for regarding it as
a true native of the soil. I have taken it in the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia in May,
at Sao Vincente in June, at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros in July, at the Ptibeii-o
Prio and the Feijaa de C6rte in August, and at the Curral das Romeiras dvu'ing
October.

il6 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 134. AULETES. (Tab. YIII. fig. 7.)

Schonherr, Cure. Bisp. Meth. 46 (1826).

Corpus parvum, oblongo-ovatum, minus durum et parce pubescens : rostro longiusculo porrecto, sub-
cylindrico ad apicem leviter dilatato, minus arcuato ; scrobe obsolcta ; ocuJis rotundatis promi-
nentibus : prothorace basi apiceque truncato, ad latera leviter rotundato : scutello parvo sub-
rotundato : elytris oblongis, ad apicem ipsura singulatim rotundatis : alls amplissimis. Antenna:
lougiusculse rectEe, prope basin (ct supra latera) rostri insertse, articulis primo et secundo sub-
robastis, tertio longiore graciliore, inde ad octavum latitudine leviter crescentibus, reliquis
clavam elongatam perfoliatam parum abruptam efficientibus. Pedes longiusculi : tibiis ad apicem
muticis.

Atiletes may be at once distiuguislied by the peculiarities of its rostrum and
antennse, — the former of which is porrected, subcylindrical (though slightly
divergent at its apex), almost straightened, and A^ithout any indication of scrohes,
or grooA'es ; whilst the latter are inserted immetliately before the base of the
former (rather more on the itppcr siu'face than at the sides), and have then* ter-
minal three joints thickened into an elongate and perfoliated club. It seems to
be a genus of subaustral latitudes, — the south of France, Hungary, Dalmatia and
the Caucasus being the recorded countries of the few species which have been
hitherto described. They are insects wMch appear to occur on the foliage of
trees, — much ui the same manner as the members of the allied group Bhynchites,
to wliich it is nearly akin.

320. Auletes Maderensis, WoU. (Tab. Vlll. fig. 7.)

A. infuscato-ferrugineus pubescens et profunde punctatus, elytris (sutura nigrescenti excepta),
antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis, elytro singulo stria suturali impresso.

Var. /3. testaceus, rostro, elytris antennisque infuscatis.

Var. y. omnino valde infuscato-testaceus, pedibus vix pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. Tj-lf.

Habitat Maderam, rarissimus : ad Curral das Romeiras necnon ad Sanctam Annam in Madera boreali,
super folia salicum parce deprehcnsi.

A. pubescent, and deeply punctured. Head and prothorax brownish-ferruginous, being unequally
clouded in parts. Elytra rather less closely punctured than the prothorax, but without any
tendency to have the punctures arranged in rows ; testaceous, except the suture which is narrowly
darker, — and alongside which there is an impressed stria on each. Antenna and legs testaceous ;
t\ie former with their club a little dusky.

Var. ^. with the head and prothorax testaceous (the rostrum being alone iufuscated). Elytra, and
antennee (especially at their apex), darkly infuscated.

Var. y. testaceous, but altogether darkly (though very unequally) infuscated, — the legs however
being a little palor than the rest of the surface.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 417

Apparently a most variable insect, — out of the four examples which have
hitherto come beneath my notice not two being alike, either in statui-e or colom'.
It would seem to be excessively rare, though found both in the north and soutli
of the island. I fu*st discovered it in October 1847 on the foliage of a species
of Sallow at the Cm-ral das Homeii'as, above Punchal; and iu June of 1850 it
again occurred to me, in the vineyard of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly at Santa Anna.

Fam. 36. BRUCHID^.

(Subf. 1. ANTHEIBIDES.)

Genus 135. XENORCHESTES, iFoll. (Tab. VIII. fig. 8.)

Corpus parvum, ovatum, valde convexum, glaberrimum et politum : capite deflexo ; rostro brevi lato
complanato ; oculis oblongis integris demissis, supra marginem capitis lateralem positis : protho-
race amplo, postice lato eljtris arete applieato : scutello nullo : elytris postice leviter abbreviatis
(pygidiiim vix obtegeiitibus), necnon ad apieem ipsum singulatim obliquo-truncatis : alis obsoletis.
Antenna (VIII. 8 a) longiusculse (in maribus quam in foeminis paulo longiores) rectse, basi sub-
approximatEe et inter oculos (in fronte) insertse, articulis primo et secundo elongatis robustis
(illo curvato), tcrtio ad octavum gracilioribus subfequalibus, reliquis clavam elongatam laxam
minus abruptam triarticulatam efficientibus (nono et decimo intus productis). Labrum (VIII. 8 b)
antice rotundatum ciliatum. MandibulcB magn» validee, apice incurvse acutse, basi latse, margine
interno in dentem obtusum postmedium producto. Maxilla (VIII. 8 c) bdob?e, longiusculee :
lobo externa angusto, apice pubescenti : interno vix breviore latiore, intus valde ciliato. Palpi
filiformes, articulo ultimo elongato subfusiformi apice leviter acuminato ; maxillares (VIII. 8 c)
articulis pi'imo et tertio minutis subjequalibus, secundo longiore cra.ssiore, extus ampliato ;
labiates (VIII. 8 d) articulo secundo primo vix longiore. Mentum amplum, antice sinuatum
necnon in medio profunda fissum. Ligula porrecta subrotundata pilosa. Pedes (praesertim
antici necnon in sexu masculo) elongati, postici subsaltatorii (sed baud incrassati) : tibiis ad
apieem muticis : tarsis (VIII. 8 e) pseudotetrameris, articulo primo (in anticis prsecipue) elongato,
secundo ad apieem emarginato tertium bilobum recipiente, ultimo clavato unguiculis simplicibus
munito.

A fei'o? mirabilis, et 6p-)^rjaTt)v saltator.

Throughout all the members of the Coleoptera with which we have here to do,
there is no form more remarkable or interesting than Xenorchestes, — possessing as
it does points of coincidence with groups far removed from each other. I have
but little doubt however that it is correctly placed near to the Anthribi, since its
most essential characteristics (both structural and external) betray a nearer relation
to Chorar/ns than perhaps to anything else hitherto described. Still, it is impossible
to deny that it inherits likewise a certain atflnity vnth. some of the ChrysomeUdce,
especially with siieli genera as Ilnlophila and 3Iiiw]jhilosouia (hereafter to be
noticed), — in conjunction with which indeed it may very likely constitute a passage
between the present family and that division of the Thytoiiliaga. The parts of

3h

418 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

its mouth are moulded in every respect after the ordinary Anthribideous type;
whilst, on the other hand, its subapproximated antennas (which are inserted into
its forehead between the eyes) would tend to associate it with the departments
above mentioned, — from which also its extraordinary capability of leaping would
not assist in removing it. In this last peculiarity however it agrees equally with
Choragus (of the Brnchidoi), — to which, as just stated, I believe it to be veiy nearly
akin. The sexual variation in the length of its limbs is more in accordance with
what we know of the Rhyncophora than with the Phijtophaga ; and its habits,
wliich appear to be subcortical, incline likewise to the former. Still, as regards its
mode of Hfe, ILiiophilosoma does not altogether ditfer fi'om it, being very liable to
(at any rate) harbour beneath loosely-attached bark, — under which circumstances
I have frequently captm'cd it in company with Xenorchestes ; and, from its strong
prima facie resemblance in general contour and colouring to the females of that
insect, have not always found it easy at fii-st sight to separate the two.

321. Xenorchestes saltitans, Woll. (Tab. Till. fig. 8.)
X. niger nitidus glaberrimus et fere irapunctatus, prothoracis margine antico saepius dilutiorc, anten-
narum basi ferruginea, pedibus vel infuscato-piceis vel infuscato-ferrugineis.
Mas, plerumque paulo major, antcnnis pedibusque longioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. f-lj.

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excelsa, sub cortice arborum laxo, rarior : ad Ribeiro Frio tempore
hiberno, necnon in regione Fanalensi mense Julio, parce observavi.

X. ovate and rather compressed laterally, exceedingly convex, black (and usually with a just appre-
ciable greenish tinge), perfectly glabrous, highly jiolished, and almost unsculptured. PrutJwrax
large, wide behind, and with its fore-margin generally a little transparent and diluted in colouring ;
appearing all but unpunctured beneath a moderate lens, — but under the microscope finely
granidated, and with distant and most minutely impressed points intermixed (as also with a row
of rather larger punctures along its extreme hinder edge). Elijtra not perceptibly sculptured
except beneath tlie microscope (when they will be observed to be most dehcatoly but remotely
punetulated, though even more finely so than the prothorax; and without any appearance of
granules). Antenna and legs either brownish-piceous or brownish-ferruginous.
Male, usually a little larger than the female, and with the antenna; and legs rather longer.

ExceecUngly rare, and confined to the forest districts of intermediate and lofty
elevations, — where it occurs beneath the dead, loosely-attached bark of trees in
damp spots. I have taken it at the Ribeiro Frio dm-ing the ^-inter ; and, in July,
at the Lombo dos Pccegueiros and the Fanal. It leaps but very imperfectly (not
more successfully in fact than the Euclneti), — as indeed the construction of its
hind legs (which arc not more tliickened than the remainder) would lead us to
anticii)ate. From their highly-polished, glabrous, laterally-compressed bodies and
saltatorial liabits, small female examples bear a sin^vXviV prima facie resemblance
to dark specimens of the common flea.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. ^^^

(Subf. 2. BRUCHIDES.)

Genus 136. BRUCHUS. (Tab. VIII. fig. 9.)

Geoffrey, Hist. Abr. des Ins. de Farts, i. 163 (1762).

Corpus parvum, plus minusve pubescenti-variegatum : capite exserto subinflexo, leviter producto (sed
vix rostrato) ; oculis lunatis prominulis : prothorace postice lato sinuato, elytris arete applicato :
scutello plerumque distincto et subquadrato : elytris oblougo-subquadratis, postice abbreviatis
(pygidium baud tegentibus), necnon ad apieem ipsum plerumque siugulatim rotundatis : alis
amplis. Antennm longiusculfe validse, juxta sinum oculorum insertfe, apieem versus erassiores et
intus plerumque serratse. Lahrum luuulatum. Mandibula validae triangulares, intus in medio
membrane angusta auets. Maa:illa bilobse graciles, valde ciliatae. Palpi articulo ultimo sub-
fusiformi. Mentum transversum, antice in medio emargiuatum, lobis lateralibus rotundatis.
Ligula ampla elongata, apice vlx sinuata. Pedes vaUdi, jaos^ici paulo longiores ; femoribus posticis
subincrassatis et infra dente minuto sspius instruetis ; tibiis posticis (interdum posterioribus) ad
apieem internum spina parv^ acuta munitis ; tarsis posticis articulo primo elongato cui-vato.

The :Bruchi are insects of a very wide geographical range, nearly 250 species
(about 70 of which have been recorded as European) being described in Schon-
herr's great work on the Bhyncophom. They are more numerous in tropical than
in northern latitudes; and, from the seed-infesting habits of theii- larvse, are con-
stantly Hable to transmission throughout the civiHzed world: and hence the
original centres of diffusion of some of them are now not very easily to be ascer-
tained. They may be known, amongst other features, by their apicaUy-abbre\iated
and more or less subquadrate elytra, by their exserted (though subinflexed) head
and lunate eyes, by the sinuated hinder margm of their prothorax, by their
graduaUy thickened and subserrated antennae, and by their robust posterior legs,
—the femora of which are usuaUy furnished with a smaU spine beneath. Out of
the thi-ee representatives hitherto detected vn the Madeii-a Islands, two have in aU
probabiUty been naturaHzed from other countries ; whilst the remaioing one is of a
remarkably iadigenous nature,— being confined to higher altitudes, and harbouring
amongst the lichen of the exposed moimtain-summits.

§ I. Scutellum distinctum, suhquadratum.

322. Bruchus rufimanus.
B. oblongo-ovatus niger, pube fulvescenti parce variegatus, prothorace ad latera in medio subangulato,
elytris subcrenato-striatis et maculis plurimis parvis (prsesertim in media parte) albidioribus
adspersis, antennarum basi pedibusque anticis rufo-testaceis, femoribus posticis obsolete et obtuse
dentatis.

Long. corp. lin. 2i.

3h2

420 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Bruehm granarius, Mslun, (nee Linn. 1767) Ent. Brit. i. 235 (1802).

et Pisi, Steph. Ill Brit. Ent. iv. 213 (1831).

riiftmanus, Schon. Gen. et Spec. Cure. i. 58 (1833).

Habitat prope urbum Funchalensem i\Iaderse (ex Europu introJuctus?).

B. oblong-ovate, black, and sparingly variegated with fulvescent pubescence above, — but with rather
paler beneath and on the pygidiura (where, likewise, it is more dense). Prothorax punctured
and rugulose ; with its lateral edges more or less angulatcd about their centre ; and generally
with a thicker patch of somewhat paler pubescence in the middle of its hinder margin, in front
of the scutellum (which is distinct and subquadrate). Elytra subcrenate-striated ; the suture
usually more densely clothed with the fulvescent pubescence ; and with numerous small irregular
paler spots (or specks) besprinkled over their surface, — especially however across the central
region, where they have a tendency to arrange themselves in two transverse fascia;. Antenna and
leys rather short and robust ; the base of the former, and the anterior pair of the latter, bright
rufo-testaceous. Hinder femora with a strong, but obscure and obtuse, tooth beneath.

An abundant insect throughout central and southern Em-ope, and recorded also
from Eg}7)t and the Caucasus. It has probably been introduced into Madeira, —
where it occurs in the immediate vicinity of the towns, though not very al)imdantly.
Apart from its large size and robust limbs, it may be at once recognised h\ the
subangulated sides of its prothorax, and by the bright rufo-testaceous hue of its
front legs and of the base of its antennae. The small, irregular, white freckles,
and the densely clothed suture, of its elytra which characterize it in its normal
state are apt to be more or less obscure, and occasionally nearly obsolete.

323. Bruchus subellipticus, TT'oll.

B. clliptico-ovatus niger, pube subcinereo-fulvescenti pai'ce variegatus, elytris leviter punctato-striatis
valde abbre\datis, antennis pedibusque brevibus, illarum basi et articulo ultimo, his abdomineque
rufo-testaeeis, femoribus posticis valde et acute dentatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2t.

Habitat Maderam, rarissime : specimen unicum (ex alienis forsan in iusulam invectum) detexit Rev"^""
Doin. Lowe.

B. smaller and more elliptical than the B. rufimanus (being considerably acuminated both before and
behind), black, and with its pubescence a little more ashy and less fulvescent. Prothorax not
quite so closely punctured, or so rugulose as in that insect ; and with its lateral edges simply
rounded. Scutellum distinct and subquadrate. Elytra lightly punctate-striated ; exceednigly
abbreviated, and each of them rather more rounded at its apex than in either of the other species
here described. Abdomen rufo-testaceous. Antenna and legs short; the former with their base
and ajiical joint, and the latter entirely, rufo-testaceous. Hinder femora with a long and acute
tooth beneath.

A single specimen only of the present Bruchus (detected by the Rev. 11. T. Lowe

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 421

in the north of the island) has hitherto come beneath my notice, and it is most
probably an imported insect into Madeka : nevertheless, not having been al^le to
identify it with any species wliich I have had an opportunity of examining, I have
been compeUed to describe it as new. It may be immediately known by its sub-
eUiptical outline and short limbs, by its greatly abbreviated elytra, and by the
rufo-testaceous hue of its legs, and of the base and apical joint of its antennte.
The spine of its hinder femora, also, is longer and more acute than that of either
of the other members of the genus with which we have here to do.

§ II. Scutellwm minutissimum, vix observandum.

324. Bruchus lichenicola, Woll. (Tab. VIII. fig. 9.)
B. ovatus niger, pube fulvescenti et cinerea densissime variegatus, elytris striatis et fasciis duabus
albido-ciuereis ornatis, antennarum basi pedibusque rufo-testaceis, femoribus posticis obscure
dentatis.
Variat antennis omnino testaceis et dente femorum posticorum valde indistmcto.

Long. Corp. lin. f-I.

Habitat ins. Portus Sancti et Desertje Grandis, inter lichenes in rupium fissuris nascentes, tempore
hiberno et vernali \nilgaris : in jMadera propria mihi uon obvius.

B. minute and ovate, black, and most densely clothed with fulvescent and ashy-white pubescence
above,— but with entirely pale beneath. Protlwrax closely punctured and subrugulose,— the
paler pubescence preponderating at its sides (which are rounded) and, generally, towards the
centre of its hinder margin, in front of the scutellum (which is very minute, and only just distin-
guishable). Elytra striated; and adorned with two more or less evident fasciai of the paler
(ashy-white) pubescence, common to both,— one of which is postmedial, and the other (which is
widely interrupted at the suture) antemedial. Antenna and legs rather fragile ; the /ora^er with
their base (sometimes with the apes also), and the legs, rufo-testaceous. Hinder femora with a
small and very obscure tooth beneath, which is occasionally nearly obsolete.

A most distinct and truly incHgenous Uttle Bruchus —hein^ moreover the
smallest member of the genus with which I am acquainted, averaging about three-
quarters of a line in length. Independently however of its diminutive bulk, it is
characterized by the excessive mimiteness of its scutellum and femoral tooth, by
its unusually /rfl^ife (though not particularly slender) limbs, and by the two more
or less evident ashy-white fascia? with which its elytra are adorned. Its habits
are of a very exclusive nature, it being confined, so far as I have hitherto observed,
to the Hchen of the exposed weather-beaten peaks,— amongst the thick masses of
which in the crevices of the rocks of Porto Santo and the Dezerta Grande it
literaUy teems. I have not as yet detected it in Madeu-a proper, but in the former
of those islands I might have captui-ed it by thousands dming December 1848
and April 1849 ; whilst, in May of 1850, it was scarcely less abundant on the

422 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

latter, — particularly in the dried bimclies of Bamalina scopulorum and JEvernia
jn'vnastri, in company with the Ptinus fragilis and other insects which delight in
such situations.

Sectio VIII. EUCERATA.
Pam. 37. CERAMBICID^.

Genus 137. STROMATIUM.

Serville, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, iii. (1« serie) 80 (183i).

Coi-pus magnum, clongatum, parallclum, pubescens, leviter depressum : capite subporrecto ; oculis
valde emarginatis (subluniformibus) : prothorace tequo ; ad latera in maribus rotundato-excavato,
excavationc pilorum pulrino instructii : alls amplis. Anteniue ante margiuem oculorum internum
inserts;, longissima; (praesertim in maribus), setacefe, basin versus birsuta;, articulo primo robusto,
secundo brevissimo, tertio elongate, rebquis huic paulo brevioribus longitudine subsequalibus,
latitudine vix decrescentibus. Labrum membranaceum breve transversum, pilis longissimis
munitum, apice vix cmarginatum et in medio setoso-pencillatum. Mandibula magnje cornese
vaHda;, basi latse, apice acuta, intus ante medium dente obtusissimo rotundato instructte. Maxilla
biloba; submembranaceae, lobis valde pubescentibus pencillatis. Palpi robusti, vis clavati ;
maxillares articulo prime parvo, secundo et ultimo longitudine subtequalibus (boe subovato apice
oblique truncate), tertio paulo breviore; labiales e scapis ligulce connatis surgcntcs, articulo primo
parvo, secundo paulo longiore, ultimo crassiore elongate-ovate apice suboblique truncate. Mentum
submembranaceum transversum antice angustatum, apice prefunde cmarginatum. Ligula mem-
branacea, apice bileba, lobis divergentibus valde pilosis. Pedes elongati : femoribiis compressis
subliuearibus : tarsis (ut in bujus scctionis reliquis) pseudotetrameris.

Stromatiinn may be readily knoTVTi by the structure of its prothorax, — which
has the sides, in the male sex, slightly hollowed or scooped out, the excavation
being filled up with a dense cushion of hairs ; it has also its upper siuface fi'ee
from iuequalitics, and without any appearance of the more or less poMshed tuber-
cles which are apparent in Fhymatodes and Blahinotiis. In the details of its
trophi it does not offer any great peculiarities ; nevertheless its more filiform,
though somewhat robuster, palpi (the terminal joint of which, instead of being
securiform, is ovate, and truncated at its extremity), in conjimction with its
deeply cmarginated mentum, should be especially noticed. The thii'd articulation
also of its antennaj is distinctly longer than the fourth (wliich is scarcely the case
in any of the follomng three genera) ; and its femora are sublinear and com-
pressed,— being somewhat narrowed towards their apex, instead of abruptly
clavatc. Apart from the entire edges of then- prothorax, the females (as in the
Eucerata generally) may be recognised by being, on the average, of a rather larger
size, and by their antenna; being proiiortionahly a little more abbreviated.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 423

325. Stromatium unicolor.
S. subdepressum fulvo-testaceum creberrime rugulosvim et pubesccns, prothorace sequo, elytris punctis

elevatis (prfescrtim antice) dispersis obsitis, sutura apice acuminata.
Long. Corp. lin. 6-11.

Callidium unicolor, Oliv. Ent. iv. 70. 58. pi. 7. fig. 8-1 (1795).

strepens, Eab. Ent. Syst. v. Suppl. 150 (1798).

SoIenopJiorus strepiens, Mills. Long, de France, G5 (1810).
Stromatium strepens, Lucas, Col. de VAlt/erie, 490 (1819).

Habitat in domibus prope Funcbal, ligno antique, ab sestate nova usque ad autumnum non infrequens.

S. large, linear-elongate, sUgbtly depressed, entirely fulvo-testaceous (or pale cinnamon-colour), very
closely rugulose (scarcely punctured), and densely clotbed with a short decumbent paler pubes-
cence. Antenna very long, rather thickly hirsute towards their base. Prothorax tolerably
large, somewhat ovate, and truncated before and behind ; its upper surface free from inequalities,
though with obscure indications of a slightly elevated dorsal line on its hinder disk. Elytra with
minute scattered tubercles, or raised points, especially apparent towards the suture and base ;
and with two or three very obscurely elevated ridges down each. Antenna and legs concolorous
with, or a little paler than, the rest of the surface.

The large size and pale cinnamon hue of the *S'. unicolo)', apart from the generic
characters of its prothorax and femora already referred to, will at once distinguish
it from the remainder of the Longicorns with which we are here concerned.
Since the north of Africa would appear to be one of its principal areas of diffusion,
it is possible that it may be truly indigenous in these islands ; nevertheless, if
such be the case, it is certainly remarkable that it should not occur except in the
immediate vicinity of Firachal, — to which, so far as I have hitherto observed, it
seems to be almost exclusively confined. There, however, it is sufficiently
common, being but too well known in the houses from the injury which it is
liable to commit amongst different articles of furniture, on the old wood of which
the larvae subsist. It is not unusual indeed for the attention to be attracted by
the grating noise (whence, I imagine, the very appropriate name of strepens was
suggested, but which has unfortunately to give way to the older one applied to it
by Olivier) which the perfect insect makes, on its arrival at the imago state, in
gnawing its way from out of the cavities formed by the larvaj, — an operation
which it often requii'cs a considerable time to effect, resuming its labours at
intervals, especially towards the evening. Owing perhaps to its fi'equent trans-
mission amongst civilized countries, it is a species of wide geographical range ;
nevertheless, its original centre was probably within the Mediterranean limits, —
it being abundant in the south of France and Spain, and (as just mentioned) in
the north of Africa. The specimens in fact described Ijy Pabricius, in 1798, were
from Tangier, — and it is stated by M. Lucas to be not uncommon in logs of
CytisKS spinosus and Pistacea lentiscus in the neighboiu'hood of Algiers. It has
however been likewise recorded in Russia, Asia Minor, Persia and Mesopotamia.

424 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 138. PHYMATODES.

Mulsant, Longic. de France, 47 (1840).

Corpus sat magnum, elongatum, parallelum, piibescens, depressum : capite subpon-ecto ; uculis valde
emarginatis (subluniformibus) : prothorace insequali parvo, tuberculis obscuris aucto : alls amplis.
Antenna ad margiuem oculorum internum insertfe, longissimfe (prfesertim in maribus), setacese,
articulis basUaribus setis paucis ad apicem instructis, articulo primo robusto, secundo brevissimo,
reliquis longitudine subfequalibus, latitudine leviter decrescentibus. Labrum tenuissimo-mem-
branaceum transversum, pilis longissimis munitum, apice rotundatum integrum et in medio
pencillatum. Mandihula validaj, basi latie, apice corner valde incurva; acutissimse, intus ante
medium dente obtuso instructje. Maxilla bilobae membranaceae, lobis valde pubescentibus
pencOlatis. Palpi elongati parum graciles subclavati ; maxillares articulo primo minuto, secundo
et ultimo longitudine subfequalibus (hoc subsecuriformi), tertio paulo breviore ; labiales e scapis
ligulffi connatis sm-gentes, articulo primo vix parvo, secundo paulo longiore, ultimo elongato
crasso subsecurifoiini. Mentum corneum breve transversum, apice fere integrum. Ligula brevis
membranacea apice biloba, lobis divergentibus pilosis. Pedes elongati : femorilms basi peduncu-
latis, apicem versus subito et valde clavatis.

In point of priority, Merhtm, established in the Fauna Boreali-Americana (in
1837), is the oldest title for the present genus ; and, since Kirby expressly there
.states that the CalUdinm varlabUe of Fabricius may be regarded as the type, we
should have been comjicUed under ordinary circumstances, notwithstanding the
unimportant feature selected as the sum total of his diagnosis (namely, the clava-
tion of the thighs, Avhich is common to so many of the allied groups), to have
retained that name, — ^even though it be usually ignored by recent entomologists.
A more serious objection however lies in the fact that a 3Ieriam and Jleria did
jn-eviously exist (of which Kirby could not have been aware) : and, since even
these infringe too closely on the Linmcan prohibition (vid. Philosophia Botanica,
no. 228) against genera " simUi sono exeuntia " (a rule stUl insisted ujion by the
laws of nomenclature), it is clear that to add a Merium to the list is only to per-
petuate confusion, and that we have consequently a legitimate reason for dis-
cardmg it altogether, — a step which the unsatisfactory natvu'c of the character on
which it was originally founded will not cause us to regret*. Regarding the
peculiarities of Fhymatodes, apart from its more flattened, less densely pul^esccnt
surface, and its extremely clavated femora, it may be kno\Mi both from the

• Dr. Le Conte indeed, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, rejects the
name of Merium on account of the iusuflicieut value of the character on wliich the genus was estabhshed :
but it seems to me that we can hardly admit such a principle without opening the door to a host of
difficulties wliich its adoption would at once let in upon us ; since it is certain that many of the groups
■which are now universally received were at first indicated in ahnost as loose and general a maimer as
Kirby's, — and by sanctioning it therefore we Should in fact be sacrificing the law of priority to individual
judgment, .and resigning the necessity of retaining the fii-st proposed names of genera to the mere option
of succeeding naturalists, according as they may choose to regard the attendant diagnoses to be satisfac-
tory or not (a standard which, as science advances, must of course vary witli almost everj- consecutive
age).

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 425

23i'e\dous genus and the following one by its somewhat more incurved mandibles
and slenderer palpi, — the latter of which have their apical joint more secnriform
than in Stromatliim, but considerably less so than in Blahi>iotus. It is very often
united with CallkUum, from which perhaps it is scarcely in reality distinct.
Nevertheless it differs fi-om the normal state of that group in having its antennae
longer and more setaceous, the terminal articulation of its palpi more incrassated,
and by the more or less glabrous prominences of its prothorax.

326. Phymatodes variabilis.
P. depressus rufo-testaceus punctatus pubescens, prothorace inaequali subtuberculato, elytris testaceis.

Var. /3. niger, elytris vix siibrufescentibus, antennis tarsisque fusco-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 5-6^.

Ceramhyx variabilis, Lmn. Fna Suec. 669 (1761).

testaceus et fennicus, id. 670 et 674.

CalliJium fennicum, variahile, testaceum et prtBustum, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. 319, 321, 326, 327 (1792).

variahile, Steph. lU. Brit. Ent. iv. 248 (1831).

Phymatodes variahile, Muls. Longic. de France, 47 (1840).

Habitat in vinetis hortisque Maderfe, sub cortice arborum laxo, sestate rarior.

P. smaller than the last, and mucb more depressed, linear-elongate, rufo-testaceous, distinctly and
rather coarsely punctured, and clothed, though not very densely, with pubescence. Antenna
very long, with a few rigid hairs at the summit of each joint, evanescent in the apical ones.
Prothora.v rather small, and rounded at the sides ; its upper surface unequal, with a large (though
obscure) tubercular subglabrous prominence on either side of the disk, and an elongated central
one (forming a portion of the dorsal line) behind. Elytra rather paler than the prothorax ; much
depressed, and with very obscure indications of a slightly oblique longitudinal ridge down each.
Antenna and legs concolorous with the head and prothorax.
Var. /3. piceous-black ; elytra with- either a slightly rufescent or a violet tinge; antenna and tarsi
more or less fusco-ferruginous.

The common European F. variabilis appears subject in Madeira to much the
same alternations of colouring as in more northern latitudes, — from whence indeed
it may very possibly have been originally introduced. It occiu'S, at rather low
elevations, in the \dcinity of vineyards, — secreting itself l)eneath the loose bark of
the trees upon which the vines are trained. In such situations I have taken the
pale, or normal, state rather abundantly at Santa Anna during the early summer
months. Of the dark variety I have seen hitherto but a single specimen, pre-
sented to me by the Hev. R. T. Lowe from the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken,
by whom it was captured many years ago near Funchal.

Genus 139. BLABINOTUS, Woll (Tab. IX. fig. l.)

Corpus magnum, elongatum, parallelum, valde pubescens, subcyhndricum : capite (IX. 1 a et 1 6)
subporrecto ; oculis lenter emarginatis (reniformibus) : prothorace insquali, tubercuhs Isevissimis

3i

426 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

auctOj ad latera dente medio acuto instructo : alis amplis. Antenna ante marginem oculorum
internum insert?e, longissima- subsetaceae liirsutissinise, articulo primo robusto, secundo brevis-
simo, reliquis longitudine siibaequalibus, latitudine Icviter decresceutibus. Labrum teuuissimo-
membranaceum transversum, in medio setoso-pilosum, apice integrum rectum. Mandibula
corneae validse, basi lata;, apice incurvse acutissima;, intus ante medium dente obscuro (in una
rotundato obtusissimo, in altera, IX. 1 c, obsolete) instructa;. Maxilla (IX. 1 d) bilobse sub-
mcmbranacere, lobis valde pubcscentibus pencillatis. Pulpi longissimi robusti valde clavati ;
maxillares articulo j)rimo vix parvo extus profunde sinuato, secundo et ultimo longitudine sub-
sequalibus (hoc valde securiformi dilatato), tertio paulo breviore ; labiaks (IX. I c) e scapis ligulae
connatis surgentes, articulo primo vix parv'o, secundo ])aulo longiore crassiorc, ultimo maximo
securiformi valde dilatato. Mentum subcorneum transversum, angulis anticis rotundatis, apice
leviter emarginatum membranaceum. Ligula membranacea, apice valde biloba, lobis divergen-
tibus pilosis. Pedes elongati : femoribus basi pedunculatis, apicem versus clavatis.

A ffka^t) injuria, et voto? auster.

Blab'motus is an exceedingly well-marked genus, presenting many peculiarities
which ^vlU readily separate it from the allied groups. Thus, its extremely pUose
surface and cylindrical hody (which however it possesses iu common with Tricho-
ferus), added to the structure of its prothorax, which has two prominent, greatly
developed tubercles on the disk, and the sides furnished \d\\\ an acute central
tooth, are, even 2)rimd facie, apparent : whUst, at the same time, in its obscurer
details it is not less distinctly characterized, — since its reniform eyes (somewhat
remote from the inner margin of which the antennae are inserted, which is not the
case cither in JPhijmatodes or Trichoferus), and the remarkable formation of its
very elongated palpi, which have theu* last joint large and seciu-iform and the basal
maxillary one decjily* sinuatcd externally, at once remove it from the remainder
of the Madeii'an Longicorns here desci'ibed. I have retained the name proposed
for it by M. Chevrolat, after my first return from the Madeira Islands in 1818.

327. Blabinotus spinicollis, Woll. (Tab. IX. tig. l.)

B. subcylindricus fusco-piceus valde cinereo- et flavescenti-cinereo-pubescens, prothorace inaequali
tuberculato ad latera spina media instructo, clytris profunde punctatis piloso-marmoratis,
antennis pedibusque fusco-ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. lin. 5-7,}.

Habitat in ligno antiquo per partem Maderae sylvaticara, non infrequens : praesertim nocte volitat, quo
tempore ad ignium lumina allectus saepissime legatur.

B. narrow, linear-elongate, subcylindrical, of an obscure rusty- or brownish-piceous, densely clothed
with decumbent, silken, cinereous and yellowish hairs, and with longer and more erect ones

* This singularity- of structure is slightly indicated also in Clytus, but altogether absent in the inter-
mediate genus Trichoferus. In Beucalian it is exceedingly evident.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 427

intermixed. Antennm very long, and exceedingly hirsute, especially towards their base. Pro-
thorax rather small, with the sides produced into a robust central tooth ; its upper surface
unequal, with a somewhat small (though very elevated and distinct) transverse tubercular
glabrous prominence on either side of the disk, and an obscure, elongated, scarcely raised, central
one behind (forming a portion of the dorsal line) ; rather rough, and with the anterior margin a
little elevated. Elytra very coarsely and distinctly punctured, and more or less mottled with
cinereous pubescence. Antenna and legs brownish-ferruginous ; the apical portion of the former,
and the tarsi of the latter, being generally paler.

A truly indigenous insect, occurring in most parts of the island at intermediate
altitudes, — though especially within the sylvan districts, and between the limits of
about 2000 to 4000 feet above the sea. It is nocturnal in its habits, and is con-
stantly attracted by the light of fires and candles in elevated spots. I have taken
it under such cu-cumstances at the bottom of the Ciu-ral das Preu-as, in Eebruary ;
as also in the region of the Ribeiro Prio, diuing August, — where I have likewise
frequently observed it drowned in the Levada, or have extracted it from out of the
dead branches of the trees which clothe the mountain- slopes.

Genus 140. TRICHOFERUS, Woll. (Tab. IX. fig. .3.)

Corpus sat magnum, elongatum, parallelum, valde pubescens, subcylindricum : capite (IX. 3 fl et 3 6)
subporrecto ; oculis valde emarginatis (subluniformibus) : protliorace parvo aequo transverso-
subgloboso, ad latera rotundato integro : alls amplis. AntenruE ad marginem oculorum internum
insertse, longissime subsetaceje, basin versus leviter hirsutse, articulo primo robusto subcylindrico,
secundo brevissimo, reliquis longitudine subaequalibus, latitudiue vuc decrescentibus. Labrum
tenuissimo-membranaceum transversum, in medio setoso-pilosum, apice vix integrum rectum.
Mandibula validse cornepe, basi latse, apice incurvse acutse, intus ante medium dente obsoleto
instructs. Maxilla (IX. 3 c) bilobas membranaccfe, lobis valde pubescentibus pencillatis. Palpi
breves robusti subclavati ; maxillares articulo primo parvo, secundo et tertio paido majoribus
subaequalibus, ultimo subsecuriformi leviter dilatato ; labiates (IX. 3 f?) e scapis ligulse connatis
surgentes, articulo primo vix parvo, secundo paxdo longiore crassiore, ultimo magno subsecuri-
formi leviter dilatato. Mentum subcoriaceum transversum, angulis anticis rotundatis, apice
leviter productum submembranaceum. Liyula membranacea, apice biloba, lobis divergentibus
pilosis. Pedes sat elongati : femoribus apicem versus vix clavatis.

A dpl^ pilus, et <^e'p(u porto.

The insect from which the above diagnosis has been compiled bears so strong a
superficial resemblance to Blahinotus, that it might be almost mistaken for
another species of that genus ; nevertheless a more careful examination wUl at
once disclose important characters in which it differs from it altogether. In fact,
the peculiar structure of the palpi, prothorax, and eyes, which constitutes the main
featm'e of Blahinotus, is here wanting, — ^siuce the palpi are exceecUngly short, with
the basal joint simple and the apical one scarcely secm-iform ; the prothorax is
rounded, beiug free from the iuequalities, tubercles and spines which are there so

3 i2

4,28 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

conspicuous ; and the eyes, instead of being reniform, are almost as deeply emar-
ginated as in any of the CerambicidcB with which we have here to do. Its antennae
moreover are not quite so hau-y as in Slabinotns (though its body is even more
so), and its femora are much less clavate. In some respects indeed it is inter-
mediate between Blabinotiis and Cli/ttis, uniting to a certain extent the elements
of them both : nevertheless, whilst the above distinctions will readily separate it
from the first, its elongated, cylindrical body, apically entire elytra, more length-
ened and setiform antennae (inserted immediately in front of the emargination of
the eyes), in conjimction with its less perceptibly abbreviated anterior legs, wUl,
apart from the modifications of its oral organs, equally remove it from the second.
The two ol)scure patches of its prothorax, produced by the condensation of paler
pile, are worthy of remark ; for, being placed in nearly similar positions as the
tubercles are in BlaUnotus, they have all the appearance, prima facie, of being
elevated, likewise, — thus keeping up the analogy of the latter in a somewhat
singular way.

328. Trichofems senex, WoU. (Tab. IX. fig. 3.)
T. subcylindricus fusco-piceus valde subcinereo-pubescens, prothorace transverso-subgloboso aequo

obscure piloso-bimaculato, elytris punctatis piloso-submarmoratis, antennis pedibusque rufo-fer-

rugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 4:^-7.
Habitat in JIadera sylvatica, rarissime : duo specimina (a DD. Heinecken at Lowe capta) sola vidi.

T. nanow, linear-elongate, subcyliiulrical, of much the same colour as the last insect, but a little
more nifcscent, clothed with decumbent subcinereous hairs (of a coarser nature, and with a less
decided admixture of yellow, than in the last insect), and with exceedingly long and almost erect
ones intermixed. Antenme just perceptibly shorter than in Blahinotus, and not quite so hirsute.
Prothorax somewhat transverse-globose, its sides being regularly rounded ; its upper surface free
from inequalities and tubercles, though with indications of a glabrous and very abbreviated por-
tion of an (otherwise) obsolete dorsal line in the centre of its hinder disk ; and with an ob.scui-e
patch, produced by denser pile, on either side of its fore disk. Elytra rather roughly punctured
anteriorly, but obsoletely so behind (the punctures even in front being less defined than those
of BlaUnotus) ; with the cinereous pubescence somewhat unequally distributed (though scarcely
causing the surface to appear so decidedly mottled as in the last genus) ; and with excessively
long, fine, and erect hairs interspersed. Antenna and legs rufo-ferruginous.

Until quite recently a single specimen only of the present insect (collected by
the late Dr. Heinecken) had come beneath my notice ; but a second has been just
communicated l)y the llev. R. T. Lowe, by whom it was detected at the llibeiro
Frio during Jidy of 1851. It would seem to be extremely rare, — having alto-
gether escaped my own observations in these islands (the result however perhaps
of its not making its appearance until nearly the autumn, a season at which my
researches in Madcu-a have been less prosecuted than at any other).

INSECTA MADERENSIA, 429

Genus 141. CLYTUS.

rabrieius, Si/sf. Eleu. ii. 345 (1801).

Corpus sat magnum, elongatum, pubescens : capita subdeflexo ; oculis emarginatis (subluniformibus) :
prothorace majore aequo subgloboso, ad latera rotundato integro : ehjfris apice subdehiscentibus
et plus minusve leviter attenuatis : alis amplis. AntenncB basi subapproximatae (vix ad marginem
oculorum internum insertse), minus elongatse, subfiliformes, basin versus leviter hirsutse, articulo
primo robusto, secundo brevissimo, tertio leviter elongato, reliquis longitudine paulatim deeres-
centibus, latitudine subsequalibus. Labrum submembranaceum trausversum, apice vix rotun-
datum pilosum, ad basin parte media coriacea leviter biloba auctum. Mandibulce validse cornefe,
basi latse, apice incurvse acutae, margine interno fere integro. Maxillae bilobse submembranacese,
lobis elongatis valde pubescentibus pencillatis. Palpi breves i-obusti clavati ; maxillares articulo
primo vix parvo extus obscure subemarginato, secundo et tertio majoribus crassioribus, ultimo
securiformi dilatato ; labiales e scapis ligulse connatis surgentes, articulo primo parvo, secundo
pauIo majore, ultimo magno subsecuriformi dilatato. Mentum subcorneum transversum, antice
leviter emarginatum subcoriaceum. Ligula membranacea, apice biloba, lobis divergentibus
pilosis. Pedes posteriores elongati, antici paulo breviores : femoribus apicem versus leviter clavatis.

Apart from less evident distinctions, the common genus Clytiis is sufficiently
characterized by its somewhat largely developed, globose and luiarmed prothorax,
by its comparatively short and robust antennae (the joints of which, from the
tbu'd to the apex, usually decrease in length), by the very peculiar formation of its
upper lip, the almost entire inner margin of its mandibles, the rather elongated
lobes of its maxUlse, by its posteriorly narrowed and slightly gapiug elytra, and
by its subabbreviated front legs. The species are for the most part ornamented
with transverse, more or less arcuated bands ; and their prevalent colom-s (as in
the only Madeii'an representative) are yellow and black.

329. Clytus Arietis.

C. subcylindi-icus, postice leviter attenuatus, niger pubescens, prothorace magno globoso aequo, antice
et postice flavo-marginato, elytris fasciis tribus communibus (sc. sub-basali late interrupta, media
biarcuata et postica Integra) flavis ornatis, apice scutelloque flavis, antennis pedibusque rufo-
ferrugineis, illis ad basin et versus apicem et femoribus anterioribus in medio infuscatis.

Long. Corp. lin. 5|.

Leptwra Arietis, Linn. Fna Suec. 695 (1761).
CalUdium Arietis, Oliv. Unt. iv. 70. jjI. 2. fig. 20 (1795).
Cli/fus Arietis, Fab. Si/st. Eleu. ii. 3-17 (1802).
, Staph. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 243 (1831).

Habitat prope urbem Funchalensem Maderae a Dom. Heinecken olim detectus, cujus exemplar (in
museo Loweano conservatum) solum nisi fallor exstat.

C. subcylindrical, somewhat acuminated behind, black, and pubescent. Prothorax rather large and
globose, its sides rounded, and its upper surface free from inequalities ; the anterior and posterior

430 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

margins bright yellow. Elytra with three transverse fasciae, common to both (one of which is
sub-basal and broadly interrupted at the suture, the second medial and biarcuate, and the third
postmedial and entire), the apex, and the scutellum, bright yellow. Antenna and legs rufo-ferru-
ginous ; the former with their basal joint and the apical five or six, and the latter with the central
portion of their four anterior femora, infuscated.

The C. Arietis, so extremely common throughout Europe, may very possibly have
been accidentaUy imported into Madeka from more northern latitudes ; and espe-
cially so since it is evidently scarce in these islands, it having never come xuider my
o^\-n observation in a recent state. The vmique examjile on which its admission
into oiu- founa rests was captm-ed many years ago, in the vicinity of Funchal, by
the late Dr. Heinecken, — from whose collection it was communicated to me by
the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

Genus 142. DEUCALION, WoU. (Tab. IX. fig. 2.)

Corpus magnum, elongato-ovatum, minus pubesccns : capite (IX. 2 a et 2 Z>) amplo deflexo; oculis
valde emarginatis (subluuifonnibus) : prothorace maximo elongato inaequali rugoso, ad latera
dente medio parvo instructo, postice subito transversim constricto et plicato : mesothorace elongato
cyliudrico, in parte supera scobina media aspera longitudiuali munito (quare insectum per fric-
tioncm strepere potest) : elytris ovatis subconnatis, valde tubcrculato-asperatis, apicc intcrdum
iuKqualibus : alls obsoletis. Antenna ad marginem oeulorum internum (in processus duos)
inserta^, plus minusve longissima; setacese, articulis intermediis leviter hirsutx, articulo primo
robusto, secundo brevissimo, tertio elongato, reliquis huic pauIo brevioribus vix decrescentibus.
Labrum magnum subcorneum, a]iice pilosissimum, lateribus rotundatis coriaceis. Mandibula
corne;e valida; crassa3, basi lat<c, aj)ice incurvae acutw, marginc intcrno iutegro. Maxilla (IX. 2 c)
bilob;e submcmbranaccic, lobis valde sctoso-pubescentibus. Palpi lougissimi robusti subtiliformes ;
viaxillares articulo primo vix parvo extus (ut in Blabinoto) profunde sinuato, secundo et tertio
majoribus subsequalibus, ultimo elongato fusiform! apice subacuminato ; labiates (IX. 2 d) & scapis
ligulaj connatis surgcntcs, articulo primo vix parvo extus leviter sinuato, secundo paulo longiore
crassiorc, idtimo elongato fusiformi-ovato apice subacuminato. Mentum corneum brevissimum
transversum, angulis anticis rotundatis, apice leviter emargiaatum. Lit/ula longissima mem-
branacea, anticc profunde fisso-biloba, lobis subdivergentibus pilosis. Pedes elongati robusti :
femuribus vix clavatis : tibiis intermediis pone apiccm externum excavato-constrictis.

A ^evKoXiodv Deucalion.

There is no genus, perhaps, throughout aU the Madeiran Coleoptera, more truly
indigenous than Deucalion. Couiined apparently, so far as these islands are
concerned, to the remote and almost inaccessible ridges of the two southern
Dezertas, it would seem to bid defiance to the most enthusiastic adventm-er who
would scale those dangerous heights. Its excessive rarity moreover, even when the
localities are attained, must ever impart to it a peculiar value in the eyes of a
natm-alist ; wliilst its anomalous structure and sedentary mode of life* give it an

* AMien we consider indeed tlie apterous nature of Deucalion, its subcomiate elytra, and its attach-
ment (at any rate in the lana state) to the interior of the stems of particular, local plants, or its retiring

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 431

adclitioual interest in connection with that ancient continent of which these ocean
ruins, on which for so many ages it has been cut off, are the undoubted witnesses.
Approximating in affinity to Farmena and Dorcadion, yet presenting a modifica-
tion essentially its own, it becomes doubly important in a geographical point of
view ; and it was therefore with the greater pleasure that I lately received, from
T. S. Leacock, Esq., of Fimchal, a second representative from the distant rocks of
the Salvages (midway between Madeira and the Canaries), — on which we may
almost pronou^nce for certain that an entomologist had never before set foot.
Differing widely in specific minutiae, yet agreeing to an identity in everything
generic, they offer conjointly the strongest evidence to the quondam existence of
many subsidiary links (long since lost, and radiating in all probability from some
intermediate type) during the period when the Avhole of these islands were portions
(and perhaps very elevated ones) of a vast continuous land.

In the details of their trophi the genera of this section of the Eucerata are so
nearly similar, that we must not look, even in otherwise anomalous forms, for any
very striking u'regularities there. And yet the mouth is not altogether uncharac-
terized in Deuccdlon, since its laterally-rounded upper lip, long and acuminated
palpi (the basal joint of which is broadly sinuated externally, as in Blabinotus),
together with its imusually produced and deeply bUobed ligula, at once remove it
from Dorcadion, — from which moreover its largely developed and exceedingly
ujaeven prothorax (a hinder zone of which is suddenly constricted, as though by a
wide and tightened belt, and is ribbed with transverse plaits), added to its curiously
pitted and tubercvilar elytra, will stUl further serve to separate it. In some
respects perhaps it is more akin to Parmena than to Dorcadion : nevertheless its
comparatively gigantic size, and the contracted, plicate, posterior band of its
(otherwise) greatly wrinkled prothorax, apart from the above-mentioned pecu-
liarity of its elytral sculpture (one of the most remarkable features which it
possesses), and its freedom from the dense elongated pile which is more or less
evident in all the members of the former, AviU equally distinguish it from that
group also.

Amongst other singularities, a tendency (which I have likewise observed, occa-
sionally, in the Jfor^H^^) to have one of their elytra a little shorter than the other is
strongly indicated in the Deucaliones. Thus, of my two examples of the D. Deser-
tarum one is very decidedly so constituted ; and, out of eight of the D. oceanicum it
is traceable in no less than three. Like many of their allies in this department of
the Longicorns, they are gifted with the capability of making a grating or hissing
noise, — the modus operandi in producing which (since I have not been able to

propensities withiQ the crevices of rocks, we are at once struck witli tlie conviction that, diu-ing the
enormous interval of time which has elapsed since the mighty convulsions which rent asunder these
regions terminated, it has probably never removed many yards from the weather-beaten ledges which it
now inhabits.

432 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

meet with any explanation of it altogether satisfactory) I have taken some paiiis
to investigate. The solution given by Mr. West wood, in his admirable Introduction
to the Modern Classification of Insects (vol. i. p. 356), would seem to come nearest
to the truth, but still it does not quite apply to the species imder consideration,—
■which arc moulded, thus far, on one and the same principle. Mr. Westwood states
that the sound is generated by the friction of a polished portion of the scutellum
against the edge of tlu> prothoracic cavity. In Dei(calion, Farmena and Dorca-
dion, however, there is a narrow space, in the shape of an isosceles triangle (the apex
being turned towards the scutellum), which occupies nearly the entire length of the
nicsonotum, and which, from its brightness, appears at first sight to be perfectly
smooth. Allien viewed however beneath the microscope, this longitudinal area is
seen to be composed of very fine, transverse, parallel and acute ridges, closely set
together after the manner of a file : and it is by depressing and raising the pro-
thorax (an act which alternately exposes and re-covers the upper region of the
extremely cylindrical mesothorax) that its under side is brought to play against
this inner dorsal file, —by which process the stridulation is effected. In order to
con\incc myself of the reaUty of this, I have relaxed many specmiens of the genera
in question, and have caused the soimd artificially with the greatest ease.

Hence, we can mimediatcly appreciate the object of the broadly constricted
basal margin of the prothorax of Deucalion, which is so regulated that it may
present a more perfect and contiguous surface to the mesothorax, — whilst, by
being more tightly draAvn as it were over that especial part, it is made likewise to
grate more \dgorously against the lower file. This transverse, coarctate ring is
not expressed at all in Borcadion, and it is but faintly suggested in a few of the
Parmence : so that we should a priori have expected that the stridulating power
of Deucalion would be more effectual than is there the case. And such, on
inquiry, Ave find to be a fact : for so loud is the sound which the D. Besertarum
is able to accomplish, that the only individual which has come mider my notice in
a recent state I heard at a considerable distance ; and the second example as yet
detected was described by the Rev. R. T. Lowe (who obtained it from the extreme
summit of the Ilheo Bugio, or Southern Dezerta) as emitting a " l)uzzing noise,
somewhat resembling that of a Humble Bee." Everything indeed in this strange
ffcnus seems desiijucd to c-ive full effect to these, far from umnusical, inter-thoracic
notes ; for, in addition to the hinder contracted belt abeady mentioned, the pro-
notum of Beucalion is furnished with an exceedingly deep, rounded, postmedial
fovea, which (since it projects beneath) must evidently form an extra instrument
of impact to sweep over the mesothoracic file, — when its head (and, simulta-
neously, its prothorax) is by turns lowered and upraised. In the Salvagian*
representative this impression is less developed than in the Dezertan one ; never-

* Wliilst unwilling to insei-t the descriptions of extra-lMacloiran forms into tlio body of this work, I
can sec no objection to admitting the diagnoses of a few nearly allied species (both in allinity and geo-
graphically) into the notes. The following characters therefore of the large and remarkable Deucalion

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 433

theless it exists in them both, — conjointly with the other structural characters
above enumerated.

from the Salvages will not be here out of place,— and especially so since it is scarcely less remarkable in
outward contour, or interesting in local importance, than its Dezertan analogue.

Deucalion oceanicus, JVoll.
D. oblongo-ovatus crassua subdepressus niger subopacus et dense lurido-pubescens, prothorace inaequali

ad latera spina media instruoto, in disco postico fovea rotundata plus miuusve profunda impresso,
elytris substriatis, iuterstitiis crebre varioloso-tubercidatis, autemiis minus elongatis apicem versus
fuscis.
Long. Corp. lin. 5-9.

Habitat in insvdis remotis " Salvages" dietis, a Dom. Leacock sub lapidibus detectus.

D. broader and thicker than the B. Besertarum, also rather more depressed, dull black, nearly opake,
and densely clothed vrith short decumbent lurid (or dirty yellow) hairs. Antennce considerably
shorter tlaan the body ; piceous at their base, but fuscous towards their apex. Head large and
rough ; with an impressed central line, and a small, narrow and rather shallow fovea on the top of
the forehead behind the eyes. Pro^/wrao: vrider and shorter than in the B. Besertarum ; uneven and
wrinkled, and with the sides produced into an obtuse postmedial spine ; the hinder margin not quite
so straight as in the B. Besertarum (liavong an obscure tendency to be waved) ; broadly constricted
(though much less distinctly so than in the Dezertan insect) posteriorly, the constricted portion
being transversely-plicate ; and impressed on its hinder disk (just in front of the coarctate belt)
with a small, rounded and more or less shallow fovea. Elytra obscurely striated ; the interstices
thickly beset with shallow variolose pits or impressions, the anterior edge of each of which is raised
into a very large, distinct, obtuse, and somewhat overhanging tubercle, — the tubercles being free
from pubescence, and (as in the B. Besertarum) more numerous and elevated towards the humeral
angles and base (nevertheless altogether larger and denser than in that species). Legs slightly
piceous, but thickly beset, like the rest of the surface, with dirty -yellowish pile.

A most beautiful and well-marked Beucalion ; and readily known from the B. Besertarum by its extra-
ordinary LQstabiLity of stature, by its broader, thicker, more depressed, and densely pubescent body, by
its shorter prothorax and antennae (the former of which is not quite so imeven as in that species, and has
both the hinder central fovea and the coarctate band less defined), and by the larger, more nimierous,
and obtuser tubercles of its perceptibly striated elytra. The shaUo^vness of its elytral impressions indeed,
in conjunction with the much greater development of the prominences, might have caused it to have
been described as simply tuberculose, did not the B. Besertarum fortunately exist to explain their forma-
tion,— which, it win be seen on inspection, is the same as in that insect. For, whilst the varioles of the
B. Besertarum are exceedingly distinct and the tubercles small (the latter seeming to be principally
generated by the oblique upheaval of the anterior edge of the former, — as though the result of the indi-
rectness of the force which, impinging against the surface, had dug out the depressions) ; in tlie B. ocea-
nicus the law is somewhat reversed, — the elevations being considerably developed, and the pits almost
obsolete. The specimens from which the above description has been compiled were detected (as already
mentioned) in the Salvages by T. S. Leacock, Esq. of Funchal, — whose researches on those remote rocks,
in 1851, have brought to Uglit many interesting facts bearing on their geographical relation to the one
great system of which all these Atlantic groups are but detached portions. The insect under consider-
ation came from the smaller of the two islands (known nevertheless as the "Great Piton"), — which
Ml'. Leacock describes as a very singular spot ; beiug a cone of rock projecting out of a sandy base, and
covered with a profusion of plants. Out of the six members of the Coleoptera which he collected, aU are
specifically new ; yet, at the same time, so intimately allied to both the Madeiran and Canarian types as
to constitute a stepping-stone as it were between the two.

3 K

434 IXSECTA MADERENSIA.

330. Deucalion Desertarum, WoU. (Tab. IX. fig. 2.)

D. oblongo-ovatus subconvexus niger nitidus et fere glaber^ prothorace elongate valde insequali, ad
latera spina media instructo, in disco postico fovea magna rotimdatii valde profunda impresso,
elytris sparsim varioloso-tuberculatis, antennis elongatis apiceni versus fuscis.

Long. Corp. lin. 7-8.

Habitat Desertam Grandem et Australem, rarissime : duo specimina (unum sc. a meipso in summo
illius fastigio, e ruj)iuni fissura, Januario exeunte a.d. 1849, et alterum in hac a Rev''" Dom.
Lowe d. 3 Jul. ejusdem anni, detecta) sola vidi.

D. elongated, oblong-ovate, convex, deep black, shining, and almost free from pubescence. AnfenruE
nearly as long as the body ; piceous at their base, but fuscous towards their apex. Head large
and rather elongated ; with an impressed central line, and with a wide and deep subtriangular
fovea on the top of the forehead behind the eyes. Prothorax elongated ; exceedingly uneven
and wrinkled, and with the sides produced into an obtuse postmedial spine ; the hinder margin
perfectly straight ; broadly and suddenly constricted posteriorly, the constricted band being
transversely plicate ; and impressed on its hinder disk (just in front of this coarctate belt) with
a large, rounded and exceedingly deep fovea. Elytra with the suture rather depressed, but with
scarcely any indications of strife; somewhat irregularly beset with variolose pits, or obliquely-
impinged impressions, the anterior edge of each of which is raised into a distinct, rather acute,
and slightly overhanging tubercle, — the tubercles being most numerous and most elevated
towards the humeral angles and base. Legs slightly piceous, — with the tarsi paler, and with the
apex of each of the tibia (especially of the four binder ones) beset with yellowish pile.

Apparently of the utmost rarity, the only two specimens which I have seen
having been captured on the respective summits of the IMicklle and Southern
Dezertas. The one from the former was taken by myscK, dui'ing a week's sojourn
in that desolate spot, with the Eev. W. J. Armitage, in January 1849. I extracted
it from out of a crevice of an exposed weather-beaten peak (where it had secreted
itself, in company with the Scarites abbreviatus and several species of Helops) at
the immediate point where the great central heights commence to narrow into an
almost perpendicular ridge nearly 2000 feet above the sea. Although I searched
with the greatest diligence, I could not obtain more ; nor indeed was I able to
procm-e it dm-ing a subsequent encampment on the island, Avith the Rev. R.T. Lowe,
at the end of May 1850, — even tbovigh I visited the identical crag and split open
the fissiu'es, both of it and of the hardened volcanic mud in all directions around
it. The second example hitherto detected is from the still more perilous steeps of
the Ilhco Bugio, or Southern Dezerta, and it is to the Rev. R. T. Lowe that we are
indebted for this interesting contribution to the fauna of that almost unapproach-
ul)lc rock. Having, on the 3rd of July 1849, succeeded in reaching the summit,
not without much difficulty and at the greatest peril (in the piu-suit principally of
laud mollusca and plants), Mr. Lowe informs me that he met with it beneath a
slab of stone, and that he was attracted (as ah-eady mentioned) by its remarkable,
stridulatmg noise. So local indeed does this insect seem to be, that it, appa-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 435

rently, has not extended itself even over the Dezerta Grande (where there are no
external obstacles to bar its progress) ; but retains the very position which in all
probability constituted its original centre of dissemination at the remote period of
time when this ancient continent received its allotted forms. Judging from the
slowness with which creatures of such habits must necessarily (under any circum-
stances) be diffused, it is at least unlikely that the present one could have circu-
lated far, when the now submerged portions of that region began to give way ;
and hence it is not impossible that the Southern Dezerta with the adjacent part
(then united to it) of the Central one may have embraced the lohole area of its
actual primiEval range, — the remains of which (though they be now separated by
a channel) it still continues to occupy, and from which, even where physically un-
impeded, it has never roamed.

Sectio IX. PHYTOPHAGA.
Fam. 38. CRIQCERID^.

Genus 143. LEMA.

rabricius, Ent. Syst. v. Swppl. 90 (1798).

Corpus parvum, parallelo-oblongum, interdum Isete coloratum : capite porrecto ; oculis subintegris :
prothorace elytris angustiore, postioe ssepius constricto : scutello apice valde truncate : alts amplis.
Antenna robustfe filiformes, vel apicem versus vix incrassatse, articulo primo robusto breviusculo,
secundo brevissimo, tertio, quarto et quinto longitudine variabilibus, reliquis subsequalibus lati-
tudine plus minusve leviter crescentibus. Labium conieum, subquadrato-transversum, apice vix
integrum. MandibuliB validae cornese latae, apice acutfe bifidse, luargine interne ssepius integro.
Maxillce bilobte submembranacese, lobis valde ciliatis. Palpi filiformes ; maxillares articulo primo
parvo, secundo majore subclavato, tertio buic paulo breviore, ultimo elongato-oblongo apice
obtuso ; lahiales articulo primo parvo, secundo majore crassiore, ultimo subovato apice obtuso.
Mentum corneutn subluniforme, antice profunde emarginatum. Ligula submembranacea, apice
setosa Integra. Pedes leviter elongati : unguiculis basi connatis.

Both Lema and Crioceris may be known from the rest of the Phytophaga here
described by their comparatively elongated, parallel forms, and by their sub-
cylindrical prothoraces, — which are much narrower (especially at their base) than
the elytra. They are genera of a wide geographical range, occurring in nearly all
parts of the world. The insects of which they are composed are principally gaily-
coloured, and are exclusively attached to plants (particularly those of a succulent
nature), — on which, both in their larva and perfect states, they subsist. The species
are exceedingly numerous, — M. Lacordaire, in his Monographie des Fhytopihages,
enumerating no less than 273 of the former, and 43 of the latter.

3 k2

4.36 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

331. Lema melanopa.
L. parallelo-oblonga nitida viridi-cyanea, prothorace, femoribus tibiisquc rufo-ferrugineis, anteuuis
tarsisque nigris.
Var. /3. elytris obscurioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. 2g-2f.

Chrysomela melanopa, Liim. Fna Sitec. 573 (1761).
Lema melanopa, Fab. Ent. Syst. v. Suppl. 93 (1798).
Cnoceris melanopa, Stepli. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 281 (1831).
Lema melanopa, Laoordaire, Mon. des Phytoph. i. 393 (184.5).

Habitat in humidiusculis iMaderse, a vere novo usque ad autumuuni, passim: rar. (3. ad Portuin
Sanctum solum jiertinet, qua in arenosis maritimis priedoniinat, gramina Arundinemqne donacem
ascendens.

L. parallel-oblong, rather narrow, shining, and bright greenish-blue. Prothorax, femora, and tibia
rufo-ferruginous ; i\\e. first small and very convex, sparingly punctured on the disk and in front,
but more closely so (and suddenly constricted) at the hinder margin. Elytra coarsely and
regularly punctate-striated. Antenna, tarsi, and the extreme tip of the tibia, black.
Var. /3. with the elytra of an altogether obscurer hue, being sometimes almost dull black.

A most abundant European insect (except in the extreme north), and occurring
likewise in Algeria and the Canary Islands. In Madeira it is not very common,
nevertheless widely distributed throughout low and intermediate altitudes. In
most of the ravines in the Aicinity of Funchal it may be found sparingly dm-ing
the spring and stmimer months. In the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia and at the Curral
das Romeu-as, however, I have observed it in comparative profusion ; and it has
been captured by Professor Heer at the Mount Chm-ch. I have taken it at the
Ribeu-o Frio; as also, amongst Avundo donax and a coarse species of grass
(growing in the loose sand), behind the beach of Porto Santo,— where the speci-
mens {car. /3.) arc usually moreover of an obscurer hue.

Genus 144. CRIOCERIS.

Geoffn>y, Lis. des Em: de Paris, i. 237 (176-1).

Corpus parvum, parallelo-oblongum, sa;pius Isetc coloratum : capite porrecto, pone oculos (subintegros)
plus minusve leviter constricto : prothorace elytris angustiore, postice siepius mmus constricto:
scuteV.o apice rotundato vel producto (rarissime truncate) : alis amplis. Antenna, instrumenta
cibaria et pedes fere ut in Lema, sed unguiculi liberi (ad basin ha\id connati).

The only constant featui-e which separates Crioceris from Lema lies in the con-
struction of its claws,— which are of the ordinary form, not bemg soldered together
(as in that genus) at their base. Still, in a general way, it may be lUstinguished,
likewise, by its head being somewhat more lengthened, or constricted, posteriorly,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 437

and the hinder margin of its prothorax less so. M. Lacordau-e refers, also, to
the shape of the scuteUa of the two groups as an ahnost unfailing character, and
one of primary importance, — that of Lema heing directly truncated at its apex,
whilst that of Crioceris is more roimded and produced (sometimes indeed even
acute, in which case it is entirely triangular).

332. Crioceris Asparagi.

C. parallelo-oblonga nitida obscure cyaneo-virescens, prothorace rufo-fernigineo, in disco maculis
duabus obscurioribus notato, elytris ad latera et apicem ferrugineis, singulo maculis tribus (una
sc. basali longitudinali et duabus traflsversis limbo laterali connexis) pallido-testaceis ornato,
tibiis basi ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. lin. 2|.

Chrysomela Aspa/ragi, Linn. Fna Suec. 567 (1761).
Crioceris Asparagi, Eab. Ent. Syst. i. 2. 10 (1792).

, Steph. ///. Brit. Ent. iv. 282 (1831).

•, Lacordaire, Mon. des Fhytopli. i. 590 (1845) .

Habitat prope urbem Funchalensem Maderse in Asparagi ramis (quos larva destruit), non infrequens ;
forsan ex Europ4 Uluc introducta.

C. parallel- oblong, but rather wider than the last insect, shining, and obscure blackish- or bluish-
green. Prothorax rufo-ferruginous, with two darker dorsal patches ; larger, and more closely
and coarsely punctui'ed, than in the Lema melanopa ; also less convex, and not suddenly con-
stricted, behind. Elytra coarsely punctate-striated, the punctures being larger than in that
species, and somewhat vanishing towards the outer margins, — which last, with the apex, are
ferruginous ; each with three patches (the fii'st of which is rather small, basal, and longitudinal,
whilst the other two are transverse, and confluent with the outer ferruginous margin) pale
testaceous. Antenna and tegs bluish-black, — the tibia having an obscure ferruginous ring at
their base.

Also a very common Em-opean insect, occurring, like the Lema melanopa, in
every part except the extreme north. It is exclusively, I believe, confined to the
Asparagus, — on the maturer shoots of which the larva subsists. It has without
doubt been introduced into the Madeira Islands, being found only, so far as I
have hitherto observed, in gardens near Punchal, — in Avhich position it has been
also captured by Professor Heer. The Madeiran specimens dilfer from the
ordinary ones in having the two darker patches on the disk of their prothorax
generally more developed. Although somewhat partial in its tUstribution, it is a
species which is excessively abundant at times in oiu- own country, making its
appearance throughout certain districts where the Asparagus is more especially
cultivated in the utmost profusion, — so much so indeed as frequently to caifse
considerable damage to the crops. Such, however, being its habits, its liabUity
to importation in the present instance from higher latitudes is at once rendered
intelligible.

438 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Fam. 39. CASSIDID^.

Genus 145. CASSIDA.
Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. i. (1735).

Corpus parvum vel mediocre, latum, rotundato-ovatum, subtus deplauatum : ore infra caput horizontale
sito nccnon a prostemo subtecto : prothorace et ehjtris ad latera valde explanato-jiroductis, ad
basin latitudine subsequalibus ; illo semicirculari, caput obtegente : alts plerumque amplis. An-
tennm apieem versus ]e\-iter incrassatiP, articulo primo robusto parum breviusculo, secundo brevi,
reliquis latitudine paulatim crescentibus (tertio ad octavum longitudine decrescentibus, octavo ad
ultimum crescentibus, ultimo elongato-ovato apice acuminate). Labrum corneum transverso-
subquadi-atum, apice duplicatum et in medio fisso-emarginatum, angulis anticis rotundato-
ampliatis. MandihulcE validie cornese concava; latse, apice rotundata; et fortiter subporrecto-
dentatae, margine intcruo integro. Maxillce biloba; membranacese : lobo externo angusto sub-
cylindrico subpalpiformi fere recto, apice obtuso pilisque paucis longissimis instructo : interno
parvo. Palpi subfiliformes ; maxillares articulo primo parvo, secundo majore subclavato, tertio
huic paulo bre^iorc, ultimo elongate subfusiformi apice acuto ; hihiaJes e scapis liguL-e conuatis
sui-gentes, articulo primo jjarvo, secundo majore crassiore, ultimo elongate subfusiformi apice
acuto. Mentum membranaceum minutum, apice leviter concavum. Ligula tenuissime mem-
branacca subovata, apice retundata pilisque longissimis aucta. Pedes breves retractiles : tarsis
brevibus latis (articulo tertio longissime bilobe, quartum quintumque breviusculum omuino
includente).

The common genus Cassida, so universally distributed throughout the world, is
almost too well known to require comment. The singular outline of the insects
composing it, which are greatly flattened below, and have then- prothorax and
elj^ra expanded laterally to such an extent as to render the entire body, except
the tarsi and the apical half of the antennae, invisible from above, in conjimction
with their sluggish movements and the peculiar structure of their head (which,
although itself horizontal, has the mouth situated altogether beneath it), have
gained for them the not inappropriate name of Tortoise Beetles. This curious
analogy moreover with the Testiidinata is even fm-ther carried out, in some of the
species, from the remarkable colom- Avhich they present, the clouded (or waved)
fasciae and spots with which they are ornamented giving then- upper sm-face some-
what the appearance of tortoiseshell. They are generally found, motionless, on
the leaves of plants, to which their flattened under-quarters and broad feet enable
them to adhere very closclv ; whilst the brii?ht green hue Avhich so manv of the
representatives (either cntu-cly or La part) display, renders their chance of detection
by birds, in positions thus exposed, the less probable. Such are some of the
external features wliich readily separate the Cassidcs from the members of the
allied groups ; and yet even in obscm-er details they are scarcely less remarkable,
— since then- enormously bilobed thii-d tarsal joint, which completely includes (not
merely the minute fourth one, but also) the y?/if// articulation between its processes,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 439

added to their curiously concave, obtuse mandibles (the apex of which is broad and
cleft into large porrccted teeth, like those of a trident), and the extremely mem-
branous nature of their lower oral organs (in which indeed the ordinary robust-
ness is scarcely required, since they are protected by the somewhat produced
anterior region of the presternum), at once offer peculiarities exceedingly charac-
teristic. In the subpalpiform outer division of their maxiUse they agree with the
greater portion of this section of the Fhytophaga.

333. Cassida uebulosa.
C. oblongo-ovata dilute flavescens, infra (limbo pallido excepto) nigi-a, prothoracis angulis posticis

rotundatis, elytris pvofunde punctato-striatis nigro irroratis, interstitiis elevatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 3^^.

Cassida nehulosa, Linn. Fna Suec. 468 (1761).

et ajjiiis, Fab. Iliit. S^st. i. 293 (1792).

, GyU. Ins. Suec. iii. 442 (1813).

, Stepb. m. Brit. Ent. iv. 3G7 (1831).

Habitat Maderam, rarissima; exemplar unicum in museo Loweano, a Dom. Heinecken prope urbem
Funchalensem olim captum, vidi.

C. oblong-ovate, nearly opake, and of a dull brownish-yellow. Body beneath black ; with the excep-
tion of its margin, which is paler. Prothorax and elytra with the sides much expanded horizon-
tally, and slightly recurved ; the former coarsely punctui-ed, with its posterior angles rounded,
and with slight indications of a dorsal line,— especially behind, where there is a somewhat raised
tubercle on either side of it. Elytra shghtly convex, and with their humeral angles porrected
and greatly rounded ; besprinkled with small, irregular, black spots, or broken Unes ; deeply
punctate-striated (the punctures being large and ocellate) ; and with the interstices, particularly
towards the suture, raised. Antenna and legs a little paler,— the apex of the former being some-
what dusky.

An insect wHch is found throughout most parts of Europe, and in certain
districts rather abundantly. In Madeira it would appear to be exceedingly rare,
the only specimen which has come under my observation being a very old one,
from the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken, and presented to me by the Rev.
R. T. Lowe. It differs from its more northern representatives in being somewhat
paler, and in having the two rounded elevations, which are but just perceptible on
the hinder portion of the prothoracic disk in the ordinary examples, tolerably
distinct. In every other respect it coincides with the usual type.

334. Cassida hemisphserica.
C. brevis rotundato-ovata flavo-viridis convexa, capite pectoreque nigris, prothoracia anguhs posticis

acutis, elytris confertissime punctulatis.
Long. corp. lin. 2^.

440 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Cassida hemisphesrica, Herbst, Jiaf. viii. 226 (1799).

, GyU. Inx. Suec. iv. 645 (1827).

, Steph. ///. Brit Ent. iv. 371 (1831).

, Lucas, Col. de VAlgerie, 514 (1849).

Habitat in graminosis MadersEj semel tantum (Maio exeunte a.d. 184.9) lecta.

C. short, rounded-ovate, rather less opake than the last species, and of a pale j'ellowish-green. Body
beneath, with the head and breast black. Prothorax and ebjtra with the sides much expanded,
though more obliquely so than in the C. nebulosa, and scarcely at all recurved ; the former closely,
but almost obsoletely punctured, with its posterior angles acute, and free from all inequalities
(there being scarcely any appearance of even a dorsal line). Elytra very convex, and with their
humeral angles rather less poiTCcted, and much more acute, than in the last species ; concolorous
with the rest of the surface ; and rather finely and very closely punctured, but with scarcely any
tendency to lines or stria;. Antennce, legs and abdomen more distinctly yellow than the rest of the
surface.

Likewise an exceedingly rare insect in Madeira, the only individual which I
have seen having been captured by brusliing the long grass on the steep bank to
the left of the great Waterfall at the head of the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, — during
my encampment there, with the llev. H. T. Lowe, at the end of May 1819. Like
the C nebulosa, it is found throughout the greater portion of Europe, though
more especially towards the south. It is recorded by M. Lucas in Algeria ; and
I possess a specimen from the Canary Islands, taken by the Rev. W. J. Armitage
in Teneriffe. Its smaller size and rounded form, in conjunction with its simply
and closely punctulatcd surface, and its uniformly pale yellowish-green hue, will,
apart from minor differences, at once distinguish it from the last species.

Pam. 40. GALERTJCID^.

Genus 146. HALTICA.
Geofiroy, Hist. Ahr. des Ins. de Paris, i. 244 (script. Attica) (1762).

Corpus parvum, oblongo- vel rotundato-ovatum, convexiusculum : capite srepius transvcrso : prothorace
transverse, ad angulos plus minusve acuto : elytris vel punctatis, vel punctato-striatis : alis niodo
amplis, modo obsoletis. Antenna filiformes longiuscula;, articulo prime robusto, secundo brevi-
usculo, reliquis longitudine suba;qualibus, latitudine vix crescentibus (ultimo elongato-ovato apice
oblique truncate). Lahrum amplum transverse-subquadratum, corncum limbo menibranaceo,
apice integrum. Mundibula magna;, basi lata;, apice corueoe acutie fortiter incurve-dcntata;,
margine interne membraua angustS aucto. Maxillte biloba membranacese : lobo externa angusto
subcylindrico subpalpifornii geniculate, apice obtuse pilisque paucis minutis instructo : intemo
hand brcviore sed lato, ajjice dense ciliato. Palpi maxilUn-es subfiliformes elongati, articulo prime
parvo, secundo majore clavato, tertio huic paulo breviore crassiere apice lato, ultimo elongato
conico : labiates e scapis ligulse connatis surgentes, brevissimi, articulo prime pane, secundo
majore multo crassiore subglobeso, ultimo gracili aciculari-conice. Mentum membranaccum

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 4.41

subquadratum, apice fere integrum. Ligula membranacea, apice rotundata Integra. Pedes (pr«-
sertim postici saltatorii) leviter elongati : femoribus posticis incrassatis : tibiis spina apicali interna
armatis (in anterioribus mmutissima, segre, nisi oculo fortiter armato, observanda) : tarsis articulo
primo clavato (in anterioribus longiusculo, in posticis elongate), secundo et tertio longitudine
subfequalibus.

The insects of the present and two following genera may be known by their
minute size and enormous capability of leaping, — their posterior femora being
unmensely thickened, in order to support the strong muscles necessary for then-
saltatorial habits : and, though in aU points purely structural they are very nearly
akin, they offer nevertheless abundant characters externally which are at once
sufficient, when combined, to distinguish them from each other. Thus, from
Zongitarsus, in which the body is nearly always elongate-ovate (having a tendency
to be expanded and convex beyond the middle), the head triangular, and the pro-
thorax subcylindrical and comparatively narrow (with its hinder angles obtuse),
Haltica proper may be recognised by its usually more oblong, or else rounded,
outline, broader head, and by its wider and more transverse prothorax, — all the
angles of wliich (though especially the basal ones) are more or less well defined.
Its antennge and legs also are somewhat shorter than is there the case, and its
tibise are each of them furnished with a terminal spur,— quite perceptible under
the microscope even on the anterior four, which in that genus are entirely
unarmed. Its hinder tibiae moreover are free from the smaU teeth, or spinules, so
apparent towards the outer apex in those of Zongitarsus ; and its feet have their
first articulation more abbreviated and clavate. In their oral organs, none of
these immediate groups display, as already stated, any great discrepancies w^ier «e ;
nevertheless it wUl be perceived, on reference to the diagnoses, that there are a
few modifications in the proportions of their antennaj and palpi (and, also, in the
relative robustness, or consistency, of the parts of then- mouth), which ought not to
escape observation. From Fsylliodes both of the above genera are separated (inde-
pendently of mmor features, hereafter to be noticed) by their less elliptical form,
eleven-jointed antennae, and by the construction of their posterior tibiae, which are
simple at then- extremities (instead of obliquely hollowed on the outside, vdih the
tarsi implanted into the upper edge of the emargination,— far removed from the
tip, their ordinary point of insertion).

335. Haltica subtUis, Wall.
H. elougato-ovata depressa subviridescenti-nigro-senea et creberrime punctulata, antennis pedibusque

fere nigris, protborace antice angustato, elytris apice truncatis subdebiscentibus.
Long. Corp. lin. Ij-l^.

Habitat insulas Maderenses non infrequens : in Maderse propria vinetis hortisque culinaribus prope
urbem Funcbalensem sitis bine inde occurrit, necnon in Porta Sancto locis similibus est sat
vulgaris, et etiam in Deserta Grandi eestate ineunte a.d. 1850 exemplar unicum inveni.

3 L

442 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

H. elongate-ovate, narrow, greatlj' depressed, slightly shining, most closely and minutely punctulated
all over, and of a dark brassy hue with a faint tinge of metallic green. Prothorax narrowed (or
laterally compressed) in front. Elytra with the punctures rather coarser than those on the pro-
thorax; somewhat parallel at the sides; truncated and a little gaping at their extreme apex, —
exposing a small portion of the pygidium. Antenna and legs nearly black, — the former long.

Readily clistinguislicd from the followixij^ species by its narrow and depressed
form, thickly punctulated surface, by its long and nearly black antennae, greenish-
brassy hue, and by its apically truncated, subdeliiscent elytra. It is by no means
a scarce insect ; and found, apparently, in most of the islands of the group, — since
I have not only captiu-ed it in Madeu-a proper, but likewise in Porto Santo and on
the Dezerta Grande. It closely resembles the common European H. antennota,
but is a little more depressed, its eh-tra are somcAvhat more abbreviated and
gapkig posteriorly, and its antennae (which are slightly longer) are simple in both
sexes.

336. Haltica Salicaris.
H. ovata convexa testacea (oculis solis nigris), prothorace brevi postice in medio transversim impresso,

elytris punctato-striatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1 j.

Oaleruca Salicarice, Payk. Fna Suec. iii. 453 (1800).
Haltica Salicarite, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iii. 554 (1813).

, Steph. ni. Brit. Ent. iv. 303 (1831).

, Eedt. Ftia Austr. 529 (1849).

Habitat hortos Funchalenses, rarior : in Porta Sancto prsedominat, qua inter gramina in arenis mari-
timis crescentia atque super folia Arundinis donacis tempore vernali occurrit.

H. ovate, rather short, convex, testaceous (the eyes alone being black), and shining. Prothorax most
delicately, but not very closely, punctured; short and broad, with an abbrenated transverse
impression in the centre of its hinder margin ; with its angles well defined (and almost right
angles), — the anterior ones being a little thickened. Elytra punctate-striated, and, together
with the antenna and legs, rather paler than the rest of the surface ; the extreme apex of the
terminal joint of the antennae (which are shorter than in the last species) dark.

A very abimdant insect throughout Europe, from whence perhaps it may have
been accidentally naturalized in these islands. In Madeu-a proper it is exceedingly
scarce, — the only example which has come beneath my observation having been
captured by myself, on a sugar-cane, in the Rev. R. T. Lowe's garden near Fimchal.
In Porto Santo liowever it is far commoner, where I have taken it in jirofusiou,
durmg the spring months, in the vicinity of the Cidiide, — especially on a species of
coarse grass, and Arundo donax, with which the loose sand, inmiediately beliind
the southern beach, is more or less clothed. Its short and ovate form, in conjunc-
tion with its small, transversely-impressed prothorax, pale testaceous hue, and its

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 443

puuctate-striated elytra, Avill ^^QYxe prima facie to distinguish it. The Madeii'an
sj)ccimcus are a trifle larger and less deeply sculptured than the ordinary
northern type.

Genus 147. LONGITARSUS. (Tab. IX. fig. 4 et 6.)

Latreille, Fam. Nat. des Ins. 405 (script. Longitarse) (1825).

Corpus ijarvum, plus minusve elongato-ovatum, pone medium plerumque subinflatum convexum :
capite triangulari : prothorace angusto parvo subcylindrico, ad angulos (prjesertim posticos) plus
minusve rotundato : elytris punctatis : alls modo amplis, modo (ut in speciebus Maderensibus
certe indigenis) obsoletis. Antenna fiUformes elongatse, articulo primo robusto longiusculo,
secundo brevi, reliquis subsequalibus (ultimo elongato-ovato apice oblique truucato). hahi'um
amplum transverso-subquadratum, coriaceum limbo membranaceo, apice integrum. Man-
dibulce elongatfe, basi tenues latfe, apice cornese acutse fortiter incurvo-dentatse, margine
interno membransl angustissima aucto. Maxilla, palpi, mentum et ligula fere ut in Haltica, sed
palpi labiales paulo longiores, articulo secundo minus inflato. Pedes (prtesertim postici saltatorii)
elongati : femoribus posticis incrassatis : tibiis anterioribus muticis ; posticis spina apicali interna
armatisj et apicem versus externum seriatim spinulosis : tarsis articulo primo subparallelo (in
anterioribus lato elongato, in posticis angustiore longissimo), secundo et tertio in anterioribus
longitudine \dx suba^qualibus, secundo in posticis tertium longitudine superante.

LongitarsKS {=Thyamis, Stephens, a.d. 1831), as already stated, differs from
Haltica jjwjier mainly in external characters, — wliich however are sufiiciently
apparent to he at once easily detected. Thus, the comparatively elongate-ovate
form of the species composing it (which nearly always have a tendency to be more
or less expanded, or inflated, beyond the middle), their more triangular head,
narrower, more cylindrical and somewhat posteriorly -rounded prothorax, their less
abbreviated antennae and legs, the last of which have the apex of the fom* anterior
tibiae entu'cly unarmed, wldlst the spiu* on the hinder (externally spiuulose) pair is
larger than in Haltica, in conjunction with the longer and more parallel basal
joint of their feet, constitute the priacipal poiats on which its separation from that
genus is made to rest. All the Longitarsi, moreover, are simply punctulated
insects; Avhereas the Halticce are composed not only of punctiu'ed, but also of
ininctate-striated ones, — perhaps of about an equal number of each. As regards
theii' oral organs, the mandibles of Longitarsus are a little longer and less corneous
than those of Haltica ; and the labial palpi are not quite so short. In their habits,
the members of these genera are precisely similar, — being attached (almost exclu-
sively) to the foliage of the smaller plants, on which they frequently abound.

§ I. Alee obsoletce : antenna longissimte.

337. Longitarsits Isoplexidis, WoJl. (Tab. IX. fig. 4.)

Ij. oblongo-ovatus depressiusculus subopacus testaceus, capite, elytrorum sutura, maculis duabus (una

3 L 2

M4 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

sc. parva humerali, et altera magna rotundata central!) in elytro singiJo positis femorumque
posticorum apice nigris, elytris siibstriatis, antennis apicem versus infuscatis.
Long. Corp. lin. lf-2.

Habitat in montibus Maderae, super folia Isoplexidis sceptri, sestate rarior : inter plantks ad Feijaa de
Corte crescentes Augusto ineunte a.d. 1850 primus inveni.

I». elongate, rather depressed and narrow, and nearly opake. Head black. Prothorax testaceous.
Elytra pale testaceous, with the suture (except at the extreme apex), a small patch immediately
within either shoulder, and a very large rounded one in the centre of the disk of each, black (the
sutural band spear-shaped, being expanded and subangulated behind) ; minutely and closely
punctured; and substriated, — especially towards the outer disk. Body beneath (except the pro-
thorax, which is testaceous) black. Legs (except the apex of the two hinder thighs, which are
black), and base of antenna, pale testaceous. Antenna at apex iufuscated.

One of the most elegant and truly indigenous of aU the Coleopterous insects of
these islands ; and confined exclusively, so far as I have hitherto observed, to the
scarce and magniticent Isoplexis sceptvinn, — the most singularly beautiful perhaps
of all the plants (strictly native) which the Madciran group produces. It was not
until my explorations of 1850 that I discovered this grand addition to our entomo-
logical fauna ; and indeed, from the remote and almost inaccessible ledges on
^vhich it occm*s, it might well, even though thus conspicuous, escape observation
altogether. Happening however to be encamped at the Feijaa de C6rte at the
beginning of August of that year (a region in which the Isoplexis is comparatively
almndant), I was enabled to examine many clusters of it, and was rewarded with
two Coleopterous novelties (the present one and a MeUgethes), as also witli an
interesting Capsus, hereafter to be noticed. The Longitarsus appeared to be more
attached to ilie foliage than to the flowers, — the wooUy coating of which rendered
it easy of capture, notwithstanding its enormous power of bounding when trans-
ferred to a moi'c glabrous surface. In other positions I could not detect it in
equal abundance ; but, were it practicable to reach the large masses of IsopAexis
which stud the perpendicular faces of the rocks in lofty sylvan spots, it would
doubtless be obtained in greater numbers : since such however is clearly impos-
sible, it must ever remain a rarity to the researches of a naturalist. Apart from
its peculiarity of colouring, it recedes from all the members of the present genus
with which I am acquainted in having its elytra striate.

338. Longitarsus Cinerariae, WoU. (Tab. IX. fig. 6.)

Ii. ovatus valde convexus nitidissinuis ater et fere impunctatus, capitc, prothorace, antennarum basi

pcdibusque anterioribus rufo-testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 1|-1|.

Habitat Maderam in floribus Cineraria auritce, Herit. ( — Senecionis Maderensis, DeCand.), praesertirn
per regionem sylvaticam inter 3000' et 5000' s. m., ajstate non infrequens.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 445

Ij. ovate, exceedingly convex (especially behind, where it is considerably inflated), very highly polished,
and, to the naked eye, almost impunctate, — ;though minute and delicate punctures are perceptible
beneath a powerful lens. Head, prothorax, and base of antenrue bright rufo-testaceous. Elytra
and the two hinder legs of the deepest black. Body beneath (except the head and prothorax,
which are rufo-testaceous) deep black. Apex of antenna of a less intense black than the elytra,
being sometimes completely iufuscate. Four anterior legs rufo-testaceous, and more or less dusky
in parts, — with their tarsi always darker.

Like the last species, the present beautiful Longitarsus is of a remarkable indi-
genous nature, and peculiarly attached to one of the most elegant of the native
plants, — the Cineraria am'ita, Herit. (=Senecio Maderensis, DeCand.) — the purple
clusters of Avhich form such a conspiciious feature throughout the summer months
on the damp perpendicular rocks of lofty elevations. It ranges from about 500 to
5000 feet above the sea, attaining its maximum however near the upper extremity
of those limits. Towards the base of the island it is of the greatest rarity, the
lowest position at which I have hitherto detected it being in the Rev. R. T. Lowe's
garden near Funchal, — where I once captured a single specimen, but could never
obtain more. As we ascend tlie mountains, it becomes gradually more abundant ;
until, at the altitude of about 4500 feet, we seldom visit a bunch of the Cineraria,
in full bloom, without discovering some traces of its existence. During my
encampment in the upland region of the Cruzinhas, in July of 1850, I might
have taken it by hundreds, — though scarcely ever under any other circumstances
than those just mentioned.

§ II. Al(B amplce : antentUB mediocres.

