THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

?o

INSECTS

INJURIOUS TO FRUITS.

BY

WILLIAM SAUNDERS, F.R.S.C., F.L.S., F.C.S.,

Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada, Fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, Fellow of the Royal Microscopical
Society of London, England, Fellow of the Entomological Society of Lon-
don, England, late Editor of the " Canadian Entomologist," Cor-
responding Member of the American Entomological So-
ciety, Philadelphia, of the Buffalo Society of Nat-
ural Sciences, the Natural History Society
of Montreal, etc.

ILLUSTRATED WITH FOUR HUNDRED AND FORTY WOOD-CUTS.

SEC0JVD EDITION.

PHILADELPHIA:
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY.

LONDON: 10 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1889.

Copyright, 1883, by J. B. LIPPINCOTT & Co.

DEDICATION.

To the Fruit-Growers of America this work is respectfully dedi-
cated, with an earnest hope that it may be of practical use to them
in the warfare with destructive insects in which they are con-
stantly engaged.

W. SAUNDERS.

M375341

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

IN the preparation of the second edition of this work the
author has endeavored to make such corrections, and to em-\
body such additional facts regarding the life history and
habits of the insects referred to, and the remedies suggested
therefor, as will bring it into accord with the present know^
ledge of entomologists on these subjects. In this he has been
aided by kind suggestions from many friends. AcknoW"
ledgments are especially due to C. Y. Riley and L. O.
Howard of Washington, A. R. Grote of Bremen, Germany,
J. A. Lintner of Albany, N. Y., C. H. Fernald of Amherst,
Mass., Miss Mary Murtfeldt of Kirkwood, Mo., J. H. Corn-
stock of Ithaca, N. Y., and E. T. Cresson of Philadelphia.
The corrections and additions have been embodied in the
work without interfering much with its general arrangement.

WILLIAM SAUNDERS.

OTTAWA, Ontario, Canada.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

THE cultivation of fruit in America has of late years
become of so much commercial importance, as well as do-
mestic interest, that no apology is necessary for offering to
the fruit-growing community a work of which they must
have long felt the need.

The amateur who plants a city lot, and the farmer who
devotes a portion of his land to the cultivation of those
fruits which furnish from month to month pleasant and
changeful variety to the table, as well as those who grow
fruit to supply the home and foreign markets, are alike in-
terested in making this pursuit a success.

Injurious insects are so universally distributed that there
is no part of this continent where fruit-culture can be
profitably carried on without some effort being made to
subdue them. Among the insect hosts we have friends as
well as foes, and it is to the friendly species that nature has
assigned the task of keeping in subjection those which are
destructive; these, in many instances, do their work most
thoroughly, devouring in some cases the eggs, in others the
bodies, of their victims. It is not uncommon to find the
antipathy to insects carried so far that a war of extermination
is waged on all, and thus many of man's most efficient allies
are consigned to destruction.

The information necessary to enable the fruit-grower to

6 PREFACE.

deal intelligently with this subject has not hitherto been
easily accessible, having been diffused chiefly among a large
number of voluminous State and Departmental reports and
books on scientific entomology, where the practical knowledge
is so much encumbered with scientific and other details as to
make the acquisition of it too laborious a process for those
whose time is so fully occupied during that period when the
information is most needed.

It has been the aim of the author of this work to bring
together all the important facts relating to insects known to
be injurious to fruits in all parts of Canada and the United
States, to add to the information thus obtained the knowl-
edge he has acquired of the habits and life-history of many
of our insect pests by an experience of over twenty years
as a fruit-grower and a student of entomology, and to pre-
sent the results in as concise and plain a manner as possible,
avoiding all scientific phraseology except such as is necessary
to accuracy.

The arrangement adopted under the several headings, by
which the insect pests which attack the different parts of the
tree or vine under consideration are grouped together, will, it
is hoped, with the aid of the illustrations, greatly facilitate
the determination of any injurious species. When having
before him its history briefly traced and the remedies which
have been found most useful in subduing the insect, the
reader will at once be enabled to decide as to the best meth-
ods to be employed.

The author desires to make the fullest acknowledgment to
those of whose work he has availed himself. The writings
of Say, Peck, Harris, Fitch, Clemens, Glover, Walsh, Kiley,
Lintner, Comstock, Le Baron, Thomas, French, Packard,

PREFACE. 7

Grote, Leconte, Horn, Hagen, Chambers, Howard, Cook,
Uhler, Cresson, Fernald, Kellicott, Willet, Bethune, Pettit,
Rogers, Reed, Fletcher, Harrington, and others have been
made tributary; and in some instances, where the insect
referred to has not been the subject of personal observation,
the words of the author drawn from have to some extent
been used, modified so as to bring them into harmony with
the general aim of this work. To the writings of C. V.
Riley, of Washington, the author is especially indebted ; his
Missouri Reports and subsequent entomological reports in
connection with the Department of Agriculture at Washington
have been found invaluable.

The material contained in the chapter on orange insects
has been derived mainly from the excellent report of J. H.
Comstock as Entomologist to the U. S. Department of
Agriculture for the year 1880, and from his subsequent
writings ; from a paper on the parasites which attack scale-
insects, by L. O. Howard, in the same report; also from
the writings of Townend Glover and C. V. Riley, from a
treatise on orange insects, by William H. Ash mead, from a
pamphlet on insects injurious to fruit-trees in California, by
Matthew Cooke, and from the writings of Dr. S. V. Chapin
and others in the first report of the Board of State Agricul-
tural Commissioners of California.

To J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, the
author is under much obligation for his kindly aid in revising
the nomenclature. An acknowledgment is also due to the
following specialists, who have revised lists submitted to
them of the names of insects in their departments : Dr.
George H. Horn, E. T. Cresson, A. R. Grote, P. Uhler, J.
H. Comstock, and L. O. Howard.

8 PREPACK.

Through the liberality of the Council of the Entomological
Society of Ontario, permission was granted to have electro-
types made from any of the cuts in the Society's collection,
and from this source a large number of figures have been
obtained. Many of these were purchased by the Society from
C. V. Riley, and some are the work of Worthington G.
Smith, of London, England, and other English and Ameri-
can engravers.

Nos. 21, 22, 31, 93, 102, 104, 116, 137, 141, 142, 145,
169, 199, 201, 205, 206, 291, 292, 305, 321, 332, 347, and
348 were purchased from C. V. Riley.

