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The Insect Fauna of the
Genus Crataegus

'**

A THESIS

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF

CORNELL UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

BY

WALTER HOUSLEY iWELLHOUSE

Reprinted from Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station

Memoir 56
Ithaca, N. Y. June 1922.

The Insect Fauna of the
Genus Crataegus

A THESIS

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF

CORNELL UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

BY

WALTER HOUSLEY WELLHOUSE

Reprinted from Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station

Memoir 56
Ithaca, N. Y. June 1922.

•;••".•• •*•„

CONTENTS

PAGE

The genus Crataegus 1046

Ecological summary , 1047

The relation of Crataegus insects to apple, pear, and quince 1050

Biological notes on insects feeding on Crataegus, as observed by the writer from 1917

to 1920 1051

Acarina 1051

Tetranychidae : 1051

Eriophyidae 1052

Orthoptera 1054

Acridiidae 1054

Hemiptera . 1054

Miridae (Capsidae) 1054

Tingitidae 1056

Cicadellidae (Jassidae) 1061

Membracidae 1063

Aphididae ". 1063

Coccidae 1065

Thysanoptera 1066

Thrypidae 1066

Coleoptera 1066

Elateridae 1066

Buprestidae 4 1066

Scarabaeidae '. 1066

Chrysomelidae 1067

Curculionidae 1068

Lepidoptera 1072

Papilionidae 1072

Saturniidae 1073

Arctiidae ' 1073

Noctuidae 1073

Notodontidae 1074

Lymantriidae 1075

Lasiocampidae . . . .' 1075

Geometridae 1076

Sesiidae (Aegeriidae) 1076

Pyralidae 1077

Tortricidae 1077

Yponomeutidae 1078

Elachistidae 1079

Lyonetiidae , . : : 1079

Ccsmopterygidae 1080

Diptera 1080

Cecidomyiidae (Itonididae) 1080

Trypetidae : 1085

Hymenoptera 1086

Tenthredinidae

1041

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:/;: :

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1042 CONTENTS

PAGE

Literature cited • 1088

Catalog of insects injurious to Crataegus 1090

Acarina 1090

Orthoptera 1091

Odonata

Hemiptera ^ 1091

Thysanoptera 1100

Coleoptera : . . . . 1100

Lepidoptera 1108

Diptera 1129

Hymenoptera 1131

Index of genera and species 1133

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS
WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

This paper is submitted as a result of three years of study of the insects
that feed on the plants belonging to the genus Crataegus. The writer's
object at the time when the work was undertaken was primarily to learn,
by collecting and rearing, what insects occur on the trees of this genus in
central New York. As the interest in the work increased, it was decided
to widen the field and make the list more complete by including the insects
that other workers have found to be eaters of Crataegus.

There are three older lists of insects feeding on Crataegus which have
been helpful in the preparation of the present catalog. Kaltenbach
(1872) 1 gives a list of 104 European species, Packard (1890) gives 46
American species, and Felt (1906) gives 28 American species. With the ex-
ception of these three lists, the material included in this paper is gathered
from widely scattered references and from the writer's observations. Since
food-plant indices are very commonly omitted from entomological writings,
it is difficult to get a list of all the insects that feed on a plant. Such a
list can be obtained only by scanning the pages of a multitude of papers
containing biological notes on all orders of insects. Much of that kind of
work has been done in the preparation of this catalog, but, since it has
not been possible to see all papers that might contain accounts of insects
feeding on Crataegus, the writer does not claim that his list is complete.

The catalog contains 382 species, representing 9 orders and 55 families.
They are distributed as follows:

Acarina, 10 species: Thysanoptera, 1 species:

Eriophyidae 7 Thrypidae 1

Phyllocoptidae 1 Coleoptera, 74 species:

Tetranychidae 2 Elateridae 3 ,

Orthoptera, 4 species: Buprestidae 6

Gryllidae 1 Scarabaeidae 4

Acridiidae „ 3 Cerambycidae 5

Odonata, 1 species : Chrysomelidae 12

Agrionidae 1 Curculionidae 40

Hemiptera (including Homoptera), 84 Ipidae (Scolytidae) 2

species: Anthribidae 1

Miridae (Capsidae) . . 12 Dermestidae 1

Tingitidae 4 Lepidoptera, 184 species:

Membracidae 4 Papilionidae 2

Cicadellidae (Jassidae) 18 Nymphalidae 2

Psyllidae <Chermidae) 7 Pieridae 1

Aphididae 22 Lycaenidae 3

Coccidae 17 Sphingidae 3

in parenthesis refer to Literature Cited, page 1083.

1045

1046 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

Lepidoptera (continued) : Lepidoptera (continued) :

Saturniidae 3 Yponomeutidae 7

Arctiidae 3 Gelechiidae 6

Noctuidae 27 Elachistidae 5

Notodontidae 6 Gracilariidae 12

Lymantriidae 7 Glyphipterygidae 2

Lasiocampidae 10 Nepticulidae 11

Geometridae 27 Cosmopterygidae 2

Drepanidae 1 Lyonetiidae 4

NoJidae 1 Diptera, 16 species:

Psychidae 1 Cecidomyiidae (Itonididae) 15

Limacodidae 1 Trypetidae 1

Cossidae 1 Hymenoptera, 8 species :

Sesiidae (Aegeriidae) 3 Tenthredinidae 7

Pyralidae 3 Chalcididae 1

Tortricidae 30

The catalog includes insects that have been taken on the Crataegus trees
in five continents. The number of species reported from each continent is
as follows: North America, 213 species; Europe, 203; Asia, 88; Africa, 11;
Australia, 8. All but 45 of the North American species are believed
to be cttstinct from those of the Old World. A single Australian species
is distinct from those of other continents. The insects recorded from
Asia and Africa are found also in Europe.

It will be noticed that the mites, which have similar habits, are included
with the insects in this paper.

Some helpful references to entomological notes concerning each species
have been included in the catalog, which is intended as an aid to other
workers who are investigating the insects of our deciduous fruit trees
and related plants.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to Professors Glenn W. Herrick and
James G. Needham, of the Department of Entomology at Cornell Uni-
versity, under whose direction the work was done and whose kindly criti-
cisms and suggestions are appreciated; also to Dr. W. T. M. Forbes,
•Dr. Edith M. Patch, Chas. W. Leng, Dr. P. B. Lawson, Professor Z. P.
Metcalf, Dr. H. H. Knight, Professor Carl J. Drake, Dr. E. P. Felt,
and Henry Dietrich, who have kindly aided in the determination of
species; to Dr. K. M. Wiegand, who has kindly aided in the determina-
tion of species of Crataegus; and to Miss Lela G. Gross for able editorial
assistance.

THE GENUS CRATAEGUS

Crataegus is the name of a group of trees and shrubs commonly known
by their sharp thorns, white flowers (pink or red in a few cultivated
varieties) in May, and red or yellowish fruit like minature apples in
autumn. It is an ancient Greek name derived from kratos (strength),
and was applied to the plants of this genus because of the hardness and
durability of the wood.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1047

Among the popular names by which the genus is known most commonly
are the following: hawthorn, thorn apple, red haw, white thorn, and thorn,
in America; hawthorn and may, in England; aubepine, in France (snellier,
by French Canadians); Weissdorn, in Germany; spinalba, in Italy. As
the name hawthorn seems to be the one most commonly used by English-
speaking peoples, the writer has used it in this paper to represent all
species of Crataegus.

The genus is placed by many botanists in the family Rosaceae. Other
botanists have divided the Rosaceae group and formed an apple family,
Malaceae, in which Crataegus is included along with Malus, Pyrus,
Cydonia, Mespilus, Sorbus, Amelanchier, Aronia, and Eriobotrya.

The determination of species of Crataegus is as great a taxonomic
problem to botanists as the determination of the parasitic Hymenoptera
is to entomologists. During the first ten years of this century about
one thousand species of Crataegus were described in North America.
Many of them are now regarded as hybrids and varieties, and a still
further reduction of species is in progress. This taxonomic uncertainty
makes it impossible in many cases to recognize specific hosts for the
insects that feed on the hawthorns.

Crataegus is distributed over most of the temperate parts of the North-
ern Hemisphere. The genus is not indigenous in the Southern Hemis-
phere except in America, where it follows the unbroken mountain chain
through the Tropics and grows in the Andes Mountains. It is found as
far north as Newfoundland, Norway, and Sweden, and extends south-
ward to the Mediterranean borders of Africa and Asia Minor. The
European species have been introduced into Australia and other European
colonies in the Southern Hemisphere for cultivation.

Most species of hawthorns seem to thrive in any well-drained soil
which is not acid and where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of
forest trees, while a few species thrive in acid soils also. They are usu-
ally long-lived trees, and individuals one hundred years old are not
uncommon.

Distribution is effected largely by means of birds and mammals, which
eat the ripe fruits and carry the seeds in their digestive tracts to other
communities. Within the same community, thickets are commonly
formed from the new stems which grow from the roots of a single tree.
Wherever the roots become exposed to light, as by washing on hillsides,
a new stem may grow and a tree be formed from it.

ECOLOGICAL SUMMARY

The ecological relations of the hawthorns to their insect fauna may be
summarized in a general way very briefly. The two basic needs of an
insect which it is possible for a host plant to supply are food and shelter.
The hawthorns furnish both food and shelter.

1048 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

They furnish food for nearly all of the insects studied. A few excep-
tions, such as the snowy tree cricket (Oecanthus niveus) and th^ damsel
fly Lestes viridis, procure their food elsewhere and use the hawthorn
branches merely to shelter their eggs from the weather and their enemies.
Every part of the tree furnishes food for some species of insect, as may be
seen from the following outline:

Trunk and branches 40 species

A. External feeders (scales, aphids, and ethers), 10

B. hiternal feeders (borers), 21

Roots (aphids) 1

Thorns (weevils) 1

Leaves : 292

A. External feeders (miscellaneous), 235

B. Miners (tineids, weevils, sawflies), 37

C. Gall makers (aphids, mites, cecidomyiids), 20

Flowers (thrips, maggots, caterpillars, beetles, and others) 12

Fruit (caterpillars, bugs, maggots, grubs) 30

The other basic need of insects which a host plant may supply is
shelter. Most of the insects included in this paper are sheltered to some
extent by the hawthorn, although the completeness of the shelter varies
with the habits of each species of insect. Some are protected, only by their
position on the surface of the tree. Others are partially sheltered in rolled
leaves, bark crevices, and the like. Still others are securely housed within
the plant tissues. The degree of shelter secured by those species living
externally on the surface of the plant varies so greatly and so gradually
that no distinct lines of division can be drawn in so general a statement as
this. The more distinct groups of internal feeders (borers, leaf miners,
and gall makers) are indicated above and are distinguished from the
external feeders, which receive less complete shelter.

The fact that so many species of insects feed at the expense of the haw-
thorns suggests the idea that these trees are in danger of extinction. Such
is not the case, however, for the hawthorns when not weakened by drought
or flood are very hardy, long-lived trees. Some indications as to why they so
successfully withstand the feeding of the insects may be seen from a study of
the following data, which are based on statistics given in the last sections of
this paper:

APPROXIMATE FEEDING PERIOD OF HAWTHORV INSECTS

Species Species

March 11 August .117

April • 54 September 124

May 190 October. . '. 80

June 232 November 23

July 131 Time of feeding unknown 58

FOOD PLANTS OF HAWTHORN INSECTS

Food plants restricted to Crataegus : 57 species

Food plants including other related or associated groups 325 species

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1049

It will be noticed that there is a direct correspondence between the time
of feeding of the insects and the time of growth of the trees. The greatest
number of species feed during May and June, when the trees make their
greatest growth. The number decreases slightly during July and August,
at the time when droughts frequently check tree growth, and then it
increases slightly in September, at the time when fall rains often cause a
new growth. This relationship between the period of growth and the
time of feeding seems to be one of Nature's adjustments for maint ining
balance.

The fact that a large majority of the insects feed on other host plants
also, lessens the danger of destruction of the hawthorns and is another of
Nature's provisions for maintaining balance. There are, of course, many
other factors that tend to lessen the insect injury to the trees, such as
the interrelations of the insects with their parasites and preyers, but so
little is known about them that the writer makes no attempt to discuss
them.

A host of bees, flies, and beetles visit the blossoms in quest of pollen and
nectar. The winter buds in some species of hawthorn become coated with
a sticky exudation, which attracts insects emerging in late winter, such
as the stone flies and the chironomids. These transient members of the
Crataegus fauna have been omitted from consideration in this paper.
A list of insects that visit the blossoms is given by Knuth (1908).

In the preparation of the catalog of hawthorn insects it became noticeable
that some of the species which have more than one host plant have chosen
only closely related hosts, such as the apple, the pear, or the medlar, while
many others have chosen their hosts from plants that grow in the same
communities regardless of close botanical relationship. A study of these
combinations of hosts and the habitats in which they grow has led the
writer to believe that the hawthorns are members of at least five different
plant communities, which may be described as follows:

1. Open woods. In woodlands where the growth habit of the taller trees permits sunlight
to reach the ground so that an undergrowth may develop, such as that in a forest of oak,
hickory, and elm, Crataegas is commonly found along with Corylus, Rhamnus, Carpinus,
Prunus spinosa, and the like.

2. Deforested areas. Where a shrubby growth has sprung up after the destruction of a
forest, numerous thorny forms such as Crataegus, Rubus, Berberis, and Prunus spinosa
are frequently found.

3. Grazing lands. Hillsides or valleys where the soil is uncultivated and cattle are pastured
are frequently dotted with Crataegus, Rosa, and crab apple, which because of their thorns
can continue to thrive and outgrow the danger of being eaten by the cattle.

4. Stream banks. Just back of the willows and alders on moist alluvial soil beside streams,
Crataegus grows to its greatest size and is associated with birch, willow, alder, and poplar.

5. Fence rows. Where shrubs are allowed to grow up along the fences, Prunus virginiana,
Crataegus, wild plum, and wild cherry are frequently found closely associated.

In each of these five communities insects will be found which feed on
the various plants of the community. For example, Psylla mali Schmid.

1050 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

feeds on Crataegus, Malus, Sorbus, Quercus, Ulmus, and Corylus, which
may all be found in the open-woods community, as may the host plants
of the flat-headed apple-tree borer, Chrysobothris femorata Fabr. On
the other hand, the leaf beetle, Cryptocephalus bipunctatus Linn., feeds
near the streams on such plants as Salix, Betula, Crataegus, and Corylus,
and Agrilus vittaticollis Rand, is found along the fence rows on Crataegus,
Prunus virginiana, and Amelanchier. No very distinct lines can be
drawn between the members of these communities, since many of the
plants and insects belong to more than one community.

THE RELATION OF CRATAEGUS INSECTS TO APPLE, PEAR, AND QUINCE

A more complete knowledge of the insects that feed on Crataegus is of
considerable importance as an aid in the control of insect pests of the
cultivated commercial fruits. It has for many years, since the days of
Walsh and Riley, been recognized by entomologists as the original native
host plant of a number of important insect pests which now attack the
apple, the pear, and the quince in the northeastern section of the United
States. In all probability new pests must be expected to attack the culti-
vated fruits in the future as the population of the country increases,
since as a consequence less uncultivated land will remain where the insects
may feed undisturbed on their natural hosts.

The main commercial fruits of the United States, such as the apple, the
pear, the quince, and the cherry, are natives of the Old World and have
been imported by man into America. With them were imported a number
of foreign insects, such as the codling moth, the bud moth, and the sinuate
pear borer, which continued to feed on them in this country. Many of
the pests now destructive to these fruits, however, are native to North
America and are not found in the Old World. Before the extensive plant-
ing of the imported fruits these insects must have fed on native plants.
Among the most numerous of the native plants which are similar to the
apple, the pear, and the quince are those of the genus Crataegus, and the
members of this genus are widely distributed throughout many of our
commercial fruit districts.

A young orchard which is set in the midst of hawthorns may be ruined
in a few years by the insects that migrate to it from the surrounding trees.
Well-established orchards may suffer from the attacks of new pests when-
ever there is a failure of the crop of wild haws or a clearing of the land
occupied by hawthorns so that their natural guests must seek other
hosts.

It is commonly known among entomologists that the apple maggot,
Rhagoletis pomonella, was originally a hawthorn insect and that after the
apple had been cultivated in North America for many years this insect
selected the larger, juicier fruit of the apple for its home. It is still found
in the haws but is now known as an apple pest.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1051

The apple redbug, Heterocordylus malinus, is another hawthorn insect
which has adopted the apple. It was formerly believed that the false
apple redbug, Lygidea mendax, was also originally a hawthorn insect,
but the observations of Cushman (1916), as well as those of the writer,
indicate that L. mendax is a wild-crab insect and does not feed extensively
o.n hawthorns.

The quince curculio, Conotrachelus crataegi, is a very common feeder
in haws which has occasionally injured quinces seriously and has thus
gained its common name. Likewise the lesser apple worm, Laspeyresia
prunivora, has gained its common name because of occasional migrations
from hawthorn to apple.

Baker (1915:10) considers the woolly apple aphis, Eriosoma lanigera,
to have been originally an elm-Crataegus feeder which has adopted the
apple and traveled around the world with it. The woolly aphis is undoubt-
edly common on hawthorns.

Numerous other native American insects that feed on apple, pear, or
quince are included in the catalog of hawthorn feeders beginning on
page 1090.

The possibility that foreign hawthorn insects may be imported and
become pests in North America should also be considered. When intro-
duced into a new environment away from their natural checks, these may
become more important here. Recent examples of this are three small
moths imported from Europe — the apple and thorn leaf skeletonizer,
Simaethis pariana; the hawthorn ermine moth, Yponomeuta padellus;
and the lesser bud moth, Recurvaria nanella. These have attracted
the attention of economic entomologists in North America as apple and
cherry pests, while in Europe they feed commonly on hawthorns.

Since the catalog of hawthorn insects included in this memoir lists
their food plants and the continents where each species occurs, further
examples of foreign hawthorn insects that are now in North America
may be found there.

BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON INSECTS FEEDING ON CRATAEGUS, AS OBSERVED
BY THE WRITER FROM 1917 TO 1920 2

ACARINA

Tetranychidae

telarius Linn., Tetranychus (Red spider)

The leaves of all species of Crataegus observed showed attack by
Tetranychus telarius. The European hawthorns, however, seem to be
more often severely injured by these mites than the native species. The

2 The insects are grouped according to order and family, and arranged alphabetically by species within
the family.

1052

WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

injury is severest in warm, dry periods. The leaves at first become
grayish, due to the presence of a fine white web and the cast skins of the
mites attached to them. Later they turn brown and their margins curl
toward the surface on which the mites have fed. The adults hibernate
among the fallen leaves and a few were found in bark crevices on the trunk
in April. The tiny, round, white eggs are laid on the leaves. The mites
breed continually on the leaves from June to October.

Eriophyidae

Eriophyes sp. No. 1 (Hawthorn serpentine gall of Jarvis)

The species of Eriophyes here described produces long, green or red,
serpentine galls confined to the space between two of the larger veins and
extending from the midrib toward the margin of the leaf (fig. 102). The

Fio. 102.

LEAVES OF CRAETAEGU3 PUNCTATA SHOWING SERPENTINE GALLS
PRODUCED BY ERIOPHYES SP. NO. 1

gall consists of a wavy projection on the upper side of the leaf and a wavy
incision on the lower side. In cross section the leaf appears convoluted,
with the galls projecting upward as loops or pockets in which the mites

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS

1053

live (fig. 103). The leaf does not become thickened in these galls. The
galls become extremely abundant on some trees, so that almost every leaf

is deformed. The mites seem
rather than those in bright
sunlight. They become most
abundant during August,
when the galls are swarming
with the microscopic white
mites. The galls were found
most abundantly on Crata-
egus punctata, but they were
found also on C. pruinosa
and other native hawthorns.

to prefer the shady branches of trees,

FlG. 103. CROSS SECTION OF A CRATAEGUS
THROUGH THREE SERPENTINE GALLS

LEAF,

FlG. 104. HAWTHORN MARGINAL GALLS

white mites which live within the pouches,
galls vary in size and shape, but are generally
about two millimeters high and are rounded on top
(figs. 106 and 107). They may be found at any
place on the leaf except on the larger veins.
They are fairly common on Crataegus punctata
but are not so abundant as the serpentine galls.

Eriophyes sp. No. 2 (Hawthorn

marginal gall)

Galls very similar to those
of Eriophyes goniothorax Nal.,
which are found on hawthorns
in Europe, are produced by
Eriophyes sp. No. 2. The
margin of the leaf is curled
tightly downward for a dis-
tance of two centimeters or
more (figs. 104 and 105), and
the curled margin is paler green
than the rest of the leaf. The
mites live within the curl. This
gall is not very common about
Ithaca, but was found in a few
cases on Crataegus cocdnea.

Eriophyes sp. No. 3 (Thorn leaf
pouch gall)

Many small, pale green
pouches, standing on the upper
side of the leaf and opening
beneath the leaf by a small slit,
are caused by microscopic

The

FlG. 105.
THROUGH
OF LEAF

CROSS SECTION
CURLED EDGE

1054

WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

ORTHOPTERA
Acridiidae

atlanis Riley, Melanoplus
bivittatus Say, M.
femur-rubrum De Geer, M.

The common grasshop-
pers Melanoplus atlanis,
M. bivittatus, and M.
femur-rubrum sometimes
leave their herbaceous host
plants to feed on the foliage
of the lower branches of
hawthorn trees. The older
nymphs and adults have
been observed feeding in
August and September.
They feed irregularly on
the leaves, sometimes eat-
ing the entire leaf and
sometimes eating only the
apex or one side of it.

HEMIPTERA
Miridae (Capsidae)

communis Knight, Lygus

One adult of Lygus communis was taken on June 21 and four were taken
on August 2, puncturing the leaves of Crataegus punctata.

dislocatus Say, H or das

A few adults of Horcias dislocatus were found feeding on leaves of Cra-
taegus punctata in June. They are black, rather stout, and 6 millimeters long.

malinus Reuter, Heterocordylus
(Dark apple redbug)

Nymphs and adults of Het-
erocordylus malinus are very
common on native hawthorns,
where their'red color and rapid
running over the branches
make them very conspicuous.
The young nymphs begin to
appear about April 15, when

FlG. 106. THORN LEAP POUCH GALLS

FIG. 107.