339. Longitarsus saltator, Woll.
Ii. elongato-ovatus convexiusculus nitidus subolivaceo-testaceus, capite femorumque posticorum apice

nigi-is, elytrorum sutura antennarumque apicem versus plus minusve leviter infuscatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1§.

Habitat in graminosis prope urbem Funchalensem, sero autumno, sub lapidibus non infrequens.

L. elongate-ovate, rather wide and robust, slightly convex, and shining. Head and the two kinder
femora, except their extreme base, black. Prothorax and elytra dirty testaceous, with more or
less of a brownish or olivaceous tinge ; the lattey- rather the duller of the two (with their suture
sometimes dusky), and minutely, though evidently, punctulated. Body beneath, except the pro-
thorax, blackish. Antenna at apex more or less infuscated.

A large and weU-marked Longitarsus, — readily known by its wide and robust
form, })lack bead and hinder femora, and by its dirty brownish-testaceous, or
somewhat olivaceous, hue. It appears to be an insect of rather low range, and by
no means common, — the few specimens which I have taken ha\ing been isolated
ones, dui'iug the autumnal and early winter months, from beneath stones in the

i46 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

vicinity of Funchal. In general contour and aifinity, it somewhat approaches the
L. Verbasci of more northern latitudes, — though abundantly distinct from it
specifically, in size, colour and sculpture.

340. Longitarsus lutescens.
L. elongato-ovatus convexus nitidus tiavo-testaceus, capite vel nigrescente vel infuscato, elytroruiii

sutura (pra3sertim in disco) femorumque posticorum apice nigris, antennis apicem versus ferru-

gineis.
Long. Corp. lin. l}-!^.

Haltica lutescens, Gjll. Ins JIuec. iii. 546 (1813).
Thyamis lutescens, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 310 (1831).
Longitarsus lutescens, Eedt. Fna Austr. 533 (1849).

Habitat in graminosis montosis Madera; et Portus Sancti, a vcre novo usque ad autumnum ,<at
frequens.

L. elongate-ovate, convex, shining, and of an exceedingly pale, straw-coloured yellow, or flavo-testa-
ceous. Head, especially behind, reddish-brown, or infuscated (rarely black). Elytra with the
suture brownish-black (the dark baud being narrow at the base, gradually a little expanded to
about (or a trille Ijeyoud) the middle, and suddeuly narrowed and abbrc\-iatcd before reaching
the extreme apex), most minutely and obsoletely punctulatcd. Body beneath, and the apical half
of the two hinder femora, black. Apices of antenna and tarsi generally femiginous.

Jvuowu from the rest by its extremely paUid, straw-coloui'ed hvie, — its suture,
eyes, and two posterior femora being the only black portions visible from above.
This dark sutm-al Hue, moreover, possesses the invariable character of being
narrow and almost evanescent at the base, becoming gradually broader to about
(or a little beyond) the niidcUc, after which it is suddenly constricted, — leaving the
extreme apex free. The head is usually only dusky (being of a slightly reddish-
brown behind) ; and the body beneath (the inflected edges of the upper sm*face
excepted) is entirely piccous-black. It is probably a truly indigenous insect ;
nevertheless, like the L. sallafor, nervosns and nuhigcna, it is of a more orchnary
type of form than the remaining two. It occurs both in Madeira and Porto
Santo, from the spring to the autumnal months, in grassy spots of intermediate
and lofty altitudes. I have brushed it from oif the coarse vegetation which clothes
the sides of the Curral das Romeu*as, in October ; as also, in similar positions, in
tlie upland region of the Cruzinhas, in July : and, during my fii'st visit to the
island of Porto Santo, in April and May of 1848, I observed it in consideral)le
abundance on the southern mountain-slopes immediately below the summit of the
Pico de Pacho. It tUlfcrs from the ordinary northern type in being, on the average,
somewhat larger, in haxing its antenna; perhaps (proportionably) a trifle longer,
and in the terminal portion of its hinder thighs being more evidently and inva-
rial)lv dark.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 447

341. Longitarsus nervosus, Woll.

Ij. elongato-ovatus convexus nitidus testaceus, elytris pallidioribus, femorum posticorum apice nigro-
piceo, antennis apicern versus infuscatis.
Va?: /3. paulo major, elytris minus evidenter punctulatis vix obscurioribus subtranslucidis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^-1^^.

Habitat in locis similibus Maderae Portiisque Sancti ac prsecedens, sed illo copiosior : var. /3. sola ad
Desertam Grandem solam pertinet, qua Maio exeunte a.d. 1850 plurima specimina cepi.

Ij. elongate-ovate, convex, shining, and testaceous. Elytra slightly paler than the head and pro-
thorax ; and minutely, but distinctly, punctulated. Meso- and metu-thoraces beneath, and the
apical half of the two hinder femora, piceous-black. Antenna at apex infuscated.
Var. /3. rather larger, with the elytra less evidently punctulated and not quite so pale, — being of a
more cUluted, cloudy, or semitransparent hue.

Not an vmcommon insect at rather low, or intermediate altitudes, occurring
in most of the islands of the group. I have taken it near Funchal, dm*ing the
autumn and spring, principally in the Ribeira de Santa Luzia and at the Cm'ral
das E-omeiras ; on the grassy slopes of Porto Santo in April ; and on the Dezerta
Grande in May. It may be kno^vn from the rest of the Longitarsi here described
by its uniformly testaceous hue, — the only dark portions visible on its upper
surface (apart from the eyes) being the apices of its two hinder femora; and thus,
whilst its actual colom* is not so pallid as that of the L. Intescens, yet its entire
freedom from black markings above (even its head being pale) gives it a peculiar
character, which it is impossible to mistake. Its body beneath, moreover, is lighter
than in the other species, — the meso- and meta-sterna being alone universally
dark. The specimens from the Dezerta Grande {var. (3.) are a trifle larger and
duskier than those from Madeira and Porto Santo, and not quite so distinctly
punctulated : nevertheless they are clearly but a local form, and without any
claim to specific isolation.

§ III. AJcB ohsoletcB : antemns mediocres.

342. Longitarsus nubigena, Wall.

It. parvus elongato-ovatus convexus subnitidus ferrugineus, capite, femorumque posticorum apice

picescentibus, elytris minus rufescentibus subseriatim punctatis.
Long. Corp. lin. ^.

Habitat in montibus IMaderse borealis, rarissimus : specimina duo sola detexi, unum sc. ad summam
originem convallis Ribeiro de Joao Delgada dictje (circa 5000' s. m.) et alterum ad Lombo dos
Pecegueiros, mense Julio a.d. 1850 capta.

Ii. small, elongate-ovate, convex, very slightly shining, and of a dull reddish-ferruginous. Head
slightly dusky, being of a somewhat more rufo-picescent hue than the prothorax. Elytra a little

448 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

paler than the prothorax, and less rufescent, — being of rusty brownish-testaceous ; and rather
coarsely punctured, — the punctures having a slight tendency to be disposed in rows. Body
beneath (except the prothorax), and the apical half of the hinder femora, picescent. Antenna at
apex very slightly infuscated.

The minute size of this somewhat insiguificant Longitarsus would be sufl&cient,
even alone, to separate it from the remainder : nevertheless its reddish-ferruginous,
or rusty-testaceous, hue, its obsolete wings, and its comparatively deeply punc-
tured elytra, — the pitnctures of which are a little inclined to be disposed in rows
(of very rare occurrence in the present genus), — will afford additional characters
whereby to distinguish it. It is in some respects allied to the L. BallotcB of
Marsham, in which the wings are, also, obsolete and the elytral pitnctures have a
slight tendency to longitutlinal distribution ; nevertheless its smaller bulk, darker
and more rufescent hue, and (especially) its almost unsculptui'ed prothorax, Avill
readily remove it from that species (in which that portion of the surface is inva-
riably as coarsely punctulated as the elytra). It is exceedingly scarce, the only two
specimens which I have seen having been captured l)y myself, — one on the 19th of
July 1850, at the extreme head of the Ribeiro de Joao Delgada, al)out 5000 feet
above the sea ; and the other in the remote forest district of the Lombo dos Pece-
gueiros, during the same montli.

Genus 148. PSYLLIODES. (Tab. IX. fig. 5.)

Lati-eille, Fam. Nat. des Ins. 405 (script. PsyUwde) (1825).

Corpus parvum, plus minusve elliptico-ovatum, crassum : capite parvo triangulari : pruthorace trans-
verso antice attenuato, ad angulos (prresertim posticos) plus miuusve acuto : clytris puuctato-
striatis : alls modo ainplis, modo (ut in speciebus Maderensibus plurimis) obsoletis. Antenna
tilit'ormes longiusculffi lO-articulatfe, articulo primo baud robusto longiusculo subcm'vato, secundo
ct tertio paulo brevioribus subsqualibus, quarto longiusculo, reliquis longitudine subrequalibus,
latitudine vix crescentibus (ultimo elongato-ovato apice oblique truncate). Labnnn (IX. 5 a),
mandibuleE (IX. oh), maxilla (IX. ^ c), palpi, mentum e.t ligula (IX. 5 rf) fere ut in Longitarso, sed
Uyuln apice truncata (minus rotundata). Pedes (prpescrtini postici, IX. 5 e, saltatorii) Icvitcr
elongati : feinoribus posticis valde incrassatis : tibiis anterioribus simplicibus; pusticis &^\ui\ apicali
interna armatis, et apicem versus externum oblique excavato-truncatis valde biseriatim spinulosis,
ad marginem summum excavationis tarsum recipientibus : tarsis articulo primo in anterioribus
(IX. 5/) plus minusve lato longiusculo subcordato, in posticis angustiorc subdexuoso longissimo ;
secundo et tertio in anterioribus longitudine sub;cqualibus, secundo in pusticis tertium longitu-
dine valde supcrante.

From Ilaltica loroper and Longitarsus, FsyUiodes {=3Iacroci/cmct of Stepliens,
A.D. 1831) may be easily recognised by the thicker and more elliptical bodies of
the species composing it, by their comparatively small heads and anteriorly-
attenuated prothorax, and by the construction of their two hinder legs, — which
have the femora enormously incrassated, and the tibiae obliquely scooped out (or

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 449

truncated) externally, the tarsi being inserted (remote from the apex) into the
upper edge of this emargination. Their elytra, unlike those oi Longitarsus, are in
every instance i^xuicisLtQ-stnated ; and their antennse (which is perhaps the most
remarkable character of all) are composed of only ten articulations, — the second
(which in the allied groups is short) being evanescent, and compensated for by
the unusually long foiu'th one. In the exceedingly lengthened basal joint of its
posterior feet, the present genus agrees with the last ; but the second is con-
siderably longer in Psylliodes than it is in Lomjltarsus, giving the foot a very
extraordinary, geniculated appearance.

§ I. Tarsi simplices : alee vel amplce velfere obsoletcB.

343. Psylliodes chrysocephala.
P. obovato-elliptica convexiuscula subnitida cyanesceuti- (vel aenescenti-) viridis, capite, antennaruni

basi pedibusque (apice femorum posticorum picescente excepto) testaceis, prothorace antice vix

angustato, elytris punctato-stiiatis.
Long. Corp. lin. l|-2.

Chn/somela chrysocephala, Linn. Fna Suec. 535 (1761).
Haltica chrysocephala, Gryll. Ins. Suec. iii. 5G8 (1813).
Macrocnema chrysocephala, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. iv. 319 (1831).
Psylliodes chrysocephala, Eedt. Fna Austr. 538 (1849).

Habitat Maderam borealem, in castanetis Sanctse Annse sestate media a.d. 1850 a meipso detecta.

P. large, obovate-elliptical (being somewbat attenuated posteriorly), rather convex, slightly shining,
and bluish- or brassy-green (when immature entirely testaceous) . Head, antenna at base, and legs
(except the apical half of the two hinder femora, which are picescent), pale testaceous. Prothorax
finely and very closely punctulated ; and very shghtly narrowed in front. Elytra acuminated
behind; punctate- striated; and with the interstices veiy finely and most obscurely punctulated.
Antenna at apex pale fuscous.

A common European insect, and one which has most probably been naturalized
in Madeu-a from higher latitudes. The only position in which I have hitherto
observed it is in the north of the island, where, during the summer of 1850, I
took several specimens in the vineyard of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly at Santa Anna.
It may be known from the rest of the genus here described by its large size, bluish-
or brassy-green sui'face, and by (not merely its legs, but likewise) its head being
pale. It is not quite so cyaneous as the ordinary state, — from which it also
recedes in having its elytra rather more distinctly striated : nevertheless it is
clearly but a local variety.

344. Psylliodes hospes, Woll.

P. subelliptica depressiuscula subnitida viridescenti- (vel uigi-escenti-) senea, antennarum basi pedi-

3 M

450 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

busque (apice femorum posticorum picescente excepto) testaceis, prothorace parvo antice angus-
tato, elytris saturate testacescentibua leviter punctato-striatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1|.

Habitat super plantas cruciferas in vinetis hortisque culinaribus Maderse et Portus Sancti, aestate
rarior.

P. subelliptical and rather slender, more depressed than any of the other species, shining, and
greenish- (or dark) seneous. Antenna at base, and ler/s (except the picescent apex of the two
hinder femora), testaceous. Prothorax more coarsely punctulated than that of the P. chrijso-
cephala ; very small, and narrowed in front. Ehjtra less acuminated behind than in the last or
following species ; of a diluted brassy-testaceous hue ; faintly punctate-striated ; and with the
interstices distinctly punctulated. Antenna at apex dark fuscous.

Likemse, in all probability, an introduced insect into the Madeira Islands, —
occurring only, I believe, in vineyards and cultivated spots in and about the towns
(especially on plants allied to Sinapis, and other Cniciferce) ; nevertheless, not
ha\dng been able to identify it with any recorded species, I have been compeUed to
describe it as new. It may be known by its more depressed, less apically-aciuni-
nated form, by its small and rather coarsely punctured prothorax, and by the
brassy-testaceous hue of its {lightly punctate-striated) elytra. It is apparently the
only Madeu-an PsylUodes in which the wings are fully developed. I have taken
it, sparingly, in gardens near Funchal ; as also in Porto Santo, in the immediate
vicinity of the Cidtide.

345. PsyUiodes umbratilis, WoU.

P. obovato-elliptica convexa nitida aenescenti- (vel cyanescenti-) vii-idis, antennarum basi pedibusque
(apice femorum posticorum picescente excepto) testaceis, prothorace parvo antice angustato.
elytris punctato-striatis.

Long. corp. lin. 1|.

Habitat in gi-aminosis humidiusculis Maderre, inter 2000' et SOOC s. m., sestate rarissima, locis snni-
libus ac Longitarsus nubigena occurrens.

P. somewhat short and thick, obovate-elliptical, convex, exceedingly shinhig, and of either a brassy-
or bluish-green. Antenna at base, and legs (except the picescent apical portion of the two hinder
femora), testaceous. Prothorax neither quite so small, nor so coarsely punctulated as m the
P. hospes ; narrowed in front. Elytra acuminated behind ; rather deeply punctate-striated, and
with the interstices very distinctly punctulated. Antenna at apex fuscous.

Distinguished by its somewhat thickened and exceedingly convex body, and by
its very shining, brassy-green hue. It is in all prol)ability a truly indigenous
insect to Madeira, occurring in remote spots of a lofty elevation, where it is
scarcely likely to have become natm-alized. It is apparently very rare, the few
examples which have come under my observation having been captured by myself

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 451

in the forest region of tlie Lombo clos Pecegueiros, and at the extreme head of the
Hibeiro de Joao Delgada (about 4500 feet above the sea) during July 1850.

346. PsyUiodes vehemens, TToll

P. subelliptica convexa profundius punctata nitida testacea, capitis macula minutissima basali, pro-
thoracis disco, elytrorum sutura, femorumque posticorum apice nigrescentibus, prothorace antice
angustato, elytris profunde punctato-striatis.
Var. /3. elytrorum plaga suturali in fasciam transversam postmediam plus minusve latam ampliata.
Var. y. minus nitida, punctis paulo profundioribus, testacea, sutura pone medium femorumque
apice posticorum nigrescentibus. (Ins. Partus Sanctus.)
Long. corp. lin. ]-l~.

Habitat in graminosis Maderfe, vulgaris, ab ora maritima fere ad cacumina montium ascendens ; inter
1000' et 2500' s. m. tamcn prsedominat : var. j3. nisi fallor sola ad iusulam Portiis Sancti soli
pertinet.

P. subelliptical, robust, convex, shining, and testaceous. Head and prothorax less densely, and
much more coarsely, punctured than in any of the other species : the former with a minute dusky
spot behind, which is sometimes nearly covered by the anterior edge of the pronotum (but scarcely
ever absent) : the latter with a broad, longitudinal black cloud (more or less defined, and widest
posteriorly) down the centre, and which has generally either a bluish or a brassy tinge ; slightly
narrowed in front. Elytra very deeply punctate-striated ; vnih. the suture, and a small portion
of the extreme lateral margin behind the middle, black, — the dark sutural line being exceedingly
narrow at the base, but suddenly expanded about the middle, after which it again contracts.
Hinder femora with their apex picescent. Antenna infuscated at their extremity.
Var. j3. with the sutural line of the elytra much dilated behind the middle (its widest part, in all
instances), so as to join the dark portion of the lateral margin, — thus forming a more or less
broad, transverse fascia.
Var. y. a little less shining, and with the punctures (if anything) even more distinct ; entirely pale
testaceous, with merely the minute speck on the back part of the head, the scutellum, the hinder
j)ortion of the sutm-e, and the tips of the posterior femora, dark ; — the prothoracic cloud and the
dark marginal portion of the elytra being entirely evanescent, (The state peculiar to Porto Santo.)

Throughout all its states, the present FsylUodes may be knoAvn by its testaceous,
coarsely punctured sui-face, by the minute cloudy speck on the hinder portion of
its forehead, and by its more or less (postmedially) dilated, dark, sutural line. It
is an almost universal insect, existing in nearly every part of the island, from the
level of the shore to within a short distance of the highest peaks, — though attain-
ing its maximum perhaps between about 1000 and 2500 feet above the sea.
Amongst long grass and herbage, wherever such is to be found, it is well nigh
certain to occur dui-ing the summer mouths, — abounding in sheltered spots, and
at the bottom of deep ravines, where the vegetation is especially rampant. In
such positions, I have observed it towards the head of the Ribeu'o de Santa Luzia,
in the vitmost profusion, in May ; and in the chestnut-woods of Santa Anna,

3 M 2

452 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

during June and July, in equal multitudes. In the immediate vicinity of Funchal
it is somewhat scarce; and, as "vve ascend the moimtains, beyond the limits of
4000 feet, rarer still. Nevertheless it is widely distributed even over the loftiest
altitudes, where in particularly exposed localities it takes shelter beneath stones, —
as I liave frequently remarked on the upland plain of the Fateiras and along the
edges of the Caminho de Meyo, around the southern base of the Pico da Silva.
Dm'ing my encampment in the elevated region of the Cruzinhas, in July of 1850,
I met with it sparingly ; but did not detect it on the extreme summit of the Pico
Ruivo, — where (with the exception of the great height) there is every condition
necessary for its development. The var. y, from Porto Santo, is interesting as
affording another example of the modifying influences of local circumstances on
external insect form. That the species is identical with the Madeiran one 1 have
not the slightest doubt, — the sculpture and colour, as I conceive, having merely
undergone a change since the remote period of its isolation on a comparatively
calcareous soil.

§ II. Tarsi anteriores articulo hasilari latissimo cordato : alee ohsoletw.

(Subgenus EUPUS, WoU.)

347. Psylliodes tarsata, Woll. (Tab. IX. fig. 5.)
P. elliptica convexiuscula subnitida subcyanescenti-nigra, capitc, prothorace, anteunarum basi pedi-

busque (apice femorum posticorum vix picescente excepto) rufo-testaceis, prothorace amplo antice

baud angustato, elytris punctato-striatis.
Long. Corp. lin. l^-l^.

Habitat in Madera umbrosis montosis, sestate non iufrequens : Maderam borealem, nisi fallor, pr?e-
sertim occupat, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850 plurima specimina ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros inveni.

P. rather narrow, elliptical, somewhat convex, very slightly shining, and quite apterous. Head and
prothorax almost impunctate, and of a bright rufo-testaccous ; the latter rather large, and not
at all narrowed in front. Elytra rather coarsely punctate-striated ; acuminated posteriorly, and
a little constricted at their extreme base ; and of a deep subcyaneous-blaek. Legs testaceous, —
except the apical poi'tion of the tuu hinder femora, yihich are pale brownish-piceous. Antenna at
base testaceous, at apex infuscated. Four anterior tarsi with their basal joint enormously dilated,
and cordate.

Thi'oughout all the Madeu'an Coleoptera there is scarcely a species better defined
than the P. tarsata, nor is there any one perhaps which we may more safely
pronounce as strictly indigenous. Receding as it does fi-om the remainder of the
genus, both in outward aspect and structm-e, it is hardly necessary to point out
more minutely its distinctive features, — since its beautifully coloured surface,
entirely apterous body (as in so many of the insects of these islands), and the im-
mensely dilated basal joint of its four anterior feet (a very remarkable modifica-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 453

tion, which would seem to be almost sufficient to isolate it even generically), are
of themselves more than enough at once to identify it. It is exceedingly local,
and confined, so far as I have hitherto observed, to the dense forest districts of the
north, — occurring beneath the trees (amongst rank grass and fern) in remote spots
of intermediate altitudes. During my encampment in the region of the Lombo dos
Pecegueu'os, in July 1850, I captvired it in considerable profusion,— especially
amongst the thickset and nearly impenetrable groves of Folhado, and where the
moisture was most excessive. Tlu-oughout the whole tract Ijetween the Kibeiro
do Inferno and the Ribeii'o de Joao Delgada it may be said to abound,— but pro-
bably diiring the summer months only,— since a great number of the specimens
were immature in July, as though theu- imago period had but just commenced.

Fam.41. CHKYSOMELID^.

Genus 149. MNIOPHILOSOMA*, TfW. (Tab. IX. fig. 8.)

Corpus minutum, suborbiculato-ovatum, valde coiivexum, politissimum, glaben-imum et fere impunc-
tatum : capite deflexo ; oculis subrotundatis : prothorace transverse, postice lato elytris arete
applicato : sculello parvo triangulari : eli/tris ad apicem conjuuctim acuminatis : alis obsoletis.
Antenna (IX. 8 a) leviter clavata;, inter ociilos inserts sed basi baud approximatse, artieulis primo
et seeundo robustis, illo elongato subclavato, tertio ad sextum gracilibus longitudine leviter
decrescentibus, rebquis latitudine paulatim crescentibus (nono, decimo et imdecimo clavam minus
abruptam efficientibus, undecimo elongato-ovato ad apicem externum oblique truncate) . Labrum
(IX. 8 b) amplissimum porrectum subcoriaceum, antice profunde bilobum. Mandibula (IX. 8 c)
magnffi cornese lata, apice fortiter dentatte. Maxilla (IX. 8 d) biloba; membranacese, lobis
latiusculis subfequalibus apice pubescentibus {externa vix palpitbrmi). Falpi subfiliformes ;
maxillares articulo primo parvo, seeundo et tertio longioribus crassioribus subwqualibus, ultimo
subfusiformi-conico : labiates (IX. 8 e) crassi, artieulis primo et seeundo latitudine subsequalibus
(lioc paulo longiore), ultimo angustiore subconico. Mentum subquadrato-transversura, apice
inteo-rum. Liffula (nisi fallor) baud visibilis. Pedes longiusculi : femorihus posticis baud in'cras-
satis : iibiis simplicibus, ad apicem muticis : tarsis antevioribus in mare (IX. 8/) articulo primo
magno dilatato subcordato, posticis in utroque sexu articulo primo leviter elongato.

A Mniophila (genus Coleopterorum), et o-co/aa corpus.

The curious little insect from which the above characters have been compiled,
and which bears a certain prima facie resemblance, as abeady mentioned {vid.
p. 417), to stunted female specimens of Xenorchestes, is very nearly akin to the
European IlniopUla, though, at the same time, certainly distinct from it,— since
it not only wants the leaping propensities (and therefore the incrassated posterior
femora) which are there indicated, but presents likewise many obsciu-er differences

* Genus Mniopliili formam simulans et ei afimitate proximum, sed tarsorum masculorum articulo
basilari valde dilatato, uecuon antennarum pedumque posticormn structura et babitu baud saltatorio
certe distinctum videtur.

454 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

(though not the less important ones) in the other particulars of its structure which
coml)ine to render its isolation the more obvious. Thus, its antennae recede from
those of that genus in having their terminal joint (as in Haltica and its allies)
oljliquely acuminated at the extremity, and in the eighth one not being smaller
than the seventh (which is worthy of notice, since its perceptibly diminished size in
Mniophila has been supposed by some naturalists to imply an approach towards
the AnisotomidcB) ; its outer maxillary lobe also is less evidently palpiform ; all its
tibiae are spiu-less (whereas the hinder pair m.3I)H0phiJ((, as in the other saltatorial
Phytophagous groups, are ai-med with a strong apical spine) ; and the basal articu-
lation of its four anterior male feet is greatly dilated. In their labra, mandibles
and palpi, however, the genera are almost coincident. In external contour it has
very much the appearance of a Ilniophila, except that it is somewhat larger, con-
siderably acuminated at the anal region, and is even stUl more polished and
glal)rous, — there being scarcely any traces of sculpture, except under a high
microscopic power (whereas in that genus the upper siu-face, although sparingly,
is deeply punctui-ed). The two insects together may be considered as establishing
a very natm-al passage between the Galernciclce and Chrysomelidce ; for, Avhilst
Mniophila, on account of its jumping habits, is properly associated \di]i the
former, — Jliiiojihilosoma, on the other hand, is more correctly referred to the
latter. In their general details indeed (as, for instance, their slightly clavated,
basally subdistant antcnnte, and theii' thickened, convex and remarkably glossy
bodies) both are perhaps more related to the C/n^t/soDielldce thanto the Galerucidce :
nevertheless Mniophila is retained (albeit at the extremity) in the first, since its
capability of bounding is clearly the most significant featui-e which it possesses, and
must therefore take the precedence of all others; but 3LiiophUosoma, which does
not exhilnt this peculiarity, finds its true location at the commencement of the
second.

348. Mniophilosoma laeve, WoU. (Tab, IX. fig. 8.)

M. suljurbiculato-ovatum valde convexum politissimum subviridescenti-nigrum et fere impunctatum,
elytris apice conjunctim acuminatis ferrugincis, antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.
Mas paulo minor, tarsis anterioribus articulo primo dilatato.
Long. Corp. lin. |-^.

Habitat in niontibus Madera;, praiscrtim per regiouem sylvaticam, sub lapidibus, cortice arboruui, vol
inter lichenes, toto anno passim.

M. suborbiculatc-ovate, exceedingly convex, very highly polished, perfectly glabrous, and, to the naked
eye, impunctate (though under a strong lens minute and distant punctures are just perceptible) ;
black, with more or less of a greenish tinge. Head sometimes rufescent between the eyes. Elytra
conjointly acuminated at their extreme apex (which, however, on account of the great convexity
of the body, is almost concealed from view), where they are more or less ferruginous, or dull

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 455

testaceous. Antenna at base, and the legs, testaceous ; the former with their apical portion
dusky.
Males (which are rather smaller than the females) with the basal joint of their four anterior tarsi
considerably dilated.

The minute bulk, and exceedingly convex, highly polished and almost impunc-
tate surface of the present irisect will at once distinguish it from the whole of its
Madeiran allies, — even apart from its generic peculiarities (already pointed out).
It is a truly indigenous species, occurring beneath stones and moss at intermediate
and lofty altitudes, and apparently at aU seasons of the year. It is decidedly
scarce; though, at the same time, widely distributed over the island. Thus, I
have taken it, during the winter months, from under stones, towards the upper
extremity of the Eibeiro de Santa Luzia, — principally in grassy spots by the edges
of the stream : and in the sunrmer of 1850 I captured it at the Lombo dos Pece-
gueiros, and from beneath the dead, loosely-attached bark of trees in the upland
region of the Eanal. I have also brushed it from off vegetation in the elevated
district of the Cruzinhas ; and, on one occasion (whilst searching for Piqja con-
cinna), at the extreme head of the Bibeiro de Joao Delgada, I met with it in
tolerable abundance, under lichen on the exposed faces of the rocks : and it has
been detected by the Rev. R. T. Lowe at the Ribeiro Frio. At the Fanal I have
observed it in company with the curious Xenorchestes saltltans, to the females of
which (as lately stated) large specimens of the Mniophilosoma, in their size, colour,
and wonderfully smooth and subglobose bodies, bear so strong a resemblance, that
the two might, prima facie, be ahnost mistaken for each other. It is needless
however to remark that the most superficial examination wovdd at once discover
the differences : though I am inclined to suspect that there does, notwithstanding,
really exist some slight aflB.nity between the genera ; a svipposition which is not
rendered tlie less probable by the saltatorial powers and subapproximated antennae
of Xenorchestes, — facts which would seem to indicate an approach towards the
Galerucidce (from wliich group Mniophilosoma, as already demonstrated, is but
just removed).

Genus 150. CRYPTOCEPHALUS.

Geoffroy, Hist. Air. des Ins. de Paris, i. 231 (1762).

Corpus mediocre vel parvum, plus minusve subcylindrico-ovale, convexiusculum, ssepe coloribus
diversis Isete pictum : capite deflexo ; oculis reuiformibus (intus leviter emarginatis) : prothorace
postice lato sinuato (elytrorum latitudine), amplo, antice convexo ; prosterno simplice : elytris ad
apicem truncatis dehiscentibus, pygidium vix tegentibus : alis amplis. Antenna filiformes, in
typicis leviter elongatse, inter oculos insertse sed basi baud approximate, articnlo primo robusto,
secundo brevi, tcrtio, quarto quintoque subgracilibus (tertio breviusculo, quarto quintoque longi-
tudine subaequalibus), reliquis vix crassioribus subsequalibus. Labi-urn amplum subcoriaceum
subquadratum, antice leviter bilobum. Manclibulce magnje cornese insequales, apice acutfe, infra
apicem dente robusto instructae. Maxilla bilobte : lobo externo lato obtuso setoso, vix palpifornii :

456 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

intemo breviore (margine superiore robustiore excepto) membranaceo compresso. Palpi sub-
tiliformes ; maxillares articulo primo parvo, secundo et tertio longioribus crassioribus (illo paulo
longiorc subflexuoso), ultimo angustiore subovato basi truncate; labiales articulo primo parvo,
secundo et ultimo longitudine subfequalibus (illo subclavato, boc paulo angustiore subfusiformi
basi truncate). Mentum comeum, in parte media submembranaceura ; transversum, apice vix
integrum. Ligula subcoriacea, apice rotundata Integra. Pedes sat robusti subretractiles, antici
longiores : tibiis simplicibus.

Externally, Cnjptocephalns may be readily known from Chrysomela by its more
cyliucli-ieal Ijody, Avliich is truncated botli before (on account of the deflexion of its
head, which is also very deeply immersed in the prothoracic cavity) and (by reason
of its apically-abbreviated, subdehiscent elytra) behind, by its more ample and
convex prothorax, by its narrower, and more internally-emarginated eyes, its
simple prosternum, entirely filiform antennae, and by its somewhat elongated
anterior legs. In their trophi (apart from oliscurer modifications, which may be
gathered from the above diagnosis) the species recede from the Chrysomehp, prin-
cipally, in having theii' upper lip larger and more robust, the tei'minal joint of
their maxillary palpi slenderer and acuminated, and in theh* ligula being a little
smaller, and rounded in front (instead of, as in that genus, truncated, and bifid in
the centre). Both Cry otocephalus and Chrysomela are of great extent and wide
geographical range, occm-riug in nearly all countries of the world. They include
soiue of the most gorgeous insects throughout the whole range of the Coleoptera ;
and, whilst gay colours may be said to preponderate with the former, brilliant
metallic splendour (in which green is the prevailing element) is eminently charac-
teristic of the latter. It is remarkable that in the Madeira Islands, where sun-
shine is the rviUng power, I should not have succeeded in detecting more than a
single exponent of each, — and even that those should be of such extreme rarity
that they must be numbered amongst the scarcest members of our present fauna.
The following insignificant little Cryptocephalus happens to recede from the
normal representatives of the group in being of a more sombre tint, — simulating
in fact, in general contour and hue, the C. signaticoUis and minutus of more
northern latitudes.

349. Ciyptocephalus crenatus, Woll.

C. cylindrico-ovalisdepressiusculus subopacus testaccus, capite prothoraccque brevi rngulose punctatis
et plus minusve infuscatis, elytris profunde crenato-striatis, infra humeros callo le\iter infuscato
notatis.

Long. corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat in graminosis bumidiusculis Maderse, rarissimus : exemplar uiiicum ad summam originem
convallis Ribeiro de Santa Luzia dictse Maio cxeunte a.d. 1849 inveni, atque duo specimina ad
Sao Vincentc testate a.d. 1851 capta nuper communicavit Rev'''" Dom. Lowe.

C. cylindric-oval, a little depressed, very slightly shining (sometimes nearly opake), and testaceous.

INSECTA MADERENSIA.

457

Head and prothorax rather coarsely punctured and subrugulose, more or less clouded or infus-
cate ; the latter short, transverse, and rather waved behind. Elytra deeply crenate-striated ;
with the small, thickened callosity within the shoulder of each slightly dusky.

A most distinct little Cryptocephalus ; and, although related, in size and general
aspect, to the C. mimdm and signatlcoUls of higher latitudes, yet with abundant
characters of its own which altogether separate it, specifically, from either of those
insects. In its regularly cre?^«^e-striated elytra, indeed, it recedes from every
Cryptocephalus with which I am acquainted ; whilst its almost opake surface, its
deeply pimctured, comparatively short prothorax, and its suhdepressed form,
entirely remove it from any of the small European species of which the common C.
mlmitus may be regarded as the type. It is apparently extremely rare. During my
constant researches in Madeira, I have met mth only a single example,— captm^ed,
towards the end of May 1849, at the extreme head of the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia,
by brushing the rank vegetation at the foot of the perpendicular rocks on the steep
bank immediately to the left of the great Waterfall. Two more specimens hoAv-
ever have been subsequently communicated to me by the Rev. E. T. Lowe, by
whom they were taken ia the north of the island (during the summer of 1851), at
Sao Vincente.

Genus 151. CHRYSOMELA. (Tab. IX. fig 7.)

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. i. (1735).

CV/jus mediocre, plus rainusve rotundato-ovatum, convexura, sjepius splendore superbiens : capite sub-
porrecto ; oculis ellipticis (intus hand emarginatis) : prolhorace transverso, postice lato (sed ely-
trorum vix latitudine), ad latera saepius marginato ; prosterno postice in lobum deplanatum plus
uiinusvc elongatuni (in mesosternum receptum) producto : eli/tris ad apicem rotundatis, pygi-
dium omnino tegentibus (in specie nostra laterahter compressis et marginem versus utrumque
valde coiTUgato-rugosis, unde nomeu subgenericum Rhyssohma proposui) : alis plerumque amplis.
Antennce apicem versus leviter incrassatjE, in typicis minus elongate, inter oculos insertse sed basi
baud approximate, articulo primo robusto, secundo brevi, tertio, quarto quintoque subgracilibus
(tertio longiuseulo, quarto quintoque sequalibus), reliquis paulo crassioribus suba;qualibus.
Labruin (IX. 7 a) submembranaceum transversum, antice leviter bilobum. Mandibula fere ut in
Cryptocephalo. Maxilla (IX. 71) bilobfe : hbo externa lato obtuso subcylindrico setoso, vix
palpiforrai : interno vix breviore, angusto, submembranaceo, longe setoso. Palpi (articulo
mnxillarium ultimo incrassato plus minusve subsecuriformi excepto) fere ut in Crji^tocephalo.
Mentwn (IX. 7 c) subcoriaceum transversum, apice plerumque leviter emarginatum. Ligula
ampla subcoriacea, apice truncata et in medio minute bifida. Pedes sat robusti subretractiles :
tibiis vel simpHcibus, vel apicem versus externum dente instructis.

The Clmjsomel(B, as ah-eady stated, may be recognised from the Cnjptocephali
by their' more rovmded, or ovate, outline, convexer bodies and more exposed
heads, by then- elytra not being abbreviated posteriorly (but entirely covering
the abdomen), by their more transverse, less globose and frequently margined

3n

458 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

prothoraces, by their more elliptical eyes, somewhat shorter and more incrassated
antennae, and by theu' prosternum being produced behind into a flattened lobe,
"O'hich (when long enough) is received into an impression in front of the meso-
sternum. The main distinctive featm'es in the parts of then* mouth consist in
the dilated, apicaUy truncated, and more or less seciu-iform terminal joint of their
maxillary palpi, in their narrow and pointed inner maxillary lobe, and in their
somewhat ample and anteriorly bifid ligula. The sole Madeiran representative
(hitherto detected) of tliis immense and universally distributed group is, outwardly,
of such an exceedingly anomalous structure, that, before examination, I had
imagined that it would probably constitute a separate genus. Its oral organs
however differ in scarcely any respect from the ordinary type ; and I have been
content therefore to propose for it a sithfjeneric name, in case that future re-
searches should discover, as is not unlikely, other species moulded after the
same external pattern, and thus render it desirable to detach them from the parent
mass.

(Subgenus EHTSSOLOMA, WoU)

350. Chrysomela Fragarise, iVuU. (Tau. IX. fig. 7.)

C. ovata convcxa nitida viridi-splendcns, capite protboraceque fere impunctatis, elytris minute seriatim
punctatis, apieem versus convcxis et laterabtcr compressis, iitrinque (prsesertim versus marginem)
valde corrugato-rugosis, antennis tarsisque obscurioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 5|.

Hnbitat in Maderil sylvatica, super folia Fragarice, rarissima : tria specimina, ad Kibeiro Frio mense
Augusto A.D. 1850 a meipso lecta, sola vidi.

C. ovate, convex, sbining, when alive of a very brilliant green, — which however becomes obscurer
after death. Head and prothorax impunctate, except towards the sides of the latter, — which are
broadly (though not very distinctly) margined, and have a few large, scattered punctures (which
are sometimes however nearly absent) along the edges and within the submarginal depression.
Elytra with longitudinal series, somewhat arranged in pairs, of very minute and obscure punc-
tures (but not striated), the space between each pair having a tendency to be raised, — both the
punctures and ridges however being most apparent towards the sides, and nearly evanescent on
the disk ; convex and laterally compressed, particularly behind, and greatly wrinkled (or uneven)
towards the lateral margins, along their entire length ; the suture with a slightly violet tinge.
Antenna (especially towards their apex), and the tarsi, obscurer than the rest of the surface.

A truly indigenous insect, and perhaps one of the most anomalous of the
Chrijsomelce hitherto described, — its laterally compressed form, and the curiously
shriveled, or collapsed, sides of its el}i;ra giving it a most remarkable appearance,
unlike anji:hing else with which I am acquainted. Xt fii'st sight indeed this
wrinkled, or corrugated, structure might seem to be the result of a lapsus naiurcB,
as though the creature had been imperfectly developed; nevertheless, a closer

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 459

examination would liave at once prevented the possibility of regarding it as the
effect of chance, even had I not captured a sufficient ninnber of specimens, pre-
cisely similar, to place beyond aU question any doubts as to its normal state. It
is evidently of the greatest rarity, — being confined to the sylvan districts, and
comins into existence about the middle or latter end of the summer. The only three
examples which have, I beheve, been as yet detected were captured by myself, on
the leaves of the mountain Strawberry, at the edges of the Levada of the Eibeiro
Frio, in August 1850. Dui-ing my repeated researches in the same locality earlier
in the season, I failed in discovering it ; and in all probability therefore it is an
autumnal species.

Genus 152. GASTROPHYSA.

(Chevrolat, in Bej. Cat. S'^-^e edit. 429, a.d. 1837.) Eedt. Fim Austr. 553 (1849).

Corpus parvum, fere ut in Chrysomela, sed prothorax ad latera liaud margiuatus, prosterno ])ostice
minus producto ; labrum coriaceum, margine laterali membranaceo ; maxillarum lobi latiorcs ; pal-
porum articulus ultimus subfusiformis basi truncatus ; et liffula transversa, apice leviter emargiiaata.

Gastrophysa, which by some entomologists is regarded as a mere section of
Chrysomela, differs from the normal members of that group, mainly, in having
its maxillary palpi not incrassated at their apex, but filiform, — the terminal joint
being, as in Cnjptoceiilialus, somewhat cylindrical, and narrower than the previous
one. In other respects it offers scarcely any peculiarities ; nevertheless its pro-
thorax is not so distinctly margined as in Chrysomela proper, the hinder point of
its prosternum is less produced, its upper lip has the sides membranous, the lobes
of its maxUlse are broader, its ligula is shorter and more transverse, and its entire
body is altogether of a smaller size.

351. Gastrophysa Polygoni.
G. ovalis couvexa nitida nigro-CEeriilea et dense punctata, protliorace, antennarum basi, pedibus

anoque rufis, antennarum tarsorumque apice nigrescentibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Chrysomela Polygoni, Linn. Fna Suec. 520 (1761).

, GyU. Ins. Suec. iii. 474 (1813).

Phaedon Polygoni, Staph. III. Brit. Unt. iv. 336 (1831).
Gastrophysa Polygoni, Eedt. Fna Austr. 553 (1849).

Habitat prope urbem Funchalensem Maderse, a Dom. Heinecken, M.D., olini capta (ex Eui'opa
forsan introducta).

G. oval, convex, shining, densely and deeply punctured (especially on the elytra), and of a dark sub-
metallic blue, — t\iQ prothorax, antenna at base, the legs, and the apex of the abdomenheing bright
rufous. Antennce at apex, and the terminal joint of the tarsi, nearly black.

3 N 2

460 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

A most abundant Eiu'opean insect, occurring almost everywhere. In Madeira
it would seem to be exceedingly rare, and certainly not truly indigenous, — the
only example which I have seen (eWdently an imported one) ha^dng been com-
municated by the Kev. R. T. Lowe from the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken,
l^y whom it was captured many years ago near Funchal. It differs in no respect
fi-om the ordinary type, wiiich makes it the more probable that the specimen was
accidentally introduced from higher latitudes.

Sectio X. PSEUDOTRIMERA.
Fain.42. COCCINELLIDiE.

Genus 153. COCCINELLA. (Tab. X. fig. 5.)

Linuseus, Si/st. Jilit. edit. i. (script. Coccionella) (1735).

Corpus mediocre, plus minusve heraisphsericum vel ovale, supra glabrum convexum laete maculatum :
prothorace transverso, elytrorum ^ix latitudine; prosterno postice (ut in Gastrophjsd) leviter
producto : mesosterno ad apicom niodo iutegro, modo emarginato : ehjtris punctatis, baud striatis :
alls amplis. Antenna breves clavatfe, ante oculos inserts, articulis primo et secuudo (\\\o prae-
cipue) robustis (hoc breviusculo), tertio ad septimum graciUbus latitudine vix crescentibus (tertio
quartoque elongatis, quinto paulo breviore, sexto et septiuio brevibus longitudiue sequalibus),
reliquis clavam baud abruptam compressam quadriarticulatam efficientibus (idtimo late, apice
valde truncato). Labrum aniplum coriaceum trausversum, antice integrum. Mandibulm sub-
corneae, basi latae, apice valde incurvfc acutissimse bifidse, margine interno membrana angust&
ciliata aucto et basin versus dente acuto robusto instructo. Maonllce bilobae submcmbranaceae,
lobis valde pubescentibus, externa apice dilatato. Palpi maxillares valde clavati, articulo primo
parvo, secundo et tertio majoribus crassioribus, ultimo maximo incrassato securiformi : labiales
setiformes, articulo primo parvo, secundo et ultimo longitudine subsequalibus (illo crasso, hoc
gracili cylindrico). Mentum submembrauaceum, basi angustatum, antice latiun integrum,
angulis anticis ampliatis. Liyula elongata membranacea, apice truucata. Pedes subretractiles :
tibiis simplicibus (baud calcaratis) : tarsis pseudotrimeris (i. e. -i-articulatis, articulo secundo
valde bilobo tertium minutissimum recipiente), unguiculis modo ad apicem bitidis, modo ad basin
dente lato acuto armatis.

It is ahnost needless to enumerate the distinctive features of the Coccinellce, —
their hemispherical forms and glabrous, prettily spotted surfaces, in which red,
black and yellow are the prevailing colours, no less than the popular term of
" Lady-Birds," liy which in England* they are universally recognised, being so
connected with our earliest associations as to render comment upon them super-

* Speaking of the CoccincUw, ^Ir. Wcstwood remarks, " it is curious that they have received nearly
similar names of famiharity in other countries ; thus in France they are called hetes de la Vierge, caches a
Dieu, &c." This is equally the case iu Madeira, where the C. T-punctata is styled Joaninha.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 461

fluous. The prodigious numbers in wliieli some of the species at times make
their appearance, in northern and temperate latitudes, especially diu-ing seasons
when Aphides, on which they subsist, are unusually abundant, must further tend
to familiarise them to the most superficial observer.

§ I. Corpus hemisphcBrico-ovatwm minus convexum ; unyuiculis ad apicem hijidis. (Adoiiia, Midsaiit.)

352. Coccinella mutabilis.

C. nigra, capitis maculis diiabus, et prothoracis lateribus, mai-gine antico (postice in medio vix pro-
ducto) punctisque duobus parvis, plus minusve flavo-albidis, elytris rubris, pustulis sex in singulo
positis unaque basali communi (plus minusve confluentibus) nigris oruatis, tibiis tarsisque
anticis ferrugineis.

Long, coi-p. lin. 2-2\.

Coccinella iimtabHis, Scriba, Journ. 183. 141 (1790).

lata, Fab. Ent. Sj/sf. v. Siippl 78 (1798).

■ ■ mutabilis, Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 210 (1827).

Adonia mutabilis, Mulsant, SecuripaljJ. de France, 39 (1846).

Habitat insulas Maderenses, ad vias vel in floribus ubique vulgaris, ab era maritima usque ad
cacumina montium ascendens.

C. black. Head witb an elongated dash at the inner margin of each eye (sometimes united, so as to
cause the whole of the forehead to be pale), and the prothorax with the sides and the front
margin (the latter of which is more or less produced backwards in the centre), and two minute
spots on either side of its disk (occasionally connected with the anterior margin, thus causing it
to appear trifurcate), yellowish-white. Elytra bright red ; with six spots (more or less developed,
and sometimes a little confluent) on each, and a central one, common to both, at the scutellum
(which has usually a whitish cloud in front of it), black. 'Yhe. front tibia and tarsi, and portions
of the others, ferruginous or rufesceut.

A very abundant European insect, and one which may be known from the rest
of the Coecinellce here described by its more flattened, ovate form, apically bifid
claws, and by the fourteen black spots of its bright red elytra. The maculations
and paler patches are, some of them, occasionally confluent ; nevertheless the
remaining three of the above-mentioned characters will always sufiice to distinguish
the C. mutabilis from its allies. . It is by far the most common of the genus in
these islands, occurring throughout the entii-e Madeiran group and at all altitudes.
In Porto Santo I have taken it in profusion, from out of flowers, dm-ing the early
spring, — especially in the calcareous districts of a low elevation: and, whilst
encamped on the Pico Ruivo in August of 1850, I captured it on the extreme
smnmit of the mountain (6100 feet above the sea). In oiu* own country it is
principally attached to sandy and sitbmaritime spots, — particularly the latter,
where, during the summer months, it frequently teems.

462 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

§ II. Corpus plus minvsve Jiemispheericum convextim ; unguiculis ad basin dente lato acuto armatis.

353. Coccinella 7-punctata.
C. nigra, capitis maculis duabus, et prothoracis angulis anticis, flavo-albidis, elytris rufis, pustulis

tribus in singulo positis unaque basali communi nigris ornatis.
Long, coi-p. lin. 3-3|.

Coccinella 7-punctata, Linn. Fna Suec. 477 (1761).

, Tab. Ent. Syst. i. 274 (1792).

, Gvll. Ins. Suec. iv. 163 (1827).

, Mulsant, Secicrip. de France, 79 (1846).

Habitat in locis graminosis omnium insiilarum Maderensium, bine inde nou infrequens.

C. black. Head witb a dash at the inner margin of each eye, and the prothorax with the anterior

angles, yellowish-white. Elytra pale rufous ; with three large well-defined spots on each, and a
central (double) one common to both, at the scutcllum (which has generally a whitish cloud in
front of it), black.

The most iinivcrsal of all the Lady-Birds mth which I am acquainted, occurring
in profusion throughout the whole of Europe and the north of Africa, and being
found, in fact, in nearly every country of the Old "VA'orld. Its larger Intlk, and the
seven black spots of its pale-rufous elytra will at once distinguish it from the other
species with which we have here to do. It is recorded likewise in the Canary
Islands. In Madeira it does not appear to be very abundant, though widely
distributed over the group, from the level of the sea-shore to the mountain sum-
mits. In Porto Santo and on the Deserta Grande I have observed it in tolerable
numbers.

354. Coccinella 14-pustulata.
C. nigi-a, capitis maculis duabus, prothoracis lateribus margineque antico (postice in medio vix pro-

ducto), et elytri singuli pustulis septem, flavis ornatis, tibiis tarsisque plus minusve testaceis.
Long. corj). lin. 3.

Coccinella U-pustulata, Linn. Fna Suec. 502 (1761).

, Fab. Fnt. Si/st. i. 290 (1792).

, GyD. Ins. Suec. iv. 156 (1827).

, Mulsant, Securip. de France, 93 (1846).

Habitat Maderam, rarissima : exemplar unicum a Dom. Heinecken olim captum amicissime commu-
nicavit Rev'''" Dom. Lowe.

C. black. Head with a dash at the inner margin of each eye, the prothorax with the sides and the
front margin (the latter of which is slightly produced backwards in the centre, and also a good
deal enlarged about the anterior angles), and the elytra with seven large well-defined rounded
patches on each, yellow. Anterior tibia and tarsi, and portions of the four hinder ones,
testaceous.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 463

Readily clistingmshecl from the other Coccinellce with which we are here con-
cerned hy its black surface, and by the seven large, well-defined, rounded, yellow
sjjots on each of its elytra, — which moreover have not a common, central one in
front of the scutellum. Although an aliundant insect throughout Eiu'ope, it is
apparently scarce in Madeira, the only specimen which I have seen being a very
old one from the collection of the late Dr. Heinecken, and commiinicated to me by
the Rev. R. T. Lowe. It seems to differ in no respect from the ordinary tjq)e.

355. Coccinella testudinea.

C. nigra, capitis maculis duabus, prothoracis lateribus margineque antico (postice longissime trifur-
cato), et elytri singuli plagis quinque magnis ii-regularibus, pallido-flavis ornatis, pedibus
testaceis.
Var, j3. maculis plagisque omnino majoribus, plus minusve confluentibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 2^.

Coccinella testudinea, Heinecken, in Hit.

Habitat Maderam, et borealem et australem, praesertim in hortis super folia Hibiscorum, sestate non
infrequens.

C. black, and more shining than any of the other species. Head with a large dash at the inner
margin of each eye, the prothorax with the sides and the front margin (the latter of which is pro-
duced backwards in the centre into an exceedingly elongated bar, reaching about two-thirds of
the way to the scutellum, and also on either side into a shorter and broader lobe, — the three
together causing the pale margin to be strongly trifurcate), and the elytra with five large irregular
elongated patches on each (aiTanged longitudinally, and the marginal ones generally more or
less confluent), very pale yellow. Antennae and legs testaceous.
Vm-. /3. with the yellow spots and patches altogether very much developed and confluent ; — those
between the eyes being united, causing the whole forehead to be pale ; the two outer lobes of the
front prothoracic margin dilated, so as to join the pale lateral margin of the hinder angles
(enclosing merely a small, rounded, black spot) ; the central bar hastate (being transversely
dilated behind and but just separated from a minute transverse pale patch on the hinder margin,
opposite the scutellum) ; and both the dorsal and lateral pair of the elytral blotches being greatly
confluent, leaving only the suture, a small rounded spot on the centre (which marks the separa-
tion of the dorsal patches), two larger blotches towards the margin (which mark, in like manner,
the separation of the lateral ones), and an irregular longitudinal hne down the outer disk, not
quite reaching to the apex, black.

A weU-defined Coccinella, somewhat resemljHng, at fli'st sight, the common
C. conglomerata of more northern latitudes, though abundantly distinct from it
specifically, — not only in its superior bulk and much more oval form, but likewise
in its entii'ely testaceous legs and in the number, positions and development of its
patches. It may be known from the other Madeii'an species hj the almost equal
portions of yellow and ])lack with which its upper sm*face is maculated, by the

464 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

pale anterior margin of its protliorax being very broad and deeply trifurcate, and
l)y the extremely irregular, longitudinal, more or less confluent and greatly
(Milarged blotches of its el\i;ra. It appears to be somewhat scarce, or at any x*ate
local, and occurs during the summer months (principally in gardens), both in the
north and south of the island. I have taken it near Funchal in June, and at
Santa Anna and Sao Vincente in July, — especially on the leaves of a gigantic
JlibiscHS (in company wdth the Scymnus Durantce), to AAliich it seems to be parti-
cularly partial. I have retained the name which was proposed for it by the late
Dr. Hoinccken, whose specimens (communicated by the llev. R. T. Lowe, with the
original label still attached to them) I possess.

356. Coccinella Genistse, Well. (Tab. X. fig. 5.)

C. nigra fortius punctata, capitis maculis duabus, et prothoracis lateribus margineque antico (posticc
in medio integro, sed utrinque longissime et oblique producto), diluto-tiavis, elytris diluto-flavis,
sutura, macula sub-basali communi et lineis duabus longitudinalibus in singulo positis nigris
ornatis, tarsorum basi fusco-ferruginea.

Long. corp. lin. Ij-l^

Habitat in montibus Maderse, rarissima : in campo cxcelso "Paul da Serra" dicto pauca specimina
supra plantas Genista scoparia ibidem crescentes d. 3 Jul. 1850 inveni, necnou ad Cruzmhas
atque prope cacumen mentis Ruivensis (SOOCy s. m.) banc Coccinellam sestate media observavi.

C. small, black, and rather more distinctly punctulated than any of the other species. Head with a
triangular dash at the inner margin of each eye, and the prothorax with the sides and the front
margin (the latter of which is perfectly entire in the middle, having no tendency to be back-
wardly ])roduced, but is elongated on either side into an oblique narrow bar, — the two approxi-
mating behind the centre of the disk) pale diluted-ycllow. Eli/tra, likewise, of a pale diluted-
yellow, the suture, a small patch, common to both, behind the scutellum, and two longitudinal
lines on each (of which the inner one is abbreviated, especially in front), being black. Antenjice
(except their basal joint, which is black) pale ferruginous. Le</s slender and black, — the tarsi at
base being dull brownish-ferruginous.

This elegant little siiecies, which is apparently the most truly indigenous, and'
constant in colouring, of all the Madeiran Coccinellce, may be at once recognised
from the remainder by its smaller size and slenderer legs, by its more distinctly
punctulated sm-face, and by the peculiarity of its markings, — the form of which
wUl be best understood by a reference to the Plate. It is exceedingly rare, and
confined to lofty altitvides, — where it occiu's, solely (so far as I have hitherto
observed), on the Genista scoparia, or common Broom, which clothes the uplaiuls
in many of the elevated districts of the island. I first detected it on the Paul da
Serra, July the 3rd, 1850 : and I subsequently met with it at the Cruzinhas ; as
also (dm-ing August) on the Enciuniado exactly opposite to the Pico Euivo (on the
descent from the latter towards Santa Anna), — about 0000 feet above the sea.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 465

Genus 154. SCYMNUS. (Tab. X. fig. 2 et 3.)

Kugelaun, in Sclineid. Mag. 515 (1794).

Corpus parvum, fere ut in Coccinell^, sed minus et pilosum, prothorax et elytra basi latitudine
Eequales. Antennce (X. 3 a) brevissimfe clavatnej articulis primo et seeundo robustis arete
connatis, ad suturam (segre observandam) latitudine aqualibus (illo longiore subflexuoso),
tertio ad septimum gracilibus latitudine vix crescentibus (tertio elongate, quarto ad septimum
brevibus longitudine sequalibus), reliquis clavam magnam elongatam leviter abruptam qiiadri-
articulatam cfficientibus (ultimo paulo angustiore, brevi, ad apieem sub-oblique truncato).
Labrum (X. 3 b), mandibula (X. 3 c), maxilla (X. 3 i), mentum (X. 3 e), ligula et pedes (X. 3/)
fere ut in Coccinella. Palpi maxillares clavati, articulo primo parvo, seeundo et tertio majoribus
crassioribus, ultimo magno subsecuriformi : lahiales filiformes, articulo primo parvo, seeundo et
ultimo subaequalibus (boc subovato apice leviter acuminato).

Scymnus recedes from Coccinella in the smaller size and somewhat more hemi-
spherical form of the insects which compose it (the prothorax being generally a little
broader behind than is the case in that group), and by their more or less pithes-
cent stu'faces. In obscurer details also it offers certaiii distinctive modifications, —
especially in the structm-e of its greatly abbreviated antennse, in which the first
two articulations are so closely connected together, and are of such precisely
similar width at their point of junction, that they have all the appearance of a
single joint ; nor indeed is their line of separation easily perceived without the aid
of a powerful glass. The third moreover (which ia Coccinella is equal to the
following one) is much longer than any of the succeeding (subequal) foiu" ; and the
club is comparatively large and abrupt, with its terminal joint narrower, and less
suddenly truncated at the apex. The antennae are stated by Mulsant to be com-
posed of ten articulations only, but in the two Madeiran species wliich I have
dissected (namely the S. DiirantcB and Limniclioides) there are most certaiolv
eleven. As regards its oral organs, Scymnus is motilded on much the same type
as Coccinella ; nevertheless the ultunate joint both of its maxillary and labial palpi
is slightly different, — the former not being quite so much dilated as in that genvis,
and the latter rather more so (since it is less cylindrical, and not quite so narrow).
The Scymni are not, usually, so brightly coloured as the Coccinellce, many of them
being almost, or even entnely, black. Some however are prettUy marked with red
or yellow patches and stripes, —as is proved by four out of the six representatives
described below.

§ I. Corpus fere liemisplicsricmn ; alis amplis. (Habitant super foliis plantarum, prEesertim in ciiltis.)

357. Scymnus Durantse, WoU.

S. niger, elytro singulo maculis duabus plus minusve distinctis (priore magna obliqua) rufescentibus
ornato, capite, antennis, tibiis tarsisque rufo-ferrugineis.
Mas, protborace dilutiore plus minusve, pedibusque fere omniuo, rufo-ferrugineis.

3o

466 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Fam., prothorace nigra, marginem versus anticum solum rufo-ferrugineo, femorum basi nigrescente.
Var. /3. maculis (in utraque sexu) confluentibus et per elytra dififusis, sutura (prresertim ad seutellum)
solil paulo obscuriore.
Long. Corp. lin. l-l:j.

Habitat in hortis Madcrfc, prajsertim super folia Durantce Plumieri, Linn,, in boreali praedominans :
etiam ad Feijaa de Corte, Augusto ineuntc a.d. 1850, pauca spccimina inveui,

S. black, and exceedingly pubescent. Elytra with two large, more or less distinct patches on each
(the anterior one being the largest, and oblique, — but neither of them extending to the outer
margin) rufous, or rufescent. Head, antennce, tibia and tarsi more or less brightly rufo-
ferruginous.

Male, with the prothorax, and the legs, almost entirely pale rufo-ferruginous.

Female, with the 'pruthorax black, except the anterior margin, and sometimes the extreme lateral
edges, — which are obscure rufo-ferruginous : and with the femora, except at their apex, black.

Var. j3. with the patches of the elytra (in both sexes) enlarged and suffused, — covering more or less
of the entire sm-face, except the suture, which (especially about the region of the seutellum) is
obscurer.

A large and distinct Scymnus, slightly resembling the European ^S*. quadrilunu-
latiis, though receding from it in its greater bulk, broader and rounder outline,
and more pubescent surface, in its differently-formed patches, universally pale
head, and in the more or less ferruginous prothorax of its males. From aU the
varieties of the S. marginalis it may be at once known by its superior size and
somewhat denser pubescence, by the peculiar coloration of its prothorax, and by
the four large blotches of its elytra. It is not an uncommon insect, diu-iug the
svmimer months, especially in the north of the island, — making its appearance
about the latter end of June. In the vicinitv of Funchal it is rather scarce, never-
theless I have taken it sparingly in Aoneyards at a short distance above the town.
In gardens at Sao Vincente, however, it is comparatively common ; where, at the
beginjiing of July 1850, I observed it in profusion on the foliage of the Diiranta
Plumieri and of a species of Hibiscus. Nor indeed is it confined exclusively to
the inhabited districts ; since, in August of the same year, a few specimens occm*red
to me even in the remote region of the Feijaa de C6rte,

358. Scjrmnus marginahs.
S. nigcr, elytro singulo macula magna subtriangulari (ab angulo humcrali fere margiuis medio ad
basin acccdente) rufa ornato, antennis, ore, tibiis tarsisque testaceis.
Mas, paulo minor, capite, prothoracis lateribus, pedibusque omnino, testaceis.
Fcem., capite prothoraceque nigris, femorum basi nigrescente.

Var. |3. maculis (in utroque sexu) per elytra postice diffusis, sutura maculaque magna subtriangulari
basali communi solum nigresceutibus.
Long. Corp. lin. |-1.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 467

Coccinella marginalis, Eossi, Mant. Ins. ii. 87 (1794).

morio, Fab. Syst. Eleu. i. 380 (1801).

marginalis, Gryll. Lis. Siiec. iv. 199 (1827).

Scymnus marginalis, Mulsant, Securip. de France, 244 (1846).

Habitat Maderam australem, in vinetis prope Funchal, testate vulgaris : in ipsa urbe interdum
abundat, qua super plantas Tamiii edulis (anglice " Yam ") iu borto Ecclesise Anglicana; crescentes
mense Augusto a.d. 1850 copiosissime observavi.

S. black, and pubescent. Elytra with a large distinct triangular patcb on eacb (the base of which
extends from the humeral angle almost to the centre of the lateral margin, and the ape.x to about
two-thirds of the distance to the suture) bright rufous. Antenna, upper lip, tibia and tarsi
testaceous.

Male, rather smaller than the female ; with the head, the sides of the prothorax (especially about the
anterior angles), and the entire legs, rufo-testaceous.

Female, with the head and prothorax entirely black (except a very narrow and minute portion, some-
times scarcely perceptible, of the anterior margin of the latter immediately within either angle,
which is testaceous): and with the femora, except at their apex, black.

Var. j3. with the rufous patch of either elytron (in both sexes) suffused behind, so as to cover almost
the entire surface to the apex, — the suture and a large triangular portion about the scutellum being
alone dark. (The head and prothorax with the same sexual distinctions as in the normal state.)

An exceedingly variable species ; though easily recognised from the last one, in
all its phases, by its smaller size, somewhat less densely pubescent surface, and by
its different prothorax, — which appears to retain its peculiarity of colouring for
each sex constant, even whilst the patches of its elytra become suffused. In its
normal state, the large and distinct triangular red spot which arises immediately
below either shoulder will at once suffice to identify it : and even in the paler
specimens there is never any indication of the four blotches which are amongst
the most essential characteristics of the S. Durantce. Whilst that insect appears
to be most abundant in the north of the island, the S. marginalis is more particu-
larly attached to the south, — where it occurs in cultivated places in and around
Funchal, at times in considerable profusion. Like the S. Di(rantcc, it attains its
maximtim during the summer months ; nevertheless I have taken it sparingly, in
the vineyard of the Quinta d'Ambrosio, throughout the winter and spring. As
the season however advances it grows more plentiful ; until, about the beginning
of August, in certain positions it may be literally said to teem. In the garden of
the EngUsh Church, in the Beco das Aranhas, I ,have observed it to be much
attached to the leaves of the Tamnus edulis (more commonly known, in Madeira,
as the " Yam"). It is found in nearly all parts of central and southern Europe;
and is recorded by M. Lucas in Algeria.

359. Scymnus arcuatus.

S. bi-unneo-niger, prothorace vel onmino vel ad latera sola pallido, elytris pallido-biarcuatis (arcubus

interdum confluentibus), antennis pedibusque pallidis.

3o2

468 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Var. u. fere uiger, prothorace ad latera sola pallido, elytris distincte biarcuatis.

Var. /3. brunneo-niger, prothorace pallido in disco obsolete bisignato, elytris distincte biarcuatis,

inter arcus plus miuusve rufescente-castaneis et basi in medio nigrescentibus.
Var.y. brunneo-niger, prothorace in disco nigrescente (i.e. signis conflueutibus), elytris latissime

pallido- arcuatis (i. e. arcubus confluentibus) et basi in medio nigris.
Var. S. ut var. y, sed prothorace in disco bisignato.

Var. s. supra omnino pallidus, prothoracis signis elytrorumque arcubus vix observandis.
Long. Corp. lin. J.

Coccinella arcuata, Eossi, Maiit. Ins. ii. 88 (179i).

, Schon. Si/n. Ins. i. 2. 207 (1808).

Scymnus arcuatus, Mulsant, Se'curip. de France, 245 (1846).

Habitat in hortis circa Funchal, a vere novo usque ad autumnum vulgaris : in rineto Loweano ad
Levada super folia Duranta Plumieri, necnon in horto Ecclesiee Anglicanse (etiam in ipsa ui-be),
supra Musam paradisiacam copiosissime observavi.

S. more or less brownish-black, and pubescent. Prothorax either entirely pale, or else more or less
dark upon the disk. Elijtra with two pale concentric arcs on the hinder cUsk, common to both
(their concavities being turned towards the scutellum) ; the space between the scutellum and the
inner of these curves always darker than the rest of the surface, and in most of the varieties,
except the extremely pale one {var. s), black, and generally bipartite behind; the arcs themselves
very often confluent, in which case they form a single pale arch, exceedingly broad, — in other in-
stances the space between them is more or less chestnut, or rufescent, varying greatly in shade
and intensity : the extreme margin of the elytra towards the apex, with the antenius and leys,
always pale.

Var. a. nearly black, with the edges of the prothorax alone pale; and the arches of the elytra
exceedingly distinct.

Var. /3. brownish-, or chestnut-black ; the prothorax pale, with only two small (and very obscure)
sjjots on the disk darker. Elytra with the arches distinct, but the space between them more
diluted, or rufescent, than in var. a. (Apparently the tyi)ical Madeiran state.)

Var. J. brownish-, or chestnut-black. Prothorax with a rather large and dark patch upon the disk
(the two spots being confluent) ; and the elytra with the jjalc arches also confluent, forming a
single postmedial curve, — exceedingly pale and broad.

Var. 8. like var. y, but with the dark patch on the disk of the prothorax again resolved into two
obscure spots (as in var. /3) .

l^ar. e. altogether pallid above, — the two prothoracic spots, and the arches of the elytra, being
almost evanescent ; the former nevertheless are just perceptibly dai-ker, and the latter very faintly
paler, than the surrounding surface.

Also a very inconstant insect, yet at the same time receding so completely from
the other Scyrnni here described, that there is but little fear of confounding it with
any of them. The two pale concentric cm'ves indeed with which its elytra are
adorned (and which even when suliused into a single broad one do not lose then-
arcuated shape), in conjimction with the almost invariably darker region enclosed
by the inner of these loops at the base of the suture, and, in every instance, the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 469

extremely pallid edges of its protliorax, are of themselves sufficient, prima facie,
to identify it. It is most abundant in idncyards and cultivated grounds near
Funchal, during the spring and summer months, — occurring on divers plants,
though especially the Duranta Flmnieri and the different varieties of Hibisciis.
I have also captm'ed it, in profusion, at the Quinta d'Ambrosio, on the foliage of
the Ficiis stijmlafa, dm'ing the winter; and in Eunchal itself in still greater
numbers (on the gigantic leaves of the Banana, in the garden of the English
Church), in the Beco das Aranhas, — in August. It is a species of Mediterraneail
latitudes, being recorded in the south of Erance, Tuscany and Sicily, but becoming
rare towards the north ; nevertheless it is stated to have been found even in the
vicinity of Paris.

360. Scymnus flavopictus, w^oll. (Tab. X. fig. 2.)

S. piceo-niger, capite prothoraceque (praesertim hoc) rufescentibus, elytris flavo-pictis, antennis pedi-

busque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |-|.

Habitat Maderam, rarior : in hortis prope urbem Funchalensem tempore vernali, necnon ad Lombo
dos Pecegueiros d. 23 Jul. a.d. 1850, parce cepi : in ins. Desertae Borealis tameu abundat, qua
d. 5 Jun. ejusdem anni plurima specimina apricitate volitantia deprehensi.

S. piceous-black, and densely pubescent. Head and prothorax more or less rufescent, the former
generally the darker of the two. Elytra very beautifully ornamented with broken, yellow fasciae,
or patche.s, — the peculiar form of which will be best imderstood by a reference to the Plate.
Antenna and legs testaceous ; the latter with their femora rather dusky.

A very distinct and elegant little Scymnus, and, like the S. I/imnichoides, one of
the most truly indigenous members of the Madeiran Coleoptera, — occurring not
only in gardens near Funchal (where it is extremely rare), but also in remote spots
within the sylvan districts ; and even on the Flat Dezerta, where it is compara-
tively abundant. In the immediate vicinity of Eunchal I have taken it sparingly,
at the Quinta da Silva, during the spring ; and, in the north of the island, in the
almost inaccessible region of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, — where, on the 22nd of
July 1850, 1 brushed it from out of the thick vegetation towards the lower edge of
the Riljeu'o de Joao Delgada. It would seem however to attain its maximum on
the Ilheo Chao, on which extraordinary rock I captured it in considerable numbers,
during my encampment there with the Rev. E-. T. Lowe, early in June of the
same year. It appears, in still weather, to be peculiarly active on the wing, —
under which circumstances most of my Dezertan specimens were obtained. The
almost magical eflFcct of a sudden calm at sea on insects of this description has
been already alluded to*.

* Vide p. 270.

470 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

361. Scymnus mininms.
S. ater, profunde punctulatus, ore, antennis pedibusqiie (fcmorum posteriorum apice nigrescente

excepto) testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. f-vix |.

Coccinella minima, Eossi, Mant. Ins. ii. 89 (1794).

, Gyll. Ins. Siiec. iv. 195 (1827),

Sajmnus ater, Dcj. Cat. (.S'^""^ edit.) ■162 (18-37).

minimus, Mulsant, Securip. de 'France, 260 (1846).

Habitat in hortis vinetisque Madcrse, super folia plantarum, vulgaris : mense Julio ad Lombo dos
Pecegueiros, necnon sero autumno in graminosis humidiusculis ad Curral das Ilomeiras,
observavi.

S. minute, hemispherical, deep black, pubescent and shining, more coarsely and distinctly punctiilated
than the other species. Mouth, antenna, tibice and tarsi testaceous. Femora more or less
obscured towards their apex, especially the hinder ones, — the anterior pair being nearly as pale
as the tibia; and tarsi.

The S. minimus and lAmnichoicles are apparently the only Madeiran Scymni
which are entirely hlack ; nevertheless, receding as they do, hoth in structure and
contoiu', from each other, it is scarcely possible to mistake them inter se. The
former may be at once known by its minute size and hemispherical outline, by its
comparatively shining and evidently punctulated surface, by its intensely dark
hue, and by the slightly obscured apices of its posterior femora. It is an extremely
aliuudant insect near Funchal, in vineyards and other cultivated grounds. In the
Rev. II . T. Lowe's garden at the Leva da I have taken it in the greatest profusion
durmg the spi'ing, — especially on the foliage of the Duranta JPliimieri, to which,
with several of the other species, it is remarkably attached. It is not however
peculiar to the inhaliitcd districts, since, like the S. Durantce and flavojnctits, I
have captured it in remote positions far removed from any traces of civilization.
In the region of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros it was not uncommon in July 1850 ;
and I have brushed it from off the herbage which clothes the mountain-slopes of
the Ctu'ral das Romeiras, diu-ing the autumnal months. It occiu's throughout
the greater portion of Em-ope, from Sweden to the Mediterranean limits.

§ II. Coi'pm ovatum ; alis ohsoletis. (Habitat sub lapidibus in aperto.)

362. Scymnus Limnichoides, Walt. (Tab. X. fig. 3.)

S. niger, prothorace interdum (prsesertim ad latera) picescente, antennis pedibusque pallido-ferrugineis.
Long. corp. lin. *.

Habitat in montosis graminosis Portus Sancti, sub lapidibus Aprili mense a.d. 1848 a meipso repertus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 471

S. ovate, apterous, black (rarely with a piceous tiuge), less shiuing than the S. minimus, very finely
pubescent, and most minutely, closely and delicately punctulated. Prothorax sometimes pices-
cent, especially towards the lateral and anterior edges (the former of which are in nearly all
instances a little diluted in colouring). Antenna and leffs pale ferruginous.

The present insect, although not of a very showy description, is one of the most
indigenous members of oiu* fauna ; whilst in its apterous and ovate body it is the
most anomalous of the Sci/mni here described. In its mode of life moreover it
recedes from the rest of the genus with which we have to do, — since it occui-s
(not on the foliage of plants and trees, but) in exposed grassy spots beneath stones.
In its general contour and texture, it is at first sight strongly suggestive of the
Lwinichi, — a deception which is even further carried out by the singularity of its
habits, in which it approximates that group very closely. Like most species in
which the powers of dissemination are vmusually limited, it is exceedingly local,
being found solely, so far as I am aware, on the mountain- slopes of Porto Santo ;
and even there I have hitherto only detected it on the single ridge which connects
the Pico do CasteUo with the Pico de Eacho, — where, in April of 1848, I met
with it in considerable numbers. During two subsequent residences in the island
I was unable to procure more, and it must therefore be regarded as one of the
rarest of the Madeiran Coleoptera.

Genus 155. RHYZOBIUS.

Stephens, ///. Brit. Eiit. iv. 39(3 (1831).

Cor/JMS parvum, ellipticum, couvexum, pilosum : w/-o//io?-«ce transverse, postice elytrorum vix latitiidine :
prostenio, mesosterno eli/tiisqu.e fere ut in Scymno : alis vix amplis. Antenncs longiores quam
Scymno, clavatse, articulis primo et secundo (illo prsecipue) robustis (hoc breviore cylindrico),
tertio ad octavum gracilibus (tertio elongato, quarto ad octavum subsequalibus), reliquis clavam
magnam elongatam gracilem efficientibus (none et decimo ad apicem internum productis, unde-
cimo ad externum truncato) . Instrumcnta ciharia et pedes fere ut in Scymno, sed ligula apice
leviter emarginata, in parte mediji tenuissime membranacea, et pedes longiores.

Rhyzobiiis differs from Scymnus in its more elliptical outHne, longer legs, and in
the structiu'e of its antennae, — which are considerably less abbreviated than those
of that group, and have a slender, triarticulate, and internally serrated club, as
well as their first and second joints (instead of being of similar breadth and closely
connected together) formed almost exactly as in Coccinella. The third antennal
joint however is elongated, as in the true Scymni ; but, on account of the clava
being merely /^'/articvdate, the following five (instead of four) are in the present
genus subequal. Two species only (namely the common B. litiira, and the disci-
macula of Mulsant) have been hitherto recorded, the habits of which (like those of
the Coryloj)Md(B) display a closer attachment to the smaller than to the larger
plants, — particularly to Monocotylcdonous ones, about the roots and stems of
which they are principally to be found.

472 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

363. Rhyzobius litura.

R. testaceus, abdomine nigro, elytris vcl ultra medium nigro-fasciatis, vel omnino immaculatis.

Far. /3. rufo-testaceus, elytris obscurioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1 j-li.

Mfidula litura, Fab. Manf. Ins. i. 52 (1787).
Ehyzehius litura, Stepli. 77/. Brit. Ent. iv. 396 (1831).
Nundina litura, Dej. Cat. (3*^-°' edit.) 462 (1837).
Rhizohiui litura, Mulsant, Securip. de France, 262 (1846).

Habitat in insulis Maderensibus, ad graminum radices vel sub lapidibus, ubique \-ulgaris : var. ^. ad
Desertam Grandem priecipue pertinet.

R. elliptical, testaceous, slightly shining, and pubescent. Head and prothorax immaculate. Elytra
with an arcuated interrupted fascia, common to both, a little beyond the middle (but which
however is sometimes altogether obsolete), black. Abdomen blackish. Antenna and legs scarcely
paler than the rest of the surface.
Var. /3. rufo-testaceous ; with the elytra a good deal clouded, or obscured.

A common insect, at the roots of grass and beneath stones, in nearly all the
islands of the group, especially at intermediate altitudes. It is, nevertheless,
found occasionally even on the level of the shore, — ^under which circumstances it
occurs in Porto Santo, amongst Arundo doiiax, on the loose sand behind the sea-
beach. The specimens {cur. /3.) from the Dezerta Grande are rather darker in
colotu'ini? than the Madeiran ones. It is abundant throughout the whole of
Europe, the north of Africa, and in the Canaries. The Madeiran state differs in
no respect from the ordinary one, except that it is perhaps a little more pubescent.

Fam. 43. CORYLOPHID^.

Genus 156. CLYPEASTER. (Tab. X. fig. 4.)

(.Viidersch, in Dej. Cat. A.D. 1821) Eedtenbacher, Fna Austr. 572 (1849).

Corpus minutum, ovale, pubescens, subdepressum : prothorace amplo semi-ovato, ad basin eh'trorum
latitudine, angulis posticis rectis, ad lutcra ct (prajsertim) antice valde explanato-producto (caput
oniuiuo tegcnte) : elytris apice truncatis (anguhs suturalibus subrotuudatis) : alis amplissimis
ciliatis. Antenrus (X.4a) prothoracis longitudinc, valde clavata;, articulis primo et secundo (illo
prsecipue) elongatis robustis, inde ad sextum minutis longitudine suba;qualibus latitudine levitcr
crcscentibus, septimo et octavo latioribus transversis, rcliquis clavam magnam subfissilcm tri-
articulatam efficientibus (nono magno semigloboso, decimo brevi transverso, undecimo buic vix
longiore sed paulo angustiore et apice valde truncato). Labrum (X. 4i) magnum coriaceum
transversum, antice Icviter bilobum. Mandibulce (X. 4 c) validic lata;, apice dentibus tribus vel
quatuor armata;, intus membrana angusta auctse.. Maxilla (X. 4 d) lobo singula recto angusto
(ad apicem tri- vel quadri-uncinato) instracts {interna obsoleto). Palpi breves crassi ; niaxillares
fusiformes, articulo primo parvo, secundo et tertio majoribus incrassatis, ultimo paulo longiore

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 473

conico ; labiales (X. 4 e) brevissimi, articulo primo paiTO, secundo et ultimo majoribus iucrassatis
(illo subclavato, hoc subtransverso-globoso). Ligida vLx membi-anacea, ampla, subquadrata, apice
leviter dilatato subcorneo integro. Pedes (X. 4/) longiusculi subcontractiles graciles : tibiis
intus calcari apicali niinuto arniatis : tarsis (vix pseudoti-imcris, nam articulus secundus baud
bUobus est, — tantum, una cum articulo primo, subtus productus et pilosus) 4-articulatis, articulo
primo longiusculo, secundo paulo breviore, tertio parvo (nee minutissimo), ultimo longissimo
subclavato.

The little assemblage of insects usually kno-^VTi as the Clypeastres (but which I
would rather designate the Corylophidce) is one of the most interesting within the
whole range of the Coleoptera ; and whilst, on the one hand, it is manifestly akia to
the Coccinellce, it nevertheless makes an almost equal approach, on the other, towards
the modifications attendant on Leiodes, — the passage to them being very gradually
effected by means of such genera as Glceosoma and OrtJwpenis, in which (although
their tetramerous feet, and the majority of theii- details, show them to be more
immediately related to the present family) the sub-exserted head, and the glabrous
convexer bodies, in conjunction with the minuteness of the second articulation of
the clava*, and the less produced edges of the pronotum, are abundantly sufficient
to betray an Anisotomideous tendency. The simple tarsi, moreover, and the great
instability in the number of the antennal joints, of the species which compose it
{Clypeaster alone possessing eleven, whUst ArthroUps, Sericoderus and Gloeosoma
have ten, and Corrjlopliiis and Orthoperus merely nine), are even further suggestive
of a movement iia that dii-ection, — a like variation, as regards the latter, con-
stituting one of the most prominent features of those groups. Although thus
however displaying, to a certain extent, points of similarity both with the Fseiido-
trimera and the Anisotomidce, it exhibits at the same time many structural
peculiarities of its own (amongst which the narrow apicaUy-denticvilated outer,
and the obsolete inner, lobes of its maxillae, its thickened fusiform palpi, and its
subcrenulated mandibles are perhaps the most important) ; whilst even externally
the members would seem to be no less clearly defined, — since their diminu.tive bulk
and eminently ciu'sorial habits (in which they recede from the Coccinellw entirely),
in connection with their enormously developed wings and the expanded margin of
then* prothorax, combine in giiing them a very remarkable character (in some
respects even approximating the Trichopterygia, with which indeed Sericoderus
especially has much in common).

Touching the genera inter se, there is but little fear of confounding theii' distinc-
tions,— each of them being particularly well marked. Apart from obscurer
minutiae (which -^vill be best gathered by a reference to the Plate), Clypeaster may
be readily known by its more parallel, or oblong, outline, less abbreviated legs,

* This reduction in size of tlie second joint of the antennal club (or the fourth one fi'om the extre-
mity), which constitutes so marked a featm-e in the Anisotomidce, and ^vhich, as above stated, is strongly
expressed in Qloeosoma and Orthoperus, is also very distinctly iudicated in Coryloplius, — a circumstance
which is worthy of remark, since that genus may be said to be the most typical one of the present family.

3p

i74 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

and by the robustness of its eleven-articulated antennse, — -n-hich, it will be per-
ceived, not only differ in the number, but likewise in the proportions of their joints
(of which, those from the thu"d to the eighth arc of nearly the same length but
gradually increase in breadth, wliilst the terminal three make up an extremely
large, abrupt and internally subfissile club). The penultimate articulation, also,
of its feet, although small, is not so minute as is the case either in Sericoderus or
A^'throlips.

364. Clypeaster pusiUxis. (Tab. X. fig. 4.)

C. ovalis subdepressus nigro-fuscus pubescens et punctulatus, prothoracis limbo antico pallido sub-

pellucido, antennis ferrugineis, pedibus testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. §.

Cossyphus pimllus, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 576 (1810).
Clypeoiter pusiUus, Germ. Fna Col. Eur. fasc. ^iii. 10 (1822).
-, Eedt. Fna Austt: 572 (1849).

Habitat in graminosis IMaderse (pra-sertim borcalis), restate non infrequciis : in castanetis Sanctje
Anna: et Sancti Vincentii nicnsc Jiiuio abundat ; necnon in ins. Dcscrta; Grandis Maio cxeunte
A.D. 1850 exemplar unicum invcni.

C. oval, rather depressed above, but convex beneath, dusky- or blaekish-browu, very slightly shining,
pubescent, and rather coarsely punctulated. Pruthurax large and semi-ovate (its sides being
almost parallel behind, and its posterior angles nearly right angles) ; testaceous in front, where
it is also somewhat transparent. Elytra with their extreme apex usually a little diluted in
colouring (occasionally almost testaceous). Antenna ferruginous, with their apical region gene-
rally darker. Leffs dull testaceous.

The larger size and more oval or parallel outline of the present insect, in con-
junction with its browner hue, its somewhat duller and more depressed siu'face,
and its coarser punctuation, would be at once sufficient, even in the aljsence of
structural characters, to distinguish it from Artlirolips. It is not uncommon in
Madeira, though apparently more abundant towards the northern than the southern
coast, — occurring in grassy spots, beneath trees, diu-ing the spring and summer
mouths. In Jvme and July of 1850 I took it in profusion in the chestnut-woods
of Santa Anna and Sao Vinccnte, especially the former ; as also imder similar
cu'cumstances, though more sparingly, at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros : and I
likewise captured a specimen on the Dezerta Grande (in company with a host of
the Artlirolips piceum), during my encampment on that island with the Rev.
R. T. Lowe, late in May of the same year. It is foimd throughout the greater
portion of Em-ope, but has not yet been observed in our o\w\ coimtry*. The

* Since the above was written, a single specimen has been detected in England, — captured by myself"
at Spridlington near Lincoln (a locality in which, singularly enough, another Madciran insect, of the
greatest rarity in the British Isles, though existing on the continent, namely the Hahrocerus eapiUari-
coriiis, has been recently obtained).

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 475

Madeiran specimens are more deeply punctured than their representatives from
higher latitudes, — with which in all other respects however they exactly coincide.

Genus 157. ARTHROLIPS, Woll. (Tab. X. fig. 6.)

Corpus minutissimum, ovatum antice subacuminatum, pubescens, subconvexum : prothorace minore
(vix semf-ovato), ad basin elytrorum latitudine, angulis posticis subrectis, ad latera et (prsesertim)
antice valde subrecui-vo-producto (caput omnino tegeute) : elytris apice truncatis (angulis sutu-
ralibus rotundatis) : alis (X. 6^) amplissimis ciliatis. Antenna (X. 6 «) protborace breviores,
lO-articulatae, clavatfe, articulis primo et secundo (illo prfecipue) elongatis robustis, inde ad
sextum gracilibus latitudine sequalibus (tertio elongate, reliquis brevissimis transversis), septimo
paulo majore, reliquis clavam magnam elongatam laxam perfoliatam triarticulatani efficientibus
(octavo subovato apice tnmcato, nono vix breviore transverso, decimo paulo longiore ovali).
Instrument a cibaria fere ut in genere prpecedenti, sei labritm (X. 6 b) antice integrum; mandibuhe
(X. 6 c) et maxillce (X. 6 d) ad apicem fortius denticulatse {illis intus profunde sinuatis et mem-
brana ampliore instructis) ; palpi labiaJes articulo secundo majore crassiore ; et ligula ampla,
ad apicem recte truncata et minus robusta. Pedes (X. 6/) paulo breviores : tibiis apice (nisi
fallor) ecalcaratis : tarsis articulo tertio minutiore, quarto fortius clavato et unguiculis majoribus
munito.

Ab apdpov artus, et XeiTTo) relinquo.

The insect for which I have proposed the name of Arthrolips is referred by
M. Redtenbacher to Gryphimis (i. e. Sericodenis of Stephens, — the correct title as
regards priority) ; but it appears to me to constitute an exceedingly well-marked
genus between it and Clypeaster, partaking ahnost equally of the structiu-al
characteristics of them both, though in general affinity approaching the second
more than the first. It is true that its 10-articulated antennse might of them-
selves incline us to associate it with Sericodenis ; yet it entirely wants the largely-
developed prothorax, with the greatly-produced hinder angles, which are there so
conspicuous, — whilst in its habits, contour, coloviring and texture it approximates
so much nearer to Clypeaster, that I cannot but believe it to be unnatural to force
its union, on account of the reduction of its antennal joints, with the former (from
which in so many of its primary featui-es it altogether recedes) : and hence, if it
must be appended to either, I would rather widen the definitions of the latter,
so as to allow of its admission there, than consent to the other alternative. In real
fact however it seems to offer discrepancies abundantly sufficient to warrant its
isolation from them both, — since the modifications of its antennse and mouth as
much forbid its junction with. Clypeaster as its outward structure and aspect do
with Sericoderns.

The trophi of most of the Corylopliidce are moulded on nearly the same plan ;
and indeed, were this not so, their microscopic dimensions would entkely preclude
the employment of them for practical purposes, — and hence it becomes doubly
necessary that the external characters at any rate should be so far apparent as to
be at once appreciable for ordinary investigation. Tortunately this is the case

3p2

476 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

with the diminutive insects of which the present family is composed, — since their
general lineaments, in connexion ^vdth the great variety displayed both in the
num1)er and proportions of their antenna! joints, at once afford a series of com-
binations which may be readily grasped.