Nos. 20, 151, 152, 167, and 208 were kindly loaned by A.
S. Forbes, of Normal, Illinois.

Through the kind liberality of the Hon. George B. Loring,
U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, permission was granted
to obtain electrotypes of the following, which have appeared
in the Commissioner's reports : Nos. 13, 15, 32, 35, 42, 96,
108, 114, 115, 126, 181, 195, 248, 270, 286, 287, 288, 377,
393, 394, 400, 403, 404, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412,
413, 414, 416, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 428,
429, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436.

Nos. 8, 25, 63, 109, 134, 144, 329, 338, 350, and 401
were purchased from Dr. A. S. Packard.

By kind permission, the following were copied from Town-
end Glover's excellent plates : Nos. 9, 49, 66, 78, 82, 83, 87,
111, 121, 146, 147, 148, 150, 155, 163, 202, 209, 236, 237,
249, 282, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300, 315, 320, 322, 333, 367,
390, 391, 392, 395, 396, 397, 440.

From Harris's works : Nos. 11, 86, 120, 159, 174, 188.

From the reports of C. Y. Riley : Nos. 101, 103, 105,
107, 228, 229, 230, 378, 379.

PREFACE. 9

From the reports of Dr. Asa Fitch : Nos. 36, 37, 98, 99,
301.

From Dr. A. S. Packard's works : Nos. 16, 110, 113, 117,
118, 119, 156, 157, 158, 162, 176, 177, 323, 328, 381, 382,
383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388.

From B. Walsh's first report No. 143 was copied, No. 55
from one of Cyrus Thomas's reports, No. 187 from a plate
published by W. H. Edwards; Nos. 427 and 430 were
copied (reduced in size) from the report of the U. S. Com-
missioner of Agriculture for 1880, Nos. 438 and 439 from a
treatise on insects injurious to fruit-trees in California, by
Matthew Cooke, and Nos. 398, 399, 402, 405, 415, 417, 425,
and 437 from a treatise on orange insects, by William H.
Ash mead.

The remainder have been drawn from nature and engraved
for this work chiefly by the following artists, who have also
engraved the copies : H. H. Nichol, of Washington ; Wor-
thington G. Smith, of London, England ; H. Faber & Son,
and Crosscup & West, of Philadelphia ; and P. J. Edmunds,
of London, Ontario.

Throughout this work, where an author's name, following
the scientific name of an insect, is enclosed in parentheses,
it is an indication that the authority is for the species only,
and that the genus has been changed since the insect was
described. This is in accordance with the recommendation
of the British Association made some years ago, and is now
very generally adopted.

WM. SAUNDERS.

LONDON, ONTARIO, CANADA, April 11, 1883.

CONTENTS.

PAGI

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE (including No. 1 to No. 64) 13-139
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR (including No. 65 to No. 82) 140-161
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM (including No. 83 to No. 96) 162-190
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH (including No. 97 to No.

103) 191-200

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APRICOT AND NECTARINE . . 200
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY (including No. 104 to

No. 118) 201-221

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE (including No. 119 to

No. 121) 222-226

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE (including No. 122 to

No. 173) 227-302

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY (including No. 174

to No. 185) 303-317

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACKBERRY (including No. 186

to No. 189) 318-320

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY (including No. 190

to No. 201) 321-335

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED AND WHITE CURRANT

(including No. 202 to No. 215) : 336-353

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK CURRANT (including Nos.

216 and 217) ..." 354-356

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEBERRY (including No. 218

to No. 220) 357-360

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON (including No. 221 to

No. 226) ...• 361-368

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY (including No. 227

to No. 238) 309-376

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE (including No. 239 to

No. 264) . . 377-422

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OLIVE (No. 265) . 423

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIG (No. 266) .... 424

11

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUITS.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

ATTACKING THE BOOTS.

No. 1. — The Apple-root Plant-louse.

Schizoneura lanigera (Hausm.).

THIS insect appears in two forms, one of which attacks
the trunk of the apple-tree (see No. 9), the other works
under the ground and produces on the roots wart-like swell-
ings and excrescences of all shapes and sizes. These deformi-
ties seriously diminish the normal supply of nourishment for
the tree, and where very numerous induce gradual decay of
the roots, and occasionally result in the death of the tree.
Upon close examination the excrescences are found to con-
tain in their crevices very minute pale-yellow lice, often ac-
companied by larger winged ones. The former have their
bodies covered with a bluish-white cottony matter, having
the appearance of mould, the filaments of which are five or
six times as long as the insects themselves, and are secreted
from the upper part of the body, more particularly from
the hinder portion of the back. In Fig. 1, a represents a
knotted root, b a wingless louse, and c a winged specimen.
The insects are both magnified ; the short lines at the sides
indicate their natural size.

The apple-root plant-louse is believed by some entomolo-
gists to be a native insect, while others hold to the opinion
that it has been imported from Europe. It is nourished by
sucking the juices of the tree, piercing the tender roots with

13

14

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 1.

its proboscis. In the very young lice this instrument, when
at rest and folded under the abdomen, is longer than the
body, but in the more mature specimens it is only about two-
thirds the length of
the body. While it
usually confines it-
self to the roots of
trees, it is sometimes
found on the suck-
ers that spring up
around them, and
sometimes also
about the stump of
an amputated

branch, but in every instance it may be recognized by the
bluish-white cottony matter with which its body is covered.
If this cottony covering be forcibly removed, it will be found
that in two or three days the insect will have again produced
sufficient to envelop itself completely. Occasionally the ma-
ture lice crawl up the branches of the trees during the sum-
mer, where they also form colonies, and then are known as
the Woolly Aphis of the Apple. This form of the insect will
be referred to more fully under No. 9.

The appearance of this root-louse is recorded in Downing's
" Horticulturist" as early as 1848, at which time thousands
of young trees were found to be so badly infested that they
had to be destroyed. Since that period it has been gradually
but widely disseminated, establishing colonies almost every-
where, in the North, South, East, and West. Where a tree is
sickly from any unknown cause, and no borers can be found
sapping its vitals, the presence of this pest may be suspected.
In such cases the earth should be removed from the roots
about the surface, and these carefully examined, when, if
warty swellings are discovered, no time should be lost in
taking steps to destroy the insidious foe.