CROSS SECTION THROUGH A THORN LEAF
POUCH GALL

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1055

the blossom clusters have just begun to separate and before the blossoms
show pink. They puncture the leaves and the tender twigs but do not
cause any noticeable injury. After the fruit sets they feed on the fruit
also and cause very slight dimples where they puncture it. They become
adult in late May and early June, and begin ovipositing in the twigs
about June 15. The egg is deposited in a small slit mad 9 with the beak at
the base of a young twig. Adults were found on the trees until late July.

mendax Reuter, Lygidea (Bright apple redbug)

A few nymphs of Lygidea mendax were found feeding on the leaves and
fruit of Crataegus in late April and in May. They are not so common
as Heterocordylus malinus. In the warm laboratory the eggs hatched on
March 27 on Crataegus punctata twigs, but no nymphs were found in the
field until the blossoms were opening on April 25. Adults were found
from June 2 to August 14. One adult in a breeding cage oviposited on
June 19 in a twig of Crataegus crus-galli. She chose a year-old twig,
drilled a hole through the bark at the base of the twig, and then, turning
about, thrust an egg into the cavity.

ornatus VanD., Orihotylus

A few adults of Orthotylus ornatus were found feeding on the leaves of
Crataegus pruinosa in June. They are brownish, spotted, slender, and
5.5 millimeters long.

ostryae Knight, Lygus

A few adults of Lygus ostryae were taken puncturing the leaves of
Crataegus punctata in late June. They are pale yellowish brown, and are
otherwise similar in appearance to the tarnished plant bug.

pellucida Uhl., Diaphnidia

The pale green nymphs of Diaphnidia pellucida are rather numerous on
the foliage of Crataegus punctata during late May and early June. They
run rapidly over the branches when disturbed, and feed on the leaves
and tender 4wigs. Adults appeared from June 10 to June 15 in rearing
cages in the laboratory, and others were found in the field on Jun3 18.
They are delicate, slender, pale green, and about 4 millimeters long.

pratensis Linn., Lygus

Adults of Lygus pratensis which have lived through the winter are some-
times found puncturing the buds of Crataegus in April, as soon as the buds
show green, and a few were found puncturing the young fruit in late May.

univittatus Knight, Lygus

Adults of Lygus univittatus are rather common during late May and
June, puncturing the leaves and fruit of native hawthorns. They resemble
L. communis very closely, but are generally paler.

1056 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

Tingitidae

bellula Gibson, Corythucha (Plates LXXII and LXXIII)

Although the original description of Corythucha bellula was published
but recently (Gibson, 1918), the species seems to be fairly common where
its host plants occur, and it has probably been confused with C. cydoniae
by earlier observers who must have seen it on the hawthorns. It has
been found by Drake in Ohio and by Griddle in Manitoba.

The host plants include those species of Crataegus that have hairy leaf
veins, and alsoAlnus incana and Ribes oxyacanthoides. The writer has found
the insect breeding in abundance on Crataegus neofluvialis and to some
extent on C. albicans and C. punctata. The hawthorns with smooth leaves,
such as C. pruinosa, C. crus-galli, and C. oxyacantha, even when their
branches were intermingled with thos? of trees that were badly infested,
revealed no nymphs nor eggs.

In a large thicket of C. neofluvialis trees near the Cornell University
campus, the leaves were so discolored by the end of July that they attracted
attention several hundred yards away. By the middle of August the
leaves were falling, and the branches were bare by September 1. No
fruit matured on these trees. A few scattered trees of this species in other
directions from the city were also badly infested. Individual trees of
C. albicans and C. punctata showed an occasional branch badly infested
and with leaves discolored. The injury is caused by the nymphs and
the adults puncturing the under surface of the leaf and sucking the sap,
producing at first a mottled effect due to the pale areas around the feeding
punctures, while later the leaf turns brown and falls to the ground. Orna-
mental plantings of Crataegus in parks and gardens are rendered unsightly
and weakened by this injury.

There are two generations annually at Ithaca. The first brood hatches
in July from eggs laid in late May and in June, and the nymphs become
mature in from twenty to twenty-five days. The second-brood eggs are
laid in late July and in August, and the adults appear in late August and
in September.

The adults of the second brood hibernate among the fallen leaves and
in crevices of the bark. Many of them remain on the leaves on which
they were feeding before the leaves fell. They appeared the last of
May, and during early June were feeding on the new Crataegus leaves.
As a rule only one pair of adults was found on a leaf, and they remained
feeding and ovipositing on that same leaf for several days. After emer-
gence from the nymphal skin in September, the adults of the second brood
continue feeding on the leaves until they fall, in late September or in
October,

The egg is subelliptical, with the basal end rounded and the apical end
bent slightly to one side and capped with a rather broad cylindrical collar

MEMOIR 56

PLATE LXXII

CORY1HUCHA BELLULA

1, Adult. 2, Lateral view of hood and carina. 3, Tip of abdomen of female, with ovi-
positor at rest. 4, Same with ovipositor exserted; chitinized parts within body shown by dotted
lines. 5, Ovipositor. 6, Tip of abdomen of male, with olaspeis at rest. 7, Same with olaspeis
exserted. 8, Eggs in position among haiis in axil of leaf veins

1057

1058 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

surmounted by a low cone with irregular ridges extending from base to
apex. From the apex of this cone there arises in some cases a short, blunt
prolongation, but often this is absent. The egg is without waxy covering
over the chorion, which is smooth, unsculptured, and of a shining dark-
brown color but somewhat lighter toward the base. The cap, or cone,
is often whitish. The egg, exclusive of the apical prolongation of the cap,
is 0.52 millimeter long, and 0.21 millimeter broad at its greatest width.

The eggs are laid on the under surface of the leaf, in the axils formed by
the midrib and its lateral branches. Although the female has a well-
developed, sawlike, four-valved ovipositor, the eggs are not inserted into
the leaf tissue. They are placed among the hairs on the veins and are
in some cases glued together with an adhesive material. They are gen-
erally laid in small groups, some groups containing as many as eighteen
or twenty eggs; but occasionally they are laid singly. In counting
the number of eggs on one hundred infested leaves the writer found an
average of forty-nine eggs to a leaf. Occasionally a leaf had seventy-
five or eighty eggs on it. The egg-laying period extends over several
weeks, so that eggs, nymphs, and adults may be found at the same time
in July and August.

Eggs laid on June 2 hatched on July 9 and 10, while the eggs of the
second brood, laid on July 29 and 30, hatched on August 15 and 16. This
indicates an incubation period of about thirty-seven days in the cooler
temperature of June, and eighteen days in July and August when the
average temperature was higher.

The conical egg cap is pushed up by the nymph as it begins to emerge
from the egg still inclosed in the embryonic membranous sac. When
about halfway out of the eggshell the nymph splits the membranous
sac and slips it off over the head, leaving it with the egg cap on the outer
end hanging out from the empty eggshell.

After emerging and drying, the nymphs begin to feed at once in colonies
near the eggshells. They molt five times, feeding from three to six days
between molts, the earlier stages requiring three or four days while the
later ones require five or six days. In molting, the cuticula breaks along
the median dorsal line from the front of the head to about the second
abdominal segment. The insect on emerging is limp, and is almost color-
less except for the eye facets which are bright red. The body color soon
darkens and the eyes a few .hours later become black. During the fifth
stage the nymph wanders about more freely over the leaf and in some cases
goes to adjoining leaves. Descriptions of the nymphal stages follow.

First stage.— Length 0.5 mm., greatest width 0.15 mm. General shape an elongate ellipse,
somewhat broader cephalad than caudad and more elongate than in the later stages. At
first almost colorless but saon becoming dark brown. Beak 4-segmented and extending
back to sixth abdominal segment. Antenna 3-segmented, the basal two segments being
shorter than the third segment; basal segment without spines or hairs, second segment with

MEMOIR 50

PLATE LXXIII

YOUNG STAGES OF CORYTHUCHA BELLULA

Egg. 2, Egg after hatching. 3, First-stage nymph. 4, Second-stage nymph 5, Thiid-
stage nymph. 6, Fourth-stage nymph. 7, Fifth-stage nymph

1059

1060 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

a few short hairs, third segment with numerous long spines and hairs, some with rounded
tip and conical base, others with pointed tip. Head with five prominent dorsal tubercles,
two slightly separated just above base of beak, each bearing a round-tipped spine; one tubercle
back of these on median linfc bearing two spines; two tubercles near posterior margin, widely
separated and each bearing two spines. Pro- and mesothorax having lateral tubercles with
a spine on each, and mesothorax having a pair of dorsal tubercles with one spine on each.
Metathorax and first abdominal segment without spines. Legs armed with short, pointed
hairs and two bent, sharp, terminal claws. Nine abdominal segments visible above, each
of these except the first bearing on each lateral margin a tubercle surmounted by a round-
tipped spine; two dorsal tubercles on second, fifth, sixth, and eighth abdominal segments,
those on second and eighth segments bearing one round-tipped spine each, and those on fifth
and sixth segments bearing two spines each; tenth abdominal segment visible from a lateral
or ventral view, this segment bearing no spines nor hairs; minute awl-shaped spinules over
dorsal surface, especially on large tubercles of fifth and sixth abdominal segments and on
thorax. (Plate LXXIII, 3.)

Second stage. — Length 0.68 mm., greatest width 0.27 mm. Body broader in proportion
to its length than in first stage; dark brown in color, with numerous minute spinules over
dorsal surface, covering it much more completely than in first stage. Additional small
spines on both dorsal and lateral tubercles, and the round-tipped spines present before having
a slightly longer conical base in this stage. (Plate LXXIII, 4.)

Third stage. — Length 0.82 mm., greatest width 0.44 mm. Antenna with four segments.
Round-tipped spines arising from a base longer than the spines, and a few additional small
spines on tubercles. Pro- and mesothorax beginning to increase in prominence. (Plate
LXXIII, 5.)

Fourth stage. — Length 1.2 mm., greatest width 0.7 mm. Wing pads of mesothorax extend-
ing back over metathorax and first abdominal segment at sides. Prothorax more prominent
than in earlier stages. Bases of round-tipped spines several times as long as the spines.
A few new spines present on lateral margins of pro- and mesothorax and of abdomen. Color
dark brown, except in an irregular band across abdomen just caudad of wing pads and on
lateral thirds of prothorax, where it is yellowish. Minute spinules covering entire dorsum,
light-colored on the yellowish parts and dark on the brown parts ; these spinules present also
on bases of round-tipped spines. (Plate LXXIII, 6.)

Fifth stage. — Length 1.6 mm., greatest width 0.96 mm. Wing pads now extending back
to fourth abdominal segment at sides, and prothorax still more prominent. A few more
spines on tubercles; many of the sharp-pointed spines of the earlier stages now round-tipped;
spines present in the earlier stages on lateral margins of segments covered by wing pads have
disappeared. Yellowish parts of prothorax increased in size, and distal part of wing pads
yellowish, giving the body the appearance of having two light bands across it. Entire dorsal
surface covered with minute spinules as in earlier stages. (Plate LXXIII, 7.)

In all stages of the nymphs the larger spines correspond exactly in
position and shape with those so excellently described by Morrill (1903)
for the oak lace bug, Corythucha arcuata. The only distinguishing char-
acters between the nymphs of the two species which the writer has been
able to observe are the size and the prevalence of minute awl-shaped
spinules on the dorsal surface. Nymphs of C. bellula are smaller, and
possess more spinules, than those of C. arcuata. The larger spines of
both species which are mounted on elongate bases seem to have an eversible
sac on the tip which gives them a trumpet shape when it is drawn in and
a round tip when it is extended.

The natural enemies of these spiny creatures seem to be few. Only
the immature stages of several spiders were seen to prey upon them.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1061

The webs of these spiders sometimes cover the infested leaves of a tree
and entangle whole colonies of the lace bugs. The adults that survive
the winter are comparatively few, so that the first brood of C. bellula
does little injury.

Cicadellidae (Jassidae)

cliteUarius Say, Thamnotettix

The adults of Thamnotettix cliteUarius are of medium size, 5 millimeters
long. They are yellow, with black wings which have a prominent yellow
spot. A few specimens were found on June 11.

coccinea Forst., Graphocephala

The adults of Graphocephala coccinea are 8 millimeters long, are slender,
with a pointed head, and have the wings striped with alternate red and
green. They are found on native hawthorns in July and August, but are
not common.

curti$ii Fb., Euscelis

The adults of Euscelis curtisii are small, 4 millimeters long, with many
narrow yellow and black stripes. Specimens were found on June 23,
but were not common.

fitchi VanD., Idiocerus (Black apple leaf hopper)

The adult of Idiocerus fitchi is 6 millimeters long, is brown or grayish
with oblique white marks, and is found on native hawthorns in July and
August. The black nymphs were reared on Crataegus punctata leaves
from June 14 to July 2. The species winters in the egg stage..

lachrymalis Fb., Idiocerus

The adults of Idiocerus lachrymalis are 8 millimeters long, and are
brownish or grayish mottled, with dark venation. They occur on native
hawthorns in June and July. They are not common.

lineatus Linn., Philaenus

The adults of Philaenus lineatus are 6 millimeters long, brownish yellow,
stout with a pointed head, and with a small black spot near the apex on
the inner margin of the wing. They are found on native hawthorns from
July 1 to July 15, but are not common.

mali LeB., Empoasca (Apple leaf hopper)

The adults of Empoasca mali are 3J millimeters long, slender, pale
green. They are found rarely on Crataegus in late June.

obliqua Say, Erythroneura

The adults of Erythroneura obliqua are 2 \ millimeters long, with the wings
striped red and white. They are very abundant on the leaves of native

1002 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

hawthorns. They hibernate among the fallen leaves under the trees,
and hundreds of them were present under Crataegus punctata trees in
March, 1919. During warm days in winter they hop about over the
leaves. Some individuals have pale pink stripes, and others reddish brown.
Adults are found feeding on the trees in June and October.

pallidus Fb., Idiocerus

A single adult of Idiocerus pallidus was taken on June 23, on Crataegus
punctata. It was 6 millimeters long, and was similar in size and shape
to /. fitchi but was almost white.

provancheri VanD., Idiocerus

The adults of Idiocerus provancheri are 5J millimeters long, and are
brown or blackish with an elongate yellow spot on the base of the inner
margin of the wing. They are common on the leaves of native hawthorns
during June and July. Nymphs in the rearing cages hatched from eggs
in Crataegus punctata twigs just as the buds were expanding in April.
They became adult in three weeks.

querci Fitch, Empoa

The small, whitish leaf hoppers known as Empoa querci' are very
abundant on both native and imported hawthorns. The nymphs may be
found on the under side of the leaves in late June and July, and again in
September. The adults likewise occur on the under side of the foliage in
June, August, and late September or early October. They hibernate
among the fallen leaves and become active on warm winter days. They
are 3 millimeters long, and are pale yellowish white in color.

seminudus Say, Eutettix

The adults of Eutettix seminudus are 4J millimeters long, rather stout,
and white with a light brown band across the middle of the wings. They
are rather common on Crataegus punctata and C. tomentosa foliage from
mid-July to September.

suturalis Fb., Idiocerus

The adults of Idiocerus suturalis are 5J millimeters long, and are pallid
except for the black inner margin of the wings. They are found on
native Crataegus in June and July, but are rare.

vanduzei Gill., Eupteryx

The adults of Eupteryx vanduzei are 2J millimeters long, and are slender
with a pointed head. The head, the thorax, and the apical part of the
wings are brown, and the central part of the body and of the wings is
greenish yellow. One nymph was taken on Crataegus punctata foliage,
and the adult emerged on August 15. The species is rarely found.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS

1063

vulgaris Fb., Lamenia

The adults of Lamenia vulgaris are 4 millimeters long, bluish gray, and
rather stout. They are abundant on native hawthorns during the last
half of June.

Membracidae
crataegi Fitch, Glossonotus (Hawthorn tree hopper)

The adults of Glossonotus crataegi are fairly common on the branches of
n'ative hawthorns' during July and early August.

flavicephala Coding, Ophiderma

The adults of Ophiderma flavicephala are 8 millimeters long, are brown
with a yellowish white stripe on each side and across the rear end of the
prothorax, and are without a hump. They are rarely found on the branches
of Crataegus punctata and C. tomentosa during June.

taurind Fitch, Ceresa

The adults of Ceresa taurina are 8 millimeters long, are pale green, and
have the prothorax prolonged into a horn on each side of the head. They
are found occasionally on the branches of Crataegus punctata and C.
neofluvialis in late July and August. No nymphs were reared to the adult
stage on Crataegus, but several nymphs
answering the description of this species
as given by Hodgkiss (1910) hatched
on April 20 and lived through three in-
stars on Crataegus punctata foliage.

Aphididae

corrugatans Sir., Pemphigus (Woolly

thorn aphis)

A few colonies of the flocculent
greenish aphids of the species Pem-
phigus corrugatans were found in early
June on Crataegus punctata. They live
on the under side of the leaves arid curl
the leaf margins downward.

crataegi Monell, Macrosiphum

The apterous females of Macrosi-
phum crataegi may be found from late
May until October on the native haw-
thorns at Ithaca, and during July and
August the species may become so
abundant as to seriously injure the

FlG. 108. MACROSIPHUM GRATAECI

1064

WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

trees. During the summer of 1919 the writer saw a small Crataegus prui-
nosa tree killed and a very large C. punctata tree almost entirely defo-
liated due to the sucking of sap by myriads of these aphids. They are
rather large, yellowish green aphids, with long cornicles, and their most
easily recognizable character is the presence of four dark green spots
arranged in a rectangle on the dorsal side of the abdomen (fig. 108). The
entire life history is passed on Crataegus trees. The black winter eggs
are placed on the twigs and the smaller branches. They begin to hatch
in May, after the leaves are well opened. The young aphids move to the
lower surface of the leaves, and their feeding, as the colony increases, causes
the leaves to curl downward.

In late June an alate brood appears and migrates to near-by branches
or trees to start new colonies. It is after this brood appears that the species
becomes so injurious.

crataegifoliae Fitch, Aphis

In early May, 1918, the Crataegus cocdnea trees at Ithaca began to show
the terminal rosettes of curled leaves caused by Aphis crataegifoliae. The
rosettes turned red, and the aphids within them also were red. The infested

branches remained de-
formed and somewhat
stunted throughout the
season, although the
aphids departed from the
trees about May 20 to
seek leguminous hosts.
No aphids of this species
were observed the next
year.

lanigera Hausm., Erio-
scma (Woolly aphis)

The woolly aphids first
become noticeable in
early June as small white
spots on the tender twigs
of Crataegus. In a favor-
able season such as the
summer of 1918, they be-
come very conspicuous
and cover entire branches
by late summer fig. 109).
The writer has not found
the roots of Crataegus

FlO. 109. ERIOSOMA LANIGERA ON HAWTHORN

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1085

pomi De Geer, Aphis (Green apple aphis)

During June and July the succulent sprouts of European and native
hawthorns are badly infested by green apple aphids. Whenever the weather
becomes unfavorable for their enemies they increase rapidly and infest
entire trees or hedges, but fair weather checks them again.

prunifoliae Fitch, Rhopalosiphum (Apple bud aphis)

The dark green stem mothers of the species Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae
begin to appear on the buds of native hawthorns as soon as the bud scales
have separated enough to show the green leaves within. The colonies
increase during April and early May, doing some damage to the young
leaves and buds, but before June they migrate from the trees to grasses
and are not often found on the trees between early June and late autumn.
The winter eggs are laid on hawthorn twigs and buds.

Coccidae

corni Bouche, Lecanium (European fruit lecanium)

The species Lecanium corni is often very abundant on the lower side of
branches of native hawthorns, and occasionally a branch is found to be
almost entirely covered with these scales. Lower or inner branches that
receive a scanty supply of light appear to be killed by them. The young,
flat scales are sometimes very plentiful on the leaves in late summer.

furfura Fitch, Chionaspis (Scurfy scale)

The flat, whitish scale known as Chionaspis furfura is very common and
noticeable on the bark of all Crataegus species which the writer has
observed. The small, elongate, white, male scales are often very abundant
on the leaves and bark of Crataegus punctata. The injury caused by
these scales is not noticeable.

perniciosus Comst., Aspidiotus (San Jose scale)

Although the San Jose scale is fairly common on all species at Ithaca,
it does not seem to increase rapidly enough to become injurious. It is
more commonly found on the smooth bark of young trees than on old,
rough-barked trees.

ulmi Linn., Lepidosaphes (Oyster-shell scale)

The oyster-shell scale is common on the bark of native and European
hawthorns, and a few badly infested branches have been found. Gen-
erally, however, this species seems to be unimportant as a pest of Crataegus.

vitis Linn., Pulvinaria (Cottony scale)

The species Pulvinaria vitis is occasionally found on the twigs and
branches of native hawthorns, but is not very abundant.

1066 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

THYSANOPTERA

Thrypidae

iritici Fitch, Euthrips

Nymphs and adults of Euthrips tritici are very common in flowers and
flower buds of native hawthorns in April and May. Many flower buds
fail to open, and inside of them are found from one to a dozen or more of
these thrips. They were exceedingly abundant in the Cornell University
arboretum in 1918, and very few hawthorns there bore. fruit that year.

COLEOPTERA

Elateridae

dubitans Lee., Limonius

The beetles of the species Limonius dubitans occasionally are found
eating leaves of native hawthorns in late May and early June. On May
31, 1919, one of these click beetles was found on a Crataegus pruinosa
leaf where it had been feeding, and was attacked by an adult pentatomid,
Apeteticus madestus Dallas. The latter had its beak inserted into the
beetle, which died while being carried to the laboratory.

pubescens Melsh., Agriotes

The beetles of Agriotes pubescens were eating the leaves of Crataegus
punctata on May 23. The species is not common.

Melanotus sp.

The beetles of Melanotus sp. were eating the leaves of Crataegus punclata
on June 6 and June 8. The species is not common.

Buprestidae

aerosus Melsh., Brachys

The beetles of Brachys aerosus were found feeding on Crataegus punctata
leaves in warm sunlight from May 30 to June 20. There were commonly
two or three to a leaf, feeding on the upper surface and cutting small
holes through the leaf. As many as fifty of the beetles were found on one
tree, while neighboring trees had none. They are from 4 to 5 millimeters
long, and are brown and gold in color.

Scarabaeidae

elongata Fabr . , Dichelonycha

The beetles of Dichelonycha elongata were found feeding on Crataegus
punctata foliage, six being seen on one tree on May 31. A seventh beetle
was killed by three adult pentatomids of the species Apsteticus modestus,
which were feeding on its body.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1067

testacea Kirby, Dichelonycha

The beetles of Dichelonycha testacea were found on Crataegus tomentosa
foliage on May 29 and July 1. They cut irregular patches from the
edge of the leaf. The species is not common.