Apart fi-om the distinctive peculiarities of its oral organs (wliich, though trivial,
do nevertheless exist, — as a comparison of the respective figures, and a glance at
the above diagnosis, will easily demonstrate), Arthrolips may be known from
Chjpeaster by its inferior size, otate and more anteriorly acuminated body, and by
its shorter antennfe and legs, — the former of which, like those of Sericodcnis* ,
are 10-articulate, and have the five minute joints between the second and the club
of subequal breadth (the first of them however being perceptibly longer, and the
last altogether a trifle larger, than the intervening three), and the clava itself
loose, elongated and perfoliate : whilst from Sericoderus it may be recognised by
its totally different configuration, — its prothorax being small, comparatively narrow,
and with the posterior angles nearly right angles ; whereas the prothorax of that
genus is enormously developed (being considerably -^^-ider than the elytra), and has
its basal angles, as in many of the Ptiliadce, immensely lengthened and acute. In
Arthrolips and Chjpeaster moreover the body is somewhat depressed above and
roimded beneath, the colour is dark, with the front edge of the pronotum (which
is slightly elevated) alone pale, and the elytra (especially of the former) are sub-
obliquely truncated at their extremity (each of them being a little Ijlunted, or
dehiscent, at the suture) ; whereas Sericoderus is convex on the upper side and
flattened on the under, its surface is sericeous and of a uniformly pallid hue, the
anterior margin of its pronotum has no tendency to be recurved, and its elytra are
terminated straightly (the inner angles being right angles).

365. ArthroUps piceiun. (Tab. X. fig. 6.)

A. ovatum subconvexiim nigrum pubescens et subtilissime punctulatum, prothoracis limbo antico
pallido subpellucido, anteniiis pedibusque diluto-testaceis.

Long, coi-p. lin. \.

Cli/peasfer 2>!ceus, (Kimze) Comolli, De Col. Nov. 50 (1837).

ohscurus, Dej. Cat. (3'*»« edit.) 455 (1837).

piceus, Lucas, Col. de VAlgerie, 551 (1849).

Grifphinus piceus, Eedt. Fna Austr. 574 (1849).

Habitat Maderam, rarius, a cl. Dom. Heer adPraya Formoza prope Funchal mense Februario a.d. 1851
detectum : in Deserta Grandi tamen abundat, qua Male exeuntc a.d. 1850 copiosissime coUegi.

* Although possessing the same number of joints, the antennje of Arthrolips and Sericoderus are never-
theless not altogether coincident,— since the third articulation is distinctly longer in the former genus
than in the latter ; ;vhilst the terminal one has no appearance in Arthrolips of the oblique truncation
which is so evident in Sericoderus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA.

477

A. ovate (being slightly rounded at the sides, and rather li.rrower before than behind), somewhat
more convex than the Chjpeaster pusillus, also much blacker and rather more shining, and
most minutely punctulated,— the punctures being scarcely perceptible (especially on the pro-
thorax) except beneath the microscope. Prothorax rather smaller than in that insect, being
scarcely semi-ovate (and therefore with its sides not so parallel behind) ; testaceous in front,
where (as in that species) it has also a tendency to be somewhat transparent. Elytra with the
punctures rather more perceptible than on the prothorax; and with their extreme apex usually
more or less diluted in colouring. Antenna and leffs diluted-testaceous.

Apart from its generic distinctions, which have been fuUy pointed out, the
present insect may be easily recognised from the last by its smaUer and more
ovate body, somewhat blacker, brighter, and less depressed surface, and by the
excessive delicacy of its punctuation,— which is altogether imperceptible except
under a powerful glass. It is perhaps a trifle more pubescent and less shining
than the more northern type ; and its punctures, even though thus minute, are, if
anything, a Httle more evident. It is apparently scarcer throughout Europe
generally than the Chjpeaster pitslllus, being ahnost peculiar to, central and
southern latitudes. In Madeu-a proper it would seem to be rare, the only
specimen which I have seen having been captm-ed by Professor Heer of Zui'ich, in
February of 1851, at the Praya Formoza near Punchal. On the Dezerta Grande
however it abounds,— where, at the end of May 1850, I took it in considerable
numbers, on the outer canvass of my tent (running rapidly in the hot sunshine),
in company with the Europs impressicollis, and other species which have been
abeady noticed. It is recorded by M. Lucas in Algeria.

Genus 158. SERICODERUS.

Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. ii. 188 (1828).

Corpus minutissimum,obovatum antice obtusum, sericeo-pubescens, convexum: prothorace ^m^Msmno
subluniformi, ad basin elytris latiore, angulis posticis valde productis acutissimis elytra amplec-
tentibus, ad latera et (prassertim) antice valde decurvo-producto (caput omnino tegente) : elytris
apice truncatis (angulis suturalibus rectis) : alis amplissimis ciliatis. Antenna prothoracis Ion-
gitudiue, lO-articulatffi, graciles, clavatae, articulis fere ut in genere praecedenti, sed tertio paulo
breviore, et decimo ad apicem externum oblique truncato. Instrumenta dbaria et pedes fere ut in
genere pr^cedente, sed tibice apice calcari minutissimo armatse.

The structm-al characteristics of Sericoderus have been already mentioned,— its
short, blunt and anteriorly-dilated oiitline, convex, sericeous upper sm-face and
paUid hue, in conjunction with the enormously produced hinder angles of its
greatly developed prothorax, its straightly terminated elytra (the sutural angles
bemg right angles), and its comparatively slender antennae (the third joint of
which is'' not perceptibly elongated, whilst the apical one is obliquely lopped off at
its outer extremity), constituting the main distinctive features which separate it

478 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

from Arthrolips. In its general contour and extremely cursorial habits,, it is a
genus wliicli has much the appearance, at first sight, of an Acrutriclds, or Tri-
chopteryx; nor indeed is this resemblance a mere analogical one, since in its
immensely large and ciliated wings, the peculiar formation of its prothorax, and
ill the straight truncation of its elytra, as well as (along mth the rest of the
CorylophklcB) in its tetramerous, simple feet, I am inclined to believe that it
may possess some real affinity (albeit perhaps not a very intimate one) with that
group. Like the Trichopterygia, moreover, it is especially found in fimgi, or else
beneath moist and decaying vegetable substances; whereas its immediate aUies
are more peculiarly attached to grassy spots, — harbouring between the outer
envelope and the stems of Monocotyledonous plants, particularly those of the
JtmcacecB and Graminece.

366. Sericoderus lateralis.
S. obovatus (antice obtusus) convexus rufo-testaceus sericeo-pubescens et fere impunctatus, prothorace
lato antice in medio nigrescente, elytris vix obscurioribus, antennis pedibusque pallido-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. i.

Cossyplius lateralis, (Megerle) Gyll. Ins. Suec. iv. 516 (1827).
Sericoderus tlioracicus, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. ii. 188 (1828).
Chjpeaster Hindus, Dej. Cat. (3'^"= edit.) 455 (1837).
Ori/phinus lateralis, Eedt. Fna Austr. 573 (18i9).

Habitat in humidiusculis Maders, sub foliis arborum dejectis vul inter licheues, ab urbe Funchalensi
usque ad 4000' s. m. asceudens.

S. short and obovate (being broad and obtuse in front), more convex than either Clypeaster or Arthro-
lips, of a pale (more or less livid) testaceous hue, — the prothorax however being always of a
clearer (or more rufescent) colour than the elytra, which are generally moreover a little infus-
cated; shining, densely clothed with silken pubescence, and almost impunctate. Prothorax very
large and wide, with its hinder angles much acuminated ; and with a rounded blackish cloud in
the middle of its anterior margin, — which however is rather increased in intensity perhaps by the
semi-transparency of the surface, which allows the head (over which the spot is placed) to be (as
in the preceding two genera) just traceable (or, at any rate, its position) from above. Elytra
less shining and more pubescent than the prothorax ; and much truncated at their extremity.
Antenna and leys pale-testaceous.

A tolerably common species in Madeira, from abnost the level of the sea-shore
to the altitude of about 4000 feet. I have taken it fi-om out of fungi, during tlie
winter and spring montlis, in the Rev. R. T. Lowe's garden near Fuuchal ; in
tlie chestnut-woods of Santa i\jina and Sao Vincente, and in the lofty region of the
Lombo das Vacas, in June ; at the Lombo dos Pecegueii'os, in July ; and at the
Feijaa de C6rte and the Ribeu-o Frio, in August. It is found tlu-oughout the
greater portion of Em-ope, though more abundant in central and ^Mediterranean
latitudes than towards the north. In om- own country it is extremely rare, but it
is apparently less scarce in Ireland. Mr. Stephens, although in possession of the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 4.79

Marshamian collection, has cited as its synonym the ScaphkUum clubium of
Marsliam, — which is a totally different insect (being the Clamhus Enshamenfiis of
"VVestwood, and the genus Calyptomerus of Redtenbacher, though in all probability
distinct specifically from his C. aljjestris).

Genus 159. CORYLOPHUS. (Tab. X. fig. 9.)

(Leacli) Steph. Man. Brit. Col. 99 (1839).

Corpus minutissimum, rotundato-ovatum, glabrum, convexum : proihorace amplo semicirculari, ad
basin elytroriim latitudine, angulis posticis levitcr productis acutis, ad latera et (pr^sertim)
antice valde subdeciirvo-producto (caput omnino tegente) : elytris apice leviter truncatis (angulis
suturalibus vix rotundatis) : alis (in typicis sat amplis ciliatis, sed in specie Maderensi) obsoletis.
Antenna (X. 9 a) protborace paulo longiores, Q-articulata;, graciles, leviter et faciliiis clavatfe,
articulis primo et secundo robustis (illo longissimo, boc ])aulo breviore graciliore subclavato),
tertio quartoque gracilioribus latitudine pequalibus (illo hoc paulo longiore), quinto leviter cras-
siore, sexto minutissimo transverse, reliquis clavam elongatam minus abruptam triarticulatam
effieientibus (none majore ovato, ad apicem externum oblique truncate). Latirum (X. 9 A)
magnum transverso-subquadi-atum, apice integrum. Mandibulm (X. 9 c) validsE latae, apice In-
tegra;, margine interne minutissime crenulato. Maxilla (X. 9 d), palpi (X. 9 rf et 9 e), ligula
(X. 9 e) et pedes (X. 9/) fere ut in Sericodero, sed maxillarum lobus paulo brevier et minus
rectus, palporum maxillarium articulus secundus crassior et extus setosus, et tibia antica (X. 9/)
ad apicem internum, prjesertim in maribus (?), incurvo-productse.

Corijloplius, which I would regard as the type of the present family, may be
known by its more rounded outline, convex and glal^rous upper surface, by its
nearly semicircular prothorax, less posteriorly-truncated elytra, and by the curved
inner angle (a peculiarity which is especially apparent in the males, ?) of its two
front tibia?. Its mandibles moreover are minutely crenulated along their entire
length (a structure which is only just indicated in a few of the allied forms) ; and
the second articulation of its maxillary palpi is greatly thickened, — particularly at
its external apex, where it is also beset with long and robust bristles. Its antennae
however afford the most tangil)le distinctive characters, being (like those of
Orthopems, with which in proportions moreover they almost exactly coincide) only
9-jointed. Cori/lojihns, Orthoperm and Glceosoma, indeed, were it not for the
additional articulation possessed l^y the latter, would be very similar in this respect,
— since their antennae are not only move g^Hulually clavated than is the case in the
other genera, but the club in each of them may be said to commence at the fiftli
joint from the extremity (the foui-th one being extremely minute, as in many of
the Anisotomidce). As a further proof of the affinity of the three groups in ques-
tion, we may appeal to the shape of their anterior tibioe,— which not only have (as
already stated) their inner angle incurved (very evidently so in one sex, probably
the male), but are themselves, also, slightly arcuated (a singularity which must
stm further tend to establish their relation with the members of the following

480 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

family). The only European Corylophus is the C. cassidoides, Marsham, — ^from
which the Madeiran representative, apart from its numerous other specific
features, which wUl be at once gathered from the diagnosis, differs in being entu-ely
apterous,

367. Corylophus tectifonnis, WoJl. (Tab. X. fig. 9.)

C. rotundato-ovatus convexus piceus glaber minutissime granulatus et punctis vix observandis ad-
spersus, prothorace interdum subrufescentiore, limbo antico late pallido subpellucido, antennis
pedibusque diluto-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. vix |.

Habitat in humidis Maderfe, per regionem sylvaticam, sestate rarior : inter plantas Pteridis aqnilina
ad Lombo das Vacas nasceutes die solstitiali a.d. 1850 primus inveni; necnon mense Julio ad
Lombo dos Pecegueiros atque in locis similibus ad Ribeiro Frio Augusto iueunte ejusdem anni
cepi.

C. rounded-ovate, convex, piceous, slightly shining, entirely free from pubescence, most minutely and
closely granulated, and with very delicately impressed points intermixed (both the granules and
punctures being imperceptible except beneath the microscope) . Prothorax nearly semicircular,
with its hinder angles slightly acuminated ; somewhat more rufescent than the ehira ; and with
its lateral and anterior margins (which have a slight tendency to be somewhat transparent)
broadly testaceous. Elytra with the punctures rather more perceptible than those of the pro-
thorax. Antenna and legs diluted-testaceous, — the tarsi being exceedingly pale.

A very large and distinct Corylophus, being one of the most truly indigenous of
the Coleopterous inhabitants of these islands, — and receding, as has been ah-eady
mentioned, from the generic type in being apterous. It differs from the C. cassi-
doides of Marsham (the only European member of the group) in its much greater
bulk, somewhat less shining and more evidently sculptured surface, in its dark
piceous hue, more straightly truncated elytra (the sutm-al angles Ijeing con-
siderably rounded off in that insect, whereas here they are nearly right angles),
and in its longer antennte. It is exceedingly rare, or at any rate local, being con-
fined to the dense ravines of intermediate and lofty altitudes, — where it is usually
to be met with amongst the rankest vegetation and in the dampest spots. Thus,
during the srmimer of 1850, I brushed it from off wet fern in the almost inaccess-
ible region of the Lombo das Vacas, in Jvme ; as also, imdcr sunilar circumstances,
at the Lombo dos Pecegueii-os, in July ; and at the Eibeii-o Frio, by the moist
edges of the Levada, in August.

Genus 160. GLCEOSOMA, WoU. (Tab. X. fig. 7.)

Corpus minutissimum, rotundato-ovatum, glabrum, convexum : prothorace sub-semicirculari, anticc
leviter truncato-emargiiiato (caput vix omnino tcgente), ad basin elytrorum latitudine, anguiis
posticis leviter productis acutis : elytris apice rotundatis vix truncatis (anguiis suturalibus rectis) :

TNSECTA MADERENSIA. 481

alls (nisi fallor) obsoletis. Antennm (X. 7 a) prothorace paulo longiores, 10-articulatse, sat
robusta;, leviter et facilius clavatse, articulis primo et secundo (illo pnecipue) elongatis robustis,
tertio paulo breviore graciliore, quarto quintoque minutissimis transversis, sexto majore crassiore,
septimo minuto intus aagiilato, reliquis clavam elongatam minus abruptam triarticulatam efficien-
tibus (decimo ovato). Labrum, mandibulas lii/ulamqne baud observav-i. Maxilla (X. 7 b) lobo
singula angusto, apicem versus angustissimo acutissimo simplice, instructse ; interna vel externa
(forte hoc, sed eerte dicere baud potui) obsoleto. Palpi fusiformes valde incrassati ; maxillares
articulo prime parvo, secundo maximo inflate, tertio et ultimo minutis ; labiales (X. 7 c) articulo
primo parvo, secundo ut in maxillaribus amplissimo, ultimo minutiore subovato. Pedes valde
cursorii : tibiis anticis {\.7d) subcurvatis, ad apicem internum leviter incurvo-productis : tar sis
4-articulatis, articulis primo et secundo longiusculis crassiusculis subsequalibus, tertio mmuto,
ultimo longissimo subclavato.

A y\oio<; IjeviSj et awfia corpus.

In their comparatively rounded outline and glabrous siu-faces, as well as in the
minute second joint of their clava, and the curved apex of their two anterior tibise,
the present genus and the last one are coincident; nevertheless Glceosoma
displays many peculiarities which CorijlopJms does not, — amongst which its very
convex body, the almost unproduced edges of its pronotum (the front margin
being a little truncated, or scooped out, so as not entirely to conceal the head),
added to its 10-articulated antennae and eminently cursorial habits, are perha])s
the most important. Considering the diminutive size of the insect on which the
genus is founded, it is not surprising that the unique example, which has been so
skilfully drawn and dissected by Mr. Westwood, should have proved insufficient
for the detection of the whole of its oral organs. Nevertheless, its maxillae and
palpi are quite perceptible enough to attest its close relationship to Orthopems and
Coryloplius, were indeed further evidence of its affinities necessary than that which
its limbs and general outward contour so abundantly supply. It is curious how-
ever to remark how the enlargement of the second joint of the palpi, which iu
Coryloplius extends only to the maxiUary and in Arthr'olips to the labial ones, is
here carried out in both, — and moreover to such an extent that it would seem
(especially in the maxillary paii-) to monopolize almost the entire palpus (thus
constituting, in conjunction with the extremely acute, aciculated single lobe of its
maxillfe, the most distinctive feature possessed). Throughout aU the Madeiran
Coleoptera there is certainly no form more interesting than Glceosoma, or which
tends to establish affinities more significant ; for whilst, in some respects, it has so
much in common with even the typical Corylophklce, it nevertheless assimilates so
closely, in others, many of the early members of the Anisotomidce, that, at first
sight, it might be almost questioned to which of the families it ought strictly to be
referred. Upon the whole, however, it is I think more akin to Orthopems than to
anything else ^ith which I am acquainted ; though, at the same time, its 10-
articulated antennce and marvellously cursorial natm-e wiU, apart from other
characters prima facie apparent, at once separate it from that group (in which

3q

■^

482 JNSECTA MADERENSIA.

the antennal joints are but nine in number and the movements comparatively
sluggish).

368. Gloeosoma velox, WuU. (Tab. X. fig. 7.)

G. rotundato-ovatum valde convexum castaneum glaberrimum et fere impunctatum, prothorace rufes-

centiore, antennis pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Long. Corp. liu. vix ^.

Habitat Maderam rarissime, semel tantum (sub lapide ad Praya Formoza prope Funchal, d. 8 Mail
A.D. 1848) detectum.

G. rounded-ovate, very convex, of a reddish-chestnut hue, shining, entirely free from pubescence, most
minutely and closely granulated, and with exceedingly shallow and most delicately impressed
punctui'es intermixed on the elytra*, though not apparently on the prothorax (this peculiarity of
sculpture being only distinguishable beneath the microscope). Prothorax nearly semicircular,
nevertheless slightly notched or excavated in front, so as to allovr the head to be partially exposed ;
convex, somewhat rufescent, being of a paler and clearer colour than the base of the elytra
(though not than the apex, — which is also diluted in colouring). Antennm and legs pale diluted
testaceous.

Apparently of the greatest rarity, the unique example from which the above
description has been compiled having been captured by myself, from beneath a
stone, at the Praya Formoza near Fimchal, on the 8th of May 1848, — where I
have since often searched for it, but in vain. It ran with the most amazing
velocity (a peculiarity which may perhaps, in conjunction with its excessively
minute size, be one of the principal reasons why all subsequent investigations have
hitherto failed in detecting more).

Sectio XI. ATRACHELIA.
Fam. 44. ANISOTOMID^.

Genus 161. STAGONOMORPHA, Woll. (Tab. X. fig. 8.)

Corpus minutissimuiu, orbiculato-ovatum, glaberrimum, valde convexum : capite permagno lato, ad
pectus inter otium arete ap])licato (quarc insectum globulum seminulumve simularc potest) ;
oculis magnis rotundatis : prothorace amplo laio transverso, antice leviter emarginato, angulis

* When viewed beneath a high microscopic power this elytra! sculpture is of a very pecuHar natm-e,
each of the small shallow " punctures " appearing to be composed in reality of two (at least, if not of
more) excessively minute impressed lines, so arranged as to form an angle (pointing in the opposite direc-
tion to the prothorax), — whicli, in coujuuetiouwith the closely-set and still more delicate uuder-gramda-
tions, has the effect of roughening the entire surface.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 483

(sed prsesertim posticis) rotundatis : smtello magno lato subtriangulari : elytris brevibus, apice
fere integris : alls obsoletis. Antenna (X. 8 a) prothoracis lougitudiue, clavatre, ante oculos
(sed ab illis siibremotse) insertse, articulis primo et secundo valde robustis (illo paulo majore),
inde ad octavum gracilibus latitudine subfequalibus, longitudine (a tertio longiusculo) paulatim
decrescentibus, reliquis clavam magnam abruptam triarticulatam efficientibus (imdecimo subovato,
ad apicem valde truncato). Labrmn (X. 8i) membranaceum subquadratum, antice leviter bilo-
bum. MandibulcE (X. 8 c) basi latae, apice robustse comese acutissimse incurvse, infra apicem dente
parvo obtuso instructs. Maxilla (X. 8 d) loho singula recto intus dense ciliato instructse, margine
exteriore magis robusto et apice leviter producto acutissimo. Paljn maxillares fusiformes, articulo
primo parvo, secundo et tertio magnis crassis (hoc illo paulo longiore), ultimo graciliore cylin-
drico : labiates (X. 8 e) subclavati, articulo primo parvo, secundo et ultimo magnis crassis (hoc
paulo majore et ad apicem suboblique truncato). Mentum subtriangulare, antice valde trun-
catum emarginatum. Ligula elongata, antice tenuissime membranacea et leviter biloba. Pedes
breves subcontractiles : tibiis anticis (X. 8/) subcurvatis, pone apicem externum dente minutissimo
instruetis, posterioribus simplicibus : tarsis 4-articulatis, articulo tertio profunde bilobo (sed, nisi
fallor, alterum minutissimum inter lobos baud recipiente), ultimo leviter elongato subclavato.
A (TTCvywv gutta, et fiop(f)7] figura.

The very interesting and anomalous little beetles from wliicli the above struc-
tural diagnosis has been drawn out would seem to combine so many of the elements
of the various modifications of the Anisotomidre, that, even had they not possessed
distinctive peculiarities of their own, it would have been impossible to have re-
ferred them to any of the recognised groups. Thus, in their 11-jointed antennae
and general aspect they partake a good deal of AgatJikUnm ; whilst in. their
diminutive bulk, in the cylindrical apes of their maxillary palpi, and in their
tetramerous* feet, they assimilate Calyptomerus. The latter however has not only
two lobes to its maxillfe, and its mandibles constructed on a different type from
those of om* present insects ; but its antennae are only lO-jointed, with a biarticu-
lated clava, — characters wloich obtaiu in Clambiis likewise, and which thus equally
prevent us from referring them to that (otherwise not dissimilar) genus. The
deeply cordate third tarsal joint, however, of Stagonomorplia, and the single lobe
of its masUliB (the hinder edge of which is thickened along its entu'e length, and
acumiuated at its extremity, as though the fii'st indication of the narrow and
aciculated outer portion which is so apparent in Clamhus and Ccdyptomeriis), in
conjunction with the minute tooth near to the external angle of its anterior tibiae,
its obsolete wings, and the triarticulated club of its antennae (which are iaserted
at a considerable distance in front of its largely-developed eyes, and have theu*

* M. Eedtenbacher, in bis Fauna Aiistriaca, states the hinder tarsi of Calyptomerus to be triarticulate ;
but, as he had only a single specimen to judge from, and since it seems pretty evident that the common
Scapliidium diMum of Blarsham (the Clamhus Unsliamensis, "Westsvood), in which all the feet (like those
of the true Glamhi) are tetramerous, is a member of the same genus (albeit perhaps distinct specifically
from his alpestris), there is sh-ong reason to suspect, as Mr. Haliday has -n-ell remarked, that he was
mistaken as to the number, — an hvpothesis which the somewhat obscure natiu-e of the tarsal joints would
not tend to render the less probable.

3q2

484 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

ultimate joint greatly truncated, or foreshortened, at the tip), will be at once
sufficient, apart from obscurer features, to separate it from its nearest allies.

Regarding the affinities of the Anisotomldce great diversity of opinion may be
said stUl to exist, — some authors following Latreille and the older naturalists (as
I have preferred doing in the present instance), and so passing, by means of it,
from the Pseudotrimera into the Heteromerous Diaperldcs ; whilst others station
it amongst the Necrophaga, in the neighbourhood of the SUphidce, which in many
respects w^ould certainly seem to be its most reasonable position. Still, it appears
to me to be impossible to se2)arate it from the CorylopjJiida; (the connective links
having been already pointed out and discussed) ; and hence it would become
necessary, I imagine, to remove that family also, if we consider the Necvopliaga
to be alone capable of receiving it, — a step which the subscribers to the latter
view have not generally adopted. And if therefore, as I apprehend to be the case,
the AnisotomidcB and CorylophidcB cannot in a natiu'al system be placed far asunder,
the question simply becomes whether it is more important to retain the former
amongst the Necrophaga than the latter in the vicinitg of the Coccinellldce. With-
out attempting the solution of tliis difficult jiroblcm, I have chosen here the
second of these arrangements, since the quacbiarticulate feet of the Corylophidce,
in conjunction mth the other details of theu* structiu'e, are almost luiiversally
admitted to point to the Pseudotrimera as then- most plausible location; whilst
the numerical instability in the tarsal jomts of the Anisotomldce, in which the
majorifij of the species are heteromerous, w^ould equally tend to constitute them a
not impracticable passage into the Atrachelia, — making that division to com-
mence with the Diaperidce. Nor should we forget that so completely is variable-
ness the very essence of a transition group, that, when we find great mutability to
exist in any series of characters, we are even a priori led to suspect that the
assemblage in which it occurs is in all probability connective between some two
others ; and, if moreover there should chance to be a liability on the part of the
insects which it includes to assvime a particular state w^hich attains its maximum
in a recognised department, we are further induced to believe that it is into that
section which one of its extremes must conduct us ; — a case which is exactly
realized in the great numerical inconstancy and the heteromerous tendency of the
feet of the Anisotomida;.

369. Stag-ouomoi-pha sphserula, vvoll (Tab. X. fig. 8.)
S. orbiculato-ovata uigra glaberrima et fere impunctata, capite prothoraceque rufo-testaceis, autenuis

pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Long. coq). lin. \.

Habitat Maderam borcalein sylvaticam, rarissime, a iiieipso ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros d. 23 Jul.
A.D. 1850 capta.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 485

S. orbiculate-ovate (or, when the head is applied to the chest, completely orbicular), exceedingly
convex, deep shining black, entirely free from pubescence, and almost impuuetate (though, under
a high magnifying power, appearing most delicately shagreened, and with very shallow, minute
and distant punctures intermixed on the elytra, — though scarcely upon the prothorax) . Head
and prothorax rufo-testaceous ; the former large and somewhat the paler of the two, with the eyes
black. AntentKB and legs diluted testaceous.

Exceedingly rare ; the only two specimens whicli I have seen having been taken
by myself in the remote region of the Lombo clos Pecegueiros, towards the western
edge of the Ribeu-a do Inferno, on the 23rd. of July 1850.

370. Stagonomorpha unicolor, TT'oU.
S, orbiculato-ovata nigra glaberrima et fere impunctata, antennis pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. vix ^.

Habitat in iisdem locis ac prsecedens (cujus forsan varietas est), semel tantum reperta.

S. in every respect similar to the last, only (instead of the head and prothorax being pale) the entire
insect (except the antenna and legs, and the extreme edges of the prothorax, which are diluted
testaceous) is of a deep black.

Also of the greatest rarity ; and in fact hitherto unique. Like the last, it was
captured at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, — where I brushed it from out of the
thick vegetation, beneath the trees, towards the dusk of the evening, near to the
particular spot known as the Chao das Castanheiras (where my tent was pitched).
It is possible that it may be merely a dark variety of the /S. sphcerula ; neverthe-
less, having no intermediate links of colouring, and since my single specimen is a
trifle smaller than that species, and with the antenna? perhaps scarcely so long, I
have not ventured to amalgamate them.

Fam. 45. DIAPERID^.

Genus 162. ELLIPSODES, Wall. (Tab. XI. fig. 2.)

Corpus parvum, ellipticum, glaberrimum, politissimum, convexum : prothorace transverso, postice
elytrorum latitudiue et illis arete applicato; prostemo postice in lobum deplanatum robustum
inter pedes anticos producto : metasterno postice anguste bifido : elytris subconnatis, apice acnmi-
natis : abdomine e segmentis ventralibus quinque composito : alls obsoletis. Antenna (XI. 2 a)
capite prothoraceque paulo lougiores, sub frontis margiue laterali ante oculos oblongos insertfe,
apicem versus (prsesertim in maribus) leviter incrassatfe, articuhs longitudine subsequalibus,
ultimo ovato apice oblique truncato. Lahrum (XL 2 b) subcoriaceum transversum, antice vix
integrum ciliatum. Mandibulce (XL 2 c et 2d) validae corneae, infra apicem dcnte obtuso
instructse, unS, in medio sinuata et membrana auct^, alterS. angustiore intus curvata. Maxilla
(XL 2 e) bilobae, lobis submembranaceis pubescentibus ; externa majore obtuso; interna incurvo

486 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

acutiusculo. Palpi maxillares elongati clavati, articulo primo vix parvo flexuoso, secundo multo
longiore subclavato, tertio breviore primi longitiulinc, ultimo magno securiformi : labiales (XI. 2/)
subclavati, e scapis ligulse connatis surgentes, articulis primo et secundo subajqualibus, ultimo
majore elongate subfusiformi apice lenter truncate. Mentum subquadratum basi angustatum,
apice integrum. Ligula robusta subcoriacea lata, antice rotundata ciliata. Pedes (XI. 2^) sub-
graciles : tibiis parce ct minute setosis : tarsis (XI. 2g, 2h, 2 i) heteromeris, articulis simplicibus
usque ad penultimum longitudine decrescentibus, primo (prsescrtim in posticis) longiusculo,
ultimo subclavato unguiculis in medio obscure denticulatis munito.

One of the most indigenous genera of our present fauna ; and approaching
nearer, I think, in habits and aflBjiity, to Scaphklema of Eedtcnhacher than to
an^-thing else \\\i\\ which I am acqu^ainted. It is however abundantly distinct
from that group, — receding from it not only in its convexer and apterous body,
more ample and posteriorly broader prothorax {that of Scapliklema being narrower
at the base than the coleoptera, and moreover very deeply excavated in front, and
■with its sides strongly margined), and in its imstriated, subconnate elytra ; but
likewise in points even more purely structiu'al, since its mandibles are robustcr
than is there the case, neither are they so compressed, nor bifid (although biden-
tate) at their tips, the terminal joint of its maxillary palpi is much larger and
more securiform, its ligula is thicker and anteriorly rounder, its metasternum is
bipartite behind (instead of truncated and simple), its tibiae are powerfully spinu-
lose (especially at the extreme apex, — where also the two internal spines are much
longer than those of that genus), and its claws will be perceived under the
microscope to be minutely denticulated about the middle of their inner edge, a
circumstance of very rare occui'rence in the Diaperidce. In its elliptical outline
indeed and punctulated surface, as well as in its obsolete ^^iugs, cloven meta-
sternum, and spinulose tibia?, it even approximates Zophosis (in which however the
elytra, instead of being s?;6connate, are completely soldered together) ; nevertheless
it not only wants the produced hinder prothoracic angles, and the peculiarly
shaped eyes, which are there so conspicuous, but the modifications of its oral
organs (particularly of the mentum, which is comparatively small, and narrowed
at the base, as in the tj^pical Dkqieridcc, and does not conceal the lower parts of
the mouth) will altogether remove it from the whole family of the Fimeliadce.

371. Ellipsodes glabratus. (Tab. XI. fig. 2.)
E. cilipticus convexus a^ncus nitidissimus glaber, elytris evidenter punctulatis, antennis pedibusque
t'errugineis, tibiis sjcpius subiufuscatis.
Var. /3. vix major obscurior et minutissimc granulatus, elytris suturam versus subseriatim punctu-
latis, antennis pedibusque ferrugineis. (Ins. Deserta Grandis.)
Long. corp. lin. 1^-1 J.

Sphceridium glabratum, Fab. Ent. Si/st. i. 79 (teste ]Mus°. Banks".) (1792).
, Fab. S^/st. Eleu. i. 93 (1801).

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 487

Habitat m montibus Maderse, ve! per regionem sylvaticam (sub truucis arboriim prolapsis) vel sub
lapidibus iu aperto, inter 1800' et 5000' s. m., toto anno frequens : var. (3. sola ad Desertani
Grandeni nisi fallor solam pertinet.

E. ellijjtical, dark Eeneous, exceedingly convex, highly polished, entirely free from pubescence, and
minutely punctulated all over (the punctui-es however being more apparent on the elytra than on
the head and prothorax). Antenna, palpi, and %s ferruginous ; the first rather more thickened,
apically, in the males than in the females ; and the last with their tibice generally more or less
infuscated.
Var. /3. a trifle longer and of a rather darker hue ; not quite so shining, the entire surface being
most minutely granulated, and some of the punctures of the elytra having an obscure tendency
to be disposed in rows (especially towards the suture), — a peculiarity which is very rarely trace-
able in the Madeiran specimens. Antenna, palpi, and legs entirely ferruginous. (The state
peculiar to the Dezerta Grande.)

Universal throughout the mountainous districts of Madeira, — appearing to
range from ahout 1800 to 5000 feet above the sea, though attaiaing its maximum
perhaps midway between those limits. In its habits, it is of a retiring natm-e,
and avoids the light, residing either beneath stones on the exposed grassy slopes,
or at the roots of trees and ranlc vegetation within the sylvan regions. It would
seem to exist at aU seasons of the year ; nevertheless it is more particularly abun-
dant dm-ing the sprmg and early siunmer months, I have captured it on most of
the uplands above Funchal, and towards the head of the Ribeu-o de Santa Luzia,
from January to March ; at the edges of the Curral das Ereii'as in April ; in the
chestnut-woods of Santa Anna in May ; on the Lombo das Vacas ia June ; at the
Cruziahas and the Lombo dos Pecegueu-os in July ; and at the Feijaa de Corte
and the Ribeii-o Frio in August. The var. (3. is the form peculiar to the Dezerta
Grande, — where I took it, sparingly, from under stones, during my encampment
on that island with the Rev. R. T. Lowe, at the end of ]May 1850. Although but
a slight aberration from the normal state, it is interesting, when viewed geogra-
phically,— as affording an additional example of the modifying influences of
isolation and local circumstances, to those which have been ah-eady enimierated.
Fabricius, who fh-st characterized the species from a Madeu-an specimen (still to be
seen ia the Banksian collection of the linnsean Society), evidently feU into some
confusion respecting it, — since he not only reports it as black, whereas it is entirely
and invariably seneous, and identifies it with the Si)li(BricUum fmciini of Olivier,
with which it has nothing in common ; but he even states that it (or at any rate an
insect scarcely to be distinguished from it) occurs likewise in Germany ! (which is
almost too absurd to require refutation). Indeed, had his diagnosis and reference
been alone extant, it would have been perfectly impossible to have recognised
Ellipsodes in either of them ; but, siuce he expressly records it as Madeiran, and
since the original example is in preservation (so as to leave no doubt on the
subject), the name of glabratus, in spite of his errors both in identification and
description, must, according to the laws of priority, be retained.

488 • INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 163, PHALERIA.
Latreille, Hist. Nat. des Cruet, et Ins. iii. 162 (1802).

Corpus parvxim, elliptico-ovatum, supra glabrum, vel subconvexum vel siibdepressum : prothorace
postice elyti'orum vix latitudine, modo (ut in specie Maderensi) antice acuminato, modo ad latera
stibparallelo : metasterno postice late et minus profunde bifido : alis obsoletis. Antenna capite
prothoraceque paulo breviores, fere ut in genere prsecedente ; apicem versus raonilifonnes letter
incrassatse, articulo primo robusto longiusculo flexuosOj secundo breviusculo, tertio paulo longiore,
ultimo ovato basi truncato. Lahrum transversum, antice vis integrum et dense ciliatum. Man-
dibulce vaUda; cornese, apice bifidse, una in medio fisso-sLnuata et membrana aucta, altera angus-
tiore intus curvata. Maxilla et palpi fere ut in Ellipsodes, sed horum articidus ultimus in
maxillaribus (brevioribus) minus robustus, in labialibus ovatior ad apicem oblique truncatus et
minus acuminatus. Mentum subquadrato-transversum, basi leviter angustatum, apice integrum.
Ligula submembranacea, antice leviter biloba ciliata. Pedes robusti : tibiis valdc spinulosis,
anficis compressis apicem versus late dilatatis : tarsis heteromeris ; posterioribus elongatis, arti-
culis usque ad penultimum longitudine decrescentibus (prime longiuscido).

The PhalericB may be readily known by theii" pallid hue and sj)inulose tibiae
(tlie anterior pair of which arc greatly dilated towards their apex), and by their
apterous and more or less ovate bodies. They are insects which are eminently
constituted for Intrrowing in the sand, and are usually to be found beneath marine
rejectamenta, or decaying animal substances, on the sea-shore. In such situations
they are often, like many of the Necrophaga, exceedingly gregarious ; for I have
frequently remarked that, by digging just below the surface, abvmdance of speci-
mens may be brought to light in spots where only single ones were externally to
be seen. The species are not very numerous, but are widely distributed over the
\\orld. Two or thi-ee only are stated to be European ; but others are reported from
the Cape of Good Hope, North and South America, and Kamtschatka.

372. Phaleria ciUata, Woll.

P. elliptico-ovata testacea subconvexa vix nitida et subtilissime punctulata, prothorace glabro antice
subangustato, postice foveola longitudinali abbreviata utrinque impresso, elytris leviter striatis,
vel omnino pallidis vel macula obsojetissima central! in singido ])osita ornatis, ad latera ciliatis.

Long. corp. lin. 2^-2,}.

Habitat per oram Portus Sancti maritimam, a meipso AprUi exeunte a.d. 1848 copiosissime lecta.

P. elliptical-ovate, testaceous, rather convex, very slightly shining, and most minutely punctulated all
over. Prothorax glabrous, acuminated in fi-ont, and slightly narrower at the base than the
cok'optera; with a small abbreviated longitudinal impression on either side behind. Elytra
rather paler and more opakc than the prothorax, and with the sides rounded (tlie broadest part
being a little behind the base) ; finely striated, and with the lateral edges ciliated with strong
hairs; sometimes with a very obscure cloud on the disk of each, — but usually altogether pale.
Antenna and legs concolorous with the rest of the surface.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 489

A species intermediate, in size and proportions, between the European P. cada-
verina and hemisjjhcerica, — its elliptical outHne, however, and anteriorly acximi-
nated prothorax, in conjunction with its convexer and more finely punctulated
upper STirface, at once separating it from every variety of the former ; whilst its
superior bulk and darker hue, added to its more distinctly sculptured and opaker
body, the minute hinder fovese of its pronotum, and its submaculated elytra, will
equally remove it from the latter. In the strongly cUiated edges of its elytra it
recedes alike from them both. It is apparently exceedingly local, and confined, so
far as I have hitherto observed, to the island of Porto Santo, — where, in April of
1848, I took it in abundance, from beneath the remains of dead fish, on the
southern beach, about a mile to the westward of the Ciddde.

Fam. 46. TENEBRIONID-ffil.

Genus 164. CERANDRIA.

(Dejean, Cat. 222) Lucas, Col. Je VAlgerie, 245 (1849).

Corpus parvum, sublineari-elongatum : capite in maribus bicorni necnon ad frontis latera valde ex-
planato-recurvo : prothorace antice dilatato : metasterno postice anguste bifido : alls amplis.
Antenna prothorace vix longiores, apicem versus mouiliformes et leviter incrassatse, articulo primo
longiusculo flexuoso, secmido breviusculo, tertio paulo longiore, ultimo subovato. Labrum trans-
versum, antice rotundatum pilosum. Mandibula validae cornese ; in foemina ad apicem bifidse et
in medio leviter sinuatse ; in mare longissimee robustae porrectse, ad apicem reflexEe acutae integrse
(margine interno crenulato), ad basin dente magno transverso bifido instructs. Maxillce bilobse,
lobis pubescentibus, inferno parvo acutiusculo. Palpi subclavati; mawillares articulo primo
parvo, secundo et tertio majoribus crassioribus (hoc breviore), ultimo elongate subsecuriformi-
ovato ; labiales articulo primo parvo, secundo paulo majore, ultimo elongato subfusiformi apice
oblique truncato. Mentum transversum, antice leviter emarginatum. Liffula submembranacea,
antice cihata et vix Integra. Pedes mediocres: tibiis subtilissime pubescentibus, ad apicem
externum subtruncatis, per marginem exteriorem obscurissime subcrenulatis : tarsis heteromens ;
anticis articulis primo et secundo subtus productis ; posterioribus (sed prsesertim posticis) articulo
primo longiuscxilo.

In their habits, size, and colouring, the present genus and Tribolhmi are nearly
coincident ; nevertheless the former may be at once recognised from the latter (in
which, unlike Cerandria, the sexes are similar) by its longer and less clavate
antennse, more convex and anteriorly dUated prothorax, by its somewhat more
shining surface, punctate-striated elytra and narrower fore-tibise, and by the struc-
ture of the first two joints of its fr-ont feet (which are produced, or acuminated,
beneath), — whilst the enormous development and recurvation, not only of the
mandibles, but also of the lateral edges of the clypeus, of the males, in conjunction
with the corneous processes on the hinder portion of their forehead, will prevent
the possibility of confounding them at aU events with anything else. Like so

3 R

490 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

many of the Tenebr ionic! ce, the single species which represents it is attendant upon
civilization, — subsisting on grain, and other articles of commerce, and so becoming
constantly liable to transmission throughout the world.

373. Cerandria comuta.
C. sublineari-elongata rufo-ferruginea subnitida, prothoracc subconvexo antice lato subtilissime punc-
tulato, elytris punctato-striatis subdepressis.
Mas, paulo major, mandibulis magnis porrectis recurvis, fronte postice bicorni, fronteque ad latera
valdc recurvo-ampliata.
Long, coi-p. lin. 1^-2^.

Trogosita cornuta, Fab. Snt. Syst. Suppl. 51 (1798).
Phaleria eormita, Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins. ii. 175 (1807).
Uloma cornuta, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. v. 10 (1832).
Cerandria cornuta, Dej. Cat. (3»'°= edit.) 222 (1837).
■ , Lucas, Col. dc VAlgerie, 315 (1819).

Habitat in domibus officinisque pistoriis Maderse, et borealis et australis, non infrequens : exemplar
uniciim (a meipso forsan illuc pane ablatum) etiam in ins. Deserta Grandi Maio exeuntc
.\.D. 1850 legi.

C. sublinear-elongatc, bright rufo-ferruginous, and slightly shining. Head and profkurax closely
and finely punctulated : the fonncr with the forehead rounded in the females, a little expanded and
elevated before the eyes, and slightly depressed in front, — but in the males (whieh have also the
mandibles immensely developed and recurved) with the sides greatly dilated and recurved,
causing the anterior portion to be bisinuated, or produced into a depressed central lobe ;
simple behind in the females, but armed with two large horn-like prominences in the males : the
latter convex, considerably widened in front, with the extreme posterior angles well-defined and
a little prominent, and with a vei-y minute abbrenated impression on either side (near the
margin) behind. Elytra subdepressed and punctate-striated; the interstices most minutely
punctulated (the punctures having a shght tendency to be arranged in rows). Legs, and
antenna at apex, a little paler than the rest of the surface.

Unquestionably an introduced insect from more northern latitudes ; never-
theless it has been long a resident in the island, since Fabricius says of it in 1801,
" Habitat in Madera frumentum destruens." His original specimens, described in
1798, were from Tangier, and it is recorded by M. Lucas as occiu'ring beneath the
bark of trees in Algeria ; so that it is not impossible that the southern Mediterra-
nean limits may have been one of its original centres of diffusion,— even though it
be now uatm-alizcd throughout a large portion of the ci\"ilized world. In ^ladeira
it would seem to be confined to houses and granaries in and around the towns,
where it is at times tolerably abundant. In May of 1850, however, I captiu'ed a
single example even on the Dezerta Grande ; but since it was found in the imme-
diate Wcinity of my tent, I believe it to have been accidentally imported thither,
with provisions, from Funchal.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 491

Genus 165. TRIBOLIUM.

MacLefiy, Ann. Javan. 47 (1825).

Corpus parvum, lineari-elongatum : capite in utroque sexu simplice necnon ad frontis latera vix expla-
nato : prothorace antice vix latiore : metasterno postice vix bifido : alis auiplis. AntenruB pro-
thorace paulo breviores, apicem versus clavatoe (clava triarticulata parum laxa), articulis primo et
secundo brevibus, tertio paulo longiore, ultimo rotundato-ovato basi truncato. Labrum, maxilla,
palpi, mentum et ligula fere ut in Ceraudria, sed palporum maxillarium articulus ultimus minus
securiformis. Mandibula validse cornese, apice leviter bifidse, una in medio fisso-sinuata, altera
leviter curvata. Pedes breviusculi : tibiis subtilissime pubescentibus, ad apicem externum baud
truncatis ; anticis apicem versus leviter dilatatis ; anterioribus interdum (ut in specie Madcrensi)
per marginem exteriorem obscure crenulatis : tarsis heteromeris ; posticis articulo primo lon-
giusculo.

As may be gathered from the observations abeady offered, Tribolmm may be
distinguished from Cerandria (with which in many particulars it agrees) by its
more linear form (the prothorax being scarcely at all widened in front), by its
shorter and more clavated antennce (the basal articulation of which is exceedingly
small), by its more depressed, opaker surface, somewhat dilated anterior tibia? (the
external angle not being truncated off, as is the case in that genus), by the
different sculptm'e of its elytra, and, above all, by the outward resemblance of its
sexes (the various male developments being one of the most conspicuous featiu*es
of Cerandria). MacLeay, who was the first to characterize the group (in 1825),
described it as pentamerous and placed it amongst the Necrophaga, which was
clearly however an error, — perhaps partially to be accounted for by the fact of his
having but a single specimen to judge from. Its relation with the Cohjdiadce
indeed would seem to be merely a superficial one, — since it not only embodies all
the peculiarities of the present section of the Heteromera, but entirely wants the
10-jointed antennae, bipartite club and quadri-articulate feet, the primary elements
of that division. Nevertheless with the kindred family of the Trogositkl(S it may
perhaps have some distant affinity, since both in structvu*e and habits it possesses a
good deal in common with it. That MacLeay's insect is identical with the Tene-
brio ferrugineus of Fabricius, an examination of the original type, still preserved
in the East India Company's Museimi in London, enables me to decide; and
althouijh the careless manner in which it is mounted conceals the hinder tarsi
altogether from view, yet, if there is no question concerning it speclficalli/, there
can certainly, a fortiori, be none respecting the genus, — so that there is no doubt
that MacLeay was mistaken in regarding it as otherwise than heteromerous.

374. Tribohum ferrugiaeiun.

T. lineari-elongatum rufo-ferrugineum subopacum depressum, protborace subtiliter punctulato, elytris

latera versus elevato-striatis, interstitiis minutissime sub-biseriatim punctulatis.

Long. Corp. lin. Ij-lf .

3 R 2

492 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Tenebrio ferrugineus, Tab. Spec. Ins. i. 324 (1781).

Cohjdium casfaneuvi, Herbst, Kdf. vii. 282. tab. 112. fig. 13 E (1797).

Ips testacea, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. 179 (1798).

Triboliwm castanewm, MacLeay, Ann. Javan. 47 (1825).

Steneferruginea, Stcph. lU. Brit. Ent. v. 9 (1832).

Margiisferruginem, Dej. Cat. (3'^>°<^ edit.) 222 (1837).

Habitat in domibus mercatorumque repositoriis Maderse ubique v'ulgare, ex alienis certe introductum.

T. linear-elongate (being of nearly the same breadth throughout) and narrow, dull rufo-ferruginous,
nearly opake, and depressed. Head and prothorax veiy closely puuctulated (but not quite so
finely as in tlie Cerandria curnuta) ; the former with the forehead rounded, a Uttle expanded and
elevated before the eyes, and depressed in front ; the latter transverse-quadrate (being scarcely
at all widened anteriorly), with the posterior angles less defined than those of the last insect, and
with a shallow longitudinal fovea on either side behind. Elytra with slightly elevated striae, very
apparent towards the sides, but evanescent on their common disk ; the interstices with a usually
double series of minute punctures down each. Legs, and (especially) the club of the antenna, of
a rather paler colour than the rest of the surface.

A universal insect throughout the ciTilized world, being, like the last one,
liable to dissemination with various articles of commerce. It is moreover less
exclusively granivorous in its habits, feeding occasionally on di'ied animal sub-
stances (like TroQosita and some of the Do'inestkhe), and being at times A'ery
destructive to collections of insects, — residing in the cre\ices of the boxes, and
devouring not only the cement by which they are held together, but even the
specimens themselves. It is abundant in Madeu'a, especially about dwellings and
warehouses in and near Funchal ; and it may be often observed crawHng up the
walls of the buildings, in company with the Loimophlceus pusillus, Cryptophagus
(iffinis and the Sifophilus Or y zee, in considerable nimibers.

Genus 166. BOROMORPHUS. (Tab. XI. fig. 9.)

Motschulsky, in litt.

Corpus parvum, elongatum, pubescens : fronte ad latera leviter explanato-subrecurv.l, ad apicem
depressa subtruncata : prothorace elongato, autice dilatato : mesosteiiio cyliudrico, supcrne
interdum conspicuo : metastemo postice vix bifido : elytris subconnatis : alis obsoletis. Antenna
prothoraeis longitudine, sub frontis margine laterali ante oculos insertse, subfiliformes (apicem
versus \-ix incrassatse), articulo primo leviter robusto basi flexuoso, secundo paulo breviore, tertio
longiusculo, rehquis longitudine suba'quahbus (ultimo subovato basi truncato). Labrum(^l.2a)
transversuni pilosum, autice integrum. Mandibulm vahdje comese, intus arcuato-sinuatae et
membrana auctic, extus ad basin fissse, una apice profuudc bifida et infra apicem dente obtuso
obscuro instructa, altera apice lenter bifida et infra apicem dente magno instructs.. Maxilla
(XI. 9 b) bilob.ie, lobis apice pubescentibus ; externa magno lato ; interna multo brenore angus-
tiore minuto. Palpi elongati subclavati ; maxillares articulo primo parvo extus sinuato, secundo
et tertio majoribus crassioribus (hoc paulo breviore), ultimo elongato crassiusculo subsecuriformi-

INSECTA MADERENSIA.

493

ovato ; laliales (XI. 9 c) e scapis ligiilre connatis surgentes, articulo primo parvo, secundo paulo
majore, ultimo elongate fusiformi-ovato. Mentum ampluu: subquadratum, basi leviter con-
strictum, antice truncatum et in medio excavatum. Ligula membranacea, antice valde pdosa
truncata. Pedes subgraciles : tibiis subtdissime pubescentibus, ad apicem externum subtruncatis :
tarsis heteromeris ; posterioribus (sed prfflsertim posticis) articulo primo longiusculo ; ultmio m
omnibus elongato subclavato infra (apicem versus) producto, unguiculis magnis simplicibus munito.
A Boros (genus Coleopterorum), et fiopj>r) figura.

The very interesting little beetle from wMch the above structural diagnosis has
been drawn out is somewhat related to Boros of Herbst, though at the same time
with abundant distinctive features of its own. It may be readily known from
that genus by its comparatively diminutive bulk and apterous body, by its pilose,
almost opake surface and subconnate elytra, by its slenderer and filiform antennae
(those of Boros being terminated by a weU-deflned triarticulated club), by its
entire (instead of centrally-bifid) upper lip, its more dentate mandibles (which
have a deep fissure at then- outer base), by its subclavate palpi, the exceedingly
minute size of its inner maxiUary lobe, and by the more membranous and less
robust texture of its Ugula. It is one of the most indigenous members of our
fauna, occurring on nearly every island of the group. It is found principally
beneath stones on the exposed maritime slopes of rather low elevations, especially
those of a hot and southern aspect. It appears to be a good deal allied to the
Boros Tagenioides of Lucas {Col. cle VAlgerie, 338. pi. 30. fig. 9), although with
very decided characters for specific separation : generically however the Algerine
and Madeiran representatives are probably coincident. Dejean's unpublished
genus Lamus, proposed for the reception of a small insect from Sicily, wiU perhaps
be found to coincide with Boromorphus ; but, ha\dng had only a single spechnen
for examination (communicated by M. DeyroUe of Paris), I have not been able to
satisfy myself of this from actual dissection.

375. Boromorphus Maderae, Woll. (Tab. XI. %. 9.)

B. angusto-elongatus ferrugineus subopacus falvescenti-pubescens et profunde punctatus, prothorace

antice latiusculo, capite basin versus elytrisque picescentibus, pedibus vix pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. I3— l^-

Habitat in locis subinfcrioribus apricis Madera; Portusque Sancti, sub lapidibus et scoriis, ab autumno
usque ad ver novum vulgaris.

B. elongated, narrow, ferruginous, almost opake, slightly convex, and sparingly clothed with long
silken fulvescent pubescence. Head and prothorax very closely and rather coarsely punctured :
the former usually picescent ; with the forehead a Uttle expanded and elevated before the eyes, and
depressed, truucated and a little paler in front : the latter widened anteriorly, with an impunctate
central line, margined at the sides, and with the extreme hinder angles a little prominent. Elytra
much darker than the prothorax, and usually rather darker than the head, being of a reddish- or

494 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

brownish-piceous, with the sides shghtly rounded (the broadest part being abowt the middle) ;
the punctures large and rather rugose, and with a slight tendency to be disposed in rows ; and
with the margin a little prominent and roughened at the humeral angles. Antenna and legs
(especially the latter) of a brighter colour than the rest of the insect, — being generally rufo-
ferruginous.

A common insect throughout Madeira at low elevations ; especially towards the
southern coast, — occurring in grassy spots, beneath stones, on most of the sunny
slopes facing the sea. It appears to be more particularly abundant from the
autumn to the following spring. I have taken it in profusion along the cliffs to
the eastward of Funchal, as far as the Cabo Gcrajao, in October and Xorember ;
in the Rev. R. T. Lowe's garden, at the Levada, in Febru.ary ; at the Praya For-
moza, and on the Pico do Cardo, in March and April ; as also m Porto Santo at
the beginning of May. It delights in the hottest aspects, secreting itself under
loose scoriae, — from which, owing to the ramifications and hollows with which
they are perforated, and into which it suddenly retreats on being exposed to the
light, it is not always easy to extricate it.

Genus 167. CALCAR.

(Dcjean, Cat. a.d. 1S21) Latreille, E'eg. Animal (2''"= edit.), v. 25 (1829).

Corpus mediocre, lineari-elongatum : fronte ad latera vix elevata, ad apicem depressa et plus minusve
emarginata : prothorace elongato-subquadrato, posticc vix angustato, ad angulos (prjesertim
posticos) rotundato : metasteriw postice vix bifido : a/is amplis. Antenna prothorace paulo lon-
giores, subfiliformcs, apicem versus mouiliformes vix incrassatse, articulo primo leviter robusto
breviusculo, secundo brcvi, tertio longiore, reliquis longitudine subaequahbus (ultimo subovato
basi truncato). Labrum sul)quadratuni postice angustatum, apice truncatum integrum cihatum.
Mandibula validoe cornefe, intus in medio profunde fisso-sinuatfe et membraua auctsc. Maxilla
biloba;, lobis pubescentibus ; externa lato apice setoso ; interna paulo minore, apicem versus
internum longe pectinato-setoso. Palpi clavati ; maxillares articulo primo parvo extus sinuato,
secundo et tertio majoribus crassioribus (hoc minore), ultimo magno subsecuriformi incrassato ;
labiates post ligulam inscrti, articulo primo parvo, secundo majore crassiore, ultimo subpyriformi
basi flexuoso. Mentum subquadratum basi angustatum, apice vix integrum, angulis anticis veluti
e duplici parte formatis, alia deplanata ampliato-rotimdata, alia elevata angulata. Ligula cornea,
basi augustata, antice dilatata truncata. Pedes validi clongati : femoribus anticis leviter incras-
satis : tibiis ad apicem externum subtruncatis ; anterioribus (sed prccsertim anticis) subcurvatis et
ad apicem internum leviter productis {posticis, in maribus, dente medio obtuso interne instructis) :
tai'sis heteromeris.

The genus Calcar presents abundant points of singularity which will serve to
distinguish it from the neighbouring groups, — its narrow, shining body and elon-
gated prothorax (which, unlike that of Tenehrio, has the angles, especially the
basal ones, olituse or rounded off), in conjimction with its slightly cm-ved four
anterior tibiye, and the blunt tooth in the centre of the inner margin of its hinder

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 495

male paii*, giving it a peciiliar character wliich it is not difficult, even at first
sight, to appreciate. Its oral organs, moreover, offer many well-marked featui-es,
— amongst which the strongly setose or pectinated internal lobe of its maxillae,
the remarkable insertion of its labial palpi, which arise from behind the ligula
(this last, also, being unusually robust and corneous), and, above aU, the curious
structm'e of the front angles of its mentum, which are composed of two parts (one
in the same plane as the rest of the surface, and rounded, whilst the other is more
acute, though lamelliform, and raised above it), should be particularly noticed.

376. Calcar elongatus.

C. lineari-elongatus angustus niger nitidus depressus, capite prothoraceque crebre punctulatis, hoc
elongato-subquadrato postice vix angustato, elytris crenato-striatis interstitiis minutissime punc-
tulatis, anteunis pedibusque piceis.
Mas, tibiis posticis intus in medio xmidentatis.
Variat (immaturus) colore piceo, vel etiam obscure ferrugineo.
Long. Corp. lin. 3i— Ij.

Tenehrio elongatus, Herbst, Eiif. vii. 259. pi. 112. f. 2 (1797).
Trogosita calcar. Fab. Syst. Eleu. i. 153 (ISOl).
Calcar elongatus, Lucas, Col. de VAlgerie, 337 (184!9).

Habitat in Maderse apricis maritimis, tempore hiberno et vernali, sub lapidibus non infrequens : in
planitia mox supra Praya Formoza sita mensibus Martio et Aprili interdum abundat, necnon ad
Cabo Gerajao Jauuario ineunte a.d. 1851 detexit cl. Dom. Heer.

C. linear-elongate, narrow, black (when immatui'e, piceous or almost ferruginous), shining and
depressed. Head and prothorax closely punctured ; the former with the forehead very slightly
expanded and elevated before the eyes, depressed and emarginated in front ; the latter elongate-
quadrate, a little narrowed behind, and with all the angles (though especially the posterior ones)
rounded off. Elytra parallel, crenate-striated ; and with the interstices most minutely punctu-
lated. AntemuB and legs bright piceous ; the two hinder tibia of the males with a strong tooth
in the centre of the inner margin.

'&'•

Tolerably common, beneath stones, on the cliffs both to the east and west of
Funchal, during the winter and spring months, — and, like the last insect, more
especially attached to warm, sujiny situations, of a southern aspect. I have not
hitherto observed it in the north of the island, nor above the altitude of a thousand
feet. On the comparatively level ledge of ground immediately overlooking the
Praya Formoza I took it plentifully, in March and April of 1848 ; and Professor
Heer of Zurich, diu'ing his late residence in Madeka, detected it, at the beginning
of January, on the Cabo Gerajao or Brazen Head. It is a species of Mediterra-
nean latitudes, occurring both in the south of Eiu'ope and in Algeria, — though
only, so far as I am aware, in maritime districts. It was recorded as Madeiran,
by Fabricius, so early as the year 1801.

496 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 168. TENEBRIO.

Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. vi. (1748).

Corpus magnum, lineari-elongatum : fronte ad latera leviter elevate, ad apicem depressa truncata (sed
vix emarginatil) : prothorace subquadrato, ad angulos (praesertim posticos) acuto : metastemo
postice bifido : alis amplis. Antenna et mandibula fere ut in Calcari. Labrum transversum,
apice truncatum integrum dense cdiatum. Maxilla bilobae, lobis valde pubescentibus ; externa
magno lato ; intemu paulo minore, apice unco magno acuto instracto. Palpi subfiliformes ;
maanllares articulo primo parvo, secundo et tertio majoribus crassioribus (hoc minore), ultimo
subsecuiiformi vix incrassato ; labiales articulis primo et secundo subrequalibus (boc paulo cras-
siore), ultimo subsecuriformi. Mentum subquadratum basi angustatum, apice integrum, angulis
anticis acutis. Ligula membranacea, antice pilosa vix emarginata. Pedes validi elongati : femo-
ribus anticis incrassatis : tibiis anticis curvatis, ad apicem internum leviter productis : tarsis
heteromeris.

The large, elongated and parallel bodies of the members of the present genus,
in conjunction with thoii- subquadrate prothorax (which, if anything, is a little
wider at the base than anteriorly, and has aU its angles well-defined), and the
incrassated thighs and curved tibise of their two fi'ont legs, A\'ill be quite suffi-
cient, apart fi-om the modifications of their oral organs (which do not however
display any very remarkable peculiarities of structiu-e), to distinguish them from
the remainder of the family to which they belong. The habits of Tenebrio, Kke
those of Cerandria and Alphitobins, are essentiaUy farinaceous, the species being
particularly abundant in the vicinity of bakehouses and mills, — or even in stables,
and other places where bran and meal are accustomed to be kept. In the larva
state they are at times very injurious, and have obtained the name of meal-icorms ;
and when the nature of their food is taken into account, the fact of their having
become so widely distributed over the world as to be almost cosmopolitan, is at
once intelligible.

377. Tenebrio molitor.
T. niger subnitidus creberrime punctulatus, prothorace subconvexo transvcrso-subquadrato, elytris

obscure punctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis, pedibus anticis brevibus robustis.
Long. Corp. lin. 7-8.

Tenebrio molitor, LLmi. Fna Suec. 815 (17G1).

, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. Ill (1792).

, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 590 (1810).

, Steph. 777. Brit. Ent. x. 8 (1832).

Habitat in domibus pistrinisque circa Funchal, passim : insectum fere totius orbis terraruni civis,
inter farinas dispersum, atque hoc modo in insulas Maderenses ab alienis sine dubio invcctum.

T. black or pitchy-black, slightly shining, and very closely and finely punctulated all over. Prothorax
rather convex ; transverse-quadrate, with the sides rounded ; and with an obhque abbreviated

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 497

fovea on either side behind. Scutellum broader and more transverse than in the T. obscurus.
Elytra striated, the strife being obscurely punctured. Antenn(e and legs piceous or rufo-piceous ;
the. former, and the anterior pair of the latter, shorter than in the T. obscurus, and the anterior
tibia broader.

A most abiinclant insect througliout Europe, but, apparently, not very common
in Madeira. It is found, however, occasionally in and around Fimchal, — either
about bakehouses and stables, or in other localities where flour and bran are
usually stowed away. There are specimens in the British Museum from nearly
all parts of the world ; and it is recorded by Webb and Berthelot in the Canary
Islands.

378. Tenebrio obscurus.

T. niger opacus creberrime ruguloso-punctulatus, prothorace depresso subquadrato, elytris obsolete

punctato-striatis, pedibus anticis longioi'ibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 7-8^.

Tenebrio obscurus, Fab. I^nf. 8i/st. i. Ill (1792).

, GyU. Ins. Suec. ii. 591 (1810).

, Staph, m. Brit. Ent. v. 8 (1832).

, Lucas, Col. de VAlgerie, 337 (1849).

Habitat in locis similibus ac prsecedens, sed paulo frequentior.

T. black, opake, and exceedingly closely punctulated, and subrugulose, throughout. Prothorax
depressed and subquadrate, being more elongated than in the T. molitor, and with the sides
straighter ; with an oblique abbreviated fovea on either side behind, and with the space between
them (along the hinder margin) distinctly elevated. Elytra striated, the striae being veiy
obscurely pxinctured. Antenna and legs very slightly more piceous than the rest of the surface ;
the former, and the anterior pair of the latter more elongated than in the last species, and the
anterior tibia not so broad.

Taken with the last species, and under precisely similar circumstances. It
would appear to be the commoner of the two in Madeira ; nevertheless, neither of
them are very abundant.

Genus 169. ALPHITOBIUS.

Stephens, III. Brit. Ent. v. 11 (1832).

Corpus sat parvum, oblongum : fronte ad latera leviter elevata, ad apicem depressa truncata (vix aut
leviter emarginata) : prothorace transverso, ad angulos (prsesertim posticos) acuto : metasterno
postice bifido : alis amplis. Antenna, labrum, maxilla et palpi fere ut in Tenebrione, sed articuli
antennarum subapicales intus leviter producti, et articulus palporum labialium ultimus minus
securiformis. Mandibula validse cornese, apice (prsesertim in una infra apicem unidentata) bifidse,
intus profunde fisso-sinuatse coriaceae. Mentum subquadratum basi leviter angustatum, apice vix
emarginatum, angulis anticis rotundatis. Ligula subcornea, basi angustata, apice truncata in-

3s

1,98 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

tegra necnon ad angulos pilosa. Pedes validi : tibiis parce spinulosis ; anticis compressis dUatatis;
posterioribus ad apiccni externum acutis : tarsis heteromeris ; pusterioribus (sed prsesertim pos-
ticis) articulo prinio longiusculo.

Alphitohius {=IIeterophaya of Dejcan's Catalogue, a.d. 1837) may be known
from its allies by its proportionaljly broader and more oblong form (in ■n-hicli
respect it approaclies the Opatridce), by the internally-serrated subapical joints of
its antennae, by its robust ligula (which however is scarcely so corneous as that of
Calcar), and by its spinulose tibiae, — the two front ones of which are slightly
expanded and compressed, though both the dilatation and spines are much less
distinct than is the case in Phaleria. Like those of so many of the Tenebrlonidm,
its hal)its are of a farinaceous or meal-infesting natiu-e ; and it has consequently
obtaiaed a wide geographical range, almost exclusively through the agency of
man. Nevertheless it is able to adapt itself to other cii'cumstances also, since it
is occasionally to be met with even beneath the bark of trees.

379. Alphitobius diaperinus.

A. niger vel nigro-piccus nitidus subconvexus, sat crebre punctulatus, prothorace brevi transverso,

elytris punctato-striatis, antennis pedibusque rufo-piceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3.

Tenehrio diaperinus, Kugelann, in Panz. Fna Ins. Germ. 37. 16 (1797).

, niig. Kqf. Preuss. i. 115 (1798).

ovatus, ilerbst, Eaf. viii. 16. t. 118. f. 8 (1799).

diaperinus, Stui-m, Deutsch. Fna, ii. 232 (1S07).

Alphitobius mauritanicus, Staph, (nee Fab. 1792) III. Brit. Ent. v. 11 (1832).
Heterophaya opatroiJes, Dej. Cat. (3'^™ edit.) 220 (1837).

diaperina, Kedt. FnaAmtr. 591 (1819).

Trogosita castaneipes, Sam. in litt. (teste Mus°. Brit".).

Habitat in domibus pistrinisque Funchalensibus (ab alienis introductus), sat frequens.

A. oblons:, black or piceous-black, shining, and somewhat convex. Head and prothorax rather closely
and very distinctly puuctulated; the latter short, transverse, slightly attenuated in front, and
with the sides nearly straight ; sinuated along the hinder margin, and generaDy rather pitchy
about the anterior angles. Elytra distinctly punctate-striated; and with the interstices minutely,
but not very densely, punctulatcd. Antenna and tegs rulb-piccous ; the former with their
extreme apex rather paler.

A widely tlistributed insect throughout the world,— Ijciug subject, like so many
of the present family, to transmission amongst civUized countries in articles of
coimuerce. In :Madeii'a, where it has \xnquestionably been introduced from more
northern latitudes, it is at times sufficiently common,— being found principally in
the vicinity of bakehouses, on the floui- and meal of which it would seem, both in
the larva and imago states (though not exclusively), to subsist. As some con-
fusion has arisen in its nomenclatui-c (at any rate in om- owu country), on account

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 499

of its near resemblance to a closely allied species*, I have given its synonymy
somewhat more at length than I should have been otherwise inclined to have
done. In addition to Eiu'opean ones, I possess specimens from Egypt and Algeria ;
as also an extensive series (recently communicated by T. S. Leacock, Esq., of Fun-
chal) from Mazagan, immediately opposite to Madeira, on the western coast of
Africa.

Fam. 47. OPATRID^.

Genus 170. OPATRUM. (Tab, XI. fig. l et 3.)

Fabricius, Si/sf. Ent. 76 (1775).

Corpus mediocre, oblongum : fronte ad latera leviter elevata, ad apicem profunde biloba : prothorace
transverso : metaslerno postice bifido : alls plerumque (ut in speciebus nostris) amplis. Antenna
capitis protboracisque longitudine, apicem versus vix incrassatoe, articulo primo leviter robusto
breviusculo, secundo brevi, tertio elongate, reliquis longitudine subsequalibus. Labrum (XI. I a)
coriaceum transverso-subquadratum, apice leviter bdobum ciliatum. Mandibula validse comese
latse, intus in medio fisso-sinuatre coriacese. Maxilla (XL I b) bilobae : lobo externo pubescente
setoso : inferno apice acuto, simplice vel biuncinato, intus plus minusve pectinato-setoso. Paljii
maxillares articulo primo parvo extus sinuato, secundo elongate clavato, tertio breviore, ultimo
magno securiformi : labiales (XI. 1 c) articulo primo parvo, secundo majore crassiore, ultimo
subovato. Mentum subquadratum basi angustatum, apice integrum. Ligula robusta, apice vix
emarginata. Pedes validiusculi : tibiis miuutissime setulosis ; anticis plus minusve dilatatis :
tarsis heteromeris ; posterioribiis (sed prsesertim posiicis) articulo primo longiusculo {iniermediis
in maribus interdum articulo primo subtus retrorsum pectinato-setoso).

The Opatra, though more especially abundant in temperate latitudes, are widely
distributed over the world : unlike the Tenebrionidce, however, they are almost
exclusively inhabitants of the open country, — occurring principally in maritime
districts, and at low elevations. They are particularly partial to sandy and
gravelly spots ; and are usually to be found either beneath stones and marine
rejectamenta, or crawling at the roots of grass on the hot, dry ground. The
typical species are generally nearly apterous ; but the subgenus Gonocepliahmi (into

* This species, which in England is the more abundant of the Wo, occurs for the most part imder
similar circiunstances as the A. diaperinus. It is the Tenelrio maiiritanicus of rabricius {Ent. Syst.
A.D. 1792), — though not (as erroneously supposed by him) of Lirmseus, which is the Trogosita maurita-
nica of modem collections. It is, likewise, the Tenelrio Fagi of Shu-m (DewfscJi. Fna, a.d. 1807) ; and,
more recently, the Alpliifohius picipes of Stephens, — who applied the name of mauritanicus to the va-ong
insect, namely the larger of the two now imder consideration. The true mauritatiicus, which I have not
hitherto observed in the Madeira Islands, is uniformly smaller than the diaperinus ; its prothorax also is
proportionably wider in the middle (being roimded at the sides), its elytra are rather more obsciu-ely
striated, and its tibiae are not quite so spinidose. It is perhaps more completely naturalized throughout
Europe than the diaperinus, heiag found occasionally in the open country. It is recorded by Stephens as
having been captured beneath turf iu the neighboiu-hood of London ; and by M. Lucas as beiug common
under stones iu Algeria, — which may perhaps have been onfe of its original areas of diffusion.

3 s2

500 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

which our present representatives fall) has the ^yings comjiaratively large, and
adapted for flight. I am not aware whether the Gonocephala are invariably so
constituted, l)ut I have observed that the males of one at any rate of the Madeu'an
members of the group (namely the common G.fuscion) display a singular struc-
tm'e in the basal joint of theii- intermediate feet, which is thickly pectinated on the
under side with powerful bristles, — incUiied backwards (or in an opposite direction
to the rest of the tarsal setae).

380. Opatrum fascum. (Tab. XI. fig. 1.)

O. nigrum fusco- vcl subfulvescenti-pubescens, prothorace punctato, ad latera subrecto ad basin valde
sinuato, elytris vix parallelis subpunctato-striatis.
Mas, paulo minor, tarsis intermediis articulo basilari subtus retrorsum pectinato-setoso.
Long. Corp. liu. 3^-4.

Opatrum fuscvm, Herbst, Kaf. v. 225. t. 52. f. 1 (1793).

tomentosum, Dej. Cat. (.Si^""' edit.) 214 (1837).

septentrionale, Faldennaim, in lift.

Habitat in aridis maritimis insularum Maderensiuni, sub lapidibus, ubique frequens.

O. dull black, and densely clothed with a rigid, decumbent, fuscous, or dirty-falvesceut pubescence.
Head and prothorax deeply punctured ; the lattei- short, with the sides (although oblique) nearly
straight, or but very slightly rounded, and with its basal margin greatly sinuated. Elytra more
or less parallel, but usually a little wider behind the middle than anteriorly ; rugulose (especially
about the shoulders), and deeply striated, the stria; being subpunctate. Scutellum, antenna
(except theu' extreme ajjcx, which is ferruginous), and legs, varying from dark piceous into piceo-
ferniginous.

An abundant insect in Mediterranean latitudes, and occm'ring also in the
Canary Islands and the Cape de Verdes. It is subject to considerable variation,
not only in bulk, but likewise in the colour and density of its pubescence ; and it is
probably owing to this that so many species, so called, have been erected upon it.
It may frequently be observed indeed entirely denuded of pUe, under which cir-
cumstances it presents a very different appearance, at first sight, from the ordinary
tjq^e. Its peculiarities however of sculpture and form, in conjunction ^nth the
remarkable recurved bristles on the under side of the basal joint of its interme-
diate male foot, "noil always succeed, on further examination, in identifying it. It
is found throughout the greater portion of the Madeu*an group, though principally
at low elevations and in spots near the coast. In the vicinity of Punchal it is at
times common in vineyards and other cultivated grounds, as well as in hot exposed
localities facing the sea. I have also cajjtm-ed it on the Dezerta Grande ; and, in
the utmost profusion, on the sandy districts of Porto Santo (behind the beach) to
the westward of the Ciddde, — dm-ing April and May.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 501

381. Opatrmn errans, Woll. (Tab. XI. fig. 3.)

O. nigrum vix pubescens, prothorace tuberculis crebre obsito, ad latera rotundato ad basin leviter

sinuato, elytris parallelis punctato-striatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 3i-4^.

Habitat Maderam, rarior : exemplar in museo Loweano (a Dom. Heinecken olim captum) conservatur,
alterum in moutibus prope Curral das Freiras vere novo a.d. 1848 egomet deprehensi, et duo
speeimina nuperrime communicavit Dom. Rousset.

O. black, and almost free from pubescence. Head punctui-ed. Prothorax uniformly beset with
tubercles, or large elevated granules ; not quite so short as in the 0. fuscum, and with the sides
more rounded (the broadest part being about the middle) ; and, also, less sinuated at its base.
Elytra more parallel than in that species, rugulose (especially towards the shoulders, — where it
is thickly studded with minute tubercles, which are somewhat smaller and acuter than those on
the prothorax), and deeply punctate-striated. Antennee (except their extreme apex, which is
ferruginous), and leffs, dark piceous.

Apparently very scarce, four specimens only having hitherto come beneath my
notice. One is in the collection of the Rev. R. T. Lowe ; another was captm-ed by
myself in the interior of the island, near the edges of the Cm-ral das Freiras (about
3500 feet above the sea), during the spring of 184.8 ; and two more have been
recently communicated by M. Rousset, — whose researches have made so many
additions to the Entomological fauna of the Madekan group*. Judging from the
small data which I possess concerning its habits, it would seem to be more espe-
cially confined to the higher altitudes ; and it may perhaps therefore be regarded
as the mountain representative of the O. fuseimi.

* The following description of a new Opatrum from the Salvages, somewhat allied to the O. errans,
may be inserted here. A single specimen has been communicated to me by T. S. Leacock, Esq., of
Funchal, — by whom it was discovered on the conical island known as the " Great Piton," dui-ing his late
expedition to those remote rocks :

Opatrum dilatatiun, Woll.
0. nigrum vix pubescens, prothorace tuberculis minutissimis crebre obsito, ad latera valde rotundato-

ampliato ad basin leviter undidato, elytris subovatis crenato-striatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 3f .

Habitat in insulis " Salvages " dictis, a Dom. Leacock benigne communicatum.

0. black, and almost free from pubescence. Head and prothorax beset with exceedingly minute elevated
points, or granules ; the latter large aud wide, the sides being much roimded and greatly dilated
about the middle, and undulated along its basal margin. Elytra less parallel than in either of the
Madeiran species, being almost ovate ; rather rugidose, and deeply crenate-sti-iated. Antenncs
(except at their base and apex, which are paler), and legs, dark jjiceous.

A-n exceedingly distinct species, differing from both of the Madeiran ones in the minute granules of its
head and prothorax (the latter of which is greatly expanded in the middle, and has the sides consequently
much roimded), aud by its more ovate aud crenaie-striated el}i;ra.

502 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 171. HADRUS. (Tad. XI. fig 4, 5 et C.)
Dejean, Cat. (3'^"' edit.) 214 (1837).

Corpus mediocre, plus minusve ovale : fronte (XI. 5 a, 6 a) ad latera Icviter elevata, ad apicem piofunde
biloba : prothorace ad latera complanato : metastemo (XI. 5 h) postice vix bifido : ehjtris sub-
c-onnatis : alis obsoletis. Instrumenta cibaria (XI. 5 a, 5 c, 5 <f, 5 e, 6 a, 6 6, 6 c) fere ut in
Opatro, sed mentum (XI. 5 e, 6 c) quasi e laminis duabus (una ad alteram arete applicata) forma-
tum, supcra subrotundata basi truncate., infera ad angulos anticos porrecta acuta (superne con-
spicu&) ante angulos sinuate. Pedes graciles : tibtis niinutissime setulosis, ad apicem externum
(prajsertim in anticis) oblique excavatis ; anticis vLx dilatatis : tarsis heteromeris ; posteriuribm
(sed prsesertim posticis) articulo primo longiusculo ; ultimo in omnibus elougato, unguiculis sim-
plicibus munito.

Ab a^poii robustus.

There is no Heteromerous gcuus so universally distributed throughout the
]\[;xdeiran group, or at the same time so truly indigenous, as Rach'us, — there being
scarcely a siagle rock, large or small, on which one or the other of the three repre-
sentatives described below does not abound. The oral organs of the whole of this
section of the Colcoptera are so exceedingly similar, that we can scarcely expect to
find any great distiactive featiu'es there ; nevertheless the mentum of Hadriis is
very remarkable, — the projecting angles (so apparent from above, and which
perhaps should be more strictly regarded as lateral prominences of the basalhj
corneous ligula) of its vmder portion gi^dng it a peculiar character, which does not
exist, so far as I am aware, in the allied forms. The species have all the habits of
the typical Melasomes, — secreting themselves beneath stones in exposed places on
the coast, or between the rough basaltic blocks of higher altitudes. They are
usually to be found in company with the Ilelopidce, Scarltes ahbreciatus, and the
Laparocerus morio ; and are of an eminently gregarious natiire.

382. Hadras alpinus, Woll. (Tab. XI. fig. 5.)

H. oblongus niger subtilissime et creberrime granulatus, elytris vix substriatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 0-7.

Habitat sub lapidibus, foliisque arborum dejectis, per partem Maderse sylvaticam, toto anno frequens.

H. oljlong (being larger and more parallel than the other species), black, almost free from scales, and
most delicately and closely granulated all over. Elytra with the faintest possible indication of
stria;. Antenna and tarsi slightly piceous, or fuscescent.

Known at once from the followiag two species by its larger size, more parallel
outline, and by its most closely and delicately granvQated and less scaly surface.
In its habits moreover it recedes from them altogether, being strictly a mountain
insect, — whereas they are confined to comparatively low elevations and sub-
maritime spots. The II. alpuiKs is, also, more especially peculiar to the sylvan

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 503

districts, occurring beneath dead leaves, stones, and logs of wood at lofty and inter-
mediate altitudes. It is the least common of the three, nevertheless svifficiently
abundant iii certain localities. In most of the ravines opening to the south of the
island, and on the Serra de Santo Antonio, it is tolerably plentiful ; and it was
captured by Professor Hear on the Pico Grande, in January of 1851.

383. Hadrus cinerascens. (Tab. XI. fig. 4.)

H. ovalis niger granulatus et plus minusve lutosus, elytvis substriatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 4^-6.

Hadrus cinerascens, Dejeau, Cat. (3'^"« edit.) 214 (1837).
Asida acuminata, Kollar, in litt.
Hegeter ffranulosus, Faldermami, in litt.

Habitat iu aridis subinferioribus maritimis Maderse insularumque Desertarum, sub lapidibus vel in
rupium fissiu-is, vulgatissimus, — odorem ingratum spirans.

H, oval (being rather shorter and less parallel than the last species), also more coarsely and less closely
granulated, and more or less densely clothed with duty mud-like scales. Elytra more distinctly
striated than in that insect, — though the striae, especially on the disk, are sometimes very faint.
Antenna and tarsi somewhat obscurely piceous.

The S. cinerascens may be readily distinguished from the last species by its
smaller size, shorter and more oval form, by its more coarsely and less densely
granulated surface, and by the somewhat distincter striae of its elytra. It is
usually also more or less clothed with a scaly substance, which imparts to it a
dirty or rusty appearance ; and which on the Dezerta Grande takes an almost
ferruginous hue, — at times even approximating the colom' of the red volcanic mud
of which the higher portions of that island are in a great measure composed. It
is most abimdant throughout the maritime districts of Madeira, as also on the
adjacent rocks and the three Dezertas ; but in Porto Santo it is represented by the
H. illotus, which may perhaps be in reality only a local variety of it. On the Ilheo
de Pora (the detached extremity of the Ponta Sao Lom-engo) it exists in the utmost
profusion, and attaius nearly as large a bulk as on the Ilheo Chao, — where the
specimens are decidedly above the average in poiut of development. It is confined
more peculiarly to low elevations,— congregatiag beneath stones, in company with
Helopida;, in the driest and most barren spots (its loftiest altitudes seeming
scarcely to reach the loioest limits of the H. alpinus).

384. Hadrus illotus, WoU. (Tab. XI. fig. 6.)

H. ovalis subdepressus niger granulatus et plerumque dense lutosus, elytris striatis.

Long. Corp. Un. 5-6.

Habitat in Portu Sancto insulisque parvis adjacentibus, sub lapidibus vulgaris ; prsecedentis forsan
varietas.

504 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

H. oval (being of almost the same size and outline as the H. cinerascens, but more depressed), usually
very densely clothed with dirty brownish mud-like scales, and with the elytra more distinctly
striated than in cither of the other species.

As already mentioned, the S. illotus may possibly be but a local state of the
n. cinerascens ; nevertheless, since the Madeiran members of the latter do not
appear to differ in any respect (except now and then in size) from those of the
neighbom^ing rocks, it is the less easy to assume isolation in the present case to
have had sufficient influence to have brought about modifications so perceptible as
those which, even at first sight, characterize the former : and yet, on the other
hand, it is almost equally unnatural to imagine that an insect so common as the
H. cinerascens should not have extended itself to Porto Santo before the separation
took place, but should have been represented by a closely-allied form which in its
own sphere was no less abundant. Without venturing therefore on the solution
of this difficult problem, I would register the H. illotus as distinct, deeming it
enough to have recorded my doubts thus far as to its true specific claims. It
occurs in profusion throughout all the lower region of Porto Santo and on the
adjacent islands, residing in spots precisely similar to those selected by its
Madeiran analogue.

Fam. 48. BLAPSID^.

Genus 172. MACROSTETHUS, Wall. (Tab. XI. fig. 8.)

Corpus magnum, elongatum, subcylindrico-ovatum, tuberculatum : fronte ad latera leviter elevata, ad
apicem truncata : prothorace ovato basi truncate, fere immarginato : metastemo postice baud
Ijifido : chjtris connatis, apice baud acuminatis : alis obsoletis. AntenruB prothorace vix lon-
giores, apicem versus seusim iucrassatae, articulo prime leviter robusto breviusculo, secundo bre\'i,
tertio longiusculo, reliquis longitudine subsequalibus (articulis apicalibus quatuor, ultimo elongato-
subquadrato excepto, subquadratis). Labrum (XI. 8 a) transverso-subquadi-atum, antice valde
ciliatum vix emarginatum. Mandihula validse crassse corneae, apice bifidse, intus in medio pro-
fundc fisso-sinuat?e. Maxillce (XI. 8 b) bilobse : lobo externa pubescente setoso : interiw apice
acutissimo biuncinato, intus valde setoso. Palpi maxillares articulo primo vLx parvo cxtus
sinuato, sCcundo elongato subclavato, tertio primo vix longiore, ultimo magno sccuriformi :
lubiales (XI. 8 c) e scapis ligula; connatis surgentes, articulis primo et secundo longitudine sub-
ajqualibus (illo graciliore, extus sinuato), ultimo crassiusculo pyriformi basi subflexuoso. Mcntum
robustissimuui rotundato-subovatum, summo apice vix emarginato. Ligula antice lata, recte
truncata et dense ciliata. Pedes longiusculi : tibiis fere glabris, versus apicem internum tenuitcr
piibesccntibus (calcariis spinulisque apicalibus obsoletis): tarsis heteromeris; posticis articulo
primo longiusculo ; ultimo in omnibus elongato, unguiculis simplicibus munito.

A /juaKpo'i longus, et aTrjOo'i pectus.

A most distinct and interesting genus, differing from BJaps in many important
particulars, as, for instance, in its tubercidose upper surface, convexer body, ovate

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 505

and almost immarginate prothorax, unacuminated elytra, and in the structure of
its antennae and tibiae, — the former of which (instead of being moniliform at their
extremity) are distinctly clavate, with the last four joints almost quadrangular
(the terminal one being large and comparatively elongated) ; whilst the latter are
nearly glabrous, and without any indication of the two sp\u*s, and scarcely any of
the series of minute spines, which are so universal in the present groups. In
minor details moreover, there are a few peculiarities which will serve, additionally,
to remove it from Blaps, — amongst which the outwardly-excavated and somewhat
longer basal articulation of its palpi, the more dilated and securiform apex of its
maxillary pair, in conjunction with its rounder and less transverse mentum, and
its straightly -truncated ligula, should be especially noticed.

385. Macrostethus tuberculatus, Woll. (Tab. XI. fig. 8.)

M. ater minutissime et crebre jjuiictulatus, prothorace ovato basi truncato, tuberculis sublsevibus vix

elevatis adsperso, elytris nitidis leviter striato-punctatis, interstitiis valde seriatim tuberculatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 10.

Habitat in ins. Desertse Borealis, a Rev''" Dom. Lowe Junio ineunte a.d. 1850 repertus.

M. elongated and somewbat cylindrical-ovate (being ratber acuminated anteriorly), deep black, closely
and most minutely punetulated all over. Head and prothorax nearly opake ; the latter ovate, but
truncated at the base (the widest part being a little behind the middle), and uniformly studded
with slightly shining, though very obscurely elevated, tubercles. Elytra a good deal more shining
than the head and prothorax, and subrugulose ; and, in addition to the smaller punctures (which
however are somewhat more distinct than the prothoracic ones), finely striate-punctate, — the
interstices having a series of large and considerably raised tubercles down each. Antenna and
tarsi somewhat piceous ; the former (which have their apex ferruginous) the paler of the two.

Apparently of the greatest rarity, the only specimen which I have seen having
been presented to me by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, by wliom it was discovered on the
Flat Dezerta, or Illieo Chao, during our encampment in that singular little island
at the beginning of Jime 1850. It was captured in his tent and under rather
curious circumstances, — namely in the act of emerging from beneath his bed,
which had been made on the cUy ground. It is unquestionably one of the most
remarkable of the Coleopterous members of our fauna, — rendered doubly in-
teresting perhaps from the remote rock on which it was taken, and to which it
would consequently appear (so far at least as our observations have hitherto gone)
to be peculiar. Though I searched diligently in the un mediate vicinity of the spot
where it occurred, I did not succeed in procuring more. It approximates a good
deal, in general affinity, the Blaps chjpeata of Germar, from Spain and Portugal,
— the genus Ccelometopus (subsequently) of Solier, to which it is not impossible
indeed that it m.'^y be found to belong ; and especially so, since the tibise there are
not only (as here) subglabrous, but have their apical calcarise and spines so
diminished in size as to be nearly obsolete, whilst the antennEe are, at the same

3 T

506 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

time, distinctly thickened at their extremities, the elytra are unacuminated poste-
riorly, and the aspect (as in Macrostethus) is somewhat cylindrical and obtuse.
Specifically, however, the two are widely different, — the Eui-opean representative
(for an opportunity of examining which I am indebted to M. Deyrolle of Paris)
beiag not only smaller than its Madcu-an ally, and without any indication of the
peculiar tubercidose sculptm-e which is there so conspicuous ; but possessing like-
Avise a very oppositely shaped prothorax (which, as in the more typical Blapes, is
strongly margined, broadest before the middle, and slightly excavated beliiud).