Remedies. — The most successful means yet devised for de-

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 15

stroying these root-lice is the use of scalding-hot water freely
poured around the roots of the trees. If the trees are to
remain in the soil, the roots may be laid bare and the water
used nearly boiling without injury; but where they have
been taken up for the purpose of transplanting, and are
to be dipped in the hot water, the temperature should not
exceed 150° Fahr. ; under these circumstances from 120° to
150° would suffice for the purpose. A mulch placed around
the trees for some time previous to treatment has been found
useful in bringing the lice to the surface, where they can be
more readily reached by the hot water. Drenching the roots
with soapsuds has also been recommended, to be followed by
a liberal dressing of ashes on the surface.

There are several friendly insects which prey upon the
root-louse. A very minute four-winged fly, Aphdinus mail
(see Fig. 15), is parasitic on it, and the larva of a small
beetle belonging to the Lady-bird family, Scymnus cerviealis,
feeds on it. This friend is difficult to recognize among the
lice, from the fact that it is also covered on the back with
little tufts of woolly matter secreted from its body ; these
larvae are, however, larger than the lice, and much more ac-
tive, and may be further distinguished by the woolly matter
being of an even length, and arranged on the back in trans-
verse rows. The perfect beetle is very small, being but one-
twentieth of an inch long, with a dark-brown body and a
light-brown thorax. The beetle has been observed preying
on lice about the surface of the ground.

A third friendly insect, probably the most efficient check
upon the increase of these lice, is known as the Root-louse \
Syrphus fly, Pipiza radicum Riley, which in its larval stafce /
feeds upon them. It is then in the form of a footless maggot,
which, when full grown, is about a quarter of an inch long
(Fig. 2, a), of a dirty yellow color, and usually so covered
with dirt and with the woolly matter of the lice it has de-
voured that it is not easily discerned. The eggs from which
these larvae are produced are laid by the fly (Fig. 2, c) in the

16

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

spring. The larvae mature during the summer, and in the
fall change to the pupa state, as shown at b in the figure,
from which the perfect fly emerges the following spring.

The larva, chrysalis,

FlG- 2- and fly are all mag-

nified in the figure.
The fly measures,
when its wings are
expanded, nearly half
an inch across; its
body is black, the
head hairy with short
white hairs, the tho-
rax also similarly hairy and finely punctated ; the abdomen
finely punctated, and adorned with long white hairs; legs
partly reddish, partly black ; wings transparent, with black
veins.

ATTACKING THE TEUNK,

No. 2. — The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer.

Saperda Candida Fabr.

The round-headed apple-tree borer is a native of America,
whose existence was unrecorded before 1824, when it was de-
scribed by Thomas Say. The year following, its destructive
character was observed about Albany, N.Y. It is now very
widely and generally distributed, and probably it was so at
that time, although unnoticed, since it inhabits our native
crabs and thorn-bushes, and also the common June-berry,
Amelanchier Canadensis. While preferring the apple, it also
makes its home in the pear, quince, and mountain-ash. In
its perfect state it is a very handsome beetle (Fig. 3, c), about
three-fourths of an inch long, cylindrical in form, of a pale-
brown color above, with two broad creamy-white stripes
running the whole length of its body; the face and under

ATTACKING THE TRUNK.

17

surface are hoary-white, the antennae and legs gray. The
females are larger than the males, and have shorter antennae.
The beetle makes its appearance during the months of June
and July, usually remaining in concealment during the day,
and becoming active at dusk.

The eggs are deposited late in June, during July, and most

FIG. 3.

of August, one in a place, in an incision made by the female
in the bark of the tree near its base. "Within two weeks the
young larvae are hatched, and at once commence with their
sharp mandibles to gnaw their way to the interior.

It is generally conceded that the larva is three years in
reaching maturity. The young ones lie for the first year
in the sap-wood and inner bark, excavating flat, shallow
cavities, about the size of a silver dollar, which are filled
with their sawdust-like castings. The holes by which they
enter, being small, are soon filled up, though not until a
few grains of castings have fallen from them. Their pres-
ence may, however, often be detected in young trees from
the bark becoming dark-colored and sometimes dry and dead
enough to crack. Through these cracks some of the cast-
ings generally protrude, and fall to the ground in a little
heap ; this takes place especially in the spring of the year,
when, with the frequent rains, the heaps become swollen by
the absorption of moisture. On the approach of winter
the larva descends to the lower part of its burrow, where

2

•[g INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

it doubtless remains inactive until the following spring.
During the next season it attains about half its growth,
still living on the sap-wood, where it does great damage,
and when, as often happens, there are several of these
borers in a single tree, they will sometimes cause its death
by completely girdling it. After another winter's rest, the
larva again becomes active, and towards the end of the
following season, when approaching maturity, it cuts a cylin-
drical passage upwards, varying in length, into the solid
wood, afterwards extending it outward to the bark, some-
times cutting entirely through the tree, at other times turn-
ing back at different angles. The upper part of the cavity
is then filled with a sawdust-like powder, after which the
larva turns round and returns to the part nearest the heart,
of the tree, which portion it enlarges by tearing off the
fibres, with which it carefully and securely closes the lower
portion of its gallery, so as to protect it effectually from the
approach of enemies at either end. Having thus perfected
its arrangements, it again turns round so as to have its head
upwards, when it rests from its labors in the interior of the
passage until the following spring, when the mature larva
sheds its skin and discloses the pupa. In this condition it
remains about two or three weeks, when the perfect beetle
escapes. At first its body and wing-cases are soft and flabby,
but in a few days they harden, when the beetle makes its
way through the sawdust-like castings in the upper end of
the passage, and cuts with its powerful jaws a smooth,
round hole through the bark, from which it escapes.

The larva (Fig. 3, a) is of a whitish color, with a round
head of a chestnut-brown, polished and horny, and the jaws
black. It has also a yellow horny-looking spot on the first
segment behind the head. It is without feet, but moves
about in its burrows by the alternate contraction and ex-
pansion of the segments of its body. When full grown it is
over an inch in length.

The color of the chrysalis (Fig. 3, b) is lighter than that

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 19

of the larva, and it has transverse rows of minute spines on
the back, and a few at the extremity of the body.

Remedies. — The young larva, as already stated, may often
be detected by the discoloration of the bark. In such in-
stances, if the outer dark-colored surface be scraped with a
knife, late in August or early in September, so as to expose
the clear white bark beneath, the lurking enemy may be dis-
covered and destroyed. Later they may be detected by their
castings, which have been pushed out of the crevices of the
bark and have fallen in little heaps on the ground. When
first discharged, these look as if they had been forced through
the barrels of a minute double-barrelled gun, being arranged
closely together in two parallel strings. Those which have
burrowed deeper may sometimes be reached by a stout wire
thrust into their holes, or by cutting through the bark at the
upper end of the chamber, and pouring scalding water into
the opening, so that it may soak through the castings and
penetrate to the insect.