Chrysomelidae

borealis Shev., Dibolia

The green flea beetles of the species Dibolia borealis are 2J millimeters
long. They feed on native hawthorn foliage in May, as soon as it is
expanded. They hibernate beneath bark scales on the trunk and the
branches, and when warmed in the hand in February they very soon
become active.

carinata Germ., Haltica

The metallic violet or green flea beetles of the spscies Haltica carinata
are 4 millimeters long. They feed on foliage of native hawthorns in
June. They are not common.

cucumeris Harris, Epitrix

Tiny shining bluish beetles less than 2 millimeters long, of the species
Epitrix cucumeris, were found feeding on Crataegus punctata foliage in
June. The species is not common.

helxines Linn., Crepidodera

The shining greenish flea beetles of the species Crepidodera helxines are
3 millimeters long. They feed on the foliage of native hawthorns and are
frequently so numerous as to cause considerable injury. They are found
feeding in May, June, July, and August, but are most abundant in
late May and in June. The beetles hibernate under bark scales on the
trunk and the larger branches, where many of them die from the attack
of a white fungous growth before spring.

marginalis 111., Systena

Yellowish brown, slender flea beetles 4 millimeters long, of the species
Systena marginalis, were found in August and early September eating
holes in leaves of native hawthorns. The species is fairly common.

villosula Melsh., Xanthonia

The stout brownish or black beetles of the species Xanthonia villosula
are 4 millimeters long. They were found feeding on the leaves of
Crataegus punctata from late June to early August. Occasionally they are
so abundant as to completely riddle the foliage of a tree with the holes
they cut in feeding (Wellhouse, 1919). Feeding punctures are shown in
figure 110, on the following page.

1068

WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

Curculionidae

crataegi Walsh, Conotra-
chelus (Quince cur-
culio)

The square-shouldered
brown beetles of Cono-
trachelus crataegi were
found puncturing the
fruit of Crataegus for
feeding and oviposition
in July and August, 1918,
and in late May and June,
1919. The early months
of 1919 were much
warmer than those of
1918 at Ithaca, and this
probably is the cause of
the great variation in the
time of their appearance.
The larvae develop within
the haws, feeding on the
pulp surrounding the
large, stony seeds. A
larva commonly eats
about one-half of the en-
tire pulp of the fruit
before emerging in the

autumn, when it leaves the fruit by a large, round, exit hole. It then
burrows down two or three inches in the soil and spends the winter as
a larva curled in a smooth-walled earthen cell. In June, 1918, the writer
found ninety-six larvae in the soil beneath one Crataegus punctata tree.
Some of them pupated in June and others in July. They are very common
on all the, native hawthorns.

nebulosus Lee., Anthonomus (Hawthorn blossom weevil)

One of the most interesting and injurious of the insects found on the
hawthorns is Anthonomus nebulosus, a member of a very destructive genus
of blossom weevils. Its mode of life resembles in a general way that of
the Mexican cotton boll weevil, A. grandis, and is almost identical with
that of the European apple-blossom weevil, A. pomorum (Theobald, 1909:
104-110).

The original description of A . nebulosus is to be found in the Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society (Leconte, 1876), and a more com-
plete description is given by Dietz (1891). In the present account it is

FlG. 110. FEEDING PUNCTURES OF XANTHONIA VILLOSULA
IN LEAVES OF CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1069

sufficient to say that A. nebulosus is a brown or grayish oval beetle, from
3.75 to 4.25 millimeters long, generally with a whitish, V-shaped .mark
on the fore part of the elytra, with a long, slender, curved beak, and the
front femur having two teeth on its apical part, one large and the other
small (Plate LXXIV, page 1070).

The species has been found in New York, New Jersey, Michigan,
Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana, and therefore it seems
probable that it is present wherever its hosts are found east of the Rocky
Mountains. Although Dietz considers this species to be more charac-
teristic of the European fauna than of our own, no record can be found of
its occurrence in Europe or elsewhere outside of this country.

Its hosts include a number of the larger-flowered species of hawthorns,
such as Crataegus punctata, C. brainerdi, C. pruinosa, and C. mollis. The
smaller-flowered species, such as C. oxyacantha, are not selected by the
beetles for oviposit ion, probably because there is not space enough for
the full development of the larva within the bud.

The injury caused by the hawthorn blossom weevil is most apparent
while the trees are in full bloom. At that time the infested blossoms are
brown and remain closed. On badly infested trees fully fifty per cent of
the blossoms may be in this condition and the trees present a scorched
appearance. As the young fruit begins to set, the infested blossoms com-
monly fall to the ground, but they may sometimes be seen on the trees
even after the beetles have emerged in June.

The beetles come out of hibernation and appear on the branches of the
hosts about mid-April, feeding ravenously on the buds, which are showing
green. It is not uncommon to see a beetle with feet braced and beak
inserted up to the eyes in a bud while it hurriedly eats the tender leaves
within. As soon as all the food within reach of the entrance hole is eaten,
the beetle seeks another bud on the twig and repeats the process. The
puncture in the bud is round, is 0.3 millimeter in diameter, and turns
dark as1 soon as the beak is withdrawn. The presence of the beetles may
be detected by these dark round holes in the buds before the egg-laying
period arrives. The beetles continue to feed on the buds during suitable
weather until the clusters have separated enough for oviposition in the
blossoms.

During cool weather the beetles remain inactive, generally in the axils
of the twigs with their heads down. A few observations on the relation
of temperature to their activities were made, and these indicate that
the beetles remain inactive while the temperature is below 50° F. The
optimum temperature is from 60° to 70°, and when it is raised to 78°
the beetles rush about like mad, attempting to oviposit in every bud.
Under most conditions they seem reluctant to fly, but when placed on
distasteful food they fly away. They continue their activities on cloudy
or rainy days and at night if the temperature is sufficiently high.

MEMOIR 56

PLATE LXXIV

ANTHONOMU8 NEBULO8US

1, Feeding punctures of beetles in hawthorn fruit. 2, Egg in blossomfbud. 3/' Female
ovipositing in blossom bud. 4, Flower with petals removed to show full-grown larva in its
natural position. 5, Adult beetle. 6, Three flower buds' containing larvae, and one normal
blossom. 7, Flower with petals removed to'show pupa in its natural position

1070

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1071

The period between the opening of the blossom clusters and the opening
of the blossoms themselves is the time of oviposit ion, and the length of
this period probably influences the amount of injury to a considerable
extent. If it is prolonged by cool, cloudy weather, then eggs may be
placed in more of the blossom* before they open. In central New York
the oviposition period is about May 15.

After selecting a suitable blossom bud, the female makes a hole in the
side of the calyx with her beak. Then, turning around, she thrusts the
egg into the hole with her ovipositor, and moves to another bud to repeat
the process. A clear liquid fills the hole where the egg is thrust in, which
soon hardens and seals the opening completely. The act of oviposition
requires about ten minutes when the temperature is 68° or 70°, but it
requires an hour at 54°.

The egg is pearly white, 0.6 millimeter long, 0.36 millimeter wide,
elliptical, generally the same size at both ends but when tucked in tightly
between the anthers it may be narrower at one end to conform to the
space it fills. It is of almost the same size and color as the anthers and
is difficult to distinguish from them. The corium is smooth, unsculp-
tiired, and delicate, drying and collapsing when exposed to* the air for
one hour.

After about a week the young, white, curved, legless larva is found within
the bud. It feeds on the anthers, and, as it grows, consumes all the internal
parts of the flower but leaves intact the wall of the receptacle and the
closed petals which form the roof of its house. The petals become stiff
as if they were starched, and do not shrink away as they turn brown.
After feeding for a couple of weeks the larva is dirty white, is from 6 to
8 millimeters long, is still legless, has a small brown head, and lies in a
curved position. At about this time it molts and changes to a white,
free pupa 6 millimeters long, with a dark caudal spine, two dark promi-
nent spines on the apex of the head, and several smaller spines farther
back on the head. After pupating during a week or a little longer, the
beetle makes a hole in the top or the side of its house with its beak, and
emerges.

It begins to feed a few minutes after emergence, choosing for its food
the first young thorn or fruit in its pathway as it wanders along the
branch. The thorns of the current season's growth seem to be a very
attractive food. A hole is drilled near the base of the thorn, and the
beetle spends hours with its beak inserted in the hole completely up to its
eyes, prying and straining to enlarge the cavity within the thorn. The
round hole at the base of a thorn does not heal during the season's growth,
and the presence of such holes will indicate at any time of the year the
presence of the blossom weevils. The beetles attack the fruit also and
make several round holes in a single fruit before seeking another. The
holes become brown almost immediately. The writer has never found

1072 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

the beetles eating leaves or tender twigs, but they sometimes feed on the
succulent globular leaf galls of cecidomyiid larvae. They will puncture
and feed on young apples in the cages when fresh haws are not to be had,
but the writer has found none feeding on apples in the field.

After feeding for a week or ten days the beetles may be found in copula-
tion on the branches, and a week or so later, as warm July weather comes,
they disappear from the trees. Those kept in breeding cages remained
hidden in fallen curled leaves and hollow twigs on the ground all summer
and winter without feeding until the next spring. A search for their
hiding places in the field revealed a score of the beetles inclosed in curled,
dried leaves on the ground beneath their host trees.

The life cycle may be summarized as follows: The immature stages
(egg, larva, and pupa) are completed within the closed blossom in from
twenty-seven to thirty-five days, and the remainder of the year is passed
in the adult stage. The adults feed on thorns and fruit for two or three
weeks after emerging from the blossoms, and then remain quiescent
among fallen leaves on the ground until the next spring, when they feed
for about a month on the buds before ovipositing. Soon after oviposition
the beetles die. In New York the eggs are laid about mid-May and the
beetles emerge from the blossoms in June. W. D. Pierce, in a letter to
the writer, says the beetles emerge in late March and early April in Lou-
isiana. The time of their development in different latitudes is dependent on
the opening of the hawthorn blossoms in those latitudes.

A number of natural enemies of the blossom weevil have been observed.
Various birds, especially sparrows, pick open the brown blossoms to eat
the larvae and the pupae. Pierce (1912:77) found the weevils to be para-
sitized by Catolaccus hunteri and Sigalphus sp. The writer has bred
another chalcid, Habrocytus piercei Cwfd., from the larva of the weevil,
the adult parasites emerging on June 16 and 17.

quadrigibbus Say, Tachypterus (Apple curculio)

The four-humped brownish beetles .of the species Tachypterus quadri-
gibbus were found occasionally feeding on the fruit of native hawthorns
in June. Fruits of Crataegus punctata were put into rearing cages on
June 25, and from these fruits five adults of this species emerged on
July 15 and July 18.

LEPIDOPTERA
Papilionidae

turnus Linn., Papilio (Tiger swallowtail)

The green larvae of Papilio turnus, with their peculiar eye spots, were
found feeding on the foliage of native hawthorns from June 20 to August 2.
The species is not very common.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1073

Saturniidae

io Fabr., Automeris

The eggs of Automeris io are not uncommon on the under side of haw-
thorn leaves in late June and in July. They are very characteristic and
conspicuous. A cluster of eggs may consist of a dozen or more, each
large and creamy white with a dark blue dot on the distal end. The
larvae feed in colonies on the foliage during July, August, and September.
They are at first dark, then green, and are always covered with a mass of
dark, stinging spines.

Arctiidae

caryae Harris, Halisidota (Hickory tussock moth)

The black-and-white-tufted caterpillars of the species Halisidota caryae
are fairly common on native hawthorns during August.

tesselaris A. and S., Halisidota

The caterpillars of Halisidota tesselaris are similar to those of H. caryae
and are found occasionally on the foliage with them, but are not so
common.

textor Harris, Hyphantria (Fall webworm)

A single colony of larvae of Hyphantria textor was feeding on Crataegus
pruinosa on July 31, 1918. An egg cluster which was probably of this
species hatched on June 19, and the young larvae fed on C. punctata leaves
for a few days and then died.

Noctuidae

americana Harris, Acronycta

The larvae of Acronycta americana are green, with an abundant covering
of yellowish white hairs and a few long pencils of black hairs. They were
found feeding on the leaves of native hawthorns in late June and July.
The species is not common.

dactylina Grote, Acronycta

The larvae of Acronycta dactylina are entirely covered with yellowish
white hairs and have three long pencils of black hairs. They were feeding
on the foliage of Crataegus punctata from August 15 to September. The
species is not common.

luteicoma G. and R., Acronycta

The larvae of Acronycta luteicoma are black, with tufts of white hairs
on segments 3 to 6 and tufts of black hairs on the other segments. , They
were found feeding on Crataegus punctata leaves from June 23 to July 22.
The species is not common.

1074 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

ocddentalis G. and R., Acronycta

The larva of Acronycta ocddentalis is hairy, with a dark head and dorsal
stripes. The remainder of the body is at first whitish but in later stages
is reddish. Larvae of this species were feeding on Crataegus punctata
foliage from August 13 to September. The species is not common.

pyramidoides Guen., Amphipyra

The larva of Amphipyra pyramidoides is green, with a white dorsal
and two yellow lateral stripes, and is found feeding on native hawthorn
leaves in May. One larva constructed a silken cocoon among dead leaves
on the ground on June 2 and the moth emerged on July 18. The species is
not common.

raddijffei Harv., Acronycta

The larva of Acronycta radcliffei is greenish or black, has a dorsal line
of green or brown with faint yellow and red lines, has a hump on segment
12, and is sparsely hairy. It feeds on the leaves of Crataegus punctata
from June 29 to July 22. The species is not common.

super ans Guen., Acronycta

The larva of Acronycta superans is green, with a black dorsal line
widened into a spot on several abdominal segments and with the last
segment angularly elevated. There are few hairs on the body. It was
feeding on Crataegus punctata leaves from June 9 to July 1, and pupated
in a silken cocoon among leaves and decayed wood on the ground. The
moth emerged on July 23. Only one larva was found.

Notodontidae

concinna A. and S., Schizura (Red-humped apple caterpillar)

The brownish, red-humped larvae of Schizura concinna feed on leaves
of native hawthorns during July, August, and early September. Occa-
sionally they defoliate several branches of a tree, but they are not generally
injurious as is Datana ministra. They seem to prefer apple to hawthorn.
On July 27, 1918, a count was made of the infested trees in several thickets
where seedling apples and hawthorns were growing together. Although
the hawthorns were much more numerous than the apples, the latter
had forty-six infested trees while the former had only three.

manteo Doub., Heterocampa

The larva of Heterocampa manteo is bright green marked with red. It
was found feeding on the foliage of native hawthorns in late June and in
July. The species is not very common. One larva taken from a Crataegus
punctata tree on August 15 continued to feed in the cage until September
2, when it wandered away to find a suitable place for spinning its cocoon.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1075

ministra Dru., Datana (Yellow-necked apple caterpillar)

One of the most destructive species to both native and European haw-
thorns during the past few years has been Datana ministra. Very few
trees have escaped without at least one colony of these yellow-necked,
black-bodied, gray-haired caterpillars feeding on a branch in July and
August. Many trees have had an entire branch stripped bare of leaves,
and occasionally a whole tree has been defoliated.

The light brown moths appeared and were found ovipositing during
June and July. The clusters of white eggs, each cluster containing from
25 to 100, were deposited on the lower side of the leaves and were a common
sight in July. The larvae of a colony begin to feed at the tip of a branch
and migrate toward its base as they grow, leaving the bare branch behind
them. As they become larger they scatter to adjacent branches and feed
singly or by twos and threes. They become full-grown and enter the soil
in September.

Several observations were made to determine whether the larvae pre-
fer hawthorn to apple. When confined in cages they eat one as readily
as the other. In the natural uncultivated areas where hawthorn, apple,
and pear grow wild, however, it was noticed that the colonies of larvae
were commoner on hawthorn than on the other trees. In one field con-
taining 50 hawthorn, 39 apple, and 17 pear trees, 79 colonies of larvae were
counted. Of these colonies 56 were on hawthorn, 15 on apple, and 8 on
pear.

Lymantriidae

leucostigma A. and S., Hemerocampa (White-marked tussock caterpillar)

The larva of Hemerocampa leucostigma, with its bright red head, its
red tubercles on segments 6 and 7 of the abdomen, its four white tussocks,
and its three long, black pencils of hairs, is a common sight on both native
and European hawthorns. It feeds on the foliage during June and July,
and the hairy cocoons are common on the branches in winter.

Lasiocampidae

americana Harris, Epicnaptera

The large larva of Epicnaptera americana is gray with white spots and
two red bands above, and orange with a row of lateral diamond-shaped
black spots below. It feeds at night on Crataegus punctata foliage in
July and August. The species is not common.

americana Fabr., Malacosoma (Apple tent caterpillar)

During the years 1917 to 1920, only the old egg masses of Malacosoma
americana were found on the twigs of hawthorns about Ithaca. Only two
colonies of larvae were seen on the favorite host, wild cherry, and only one
colony on apple.

1076 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE.

Geometridae

cognataria Guen., Lycia

The larva of Lycia cognataria is green and is 4^ centimeters long. It
has two pairs of prolegs. On its head are blunt horns, and it bears a
prominent red tubercle on the next to the last segment. It feeds on
Crataegus punctata and C. pruinosa foliage in July. It is not a common
species.

magnarius Guen., Ennomos

A moth of Ennomos magnarius emerged from a brown silken cocoon on
a twig of Crataegus pruinosa on September 30. Eggs were found on
a C. punctata twig on November 12. The brownish larvae, 5 centimeters
long, were found occasionally in May and June.

pometeria Peck, Alsophila (Fall canker worm)

The small greenish or brownish larvae of Alsophila pometeria are fairly
common on native hawthorns in May.

subsignarius Hub., Ennomos

The white moths of Ennomos subsignarius emerged on July 6 and July
18 from pale yellowish pupae which were found tied with silk between
the leaves of Crataegus punctata. A few of the brown and red larvae were
found feeding on the foliage of native hawthorns in May.

tiliaria Harris, Erranis (Lime-tree spanworm)

The yellow-and-black-striped larvae of Erranis tiliaria are common
on native hawthorn foliage in May and June.

titea Cram., Phigalia

Two larvae of Phigalia titea were found feeding on Crataegus punctata
leaves on June 2 and June 5.

vernata Peck, Paleacrita (Spring cankerworm)

The larvae of Paleacrita vernata are common on foliage of native and
European hawthorns in May and early June.

Sesiidae (Aegeriidae)

scitula Harris, Sesia

A single Crataegus punctata tree about eight years old and 5 feet high
was killed by the larvae of Sesia scitula. The trunk was entirely girdled
by four larvae which tunneled beneath the bark two inches above the
soil. The sapwood was only slightly indented by their burrows around it.
They pupated during June in silken cocoons covered with frass within
the burrows, and the moths emerged from July 18 to July 24. In emerg-

THE INSECT FAUNA or THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1077

ing, the moth pushes through one end of the cocoon, and then sheds the
pupal skin while protruding about two-thirds of its length beyond the
cocoon. The black, clear- winged moth has a broad and a narrow band
of yellow across the abdomen.

Pyralidae

indigenella Zell., Mineola (Leaf crumpler)

The cornucopia-like winter cases of Mineola indigenella, a leaf crumpler,
are easily seen on almost any hawthorn tree during the winter, attached
firmly to the twigs and the branches and often with partly eaten leaves
attached. The larvae carry the cases with them and feed on the leaves
in April and May. They pupate within the same cases attached to twigs
in June, and at Ithaca the moths emerge in late June.

Tortricidae

argyrospila Walk., Ar chips (Fruit-tree leaf roller)

The greenish larvae of Ar chips argyrospila, with their black heads and
shields, are fairly abundant on the foliage of native hawthorns during
May and are found occasionally in June. They tie together a cluster of
leaves and feed on a leaf within the cluster. Moths emerged from the
larval nests in late June and early July.

chionosema Zell., Olethreutes

The pale green larvae of Olethreutes chionosema .fold the leaves of native
hawthorns and feed on the upper surface of the leaves within the fold.
Each larva folds a single leaf at a
time. They are fairly common on
the hawthorns and apple trees about
Ithaca during May. The moths fly
during June after pupating within the
folded leaf. A few moths taken on
August 14 and 15 seem to indicate a
second brood. The moth (fig. Ill) is
brownish, with a large white spot on
the costal edge of the fore wing, and
has a wing expanse of from 15 to
16 millimeters. FIG. 111. OLETHREUTES CHIONOSEMA

nubeculana Clem., Ancylis

The greenish larvae of Ancylis nubeculana were found in late summer
in rolled leaves of Crataegus punctata. They pupated in May and the
moths emerged from June 8 to June 18. The species is not very
common.

1078 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

ocellana Fabr., Tmetocera (Bud moth)

The brownish larvae of Tmetocera ocellana are commonly found in the
partly opened leaf buds in April and May, on both native and European
hawthorns. The moths emerge from the larval nests in June and early
July.

prunivora Walsh, Laspeyresia (Lesser apple worm)

The small white caterpillars of Laspeyresia prunivora are very common
in the fruit of many native hawthorns in late summer. They eat most of
the pulp from one side of the fruit, causing the skin to sink in there. The
larvae of the second generation sometimes -remain in the fruit all winter,
living within a mixture of silk and pellets of frass. Others spin silken
hibernacula under the bark of the trunk very similar to those of the codling-
moth larvae but smaller. They pupate within the hibernacula in the spring
and the moths emerge in May and June. In the laboratory they emerged
in March. Moths of the first generation were taken in the field from
August 15 to August 30.

quadrifasciana Fern , Eulia

The yellowish larvae of Eulia quadrifasciana tie together with silk the
leaves of terminal clusters on Crataegus punctata in May. They pupate
within the larval nests and the moths emerge in early June. The moth is
yellow and orange, with darker oblique bands on the fore wings. The
species is not very common.

rosaceana Harris, Cacoecia (Oblique-banded leaf roller)

Clusters of leaves tied together by the larvae of Cacoecia rosaceana are
fairly common on all native hawthorns in May and July. The green-
striped larva, with its brown head and shield, is generally found on a singb
leaf under a slight web, feeding on one side of the leaf only. When full-
grown the larva ties a cluster of leaves together to pupate within. Moths
emerged from these nests from May 26 to June 30, and a second brood
emerged from August 1 to August 15.