Genus 173. BLAPS.

Fabriciua, &yst. Ent. 254 (1775).

Corpus magnum, elongatum, plus miuusve ovato-subellipticum, depressiusculum : fronte ad latera
leviter elevata, ad apicem recte truiicata : prothorace angustc niargiuato : metasterno postice haud
bifido : ehjti-is connatis, apice (proesertim in foeminis) acuminatis : alis obsoletis. Antenna fere
ut in jMacrostetho, sed apicem versus moniliformes et minus incrassatte (articulis quatuor apica-
libus, ultimo acuminato-ovato excepto, subglobosis) . Instrumenta cibaria fere ut in ilacrostetbo,
sed labrum interdum ]irofundius bilobum ; articulus pa/jwrum hasilaris paulo brevior extus haud
excavatus, et ultimus in maxilluribus minus sccuriformi-inflatus ; ct ligula antice biloba. Pedes
elongati : tibiis minutissime ruguloso-spinulosis : tarsis heteromeris ; posticis articulo prinio
louKiusculo.

■'O'

The genus Blajis, so widely distributed throughout the Old World, is almost
too familiar to render observations concerning it necessary, — the large and elon-
gated, though somewhat thickened, bodies of the various insects which compose it,
their uniformly black hue and very faintly striated, or almost imsculptm-cd (though
occasionally Avrinklcd), upper surfaces, ia conjunction with the unusual length of
then- legs, and the acuminated extremities both of then* elytra (especially in the
female sex) and of the terminal joint of their (sub-apically moniliform) antennse,
being at once sufficient to separate it from the allied groups. The species, like
the rest of the Melasomes, are of a darkling nature, residing either in cellars and
stables (and other damp spots in the immediate vicinity of dwelling-houses) or
else in caves and beneath stones in the ojicn country, — wliich last however is
more particvilarly the case in southern latitudes and in maritime districts. They are
for the most part very gregarious, and emit more or less of an unpleasant odom*.

386. Blaps gages.
B. atra minute et obsolete punctulata, labro profunde bilobo, prothorace convexo antice leviter dilatato,
elytris subellipticis basi truneatis, antcnnis pedibusque longioribus.
Fcem., elytri singuli apice valde acuminate, et abdominis segmcnto secundo in pai'te media fasciculo

pilorum ferrugineo instructo.
Var. p. paulo minor, prothorace antice vix dilatato.
Long. Corp. lin. 12-17.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 507

Tenehrio gages, Linu. (test.Mus" Lin°) Syst.Nat.n. 676 (script., per errorem ty\^og\\,gigas) (1767)
Bhqjs gages, Fab. Eiit. Sgst. i. lOG (1792).

gigas, Lat. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et Ins. x. 278 (1804).

gages, Brulle, in Well et Berth. Hist. Nat. des lies Canar. 68 (1839).

Habitat per oram maritimam Maderae Portusque Sancti, in cavernis tufa; vel sub lapidibus, sat
frequens.

B. large, and somewhat narrow in proportion to its length, deep black, slightly shining, and most
minutely (but not very closely) punctulated all over (the punctures occasionally being almost
imperceptible). Lahrum deeply bilobed in front. Prothorax rather convex, and distinctly wider
anteriorly than behind. Elytra most obsoletely striated (the strife sometimes hardly perceptible) ;
and each produced into an acute mucro at its apex, the two together forming a bifid projection.
Antenna and legs elongated ; the apex of the former more or less fuscescent.
Female, with the extremity of the elytra more produced ; and with a tuft of ferruginous hairs at the

base of the second segment of the abdomen beneath.
Var. /3. slightly smaller, and with the prothorax not quite so distinctly widened in front.

The largest, in bulk, of all the Coleopterous members of our fauna ; and readily
distinguished from the B.fatadica by its more lengthened and elliptical body
(wliich is in proportion narrower than is there the case), by its convexer and sub-
cordate prothorax, less sculptured surface, and by its longer limbs. It is abundant
thi-oughout the Mediterranean districts of Europe and Africa, though rarer as we
proceed northwards ; and it occm-s likewise in the Canarian group. In the Madeira
Islands it is confined principally to caverns on the sea-shore,— in which positions,
in the vicinity of Funchal, it is at times tolerably common. It has been captm-ed
in profusion by Professor Heer and M. Rousset in basaltic caves at the Gorgidho,
as also in the Ribeiro Secco ; and I have myself met with it, sparingly, in Porto
Santo,— where it would appear to be somewhat scarce. Regarding its synonymy,
great confusion seems to have arisen through an inaccuracy of the press in the
Sijstema Naturce, where the word gigas was accidentally iaserted instead of gages.
That this lapsus tijpograpUcB however ought not to be taken advantage of, in
regulating the title of the species, is clear from two considerations : namely, first,
that Linnceus had abeady described as" Tenehrio gigas'' an insect totally difi'erent
(from the Brazils), — which should, alone, have been svifacient to prove the second
application to have been a mere misprint (more especially in so comparatively
small a genus as his Tenehrio) ; and, secondly, because the original specunens are
stiU in existence, in London, Avith ''gages" distinctly attached to them,— and it is
a universally admitted law that the types of any pixblished collection should take
the precedence over, and be allowed to correct the errors of, the work itself.
Indeed, were this principle once to be abandoned, it would open the way to innu-
merable difficulties, and necessitate changes throughout a very large proportion of
the entire Coleoptera. And if, further, Linnaeus' s oion admission of the mistake
were necessary (which however, in an instance like the present, could be scarcely
required), it may be supplied by a reference to his copies of the Sy sterna NaturcB,

508 IXSECTA MADERENSIA.

in whicli the word gigas is erased and gages substituted in its place. This
appears to have been understood and recognized by Fabricius, who quotes the
name of " gages^'' as Linna;an (which both the museum and maiutscv'qit do in fact
show it, in reality, to have been), — thus, very properly, making allowances for the
blunder ; and even identifying the insect with that of the Systema Naturce, though
it be there wiintentionally called "gigas."

387. Blaps fatadica.

B. atra crebre punctulata, labro fere integi-o, prothorace depresso subquadrato, elytris rugulosis sub-

ovatis basi truncatis, antennis pedibusque brevioribus.

Fam. ut in prsecedente, sed elytrorum apice minus producto.

Long. Corp. lin. 9-12.

Blaps fatadica, (Creutzer) Sturm, Beutsch. Fna, ii. 205. tab. 45. fig. a, h (1807).

, Dufts. Fna Austr. ii. 282 (1812).

oUusa, Steph. III. Brit. Ent. v. 23 (1832).

fatadica, BruUe, in Webb et Berth. Rist. JVat. des Ties Canar. 68 (1839).

Habitat Maderam et Portum Sanctum, in domibus, cellis, vel etiam in cavernis tufe (cum prjecedente)
per Oram maritimam, vulgaris.

B. smaller, broader in proportion, and more ovate than the last species, deep black, and more coarsely
and closely punctulated. Lahrum almost entire in front. Prothorax more depressed than in the
B. gages, and nearly quadrate. Elytra somewhat more shining than the head and prothorax
(which are almost opake), rugulose, and with the faintest possible indications of strice ; the apex
of each scarcely at all produced in the males, but in the females (which, as in the B. gages, have
also a tuft of ferruginous hairs at the base of the second segment of the abdomen beneath) very
distinctly so, — the points however not diverging as in the last species. Antenna and legs much
shorter than those of the B. gages ; the apex of the former vei-y obscurely fuscesceut.

The commoner of the two species in the Madeu-a Islands ; and extremely
abundant throughout the whole of Europe, the north of ^yrica, and in the Cana-
rian group. It is very plentiful in damp outhouses, cellars, and staldes near
Funchal ; nevertheless it is occasionally to be found (like the B. gages) in basaltic
caverns, or beneath stones, on the sea-shore. I have observed it Hkewise, plenti-
fully, in Porto Santo.

Fam. 49. TENTYRIAL^.

Genus 174. HEGETER. (Tab. XI. fig. 7.)

LatreiUe, His/. Xat. des Crust, et Ins. iii. 172 (1802.)

Corpus magnum, plus minusve elongato-subovatum : /ron/e (XI. 7 a) ad latera leviter elevate, ad
apiccm producta rotundata : jugulo subtus in parte media inipresso : prothorace plus minusve

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 509

quadratOj ad angiilos anticos soepius porrccto : metasterno postice vix bifido : ehjtris connatis : alls
obsoletis. Antenna (XI. 7 b) et instrumenta cibaria (XI. 7 a, 7 c, 7 d) fere ut in genere prsece-
dente, sed ilhs apicem versus minus incrassatee et articulo ultimo brevi oblique truncate ; maxil-
larum lobus internus simplex (nee biuncinatus) ; palpoinim ■maxillarium art.iculus ultimus minor et
vix secm'iformis ; palpi labiales longiores graciliores ; et mentum multo amplius, ligulam fere
tegens. Pedes plerumque elongati graciles : tibiis fere glabris^ aut minutissime setulosis : tarsis
heteromeris ; posterioribus (sed prsesertim posticis) articulo primo elongato.

The present genus, apparently the only Madeii'an representative of the Ten-
tynad<v, may he known hy its more or less quadrangular prothorax, by its anteriorly
rounded and porrected clj'peus, and hythe minute, ohliquely truncated apical joint
of its antennse. As in the rest of the department to which it belongs, its mentum
is largely developed (almost entirely concealing the ligula), and the terminal
articulation of its maxillary palpi is hut slightly dilated (being far less securiform
moreover than is the case in the previous families of the AtracheJki). The under
side of its head has usually more or less of a grooA'e and rounded impression in the
centre of the jugulum (behind the mentum) ; and its internal maxillary lobe is
simple, being never armed (as in Blaps) with an additional claw. Although but a
single Hegeter* would seem to enter our fauna, the genus may be said, nevertheless,
to be eminently characteristic of the whole of these Atlantic islands : for, whilst
endemic species are being gradually brought to light in each of them, and whilst
one or two have not only overspread all, but have even been reported from the
nearest European and African shores (as, for instance, the H. elongatus from
Senegal, and the S. Amaroides from Spain), the existence of a collective mass, as
it were, in the Canarian group points to that particular region as the probable
area from whence the greater number of them were originally diffused. On the
Salvages we find a modification peculiar to those rocks t ; but, as just stated, it is in

* lu the fourth vohune of the Ann. de la Soc. Enf. de France, there are two recorded by Solier, —
namely the H. sfriatus, Lat. (/. e. the elongatus, Oliv.), and the H. Amaroides, — as Madeiran, though only
on the evidence of Dupont'a collection. It is possible indeed that the latter may be foimd in these
islands, for it is abimdant in the Canaries ; yet, as I have not myself succeeded in detecting it, and since
it has equally evaded the researches of the Eev. E. T. Lowe, Professor Heer, Dr. Albers, iM]M. Hartimg,
Eousset and others, I have preferred not admitting it into our fauna, — inasmuch as it is far from imlikely
that some mistake may have arisen respecting the locality ; and more especially so, since such-like errors
are of constant experience in general collections, formed of necessity through various (and not always
particidarly correct) media. It is the same authority which pronounces it to occur in the south of Spain ;
and although I have not the means of testing (and woidd not therefore wish to doubt) the accuracy of this
statement, j'et I cannot but regard the Madeiran habitat as at any rate uncertain. I woidd on no
account however aiiirm that it actually does not exist in oiu- present group, since, next to the common
H. elongatus, it woidd seem to have the greatest diftusive powers (and therefore there is no reason,
ct priori, why it shoidd not be Madeiran as well as Canarian) : nevertheless, if such be the case, it is
exceedingly remarkable that it should have hitherto completely escaped the combined investigations of so
many working naturalists.

t This species evidently approaches one or frvvo from Teneriife, — of which indeed it may be perhaps
but an altered state from long seclusion on these barren and exposed rocks : nevertheless, since it does
not exactly accord with the description of any of those given byBrulle in Webb and Berthelot's work on

510 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the Canaries that they attain their maximum, — where no fewer than twelve have
been already recorded l^y "Wel^b and Berthelot, and where it is far from unlikely
that many more still remain to be detected. Thcv are insects of a verv sresarious
nature, and of sedentary modes of life, — congregating in caverns and beneath stones,
especially near the sea-shore, and avoiding the light. The common H. elongatus
indeed is occasionally to be met with (in the same manner as the Blapsidce) in and
about houses ; but their normal range is decidedly at a distance from habitations,
— in which respect they partake a good deal of the character of Helops.

388. Hegeter elongatus. (Tab. XI. fi^. 7.)
H. ater subopacus impunctatus subdepressus, capite subtus sulco brevi longitucHnali profunde im-

presso, prothorace subquadi-ato ad angulos acuto, elytris striatis, antennis pedibusque longioribus,

tibiis subglabris.
Long. Corp. lin. 7-9.

Blaps elmujata, Oliv. Ent. iii. 60. pi. 1. fig. 7 (1795).

Hegeter striatus, Lat. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et Ins. x. 276 (1804).

, Solier, Ann. de la Soc. Unt. de France, iv. 377 (1835).

, Brulle, in Wehh et Berth. Hist. Nat. des lies Canar. 64 (1839).

Habitat sub lapidibus et in cavcrnis Maderae Portusque Sancti, prjesertim per oram maritimam, toto
anno frequens : in cavcrna quadani basaltica mox infra summum montem Portosanctanum Pico
d'Anna Ferreira dictum sitii mense Aprili a.d. 1849 copiosissime collegi.

H. elongate-ovate (being widest behind the middle), deep black, almost opake (especially the head
and prothorax), impunctate and somewhat depressed. Head underneath with a very deep longi-
tudinal (though abbreviated) impression in the centre, at the base of the mentum. Prothorax

the Canaries, and since its remote locality renders it desirable that it should be distmguished, I subjoin
the folloiiving diagnosis which may serve to separate it from its allies :

Hegeter latebricola, TVoU.
H. ater subnitidus minute punctulatus subconvexus, capite subtus vix impresso, prothorace transverse ad
angulos minus acute, elytris vix substriatis, antennis pedibusque brevioribus, tibiis le^^te^ setulosis.
Long. Corp. Ha. 5^-7.

Habitat in insulis " Salvages," a Dom. Leacock nuper conunuuicatus.

H. oblong-ovate (being widest about the middle), deep shining black, closely and minutely punctulated
aU over, and somewhat convex. Head beneath with scarcely any indication of the impression which
is so deep and apparent in the INIadeiran H. elongatus. Prothorax transverse, being much shorter
than in that species ; also with the sides slightly more roimded and the angles not quite so acute.
Elytra with the faintest possible indications of stria; (which are sometimes however altogether
obsolete). Antennm and legs shorter than in the //. elongatus; the latter ^vith tlieir tibia- minutely
setulose.

It was discovered by T. S. Leacock, Esq., of Funchal (on the " Great Piton "), during his late expedition
to the Salvages ; to whom I am indebted for a fine series of specimens, in a very perfect state.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 511

subqiiach-ate, with the sides nearly straight and all the angles acute, — the anterior ones being
considerably porrected. Elytra distinctly sulcated, or striated, but without any indications of
punctui-es. Antenna and legs long ; the latter with their tibice almost glabrous.

Exceedingly common throngliout tlie islands of the Madeiran group, occui-ring
in basaltic caves, or beneath stones, in spots near to the coast, — though usually at
low elevations. In Porto Santo however I have captured it, in the utmost profvi-
sion, near the summit of the Pico d'Anna Ferreira, in a large cavern opening to
the south. In the neighbourhood of Fmichal it is at times equally plentiful,^
especially in excavations of the tufa along the sea-beach ; and it is occasionally to
be met wiih. even in and around dwelling-houses (like many of the Blapskhe) :
nevertheless the vicinity of the shore is clearly its normal range. It is abundant
in the Canaries ; and I am informed by M, Deyrolle of Paris that he has received
it from Senegal, on the coast of Africa. Regarding the habitat of the Blaps elon-
gata of 01i\der (viz. the Cape of Good Hope), I am inclined to suspect that there
must have been some error connected with it ; for, if the insect be really the same
as the Madeiran and Canarian one (as is universally admitted), it is extremely
unlikely that it should occur at so vast a distance from its (evidently) legitimate
sphere. And so, apparently, thought Dejean also (unless indeed, which is not
improbable, he had certain information on the subject), — for, although Olivier
gives the Cape of Good Hoj)e as the locality of his species, Dejean subsequently (in
his Catalogue) corrects the mistake, citing Teneriffe instead.

Fam. 50. HELOPID^.

Genus 175. HELOPS. (Tab. XII.)
Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 257 (1775).

Corpus magnum, plus minusve (in speciebus Maderensibus saltern) oblongo-ovatum, convexum : fronte
(XII. 2 a) ad latera leviter elevata, ad apicem truncata : metastemo postice vl\ bifido : elytris
modo liberis, modo (ut in speciebus nostris) subconnatis : alis obsoletis. Antenna capita pro-
thoraceque paulo (in maribus interdum multo) longiores, filiformes, apicem versus vix sensim
incrassatse et baud moniliformes, articulo prime leviter robusto breviusculo, secundo brevissimo,
tertio elongato, reliquis longitudine subrequaUbus (idtimo extus oblique subtruncato). Instru-
menta cibaria (XII. 2 a-2 d, 4 a-4 d, 6 a-6 c, 8 a-8 c) fere ut in Macrostetho, sed maxillarum lobus
intemus simplex latior apice obtusus, et nientum subquadratum antice mtegrum. Pedes elongati,
plerumque subgraciles : tibiis subtiliter pubescentibus; anticis ad apicem externum (in maribus
prsecipue) interdum acutis : tarsis heteromeris, subtus dense pubescentibus [anterioribits articulis,
ultimo excepto, interdum subcordatis et in maribus plus minusve dilatatis) ; posticis articulo
primo longiusculo.

The representatives of the present very extensive genus may be known (so far
at least as the European ones are concerned) by their convex, rather thickened and

512 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

more or less oblong-ovate bodies (tlieu* protliorax being usually almost as broad
Iiehind as the base of their elji;ra), by their comparatively elongated, filiform
antenna3 and by their subpubescent (unspinulose) legs, — which have the joints of
the four anterior tarsi slightly cordate, and often a little dilated in the male sex.
Although for the most part of a sombre hue, they are insects which are not
universally (like those of the three preceding families) dark, — assuming occa-
sionally more pleasing tints or even a metallic lustre. Still, black is their
prevailing shade; as is especially implied in the Madeira Islands, where a dull
rusty-brown is the most lively colour indicated, — and even that by two or three
members .only of a somewhat aberrant mould. In their propensities they would
appear to combine those of the previous groups with the subcortical ones of the
DlaperidcB ; being found not merely beneath stones in the vicinity of the coast,
and in the open country, but likewise under the moss and loose bark of trees in
damp wooded spots. In so large an assemblage it is not sui'prising that we should
discover several types of form ; nevertheless, though such is the case, it is scarcely
])0ssible to make use of any of them for so much as even sectional purposes, since
they all exhibit so great a congruity in the details of then- trophi as to be nearly
coincident, whilst externally they are merged inter se by imperceptible gradations.
Although not available however in analysis, they may be advantageously studied
in a general way, inasmuch as the habits and outward featiu-es of the various
species are in some measure reciprocal, — or at any rate so far consistent with each
other as to render the investigation of them interesting. This indeed we should
a priori expect, for it is hardly to be supposed that creatures normally subcortical
sliould offer no points of dissimilarity from those whose range is beneath stones
along the sea-shore or in the rocky crevices of weather-beaten peaks. Did not in
fact intermediate modes of life occui", between the extremes, disclosing corre-
sponding links of structui'e, there might be some hope of resolving this immense
race into natiu'al divisions ; but, since such are traceable, we can only contemplate
the adjustments in question as a mere matter of local and specific interest, Avithout
any reference to generic simplification.

In the Madeira Islands the Selopidce may be said to play an important part
amongst the indigenous Coleoptera, and would seem to include but few modifica-
tions (if any) of a purely sylvan nature. On the contrary, they are all more or
less residents hi aperto, and most of them exclusively so. One or two are at times
to be met with, it is true, under bark ; but even these harbour more abimdantly
beneath stones, and attain in such situations a more perfect development. In
reality, the entire number may be pronounced as not only extra-sylvan, but as
t\']3ically natives of the most barren and exposed regions. And if avc turn to theu*
external contour, we shall perceive them all to be fashioned after a certain pattern
which obtains throughout the whole of these Atkmtic groups. Thus, for instance,
anything approaching to gay colours does not so much as exist (theu- ordinary hue
being deep black) ; then, they are, in every instance, apterous (their retii'ing habits

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 513

rendering wings unnecessary) ; their elytra are almost invariably joined together ;
theii- bodies are especially thick and subovate (or at least it is their tendency to
become so, their prothoraces being wider posteriorly than is usually the case in
the flower-infesting or metallic forms) ; and their four anterior feet are always
expanded in the males, — in which sex also the legs are peculiarly robust, and the
antennae are much elongated. Like the Sadri, they are excessively gregarious, —
clustering beneath slabs of stone (often in the utmost profusion), or secreting
themselves in the chinks and fissm-es of the mountain-summits. They most of
them emit, when captured, an impleasant odour (like a large proportion of the
Melasomes) ; and so pungent is this scent in one or two of the species, that their
presence may be frequently detected even before actually observed.

389. Helops Vulcanus, TT'oll. (Tab. XII. fig. 1.)
H. subovatus ater subnitidus confertim punctulatus, prothorace amplo convexo ad latera basin versus
siuuato (angulis posticis plus minusve subrectis), elytris rugosis profunde crenato-striatis, inter-
stitiis apicem versus seriatim tuberculatis, antennis pedibusque robustis.
Var. «. latus, protborace ad angulos posticos subrecto. (Ins*. Deserta Borealis et Grandis.)
Var. /3. vix angustior convexior, protborace ad latera valde sinuato angulis posticis rectis. (Ins. Ilheu

de Fora.)
Var. y. angustior minor oblongior et profundius punctatus, prothorace paulo longiore ad angulos

posticos subrecto. {Ilheo de Fora ; status aberrans.)
Var. 8. protborace ad latera minus sinuato angulis posticis subobtusis. {Madera ; per oram mari-
timam.)
Long. Corp. lin. 6i-I0.

Habitat sub lapidibus et in rupium fissuris Maderse, insularum adjacentium necnon Desertarum, prae-
sertim mox supra oram maritimam, uon infrequens : in summo Desertee Grandis atque in insula
Ilheo de Fora dicta prsedominat.

H. subovate, deep black, slightly shining, closely and rather coarsely punctulated. Prothorax large

and convex ; widest a little before the middle, and with the sides sinuated behind, — causing the

posterior angles to be more or less of right angles. Elytra rugose, or transversely wrinkled ;

deeply crenate-striated ; the interstices having each a row of tubercles, apparent behind but

obsolete in front. Legs and antennae exceedingly robust, especially in the males.
Var. a. slightly wider and larger than the other varieties. Prothorax with the posterior angles

almost right angles, but with the anterior portion scarcely so much expanded as in the var. /3.

(The state peculiar to the Northern and Central Dezertas.)
Var. |3. a trifle narrower and more convex than the Dezertan specimens. Prothorax with the sides

greatly sinuated behind, and with the posterior angles right angles. (Typical on the Ilheo de

Fora.)
Var. y. the narrowest in proportion of the whole, being more oblong (or subcylindi-ical), also smaller

and rather more deeply punctured ; with the prothorax comparatively elongated, and its posterior

angles almost right angles. (Ilheo de Fora ; abnormal state.)

3u

514 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Far. B. prothorax with the sides rather less sinuated than in any of the previous varieties, and with
its posterior angles somewhat obtuse. [Madeira ; in fissures of the rocks near the coast.)

It must be admitted that the H. Vulcamis and confertus approach each other
very closely in most respects except in magnitude. Nevertheless they have small
peculiarities of theu- own, which, when pointed out, will be usually at once appre-
ciated even in those examples where theii" aberrations of size (ia contrary direc-
tions) would seem almost to meet : and, although I was originally iuclLued to
consider them as phases of one and the same species, yet a more accurate analysis
(of an extensive series, collected in different islands and at many altitudes), and,
above all, a careful observation of their habits in situ, has subsequently conviuced
me that they are trvdy distinct. In then" normal states there could never be any
hesitation, even at fii'st sight, in passing judgment upon them ; since the gigantic
dimensions of the H. Vulcaims (more than doubling the other), in conjimction
with its singularly rol)ust legs and antenna?, would of themselves suffice to charac-
terize it. But since both are of variable stature, it becomes necessary to be able
to recognise not the extremes only, but likewise the means. Howbeit we may
here premise that, even were occasional individuals to occur, out of a very large
number (which, so far as my own experience is concerned, has not hitherto
happened), in which real difficulty of identification would appear to exist, the
prolilem still remains unsolved, whether an exceptional link is to be regarded as
of sufficient importance to cause the amalgamation of otherwise well-defined forms ;
and whether a lusus NatiircB may not sometimes be the real explanation of what
might seem to us, when contemplated from an opposite point of view, to be con-
nective. I would merely mention tliis as a safeguard against a too hasty conclu-
sion in an instance like the present one, and not that the case (so far at least as I
have reason to believe) actually requires it, — since I have scarcely ever failed to
separate, and that too with j)erfect ease, every specimen of the insects in question
which has yet come beneath my notice.

Under all cu-cumstances, I apprehend that the species which we are discussing
may be determined by then* limbs and prothorax, — the former of which are much
thicker in the II. Vnlcaniis than in the coufcrtns, whilst the latter is more excavated
behind (thus not only causing the edges to be more sinuated, but likewise the pos-
terior angles to be either subacute or right angles ; whereas in the more regularly
rounded and somewhat smaller and less convex prothorax of the H. confertus,
they are comparatively obtuse). This, I think, will generally enable us to discri-
minate even the intermediate, or outwardly approximating, examples ; but, where
the inquiry simply lies between the two in thcu- typical conditions, the immensely
greater bulk of the U. J'ulcanus (apart from the minor features enmncrated in the
diagnosis) wQl prevent any doubt from being entertained, Qxcn. lirimd facie, on the
subject. Their modes of life moreover are in a high degree dissimilar, — the con-
fertus being the only Madeiran Ilelops (unless I am mistaken) of subcortical pro-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 515

pensities (it being found almost as often under bark as stones, accommodating itself
to the sylvan districts) ; wliilst the Vulcanus is confined to the most exposed spots
near the coast, harbouring either beneath basaltic slabs on the barren cliffs, or else
(which is more especially the case) in the fissiu*es of the weather-beaten peaks of
the adjacent islands. On the extreme summit of the Dezerta Grande I have cap-
tured it in profusion, during the winter and spring (in company with the E. con-
gregatm, Kadrus cinerascens, and the Scarites ahbreviatus), — by splitting open
the masses of rock and tufa which had become loosened by the action of the
atmosphere : and on the Flat Dezerta, or Ilheo Chao, it is equally abundant. On
the Ilheo de Fora (the small, pyramidal, detached extremity of the Ponta Sao
Louren9o) it is exceedingly plentifiil,— where, on the 19th of March 1849, I took
a vast quantity of specimens, a little differing from those of the Dezertas (though
coincident with them in everything essential), and constituting two varieties,
which 1 have endeavoured to indicate in the above description.

390. Helops confertus, WoU. (Tab. XII. fig. 2.)
H. subovatus ater (vel niger) subnitidus confertim punctulatus, prothorace ad latera rotundato
(angulis posticis obtusis), elytris crenato-striatis, interstitiis apicem versus seriatim tuberculatis,
antennis pedibusque fuscescentibus.
Var. a. elytris rugosis et profunda crenato-striatis. (In Madera status typicus, sub lapidibus

corticeve arborum ubique vulgaris.)
Var. /3. svibpicescens (artubus dilutioribus), elytris vix rugosis et leviter crenato-striatis. (In
Maderd status aberrans, per regionem alpinam prsesertim occurrens.)
Long. Corp. lin. 5-6^.

Habitat Maderam propriam, sub lapidibus vel cortice arborum laxo, ab ord maritima usque ad cacu-
mina montium copiosissime ascendens; var. f3. regionem alpinam prsesertim colit.

H. resembling the last species, but, on the average, very much smaller ; the prothorax a little shorter
in proportion and not quite so convex ; and with the sides almost uniformly rounded, — being
scarcely at all sinuated or scooped out behind, so that the posterior angles are more obtuse. The
legs and antenna, also, are much less robust than those of the H. Vulcanus, and more or less
piceous or fuscescent.
Var. a. with the elytra much roughened (as in the H. Vulcanus) and deeply crenate-striated. (The

typical state throughout Madeira, except in the highest altitudes.)
Var. fi. with more or less of an obscure picescent tinge, — especially on the legs and antennae, which
are sometimes almost ferruginous. Elytra less roughened and with the striae not so deep, — but
with the tubercles on the interstices behind, nevertheless, always apparent. (The aberrant state,
occurring principally in the loftiest altitudes of Madeira.)

The distinctions between the present insect and the last one have been akeady
pointed out. It is by far the most abtindant of the Helopiclce here described, and
with the most extended range, — nevertheless confined exclusively, so far as I have

3tj 2

516 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

hitherto observed, to Madeu-a proper; where it occui's at nearly all elevations,
though more particiilarly below the altitude of 2000 feet. It is the only member
of the genus included in our fauna in which a subcortical tendency wovild appear
to be indicated : yet, nor mall y, I believe that even it is extra-sylvan, since it is
imquestionably cormnoncr beneath stones than bark. It varies a little according
to the altitude at which it is found, being usually deeply striated and rugose on
its lower, but sulipicescent and much more lightly sculptiu'cd on its upper limits.
I have taken specimens indeed on the Pico lluivo and on the mountaia-plain of
tlie Fateu'as which are so far diminished in roughness as almost to resemble, at
first sight, the H. Pluto ; nevertheless the more roimded edges of their (less
anteriorly-acuminated) prothorax, in conjimction with the tubercles (Avhich are
never absent) on the hinder region of their elytral interstices, will always succeed
in distinguishing even such examples as these, on fiu'ther examination, fi-om that
species.

391. Helops Pluto, WoU. (Tab. XII. fig. 3.)

H. elliptico-ovatus ater (vel niger) nitidissimus confertini punctulatus, prothorace antice acuminato ad
latera oblique-subrecto, elytris leviter crenato-striatis, antennis jjedibusque paulo brevioribus
fuscescentibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 3^-5.

Habitat sub lapidibus Maderse (a 3000' s. m. usque ad summos montes ascendens), tempore hiberno
et veniali vulgaris.

H. elliptical-ovate (being about equally acuminated before and behind), deep black, exceedingly
shining, and closely but rather finely punctulated. Prothorax narrowed in tront, the widest part
being at the extreme hinder margin ; and with the sides nearly straight (though obhque), and
the posterior angles rather acute. Elytra scarcely at all roughened, and hghtly crenate-striated ;
the interstices having no appearance of the hinder tubercles which are more or less evident on so
many of the other species. Leys and antenna somewhat shorter comparatively than those of the
H. confertus, and more or less brownish-piceous or fuscescent.

An exceedingly distinct Helops ; and readily known from the remainder of the
genus here described l)y its elliptical outline and by its brightly shining and com-
paratively smooth surface, — which has no ap2:)earance of the hinder elj-tral
tubercles which are so perceptible in most of its allies. Its j)rothorax also is more
attenuated in front, and has the sides (although oblique) straighter, than is the
case in any of the other species. It is peculiar to lofty altitudes, where however
throughout the winter months it is remarkably abundant, — occm-ring beneath
stones on the exposed grassy slopes, from about 3000 feet above the sea to the
extreme summits of the peaks. In the elevated district between the Pico da Lagoa
and the Pico dos Aricros I have observed it in the utmost profusion during the
early spring ; and I have likewise captui-ed it on the upland plain of the Paul da

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 517

Serra, and on most of the mountain ridges in the interior of the island. It has
been also taken by Professor Heer on the Pico Grande.

392. Helops infernus, Woll. (Tab. XII. fig. 4.)
H. oblongo-ovatus niger (vel ater) subopacus coufertissime punctulatus, prothorace ad latera rotundato,

elytris dense rugulosis subcrenato-striatis, interstitiis apicem versus vix seriatim tuberculatis,

antennis pedibusque fuscescentibus.
Long. corp. liu. 4-6i.

Habitat sub lapidibus in campis aridis Portus Sancti, tempore vernali, vulgaris.

H. oblong-ovate (or somewhat semicylindrical), dull black (occasionally with a very obscure piceous
or rusty tinge), nearly opake, and most closely and rather roughly punctulated. Prothorax
nearly as broad before as behind, the widest part being about the middle ; and with the sides
slightly but uniformly rounded. Elytra most densely rugulose (having almost the appearance
at first sight of being closely granuled), and crenate-striated (though not very deeply so) ; the
interstices with the hinder tubercles small, and, on account of the roughness of the surface,
exceedingly indistinct. Legs and antenna more or less brownish-piceous or fuscescent.

A species peculiar to Porto Santo, and with exceedingly well-marked characters,
— which (judging from many hundred specimens which have come beneath my
notice) would appear in every instance to remain constant ; its somewhat oblong
or semicylindrical form, in conjunction with its nearly opake and very closely
punctiu-ed surface (the elytral portion of which would almost seem, at first sight,
to be granulated), being at once sufficient to separate it from the rest of the
Madeiran Helopkla; here described*. It is extremely abundant in the low sandy

* In its opacity and somewhat cylindrical contour, it slightly resembles a species from the Salvages :
nevertheless the almost impimctate surface of that insect, added to its more posteriorly-narrowed pro-
thorax, will readily separate it from the H. infernus. As it is certainly imdescribed, I subjoin the fol-
lowing diagnosis, which will serve to distuiguish it from its Madeiran and Porto Santan aUies :

»
Helops Leacocianus, Woll.

H. oblongo-ovatus ater subopacus minutissime et vix coul'ertim punctulatus, prothorace ad latera valde
rotundato, elytris crenato-striatis, interstitiis apicem versus seriatim tubereidatis, antennis pedibusque
breviuscuHs picescentibus.

Long. Corp. liu. 5.

Habitat in insulis " Salvages," a Dom. Leacock nuper communicatus, cujus iu honorem speciem stabiHvi.

H. oblong-ovate, deep black, nearly opake, and most minutely, but not very densely punctidated. Pro-
thorax with the sides considerably rounded, beiug a good deal (and abuost equally) narrowed before
and behind. Elytra very obscurely rugulose, but distinctly erenate-striated (the stris having almost
the appearance of being punctate) ; the interstices with the hinder tubercles large and distinct.
Legs and antennce somewhat piceous.

A single specimen of this very distinct and interesting Helojjs has been lately communicated to me by
T. S. Leacock, Esq., of Funchal, by whom it was captured on the " Great Piton" (during his late expedi-
tion to the Salvages), and to whom I have dedicated the species.

518 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

districts of Porto Santo, diu-ing tlie winter and spring, — especially on the Campo
de Baxo, and the fiat ciiltivated ground behind the sea-beach.

393. Helops lucifugiis, WoU. (Tab. XII. fig. 5.)

H. ovatus latiusculus subdepressus ater nitidus confertim punctulatus, prothorace amplo antice
convexo ad latera vix rotundato, elytris subrugulosis profunde crenato-striatis, interstitiis apicem
versus minute seriatim tuljerculatis, antennis pedibusque fuscescentibus.
Var. /3. minor convexior, punctis striisque paulo profundioribus, prothorace vix ampliore quadratiore.

Long. Corp. lin. 4r-6'~.

Habitat in Portu Sancto, una cum prrecedente degens, sed paulo rarior ; var. /3. ad regionem supe-
riorem nisi fallor solam pertinet, qua in ascensu montis illius Pico de Facho dicti Aprili exeunte
A.D. 1848 pauca specimina sub lapidibus collegi.

H. short-ovate, rather wide and depressed, deep shining black, neither so closely nor so deeply punc-
tulated as the H. infenius. Prothorax somewhat large in proportion to the size of the insect,
rather convexer in front than at the hinder margin (a peculiarity which is especially apparent in
the male sex), more narrowed anteriorly than in the last species ; and with the sides consequently
not quite so itniformhj rounded. Elytra rather short, very slightly rugulose and deeply crenate-
striatcd, the strife having almo.st the appearance sometimes of being punctate ; the interstices
with the hinder tubercles small and rather more distinct than in the last species. Legs and
antenna more or less brownish-piceous or fuscescent.
Var. /3. smaller and more convex ; with the prothorax somewhat larger iu proportion and more
quadi-ate, being moreover as convex behind as in front ; and with the punctures and elytral strise
altogether a httle deeper than in the ordinary type. (The state peculiar, apparently, to the
higher elevations of Porto Santo.)

Also a weU-niarkcd species, and, like the last, peculiar to Porto Santo. It may
be knovm by its shortened ovate form, comparatively broad outline, and by its
deep black, shining, rather depressed, and somewhat lightly punctured surface.
It is found in company with the H. infer nits on the sandy plains of a low elevation,
but is apparently the scarcer of the two. There is a state (correctly referred I
believe to the present insect) which I would regard as the moimtain variety, in
which the body is slightly smaller and more convex, the scvJpture deeper, and the
prothorax a little larger in proportion and more quadrate, than in the ordinary
type. The only specimens which I possess of this particular modification were
captured by myself, in April 1818, on the ascent (so far as I can recollect) of the
Pico de Facho, — about midway between the town and summit.

394. Helops congi'egatus, WoU. (Tab. XII. fig. 6.)

H. subovatus piceus nitidus coufertim punctulatus, prothorace ad latera subrotundato, elytris rugu-
losis profunde crenato-striatis, interstitiis apicem versus seriatim tuberculatis, antennis pedibusque
plus minusve ferrugineis.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 519

Var. a. paiilo obscurior, prothorace vix angustiorCj antennis pedibusque infuscato-ferrugineis. (Ins.

Deserta Grandis.)
Var. (3. paulo clarior, prothorace vix latiore densius et subprofundius punctulato, antennis pedi-
busque ferrugineis. (In Madera status typiciis.)
Long. Corp. lin. 3^-4|. '

Habitat sub lapidibus in montibus Maderse, minus frequens ; in summo Besertse Grandis (tempore
hiberno) prredominat, in rupium fissuris una cum H, Vulcano latitans.

H. subovate, piceous, shining, and closely and deeply punctulated. Prothorax with the sides slightly
rounded ; less emarginated in front (and therefore with the anterior angles less porrected) than
in any of the foregoing species. Elytra deeply crenate-striated ; the interstices with the hinder
tubercles rather large and distinct, and occasionally extending almost into the anterior portion.
Legs and antenna more or less ferruginous.

Var. a., of a slightly obscurer hue. Prothorax a trifle narrower (especially in front), and a little
less deeply punctured than in the Madeiran specimens. Legs and antenna: dull ferruginous,
being more or less infuscated in parts. (The state peculiar to the Dezerta Grande.)

Var. /3. of a clearer colour. Prothorax just perceptibly wider and more quadrate, and also somewhat
more closely and deeply punctured. Legs and antenna almost invariably pale ferruginous. (The
typical state in Madeira.)

The present Selops may be known from the rest of the genus here described by
its dark piceous hue, shining surface and ovate form. It is found sparingly
throughout most of the mountain districts of Madeira, but wouhl appear to be
more especially attached to the east of the island, — and indeed to attain its
maximum on the Dezerta Grande, where I have taken it in the greatest profusion
from out of the fissures of the highest central peaks. In Madeira proper I have
observed it more plentifully on the hiU-tops above Machico than elsewhere;
nevertheless on the upland plain of the Eateh'as, and other spots towards the
eastern coast, it may be occasionally met with in comparative abundance*.

* Somewhat akin to this species is a small Helops (recently communicated by M. Eousset) from
Teneriffe. Prom its Madeiran allies it may be at once distiaguished by the peculiarity of its form and
sculpture, — amongst which the almost impimctate interstices of its elji;ra and its total freedom from
hinder tubercles should be especially noticed. It may be defined as follows : —

Helops carbunculus, Wall.

H. brevis ovatus nigro-piceus nitidus, prothorace profimde et confertim pmictato subcordato-quadrato ad
latera leviter rotundato, elytris leviter striato-pimctatis, interstitiis obsoletissime punctulatis, an-
tennis pedibusque infuscato-ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. lin. 3|.

Habitat in ins. Teneriffse Canariensi, a Dom. Eousset nuper missus.

H. short, ovate, dark piceous, and shining. Prothorax deeply and closely punctured (especially towards
the edges), subcordate-quadrate, being widest in front; convex anteriorly, and with the sides
slightly rounded. Elytra not at all rugidose, and lightly striate-punctate ; the interstices with most

520 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

395. Helops futilis, JFoII. (Tab. XII. fig. 7.)

H. oblongo-subovatus ferrugineus subopacus, prothorace confertissime punctulato latiusculo sub-
quadi-ato, elytris subcrenato-striatis, interstitiis obsoletissime punctulatis, autennis pedibusque
testaceis.
Vai: a. paulo obscurior, elytrorum interstitiis apicem versus leviter seriatim tuberculatis. (In

Maderd status typicus.)
Var. ^. paulo elarior, elytrorum tuberculis obsoletis. (Ins. Deserta Grandis.)
Long. coqi. lin. 2|-3|.

Habitat sub lapidibus Maderse et Desertse Grandis, rarior.

H. somewhat oblong-ovate (or nearly oblong), ferruginoiis, and almost opake. P?"o/Aora<r rather wide,
convex, and subquadrate ; deeply and exceedingly closely punctulated. Elytra finely striated
(the striiE obscurely crenatcd) ; the interstices with most minutely impressed points (sometimes
scarcely perceptible). Legs and antennae testaceous.

Var. a., of a slightly obscurer hue (the edges of the prothorax and the extreme base of the elytra
however being usually more rufescent, or chestnut) ; the clytral interstices with the hinder
tubercles tolerably apparent ; and the apex of the antcnnnp distinctly infuscated. [Madeira.)

Var. /3. of a clearer, or more rufescent hue; the elytral interstices with the tubercles obsolete; and
the apex of the antennae less distinctly infuscated. (The state peculiar to the Dezerta Grande.)

Apparently the rarest of the Helopidce here described ; and, like the following
two, of a paler coloui* than the generality of them. Eroni both of those, hoAvever,
it may be known by its smaller bulk, and by the punctures of its prothorax being
extremely dense, whilst those on the interstices of its elytra are scarcely per-
ceptible. The only locality in Madeira proper in which I have myself observed it
is at Camacha, — where, on the 2nd of March 1848, I captured it sparingly fi-om
beneath stones on the level grassy plain close to the Quinta of ]Mr. Bean. It has
however been subsequently taken by M. Rousset near Funchal, and by Professor
Heer at the Mount Church. It would seem to exist likewise on the Dezerta
Grande, — from whence I obtained a pair (of a slightly brighter hue, and with the
hinder tubercles hardly distinguishable) during my sojourn on that island, with
the Rev. W. J. Armitagc, in January 1849.

396. Helops cinnamomeus, WoU. (Tab. XII. fig. 8.)
H. elongato-ovatus ferrugineus subnitidus, prothorace confertim punctulato subquadrato, elytris

minutely impressed points (so small as to be scarcely perceptible without the aid of a powerful
glass), and without any appearance of tubercles citlier before or behind. Legs and antenna didl
ferruginous, being more or less infuscated in parts.

It may be regarded as the Canariau representative of the H. congregatus, from wliich however »peci-
Jically it is abundantly distuict.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 521

leviter subcrenato-sti-iatis, interstitiis minute punctulatis apicem versus leviter seriatim tubercu-
latis, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 3^-5.

Habitat Maderam australem sub lapidibus, prsesertim per oram maritimam et in locis minus elevatis,
ab autumno usque ad ver novum vulgaris.

H. elongate-ovate, ferruginous (either obscure or rufescent, occasionally of a somewhat reddish-cin-
namon hue), and slightly shining. Prothorax scarcely so wide or convex (in proportion) as that of
the last species, and not quite so densely punctulated ; subquadratc. Elytra lightly subcrenate-
striated (the strise being sometimes very faint) ; the interstices more finely punctulated than the
prothorax (though very much more coarsely than in the H. futilis), and with the hinder tubercles
tolerably distinct. Legs and antenna testaceous.

The palest of the Madeiran nelopicl(V ; and an exceedingly distinct species, both
in habits and form. Unlike any of the previous ones, it is apparently peculiar to
low elevations, occurring either on the sea-shore or within the altitude of about
900 feet. On the flat ledge of ground overlooking the Praya Fornioza I have
captured it in the utmost abundance, from beneath stones ; as also in dry spots on
the cliffs to the eastward of the town, immediately beyond the Ribeiro de Sao
Goncalvo, — the highest position in which I have hitherto observed it.

397. Helops Portosanctanus, Woll. (Tab. XII. fig. 9.)
H. angusto-oblongus piceo-ferrugineus nitidus vel opacus leviter et minus confertim punctulatus,
prothorace subquadrato, elytris plus minusvc obsoletissime crenato-substriatis, antennis pedi-
busque testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. ^\-4^.

Habitat Portum Sanctum, prope maris litus atque in aridis subinferioribus, tempore hiberno et
vernali vulgatissimus.

H. oblong, comparatively narrow and subcylindiical, usually of a dark piceo-ferruginous (though
sometimes a little paler), either shining or opake (and with all the intermediate states), — which
however appears to be in no way a sexual character. Head coarsely punctured. Prothorax and
elytra much more finely punctulated than the head, and less closely so than in any of the previous
species : the former rather convex, subquadratc, and with the sides more or less rounded : the
latter very obsoletely crenate-striated (the strife being always far less perceptible than those of the
H. cinnamomeus, and sometimes altogether obsolete) ; the interstices with their punctures (though
very variable in size) always rather smaller than those on the prothorax, and without any appear-
ance of tubercles. Legs and antenna pale diluted testaceous.

A very remarkable species ; and, although more changeable in surface than any
here described, retaining nevertheless many peculiarities which will readUy distin-
guish it, in aU its states, from the remainder of the Selopidce with which we have
to do. Its narrower and more oblong outline, in conjunction with its less thickly

3x

622 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

pimctulated prothorax and almost unstriated elytra, give it a character which it is
impossible to mistake ; whilst its extraordinary variableness in the depth of its
punctiu-es and its liability to intermutation between opacity and brightness (and
which moreover is in no way dependent on the sex) a^tU serve additionally to
discriminate it. It occiu's only (so far as I have hitherto observed) in Porto Santo,
— where however it is extremely abundant, diu'ing the winter and early sj^ring
(beneath stones), on the Campo de Baxo, and on the dry barren slopes and enclo-
sures in the immediate vicinity of the Cidade. It is essentially of low range ; and
in liabits would seem to be analogous to the Madeu-an H. cinnamomeus, although
ainmdantly distinct from it specifically.

SectioXIL TRACHELIA.
Fam. 51. (EDEMERID^.

Genus 176. STENAXIS. (Tab. XIII. fig. 2.)

Schmidt, in Linn Entom. i. 87 (1846).

Corpus mediocre, angusto-elongatum, pubescens, mollc ct plus miiiusve Ifcte coloratum : capite pro-
dueto ; oculis oblongis : prothorace parvo subcyliudrico, elytris angustiore, postice subcoarctato :
elytris apicem versus leviter attenuatis : alts amplissimis. Antenna in fronte prope oculos insertse,
filiformes, articulo primo vis robusto, secundo brevissimo, reliquis (e tcrtio elongate) lougitudine
paulatim vix decrescentibus. Labrum coriaceum subquadrato-transversum, antice vix emargi-
natum. Mandibulce longiuscula; subrectte, apice acutissima; bifidse, margiue interno membranfi.
angusta ciliata aucto, basi minutissime crenulato et ante basin fisso-sinuato. Maxilla bilobae,
lobis membranaceis, apice longe pencillato-pubescentibus obtusis. Palpi maxillares elongati,
articulo ultimo (in typica, sc. S. annulato, subsecui'iformi-cylindrico, sed in specie iladerensi)
subfusiformi-cylindi'ico : labiales e scapis ligulse connatis surgentes, articulo ultimo (in typic&
subsecuriformi-obconico, sed in nostr4) subfusiformi apice acuminate. Mentuni fere ut in Pec-
teropo vel Malachio, clongatum lateribus rotuudatis, antice et postice mcmbranaceum, in parte
media transversa coriaceum. Lit/ula tenuissimc membranacea, profuude biloba, lobis di\ergen-
tibus, apice inter lobos setis duabus mediis brevibus robustissimis instructo. Pedes elongati,
gracUes : tibiis ad apicem internum leviter bicalcaratis : (arsis heteromeris, articulo primo (prae-
sertim in posticis) elongate, pcuultimo bilobo subtus longe pubesccntc, ultimo lougiusculo ungui-
culis simplicibus munito.

Although the insect from which the above diagnosis has been dra^vn out recedes
a little in the configm-ation of the ultimate joint of its palpi fi'om the Em-opean
S.annidata (the type, and hitherto sole exponent, of the group), stUl I have no
hesitation in referring it to Sienaxis, since in aU other essential particulars (as, for
instance, its produced head, ol)long eyes, the insertion of its antennae, its simple
femora, and the equality of its tibial spurs) it entirely coincides with it. Its only

INSECTA MADERENSIA.

523

structural difference indeed would seem to reside in the terminal articulation of its
palpi, — which in the maxillary pair is somewhat narrower and more fusiform, and
in the labial ones considerably more acuminated, than is there the case ; neither
of which however can be deemed of sufiicient importance to cause its isolation*.
Widely separated as they usually are in every system of arrangement, I cannot but
believe that our present genus (together with several of its allies, which do not con-
cern us here) possesses a slight (though decided) aifinity with the MehjridcB, — an
hvpothesis which the flower-infesting habits of the two families, and many of their
external features, in conjunction with the almost identical formation of their very
peculiar menta, would go far to support. Fecteropns in fact, especially as regards
one of the species (the P. rostratus), in the elongation of its head and mandibles,
as well as in the shape of its eyes, the implantation of its antennse, and ia the
details of its maxUlse and palpi, displays much in common with Stenaxis : — and
hence the views of Lamarck, who placed the Trachelia ia juxtaposition with
Dasytes, may not have been altogether erroneous, I have not succeeded in
detecting more than a single representative of the (Eclemericlce in the Madeira
Islands!, which in a country where flowers are so numeroixs and sunshine pre-
dominant is rather extraordinary.

* It may be useful to state that Stenaxis is distinguished from (Edemera proper, priiicipally, by the
femora of its males not being clarate, and by its eyes being obloug aud of moderate size (instead of
rounded and large). In its simple thighs and general contour it approaches Anoncodes ; but that group
has the antenua; of its male sex 12-articidate, its eyes Idduey-shaped, the apex of its labial palpi seciu-i-
form (whereas in our insect they are acuminated), and the spurs of its front tibise unequal, — one being
robust, and the other either nearly or altogether obsolete (whilst in Stenaxis the two are not only inva-
riably present, but are of the same magnitude). In colouring and some other respects it even assimilates
Asclera ; but the Asclerw, apart from minor differences, have their head unproduced, and the terminal
joint of their maxillary palpi greatly developed and seciu-iform, — a character which obtains also in
Chrysantliia, where moreover (as in Prohosca, CJiitona and Stenostoma) the antenuas spring comparatively
at a distance from the eyes, and the head (at any rate as regards the last two of them) is even stiU more
elongated tlian in Stenaxis.

t Although the Stenaxis Lowei is apparently the only member of the GEdemeridce in the Madeiran
group, a new and very beautiful Diti/his has been lately conununicated to me (by T. S. Leacoek, Esq. of
Funehal) from the distant rocks of the Salvages,— the description of which will not be considered here
out of place.

Ditylus fulvus, Woll.

D. elongatus cylindricus fulvo-testaceus (oculis tibiariunque calcariis soils nigris) imdique crebre pimctatus
et densissitne pubescens, prothorace subcordato leviter canaUculato in disco utriuque bifoveolato,
antennis apicem versus tarsisque ferrugineis.

Long. Corp. liu. 6.

Habitat in insulis remotis " Salvages " dictis, a Dom. Leacoek repertus.

D. elongated, narrow and cylindrical, pale fulvo-testaceous (the eyes, which are large and oblong, and the
tibial spurs, being alone black), closely pimctiu-ed all over, and most densely clothed with a decum-
bent folvous pubescence. Prothorax subcordate (being narrowed posteriorly, and vridest just behind
its front margin) ; with a Ughtly-impressed central channel, and with two large rounded fovese
(placed longitudinally) on either side of its disk. Elytra rather shorter than the abdomen. An-
tennm (except at their base), and the tarsi, of a slightly obscurer colour, — being somewhat fei-ni-

3x2

524 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

398. Stenaxis Lowei, Wall. (Tab. XIII. fig. 2.)

S. angusto-elongata senescenti-viridis pubescens, prothorace supra, antennis, palpis pedibusque plus
minusve rufo-testaceis, elytris subpunctato-rugxilosis, singulo costa una longitudinali subobliqua
notato.

Long. Corp. lin. 3-3|.

Habitat in floribus Jladerse, inde a lOOCy s. m., restate non infrequens : iu Madera boreali prsedo-
minat, qua inter flores Dahlia ad Sanctam Annam mense Junio a.d. 1850 copiosissime depre-
hensi.

Insectum pulchritudine egregium, et Rev''" Dom" Lowe ob gratias amicissime oblatas a me dedl-
catum.

S. elongated and narrow, slightly acuminated posteriorly, and (except on the prothorax, which is
nearly glabrous) very pubescent. Head green with a brassy tinge, very lightly punctured, and
a little elevated between the antennfp. Prothorax above bright rufo-testaceous, the sides and
under portion, and an obscure (usually more or less obsolete, and always centrally-interrupted)
transverse band, a little behind the front margin, dark brassy-green ; almost impunctate. Elytra
shining brassy-green, and densely rugulose (but scarcely punctured) ; somewhat gaping behind,
and with a veiy elevated oblique costa, or nerve, extending from either shoulder towards (though
hardly reaching) the apex. Antenna, palpi, mandibles and legs more or less testaceous, — all of
them being generally a little dusky towards their extremities.

Found in considerable profusion throughout certain districts of Madeu*a during
the summer months, making its appearance about the beginning or middle of
June. It is more general in the north and centre of the island than in the south,
and seldom ranges below the altitude of 1000 feet. In Senhor Louiz Acciaioly's
garden at Santa Anna I captiu-ed it in the greatest abundance, in 1850, from out
of the flowers of the common yellow Dahlia, which it seemed to prefer to those
of every other plant, — secreting itself at the bottom of the long, ciu'led jietals,
each one of wliich (during the period of the insect's existence) might l)e usually
observed, on examination, to harbour a specimen. In this manner I have frequently
collected fi'om a single Dahlia almost as many examples of the S. Loicel as there
were petals, — and in positions moreover where a week before not the vestige of

ginous. The terminal joint of the antenncs narrowed, or subulated, immediately beyond the middle,
— having the appearance, at first sight, of being composed of two articulations.

It is apparently closely allied to the D. concohr of Brulle, from the Canary Islands, — with typical
specimens of which, in the Koyal iluseuju of Berlin, it lias been compared by my friend Dr. H. Scbauin.
Apart from minor dificrences, however, it is very much smaller than that insect ; nevertlieless it is suffi-
ciently akin to it to be of the greatest interest geograpliically, — supplying as it does another connecting
link between the Canarian faima and that of the Salvages (which it has been already shown is but just
removed, in general character, from the iladeiran one). It was discovered by T. S. Leacock, Esq. on tlie
" Great Pitou"; and is liitherto unique.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 525

one was to be seen. They are very active on the wing, — flying rapidly in the hot
sunshine from flower to flower, though within somewhat prescribed limits. Along
the sheltered ledges at the sides of the Ciu*ral das Freiras it is tolerably plentifvil ;
and on the 2nd of August 1850j I detected it in great numbers (diu'ing my ascent
of the Pico Ruivo from the Feijaa de C6rte) on the lofty mountain-buttress which
forms the upper barrier of the Ribeiro da Quebrada : and in July of the same year
it occurred to me sparingly (towards the western extremity of the Ribeiro do
Inferno) at the Lombo dos Pecegueii'os.

Fam. 52. MELOID-ffi.

Genus 177. MELOE. (Tab. XIII. fig. l )

Linnseiis, Si/st. Nat. edit. i. (1735).

Corpm magnum, grossum, moUe, obscurum : capite deflexo, postice lato truncate ; oculis subreni-
formibus : prothorace parvo, plus minusve subquadrato, su])ra deplanato : elytris abbreviatis, basi
plus minusve complicantibus et apice singulatim rotundatis (debiscentibus) : alis obsoletis.
Antenna ante oculos iusertfe, vel filiformes vel medio iucrassatfe (in maribus interdum contortfe),
articulo primo vix robusto, secundo brevissimo, reliquis ultimo plerumque acuminato excepto
longitudine subsequalibus. Labrum subcordato-quadratum, antice profunde bilobum, lobis valde
eiliatis. MandihultB robustissimae cornese, basi crassje, apice plerumque bifidse vel etiam trifidae,
infra apicem necnon ad basin fissse. Maxilla bilobae, lobis subcorueis brevibus pubesceutibus
obtusis valde inflexis, externo geniculato. Palpi maxillares subfiliformes, articulo ultimo vix
securiformi-obconico : labiales elavati, articulo ultimo magno securiformi. Mentum coriaceum
transversum, antice fere integrum, lateribus rotundatis. Ligula magna robusta biloba, lobis
valde eiliatis. Pedes elongati, crassiusculi (oleum per geniculos, insecto terrefacto, emittentes) :
tibiis ad apicem internum calcariis duobus (in anterioribus sequalibus, sed exteriore in posticis
amplissimo compresso subcultriformi ad apicem plus minusve dilatato et oblique truncate) arti-
culatis instructis {calcariis ad basin articuli tarsorum primi per membranam affixis) : tarsis betero-
meris, articulis simplicibus primo (prsesertim in posticis) longiusculo, ultimo elongato unguiculis
valde bifidis (aut potius quatuor simplicibus) munito.

The remarkable creatures which compose the genus Meloe, and which are so
widely distributed over the world, are perhaj)s, whether we view them in their
imago or their (much-disputed) larva states, amongst the most anomalous within
the whole range of the Coleoptera. They may be readily known by their dark and
more or less wrinkled (or crumpled) sru-faces, and by their soft, swollen (or
bloated) bodies, — their elytra, in addition to overlapping at the base, being con-
siderably abbre^dated and separately rounded off behind, so as to expose their
greatly enlarged abdomen (which in the female sex is often so unnatm^ally
distended as to render the insect nearly incapable of progression). Their deflexed
and posteriorly dilated heads, and the comparatively minute size of their (flattened)
prothoraces, in conjunction with their total freedom from wings, oftentimes

526 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

centrally-thickened antennae, and invarialjly sluggish movements, give them a
character moreover essentially their own ; whilst the curious power which they
possess of emitting an oily fluid from their limbs, when alarmed, and which has
gained for them the popular name of " oil-beetles," will not tend to diminish their
general singularity. The structm-c of theii* tarsi, also, is exceedingly strange, —
since not only are the claws so completely bifid throughout their entire length as
in fact to constitute fom% but what appear to be the ordinary tibial spurs are, in
reality, of an organization altogether distinct, being articulated on, by means of a
strong membrane, to the basal joint of the foot. I have not seen this peculiarity
elsewhere alluded to ; but that it truly exists I have satisfied myself by the
destruction of a vast number of specimens, — observing, in every instance, that on
pulling off the tarsi (of each of the legs) the calcaria came away with them. I
conclude therefore that all the spines are capable of motion, since they are un-
questionably separate from the tibiae, and in fact (as my experiment proves) far
less firmly attached to it than to the foot. In every case indeed they required to
1)0 actually cut from the tarsus (even after the force necessarily exerted in tearing
it off) before the latter was unencumbered for examination. As regards the
processes themselves, the four anterior pair are of sunilar length, whilst the two
hinder ones (as in many of the kindred genera of the present family) are unequal,
— one of them being small, and the other greatly developed and flattened out (in
shape more or less hastate, or cultriform, being obliquely truncated at its tip). In
ZuiiU/s the same relative proportions obtain, but there the spurs would seem to be
fixed*, — or, at any rate, to be so intimately connected with the tibiae (although

* Perhaps indeed the larger of these two hinder spurs iu the whole of these immediate genera (where
the struetiiro exists) can never be said to be positively fixed, siuee its unusual magnitude and peculiar form
would seem to imply tliat it was appropriated to some special purpose, wliere a certain amoiuit of play is
ill aU probability indispensable. Analogy moreover with the single immensely-developed process at the
apex of the male ybre-tibia; of Cantharis (which almost exactly resembles those in question, and the
uses of which are sufficiently obvious) woidd have led us even a priori to imagine that these now under
discussion woidd be found, in like mauuer, to be capable of motion : and hence, when wo speak of the
calcaria as (on the whole) "steadfast" or "moveable," I am inclined to suspect that these expanded
posterior ones (as belonging ahcm/s to the latter class) should be considered as excluded from our defini-
tion. Meanwhile, in eases where lotJi at any rate are not free, it is far from uulikelj' (since they appear
to be connected, and must needs therefore, if at all, come away together) that the stationary one may tend
to increase the attachment (to the tibia) of the other, and that so (though requiring a proportionably
greater force to efieot their removal) it may be possible to pull the tarsus out of its socket icitliouf
ca\ising the dislocation of tlie spines as in Meloi'', — where the whole of them seem (as I assiune from the
very fact of their universal annexation to the foot, and from the elasticity of the joining medium) to be
moveable. How far this cultriform appendage (for we can scarcely call it a spur, at least in the sense
connnoiily understood by that term) may be tlie exponent of the missing joint in tlie liiuder feet of these
rieteromerous groups, I do not venture to speculate, nor would I attempt to throw light on a fact thus
physiologically important from small and imperfect data, gleaned from the observation of a single circum-
stance : yet its structiu-e is imquestionably suggestive of more than a mere modijication of the ordinary
calcaria of the Coleoptera ; and, however luilikely we may be to extract an iota of truth from the
inquiry, yet I believe it to be one which is not altogether so absurd as at first sight it might perchance
appear.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 527

not absolutely portions of them), that they are neither displaced with the foot nor
appear to he at all alfected by its removal.

The Meloiis are principally vernal insects, and occur amongst low herbage, —
especially the Ranunculacem, on which they feed most greedily. The apterous
nature indeed of theu* fat unwieldy frames, combined with their slow and heavy
gait, would effectually preclude them from inhabiting the trees and flowers which
are so much sought after l3y most of the (brilliantly coloui-ed) kindred forms
(whose ample wdngs and superior activity are eminently adapted to their modes of
life) ; and hence it is that they are usually to be found either on the ground itself,
or else on plants but slightly elevated above it, — and from whence they are
accustomed to fall, on the approach of danger, and so to become concealed
amongst the grass beneath. The Madeiran species, like the European ones, are
generally to be met with on warm sunny banks with a southern aspect, particularly
in positions where the vegetation is but just commencing to sprout.

399. Meloe austrinus, Woll.

M. subcyanescenti-niger subnitidus, capite prothoraceque profunde punctatis, illo fere integi'o, hoc

postice vix latiore supra minus insequali, elytris rugosis, antennis pedibusque robustis.
Long. Corp. lin. 7-11.

Habitat Maderam australem, in locis subinferioribus, tempore vernali nou iufrequens.

M. large and robust, black with an obscure bluish tinge (tolerably apparent on the elytra), and slightly
shining. Head and prothorax very deeply and regularly punctured ; the former large, and with
very faint indications of a central channel (which is usually altogether obsolete posteriorly) ; the
latter just perceptibly wider behind than in front, and with its upper surface less uneven than in
the following two species. Elytra closely pitted or rugulose. Legs and antenna robust.

The largest, and apparently the scarcest, of the Madeiran Meloes. It may be
readily know^n from the following two by its obscure Iduisli tinge, by its more
deeply and regularly punctm-ed head and prothorax (the former of which has the
central channel almost obsolete, whilst the latter is a little wider behind than in
front), and by its robuster limbs. It seems to be confined to rather low elevations
in the vicinity of Eunchal, — the Cabo Gerajao, or Brazen Head, being the highest
altitude, I beUeve, at which it has been hitherto observed ; nor am I aware that
it has been detected on any of the other islands of the group.

400. Meloe rugosus.
M. niger opacus, capite prothoraceque punctatis, illo leviter canaliculato, hoc postice vix angustato

supra insequali, elytris undulato-rugosis, antennis pedibusque gracilioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. 5i-9.

528 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Mehe rugosus, Marsham, Ent. Brit. i. 483 (1802).

autumnalis, Leach {nee Oliv. 1795), Linn. Trans, xi. 40. pi. n. f. 7, 8 (1817).

-punctatus, Steph. ///. Brit. Ent. v. 68 (1832).

rugulosa, BruUe, in Well et Berth. Hist. Nat. des Hes Canar. 70 (1839).

Habitat Maderam australem, in locis similibus ac prsecedens, sed illo frequentior : in graminosis prope
Cabo Gerajao ab autuiiiiio usque ad ver novum prsedominat, necnon ad Praya Formoza depre-
hensit el. Dom. Heer.

M. smaller and slenderer than the last species, deep black, and almost opake. Head and prothorax
roughly and unequally punctured (the punctures however smaller than those of the M. austrinus,
and mixed up with a short and dark rigid ])ubcscence) ; the former not quite so large, propor-
tioiiably, as in the last species, but more deeply channeled (the channel being nevertheless
usually more or less evanescent posteriorly) ; the latter a little narrower behind than in front,
and very uneven. Elytra less closely pitted than in the M. austrinus, — the irregularities taking
an undulatory, or wavy appearance. Lei/s and antennce slenderer than those of the last species.

Found eithei' in company with or else in similar positions as the last species,
but more commonly. Nevertheless it does not appear to be very abimdant, nor to
occur beyond Madeii-a proper. I have taken it more frequently to the eastward of
Fiuichal than elsewhere, from the autumn to the early spring, — especially in
g-rassy sjoots on the cliifs towards the Brazen Head ; and it has been captured at
the Praya Formoza by Professor Heer. It is an insect of wide geographical range,
existing throughout the greater portion of Eiu-ope, the north of Africa, and in the
Canary Islands.

401. Meloe flavicomus, Woll. (Tab. XIII. fig. i.)

M. nigcr opacus et pube brc\i fulvescenti vestitus, capite prothoraceque leviter punctatis, illo pro-
funde canaliculato, hoc postice vix angustato supra inaquali, elytris leviter undulato-rugosis,
antennis pedibusque gracilibus.

Long. Corp. lin. 4-7.

Habitat insulas Maderenses, in Portu Sancto prsedomiuans : in Madera propria mihi nou ob\'ius, at
exemplar unicum nuper communicavit Dom. Rousset : in Deserta Grandi Maio exeuntCA.D. 1850
parce, sed in Portu Sancto mense Aprili a.d. 1849 (sub lapidibus circa oppidum) copiosissime,
collegi.

"o"

M. the smallest of the three species, and altogether the most slender, black, moi-e or less densely
clothed with a fine, short, silken, decumbent, fulvcscent, or dirty-yellowish iiile, and nearly ojjakc.
Head and prothoraa: rather more finely and regularly punctured than in the M. rut/usus ; the
former a little smaller, proportionably, than in either of the other species, and more deeply
channeled (the channel nearly always extending over the forehead posteriorly) ; the latter a little
narrower behind than in front, and very uneven. Elytra as in the last species, but generally not
quite so deeply waved. Legs and antenna slender.

The present Meloe approaches nearer to the M. murinus (of Brandt and Erich-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 529

son) than to any other species hitherto descrihed; nevertheless it is certainly
distinct from it. It may be at once known from its Madeu'an allies by its some-
what smaller bulk, slenderer limbs, and by the fine fulvescent or yellowish pile
with which it is more or less densely clothed. Its head and prothorax, also, are
less coarsely punctm-ed than is the case in either of the previous members of the
group ; and its forehead is usually more evidently channeled behind. It would
aj)pear to be very rare in Madeira proper, from whence indeed I have seen but a
single example (recently communicated by M. Rousset). On the Dezerta Grande,
however, I captui'ed it, sparingly, in May of 1850 ; and in Porto Santo, in the
utmost profusion, diu'ing Aj)ril of 1849, — from beneath stones in sandy spots in
the immediate vicinity of the Cidade. The pubescence on the Dezertan specimens
is not quite so pale as that which characterizes the Porto Santan ones.

Genus 178. ZONITIS.

Fabricius, S^st. Eiit. 126 (1775).

Corpus maguum, subcylindricum, minus durum et Isete pictum : capite inflexo (ad pectus subarcte
applicando), postice latiusculo truncato; oculis oblongis utrinque subemarginatis : protlwrace
parvo semicirculari-quadrato, supra convexiusculo : ehjtris integris : alls amplis. Antenna ad
marginem oculorum internum insertse, filiformes, elongatpe, artieulo primo vix robusto, secundo
brevi, reliquis longitudine subsequalibus. Labrum mcmbranaceo-coriacemu, ovatum, basi trunca-
tum, antice productum, summo apice ioterdum (ut iu specie Maderensi) Icviter emarginato.
Mandibula apice acutse integrse, basin versus plerumque fissse, margine iuterno membrana ciliata
aucto. Maxilla bilobee rectse, lobis membranaceis valde pubescentibus obtusis; externa apice
longe pencillato ; interno brevissimo. Palpi longiusculi filiformes, artieulo ultimo subfusiformi
apice truncato. Mentuvi subovatum apice recte truncatum, mode omuino membranaceum, modo
in parte media transversa subcoriaceum. Ligula tenuissime membranacea, profunde bifida,
pilosa. Pedes elongati, graciles : tibiis ad apicem internum bicalcaratis (calcariis ut in genere
prpecedente, sed nisi fallor baud mobilibus aut saltem ad tibias affixis) : tarsis heteromeris,
articulis simplicibus, primo elongate, ultimo longiusculo unguiculis valde bifidis (parte superb
latiuscula subgaleiformi utrinque seriatim pectinata, et infer^ acutissima aciculari recepta)
munito.

Zonitis, which is almost peculiar (so far as Europe is concerned) to Mediterra-
nean latitudes, is, in its subvesicatory properties and general organization, a good
deal allied to 3£eloe ; nevertheless its active movements and largely developed
wings, in conjunction Avith its gaily maculated surface, indicate a closer aifinity
with other members of the present family of which Lytta and Ilylahris may be
regarded as the types. Lilve most of the Meloidce, it is reported to be more or less
parasitic (in its larva state) within the nests of certain aculeate Hymenoptera, —
especially of bees belonging to the groups Osmia and Antliopliora ; but, althoagh
the Antliopliora nidularis and the Osmia hirta and Latreillei are abundant in the
Madeira Islands, I have not myself observed this tendency in its habits. The
perfect insects usually frequent flowers, particularly those of the UmbelUferce, —

3 Y

530 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

flying rapidly in the hot sunshine ; and, like Ileloe, counterfeiting death, when
captured, by contracting theii* limbs (under which circumstances, the head more-
over being inflexed against the chest, they hare a somewhat cylindi'ical appear-
ance). In the niinutitc of their oral organs, we may remark that the membranous
nature of their (subovate) mentum, added to theu' nearly filiform ]:)alpi and deeply-
cleft ligula, should be principally noticed ; and it wiR also be perceived that the
singularly geniculated maxUlse of Ileloe (the terminal halves of which are so
greatly and suddenly bent inwards, as well nigh to form a right angle with the
basal portion) are entirely wanting. Their claws are of a very beautiful structiu'e,
and constitute one of the most pleasing objects for the microscope that can
possibly be selected, — each being divided into two of equal length (as in Meloe),
the upper one of which is not only large and galeated (so as to receive the slender
aciculated lower one), but is powerfully pectinated on either side (merely one of the
rows of teeth however reaching to the extreme apex), as though to afford additional
defence for the inner lobe. I believe this to be universally the case in Zonitis : at
any rate it is so in the Madeu-an species, and in another, which I have recently
dissected, from Greece.

402. Zonitis quadripxmctata.

Z. niger pubescens, capite prothoraceque profunde punctatis, elytris pallido- rufis, aingulo maculis

duabus (antica minore et iutcrdum obsoleta) nigrescentibus ornato, unguiculis tibiarumque

calcariis piceo-ferrugineis.

Var. (3. elytris vix pallidioribus immaculatis.

Long. Corp. liii. 5-7.

Mylabris i-piinetata, Pab. Ent. Si/st. i. ii. 89 (1702).

, Fab. Syst. Eleu. ii. 8i (1801).

Zonitis i-punctata, Lucas, Col. de l' Alger ie, 395 (1849).

Habitat in floribus ]\Iadcrse australis et Portus Sancti, hinc inde non infrequeus : prope urbem Pun-
chalenscm olim detexit Rev'*'" Dom. Chawner, necnon in horto Loweano ad Levada egomet parce
depreliensi ; in Portu Sancto tamen abundat, qua mensibus Decembri a.d. 1848 et Aprili 1849
inter tiorcs umbellifcros plurinia specimina collcgi.

Z. large and somewhat cylindrical, densely clothed with short pubescence, black. Head and prothurax
deeply punctured, and with the pubescence black; the former flattened between the eyes; the
latter with an ai)breviated clianncl behind. Elytra (but not the scutellum, which is black) pale
rufous ; each ornamented with two large blackish spots on its hinder disk, — the anterior one of
which is the smallest, and occasionally obsolete. Tibial spurs and tarsal clans jjiceo-ferrugiuous.
Var. /3. elytra entirely immaculate, and generally of a slightly paler hue.

Apparently a scarce insect in IMadeii'a proper, though much more common in
Porto Santo. In the former I have observed it only towards the south of the
island, and principally in the Rev. R. T. Lowe's garden at the Levada ; but in the
latter I have twice captured it abundantly (namely, in December 1818 and April

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 531

1849), both in the -vdcinity of the Cidade and in the valleys terminating on the
eastern shore, — especially the Serra d'Entro, and about the edges of the Pico de
Conselho ; and I have likewise seen specimens which were taken several years
ago by the Rev. C. Fox Chawner near Funehal. It is found almost exclusively
on flowers, and is particularly attached to the TJmhelliferce. It occurs in the
Mediterranean districts of Europe and Africa, but appears to be somewhat rare.
I possess an example from Lombardy differing in no respect from the Madeiran
ones, except that it is a little smaller and has the extreme apex of its elytra
slightly darkened.

Pam. 53. MORDELLID-ffil.

Genus 179. ANASPIS.

G-eoffroy, Hist. Ahr. des Ins. i. 315 (1762).

Corpus parvum, lineari-ellipticum, plus minusve Isete pictum, supra arcuatum, infra subcarinatum :
capite valde inflexo (ad prosternum applicando) rotundato ; oculis oblongis intus eniarginatis ;
prothorace subsemicirculari (postice lato, elytris arete applicato) : alls amplis. Antenna inter oculos
insertse, filiformes vel apicem versus vix incrassatse, capite prothoraceque vix longiores, articulo
primo haud robusto breviuseulo, reliquis ultimo ovato excepto lougitudine subsequalibus. Labrum
membranaceo-coriaceum, transversum, apice integrum. Mandibula basi latse, apicem versus
incurvse angustse acutse bifidse, margine interno fisso-sinuato et membrana tenuissima aucto.
Maxilla bilobse rectse, lobis membrauaceis angustiusculis, apice valde pencillatis. Palpi maxillares
elongati, articulo penultimo brevi, ultimo magno securiformi : labiales breviores, articulo ultimo
plus minusve obtriangulari. Mentum breve transversum. Ligula membranacea elongata, apice
leviter dilatata. Pedes elongati, subretractiles : tibiis ad apicem ipsum seriatim spinulosis et
intus longe bicalcaratis : tarsis heteromeris ; intermediis elongatis ; posticis longissimis setaceis ;
articulis ultimo excepto in omnibus longitudine decrescentibus (primo in posterioribus elongato),
duobus baseos in anterioribus et tribus baseos in posticis apice spinulosis ; anterioribus articulo
antepenultimo latiusculo subemargiuato subtus longe piloso, penultimo minutissimo simplici;
ultimo in omnibus vix elongato, unguiculis minutissimis simplicibus munito.

The representatives of the common European genus Anaspis, which are subject
to great variations in colour, may be readily distinguished by their small size,
narrow, elliptical bodies (which are arched above, and somewhat keeled and largely
developed beneath), and by their semicircular prothoraces and rounded heads, —
the latter of which are much inflected, and capable of being closely applied against
the prosternum (a peculiarity which gives the insects when terrified a remarkable
appearance ; under which circumstances, their legs being partially retracted also,
they are nearly boat-shaped). The species occur exclusively on flowers, and are
for the most part very gregarious. They are exceedingly active (but nevertheless
awkward) in then* movements, shuffling along with a skipping or quick jerking
motion, — a habit which their elongated, spinulose posterior feet and the ample

3t2

532 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

spurs of all their tibiae must tend materially to favoui-. The structure of their
tarsi indeed is rather singular, — the hinder pair being unusually produced and
setiform, ^ith the articulations gradually diminishing in length ; wliilst the four
anterior ones have the penultimate joint minute, and the antepenultimate broadish
and sulicordate, and with its under sm-face densely pubescent. The claws are
diminutive and simple, — in which last respect (as well as in its freedom from an
abdominal style) the group recedes from Mordella.

403. Anaspis Proteus, WoU.
A. rufo-testaceus, capitis parte postica, interduin prothoracis disco, elytrorum sutur^, macula basali
triaugulari commuui fasciaque media (saepe in medio interrupta), et antennarum articulo ultimo
plus minusve nigrescentibus, antennis brevibus compactis,
Var. /3. fere niger (i. e. maculis fasciisque maximis confluentibus), ore, antennis (articulo apicali
excepto), pedibus anticis, et tibiis tarsisque posterioribus solum pallidis.
Long. corp. lin. 1-li.

Habitat in floribus, prsesertim Umbelliferis, omnium insularum IMaderensium a verno tempore usque
ad jestatem vulgaris, in Portu Sancto prfedominans.

A. elliptical, and minutely pubescent. Head and prothorax more or less rufo-testaceous ; the former
with the hinder half usually darker (rarely altogether pale) ; the latter with the disk sometimes
infuscatcd or blackish, or with an indistinct transverse cloud, — nevertheless, in the normal state,
usually pale. Elytra (typically) of a paler testaceous than the liead and prothorax, with the
suture, a large basal triangular patch (common to both) about the scutellum, and a more or less
developed transverse medial fascia or cloud (usually ill-dcfiued, and interrupted in the centre)
blackish. Antcnnce short and compact ; their terminal articulation, and the spines at the apices
of the tibicE and of the tarsal joints (especially in the posterior legs), black.
Var. /3. almost entirely black (the patches and fascise being so largely developed as to be confluent
and to cover the greater portion of the surface), the mouth, antenna (except the dark apical joint,
and sometimes the subapical ones also), the two front legs, and the tibia and tarsi (except the
black spines at the extremity of the former and at the apices of the joints of the latter, — which
is the case, though in a less degree, in the anterior pair like^^•ise) of the four hinder ones, being
alone pale. (Even in the darkest varieties, however, very obscure indications may generally be
detected of four rufesccnt dashes on the elytra, the black portions being seldom so greatly
increased as to obliterate all traces of the usual law of colouring.)

A most unstable insect, in point of coloiuiug (as will be perceived by a glance
at the diagnosis), and apparently tlistinct from any European species hitherto
described. Its small bulk, added to its short and exceedingly compact antennae
(which, throughout all the phases, retain their apical joint dark), should be espe-
cially noticed, as serving, amongst other characters, to separate it from its more
northern allies. So great are the changes of hue through which it passes, that at
first sight it would seem to vary from a imiform testaceous into a deep black.
Such however is not in reality the case (as a closer examination will prove), seeing

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 533

that in the palest specimens an ohscurer portion along the suture, an ill-defined
triangular cloud at the base, and a sublateral dash towards either side (repre-
senting the transverse medial band), are more or less present on the elytra, and
there are often the rudiments of a patch on the prothoracic disk ; — whilst even in
the extreme varieties, where the whole of these are so increased in size as to
occupy nearly the entu-e surface, there are generally faint indications of foiu-
rufescent elytral blotches, which at once enable us to identify them with the rest.
It is abundant in flowers throughout most of the islands of the group, during the
spring and early summer months, — esj^ecially in sunny spots of low and inter-
mediate altitudes. I have taken it on the Illieo de Fora in March ; in Porto
Santo, in the utmost profusion, in April, — particularly in sheltered clefts issuing
from the southern edges of the Campo de Baxo ; on the two northern Dezertas in
May and June ; and in Madeira proper (at the Ribeiro Frio) in July. Upon the
whole, the paler states would appear to preponderate in Madeka, the darker ones
in Porto Santo, and the brightly-coloured ones on the smaller rocks ; nevertheless,
though I believe this to be true on a large scale, they are all occasionally to be
found intermixed.

Fam. 54. ANTHICID^.

Genus 180. ANTHICUS.

PajkuU, Fm Suec. i. 253 (1798).

Corpus parvum, plus minusve elongatum, sfepe pictum : capite subquadrato-rotundato, pedunculato ;
oculis plerumque subovatis : prothorace elytris angustiore, postice constiicto : alis amplis. An-
tenrue, labrum, mandihulce et palpi fere ut in genera prsecedente. Maxilla bilobse, lobis valde
pubescentibus ; interno brevi. Mentum transverso-subquadratum, antice vix emarginatuni.
Ligula membranacea parva, apice leviter acuminata. Pedes lougiusculi, graciles : tibiis ad apicem
internum bicalcaratis [posticis \exs,\xs, apicem externum in maribus intcrdum compresso-dilatatis):
tarsis heteromeris ; posterioribus (sed prsesertim posticis) articulo primo elongate ; penultimo in
omnibus profunde bilobo, ultimo longiusculo unguicuUs simplicibus munito.

The Anthici are \ridely distributed over the world, — nearly seventy species
moreover being recorded as European. They may be known by their small size
and pedunculated heads, by their narrow prothoraces, Avhich are always more or
less constricted behind, by the deeply bUobed penultimate point of their tarsi, and
by theii' simple claws. They are found principally under stones, or at the roots of
grass on the dry ground. In the Madeira Islands they are more particularly
attached to the exposed mountain-slopes, where they may frequently be observed
congregating in vast numbers l^eneath the large basaltic blocks (to which they
seem to have the power of adhering very tenaciously) in lofty altitudes. In such
situations I have detected the minute A. tristis by multitudes, which on being
exposed to the air were but seldom detached from theh* positions by the violence

534 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

of the ^\lnd. The same peculiarity is perceptible in the A. instabilis, which is able
to retain its hold during the most boisterous weather ; — an apparent proA^ision for
tliese insects, ^\-it]iout which they would be scarcely fitted to inhabit the localities
assigned to them.

404. Anthicus instabilis*.
A. nitb-ferrugineus subnitidus sat profunde et confertim punctulatus, elytrorum margine lateral!,
sutur^ fasci&que postmedia plus minusve obscmnoribus, antennis pedibusque paruiii robustis
pallido-ferrugineis, femoribus interdum subpicescentibus.
Mas, tibiis posticis versus apicem externum subtriangulariter compresso-dilatatis.
Long. coi"]). lin. 1|— 1|.

AntUcus instabilis, (Hoffm.) Dej. Cat. 217 (1836).

tibialis, Ciu^is (nee Waltl, 1835), Brit. Ent. 711 (1838).

mauritaniciis, Lucas, JRev Zool. 116 (1811).

— instabilis, Schmidt, in Stett. Ent. Zeit. iii. 181 (1812).

tibialis, La Ferte (sed vid. p. 303), Mon. des Antli. 165 (1818).

Habitat sub lapidibus in coUinis apricis Maderse Portusque Sancti, ab autumno usque ad ver primum,
frcquens.

A. nifo-ferruginous, slightly shining, closely and rather deeply punctulated, and pubescent. Head
small ; and with the eyes large and prominent. Prothurax rather long, and much constricted
posteriorly. Elytra with the lateral margin, the suture, and an ill-defined fascia behind the
middle, more or less obscurely fuscescent. Legs and antenna a little paler, being pale ferruginous
(though with the femora sometimes picescent) .

Male, with the two hinder tibise flattened and dilated towards their outer apex into a broad and
somewhat triangular plate.

[Obs. Exceedingly variable in colour: sometimes with the apical portion of the elytra, likewise,
infuscated ; at others with the sutural cloud evanescent, — the indistinct postmedial fascia being
alone dark ; and occasionally even altogether ferruginous.)

Common both in the south of Madeira and in Porto Santo, particularly during
the autvtmnal months. I have not detected it above the altitude of 1500 feet, —
its principal range (in the former) being at low elevations in the vicinity of
Funclial, Avhcro it is found cither beneath stones or crawUng amongst the short

* Some slight confusion seems to have arisen in the synonymy of this insect. It appears that the
name oi' instabilis was first proposed for it by lloft'manscgg, and that as such it was registered in Dejean's
Catalogue in 183G. In 1838 it was characterized (for the tirst time) by Curtis, who, supposing it to be
new, published it under the title of A. tibialis, — \v\\mh however had been preoccupied by Waltl, for
another species, in 1835. Hence it became necessary tliat Curtis's name should be cancelled ; and it is
now, accordingly, universally recognised as the A. instabilis of Hofl'mauscgg, — and was thus quoted by
Schmidt in 1842. It was indeed briefly described by M. Lucas in 1811 ; and therefore, in right of
priority, his name of mauritaniciis should certainly be accepted. Nevertheless, since it is everj'where
known as the A. instabilis, I have preferred retaining it as such, rather than rim the risk of creating con-
fusion by the adoption of a fresh title.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 535

grass in exposed sunny spots towards the sea. At the Praya Formoza, and on the
small rou.nded hills of the Pico da Cruz and Pico do Cardo, it is at times abundant ;
nevertheless it is on the high cliffs to the eastward of the town, especially on the
lofty one immediately before reaching the Cabo Gerajao, or Brazen Head, that I
have observed it in the greatest profusion. It is widely distributed thi"oughout
Europe, though occurring more freqviently in Mediterranean latitudes than else-
where,— its principal recorded districts being France, Spain, Sardinia, Sicily and
Greece : and it has been taken in Algeria and Syria. It is reported also from the
Critnea ; and it exists even in our own country, — which however would appear to
be one of its most northern stations, since it only just makes its appearance in
sheltered positions along the southern coast.

405. Anthicus UtoraUs.
A. rufo-ferrugineus subnitidus minus profunde sed confertim punctulatus, elytris versus latera plus

minusve obscurioribus, antennis pedibusque gracilibus pallido-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Anthicus UtoraUs, Heer, in Utt.

Habitat in locis similibus ac A. instabilis (una cum Ulo degens), sed rarissime : tria specimina (duo sc.
a meipso prope Cabo Gerajao autumno exeunte a.d. 1847, et unum a cl. Dom. Heer ad oram
Funchalensem maritimam a.d. 1850, detecta) sola vidi.

A. similar to the A. instabilis, but smaller, less deeply punctulated, and usually of a rather clearer
hue ; the eyes not quite so prominent ; the elytra with only an abbreviated dash towards eithei'
side fuscescent ; and the antenna and legs somewhat slenderer, and (if anything) a little paler ;
— the latter being apparently simple in both sexes.

Exceedingly rare, three examples only having hitherto come beneath my notice,
— ^two of which were captured by myself, dui'ing the autumn of 1847, in company
with the A. instabilis, on the lofty maritime hiU to the right of the Caniso road,
before arriving at the Cabo Gerajao ; and the other by Professor Heer (whose
manuscript name, lately proposed for the species, I have retaiaed) on the sea-shore
near Eunchal, in 1850. Unless the whole of these specimens be females, it would
seem to recede from the A. instabilis (apart from its much smaller size and less
deeply punctulated, and somewhat differently coloured, sui'face) in not having its
hinder tibiae dilated in the male sex.