Among the preventive measures, alkaline washes or solu-
tions are probably the most efficient, since experiments have
demonstrated that they are repulsive to the insect, and that
the beetle will not lay her eggs on trees protected by such
washes. ^Soft-soap reduced to the consistence of a thick \
paint by the addition of a strong solution of washing-soda
in water is perhaps as good a formula as can be suggested :j
this, if applied to the bark of the tree, especially about the
base or collar, and also extended upwards to the crotches,
where the main branches have their origin, will cover the
whole surface liable to attack, and, if applied during the
morning of a warm day, will dry in a few hours, and form
a tenacious coating, not easily dissolved by rain. The soap /
solution should be applied early in June, and a second time /
during the early part of July.

20

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 4.

No. 3. — The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer.

Chrysobothris femorata (Fabr.).

This borer is also a native of America, and is in its ma-
ture state a beetle belonging to the family Buprestidse. It
is a very active creature, one which courts the light of day
and delights to bask in the hot sunshine, running up and
down the bark of a tree with great rapidity, but instantly
taking wing if an attempt be made to capture it. The beetle
measures from three-eighths to half an inch or more in length.
(See Fig. 4, d, where it is shown somewhat enlarged.) It is
of a flattish oblong form and of a
shining greenish-black color, each of
its wing-cases having three raised lines,
the outer two interrupted by two im-
pressed transverse spots of a brassy,
color, dividing each wing-cover into
three nearly equal portions. The
under side of the body and the legs
shine like burnished copper; the feet
are shining green.

This pest is common almost every-
where, affecting alike the frosty re-
gions of the North, the great West,

and the sunny South. It is much more abundant than the
two-striped borer, and is a most formidable enemy to apple-
culture. It attacks also the pear, the plum, and sometimes
the peach. In the Southwestern States it begins to appear
during the latter part of May, and is found during most of
the summer months ; in the Northern States and Canada its
time of appearance is June and July. It does not confine its
attacks to the base of the tree, but affects the trunk more
or less throughout, and sometimes the larger branches.

The eggs, which are yellow and irregularly ribbed, arc
very small, about one-fiftieth of an inch long, of an ovoidal
form, flattened at one end, and are fastened by the female

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 21

with a glutinous substance, usually under the loose scales or
within the cracks and crevices of the bark; sometimes singly,
at other times several in a group. The young larva soon
hatches, and, having eaten its way through the bark, feeds
on the sap-wood within, where, boring broad and flattish
channels, a single specimen will sometimes girdle a small tree.
As the larva approaches maturity it usually bores into the
more solid wood, working upward, and, when about to change
to a pupa, cuts a passage back again to the outside, eating
nearly but not quite through the bark. Within its retreat
it changes to a pupa (Fig. 4, 6), which is at first white, but
gradually approaches in color to that of the future beetle,
and in about three weeks the perfect insect emerges, and,
having eaten through the thin covering of bark, escapes and
roams at large to continue the work of destruction.

The mature larva (Fig. 4, a) is a pale-yellow legless
grub, with its anterior end enormously enlarged, round, and
flattened. At c in the figure the under side of the anterior
swollen portion of the body is shown. Whether this larva
requires one or two seasons to reach maturity has not yet
been determined with certainty, but the opinion prevails that
its transformations are completed in a single year.

Remedies. — One might reasonably suppose that this larva
in its snug retreat would be safe from the attack of outside
foes ; but it is hunted and devoured by woodpeckers, and also
destroyed by insect parasites. A very small fly, a species of
Chalcid, destroys many of the larvae; besides which two larger
parasites have been bred from them by Prof. C. V. Riley,
one of which, Bracon charus Riley, is represented magnified
in Fig. 5, the hair-lines at the side showing its natural size.
The other species, Oryptus grattator Say, is somewhat larger :
they both belong to that very useful group of four-winged
flies known as Ichneumons.

Although healthy, well-established trees are not exempt
from the attacks of this enemy, it is found that sickly trees
or trees newly transplanted are more liable to suffer, es-

22

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 5.

pecially on the southwest side, where the bark is often first
injured by exposure to the sun, resulting in what is called

sun-scald. All trees should be
carefully examined early in the
fall, when the young larva, if
present, may often be detected
by the discoloration of the bark,
which sometimes has a flattened
and dried appearance, or by a
slight exudation of sap, or by
the presence of the sawdust-
like castings. Whenever such
indications are seen, the parts
should at once be cut into with
a knife and the intruder de-
stroyed. As a preventive meas-
ure there is perhaps nothing
better than coating the bark of the trunk and larger branches
with a mixture of soft-soap and solution of soda, as recom-
mended for the two-striped borer (No. 2).

No. 4. — The Long-horned Borer.

Leptostylus aculifer (Say).

Although distributed over a wide area, this is by no means
a common insect, and seldom appears in sufficient numbers to
cause the fruit-grower any uneasiness. The beetle (Fig. 6; is
FlQ (. of rather an elegant form, with long, tapering an-
tennae of a gray color, prettily banded with black.
It is a little more than a third of an inch long, of
a brownish-gray color, with many small, thorn-like
points upon its wing-covers. There is also a V-
shaped band, margined with black, a little behind the middle
of the wing-cases.

The perfect insect appears about the last of August, when it
occasionally deposits its eggs upon the trunks of apple-trees,
which shortly hatch into small grubs, and these eat their way

ATTACKING THE TRUNK.

23

through and burrow under the bark. They are very similar
in appearance to the young Iarva3 of the two-striped borer,
but differ in their habits ; they form long, narrow, winding
tracks under the bark, but upon the outer surface of the
wood, which are made broader as the larva increases in size.
This larva is also found under the bark of oak-trees.

Remedies. — Should the insect at any time prove destructive,
its ravages may be prevented or controlled by the use of the
alkaline wash applied to the bark, as recommended for the
two-striped borer (No. 2), deferring its application until the
early part of August.

No. 5.— The Stag Beetle.

Lucanus dama Thunb.