Yponomeutidae

oreasella Clem., Argyresthia

The small, green, black-headed larva of Argyresthia oreasella bores,
through a terminal leaf bud down into the twig and makes a hole in the
side of the twig about J inch from the tip, through which the frass is cast
out of the burrow. When disturbed the larva runs quickly out of either
the hole in the twig or the hole in the bud, to escape. Infested twigs
wilt soon after the larva has left the burrow, and then become brown and
dry, giving the tree a fire-blighted appearance (fig. 112). Larvae of this
species were found in many native hawthorn twigs in May. They leave the

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1079

twigs when full-grown, and spin a parchment -like white cocoon surrounded
by an open layer of lacework attached to the surface of a leaf. The moths
emerged from June 15 to June 30. A few moths taken in the field on
August 16 seem to indicate a
second brood. The moth is
slender, and is whito with ob-
lique gold bands on the fore
wings while the hind wings
are dark gray. Its wing ex-
panse is about 13 millimeters.
It has a peculiar habit of
standing on its head when at
rest on the loaves or the bark.

Elachistidae

fletcherella Fern., Coleophora

(Cigar case-bearer)
The brown, cigar-shaped
cases of the larvae of Coleo-
phora fletcherella are common
on all the hawthorns through- FlQ n2 TERMINAL OF HAW-THORN TWIG DESTROYED
out the growing season. They BY LARVA OP ARGYRESTHIA OREASELLA

have been specially abundant

and injurious on trees and hedges of Crataegus oxyacantha, the European
hawthorn, during the years 1918 and 1919. The moths emerged from the
cases in late June and July.

malivorella Riley, Coleophora (Pistol case-bearer)

The curved cases of the larvae of Coleophora malivorella are fairly
common on hawthorns but not so abundant as those of C. fletcherella.

splendoriferella Clem., Coptodisca (Resplendent shield-bearer)

The small, yellowish brown, winter shields of Coptodisca splendoriferella
are rather commonly found attached to the bark and swinging in the
wind on the branches of native hawthorns, and their blotch mines in the
leaves are not uncommon. «

Lyonetiidae

pomifoliella Clem., Bucculatrix (Ribbed-cocoon-maker of apple)

The elongate, white, ribbed cocoons of Bucculatrix pomifoliella are
common on native hawthorns and are rather noticeable in winter, when
the trees are leafless. The moths emerge in late May.

1080 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

Cosmopterygidae

curvilineella Chamb., Blastodacna (Hawthorn fruit miner)

The larvae of Blastodacna curvilineella are very commonly found
tunneling in the fruit of native hawthorns in late summer. They become
full-grown in September and October, when they leave the fruit and
burrow into the ends of dead twigs or other decaying wood to hibernate.
The hibernation cavity is lined with silk, and in the early spring pupation
takes place there. The moths emerge in May and June. They are gray,
with two or three indistinct dusky longitudinal short streaks on the
wings, and have a wing expanse of 1 centimeter.

The larva is from 9 to 10 millimeters long. In color it is yellowish
white, with a brown head and thoracic legs, red spots near the spiracles,
more or less blackish among the setae on the dorsum of each segment but
especially noticeable on the prothorax and the anal segment, and many

patches of black setae arranged as
shown in figure 113. It feeds on the
pulp of the fruit and leaves many
brown pellets of excrement in the bur-
,, row behind it. Often one whole side

FlG. 113. LARVA OF BLASTODACNA £ f ., • , I • • i

CURVILINEELLA of a fruit ls mined out> leaving only

the skin to cover it.

The moths have been bred from larvae in Crataegus pruinosa, C. neo-
fluvialis, and C. macracantha, and the larvae have been found in a number
of other native hawthorns. The moth has been reported by Chambers
from Kentucky (1872) and from Canada (1875), and therefore it probably
occurs throughout the Eastern States.

A closely related European species, B. heller ella Dup., feeds in the fruit
of hawthorns and also bores into young apple shoots (page 1116).'

DlPTERA
Cecidomyiidae (Itonididae)

absobrina Felt, Rhizomyia

crataegifolia Felt, Lestodiplosis (Hawthorn f ringed-cup gall)

Adults of both Rhizomyia absobrina and Lestodiplosis crataegifolia
have been reared by Dr. Felt from larvae in the galls. The galls are
green and cup-shaped, and are covered externally with round-tipped spines
4 or 5 millimeters in diameter and about the same in height (figs. 114 and
115). They .occur on the larger veins and petioles of leaves and on the
ends of young twigs of Crataegus pruinosa and C. macracantha. Several
galls are commonly found in a group on the same or adjoining leaves.
Those on the leaves are on the upper side, but extend through the leaves
to form a smooth, semi-globular swelling on the lower side.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1081

FlG. 114. HAWTHORN FRINGED-CUP GALLS

FlG. 115. CROSS SECTION THROUGH A HAWTHORN
FRINGED-CUP GALL

1082

WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

White larvae, 3.5 millimeters
long and with a distinct brown
breast-bone, were found, one in
each gall, in June.

crataegifolia Felt, Hormomyia

(Thorn cockscomb gall)
Green or red cockscomb-like
galls (figs. 116 and 117) produced
by Hormomyia crataegifolia are
found on the upper or the lower
side of leaves of Crataegus pru-
inosa, C. macrosperma, and C.
coccinea. They are often in groups
on a leaf or a cluster of leaves, and
each gall includes a vein. The
gall is from 8 to 12 millimeters
long and 5 millimeters high, and
is open to the outside by a long,
narrow slit on the opposite side
of the leaf. These galls are found
in August.

venae Felt, Lobopteromyia (Thorn

vein gall)
Round or oval, thick-walled,

green galls (figs. 118 and 119) from 5 to 8 millimeters long, produced by
Lobopteromyia venae, are found on either the upper or the lower surface of
leaves of Crataegus punctata. The gall opens on the opposite side of the
leaf by a narrow slit which extends the entire length of the gall in the
direction of the vein. It always includes one of the larger veins. The
galls are fairly abundant in June, when several may be found on one leaf
and all the leaves in a cluster are deformed.

Cecidomyia sp. (a. 1840 Felt)
(Thorn spindle gall)

Red or green, elongate
spindle-shaped galls (figs. 120
and 121) 2 millimeters wide
and from 5 to 10 millimeters
long, produced by Cecidomyia
sp., are found on either side -v^MM^UA
of the leaves of Crataegus FlG 117 CROSS SECTION THROUGH A THORN COCKS-
punctata. The gall opens by COMB GALL

FlG. 116. THORN COCKSCOMB GALL

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1083

FlG. 118. THORN VEIN GALLS

FlG. 119. CROSS SECTION THROUGH A THORN VEIN GALL

1084

WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

FlG. 120. THORN SPINDLE GALLS

FlG. 121. CROSS SECTION THROUGH A
THORN SPINDLE GALL

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS

1085

FlG. 122. PINEAPPLE GALLS

a leaf and it is commonly on the

a long;, narrow slit on the oppo-
site side of the leaf. These galte
occur very commonly in groups
on the same leaf or on adjoining
leaves. A single yellow larva,
1 millimeter long, and slender,
is found in each gall in July or
August.

Pineapple gall (maker unknown)

Red or green spiny galls,
shaped and armored like a pine-
apple (figs. 122, 123, and 124),
M millimeters in diameter and
5 millimeters high, are found
on the upper side of Crataegus
punctata leaves in July and
August. The pineapple gall is
thick and is covered with fleshy
spines at the base, but becomes
slender, with long, slender
spines, toward the apex, which
is composed of two flat, leaflike,
vertical plates. The gall opens
between these two plates. Gen-
erally .but one gall is found on
midvein.

Trypetidae

pomonella Walsh, Rhagoletis (Apple maggot)

The maggots of Rhagoletis pomonella have been reared and flies obtained
from the fruits of Crataegus punctata, C. albicans, C. pruinosa, C. brainerdi,
and C. macrosperma. The species probably lives also in the fruits of
other large-fruited .hawthorns.
No larvae have been found in
the small fruits of C. neofluvialis
and C. oxyacantha, although
these have been carefully
watched. The maggots leave
the fruit to enter the ground
in autumn, and the flies emerge
from the brown puparia in June
and July. FIG. 123. SIDE VIEW OF PINEAPPLE GALL

1086

WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

All of the flies reared on hawthorns are equal in size to those reared on
apple, not small like those reared on the blueberry. Counts were made

of the infested and the
uninfested fruits from
a square yard beneath
each of ten trees of the
three species first men-
tioned in the preced-
ing paragraph. The
counts showed that
from 20 to 25 per cent
of the samples taken
were infested by the

FlG. 124. CROSS SECTION THROUGH A PINEAPPLE GALL maggots.

|

HYMENOPTERA
Tenthredinidae

cerqsi Linn., Caliroa (Pear and cherry slug)

The sluglike larvae of Caliroa cerasi were in a few localities so abundant
that they defoliated a few native hawthorns and injured a number of
others. In August, 1918, several trees on the Cornell University campus
were completely defoliated, while neighboring trees were untouched by
the larvae.

Sawfly No. 1

On June 23, 1918, a leaf of Crataegus pruinosa was found with a row of
fourteen eggs inserted in the margin. The eggs hatched on June 28,
and a row of little green larvae, with large, black heads and many black
dots scattered over the body, began to feed gregariously on the edge of
the leaf. All of them died within a few days.

Sawfly No 2

On May 24, 1918, several medium-sized sawfly larvae, bright green all
over, were seen eating separately on the edges of Crataegus punctata
leaves.

Sawfly No. 3

Sawfly larvae, with red heads and yellow bodies marked with black
lines and dots, were found feeding on the leaves of Crataegus punctata
in late August, 1918. They were feeding two or three together on a leaf,
and fifteen larvae were taken from one tree. When they became about
2 centimeters long, on September 1 and 2, they spun brown cocoons on
the ground among debris. A tree with ten larvae of the same species

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1087

feeding on it was found on September 19, 1919, and these larvae spun
cocoons on the ground on September 22 and 23.

Sawfly No. 4

A few larvae 2J centimeters long, with black heads and yellow bodies
marked with black lines and dots, were found feeding on the foliage of
C. pruinosa in July and August, 1918. They spun brown cocoons on top
of the ground, in the cages.

1088 WALTER H. WELLHOUSE

LITERATURE CITED

BAKER, A. C. The woolly apple aphis. U. S. Agr. Dept. Kept. 101 :
1-55. 1915.

CHAMBERS, V. T. [Blastodacna curvilineella] G.I curvilineella. N. sp.
In Micro-Lepidoptera. Canad. ent, 4 : 172-173. 1872.

[Blastodacna curvilineella] G. bicristatella. N. sp. In Tineina

from Canada: Canad. ent. 7:210. 1875.

CUSHMAN, R. A. The native food-plants of the apple red-bugs. Ent.
Soc. Washington. Proc. 18:196. 1916.

DIETZ, WILLIAM G. A. nebulosus Lee. In Revision of the genera and
species of Anthonomini inhabiting North America. Amer. Ent. Soc.
Trans. 18:203-204. 1891.

FELT, EPHRAIM PORTER. Wild thorn. In Insects affecting park and
woodland trees. New York State Mus. Memoir 82: 734-735. 1906.

GIBSON, EDMUND H. Corythucha bellula new species. In The c,enus
Corythucha Stal. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 44:93-94. 1918.

HODGKISS, H. E. Ceresa taurina Fitch. In The apple and pear membra-
cids. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. bul. 17: 100-105. 1910.

KALTENBACH, J. H. Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insekten,
p. 1-848. (Reference on p. 207-213.) 1872.

KNUTH, PAUL. Crataegus L. In Handbook of flower pollination, 2:385-
388. (Translated by J. R. Ainsworth Davis.) 1908.

LECONTE, JOHN L. A. nebulosus, n. sp. In The Rhynchophora of
America, north of Mexico. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. Proc. 15 : 197. 1876.

MORRILL, AUSTIN W. Notes on the immature stages of some tingitids
of the genus Corythuca. Psyche 10:127-134. 1903.

PACKARD, ALPHEUS S. Insects affecting the wild thorn. In Fifth
report of the United States Entomological Commission on insects
injurious to forest and shade trees, p. 532-537. 1890.

PIERCE, W. DWIGHT. The insect enemies of the cotton boll weevil.
U. S. Ent. Bur. Bul. 100: 1-99. 1912.

THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 1089

THEOBALD, FRED V. The app'e blossom weevil. In The insect and other
allied pests of orchard, bush, and hothouse fruits, and their prevention
and treatment, p. 104-110. 1909.

WELLHOUSE, WALTER H. Xanthonia villosula Melsh. injuring forest
trees. Journ. econ. ent. 12:396-397. 1919.

Memoir 52, Studies in Pollen, with Special Reference to Longevity, the fourth preceding number in this
series of publications, was mailed on March 9, 1922.

1090 ACARINA

CATALOG OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CRATAEGUS3
ACARINA

armatus Can., Epetrimerus Fam. Phyllocoptidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.
Injury — Forms galls on leaves.
Distributio i — Europe. 4

References — Houard, C. Les zoocecides des plantes d'Europe, 1 : 515. 1908.
Theobald, F. V. Board Agr. London. Journ. 20:106-116. 1913.

calycobius Nal., Eriophyes Fam. Eriophyidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Deforms leaf buds and causes them to remain closed.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Ross, H. Die Pflanzengallen Mittel- und Nordeuropas, p. 132. 1911.

crataegi Can., Eriophyes Fam. Eriophyidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Forms galls on leaves, on both upper and lower surfaces. A single leaf may

have a hundred galls on it.
Distribution — Europe.
Reference — Connold, E. T. British vegetable galls, p. 132. 1902.

crataegi-vermiculus Walsh, Eriophyes Fam. Eriophyidae

Hosts — Crataegus tomentosa, C. crus-galli.

Injury — Forms curled leaf galls on upper side of leaf.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Walsh, B. D. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia. Proc. 6:227. 1866.

goniothorax Nal., Eriophyes Fam. Eriophyidae

Synonyms — Erineum oxyacanthae Am., Erineum clandestinum Grev.

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Forms galls on edges of lobes of leaf, causing them to curl downward and

become thickened.
Distribution — Europe.
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 213. 1872.

Connold, E. T. British vegetable galls, p. 138. 1902.

pilosus Can., Tetranychus Fam. Tetranychidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus.

Injury — Feeds on leaves, causing them to turn brownis\

Distribution — Europe, North America.

Reference — Caesar, L. Can. ent. 47:57. 1915.

pyracanthae Link., Eriophyes ?. .Fam. Eriophyidae

Hosts — Crataegus punctata, C. pyracantha.

Injury — Makes galls on leaves. Galls almost flat, reddish, covered with many fine,

capitate hairs.

Distribution — North America.
Reference — Chadwick, G. H. New York State Mus. Bui. 124:131. 1908.

pyri Pagst., Eriophyes (Pear leaf blister mite) Fam. Eriophyidae

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus, Cydonia, Sorbus, Amelanchier.
Injury — Makes yellowish or reddish blisters on leaves.

1 The insects are grouped according to order, and arranged alphabetically by species within the order.

ACAEINA — ORTHOPTERA — ODONATA — HEMIPTERA 1091

Distribution — Europe, North America, Australia.

References — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 227.

1914.

Wilson, H. F. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Bien. crop pest and hort. rept.
2:123. 1915.

ielarius Linn., Tetranychus (Red spider) Fam. Tetranychidae

(See page 1051.)

Eriophyes sp. (Hawthorn serpentine gall of Jarvis) Fam. Eriophyidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Makes long, irregular, wavy galls on upper surface of leaves.
Distribution — North America.

Reference — Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont. Rept. 37:60. 1906.
(Figs. 102 and 103, pages 1052 and 1053.)

ORTHOPTERA

atlanis Riley, Melanoplus Fam. Acridiidae

(See page 1054.)

bivitattus Say, Melanoplus Fam. Acridiidae

(See page 1054.)

femur-rubrum De Geer, Melanoplus .Fam. Acridiidae

(See page 1054.)

niveus De Geer, Oecanthus (Snowy tree cricket) Fam. Gryllidae

Hosts — Malus, Rubus, Salix, Crataegus, Ulmus, Quercus, and other species.

Injury — Female slits bark to deposit eggs. Slits give entrance to cankers and cause

scars on branches.

Distribution — North America, Cuba.

Reference — Parrott, P. J., and Fulton, B. B. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bui. 388. 1914.

ODONATA

v iridis v. d. Lind., Lestes Fam. Agrionidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha and other species.

Injury — Oviposition punctures in twigs cause galls to form.

Distribution — Europe.

References — Pierre, P. F. M. Rev. sci. Bourbonnais 15: 181. 1902.

Houard, C. Les zoocecides des plantes d'Europe, 1:514. 1908.

HEMIPTERA

aceris Sign., Phenacoccus .' Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha and many other woody plants.

Injury — Sucks sap from tender bark of young shoots and calloused wounds. Some-
times seriously injures grape.
Distribution — Europe.
References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 214. 1912.

Carpenter, G. H. Roy. Dublin Soc. Econ. proc. 2: 142-160. 1914.

ambiguus Fall., Psallus Fam. Miridae

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Malus, Alnetis.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Reuter, O. M. Hemiptera gymnocerata Europae 1 : 105. 1878.
Leonardi, G. Gli insetti 4:98. 1901.

1092 HEMIPTERA

bakeri Cowen, Aphis (Clover aphid) : . . .Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, clover.

Injury — Sucks juice from opening buds of fruit trees.

Distribution — North America.

References — Quaintance, A. L., and Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept. Farmers' bul.

804:15. 1917.
Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 270:49. 1918. .-

bellula Gibson, Corythucha Fam. Tingitidae

Hosts — Crataegus neofluvialis, C. punctata, C. albicans, Alnus incana, Ribes oxyacan-

thoides.
Injury — Bot'i young and adult bugs suck juice from leaves, causing them to turn brown

and drop off. .

Distribution — Northeastern United States, Canada.
References — Gibson, E. H. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 44:93. 1918.

Wellhouse, W: H. Journ. econ. ent. 12:441. 1919.
(Plates LXXII and LXXIII, pages 1057 and 1059.)

betulae Bar., Epidiaspis (European pear scale) Fam. Coccidae

Synonyms — Epidiaspis leperi Sign., E. piricola De Geer, Diaspis piri Colv.

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, and other species.

Injury — Very injurious to young twigs and branches of apple and pear in southern

Europe, where the bark becomes incrusted.
Distribution — South and middle Europe, United States.
References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 213. 1912.

Essig, E. 0. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 172. 1915.

bituberculatum Targ., Lecanium Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus, Pyrus.

Injury — Sucks sap from bark, sometimes killing young trees.

Distribution — Europe, North America.

References — Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:695. 1913.

Dietz, H. F., and Morrison, H. Indiana State Ent. Ann. rept. 8:254.
1916.

brevis Sand., Aphis (Long-beaked clover aphid) Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Crataegus, Cydonia, Pyrus, clovers, sweet pea.

Injury — Curls and turns purplish the terminal leaves of Crataegus shoots during June.

Distribution — United States.

Reference — Patch, E. M. Journ. agr. res. 3:431. 1915.

brunnea Gibson, Corythucha Fam. Tingitidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage.

Distribution — Southern United States.

Reference — Gibson, E. H. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 44:93. 1918.

bubalis Fabr., Ceresa (Buffalo tree hopper) Fam. Membracidne

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, and other species.

Injury — Adult makes incisions, in branches 'for oviposition. Incisions are slow to

heal and allow entrance of borers and fungi.
Distribution — North America.
References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 535. 1890.

Hodgkiss, H. E. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. bul. 17:92.
1910.

clitellarius Say, Thamnotettix Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1061.)

HEMIPTERA 1093

coccinea Forst., Graphocephala Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1061.)

communis Knight, Lygus Fam. Miridae

(See page 1054.)

corni Bouch£, Lecanium (European fruit lecanium) Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, and other species.

Injury — May suck so much sap from branches as to kill them, but commoner injury is
due to growth of sooty fungus over sticky sacretion which the insects drop on foliage,
fruit, and branches.

Distribution — Europe, North America.
References — Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3 : 695. 1913.

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 261.
1914.

corrugatans Sir., Pemphigus (Woolly thorn aphis) Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Crataegus, Amelanchier, Pyrus, Cydonia.

Injury — Distorts leaves into a rolled curl.

Distribution — North America.

References — Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 233. 1914.

Quaintance, A. L., and Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept. Farmers' bul.
804:19. 1917.

coryli Linn., Lecanium Fam. Coccidae

Synonyms — Eulecanium pyri Schr., Lecanium capreae Linn.
Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Pyrus, and other species.
Injury — Sucks sap from bark, not commonly injurious.
Distribution — Europe, North America.

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 175. 1909.
Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 216. 1912.

costalis Flor., Psylla Fam. Psyllidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Quercus.

Distribution — Europe.

Refere ce — Harrison, J. W. H. Naturalist (London), no. 707, p. 400. 1915.

crataegarium Walk., Macrosiphum Fam. Aphididae

Host — Crataegus oxyacaniha.

Distribution — Enlgand.

References — Walker, F. Ann. mag. nat. hist. 6: 46. 1850.

Theobald, F. V. Journ. econ. biol. 8: 142. 1913.

crataegi Kalt., Aphis Fam. Aphididae

Synonyms — Aphis pyri Boyer, A, crataegi Koch, A. ranunculi Kalt.

Hosts — Crataegus oxyaccintha, C. azarolus, Malus, Ranunculus.

Injury — Curls, discolors, and blisters leaves on terminal shoots.

Distribution — Europe.

References — Dobrovliansky, V. V. Biology of aphids of tree and bush fruits (Kiev).

1913.

Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 174. 1915.
Theobald, F. V. Entomologist 48 : 259. 1915.

crataegi Fitch, Glossonotus (Hawthorn tree hopper) Fam. Membracidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Cydonia.

Distribution — North America.

References — Fitch, A. Third annual report on noxious insects of New York, p. 334.

1856.
Funkhouser, W. D. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 11:248. 1917.

1094 HEMIPTERA

crataegi VanD., Idiocerus Fam. Cicadellidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Adults and young suck juice from foliage.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Van Duzee, E. P. Can. ent. 22 : 110. 1890.

crataegi Monell, Macrosiphum Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Crataegus punctate, C. coccinea, C. oxyacantha.

Injury — Sucks juice from lower side of leaves and from tender twigs. Leaves curl

downward and in severe infestations trees may be defoliated.
Distribution — North America.

Reference — Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 233:255. 1914.
(Fig. 108, page 1063.)

crataegi Tullgr., Prociphilus Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus.

Injury — Curls and discolors leaves and sometimes injures blossoms.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 450. 1915.

crataegi Schr., Psylla Fam. Psyllidae

Synonym — Chermes quercus Thorns.

Hosts — Cratiegus oxyacantha, Quercus sp.

Injury — Causes small red blisters to form on upper side of leaves.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 13. 1913.

crataegi Dgl., Typhlocyba Fam. Cicadellidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, apple (?).