406. Anthicus hispidus.

A. niger nitidus profunde sed minus confertim punctatus et longe villosus, prothorace subrufescente

convexo, elytrorum fascia sub-basali transversa, antennis, tibiis tarsisque testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 1^.

53G INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Notoxus hispidus, Eossi, Mant. i. 46 (1792).

licohr, Oliv. Ent. m. 51. 3 (1795).

hirteUiis, Fab. Unf. Si/st. %;/)/. 67 (1798).

Anthicus hiipidus, Schmidt, in Stett. Ent. Zeit. iii. 132 (1842).
, La Ferte, Mon. des Anth. 209 (1848).

Habitat sub lapidibus in niontibus Madera;, rarissimus.

A. black, shining, deeply but not very closely punctured, and clothed with exceedingly long and erect
paler flexible hairs. Head rather larger in proportion than that of the A. imtabilis, and a little
more truncated (or suddenly shortened) behind ; but with the eyes not quite so prominent. Pro-
thorax short and convex ; and more or less rufescent, especially posteriorly. Elytra with a broad
well-defined transverse fascia (common to both), just behind their extreme base, testaceous; and
occasionally with their apex obscurely rufescent. Antenna, tibia and tarsi testaceous, or pale
diluted ferruginous ; femora at base ferruginous, at apex piceous.

Also very scarce. I have seen but two Madeiran specimens, — both of which
were captured by myself frorii under stones on the mountains above Funchal,
immediately below the base of the Pico da Silva (at an altitude of about 3000 feet
above the sea). It is found throughout central and southern Europe ; and, like
tlie J. instobiUs, is more especially abundant in Mediterranean latitudes, — Greece,
Asia Minor, Syria and Georgia being amongst its recorded couutries. In England
it does not appear to exist ; and is rare in northern Em-ope, although reported to
have occurred both in Sweden and Germany.

407. Anthicus tristis.
A. niger subopacus leviter sed confertissime punctulatus et cinereo-pubescens, capite magno, antennis,
tibiis tarsisque infuscato-ferrugineis.
Var. /3. elytro singulo macula humerali obscurissima fuscescente ornato, antennis, tibiis tarsistpie
srepius infuscato-testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. Ij-lf.

Anthicus fenesfratus, Dej. Cat. (nee Schmidt) 238 (1837).

tristis (var.), Schmidt, in Stett. Ent. Zeit. iii. 172 (1842).

(vars. /3. et y.), La Fert^, Mon. d^s Anth. 196, 197 (1848).

Habitat sub lapidibus in niontibus superioribus Madera;, a 3000' s. m. usque ad cacumina ascendens,
autumno copiosissimus.

A. t)lack, less shining than any of the other species, exceedingly closely and very finely punctulated,
and more or less densely clothed (especially on the elytra) with a fine, decumbent, silken,
cinereous pubescence. Head larger than in any of the foregoing species, and round, with a
glabrous longitudinal line down the centre; and with the eyes small and very slightly prominent.
Prothora.r rather longer, proportionably, than in the A. hispidus, and not so convex. Antenna,
tibice and tarsi ferruginous, and more or less infuscated in parts ; femora at base ferruginous, at
apex piceous.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 537

Vw. /3. with the humeral angles of the elytra most obscurely fuscescent, — rarely sufficiently so
however as to be considered maculated. Aniemia and let/s altogether a little paler.

I believe that the present species is correctly referred to the A. tristis of
Schmidt ; though it is remarkable that the typical state for these islands coincides
with the extreme dark variety of Europe (the A. fenestratus of Dejean's Catalogue,
and the tristis, var. y. of La Ferte's Monograph), — which obtains principally
throughout northern France, in England, and in some parts of Spain. Very faint
indications of a humeral patch are occasionally however to be traced, — the var. /3.
of La Fert^ (though more obscure in colour) and of the above diagnosis ; but the
normal Eiu'opean form, in which a postmedial fascia is likewise develojoed, would
seem in Madeira to be enthely unknown. It is an insect of very wide geogra-
phical range, being recorded in Asia Minor, Syria, Mesopotamia, Georgia, Sicily,
France, England, Spain and Algeria. It is abimdant in the alpine regions of
Madeira, occurring beneath stones on the grassy mountain-slopes, from about an
altitude of 3000 feet to the summits of the loftiest peaks. In most of the central
districts I have taken it in profusion, during the autumnal and winter months, —
especially on the Paul da Serra, the Fateiras, the Lombo Grande, and on all the
upland ridges from the Potiso and the Fonte das Moyas to the Pico da Lagoa and
the Pico dos Arieros. In our own country it is attached exclusively, so far as I
am aware, to low sandy spots along the southern shores, — under which cu-cum-
stances I have captxu'ed it near the Isle of Portland, in May and June.

Genus 181. XYLOPHILUS. (Tab. XIII. fig. 3.)
(Bonelli) LatreiUe, Fam. Nat. 383 (1825).

Corpm parvTim, ovatum : capite subtriangulari ; oculis subovatis : prothorace elytris angustiore, (in
specie nostra) subquadrato-transverso : alls amplis. Antenna robustse, apicem versus sensim
incrassatse (in typicis, articulo primo brevi baud robusto, secundo brevissimo, ultimo elongato-
ovato ; sed in specie Maderensi), articulo primo robusto, secundo vix minore breviore, ultimo
robusto oblique truncato. Instrunienta cibaria fere ut in Anthico. Pedes longiusculi, graciles :
femoribus posticis plerumque incrassatis, sed in nostra simplicibus : tibiis ad apicem, nisi fallor,
baud calcaratis : iarsis heteromeris, subtus breviter pubescentibus ; articulo primo in miticis
longiusculo crasso, in intermediis elongato, in jiosticis longissimo eylindrico; antepenultimo in
omnibus subtus producto, penultimo minutissimo simplici, ultimo longiusculo unguiculis parvis
simplicibus munito.

Of the present genus we have, so far as I am aware, but a single representative
in the Madeira Islands ; and even that one is anything but typical, since it differs
very decidedly from the normal species, not only in the structure of its antennal
and tarsal joints, but likewise in the form of its head and prothorax. In
Xylophilus proper the basal articulation of the antennae is usually short and
Render, the following, or following two, extremely abbreviated, and the apical one

3z

538 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

considerably developed and elongate; whereas in the X. pallescens the first is
large and robust, the second scarcely smaller, the thii'd narrower (and a little longer)
than either the second or the fourth, the fifth to the tenth decrease gradually in
Icno-th but increase in breadth, and the terminal one is stout and obliquely
truncated at its extremity.

408. Xylophilus pallescens, WoU. (Tab. XIII. fig. 3.)
X. testaceus subtiliter puhescens et minutissime punctulatus, oculis solis nigris.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat JMaderam, rarissime; semel tautuiu (a meipso iu doiiio quadam Fuiichalensi) Novembri
exeunte a.d. 18-17 repertus.

X. elongate-ovate, very minutely pubescent, and entirely testaceous, — the eyes (which are large and
prominent) being alone black. Head most minutely (and almost imperceptibly) punctulated,
and broadest behind the eyes. Prothorax and elytra with the punctures rather more distinct :
the former short, transverse-subquadrate, though a little wider in front than behind ; the anterior
margin somewhat rounded and produced ; and the posterior angles obliquely truncated : the
latter rounded at the sides, being widest about the middle, — nevertheless broader at the base
than the prothora.v. Antenna and leffs concolorous with the rest of the surface ; the former
distinctly incrassated towards their apex.

The only example of tliis insect which has come beneath my notice was captured
by myself, during the winter of 1847, crawling on the inner wall of a house in
Eunchal. It would appear to be a nocturnal species, my specimen having been
found late at night and in a very active state.

Sectio xiil brachelytra.

Fam. 55. SCYDM^NID-Sl.

Genus 182. SCYDMiENUS.

Latreille, Oen. Crust, et Ins. i. 232 (1806).

Corpus minutum, ovatum : capite plerumque exserto subrotundato et interdum jiedunculato ; vculis
rotundatis : prothorace elytris angustiore, postice constricto : elytris ellipticis, abdomen totum
tegentibus : alis sat amplis. Antenna capite prothoraceque paulo longiores, apicem versus sensini
clavata', articulo priuio robusto, sccundo paulo longiorc graciliorc, tcrtio ad sext.wm vel .^cptimuui
leviter gracilioribus longitudine subsequalibus, reliquis clavam elongatam laxam pcrfoliatam baud
abruptam efficientibus (octavo interdum minusculo, ct ultimo plerumque ovato-acuminato).
Labrum transverso-subquadratum, antice integrum. Mandibula basi latjp, apice angustje

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 539

acutissinife incurve, infra apicem dente minuto iiistractae. Maxilla bilobfe ; lobo inferno brevi,
intus valde ciliato. Palpi maxillarcs elongati, articulo primo minuto, secundo gracili elongato
subflexuoso, tertio maximo crasso ovato apice truncate, ultimo vel minuto aciculari vel obsoleto :
labiales breves, articulo primo obsoleto, secundo magno crasso subcylindrico, ultimo minutissimo
aciculari. Mentum svibquadvatum, antice trilobum. Ligula apice emarginata. Pedes lon-
giusculi, graciles : fcmoribus basi pedunculatis, apicem versus subito clavatis : tibiis baud cal-
caratis : tarsis simplicibus, articulo primo vix longiusculo, ultimo longiore unguiculis simplicibus
munito.

The singular little insects which constitute the family Scijdmcenidce possess so
many characters peculiarly their own, that it is scarcely necessary to point out
their distinctions from the members of the neighbouring groups ; suffice it there-
fore to observe, that, wliilst in then- minute size, entire elytra, subclavated antennae,
more or less pedunculated heads, narrow, posteriorly-constricted jn-othoraces, and
general habits (especially apparent in the Ant-associating propensities of some of
them), they display much in common with the Anthicidce ; they are nevertheless,
in their subulated palpi and the obsolete basal joint of the labial pair, in theii-
simple tarsi, and other details of their structure, too nearly related to many of the
early representatives of the Bmchelytra (even though then- abdomen be not
exposed) to warrant their removal to any great distance from that department.
And that this is the case, their close connection, as is now universally admitted,
Avith the Fselaphidce*, in which the elytra are abbreviated, would tend materially
to confii-m. The species occm- principally, like many of the Anthici, either
amongst grass and vegetable refuse on the dry ground, or else under moss on the
trimks of trees, — where in northern latitudes they would appear more especially to
hybernate. In our own country they are often very abundant in gardens and
other cultivated spots, particularly iu and aloout melon- and cucumber-frames, and
beneath planks on hot-beds, in company with Monotoma, Anthicus, and several of
the smaller Staphylinidm. The only Madeiran Scydmanus which I have hitherto
succeeded in detecting is generally to be met with, under stones, on warm grassy
slopes facing the sea. It is found for the most part at rather low elevations and
in the vicinity of Ants' nests ; but whether this is merely the result of accident I
am not able to say,— though, judging from the analogy of kindred forms, it seems
probable that the two may be in some way dependent on each other,

409. Scydmaenus Helferl,

S. piceus nitidus et longe cinereo-pubescens, elytris parce punctatis, antennis pedibusque pallido-

ferrugineis.
Long. corp. lin. |.

* I have not been able to detect a single member of this family in the Madeira Islands ; though it is
possible, that, were the Ants' nests more carefully examined, it would be fomid to exist.

3z2

540 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Scydmanvs Helferi, Schaiun (" var. minor, ^ ' test. Dom. Sehaum) , Anal. Ent. (^Dissert, inaug.) 7 (1841) .
, Lucas, Col. de VAIgerie, 131 (1849).

Habitat sub lapidibus Maderje australis, prsesertim iu graminosis maritimis prope Cabo Gerajao,
autunino non infrcquens ; necnon ad Rib. de Joao Gomez mense Februario nuper deprehensit
cl. Doiu. Hear.

S. ovate, piccous, exceedingly sbining, and rather sparingly clothed with long cinereous, or somewhat
yellowish, pubescence. Head and prothorax almost impunctate ; the latter constricted and
foveolatcd behind. Elytra with rather large, but remote, punctures. Antenna and leys pale
ferruginous.

Not very common ; occurring principally in the vicinity of Funchal, and dm-ing
the autumnal months. I have taken it more abundantlv to the eastward of the
town than elsewhere, especially in exposed grassy spots to the right of the Caniso
road towards the Calio Gerajao, or Brazen Head, — where it is found, in company
with the AnthicHs instahiUs and Holoparamecus n'lger, beneath stones, generally
in the neighbom-hood of Ants' nests. It is peculiar to Mediterranean latitudes,
being recorded in the north of Africa and in Sicily. I have not been able to pro-
cure typical specimens of the S. Helferi for comparison, but I am informed by
Dr. Sehaum of Berlin that the Madeu-an species (my o^\ti examples of which he
has carefully examined) diifers in no respect from the Sicilian one, except that it
is a little smaller : I have therefore without hesitation referred it to that insect.

Fain. 56. STAPHYLINID^.

(Subf. 1. ALEOCHARIDES.)
Genus 183. FALAGRIA.

(Leach) Mannerheim, Bracliel. 86 (1831).

Corpus minutum, subconvexum : capite exserto subrotundato, basi truucato pedunculate : prothorace
subcordato, postice attcnuato : alis amplis : ahdumine marginato lincari. Antenna ad oculorum
marginem internum insertse, capitis prothoracisque longitudine, apieem versus sensim incrassatae,
articulis tribus baseos reliquis paulo longioribus. Labi'um transversum, antice va. emarginatum.
Mandihulce par\a; acutaj muticaj. MaxilUe bilobaj : lobu cxtcrno apice pubescente : interna huic
paulo breviore, ad apieem internum oblique emarginato, per sinum spinulis brevibus ciliato.
Palpi maxillares elongati, articulo primo minuto, secundo et tertio elongatis longitudine sub-
sequalibus (hoc apice valde clavato), ultimo parvo subulato : labiates articulo primo magno sub-
cylindrico, secundo breviore, ultimo huic paulo longiore apice subclavato. Mentum ampluin
transversum, apice leviter emarginatum. Liyula augustata, apice profunde bifida ; paraglossis
])arvis acuminatis, intus ciliatis. Pedes longiusculi, graciles : tarsis anticis 4-, pusterioribus
5-articulatis ; posticis articulo primo elongato.

The minute genus J'rtZw^/ria maybe easily distinguished by its convex subcordate

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 541

protliorax (which, on account of the narrow exposed neck, is somewhat remote
from the head), by its acuminated paraglossse, and hj its two anterior tarsi being
quadriarticulate. The species occur either in damp shady spots (amongst decaying
leaves and fungi), or else beneath stones and shingle at the edges of streams. They
are often very active on the wing, — under which ckcunistances they may fre-
quently be captured during the hot sunshine after showers.

410. Falagria obscura.
F. nigro-picea pubescens nitida, capite convexo, protborace subcordato obsolete canaliculate, elytns

rufo-fuscescentibus, pedibus pallido-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. Ij.

Aleochara obscura, Grav. Col. Micropt. 7i (1802).

— , GyU. Ins. Suec. ii. 379 (1810).

Falagria obscura, Mann. Bracliel. 87 (1831).
, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 54. (1839).

Habitat jMaderam, per margines rivulorum, sub foliis arborum dejectis et in humidiusculis, ubique
vulgaris.

P. dark piceous, sbining, finely pubescent, and most obsoletely punctulated (the punctures not per-
ceptible except beneath the microscope). Head orbicular, but truncated behind. Prothorax
subcordate (being considerably narrowed or rounded off posteriorly), and with a very indistinct
dorsal channel, which is most apparent in front. Elytra of a pale reddish chestnut-brown.
Abdomen strongly margined, and with the ape.x more or less fuscescent. Antenna fusco-piceous,
with the basal joints ferruginous. Legs pale ferruginous, or rufo-testaceous.

A most abundant European insect, and tolerably common throughout Madeira
below the elevation of 1000 feet, — occurring at the edges of the streams, and
beneath fallen leaves in damp spots, especially towards the north of the island.
At Santa Anna and Sao Vincente I have caj)tured it at tunes in considerable
numbers.

Genus 184. TACHYUSA.

Erichson, Kdf. der Mark Brand, i. 307 (1837).

Corpus parvum vel minutum, elongatum, (in typicis lineare subconvexum, sed in specie nostra) postice
acuminatum, depressiusculum : capite exserto, rotundato basi truncato : prothorace elongatulo,
postice subtruncato : alis amplis : abdomine marginato. Antenna ad oculorum marginem in-
ternum insertse, capite prothoraceque longiores, graciles, articulis et instrumenta cibaria fere ut
in Homalota, sed paraglossis vix obsoletis. Pedes elougati, graciles : tibiis anticis in specie
Maderensi apicem versus internum obscurissime subexcavato-truncatis necnon ad excavationis
summum apicem subtiliter bispinulosis (structura quEe in Carabidis plerisque fortius obtinet) :
tarsis anticis 4-, posterioribus 5-articulatis; posticis longis, articulis longitudine decrescentibus
(prirao elongato).

542 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Tachyusa may be known by its narroAv and more or less constricted outline, by
its usually finely pubescent sericeous siu-face, its rudimentary paraglosste, and by
its somewhat slender and elongated limbs, — the two front tarsi of which, as in
Ilonialota, are quadriarticulate ; whilst the hinder pair, as in CaJodera (which
howev^er is altogether pentamerous), nearly equal the tibiae in length, and have
their basal joint exceedingly long. The sole Madeiran representative is neverthe-
less, in external contour, anything but typical, being attenuated behind and
sliglitly depressed, and partaking more of Homalota in general appearance than
of tlio ordinary Tachyusai : still, its lengthened limbs, and the proportions of its
greatly produced posterior feet point to the present genus as the only one capable
of receiWng it, — with which indeed in its subaquatic habits it likewise coincides.
There is a peculiarity moreover in the fore-tibife of the T. raptor ia which I do not
observe in any of the European species, namely that they are obliquely trun-
cated towards their inner apex*, and have two minute spines (or setae) at the upper
extremity of the notch (as in the Carahidce), — a structure which, in conjimction
with the rapid movements of the insect and its prominent eyes, would seem
rather to betray a carnivorous, or at any rate a prehensile tendency. The tibial
spurs, also, appear to be but imperfectly (if indeed at all) developed.; though,
having had but a single specimen for dissection, I may, considering the minuteness
of the objects, be mistaken as regards this.

411. Tachyusa raptoria, Wall.

T. ni^ra minutissime punctulata pubescens subnitida, protliorace subquadrato postice leviter con-
sitricto, elytris apicem versus fuscescentibus, abdoiuine postice attenuate, femoribus tibiisque
infuscatis, tarsis pallido-testaccis.

Lons;. Corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat Maderam australem, inter lapillos per litora fluviorum, semel tantum reperta.

T. minute, black, most delicately punctulated and pubescent, sligbtly shining, and depressed. Head
rather wider than the prothorax ; and with tlie eyes large and prominent. Prothorax a little
elongated, and narrowed behind (the sides being suddenly straightened inwardly about the
middle); and with a just perceptibly ffineous tinge. Elytra obscurely fuscescent towards their
apex. Abdomen strongly margined, and gradually attenuated behind. Antenna and legs much
elongated ; the former with their apical joints a little diluted in colouring ; the latter with their
femora and tibije brownish, but with their tarsi (the hinder ones of which are exceedingly long)
jiale testaceous.

Apparently rare, — or perhaps only local, since from its minute size and insig-
nificant general appearance it would he very liable to be overlooked. The only

• Very faint traces of this oblique emargination are to be detected even in Calodera (causing the apex
of the tibiae to seem slightly narrowed), but there is no appearance there of the minute spines.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 543

specimen which I have seen was captured by myself at the edges of the stream in
the Ribeii-a de Santa Luzia during, I believe, the winter of 18i9.

Genus 185. XENOMMA, Woll (Ta^u. XIII. fig. 4.)

Corpus parvum vel minutiim, elongatuni, lineare vel antice acuminatum : capite exserto ovato ; oculis
minutissimis demissis, supra marginem lateralem omnitio sitis : prothorace subquadrato ad
latera plus miuusve rotundato, antice et postice truncate : scutello vel magno scutiformi vel
minore transverso triangulari : elijtris valde abbreviatis, latera corporis amplectentibus, postice
praesertim ad angulum exteriorem sinuatis : alls obsoletis : abdomine marginato elongate, basin
versus plus minusve constricto, segmento ultimo retractili sed sat perspicuo (stylis analibus baud
exsertis). Antennm (XIII. 4«) ante oculorum marginem internum inserta?, capite prothoraceque
plerumque paulo longiores, robusts, apicem versus sensim incrassatoe, articulis tribus baseos
reliquis longioribus (primo leviter robusto), ultimo subacuminato-ovato. Labrum (XIII. 4 6)
amplum subquadrato-transversum valde pilosum, antice integrum et in medio leviter productum.
Mandibula (XIII. 4 c) magnse porrectje, apice angustse incurvae acutse obscurissime bifidse, intus
dente medio obscuro obtuso et membrana basilari instructse. Maxilla (XIII. 4 rf) biloba-
angustfe ; lobo externa apice pubescente : interno buic vix longiore, intus prEesertim ad apicem
pube longa dense ciliato (baud spinuloso). Palpi maxillares elongati, articulo primo minute,
secundo et tertio elongatis subiequalibus clavatis (illo subcurvato, boe paulo erassiore apice
truncate), ultimo subulate brevissimo : labiales (XIII. 4 e) e scapis ligulse connatis surgentes,
articulo primo elongate subcylindrico robusto, secundo paulo angustiore brevi, ultimo buic lon-
giore subulato tenuissime. Mentuin subtriangulare, apice truncate et leviter emarginate. Ligula
elengata linearis angustissima, ad apicem ipsum tenuiter et recte bifida ; paraglossis obsoletis.
Pedes lengiusculi : tibiis pubescentibus, ad apicem internum bicalcaratis : tarsis 5-articulatis ;
anticis articulis ultimo et penultimo medo inter se arete cennatis (sutura Eegre observanda),
mode (XIII. 4/) bene distinctis ; posticis articulo prime leviter elongate ; unguiculis elongatis.

A f evo? mirabilis, et 6iJiiJi.a fades. (Typus — Xenomma planifrons.)

The singular and truly indigenous insects on which the present genus is founded
are in some respects allied to 3£yrmedonia, or even to Oxijpoda, though at the
same time differing from them both in many essential particulars. In their
apterous bodies, in fact, and excessively diminutive, imperfectly constructed eyes,
which are placed altogether above the lateral edges of the head (itself moreover
being unusually ovate and elongated), as well as in then- largely developed and
porrected mandibles, and in the insertion of their antennae, which are remote from
the inner margin of the eyes, they recede from the whole of the Aleocharides with
which I am acquainted ; whilst, from Oxypoda in particular (with which in their
pentamerous feet* they coincide), their centrally-subacuminated upper lip, longer
and less spinulose inner maxillary lobe, in conjunction with their very narrow,

* In the X. planifrons the two front tarsi have theii- five joints well-defined ; but in the formimrum
and Jiliforme the penultimate and terminal ones are very closely united together, so that it requires a high
microscopic power (since they are of precisely similar breadth) to discover the division between them.
Nevertheless, tliat it is to be detected, a very careful examination of each of the species has thoroughly
comdnced me.

544 INSECTA MADEREN'SIA.

parallel ligiila (which is most minutely, and straightly, bifid at its extreme
apex only), their greatly abbre-vdated elytra*, and their comparatively depressed
and more or less posteriorly-expanded form, will serve additionally to separate
them. Their habits are, to a certain extent, in keeping with their anomalous
structure, — the species being attached, unless I am much mistaken, to Ants' nests
(in the immediate vicinity of which, at any rate, the few specimens which I have
hitherto succeeded in detecting have always occurred),

§ I. Scutellum seutiforme : pedes crassi, tarsorum anticorwm articuUs omnibus disiinctis.

412. Xenomma planifrons, WuU. (Tab. XIII. fig. 4.)
X. rufo-feiTugineum opacuui, capite magno valde deplanato et crebre punctulato, prothorace profuudc
canaliculato antice lato, abdomine basi constricto ultra medium leviter dilatato, segmentis
quatuor vcl quinque baseos anteunisque versus apicem nigris, pedibus rufo-testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 2.

Habitat in Maderte sylvatieis editioribus, rarissimum : exemplar unieum, ad Cruzinhas Julio ineunte
.\.D. 1850 a meipso sub foliis arborum dejectis lectum, solum vidi.

X. rufo-ferruginous, and ojjake. Head large and ovate, exceedingly depressed, and closely beset with
ocellated punetui-es ; with the eyes black, and very minute. Pruthurax less distinctly punctured
than the rest of the surface (having almost the appearance under the microscope of being deli-
cately granulated) ; subquadrate with the sides rounded, being broadest in front and transversely
truncated both before and behind ; with the anterior angles deflexcd ; and with a broad and deep
dorsal channel down the centre. Scutellum large and shield-shaped, the mesothorax bemg partly
exposed at its edges. Elytra more pubescent than the head and prothorax ; exceedingly abbre-
viated, and enveloping the sides of the body ; rather narrowed and rounded at the shoulders, and
waved behind (especially at the outer angles). Abdomen also pubescent, elongated, strongly
margined, constricted in front and a little expanded beyond the middle ; all the segments, except
the ultimate and penultimate ones, together with the antenna except the first two or three joints,
black. Legs thick, and rufo-testaceous.

Apparently of the utmost rarity, the only specimen wliich I have seen having
been captured (early in July of 1850) from beneath fallen leaves at the edges of a
minute trickling stream in the lofty sylvan district of the Cruzinhas, — upwards of
5000 feet above the sea. Apart from its greater size and thickened lunlis, it may
be kuo^\-n by its large scutellum- and head (the latter of which is much flattened
and coarsely punctured), opake surface, and by its deeply channeled and anteriorly-
widened prothorax.

* In their very short elytra, and in the pubescent (vuispinulose) inner lobe of their maxiUa;, they agree
indeed with Myrmedonia. The outer maxillary lobe however of that genus (which is so greatly produced
as to equal the palpus in length), in conjunction with its differently constructed upper lip and ligula, its
distinct paraglossne and its quadriarticiUate anterior feet, will (apart from the other characters enumerated
above) readily remove it from JLenomma.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 545

§ II. Scutellum transverswin triangidare : pedes gracUes, tarsorum anticorum articulis penultimo et ultimo

inter se arete connatis (sutiird mgre distlngwenda) .

413. Xenomma formicanun, WoU.

X. infuscato-testaceum fere impunctatum nitidum, capite angusto convexo, prothorace subquadrato
iutegro, abdomiue basi constricto ultra medium dilatato, segmentis quatuor vel quinque baseos
nigrescentibus.

Long. Corp. liu. 1^.

Habitat in montibus Maderse, sub lapidibus tmncisque arborum projectis, rarius ; Formicaruni nidos,
nisi fallor, colens.

X. brownish-testaceous, sbining, nearly impunctate, and much acuminated anteriorly. Head narrow,
ovate and convex ; with the eyes excessively minute and rudimentary (even smaller than those of
the X. jjlanifrons), black, and not at all projecting beyond the surface of the head. Prothorax
scarcely broader than the head; subquadi-ate, being of nearly equal breadth before and behind;
and without any appearance of a dorsal channel. Scutellum transverse and triangular, and much
smaller than in the last species. Elytra extremely abbreviated (more so than the X. planifrons) ;
rather narrowed at the shoulders, and waved behind (especially at the outer angles). Abdomen
strongly margined, constricted in front and considerably expanded beyond the middle ; all the
segments except the ultimate and penultimate ones more or less blackish or piceous, but occa-
sionally pale. Antenna shorter than in the X. planifrons, but longer than in the X. filiforme
(being rather longer than the head and prothorax). Legs much slenderer than those of the last
species.

Also exceedingly scarce; and, like the last species, confined to lofty altitudes.
I have taken it sparingly, during the early spring, from beneath stones in the
neighhom'hood of Ants' nests, on the ascent of the Pico d'Ai-ribentao from Eun-
chal ; and on the 21st of June 1850, I captured a pair towards the north of the
island, — in the almost inaccessible region of the Lombo das Vacas. It may be
known from the X. planifrons by its much smaller size, narrower and convexer
head, by its shining and almost impunctate surface, differently shaped, unchan-
neled prothorax and by its slenderer limbs. The eyes also, both of it and the
X. filiforme, are even more minute than those of that insect, — being represented
by a mere black rounded point above the lateral margin of the head.

414. Xenomma filiforme, Woll.

X. angusto-hneare rufo-testaceum fere impunctatum nitidum, capite angusto convexo, prothorace
subquadrato integro, abdomine subparallelo, segmentis quatuor vel quinque baseos nigrescenti-
bus, antennis brevioribus.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^1^.

Habitat in locis Maderae similibus ac prsecedens, sed rarius ; Xenommatos sola species, nisi fallor, in

4 A

546 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Porta Sancto occurrens, qua mense Aprili a.d. 1848 duo specimina in clivis graminosis sub
lapidibus collegi.

X. similar to the X. formicarum, but much narrower and more parallel (being scarcely at all expanded
behind, like that species), and of a rather clearer hue; its abdomen with the edges and apex of
even the basal segments more or less rufo-testaceous or ferruginous ; and its antenn<e distinctly
shorter (not being at all longer than the head and prothorax).

The only three specimens of this very distinct species which I have hitherto seen
were captm-ed l)y myself, from heueath stones, — two on the grassy moimtain-slopes
of Porto Santo, in April 18i8, and the other on the ascent of the Pico d'Arrihentao,
above Funchal, during the spring of the same year.

Genus 186. HOMALOTA.

Mannerheim, Brachel. 73 (1831).

Cojyws parvum, elongatum, lineare (rarius postice acuminatum), depressum : capite exserto, rotundato
basi truucato : prothurace antice truncato, postice subrotundato : alls plerumque aniplis : abdo-
mine marginato, srepius lineari sed intei-dum apicem versus attenuato. Antenna ad oculorum
marginem internum insertse, capite prothoraceque (interdum multo) longiores, apicem versus plus
minusve scnsim incrassatfe (in maribus sxpe validiorcs), articulis tribus baseos rehquis paulo
longioribus, inter se a^qualibus. Labium apice rotundatum. Mundibida muticEC. Maxilla
bilobse : lobo externa apice pubescente : interno huic paulo brcviore, ad apicem internum oblique
emarginato, per sinum spinulis brevibus ciliato. Palpi maxillares elongati, articulo primo minuto,
secundo et tertio clongatis subicqualibus (hoc apice incrassato), ultimo parvo subulato : labiales
articulo primo magno subcylludrico, secundo brcviore, ultimo huic longiore tenuiore subulato.
Mentum transversum, apice vix emarginatum. Ligula brevis, apice bifida lobis divergentibus ;
paraglossis obsoletis. Pedes longiusculi, graciles : tarsis anticis 4-, posterioribus 5-articulatis ;
posticis articulis quatuor baseos subrequalibus.

The immense genus Homcdota, 134 members of which are described in Erich-
son's Genera et Species Staphijl'morum, contains a quantity of small and closely
allied insects of very difficult determination, and principally abiuidant in European
latitudes. They may be kno'\\-n from the kiniU-ed forms by then- short and bifid
ligula (the lobes of which, as in nearly all the genera of the Aleocharides except
Xenomma, diverge at their extremity), and by theu' quacU-iarticulate anterior feet,
— which have all the joints except the ultimate one, in each pair respectively, sub-
equal. The first of the representatives characterized below would appear to be of
a rather aberrant structure, having its elytra unusually abbreviated and its body
apterous : nevertheless in all other respects it retains the elements of Uomalota
proper. Amongst so large an assemblage it is not surprising that several modes
of life should be indicated ; some of the species occui-ring amongst damp vegetable
refuse and in the excrement of cattle, others in grassy spots of exposed mountain
districts, whilst a few are of a strictly subaquatic natui-e, and reside, like Calo-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 547

dera, Ocalea and Tachyusa, along tlie margins of rivers and streams,— secreting
themselves between the loose stones and shingle at the water's edge. The mem-
bers of this last division (three or four of which enter our present fauna) in many
instances assmne the outward aspect of Calodera, their antennte being com-
paratively elongated, their movements marvellously rapid, and their whole surface
clothed (though in a less degree) with a short and silken pubescence, — a provision
which the species of that group would seem, from their semi-aquatic habits, so
eminently to requii-e, since theh constant liability to immersion renders it neces-
sary that they should be provided with some means for retaining a sufficient
amount of air to buoy them up, in case of accidents, and to enable them to float
safely to shore. Ilence it is not always easy, prima facie, to separate certain of
these riparial modifications from the Caloderce ; nevertheless an inspection of the
tarsi will generally succeed in distinguishing them, — those of the latter not only
being altogether pentamerous, but having the hinder pair almost as long as the
entu-e tibise and with the basal joint considerably produced*.

§ I. Corpus apterum ; eJj/fris valde abbreviatis.

415. Homalota sangrdnolenta, WoU.

H. rufo-testacea et plus minusve infuscata subnitida, capite piceo, prothorace lato ad latera rotundato,
abdomine ultra medium subdilatato, segmeutis quatuor vel quinque baseos, antennisque versus
apicem nigrescentibus, pedibus testaceis.
Var. |3. omnino pallidior, abdomine iu medio solo nigrescente.

Long. Corp. lin. Ij.

Habitat sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis per partem Madera sylvaticam, pra;sertim in
humidis editioribus, toto anno frequens.

H. rufo-testaeeous (and more or less obscured in parts), slightly shining, and apterous. Head more
or less brownish-piceous ; and with the eijes smaller than in the Homalota generally (nevertheless
considerably larger than those of Xenomma). Prothorax large and wide (with the sides rounded),
—being broader than either the head or elytra, which last are much abbreviated (although not so

* Of these characters I am iucUned to believe that the structxire of the Under feet is iu reality the
most to be relied upon, seeing that the highest magnifying power will sometimes scarcely succeed in
satisfactorily detecting more than four joints iu the front tarsi of Calodera ; whilst, on the other hand,
undoubted Homalota do occasionally show traces, as it appears to me, of five. So decidedly have I
observed this to be the case, that I think it far from unlikely that lotli may, in point of fact, be penta-
merous,—the penultimate articulation being usually so closely soldered to the terminal one La Homalota
as to be altogether inseparable from it except under the deepest powers of the microscope. But the
supposed missmg joint does unquestionably seem to be indicated in some of the Homalotm which I have
recently examined, since I have not only been able to distinguish a transverse line across the lower por-
tion of the ^Masi-ultimate articulation, but, in some instances, even a slight projecting angle at the side,
— as though still further as it were to mark the junction.

4 a2

548 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

short as in the preceding genus). Abdomen a little expanded beyond the middle, with the first
four or five segments more or less black. Antenme at apex brownish-black ; at base, together
with the legs, testaceous.
V^ar. /3. altogether paler, the intermediate abdominal segments being alone darkened.

A most indigenous insect, and exceedingly distinct from every Homalota with
which I am acquainted. From the remainder of the species here described it may
be known, at first sight, by its combining the rufo-testaceous colouring, apterous
body, exceedingly abbreviated elytra, and the posteriorly-subexpanded abdomen of
Xenomma with the oral and tarsal characteristics of the present genus. In its
somewhat diminished eyes indeed it would make a still fiu-ther approach towards
the former group ; nevertheless the shape of its head is essentially that of Homa-
lota, nor do its habits appear to be in any way dependent on those of Ants. Its
freedom from ^Wngs however is worthy of remark, since it is a structiu-e of rare
occiu'rence in the Komalotce, and one which is especially indicative of Madeii-an
forms, — the apterous tendency of the endemic insects of these islands having been
more than once dilated upon. It is found only at lofty elevations ; and, although
it occm's not unfrequently in spots from whence the wood has disappeared, it may
be defined as normally srjhan, — ranging from about 2500 to 5000 feet above the
sea, and attaining its maximum rather towards the upper than the lower extre-
mity of those limits. It resides beneath moist logs of wood, stones and dead
leaves in damp and cloudy districts, — where it is occasionally very abundant.
During my encampment in the uplands of the Cruzinhas and the Fanal, in July
1850, I captm-ed it in profusion at the edges of the trickling streams and from
under felled timber : and I have likewise taken it on the Lombo das Vacas, in
June ; at the Feijaa de Corte, in August ; and at the llibeiro Trio, at nearly aU
seasons of the year.

§ II. Corpus plerumque alatum ; elytris minus ahhreviatis.

416. Homalota granidosa, Wolh

H. linearis piceo-uigra subtiliter et dense granuhita opaca et valde depressa, prothorace posticc
angustato et fovea media abbreviate impresso, antennis pedibusque elongatis, illis basi dilution-
bus, his pallido-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excelsa, a meipso ad Cruzinhas Julio ineunte a.d. 1850 (sub foliis arbo-
rum dejectis) lecta.

H. linear, piceous- or brownish-black ; head, prothorax and elytra finely and very closely granulated,
but without any appearance of punctures intermixed ; opake, and exceedingly depressed. Pro-
thorax rather elongated, and a little narrowed behind ; and with an obscure central depression,

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 549

or shallow fovea, posteriorly. Ahdumen sliining, and sparingly punctured. Antmnce and legs
elongated ; the former slender, and diluted at their base ; the latter pale dOuted-testaceous,

The largest of the Macleiran SomalotcB, and readily kuown by its flattened body,
by its opake and granulated upper surface (there being no appearance whatsoever,
except on the abdomen, of punctures intermixed), and by its elongated antennse and
legs, — the former of which are scarcely at all thickened at their extremity. It is
subaquatic in its habits and apparently peculiar to very lofty altitudes, — the only
specimen which I have seen having been captured, in company with Xenomma
planifrons, fi'om beneath moist leaves at the edges of a small stream in the
elevated sylvan district of the Cruzinhas (about 5000 feet above the sea), during
my encam]iment there in July 1850.

417. Homalota obUquepunctata, Woll.

H. linearis nigra subtilissime punetulata nitida depressa, prothorace postice angustato et obsolete
canaliculate, elytris fuscescentibus, singulo foveolis duabus vel tribus in serie obliqu^ positis
impresso, antennis pedibusque longiusculis, illis basi dilutioribus, his testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. l^-lf.

Habitat Maderam, inter lapillos per margines rivulorum, hinc inde sat vulgaris.

H. linear, black, most delicately but not very closely punctulated, shining, and depressed. Prothorax
rather shorter and convexer than in the last species (but, likewise, slightly narrowed behind) ;
and with an exceedingly obscure dorsal channel, more particularly apparent posteriorly. Elytra
more or less fuseescent, or brownish-piceous, especially towards the suture ; each with two or
three shallow rounded impressions, placed obliquely, on its hinder disk. Antenna and legs elon-
gated; the former more thickened at the extremity (and with the subapical joints more trans-
verse) than in the H. granulosa, diluted at their base ; the latter testaceous.

Also a very distinct species, — differing from the rest in the two or three impressed
points, or rounded fovese, which are placed obliquely across the hinder disk of each
of its elytra. Like the last, it is subaqviatic in its habits ; and it may be further
known from that insect by its more shining sui-face, Avhich is most delicately punc-
tulated tlu-oughout (there being scarcely any indications of granules, except under
the highest microscopic powers), by its more or less fuseescent (or brownish-
piceous) elytra, and by its apically-robuster antennae. It occurs in most parts of
the island, from about 500 to 3000 feet above the sea, — beneath stones and
shingle along the margins of the streams, amongst which it secretes itself at the
water's edge. In the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia (in the south), and at Sao Vincente
and Santa Anna (in the north), I have captm-ed it in tolerable abundance.

418. Homalota luticola, Woll.
H. linearis nigra (vel fusco-nigra) subtilissime granulato-punctulata subopaca subdepressa, capite

550 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

lato depresso, prothorace trans verso-subquadrato obsolete canaliculate, elytris fusco-testaceis,
antennis pedibusque sat robustis, illis basi dilutioribus, his testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 1|.

Habitat Maderam borealem, inter muscos uvidos et lutum juxta aquas desilientes fodiens, rarior : ad
Sanctum Vincentium mense Junio a.d. 1850 pauca specimina inveni.

H. rather broad and linear, black or browTiish-black, head, prothorax and elytra most delicately and
closely granulated, and with small punctures intermked ; nearly opake, and subdepressed. Head
wide, and with the forehead somewhat flattened. Prothorax also rather wide, transverse-sub-
quadi'ate (being of nearly equal breadth before and behind) ; and with an obscure dorsal channel.
Elytra more or less brownish-testaceous, being generally palest towards the suture. Abdomen
with the apical segment and the extremity of the basal ones obscurely fuscescent. Antenna and
kffs not quite so long as in the H. uhliquepunctata, but altogether a little robuster ; the former
rather less slender at their base, wliere they are diluted in colouring ; the latter testaceous.

Distinguished by its comparatively wide head and prothorax (the former of
which is more depressed than in any of the other species), by its brownish-testa-
ceous eh-tra, rather robust limbs, and by its serai-opake and very minutely granu-
lated surface (on \^hich there arc most delicate punctures intermixed). In its
habits it is intermediate between the strictly subaquatic and terrestrial forms,
residing in damp spots (generally amongst mud or moss) on the ledges of the
dripping rocks or in the vicinity of cascades, — but not, like the S. obUqueimnctata
and the Taclnjusa r(q)tor'u(, beneath stones and shingle at the margins of streams.
I have captured it sparingly towards the northern coast, — especially at the edges
of the first waterfall, along the Sao Viucente beach, in the direction of Seisal.

419. Homalota gregaria.

H. angusto-lincaris nigra (vel fusco-nigra) obsoletissime granulato-punctulata nitida depressa, pro-
thorace postice vLx angustato et fove& media abbreviate impresso, elytris subtestaceo-fuscescen-
tibus, antennis pedibusque longiusculis, ilUs fuscis, his testaceis.

Long. Corp. lui. l^-lj.

Homalota gregaria, Erich. Gen. et Si)ec. Staph. 87 (1839).

Tachyitsa immunita. Id. 916.

Homalota gregaria, Eedt. Fna Aiistr. 659 (1849).

Habitat sub lapidibus vix supra oram maritimam Portus Sancti jacentibus, uon infrequens.

H. narrow and linear, black (or brownish-black), head, prothorax and elytra most obsoletely granu-
lated, and with scarcely appreciable punctures intermixed ; shining, and depressed. Prothorax
rather small, and very slightly narrowed behind ; and \nth a central depression, or shallow fovea,
posteriorly. Elytra more or less fuscescent, being palest (and generally somewhat testaceous)
towai'ds the suture. Antenna and legs about as long as in the previous species, but rather
slenderer ; the former entirely of a dull reddish -brown, or fuscous ; the latter testaceous.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 551

The present Homalota may be known by its narrow and elongated outline, by
the obscure central fovea on the hinder portion of its prothorax, Ijy its reddish-
brown antennae, and by its distinctly fuscescent elytra. Although occvu-ring in
comparatively dry spots (in Porto Santo), I am inclined to suspect, from its some-
what lengthened posterior tarsi and general contour, that it is normally a sub-
aquatic insect, — the destruction of the wood on that island having so far diminished
the supply of water (which is mainly dependent, in these latitudes, on distillation
from the atmosphere by the large and brightly-polished leaves of evergreen trees
and shrubs) as to have rendered localities which must have been formerly moist
now completely barren, and to have necessitated the adaptation of the animal and
vegetable life (which was able to endure the change) to considerably altered con-
ditions. It appears to differ in no respect from the H. gregaria of Erichson (the
Tachyusa imminiita of the same author), a species very abundant in central and
southern Eui-oj^e, except that it is a little narrower and has its elytra rather paler
than is generally the case in more northern specimens. Such slight modifications
as these, however, I believe that even latitude alone would be sufficient to account
for, — and therefore, a Jbriiorl, the circumstances to which we have just alluded.
It is recorded by Erichson in Egypt, Sardinia and Austria ; and it likev\-ise occurs
in England, Germany and France. In Madeira proper I have not hitherto
observed it ; but in Porto Santo I captiu-ed it not uncommonly, from beneath
stones, at the western extremity of the island, in positions Ijut scarcely elevated
above the sea-shore, — diu'ing AprU 1848.

420. Homalota Philonthoides, TVoll.

H. angusto-sublinearis fusco-nigra subtilissime grauulata subopaca valdius pubescens depressa, pro-
thorace postice vix angustato, elytris vis fuscescentioribus, antennis pedibusque longiusculis, illis
basi dilutioribus, his pallido-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1^-1|.

Habitat in stercore bovino per Maderse regionem sylvaticam, hiuc inde nou infrequens : ad Cruzinhas
mense Julio ineunte a.d. 1850 sat copiose observavi.

H. rather narrow and linear, brownish- or piceous-black, head and prothorax most delicately and
closely granulated, and without punctures intermixed ; nearly opake, more pubescent than any of
the other species, and depressed. Prothorax slightly narrowed behind ; and usually altogether
unchanneled (though sometimes with indications of a small rounded forea in the centre of its
extreme base). Elytra scarcely more fuscescent than the rest of the surface; and slightly punc-
tured. Abdomen shining. Antennce and legs rather long; the former robust, and gradually
thickened to the extremity, diluted at their base ; the latter pale testaceous.

The present insect and the H. currens are at first sight a good deal allied, since
their characters are not always apparent without the aid of a powerful glass.
Nevertheless they are unquestionably distinct, their differences not being the less
real because difficult of observation. TThen viewed beneath the microscope indeed

552 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

they are most easily identified, both being remarkably constant. The JS. Philon-
tlwides may be recognized 1iy its universally larger size and somewhat longer
limbs, by its smaller scutellum, and by its more pubescent and less shining sur-
face. Its head and prothorax, also, are sculptiu'cd in a rather peculiar manner, —
being most closely and delicately granulated, T^dthout any appearance of punctvires
intermixed : and the latter is less quach-ate than that of the H. ciirrens, being very
perceptibly narrowed ])ehLnd. The habits moreover of the S. Fhilonthoides are
essentially stercoraceous, whereas the H. ciirrens is foimd almost exclusively
beneath stones and the bark of trees in elevated grassy spots within the sylvan
districts. My specimens of the former were captm'cd in the dung of cattle, and
principally during my encampment at the Cruzinhas in Jidy 1850.

421. Homalota currens, Wull.

H. angusto-linearis nigra subtilissime punctulata nitida depressa, prothorace subquadrato, elytris

fuscescentibus, antennis pedibusque breviusculis, illis basi vix dilutioribus, his pallido-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1-1}.

Habitat in graminosis cditioribus Maderae, prjesertim per partem sylvaticam, aestate vulgaris : ad
Lombo dos Pecegueiros abundat, quS, mense Julio a.d. 1850 copiosissime deprehensi.

H. smaller than the H. Philonthoides, narrow, and rather more linear, black (sometimes with a
brownish tinge), head, prothorax and elytra finely punctulated; shining, and depressed. Pro-
thorax subquadrate (being of nearly equal breadth before and behind) ; and usually altogether
unchannelcd. Scutellum very large, punctured, and scutiform. Elytra more or less distinctly
fuscescent, especially towards the suture (where it is sometimes slightly testaceous). AntenncB
and legs shorter than in the last species; the former robust, scarcely diluted in colouring at their
base ; the latter pale testaceous.

As already stated, the present insect bears a certain prima facie resemblance to
the last one ; nevertheless its smaller bulk, less pubescent and more shining siu"-
face, in conjunction with its shorter limbs, browner el\i;ra, more quadi-ate pro-
thorax, and its large shield-shaped scutellu^m, will usually at once distinguish it
from that species. Its sculptui'c also, when viewed beneath the microscope, is of
a very different nature, the head and prothorax being finely punctulated, — whereas
those of the H. Fhilonthoides have no indications of pimctui"es intermixed with
the granules (which are there, moreover, comparatively coarse). Its normal range
is, apparently, within the sylvan districts ; and, so far as I have hitherto observed,
it is never foixnd in dung, liut beneath bark and stones in grassy 'nooded spots of
lofty elevations, — being especially active in the dusk of the evening and after
showers, when it is oftentimes exceedingly abimdant. During my encampment at
the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, in July of 1850, 1 captured it in the utmost profusion,
— running rapidly up the outer canvass of my tent after simset ; and I have like-
wise taken it at Santa Anna and the Ribcii-o Frio.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 553

422. Homalota tantilla, WolL

H. angusto-linearis fusco-nigra obsoletissime granulata subnitida et minus depressa, capite postice
valde truncato, prothorace brevi, elytris abbi'eviatis picescentibus, antennis pedibusque brevibus,
illis fuscis basi ferrugineis (articulo ultimo bre\'i crassiusculo), his pallido-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. ^-1.

Habitat per regionem Madei'te sylvaticam excelsam, praesertim inter arbusculas in iiipibus crescentes,
sestate rarior.

H. narrow and linear, brownish- or piceous-black, head and prothorax most obsoletely granulated,
and with the faintest indications of a few punctures towards the sides (neither the granules nor
punctures being at all appreciable except under a high microscopic power) ; slightly sliiuing, and
not mucli depressed. Head very straightly and abruptly truncated behind. Prothorox short,
with the sides rounded, and of nearly equal breadth before and behind ; unchanneled (though
with indications of a small fovea in the centre of its extreme base). Elytra much abbreviated, a
little more distinctly punctulated than the head and prothorax, and more or less picescent.
Abdomen at its apex usually diluted in colouring. Antenna and legs, especially the former (which
are reddish-brown towards their apex and ferruginous at their base, and with their terminal joint
short and ovate, being a good deal more robust than the preceding ones), abbreviated ; the latter
pale diluted-testaceous.

An insignificant (but nevertheless distinct) little species, and tlie smallest of the
Madeii'an Somalotce. It may be known by its narrow and subcylindrical body,
greatly (and suddenly) posteriorly-truncated head, by its comparatively abbre-
viated elytra and limbs, and by the short and somewhat thickened ultimate joint
of its antennae. The sculpture of its head and prothorax, moreover, is different
from that of its allies, — both the granules and pimctures being almost obsolete,
and only just perceptible under a high power of the microscope ; and the apex of
its abdomen is usually fuscescent. Like the H. currens, it is confined principally
to lofty elevations, and would seem to be peculiar, or nearly so, to the sylvan
districts, — occurring in grassy spots, and amongst vegetation on rocks. I have
captured it at the head of the Ribeii'o de Joao Delgada, at the Cruzinhas and the
Fanal, and (more sparingly) at Santa Anna and Sao Vincente, — during the summer
months.

423. Homalota plebeia, Wall.

H. linearis fusco-nigi-a sat profunde punctulata nitida subconvexa, prothorace postice latiusculo, elytris
vix fuscescentioribus, antennis pedibusque mediocribus, ilhs robustis basi dilutioribus, ilhs pallido-
testaceis subinfuscatis.

Long. Corp. lin. l-lj.

Habitat in locis similibus ac prsecedens, rarissime.

H. not quite so linear as the H. tantilla, brownish- or piceous-black, head and prothorax rather
coarsely punctulated (the latter with the under granules also tolerably distinct) ; shining, rather

4 B

554 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

more pubescent than the previous two species, and somewhat convex. Prothorax subquadrate,
but a little wider behind than in front ; and unchanneled. Elijtra scarcely more fuscescent than
the rest of the surface. Abdomen a little attenuated behiud, and diluted in colouring at its apex.
Antenna and legs of moderate length ; the former rather robust, diluted at their base ; the latter
pale testaceous, and more or less infuscated in parts.

Easily clistinguished, under the microscope, by the comparatively coarse punc-
tures of its head and protliorax, — the latter of which is also minutely granidated,
and broad behind. Its antennae are somewhat robust, and its body is altogether
more convex than in the allied forms. It is foimd (like the H. tantilla) in elevated
grassy spots within the sylvan districts, Init is apparently rare. The only localities
in which I have hitherto observed it are the Fcijua de Corte and the llibeiro Prio.

424. Homalota sodaUs.

H. latiuscula sublincaris nigra subtilissime punctulata nitida et minus depressa, prothorace breviusculo
postice fovea media abbreviativ sat profunda impresso, elytris plus minusve subtestacco-fuscis,
antennis pedibusque breviusculis, illis basi dilutioribus, his palhdo-testaceis.

Long. corp. lin. Ig-l^^-

Homalota sodaUs, Erich. Kdf. der Mark. Brand, i. 328 (1837).
■ , Erich. Gen. el Spec. Staph. 104 (1839).

Habitat in graminosis Madcrae, ct borealis et australis, prsBsertim inter lignum ])utridum vel fungos,
toto anno non infrequens.

H, sublinear and rather broad, black, head and prothorax veiy finely but rather remotely punctulated ;
shining, and slightly convex. Prothorax rather short ; and with a broad, abbreviated, central fovea
behind. Elytra more or less brownish-testaceous, but a little obscured towards eithei- outer
angle. Antenna and legs rather short ; the former robust, diluted at their base ; the latter pale
diluted-testaccous.

Known by its rather Ijroad outline, slightly convex and very shining siu'i'ace, by
its finely punctulated head and prothorax (about as perceptibly so as in the
H. currens), brownish-testaceous elytra, and by the somewhat deep central fovea
on the hinder region of its pronotum. It is a common Em-opean insect, and
widely distributed over Madeira, — occurring beneath moist logs of wood, and
amongst fungi, in grassy spots. I have captured it in the Rev. E. T. Lowe's
garden near Eunchal; and also in the north of the island, at the Lombo dos
Pecegucu-os, in July.

425. Homalota imibratihs, Wolh

H. linearis fusco-picea fere impuuttata subuitida subdcpicssa, prothorace elytrisque plus minusve
infuscato-testaceis, abdomine testaceo ultra medium iufuscato, antennis brevibus (articulo ultimo
brevi subgloboso), ad basin pedibusque pallido-testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. 1.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. . 555

Habitat in Maderse sylvaticis, scniel tantum (ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros, Julio ineunte a.d. 1850)
capta.

H. linear, brov/nish-piceous, head and protborax almost impunctate; slightly shining, and sub-
depressed. ProtJwrax and elytra paler than the head, being more or less brownish-testaceous
(though apparently iufuscated in parts). Abdomen pale at the base and apex, but obscured
behind the middle. Antenna very short and robust, with their base testaceous ; the apical joint
short, subglobose and truncated at its base. Legs pale testaceous.

From a single, immature specimen it is scarcely possible to pronounce for cer-
tain as to the normal condition of the present insect. Nevertheless, since it is
sufficiently developed to show its general colouring and sculptvu'e, and since it
clearly cannot be identified with any other Madeiran Homalota, I have preferred
describing it to passing it by unnoticed. In its comparatively variegated surface,
indeed, and extremely short and robust antennae (which have then- apical joint
subglobose), it seems to belong to a type altogether different from the remainder ;
and, judging from its outward contour, its habits are probably fungivorous. My
unique example was captured by myself at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, during
July 1850.

426. Homalota insignis, WoU.

H. linearis nigra subtiliter granulato-punctulata subnitida et minus depressa, prothorace anteuna-
rumque basi rufo-testaceis, elytris infuscato-testaceis, abdominis apice dilutiore, pedibus pallido-
testaceis.

Long, Corp. lin. l|-lf.

Habitat in fungis per Maderae partem sylvaticam, ad Ribeiro Frio a meipso detecta.

H. linear, black, most minutely and closely granulated, and with more or less obscure punctures
intermixed , slightly shining, and subdepressed. Pruthorax subquadrate, clear rufo-testaceous ;
with a very obscure channel, or fovea, behind. Elytra testaceous, but slightly clouded (or
infuscated) in parts, particularly towards the lateral edges and on their outer disks. Abdomen
at apex more or less ferruginous. Antenna at base rufo-testaceous. Legs pale testaceous.

A large, distinct and prettily-variegated species ; and known from the rest of
the genus here described, except the H. smiguinolenta (which however belongs to
a totally different type of form), by its pale prothorax and elytra, and by its fungi-
vorous habits. It is, apparently, scarce, or at any rate local, — the only district in
which I have detected it being that of the Eibeiro Frio, where I once captm^ed it
(during the winter time) in considerable abundance.

427. Homalota atramentaria.

H. linearis subaenescenti-atra subtiliter granulato-punctulata subnitida et minus depressa, capite pro-

4 B 2

556 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

thoraceque obscurissime canaliculatis, abdomine atro nitido, pedibus piceis, tibiis ad basin et
apicem tarsisque testaceis.
Long. coip. lin. Ij-IA-

Staphylinus atramentarius, Kirby, in lift.

AleocJiara atramentaria, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 408 (1810).

Homalota , Erieb. Gen. et Spec. Staph. Ill (1830).

AJeochara , Zett. Ins. Lapp. 77 (1840).

Habitat in stercorc bovino Maderse et Portus Sancti, \ulgaris.

H. linear, deep black with a just perceptibly seneous tinge, head and prothorax most minutely and
closely granulated, and with rather distinct punctures intermixed ; slightly shining, and sub-
depressed. Head and prothorax most obsoletely channeled. Scutellum very large and scutiform.
Elytra occasionally a little diluted in colouring, especially towards the suture. Abdomen shining.
Antennie and legs slender; i\\e. former generally not at all diluted in colouring at their base ; the
latter piceous, — with their tibise at the extreme base and apex, together with the tarsi, testaceous.

Easily distingmslied by its dark, subreneous siu'face (tlie elytra being scarcely at
all diluted in bue), by its somewbat slender Ihubs, and by its large sbield-sbaped
sciitcllnm (as in tbc II. citrrens). It is a common Madeiran insect, especially in
tbc soutb of tbe island, — occui-ring generally, in tbc dung of cattle, at low and
intermediate altitudes. I have taken it abundantly in the vicinity of Funcbal
and at tbe Ribeiro Frio ; and I have likewise observed it in Porto Santo. It is
found throughout the greater portion of Europe ; and is recorded by Erichson from
Sweden, Germany, England and Sardinia.

428. Homalota longicomis.
H. fusilbrmis nigra sat rugose punctulata nitida et minus depressa, clytris infuscato-testacescentibus,

antennis pedibusque elongatis robustis, his diluto-testaceis, femoribus posticis plus minusve

picescentibus.
Long. Corp. lin. li-^-

AJeochara longicomis, Grav. Col. Micropt. 87 (1802).
Bolitochara longicomis. Maun. Bracliel. 8.3 (1831).
Homalota longicomis, Erich. Qen. et Spec. Staph. 129 (1839).
, E«dt. FnaAmtr. 664 (1849).

Habitat in stercorc bovino Maderse, et borealis et australis, prsesertim in locis subinferioribus,
vulsatissima.

"O"

H. fusiform (being acuminated both before and behind), black, coarsely punctulated, shining, and
subdepressed. Scutellum large. Elytra brownish-testaceous, being palest about either inner
angle, and more or less cloudy about the base, suture and lateral margins. Antenna and legs
elongated and robust; i\\c former hwi very slightly diluted at their base; the latter pale diluted-
testaceous (the two hinder femora being frequently piccscent), and beset with a few very long
and erect sette.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 557

A most abundant Eurojiean insect, occurring almost everywhere. In Madeira
it is likewise exceedingly common, at low and intermediate elevations, in the
dung of cattle. I have captured it both in the north and south of the island,
especially in the chestnut-woods of Santa Anna, — where during the summer of
1850 I observed it in the utmost profusion. It may be knowTi by its fusiform out-
line, elongated and robust limbs, by its shining surface, brownish-testaceous elytra,
and by its exclusively stercoraceous haljits.

429. Homalota lividipennis.
H. fusiformis nigra confertissime punctulata subopaca sericeo-pubescens et minus depressa, jn'otlioract-

amplo postice lato, elytris pedibusque testaceis, antennis robustis piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. li-lf •

Oxypocla lividqjennis, Mann. Brachel. 70 (1831).

Homalota livida, Erich. Kdf. der Mark Brand, i. 3.37 (1837).

• lividipennis, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Stapli. 129 (1839).

— , Eedt. Fna Austr. GGl (184^9).

Habitat in iisdem locis ac prsecedens, sed paulo rarior.

H. fusiform (being acuminated both before and behind, though especially the latter), black, most
densely punctulated, almost opake, slightly convex, clothed with a fine, sericeous, brownish
pubescence, and subdepressed. Prothorax large, wide behind. Elytra testaceous, but more or
less obscured about the region of the scutellum and at the lateral margins. Abdomen ferruginous
at its apex. Antenna and legs not quite so long as in the last species ; the former very robust,
piceous (or fusco-piceous), with their base a little diluted in colouring ; the latter pale testaceous.

Likewise of exclusively stercoraceous habits, and of very wide geographical
range, — occurring throughout the whole of Em-ope, and being reported even from
America. It is a species of rather peculiar aspect, somewhat resembling au
Oxypocla, — its large, posteriorly-dilated prothorax and apically-acnminated ab-
domen giving it an aspect different from the generality of the Komalotce ; never-
theless the structure of its tarsi shows it to belong to the present genus. Amongst
other .characters, its most densely punctulated and sericeous surface, in conjunc-
tion with its very robust antennae, and its testaceous elytra (which are usually
only infuscated about the region of the scutellum, and at the extreme lateral
edges), will serve additionally to distinguish it. It is found principally in com-
pany with the n. loncj'icornis, though not quite so abundantly ; albeit it ascends
to a higher elevation, since I have captured it both at the head of the Ribeiro de
Joao Delgada and at the Cruzinhas (upwards of 5000 feet above the sea). In the
vicinity of Funchal and at Santa Anna it is tolerably common, — especially the
former, where, during the autumnal months, I have observed it in the utmost
profusion (in the dung of cattle) on the grassy slopes to the eastward of the town,
])efore arriving at the Cabo Gerajao or Brazen Head.

558 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

Genus 187. OXYPODA.
Mannerheim, Brachel. 69 (1831).

Corpus parvum, oblongo-fusiforme et miuus deprcssum : capite exserto, iuterdum deflexo : prothorace
convexo, antice truncate, posticc latiusculo rotiindato : alis amplis : abdoinine marginato, plcrumque
apicem versus attenuate. Antenna ad oculorum marginem internum insertee, breviusculse, apicem
versus plus minusve incrassat;e (in maribus srepe validiores), articulis secundo et tertio reliquis
magis elongatis, inter so fequalibus. Instrumenta cibariu omuino ut in Homalota. Pedes longi-
usculi, graciles : tarsis omnibus 5-articulatis ; posticis articulo primo elongato.

The genus Oxiipoda is distinguished from Uoinalota by all its feet being com-
])Oscd of five articidations, and by its hinder pair having theii* basal joint elongated.
AMiatever value, however, these two characters may possess (and, being structural
ones, they are very important), their convenience is practically much diminished
on account of their microscopic nature, — the difficulty of observing them being
often very considerable. There are few ordinary external members indeed (in
constant use, for primary purposes, in the investigation of the Coleoptera) less easy
of inspection than the tarsal joints of some of the smaller Bnichelytra, — which
are frequently so closely attached to each other, and differ so slightly in breadth,
that it requu-es a practised eye, even with the aid of a powerful glass, to define
them. The Oxijpodce are principally a little convexer, and more attenuated behind,
than the Homalotce, approaching somewhat in general contour to Aleochara, — a
resemblance which the deflexed heads and posteriorly-mdened (though rounded)
prothoraces of some of the species would not tend to decrease.

430. Oxypoda Utigiosa.
O. fusiformis fusco-nigra confertiin punctulata subopaca sei'iceo-pubescens et minus deprcssa, pro-
thorace postice lato, pedibus diluto-testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 1^.

Oxypoda Utigiosa, Ileer, Fna Col. Helv. i. 321 (1S41).

Habitat Maderam, in stercore bovine, non infrcquens.

O. fusiform (being almost equally acuminated before and behind), brownish-black, densely pimctu-
lated, almost opake, slightly convex, and clothed with a fine, somewhat sericeous, decumbent
pubescence. Prothorax rather narrowed in front, and wide behind. Abdomen a little darker
than the prothorax and elytra, and obscurely ferruginous at its apex. Legs diluted-testaccous.
Antenna short, and concolorous with the head and prothorax (being scarcely at all diluted at
their base).

The present obscm-e and insignificant little Oxijpoda, wliich, so far as I have
hitherto observed, is the sole exponent of the genus in these islands, is I believe
correctly referred to the O, Utigiosa of Hear, —of which I jiossess tj'pical specimens

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 559

from the collection of M. Clievrier of Geneva, differing in no respect from the
Madeiran ones. It occnrs sparingly, in the dung of cattle, near Funchal ; but
does not appear to be very generally distributed throughout the loftier districts.

Genus 188. ALEOCHARA.

Gravenhorst, Col. Microjjt. 67 (1802).

Corpus mediocre vel parvum, plerumqiie fusiforme antice incrassatiim, pamm convexum, pubescens :
capite exserto, deflexo : prothorace convexo, postice lato rotundato : alls amplis : abdomine margi-
nato, jam parallelo, jam apicem versus attenuate. Antennce ad oculorum marginem iuternum
inserts, breves, apicem versus incrassatse, articulis tribus baseos reliquis paulo longioribus (primo
crassiusculo, secundo et tertio obconicis). Labrum, mandibula et inaxilla fere ut in Homalota.
Pnlpi labiaJes 4-articulati, articulo primo magno cylindrico, reliquis decresccntibus (quarto minu-
tissimo). Mentum breve transversum, antice emargiuatum. Ligula brevis lata, apice bifida;
paraglossis brevissimis latis. Pedes breviores : tarsis omnibus 5-articulatis ; posticis articulo
primo elongato.

Aleocliara may be distinguished by its anteriorly-incrassated body and defiexed
head, by its pentamerous feet, and by its four-jointed labial palpi,— a peculiarity,
in which, according to Erichson, it differs from every Coleopterous genus hitherto
described. In other respects the parts of the mouth do not materially recede
from those of the neighbouring groups. The species are found principally in dung
and beneath decaying vegetal:)le substances ; nevertheless some few of them would
appear to be carnivorous, residing amongst putrifying animal matter and in bones.

431. Aleochara Armitagei, WoU.
A. fusiformis fusco-nigra dense fulvo-pubescens subnitida, prothorace crebre fequaliter punctulato,

elytro singulo plaga magna obliqua suflPusa rubescente ornato, pedibus, antennarumque basi et

apice testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2-2|.

Habitat Maderam, in stercore bovino, testate non infrequens.

Species ut opinor insulis Madercnsibus revera indigena, et in bonorem amici Rev"^ W. J. Armitage a
me ob gratias oblatas denominata.

A. fusiform, brownish-black, very slightly shining, and densely clothed with a long, decumbent, ful-
vescent pubescence. Prothorax and elytra most densely and uniformly punctulated all over ; the
latter with a large, oblique, more or less suffused dash on each, extending almost from either
sutural angle to the shoulder, reddish, or rufescent. Antenrue at base and apex, and the legs,
testaceous.

The present Aleochara, which I have dedicated to my friend, and companion in
travel, the Rev. "VV. J. Armitage (whose valuable assistance during two sojourns in
Madeira I have already had occasion to record), may be easily known by its

560 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

fusiform outline, by the fulvous pile with which it is densely clothed, by the
usually suffused reddish dash on each of its elytra, and by the paleness not only
of the legs, but also of the base and apex of its antennae. It is more akin to the
European A. pulla than to any other species ^vith which I am acqviainted ; never-
theless, its much larger size, in conjunction Avith its distinctly maculated elytra,
and the different coloiu- of its pubescence, will at once separate it from that insect.
It is by no means common, though occm-ring (in the dimg of cattle) both in the
north and south of the island. I have taken it, during the autimm, in the vicinity
of Fimchal ; and in the chestnut-woods of Santa Anna, in June.

432. Aleochara tristis.
A. siiblinearis nigra subnitida, prothorace sequaliter punctulato, elytro singulo plaga magna obliqua

suffusA. testacea ornato, antennarum basi pedibusque (tarsis pallidioribus exceptis) fusco-piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Aleochara tristis, Grav. Mon. 170 (1806).

, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 430 (1810).

, Maun. Brachel. CG (1831).

, Erich. Qen. et Spec. Staph. 162 (1839).

Habitat in iisdem locis ac pra;cedens, sed niulto frequentior.

A. more linear than the last species, and of a deeper black (though sometimes with a just percejjtiblc
reneous tinge), slightly shining, and with the pubescence less dense. Prothorax and elytra uni-
formly punctulated all over (but not so closely or distinctly as in the A. Armitagei) ; the latter
with a large, broad, oblique dash on each, extending from either sutural angle in the direction of
the shoulder, testaceous. Antenna at base, and the legs, more or less brownish-piceous ; the
tarsi paler.

A common European and Algerine insect ; and perhaps, with the follo-ning two,
imported into the Madeira Islands. It may be knoAvu fi"om the A. Armitagei by
its more parallel ovitline and blacker hue, by its less pubescent surface, the dark
apex of its antenntc, and by its more testaceous elytra! patch. It is tolerably
abundant (in the excrement of cattle) throughout the neighboui-hood of Eun-
chal, — where I have observed it at times in considerable numbers, especially
during the autimmal months.

433. Aleochara nitida.
A. sublinearis subsenescenti-atra nitidissinia, prothorace in medio biseriatim punctato, elytris pro-
funda et parce punctatis, singulo macula rufo-testaccii (ad angulum internum sita ct jilus
minusve distincta) ornato, pedibus (tarsis vLx pallidioribus exceptis) nigro-piceis.
Fflr. /3. paulo major, elytris immaculatis.
Long. Corp. lin. lJ-2.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. • 561

Aleochara nitida, Grav. Col. Micropt. 97 (1802).

, GyU. Ins. Suec. ii. 435 (1810).

, Mami. Braclel. 68 (1831).

, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 168 (1839).

Habitat Maderam et Portum Sanctum, in stercore bovino necnon in humidiusculis, vulgatissima, ab
oi'ii maritima usque ad 5000' s.m. ascendens : var. /3. ad Maderse regionem sylvaticam, aut saltern
ad locos editiores, plerumque pertinet.

A. sublinear, deep black, with more or less of an obscure seneous tinge, exceedingly shining, and with
the pubescence not very dense. Protliorax very highly polished, and with a double row of punc-
tui-es down the disk. Elytra uniformly, but coarsely and rather distantly, punctured; with a
usually small, more or less distinct patch on each at the hinder sutural angle, rufo-testaceous.
Legs dark piceous, with the tarsi generally paler.
Var. /3. rather larger, and with the clytral patches obsolete.

A species of very wide geographical range, — being found in most parts of
Europe, and in the Levant. It is subject to considerable variation, both in size
and in the absence or presence of its two elytral spots. It may be known, ho'R'-
ever, from the rest of the Aleoclun^ce here described by its darker and more shining-
surface, and by the double row of punctures down the disk of its prothorax. It is
extremely abundant throughout Madeira and Porto Santo, occurring in the dung
of cattle at nearly all elevations. In the neighbovu'hood of Punchal, and at Sao
Vincente (in the north of the island), it may at times be met with in profusion;
and I have likewise captured it, during the summer months, at the Ribeiro Frio,
as also in the lofty uplands of the Cruzinhas and the Fanal.

434. Aleochara morion.
A. fusiformis nigra subnitida, prothorace crebre sequaliter punctulato, elytris concoloribus, pedibus

(tarsis pallidioribus exceptis) fusco-piceis.
Long. corp. lin. f-lj.

Aleochara morion, Grav. Col. Micropt. 97 (1802).

, LatreiUe, Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins. vs.. 370 (1804). ■

et exigua, Mann. Brachel. 68 (1831).

, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 175 (1839).

Habitat in stercore bovino Maderae, et borealis et australis, toto anno vulgaris.

A. fusiform, black, very slightly shining, and beset with a short and rather close pubescence. Pro-
thorax and elytra densely and uniformly punctulated all over ; the latter without any indication
of paler patches. Legs brownish-piceous, with the tarsi paler.

The smallest of the Aleocharcs here described ; and easily known by its minute
bulk, short, fusiform outline, and by its dark, concolorous elytra. Like the pre-
vious species, it is of wide geographical range, being recorded in aU parts of

4 c

562 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Eui'ope and even from Central America. It is found principally (in Madeira) in
company with the A. nitkla, though less commonly : in the vicinity of Funchal,
however, and at Santa Anna, I have at times observed it somewhat abundantly.

Genus 189. OLIGOTA.
Mannerheim, Brachel. 72 (1831).

Corpus minutissimum, (in nostra) lineare : capite deflexo latiusculo : prothorace brevi, postice lato : alis
ainplis : abdomine marginato. Antenna ad oculorum marginem internum inserta;, breviusculse,
10-;irtifulat:i>, apicem versus sensim clavataj (clava, oblouga tri- vcl quadri-articulata), articulis
duobus baseos elongatis crassiusculis. Instrumenta cibaria fere ut iu Ilomalota, sed palporum
maxillarium articulus ultimus paulo longior, ct labialium magis aeicularis. Pedes breviusculi
graciles : tarsis omnibus 4-articulatis ; posticis articulo prime subelongato.

The extremely minute size of the Oligotce, in coujimction with their clavate,
10-articulated antennse and theu* tetramerous feet, are of themselves sufficient to
separate the genus from the remainder of the Aleocharides ; whilst from Soma-
tiitm (its nearest Madekan ally) its distinguishing characters, apart from the
sectional ones, may be gathered by a reference to the observations imder that
group.

435. OUgota inflata.
O. linearis fusco-picea pubescens subnitida, prothorace convexo, antennarum basi pedibusque diluto-

testaceis, abdomiue ad apiceui dilutiore.
Long. Corp. lin. i-i.

Microcera inflata, Mann. Brachel. 72 (1831).

Oliyota subtiUs, Erich. Kiif. Jer Mark Brand, i. 364 (1837).

, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 180 (1839).

Habitat in cbvis graminosis maritimis Maderee Portusque Sancti, sub lapidibus et scoriis (in quarum
celluhs soli exposita subito recedit), ab autumno usque ad ver novum, rarior.

O. very minute, linear, brownish-piceous (or, occasionally, piceous-black), pubescent, slightly shining,
and finely punctulated. Head rather wide. Prothorax short, transverse, and convex. Abdomen
rather darker at the base than the rest of the insect, but diluted iu colouring at its apex.
Antenna at base, and the legs, diluted-testaceous.

It is possible that the present minute insect may be more correctly referred to
the O. pusiUima, Grav. ; nevertheless, since it seems to agree better, both in size
and antenna?, with the description of Erichson's O. sttbtllis, I have assigned it to
that species. It is somewhat rare in Madeira, or at any rate local, the only spot
in which I have hitherto captured it being (beneath stones and scoria;) on the
exposed grassy eminence to the right of the Caniso road (from Funchal), just
before arriving at the Brazen Head, — in whicli position dm*Lng the autmnn of

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 563

1847 I observed it in tolerable numbers. In the spring of the foUoAving year it
occurred to me, sparingly, also in Porto Santo. Omng to its diminutive bulk,
and its habit, when exposed to the light, of suddenly retreating into the cells and
ramifications of the scoriae, it is not always easy to secure ; and hence, in reality,
it may perhaps be more abundant than would appear to be the case.

(Subf. 2. TACHYPORIDES.)
Genus 190. SOMATIUM, Woll. (Tab. XIII. fig. 5.)

Corpus niinutum, convexiusculum, elli])tlco-ovatum : cnpife protborace angustiore, deflexo : prothorace
brevi, postice lato elytris (pectore lougioribus) arete applicato : sctitellu distincto : alls amplis :
abdomine margiuato breviusculo, postice attenuato (stybs analibus exsertis divergentibus) . An-
tenna (XIII. 5 a) sub frontis margine inserta?, capite protboraceque paulo longiores, lO-articulatse,
articulis primo et secundo elongatis crassiusculis, tertio ad quintum angustioribus sensim brevi-
oribus, reliquis paulatim incrassatis clavam oblongam perfoliatam 3- vel 4-articulatam efficientibus.
Lahrum (XIII. 5 h) transversum pilosum, apice tenuissime membranaceum et vix emarginatum.
Mandibnlce (XIII. 5 c) ad apieem acutse incurvse muticee, extrorsum in medio fissse. Maxilkv
(XIII. 5 d) bilobfe elongatse angustse rectse : lobo externa apice pubescente : interno buic vix
breviore, intus apieem versus pube cibato. Palpi maxillares longissimi, articulo primo minuto,
secundo et tertio elongatis subsequalibus clavatis, ultimo vix breviore, tenuissime subulato :
labiales (XIII. 5 e) articulis omnibus longitudine subrequalibus (primo crasso, secundo crassi-
usculo, ultimo paulo breviore subulato). Mentum amplum, transversum. Ligula semicircularis,
processu medio minuto umbonata ; paraglossis obsoletis. Pedes (XIII. 5/) longiusculi, graciles :
tibiis pubescentibus : tarsis simplicibus, omnibus 4-articulatis ; posticis (XIII. 5y) articulo primo
elongato.

A amfidTiov, corpusculum.

The very interesting little insect from which the above generic diagnosis has
been compiled is correctly referred, I believe, to the present subfamily; and is
perhaps more related to Sypocyptus than to anything else hitherto described. It
is true that ia some few respects, as in the number of its tarsal and antennal joints,
it likewise assimilates OUgota (amongst the Aleoeharkles) ; nevertheless its an-
tennae, which are inserted beneath the lateral margin of the forehead, in conjunc-
tion with its short and broad ligula, and its thickly-pubescent maxillae (with the
exceedingly elongated terminal articrdation of then' palpi), will all tend to remove
it from that division : and I have no doubt therefore that Somatiiim when placed
at the commencement of the Tachyporkles will be found nearest to those forms
■ndth which, both in structure and habits, it has the greatest affinity. It may
possibly indeed be regarded as connective between OUgota (in the one section)
and Hypocyptus (in the other), — groups which certainly possess much in common,
and the only ones (in the two departments combined) which, like Somatimn, have
ten-jointed antennae and tetramerous feet. From the first of these, however, the

4c 2

564 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

sectional characters above enumerated, together with its larger Inilk, totally dif-
ferent contom-, and the much greater length of its limbs, ^vill, of themselves, at
once remove it ; whilst from the second (with wliich, in addition to its antennae
and tarsi, it agrees in its anteriorly-tapering ligula), it is equally separated by its
comparatively developed abdomen, by the straight external lobe of its maxillae,
the produced ultimate joint of its palpi, and by the distinctness of its scutellum.

436. Somatium anale, WoU. (Tab. XIII. fig. 5.)
S. flliptico-ovatum nigro-piccuni pubesceus subuitidum, ore, antennis, pedibus anoque vel paUido-

furrugineis vel rufo-testaceis.
Ijoug. Corp. lin. j.

Habitat in Madera- sylvaticis, inter fungos plantasve humidas (inde a 2000' s. m.), rarissime : ad
Ribeiro Frio necuon ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros (in JIadera boreali) sestate collegi.

S. elliptical-ovate, piceous-black, pubescent, and slightly shining. Head and prothoraoc very minutely
and obscurely punctulated ; the latter short, convex, as wide behind as the base of the chtra, and
without any api)carancc of a dorsal channel. Elytra ample (being longer than the breast), more
distinctly punctulated, and \ery pubescent. Anteniue (especially at their base), legs, and the last
two segments of the abdumen, either pale ferruginous or rufo-testaceous.

Exceedingly rare ; inhabiting the moist sylvan districts above the elevation of
2000 feet. I have taken it from out of fungi at the Ribeiro Frio ; and l)y brush-
ing the rank wet fern at the Lombo dos Pecegueu-os (on the edges of the cliff-
road leading from Sao Vincente to Seisal), in July.

Genus 191. CONURUS.

Stephens, III Brit. Ent. v. 188 (1832).

Corpus parvum, convexum, obconicum (antice obtuse rotundatum, postice valde atteuuatuni), pubes-
ceus : capite detlexo : pruthorace postice lato, elytris arete applicato : mesusternu carinato : alis
amplis : aMomwie immarginato, apicem versus fortiter attenuato (vivis sat elongate). Antenna svh
frontis margine inserta:, capite ])rothoraccque sitpius paulo longiores, apicem vei'sus plus minusve
leviter iucrassatse, articulo ultimo plerumque sub-oblique truncato. Labrum brcvissimum, in-
tegrum. Mandibul<e breves, intus membraua angusta auctJE. Maxilhe bilobie : lobo externa
apice pubescente : interuu huic jiaulo breviore, pubescente. Palpi maxillares articulo primo
miuuto, sccundo et tertio clongatis subsqiuilibus (hoc leviter incrassato), ultimo minuto subulato :
labiates articulis primo et ultimo longitudine aiqualibus (illo robusto, hoc tenuiorc acuminato),
sccundo brevi. Mentuin transversum. Ligula lata, antice pilis paucis instructa biloba, incisione
iterum profundius biloba ; paraglossia ligulse connatis eique sequalibus. Pedes longiusculi : tibiis
plus minusve spinulosis; anticis per raarginem externum spinulis minutissimis ciliatis: tarsis
omnibus 5-articulatis, articulo quarto reliquis minore ; anticis articulis primo, secundo et tertio
subcordatis, in maribus leviter dilatatis ; posterioribus elongatis, articulo primo longiusculo.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 565

Comirus is still regarded by some entomologists as a subdivision of TacTiyporus ;
but its dissimilar general habit, in conjunction with its immarginate and exceed-
ingly acuminated abdomen, its more convex, pubescent sm-face, keeled mesoster-
num, its longer and slenderer legs, and, above all, the structure of its ligula
(which is not only bilobed anteriorly, as in that genus, but has the excavation
itself bilobed also), seem to be amply sufficient to render its isolation both natural
and convenient. The species are found prmcipally beneath fallen leaves, under the
moist decaying bark of trees, or amongst moss. They rim Tvith the utmost
velocity, — a peculiarity which, in connection with their obconical and sericeous
Ijodies, gives them a certain resemblance, at first sight, to a Fotlura.

437. Conurus pubescens.
C. nigro-fuscus dense griseo-pubescens subopacus, elytris prothorace longioribus, antennis pedibusque

testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2— 24.

Staphylinus pubescens {var. /3.), Payk. Mori. Carah. App. 138 (1790).

cellaris (var. ft.), Payk. Fiia Siiec. iii. 421 (1800).

Tachyporus puhesceiis, Grav. Col. Micropf. 130 (1802).
Conurus pubescens, Steph. HI. Brit. JEnt. v. 189 (1832).
, Erich. Qen. et Spec. Staph. 221 (1839).

Habitat in Maderse sylvaticis, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis necnon inter muscos, inde
ad 3000' s.m. sat frequens.

C. dark brown (or brownish-piceous), densely clothed with a fine griseous or lurid pubescence, and
subopake (or, when the pubescence is rubbed off, slightly shining). Prothorax with its extreme
hinder margin generally a little diluted in colouring. Elytra distinctly longer than the pro-
thorax, and usually rather more picesceut. Abdomen fuscescent, its apex, and the margins of its
basal segments, being more or less ferruginous. Antenna and legs rather long, and testaceous.

The largest of the Madeii-an Comrri, and easily recognised by its densely pubes-
cent sm-face, and by its brownish or lurid hue. It is an insect of very mde geo-
graphical range, occm-riag throughout the whole of Europe and Algeria, and being
recorded by Erichson even from the south of China. In Madeira it is somewhat
scarce, existing beneath moss and logs of wood in damp sylvan spots, from about
800 to 3000 feet above tlie sea. I have captured it in the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia,
during the winter and early spring ; and at the Eeijaa de Corte, in August.

438. Conurus pedicularius.
C. nigro-piceus griseo-pubescens subnitidus, elytris prothorace vix brevioribus, antennis pedibusque

gracilibus infuscato-testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. l|-lj.

560 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Tachi/porus iJediculariics, Grav. Col. Micropt. 133 (1802)

, Gyll. Ins. Siiec. iii. 246 (ISIO).

, Mann. Brackel. 60 (1831).

Conurm pedicularius, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 230 (1839).

Habitat Maderam et Portum Sanctum, in locis similibus ac praecedens, sed rarior.

C. dark piccous (or piceous-black), smaller and narrower than the C. pubescens, also somewhat more
shining and less densely clothed with griseous pile. Prothorax and elytra^ each with their
extreme hinder margins more or less diluted in colouring ; the latter about the same length as,
or perhaps a little shorter than, the former. Abdomen with its apical segment, and the margins
of its basal ones, more or less feiTuginous. Antenna and leffs rather shorter and slenderer than
in either of the other species, and testaceous; with the tibia (especially in the Madeiran speci-
mens, those from Porto Santo being usually rather paler) more or less dusky.

Its narrower outline, atlded to its comparatively shorter and slenderer limbs,
will at once distinguish the present insect from either of its allies here described.
It is exceedingly rare, and apparently coniined to low and intermediate altitudes,
— occurring in grassy places, principally beneath stones and leaves. I have taken
it sparingly in the vicinity of Funchal, and also in Porto Santo. It is found
throughout the greater portion of Europe ; and the Madeii'an specimens are a little
longer than the average of theu" more northern representatives.

439. Conmiis monticola, TVoU.

C. nigro-piceus (vel piceus) parce griseo-pubescens nitidus, clytris prothorace vix longioribus, antennis
pedibusque longiusculis robustis testaceis.
Far. j3. omnino pallidior, capite prothoraceque rufo-tcstaccis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1-1^.

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excels;!, sub foliis arborum dejectis ad Cruzinhas (circa 5000* s. m.) Julio
incunte a.d. 1850 a meipso delectus.

C. dark piceous (or piceous), more shining and less pubescent than either of the other species; also,
proportionably, somewhat broader. Prothorax and elytra each with their extreme hinder
margins sometimes (but not always) diluted in colouring; the latter a little longer than the
former. Abdomen with its apical segments, and the margins of its basal ones, more or less ferru-
ginous. Antenna and legs rather longer and much robuster than those of the C. pedicularius
(the former being more distinctly incrassated, likewise, at their extremities), and bright
testaceous.
Var. ^. altogether paler, with the head and prothorax entirely i-ufo-testaceous.

By far the scarcest of the Comiri hitherto detected in these islands, and a truly
indigenous insect, — occurring only, so far as I have observed, at lofty elevations
and in remote sylvan spots. It may be known from the C. pedicularius by its
more piceous and shining siuface, broader outline, somewhat less abbreviated

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 567

elytra, and by its longer, robuster, and paler limbs. I bave seen but three speci-
mens ; all of wliicb were captiu'ed by myself, fi'om beneatb decaying leaves, at
about 5000 feet above tbe sea, in the wooded region of the Cruzinhas, — during
my encampment there in Jvily 1850.

Genus 192. TACHYPORUS.

Gravenhorst, Col. Micropf. 12J. (1802).

Corpus parvum, subfusiforme (antice obtusiusculum, postice attenuatum) : capite prothoraceqwe gla-
berrimis politissimis ; illo subdeflexo ; hoc postice lato, elytris arete applicato : alts amplis : abdo-
mine marginato, apieem versus attenuato. Antenna et instrumenta cibaria fere ut in Conuro, sed
ligula incisio iutegra. Pedes modice elongati : tibiis, prsesertim posterioribus, plus minusve
spinulosis : tar'sis omnibus 5-articulatis, articulo quarto minuto ; anticis articulis primo, secundo
et tertio subcordatis, in maribus leviter dilatatis ; posterioribus subelongatis, articulo prime
longiusculo.

The distinctions between Tachyporus and Conurus have been already pointed
out, — the exceedingly glabrous and highly polished head and prothorax of the
former, in conjunction with its margined abdomen, being sufficient (apart from
smaller differences both of outline and structure) to separate \i prhnd facie from
the latter. Both genera are in habits nearly similar ; though perhaps the
Tachypori are (if anything) somewhat less attached to decaying wood and bark
than the Conuri, — occurring more particularly amongst moss, and in grassy spots
beneath trees, where during the summer and autimmal months they are often-
times excessively abundant.

440. Tachyporus celer, Wall.
T. nigro-piceus (vel piceus) subconvexus, antennis, protboracis limbo, ano pedibusque diluto-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1|.

Habitat per Maderse regionem sylvaticam, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum projectis, inter 2000' et
5000' s.m., rarior.

T. somewhat convex and broad, dark piceous or piceous. Head and prothorax very highly polished ;
the latter with the sides broadly, and the anterior and posterior margins narrowly testaceous.
Elytra closely and perceptibly punctulated, sparingly pubescent, usually more piceous than the
prothorax, and with their extreme apex (especially towards the outer angle), and a very obscurt-
dash about the shoulder (occasionally obsolete), indistinctly diluted in colouring. Abdomen with
the extreme hinder margins of the basal segments (and sometimes with the apical ones) dull
ferruginous or diluted-testaceous. Antenna and legs diluted-testaceous ; the former a little dusky
towards their extremities.