This large and powerful beetle is a very common insect,
belonging to the family called Lamellicornes, or leaf-horned
beetles, from the leaf-like joints of their antennaB. In the
male (Fig. 7) the upper jaws or mandibles are largely de-
veloped, curved like a sickle, and F
furnished internally beyond the mid-
dle with a small tooth ; those of the
female are much shorter, and also
toothed. The body measures from
one to one and a quarter inches in
length, exclusive of the jaws, and is
of a deep mahogany-brown color.
The head of the male is broad and
smooth ; that of the female narrowed
and roughened with indentations. The
beetle appears during the months of
July and August, and is very vigorous on the wing, flying
with a loud, buzzing sound during the evening and night,
when it frequently enters houses, to the annoyance of the
occupants. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to remark that
this beetle is not venomous, and that it never attempts to bite
without provocation.

24 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

The eggs are laid in the crevices of the bark of trees,
especially near the roots. The larvae live in decaying wood,
and are found in the trunks and roots of various kinds of
trees, particularly those of old apple-trees; they are also
found in old cherry-trees, willows, and oaks. They are
said to be six years in completing their growth, living all the
time on the wood of the tree, reducing it to a coarse powder
resembling sawdust. The mature larva is a large, thick,
whitish grub, with a reddish-brown, horny-looking head,
dark mandibles, and reddish legs. (See Fig. 8, a.) The body
j, g is curved when at rest,

the hinder segments being
brought towards the head.
When the larva has at-
tained full size it remains
in its burrow, and encloses
itself in an oval cocoon
(Fig. 8, 6) formed of frag-
ments of wood and bark
cemented together with a
glue-like secretion, and within this enclosure it is trans-
formed into a pupa of a yellowish-white color. Through the
partially transparent membrane the limbs of the future beetle
are dimly seen, and in due time the mature insect bursts its
filmy covering, crawls through the passage previously gnawed
by the larva, and emerges to the light of day.

As this beetle affects only old and decaying trees, it seldom
does much harm. The use of the alkaline wash recommended
for No. 2 would no doubt deter the beetles from depositing
their eggs on trees so protected, and thus any mischief thev
might otherwise do could be prevented.

No. 6. — The Apple-bark Beetle.

Monarthrum mail (Fitch).

The apple-bark beetle is a small insect about one-tenth of
an inch long (see Fig. 9, where it is shown much magnified) ;

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 25

it is cylindrical in form, smooth and slender, and varies in
color from dark chestnut-brown to nearly black. Its legs
and antennae are pale-yellowish, and its thorax minutely
punctated ; the posterior end of the body is abruptly notched
or excavated. The insect bores under the bark of apple-
trees, sometimes attacking young, thrifty trees, which, when
badly affected, are apt, soon after putting forth their leaves,
to wither suddenly, as if scorched by fire ; the bark becomes
loosened from the wood, and soon after, these
small beetles appear crawling through minute per-
forations in the bark like large pin-holes. This
insect usually appears in July ; it is seldom very

common, but has been reported as destructive in JTWM\
some parts of Massachusetts, where many young ISr
trees are said to have been ruined by it. So little
is yet known of the history and habits of this pest that it is
difficult to say what would be the best remedy for it.

No. 7. — The Eyed Elater

Alaus oculatus (Linn.).

This is the largest of our Elaters, or " spring-beetles," and
is found with its larva in the decaying Flo 10

wood of old apple-trees. The beetle
(Fig. 10) is an inch and a half or more
in length, of a black color, sprinkled
with numerous whitish dots. On the
thorax there are two large velvety black
eye-like spots, which have given origin
to the common name of the insect. The
thorax is about one-third the length of
the body, and is powdered with whitish
atoms or scales; the wing-cases are ridged
with longitudinal lines, and the under
side of the body and legs thickly powdered with white.
It is found in the perfect state in June and July.

26 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

The mature larva (Fig. 11), which attains its full growth
early in April, is about two and a half inches long, nearly
four-tenths of an inch across about the middle, tapering
FlG 1L slightly towards each

extremity. The head
is broad, brownish,
and rough above ;
the jaws very strong, curved, and pointed ; the terminal seg-
ment of the body blackish, roughened with small pointed
tubercles, with a deep semicircular notch at the end, and
armed at the sides with small teeth, the two hinder most
of which are long, forked, and curved upwards like hooks;
under this hinder segment is a large fleshy foot, furnished
behind with little claws, and around the sides with short
spines ; it has six true legs, — a pair under each of the first
three segments. Early in spring the larva casts its skin and
becomes a pupa, and in due time there emerges from it a
perfect beetle.

This beetle, when placed upon its back on a flat surface,
has the power of springing suddenly into the air, and, while
moving, turning its body, thus recovering its natural position.
This unusual movement combines with its curious prominent
eye-like spots to make it a constant source of wonder and
interest. Since it feeds mainly on decaying wood, it scarcely
deserves to be classed with destructive insects; yet, being
occasionally found in the trunk of the apple-tree, it is worthy
of mention here.

No. 8. — The Rough Osmoderma.

Osmoderma scabra (Beauv.).

This insect, also, lives in the larval state in the decaying
wood of the apple, as well as in that of the cherry, con-
suming the wood and inducing more rapid decay. It is a
large, white, fleshy grub, with a reddish, hard-shelled head.
In the autumn each larva makes for itself an oval cell of
fragments of wood, cemented together with a glutinous ma-

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

27

FIG. 12.

terial, in which it undergoes its transformations, appearing

during the month of July as a large,

purplish-black beetle (Fig. 12), about an

inch long, with rough wing-cases. The

head is hollowed out on the top, the under

side of the body smooth, and the legs short

and stout. It conceals itself during the

day, but is active at night, feeding upon

the sap which flows from the bark. Since

the larva feeds chiefly on decaying wood,

the injury inflicted, if any, can only be

of a trifling character.

FIG. 13.

ATTACKING THE BKANOHES,
No. 9.— The Woolly-louse of the Apple.

Schizoneura lanigera (Hausm.).

This is the same species as the apple-root plant-louse (No. 1),
but in this form the insects attack the trunk and limbs of the
apple-tree, living in clusters, and secreting over themselves
small patches of a cotton-like covering. (See Fig. 13, where
the insects are represented magnified.)
They are often found about the base
of twigs or suckers springing from
the trunk, and also about the base of
the trunk itself, and around recent
wounds in the bark. In autumn they
commonly affect the axils of the leaf-
stalks (Fig. 13), towards the ends of
twigs, and sometimes multiply to such
an extent as to cover the whole un-
der surface of the limbs and also of
the trunk, the tree looking as though
whitewashed. They are said to affect most those trees which

28

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

yield sweet fruit. This woolly-louse is very common in
Europe, especially in Germany, the north of France, and
England, where it is more destructive than in this country,
and, although generally known there under the name of
the "American Blight/' it is believed to be indigenous to
Europe, and to have been originally brought from Europe
to America. It appears to thrive only in comparatively cold
climates, and in this country occurs in this form most abun-
dantly in the New England States.