Injury — Nymphs and adults suck juice from foliage, but commonly they are not

numerous enough to cause much injury.
Distribution — Europe.
References — Douglas, J. W. Ent. mo. mag. 12:203. 1876.

Melichar, L. Cicadinen von Mittel-Europe, p. 348. 1896.

crataegiella Theobald, Aphis Fam. Aphididae

Synonym — Aphis crataegi Buck.

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Curls and discolors leaves of terminal shoots, which turn reddish brown.

Distribution — Europe.

References — Buckton, G. B. Monograph of British aphides, 2:35. 1879.

Theobald, F. V. List of Aphididae of Hastings District, p. 9. 1912.

crataegifoliae Fitch, Aphis Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Crataegus punctata, C. coccinea, C. oxyacantha, C. tomentosa, Cydonia, legumes.
Injury — Curls and discolors leaves and young shoots, turning them purplish.
Distribution — North America.

Reference — Quaintance, A. L., and Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept. Farmers' bul.
804:18. 1917.

crataegus-coccinea Rafin., Aphis Fam. Aphididae

Host — Crataegus coccinea.
Distribution — North America.

References — Rafinesque, C. S. Amer. mo. mag. and crit. rev. 3 : 16. 1818.
Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 270:48. 1918.

curtisii Fb., Euscelis Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1161.)

HEMIPTERA 1095

cydoniae Fitch, Corythucha Fam. Tingitidae

Synonyms — Corythucha arcitata Comst., C. crataegi O. & D.

Hosts — Crataegus, Cydonia.

Injury — Nymphs and adults suck juice from leaves, causing them to turn brown.

Distribution — North America.

References — Fitch, A. Country gent. 17: 25. 1861.

Comstock, J. H. U. S. Ent. Kept. 1879:221. 1879.

Gibson, E. H. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 44:87. 1918.

dearnessi King, Phenacoccus Fam. Coccidae

Synonym — Phenacoccus betheli Ckll.
Hosts — Crataegus, Amelanchier.
Distribution — Canada, United States,

Reference — Ferris, G. F. Contribution to knowledge of Coccidae of southwestern
United States, p. 68. 1919.

dislocatus Say, Horcias Fam. Miridae

(See page 1054.)

dumetorum Schiff., Physatocheila Fam. Tingitidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Pyrus communis, Prunus padus, P. spinosa.

Distribution — Europe, Egypt.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 213. 1872.

Saunders, E. Hemiptera of British Islands, p. 135. 1892.

edentula Buck., Aphis Fam. Aphididae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Buckton, G. B. Monograph of British aphides, 2:39. 1879.

fitchi VanD., Idiocerus (Black apple leaf hopper) Fam. Cicadellidae

Synonym — Idiocerus maculipennis Fitch.

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus.

Injury — Adults and young suck juice from foliage. Not commonly injurious.

Distribution — North America.

References — Van Duzee, E. P. Catalog of Hemiptera, p. 580. 1916.

Brittain, W. H., and Saunders, L. G. Can. ent. 49:149. 1917.

flavicephala Coding, Ophiderma Fam. Membracidae

(See page 1063.)

furfura Fitch, Chionaspis (Scurfy scale) Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — About 25 tree species, including Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia, Sorbus.
Injury — Occasionally incrusts bark of trees and greatly weakens or kills them.
Distribution — North America.
References — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 176.

1914.
Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 158. 1915.

hederae Vail., Aspidiotus Fam. Coccidae

Synonym — Aspidiotus nerii Bouch6.-

Hosts — Many woody and herbaceous plants, including Crataegus azarolus.
Distribution — Europe, Asia, North Africa (on Crataegus in Algeria), North America.
References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 213. 1912.

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:689. 1913.

lachrymalis Fb., Idiocerus Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1061.)

1096 HEMIPTERA

lanigera Hausm., Eriosoma (Woolly aphis) Fam. Aphididae

Synonyms — Eriosoma crataegi Oest., Schizoneura americana Riley.
Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Ulmus americana.

Injury — Sucks sap from tender shoots, branches, and roots, often stunting growth.
Distribution — North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, South America.
References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 141. 1909.
Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept. Kept. 101. 1915.
Becker, G. G. Journ. econ. ent. 1 1 : 245. 1918.
(Fig. 109, page 1064.)

lineatus Linn., Philaenus Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1061.)

mali LeB., Empoasca (Apple leaf hopper) Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1061.)

mali Schmid., Psylla : Fam. Payllideu

Synonym — Psylla crataegicola Forst.

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus, Quercus, Ulmus, Corylus.

Injury — Nymphs suck juice from foliage and blossoms, and prevent setting of fruit.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Nova Scotia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 213. 1872.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 153. 1909.

Brittain, W. H. Journ. econ. ent. 15:96. 1922.

malinus Reuter, Heterocordylus (Dark apple redbug) Fam. Miridae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus.

Injury — Nymphs and adults puncture leaves and fruit to suck juice. Cause dimples

in fruit, which deform it.

Distribution — Northeastern United States, Canada.
References — SUngerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 28.

1914.
Cushman, R. A. Ent. Soc. Washington. Proc. 18:196. 1916.

marutae Oest., Aphis Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Crataegus, Anthemis cotula.

Distribution — North America.

References — Oestlund, O. W. Aphididae of Minnesota, p. 40. 1886.

Hunter, 1901, p. 101. (Cited by Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui.
270:49. 1918.)

melanoneura Forst., Psylla Fam. Psyllidae

Synonym — Psylla crataegi Forst.

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Quercus, and other species.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 20. 1913.

Harrison, J. W. H. Naturalist (London), no. 707, p. 400. 1915.

mendax Reuter, Lygidea (Bright apple redbug) Fam. Miridae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus.

Injury — Nymphs and adults puncture leaves and fruit to suck juice, and cause dimples

in fruit.

Distribution — Northeastern United States, Canada.
References — SUngerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 28.

1914.
Cushman, R. A. Ent. Soc. Washington. Proc. 18:196. 1916.

mespili v.d.G., Ovatus Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Mespilus germanica.

HEMIPTERA 1097

Injury — Sucks sap from tender shoots and leaves.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 136. 1915.

nigrofasciatum Perg., Lecanium (Terrapin scale) Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — Prunus, Acer, Malus, Crataegus, Tilia, Platanus, and other species.
Injury — Sucks sap from bark and secretes much sticky liquid, which covers surface of
branches, foliage, and fruit and on which a sooty fungus grows, thus rendering fruit
unsalable.
1 Distribution — North America.

References — Felt, E.P. New York State Mus. Memoir 81 : 201. 1905.

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 293.
1914.

obliqua Say, Erythroneura Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1061.)

oleae Col vee, Parlatoria Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — Many woody plants, including Crataegus germanica.

Injury — May incrust the bark, and sometimes the leaves and the fruit, of trees of the

genera Citrus, Pyrus, and Olea especially.
Distribution — Mediterranean region.
References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 213. 1912.

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3 : 694. 1913.

olivaceus Fabr., Deraeocoris Fam. Miridae

Synonym — Capsus medius Kirschb.

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Primus, Corylus.

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage.

Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 213. 1872.

Reuter, O. M. Hemiptera gymnocerata Europae 5 : 30. 1896.

ornatus VanD., Orthotylus Fam. Miridae

(See page 1055.)

ostreiformis Curt., Aspidiotus (European fruit-tree scale) Fam. Coccidae

Synonym — Aspidiotus oxyacanthae Sign.

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Crataegus, and many other woody plants.
Injury — May completely incrust the bark and kill the tree.
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor, North America.
References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 386. 1909.
Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 213. 1912.

ostryae Knight, Lygus ' Fam. Miridae

(See page 1055.)

oxyacanthae Schr., Myzus •. Fam. Aphididae

Synonym — Aphis oxyacanthae Koch.

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Pyrus, Malus, Prunus.

Injury — Sucks juice from leaves, causing yellow or red swellings on them and making

them curl.

Distribution — Europe.
References — Koch, C. L. Pflanzenlause, p. 55. 1857.

Ross, H. Die Pflanzengallen Mittel- und Nordeuropas, p. 132. 1911.

padi Linn., Rhopalosiphum Fam. Aphididae

Synonyms — Aphis avenae Fabr., Aphis padi Kalt.
Hosts — Prunus padus, Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, grasses.

1098 HEMIPTERA

Injury — Sucks juice from opening buds of fruit trees in early spring.

Distribution — Europe, North America.

References — Leonardi, G. Gli insetti 4: 228. 1901.

Baker, A. C. Journ. agr. res. 18:311. 1919.

pallidus Fb., Idiocerus Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1062.)

pellucida Uhl., Diaphnidia : . Fam. Miridae

(See page 1055.)

peregrina Forst., Psylla Fam. Psyliidae

Synonym — Psylla crataegicola Flor.

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Carpinus betulus.

Injury — Sucks juice from young shoots and foliage.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

Reference — Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 22. 1913.

perniciosus Comst., Aspidiotus (San Jos6 scale) Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — Many woody plants, including Crataegus and other Malaceae.
Injury — May incrust bark and kill trees in favorable weather.
Distribution — Asia, North America, South America, Australia, Hawaii.
References — Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3 : 690. 1913.
Glenn, P. A. State Ent. Illinois. Kept. 28:87. 1915.

piri Licht., Aspidiotus Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus, Fraxinus, Prunus.

Injury — May incrust branches and thus weaken or kill them.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 214. 1912.

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:690. 1913.

pomi De Geer, Aphis (Green apple aphis) Fam. Aphididae

Synonyms — Aphis maii Fabr., A. oxyacanthae Schr.

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, grasses.

Injury — Sucks sap, causing leaves to curl, but no discoloration appears.

Distribution — Europe, North America.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 202. 1872.

Matheson, R. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 24 : 686. 1919.

pratensis Linn., Lygus Fam. Miridae

(See page 1055.)

provancheri VanD., Idiocerus Fam. Cicadellidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia.

Injury — Nymphs and adults suck juice from foliage.

Distribution — North America.

References — Leonard, M. D. Journ. econ. ent. 8:415. 1915.

Van Duzee, E. P. Catalog of Hemiptera, p. 580. 1916.

pruinosum Coq., Lecanium (Frosted scale) Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — Many woody plants, including Crataegus.

Injury — Principal injury from smutty fungus growing on honeydew secreted by insects

on fruit and foliage.
Distribution — North America.
References — Sanders, J. G. Journ. econ. ent. 2:442. 1909.

Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 149. 1915.

prunifoliae Fitch, Rhopalosiphum (Apple bud aphis) Fam. Aphididae

Synonyms — Aphis avenae (of American authors), Aphis fitchii Sand.

HEMIPTEEA 1099

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Prunus, many grasses.
Injury — Sucks juice from opening buds of trees in spring.
Distribution — North America.

References — Quaintance, A. L. U. S. Ent. Bur. Giro. 81. 1907.
Baker, A. C. Journ. agr. res. 18:311. 1919.

pumilus Uhl., Ceratocapsus Fam. Miridae

Synonym — Melinna pumila Uhl.

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix.

Injury — • Adult sucks sap from foliage.

Distribution — Eastern United States.

Reference — Uhler, P. R. Ent. Amer. 3:69. 1887.

pyri Fitch, Prociphilus (Pear root aphis) Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Pyrus, Crataegus, Malus.

Injury — Sucks sap from roots.

Distribution — Eastern North America.

References — Quaintance, A. L., and Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept. Farmers' bul.

804:19. 1917.

Wilson, H. F., and Vickery, R. A. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts, and
Letters. Trans. 19:140. 1918.

querci Fitch, Empoa Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1052.)

rosae Linn., Empoa (Rose leaf hopper) Fam. Cicadellidae

Hosts — Rosa, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Cydonia, and other species.

Injury — Nymphs and adults suck juice from lower leaves of trees, causing yellowing of

foliage and in some cases defoliation.
Distribution — Europe, North America.
Reference — Ackerman, A. J. U. S. Agr. Dept. Bul. 805:20. 1919.

rumicis Linn., Aphis Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Many herbs and woody plants, including Crataegus oxyacantha and pear.

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage in spring and fall.

Distribution — Europe, North America.

References — Borner. Nat. Ver. Bremen. Abhandl. 23 : 152. 1914.

Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 220. 1915.

rusci Linn., Ceroplastes Fam. Coccidae

Hosts — Many plants, including Crataegus.

Injury — Sucks juice from bark, leaves, and fruit.

Distribution — Mediterranean region.

References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 214. 1912.

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3 : 695. 1913.

saliceti Forst., Psylla Fam. Psyllidae

Hosts — Salix, Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan.

Reference — Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 26. 1913.

seminudus Say, Eutettix Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1062.)

sorbi Kalt., Aphis (Rosy apple aphis) Fam. Aphididae

Synonym — Aphis malifoliae Fitch.

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Plantago.

Injury — Cur.s leaves and deforms fruit.

1100 HEMIPTERA — THYSANOPTERA — COLEOPTERA

Distribution — Europe, North America.

References — Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 177. 1915.

Matheson, R. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 24:718. 1919.

suturalis Fb., Idiocerus Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1062.)

taurina Fitch, Ceresa Fam. Membracjidae

(See page 1063.)

ulmi Linn., Lepidosaphes (Oyster-shell scale) Fam. Coccidae

Synonym — Mytilaspis pomorum Douche1.

Hosts — Many woody plants, including Crataegus.

Injury — Sucks juice from bark and foliage.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North America, South America, Hawaii.

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 170. 1909.

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:692. 1913.

ulmi Geof., Tetraneura Fam. Aphididae

Hosts — Ulmus, Crataegus oxyacantha, many grasses.

Injury — Sucks juice from leaves, causing galls to form on upper surface.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 484. 1915.
Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 270:49. 1918.

univittatus Knight, Lygus Fam. Miridae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Adults suck juice and puncture fruit and tender foliage.

Distribution — Northeastern United States.

Reference — Knight, H. H. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Bui. 14:21. 1919.

urticae Linn., Trioza Fam. Psyllidae

Hosts — Urtica, Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 56. 1913.

Harrison, J. W. H. Naturalist (London), no. 707, p. 400. 1915.

vanduzei Gill., Eupteryx Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1062.)

vilis Linn., Pulvinaria (Cottony scale) '. Fam. Coccidae

Synonyms — Pulvinaria betulae Linn., P. innumerabilis Rath., P. oxyacanthae Linn.
Hosts — Many woody plants, including Crataegus.
Injury — Sucks sap from bark and tender shoots.
Distribution — Europe, America, Africa, Asia Minor.
Reference — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 215. 1912.

vulgaris Fb., Lamenia Fam. Cicadellidae

(See page 1063.)

THYSANOPTERA

tritici Fitch, Euthrips Fam. Thrypidae

(See page 1066.)

COLEOPTERA

aeneovirens Marsh, Rhynchites, var. punctatits Oliv Fam. Curculionidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 181. 18S3.

COLEOPTERA 1101

aenescens Lee., Magdalis (Bronze apple weevil) Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Prunus.

Injury — Larva tunnels under bark, sometimes killing tree. Adults feed on leaves.

Distribution — Northwestern United States, Canada.

References — Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Ent. Bur. Bui. 22:37. 1900.

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby. C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 199.
1914.

ae quatus Linn., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, Sorbus.
Injury — Beetles puncture fruit buds and leaves in feeding.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach-, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 181. 1872.
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 181. 1883.

aerosus Melsh., Brachys Fam. Buprestidae

(Seepage 1066.)

albida Lee., Syneta Fam. Chrysomelidae

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia, Crataegus, Prunus, Cor^lus, and other species.
Injury — Beetles feed on flowers and foliage, sometimes defoliating young trees.
Distribution — Western United States.

References — Wilson, H. F., and Moznette, G. F. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Bien. crop
pest and hort. rept. 2 : 96. 1915 .

alpina Linn., Rosalia Fam. Cerambycidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Fagus sp.

Injury — Larva tunnels under bark, girdling branches, and then enters solid wood.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872.
Holeczek, A. Ent. Nachr. 13:308. 1887.

auratus Scop., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae

Synonym — Rhynchites- bacchus Oliv.
Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Prunus spinosa, Malus.
Injury — Beetles cut off petioles of leaves, and larvae feed in fruit.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 153. 1872.
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 183. 1883.

bacchus Linn., Rhynchites (Purple apple weevil) Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larvae feed in fruit, much like codling moth.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 121. 1909.

barbicornis Lat., Magdalis (Apple stem piercer) Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Malus, Cydonia, Crataegus.

Injury — Larvae tunnel under bark, causing discolored, sunken areas.

Distribution — Europe, United States (New York and Massachusetts), imported recently.

References — Henschel, G. A. O. Die schadlichen forst- und obstbaum Insekten, p. 94.

1895.
Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America,

p. 257. 1916.
Pierce, W. D. Manual of dangerous insects, p. 132. 1917.

bipunctatus Linn., Cryptocephalus . ...... .Fam. Chrysomelidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Corylus, Salix, Betula.

1102 GOLEOPTERA

Injury — Beetles eat holes in foliage.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Redtenbacher, L. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer, p. 901. 1858.
Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872.

borealis Shev., Dibolia Fam. Chrysomelidae

(See page 1067.)

calva Lee., Limnobaris Fam. Curculionidae

Host — Crataegus.

Distribution — Eastern United States.

Reference — Hamilton, J. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:377. 1895.

Candida Fabr., Saperda (Round-headed apple-tree borer) Fam. Cerambycidae

Synonym — Saperda bivittata Say.

Hosts — Cydonia, Malus, Sorbus, Amelanchier, Pyrus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larvae tunnel under bark of trunk and into sapwood. Not commonly

injurious to Crataegus.
Distribution — North America.
References — Glover, T. Manuscript notes from my journal, p. 87. 1877.

Felt, E. P., and Joutel, L. H. New York State Mus. Bui. 74:28. 1904.
Becker, G. G. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 146:5. 1918.

carinata Germ., Haltica Fam. Chrysomelidae

(See page 1067.)

caudatus Rossi, Otiorrhynchus Fam. Curculionidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Marseul, M. S. A. Monographic des Otiorhynchides, p. 127. 1872.
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 63. 1883.

cerasi Linn., Magdalis Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Prunus cerasus, P. padus, Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Larva burrows under bark.

Distribution — Europe.

References — Redtenbacher, L. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer, p. 758. 1858.

Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 195. 1883.

Pierce, W. D. Manual of dangerous insects, p. 132. 1917.

coeruleocephalus Schel., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Betula, Quercus.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 589. 1872.
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 187. 1883.

colaspidoides Gyll., Diphucephala Fam. Scarabaeid«e

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Beetles appear in swarms, like locusts, and defoliate trees and shrubs.

Distribution — Australia.

References — Insect life 3 : 425. 1890.

French, C. Destructive insects of Victoria, 2:27. 1893.

convergeus Lee., Xylotrechus Fam. Cerambycidae

Host — Crataegus sp.

Injury — Larva tunnels in branches.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — LeConte, J. L. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 8:xxiv. 1880.

COLEOPTERA 1103

crataegi Walsh, Conolrachelus (Quince curculio) Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus spp., Cydonia.

Injury — Larvae feed within fruit, partially destroying it.

Distribution — Eastern United States.

References — Riley, C. V. Third Missouri rept, p. 35. 1871.

Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 148. 1898.

crataegi Germ., Otiorrhynchus Fam. Curculionidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Marseul, M. S. A. Monographic des Otiorhynchides, p. 287. 1872.
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 63. 1883.

crataegi Walsh, Pseudanthonomus (Apple weevil) Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Kalmia latifolia.

Injury — Larvae burrow in fruit, beetles puncture fruit and foliage.

Distribution — Eastern United States, Canada.

References — Brooks, F. E. West Virginia Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 126. 1910.

Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America,
p. 318. 1916.

cretata Newm., Saperda (Spotted apple-tree borer) Fam. Cerambycidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier.

Injury — Larvae kill branches by girdling and tunneling in sapwood.
Distribution — Eastern North America. >' .

References — Osborn, H. Iowa State Hort. Soc. Trans. 15:11. 1880.
Hamilton, J. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:369. 1895.
Felt, E. P., and Joutel, L. H. New York State Mus. Bui. 74:50. 1904.

cucumeris Harris, Epitrix Fam. Chrysomelidae

(See page 1067.)

decipiens Lee., Anthonomus Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, cotton (?) ; beetles hi abundance beaten from Crataegus sp. by Dr.

Hamilton.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America,
p. 316. 1916.

dorsalis Thunb., Chalepus Fam. Chrysomelidae

Hosts — Robinia, Malus, Quercus, Crataegus, Rubus, and other species.

Injury — Beetles eat foliige,

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Houser, J. S. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 332:231. 1918.

dubitans Lee., Limonius - Fam. Elateridae

(See page 1066.)

elongata Fabr., Dichelonycha Fam. Scarabaeidae

(See page 1066.)

fayi Bland, Saperda (Thorn limb borer) Fam. Cerambycidae

Hosts — Crataegus crus-galli, C. tomentosa.

Injury — Larvae burrow in smaller branches, killing them and producing gall-like swell-
ings which weaken the branches so that they break in winds.
Distribution — Eastern North America.
Reference — Felt, E. P., and Joutel, L. H. New York State Mus. Bui. 74:62. 1904.

femorata Fabr., Chrysobothris (Flat-headed apple-tree borer) Fam. Buprestidae

Hosts — Many trees, including Crataegus, but especially Quercus, Malus, Primus.

1104 COLEOPTERA

Injury — Larvae burrow in sapwood of weakened trees.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Brooks, F. E. U. S. Agr. Dept. Farmers' bul. 1065:5. 1919.

flavicornis Boh. Schn., Anthonomus Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Solanum, dogwood, and other species.
Distribution — North America.

Reference — Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America,
p. 298. 1916.

flavicornis Clairv., Ramphus Fam. Curculionidae

Synonym — Ramphus oxyacanthae Marsh.

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus oxyacantha, Betula, Salix, Primus, Populus.
Injury — Larvae mine in leaves.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Heyden, C. von. Berlin, ent. Zeit. 6: 63. 1862.
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 251. 1883.

foliacea Lee., Haltica (Apple flea beetle) Fam. Chrysomelidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus.

Injury — Beetles and larvae eat many small holes in foliage.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Murtfeldt, M. E. Insect life 1 : 74. 1888.

giganteus Krinick., Rhynchites : Fam. Curculionidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Desbrochers, L. Monographic des Rhinomaceridae, p. 345. 1869.
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 180, 188. 1883.

helxines Linn., Crepidodera Fam. Chrysomelidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix, Malus, Pyrus, Ulmus, Populus.

Injury — Beetles eat many small holes in leaves.

Distribution — Europe, North America.

References — Blatchley, W. S. Coleoptera of Indiana, p. 1214. 1910.