A large and interesting Tacliypoi^us, — inhabiting the forest regions of Madeira,
between the limits of from 2000 to about 5000 feet above the sea. It is decidedly
scarce, or more strictly perhaps (from the remote spots to which it is confined)

5.68 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

local ; occui-ring beneath logs of wood, during the summer months, in the damp
ravines and on the densely clothed mountain-slopes. Although found through-
out most of the central districts, I have taken it more abundantly at the Feijaa
de C6rte than in any other position, — where in August of 1850 it was compara-
tively common. In the M-iuter it would appear to be far rarer ; nevertheless I
have observed it at the Ribeiro Frio, occasionally, in the early spring.

441. Tachyponis bnmneus.

T, nifo-testaceus subdepressus, capite, prothoracis disco, pectore abdomineque plus minusve pices-
centibus, antennis pedibusque testaceis.
Variat (forsan immaturus) colore omnino testaceo.
Lonp:. Corp. lin. l{-li.

Oxyporus hrunneus, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. ii. 533 (1792).
Staphylinus nitidulus, Oliv. Ent. 42. 34 (1795).
Tacliyporus nitidulus, Grrav. Col. Micropt. 12G (1802).
hrunneus, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 241 (1839).

Haltilat hinc inde iu graminosis Madera; Portusque Sancti, sat vulgaris.

T. smaller, more depressed, and narrower than the last species, rufo-testaceous. Head and prothorax
veiy highly pobshed ; the former, and the disk of the latter, more or less darkly picescent.
Elytra closely and perceptibly puuctulatcd, pubescent, and more or less dusky about the region
of the scutellum. Abdomen generally piceous, with the hinder margins of the segments diluted
in colouring. Antenna and leys testaceous.
OA.s. occasionally altogether testaceous (perhaps the result of immaturity).

Widely distributed over Madeu-a (though nowhere very abundant) below the
altitude of about 5000 feet. My specimens are principally from the neighbour-
hood of Funchal, Santa Anna, and the Feijaa de C6rte ; but there is scarcely a
locality, in Avhich I have collected, where I have not observed it to exist. It
occurs likewise in Porto Santo. It is an insect of extensive geographical range, —
not only inhabiting nearly every country of Eui-ope, but having been taken by
Professor Ehrenberg in Egyi^t, and by Zimmerman in North America.

Geniis 193. HABROCERUS.
Eriehson, Kdf. der Mark Brand, i. 400 (1839).

Corpus fere ut in Tachyporo ; capite prot/wraceqnc glaberrimis poiitissimis (hoc amplo, posticc lato
clytris arete applicato) : elytris glabris, ad angulum exteriorem posticum oblique truncatis : alts
amplis: abdomine marginato, apicem versus attenuato. Antennte valde anomahx, fere ut in
Trichoi)hya, capillarcs, articulis primo et sccundo robustis, rcliquis tenuissiniis nodosis verticillato-
pilosciiis (ultimo elliptico leviter iuflato). Instrumenta cibaria fere ut in Tachyporo, sed pat-
porum maMillarium articulus ultimus multo longior conicus acuminatus (nee subulatus), et ligula

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 569

apice recte truncata in medio fissa. Pedes breviusculi fragiles : tibiis omnibus plus minusve
parce et leviter spinulosis : tarsis 5-articulatis simplicibus; posterioribus articulo primo elongate.

Habrocerus is so easily recognised by its anomalous antennge, that it is needless
to point out its distinctions from any genus except Tricliophi/a (in which the same
structiu'e obtains). In general contour and habits it possesses nearly all the cha-
racters of Tachijporus, but the singularity of its antennae (the form of which may
be best understood by a reference to that of Trichophya, in Plate XIII. fig. 6 a),
in conjunction with the obliquely-truncated external angle of its elytra, will at
once suffice to separate it from the species of that group. According to Erichson,
it constitutes a connecting liulc between Tachijporus and Tachimis : the terminal
joint of its maxillary palpi partaking, he remarks, of the peculiarities of both
genera, — being acuminated at the apex as in Tachi/poriis ; though not small and
subulated, but of equal breadth at its base (as in Tachimis) to the previous one.
The only representative known occurs sparingly in many parts of Europe, being
recorded in England, Germany, Erance and Sarduiia ; so that, with the addition
of Madeira, it would seem to possess a rather "siide geographical range.

442. Habrocerus capUlaricomis.
H. nigro-piceus convexus nitidus, antennis pedibusque testaceis, illis paulo obscurioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. 1\.

Tachyporus capUlaricomis, G-rav. Mon. 10 (1806).

nodicornis (Kby), Stepli. III. Brit. Ent. v. 186 (1832).

Habrocerus capillaricornis, Erich. Kdf. der Marie Brand, i. 401 (1839).

Habitat Maderam sylvaticam, sub lapidibus bumidis truncisque arborum prolapsis, prsesertim inter
2500' et 4000' s. m., sestate sat frequens.

H. rather broad and convex, attenuated both before and behind (especially the latter), shining, and
piceous-black (though sometimes altogether piceous, and occasionally, when not quite matm-e,
almost ferruginous). Head and prothorax very highly polished. Elytra not quite so bright.
Abdomen sparingly clothed with long setae, and with the hinder margin of each of the segments
more or less perceptibly diluted in colouring. Antenna and legs testaceous ; the former more or
less infuscated, or obscured.

By no means uncommon within the sylvan districts of Madeira, — though from
2500 to 4000 feet above the sea may perhaps be regarded as its normal range.
Occurring almost exclusively during the stimmer months, and yet deHghting as it
does in positions where the moisture is excessive, it would seem (as we shoidd
naturally have expected) to attain its maximum in the dense ravines of inter-
mediate altitudes (around which the clouds, at that season, more especially cling).
It runs with the utmost velocity, and is found principally beneath stones and
decaying logs of wood in the vicinity of the water-coiu'ses and streams. I have

4 D

570 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

taken it plentifully at the Ribeiro Frio (along tlic edges of the Levada) in July ; as
also in the lofty region of the Lombo das Vacas in June, and even, occasionally, in
the chestnut-woods of Santa ibina, — the lowest elevation at which I have liitherto
observed it. As already stated, it is mdely distributed thi-oughout Europe ; never-
theless it does not appear to be any^vhere very abundant*.

Genus 194. TACHINUS.
Gravenhorst, Col. Micropt. 135 (1802).

Corpus fere ut lu Tachyporo, scd plcramque majus, convexius et latius : capite, prothorace eli/trisqm-
glaberrimis : mesosterno modo (ut in specie Maderensi) carinato, modo simplici ; scutello magno :
alls SEepius amplis. Antenna sub frontis margine inserts, capite prothoraceque paulo lon-
giores, filiforuics vcl apicem versus leviter subiiicrassatpe. Instrumenta cibaria fere ut in Tachy-
poro, scd maxillarum lobus externus rotundatior ; et palpi maxillares filiformes, articulo ultimo
majore (baud subulate), penultimo ssepius breviusculo. Pedes breviusculi validi : tibiis omnibus
spinulosis: (arsis 5-articulatis, articulis quatuor bascos longitudine paulatim dccresccntibus ;
anticis modo in utroquc scxu (ut in specie nostra) simplicibus, modo in mare dilatatis ; pusteri-
oribus articulo primo longiusculo.

The genus Tachinus approaches very closely to Taclujporus, and it must be
admitted that the essential characters of the two are not in every instance suffi-
ciently distinct. Still, there are slight differences of contour and structure which
a practised eye will seldom fail to detect. Thus, the generally larger, broader,
and proportionably shorter bodies of the TacUni, in conjimction vnih their fre-
(^uently keeled mesosternum, their somewhat less elongated feet (the anterior pair
of which are occasionally, as in the Madeu-an representative, simple in both sexes),
the rounded outer lobe of then- masillaj, and, above all, thcu- filiform palpi, — the
maxillary paii- ha\-ing the terminal joint not subulate (and, moreover, the penul-
timate one comparatively abbreviated), — are the principal points which serve,
when combined, to separate them from the latter.

443. Tachinus Silplioides.

T. niger convexus, protboracis limbo, elytrorum sutura, apice et vitta submarginali ni siugulo positii,

antennarum basi pedibusque testaceis.

Long. Corp. lin. \\.

Staphylinus Silphoides, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. ii. 684 (1767).

Tachinus suturalis et marginalls, Grav. Col. Micropt. 144 et 192 (1802).

Silplioides, Steph. ///. Brif. Ent. v. 194 (1832).

, Erich. Oen. et Spec. Staph. 245 (1839).

* In England it is of the greatest rarity, — where it was fii-st discovered by the Eev. W. Kirby, at
Holme, on the coast of Norfolk, in 1807. Since that period, the only recorded instance of its captm-e is
in LincolushLre, — where a single specimen was taken, during the siunmer of 1853, by F. W. Hutton, Esq.,
at Spridlington near Market Kaisin.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 571

Habitat ad vias atque in vinetis circa urbem Funchalensem, passim, ex Europa australi forsan intro-
ductus : tempore sereno per aerem volitans srepissime legatm-.

T. short, convex, sliiuing, and black. Prothorax rather wider than the base of the elytra ; its sides
broadly, and the anterior and posterior margins narrowly testaceous. Elytra glabrous, with an
elongated submargiual streak (very often almost, and occasionally entirely, obsolete), the suture,
and extremity, testaceous. Abdomen sparingly clothed with very long setee, and with its apex
slightly diluted in colouring. Antenme at base, and the legs, testaceous ; the former at apex
brownish.

An abiindant insect throughout Europe and in Algeria ; and recorded, by Erich-
son, even from North America. It is by no means common in Madeira, where
it has very probably been accidentally introduced, — occurring, in the dung of
cattle, prmcipally about vineyards and by the road-sides near Funchal. On warm,
still evenings it may very often be captm-ed on the wing, — under which circum-
stances I have frequently observed it, during the winter months, in the garden of
the Quinta d'Ambrosio.

Genus 195. TRICHOPHYA. (Tab. XIII. fig. 6.)

Mannerheim, Brachel. 73 (1831).

Corpus parvum, lineare, depressiusculum, valde pubescens, subopacum, (a Tachyporinis notis plurimis
recedens et genera Aleocharorum prima, ut bene observavit cl. Erichson, potius revocans) : capite
subporrecto triaugulari; oculis prominulis : prothorace brevi transverso marginato, antice et
postice seque angustato : elytris ad angulum exteriorem posticum integris (baud truncatis ut in
Habrocero) : alls amplis : abdomine marginato subparallelo. Antenna (XIII. 6 a) ut in Habro-
cero, sed articulus ultimus longior elongato-oblongus et vix inflatus. Labrum (XIII. 6 b) et
mandibulce (XIII. 6 c) fere ut in Habrocero. Maxilla (XIII. 6 d) bilobfe, lobis hnearibus elon-
gatis angustis; externa apice barbate; interna huic vix breviore, intus pube ciliato. Palpi
maxillares elongati filiformes, articulo primo minuto, reliquis longitudine subaequalibus (ultimo
elongato-ovato apice acuminato) : labiates (XIII. 6 e) breves et (nisi fallor) triarticulati*, articulis
primo et secundo sat validis, ultimo graeillimo subulate. Mentum trans versum. Ligula brevis
angusta ; paraglossis distinctis obtusis, ligula brevioribus. Pedes mediocres, sat robusti : tibiis
pubescentibus (baud spinulosis) ; anticis apicem versus leviter dilatatis : tarsis 5-articulatis ;
anticis (XIII. 6/), prsesertim in maribus, dilatatis ; posterioribus, sed praesertim posticis (XIII. 6 g),
articulo primo longiusculo.

It is with great pleasure that I am enabled to add a second, and very distinct,
species to the present genus, — which, like Sahrocerns, has hitherto possessed but
a single representative. A glance at the above diagnosis will show in how many
particulars Tricho])hy(t recedes from the subfamily into which it is admitted, — its

* According to Erichson, the labiaJ palpi of the present genus are composed of but two articulations.
This may possibly be the case with the European T. pilicornis ; but the Madeiran representative (which
is, nevertheless, an vmdoubted TrichopTiyd) does certainly appear to have three.

Id 2

572 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

comparatively opake, parallel, flattened and pubescent body, in conjunction mth
its short and margined prothorax (whicb is not narrowed in front, as in the neigh-
boui-ing forms), its subporrected head, and its unspined legs, far rather calling to
mind, at fii-st sight, some of the early modifications of the Aleocho rides. Never-
theless, as remarked by Erichson, it cannot be located amongst those groups, since
its antennae are inserted beneath the margin of its forehead, the terminal joint of
its maxillary palpi is large (and not subulate), and its anterior feet are dilated, —
in all of which it retains the primary characteristics of the Tochyporkles. The fact
is, it would seem in certain respects to be in either of these departments equally
misplaced ; but if we look, however, at its points of agreement with each of them,
Ave shall perceive that its most important featiu-es are those which it exhibits in
common with the Tachyporides, — a position which is rendered the more plausible
from its antennae being of similar structure with those of Hahrocerus (a typical
member of that division) . In its mode of life it is almost coincident -with Habro-
cerus, — occurring imder logs of wood, and putrescent vegetable substances, in
damp sylvan spots.

444. Trichophya Huttoni, MW. (Tab. XIII. fig. 6.)
T. atra subdepressa pubescens vix nitida punctulata, prothorace transverso insequali, antcnnis podi-

busque (tarsis pallidioribus exceptis) fusco-piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. IJ.

Habitat in Madera boreali sylvatica, rarissime ; ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros, mense Julio a.d. 1850,

scmel tantum detecta.
Insectum valde indigenum, et in bonorcm iiepotis mei Frederici W. Huttoni, Coleopterorum Lin-

colniensium scrutatoris oculatissimi, citatum.

T. lincar-clougatc and somewhat depressed, deep black, distinctly and rather closely punctulated, very
slightly shining, and exceedingly pubescent. Prothorax short and transverse; a little raised
and uneven on the disk ; and regularly rounded at the sides, — being widest about the middle,
where it is of the same breadth as the base of the elytra. Abdomen linear, though suddenly
acuminated at its apex, where it is somewhat diluted in colouring. Anteiinee and leffs (except the
tarsi, which are paler) more or less fuscescent, or pale brownish-piceous.

Apparently of the greatest rarity, — the only specimen which has hitherto come
beneath my notice having been captured by myself, adhering to the under side of
a moist log of wood, in the remote forest district of the Lombo dos Pecegueiros
(during my encampment there in July 1850). It may be known from the Euro-
pean T. pilicornis (apart from minor differences) by being larger, more parallel, of
a much deeper black, and by its pubescence being altogether free from the
yellowish tinge which is there so conspicuous. I have dedicated the species to my
nephew, E. AV. Hutton, Esq., whose unusual success in the captm'c of British
insects has recently added many novelties to my collection.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 573

Genus 196. MYCETOPORUS.

Mamierlieim, Brachel. 62 (1831).

Corpus parvum, angusto-fusiforme, antice et postice deorsum cui-vatum : capite prothoraceqae politis-
simis ; illo subacuminato detlexo ; hoc postice lato, elytris arete applicato, punctis quatiior (mar-
gine anteriori magis minusve approximatis) transversim impresso : elytris punctorum seriebus
tribus (una sc. suturali, secunda dorsali, et tertia marginali) longitudinaliter impressis, ad
angulum exteriorem posticum oblique subtruncatis : alis amplis : ahdomine marginato, apicem
versus plerumque valde attenuate, deorsum curvato. Antenna sub frontis margine insertse, capite
prothoraceque modo vix longiores, modo (ut in specie nostr^) lis longitudine vix sequales ; apiceui
versus, priesertim in maribus, plus minusve incrassatae. Instrumenta cibaria fere ut in Tacbino,
sed maxillarum lobus exterrius curvatus, minus obtusus ; palporum articulus uttimus minutus tenuis
subulatus {maxillarium tertius clavatus) ; et liffu/a multo angustior, apice rotundata Integra.
Pedes robusti; coxis intermediis valde approximatis: tibiis omnibus spinulosis: tarsis 5-articu-
latis simplicibus ; anticis crassiusculis ; posterioribm elongatis, articulo primo longiusculo.

MtjcetopovKS {= Ischnosoma of Stephens, a.d. 1832) may be readily known by
its narrow fusiform body, which has not only its head but even the abdomen con-
siderably curved downwards, and by the imjoressed points on its prothorax and
elytra, — the former of which has always four, arranged transversely, behind the
anterior edge (in addition to others, elsewhere distrilDuted, characteristic of the
several species) ; whilst on the latter there are usually three longitudinal series
(sutural, discal, and lateral), more or less developed. It is a good deal allied, in
general structure, to the genus Bolltohius (which, apparently, however does not
occvu- in the Madeira Islands) ; but the entire front margin of its ligula, in con-
junction with the slender, subulated terminal joint of its palpi, wiU, of themselves,
at once distinguish it from that group.

445. Mycetoporus pronus.
M, rufo-testaceus nitidus, pectore abdomineque (ano plus minusve ferrugineo excepto) nigricantibus,
protborace punctis lateralibus nullis impresso et serie apicali a margine anteriore remota, antennis
apicem versus infuscatis, pedibus testaceis.
Var. /3. minor, antennis plerumque pallidioribus.
Long. corp. lin. If [status tyjncus) ; et 1-1| [var. /3).

Mycetoporus pronus, Erich. Kiif. der Marie Brand, i. 41-1 (1839).
_ , Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 285 (1839).

Habitat per jMaderse partem sylvaticam, sub cortice arborum laxo foliisque dejectis, sestate rarior.

M. slender and fusiform, being much acuminated both before and behind (though especially the
latter), shining, and clear rufo-testaceous. Head and joroMoraa^ very highly polished ; the former
small, narrow, and rather acuminated ; the latter as broad behind as the base of the elytra, and
attenuated in front, without any punctures on the disk and sides, and with the four transverse
ones remote from the anterior margin. Elytra rather less shining than the head and prothora.x,
and with the three longitudinal rows of punctures (especially the discal one) distinct ; sometimes

574 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

a little dusky about the region of the scutellum, and posteriorly. Abdomen punctured and
pubescent, black at the base ; its apex, and generally (though not always) the hinder margins of
the other segments, more or less ferruginous. Antenna short and robust, very much thickened
towards their extremities (where, in the larger specimens, they are infuscated). Legs testaceous.
Var. /3. smaller, and with the antennae usually a little paler.

There are, apparently, two distinct states of the present Ilycetoporus, — one large
(which I assume to be typical), and the other small. This disparity of iRilk, more-
over, does not seem to be in any way a sexiial character : nevertheless, even though
I have not been able to obtain intermediate links to connect the extremes, I am
persuaded that the two arc specifically identical, — since, vnih. the exception of the
size, and the slightly paler antenna? of the smaller variety, there does not appear
to be any difference between them. I have no hesitation also in referring them to
the M. promts of Erichson, since they possess the exact peculiarities of the pro-
thoracic punctures, and the short incrassated antenna?, so characteristic of that
insect, and agree likewise fldth a typical example lately communicated by M. Dohrn
from Germany, — the somewhat more pallid hue of the Madeiran specimens being
of tri^■ial importance, and in all prol)ability the mere residt of local circumstances
or of latitude. It occm-s in several parts of central and sub-boreal Eiu'ope ; but
in Madeira is exceedingly rare, where it is confined to sylvan spots of a lofty
elevation. I have captured it from l^eneath moist decaying bark at the Feijaa de
Corte, the Cruzinhas, the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, and the Fanal.

(Subf. 3. STAPHYLINIDES.)

Genus 197. OTHIUS.
(Leach) Steph. III. Brit. Ent. v. 253 (1832).

Corpus sat magnum, elongato-lineare : capite magno elongato-subovato, ad basin facile trancato ;

oculis rotundatis parvis (in spccicbus Maderensibus minutissimis) : prothorace oblongo, basi

leviter rotundato, apice subtruncato, sa;pius utrinque (inter dorsum et latus) punctis pei-paucis

(plus minusve remotis) longitudinaliter impresso : elytris punctulatis sutura integerrima, (in

nostris) brevissimis conjuiictim subcmarginato-truncatis : alis (in speciebus typicis amplis, scd in

JIadereusibus) omniiio obsolctis : abdomine hncari marginato. Antenna in frontis margine

anteriore (ab oculis totidem atque inter se distantes) insertfe, breviusculfe, rectK, fihformes,

articulo primo elongato, secundo tertioque obconicis (illo breviorc), ultimo subacuminato-ovato.

Labrum profunde bilobum et }>ilis longissimis munitum. Mandibula validre, iutus in medio

ol)tuse dentata; et basin versus lacinia menibranacca liberri dense ciliatil instructae. Maxilla

bilobae : lobo externa brevi corneo subcylindrico, apice inflexo membranacco valde barbato :

interna ampliore sed multo breviore, membranacco, intus dense pubescente. Palpi maxillares

aiticulo primo minuto, sccundo et tertio longitudinc suba?qualibus, ultimo minore fere subulato :

labiates articulis longitudinc subfcqualibus, ultimo apice subacuminato. Mentum transvcrsuui,

apice late emarginatum. Liyula elongate, apice rotundata integra tenuissimc membranacea;

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 575

paragJnssis elongatis linearibus divergentibuSj interne ciliatis. Pedes breviusculi robusti ; coxis
intermediis contiguis : tibiis spinulosis : tarsis 5-articulatis [anticis dilatatis, subtus spongioso-
tomentosis) ; posterioribus subelongatis, articulo primo vix longiusculo.

Othiiis and XanthoUniis are, in many respects, closely allied; nevertheless the
greater bulk and broader outline of the former, in conjunction with its larger
head (which is not so suddenly truncated behind, and is destitute of frontal
grooves), its straightened antennce, unimbricated elytral suture, and its dilated
anterior feet, will at once serve to distinguish it from the latter. In the details of
theu'trophi the two genera are almost coincident, except that the terminal joint of
the maxillary palpi of Otliius is somewhat shorter and more subulated than is the
case in XcmtholiHus. The Madeiran Othii, however, are not altogether normal
representatives of their group, — their eyes being excessively small, theii" elytra
rather more abbreviated than in the ordinary species, and their wings being
entirely obsolete. Nevertheless, since they retain every essential character of
Othiiis, it is impossible to regard the above peciiliarities as of more than sectional
importance, — though at the same time, when viewed geographically, they are
extremely interesting. The insects occur, for the most part, beneath the loose
decaying bark of trees, or under stones and fallen leaves, in damp spots.

446. Otliius strigulosus, Woll
O. niger subnitidus, capite prothoraceque subtilissime trausversim strigulosis (illo magno), elytris

piceis, antenuis pedibusque ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. 5|— 6|.

Habitat IMaderam sylvaticam, sub lapidibus foliisque arborum dejectis, praesertim ad basin rupiuni
abruptorum, toto anno non infrequeus.

O. black, and slightly shining. Head and prothoraa; (the former of which is large) minutely punctu-
lated, and most delicately and closely transversely-strigulose, all over ; both of them with larger
punctures towards the sides (those on the foroier being much the most numerous). Elytra very
short, and conjointly arched out behind; most delicately shagreened (or subgranulate), and with
distant (though distinct, and somewhat obliquely-impinged) punctures intermixed ; piceous, or
rufo-piceous. Abdomen parallel at the base; and with its apex, and occasionally the lateral
margins, slightly diluted in colouring. Antennae ferruginous, — all the joints except the lii-st two
having a dusky ring (more or less apparent) round their centre. Legs ferruginous ; with the
tibia, especially at their apex, slightly infuscated.

A large and well-marked Oth'ms, its greatly developed head, in conjunction with
its finely punctulated and minutely strigixlose surface, giving it a character which
it is impossible, even prima facie, to mistake. It is apparently rare, being confined
to damp sylvan spots of intermediate elevations, — occiu-ring principally at the
roots of grass, and amongst fallen leaves, at the base of the perpendicular rocks in

576 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

the deep and moist ravines. In sueli positions I have captured it, during the
winter and eaidy spring months, towards the head of the Eibeii'O de Santa Luzia ;
as also at the Ribeiro Frio, in August.

447. Othius Jansoni, iT'oU.

O, niger nitidus, capite prothoraceque politissimis, elytris plus minusve rufo-picescentibus, antennis

pedibusque pallido-ferrugineis.
Long, coi-p. lin. 4-4|.

Habitat in locis similibus ac praecedens, byeme nisi fallor pi-fcdominans.

Uom". E. W. Jansono, Soc. Ent. Londinensis curatori necnon Staphylinorum investigatori felicissimo,
hunc Othium certe novum tribui.

O. smaller and rather narrower than the O. strigulosus, black, and shining. Head and prothorax very
highly polished, and without any appearance (except under a high microscopic power) of the
minute punctures and the transversely-strigulose sculpture which are so evident in that species ;
but with about the same arrangement of larger impressions towards their sides (those, however, on
the head being perhaps rather less numerous). Elytra as in that insect, but more coarsely punc-
tured, and with no appearance of under-granules ; also usually somewhat more rufescent, —
especially at the lateral edges (which are more evidently pilose) and apex. Abdomen a little
constricted at the base ; and with its apex, and occasionally the lateral margins, slightly diluted
in colouring. Anteiin<e and legs pale ferruginous ; with the tibia more or less infuscated.

Found, usually, under the same circumstances as the last species, and possessing
about an equal range. I have captured it more abundantly in the Eibeu-o de
Santa Luzia than elsewhere, and i^rincipally diu-ing the Avinter months. It has
been also communicated to me by M. Rousset from the Pico d'Arribentao, above
Funchal. I have dedicated the species to E. W. Janson, Esq., Cm-ator to the
Entomological Society of London, whose well-known attention to Brachelytrous
insects has aided so much in the elucidation of British forms.

Genus 198. XANTHOLINUS.

(Dalil) Enci/chp. Method, x. 475 (1825).

Cm-piis mediocre, elongato-lineare, angustatum, depressiusculum : capite oblongo ad basin subito
truncato, antice sulculis quatuor abbreviatis imprcsso ; nculis rotundatis parvis : prothorace ut in
Othio, sed punctorum seriubus quatuor plerumque notato, et basin versus subangustiorc : elytris
ssepius subseriatim punctatis, suturfi imbricata : alis amplis : abdomine lineari marginato. An-
tenna in frontis margine anteriore (plerumque ab oculis magis quam inter se distantcs) inserta;,
breves, geniculata;, apicem versus vis scnsim incrassatsc, articulo \mmo elongato, secundo tertioque
leviter obconicis (illo vl\ breviore), rcliquis brevibus (ultimo subovato basi truncato). Instru-
menta cibaria fere ut in Othio, sed palporum maxillarium articultis ultimns paulo longior conicus.
Pedes breves robusti ; coxis intcrmcdiis distantibus ; pnstici anterioribus debiliorcs : tibiis spinu-
losis : tarsis 5-articulatis simplicibus ; intermediis paulo longioribus ; omnibus articulis primo et
secundo subaqualibus.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 577

As already stated, the XanthoUni may be known from the Othii by their dimi-
nished bulk and narrower bodies (which have the head much smaller, more
straightly truncated at its base, and with fom' al^breviated grooves in front), by
then- less elongated and elbowed antennae, their imbricated elytral suture, and by
their imdilated anterior feet. They are, also, for the most part, somewhat flatter
than the Othii, theii- prothorax has usually two series of impressed points (more or
less evident in the different species) on either side of its disk, the punctures of
their elytra are generally subseriate, their antennge are more approximated at their
insertion, and theii- two hinder legs are shorter and less robust. They are found
principally either beneath stones and leaves in moist grassy spots, or amongst mud
and wet moss at the margins of streams.

448. Xantholinus punctnlatus.
X. niger nitidus, capite utrinque dense rugoso-punctato, ad basin recte truneato, prothorace puuc-

torum serie lateral! curvata impresso, elj-tris subsenescentibus versus latera seriatim punctatis,

antennis brevibus nigricantibus, pedibus rufo-piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3 1.

Staphylinus punctulatus, Payk. Mon. Staph. Suec. 30 (1789).

, Fab. Mtt. Syst. i. ii. 528 (1792).

, Gyll. Ins. Suec. ii. 353 (1801).

Xantholinus punctulatus, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 328 (1839).

Habitat Maderam sylvatieam sub lapidibus, rarior ; in castanetis Sanctae Annffi a.d. 1850 a meipso
repertus.

X. black, and shining. Head and prothorax highly polished ; the former straightly truncated behind,
very roughly and closely punctured at the sides (the punctures being large and almost con-
fluent), and with the two inner frontal sulci deep and distinct ; the latter vi\i]i a longitudinal row
of (in the Madeiran specimens) about five or six punctures on either side of its disk, and with a
rather larger number arranged in a curve towards either edge. Elytra with a brassy tinge, and
rather coarsely punctured, — the punctm-es being disposed in well-defined rows towards the lateral
margins. Antenna short, and more or less black (especially at their base). Legs (except the
tarsi, which are paler) piceous, or rufo-piceous.

Both the present insect and the following one are extremely al)undant tlu'ough-
out the whole of Em'ope, and are recorded also in Algeria. In Madeu'a the
X. punctnlatus is both scarce and local ; whilst the X. linearis is comparatively
common, and would appear to occupy a wider range. The only spot in which I
have hitherto observed the former is in the north of the island, — where, in the
summer of 1850, I took it sparingly in the chestnut -woods of Santa Anna.

449. Xantholinus linearis.

X. subaenescenti-niger nitidus, capite magno subtiliter punctato, ad basin facilius truneato, pro-

4 E

578 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

thorace punctis latcralibus confusis impresso, elytris dilutioribus subtiliter puactatis, antenuis
pedibusque ferrugineo-piceis.
Variat (immaturus) colore oiiuiiuo pallidiorc, interduin fere ferrugineo.
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3|.

Staphylinus linearis, OKv. Ent. iii. 42. 19 (1795).

; — , Fab. Ent. Si/st. Siijjpl. 180 (1798).

, Mshm, Ent. Brit. i. 516 (1802).

Xantholinvs linearis, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 332 (1839).

Habitat in graminosis IVladeriE, sub lapidibus truucisque arborum prolapsis, vulgaris.

X. brassy-black (when immature paler, occasionally almost ferruginous), and shining. Head and
prothorax highly polished; the former large and subovate (being more gradually truncated
behind than in the last species), much more finely and less densely punctui'ed than in the
X.pundulatus, and with the inner frontal sulci shorter and less dee])ly impressed; the latter
with a longitudinal row of about twelve punctures on either side of its disk, but with the lateral
ones disposed irregularly (and not arranged in a curve). Elytra diluted in coloui'ing, rather
more finely punctured than in the last species, — the punctures moreover having scarcely any
tendency to be dis])oscd in rows. Antenna' a trifle longer than those of that insect ; piceous at
their base, but fuscescent or ferruginous towards their apex. Leys more or less piceo-ferruginous.

Common throughout the whole of Madeii'a, though princijially at intermediate
altitudes. In the Riheiro de Santa Luzia, the Curval das Romeu'as, and in most of
the ravines about Punchal, it may be found (beneath stones in grassy spots) during
the winter months : and I have likewise captiu-ed it, dui'ing the summer, at the
llibeii'o Frio and in the lofty uplands of the Fanal.

Genus 199. STAPHYLINUS.
Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (edit, s.) 421 (1758).

Corpus magnum, elongato-lineare : capite nonnuuquam (in maribus |)ra;sertim) magno suborbiculato-
quadrato, ad basin plerumque subito truncato ; oculis oblongis : prothorace basi rotundato, apice
truncate : alis amplis : abdomine lineari marginato. Antenna in frontis margine anteriore (pone
mandibularum basin) inscrta;, breviuscuhe, reetpe, apieem vci-sus plus minusve (in specie nostrA
distinctc) iucrassata;, articulo primo leviter elongato. Instrumenta cibaria fere ut in Othio, sed
mandibulcE in medio sjepissime fortius dentatse necnon in maribus plerumque elongata; ; maxillarum
lobus extemits longior et rectior; palpi maxillares filiformes; et liyula apice sinuata. Pedes
robusti ; coxis intermediis magis minusve distantibus : tibiis spinulosis : tarsis 5-articulatis
(anticis pra;sertim in maribus plerumque dilatatis, subtus spougioso-tomeutosis) ; posterioribits
subelongatis filiformibus, articulo primo longiusculo.

The present immense genus, 103 members of which are described iu Erichson's
Oenera et Species Staphi/Unornm, has apparently but a single exponent in the
Madcu-a Islands, — namely the common aS*. maxillostis of Linnaeus, so abundant
throughout Eui'opc, Algeria, and in the Canai'ian group. And hence, receding as

INSECTA MADERENSIA.

579

it does, both in general aspect and magnitude, from every otlier member of the
Bracheh/tra with which we have here to do, it is needless to undertake the some-
what thankless task of detailing the points of peculiarity on which an assemblage
thus extensive, and which contains individuals in many respects so dissimilar, is
made to rest. Suffice it therefore to remark, that the comparatively large bulk of
the insects which compose it, added to their ungeniculated antennae, the elongated
outer lobe of their maxillfe, the unflattened, fiUform structure of their four hinder
feet, and then' more or less Necrophagous halnts, are amongst the main distinctive
features which serve, when combined, to characterize it.

450. Staphylinus maxillosus.
S. ater nitidus, elytris nigro-tomentosis fascia magnS, communi transversa cinereo-pubescenti ornatis,
abdomine pube nigra cinereaque variegato, subtus in segmentis quatuor vel quinque cinereo-
pubescenti, pectore nigro-tomentoso.
Mas, capite magno (prothorace latiore), mandibulis elongatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 7-10.

Staphylinus maxillosus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. (edit, x.) 421 (1758).

, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. ii. 521 (1792).

CreopJiilus maxillosus, Stepb. III. Brit. Unt. v. 202 (1832).
Staphylinus maxillosus, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 318 (1839).

Habitat in Madera Portuque Sancto, prtesertim per Oram maritimam, toto anno frequens.

S. large, deep black, and slightly shining. Head ani prothorax highly poHshed ; the former minutely
punctured before and at the sides, especially in the females ; the latter with the hinder angles
much rounded off. Elytra variegated with black and cinereous pile, — the former preponderating
at the base, and at the four hinder angles ; whilst the latter constitutes a broad postmedial fascia
(common to both, and more or less interrupted or distinct) intersected on either disk with a lon-
gitudinal series of black punctures (or small rounded fovese). Abdomen variegated with black
and cinereous pubescence above ; and below with the four basal segments, and often a part of the
fifth, densely clothed with cinereous pile. Breast beset with long and black pubescence. Antenna'
short, robust, and distinctly subclavated ; more or less piceous.
Male, with the head much larger, and quadrate (being perceptibly broader than the prothorax) ;
and with the mandibles greatly elongated.

Tolerably common iii the vicinity of Eunchal, especially towards the sea-beach,
— where it occui's beneath animal and vegetable rejectamenta, at times in con-
siderable profusion. In such positions it has been taken by M. Rousset, in com-
pany with the Saprimis nitiduliis. In gardens and vineyards also, of a slightly
higher elevation, it may be occasionally captured, particularly upon the wing.
In Porto Santo I have likewise observed it, in the neighbourhood of the southern
shore, thovigh less abundantly than in Madeka proper. It is universal throughout
Europe ; and is recorded from the north of Africa and the Canary Islands.

4e 2

580 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Genus 200. PHILONTHUS.
(Leach) Stepb. 77Z. Brit. Ent. v. 226 (1832).

Corpus plorumque mediocre, clongato-lineare : capite plus minusve ovato (in maribus stepius latiore) ;
uculis jjlerumque oblongis : prothorace basi rotunJato, apice truncate, serie punctorum dorsali (e
punctis tribus, quatuor, quinque, sex, vel etiam pluribus composita) utrinque impresso, necnon
versus utrumque latus (inter seriem dorsaleni et margineni) paucis notato : alls ssepius amplis :
abdomine lineari margiuato (stylis analibus j)lerumque exsertis). Antenna in frontis margine
anteriore insertse, rectse, iiliformes aut apicem versus vix incrassatae, articulo primo elongato,
secundo tertioque obconicis (illo vLx breviore), ultimo ad apicem truncatulo (aut leviter sub-
emarginato) ct inferne plus minusve acuminato; Instrummta ciharia fere ut in Othio, sed
maxillarum lobus externus rectior ; ct palporum articulus ultimus fusiformis. Pedes breviusculi ;
coxis intermediis modo approximatis modo distantibus : tibiis plerumque spinulosis : tarsis 5-arti-
culatis {anticis aut in utroque sexu aut in masculo solo dilatatis, aut in utroque sexu simplicibus) ;
posterioribus filifonnibus, articulo primo plus minusve longiuscvdo.

The PhUontki are even more numerous tlian the Staphylini, — no less than 150
species being characterized by Erichson, more than 90 of which are recorded as
European. They may be knowii by their highly-polished and nearly glabrous
head and prothorax, — the latter of which has a row of pimctiu"cs (composed usually
of from three to six, though in some instances of more) on cither side of its disk,
and a few irregular ones towards the sides, — by their straightened antennae (the
terminal joint of which is obliquely subemarginated at its apex), by their filiform
palpi, and by their entire ligtila. They are principally stercoraceous in their
hal)its, though found likeAvise beneath the rotting loosely-attached bark of trees,
as wcU as amongst damp moss (and even fungi) in moist and shady spots.

§ I. Prothorax seriebus dorsalibus e punctis quatuor compositis.

451. Philonthus aeneus.
P. niger, capite prothoraceque nigi-o-seneis (illo rotundato-subquadrato, hoc utrinque obsoletissime
inipresso necnon ad latera subsinuato), elytris vel nigro- vel subviridescenti-seneis et dense punc-
tatis, pedibus vix picescentibus.
Mas, abdominis segmento quinto subtus triangulariter emarginato, tarsis anticis fortiter dilatatis.
Loug. corj). lin. 4|-5|.

Staphylinus teneus, Eossi, Fna Etrus. i. 2i9 (1790).

, Gray. Col. Micropt. 17 (1802).

, GyU. Ins. Succ. ii. 311 (1810).

Philonthus (Btieus, Erich. Qen. et Spec. Staph. 437 (1839).

Habitat Maderam, in stercore bovino, rarior (ab ora Funchalensi maritima tamen usque ad summos
monies ascendens).

P. black. Head and prothorax highly polished, dark aeneous (often with a slightly greenish tinge).

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 581

and nearly glabrous ; the former somewhat roundish-quadrate, with some large and coarse punc-
tures on either side behind the eyes, and with four others (arranged transversely) between them ;
the latter with a longitudinal series of four punctures on either side of its disk, and with a few-
scattered ones between them and the edges (which are a little sinuated), — where also it is most
obsoletely impressed. Elytra rather more seueous than the head and prothorax, and usually
with a more perceptibly greenish tinge; closely punctulated, and densely pubescent. Leffs
sometimes (especially the tibife and tarsi) slightly piceous.
Male, with the fourth segment of the abdomen beneath deeply and triangularly notched ; and with
the two front tarsi greatly dilated.

An insect of very wide geographical range, occurring in all parts of Europe, and
beinff recorded from the confines of Asia and from South America. It appears
to be rather scarce in Madeh-a, though diffused over the island at all elevations.
I have taken it, sparingly, in the vicinity of Funchal ; and during July of 1850,
in the upland region of the Fanal. It may be at once known from the other
Fhilonthi with which we have here to do by its large size and more seneous sur-
face, by its somewhat more quadi-ate head, and by the subsinuated edges (and the
oblique, though almost obsolete, impression on either side) of its prothorax. The
deeply notched fourth segment moreover of the abdomen of the males will addi-
tionally serve to distinguish that particular sex.

452. Philonthus umbratilis.
P. niger, capite subrotundato, elytris nigro-seneis dense et subtiliter punctulatis, pedibus picescenti-
testaceis.
Mas, tarsis anticis fortiter dilatatis.
Long. corp. lin. 3-3}.

Staphylinus timbratilis, Grrav. Col. Micropt. 170 (1802).

suhfuscus, GyU. Ins. Siiec. ii. 326 (1810).

, Mann. Brachel. 29 (1831).

Pliilontlius umbratilis, Erich. Gen. et »^;ec. Staph. 445 (1839).

Habitat Maderam borealem, per marginem rivuli cujusdam parvi ad Sanctam Annam (in lutum
fodiens) a meipso repertus.

P. deep black. Head and prothorax highly polished, and nearly glabrous ; the former roundish, and
with the same character of punctuation as in the last species (and which obtains throughout all
the following ones except the P.Jiliformis), and with the 2'('lpi either piceous or dull ferruginous ;
the latter with a longitudinal series of four punctures down either side of its disk, and with
about five scattered ones between them and the edges (which are perhaps a little straighter than
in any of the other species here described). Elytra generally with a distinct seneous tinge;
closely and finely punctulated, and densely pubescent. Antenna rather long, and more or less
obscurely picescent towards their base. Legs piceo-testaceous, — being pale, but unequally
darkened in parts.
Male, with the two front tarsi greatly dilated.

582 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Likemse an abundant Pinion thus throughout Eiu'ope, and recorded by Erichson
as having been received from South America. It is decidedly rare in !Madeu'a
(where however it would appear to be truly inditjenous), four specimens only
having hitherto come beneath my notice, — captured by myself, from amongst wet
mud, at the edges of a minute stream at Santa Anna (in the north of the island^,
Avhich finds its way across the road leading from the Quinta of Senhor Louiz
Acciaioly down to the sea. It may be recognised from the other Madeii'an Phi-
loiithi by its rather broad and rounded head, more or less aeneous and finely punc-
tulated el}i:ra, by its somewhat long and basally-picescent antenniie, diluted palpi,
and by its piceo-tcstaceous legs.

453. Philonthus sordidus.
P. subangustus niger vcl nigro-seneus, capite subovato, elytris subviridescenti-seneis parcius et pro-

funde punctatis, pedibus piceis.
Long. Corp. lin. vix 3.

Staph ijlinus sordidus, Grav. Col. Micropt. 176 (1802).

, I^ranii. Brachel. 29 (18.31).

Philonihus sordidus, Ericli. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 456 (1839).
Sfapht/linus soi-didus, Zett. Ins. Lapp. 63 (1810).

Habitat propc urbcm Maderse Funchaleusem, in stercorc bovino, sat vulgaris ; nccnon iu ins. Deserts;
Grandis parce obscrvavi.

P. rather narrow, and black. Head and prothorax almost as in the last species, except that they are
perhaps even more highly polished still, and generally with an obscure sencous tinge; and that
the former is less rounded (being subovate), and has the four punctures between its eyes almost
equally distant from each other, — instead of the two inner ones being wide apart. Elytra a little
shorter in proportion than those of the P. unihratilis, as also rather more shining and of a more
evidently greenish-reneous tinge ; more decj)ly and less closely punctured than in any of the
other species here described. Antenna a little shorter and less robust than those of the P. um-
bratilis, and usually entirely blaek. Legs piceous.

Rather common near Funchal, in the dung of cattle, during the autumnal and
winter months, — princi})ally below the elevation of about 2000 feet. I have taken
it on the grassy slopes towards the Cabo Gerajao, or Brazen Head, more abimdantly
than elsewhere. Like the previous two species, it is universal throughout Europe,
and may perhaps have been introduced into these islands from more northern
latitudes. If such be the case, however, it has at any rate completely established
itself, since in INIay of 1850 I detected it even on the Dezerta Grande. Apart from
other characters, the deep and comparatively remote punctuation of its elytra, in
conjunction ^\\W\ its extremely glossy sm-face and the nearly equally distant
punctures across its (subovate) head, w\\\ readily distinguish it from its IVIa-
deiran allies.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 583

§ II. Prothorax seriebus dorsalibus e punctis quinque compositis.

454. Philonthus bipustulatus.

P. niger, capite ovato, elytro singulo macula postica sanguinea (interdum obsoleta) ornato, antennis
pedibusque vix picescentibus.
Mas, tarsis anticis leviter dilatatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3 1.

StaphyUnus bipustulatus, Panz. Fna Germ. 27. 10 (1795).

■ , Grav. Mon. 63 (1806).

, Gyll. Ins. Suee. ii. 339 (1810).

PhiloutJius bipustulatus, Erich. Oen. et Sjiec. Staph. 468 (1839).

Habitat ins. Maderse Portusque Sancti, in stercore bovine, ubique vulgaris.

P. black. Head and prothorax highly polished (generally with a slightly seneous tinge), and nearly
glabrous ; the former ovate ; the latter a little narrowed anteriorly, and with a longitudinal series
of five punctures down cither side of its disk, and with a few scattered ones between them and
the edges. Elytra closely and rather finely punctulated, and densely pubescent ; each of them
ornamented with a bright sanguineous patch (sometimes obscured, but rarely obsolete) between
its centre and inner apical angle. Antenna and leffs more or less obscurely picescent.
Male, with the two front tarsi slightly dilated.

The five pimctures of whicli each of the dorsal prothoracic series is composed
will at once distinguish the present insect and the folio wirg one from the other
PMlonthi here described; whUst the P. hipustulatits may be immediately known
by the bright sanguineous patch (rarely obsolete) towards the inner apical angle of
each of its elytra. It is common in Madeira and Porto Santo, from the level of
the shore to the mountain- su m m i ts, — or at any rate to the highest elevations
accessible to cattle, in the dung of which it occurs. During July of 1850 it was
abundant in the upland district of the Fanal ; and on the grassy slopes to the
east of Funchal I have observed it in profusion. It is found throughout the whole
of Eui'ope and the north of Africa, and is recorded from Asia Minor and Syria.

455. PMlonthus varians.
P. niger, capite ovato, pedibus vis picescentibus, coxis anticis testaceis.

Mas, tarsis anticis fortiter dilatatis.
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3^.

StapTiyliiius varians, Payk. Mon. Staph. Suec. 45 (1789).
, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. ii. 524 (1792).

opacus, Grav. Col. Micropit. 26 (1802).

PMlonthus varians, Erich, Gen. et Spec. Staph. 470 (1839).

Habitat Maderam, vel in stercore bovino vel sub lapidibus in humidis, huic inde sat vulgaris.

584 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

P. black. Head and prot/iurax as in the P. bipuslulatus, except that the former is perhaps a trifle less
broad and more ovate, and the latter a little more narrowed anteriorly. Elytra as in that
species, except that there is no appearance of the bright riifo-sanguineous patch which is there so
conspicuous. Lef/s slightly piceseent, with their two anterior coxa (and sometimes also, though
less perceptibly, the inner side of all the femora) more or less testaceous.
Male, with the two front tarsi considerably dilated.

The Madciran form of the common Eiu'opean P. canans is that in which the
sanguineous {medial) dash on each of its el}i:ra is altogether obsolete, — so that
there can be no fear of confounding it with its (otherAvise) near ally the P. bipus-
tulatus, with Avhich it is often found in company. Even the ordinary northern
tj^e however may be easUy recognised from that insect, not only by the different
shape and more central position of its el>H;ral patch, but likewise by its somcAvhat
more ovate head and anteriorly-narrower prothorax, and by the more or less
testaceous hue of its two front coxtc. It possesses a very wide geographical range,
occurring tkroughout the whole of Eui'ope and the north of Africa, and being
reported from the Cape of Good Hope and the West Indian Islands. It is pretty
generally distributed over Madeira, — both in the dung of cattle, and imder stones
and decomposing vegetable refuse at the edges of the streams. I have taken it
near Funchal, at Santa Anna, and at the Cruzinhas.

§ III. Prothoraj: seriehus dorsalihus e punclis sex compositia.

456. Philonthiis aterrimus.
P. angustus niger, capite subquadrato-ovato, elytris interdum subpicescentibus, minus dense et sat
profunde punctatis, antennarum basi dilutiore, pedibus infuscato-testaceis.
Mas, capite paulo majorc, antrorsum subdilatato.
Long. Corp. lin. 2-3i.

Staphylimts aterrimus, Grav. Col. ATicropt. 41 (1802).
Cqfius nigritulm, Maun. Bracliel. 32 (1831).
Philonthus aterrimus, Erich. Oen. et Spec. Staph. 492 (1839).
Staphi/lintis aterrimus, Zett. Ins. Lapp. 65 (1840).

Habitat Maderam et Portum Sanctum, prsesertim sub lapidibus per margincs rivulorum nccnon in
graminosis humidiusculis, ubique fi-equens.

P. narrow, and black. Head and prothorax highly polished (with more or less of an fcneous tinge),
and nearly glabrous ; the former subquadrate-ovate (though somewhat variable in outline), and
with the palpi either rufo-piceous or ferruginous ; the latlei- with a longitudinal series of six
pmicturcs down either side of its disk, and with a few scattered ones between them and the
edges. Elytra very often diluted in coloviring (being more or less piceseent) ; rather distinctly,
but not very closely, punctured, and densely pubescent. Antenna (especially at their base) more
or less diluted in hue. Lrt/s pale testaceous, but unequally infuscated in parts.
Male, with the head a httle larger, and somewhat dilated anteriorly.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 585

The most abundant of the FMloutlu with Avhich we have here to do, — being
universal throughout Madeira and Porto Santo, though princij)ally beneath stones
and amongst wet vegetation at the edges of the waterfalls and streams. I have
taken it in the neighbourhood of Punchal (where it has been likewise captiu-ed by
Professor Heer), in the north of the island (at Sao Vincente and Santa Anna), as
also at the Lombo dos Pecegueiros and the Ribeiro Prio, It may be easily known
by its small size and narrow outline, by the six punctures of which each of its pro-
thoracic dorsal series is composed, by its subquadi"ate head, frequently diluted
elytra, and by its pale (though unequally infuscated) legs. It occurs throughout
the whole of Europe and in Algeria, and has been received from South America.
In our own country it would appear to be more esjiecially attached to the coast, —
under which circumstances I have constantly observed it in great profusion.

§ IV. Prothorax {et caput) sat crehre punctatus, lined media longitudinali Icdvi : palporum articulus

ultimus magis acuminatus.

457. Philonthus filiformis, Woll.

P. angiistissimus filiformis uiger, capite quadrate, elytris subtilissime punctulatis vix dilutioribus,

antennarum basi pedibusque ferrugineis, femoribus infuscatis.
Long. Corp. lin. vix 2.

Habitat in Madera boreali, rarissimus : ad marginem rivuli cujusdam parvi juxta Sanctam Annam siti
sestate a.d. 1850 exemplar unicum cepi.

P. extremely narrow and linear, and deep black. Head and prothorax highly polished, and nearly
glabrous ; the former large and quadrate, coarsely and rather closely punctured all over except
quite in the centre (where there are indications of an unpunctured longitudinal line), and with
the palpi ferruginous ; the latter likewise coarsely punctured except in the centre (the medial
space being broader and better defined than on the head). Elytra rather more diluted, or
picescent, than the head and prothorax, — especially at their extreme hinder margin, which is
slightly pellucid ; most minutely and somewhat obsoletely punctulated, but rather coarsely pubes-
cent. Antenna at base, and the legs, ferruginous, — the femora being a little infuscated.

The minute size and very narrow filiform outhne of the present insect would be
alone sufficient to distinguish it from its Madekan aUies ; but receding as it does
in the entire character of its punctuation from the remainder, there can be but
little fear of confounding it with any of the other Fhilonthi here described. At
first sight indeed it would almost seem to belong to a separate genus ; though in
reality it is but the representative of another section, of which there are several
members throughout Europe, and in which the head and prothorax are coarsely
punctured all over except in the centre,-:— where a medial line is alone free from
sculptm*e. The elytra, moreover, of the P. filiformis differ from those of the other
species with which we are concerned in being most delicately (and almost obsoletely)

4 F

586 INSECTA MADEREXSIA.

punctiilatcd ; whilst its comparatively quadrate head and more subulated palpi
AvUl serve additionally to characterize it. It is apparently extremely rare, the
only specimen which I have seen having been captured by myself at the edges of a
small stream at Santa Anna {in the north of the island) dm-ing the summer of 1850.

(Subf. 4. P^DERIDES.)

Genus 201. ACHENIUM.
(Leach) Curtis, Srit. Ent. iii. pi. 115 (1826).

Corpus mediocre, elongato-lineare, valde depressum : capite quadrato-obcordato porrecto exserto ;
oculis parvis rotundatis demissis : prothorace trapeziformi (antice latiore), angidis anticis leviter
exstantibus : alis plerumque amplis : ahdumine liueari margiiiato, segmento sexto in maribus
subtus triangulariter emarginato. Antenna sub froutis margine insertoe, rectse, tiliformes (aut
apicem versus etiam subattenuatse), articulo prime lougiusculo robusto subcylindrico, secundo
breviore, ultimo acuminato-ovato. Labrum amplum, profunde bilobum, lobis divergentibus et
])ilis longissimis munitis. Mandibula minus elongata;, in medio fortiter unidentatie, apice valde
incurva; acutse. Maxilla bilobte : lobo exierno corneo, apice membranaceo barbato : interna
membranaceo, intus dense pubescente. Palpi maxillares articulo primo minuto, secundo et tertio
longitudine subaequalibus (hoc apicem versus leviter incrassato), ultimo minimo obtuse subulato ;
labiates articulis primo et secundo subcylindricis (hoc paulo longiore crassiorc), ultimo tenui sub-
ulato secundo breviore. Mentum breve transversum. Liyula brevis biloba ; paraglossis coriaceis,
ligulam baud superantibus. Pedes breves robustissimi [antid incrassati, femoribus subdentatis,
tibiis mtus sinuato-cxcavatis) : tibiis (sed prKsertim pustei-ioribus) subsetuloso-pubescentibus :
tarsis 5-articulatis {anticis in utroque sexu valde dilatatis et subtus tomcntosis) ; posteriuribus
teuuibus, articulo primo brevissimo, secundo tertioque longioribus, quarto brevi, ultimo his
conjunctis longitudine sequali.

The extraordinarily depressed body of Achenium, in conjimction with its trapezi-
form prothorax, its somewhat squarish-obcordate head and its greatly thickened
legs, will at once serve to distinguish it, not only from its nearest ally, Latlirohium
(with which in most of its details it is coincident), but hke^vise from the remainder
of the Brachelytra here described. The few species (hitherto detected) which
compose it arc principally Eiu-opeau, and are more coimnon in central and Medi-
terranean latitudes than in northern ones. They are found generally in marshy
districts ; and I have usually observed that the A. depressum in our own country
(which is very nearly related to the Madeu-an A. Hartungii) is more especially
attached to muddy submaritime spots, — into the crevices of which (produced by
the heat of the sun) its flattened body enables it to retreat \vith facility, whilst its
exceedingly robust anterior legs, with then* broadly dilated feet (equally so in both
sexes), give it additional powers, not only for forcing its way through the narrower
clunks, but also for adhesion in crawling up their perpendicular sides (a structm'c,
be it remarked, Avliich is as much adapted to its peculiar mode of life as is the

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 587

depression, albeit to answer another purpose, which is more or less traceable
throughout the subcortical tribes).

458. Achenimn Hartimgii.
A. nigrum nitidum, capite prothoraceque parcius (hoc per plagas) punctatis, elytris rufis, regioue

scutellari leviter nigrescente, antennis pedibusque rufo-ferrugineis.
Long. Corp. lin. vix 4.

AcJienium Hartungii, Heer.

Habitat Maderam australem, rarissime : sub lapidibus super promontorium Cabo Gerajao d. 25 Feb.
A.D. 1850 detexit el. Os'''^ Heer, qui in bouorem Dom. G. Hartung, insectorum plantarumque
Maderensium scrutatoris, in hoc opusculo speciem citare voluit.

A. exceedingly depressed, and deep black. Head and prothorax highly polished ; the former large,
subquadrate-cordate, and rather remotely punctured ; the latter with its punctui-es (which are
nowhere dense) more abundant about its anterior angles and sides than elsewhere, and with a
few distributed along a narrow longitudinal space on either side of its disk, — which is itself
(together with a considerable portion of the surface, alongside it, behind) perfectly impunctate.
Elytra very lightly and irregularly punctulated ; rufous, with their extreme basal region (about
the scuteUum) more or less darkened. Antennce, palpi and legs rufo-ferruginous ; the last
(especially the femora) being at times more or less picescent.

Closely allied to the A. depressum, Grav., of which I doubt whether it is more
than a geographical variety ; nevertheless, since Professor Heer (to whom we are
indebted for its admission into our present fauna) considers it to be distinct, I have
retained it as such. After comparing it carefully however with a large series of
that insect, collected on the southern coast of England, the only differences which
I can detect are the deeper punctures of its head and prothorax (the former of
which is a trifle larger, and has its hinder angles just perceptibly more rounded and
obtuse), its aknost entirely rufous elytra (the large triangular darker basal patch
which is there so conspicuous being here but slightly indicated, and occasionally
nearly evanescent), and the somewhat obscurer colom* of its legs. It was
discovered by Professor Heer, on the 25th of February 1851, beneath stones on the
Cabo Gerajao, or Brazen Head,

Genus 202. LATHEOBIUM.

Gravenliorst, Col. Micropt. 179 (1802).

Corpus mediocre, elongato-lineare, subcylindricum : capite subquadrato-rotundato porrecto exserto ;
omlis sat parvis rotundatis subdemissis : prothorace suboblongo, angulis omnibus rotundatis :
alis plerumque amplis : abdomine hneari marginato ; segmento sexto in maiibus subtus triangu-
lariter emarginato, in fceminis vel integro vel apice producto. Antenna sub frontis margine
insertse, rectse, filiformes, articulo primo longiusculo robusto, ultimo acuminato-ovato. Instru-

4f 2

588 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

menta cibaria fere ut in Achenio, sed labrum paulo latius, lobis minus elongatis ; mandibulcB vix
longiorcs; palporum maxillarium articulus ultitmts acutior; ti paraglussi longiores. Pedes breves
robusti [nntici incrassati, fenioribus subdcntatis, tibiis intus longitudinaliter excavatis) : tihiis
pubescentibus : tarsis fere ut in generc pracedente, sed articulo ultimo breviore.

The distinctions between the members of the present genus and those of the last
one have been ah'eady partially pointed out, — their more cylindrical and filiform
outline, more deeply pimctui'cd surface, rounder head and more oblong prothorax
lieing some of the main fcatm'cs wliich will serve prima facie to characterize them.
The legs, moreover, of the Latlirohia (although robust) are not quite so much
thickened as those of the Achenia, the excavation of their anterior tibiae is less
sinuated, their eyes are slightly larger, their antennae somewhat shorter (and more
inclined to be subincrassated towards the extremity), and the ultimate joint of
thcu- feet is a little less elongated. They are insects which occur principally
beneath stones, logs of wood and decaying vegetalde substances, or amongst moss
and under the loosely-attached bark of trees, in damp sj)ots.

459. Lathrobium mtdtipunctatum.
Ij. nigriun vcl nigro-piceum nitidum, capite prothoraceque dense et profunde punctatis, elytris pro-

funde seriatim punctatis apiceui versus rufis, antennis ferragineis, pedibus tcstaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 3-3^.

Lafhrohium multipunctatum, Grav. Col. Micropt. 52 (1802).

, Gyll. Ins. Suec. in. 705 (1810).

, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 591 (1839).

, Heer, Fna Col. Ilelo. i. 238 (1S41).

Habitat sub lapidibus in humidiusculis Maderje, a 1000' usque ad 5500' s. ni. aseendens, toto anno
passim.

L. narrow and somewhat cylindrical, either black or piceous-black. Head and prothorax highly
polished (though, from being closely and deeply punctured, appearing less so than they really
are); xhn former roundish, and rather more sparingly punctured upon its disk than elsewhere;
the latter almost parallel, and with a central unpuncturcd line. Elytra deeply, very closely, and
rather roughly seriate-punctate ; more or less bright rufous posteriorly, but gradually darker in
front. Antenna and palpi ferruginous. Legs testaceous.

A common Em'opean Lathrobium, and sufiiciently abundant also throughout
Madeira, — where however it is truly indigenous, occurring beneath stones in moist
spots at nearly all elevations above the altitude of about 1000 feet. I have taken
it at the Cm-ral das Romeu-as dm'iug the autimm, at Sao Vincente and Santa
Anna in Jime, and in the upland region of the Fanal (in the round cratcr-Hkc
basin knoAvn as the Lagoa) diuing July ; but I have not hitherto observed it in
any of the other islands of the group.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 589

Genus 203. LITHOCHARIS,

(Dejean) Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Eiit. des Env. cle Paris, i. 431 (1S35).

CorpiLs parvum, elongato-lineare, plerumque ferrugineum et punctulatum : capite aut quadrato aut
subtriangidari-quadrato, porrecto exserto ; oculis vel parvis vel mediocribus, rotundatis : pro-
thorace plus minusve distincte quadrangulo : alis sippius amplissimis ; abdomine lineari margmatoj
segmento sexto in maribus subtus triaogulariter excise, in foeminis vel rotundato vel triaugiilariter
producto. Antenna sub frontis margine insertse, rectse, filiformes, articulo primo longiusculo
leviter robusto, ultimo acuminato-ovato. Labrum latum transversum, apice plerumque biden-
ticulatum uecuou inter dentes plus minusve emargiuatum. Mandihula in medio dentibus tribus
vel quatuor acutis instructfe, apice valde incurvte acutae. Maxilla, palpi, mentum et ligula fere
ut in genere prsecedente. Pedes longiusculi {antici interdum subincrassati, femoribus obsole-
tissime subdentatis) : tibiis pubescentibus : tarsis 5-articulatis [anticis in maribus seepe leviter
dilatatis) ; posterioribus articulis quatuor baseos longitudine leviter decrescentibus.

The small insects which constitute the genus Lithocharis may be knowTi by
their more or less ferruginous, closely jjunctulated and finely pubescent bodies,
by their largely-develoi^ed wings (with which they are for the most part exceed-
ingly active), by their either subquach-ate or triangular- quadrate heads and squarish
prothorax, by their denticulated upper-lip, and by the joints of their four hinder
tarsi (the ultimate one excepted) gradually decreasing in length. They are found
either beneath stones or dead leaves, but (with a few exceptions, — as, for instance,
the L. melanocepliala, which is principally attached to the mountain districts) are
more frequently perhaps to be captured on the wing, especially during sunshine
after showers, than under other circumstances. They are widely distributed over
the world, — the hitherto discovered species being in about equal proportions from
Eiu'ope and America.

460. Lithocharis fascnla.

L. rufo-ferruginea subnitida, capite magno oblongo-quadrato piceo et dense ruguloso- punctate, oculis
minutis, prothorace subtilius punctulato postice leviter angustato, elytris interdum bine indc
infuscatis, abdomine obscuriore, antennis pedibusque pallido-ferrugineis.

Long. corp. lin. lf-2.

LitTioclmris fuscuJa, (Ziegler) Boisd. et Lacord. Faun. Ent. des Env. de Paris, i. 431 (1835).

, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 611 (18.39).

, Heer, Fna Col. Relv. i. 235 (1841).

-, Eedt. Fna Aiistr. 718 (1849).

Habitat Maderam borealem, sub foliis arborum dejectis, praesertim juxta aquas desilientes et per
margines rivulorura, — prope Sanctam Annam et Sanctum Vincentium mensibus Maio et Junio
A.D. 1850 a meipso detecta.

Ii. rufo-ferruginous, very slightly shining, and clothed with a minute decumbent griseous pubescence.
Head large, oblong-quadrate, and dark piceous; very closely, rather coarsely and roughly punc-

590 IXSECTA MADERENSIA.

tured, — the punctures being large, but not vei-y deep ; with the eyes minute. Prothorax rather
narrowed behind ; much more finely (but not quite so closely) punctured as the head, and with a
central glabrous line (which is a little elevated posteriorly). Elytra about as finely punctulated
as the prothorax, and occasionally a little darkened, or infuscated, in parts. Abdomen of an
obscurer hue than the prothorax and elytra. Antenna, palpi and legs pale ferruginous, — the
frsf being a little obscured.

A very distinct species*, readily known by its bright rufo-ferruginous hue, by
its large, subquadi-ate, densely and rugosely punctured, and dark-piceous bead, by
its exceedingly small eyes, and by its somewhat posteriorly-narrowed prothorax.
It is a truly indigenous insect in Madeii-a, l)ut apparently extremely rare, — and
confined, so far as I have hitherto observed, to the north of the island. I have
taken it, dm-ing May, from beneath leaves at the edges of a small stream at Santa
Anna, leading from the Quinta of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly down to the sea ; and I
also captured it, in a precisely similar position, on the 20th of June 1850, at the
sides of the fii-st large waterfall which finds its way across the beach (from the
lofty ravines above) on the coast-road from Sao Yincente to Scisal. It occurs,
though not very abundantly, throughout central Europe, being recorded in France,
Germany, Smtzerland and Austria ; and I have occasionally met with it in
England.

461. Lithocharis ochracea.
Ij. infuscato-ferruginea subnitida, capite triangulari-subquadrato nigro dense et subtilissime punctu-

lato, oculis majoribus, prothorace subtiliter punctulato quadrato, abdomine obscuriore, antennis

pallido-ferrugineis, pedibus testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Pmderus ochraceus, Grav. Col. Micropt. 59 (1802).
Lithoeliaris ochracea, Erich. Oen. et Spec. Staph. 623 (1829).

, Heer. Fna Col. Helv. i. 236 (1841).

, Kc'dt. Fna Austr. 718 (1819).

Habitat IMaderam australem, rarior : in hortis prope Funchal duo specimina per aerem volitantia
depreheusi.

Ij. brownish-ferruginous (being usually more infuscated and less rufous than the last species), slightly
shining, and rather densely clothed with a minute, decumbent, griseous, and somewhat sericeous
pubescence. Head rather smaller and shorter than that of the L.fuscula (being more triangular),
and also darker (being apparently quite black) ; likewise (although densely) very much more
finely punctulated than in that insect, — the punctures being exceedingly minute ; and with the

* The L.fuscitla is very nearly akin to the L. hrunnea of Erichson, from which however it differs in
its rather smaller and generally darker head, in the clearer colour of its prothorax .ind elytra (the latter
of which are longer and more closely pimetulated than is the ease in that insect), .and in the somewhat
denser pubescence of its entire surface.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 591

eyes very much larger. Prothorax nearly square (not being at all narrowed behind) ; a little
more evidently punctulated than the head, and with very faint indications of a subelevated central
line. Elytra about as finely punctulated as the prothorax. Abdomen of a rather obscurer hue
than the prothorax and elytra. Antenrue pale ferruginous. Palpi and legs testaceous.

The ratliei* shorter, darker, more triangular, and very much less deeply punctu-
lated head of the present Zilthocharis, in conjunction with its larger eyes and less
rufous hue, will suffice to distinguish it, even prima facie, from the L.fuscula, —
to which in. size and general aspect it is a good deal allied. Like that species, it
appears to be rare in Madeira, though not confined to the northern coast, since
the only two indigenous specimens which I have seen were captured by myself, on
the wing, in the vicinity of Funchal, — one in the garden of the Rev. T. Ereeman
at the Quinta d'Ambrosio (dm-ing the winter of 1848), and the other (I believe) at
the Levada. It is an insect of wide geographical range, occurring throughout the
whole of Europe, and being reported from the West Indian Islands and the Brazils.

462. Lithocharis melanocephala.
Ij. angusta nigra nitida, capite subrotundato-quadrato parce et profunde punctato, prothorace paulo
crebrius punctato testaceo-rufo, elytris piceis, antennis rufo-testaceis in medio fuscescentibus,
pedibus testaceis.
Variat prothorace obscuriore (interdum fere picescente).
Long. Corp. lin. 1|-1|.

Fcederus melanocephalus, Fab. Enf. Si/st. i. ii. 538 (1792).
Stmius melanocephalus, Staph. III. J3rit. Ent. v. 274 (1832).
Lithocharis melanocephala, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 614 (1839).
, Heer, Fna Col. Heh. i. 235 (1841).

Habitat insulas INIaderenses, prsesertim sub lapidibus foliisque arboruni dejectis in graminosis humi-
diuscuUs, hiuc inde vulgaris : in Portu Sancto necnon etiam in Deserta Grandi parce observavi.

Ij. narrow, black, shining, and clothed (very sparingly on the head and prothorax) with a minute
decumbent griseous pubescence. Head rather smaller and narrower than in either of the previous
species ; remotely but rather deeply punctured ; and with the eyes small (though rather larger,
in proportion, than those of the L. fuscula) . Prothorax scarcely narrowed behind ; rather more
closely punctured than the head, and with a central glabrous line ; varjring from pale rufous into
piceo-rufous (and sometimes almost piceous). Elytra rather more densely and finely punctured;
and more or less piceous. Antennce rufo-testaceous, and infuscated in the centre. Legs testaceous.

At once known by its narrower outline and more shining surface, by its sparingly
(though deeply) punctui-ed head and prothorax (the latter of which is more or less
rufous), and by its usually piceous elytra. It is a common insect throughout
most of the islands of the Madeiran group, — occurring beneath stones both on the
grassy slopes and amongst fallen leaves in damp sylvan spots of intermediate
elevations. I have taken it abundantly at the base of the lofty perpendicular

592 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

rocks towards the upper extremity of the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia ; and at the
Ribeiro Frio, Sao Vinccnte and Santa Anna : as also, though more sparingly, in
Porto Santo and on the Dezerta Grande. It is found in most parts of Eiu'ope and
the north of Africa, but seems to be more plentiful in the higher districts than in
the plains. Thus I have observed it in profusion on the S'wiss xUps, on the
English and Scotch moorlands, and on the mountains of Ireland and "Wales.

Genus 204. RUGILUS.

(Leach) Curtis, Brit. Ent. iv. 168 (1827).

Corpus sat parvum, elongatum : capite lato subvotundato porrecto exserto, pedunculo tcnui brevi pro-
thoraci affixo ; oculis mediochbus subrotundatis : pruthorace subovato apice attenuate, plus
minusvo distincte cariuato : alhi jjlorumque amplis : ahdomine inarginato, basin versus angustato,
segmento sexto in maribus subtus exciso, in foeniinis integro rotundato. ^n/ennff rectse, filiformes
breviusculse crassiusculre, articdo priiuo longiusculo leviter robusto, ultimo acuminato-ovato.
Lnbrum amplum, limbo laterali rotundato submembranaceo, apice bidenticulatum. Mandihula,
maxilla, palpi, mentum et liyula fere ut in Lithocharide, sed puraglossi longiores. Pedes parum
elongati : tarsis 5-articuIatis siraplicibus, articulis quatuor baseos (pi-sesertim in posterioribus)
loneitudine leviter decrescentibus.

'&'

The coarsely and closely punctui-ed head and prothorax of the Riigili (the former
of which is wide and subrotundate, whilst the latter is greatly acuminated in front
and more or less, evidently keeled down the centre), in conjunction with then-
rather short and robust antenna, ample upper-lip, somewhat elongated legs, and
simple feet, vdW serve, apart from minor characters, to distinguish them from
tlicir immediate allies. They constitute the genus Sfillcus of Latreille [Hegne
Animal, iv. 436, a.d. 1829). Their habits arc much the same as those of the
Lithocharides, — the species occurring beneath stones, fallen leaves, and decajdng
vegetable substances in damp spots.

463. Rugilus affinis.
R. niger, capite prothoraceque creberrime ruguloso-punctatis, hoc carina media glaberrima notato,

elytris nitidis parcius et subtilitcr punctulatis apice testaceis, antennis piceo-ferrugineis, pedibus

testaccis, tibiis et femorum posteriorum apice fuscescentibus.
Long. Corp. lin. l|-2.

StiUcus affinis, Erich. Kiif. dcr Mark Brand, i. 522 (1837).
Euffilus affinis, Heer, Fna Col. Heh: i. 2.32 (18-11).
Stilicm affnis, Eedt. Fna Austr. 720 (1849).

Habitat sub lapidibus foliisque arborum dcjectis in humidiusculis Maderse, sat frequens.

R. black. Head and prothorax most closely and roughly punctured, and opake ; the former large,
wide, and nearly round, with the palpi piccous ; the latter considerably acuminated in front, and

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 593

with a central unpunctured polished line, — which is slightly raised into a keel. Elytra shining,
very finely and sparingly puuetulated, and with the hinder margin of each testaceous. Antenna
ferruginous, or piceo-ferruginous, and rather short. Legs testaceous, — with their tibia and the
apices of the /owr hinder femora more or less infuscated.

Rather a common insect, beneath stones in clamp spots (particularly near the
edges of the streams), in most parts of Madeu'a at intermediate elevations. I have
taken it in the Ribeiro de Santa Luzia, during the spring ; and (in the north of
the island) at Santa Anna and the Lombo dos Pecegueiros, in June and July. It
occurs throu.ghout the greater portion of central Europe, being recorded in Ger-
manv, France, Switzerland and Austria.

Genus 205. SUNIUS.

(Leach) Steph. lU. Brit. Ent. v. 274 (1832).

Corpus parviim, elongato-linearc vel elongatum, fere opacum et dense punctatum : capite magno, plus
minusve oblongo, ad basin truncate; oculis\e\ parvis vel mediocribus, subrotundatis : prothorace
subovato : alis plerumque sat amplis : abdomine marginato, lineari vel basin versus leviter
angustato ; segmento sexto in maribus subtus triangulariter inciso, in foeminis integro rotundato.
Antenna ut in Eugilo, sed paulo longiores graciliores, articulo ultimo oblongo. Instrumenta
cibaria fere ut in Rugilo, sed palporum maxillarium articulus ultimxis subtilissimus (fegre obser-
vandus). Pe(/es plerumque breviusculi : tarsis 5-articulatis, articulis quatuor baseos longitudine
decrescentibus (quarto brevissimo, lobo membraneo subtus aucto), quinto parvo (quartum parum
excedente).

The Sunii may be easily recognised from the Rngili by their generally narrower
outline and more opake surface (the latter having the elytra usually somewhat
shining and only lightly sculptured), by their more basally-truncated heads and
less anteriorly-attenuated (unkeeled) prothoraces, by the scarcely distinguishable
terminal joint of their maxillary palpi, and by their shorter legs and perceptibly
longer and slenderer antennae, — the first of which have the penultimate articula-
tion of their tarsi bilobed (or rather, increased by a membrane beneath), and the
ultimate one much more abbre\dated than is the case in that genus ; whilst the
second have their final joint oblong, instead of ovate and acuminated. In their
habits they diCFer but slightly from either the members of that group or from the
Steni, — occurring in damp spots, though more commonly perhaps in grassy places
beneath stones (or under vegetable refuse) than by the edges of streams.

464. Svinius angustatus.
•S. niger, capite rotundato-oblongo latiusculo, elytro singulo ad apicem sinuatim testaceo, antennis

pedibusque pallido-testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. \\-\i.

4g

59], INSECTA MADERENSIA.

Staphylinus angmtatm, Payk. Mon. Staph. Suec. 36 (1789).

, Fab. Ent. Syst. i. ii. 528 (1792).

Sunim angiistatus, Erich. Oen. et Spec. Staph. (540 (1839).

-, , Heer, Fna Col. Heh. i. 229 (18 tl).

Habitat in huniidiusculis graminosis Madera; Portusque Sancti, vel sub lapidibus, parum vulgaris.

S. black. Head ?Lnd protkorax most closely and roughly punctured, and opake; the/on««- roundish
oblong and rather wide, with the palpi pale testaceous. Eli/Ira just perceptibly less opake than
the head and prothorax, and not quite so closely punctured ; each with their apex, and a small
hinder portion of the suture, testaceous. Abdomen rather more evidently shining, and less deeply
and more remotely punctured. AntenruB and legs pale testaceous.

The black siu-face of the present common little European Sunius, — its limbs,
the hinder margin, and a small portion of the suture, of each of its elytra, being
alone pale, — will serve at once to distinguish it from everything else with which
we have here to do. It is tolerably abundant beneath stones in damp grassy spots
throughout the intermediate altitudes of Madeira and Porto Santo, — my specimens
(from the former) having been principally collected at Santa Anna and the Feijaa
de C6rte. On the Dezcrtas I have not hitherto detected it. It is universal in
Eiu-ope, and is recorded by M. Lucas in Algeria.

465. Svuiius bimaciilatus.
S. angustissimus piceo-niger, capite oblongo, prothorace rutb-ferrugineo ad latera obscuriore, elytris

brevibus testaceis, singulo macula media nigr^ ornato, abdominis segmentis ad apicem dilutiori-

bus, antennis pedibusque paUido-testaceis.
Long. corp. lin. 1|.

Sunius bimaculatus, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 641 (1839).

Habitat in locis inferioribus Maderae australis, rarissime : sub lapide ad Praya Formoza exemplar
unicum detexit el. Dom. Heer.

S. exceedingly narrow and slender, black (or piceous-black). Head and prothorax closely and roughly
punctured, and opake ; the former oblong (being less rounded and a little narrower than that of
the S. angustatiis) , and with the palpi pale testaceous; the latter rufo-ferruginous, and sligluly
infuscated at the sides. Elytra rather more roughened, but a little less distinctly punctured,
than the head and prothorax, and almost as opake; short, and testaceous, — each being orna-
mented with a black patch in the centre. Abdomen with the hinder margin of each of its seg-
ments a little diluted, or piceo-testaceous. Antenna and legs pale testaceous.

Although I have not been able to prociu-e a specimen for comparison, I have
but little doubt that the present very elegant Sunius is correctly identified with
the .S. bimaculatus of Erichson (a species discovered by Professor Gene in Sar-'
dinia), — with the description of which it accords precisely. Its admission into om*
fauna is due to the researches of Professor Ueer, who detected a single example

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 595

beneath a stone at tlie Praya Eormoza, near Funchal, on the 4th of Eebruary
1851, — the only instance of its capture, so far as I am aware, np to the present
period.

Genus 206. MECOGNATHUS, Woll. (Tab. XIII. fig. 8.)

Corpus, antenna (XIII. 8 a), pedes (XIII. 8 e) et instnimenta cibaria (XIII. 8 i, 8 e, et %d) fere ut in
Simio, sed oculi minutissimi ; elytra parva valde abbreviata subconnata ; al<B obsoletae ; abdomine
basin versus fortiter constrictum, ultra medium dilatatuiu ; mandibula (XIII. 8 b) longissimse
acutissimse ; et palporum maxillarium articulus uliimus obsoletus (baud observandus) .

A firjKos longitudo, et yvddoi; mandibula.

The singular insect from which the above characters are drawn out may perhaps
be but a geographical modification of Sunius ; nevertheless it presents so many
peculiarities of its own (amongst which its unusually minute eyes, excessively
abbreviated, small, and siihconnate elytra, its obsolete wings, and its much ante-
riorly-constricted and posteriorly-inflated al)domen should be especially noticed)
that I have preferred retaining it as distinct ; whilst in its greatly developed man-
dibles and the evanescent terminal joint of its maxillary palpi it still further
recedes from the ordinary meml)ers of that group. The fact, however, of two
normal Sunii being found in the Madeka Islands renders it probable that it is not
a local variation of the genus (such as we have had occasion to remark concerning
many other aberrations from central types), but that it is as much entitled to be
treated separately as either Bugilus or EcUaster. In its habits Mecognatkus is
precisely similar to Sunius,

466. Mecognathus Chimaera, Woll. (Tab. XIII. fig. 8.)
M. ferrugineus, capite magno oblongo-subquadrato, elytris brevissimis vix pallidioribus, abdominis

segmentis quinque baseos obscurioribus, antennis pedibusque pallido-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. l|-vLx 2.

Habitat per Maderse regionem sylvaticam, sub lapidibus truncisque arborum prolapsis, rarissimus : in
locis valde bumidis prsedominat, usque ad 5500' s. m. aseendens.

M. ferruginous. Head and prothorax very closely and rougbly punctured, and opake ; tbe former
large, and somewhat squarish-oblong, with the palpi pale testaceous. Elytra a shade lighter m
colouring than the head and prothorax, and (although equally roughened) not quite so distinctly
punctured ; almost as opake, and exceedingly short. Abdomen very much narrowed at the base,
and expanded beyond the middle ; obscured, except at the apex, — where it is more or less ferru-
ginous or testaceous. Antenna and legs pale testaceous.

A truly indigenous insect, and apparently extremely rare,— though widely
distributed over the sylvan regions of Madeira (especially towards theu- upper
limits), to which it is exclusively confined. It occurs beneath stones and decaying

4g2

596 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

logs of wood in the dampest spots, and runs with the most prodigious velocity. I
have taken it at the edges of the Levada of the Riheiro Frio in May, at the Cru-
zinhas and the Fanal dui-iag July, and at the Feijaa de C6rte early in August.

(Subf. 5. STENIDES.)
Genus 207. STENUS.

Latreille, Precis des Caract. gtn. des Ins. 11 (1796)

Corpus sat parvum subcylindrico-elongatum, plus luinusve dense et rugose punctatum : capite pro-
thorace paulo latiore, porrecto, ad basin truncato ; oculis permagnis rotundatis valde prominen-
tibus: prothurace immarginato, plus minusve subcylindrico et postice leviter attenuate : alis vel
pamm amplis vel obsoletis : abdomine niarginato aut immarginato, modo lineari, modo apicem
versus leviter attenuate ; segmento sexto in maribus subtus plerumque inciso (necnon etiam seg-
mentis ventralibus interdum vel emarginatis vel impressis), in foeminis integro. Antenna in
fronte inter oculos insertie, graciles clavatse, articulis primo ct secundo leviter robustis, nono,
decimo et undecimo distincte incrassatis, elavam elongatam laxani eflScientibus. Labrum sub-
semicirculare, margine integro. Mandibulee infra apicem fortiter unidentata;, valde incurvee
acutse. Maxilla bilobce : lobo externa corneo, apice membranaceo barbato : interna corneo, per
marginem internum membranaceo et dense pubescente. Palpi maxillares longissimi, articulis
tribus baseos elongatis (longitudine paulatim crescentibus), ultimo subtilissimo, vis (oculo etiam
fortiter armato) observando : labiates articulo primo tenui subarcuato, secundo paulo breviore
sed multo crassiore subovato, ultimo tenui subulate. Mcnfuiu triangularc. Ligula biloba, lobis
minimis ovatis ; paraglossis membrauaceis rotundato-ampliatis, ligula majoribus. Pedes elongati
graciles, valde cursorii ; coxis anticis minutis : tarsis 5-articulatis, articulis quatuor baseos longi-
tudine decrescentibus (quarto vel integro vel bilobo).

The Steni possess so many peculiarities, both externally and in then* oral organs,
that it is impossible to confound them with the members of any other genus of the
Brachelytra. Suffice it therefore to remark, that in their closely and rouglily
punctured bodies (which are more or less cylindi-ical, and almost invariably black,
— any tendency to metallic tints being exceedingly rare, though a few of the
species arc brightly ■ maculated with yellowish or reddish spots), in their enor-
mously developed and prominent eyes, as well as in theii- nearly obsolete scutella,
slender limbs and clavated antennae, they offer points of distraction sufficient at
once to characterize them. In the details of their trophi, however, they are
even better defined stUl, — their semicii-cidar, untoothed upper lip and triangular
nientum, in conjunction with tlie elongated basal, and almost evanescent terminal,
articulation of then- (greatly lengthened) maxillary palpi, and the singular struc-
tm-e of their ligula (which is so lightly attached to the mentum that it is apt,
wlulst the insect is dying, to l)e protruded, along witli tlie anterior portion of tlie
alimentary canal, to an immense distance in front*), displaying additional featm-es

• This pecxiliarity of the lower lip of the Steni is thus accounted for by Erichson : " Singulariter in

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 597

for their identification. The abdomen and penultimate tarsal joint of the various
representatives aff'ord an easy clue to their sectional distribution, — the former
being either margined or simple ; whUst the latter is in some cases bUobed, and
in others entke. They are insects which reside principally in damp sj)ots, —
running with the utmost agility (especially during the hot sunshine), and being
often exceedingly numerous under stones and upon wet mud at the edges of
ponds and streams. They are widely disseminated over the world, more than
100 species being described by Erichson, — and upwards of 90 having been
recorded as Em-opean.

§ I. Abdomen marginatum : tarsi articulo qiwrto simplice.

467. Stenus giittula,
S. niger gracilis, crebre et rugose pinictatus, parce subsenescenti-argenteo-pubescens, prothorace sub-
fusiformi-angusto subinjequali, elytro singulo macula media fulvo-testace^ ornato, palpis pedi-
busque testaceis, femoribus ad apicem late nigris.
Mas, abdominis segmentis quinto et sexto subtus obsolete sinuatis, illo vix impresso sed in media

ipsd parte impunctato et utrinque pilis sat longis introrsum vergentibus ciliato.
Fcem., abdominis segmento sexto subtus in medio leviter producto rotundato.
Variat palpis et tibiis, praesertim apicem versus, obscurioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Stenus guttula, Wa^.Qcerm. Mag. vr. 225 {1821).

Kirlii, Curtis, Brit. Ent. iv. 164. pi. 164 (1827).

guttula, Ericb. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 691 (1839).

, Heer, Fna Col. Helv. i. 214 (1841).

Habitat per margines rivulorum Maderse, inter lapillos latitans, ubique vulgar

S. black, slender, nearly opake, and sparingly clothed (more densely so on the abdomen) with a short
yellowish-, or ceneous-silvery pubescence. Head and protlwrax closely and roughly punctured ;
the former deeply excavated between the eyes, and with a narrow central keel behind, — and with
the joa^z either entirely pale testaceous, or else with the extreme apex of the third joint, and the
greater portion of the fourth infuscated ; the latter narrow and somewhat fusiform (being widest
about the middle), and rather uneven. Ehjtra as closely and coarsely punctured as the head
and prothorax, and with a large rounded spot immediately within the middle of each bright fulvo-
testaceous. Antenna with the intermediate joints more or less piceous. Legs testaceous, — with
the cox(E entirely, and the femora at their apex broadly, black (and occasionally with the tibise,
especially towards their extremities, and the tarsi infuscated or picescent).
Male, with the fifth and sixth segments of the abdomen beneath most obsoletely sinuated (or sub-
emarginate) ; the former scarcely impressed, but with a small central apical portion unpunctured,

•IS.

hoc genere Ugula levissime mento afSsa est, quo fit, ut agone mortis vi anteperistaltica oesophagus ciiiii
ligula, paraglossis palpisque labialibus prolabitur et promuscidis porrectse speeiemprse se ferat."

598 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

and fringed on either side with a longitudinal row of fulvescent hau's, — which become gradually
longer, and more and more convergent, from the base.
Female, with the abdomen beneath free from additional longer pile, but with the sixth segment
slightly produced and rounded at its apex.

The slender form, and the bright orange spot on each of the elytra of the pre-
sent species will at once distinguish it from the other Steni here described. It is a
common Eurojiean insect, and universal throughout the intermediate altitudes of
Madeira, — occiu'ring beneath stones and shingle at the margins of the streams, as
well as amongst wet mud on the moist ledges of the rocks. I have taken it in
the Riljeiro de Santa Luzia and at the Curral das Romeiras (above Funchal),
during the autumn and sprmg ; and, in August of 1850, at the Feijaa de C6rte.

468. Stenus providus.
S. iiigcr robustus, creberriine et i-ugose punctatus, parcissime subargenteo-pubescens, prothorace
obovato in disco canaliculate, palpis pedibusquc testaceis, femoribus ad apicem late, tibiis (vcl
omnino vel ad basin solam) tarsisquc obscurioribus.
Mas, pectore impresso, densius longiusque subfulvescenti-pubescente ; abdominis segmentis quinque
baseos subtus longitudinaliter leviter impressis (impressione densius pubescente sed postice
glabra, politissimd impunctata, ad latera a segmento secundo pilis paulatim longioribus introrsum
vergentibus ciliata., necuon in segmento quinto carinA denticuliformi utrinque terminata), seg-
mento quinto inter denticulos acutos late emarginato, sexto profunde subtriungulariter exciso :
femoribus posterioribus subincrassatis, posticis intus longius pubescentibus.
Fcem., pectore vix impresso; abdominis segmento sexto subtus produeto rotundato, sed ad apicem
ipsum summum minutissime emarginato : femoribus posticis baud densius pubescentibus.
Long. Corp. lin. 2-2^.

Stenus prmidus, Erieh. Ktif. der Mark Brand, i. 54G (1837).

, Erich. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 707 (1839).