Under each of the little patches of down there is usually
found one large female with her young. When fully grown
the female is nearly one-tenth of an inch long, oval in form,
with black head and feet, dusky legs and antennae, and yel-
lowish abdomen. She is covered with a white, mealy powder,
and has a tuft of white down growing upon the hinder part of
her back, which is easily detached. During the summer the
insects are wingless, and the young are produced alive, but
about the middle of October, among the wingless specimens,
appear a considerable number with wings, and these have
but little of the downy substance upon their bodies, which
are nearly black and rather plump. The fore wings are

large, and about twice
as long as the nar-
rower hind wings. In
Fig. 14 the winged
insect is represented
much magnified; also
a group of the young
lice magnified, and
an apple-twig, natu-
ral size, showing one
of the openings in
the bark caused by
this insect. Late in
the autumn the females deposit eggs for another generation
the following spring, — a fact which should induce fruit-

FIG. 14.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 29

growers to take particular pains to destroy these lice wher-

/ ever found, for the colony that is permitted this year to

I establish itself upon some worthless tree or on the shoots

I or suckers at its base, will furnish the parents of countless

• hosts that may establish themselves next year on the choicest

v trees in the orchard. , The insects are extremely hardy, and

will endure a considerable amount of frost, and it is quite

probable that some of them survive the winter in the perfect

state in the cracks of the bark of the trees.

The eggs are so small that they require a magnify ing-glass
to enable one to see them, and are deposited in the crevices
of the bark at or near the surface of the ground, especially
about the base of suckers, where such are permitted to grow.
r The young, when first hatched, are covered with very fine
/ down, and appear in the spring of the year like little specks
I of mould on the trees. As the season advances, and the in-
sect increases in size, its cottony coating becomes more dis-
tinct, the fibres increasing in length and apparently issuing
from all the pores of the skin of the abdomen. This coating
is very easily removed, adhering to the fingers when touched.
Both young and old derive their nourishment from the sap
of the tree, and the constant punctures they make give rise to
warts and excrescences on the bark, and openings in it, and,
where very numerous, the limbs attacked become sickly, the
leaves turn yellow and drop off, and sometimes the tree dies.

Remedies. — The very small four-
winged Chalcid fly, Aphelinus mali ^ -FlG- 15-
(Hald.), which is highly magnified in
Fig. 15, and which has already been
referred to under No. 1, preys also
on this woolly aphis. The lady-
birds and their larvae, also the larvae
of the lace-wing flies and syrphus
flies, feed on all species of plant-lice,

and are very useful in keeping them within bounds. These
friendly insects will be fully treated of under the Apple-

30 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

tree Aphis, No. 57. The vigorous use of a stiff brush wet
with the alkaline solution of soap, recommended under
No. 2, will also be found very efficient, or a solution made
by mixing five pounds of fresh lime with one pound of
sulphur and two gallons of water, and heating until the
sulphur is dissolved. After destroying those on the trunk,
and cutting away all suckers, the earth should be removed
from about the base of the trunk, the parts below the surface
cleaned, and fresh earth placed about the roots. Spiders
devour large numbers of these lice, spinning their webs over
the colonies and feeding at their leisure.

No. 10. — The Apple Liopus.

Liopus facetus Say.

This is another of the long-horned borers which has been
found in the larval state boring into the decaying limbs of
apple-trees. The larva, when full grown, is a quarter of an
inch long or more, is slender, with the anterior segments en-
larged and swollen, is covered with fine short hairs, and has
the end of the abdomen rather blunt. The beetle, which is
shown magnified in Fig. 16, is a handsome one, a slender
little creature, rather less than a quarter
of an inch in length, of a pale ash-gray
color with a purplish tinge. The long
antennae are yellowish brown, except at
the base and between the joints, where
the color is darker. The wing-covers
are smooth, and on their anterior por-
tion is an irregular rounded dark spot;
a broad black band crosses the hinder
portion, leaving the tip pale gray ; there
are also several additional blackish dots and streaks distrib-
uted over the upper surface.

The beetles appear late in June and early in July, and lay
their eggs on the bark of the branches, from which the young
larvae hatch and bore in under the bark, where they become

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 31

full grown and undergo their transformations before the fol-
lowing midsummer. This is a rare insect in most parts of
America, and is not likely to prove a serious trouble anywhere.

No. 11. — The Apple-tree Pruner.

Elaphidion villosum (Fabr.).

This is also a long-horned beetle, of cylindrical form, of a
dull-blackish color, with brownish wing-cases. The antenna)
in the male are longer than the body, and in the female, which
is represented in Fig. 17, are equal to it. The entire body is
covered with short grayish hairs, which, from their denseness
in some places on the thorax and wing-covers, form pale
spots. The under side of the body is of a chestnut-brown
color. The insect affects chiefly the oak-tree, but also attacks
the apple, and, although not often found in great abundance,
is very generally distributed over most of
the Northern United States and Canada. FlG- 17-

The peculiar habits and instincts of this
insect are very interesting. The parent
beetle places an egg in the axil of a leaf
on a fresh green twig proceeding from a
moderate-sized limb. When the young
larva hatches, it burrows into the centre of
the twig and down towards its base, consuming in its course
the soft pulpy matter of which this part of the twig is com-
posed. By the time it reaches the main limb it has become
sufficiently matured to be able to feed upon the harder wood,
and makes its way into the branch, when the hollow twig it
has vacated gradually withers and drops off. The larva,
being now about half grown, eats its way a short distance
through the middle of the branch, and then proceeds de-
liberately to sever its connection with the tree by gnawing
away the woody fibre to such an extent that the first storm
of wind snaps the branch off. This is rather a delicate
operation for the insect to perform, and requires wonderful
instinctive skill, for should it gnaw away too much of the

32

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 18.