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 205.
1914.

icosandriae Scop., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae

Synonym — Rhynchites conicus 111.

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Sorbus.
Injury — Beetles cut off tender twigs. Serious pest in nurseries.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 154, 207. • 1872.
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 188. 1883.

impressifrons Gyll., Polydrusus Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Salix, Populus, Crataegus, Quercus, Malus, Pyrus, Corylus, and other species.
Injury — Beetles eat buds, leaves, and tender twigs in May and June.
Distribution — Europe, New York (imported about 1906).
References — Parrott, P. J., and Glasgow, H. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta.

Tech. bul. 56:7. 1916.
Pierce, W. D. Journ. econ. ent. 9:424. 1916:

maculicornis Germ., Phyllobius (Green leaf weevil) .Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Quercus, Crataegus, Acer.

Injury — Beetle eats into opening buds, and later eats holes in leaves.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

Reference — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 119. 1909.

COLEOPTERA 1105

marginalis 111., Systena Fara. Chrysomelidae

(See page 1067.)

metasternalis Cr., Tymnes Fam. Chrysomelidae

Host — Crataegus.

Listribution — North America.

Reference — Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 344. 1909.

mixius Lee., Anthonomopsis Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus.
Distribution — North America.

Reference — Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America,
p. 286. 1916.

multipunctata Say, Calligrapha Fam. Chrysomelidae

Host — Crataegus.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Blatchley, W. S. Coleoptera of Indiana, p. 1158. 1910.

naso Lee., Conotrachelus ' Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus virginiana.

Injury — Larva feeds in fruit.

Distribution — North America.

References — Hamilton, J. Can. ent. 21 :34. 1889.

Pierce, .W. D. Nebraska State Bd. Agr. Ann. rept. 1906-07:275. 1907.

nebulosus Lee., Anthonomus (Hawthorn blossom weevil) Fam. Curculionidae

(See page 1068.)

nenuphar Hbst., Conotrachelus (Plum curculio) Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Prunus, Pyrus, 'Malus, Cydonia, Crataegus.

Injury — Larvae feed in fruit, and beetles deform fruits by their feeding punctures.
Distribution — North America east of Rocky Mountains.

Reference — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 243.
1914.

nitidipennis Boh., Magdalis Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Populus, Salix.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Redtenbacher, L. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer, p. 759. 1858.
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 196. 1883.

oblongus Linn., Phyllobius Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Populus, Corylus, and other species.
Injury — Beetles eat into opening buds, and later eat leaves.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.
Reference — Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 79. 1883.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 119. 1909.

olivaceus Gyll., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae

Synonym — Rhynchites comatus Dej.
Hosts — Crataegus, Corylus, Prunus.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbaeh, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 154, 207. 1872.
Bargagli, PM Rjncofori Europei, p. 190. 1883.

pauxillus Germ., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus.
Injury — Beetles cut off twigs.
Distribution — Europe.

1106 COLEOPTERA

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 118. 1909.

politus Say, Agrilus Fain. Buprestidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix, Quercus, Corylus.

Injury — Larva tunnels under bark, causing gall-like swellings on twigs of Crataegus

and girdling twigs of oak with a spiral tunnel.

Distribution — North America. i . ,

References — Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 295. 1909.

Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200:135. 1918.

pomonae Fabr., Apion Fam. Curculionidie

Hosts — Vicia, Crataegus.

Distribution — Europe.

References — Curtis, J. Farm insects, p. 487. 1860.

Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 165. 1883.

pomorum Linn., Anthonomus (Apple blossom weevil) Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva feeds within closed fruit bud, destroying it. Often a very serious
pest of apple in Europe. Whitehead records shaking 1530 adults from a single tree
in two days.

Distribution — Europe, one specimen recorded from Ohio taken among A. nebulosus.
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872.

Dietz, Wm. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 18:204. 1891.

Whitehead, C. Report on injurious insects in Great Britain, p. 44.

1892.
Henschel, G. A. O. Die schadlichen forst- und obstbaum Insekten, p. 571.

1895.
Collinge, W. E. Manual of injurious insects, p. 97. 1912.

posticatus Boh. Schn., Conotrachelus Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Carya.

Injury — Larva feeds in fruit.

Distribution — North America.

References — Hamilton, J. Can. ent. 21:34. 1889.

Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America,
p. 477. 1916.

profundus Lee., Anthonomus Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus.
Injury — Larva feeds in fruit.
Distribution — North America.

Reference — Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America,
p. 290. 1916.

pruni Ratz., Eccoptogaster Fam. Ipidae

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Ulmus.

Injury — •- Larva girdles weakened trees by mining in cambium layer.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 154. 1872.

Wahl, C. von. Borkenkafer an den Obstbaumen und ihre Bekamfung.
Augustenberg Flugblatt, no. 3, p. 4. 1914.

pruni Linn., Magdalis Fam, Curculionidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Rosa, and other species,
Injury — Larva tunnels under bark of branches,
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

COLEOPTERA 1107

References — Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 196. 1883.

Pierce, W. D. Manual of dangerous insects, p. 132. 1917.

pterygomalis Boh., Polydrusus Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Prunus, Salix, Betula, Corylus, Fagus.

Injury — Beetles feed on foliage.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

Reference — Pierce, W. D. Journ. econ. ent. 9:431. 19 6.

pubescens Melsh., Agriotes Fam. Elateridae

(See page 1066.)

pubescens Fabr., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae

Synonym — Rhynchites cyanicolor Schr.
Hosts — Crataegus, Corylus, Alnus, Quercus.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872.
Bargagli', P. Rincofori Europei, p. 191. 1883.

quadrigibbus Say, Tachypterus (Apple curculio) Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier, Pyrus.

Injury — Larva feeds in fruit, beetles puncture fruit and young twigs.

Distribution — Eastern North America.

References — Brooks, F. E. West Virginia Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 126. 1910.

Mitchell, J. B., and Pierce, W. D. Ent. Soc. Washington. Proc. 13:53.
1911.

q uercata Fabr., Anthaxia .Fam. Buprestidae

Hosts — Crataegus; Pinus strobus, Cercis, and other species.
Injury — Larva bores in dead or dying branches.
Distribution — North America.
Reference — Knull, Josef N. Ent. news 31:6. 1920.

rufus Ol., Orchestes Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Ulmus, Quercus, Salix, Crataegus, Prunus.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 217. 1883.

rugulosus Ratz., Eccoptogaster (Fruit-tree bark beetle) Fam. Ipidae

Hosts — Prunus, Cydonia, Malus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Amelanchier.

Injury — Larva and adult mine in cambium layer of weak trees, frequently killing them.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, North America.

References — Gossard, H. A. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 140. 1913.

Wahl, C. von. Borkenkafer an den Obstbaumen und ihre Bekamfung.

Augustenberg Flugblatt, no. 3, p. 4. 1914.
Swaine, J. M. Can. Agr. Dept. Bui. 14:52. 1918.

scheppardi Kirby, Choragus Fam. Anthribidae

Synonym — Alticopus galeazii Vill.
Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.
Injury — Larva burrows in dying twigs.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Redtenbacher, L. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer, p. 674. 1858.
Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.

sericeus Schal., Polydrusus Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Malus, Fagus, Salix, Quercus, Alnus, and other

species.
Injury — Beetles feed on buds and foliage.

1 108 COLEOPTERA LEPIDOPTERA

Distribution — Europe, Asia, recently imported into United States (Indiana).
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 179. 1872.

Bargagli, P. Rincofori Eurcpei, p. 59. 1883.

Pierce, W. D. Journ. eccn. ent. 9:428. 1916.

sericeus Hbst., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae

Synonym — Rhynchites ophthalmicus Steph.
Hosts — Crataegus, Corylus, Quercus, Betula.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 154, 207. 1872.
Bargagli, P. Rincofcri Eurcpei, p. 191. 1883.

sinuatus Oliv., Agrilus (Sinuate pear borer) Fam. Buprestidae

Hosts — Pyrus communis, Crataegus, Sorbus.
Injury — Larva tunnels in sapwocd, making a zigzag mine.
Listribution — Europe, Ncrth America. .

References — Smith, J. B. New Jersey Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. rept. 15:550. 1894.
Scrauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:487. 1913.

subspinosus Fabr., Mccrodoctylus (Rose chafer) Fam. Scarabaeidae

Hosts — Vitis, Malus, Pyrus, Rcsa, Crataegus, and ether species.

Injury — Beetles feed on fcliage, flowers, and fruit, and are sometimes very injurious.
Listribution — North America.

References — Hartzell, F. Z. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 331 : 534. 1910.
Slingerland, M. V., and Crcsby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 397.
1914.

testacea Kirby, Dichelonycha Fam. Scarabaeidae

(See page 1067.)

tomentosus Fabr., Byturus (Raspberry beetle) Fam. Dermestidae

Hosts — Rubus, Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus.
Injury — Beetles feed on flowers and foliage.
Listribution — Europe.

References — Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:472. 1913.
Bot. journ. London 5:73. 1917.

tubulatus Say, Idiostethus Fam. Curculionidae

Hosts — Orchids, Crataegus. «
Distribution — North America.

References — Pierce, W. D. Nebraska State Bd. Agr. Ann. rept. 1906-07:284. 1907.
Blatchley, W. £., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America,
p. 404. 1916.

villosula Melsh., Xanthonia Fam. Chrysomelidae

(See page 1067.)

vittaticollis Rand., Agrilus Fam. Buprestidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus virginiana, Amelanchier.

Injury — Beetles feed on foliage.

Distribution — Eastern United States.

Reference — Blanchard, F. Amer. ent. 5 : 32. 1889.

Melanotus sp Fam. Elateridae

(See page 1066.)

LEPIDOPTERA

abbotti Swains, Sphecodina -. Fam. Sphingidae

Hosts — Vitis, Ampelopsis, Crataegus tomentosa.
Injury — Larvae feed on foliage.

LEPIDOPTERA 1 109

Distribution — Eastern North America.

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.

Beutenmueller, William. Hawk moths of the vicinity of New York City,
p. 12. 1903.

achatana Fabr., Olethreutes Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus.

Injury — Larvae roll leaves and eat them.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 81. 1909.

advenella Zk., Rhodophaez Fam. Pyralidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus.
Injury — Larvae tie leaves and eat them.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:216. 1910.

aescularia Schiff., Anisopteryx (March moth) Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus, Acer, and other

species.

Injury — Larvae feed on foliage, sometimes defoliating trees.
Distribution — Europe.
Reference — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 61. 1909.

americana Harris, Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae

(See page 1073.)

americana Harris, Epicnaptera Fam. Lasiocampidae

(See page 1075.)

americana Fabr., Malacosoma (Apple tent caterpillar) .Fam. Lasiocampidae

Hosts — Prunus, Malus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Rosa, Amelanchier, Quercus, Salix, and

other species.

Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, living within a silken tent.
Distribution — North America.
References — Felt. E. P. New York State Mus. Memoir 82:550. 1906.

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 112.
1914.

anatipennella Hub., Coleophora Fam. Elachistidae

Synonym — Coleophora tiliella Zell.

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Tilia, Corylus, Prunus spinosa.
Injury — Larva eats patches of green tissue from leaf.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:400. 1910.

anglicella Stt., Ornix Fam. Gracilariidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Fragaria.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, one record in Massachusetts.

References — Stainton, H. T. Natural history of the Tineina, 8:292. 1864.

Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 171. 1872.

Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 : 294. 1907.

Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:410. 1910.

angustiorana Haw., Capua Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Laurus, Smilax, Pyrus, and other species.

1110 LEPIDOPTERA

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them.
Distribution — Southern Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor.
Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:246. 1910.

anliqua Linn., Notolophus (Vaporer moth) Fam. Lymantriidae

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Rosa, Crataegus, Ulmus, Tilia, and other species.
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches.
Distribution — Europe, Asia, North America.

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.
Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 38. 1909.

argyrospila Walk., Arckips (Fruit-tree leaf roller) Fam. Tortricidae

(See page 1077.)

arthemis Dru., Basilarchia Fam. Nymphalidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix, Tilia, Populus.
Injury — Larvae eat leaves, except midrib, beginning at apex.
Distribution — Eastern United States.

References — French, G. H. Butterflies of the eastern United States, p. 208. 1886.
Edwards, H. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 35:27. 1889.

astyanax Fabr., Basilarchia Fam. Nymphalidae

Hosts — Salix, Prunus, Malus, Tilia, Crataegus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats leaf on both sides of midrib, beginning at apex.
Distribution — Eastern and southern United States.

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 535. 1890.
Holland, W. J. Butterfly book, p. 184. 1898.

aterrima Wck., Nepticula. Fam. Nepticulidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Germany.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 480. 1910.

atricollis Stt., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae

Hosts — Malus malus, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:479. 1910.

aurantiaria Esp., Hibernia Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Betula, Populus, Rosa, Quercus, Crataegus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats leaves.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209, 218. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:98. 1910.

bajaria Schiff., Hibernia Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Prunus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Ligustrum, Syringa.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 166. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:98. 1910.

betulae Zell., Lithocoll:tis Fam. Gracilariidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Cydonia, Betula.
Injury — Larva mines in upper side of leaf.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 198. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:419. 1910.

LEPIDOPTERA 1111

betularia Linn., Amphidasis (Pepper-and-salt moth) Fam. Geometridze

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, Quercus, Ulmus, Populus, Betula.

Injury — Larvae defoliate trees in late summer.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan.

Reference — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 64. 1909.

bidentata Clerck., Gonodontis (Scalloped hazel moth) Fam. Geometridxe

Hosts — Corylus, Betula, Prunus, Crataegus, Pyrus, Quercus, and other species.

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan.

Reference — Collinge, W. E. Manual of injurious insects, p. 138. 1912.

biscutana Wck., Epiblema Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Betula, Crataegus oxyacantha. .

Injury — Larva ties together terminal clusters of leaves and feeds within.

Distribution — Norway, Finland.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 283. 1910.

blandula Hulst., Catocala Fam. Noctuidae

Host — Crataegus.
Injury — Larvae feed on foliage.
Distribution — Eastern United States, Canada.

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 533. 1890.
Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 476. 1909.

brumata Linn., Cheimatobia (Winter moth) Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Fruit and forest trees (except conifers) and shrubs.

Injury — Larvae defoliate trees and may attack flowers or fruit.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Greenland.

References — Ormerod, E. A. Manual of injurious insects, p. 338, 360. 1890.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 50. 1909.

Med. Phytopath. Dienst. Wageningen, no. 3. 1916.

cilanus Hub., Strymon (Banded hair-streak) Fam. Lycaenidae

Synonym — Thecla falacer Godart.

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Hicoria.

Injury — Larva eat« holes in leaves.

Distribution — United States and Canada.

References — Scudder, S. Butterflies of New England, 2:885. 1839.

Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.

caryae Harris, Halisidota (Hickory tussock moth) Fam. Arctiidre

Hosis — Hicoria, Juglans, Malus, Cydonia, Crataegus, and other species.

Injury — Larvae eat foliage.

Distribution — United States east of Rocky Mountains.

Reference — Soule, Caroline G. Psyche 6:153. 1891.

catax Linn., Eriogaster Fam. Lasiocampidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Populus, Betula.

Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, which they cover with silken tents.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Eurcpas, 1 : 117. 1908.

cecropia Linn., Platysamia Fam. Saturniidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Salix, Acer, Syringa, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats leaves.

Distribution — North America east of Rocky Mountains.
References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.
Dickerson, Mary C. Moths and butterflies, p. 157. 1901.

1112 LEPIDOPTERA

cerisolella Pey., Lithocolletis Fam. Gracilariidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus torminalis.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf on under side.

Distribution — Southern France.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 415. 1910.

chionosema Zell., Olethreutes Fam. Tortricidae

(See page 1077.)

chrysorrhea Linn., Euproctis (Brown-tail moth) Fam. Lymantriidae

Hosts — Crat legus and most other deciduous trees.
Injury — Larvae defoliate trees.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor, New England States.
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 132. 1908.

clerkella Linn., Lyonetia Fam. Lyonetiidae

Hosts — Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Betula.

Injury — Larva makes serpentine mine in leaf.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 422. 1910.

coeruleocephala Linn., Liloba (Figure-8 moth) Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, and other species.

Injury — Larva eats foliage, sDmetimes defoliating hawthorn hedges.

Listribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 35. 1909.

cognataria Guen., L da Fam. Geometridae

(See page 1076.)

cognatellus Hub., Yponomeuta (Hedge ermine moth) Fam. Yponomeutidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Euonymus.
Injury — Larva eats leaves, sometimes stripping hedges.
Distribution — Europe..

References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 444. 1910.
Noel, P. Jardinage4:363. 1914.

concinna A. and S., Schizura (Red-humped apple caterpillar) Fam. Notodontidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Primus, Pyrus, and other species.
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding in a colony.
Distribution — North America.
References — Saunders, William. Can. ent. 13: 139. 1 81.

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 125. 1914.

concomitella Bnks., Lithocolletis '. . . Fam. Gracilariidae

Synonym — Lithocolletis pomifoliella Zell.
Hosts — Malus, Crataegus.
Injury — Larva mines in leaf.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 198. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmettsrlinge Europis, 2:415. 1910.

congelatella Clerck., Exapate .Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus, Prunus, Pyrus, Rubus, Berberis, Ligustrum, and other

species.

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them.
Distribution — Europe.

LEPIDOPTERA 1113

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872.

Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Eurcpa?, 2:254. 1910.

contaminana Hub., Acalla. • Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Pyrus, Malus, Quercus, and other species.
Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feecls on them.
Distribution — Europe.
References — Kaltenbach, J<- H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.

Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Eurcpas, 2:245. 1910.

corylifoliella Haw., Lithocolletis Fam. Gracilariidte

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Malus, Sorbus.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:417. 1910.

crataegana Hiib., Cacoecia Fam. Tortricidae

Synonym — Penthina robrana Schiff .

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Betula, Populus, Malus, Cotoneaster, and other species.
Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 247. 1910.

crataegella Clem., Lithocolletis Fam. Gracilariidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus serotina.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — North America.

References — Braun, A. F. Amer. Ent, Soc. Trans. 34:301. 1908.

Wilson, H. F. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Bien. crop pest and hort. rept.
2:119. 1915.

crataegella Linn., Scythropia Fam. Yponomeutidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacintha, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus.
Injury — Larva spins a tent over the branch and eats the leaves within it.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 169. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:443. 1910.

crataegi Linn., Aporia (Fruit-tree "pierid) Fam. Pieridae

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Malus, Prunus, Sorbus, Salix, Quercus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage, often stripping trees. •

Distribution — Europe.

References — Bechstein, J. M., and Scharfenberg, G. L. Naturgeschichte der sch 'id-
lichen Forstinsekten, p. 303. 1805.
Sasscer, E. R, Journ. econ. ent. 1 1 : 126. 1918.

crataegi Zell., Bucculatrix Fam. Lyonetiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf and later feeds externally on leaf.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Stainton, H. T. Natural history of the Tineina, 7: 68. 1862.

crataegi Saund., Catocala Fam. Noctuidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.

Distribution — Eastern North America.

References — Saunders, William. Can. ent. 8:72. 1876.

Packard, A. S. Fifth rapt. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 532. 1890.

1 1 14 LEPIDOPTERA

crataegi Linn., Trichiura Fatn. Lasiocimpidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Corylus, Betula, Salix, Alnus.

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 114. 1908.

crataegifoliella Clem., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae

Host — Crataegus uniflora.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Eastern United States.

Reference — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 534. 1890.

crataegifoliella Clem., Ornix Fam. Gracilariidae

Host — Crataegus tomentosa.
Injury — Larva mines in leaf.
Distribution — Eastern United States.

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 534. 1890.
Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 : 292. 1907.

cuculla Esp., Lophopteryx Fam. Notodontidae

Synonym — Notodonti cucullina Hub.

Hosts — Acer campestre, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.

cucullatella Linn., Nola Fam. Nolidae

Synonym — Hercyna palliolalis Hub.
Hosts — Prunus, Malus, Crataegus.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 122. 1910.

curvilineella Chamb., Blastodacna (Hawthorn fruit miner) Fam. Cosmopterygidae

(See page 1030.)

dactylina Grote, Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae

(See page 1073.)

efe/ofo'aria.Linn., Hibernia (Mottled umber moth) Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Betula, Corylus, Quercus, Crataegus, Pyrus, and other species.
Injury — Larvae defoliate trees.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 163. 1872.
Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 58. 1909.

dispar Linn., Lymantria (Gipsy moth) Fam. Lymantriidae

Hosts — Species a very general feeder on trees. Crataegus a favored food plant.
Injury — Larvae defoliate trees.
Distribution — Europe, Asia, New England States.
References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 131. 1908.
Mosher, F. H. U. S. Agr. Dept. Bui. 250. 1915.

disstria Hub., Malacosomi (Forest tent caterpillar) Fam. Lasiocampidae

Hosts — Acer, Quercus, Crataegus, Malus, and other species.
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding in colonies.
Distribution — North America.

LEPIDOPTEHA 1115

References — Insect life 3 : 478. 1890.
Insect life 4: 75. 1891.

•Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. K. Manual of fruit insects, p. 119.
1914.

dubitata Linn., Triphosa Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Rhamnus.
Injury — Larva webs leaves together and feeds on them.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 166. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:36. 1910.

ephemeraeformis Haw., Thyridopteryx (Common bagworm) Fam. Psychidae

Hosts — Species a very general feeder on trees and shrubs, including Crataegus.

Injury — Larva defoliates trees.

Distribution — North America east of Rocky Mountains.

Reference — Beutenmueller, William. Ent. Amer. 3: 157. 1887.

ephippella Fabr., Argyresthia Fam. Yponomeutidae

Synonym — Argyresthia pruniella Linn.
Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Sorbus, Corylus.
Injury — Larva eats leaf and blossom buds.
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 447. 1910.

euphorbiae Fabr., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Species a general feeder on trees, including Crataegus.
Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 139. 1908.

fabriciana Linn., Simaethis Fam. Glyphipterygidae

Synonyms — Tinea oxyacanthella Linn., Cr ambus oxyacanthae Fabr.
Hosts — Urtica, Parietaria, Symphytum, Crataegus.
Injury — Larva feeds in leaf roll.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Bechstein, J. M., and Scharfenberg, G. L. Naturgeschichte der sch ad-
lichen Forstinsekten, p. 805. 1805.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:297. 1910.

fasciellus Hub., Holcophora Fam. Gelechiidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:354. 1910.

fletcherella Fern., Coleophora (Cigar case-bearer) Fam. Elachistidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Pyrus, Cydonia.

Injury — Larva eats holes into leaf and makes a small blotch mine around each hole.

Distribution — North America.