, Hear, Fna Col. Helv. i. 217 (18il).

, Eedt. Fna Ausir. 726 (1849).

Habitat Maderam, in locis similibus ac prsecedens, sed illo rarior.

S. l)lack, robust, nearly opake, and almost free from pubescence above, except on the abdomen (where
it is sparingly besprinkled with short and somewhat silvery pile). Head and prothorax very
closely and roughly punctured; the former slightly excavated, and deeply bisulcate, between the
eyes, — and with they;o//)! pale testaceous ; the latter obovate (being widest before the middle), and
with a tolerably apparent channel in the centre of its disk (which has a tendency to be evanescent
both behind and in front). Elytra as closely and coarsely punctured as the head and prothorax.
Antenna nearly black, the intermediate joints having scarcely any tendency to be picescent. Leffs
diluted-testaceous, — with the coxa and trochanters black, and with the femora at their apex
broadly and distinctly (and sometimes the tibice, especially towards their extremity, and the tarsi,
more obscurely) darkened.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. " 699

Male, with the breast beneath (between the intermediate and posterior legs) widely impressed, and
more densely clothed with longer and somewhat fulvesceut pile. With the abdomen beneath
longitudinally impressed throughout the basal Jive segments, though only lightly so on the
ventral ones (the impression densely clothed with fulvescent pile except towards the apex, where
it is glabrous, highly polished and unpunctured; fringed on either side with long fulvescent
hairs,— which become gradually longer, and more and more inwardly convergent, from about the
second segment ; and with its edges raised into a keel on either side of the hinder portion of the
fifth segment, and abruptly terminated posteriorly in the form of two prominent teeth) ; with
the fifth segment obliquely scooped out between the lateral keels, and also emarginated ; and
with the sixth segment deeply notched (subtriangularly) in its centre. With the four hinder
femora slightly incrassated,— the joos/en'or/jafr having their under edge clothed with denser and
longer pubescence.

Female, with the breast beneath much less deeply impressed, and without any additional pile. With
the abdomen beneath unimpressed; the fifth segment being simple, and the siith rounded and
produced, — though with its extreme apex minutely notched. And with the four hinder femora
not at all more incrassated, nor iha posterior jiair more densely pubescent, than the rest.

Apart from the male distinctions, which will be gathered from the above dia-
gnosis, the present Stenus may be immediately recognised from its few Madeiran
allies by its large and robust form, and by its deeply and rugosely punctured (and
comparatively unpubescent) surface. It is tolerably common throughout the
intermediate altitudes of the island, occurring in much the same localities as the
S. guttnla, — though more frequently perhaps on the damp and muddy ledges of
the rocks (in the vicinity of the small streams and waterfalls) than by the margins
of the larger rivers. I have taken it both at Santa Anna and in the Eibeiro de
Santa Luzia in sufficient abundance, during the spring and summer months. It
is found in most parts of central Europe (England, France, Germany, Switzerland,
Austria, &c.), — often in company with the 8. speculator* of Erichson, to which it
is very closely allied.

469. Stenus undulatus, WoU.

S. niger nitidus, parce et leviter punctatus, dense subfulvescenti-pubescens, capite magno, prothorace
obovato valde insequali et leviter canalieulato, elytris valde undulato-inaequalibus, palpis, antennis
pedibusque testaceis, femoribus ad apicem late obscurioribus.
Mas, abdominis segmentis quinto et sexto subtus obsolete sinuatis, illo in medio late sed leviter

* The S. providm may however be recognised from the S. speculator, not only by the abdomen of its
males (which has the sixth segment more deeply and acutely notched, and the longitudinal impression,
instead of being confined to the fifth, traceable throughout the h&s&Xfive), and by the tipo hinder femora
only, instead of four (of that sex), being densely pubescent ; but likewise by its forehead being a
little more excavated, its prothorax more evidently channeled on the disk, and by its antenuffi being more
decidedly black and its legs of an altogether obscurer hue. In the northern type moreover the palpi
of the .S". providus are almost invariably iufuscated at their extremity (whilst those of the 8. speculator
are immaculate) : but this distinction does not appear to hold good in the Madeiran specimens, which
have then- palpi generally entirely pale.

600 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

impresso (impressione impunctata politissima, nccnon ad latera pilis paulatini valde elongatis
introrsum vergentibus ciliatA).
Ficm., abdominis segmento sexto subtus leviter producto rotundato.
Long. Corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat in Madera sylvatica excels^, rarissimus : per marginem rivuli cujusdam parvT ad Cruzinhas
(circa 5000' s. m.) mense Julio a.d. 1850 sub foliis arborum dnjcctis duo specimina inveni.

S. black, shining, and comparatively densely clothed with long and fulvescent pile. Head and pro-
thorax remotely and finely punctured ; the former large, excavated and bisulcate between the
eyes (the intermediate ridge being raised behind iuto a keel), — and with the palpi testaceous;
the latter obovate, exceedingly uneven, and obsoletely channeled posteriorly. Elytra as lightly
and distantly punctured as the prothorax; and, likewise, exceedingly undulating or uneven.
Antenna and legs dilutcd-testaceous ; the former just perceptibly dusky towards their extremity ;
the latter with their cuxx dark piceous, and with their femora at the apex broadly (though very
slightly) infuscated.

Male, with the fifth and sixth segments of the abdomen beneath obsoletely sinuated (or subemargi-
nate) ; Xhe, former broadly, but very lightly, impressed (the impression glabrous, highly polished
and unpunrtured ; and fringed on either side with a longitudinal row of veiy long, stiff and
darkly-fulvesccnt hairs, — which become gradually longer, and more and more inwardly conver-
gent, from the base).

Female, with the abdomen beneath free from additional longer pile, but with the sixth segment
slightly produced and rounded at its apex.

A most peculiar and distinct species, — its sliining, extremely uneven, and com-
paratively lightly and remotely punctiu'cd surface, in conjunction -with its large
head, and the long and somewhat fulvescent pile with which it is clothed, giving
it a character wluch it is impossihle to mistake. It is apparently one of the rai-est
of the Madeu-an Coleoptera, and confined to the iipper limits of the sylvan
districts, — the only two specimens wliich I have seen having been captm-ed by
myself, from imder moist decaying leaves, at the edges of a minute trickling
stream in the lofty region of the Cruzinhas (about 5000 feet above the sea), during
July of 1850. It is an insect of a very peculiar appearance, — being rather sug-
gestive at first sight of a larva of one of the smaller ForJicnlcB.

§ IT. Abdomen immarginatum ; tarsi articulo quarto bilobo.

470. Stenus Heeri, Wall.
S. niger subcylindricus, creberrime et sat rugose punctatus, densius fulvo-pubescens, prothorace
obovato vix insequali, elytris brevibus, antennarum et palporum basi pedibusque piceo-testaceis.
Mas, abdomine simplice (aut potius segmento sexto subtus obsoletissime subsinuato).
Foem., abdominis segmento sexto subtns leviter producto rotundato.
Var. /3. vix major, antennis, palpis pedibusque paulo longioribus et pallidioribus.
Long. Corp. lin. Ij-lj-

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 601

Habitat per IMaclerje partem sylvaticam, praesertim inter 3000' et 5000' s.m., aestate rarior : in
regione Fanalensi prsedominat, qua mense Julio a.d. 1850 plurima specimina cepi.

Stenus valde distinctus, et in honorem amici el. Heer, qui in Helvetia per tot annos Entomologise
scientiam ornavit, citatus.

S. black, subcylindrical, nearly opake, and densely clothed with a fulvescent pubescence (which is
both denser and of a yellon-er tint than that of the jS. undulatus). Head und prothorax very
closely and sufficiently roughly punctured ; the former excavated and bisulcate between the eyes
(the intermediate ridge being raised behind into a keel), — and with the palpi dull testaceous at
their base, but obscured towards their apex ; the latter obovate, very slightly uneven, and with
most obscure indications of an obsolete channel in front. Elytra exceedingly short, and about
as roughly and closely punctured as the head and prothorax. Abdomen subconical, and un-
margined. Antennce at base, and the legs, more or less brightly piceo-testaceous ; the former
dusky at their extremity ; the latter with the extreme apices of the femora usually darkened.
Tarsi with the fourth joint bilobed.

Male, with the abdomen beneath simple, having neither additional pile nor any of the segments
notched, — though the faintest possible tendency to be apically sinuated is just traceable in
the sixth.

Female, vrith the abdomen similar to that of the male, except that the sixth segment is slightly pro-
duced and rounded at its apex.

Var. /3. rather larger ; and with the autennae, palpi and legs proportionably a little longer, and of
an altogether paler hue.

The smallest of the Macleiran Steni, and (apart from its ■unmarginecl abdomen
and the bilobed penultimate joint of its tarsi, which remove it into an altogether
different section) it may be at once recognised by its exceedingly abbreviated elytra,
and by the y«foo2W pubescence with which it is densely clad. Like the ^S*. undulatus,
it is a remarkably indigenous insect, and principally attached to the upper portion
of the sylvan regions, — where however it wovild appear to be local, if not indeed
actually scarce. I have taken it beneath moist leaves, and at the edges of the
minute streams, at the Cruzinhas and Fanal (more than 5000 feet above the sea),
during July ; and at the Eeijaa de C6rte, in August. The var. (3. I have captui-ed,
likewise, at the Cruzinhas ; as also, from amongst wet fern, at the Lombo dos
Pecegueiros.

(Subf. 6. OXYTELIDES.)

Genus 208. PLATYSTHETUS.

Mannerheim, Bracliel. 46 (1831).

Corpus parvum, suboblongo-lineare, subdepressum et fere glabrum : capite porrecto, prothoraci
immisso (in maribus paulo majore necnon antice ssepe bispinoso) ; oculis sat parvis, rotundatis :
prothorace transverso, basi rotundato, in medio profunde canaliculato : elytris apice dehiscentibus :
alis amplis (interdum amplissimis) : abdomine marginato, sursum reflectendo, subtus secundum
sexum diverse. Antenna sub frontis margine laterali insertse, subrefractse, apicem versus sensim

4 H

602 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

incrassatfe, articulo primo elongato robusto, ultimo suboblongo. Labrum transverso-subqua-
dratum, lacinia membraneS, triangular! acuminata utrinque (ad angulos anticos) auctum. Man-
dihulee validie acutac, longe infra apicem bidcntatre, in medio membrana ciliatil instructs. Maxilla
biloba; mcmbranacese : loho externa Icaigiusculo subrecto, apice dense barbato : interna breviore,
intus ciliato. Palpi maxillares breviusculi, articulo primo minuto, secundo et tertio subaequalibus
apice leviter incrassatis, ultimo minore subulato : labiates articulo secundo breviusculo, ultimo
vix subuliformi. Mentum transvcrsum. Ligula lata, apice leviter bisinuata; paraylassis ad
apicem liberis acutis, intus dense ciliatis. Pedes breves validi {intermedii distantes) : tibiis (sed
praesertim anterioribus) extus spinulosis ; anticis ad apicem externum emavginatis : tarsis 3-arti-
culatis, articulo ultimo reliquis conjunctis miilto longiore.

The almost glabrous bodies of the Flatystheti, in conjunction vnih. their apically-
subdeliiscent elytra, their spinulose, biurowing tibiae, triarticulated feet, and the
deep central channel of their (posteriorly roxinded) prothorax, will at once serve to
distinguish them, apart from the obscurer characters of their oral organs (which
will be best understood by a reference to the above diagnosis), from their allies.
In addition to the structiu'e of theu' abdominal segments, the males may be
usually known from the females by their rather larger heads, — which in many of
the species moreover have then* anterior margin armed on cither side v,\\\\ an
acute porrccted tooth. They arc insects which are found both in the excrement
of cattle and on mud at tlie edges of stagnant pools. I have generally, hoAvever,
observed tliem to ha more partial to the latter situations than to the former : and
, I have occasionally met with the P. cor nut us, of our owti country, Ijy myriads in
the crevices formed by the heat of the sun on the beds of partially-dried ponds.

§ I. Mandibulce ad apicem integrce.

471. Platysthetus spinosus.

P. niger nitidus leviter punctatus, frontc nx canaliculatil, tibiis piceo-ferrugineis, tarsis paUido-
testaceis.
Mas in insulis Maderensibus adhuc latet (sed differt, sec. cl. Erichson, abdominis segmento septimo

subtus truncato nccnon ad apicem denticulis duobus distantibus munito).
Fwm., capite prothoracis vix latitudine ; abdominis segmento septimo subtus subtriangulariter pro-
ducto, ad apicem rotundato integro.
Long. Corp. liu. 2^.

Platysthetus spinosus, Ericb. Oen. et Spec. Staph. 784 (1839).

Habitat in areuosis Portus Sancti, sub lapide prope oppidum Dccembri mense a.d. 18J:8 a meipso
rcpertus.

P. black, and shining. Head s|iarin£:ly punctured in front, but more closely and deeply so (within
the raised lateral margin of the forehead) towards cither side ; w ith a deep rounded fovea on each
side of its posterior disk, immediately behind which there is an irregularly curved, or more or

TNSECTA MADERENSIA. 603

less angulated, impressed line, — the basal segment which it encloses being about two-thirds of
the entire breadth of the head; with scarcely any indication of the abbreviated central channel
(though with a slight triangular fovea) which in nearly all the described species arises from the
medial (or apical) angle of this basal line : the forehead with its extreme lateral edges much
straightened and elevated (forming a longitudinal ridge above the eyes), with a groove imme-
diately alongside them, and with veiy faint indications of two irregular furrows on either side
within ; and with its anterior angles (beneath which the antennse are inserted) enlarged, some-
what inflated or prominent, and obtuse. Prothorax with the sides and base greatly rounded ;
rather more densely, but not quite so coarsely, punctured as the head ; and with a much larger
puncture (or rounded fovea) on either side of the centre of its anterior margin. Elytra a little
less shining, and rather more finely punctured, than the prothorax, with a slight tendency to be
diluted in colouring behind; and with a finely impressed and curved sutural line on each*.
Antenna and femora almost black ; tibia piceo-ferruginous ; tarsi pale testaceous.

Male not yet detected in the Madeira Islands (but differing, according to Eriehson, from the female
in the seventh segment of its abdomen beneath being truncated, instead of produced, and armed
at the apex with two distant teeth).

Female, with the head scarcely narrower than the anterior portion of the prothorax ; and with the
seventh segment of the abdomen beneath somewhat triangularly produced, — though rounded and
entire at its apex.

Altliough the single specimen from which the above diagnosis has been ch'a'mi
out is larger than the size given by Eriehson for the species with which I have
iclentifiecl it, I have but little doubt that it is correctly referred to the P. spinostis,
— an insect which is recorded both in Portugal and Trance, and with the descrip-
tion of which it in other respects perfectly agrees. It is apparently extremely
local (if not indeed scarce), — my unique example having been captured by myself
at the edges of a sandy road in the immediate vicinity of the Cidade of Porto
Santo, during December of 1848. It was taken, whilst bm*rowing into the soil,
from beneath a stone; and in all probability it would be found in abundance if
that particular district (which produced many other rarities, amongst which the
only individual hitherto detected of the Syncalypta horrida should be especially
noticed) were properly searched.

§ II. MandihulcB ad apicem ipsumfissm.

472. Platysthetus fossor, Woll.

P. niger nitidus parce sed profuude punctatus, fronte postice leviter canaliculata, elytris interdum
testaceo-picescentibus, tibiis tarsisque pallido-testaceis.
Mas, capite prothorace vix latiore, longe infra marginem lateralem sulcis duobus longitudinalibus

* I have gone thus minutely into the sculpture of the upper surface of the P. spinosus, because it is
the same which obtains (subjected to minor modifications for the various species) throughout the Platy-
sfhefi generally, — and is therefore the more important to be noticed.

4h2

(j04 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

subcurvatis utrinque impresso, necnon per marginem anticum spinis duobus porrectis acutis
armato : abdominis segmento sexto subtus obsolete emarginato ; septimo ia medio late sed leviter
impresso (impressione scutiformi ad basin emarginato-truncata, glabra politissima, posterius ad
latera carina utrinque terminata), postice inter carinas emarginato, necnon inter carinas et latera
utrinque bi-inciso (aut potius in dentem obliquum obtusum parvum producto).
Fmm., capite protboracis vix latitudine, sulcis infra marginem lateralem obsoletis, et per marginem
anticum iaarmato : abdominis segmeuto sexto subtus truncato, sed in media parte postica obsolete
subtriangulariter elevato ; septimo producto rotuudato.
Variat elytris pedibusque omnino testaceis, antennarum basi ferruginea.
Long. corp. lin. l-lj.

Habitat Maderam borealem, rarior : per marginem rivuli cujusdam parvi ad Sanctam Annam (humi
lutoso apricitate cursitantia) mense Julio a.d. 1850 plurima specimina coUegi.

P. minute, black, and exceedingly shining. Head about as sparingly punctured as in the last species,
but with au abbreviated and distinct (though very narrow and lightly impressed) channel arising
from the medial angle of the basal transverse line, and extending to about the centre of the disk ;
the forehead with its extreme lateral edges much the same as in that insect, but with the two
irregular inner furrows (on either side) obsolete in the female sex, though very deep and exceed-
ingly well-defined in the males. Prothorax the same as in the P. spinosus, but more coarsely
and remotely punctured and rather more shining. Elytra, likewise, a little more distantly and
deeply punctured than is the case in that species, and usually more diluted in colouring, — having
generally more or less of a piceo-testaceous tinge (and in pale, or immature specimens being
often altogether lurid-testaceous). Antenme sxnX femura piceous-black ; tibue and tarsi pale-
testaceous. (In the lighter varieties the entire legs are testaceous, and the base of the antenna-
is ferniginous.)
Male, with the head a little wider than the anterior portion of the prothorax, and with its front
margin (between the antennae) armed with two porrected (though rather outwardly curved) and
exceedingly acute spines. The abdomen beneath with the sixth segment obsoletely emarginated ;
and with the seventh widely but lightly impressed in the centre (the impression shield-shaped,
being pointed at one end, but truncated and emarginated at the other ; glabrous and highly
polished, and with its edges raised on either side posteriorly into an oblique keel), emarginated
behind between the keels, and somewhat jagged (or twice incised) between either keel and edge,
— or, more strictly perhaps, produced into a small oblique and obtuse tooth outside each of the
carina;.
Female, with the head scarcely narrower than the anterior portion of the prothorax, and with its
front margin unarmed. The abdomen beneath with the sixth segment truncated, but somewhat
triangularly elevated in its central region, — especially behind (where the apex of the triangle is
quite perceptible, though it does not project beyond the edge) ; and with the seventh produced
and rounded.

In size, sculptufc, general contour, and colouring the pi'esent little Flatysthetus
very much resembles the P. nodifi'ons, — with Avhich indeed, until I had subjected
it to a critical examination, I had supposed it to be identical. Apart from minor
distinctions, however, it may be at once recognised from that species, not only by

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 605

the armed lieacls of its males (which have a long and acute spine on either side of
tlieir anterior margin), hut likewise hy the structure of the abdominal segments of
both sexes. From the P. spinosits it not merely recedes in its diminutive bulk,
brighter and more deeply (though sparingly) punctured surface, and in the
different hue of its elytra and legs, but also in its perceptible (though abbreviated)
frontal canal, and in the modification of the under side of its abdomen, — which
displays abundant points of dissimilarity from what has been ah'eady pointed out
as characteristic of that insect, and amongst which the somewhat triangularly
elevated central region of the sixth segment of the females, and the bicarinated
seventh one of the males, should be especially remarked. Like the P. spmosus, it
is apparently extremely local, — but, so far as I have hitherto observed, it is
confined to Madeira proper. The only spot in fact in which I have taken it is at
Santa Anna, in the north of the island, — where, diu'ing the sunmier of 1850, I
captured a large series of specimens from amongst wet mud at the edges of a
small stream which finds its way across the road leading down to the sea from
the Quinta of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly.

Genus 209. OXYTELUS.

Gravenhorst, Col. Micropt. 101 (1802).

Corpus parvum, elongato-lineare, depressum et fere glabrum : capite porrecto, prothorace immisso (in
maribus ssepius paulo majore) ; oculis vel mediocribus vel parvis, subo\"alibus, plerumqiie pro-
minulis : prothorace trausverso, basi subrotundato, in dorso sfepius longitudiualiter trisulcato, ad
latera interdum crenulato, sed sjepius integro : alis amplis : abdomine lineari marginato, sursum
reflectendo, subtus secundum sexum diverse. Antenna, insti-umenta cibaria et pedes fere ut in
Platystheto, sed palporum labialium articulus seciindus lougior ; paraglossa liberae ; et tarsorum
articulus ultimus minus elongatus.

The Oxyteli are in most points of theu' structure nearly identical with the
Platystheti : nevertheless they may be recognised from them by their usually more
opake and minutely strigulose siu-faces, by their somewhat flatter bodies, and bv
theh' prothorax being almost invariably trlsulcated down its disk, — the central
groove of which is straight (being in fact the ordinary dorsal channel), whilst the
one on either side is more or less curved, sinuated, and distinct, according to the
successive modifications which the several members of the group display. They
are insects which are widely distributed over the world, — 17 species having been
recorded as European, whilst others are enumerated from Xorth and South
America, India, Madagascar and the Cape of Good Hope. They are of a burrowing
nature, and for the most part of stercoraceous habits (though a few are occasionaUv
to be met with on wet mud in marshy spots), — being principally moreover exceed-
ingly gregarious, and consequently appearing oftentimes to be more abundant
specifically than they really are.

fiOf! INSECTA MADERENSIA.

§ 1. Prothorax ad latera integerrimus.

473. Oxytelus picens.

O. niger subnitidus, capite prothoraceque sat profunde inaequaliter punctatis (hujus angulis posticis

obtusis), elytris longitudinaliter leviter strigulosis testaceis (regione scutellan nigrescente), an-

tennis breviusculis ad basin diluto-testaceis, pedibus testaceis.

Mas, capite prothorace paulo latiore, subrotundato (clypeo antice ampliato) : abdominis segmento

sexto subtus apice bisinuato (lobo intermedio paulo longiore crassiore leviter elevato, ad apicem

subemarginato-truncato) ; scptimo profunde bi-inciso (lobis lateralibus acurainatis, intermedio

paulo breviore subquadrato, ad apicem in medio obsolete acuto).

Fam,, capite prothorace paulo angustiore, subtriangulari : abdominis segmento sexto subtus apice

truncato ; septimo apice leviter bisinuato (lobo intennedio rotundato-triangulari, ad basin lato).

Long. corp. lin. 2-2\.

Staph^linus picetis, Linn. Sj/st. Nat. i. ii. 686 (1767).

, Fab. Si/st. Ent. 267 (1775).

Oxytelus piceus, Erich. Oen. et Spec. Staph. 788 (1839).
, Heer, Fna Col. Heh. i, 204 (1841).

Habitat in stercore bovino Maderse, et borealis et austraUsj praesertim in locis subinferioribus, toto
anno frequens : in Portu Sancto quoquc occurrit.

O. I)hick, and slightly shining. Head and prothorax rather deeply and unequally punctured (the
jjuncturcs being composed of large ones, and minute ones between) : the former ynih a very
abbreviated central channel behind ; with its extreme lateral edges (over the eyes) sinuated, but
not raised, its anterior angles (beneath which, as is universally the case in the Oxytelides, the
antennae are inserted) elevated and enlarged (although obtuse), and piceo-testaeeous ; and with
the region of its clypeus depressed, less punctured, and with its front margin raised : the latter
with its hinder angles obtuse ; trisulcated down the disk (the outer grooves being shghtly
flexuose, and somewhat obsolete anteriorly) ; and widely (though not veiy deeply) impressed
towards either side. Elytra testaceous, with the scutellary region usually black; and lightly
longitudinally-strigulose. Anfe/ina shorter than the head and prothorax (their second joint being
a little longer than the third), fuscous, with their basal four joints pale piceo-tcstaceous. Legs
pale testaceous.
Male, with the head larger and rounder than the female (being a little wider than the anterior por-
tion of the prothorax), and with its clypeus somewhat enlarged in front, — projecting a little
beyond the fore-margin of the forehead. Tlie abdomen beneath with the sixth segment bisinuated
at its apex (the intermediate lobe bemg rather long, thickened, a little elevated, and subemargi-
nate-truncatcd at its termination) ; and with the seventh very deeply incised on either side (the
lateral lobes, thus formed, being acuminated ; and the intermediate one a little shorter, squarish,
and truncated at its apex, — though just perceptibly pointed in the centre).
Female, with the head a little naiTOwer, and more triangular. The abdomen beneath with the sixth
segment truncated ; and with the seventh slightly bisinuated at its apex (the intermediate portion
being of an obtuse, or rounded-triangular, form ; and very wde at its base).

A common insect both in the north and south of Madeii-a, as well as in Porto

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 607

Santo, at rather low elevations, —occurring in the dung of cattle, at all seasons of
the year. In the neighbom-hoods of Funchal and Santa Anna it is at times
exceedingly abundant. It is universal throughout Europe, and is recorded also
from Syria. It may be at once known from the other Oxyteli with which we are
here concerned by the largely-developed head and clypeus of its male sex, and by
its pale testaceous elytra.

474. Oxytelus sculptus.
O. niger subnitidus, capite prothoraceqvie minus profunde inaequaliter punctatis (hujus angulis posticis
acutiusculis), elytris longitudinaliter strigulosis fusco-piceis, antennis longiusculis ad basin piceo-
feiTugineis, pedibus testaceis.
Mas, abdominis segmento septimo subtus profunde bi-iuciso (lobo intermedio lateralibus squali, ad
apicem emarginato).

Fmm., abdominis segmento septimo subtus apice leviter bisinuato (lobo intermedio triangulari).
Long. Corp. lin. 2.

Oxytelus sculptus, Grav. Mon. 191 (1806).

hngicornis, Mann. Brachel. 48 (1831).

sculptus, Ericb. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 788 (1839).

, Heer, Fiia Col. Helv. i. 20-3 (1811).

Habitat Maderam, prsesertim in lutosis per margines aquarum, rarior.

O. very similar to the O.piceus, but just perceptibly smaller : with its head a.ni prothorax rather more
densely and not quite so deeply punctured, and with a tendency to be a little more roughened
(or minutely strigulose) iu parts ; the former being narrower than the prothorax in both sexes,
with its central channel a little less abbreviated, and with the front margin of its clypeus some-
what more rounded and deflexed ; the latter with its sides posteriorly just appreciably straighter
(and therefore with the hinder angles a little more defined, or acute), and frequently picescent on
Its disk. Eli/tra rather more coarsely longitudinally-strigulose, and of a darker hue, than in that
insect, — being usually chestnut, or brownish-piceous, and with only a slight testaceous tinge.
Antenna distinctly longer than the head and prothorax (their second joint being subequal to, or
perhaps a little shorter than, the third), darker than those of the O. piceus, — being brownish-
black, with the basal three joints piceo-ferruginous. Legs testaceous.

Male, with the seventh segment of the abdomen beneath deeply incised on either side (the interme-
diate lobe being equal to the lateral ones, and emarginated at its apex).

Female, with the seventh segment of the abdomen beneath slightly sinuated at its apex (the interme-
diate portion being less obtuse, or more triangular, than in the O.piceus, and not so wide at its
base).

The above comparative diagnosis will fully explain the differences between the
present insect and the last one,— the longer antennge however of the O. sculptus,
in conjunction with its darker elytra and the less-developed heads of its male sex,
being sufficient even alone to separate it from its aUy. Although, likewise, of
stercoraceous habits, it is upon the whole less exclusively so than the O.piceus,

608 INSECTA MADERENSIA,

l)eiuij often found amongst wet mud and decaying vegetable refuse at the edges of
ponds and streams. I have taken it in the neighboiu'hood of Funchal, dm-ing the
spring ; and at Santa Anna, in July, — though in the latter locality only at the
margin of a small rivulet on the descent from the Quinta of Senhor Louiz Acciaioly
to the sea. It occiu-s throughout the whole of Europe, and is mentioned by Erich-
son as having been brought from Egypt and South iVmerica.

475. Oxytelus complanatus.
O. iiiger subopacus, capite, prothorace elytrisque creberrime longitudinaliter strigulosis, his interdum
obscure fuscescentibus, pedibus diluto-testaceis.
Mas, capite prothoracis latitudine : abdominis segmento sexto subtus ad apicem obsolete trisinuato,
necnon apicem versus parte media transversa crassiore elevata clypeiformi postice emarginata
(quasi e tuberculis duobus magnis basi confluentibus formata) aucto ; septimo late emargiuato.
Foem., capite prothorace angustiore : abdominis segmento sexto subtus truncato ; septimo in medio
triangularitcr producto.
Long. Corp. lin. Ij-l^.

Oxytelus depressus, Gyll. (nee Gray. 1S02) Ins. Succ. ii. i57 (IblO).

complanattts, Ericli. Kaf. der Mark Brand, i. 595 (1837).

, Hear, Fna Col. Heh. i. 206 (1841).

, Eedt. Fna Aiistr. 738 (1849).

Habitat ]\Iadcram, ab ora maritima usque ad summos montes ascendens : in ipsa urbe Funchalensi
abundat, qua tempore screno per aerem volare srepissime videatur.

O. black, and greatly depressed. Head, prothorax and elytra nearly opake, and most densely and
minutely longitudinally-strigulose : the first with an indistinct and very abbrenated central
channel (or fovea) behind, and also with obscure indications of lightly impressed punctures on
its posterior portion ; with its extreme edges slightly raised (except quite in front), straightened
over the eyes, but regularly rounded off (the anterior angles being scarcely at all defined, and
liartUy even elevated) into the region of the clypeus (which is a little depressed) : the second with
its angles rather more defined, or acute, than in the other species ; trisulcated down the disk
(the central groove being narrowed behind, and the outer ones flexuose) ; and both widely and
deeply impressed towards either side : the last of a rather less intense black than the head and
juothorax, — being usually somewhat brownish or pieescent posteriorly. Arttenna considerably
shorter than the head aud prothorax, black. Legs testaceous, — the femora being sometimes
obscurely infuscated.

Male, with the head about as wide as the anterior region of the prothoFax. The abdomen beneath
with the sixth segment minutely waved, or trisinuatcd, at its termination, aud iucrcascd behind
the apex (in the centre) by a transverse, thickened, elevated, clypeiform, but apically emarginated,
portion (as though produced by two large tubercles, — confluent, and conjointly elevated, at their
base) ; and with the seventh widely emarginated.

Female, with the head a little narrower than the prothorax. The abdomen beneath with the sixth
segment truncated; and with the seventh somewhat triangularly produced in the centre.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 609

Throughout all the Madeiran Coleoptera there is perhaps no insect so abvmdant
or universal as the O. complanatus, — which, although scarcer in the mountain
districts, does nevertheless ascend to the svunmits of the peaks, AvhUst in the
lowest elevations it literally teems. In the neighbourhood of Funchal it is to be
met mth everywhere, though its head-quarters may be said to be upon the beach,
or amongst vegetable refuse in the immediate vicinity ; and it may be frequently
captured on the wLng, both in the town itseK and in the gardens and vineyards
which surround it. In the north of the island it is not quite so connnon, though
at times sufficiently numerous at Sao Vincente and Santa Anna ; and during July
of 1850 I obsei'ved it in profusion thi'oughout the upland Serras bordering on the
Cruzinhas, — 5000 feet above the sea. It may be easily recognised by its greatly
flattened, opake, and densely strigulose surface, by its elytra being scarcely more
diluted in hue than the rest of the body (at least this is the case with the Madeiran
specimens, which are rather darker in this region than the ordinary ones), and by
its anteriorly-rounded and altogether more even forehead. It occurs in most parts
of central and southern Europe, but appears to be rarer than many of the allied
members of the genus.

476. Oxytelus nitidulus.
O. angustiusculus niger nitidulus, capite prothoraceque profunde sed parcius subruguloso-punctatis

(illo pone clypeum fortiter transversim foveolato), elytris longitudinaliter strigulosis testaceo-

piceis, pedibus testaceis, abdomine in utroque sexu fere simplice.
Long. Corp. liu. 1-1:^.

StapTiylinus pieeus, Sclirank (nee Liun. 1767), JEimm. Ins. Austr. 236 (1781).
Oxytelus nitidulus, Gray. Col. Micropt. 107 (1802).

, Eriuh. Gen. et Spec. Staph. 795 (1839).

• , Heer, Fna Col. Helv. i. 206 (1841).

Habitat Maderam Portumque Sanctum, prsesertim iu locis subinferioribus, Line inde minus frequens.

O. small, ratter narrow, black, and a little more sbining tban any of the preceding species. Head
and jirothorax deeply but rather sparingly punctured, and slightly longitudinally-strigulose : the
former (which is a little larger in the males than in the females) with a very indistinct and
abbreviated central impressed line behind ; with its extreme edges slightly raised, straightened
over the eyes, but the anterior angles a little better defined, and the front margin somewhat more
truncated, than is the case with the 0. complanatus ; with a deep transverse fovea immediately
behind (and of the same width as) the clypeus, — which is consequently raised at the base (though
deflexed in front) : the latter trisulcated down the disk (the outer grooves being slightly flexuose,
but indistinct) ; and widely impressed towards its sides. Elytra varying from testaceo-piceous
into nearly black ; and longitudinally-strigulose. Abdomen almost simple in both sexes. An-
tenrue considerably shorter than the head and prothorax, black. Leys diluted-testaceous.

A common European Oxytelus, — and recorded by Erichson from Egypt, South
America and Mexico. It does not seem to be very abundant in these islands,

4i

610 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

though occuiTing (especially at low elevations toAvards the coast) both in Madeira
and Porto Santo. It is an exceedingly well-marked species, — its small size and
somewhat narrow outUne, in conjunction with its coarsely punctured head and
prothorax (the former of which has a deep transverse fovea between the eyes, thus
causing the clypeus to appear elevated behind), and its rather more shiuing sur-
face than is usually the case amongst the memljers of the present genus, being
sufficient, apart from minor distinctions, at once to characterize it.

§ II. Prothorax ad latera mirmtissime inaqualis, sed vix subcrenuJatus.

4:17. Oxytelus glareosus, TToll

O. aiigustus fuscus opacus, capite piceo dense rugiiloso, prothorace brevi fusco-ferrugineo (sulcis
dorsalibus obsoletis) elytrisque dense substriguloso-rugulosis, antennis longiusculis infuscato-
ferrugineis, pedibus pallido-tcstaceis.
Mas, capite protboracis latitudine : abdominis segmento sexto apice truncato, septimo late

emargiuato.
Foem. adhuc latet.
Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Habitat in Jladera australi, semel tautum (a meipso iu borto Loweano prope Funchal tempore vernali
A.D. 1848) repertus.

O. minute, exceedingly narrow, fuscous, and opake. Head, prothorax and elytra coarsely and densely
roughened (the lust however having alone much tendency to longitudinal strigulation) : i)ie first
oblong and piceous ; with a very indistinct central impressed line behind ; with its extreme edges
minutely raised, deeply sinuated over the eyes (which, although small, are consequently a good
deal exposed, — and which, in my single example, are brownish-ferruginous), and the front
margin (though rounded) a httle more produced than in any of the preceding species ; the region
of the clypeus depressed (in a curved, and rather a sudden and regular, manner behind) : the
second short and transverse, brownish-ferruginous, with its discal sulci almost obsolete, and with
its extreme lateral margins just perceptibly roughened, tliough scarcely subcrcnulated : the last
of a rather duller hue than the prothorax, but not so dark as the head, — being somewhat fuscous.
Abdomen pale fuscous, with the hinder margin of each segment somewhat diluted in colouring.
Antenna distinctly longer than the head and prothorax (their basal joint being elongated, and
■ subclavate at its apex), brownish-ferruginous, with their base (and the palpi) a little paler. Let/s
pale testaceous.

Male (?) with the head about as wide as the anterior portion of the prothorax. The abdomen beneath
with the sixth segment truncated, and with the seventh broadly cmarginatcd.

Female (?) as yet undetected.

The unique specimen from Avhich the above description has liccn compiled pre-
sents so many points of discrepancy from the other O.vi/teli here described, that
there is but little fear of confoimding it with any of them. Apart from its minute
size and narrow outline, and the slightly jagged (or subcrcnulated) edges of its

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 611

pi'othorax, it may be immediately recognised by its densely and coarsely roughened
(tbough not very distinctly strignlose) and perfectly opake upper svu-face, by its
oblong head, small eyes, lengthened antenna?, and by its light and rusty hue. Its
colour indeed (unless my single example be immature, — which however, even if
such is the case, would hardly account entirely for its peculiarity in this respect)
is very remarkable, — its prothorax (on which the discal sulci are almost obsolete)
and eyes being of a bright brownish-ferruginous, whilst its elytra and abdomen
are more dull, and its head is nearly piceous. It was captm'ed, by myself, during
the spring of 1848, out of a di-ied bone in the Eev. R. T. Lowe's garden at the
Levada, — where I have since constantly searched for it, bvit in vain.

Genus 210. TROGOPHLCEUS.

Manuerlieim, Brachel. 49 (1831).

Corpus sat minutum, plus minusve sixbcyclindrico-lineare, plerumque creberrime et minutissime punc-
tulatum et subtiliter sericeo-pube.scens : capita porrecto, prothorace immisso ; oculis rotundatis,
prominulis : prothorace subcordato, in dorso ssepius longitudinaliter bi-impresso : scutello ple-
rumque obsoleto (rarius observando) : alis amplis : ahdomine linear! marginato. Antenna et
imtrumeiita cibaria fere ut in genere prsecedenti, sed palporum maxillarium articulus ultimus
crassior ; palpi lahiales breviores ; et paraglossa ligulse omnino connatae eamque baud superantes.
Pedes breves subtenues {intermedii approximati) : tibiis muticis pubescentibus : tarsis 3-articulatis
brevibus, articulis primo et secundo brevissimis.

The little insects included under the genus Trogopliloeiis may be known by their
narrow and subcylindrical bodies, by theu' closely and minutely punctulated and
delicately pubescent surfaces, by their more or less subcordate prothorax (which is
generally impressed vidth two somewhat interrupted longitudinal fovesB on its
hinder disk), and by then* unarmed tibiae and exceedingly short feet. They occur
principally in muddy sj)ots, especially at the edges of stagnant water and of par-
tially dried streams : nevertheless a few are stated to be found beneath the bark
of trees, — a position however in which I have not myseK ever succeeded in de-
tecting them.

478. Trogophlceus nanus, Woll.
T. subcylindrico-angustus subnitidus creberrime subtiliter punctulatus et pube subtili cinerea undique

tectus, prothorace subcordato, in disco postico obsolete quadrifoveolato, antennis palpisque fusco-

picescentibus, pedibus diluto-testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. 1.

Habitat per margines aquarum Maderse, rarissimus : ad Sanctam Annam sestate media a.d. 1850 tria
specimina cepi.

T. minute, narrow, linear, and somewhat cylindrical ; black, slightly shining, densely and minutely
punctulated (less distinctly so on the abdomen), and beset all over with a delicate cinereous

4l2

612 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

pubescence, — which however is somewhat darker on the head and prothorax than elsewhere.
Head with the anterior angles a little raised, and with the clypeus rounded in front. Protfiorax
subcordate, and with two longitudinal interrupted impressions on its hinder disk,— constituting
four somewhat obsolete fovcje. Elytra occasionally a little more diluted in hue towards their
apex, — though at other times apparently quite black. Antenna dark brownish-piceous, with
their base (and the palpi) a shade paler. Legs pale diluted-testaceous.

The present minute Trogophlceus, which seems to differ slightly from all the
Em'opean species with which I am acquainted, would appear to be extremely rare,
— though, from its diminutive size, obscure hue and burrowing habits, it is of
course very liable to be overlooked. The only thi-ee specimens Avhich I have seen
were captured by myself in the north of the island dm-ing the summer of 1850,—
from off mud at the edges of a small stream at Santa Anna.

(Subf. 7. OMALIADES.)

Genus 211. OMALIUM.
Gravenhorst, Col. Mieropt. 116 (1802).

Corpus parvum, lineaii-oblongum, subdepressum : capite porrecto, postice ocellis duobus instructo; oculis
rotundatis prominulis : prothorace ssepius transverso, anguUs posticis subrectis : scutello distincto,
triangulari : ehjtris pectore longioribus, angulo apicis cxteriore rotundato : alls amplis : abdomine
margiuato. Antenna sub fi'ontis margine laterali insertre, rectae, apicem versus incrassat^,
articulo primo longiusculo robusto, secundo paulo minore, ultimo subovato. Labium transversum,
apice sinuatum et membrana brevissima ciliata auctum. Mandibula breves mutica. Maxilla
bilobaj membranacex : Inbo externa apice barbato : interna extus corneo, apice denticulo termi-
nato, intus ciliato. Palpi maxillares articulo primo minuto, secundo longiusculo, tertio paulo
breviore, uUimo secundi longitudine plerumque subacuminato-fusiformi : labiates brcviusculi,
articulis primo et ultimo longitudine subcequalibus, secundo breviore. Mentum transversum.
Lif/ula biloba, lobis rotundatis ; paraglossis indistinctis. Pedes breves subtenucs {intermedii
plerumque approximati, scd in speeiebus Madercnsibus parum distantcs) : tibiis plus miuusve
subtiliter spinulosis : tarsis 5-articulatis (in nostris subtus dense pubcscentibus), articidis quatuor
baseos brevissimis inter se aequalibus, ultimo his conjunctis vel squali vel (ut in nostris) multo
longiore.

The O media may be recognised from the members of every other genus here
described by the two ocelli with which the hinder region of then- forehead is fm--
nished. They are insects of a more or less oblong and subdepressed form, their
elytra are ample (covering a larger portion of the abdomen than is the case in any
of the preceding groups), the terminal articulation of thou- palpi is longer than the
penultimate one (and more or less fusiform), theu- tibitL' are very minutely spinu-
lose, and their tarsi (which in the j\Iadeii-an representatives are densely pubescent
beneath, thus far coinciding with those of the Anthobia) have the fii-st four joints

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 613

extremely short and subequal. They are principally to be found on flowers, or
under the loose bark of trees ; though a few occur beneath stones and decaying
vegetable refuse, — especially in alpine and maritime districts.

§ I. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo suhacv/minato-fusiformi : iihice suhtiliter spinulosce.

479. Omalium ocellatum, Woll.
O. fusco-piceum subpunctatum, capite ocellis magnis flavis instructo, prothorace insequali, limbo

elytrisque diluto-testaceis, antennarum basi ferruginea, pedibus testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. \\.
Habitat in ins. Deserta Boreali, a meipso Junio ineunte a.d. 1850 repertum.

O. subovate-oblong (being a little expanded posteriorly), brownisli-piceous, and slightly shining.
Head, prothorax and elytra rather coarsely subpiinctate ; the first uneven ; with the anterior
angles raised and rather prominent (their lateral edges being slightly elevated, and produced ob-
liquely backwards on to the forehead) ; vA\h the clypeus obtusely rounded in front ; and with
two large ocelli of a bright yellow hue on its hinder disk : the second transverse, a little narrowed
behind, and with its posterior angles almost right angles ; likewise exceedingly uneven, but with
indications of a larger longitudinal depression on either side of its disk ; its margins (especially
the lateral and basal ones), together with the elytra, diluted-testaceous. Antenna rather paler
than the head, and bright ferruginous at their base. Legs testaceous.

Readily known from the following species by its much greater bulk and pro-
portionably wider outline, by its paler, subpitnctiu"ed and more imeven surface,
and by the larger (and bright yellow) ocelli mth wliich the hinder region of its
forehead is fiu'uished. The specimen from which the above description has been
compiled is hitherto unique, — having been captiu^ed by myself on the Northern
Dezerta, or Ilheo Chao, during my encampment on that island, Avith the Rev.
R. T. Lowe, at the beginning of June 1850.

§ II. Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo graciliore suhcylindrico : tibia vix spinulosce.

480. Omalium granulatum, Woll.

O. angustum nigro-piceum subtilissime et creberrime grauulatum, capite ocellis parvis picescentibus
instructo, prothorace in disco postico profunde longitudinaliter bifoveolato, antennis ferrugineis,
pedibus diluto-testaceis.

Long, coi-p. Un. ^.

Habitat in Madera boreali sylvatica, rarissime : ad Lombo dos Pecegueiros mense Juho a.d. 1850
quatuor specimina inveni.

O. minute, narrow and nearly parallel, dark piceous, and scarcely at all shining. Head, prothorax

614. INSECTA MADERENSIA.

and elytra most delicately and closely granulated (but with scarcely any indication on the first
two of punctures intermixed, though a few very lightly impressed ones are just indicated on the
last) : the first less uneven than in the preceding species, with the anterior angles however raised
(though not prominent, nor with their lateral edges backwardly produced on to the forehead) ;
with the clypeus rounded in front (but a little less obtusely so than in that insect) ; and with a
deep though very short longitudinal fovea on either side of its hinder disk, in the base of which
the oceUi (which are small and picescent) are immersed : the second of the same form as that of
the O. ocellatum, but less uneven (or, rather, more regularly impressed), and with a deep longi-
tudinal fovea on either side of its hinder disk. Antenna ferruginous. Legs dull testaceous.

Tlie exceedingly minute size and narrow, parallel outUnc of the present Omalimn,
in conjunction with its dark piceous hue (the limbs being alone pale), its closely
and delicately granulated (though scarcely punctured) surface, and the short, deep
and well-defined longitudinal fovea on either side of its hinder prothoracic disk,
Avill at once serve to distinguish it from evei*ything else with wliich we have here to
do. It is apparently extremely rare, — the only four specimens wliich I have seen
having been captured by myself from off the outer canvass of my tent (whither
they had flown towards the dusk of the evening), in the dense forest region of the
Lombo dos Peeegueiros, dimng July of 1850.

(Subf. 8. PROTEINIDES.)

Genus 212. MEGARTHRUS. (Tab. XIII. fig. 9.)
(Kirby) Steph. ///. Brit. Ent. v. 330 (1832).

Corpus parvum, subovatum, subdepressum et dense pimctulatum : capite porrecto subtriangulari,
ocellis nidlis instructo ; oculis rotundatis prominulis : prothorace transverse, in medio profunde
canaliculato, ad latera leviter complanato, angulis posticis excavatis : scutello distincto, triangu-
lari : elytris pectore longioribus, angulo apieis exteriore rotundato : alis sat amphs : abdomin^
breviusculo marginato. Antenna sub frontis margine laterali insertse, rectse, in medio graciles,
apicem versus leviter incrassatsc, articulis primo et secundo (illo prrecipuc) longiusculis robustis,
ultimo subgloboso. Labrum (XIII. 9 a) sub frontis margine reconditum, breve trausversum,
antice membrana (in typicis integi'A, sed in specie jMadcrensi) valde biloba auetum. Mandibula
(XIII. 9 b) parvae muticse, intus membranS, ciliata instructse. Maxilla (XIII. 9 c) bilobre : lobo
externa membranacco, apice (nccnon apicem versus exteriorem) dense barbato : inter-no vLx bre-
viore, extus subcorneo apice acuminato, intus vix ciliato. Palpi maxillares articulo primo
miuuto, secundo sat magno, tertio breviore, ultimo (in specie nostra) secundo longiore subgracili
fusiformi : labiates (XIII. 9 d) breves, articulis magnitudine leviter decrescentibus. Mentum
comeum, antice angustatum sed ad ajiicem truncatum. Ligula biloba ciliata ; pai-aglossis in
specie nostril (nisi fallor) ligulam baud superautibus. Pedes brcviusculi subtenues {intermedii
subapproximati) : tibiis muticis : tarsis (XIII. 9 e) 5-articulatis, articulis quatuor baseos brevibus
leviter decrescentibus, idtimo his conjunctis breviore.

The insects of the present genus may be distinguished (apart from all other
characteristics) by the incised, or naiTowly excavated, hinder angles of their

INSECTA MADERENSIA, - 615

(deeply channeled) prothorax. Their antennae are somewhat slender, with the
first and second joiats a good deal enlarged and the ultimate one subglobose ; their
head is triangular and free from ocelli, their elytra cover a considerable portion of
their abdomen, and their tiljise are almost unarmed. In their habits they are
chiefly fungivorous, and of a rather gregarious nature, — the foiu" species (all
European) which have been hitherto described occurring at times in the greatest
profusion amongst Boleti in sylvan districts : nevertheless they may be occa-
sionally found beneath the bark or at the roots of trees, — especially Firs, to which
one or two of them seem to be more particularly attached. By a glance at the
above diagnosis, it will be perceived that the Madeiran representative is not
altogether a typical member of the group, since in the bilobed membranous
appendage of its upper lip and in the shortness of its paraglossse it coincides with
the Frofeini. Nevertheless m all other respects it is a true Megm'tlirus, — with
which in its general contour, moreover, as well as in the scooped-ovit posterior
angles of its prothorax, it precisely accords.

481. Megarthrus longicomis, Woll. (Tab. XIII. fig. 9.)

M. fuscus subrugulosus subopacus, prothorace profunde canaliculato, basi in medio transversioi
impresso, versus latera dilutiore, abdomine antennarumque apice nigrescentibus, pedibus
testaceis.

Long. corp. lin. 1^.

Habitat Maderam, rarior ; semel tantum (a meipso prope Funchal) repertus.

M. subovate (being a little expanded behind the middle), fuscous, or pale brown, and minutely pubes-
cent. Head, prothorax and elytra rather closely punctured and subrugulose, and almost opake :
the first of a somewhat obscurer hue, and a little produced in front : the second of a clearer
colour, — especially anteriorly and towards the sides, where it is almost ferruginous; deeply
channeled down the disk j with a central transverse impression behind ; with its posterior angles
emarginated (or scooped out), and with its sides just appreciably subangulated at a short distance
in advance of them : the last of a rather duller tint than the prothorax, but paler than the
head. Abdomen more finely and remotely punctulatcd, just perceptibly shining, and (particularly
towards its base) dark. Antenna ferruginous at their base, and blackish towards then- apex.
Legs testaceous.

Apart from the struotural peculiarities of the present Megarthrus (which have
been already pointed out, and in which it recedes from the normal members of the
group and assimilates the Frotemi), it differs from all the Em-opean species
hitherto described in its distinctly longer antennse and in the deep central im-
pression at the base of its prothorax, — as well as in numerous other (smaller)
particulars which will be easily gathered by a reference to the diagnosis. In
general /acJ6* it is a good deal allied to the If. denticolUs, Beck, — with which, on
examination, however, it of course cannot be for a moment confounded. I have

616 INSECTA MADERENSIA.

seen hitherto but a single specimen, — which was captured by myself in the vicinity
of Funchal (though I have no recollection, or note, of the exact position) during
the spring of 1848.

Genus 213. METOPSIA, TTW. (Tab. XIII. fig. 7.)

Corpus parvum, latum, subdepressum, rugosum sed vix pubescens : capite porrecto sub-semicirculari,
intra angulos anticos utrinque fisso, postice ocello singulo elevato medio instructo ; oculis parvis
rotundatis, valde prominentibus : prothorace transverse, antice emarginato (caput recipiente), in
medio profunde canaliculato, ad latcra latissime subrecun-o-explanato, necnon intra angulos
posticos late traiisversim exsecto, basi in medio sinuato : scutello distincto, triangulari : elytris
pectore longioribus, angulo apicis exteriore vix rotundato : alls obsoletis : abdomine late margi-
nato, apicem versus attenuato, segmento sexto in maribus subtus in medio triangulariter incise.
Antenna et mandihula fere ut in Megartbro. Labrum (XIII. 7 a) sub frontis margine recondi-
tum, breve transversum, antice rotundatum et membrana, iutegra auctum. Maailla (XIII. 7 b)
bilobse : lobo externa menibranaceo latissimo, ad apicem truncate, intus, apice et apicem versus
exteriorem dense barbate : intemo breviere, extus subcorneo, intus vix ciliate. Palpi (XIII. 7 b
et 7 c) fere ut in genere prrecedenti, sed maxiUarium articulus secundus longior. Mentum (XIII. 7 c)
corneum, antice angiistatum rotundatum, in medio carinatum. Ligula submembranacea lata
biloba, lobis valde divergentibus acuminatis; paraglossis ligulam baud superantibus. Pedes
breviusculi subtenues {intermedii approximati) : tibiis pubescentibus ; intermediis (praesei+im in
maribus) leriter incurvis : tarsis 5-articulatis brevibus, subtus dense pubescentibus, articulis
quatuor baseos (pra;sertim in anterioribus et in sexu masculo) leviter dilatatis et paulatim decres-
centibus (quarto subemarginato), ultimo bis conjunctis multo breviere.

A ftera post, et cn^ia vesper.

The remarkable insect (apparently of noctm-nal habits) from which the above
characters have been drawn out is closely allied to Fhoeobiinn, — from which, how-
ever, it recedes in the singular form of its ligula and outer maxillary lobe, in its
keeled and apically rounded mentum, in the slightly different structure of its
antennae and feet, as well as in its freedom from wings, in its comparatively large
size and extremely broad outline, in its very deeply channeled prothorax, and in its
more ample elytra. In the single ocellus with which it is furnished, and in the
incised margins of its forehead, it agrees with that genus, — peculiarities moreover
which, in conjunction with its ■«-idely flattened (or dUated) edges, and the somewhat
curved intermediate tibiye of its male sex, Avill at once cUstinguish it from every
other Madeiran member of the Bntchelytra hitherto discovered.

482. Metopsia ampliata, WoU. (Tab. XIII. fig. 7.)
M. lata ferruginea rugosa opaca, pretborace in medio canalicula profunda glaberrima pelita impresso,

ad latera valde explanato, antennis apicem versus obscurioribus.
Long. cerp. lin. 1|.

Habitat per regionem Maderx sylvaticam rarissime: ad Ribeiro Frio tempore hiberno a.d. 1849
necnon ad Feijaa de Corte Julio ineunte a.d. 1850 cellegi.

INSECTA MADERENSIA. 617

M. wide, ferruginous, and almost unpubesceut (except on the abdomen, where it is clothed with a
short pile). Hcad,proihorax and elytra exceedingly roughened, and opake : the first studded with
distant granules, but only obscurely punctured ; expanded at the edges but truncated in front ;
incised on either side of its cljrpeus (within the anterior angles), and with a greatly elevated
ocellus in the centre of its hinder disk : the second much flattened and subrecui-ved towards the
sides (which are of a slightly clearer colour) ; coarsely punctured, but less evidently granided ; with
a wide, deep, glabrous and highly polished channel down the disk ; with its posterior angles
broadly sliced off along the basal margin (the incision ending abruptly nearly midway between
either angle and the centre) ; and sinuated at the base of its dorsal canal : the last, likewise,
expanded at the edges (but less so than the prothorax) ; and deeply and roughly subpunctured.
Abdomen a little shining, and, with the apical portion of the antenna, slightly obscured ; the
latter at their base testaceous. Leffs dull testaceous, or ferruginous.

Apparently of the greatest rarity, two specimens only having hitherto come
beneath my notice, — one of which I captui-ed at the edges of the Levada of the
Ribeiro Frio, during the winter of 18i9 ; and the other, early in August of 1850,
at the Feijaa de C6rte,

4 K

APPENDIX.

(1) Tarns snturalis (p. 3). Specimens of this iasect have been lately com-
municated to me by T. S. Leacock, Esq. of Fim-chal, from the Ponta Sao Loui-engo,
— the nearest portion of Matleh'a proper to Porto Santo (on which island, as already
stated, it aboimds). This discovery is of the greatest interest in a geographical
point of view, as supplying another instance of the close resemljlance of the fauna
of the Sao Loiu'en90 promontory to that of Porto Santo, — a similarity which the
Terrestrial ^Eollusca moreover of the two districts would no less tend to confii-m.

(2) Scar'ites abbreriatiis (p. 11). Two examples, stated to have been brought
from the Ilheo Bugio (the Southern Dezerta), have been forwarded by Mr. Leacock.
Tliey differ scarcely at aU, either in size or in the scidpture of the basal margin of
their elytra, from the var. y. of the diagnosis, — the state which obtains on the
Ilheo de Fora ; and I have therefore admitted them, in my Tables of Distribution,
under that particular variety. Nevertheless I would wish it to be understood
that they are not pi'ccisehj similar ; and also that I do not hold myself responsible
for their having been truly found in the locality professed.

(3) Sarpalus litigiosus (p. 51). The Ponta Sao Loui*enco may be added as a
locality for this insect, — a district from whence I have received several specimens
(along with the H. atteni(atiis) differing in no respect from the PrayaPormoza and
Porto Santan representatives except that their pronotum is (if anything) perhajis a
trifle shorter, and just perceptibly (especially towards the posterior angles) more
flattened. They have also an obscure cyaneous tinge, — the tendency to assume
which (however indistinct) is at all times traceable, and which should have been
mentioned in the diagnosis. Since the description was ■nTitten, I have taken it in
our own country (on the Devonshire coast), — where however it would appear to
be of the greatest rarity. The English examples are more evidently cyaneous than
even the Ponta Sao Louren90 ones ; and it is probable therefore that tliis pecu-
liarity of colom'ing is typical in more northern latitudes.

(4) Cryptoplmgus (p. 171). The following description of a minute and very in-
teresting Cryptophagus slioukl be inserted. It has been recently communicated
by the llev. 11. T. Lowe (by whom it was discovered at the Ribciro Prio, during
the summer of 1851) ; and is e^'idently a truly indigenous species.

483. Ciyptopliagns Nitididoides, Woll.
C. ovatus convexus rafo-ferrugineus subnitidus pubescens, capite prothoraceque punctatis, hoc sub-
quadrato-transverso, ad latcia parce irrcgulariter subserrato dente medio obscurissiine armato et

APPENDIX. 619

augulis anticis incrassatis, elytris nitidioribus minute punctatis apicem versus attenuatis, antennis
valde robustis, peclibus testaceis.
Long. Corp. lin. |.

Habitat in Madera sylvatica, a Rev''" Dom" Lowe ad Ribeiro Frio (aestate a.d. 1851) detectus.

C. ovate, convex, rufo-ferruginous, slightly shining, and clothed with a fine (though short) silken
pubescence. Head &tiA prothorax punctured (though much less densely so than in the C. affiais) :
the latter somewhat transverse-quadrate, and with the pubescence on either side of its disk
inwardly directed, causing the dorsal region to seem (especially behind) as though obsciu'cly
keeled ; the anterior angles thickened (but scarcely increased into a ridge, like those of the
C. affinis) ; and with the lateral edges very sparingly and irregularly subserrated (hardly cre-
nulate), — the central portion being rather more evidently dentiform than the remainder (the
extreme medial point appearing acute under a high power of the microscope). Elytra rather
more shining and less deeply punctured than the rest of the surface ; with the humeral angles a
good deal thickened and prominent; and gradually acuminated from the base to the apex.
Antenna exceedingly robust, and scarcely (if at all) paler than the rest of the surface. Legs
distinctly paler, being duU testaceous.

A most anomalous little Cryptophagus, — bearing a certain prima facie resem-
blance, in colour, contour and texture, to some of the paler Nitidiila;. In the
form of its mentum it recedes from every species with which I am acquainted, the
front emargination being armed in the centre with a robust corneous tooth. Apart
from its diminutive bulk and the peculiar structure of the edges of its prothorax,
it may be at once known from the C. affinis by its ovate outline (its elytra being
gradually acuminated behmd), and by its rather darker and more shining, as well
as more lightly sculptm'ed and less pubescent sm"face. Its greatly incrassated
antennae moreover (the terminal joint of which wants the oblique truncation which
is just indicated in the normal members of the group), in conjunction with its
thickened and prominent himieral angles, should be especially noticed, as serving
additionally to distinguish it.

(5) Atlantis Force (p. 380). I have lately received a series of this insect from
Mr. Leacock, captured on the Ponta Sao Louren90 ; and am inclined, on fui'ther
examination, to regard it as a local form of the A. Schaumii, and have con-
sequently entered it as such into the Systematic Index at the commencement of
this work. I shoidd state, however, that the small distinctive characters (with
the exception of the size, — which is more unstable than in the Porto Santan
examples, though on the average rather larger than is there the case) ah'eady
pointed out in the (then) unique specimen from which the diagnosis was compiled,
appear to be perfectly constant ; and I have therefore registered it as a well-
defined variety, — which at the least it must be allowed to be. At the same time I
would by no means wish to assert positively that the two may not be specifically
distinct.

4k2

G20 APPENDIX.

(6) Meloe (p. 526, note). Since the note was written relating to the largely-
developed cultriform process in the hinder legs of Meloe (wliich, whilst appearing
to be but a modification of the tibial spui*, is in reality articulated on to the foot),
my attention has been directed by Adam "VMiite, Esq., of the British Museum, to
an observation by Mr. MacLeay, in the 15th volume of the Transactions of the
Linncean Societi/ (a.d. 1827), which, singularly enough, almost coincides vdih the
suggestion which I ventm-ed to tlu-ow out. As it is a subject not altogether devoid
of interest, I subjoin his remarks verbatim. " Hence," says he, " in Hetero-
merous insects generally, we may perhaps suppose that it is the foiirth joint of the
tarsus <which vanishes. I say generally, because there may be many exceptions to
this rule ; — perhaps, for instance, Meloii and the insects allied to it. These are true
Ileteromera ; but on looking at theu- posterior feet we find an obconical process,
which seems to represent the lost articulation, and occasions one almost to fancy,
although not perhaps very philosophically, that it is the second joint of the tarsus
which articulates with the tibia."

COERIGENDA.

p. G3 — lor Trechusjimicolus, read Treehus Jtmicola.
p. 284 —for (1764), read (1762).

INDEX.

abbreviatus, Scarites, 11.
tibhrematus, Dej. (Scarites), 11.
Acalles, Schtin., 329.
Acalles albolineatus, IVolL, 338.

cyliuilricoUis, iVolL, 341.

tlis])ai-, WolL, 337.

glob\ilipennis, IVoll., 339.

lunulatus, IVolL, 3-10.

Neptimus, WolL, 330.

noflifenis. WolL, 334.

oblitiis, WolL, 333.

ornatus, WolL, 336.

piilvenilentus, WolL, 332.

saxicola, WolL, 332.

termiualis, WolL, 335.

Van, WolL, 335.

Wollastoni, 342.

Wollastoni, Chev., 342.

Achenium, Curtis, 586.
Achenium Ilartungii, 587.

Hartunyii, Heer, 587.

acicula, WolL, Stenotis, 316.
Acratrichis, Mots., 107.
Acratriehis fascicularis, 108.

pumila, 109.

pumila. Mots., 109.

umbricola, WolL, 108.

acuminata, KoU. (Asida), 503.
acuminatus, Wall., Lichenophagus,

391.
Acupalpus dorsalis, Dej., 60.

harpalinus, Dej., 61.

-, Heer, 61.

Adonia mntahUis, Muls., 461.
adcena, Waltl (Cryptophagus), 168.
advena, WolL, Ptiuus, 261.

, Silvanus, 168.

advena, Erich. {Silvanus), 168.

, Sturm (Silvanus), 168.

aenescens, WolL, Omias, 383.
feneus, Philonthus, 580.
eeneus, Erich. (Pliilonthus), 580.

, Grav. (Stuphi/linus), 580.

, Gyll. (Staphi/limis), 580.

, Rossi (Staphylinus), 580.

offinis. Fab. (Cassida), 439.
affiuis, Cryptophagus, 170.
affinis, Erich. (Cryptophagus), 1/0.

, Redt. (Cryptophagus), 170,

, Sturm (Cryptophagus), 170.

, Payk. (Hister), 216.

affinis, Rugilus, 592.
affinis, Heer (Rugilus), 592.

, Erich. (Stilicus), 592.

, Redt. (Stilicus), 592.

Agabus, Leach, 83.

Agahus bipunctatus, Aube, 84.

bipustulatus, 83.

— — bipustulatus, Aube, 83.
Maderensis, WolL, 85.

Agabus nebulosus, 84.

Agonum, Bon., 33.

Agoiuiin marginatum, Dej., 34.

, Erich., 34.

alatus, WolL, Pristouychus, 27.
albipes, Sturm (Anchomenus), 33.

, III. (Carobus), 33.

albolineatus, WolL, AcaMes, 338.
albopietus, U^olL, Ptinus, 267.
albosquamosus, WolL, Tychius, 345.
Aleocharides, 540.
Aleochara, 559.
Aleochara Armitagei, WolL, 559.

atramentaria, Gyll., 556.

, Zett., 556".

exigua, Mann., 561.

longicornis, Grav., 656.

morion, 561.

morion. Erich., 561.

, Grav., 561.

, Lat., 561.

, Mann., 561.

nitida, 560.

nitida, Erich., 561.

, Grav., 561.

, Gyll., 561.

, Mann., 561.

obscura, Grav., 541.

—, Gyll., 541.

tristi.s, 560.

tristis, Erich., 560.

, Grav., 560.

, Gyll., 560.

Mann., 560.

Alphitobius, Steph., 497.
Alphitobius diapcrinus, 498.

mauritanicus, Steph., 498.

alpinus, WolL, Hadrus, 502.
alternans, WolL, Ephistemus, 177.
alticola, WolL, Trechus, 69.
Amara, Bo«., 4/.
Amara superans, WolL, 48.

trivialis, 47.

trivialis, Dej., 48.

, Erich., 48.

Heer, 48.

Amaroides, Sol. (Hegeter), 509.

, Dej. (Melancrus), xi.

ambiguus, Payk. (Carabus), 31.
ampliata, WolL, Metopsia, 616.
Anachoreta, Fab. (Aphodius), 225.
anale, WolL, Somatium, 564.
Anaspls, Geoffr., 531.
Anaspis Proteus, WolL, 532.
Ancnomenus, Bon., 32.
Anchomenus albipes, Stimn, 33.
Anchomenus marginatus, 33.

pallipes, 33.

pallipes. Dej., 33.

, Heer, 33.

Anemophilus, WolL, 385.
Anemophdus crassus, WolL, 386.

subtessellatus, WolL, 387.

trossulus, WolL, 388.

angustatus. Fab. (Curculio), 352.
angustatus, Lixus, 351.
angustatus, Dahl (Lixus), 353.

, Fab. (Lixus), 352.

, Schbn. (Lixus), 352.

, Steph. (Lixus), :&2.

, Fab. (Staphylinus), 594.

, Payk. (Staphylinus), 594.

angustatus, Sunius, 593.
angustatus, Erich. (Sunius), 594.

, Ilcer (Sunius), 594.

Anisodactylus, Dej., 49.
Anisodactylus binotatus, 49.

binotatus, Dej., 50.

, Heer. 50.

AXISOTOMIDJ;, 482.

Anobium, Fab., 275.

Anobiuut frumentarium. Fab., 167-

paniceum, 277.

paniceum. Fab., 277.

, GvlL, 277.

, O'hv., 277.

-, Steph.,

536.

- pertinax. Fab., 278.

Ptilinoides, WolL, 278.

ruficolle, Thung., 258.

striatum, 278.

striatum, Gyll., 2/8.

, Oliv., 278.

, Steph., 278.

velatum, WolL, 276.

ANTllICID.E, 533.
AntMciis, Payk., 533.
Anfliicus fenestratus, Dej

hispidus, 536.

hispidus. La Ferte, 536.

, Schmidt, 536.

instabilis, 534.

instabilis, Dej., 534.

, Schmidt, 534.

litoralis, 535.

litoralis, Heer, 535.

mauritanicus, Lucas, 534.

tibialis, Ciutis, 534.

, La Ferte', 534.

tristis, 536.

tristis. La Ferte, 536.

, Schmidt, 536.

Anthribides, 417.
Anthrenus, Geoffr., 204.
Anthremis varius, 205.

varius, Erich., 205.

, Fab., 205.

, Sturm, 205.

Verbasci, Heer, 205.

, Oliv., 205.

622

INDEX.

Aphanarthrum, yVotl., 292.
A|)li;iii:iithiiiiii Kuphorbiae, Wall. ,293.
Al'llODlAD-E, 221.
Aphodius, Illiy., 22) .
Aphodius Aiiachoreta, Fab., 225.

casus. Fab., 231.

, Ueer, 231.

ferrugineus, Dabl, 224.

granaiius, 226.

grunarius, Ileer, 226.

, lUip., 226.

, Stepb., 226.

ny(lrocli;ciis, 222.

UydroclKeris, Ileer, 222.

, Illir;., 222.

, Muls., 222.

lividus, 225.

lividus, Ueer, 225.

, Stepb., 225.

nitidubis, 223.

iiitidtilus, Gvll, 223.

, nffr,"223.

, Stepli., 223.

Pcilrosi, WolL, 226.

nifus, 224.

rufus, Diifts., 224.

, Erich., 224.

, Ulig., 224.

, Sturm, 224.

apicale, Pteui(biim, 110.
opicale, Ericb. (Ptenidium), 110.
, Sturm {Pliliiim), 110.

2)ic/ilis. Gillm. [Trichopteryx), 110.
pion, Herbst, lOS.
.\piou cbalybcipcnne, 41.3.

chuhjbeipenne, Scbon., 413.

frumeutariura, 412.

frumentarium, Scbon. , 412.

/nematodes, Stepb., 412.

MalviP, 411.

Malve, Redt., 412.

, Scbon., 412.

rotundipennc. Wall., 415.

sagittitVrum, IVoll., 410.

vernale, 401).

vernale, Gvll., 40!).

, Sebon., 409.

Wollastoni. 414.

Wollnstoni, Cbevr., 414.

Apotomus, lltiffm., 1.3.
Apotouuis rut'us, 14.

rufus, BruUe, 14.

, llej., 14.

, Iloffm., 14.

arcuata, Rossi (Coccinella), 468.

, Scbon. (CocciHe/Za), 468.

arcuatiis, Scymnus, 46/.
arcuulus, Muls. (Scymnus), 468.
arenarius, Gvll. {'I'rox), 233.

, Fab. (Trox), 233.

aronicobis, U'oll., Promius, 6.
Argutor, Sfeph.. .38.
Argutor curtus, U'oll., 43.
— - dibiticoUis, do//., 42.

gracilipes, U'oll., 41.

robustus, IVoll.. 40.

Arietis, Oliv. {Callidium), 429.
Arietis, Clvtus, 429.
Arietis. Fab. (Chjtus), 429.

. Stepb. (Clylus), 429.

, Linn. U'eptura), 429.

Annitngci, U'oll., .\lcochara, 559.
.\rtemisi;e, W'oll. (.Melyrosoma),254
, Ho//., Lciparthrum, 299.

Arthrolips, Woll., 475.
Artbrolips piceum, 476.
Asidu (icuininatu, KoU., 503.
Asparagi, Linn. (Chrysomela), 4.37.
Asparagi, Crioceris, 437.
Asparagi, Fab. (Crioceris), 437.

, Lacord. (Crioceris), 437.

, Stepb. (Crioceris), 437.

aspcratus, H'oll., Metophthalmus,

193.
assimilis, Latbridius, 189.
assimilis, Mann. (Lathridius), 189.
ater, Dej. (Scymnus), 470.
aterrimus, Pbilontbus, 584.
a/errJ»iKs, Ericb. (Philonthus), 584.

, Grav. (^Staphylinus), 584.

Zett. (Stapliylinus), 584.

Atlauticum. U'oll., Bembidium, 77.
Atlantis, do//., 361.

Atlantis australis, U'oll., 370.

calcatri-x, U'oll., 366.

clavatus, U'oll., 363.

exeelsus, U'oll., 378.

Fora;, Woll.. 380.

ineonstans, IVoll., 375.

instabiUs, Woll., 3/7.

lamellipes, IVoll., 364.

lanatus, Woll., 372.

lauripotens, U'oll., 369.

mendax, Woll., 376.

navicularis, Woll., 374.

noctiv;igans, Woll., .367.

Sebaumii, Woll., 379.

vcspertinus, IVoll., .371-

ATRACHELIA, 482.
atramciilaria, tjyll. (Aleochara), 556.

, Zett. (.ilcochara), 5i)6.

atramentaria, Ilomalota, 555.
atramentaria, Ericb. [Homalota), 556.
atramentarius, Kirbv (Stapliylinus),

556.
Attagenus, Lnt., 203.
Attagenus megatoma, 204.

megatoma, Ericb., 204.

, Sturm, 204.

Attagenus tri/usciatus, 206.
Attains, Ericb., 245.
ATTELAB11).E. 408.
Attelabu.i mollis. Linn., 256.

vernalis. Fab., 409.

atteuuatus, Ilarjjalus, 51.
attenuatus, Stepb. (Harpalus), 51.
Anletes, Sch'un., 416.
Auletes JIaderensis, U'oll., 416.
auropilosus, Woll., Carpopbilus, 117.
auropunctatus, Rossi (Coroiui), 15.
australis, Woll., Atlantis, 370.
austrinus, U'oll., Meloe, 527.
autumnalis. Leach (Melo'e), 528.
axillaris, U'oll., Lajmophloens, 164.

B E M B I n I .\ D E s, 72.

Bembidiiun, //«/., 72.
Bembidiiuu .Vtlanticum, U'oll., "il .

bistriatinn, 73.

bislrialum, Dej., 73.

, Ileer, 73.

curvimanuni, U'oll., 74.

elongatum, 79.

elongatum, Dej., 80.

, Ileer, 80.

Lucasii, 75.

Lucasii. Duval, 75.

obtusum, 75.

Bembidium obtusum, Dej., 76.
, Ileer, 76.

, Sturm, 76.

Scbmidtii, Woll., 80.

tabellatum, Woll., 79.

Berginus, Erich., 194.
Bcrginus Tamarisci, 195.

Tamarisci, Dej., 195.

bicolor, Olibrus, 113.
bicolor. Oliv. (\otoTus), 536.

, Erich. (Olibrus), 113.

, Gvll. (P/i«/«rrax), 113.

, Sturm (Phalacrus), 113.

, Fab. (Spharidium), 113.

bilituratus, Mshm (Scarabaus), 225.
bimaculata. Gvll- (Nilidula), 117.

, Oliv. (Nitidula), 117.

bimaculatus, Msbm ( Curculio), 400.
bimaculatus, Suuius, 594.
bimaculatus, Ericb. (Sunius), 594.
biuotatus, Anisodaetylus, 49.
binotatus, Dej. (Anisodaetylus), 50.

, Hcer (Anisodaetylus), 60.

, Fab. ( Cara6i«), 50. ,

, Gvll. (Uarpalus), 50.

bipennifer, Bab. (Dromius), 5.
Bipliyllus lunatus, Steph., 173.
bipunctatus, Aube (Agabus), 84.

, Fab. (Dytiscus), 84.

, Oliv. (Dytiscus), 84.

, Fab. (Uydrophilus), 95.

bipustulatum, Spbieridium, 101.
bipustulatnm. Fab. (Sph(rridium),\0\ .

, Muls. [Spha-ridium), 101.

bii)ustulatus, .Vgabus, 83.
bipustutatus, .\ube (Agabus), S3.

, Stepb. (Colymbetes), 83.

, Fab. (Dytiscus), 83.

■ Linn. (Dytiscus), 83.

bipustulatus, Philonthus, 583.
bipustutatus, Erich. (Philonthus), 583.

, Grav. (Slaphylinus), 583.

, Gyll. (Stapliylinus), 583.

, Panz. (Slaphylinus), 583.

bistriatum, Bembidium, 73.
bislrialum, Dej. (Bembidium), 73.

, Ilccr (Bembidium), 73.

hislriatu.i, Dufts. (Elaphrus), 73.
bituberculatum, U'oll., Leipartbrum,

297.
Blabinotus, U'oll.. 425.
Blabinotus spinicoUis, Wall., 426.
BLAPSIDJ^;. .504.
Blaps, Fab., 506.
Blaps clypeata. Germ., 505.

elongata, Oliv., 510.

fatadica, 508.

fatadica, Brulle. 508.

, Dufts., 508.

, Sturm, 508.

gages. 506.

gages, Brulle, 507.

, Fab., 507.

gigas, Lat., 507.

obtusa, Steph., .508.

Bolilochara longicornis, Mann., 556.
Boragiiiis, G\ll. (Rhynch<entts), 326.

Boromorphiis, do//., 492.
Boromorubus Madera', Woll., 493.
Borraginis. Stepb. (Nedyus), 32().
Bostrichus ligniperda. F'ab.. ,302.

piniperda. Fab., .303.

villosus. Fab., 290.

, Payk., 290.

INDEX.

623

BRACHELYTRA, 538.
Brachin ides, 1.
Brachyderides, 402.
Brachyrhynchi, 353.
Bradycellus, Erich., 60.

Bradycellus excultus, IVoll., 61.

fulvus, 61 .

brevicollis, fVoll., Oxyomus, 229.

, IVoU., Tarpliius, 144.

BRUCHID.E, 417.
Bruchus, Geoff)-., 41!>.
Bruchus graiiariiis, Mslira, 420.

, Stcph., 420.

liclienicola, ll'ol/., 42\.

Pisi, Steph., 420.

riifimanus, 419.

rnfimanus, Sehon., 420.

subellipticus, Woll., 420.

brunneus, Lyctus, 152.

, Tacliyporus, 568.

brunneus. Fab. (Oxyporus), 568.

, Erich. (Tachyporus), 568.

, Steph. (Xi/loirogus), 152.

BYRRH1D.E, 206.
Byrsopsides, 395.

casus, Fab. (Apliodius), 231.

, Heer (Apliodius), 231.

eaesus, Psammodius, 231.
casus, Erich. (Psammodius), 231.

, Paiiz. (Scarahdus), 231.

Cafius nigritulus. Maun., 584.
Calathus, Bon., 28.
Caliithiis complanatiis, 30.

complaiiatus, Dej., 30.

fuscus, 31.

fuscus, Dej., 31.

vividus, 29.

Calandra grnniiria, Steph., 321.

Oryzte, Stcph., 322.

Calcar, Lot., 494.

calcar. Fab. (Troyosita), 495.

Calcar eloiigatus, 495.

■ elongatus, Lucas, 495.

calcatrix, Woll., Atlantis, 366.
Callidium Arietis, OUv., 429.

fennicum, Fab., 425.

praustum, Fab., 425.

strepens, Fab., 423.

testaceum. Fab., 425.

unicolor, Oliv., 423.

rnriubile. Fab., 425.

Calobius, Woll., 92.
Calobms Heeii, Woll., 93.
Calosoma, Weber, 14.
Calosoma Sladersc, 15.

Indagator, Dej., 15.

, Fab., 15.

, Heer, 15.

Calotrechus, Woll., 64.
Calyptobium nigrum, Aube, 182.

^ , Chevr., 182.

Calyptomerus, Redt , 483.
catnbrica, Sitona, 405.
cambrica, Ste])h. (Sitona), 405.
Canariensis, Woll., Xenosti-ougylus,

127.
capillaricoruis, Habrocerus, 569.
capillaricornis, Erich. (Habrocerus),

569.

, Grav. (Tachyporus), 569.

capitata, Woll., Svncalypta, 207.
CARABID.E, 1.'
Carabides, 14.

caraboides. Fab. (Trogosita), 154.
Carabus interrupt us, Dej., x.
Carabus alhipes. 111., 33.

ambiguus, Payk., 31.

auropunctalus, Ro.ssi, 15.

biiiotatus. Fab., 50.

dislinguendus, Dui'ts., 52.

dorsalis. Fab., 60.

fulvus, Mshm, 61.

fuscus. Fab., 31.

hortensis, Rossi, 15.

Indagator, Oliv., 15.

lineatus, Sehon., 2.

Maderte, Fab., 15.

■ , Oliv., 15.

marginatus, Fab., 34.

, Linn., 34.

• oblongus, Fab., 33.

obscurus. Fab., 58.

pallipes. Fab., 33.

sigma, Rossi, 5.

Teutonus, Schr., 5.9.

vaporariorum, Dufts., 59.

• , Fab., 59.

vividus. Fab., 29.

, Sehon., 29.

carbunculus, Woll., Helops, 519.
Carpophilus, Steph., 115.
Carpophilus auropilosus, Woll., 117-
hemipterus, 117.

hemipterus, Erich., 117.

, Sturm, 117.

mutilatus, 116.

mutilatus. Erich., 116.

CASSIDIDzE, 438.
Cassida, himi., 438.
Cassida offinis. Fab., 439.

■ ■ hemisphserica, 439.

heinisphcerica, Gvll., 440.

Ilerbst, 440.
, Lucas, 440.

, Steph., 440.

■ nebulosa, 439.

• nebulosa. Fab., 439.
-, Gyll., 439.

, Linn., 4.39.

, Steph., 439.

castaneipes, Sam. (Trogosita), 498.
castaneum, Herbst ( Colydium), 492.

, MacLeay (Tribolium), 492.

Catops, Payk., 106.
Catops velox, 106.

reloT, Erich., 106.

Caulophilus, Woll., 315.
Caulophilns sculpturatus, Woll., 315.
Caulotrupis, Woll., 308.
Caulotrupis Chevrolatii, Woll., 313.

conicoUis, Woll., 314.

impius, Woll.,[i\\.

lacertosus, Woll., 309.

lucii'iigus, Woll., 310.

opaeus, Woll., 313.

terebrans, Woll., 312.

cautus, Woll., Trechus, 70.
celer, Woll,, Tachyporus, 567.
cellaris, Payk. (Staphylinus), 565.
centrimaculatum, Cereyon, 104.
centriiuaculatum, Erich. (Cereyon),
104.

, Muls. (Cereyon), 104.

, Sturm (Splueridium), 104.

CERAMBICID/E, 422.
Cerambyx fennicus, Linn., 425.
testaceus, Linn., 425.

Cerambyx rariabilis, Linn., 425.
Cerandria, Lucas, 489.
Cerandria cornuta, 490.

cornuta, Dej., 490.

, Lucas, 490.

Cereyon, Leach, 102.
Cereyon ccntrimaculatimi, 104.

centrimaculatum, Erich., 104.

, Muls., 104.

fimetarium, Woll., 103.

inquinatum, Woll., 103.

quisquihum, 105.

quisiiuilium, Steph., 105.

, Muls., 105.

Cerylon, Lat., 148.
Ceiitorhynchiis, Sckon., 324.
Ccutorhyuchus Echii, 325.

Echii, Schbn., 325,

fuliginosus, Steph., 329.

lineatotessellatus, Woll., 327.

nigroterminatns, Woll., 327.

quadridens, 326.

quadridens, Schbn., 326.

chalcites, lllig. (Hister), 216.
chalcites, Saprinus, 216.
chalcites, Erich. (Saprinus), 216.

, Lueas (Saprinus), 216.

chalybeipenue, Apion, 413.
chalybeipenne, Schbn. (Apion), 413.
Charagmus, Schbn., 403.
Chasmatopterus, Lat., 234.
Chasmatopteius nigrocinctus. Woll.,

236.
Chawneri, Woll., Lixus, 350.
Cheiranthi, Woll., Lixus, 349.
ChevTolatii, Woll., Caulotrupis, 313.
Chiniajra, ]Voll., Mecognathus, 595.
CnLiiNIIDBA, 18.
Cholera velox, Spence, 106.
Cholovocera, Mots., 178.
Cholovoccra Madera:, 180.

Maderce, Westw., 180.

chrysocephala, Linn. (Chrysomela),

449.

, Gyll. (Haltica), 449.

, Steph. (Macrocnema), 449.

chrysocephahi, Psylliodes, 449.
chrysocephala, Redt. (Psijlliodes), 449.
CIIRYSOMELID.E, 453.
Chrysomela, Linn., 457.

Chrysomela Asparagi, Linn., 437.

chrysocephala, Linn., 449.

Fragariip, Woll, 458.

melanopa, Linn., 436.

miuuta, Linn., 95.

Polygnni, Gvll., 459.

, Linn.," 459.

cicatricosus, Woll., Tarphius, 141.
ciliata, Woll., Phaleria, 488.
Cinerarifc, Woll., Longitarsus, 444.

, Woll., Ohbrns, 112.

einerascens, Hadrus, 503.
cinerascens, Dej. (Hadrus), 503.
cinereus, Mshm (Curculio), 329.
cinnaraoraeus, Woll., Helops, 520.
ClONID ES, 323.
Cionus, Clairv., 323.
Cionus pulchellus, 323.

pulchellus, Schbn., 323.

Cis, Lat., 279.
Cis fuscipes, 281.

— fuscijyes, Mellie, 281.

— Lauri, Woll., 282.

— WoUastonii, 280.

624

INDEX.

Cis Wollastmii, MclUe, 280.
clavatiis, IVoll., Atlantis, .363.
cl.ivicollis, If'oll., La;moi)liloeus, 163.
clavus, l\'ol/., Hvlastes, 305.
C I. E o X I D E s, 400.

Cleonns, Schtin., 400.
('leonus plicatus, 401.

pUcatus, Tie]., 401.

, Schoii., 401.

Cleopus puIcheHus, Stcph., 323.
CLEKID.E, 255.
Clypeaster, Redt., 4/2.
Clypeasler lividus, Dej., 478.

obscums, Dej., 476.

piceus, Comolli, 476.

, Lucas, 476.

pusillus, 474.

pusillus. Germ., 474.

, Redt., 474.

clypeatd. Germ. (Blaps), 505.
Clytus, Fnb., 429.
Clrtus Arietis. 429.

- Arietis, Fab., 429.

. Steph.. 42i).

COCCINIXLID.E, 460.
Coccinella, Linn., 460.
Coccinella arcuata, Rossi, 468.

, SchiJn., 468.

GenistiE, IVoll.. 464._

marginalis, Gyll., 467.

, Rossi, 467.

minima. Gvll., 470.

, Rosii, 470.

morio. Fab., 467.

mutabiHs, 461.

mulabilis, Gyll., 461.

— ^ , Scriba, 461.

7-piinctata, 16 J.

"t-punctuta, Fal)., 462.

, Gvll., 462.

, Linn., 462.

, Mills., 462. •

14-pustulata, 462.

\4-j)ustuliilit. Fab., 462.

, Gyll., 462.

— — , Linn., 462.

. Muls., 462.

suvciiiii, Ilein., 180.

testiulinca, 46,'J.

/esludinea, Ilein., 463.

Coeliodes, Schiin., 328.
Cwliimi'topus, Sol., 505.
Ctt'lioilos ruligiuosus, 329.

fuliyinosus, Schbu., 329.

collaris. Mots. (Lathridius), 189.
COLYDIAD.E, 129.
Cnli/dioidcs, Dej. (Lyclus), 152.
Cdlijdiitin ciisfaneum, Herbst, 492.
Colymbetes, Chirv., 82.
C'lli/mhetes bipnstulatus, Steph., 83.
Lanio, 82.

Lanio, .-Vnbe, 82.

compactus, f\'oll., TarjAius, 139.
eoni])lanatus, Calatlins, 30.
complanatus. Dej. [Calathus), 30.
complanatus, Oxytelus, 608.
complannlu.'!, Erich. {Oxytelus), 608.
, Ileer ( Oxytelus), 608.

, Reilt. (Oxytelus), 608.

concinnus, Jlshni (Curculio), 409.
concolnr. Brnllo [Ditylus), 524.
confertus, IVoll., Ilelops, 515.
confinis, Steph. (Ephistemus), 176.
cnnfiuens, Fab. (Dyliscus), 87.

confluens, Hydroporus, 87.
conjluens, Aube (Hydroporus), 87.

, Steph. (Hyjrotus), 87.

, Gyll. (Hyp/iydrus), 87.

conglobatiis, ll'oll., Ilydrobius, 97.
congregatus, IVoll., Ilelops, 518.
conicollis, H'oll., Caulotrupis, 314.
consentaneus, Dej. (Harpalus), 51.
consimilis, Olibius, 115.
consimilis, Mshni ( Dermestes), 115.
Conurus, Steph., 564.
Couuius monticola, IVoll., 566.

pcdicularius, 565.

pedicuhirius, Erich., 566.

• pubescens. 565.

pubescens. Erich., 565.

, Steidi., 565.

Coptostethus, n'oll., 238.
C(i]it()<ti.'tliiis iVnioratus, IVoll., 240.
CORDYLOCERATA, 206.
eornuta, Dej.. Cerantlria, 490.
cornuta, Lucas (Cerandria), 490.

, Lat. (Phaleria), 490.

. , Fab. (Troffosita), 490.

, Steph. (L7omr/),490.

Corticaria, M.ihm, 183.
Corticaria crcnieoUis, 185.

crenicollis, Mann., 185.

curta, IVoll., 187.

dentata, Mshm, 168.