FIG. 19.

woody interior the branch might break during the process,
— an accident which would probably crush the workman to
death ; but the insect rarely miscalculates : it leaves the
bark and just enough of the woody fibre untouched to sustain
the branch until it has time to make good its retreat into
the burrow, the opening of which it carefully stops up with
gnawed fragments of wood. If the limb be short, it severs
all the woody fibres, leaving it fastened only by the bark ;
if longer, a few of the woody fibres on the tipper side are
left ; and if very long and heavy, not more than three-fourths
of the wood will be cut through. Having performed the
operation and closed its hole so that the jarring of the branch
when it falls may not shake out the occupant, the larva
retreats to the spot at which it first entered the limb. After
the branch has fallen it eats its way gradually through the
centre of the limb for a distance of from six to twelve inches,
when, having completed its growth,
it is transformed to a pupa with-
in the enclosure. Sometimes this
change takes place in the autumn,
but more frequently it is deferred
until the spring, and from the pupa
the beetle escapes during the month
of June.

The larva (Fig. 18) when full
grown is a little more than half
an inch long, thickest towards the
head, tapering gradually backwards.
The head is small and black, the

body yellowish white, with a few indistinct darker markings.
It has six very minute legs attached to the anterior segments.
In the figure the larva is shown magnified. The pupa is
about the same size as the larva, of a whitish color, and is
shown in Fig. 19, also magnified, in its burrow.

Remedies. — Birds are active agents in the destruction of
these larvae ; they seek them out in their places of retreat and

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

33

devour them. Should they at any time become very numer-
ous, they may easily be disposed of by gathering the fallen
branches and burning them before the insect has time to
mature.

No. 12. — The Parallel Elaphidion.

Elaphidion parallelum Newm.

This insect in the larval state occasionally bores into the
twigs of apple and plum trees. The beetle (Fig. 20, c) is
a little more than half an inch long, of a dull-brownish
color, closely resembling No. 11 in appearance and habits,
but smaller in size.

The egg is laid by the parent insect near the axil of one
of the leaf-buds, where the young larva, when hatched, bores
into the twig, enlarging the channel as it increases in size,
finally transforming to a pupa within its burrow, and escap-
ing at maturity in the perfect state. In the figure, a shows
the larva, 6 the twig split open, showing the enclosed pupa,
k the end of the twig cut
oif, c the beetle^ i the basal
joints of the antenna, j the
tip of the wing-case, d the
head, e maxilla, / labium,
g mandible, and h the an-
tenna of the larva. This
Elaphidion is rather a rare
insect, and, although it may
occasionally be found injurious, it is not likely to become so
to any considerable extent.

No. 13. — The Apple-twig Borer.

Amphicerus bicaudatus (Say).

The apple-twig borer is a small cylindrical beetle (Fig. 21),
from one-fourth to one-third of an inch in length, of a dark
chestnut-brown color above, black beneath. The fore part
of its thorax is roughened with minute elevated points, and,

FIG. 20.

34 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

in the males, furnished with two little horns ; the male may
also be further distinguished from the female by its having
two small thorn-like projections from the extremities of the
wing-covers.

Unlike most other borers, which do their mischief in the
larval state, this insect works in the beetle state, boring into
the branches of apple, pear, and cherry trees, just above a

FIG. 21. FIG. 22.

bud, and working downwards through the pith in a cylindri-
cal burrow one or two inches long. (See Fig. 22, c and d.}
The holes appear to be made partly for the purpose of obtain-
ing food, and partly to serve as places of concealment for the
beetles ; they are made by both sexes alike, and the beetles
are found in them occasionally in the middle of winter, as
well as in the summer, usually with the head downwards.
They work throughout the summer months, causing the twigs
operated on to wither and their leaves to turn brown. Upon
examination, a perforation about the size of a knitting-needle
is found near one of the buds from six inches to a foot from
the end of the twig. This insect does not often occur in such
numbers as to inflict any material damage, but occasionally
as many as ten have been found working at once on a two-
or three-year-old tree ; they also affect the twigs of larger
trees. The twigs so injured are very liable to break off with
high winds.

There is not much known as yet about the earlier stages of
this insect ; the larva is said to have been found feeding upon
grape-canes, into which also the beetle occasionally bores.
The beetle is found from Pennsylvania to Mississippi, also in

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 35

the orchards of New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, and
Kansas. Should it at any time inflict serious injury, the
only remedy as yet suggested is to search for the bored twigs
in June and July, and cut them off and burn them.

No. 14. — The Imbricated Snout-beetle.

Epiccerus imbricatus (Say).

This is a small snout-beetle or weevil, which is common in
some localities on apple and cherry trees and injures them
by gnawing the twigs and
fruit. It is most frequently
found in the Western States,
especially in parts of Iowa
and Kansas.

It is a very variable beetle ;
usually it is of a silvery-
white color, with dark mark-
ings, as shown in Fig. 23,

but sometimes these latter are wholly or partly wanting.
Nothing is as yet known of its history in the earlier stages of
its existence.

Should this weevil ever occur in sufficient numbers to ex-
cite alarm, they <?ould probably be collected by jarring the
trees, as in the case of the plum-weevil, and then destroyed.

No. 15. — The Seventeen-year Locust.

Cicada septendecim Linn.

The seventeen-year locust is an insect very well known
throughout the United States, and is sometimes met with in
Canada. It is generally believed to require seventeen years
in which to complete its transformations, nearly the whole of
this period being spent under ground.

The perfect insect measures, when its wings are expanded,
from two and a half to three inches across. It js represented
at c in Fig. 24. The body is stout and blackish, the wings

36

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

transparent, the thick anterior edge and large veins are
orange-red, and near the front margin, towards the tip, there
is a dusky, zigzag line resembling a W. The rings of the
abdomen are edged with dull orange, and the legs are of the
same hue. The locusts appear in the South earlier than in

FIG. 24.

the North ; their usual time is during the latter part of May,
and they disappear early in July.

After pairing, the female deposits her eggs in the twigs of
different trees, puncturing and sawing small slits in them, as
shown in Fig. 24, c?, which she does by means of her sharp
beak, which is composed of three portions ; the two outer are
beset with small teeth like a saw, while the centre one is a
spear-pointed piercer. In these slits she places her eggs.
These (e, Fig. 24) are of a pearly-white color, one-twelfth
of an inch long, and taper to an obtuse point at each end.
They are deposited in pairs, side by side, with a portion of
woody fibre between them, and placed in the cavity some-
what obliquely, so that one end points upwards. When two

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 37

eggs have thus been deposited, the insect withdraws her piercer
for a moment, and then inserts it again and drops two more eggs
in a line with the first, and so on until she has filled the slit
from one end to the other. She then removes to a little dis-
tance and makes another similar nest : it is not uncommon
to find from fifteen to twenty of such fissures in the same
limb. The cicada thus passes from limb to limb and from
tree to tree until her store of four or five hundred eggs is
exhausted, when, worn out by her excessive labors, she dies.
The punctured twigs are so weakened by the operations of the
insect that they frequently break off when swayed by rough
winds, and the injury thus caused to young fruit-trees in
orchards or nurseries is sometimes very serious ; in most in-
stances, however, if the trees are vigorous, they eventually
recover from their wounds.