References — Hammar, A. G. U. S. Ent. Bur. Bui. 80:33. 1909.

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 47. 1914.

fulminea Scop., Catocala Fam. Noctuidae

Synonym — Catocala paranympha Linn.
Hosts — Crataegus, Primus, Pyrus, Quercus.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.

1116 LEPIDOPTERA

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbsch, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 347. 1908.

geminatella Pack., Ornix (Unspotted tentiform leaf miner of apple) Fam. Gracilariidae

Synonym — Lithocolletis prunivorella Chamb.

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyms, Prunus.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Eastern United States.

Reference — Haseman, L. Journ. agr. res. 6:289. 1916.

glaucatus Schiff., Cilex Fam. Drepanidne

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus.
Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asix

References Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 187 .
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 107. 1908.

gothica Linn., Taeniocampa Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Tilia, Quercus, and other species.
Injury — Larva feeds on foliage .
Distribution — Europe, Asi°,.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 239. 1908.

gratiosella Stt., Nepticula Fam. Nepliculidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Eurcpas, 2 : 476. 1910.

grotiana T., Dichelia Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Ulmus, Rubus, and other species.

Injury — Larva ties leaves and feeds on them.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Eurcpps, 2 : 246. 1910.

hellerella Dup., Blastodacna Fam. Cbsmopterygidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus.

Injury — Larva tunnels in fruit of Crataegus and in fruit spurs and buds of apple.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 92. 1£09.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Eurcpas, 2:387. 1910.

hemerobiella Scop., Coleophora Fam. Elachistidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus.

Injury — Larva eats star-shaped area from under side of leaf.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 400. 1910.

heparana Schiff., Pandemis Fam. r ortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Sorbus, Malus, Alnus, Betula, Fagus, and other species.

Injury — Larva rolls leaf and feeds within the roll.

Distribution — Europe, Japan.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 249. 1910.

holmiana Linn., Acalla Fam. Tortricidce

Hosts — Crataegus, Rosa, Prunus, Malus, Pyrus, Quercus.

LEPIDOPTERA 1117

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 244. 1910.

ignobilella Stt., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.
Injury — Larva mines in leaf.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872.
Spaler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:477. 1910.

incerta Hufn., Taeniocampa Fam. Noctuidae

Synonym — Taenioc mpa instabilis Hiib.

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix, Prunus, Quercus, Malus, and other species.

Injury — Larva eats leaves, and sometimes eats holes in apple fruit.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, South America.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 66. 1909.

indigenella Zell., Mineola (Leaf crumpler) Fam. Pyralidae

Synonyms — Acrobasis nebulella Riley, Phycita nebulo Walsh.

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Hicoria pecan, and other species.

Injury — Larva feeds on leaves, living in a case composed of leaf particles and silk.

Distribuiion — North America.

Reference — Riley, C. V. Fourth Missouri report, p. 42. 1872.

integerrima G. and R., Datana (Black-walnut caterpillar) Fam. Notodontidae

Hosts — Juglans, Hicoria, Malus, Crataegus, and other species.
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding in a colony.
Distribution — Eastern United States.
Reference — Packard, A. S. Nat. Acad. Sci. Memoir 1 : 120. 1895.

inusitatumetla Chamb., Ornix ; Fam. Gracilariidae

Host - Crataegus.

Injury — Larva mines in upper surface of leaf.

Distribuiion — Eastern United States.

References — Chambers, V. T. Can. ent. 5 : 48. 1873.

Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.

io Fabr., Automeris Fam. Saturniidae

(See page 1073.)

janthinana Dup., Grapholitha Fam. Tortricidae

Synonym — Tortrix incisani Schiff.
Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larva tunnels in fruit, then in twigs.
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:294. 1910.

lacustrata Guen., Mesoleuca Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Rubus, Betula, Crataegus, Salix.

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.

Distribution — Northeastern North America, Europe.

References — Packard, A. S. A monograph of the geometrid moths of the United States,

p. 158. 1876.
Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 497. 1909.

lanestris Linn., Eriogaster Fam. Lasiocampidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Betula, Tilia, Salix.

1118 LEPIDOPTERA

Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding gregariously in a white tent of silk.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 117. 1908.

leucatella Clerck., Recurvaria Fam. Gelechiidac

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Sorbus.
Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 356. 1910.

leucophaearia Schlff., Hibernia Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Quercus, Crataegus, Prunus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872..
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 98. 1910.

leucostigma A. and S., Hemerocampa (White-marked tussock caterpillar) . .Fam. Lymantriidae
(See page 1075.)

limbata Haw., Nematocampa Fam. Geometridae

Synonym — Nematocampa filamentaria Guen.

Hosts — Crataegus, Fragaria.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — North America.

References — Packard, A. S. A monograph of the geometrid moths of the United States,

p. 471. 1876.
Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.

parops Bdv. and Lee., Strymon (Striped hair-streak) Fam. Lycaenidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Prunus, Amelanchier, Salix, Quercus, and other species.

Injury — Larva eats entire leaf and sometimes bores into fruit.

Distribution — United States, Canada.

References — Scudder, S. Butterflies of New England, 2:877. 1889.

Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.

ludifica Linn., Trichosea Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Sorbus, Crataegus, Malus.

Injury — Larva eats leaves.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 135. 1908.

lunaria Schiff., Selenia . Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, and other species.

Injury — Larva eats leaves.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

Reference — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 165. 1872.

lutarea Haw., Swammerdamia : . .Fam. Yponomeutidae

Synonym — Swammerdamia oxyacanthella Dup.
Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus.

Injury — Larva eats parenchymous tissue of leaves, which it ties together.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210, 782. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 445. 1910.

LEPIDOPTERA 1119

luteicoma G. and R., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae

(See page 1073.)

luteolata Linn., Opisthograptis * Fam. Geometridae

Synonym — Rumia crataegata Linn.

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, northern Africa.

Reference — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 165. 1872.

m ignatius Gusn., Ennomos Fam. Geometridae

(See page 1076.)

malifoliella Clem., Tischeriz (Apple trumpet leaf -miner) Fam. Gracilariidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva mines in upper side of leaf, widening the rr.ine gradually as it grows.
Distribution — North America.

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.
Quaintance, A. L. U. S. Ent. Bur. Bui. 68:23. 1908.

malimalifoliellaRTa,\in, Lithocolletis (Spctted tentiform leaf miner of apple) .Fam. Gracilariidae
Hosts — Malus, Cydonia, Crataegus mollis.
Injury — Larva mines in under side of leaf.
Distribution — Eastern United States.
Reference — Braun, A. F. Amer. Ent. Sec. Trans. 34:300. 1908.

malivorella Riley, Coleophora (Pistol case-bearer) Fam. Elachistidae

(See page 1079.)

manteo Doub., Heteroczmpi Fam. Notodontidae

(See page 1074.)

marginaria Borckh., Hibernia Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Crataegus, Betula, Quercus, Tilia, Populus, and other species.

Injury — Larva eats foh'age.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:99. 1910.

Pierce, W. D. Manual of dangerous insects, p. 132. 1917.

melinus Hub., Strymon (Common hair-streak) Fam. Lycaenidae

Hosts — Hops, beans, Crataegus, and other species.

Injury — Larva eats leaves and sometimes bores into fruit.

Distribution — North America, Central America.

References — Scudder, S. Butterflies of New England, 2:850. 1889.

Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 535. 1890.
Crosby, C. R., and Leonard, M. D. Manual of vegetable garden
insects, p. 84. 1918.

ministra Dm., Datana (Yellow-necked apple caterpillar) Fam. Notodontidae

(See page 1075.)

myopiforme Bkh., Trochilium Fam. Sesiidae

Hosts — Malus mzlus, Pyrus communis, Prunus domestica, Crataegus.
Injury — Larva tunnels under bark of unhealthy trees.
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.
Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 310. 1910.

myops A. and S., Paonizs , , Fam. Sphingidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Salix, Corylus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats leaves.

1120 LEPIDOPTERA

Distribution — Eastern United States.

Reference — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 525, 536. 1890.

naevana Hub., Rhopobota Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Malus, Rhamnus, Sorbus, Ilex, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats leaves of new shoots and ties them together.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 273. 1910.

nanella Hub., Recurvaria (Lesser apple bud moth) Fam. Gelechiidae

Synonym — Recurvaria crataegella Busck.

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus.

Injury — Larvae destroy opening buds, and mine in leaves in late summer.

Distribution — Europe, North America.

References — Scott, E. W., and Paine, J. H. U. S. Agr. Dept. Bui. 113. 1914.

Sanders, G. E., and Dustan, A. G. Canada Agr. Dept., Ent. Branch.
Bui. 16:33. 1919.

neustria Linn., Malacosoma (Lackey moth) Fam. Lasiocampidae

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Populus, Betula, Quercus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats leaves, frequently defoliating fruit trees, and builds silken ten^

over colony.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 115. 1908.
Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 30. 1909.

nitidella Fabr., Argyresthia (Cherry fruit moth) Fam. Yponomeutidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva destroys young shoots of hawthorn, and bores into cherry fruit.

Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 192. 1909.

Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:447. 1910.

nitidella Hein., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Southwestern Germany.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:474. 1910.

nubeculana Clem., Ancylis Fam. Tortricidae

.(See page 1077.)

nubilana Hub., -Cnephasia Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Malus, Betula.
Injury — Larva feeds between leaves tied together with silk.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 253. 1910.

occidentalis G. and R., Acronycta v Fam. Noctuidae

(See page 1074.)

ocellana Fabr., Tmetocera (Bud moth) Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus, Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia, Prunus, Rubus, and other species.
Injury — Larva destroys buds in early spring, and later ties the leaves together and feeds

on them.
Distribution — Europe, North America.

LEPIDOPTERA 1121

\

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 192. 1872.

Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 107. 1896.
Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 82. 1909.

oleigina Fabr., Valeria Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus.

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage at night.

Distribution — Southern Europe, Asia Minor.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 185. 1908.

oreasella Clem., Argyresthia Fam. Yponomeutidae

(See page 1078.)

oxyacanthae Frey, Lithocolletis Fam. Gracilariidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.
Injury — Larva mines in under side of leaf.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 415. 1910.

oxyacanthae Linn., Miselia Fam. Noctuidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Larva eats foliage at night.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

References — Bechstein, J. M., and Scharfenberg, G. L. Naturgeschichte der. schad-

lichen Forstinsekten, p. 504. 1805.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 204. 1908.

oxyacanthella Stt., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Mains malus, Sorbus.
Injury — Larva mines in leaf on upper side.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 199. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:474. 1910.

padellus Linn., Yponomeuta (Hawthorn ermine moth) » .Fam. Yponomeutidae

Synonym — Hyponomeuta padella Linn.

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Vitis.

Injury — Larvae mine in leaves while young, then skeletonize leaves while living

colonially in tents.

Distribution — Europe, North America (recently imported).
References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 86. 1909.

Parrott, P. J. Journ. econ. ent. 1 1 :55. 1918.

i

pariana Clerck., Simaethis Fam. Glyphipterygidae

Hosts — Malus, Sorbus, Crataegus, Betula, Prunus.
Injury — Larva makes a slight web over the leaf, then skeletonizes it.
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor, North America (recently imported).
References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:297. 1910.

Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 202:33. 1917.

pedaria Fabr., Phigalia Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Pyrus, Quercus, Betula, Prunus, Crataegus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 164. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 100. 1910.

1122 LEPIDOPTERA

podalirius Linn., Papilio Fam. Papilionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus, Prunus, Amygdalus.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — Southern and central Europe, Asia Minor.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 2. 1908.

polygama Guen., Catocala ' Fam. Noctuidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.

Distribution — Eastern North America.

References — Saunders, William. Can. ent. 8:72. 1876.

Edwards, H. U. S: Nat. Mus. Bui. 35:97. 1889.

polyphemus Cram., Telea Fam. Saturniidae

Hosts — Quercus, Ulmus, Juglans, Hicoria, Tilia, Betula, Rosa, Crataegus, and others.
Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.
Distribution — North America.

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.
Dickerson, Mary C. Moths and butterflies, p. 169. 1901.

pometeria Peck, Alsophila (Fall cankerworm) Fam. Geometridae

(See page 1076.)

pomifoliella Clem., Bucculatrix (Ribbed-cocoon-maker of apple) Fam. Lyonetiidae

(See page 1079.)

pomonella Linn., Cydia (Codling moth) Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia; occasionally Crataegus, Rosa, Prunus, Juglans regia.

Injury — Larva bores in fruit.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, Australia.

References — Bruner, L. Nebraska State Hort. Soc. Rept. 1894:216. 1894.

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 10.
1914.

populi Linn., Poecilocampa Fam. Lasiocampidae

Hosts — Populus, Tilia, Quercus, Ulmus, Betula, Salix, Crataegus, Malus, and other

species.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 34. 1909.

porrinata Zell., Nemoria Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Corylus, Crataegus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats leaves.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:4. 1910.

praefica Grote, Prodenia (Yellow-striped army worm) Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Medicago saliva, Vitis, Crataegus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Pacific coast of the United States.

References — Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 401. 1915.
Crosby, C. R., and Leonard, M. D. Manual of vegetable garden insects,
p. 295. 1918.

LEPIDOPTERA 1123

prunetorum Stt., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae

Hosts — Primus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 476. 1910.

pruniana Hiib., Argyroploce Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Prunus, Sorbus, Rosa, Salix, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 265. 1910.

prunivora Walsh, Laspeyresia (Lesser apple worm) Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Prunus.

Injury — Larva bores in fruit.

Distribution — North America east of Rocky Mountains.

Reference — Quaintance, A. L. U. S. Ent. Bur. Bui. 68:49. 1908.

psi Linn., Acronycta (Dagger moth) Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, Salix, Rosa, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 41. 1909.

pudibunda Linn., Dasychira (Red-tail moth) Fam. Lymantriidae

Hosts — Species a general feeder on fruit and forest trees. Crataegus a favored food

plant.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.
References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 129. 1908.

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3:384. 1913.

purpuralis Linn., Pyrausta Fam. Pyralidae

Hosts — Mentha, Nepeta, Plantago, Crataegus.
Injury — Larva feeds on leaves spun together with silk.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:236. 1910.

pygmaeella Haw., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus mains.
Injury — Larva mines in leaf.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 199. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:473. 1910.

pyramidea Linn., Amphipyra Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Crataegus and many other trees.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia, East Indies.
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 238. 1908.

pyramidoides Guen., Amphipyra • Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Crataegus and many other trees.

Injury - — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 171, 536. 1890.

1124 LEPIDOPTERA

pyri Harris, Aegeria (Pear borer) Fam. Sesiidae

Synonym — Sesia pyri Boisd.

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier, Prunus.

Injury — Larva burrows in bark and sapwood.

Distribution — Eastern United States.

Reference — Brooks, F. E. U. S. Agr. Dept. Bui. 887. 1920.

pyrina Linn., Zeuzera (Leopard moth) • Fam. Cossidae

Synonym — Zeuzera aesculi Linn.

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, Fraxinus, Populus, Betula, Ulmus, and other

species.

Injury — Larva mines in solid healthy wood of branches.
Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan, North America.
References — Lintner, A. J. Ninth report on injurious insects of New York, p. 426.

1893.
Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 46. 1909.

quadrifasciana Fern., Eulia Fam. Tortricidae

(See page 1078.)

quercifolia Linn., Gastropacha (Lappet moth) \. . . .Fam. Lasiocampidae

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Quercus, and other species.
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, especially of nursery trees, in spring.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.

Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 122. 1908.

Collinge, W. E. Manual of injurious insects, p. 137. 1912.

guercus Linn., Lasiocampa Fam. Lasiocampidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Betula, Salix, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 118. 1908.

quernaria A. and S., Nacophora Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Quercus, Crataegus, and other species.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — Eastern North America.

References — Packard, A. S. A monograph of the geometrid moths of the United States,

p. 411. 1876.
Edwards, H. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 35:106.

radcliffei Harv., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae

(See page 1074.)

regiella H. S., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.
Injury — Larva mines in leaf.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:475. 1910.

rhediella Clerck., Pamene Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Primus, Cornus.
Injury — Larva feeds in fruit of Crataegus and also eats leaves.
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 80. 1909.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:296. 1910.

LEPIDOPTERA 1125

ribeana Hiib., Pandemis Tarn. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Rosa, Primus, Malus, Pyrus, Quercus, Sorbus, and other species.

Injury — Larva ties several leaves together and feeds within.

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan, East Indies.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 249. ' 1910.

rosaceana Harris, Cacoecia (Oblique-banded leaf roller) Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus.

Injury — Larvae tie leaves together and feed on them.
Distribution — North America.

References — Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 441. 1915.
Sanders, G. E., and Dustan, A. G. Canada Agr. Dept., Ent. Branch.
Bui. 16:30. 1919.

rosana Linn., Cacoecia Fam. Tortricidae

Synonym — Tortrix laevigana Schiff.

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, and other species.

Injury — Larvae tie leaves together and feed on them.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor, North America.

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 80. 1909.

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pftanzenkrankheiten, 3 : 299. 1913.

scintillans Braun, Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae

Host — Crataegus mollis.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Ohio.

Reference — Braun, A. F. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 43 : 167. 1917.

scitella Zell., Cemiostoma (Pear leaf blister moth) Fam. Lyonetiidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Sorbus.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 197. 1872.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 330. 1909.

Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:223. 1910.

scitula Harris, Sesia Fam. Sesiidae

(See page 1076.)

selenana Guen., Ancylis. Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds within.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 270. 1910.

signatana Dgl., Steganoptycha Fam. Tortricidae

Synonym — Grapholitha kroesmanniana Hein.
Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva eats young terminal leaves after tying them with silk.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 276. 1910.

similis Fuessl., Porthesia (Gold-tail moth) Fam. Lymantriidae

Synonym — Liparis auriflua Hub.

Hosts — Crataegus and most other fruit and non-coniferous forest trees.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — Europe.

1126 LEPIDOPTERA

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 133. 1908.

sphinx Hufn., Brachionycha Fam. Noctuidae

Synonym — Asteroscopus cassinia S. V.

Hosts — Quercus, Populus, Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 203. 1908.

spiniana Dup., Pamene Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Alnus.

Injury — Larva feeds in blossom, destroying it.

Distribution — Europe, northern Africa.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 295. 1910.

splendoriferella Clem., Coptodisca (Resplendent shield-bearer) Fam. Elachistidae

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Prunus serotina, Pyrus, Cydonia.

Injury — Larva mines in leaf and cuts out a small piece of the leaf for its case.

Distribution — Northeastern United States.

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Fnt. Ccmm., p. 536. 1890.

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 75.
1914.

spurcella H. S., Gelechia Fam. Gelechiidae

Hosts — Prunus spinosa, Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Larva rolls leaves.

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:361. 1910.

steinkelneriana Schiff., Epigraphia Fam. Gelechiidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus.
Injury — Larva ties leaves together and eats them.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 332. 1910.

stimulea Clem., Sibine (Saddle-back caterpillar) Fam. Limacodidae

Hosts — Species a general feeder on fruit and forest trees, including Crataegus.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — Eastern North America.

References — Beutenmuller, William. Ent. Amer. 4:75. 1888.

Dyar, H. G., and Morton, E. L. New York Ent. Soc. Journ. 4:1.
1896.

strigata Mull., Hemithea . . Fam. Geometridae

Synonym — Nemoria aestivaria Hub.

Hosts — Quercus, Crataegus, Corylus, Syringa, Malus, Prunus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 163. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:5. 1910.

strigosa Fabr., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Rhamnus.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — Europe, Asia.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1:137. 1908.

LEPIDOPTERA 1127

subsignarius Hiib., Ennomos . .Fam. Geometridae

(See page 1076.)

suffusana Z., Notocelia Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Pyrus, Malus.

Injury — Larva ties together leaf cluster and feeds within, also eats leaf buds.
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:279. 1910.

superans Guen., Acronycta . . Fam. Nocluidae

(See page 1074.)

tesselaris A. and S., Halisidota Fam Arctiidae

(See page 1073.)

textor Harris, Hyphantria (Fall webworm) Fam. Arctiidae

(See page 1073.)

thysbe Fabr., Hemaris Fam. Sphingidae

Hosts — Viburnum, Symphoricarpus, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — Eastern North America.

References — Fernald, C. H. Sphingidae of New England, p. 16. 1886.

Beutenmueller, William. Hawk moths of the vicinity of New York City,
p. 9. 1903.

tiliaria Harris, Erranis (Lime-tree span worm) Fam. Geometridae

(See page 1076.)

tineana Hub., Ancylis Fam. Tortricidae

Hosts — Populus, Crataegus, Prunus, Malus.
Injury — Larva eats foliage after tying it with silk.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 270. 1910.

tirhaca Cr., Pseudophia Fam. Noctuidae

Synonym — Ophiusa tirrhaea Cr.
Hosts — Rhus, Pistacia, Crataegus.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — Southern Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and islands of southern Pacific.
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, - 1 : 312. 1908.

titea Cram., Phigalia Fam. Geometridae

(See page 1076.)

trapezina Linn., Calymnia Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Quercus, Salix, Crataegus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pnanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 244. 1908.

tridens Schiff., Acronycta .Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Malus, Rosa, Salix, Rhamnus, and other species.
Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 137. 1908.

1128 LEPIDOPTERA

turnus Linn., Papilio (Tiger swallowtail) Fam. Papilionidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Cydonia, Primus, Betula, Tilia, Quercus, Salix, and other

species.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Eastern North America.
References — Saunders, William. Can. ent. 6 : 2. 1874.

Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890.

unicornis A. and S.% Schizura Fam. Notodontidae

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, Ulmus, Populus, Corylus, Quercus, and other

species.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — North America.
Reference — Packard, A. S. Nat. Acad. Sci. Memoir 1 : 203. 1895.

variegana Hub., Olethreutes Fam. Tortr^'cidae

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Prunus, and other species.
Injury — Larva ties leaf clusters together and eats leaves and buds.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.
References — Newstead, R. Gard. chron. 1901 : 342. 1901.

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 82. 1909.

vernata Peck, Paleacrita (Spring cankerworm) Fr.m. Geometridae

Hosts — Ulmus, Malus, Crataegus, and other species.

Injury — Larva eats foliage.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Wellhousa, W. H. Univ. Kans., Ent. Dept. Bui. 11:283. 1917.

vetusta Boisd., Hemerocampa (Western tussock moth) Fam. Lymantriidae

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, Juglans, Quercus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats leaves and sometimes young fruit.
Distribution — Pacific coast of the United States.

References — Branigan, E. J. State Comm. Hort. California. Mo. bul. 3:245. 1914.
Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 408. 1915.

viridani Walch., Chariptera Fam. Noctuidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Pyrus.