Fagi, IVoll.. 188.

fulva, 185.

fulva, ^lann., 185.

, Redt., 185.

pulla. Mshm. 190.

rotulicoUis, IVoll, 184.

rotundicollis, IVoll., 186.

transversa, Mshm, 191.

CORYLOPlIIDiE, 472.
Corylophus, Steph., 479.
Corylophus tectiformis, IVoll., 480.
CossoxinKs. 306.
Cossjrphodes, iVestw., 145.

Cossyplioiles WoUastonii, 146.

IVollastonii, Wcstn., 146.

Cossyphus lateralis, Gyll., 478.

pusillus, Gyll., 474.

crassus, IVoll., .\nemophilus, 386.
crenatus, IVoll., Cryptocephalus, 456.
crenicollis, Corticaria, 185.
crenicollis, Mann. (Corticaria), 185.
Creophilus maxillosus, Steph., 579.
cribrirollis, Schbn. [Sitona), 405.
CKIOCERID.E, 135.

Crioceris, Geoffr., 436.
Crioeeris .\sparagi, 437.

Asparoiji, Fab.. 4.37.

, Laeord., 437.

, Steidi., 437.

mehinopa. Stcph., 436.

Ciyptamorpha, IVoll, 156.

Cr\|)tanu)rpha -Musa-. IVoll., 157.

Cryptocephalus, Geoffr., 455.
Crvptoeeplialus crenatus, IVoll, 456.
CRYPT()PlIA(iID.E. 16.9.
Cryptophagus, Herbst, 169.
Cryptophayns advena, Waltl., 168.

attinis, 170.

affinis, Erich.. 170.

, Redt., 170.

, Sturm, 170.

ferrugineus, Sturm, 168.

Xitiduloidcs, Ho/;., 618.

CrYPTORHVN CHIDES, 324.

CUCUJID.E, 156.

Cucujus ferrugineus, Creutz., 163.

, Stcph., 163.

minutus, Oliv., 162.

pusillus, Schon., 162.

testaceus, Pavk., 163.

CURCULIOXIDi, 306.
Curculio angustatus. Fab., 352.

bimaculatus, Mshm, 400.

cinereus, Mshm, 329.

concinnus, Mshm, 409.

Echii, Fab., 325.

, -Mshm, 325.

frumentarius, Linn., 412.

, Payk., 412.

fuliginosus, Mshm, 329.

granarius. Fab., 321.

, Linn.,. 321.

gressorius. Fab., 403.

, Herbst, 403.

lineatus. Fab., 407.

, Linn., 407.

Maha;, Fab., 412.

, Mshm, 412.

murinus. Fab., 399.

notatus. Fab., .347.

Ory:(£, Fab., 322.

, Linn., .322.

plicatus, Oliv., 401.

pulchellus, Herbst, 323.

quadridens, Panz., .326.

scaber, Linn., 395.

scabriculus, Gvll., 395.

tessellotus, Mshm, 395.

variabilis, Herbst, 400.

eurrens, IVoll, Ilomalota, 552.
carta. IVoll, Corticaria, 187.
eurtum, IVoll, Leiparthrum, 298.
curtus. IVoll, .Vrjrutor, 43.
cur\imanum, IVoll, Bembidium, 74.
curvipes, IVoll, Scohocerus, 393.
custos, IVoll, Trechus, 68.

C Y c I, o .M I D E s, 353.
cylindricollis, IVoll, Acalles, 341.
cylindripennis, IVoll, Ptilinus, 285.
Cymindis lineata, Dej., 2.

suturalis, Dej., 3.

vittata, Dahl, 2.

CYPHOMD.E. 240.
Cjrphoscelis, IVoll, 356.
Cy|)lioscelis distorta, IVoll., 357.

Dactylostemum, Ho//., 99.
Dactylosteruum Roussetii, O'cH-jlOO.
Dasytes, Payk-., 251.
Dasvtes illustris, 252.
Dawsoui. IVoll, Ptinus, 263.
Vendroctonus piniperda, Erich., 303.
Dend roph ilus. Leach, 211.
Dendrophilus minimus, Dej., 212.

punctatus, Steph., 212.

dentata, Mshm (Corticaria), 168.
dcntatus, Silvanus, 167.
dentatus, Stcph. (Silranus), 168.
depressus, Gvll. (Oxytelus), 608.
DER.MESTilXE, 202.
Dermestes, Linn., 202.
Dermestes consimilis, Mshm, 115.

fumatus, Liun., 199.

heinipterus, Linn., 1 17.

lunatus. Fab., 173.

megatoma, Dufts., 204.

, Fab., 204.

paniceum, Linu., 277-

INDEX.

625

Dermestes piniperda, Linn., .'JOS.

i-macidatus, Mslim, 101.

riificnllis. Fab., 258.

6-dentafus, Fab., IGJ.

Surinamensis, Linn., 16/.

vulpinus, 202.

vulpinus. Fab., 202.

, GvU., 202.

, Oiiv., 202.

, Steph., 202.

Desertae, Wall., Zargus, 24.
Desertarum, n'olL, Deucalion, 434.
desertus, Stev. (Harpalus), 51.
Deucalion, JVolL, 430.
Deucalion Desertanim, WolL, 434.

oceanicus, IVrjll., 433.

DIAPERID^, 485.
diaperina, Redt. {Heterophuga), 498.
diaperinus, Alpliitobius, 498.
diaperinus, Illig. {Tenebrio), 498.

, Kugel. {Tenebrio), 498.

, Sturm (Tenebrio), 498.

dilatata, Dej. (Nebria), x.
dilatatum, IVoll., Opatrum, 501.
tlilaticollis, WolL, Argutor, 42.
(lilutus, n'oll., Trechus, f)6.
(limidiatns, Ephistemus, 17''.
dimidiatus, Ericli. (Epistemiis), 176.

, Sturm (Epistemus), \76.

, Sturm (Phalacrus), 176.

Diphyllus, Redt., 171-
Dipliyllus lunatus, 172.

lunatus, Redt., 173.

discoidea, Nitidula, 120.
discoidea, Fab. {Nitidula), 120.

, Gyll. (Nitidula), 120.

, Heer (.Nitidula), 120.

, lUig. (Nitidula), 120.

, Erich. (Omosita), 120.

dis])ar, J\'oll., Acalles, 337.
distinyuendus, Dufts. (Curabus), 52.
distinguendus, Harjialus, 52.
distinyuendus, Dej. (Harpalus), 52.

, Erich. (Harpalus), 52.

, Heer (Harpalus), 52.

distorta, U'oll., Cjijhoseehs, 357.
Ditylus concolor, BruUe, 524.
Ditylus fulvus, JVoll., 523.
Dohruii, Wall., Tomicus, 290.
domuum, Microchondrus, 197.
domuum, Guer. (Microchondrus), 197.
Donacioides, IVoll., LaemophlcEus,

159.
dorsalis, Dej. (Acupalpus) , 60.

, Fab. (Carabus), 60.

, Gyll. (Harpalus), 60.

dorsalis, Stenolophus, 60.
dorsalis, Erich. (Stenolophus), 60.
Dromius, Bon., 3.
Dromius arenicolus, WolL, 5.

bipennifer, Bab., 5.

fascialus, Sturm, 5.

glabratus, 9.

glabratus, Dej., 9.

• , Heer, 9.

, Steph., 9.

impunctatus, Steph., 7-

insularis, WolL, 4.

negrita, WolL, 9.

obscuroguttatus, 7.

obscuroguttatus, Erich., 7.

sigma, 5.

sigma, Bab., 5.

, Dej., 5.

Dromius sigma, Heer, 5.

spilotus, Dej., 7.

Sturmii, Bab., 5.

Dulcamarce, Scop. (Laria), 122.

, Steph. (Meliyethes), 122.

, Ilhg. (Nitidula), 122.

Dulcamarse, Pria, 122.
DulcamartE, Sturm (Pria), 122.
Durantfe, WolL. Scymnus, 465.
DYTISCID^, 82. '
Dytiscus bipuncfatus. Fab., 84.

, Oliv., 84.

bipustulatus. Fab., 83.

, Linn., 83.

confuens. Fab., 87.

Lunio, Fab., 82.

, Oliv., 82.

• natator, Linn., 89.

nebulosus, Forst., 84.

Echii, CeutorliTOchus, 325.

Echii, Schon. (Ceutorhynchus), 325.

, Fab. (Curculio), 325.

, Mshm ( Curcidio), 325.

, Steph. (Nedyus), 325.

echinatus, WolL, Tarphius, 143.
Echinosoma, WolL, 395.
Echiuosoma porcellus, WolL, 396.
Elnphrus bistriatus, Dufts., 73.
ELATERID^, 2.38.
Ellipsodes, Ho//., 485.
Ellipsodes glabratus, 486.
ellipticum, WolL, Plceosoma, 148.
Elliptosoma, Wall., 18.
elongata, Oliv. (Blaps), 510.
elongatum, Bembidium, 79.
elongatum, Dej. (Bembidium), 80.

Heer (Bembidium), 80.

elongatus, Calcar, 495.
elongatus, Lucas (Calcar), 495.
elongatus, Hegeter, 510.

, WolL, Olisthopus, 38.

elongatus. Herbst (Tenebrio), 495.
Ephistemiis, Stejih., 175.
Ephistemus alternans, IVoll. , 177.

confinis, Steph., 176.

dimidiatus, 176.

dimidiatus, Erich., 176.

, Sturm, 1/6.

Epurtea obsoleta, Erich., 121.
EricEe, WolL, Olisthopus, 37.
Erirhinides, 343.
errans. Wall., Oiiatrum, 501.
EUCEEATA, 422.
Eucinetus, Schiipp., 240.
Euciuetus ovum, WolL, 242.
EuphorbiiE, WolL, Aphanaithi-um,

2'a

, WolL, Mesites, 318.

Eu])us, WolL, 452.
Europs, WolL, 149.
Euro])s impressicollis, Wall., 150.
Euiygnathus, WolL, 20.
Eurygnathus Lati-eillei, 21.
excelsus, WolL, Atlantis, 378.
excultus, WolL, Brady cellus. 61.
exiyua, Mann. (Ahochara), 561.

Fagi, Sturm (Tenebrio), 499.
Fagi, WolL, Corticaria, 188.
Faiagria, Mann., 540.
Falagria obscura, 541.

obscura, Erich., 54 1 .

, Mann., 541.

fasciatus, Sturm (Dromius), 5.
fascicularis, .\cratrichis, 108.
fascicularis, Ilbst (Latridius), 108.

, Heer (Trichopteryx), 108.

fatadica, Blaps, 508.
fatadica, Brulle (Blaps). 508.

, Dufts. (Bhqjs), 508.

, Sturm (Blaps), 508.

femoratus, WolL, Coptostethus, 240.
fenestratus, Dej. (Anthicus), 536.
fennicum. Fab. (Callidium), 425.
fennicus, Linn. (Cerambyx), 425.
Feronia nigerrima, Dej., 45.
ferruginea, Steph. (Stene), 492.
ferrugineum, Tribolium, 491.
ferrugineus, Dahl (Aphodius), 224.

, Sturm (Cryptophagus), 168.

, Creutz. (Cucnjus), 163.

, Steph. (Cucujus), 163.

ferrugineus, Laemophloeus, 163.
ferrugineus, Erich. (LeemophlcEus),

163.

, Stiu-m {Lamophloius), 163.

, Dej. (Margus), 492.

, Sturm (Silcauus), 168.

-^, Fab. (Tenebrio), 492.
filiforme, WolL, Xenomma, 545.
filiformis, WolL, Philonthus, 585.
filuostris, IVoll. , Tychius, 346.
fimetarium, WolL, Cercvon, 103.
fimicola, WolL, Ti-echus, 63.
fissicornis, Mshm (Ptinus), 287.
flavicomus, WolL, Meloe, 528.
flavomarginatus, WolL, Trechus, 65.
ilavopictus, WolL, Scymnus, 469.
flexuosa, Ohv. (Nitidula), 119.
fle.xuosa, Nitidula, 119.
flexuosa,Ench. (Nitidula), 119.

, Fab. (Nitidula), 119.

, Heer (Nitidula), 119.

Fora;, WolL, Atlantis, 380.
formiearum, JVoll. , Xenomma, 545.
fossor, Wall., Platysthetus, 603.
FragariiE, WolL, Chrysomela, 458.
fragilis, JVoll., Ptinus, 271.
ft'itillus, JJ^oll., Lichenophagus, 390.
frumentaria, Oliv. (Ips), 167.
frumentarium. Fab. (Anobium), 167.
frumentarium, Apion, 412.
frumentarium, Schon. (Apion), 412.
frumentarius, Linn. (Curculio), 412.

, Payk. {Curculio), 412.

, Stm'm (Silvanus), 1G7.

fuliginosus, Steph. (Ceutorhynchus),

329.
fuUginosus, Coeliodes, 329.
fuliginosus, Schon. (Cceliodes), .32.9.

, Mshm (Curculio), 329.

fulva, Coi-ticaria, 185.
fulca, Mann. (Corticaria) , 185.

, Redt. (Corticaria), 185.

fuhiis, Bradycellus, 61.
fulvus, Mshm (Carabus), 6\.
fiilvus, JJ^olL, Ditylus, 523.
fulvus, Chevr. (Lathridius), 185.

, Villa (Lathridius), 185.

, Stejih. (Trechus), 61.

fumata, Typha:a, 199.
fumata, Cmt. (Typhcsa), 199.

, Sturm (Typheea), 199.

fumatus, Linn. (Dermestes), 199.

, Gyll. (Mycetophagus), 199.

fuscipes, Cis, 281.
, iTMKe(Cis), 281.

4 L

626

INDEX.

fuscula, Lithocharis, 589.
fuscula, Erich. (Lithocharis), 589.

, Ileer (Lithocharis), 589.

, Lacoril. (Lithocharis), 589.

f'lisciim, Opatrum, 500.
fuscum. Ilerbst (Opatrum), 500.

fuscus, Calatlius, 31.
fuscus, Uej. {Culuthus), '.i\.

, Fill). (Carabiis), 31.

, Gyll. (Harpalus), 31.

futilis, }Voll., Uelops, 520.

gages, Blaps, 506.

gages. Hriilli- (Blaps), 507.

, Fab. (Blaps), 507.

, Liiin. (Tenebrio), 507.

(;.vlk[UX'ii)j:. 440.

Galenica Salicuria; Payk., -442.

Gastrophysa, Redt., 4o9.
Gastrophysa Polygoni, 459.

Polyijoid, Redt., 459.

gemiiiatus, Xotiophilus, I".
yeminatus, Dej. (Sotiophilus), 17.
geminus. Erich. (Olihrus), 115.

, llHg. (PItalacrus), 115.

GiMiista'. Mo//.. CoccincUa, 404.
GEODEPHAGA, 1.
Gibbiiun, Scop., 274.
Gibbium scotia.s, 274.

scotias, Kugel., 275.

, Sturm, 275.

gibbiilus, Taqjhius, 132.
gigas, Lat. (Blaps), 507.
glhbrata, Uufts. (Lebia), 9.
glabrntum. Fab. (Sphceriilium), 486.
gluhratus, Brulle (Olisthopus),

35.
glttbratiis, Dej. (Dromius), 9.

, Ileer (Dromius), 9.

, Steph. (Dromius), 9.

glabratus. Ellipsoiles, 486.
GL.VPIIYKIDJ;, 2;34.
plareosus, W'oll.. Oxytclus, 610.
globulipennis, ll'oll., .Vcalles, 339.
globiilum, Hcer (Psychidium), 176.

Gloeosoma, ll'oll.. 480.
Glaosoma velox, Jl'oll., 482.
Glijcyrrhiza. Chev. (Lyctus), 152.
graeilipes, Woll., Argutor, 41.
gracilis, Woll., Trixagiis, 237.
granaria, Steph. { Calandra), 321.
granarius, Aphoilius, 226.
granurius, Ileer (Aphodius), 226.

, Ilhg. (Aphodius), 226.

, Steph. (Aphodius), 226.

, Mshm (Bruchus), 420.

, Steph. (Bruchus), 420.

, Fab. (Curculio), 321.

, Linn. (Curculio), 321.

, Linn. (Scarabaus) , 226.

, Oliv. (Scarabesus), 226.

granarius, Sitophilus, 321.
granarius, Schon. (Sitophilus), 321.
granilicoUis, Woll., Liranebius, 94.
grandicollis, Erich. (Trichopteryx),

108.
granulatum. Jf'oll., Oraalium, 613.
granulatus, Jl'oll.. LannopliUeus, 160.
granulosa, II oil., Ilonialota, 548.
granulosus. Falil. (Hegeter), 503.
grcgaria. Ilonialota, 550.
gregaria. Erich. (Homulota), 550.

, Redt. (Homalota), 550.

gressoria, Sitona, 403.

gressorius. Fab. (Curculio), 403..

, Herbst (Curculio), 403.

, Gerui. (Sitona), 403.

, Schon. (Sitona), 403.

Gryphinus lateralis, Redt., 478.

piceus. Redt., 476.

guttula, Stenus, 597-
guttula, Erich. (Stenus), 597 ■

, Ileer (Stenus). 597.

, Mull. (Stenus), 597.

GYRINID.E, 88.
Gyrinus, Linn., 88.
Gyriuus natator, 88.

natator. .Vube, 89.

, Fab.. 89.

, Linn., 89.

Habrocerus, Erich., 568.

Ilabrooerus capillaricornis, .569.

capillaricornis, Erich., 569.

Hadrus, Dej., 502.

Iladrus alpinus, IVoll., 502.

cinerascens, 50,3.

cinerascens, Dej., 503.

illotus, Woll, 503.

luematodes. Steph. (Apion), 4\2.

Haltica, Ceoffr., 440.

Halticu chrysocephala, Gyll., 449.

lutescens, Gyll., 446.

Salicaria^, 442.

Salicarite. GvU., 442.

, Redt. ,"442.

, Steph., 442.

subtilis, fro//.,44l.

ii arpalides, 18.

Hari'alidea, 49.

harpalinus, Dej. (Acupalpvs), 61.

, Ileer (.'Icupalpus), 61.

Harpalus, L"/., 50.

Ilarpiihis attenuatus, 51.

attenuatus, Steph.. 51.

binotalus. Gyll., 50.

consentanus, Dej., 51.

desert us, Stev., 51.

distinguendus, 52.

distinguendus, Dej., 52.

, Erich., 52.

, Heer, 52.

dorsalis. Gyll., 60.

fuscus, Gyll., 31.

htigiosus, 51.

Htigiosus, Dej., 52.

, Hear, 52.

marginatus, Gyll., 34.

obscurus, Dej., 58.

, Sturm, 58.

Sardeus, Dahl, 51.

trivialis. Gyll., 48.

vividus, 53.

riridus, Dej., 54.

Hartungii, .\chenium, 58".
Hartungii, Ileer (Achenium), 587.
Ilecri, Ho//., Calobius, 93.

, ll'oll., Stenus, 600.

Hegeter, Lat., 508.

Hegeter A mar aides, Solier, 509.

Hegeter elongatus, 510.

granulosus. Fald., 503.

latehricola. Holt., 510.

striatus. Brulle, 510.

, Lat., 510.

, Solier, 510.

Ileincckeni, Woll., O.xyomus, 228.
Ilelferi, Scydmsenus, 539.

Helferi, Lucas (Scydm/enus), 540.

, Schaum ( Scydmeenus) , 540.

IIEL0PIDJ;,511.
Helops, Fab., 511.
Ilelops earbunculus, Woll., 519.

cinnamomeus, Woll., 520.

coufertus, Jl'oll.. 515.

congiegatus, Woll., 518.

futihs, JVoll., 520.

infernus, Woll., 517.

Leacoeiauus, H'oll., 517-

lucifugus, Woll., 518.

. Pluto, Woll., 516.

Portosanctanus, H'oll., 521.

Vulcanus, H'oll., 513.

hemiptera. Fab. (Xitidula), 116.
hemipterus, Car])ophilus, 117.
hemipterus, Erich. (Carpophilus), 117.

, StiuTii (Carpophilus), 117.

, Linn. (Dermestes), 117.

hemispha;rica, Cassida, 439.
hemispharica, Gyll. (Cassida), 440.

, Herbst (Cassida), 440.

, Lucas (Cassida), 440.

, Steph. (Cassida), 440.

Heterophaga diaperina, Redt., 498.

Opatroides, Dej., 498.

hirtellus. Fab. (Xotoxus), 5.36.

his|>idus, .Vnthicus, 535.

hispidus. La Ferte (.-ln/Aic«5), 536.

, Schmidt (Anthicus). 536.

, Rossi (Xotoxus), 536.

IIISTERIDJi, 209.
Hister, Li«n., 209.
Hister a_ffinis, Payk., 216.

chalcites, Illig., 216.

major, 210.

— — • major. Fab., 210.

. Heer, 210.

, Linn., 210.

-, Payk., 210.

metallicus. Fab., 217.

, Herbst, 217.

minimus, Dej., 212.

nitidulus. Fab., 215.

, Payk., 215.

. rujipes, Gyll., 216.

semistriatus, Ent. Ilcfte, 215.

histrio, Woll.. Xenostrongvlus, 128.
Holoparamecus, Curt., 180.

IIoli)])araniecus niger, 182.
Homalota, Mann., 546.
Ilumalota atrameutaria, 555.

atrameutaria, Erich., 556.

currens, Jl'oll., 552.

granulosa, JVoll., 548.

gregaria, 550.

gregaria, Erich., 550.

, Redt., 550.

insicnis, JVoll., 5.55.

tiriaa, Erich., 557-

lividipennis, 557.

lividipennis, Erich., 557.

Redt., 557.

longicornis, 556.
longicornis, Erich., 556.

■ , Redt., 556.

luticola, JVoll., 549.
obliquepunctata, JVoll., 549.
Philonthoides, JVoll., 551.

■ pkbeia, Jl'oll., 5.33.

■ sanguinolcnta, II oil., 547.

■ sodalis, 554.

• sodalis, Erich., 554.

INDEX.

627

Homalota tantilla, JVoIl, 553.

iimbratilis, n'oll., 554.

horrida, }]'oU.. Syncahpta, 208.
hortensis, Rossi {Carabus), 15.
hospes, WoU., Psylliodes, 449.
hiimeralis, Woll., Scarites, 12.

, Sitona, 40/.

humeralis, Stepli. (Sitona). 407.
Huttoni, Woll.. Trichophya, 5/2.
HYDRADEPHAGA, 82.
Hydrobius, Leach, 96.
Hydiobius conglobatus, Woll., 97-

melanocephalus, Erich., 'J'^.

riydiochffris, A])hodius, 222.
Hydrochteris, Heer (Aphodius), 222

, Illig. {Aphodius), 222.

, Mills. (Aphodius), 222.

, Fab. (Scarabmis), 222.

HYDROPHILID.E, 90.
Hydrophilus bipunctatus. Fab., 95.

melanocephalus, Gyll., 98.

, OUv., 98.

minulus, Gyll., 95.

Hydroporus, Clairv., 86.
Hyth'oponis confluens, 87.

confluens, Aube, 87.

\-igdans, Woll., S6.

Hygrotus confluens, Steph., 87.
Hylastes, Erich., 304.
Ilylastes clavus, Woll., 305.
-^- Tnfolii. 304.
HYLESINID^, 299.
Hylesinus liyniperda, Gyll., 302.

, Ratz., 302.

piniperda, Ratz., 303.

Trifolii, Mull., 305.

-, Schmidt, 305.

HylurgTis, hat., SOX.
Hylurgus ligniperda, 302.

ligniperda, Erich., 302.

piniperda, 303.

piniperda, Redt., 303.

Hypera, Germ., 39/.
Hypera lunata, Woll, 398.

mm-ina, 399.

murina. Germ., 399.

variabiUs, 400.

Hyphydnis confluens, Gj'U., 87-
Hypocopms, Mots., 173.
Hynocoprus jlotschidskii, ff'oM.,1/4.

ictericus, Payk. (Scarabteus), 223.
illotus, Woll., Hacbiis, 503.
illustris, Dasytes, 252.
illustris. Mots. [Dasytes), 252.
immunita, Erich. (Tachyusa), 550.
impius, Woll., Caulotrupis, 311.
im|)ressicollis, Woll., Em-ops, 150.
impunctatus, Steph. (Dromius), 7-
inconstans, Woll., Atlantis, 375.
Indagator, Dej. (Calosoma), 15.

, Heer (Calosoma), 15.

, Fab. iCarabtts), J 5.

, OUv. (Carabus), 15.

infemus, Woll., Helops, 517.
inflata, Manu. (Microcera), 562.
inflata, Ohgota, 562.
inornatus, Woll., TarjAius, 135.
inquinatum, Woll., Cercyon, 103.
insignis, Woll., Homalota, 555.
instabilis, Anthicus, 534.
instabilis, Dej. (Anthicus), 534.

, Schmidt (Anthicus) , 534.

instabilis. Wall., Atlantis, 377-

insularis, Woll., Dromius, 4.
intermedins. Smith iSihanus), 168.
interruptus, Dej. (Carabus), x.
Ipsfrumenfaria, OUv., 167.

minuta, OUv., 1.90.

testacea, Fab., 492.

transversa, Oliv., 191.

villosus, Mshm, 290.

Isoplexidis, Woll., Longitarsus, 443.
, Wall., MeUgethes, 123.

Jansoni, Woll., Othius, 576.

Kiesenwetteri, Wall., Malthodes, 243.
Kirbii, Curtis (Stenus), 597.

Laccobius, Erich., 95.
Laccobius minutus, 95.

minutus, Erich., 95.

lacertosus, Woll., Caulotrupis, 309.
Laemophloeus, Erich., 158.
La;mophlocus axillaris, Woll., 164.

clavicoUis, Woll., 163.

Douacioides, Woll., 159.

ferrugineus, 163.

ferrugineus, Erich., 163.

, Sturm, 163.

granulatus, Woll., 160.

pusillus, 162.

pusillus, Erich., 162.

— , Sturm, 162.

Stenoides, Woll., 165.

vermiculatus, Woll., 161.

Ireta, Fab. (Coccinella), 461.
la;ve, JVoll., Mniophilosoma, 454.
lamellipes, Woll., Atlantis, 364.
hamus, Dejean, 493.
lanatus, Woll., Atlantis, 372.
Lanio, Cohnubetes, 82.
Lanio, Aube (Colymbetes), 82.

, Fab. (Dytiscus), 82.

, OUv. (Dytiscus), 82.

Laparocenis, Schon., 358.
Laparocerus morio, 360.

morio, Schon., 360.

Laria Dulcamaree, Scop., 122.
latebricola, Woll., Hegeter, 510.
lateralis, Gyll. ( Cossyphus), 478.

, Redt.' (Gryphinus), 478.

lateralis. Sericodenis, 478.
LATIIR1DIAD.E, 178.
Lathridius, Hbst. 188.
Lathridius assimilis, 189.
assimilis, Mann., 189.

collaris. Mots., 189.

fulvus, Che^T., 185.

, Villa, 185.

minutus, 190.

minutus, Mann., 190.

transversus, 191.

transversus, Mann., 191.

Lathrobium, Grav., 587.
Lathrobium midtipunctatum, 588.

multipunctatum, Erich., 588.

, Grav., 588.

, GvU., 588.

■ , Heer, 588.

latipenuis, Sitona, 404.
latipennis, Schon. (Sitona), 404.
Latreillei, Eurj'gnathus, 21.
Latreillei, Lap. (Licinus), 21.
Latridius fascicularis, Hbst, 108.

porcatus, Steph., 190.

transversus, Steph., 191.

Laiu-i, Woll, Cis, 282.

, Woll, Tarphius, 138.

laiu-ipotens, Woll, Atlantis, 369.
Leacocianus, Woll, Helops, 517.
Lebia glahrata, Dufts., 9.

lineola, Dufour, 2.

ohscuroguttata, Dufts., 7.

Leiparthrum, Woll, 294.
Leiparthrum Artemisia?, Woll, 299.

bituberculatum, Woll, 297.

ciutiun, Woll, 298.

maudibulare, Woll, 295.

Leina, Fab., 435.
Lema melanopa, 436.

melanopa. Fab., 436.

, Lacord., 436.

heptura Arietis, Linn., 429.
lichenicola, Woll, Bruchus, 421.
Lichenophagus, Woll, 38,9.
Lichcuophagus acuminatus, H'oll.

391.

ftitiUus, Woll, 390.

Licinus Latreillei, Lap., 21.
ligniperda, Fab. (Bostrichus), 302.

, GyU. (Hylesinus), 302.

, Ratz. (Hylesinus), 302.

ligniperda, Hylurgus, 302.
ligniperda, Erich. (Hylurgus), 302.
Limnebius, Leach, 93.
Limnebius grandicoUis, Woll, 94.
Limnichoides, Woll, ScjTnnus, 470.
linearis, Fab. (Staphylinvs), 578.

, Mshm (Staphylinus), 578.

, Oliv. (Staphylimis), 578.

, XanthoUnus, 577-

, Erich. (XanthoUnus), 578.

lineata, Dej. (Cymindis), 2.
lineata, Sitona, 406.
lineata, Stejih. (Sitotia), 407.
lineatotessellatus, Woll, Ceutorhyn-

chus, 327.
lineatus, Schon. (Carabus), 2.

, Fab. (Curculio), 407_.

, Linn. (Curculio), 407.

, Schon. (Sitona), 407.

lineatus, Tarus, 2.
liquidus, Olibrus, 114.
liguidus, Erich. (Olibrus), 114.
LitargUS, Erich., 199.
Litargus pictus, Woll, 200.
Lithocharis, Lacord., 589.
Lithocharis fuscula, 589.

fuscula, Erich., 589.

, Heer, 589.

, Lacord., 589.

, Redt., 589.

melauocephala, 591.

melanocephala, Erich., 591.

, Heer, 591.

ochraeea, 590.

ochraeea, Erich., 590.

, Heer, 590.

, Redt., 590.

Utigiosa, 0.x}iioda, 558.
litigiosa, Heer (Oxypoda), 558.
litigiosus, Harpalus, 51.
litigiosus, Dej. (Harpalus), 52.

•, Heer (Harpalus), 52.

litoraUs, Anthicus, 535.
litoralis, Heer (Anthicus), 535.
litura. Fab. (Nitidula), 472.

, Dej. (Nundina), 472.

litura, Rhyzobius, 472.
litura, Muls. (Rhisobius), 472.

628

INDEX.

litura, Stejjh. (Rhyzobius), 472.
IMila, Erich. (Homalota), 557.
liviilipeimis, Homalota, 557.
rwidipennis, F.ricli. (Homalota), bh' .

, Redt. (Homalota), 557.

, .Maun. (Oxypoda), bb"! .

lividus, Aphodius, 225.
lividus, Ileer (Aji/todius), 225.

, Steph. (Aphodius), 225.

, Dej. (Clypeaster). 478.

. Oliv. (Scarabceus), '22b.

Lixus, Fah., MS.
Li.Mis angustatus, .351.

anyustatus, Dahl, 353.

, Fab., .■i52.

, Schon., 352.

, Stepli.. .■«2.

Chaiviuri. H'oll.. .'-(50.

Clieiianthi, }\'oll., 349.

rufitaisis, 352.

riifit arsis, Dej., 353.

, Schon., 353.

vectiformis, li'oll., 351.

longicornis, Grav. (Aleochara), 556.

, Manu. (Bolitochara), 556.

longiconiis, Homalota, 566.
tongicorriis, Erich. (Homalota), 556.

■ , Hcdt. (Homalola), 556.

longicornis, Woll., Mcgarthrus, 615.
Inngicornis, ilann. (Ojytelus), 607.
longicornis, li'oll., Ptinus, 27tl.

Longitarsus, Lat., 4 13.
Lougitarsus Cineraria-, Wall., 414.

Isoi)lcxidis, H'oll., 443.

lutescens, 446.

lutescens, Rcdt., 446.

— — ncrvosns, H'oll., 447.

nnhigcna, li'oll., 447.

saltator, (ro//.,445.

Lop ha. Meg., 80.

Loricera, Lat., 18.

I.oricira Wollastonii, 1!'.

IVollastoni'i, Javct, 19.

Lonoi, U'oll., Stena.\is, 524.

, U'oll., Tarphins, 134.

Lucasii, Bemhidium, 75.
Lucasii, Duval {Bembidhim), 75.
lucifugus, U'oll., Caulotrupis, 310.

, U'oll., Hclops, 518.

lunata, Jl'oll., Hypera, 398.
luiialus, Stepli. {liijihyllus), 173.

, Fab. (Dermestes), 173.

lunatus, Diphyllus, 172.
luiiatiis, Reilt. (Diphyllus), 173.
lunulatus. Ho//., .Vcalles, 340.
lutescens, Gyll. (Haltica), 446.

, Rcdt. (Lougitarsus), 446.

, Steph. (Tliyamis), 446.

luticola, U'oll., Homalota, .54!).
LyctUS, Fah., 151.

Lyctus brunueiis, 1,52.

Colydioides, Dej., 152.

Glycyrrhi:fp, Chev., 152.

parasiticus, Steph., 152.

Macrocnema chrysocephala, Steph.,

44!l.
Macrostethus, fVolL, 504.
Macrostethus tuberculatus, n'o//.,505.
Jladcr.'c, U'oll., Boromorphus, 493.

, Calosouia, 15.

Maderw, Fab. (Carabus), 15.

, Ohv. {Carabus), 15.

MadcrsE, Cholovocern, 180.

Maderee. Westw. (Cholovocera), 180.
Madera;, U'oll., Scoliocerus, 392.
Maderense, Fald. {Nosodendron),

204.
Maderensis, U'oll., .\gabus, 85.

, U'oll., Auletes, 416.

, U'oll., ilesites, 319.

, U'oll., Olisthopus, 35.

, U'oll., Pectcropus, 247.

major, Hister, 210.
major. Fab. (Hister), 210.

, Heer (Hister), 210.

, Linn, (//is/er), 210.

, I'ayk. (Hister), 210.

Malachius, Fab.. 244.

Maliu'hius militaris, U'oll., 245.

Miilthiiiiis, Lat., 243.

Malthodes, Kies., 242.

Maltliodes Kiescnwetteri, U'oll., 243.

Malva;, .\pion, 411.

Mah-a-, Redt. (Apion), 412.

, Schijn. (Apion), 412.

, Fab. (Curculio), 412.

, Mshm (Curculio), 412.

mandibularc, U'oll., Leiparthmm,295.
marginalis, Gyll. (Coccinella), 467.

, Rossi (Coccinella), 467.

marginalis, Scymnus, 466.
marginalis, Muls. (Scymnus), 467.

, Grav. (Tuchinus), 570.

marginatum, Dej. (Agonum), 34.

, Erich. (Agonum), 34.

, Heer (Sph(eridiiim), 101.

margiuatus, Auehomenus, 33.
marginatus. Fab. (Carabus), 34.

, Linn. (Carabus), 34.

, Gyll. (Harpalus), 34.

Margus ferrugineus, Dej., 492.
mauritanica, Trogosita, 154.
mauritanica, Erich. (Trogosita), 154.

, Gvll. (Trogosita), 154.

, Oliv. (Trogosita), 154.

mauritanicus, Steph. (Alphitobius),

498.

, Lucas (Anthiciis), 534.

mauritanicus, Ptinus, 261.
mauritanicus, Lucas (Ptinus), 262.

, Linn. (Tenebrio), 154.

maxillosus, Steph. (Creophilus), 5/9.
maxillosus, Sta])hylinus, 579.
maxillosus, Erich. (Staphylinus), 579-

, Fab. (Staphylinus), 579.

, Linn. (Staphylinus), 579.

Mecognathus, U'oll., 595.
Mecognatlms Cliima-ra, U'oll., 595.

Mki OKIIVNCIII, 306.

Megarthi-us, Sti-ph., 614.

Mcgarthrus lougieornis, U oil., 615.
megatonia, .\ttagenus, 204.
megatomu, Erich. (Attagenus), 204.

, Sturm {.Attagenus), 204.

, Dufts. (Dermestes), 204.

, Fab. (Dermestes), 204.

Melancrus Amaroides, Dej., xi.
melanoccphala. Lithocharis. 591.
melanocephala, Erich. (Lithocharis),

591.

, Heer {Lithocharis), 591.

melanocephalus,Knc\i.(Hydrobius),9S.

, Gvll. {Hydrophilus), 98.

, Oiiv. (Hydrophilus), 98.

melauoccphalus, Philhydrus, 98.
melanocephulus, Muls. (Philhydrus),

98.

melanocephalus. Fab. {Peedenis), 591.

, Steph. (Sunius), 591.

melanopa, Linn. (Chrysomela), 436.

, Steph. (^Crioceris), 436.

melanopa, Lema, 436.
melanopa. Fab. (Lema), 436.

, Lacord. (Lema), 436.

Meligethes, Steph., 123.
Meligethes Isoplexidis, U'oll., 12.'5.

|)icipes, 125.

picipes, Erich., 125.

, Redt., 125.

, Sturm, 125.

tristis, 124.

tristis. Erich., 124.

, Redt., 124.

, Stiu-m, 124.

varicolhs, U'oll., 126.

MEL01D.E, 525.

Meloe, Linn., 525.

Mcloe austrinus, U'oll., 527.

autumnalis. Leach, 528.

Havicomus, U'oll., 528.

punctatus, Steph., 528.

rugosus, 527.

rugosus, Mshm, 528.

rugulosa, Bridle', 528.

MELYRID.E, 244.
Melyrosoma, U'oll., 253.

Melyrusoma Artemisi.T, U'oll., 254.

oceauicum, U'oll., 2b3.

mcndax, U'oll.. Atlantis, 376.
Meriuiii, Kirbv, 424.
Mesites, Schoii., 317.
Mesites Tardii, Curtis, 320.
Mesites Euphorbise, U'oll., S/S.

-Maderensis, U'oll., 319.

metallicus, Fab. (Hister), 217.

, llerbst (Hister), 217.

metallicus, Saprinus, 217.
metallicus, Erich. (Saprinus), 2)7.

Metophtlialmus, Mots., 192.
Meto|ilitlialmusas])eratus, U'oll., 193.
Metopsia, U'oll. , 616.
Metopsia ampliata, li'oll., 616.
Mezium, Curtis, 272.
Mezunn sulcatum, 273.

sulcatum, Curtis, 273.

, Sturm, 273.

Microcera inflata, Mann., 562.

MicrochondJrus, Guer., 196.
Microchondrus doniuum, 197.

domuum, Guer., 197.

Microum, U'oll., 177.
mditaris, U'oll., Malachius, 245.
minima, Gyll. (Coccinella), 470.

, Rossi (Coccinella), 470.

minimus, Dej. (Dendrophilus). 212.

, Dej. (Hister), 212.

minimus, Paromolus, 212.
minimus, Aube (Paromalus), 212.
minimus, Scymnus, 470.
minimus, Muls. (Scymnus), 470.
minuta, Linn. (Chrysomela), 95.

, Oliv. dps), 190.

minutissimus, Steph. (Tachys), 73.
minutus, Oliv. (Cucujus), 162.

, Gyll. (Hydrophilus), 95.

minutus, Laccobius, 95.
minutus, Erich. (Laccobius), 95.
minutus, Lathridius, 190.
minutus. Maun. (Lathridius), 190.

. Linn. {Tenebrio), 190.

Mniophilosoma, U'oll., 453.

INDEX.

020

Mnio]iliilosoma Ineve, WolL, 454.
molitor, Teuebi'io, 4.')f).
molitor. Fab. (Tenebrio), 496.

, Gyll. (Tenebrio). 496.

, Linn. (Tenebrio), 496.

, Steph. (Tenebrio), 496.

mollis, Linn. (Attelabus), 256.

, Fab. (Notoxus), 256.

, Lat. (Opilo), 256.

mollis, Opilus, 256.

mollis, Ste])h. (Opilus), 256.

MOLYTIDES, 397.

monticola, WolL, Coniu'us, 566.
MORDELLID.E, 531.
morio, Fab. (Coccinella), 467.
morio, Laparocerus, 360.
morio, Schbn. (Laparocerus), 360.
morion, Aleocliara, 561.
morion, Erich. (Aleocliara), 561.

, Grav. (Aleocliara), 561.

, Lat. (Aleocliara), 561.

, Mann. (Aleocliara), 561.

Motschulskii, WolL, Hvpocoprus, 174.
raiiltipunctatum, Lathrobium, 588.
multi/iunctatum, Erich. (Lathrobium),
688.

, Grav. (Lathrobium), 588.

, Gyll. (Lathrobium), 588.

, Heer (Lathrobium), 588.

murina, Hypera, 399.
m.urina. Germ. (Hypera), 399.
murinus. Fab. (Curculio), 399.

, Schon. (Phytonomus), 399.

, Gyll. (Rhynchtenus), 399.

Musae, U'olL, Cryptamorpha, 167.
mutabilis, Muls. (Adonia), 461.
mutabilis, Coccinella, 461.
mutabilis, Gyll. (Coccinella), 461.

, Scriba (Coccinella) , 461.

mutilatns, Carpophilns, 116.
mutilutus, Erich. (Carpophilns), 116.
]Vn"CETOPH.A.GID.E, 194.
Mycetophafftis fumatus, Gyll., 199.
Mycetoponis, Mann., 673.
Mycetoporus pronus, 573.

pronus, Erich., 573.

ilylabris 4-punctata, Fab., 530.

nanus, TFoZZ., Trogophloeus, 611.
natator, Linn. (Dytiscus), 89.
natator, Gyrinus, 88.
natator, Aube' (Gyrinus), 89.

, Fab. (Gyrinus), 89.

, Linn. (Gyrinus), 89.

navicularis, fl 0//., Atlantis, 374.
Nebria dilatata, Dej., x.
nebulosa, Cassida, 439.
nebulosa. Fab. (Cassida), 439.

, Gyll. (Cassida), 439.

, Linn. (Cassida), 439.

, Steph. (Cassirfa), 439.

nebnlosus, Agabus, 84.
nebulosus, Steph. (Colymbetes), 84.

, Forst. (Dytiscus), 84.

Necrobia, 0/fy., 257.
Xeerobia ruticollis, 268.

ruficollis, Oliv., 258.

. Steph., 258.

NECEOPHAGA, 106.

Nedyiis Borragiiiis, Steph., 326.

Echii, Steiih., 325.

negrita, WolL, Dromius, 9.
Neptuniis, WolL, Acalles, 330.
neiTosus, WolL, Longitarsus, 447-

niger, Holoparameeus, 182.
nigerrima, Dej. (Feronia), 45.
nigerrimus, Omaseus, 45.
nigritulus, Mann. (.Cajitis), 584.
nigrocinctus, WolL, Chasmatopterus,

236.
nigrocruciatus, WolL, Trechus, 64.
uigroterminatus, WolL, Ceutorhvn-

chus, 327.
nigrum, Aube (Calyptobium) , 182.

, Chevrier (Calyptobium), 182.

nitida, Aleochara, 560.

nitida, Erich. (Aleochara), 561.

, Grav. (Aleochara), 561.

, Gyll. (Aleochara), 661.

, Mann. (Aleochara), 661.

N1TIDULID.E, 115.

Nitidula, Fab., 118.

Nitidula bimaculata, GvlL, 117.

, Ohv., 117."

discoidea, 120.

discoidea. Fab., 120.

, Gyll., 120.

Heer, 120.

lUig., 120.

- Dulcamaree,

- flexuosa, 119.
-fiexuosa, Erich., 119.

, Fab., 119.

, Heer, 119.

, Oliv., 119.

- hemiptera. Fab., 116.

- litiira. Fab., 472.

- obsoleta, 1 21 .
-obsoleta. Fab., 121.
, GvU., 121.

Ileer, 121.

■ 4-pustulata, 119.

■ 4-pustulata, Erich.,

, Fab., 119.

, Heer, 119.

, Ulig., 119.

119.

tristis, Schiipp., 124.

Nitiduloides, WolL, Cryptophagus,
618. }i l- 6

nitidulus, Aphodius, 223.
nitiduhis, Gyll. (Aphodius), 223.

, Heer (Aphodius), 223.

, Steph. (Aphodius), 223.

, Fab. (Hister), 216.

, Payk. (Hister), 215.

nitidulus, Oxytelus, 609.
nitidulus, Erich. (Oxytelus), 609.

, Grav. (Oxytelus), 609.

, Heer (Oxytelus), 609.

nitidulus, Saprinus, 215.
nitidulus, Erich. (Saprinus), 215.

, Fab. (Scarabceus), 223.

, Ohv. (Staphylinus), 568.

, Grav. (Tachyporus), 568.

noetivagans, WolL, Atlantis, 367.
nodicornis, Steph. (Tachyporus), 569.
nodiferus, WolL, Acalles, 3.34.
uodo.sus, WolL, Tarphius, 140.
nodulus, WolL, Ptinus, 265.
Nosodendron Maderense, Fald.,

204.
notatus. Fab. (Curculio), 347.
notatus, Pissodes, 347-
notatus, Schon. (Pissodes), 34/.

, Gyll. (Rhynchtsnus), 347.

, Zett. (Rhynchcenus), 347-

Notiophilus, Dum., 17.
Notiophilus geminatus, 17.

Notiophilus geminatus, Dej , 17.
Notoxus bicolor, Oliv., 636.

hirtellus. Fab., 536.

hispidus, Rossi, 636.

mollis. Fab., 266.

nubigeua, WolL, Longitarsus, 447.
Nundina lituru, Dej., 472.
Nycteus, Lat., 241.

obliquepunctata. Wall., Homalota,
549.

oblitus, WolL, Acalles, 333.

oblongus. Fab. (Carabus), 33.

obscura, Grav. (Aleochara), 541.

, Gyll. (Aleochara), 641.

obseura, Falagria, 541.

obscura, Erich. (Falagria), 541.

, Mann. (Falagria), 641.

obscuroguttata, Dut'ts. (Lebia), 7-

obseuroguttatus, Dromius, 7.

obscuroguttatus, Erich. (Dromius), 7-

obscurus. Fab. (Carabus), 58.

, Dej. (Clypeaster), 476.

, Dej. (Harpulus), 68.

, Stiu-m (Hurpalus), 68.

obscurus, Ophonus, 58.

obscurus, Steph. (Ophonus), 68.

obscm-us, Tenebrio, 497.

obscurus, Fab. (Tenebrio), 497.

, Gyll. (Tenebrio), 497.

, Lucas (Tenebrio), 497.

, Steph. (Tenebrio), 497.

obsoleta, Erich. (Epiiraa), 121.

obsoleta, Nitidula, 121.

obsoleta. Fab. (Nitidula), 121.

■ , Gyll. (Nitidula), 121.

, Heer (Nitidula), 121.

obtusa, Steph. (Blaps), 608.

obtusum, BembicUum, 76.

obtusum, Dej. (Bembidium), 76.

■ , Heer (Bembidium), 7'>.

, Sturm (Bembidium), 76.

obtusus, Ste])h. (Tachys), 76.

oceanicum, WolL, Melyrosoraa, 253.

oceanicus, WolL, Deucalion, 433.

ocellatum, WolL, Omalium, 613.

ochracea, Lithocharis, 590.

ochracea, Ericli. (Lithocharis), 590.

, Heer (Lithocharis), 690.

, Redt. (Lithocharis), 690.

ochraceus, Grav. (Paderus), 590.
Ochthebius, Leach, 90.
Ochthebius 4-foveolatus, 91.

4-fopeolatus, Mots., 91.

Octotemniis, Mellie', 283.
Octotemnus opaeus, 283.

■ opaeus, Mellie', 283.

(EDEMERID^, 522.
OWorViS, Erich.. 111.
Olibrus bicolor, 113.

bicolor, Erich., 113.

Cineraria;, WolL, 112.

consimilis, 115.

geminus, Erich., 115.

liquidus, 114.

liquidus, Erich., 114.

Oligota, Mann., 662.
Oligota inflata, 662.

subtilis, Erich., 562.

Olisthopus, Dej., 34.

Olisthopus glabratus, Brulle, 35.

Olisthopus elongatus, WolL, 38.

Erieae, WolL, 37.

Maderensis, WolL, 36.

4 M

630

INDEX.

O.M ALI ADES, 612.

Omalium, (irar., 612.

Oiiialiiiiii irraiiulatuni, Woll., 613.

ocellatum, H'oll., 613.

Omaseas, Sieph., 45.
Umasc'us iiigerriimis, 45.

WoUastoni, 46.

Omias, Schiin., .'181.

Oiiiias a;iiesct'ns, IVolL, 383.

ventro.sus, WotL, 382.

Watcihousei, IVoH., 384.

Omositd iliscoidea, Erich., 120.
opacus, H oil., Caulotnijiis, 313.

, Octott'iniius, 283.

opacus, Mellie (Octotemnus), 283.

, Grav. (Sldp/iylinus), 583.

OPATRID.K, 4!W.

Opiitro'ules, Dcj. (.Heterophaffa),49S.

Opatrum, F«l>., 4'.l'J.

Opatruin ililatatiim, do//., 501.

erraus, Wull., 501.

fuscum, 500.

fuscum, Ilerbst, 500.

septentrionale. Fald., 500.

trimeiitosum, Dej., 500.

Ophonus, Sti'ph., 57.
Ophoims obsciuus, 58.

obscurus. 8ttpli., 58.

Opilo mollis, Lat., 256.
Opilus, Lot., 255.
Upilus inoUis, 256.

mollis. Sti'ijli., 256.

orbatus, W'oll., I'tinus, 264.
omatus, IVoll., Acalles, 336.
Oryza, Steph. (Calandra), 322.

, Fab. (Curculio), 322.

, Linn. (Curculio), 322.

Oryza;. Sitophilus, 322.
Oryzir, Scliijn. (Siloj)hilus), 322.
Othius, Sh'ph., 574.
Othius Jansoni, U'oll., 5/6.

strijjiilosns, }\'oll., bib.

ovatus. Ilotfm. (Phnlacrus), 114.

, Ilerbst (Tenebrio), 498.

oviiliforinis, U'oll., Syncalypta, 207.
ovum. )\'oll., Encinetus, 242.
Oxyomus, DeCasleln., 227.
Oxyonms brevicoUis. IVoll., 229.

Ileineokeni, t\'oll., 228.

sabulosus, Dej., 230.

Oxjrpoda, Mann., o58.
Oxypoda litii;iosa, 558.

liti(/iosa. Ilcer, 558.

lividijicnnis, Mann., 557.

Oxi/porus brunneus. Fab., 568.

OXYTEI.I DF.S, 601.

Oxytelus, Grav.. 605.
Uxyteliis conijjlanatns, 608.

coinplimalus, Erich., 608.

, Ilccr, 608.

, Redt., 608.

depressus, Gyll., 608.

glarcosns. Ho//., 610.

tongicnrnis, Mann., 607.

nitiilulus, 609.

nitidulus, Erich., 609.

, Grav., 609.

, Ilecr, 609.

piceus, ()06.

piceus, Erich.. 606.

, Ilecr. 606.

sculptus, (>07.

sculjilus. Erich., 607.

, Grav., 607.

Oxytelus sculptus, Heer, 607.

PjEdebides, 586.

Paderus melanocephalus. Fab., 591.

ochraceus, Grav., 590.

pallcscens, fVoll., Xylophilus, 538.
pallipes, .-Vnehomenus, 33.
pallipes, Dej. [Anchomenus), 33.

, Heer (Anchomenus), 33.

, Fab. (Carabus), 3.3.

pauiceum, Anobium, 277-
paniceum, Fab. (Anobium), 277-

, Gyll. (Anobium), 277-

, Ohv. (Anobium), 277-

, Ste])h. (Anobium), 277.

, Linn. (Dermestes), 277.

parallelus, U'oll., Tarphius, 134.
purti.fiticus, Steph. (Lucius), 152.
I'AH.MD.E, 89.
Pamus, Fab., 89.
Ramus prolifericornis, 90.

prolifericornis. Fab., 90.

'-, GvU., 90.

, Steph,, 90.

, Zett., 90.

Paromalus, Erich., 211.

Paiomahis minimus, 212.

minimus, Aube, 212.

])umilio, 213.

pumilio, Erich., 213.

Pecteropus, Ho//., 245.
Pecteropus iladcrensis, U'oll., 247.

pellueidus, U'oll., 247.

rostratus, U'oll., 250.

rugosus, Woll., 249.

pedicularius, Conurus, 565.
pedicularius, Erich. (ConjfrKs), 566.

, Grav. (Tachi/porus), 566.

, Gyll. (Tachyporus), 566.

, Manu. (Tachyporus), 566.

Pcdrosi, U'oll., Aphodius, 226.
pellueidus, U'oll., Pecteropus, 247-

■ , U'oll., Zargus, 25.

perfohatus, M 'o//.,Phlocophthorus,301 .
pertinux. Fab. (Anobium), 278.
Peryphus, Met/., 77-
Phadon Polyr/oni, Steph., 459.
PII.\LACRli)j:, 111.
Phalacrus bicolor, GvU., 113.

, Stuim, 113.

dimidiatus, Sturm, 176.

geminus, Illig., 115.

or at us, Iloffm., 114.

testiiceus, Gyll., 115.

Phaleria, Ijat., 488.
Phalena cihata. U'oll., 488.

cnrnutn. Lat., 490.

PHILHYDRIDA, 89.
Philhydrus, Sol., !>8.

I'hilhydrus melanocephalus, 98.

melnnocephnlus, Muls., 98.

Philonthoides. U'oll., Ilomalota, 551.
Philontlius, steph., 580.
Philonthus a;neus, 580.

teneus, Erich., 580.

aterriraus, 584.

aterrimus, Erich., 584.

bipustulatus, 583.

bipustulatus. Erich., 583.

fihformis, U'oll., 585.

sonbdus, 582.

sordidus, Erich., 582.

lunbratibs, 581.

umbratilis, Erich., 581.

Philonthus vanans, 583.
rariaiis. Erich., 583.

Phloeophagus, Sclwn., 307.
Phlccophairus sulcipennis, U'oll., 308.
Phloeopht'honis, do//., 299.
Plda'0]]lith(n-us |jerfohatus, H o//.,301 .
Phymatodes, Muls., 424.
Phymatodcs variabilis, 425.

variabilis, JIuls., 425.

Phytonomus murinus, Schiin., 399.
varinbilis. Schiin., 400.

PHYTOPHAGA, 4.S5.

piceum, .\rthrobps, 476.

piceus. Comoll. [ Clypeaster), 476.

, Lucas (Clypeaster), 476.

, Redt. (Gryphinus), 476.

piceus, Oxytehis, 606.
piceus, Erich. (Oxytelus), 606.

, Heer (Oxytelus), 606.

, Mshm (Ptinus), 287.

, Fab. (Staphylinus), 606.

, Linn. (Staphylinus), 606.

, Schr. (Staphylinus), 609.

picipes, McUgethes, 125.
picipes, Erich. (Meliijethes), 125.

, Redt. (Melifjelhes), 125.

, Sturm (Melifjelhes), 125.

pictus, U'oll., Litargus, 200.
pilula, U'oll., Ptinus, 266.
pingiiis, U'oll., Ptinus, 264.
piniperda, Fab. (Bo.s7rie/iM.s), 303.

, Erich. (Dendroctonus), 303.

, Linn. (Dermestes), 303.

, Ratz. (Hylesinus), 303.

piniperda, Ilylurgus, 303.
piniperda, Redt. (liylurgus) , 303.
Pisi, Steph. (Bruchus), 420.

, Stejih. (Sitona), 407.

Pissodes, Germ., 347-
Pissodes notatus, 347.

notatus, Schiin., 347.

planifrons, U'oll.. Xenomma, 544.
Platysthetus, Mann., 601.
Platystlietus fossor, U'oll., 603.

spinosus, 602.

spinosus, Erich., 602.

Platytomus sabulosus, Muls., 230.
plcbeia, U'oll., Ilomalota, 553.
plicatus, Dej. (Cleonis), 401.
phcatus. Cleonus, 401.
plicatus, Schiin. (Cleonus), 401.

, Ohv. (Curculio), 401.

, Schiin. tWiytideres), 401.

Ploeosoina, U'oll.. 147.
Plocosoma elli|>ticum, U'oll., 148.
Pluto, U'oll.. Ilelops, 516.
Polygoni, Gyll. (Chrysomela). 459.

, Linn. (Chrysomela). 4.59.

Polygoni, Gastro|)hysa, 459.
Polygoni, Redt. (Guslrophysa), 459.

, Steph. (Pheedon), 459.

2)orcatus, Steph. (Latridius), 190.
porcellus, U'oll., Echinosoma, 396.
Portosanctanus, U'oll., Ilelops, 521.
preeustum. Fab. (Callidium), 425.
Pria, St(ph., 121.
Pria Dulcamara", 122.

Dulcamarte, Sturm, 122.

truncatella, Steph., 122.

PRIOCERATA, 236.
Pristonychns, Drj.. 26.

Pristonycbus alatus, U oil., 27.
prolifericornis, Parnus, 90.
prolifericornis. Fab. (Parnus), 90.

INDEX.

631

prolifericornis, Gvll. (Pnrnns), 90.

, Steph. (Pa'rnus). 'JO.

, Zett. (Parnus), 90.

promptus, Schon. (Sitonn), 407.

, Reilt. (.Sitones), 407.

pronus, Mycetoporus, 573.
pronus, Erich. {Mycetoporus), 573.
Proteinides, (il4.
Proteus, ll'oll., Anaspis, 532.
providus, Stemis, 598.
providus, Erich. (Stenus), 598.

, Heer (Stenus), 598.

. Redt. [Stemts), 598.

Psammodius, GylL, 230.
Psammodius CiEsus, 231.

C(Fsus, Erich., 231.

sabulosus, 230.

PscmiiKPcus, 156.
Pselnphidre. 5.39.

PSEUDOTRIMERA, 460.

Psychidiuiii glohuUim, Heer, 176.

Psylliodes, Lot., 448.
Psvlliodes chrvsocephala, 449.

- hospes, U'oU., 449.

tarsata. Wall., 452.

umbratilis, U'olL, 450.

vehcmens. Wall., 451.

Ptenidium, iic/cA., 110.

Ptenidiiim apicale, 110.

apicale, Erich., 110.

Pterostichidea, 26.
Pterostichus simpticipwictatus, Koll.

45.

Wollastoni, Heer, 46.

PTILIAD.E, 107.

Ptilinoides, IVoll., Anobium, 278.

Ptilmus, Geoffr., 284.

Ptilinus cvlindripennis. Wall., 285.
Ptilium apicale, Sturm, 1 10.

sericans, Schiipp., 109.

PTINID^, 259.
Ptinus, Linn., 259.
Ptinus advcna, IVotl., 261.

albopictus, VVoll., 267-

Dawsoni, Woll., 263.

fissicornis, Mshm, 287-

fragilis. Mo//., 271.

longicomis, ll'oll., 270.

niauritanicus, 261.

mauritanicus, Lucas, 262.

nodulus, (ro//., 265.

orbatus, ll'oll., 264.

pilula, ll'oll., 266.

piceus, Mshm, 287.

pinguis, (I oil., 264.

scotias. Fab., 275.

, Oliv., 275.

sulcatus. Fab., 2/3.

, Mshm, 273.

Ptomophagus velox, Steph., 106.
pubescens, Conurus, 565.
pubescens, Erich. [Conuru.^), 565.

, Steph. (Conurus), 565.

, Payk. {Staphi/linus], 565.

, Grav. (Tachyporus), 565.

pulchellus, CioDus, 323.
pulchellus, Schbu. (.Clonus), 323.

, Steph. (Cleopus), 323.

, Herbst (Curculio), 323.

pulla, Mshm (Corticaria). 190.
pulveruleutus, ll'oll., AcaUes, 332.
pumila, Acratrichis, 109.
pumila. Mots. [Acratrichis), 109.
, Erich. (Trichopteryx), 109.

piimilio, Paromalus, 213.
pumilio, Erich. (Paromalus), 213.
punctatus, Ste\^\\. ( Dendrophilus),2\2.

, Steph. (Meloe), 528.

, Fab. (Staphylinus), 577-

, Gyll. (Staj)hylinus), 577-

, Payk. (Staj)hylinus), 577-

punctulatus, Xanthohnus, 577.
punctulatus, Erich. (Xantkolinus),

577.
pusilla, Rhyzopertha, 287.
pusilla, Lucas (Rhyzopertha), 287.

. Steph. (Rhy:opertha), 287.

pusillum. Fab. (Synodendron), 287-
pusillus, Clypeaster, 474.
pusillus, Germ. (Clypeaster), 474.

, Redt. (Clypeaster), 474.

, Gyll. (Cossyphus), 474.

, Schon. (Cucujus), 162.

pusillus, Lsemophloeus, 162.
pusillus, Erich. (Lmnophlceus) , 162.

, Sturm (Leemophlwus), 162.

pygmceum, Gyll. (Spkcsridium), 104.

quadricollis, ll'oll.. Ti-echus, 68.

quadridens, Ceutorh\iichus, 326.

quadridens, Schon. (Ceutorhynclms),
326.

, Panz. (Curculio), 326.

quadrifoveolatus, Ochthebins, 91.

quadrifoveolatus. Mots. (Ochthebins),
91.

quadrimaculatus, Mshm (Dermestes),
101.

quadripunctata. Fab. (3Iylabris), 530.

quadripuuctata, Zonitis, 530.

quadripunctata, Lucas (Zonitis), 530.

quadripustulata, Nitidula, 119.

quadripustttlata, Erich. (Nitidula),
119.

, Fab. (Nitidula), 119.

, Heer (Nitidula), 119.

, IWic;. (Nitidula), 119.

quatuordecim-pustulata, Coccinella,
462.

quatuordecim-pustulata, Fab. (Cocci-
nella), 462.

, GylL (Coccinella), 462.

, Linn. (Coccinella), 462.

, Muls. (Coccinella), 462.

quisquilium, Cercyon, 105.

quisquilium, Muls. (Cercyon), 105.

, Ste])li. (Cercyon), 105.

, Linn. (Scarabceus) , 105.

raptoria, H^oll., Tachyusa, 542.
Rhizohius litura, Muls., 472.
Rhynchcenus Boraginis, Gyll., 326.

murinus, Gvll., 399.

notatus, Gvll., 347.

, Zett'., 347.

Solani, Gyll,, 323.

variabilis. Gyll., 400.

RhjmcoIllS, Creuh., 306.
Rhvucohis tenax, ll'oll., 307.
RHYNCOPHORA, 288.

R H Y N C O P H O R I D E S, 321 .

Rhyssoloma, ll'oll., 458.
Rhytideres plicatus, Schon., 401.

Rhyzobhis, Steph.. 471.

Rhyzohius litura, 472.

litura, Steph., 472.

Rhyzopertlia, Steph., 286.
Rhyzopertha pusilla, 287.

Rhyzopertha pusilla, Lucas, 28/.

, Steph., 287.

robustus, Woll., Argutor, 40.

, ll'oll., Tychuis, 344.

rostratus, IVoll., Pecteropus, 250.
rotuhcoUis, ll'oll., Corticaria, 184.
rotuudatus, ll'oll., Tarphius, 137.
rotundicollis, ll'oll., Corticaria, 186.
rotundipenne, Woll., Apion, 415.
Roussetii, n'oW.,Dactylosternuin, lOO.
ruficolle, Thung. (Anobium), 258.
ruficollis. Fab. (Dermestes), 258.
ruficolUs, Necrobia, 258.
ruficollis, Oliv. (Necrobia), 258.

, Steph. (Necrobia), 258.

rufimanus, Bruchus, 419.
rufimanus, Schon. (Bruchus), 420.
ri'ifijies, Gyll. (Hister), 216.
rufitarsis, Lixus, 352.
rufitarsis, Dej. (Lixus), 353.

, Schon. (Lixus), 353.

rufus, Aphodius, 224.

rufus, Dufts. (Aphodius), 224.

, Erich. (Aphodius). 224.

, lUig. (Aphodius), 224.

, Sturm (Aphodius), 224.

rufus, Apotomus, 14.

rufus, Brulle (Apotomus) , 14.

, Dej. (Apotomus), 14.

, Hoffm. (Apotomus), 14.

, Oliv. (Scarites), 14.

, Rossi (Scarites), 14.

Rugilus, Curtis, 592.
Rugilus affinis, 592.

affinis, Heer, 592.

rugosus, Meloe, 527.
rugosus, Mshm (Meloe), 628.
rugosus, ll'oll.. Pecteropus, 249.

, Woll., Tarphius, 144.

rugulosa, Brulle' (Meloe), 528.
rugulosus, Dillwyu (Sitona), 405.

sabulosus, Dej. (Oxyomus), 230.

, Muls. (Platytomus), 230.

sabulosus, Psammodius, 230.
sagittiferum, Woll., Apion, 410.
Salicarim, Payk. (Goleruca), 442.
Salicaria;, Haltica, 442.
SalicaritB, Gvll. (Haltica), 442.

, Redt. [Haltica), 442.

• , Steph. (Haltica), 442.

saltator, Woll., Longitarsus, 445.
saltitans, II oil., Xenorchestes, 418.
sauguinolenta, Woll., Homalota, .547-
Saprinus, Erich.. 214.
Saprinus chalcites, 216.

chalcites, Erich., 216.

, Lucas, 216.

metallicus, 217.

metallicus, Erich., 217.

nitidulus, 215.

nitidulus, Erich., 215.

Sardeus, Dahl. (Harpalus), 51.
sa.xicola, ll'oll., AcalleSi332.
scaher, Linn. (Curculio), 395.
scaber, Trachvphloeus, 394.

, Trox, 233.

scaber, Heer (Trox), 233.
scabra, Linn. (Silpha), 233.
scabriculus, G\ll. (Curculio), 395.

, Schon. (Trachyphlaus), 395.

Scarabmis bilituratus, Mshm, 225.

ccesus, Panz., 231.

granarius, Linn., 226.

4 M 2

632

INDEX.

Scarabteus granarius, Oliv., 226.

HydrochaTis, Fab., 222.

iclcricus. I'avk., 22.S.

liridus, Oliv"., 225.

nitidulus. Fab., 223.

qiiisquitius, Linn., 105.

S( ARITI l)ES, 10.

Scarites, Fub., 10.
Scaritcs abbreviatiis, 11.

abbrevialiis, Dej., 11.

humcralis, M'o//., 12.

riifus, Oliv., 11.

, Rossi, 14.

Schaumii, Mo//.. .Ulantis, 'J7'>-

■ . n'oll., Zar-us, 23.

Schniidtii, W'oll.. Bembidiura, SO.
Scoliocerus, do//., .391.

ScoluKvnis curvijjes. U oil., 393.

.Mu.k'nc. n'oll.. 3i)2.

scotias, Gibbiiiin. 274.
scotias, Kugcl. ( Gihbiuin), 275.

, Sturm ( Gihbium), 275.

, Fab. (P/i«H,s), 275.

, Oliv. (Ptiiui.\). 275.

sciilpturatus, Wall., Canlopliilus, 315.
sciilptus, 0.\ytclus, G07.
sculptus, Erich. (Oxytelus), WJ.

, Grav. {Oxi/telus), 607.

, Ilecr {Oxytelus), 607.

SCYD:\I.KN1D.E, 538.
Scydmseniis, Lut., 638.
jicydmncuiis llelferi, 539.

Helferi, Lucas, 540.

, Scliaum, 540.

Scymnus, AV/e/., 465.
Scymuus arcuatus, 467.

arcuatus, Muls., 468.

(iter, Dcj., 470.

Durantic. /Co//., 465.

flavopictus, li'oll., 46i)._

Limniclioidcs, JVoll., 470.

marfjinalis. 466.

marijinulis, Muls., 467.

minimus, 470.

minimus, Muls,, 47^.

semislrintus, Lnt. Ilefte (Ilisler), 215.
sencx, li'oll., Triclioferus, 428.
septempunctata, Coccinclla, 462.
septeinpunctata,Vnh.{Coccinelln).4(>'2.
, Gyll. {Coccinella), 4(;2.

, Linn. (Coccinella), 462.

, Muls. {Coccinella), 462.

septentrionale. Fald. (Opalru>n), .500.
sericans, Schii])p. (Ptilium), 109.
, Gillm. y'Vrichoptery.x:), 109.

Sericoderus, Steph., 477-

Siiicodcrus lateralis, 478.

/AorocicHs, Steph., 478.

serrata. Ho//., Trogosita, 155.
seticolli.i, WoU. (Sitona), 405.
sex-dentatu.i, Vah. (Dermestes), 1()7.
siyina, Uossi ( Carabus), 5.
sigma, Dmmius, 5.
siyina, Bab. (Dro/nius), 5.

, Dej. (Dromius), 6.

, Ili'cr (Dromius), 5.

SILPIIID.K, 106.
Silptia scabra. Lnm., 233.

S/iArtTiff, Mshm. 173.

truncatetia, Mshm, 122.

Silphoides, hum. [Stapliylinus), 570.
Silplioides, Tachinus, 570.
Silphoides. Ericb. (Tachinu.<!). 570.
. Steph. (Tachinu.^), 570.

Silvanus, Lut.. 166.
Silvanus advena, 168.

advena, Erich., 168.

, Sturm. 168.

dentatus, 1(17.

dentatus, Steph., 168.

ferruyineus, Sturm, 168.

frumentarius, Sturm, 167.

intermed'ius. Smith, 168.

Suriuamensis, 167.

Suriuamensis, Steph., 167.

simplicipunctatus, Koll. (Pterosti-

chus), 45.
Sitona, Germ., 402.
Sitona eambrica, 405.

eambrica, Steph., 405.

cribricollis, Schon., 405.

gressoria, 40,3.

yressorius. Germ., 403.

. Schon., 403.

humeralis, 407.

humeralis, Ste|)h., 407.

lati|)ennis, 404.

latipennis. Schdu., 404.

hneata, 406.

Hneata, Stepli., 407.

lineatus, Schon., 407.

j)isi, Steph., 407.

promptus, Sehcin., 407.

rugulosus. Dillwvu, 405.

seticollis. \V()11.,'405.

Sitones promptus, Uedt.. 407-
SitophiltlS, Schiin., ,321.
Sito])hikis granarius, .321.

qranurius, Schon., .321.

bryzie, 322.

Ory-a, Schon., 322.

sodalis, Homalota, 554.
sodalis, Erich. (Homalota), 554.
Solani, Gyll. (Rhyuclianus). .323.
Soleuophorus strepens, Muls., 423.

Somatium, li'oll.. 563.
Somatium anale. Wall., 564.
sordidus, Philonthus, ,582.
sordidus, Erich. (Philonthus), 582.

, Grav. (Stiiphylinus), 582.

, Mann. (Staphylinus), b^'l.

, Zett. (Staphylinus), 582.

Spharia-, Mshni (Sil/iha), 173.
Sphicrieus, Mots., 263.
SPII.EIUDl.VD.E, 99.
Sphaeridium, Fab., loi.

Spha-ridiuni bicolor. Fab., 11.3.

bipustulatuni, 101.

bipustulatum. Fab.. 101.

, Muls., 101.

centrimacutatum, St\u'm, lIM.

ylabralum. Fab., 48(;.

maryinatutn, Ileer, 101.

pyymieum, Gyll., 104.

unipunctatum. Fab., 105.

Sphierophorus, M'altl, 219.
sphaTula, li'oll.. Stagonomorpha, 484.
spilotu.t. Dej. (Dromius), 7.
spinicoUis, li'oll., Blabiuotus, 426.
spiiiipcs, li'oll., Tarpluus. 136.
spinosus, Platysthetus, 602.
spinosns. Erich. (Pbitysthetus), 602.

St^onomorpha, ll'iill.. 4S-2.

Stagonomorpha spharula, li'oll., 484.

uuicolor. Mo//., 485.

ST.VPIIVLIMD.E, 540.

Sr.\ 1' II Y 1. 1 NIDES, 574.

staphylinus, Linn., 578.

Staphylinus aneus, Grav., 580.

, Gyll., 580.

, Rossi, 580.

anyustatus. Fab., 594.

, Payk., 594.

-^— aterrimus, Grav., 584.

, Zett., 584.

atramentarius, Kirby, 556.

bipusfulatus. Gray., 583.

, Gyll., .583.

, Pauz., 583.

cellaris, Payk., 565.

linearis, Fab., 578.

, Mshm, 578.

. Ohv., 578.

ma.xillosus, 579.

maxillosus, Erich., 579.

, Fab., 579.

Linn., 579.

nitidulus, Oliv., 568.

opacus, Grav., 583.

jiiceus. Fab., 606.

, Linn., 606.

, Schr., 609.

pubescens, Payk., 565.

punctulatus. Fab., 577.

, Gyll., 577.

, Payk., 577-

Silphoides, Linn., 570.

sor<lidus. Grav., 582.

, -Mann., 582.

, Zett., .")S2.

.lubfuscus. Gyll., 581.

, Mann.", 581.

umbratilis. Grav., 581.

rarians. Fab., 583.

, P.-ivk., 583.

Stenasds, Schmidt, 522.
Stena.\is Lowei, li'oll., 524.
Steneferruyineu, Steph., 492.
Ste xiDEs, 596.

Stenoides, li'oll., Lajmophloeus, 1(!5.

Stenolophus, Steph., 58.

Steiiolophus dorsalis, 60.

dorsalis, Erich., 60.

Teutouus, 59.

rnporariorum, Dej., 59.

. Ilecr, 59.

Stenotis, //o//., 316.

Stenotis acicula, U oil..
Stenus, Lat.. 596.
Stenus guttida, 597.

yuttulu. Erich., 597.

, Ileer, 597.

, Midi., 597.

Ilecri. li'oll., 600.

Kirbii, Curtis, 59?.

providus, 598.

providus, Erich., 598.

, Heer, 598.

, Redt.. 598.

undulatus, li'oll.. 599.

Stilicus a^ffiuis, Erich., 592.

, Redt., 592.

strepens. Fab. (Cnllidium), 423.
. — — , JIuls. (Soleuophorus), 423.

, Lucas (Stromatium), 42.3.

striatum, .Vnobium, 278.
.s-/ria/«m, Gvll. (Anobium), 278.

, 01iv."(.4«o6i«m), 278.

, Ste])h. (.Inobium), 278.

siriatus, BruUc (Heyeter), 510.

, Lat. (Heyeter), 510.

, Solier (Heyeter). 510.

,316.

INDEX.

(>88

strigiilosus, IVolL, Othiiis, 575.
Stromatiiun, Serv., 422.
Stromuliiim strepens, Lucas, 423.
Stromatium unicolor, 423.
Sturmii, Bab. (Dromius), 5.
subelliiitious, Tl^olL, Bruchus, 420.
subfuscus, Gyll. {Staphi/limis), l^S\ .

, Manu. {Staphi/Hnus), 581.

silbtessellatiis, TVolL, Anemophilus,

387.
subtilis, Woll, Haltica, 441.
subtilis, Erich. (Oligota), 562.
succina, Ilcin. {Coccirietla), 180.
sulcatum, Mezium, 273.
sulcatum. Curtis (Mezium), 273.

, Sturui (Medium), 273.

sulcatus. Fab. {Ptinus}, 273.

, Mshm (Ptinus), 273.

sulcipennis, Woll., Phloeophagus. 308.
Sunius, Steph., 593.
Suulus angustatus, 593.

anyustatus, Erich., 594.

, Heer, 594.

bimaculatus, 594.

bimaculatus. Erich., 594.

melanocephalus. Steph., 591.

superans, H oH., Amara, 48.
Surinamensis, Linn. (Dermestes), 1C7.
Surinamensis, Silvanus, l(i7.
Surinamensis, Steph. (Silvanus), 167.
suturulis, Dej. (Cyminidis), 3.

, Grav. (Tachinus), 570.

suturalis, Tarus, 3.

svlvicola, Woll., Tarphius, 137.

Syncalypta, Steph., 206.

Svncalvpta capitata, Woll., 207.
- — hoiriila, Woll., 208.

. ovuliformis, Woll., 207.

Synodendron pitsillum, Fab., 287.

tabellatuin, Woll., Bembidium, 79.
Tachinus, Grav., 5/0.
Tachinus maryinalis, Grav., 570.

Silphoides, 570.

Silphoides, Erich., 5/0.

, Steph., 57U.

suturalis, Grav., 570.

Tachyporides, 563.
TachypoiTis, Gray., 567.
Tachjporus brunneus, 568.

■ brunneus, Erich., 568.

copillaricornis, Grav., 569.

celer, Woll., 667.

nitidulus, Grav., 568.

nodicornis, Steph., 569.

pedicularius, Grav., 566.

, Gyll., 566.

, Mann., 566.

pubescens, Grav., 565.

Tachj's, Ziegl., 73.

Tachys minutissimns, Steph., 73.

obtusus, Steph., 76.

Tachyiisa, Erich., 541.
Tachyusa immunita, Erich., 550.
Tachyusa raptoria, Woll., 542.
Tamarisci, Berginus, 195.
Tamarisci, Dej. (Berginus), 195.
tantilla, Woll., Homalota, 553.
Tarda, Curtis (Mesites), 320.
Tarphius, Erich., 129.^
Tarphius brevicolhs, Woll., 144.

cicatricosus, Woll., 141.

• compactus, Woll., 139.

echinatus, Woll., 143.

Tarphius gibbulus, 1,32.

inornatus, Woll., 135.

Lauri, Woll, 1.38.

Lowci, Woll., 134.

nodosus, Woll., 140.

parallelus, Woll., 134.

rotundatus, Woll., 137.

rugosus, Woll., 144.

spiuipes, Woll., 136.

svlvicola, Woll., 137.

testudinalis, Woll., 141,

truucatus, Woll, 142.

tarsata. Woll, PsyUiodes, 452.
Tarus, Clairv., 1.'
Tarus liueatus, 2.

suturalis, 3.

tectiformis, Woll, Corylophus, 480.
TELEPHORIDzE, 242.
tenax, Woll, Rhvneolus, 307.
TENEBRIONiaE, 489.
Tenebrio, Linn., 496.
Tenebrio Fagi, Stiu-m, 499.
Tenebrio diaperinus, Ilhg., 498.

, Kugel., 498.

. . , Sturm, 498.

elongatus, Ilerbst, 495.

ferrugineus. Fab., 492.

gages, Linn., 507.

mauritanicus, Linn., 154.

minutus, Linn., 190.

molitor, 496.

molitor. Fab., 496.

, Gyll., 496.

, Linn., 496.

■ • , Steph., 496.

obsciu-us, 497.

obscurus, Fab., 497.

, GvU., 497.

, Lucas, 497.

, Steph., 497.

ovatus, Herbst, 498.

TENTYR1AD.E, 508.
terebrans, Woll, Caulotnipis, 312.
terminalis, Woll, Acalles, 335.
tessellatus, Mshm (Curculio), 395.
testacea. Fab. (IpSj, 492.

■ , Steph. (Typhtca), 199.

testaceum, Fab. (CalUdium), 425.
testaceus, Linn. (Cerambyx), 425.

, Pavk. (Cucnjus), 163.

, Gyll. (Phalacrus), 115.

testudinalis, JVoll, Tarphius, 141.
testudinea, Coccinella, 463.
testudinea, Heiu. ( Coccinella), 463.
Teutonus, Stenolophus, 59.
Teutonvs, Schr. (Carahus), 59.
Thalassophilus, Woll, 71.
Thalassophdus Whitei, Woll, 71-
fhoracicus, Steph. (Sericoderus), 478.
THORICTID^E, 218.
Thorictus, Germ., 218.
Thorictus Westwoodii, ll'oll, 220.
THROSCID^, 236.
Tkroscus, Lat., 237.
Thyamis lutescens, Steph., 446.
tibialis, Curtis (Anthicus), 534.

, La Ferte' (Anthicus), 534.

tomentosa, Steph. (Typhaa), 199.
tomenlosnm. Dej. (Opatrum), 500.
TOMlCIDiE, 288.
Tomicus, Lat., 288.
Tomicus Dohrnii, Woll, 290.

villosus, 290.

villosus, Steph., 290.

206.

,305.

TRACHELIA, 522.
Trachjrphloeus, Germ., 394.
Trachyplilocus scaber, 394.

scabriculus, Schou., 395.

transversa, M.shra (Corticaria), 191.

, Oliv. (Ips), 191.

transversus, Lathridius, 191.
transversus, Manu. (Lathridius), 191.

, Steph. (Latridius), 191.

Trechus, Clairv., (i2.
Trechus alticola, Woll, 69.

eautus, Woll, 70.

custos, Woll, 68.

(Mlutus, Woll, 66.

timicola, Woll, 63.

flavomarginatus, Woll, 65.

ful.vus, Steph., 61.

nigrocruciatus, Woll., 64.

• fjuadricoUis, Woll, 68.

unibricola, Woll, 67.

Tribolium, MacLeay, 491.
Triholium castaneum, MacLeay, 492.

ferrugineum, 491.

Trichoferus, Woll, 427.
Trichuferus senex, Woll, 428.
Trichophya, Mann., 571.
Tncbopliya Huttoni, Woll, 572.
Trichopteryx upicatis, Gdlm., 110.

fascicularis, lleer, 108.

grandicollis, Erich., 108.

pamila, Erich., 109.

sericans, Gillm., 109.

trifasciatus (Attar/enus
Trifolii, Hvlastes, 304.
Trifolii, Mull. ( Hylesinus

, Schmidt (Hylesinus), 305.

tristis, Aleochara, 5()0.

tristis, Erich. (Aleochara), 560.

-, Grav. (Aleochara), 560.

, Gyll. (Aleochara), 560.

, Mann. (Aleochara), 560.

tristis, Anthicus, 536.

tristis. La Ferte (Anthicus), 536.

, Schmidt (Anthicus), 536.

tristis, Meligethes, 124.
tristis, Erich. (Meligethes), 124.

, Redt. (Meligethes), 124.

, Sturm (Meligethes), 124.

, Schiipp. (Nitidula), 124.

triviahs, Amara, 4/.
trivialis, Dej. (Amara), 48.

, Erich. (Amara), 48.

, Ileer (Amara), 48.

, Gyll. (Harpalus), 48.

TrixagUS, Kugel, 236.
Trixasus gracihs, Woll, 237.
TRUGID^, 232.
Trogophloeus, Mann., 611.
Trogophlocus uanus, Woll, 611.
TROGOSITIDxE, 153.
Trogosita, Oliv., 153.
Trogosita calcar. Fab., 495.

caraboides, F'ab., 154.

castaneipes, Sam., 498.

cornuta. Fab., 490.

mauritanica, 154.

• mauritanica, Erich., 154.

, Gyll., 154.

serrata, Woll, 155.

Trogossita mauritanica, Oliv., 154.
trossulus, Woll, Anemophilus, 388.
Trox, Fab., 232.
Trox arenarius. Fab., 233.
, Gyll., 233.

634

INDEX.

Trox scaber, 233.

scaber, Ileer, 233.

truncatelta, Steph. {Pria), 122.

, Mshm [Silpha), 122.

truncatus, PVoll., Tarphius, 142.
tiiljcrculatus, IVoll., Macrostethus,

,■)().=;.

Tychius, Schiin., 343.

Tveliius albosquiimosus, IVoll., 345.

— — filirostiis, l\'oU., 3-16.

robustus, H'oll., 344.

Typhaea, Sieph.. 198.
Tvplui-a funiata, 199.
——fumata. Curt., 199.

, Sturm, 199.

testacea, Sti-pli., 199.

tomentosa, Steph., 199.

Uloma comuta, Stepli., 490.
unibratilis, H'olL, Hoinalota, 554.

, Philouthus, 581.

umhrdlilis, Erich. {Philoiifhus), 58).
umbratihs, fVull., Psylhodes, 450.
umhratilis. Grav. (Stajthylinus), 581.
umbricola, H'olL, Acratrichis, 108.

, Ji'olL, Trcchus, fi/.

uuilulatus. U'oll., Stenus, 599.
uiiicolor, Ohv. (Cnllidium), 423.
unicolor, H'olL, Stagououiorpha, 485.

, Stromatium, 423.

unipunctatum, Fab. (S/iA(En'(/tHw),105.

vaporarionim, Dufts. (Carabus), 59.

, Fab. ( Carabus), 59.

, Dcj. {Stnwlophus), 59.

, Heer {Stenoluplins), 59.

variabile. Fab. (Callidium), 425.

, Steph. {Callidium), 425.

, lluls. {Phymatodes), 425.

variabilis, Liun. {Cerambyx), 425.

, Herbst (Curmdio), 400.

variabihs, Ilyjiera, 400.

, Phyuiatodes, 425.

variabilis. Schon. (PAy/onom«s), 400.
, Gyll. {Rhynchcenus), 400.

varians, Philouthus, 583.
varians, Erich. (Philonthus), 583.

, Fab. (Staphylinus), 583.

, Payk. (Staphylinus), 583.

varicolhs, H'olL, Meligethes, 126.
varius, Authrenus, 205.
varius, Ei-ich. (Anthrenus), 205.

, Fab. (Anthrenus), 205.

, Sturm (Anthrenus), 205.

Vau, H'olL, Acalles, 335.
vcctiformis, H'olL, Lixus, 351.
vehemens, H'olL, Psylliodes, 451.
velatum, H'olL, Anobium, 2/6.
velox, Catops, lOO.
velox, Erich. (Catops), 106.

, Spence (Choleca), 106.

velox, H'olL, Gloposoma, 482.
velox, Steph. (Ptomophar/us). 106.
ventrosus, H'olL, Omias, 382.
Verbasei, Heer (Anthrenus), 205.

, Oliv. (Anthrenus), 205.

venniculatus, H'olL, La;mophloeus,

161.
vernale, Apion, 409.
vernale, Gyll. (Apion), 409.

, Schiin. (Apion), 409.

vemalis. Fab. (Attelabus), 40.9.
vespcrtiuus. H'olL, .Vtlantis, 371-
vigilaus, H nil.. Ilvilroporus, 86.
villosus. Fab. (Bostrichus),-2[)0.

, Payk. (Bo.strichus), 290.

, Mshm (//«■), 290.

villosus, Tomicus, 290.
villosus, Stcpli. (Tomicus), 290.
vitlata, Dahl (Cymindis), 2.
vividus, Calathus, 29.
vividus. Fab. (Carabus), 29.

, Schon. ( Carabus), 29.

vividus, llarpalus, 53.
vividus, Dcj. (Hurpalus), 54.
Vulcanus, H'olL, Ilelops, 513.
vulpiiius, Dirinestes, 202.
vul])inus. Fab. (Dermestes), 202.

, Gvll. (Dermestes). 202.

, Oiiv. (Dermestes), 202.

vulpinus, Steph. (Dermestes), 202.
Waterhousei, H'olL, Omias, 384.
Westwoodii, H'nIL, Thorictus, 220.
Whitci, H'olL, Thalassophilus, 71.
WoUastoni, Acalles, .•J42.
Wollustoni, Chevr. (Acalles), 342.
WoUastoni, Apion, 414.
H'ollastoni, Chevr. (Apion), 414.
WoUastoni, Omaseus, 46.
Wollustoni, Ileer (Pterostichus), 46.
Wollastonii, Cis, 280.
H'ollastonii, MeUie (Cis), 280.
Wollastonii, Cossyphodes, 146.
H'ollastonii, Westw. {Cossyphodes),

146.
Wollastonii, Loricera, 19.
H'ollastonii, Javet (Loricera), 19.

Xantholinus, Dahl, 576.
Xantholiuus linearis, 577.

linearis. Erich., 578.

])unctulatus, 577.

punclulalus, Erich., 577-

Xeuomma, H'olL, 543.
Xcuonnna tiliforme, Woll., 545.
forniicarutn, H'olL, 545.

plaiufrous, H'olL, 544.

Xenorchestes, H'olL, 4\7-
Xcnorchestcs saltitans, H'olL, 418.
XenostrongyluB, H'olL, 126.
Xenostrongvlus Canariensis, H'olL,

127.

histrio, H'olL, 128.

Xylonotrogus, Mots., 219.
Xylophilus, Lat., 537.
Xylojiliilus pallescens. Wall., 538.
Xylotrogus brunneus, Steph., 152.

Zargus, H'olL, 22.
Zargus Dcserta;, H'olL, 24.

jiellucidus, H'olL, 25.

Schaumii. H'olL, 23.

Zonitis, Fab., 529.
Zonitis 4-punctata, 530.
4-punctata, Lucas, 530.

THE END.

FEINTED BY

KICUAUD TATLOR AND WILLIAM FEANCI8,

KKD LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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