Injury — Larva eats foliage at night.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 204. 1908.

viridata Linn., Nemorii Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Calluna, Cratiegus, Rubus, Quercus, Betula, Corylus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 235. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:4. 1910.

vulgata Haw., Tephroclystia Fam. Geometridae

Hosts — Crataegus, Polygonum, Rubus, and other species.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe, Asia.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:75. 1910.

v ulgella Hub., Gelechia Fam. Gelechiidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus.

LEPIDOPTEHA — DIPTERA 1129

Injury — Larva ties together a cluster of leaves and feeds within. '
Distribution — Europe.

References — Ka.ltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p, 210. 1872.
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:358. 1910.

DIPTERA

absobrina Felt, Rhizomyia Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Populus, Prunus virginiana.

Injury — Larva found in leaf gall.

Distribution — North America.

Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200:138. 1918.

anthobia F. Loew, Contarina Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

'Injury — Solitary larva feeds in blossom bud, causing it to remain closed and swollen.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Ross, H. Die Pflanzengallen Mittel- und Nordeuropas, p. 132. 1911.
Basjnall, R. S., and' Harrison, J. W. H. Ent. Soc. London. Trans. 1917: 391.
1917.

bedeguar Walsh, Cecidomyia (Tufted thorn gall) .Fam. (Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larvae deform leaves with filamentous subglobular vein galls, 1 cm. long,

generally found on the midveins.
Distribution — North America.
References — Walsh, B. D. Can. ent. 1 : 79. 1869.

Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 138. 1918.

cerasifolia Felt, Mycodiplosis Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Hosts — Prunus virginiana, Crataegus.

Injury — Larvae live' in galls on hawthorn fruit caused by Gymnosportmgium clavipes,

and feed on the rust spores.
Distribution — North America.

References — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 152. 1918.
Wellhouse, W. H. Ent. news 30: 144. 1919.

circumdata Winn., Perrisia Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Larva lives in leaf gall.

Distribution — Germany.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 212. 1872.

Kieffer, J. J. Genera insectorum, fasc. 152, p. 75. 1913.

crataegi Winn., Perrisia Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha.

Injury — Colonies of larvae cause rosettes of deformed sessile leaves, which make trees

and hedges unsightly.
Distribution — Europe.
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 212. 1872.

Connold, E. T. British vegetable galls, p. 190. 1902.

crataegifolia Felt, Hormomyia (Thorn cockscomb gall) Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larva deforms leaf with a green or red gall 1 cm. long, shaped like a cockscomb.

Distribution — United States.

References — Felt, E. P. Journ. econ. ent. 1 : 20. 1908.

Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 136. 1918.
(Figs. 116 and 117, pa^e 10 32.)

1130 DlPTERA

crataegifolia Felt, Lestodiplosis (Hawthorn f ringed-cup gall) Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larva causes a gall on leaf or twig.
Distribution — United States.

References — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 124:408. 1908.
Felt,' E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200:138. 1918.
(Figs. 114 and 115, page 1081.)

excavata Felt, Lasioptera (Purple leaf blotch) Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larvae deform leaves with green or reddish, blister-like mines, about 8 mm.

in diameter.

Distribution — United States.
Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200:138. 1918.

hirta Felt, Rhizomyia Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Species probably inquiline in blister mine made by Lasioptera excavata.

Distribution — United States.

Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 138. " 1918.

hudsonici Felt, Winnertzii Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larva deforms leaf with stout, cup-shaped, fimbriate, unicellular gall.

Distribution — United States.

Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 138. 1918.

pomonella Walsh, Rhagoletis (Apple maggot) Fam. Trypetidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Vaccinium, Symphoricarpos.

Injury — Larva tunnels in fruit.

Distribution — Eastern North America.

References — Walsh, B. D. First annual report on noxious insects of Illinois, p. 30.

O'Kane, W. C. New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 171. 1914.
Severin, H. H. P. State Comm. Hort. California. Mo. bul. 7:430. 1918.

venae Felt, Lobopteromyii (Thorn vein gall) Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larva causes oval, smooth, fleshy gall, 5 to 8 mm. long, on leaf vein.
Distribution — United States.

'Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bul. 200:138. 1918.
(Figs. 118 and 119, page 1083.)

venitalis Felt, Dicrodiplosis Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larva found in same gall with Lobopteromyia venae.

Distribution — United States.

Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bul. 200 : 138. 1918.

Cecidomyia sp. (a. 2727 Felt) Fam. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

Injury — Larvae cause subglobose, greenish, sometimes confluent, frequently pointed,

polythalamous vein galls, the under side reddish, diameter 3 mm.
Distribution — United States.
Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bul. 200 : 138. 1918.

Cecidomyia sp. (a. 1840 Felt) (Thorn spindle gall) ,Fj,.n. Cecidomyiidae

Host — Crataegus.

•9 DIPTERA — HYMENOPTERA 1 131

Injury — Larva causes a spindle-shaped thickened gall on leaf vein, green or reddish,

length 1 cm., diameter 2 mm.
Distribution — Eastern United States.
Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200 : 138. 1918.

(Figs. 120 and 121, page 1034.)

HYMENOPTERA

betuleti Klg., Trichiosoma Fam. Tenthredinidae

Synonyms — Cimbex crataegi Wd., Trichiosoma tibialis Steph.
Host — Crataegus.
Injury — Larva eats foliage.
Distribution — Europe.
efer nces — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872.

Andre", Ed. Species des Hym<§nopteres d'Europe, 1:27. 1879.

cerasi Linn., Caliroa (Pear and cherry slug) Fam. Tenthredinidae

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Pyrus. and other species.

Injury — Larvae skeletonize leaves.

Distribution — Europe, North America, Australia.

References — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 214.

1914.
MacGillivray, A. D. Hymenoptera of Connecticut, p. 79. 1916.

collaris MacG., Profenusa (Cherry and hawthorn sawfly leaf miner) . . . .Fam. Tenthredinidae
Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus cerasus.
Injury - — Larva mines in leaf, causing brown blister which may cover from a quarter

to the whole of the upper surface of the leaf.
Distribution — Massachusetts, New York.

Reference — Parrott, P. J., and Fulton, B. B. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bui. 411. 1915.

druparum Boh., Syntomaspis (Apple seed chalcid) •. . . .Fam. Chalcididae

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus, Crataegus.

Injury — Oviposition punctures cause dimples in fruit, and larvae destroy seeds.

Distribution — Europe, North America.

References — Schlechtendall, D. von. Ztschr. Naturwiss. Halle 61 : 415. 1888.

Cushman, R. A. Journ. agr. res. 7:487. 1916.

Woodruffe-Peacock, E. A. Naturalist (London), no. 753, p. 329. 1919.

flaviventris Retz., Lyda Fam. Tenthredinidae

Synonym — Lyda clypeata Klg.

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus.

Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding in colonies.

Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 206. 1872.

Andr6, Ed. Species des Hyme"nopteres d'Europe, 1 :516. 1879.

humeralis Fourc., Cimbex Fam. Tenthredinidae

Synonym — Cimbex axillaris Pz.

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus padus.

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.

Distribution — Europe.

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 212. 1872.

Andr6, Ed. Species des Hyme"nopteres d'Europe, 1 : 24. 1879.

1132 HYMENOPTERA

padi Linn., Priophorus Fam. Tenthredinidae

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Malus, Sorbus, and other species.
Injury — Larva skeletonizes leaves.
Distribution — Europe.

References — Andre\ Ed. Species des Hym^nept eres d'Europe, 1 : 84. 1879.
Collinge, W. E. Manual of injurious insects, p. 219. 1912.

punctum-album Linn., Macrophya Fam. Tenthredinidae

Hosts — Fraxinus, Ligustrum, Crataegus.

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage.

Distribution — Europe.

Reference — Andre\ Ed. Species des Hym£nopt3res d'Europe, 1 :359. 1879.

Four species of unidentified sawflies (pages 1086 and 1087.)

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES
(Synonyms are in italics)

A

Acalla contaminana

PAGE

1113

Argyresthia pruniella

PA.GE
1115

holmiana

1116

Argyroploce pruniana. .

1123

Acrobasis nebulella

1117

Aspidiotus hederae

1095

Acronycta americana

. . 1(T3, 1109

nerii

1095

dactylina
euphorbiae
luteicoma
occidentals

. . 10.-3, 1114
1115
. . 1073, 1119
. 1074, 1120

ostreiformis
oxyacanthae
perniciosus
piri

. 1097

1097
1065, 1098
1098

psi

1123

Asteroscopu? cassinia

1126

radcliffei
strigosa
superans
tridens

. . 1074, 1124
1126
. . 1074, 1127
1127
1124

Automeris io

B

Basilarchia arthemis

1073, 1117
. 1110

Agrilus politus
sinuatus

1106
1108

astyanax
Blastodacna curvilineella

1110
1080, 1114

hellerella

1116

Agriotes pubescens

1065 1107

Brachionycha sphinx

. 1126

Brachys aerosus.

1066 1101

Alsophila pometeria
Alticopus qaleazii

. . 1076, 1122
1107'

Bucculatrix crataegi

1113

pomif oliella. .

1079 1122

Amphidasis betularia
Amphipyra pyramidea .
pyramidoides
Ancylis nubeculana
selenana

1111
1123
. . 1074, 1123
. . 1077, 1120
1125

Byturus tomentosus

C

Cacoecia crataesjana

1108
1113

tineana
Anisopteryx aescularia

1127
1109

rosaceana

1078, 1125
1125

Anthaxia quercata
Anthonomopsis mixtus

1107
1105

Caliroa cerasi

1086, 1131
1105

Anthonomus decipiens

1103

Calymnia trapezina

1127

flavicornis

1104
1068 1105

Capsus medius

. 1097
1109

pomorum

.' 1106

Catocala blandula

1111

prof undus
Aphis avenae (Amer. authors)

1106
1098

crataegi
fulminea

1113
. 1115

1097

1115

bakeri
brevis
crataegi Buck
crataegi Kalt.
crataegi Koch
crataegiella . .

1092
1092
1094
1093
1093
1094

polygama
Cecidomyia bedeguar
sp. (a. 1840 Felt).,
sp. (a. 2727 Felt) . .
Cemiostoma scitella
Ceratocapsus pumilus

1122
1129
1082, 1130
1130
1125
1099

1064 1094

1092

crataegus-coccinea
edentula

. 1094
1095

taurina

1063, 1100
1099

fitchii
mali

. 1098
1098

Chalepus dorsalis
Chariptera yiridana

1103
.. . 1128

malifoliae
marutae. ;

1099
. 1096
1097

Cheirnatobia brumata
Chermes quercus

1111
1094
1065 1095

oxyacanthae Schr
padi

. 1098
1097

Choragus scheppardi
Chrysobothris femorata

. 1107
1050, 1103

pomi

. 1065 1098

Cilex glaucatus

1116

1093

Cimbex axillaris

1131

1093

1131

rumicis
sorbi
Apion pomonae
Aporia crataegi
. Archips argyrospila
Arg3rre^thia ephippella

1099
1099
1106
1113
. . 1077, 1110
1115

humeralis
Cnephasia nubilana
Coleophora anatipennella
fletcherella
hemerobiella
malivorella

1131
1120
1109
1079, 1115
1116
1079, 1119

nitidella
oreasella

1120
. . 1078, 1121

tiliella
Conotrachelus crataegi

1109
. 1051, 1068, 1103

1133

1134

INDEX

Conotrachelus naso

nenuphar... .
posticatua. . . .

Contarina anthobia

Coptodisca splendoriferella. .
Gorythucha arcuata

bellula

brunnea

crataegi

cydoniae

Cr ambus oxyacanthae

Crepidodera helxines

Cryptocephalus bipunctatus.
Cydia pomonella

Dasychira pudibunda

Datana integerrima

ministra

Deraeocoris olivaceus

Diaphnidia pellucida

Diaspis piri

Dibolia borealis

Dichelia grotiana

Dichelonycha elongata

testacea

Dicrodiplosis venitalis

Diloba coeruleocephala

Diphucephala colaspidoides. .

PAGE

. 1105

. 1105
1106

. 1129

1079, 1126

1095

1056, 1092

. 1092
1095

. 1095

1115

1067, 1104

1050, 1101

. 1122

Eccoptogaster pruni. . . .

rugulosus.

Empoa querci

Empoasca mail

Ennomos magnarius

subsignarius

Epetrimerus armatus

Epiblema biscutana

Epicnaptera americana

Epidiaspis betulae

leperi

piricola

Epigraphia steinkelneriana

Epitrix cucumeris

Erineum clandestinum

oxyacanthae

Eriogaster catax ,

lanestris

Eriophyes calycobius

crataegi

crataegi-vermiculus .

goniothorax

pyracanthae

pyri

sp. No. 1

sp. No. 2

sp. No. 3

Eriosoma crataegi

lanigera

Erranis tiliaria

Erythroneura obliqua

E-ulecanium pyri

Eulia quadrifasciana

Euproctis chryaorrhea

Eupteryx vanduzei

Euscelis curtisii

Eutettix seminudus

Euthrips tritici

Exapate congelatella

1H3

1117

1075, 1119

1097

1055, 1098

1092

1067, 1102
1116

1066, 1103

1067, 1108
1130

. 1112
. 1102

1106

...... 1107

1062, 1099

1099

1061, 1096

1076, 1119

1076, 1127

1090

1111

1075, 1109

1092

...„ 1092

1092

1126

1067, 1103

1090

1090

1111

1117

1090

..:« 1090

1090

1053, 1090

. 1090

1090

1052, 1091

1053

1053

1096

1051, 1064, 1096

1076, 1127

1061, 1097

1093

1078, 1124

1112

1062, 1100

1061, 1094

1062, 1099

1066, 1 100

. 1112

Gastropaeha quercifolia ....

Gelechia spurcella

vulgella

Glossonotus crataegi

Gonodontis bidentata

Graphocephala coccinea

Grapholitha janthinana. . . .
kroesmanniana .

H

Halisidota caryae

tesselaris ,

Haltica carinata

foliacea

Hemaris thysbe

Hemerocampa leucostigma. .

vetusta

Hemithea strigata

Hercyna palliolalis

Heterocampa manteo

Heterocordylus malinus

Hibernia aurantiaria

bajaria

defoliaria

leucophaearia

marginaria

Holcophora fasciellus

Horcias dislocatus

Hormomyia crataegifolia. . . .

Hyphantria textor

Hyponomeuta padella

. 1124

1126

Ilk8

. 1063, 1093

1111

. 1061, 1093
1117

. 1125

1073, 1111

1073, 1127

1067, 1102

1 104

1127

1075, 1118

1128

1126

1114

1074, 1119

1051, 1054, 1096

1110

1110

1114

1118

• 1119

1115

1051, 1095

1082, 1129

1073, 1127

1121

I

Idiocerus crataegi

fitchi

lachrymalis

maculipennis

pallidus

provancheri. . .

1094
1061, 1095

1061, 1095
1095

1062, 1098
1062, 1098

suturalis 1062, 1100

Idiostethus tubulatus 1 108

Lamenia vulgaris 1063, 1 100

Lasiocampa quercus 1124

Lasioptera excavata 1130

Laspeyresia prunivora 1051, 1078, 1123

Lecanium bituberculatum 1092

capreae 1093

corni 1065, 1093

C9ryli 1093

nigrof asciatum 1097

pruinosum 1098

Lepidosaphes ulmi 1065, 1 100

Lestes viridis 1048, 1091

Lestodiplosis crataegifolia 1080, 1130

Limnobaris calva 1102

Limonius dubitans 1066. 1103

Liparis auriflua 1 125

Lithocolletis betulae '. 1110

cerisolella 1112

concomitella 1112

corylifoliella 1113

crataegella 1113

malimalifoliella 1119

oxyacanthae 1121

pomifolidla 1112

prunivorella 1 1 16

Lobopteromyia venae 1082, 1130

Lophopteryx cuculla 1114

Lycia cognataria 1076, 1112

INDEX

1135

Lyda clypeata
flaviventris

PAGE

. 1131
1131

Ornix inusitatumella

PAGE

1117

Orthotylus ornatus
Otiorrhynchus caudatus
crataegi
Ovatus mespm

P

Paleacrita vernata

1055, 1097
1102
1103
1096

1076, 1128
1124
1126
1116
1125
1119
1122
1072, 1128
1097
10t'3 1093

Lygidea mendax

1051, 1055, 1096
1054, 1093
1055 1097

Lygus communis
ostryae

pratensis
univittatus

. 1055, 1098
1055 1100

Lymantria dispar

. 1114
1112

M

Macrodactylus subspinosus

1108

Pamene rhediella
spiniana
Pandemis heparana
ribeana
Paonias myops. . .

Macrophya punctum-album ....
Macrosipnum crataegarium
crataegi
Magdalis aenescens
barbicornis

. 1132

. . ' 1093
1063, 1094
1101
1101

Papilio podalirius
turnus

Parlatoria oleae

Pemphigus corrugatans

cerasi
nitidipennis

1102
1105

Penthina robrana
Perrisia circumdata
crataegi

1113
1129
1129

prum

1106
1075 1 109

Malacosoma americana . . .

Phenacoccus aceris
betheli. . . .

1091

disstria

1114
1120

1095
1095
1121
1076. 1127
1061, 1096
• 1117

• neustria
Melanoplus atlanis
bivittatus
f emur-rubrum
Melanotus sp
Melinna pumila

dearnessi
Phigalia pedaria
titea
Philaenus lineatus

1054, 1091
1054, 1091
1054, 1091
1066, 1108
1099

Phycita nebulo

Phyllobius maculicornis ........
oblongus
Physatoeheila dumetorum
Pineapple gall (maker unknown)
Platysamia cecropia

1104

Mesoleuca lacustrata
Mineola indigenella
Miselia oxyacanthae
Mycodiplosis cerasif olia
Mytilaspis pomorum
Myzus oxyacanthae

N
Nacophora quernaria
Nematocampa filamentaria

. 1117
1077, 1117
1121
1129

1105
1095

1085
1111

1100
1097

Poecilocampa populi
Polydrusus impressifrons
pterygomalis

1122
1104
1107
1107

. 1124

sericeus
Porthesia similis
Priophorus padi
Prociphilus crataegi
pyri

1125
1132
1094

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1122
1131
1091

1118

limbata
Nemoria aestivaria. . . .

1118
1126

Prodenia praefica
Profenusa collaris
Psallus ambiguus

porrinata

1122
1128
1110

viridata
Nepticula aterrima

Pseudanthonomus crataegi

1103

atricollis

1110
1114

Pseudophia tirhaca

. 1127
1093

crataegifoliella

Psylla costalis
crataegi Schr
crataegi Forst
crataegicola Flor .

gratiosella
ignobilella
nitidella

1116
1117

1094
. 1096
1098

1120

oxyacanthella
prune torum

1121
. 1123

crataegicola Forat
mali
melanoneura

. 1096
1049, 1096
1096

pygmaeella
regiella
scintillans
Nola cucullatella

1123
112-4
1125
1114

peregrina
saliceti

. 1098
1099

Pulvinaria betulae
innumerabilis
oxyacanthae

1100
. 1100
1100

Notocelia suffusana >
Notodonta cucullina . .

1127
. . 1114

Notolophus antiqua

1110

vitis
Pyrausta purpuralia

R

Ramphus flavicornis
oxyacanthae
Recurvaria crataegella
leucatella
nanella
Rhagoletis pomonella

1065, 1100
1123

. 1104
. 1104

0

Oecanthus niveus
Olethreutes achatana

1048, 1091
. . . 1109

1077, 1112

variegana
Ophiderma flavicephala

1128
1063 1095

1120
. 1118
.... 1051, 1120
1059, 1085, 1130
. 1080, 1129
1130
1109
. . . 1097

Ophiiisa tirrhaea
Opisthograptis luteolata

1127
1119

Orchestes rufus
Ornix anglicetla
cratae Tifoliella

. 1107
1109
1114

hirta
Rhodophaea advenella
Rhopalosiphum padi

Keminatella. . .

. 1116

1136

INDEX

Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae

Rhopobota naevana

Rhynchites aeneovirens var. punctatus.

aequatus

auratus

bacchus Linn

bacchus Oliv

coeruleocephalus

comatus. . . .

conicus. . . .

cyanicolor. .

giganteus. . .

icosandriae.

olivaceus. . .

ophthalmicus.

pauxillus. . .

pubescens. .

sericeus. . . .

Rosalia alpina :

Hunt in crataeaatz

8

1065,

PAGE

1098
1120
1100
1101
1101
1101
1101
1102
1105
1104
1107
1104
1104
1105
1108
1105
1107
1108
1101
1119

Saperda bivittata

11C2

Candida

1102

cretata

1103

f avi

1103

Sawfly No. 1

1086,

1132

Sawfly No. 2
Sawfly No. 3

. 1086.
1086,

1132
1132

Sawfly No. 4

1087,

1132

Schizoneura americana
Schizura concinna

..'..'.'.'. 1074,

1096
1112

umcorms

1128

Scythropia crataegella

1113

Selenia lunaria

1118

Sesia pyri
scitula

..'.'.'.'.'. 1076',

1124
1125

Sibine stimulea

1126

Simaethis f abriciana

1115

pariana

1051,

1121

Sphecodina abbotti
Steganoptycha signatana

1108
1125

Strymon calanus 1111

liparops }

melinus 1

Swammerdamia lutarea 1 1 18

oxyacanthella 1 1 18

Syneta albida 1101

PAGE

Syntomaspis druoarum 1131

Systena marginalis 1067, 1105

Tachypterus quadrigibbus 1072, 1107

Taeniocampa gothica 1116

incerta 1117

instabtiis 1117

Telea polyphemus 1122

Tephroclystia vulgata 1 128

Tetraneura ulmi 1100

Tetranychus pilosus 1090

telarius 1051, 1091

Thamnotettix clitellarius 1061, 1092

Thecla falacer". 1111

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis 1115

Tinea oxyacanthella 1115

Tischeria malifoliella 1 119

Tmetpcera ocellana. . . . 1078, 1120

Tortrix incisana 1117

laevigana 1125

Trichiosoma betuleti 1131

tibialis 1131

Trichiura crataegi Iil4

Trichosea ludifica 1 1 18

Trioza urticae ' 1 100

Triph9sa dubitata 11 15

Trochilium myopiforme 1119

Typhlocyba crataegi 1094

Tymnes metasternalis 1105

Valeria oleagina .

Winnertzia hudsonici . . .

\V

Xanthonia villosula

Xylotrechus convergeus

Yponomeuta cognatellus . .
padellus

. 1121

1130

1067, 1108
. 1102

... 1112
1051, 1121

Zeuzera aesculi . . .
pyrina. . .

1124
1124

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