The eggs hatch in about six weeks or less, the young larva
being of a yellowish-white color, and appearing as shown in
Fig. 25. It is active and rapid in its movements, and
shortly after its escape from the egg drops to the ground, and
immediately proceeds to bury itself in the soil by means of
its broad and strong fore feet, which are admirably adapted
for digging. Once under the surface, these larvse attach
themselves to the succulent
roots of plants and trees, and,
puncturing them with their
beaks, imbibe the vegetable
juices, which form their sole
nourishment. They do not
usually descend very deeply

into the ground, but remain where juicy roots are most
abundant, and the only marked alteration to which they are
subject during the long period of their existence under ground
is a gradual increase in size.

As the time for their transformation approaches, they as-
cend towards the surface, making cylindrical burrows about
five-eighths of an inch in diameter, often circuitous, seldom

38

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 26.

exactly perpendicular, and these are firmly cemented and
varnished so as to be water-tight. As the insect progresses,
the chamber is filled below by the earthy matter removed in
its progress, but the upper portion, to the extent of six or

eight inches, is empty,
and serves as a dwell-
ing-place for the insect
until the period for its
exit arrives. Here it
remains for some days,
ascending to the top of
the hole in fine weather
for warmth and air, and
occasionally looking out
I as if to reconnoitre, but
^5= descending again on the
occurrence of cold or
wet weather. In locali-
ties that are low or im-
perfectly drained, the insects sometimes continue their galleries
from four to six inches above ground, as shown in Fig. 26,
leaving a place of egress at the surface, e, and in the upper
end of these dry chambers the pupae patiently await the time
for their next change.

This period, although an active one, is the pupal stage of
the insects' existence, and finally, when fully matured, they
issue from the ground (see a, Fig. 24), crawl up the trunk
of a tree or any other object to which they can attach them-
selves securely by their claws, and, having rested awhile,
prepare to cast their skins. After some struggling, a longi-
tudinal rent is made on the back, and through this the en-
closed cicada pushes its head, and then gradually withdraws
itself, leaving the empty pupa skin adhering, as shown at b in
Fig. 24. The escape from the pupa usually occurs between six
and nine in the evening, and about ten minutes are occupied
by the insect in entirely freeing itself from the enclosure. At

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 39

first the body is soft and white, excepting a black patch on
the back, and the wings are small and soft, but within an
hour are fully developed, and before morning the mature
insects are ready for flight. They sometimes issue from the
ground in immense numbers; above fifteen hundred have
been known to arise beneath a single apple-tree, and in some
places the whole surface of the soil has, by their operations,
appeared almost as full of holes as a honey-comb.

Remedies. — On escaping from the ground, they are attacked
by various enemies. Birds and predaceous insects devour
them; hogs and poultry feed on them greedily; and in the
winged state they are also subject to the attacks of parasites. It
seems that human agency can effect but little in the way of stay-
ing the progress of these invaders, and the only time when any-
thing can be done is early in the morning, when the winged
insects newly escaped and in a comparatively feeble and help-
less condition may be crushed and destroyed ; but when once
they have acquired their full power of wing, it is a hopeless
task to attempt to arrest their course. The males have a
musical apparatus on each side of the body just behind the
wings, which acts like a pair of kettle-drums, producing a
very loud, shrill sound. Although partial to oak-trees, on
which they most abound, they are very destructive to other

trees and shrubs, and frequently

* FIG. 27.

injure apple-trees.

A popular idea prevails that
these insects are dangerous to
handle, that they sting, and
that their sting is venomous.
As their beaks (a, Fig. 27) are sharp and strong, it is pos-
sible that under provocation they may insert these, but, since
there is no poison-gland attached, there is little more to fear
from their puncture than from the piercing of a needle.

40

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 28.

No, 16. — The Oyster-shell Bark-louse.

Mytilaspis pomorum Bouch6.

This is a very destructive and pernicious insect, which pre-
vails throughout the Northern United States and Canada, and
in some of the Southern States also. It was introduced from
Europe more than eighty years ago. It appears
in the form of minute scales, about one-sixth of
an inch long, of a brownish or grayish color,
closely resembling that of the bark of the tree,
and somewhat like the shell of an oyster in shape,
adhering to the surface of the bark, as shown in
Fig. 28, and placed irregularly, most of them
lengthwise of the limb or twig, with the smaller
end upwards. In some instances the branches of
apple-trees may be found literally covered and
crowded with these scales; and where thus so
prevalent they seriously impair the health and
vigor of the tree, and sometimes cause its death.
Under each of these scales will be found a
mass of eggs varying in number from fifteen or
twenty to one hundred or more; these during the
winter or early spring will be found to be white in color, but
before hatching they change to a yellowish hue, soon after
which the young insects appear. This usually occurs late in
May or early in June, and, if the weather is cool, the young
lice will remain several days under the scales before dis-
persing over the tree. As it becomes warmer, they leave their
shelter, and may be seen running all over the twigs looking
for suitable locations to which to attach themselves. They
then, under a magnifying-glass, present the appearance shown
at 2, Fig. 29, their actual length being only about one-
hundredth of an inch ; to the unaided eye they appear as
mere specks. A large proportion of them soon become fixed
around the base of the side-shoots of the terminal twigs, where,
inserting their tiny sharp beaks, they subsist upon the sap of

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

41

the tree. In a few days a fringe of delicate waxy threads
issues from their bodies, when they have the appearance shown
at 3. Gradually the insect assumes the form shown at 4 ; 5
and 6 represent the louse as it approaches maturity, and when
detached from the scale; 1 shows the egg highly magnified ;
and 8 one of the antennae of the young lice, also much enlarged.
Before the end of the season the louse has secreted for itself

FIG. 29.

the scaly covering shown at 7, in which it lives and matures.
The scale is figured as it appears from the under side when
raised and with the louse in it. By the middle of August
this female louse has become little else than a bag of eggs,
and the process of depositing these now begins, the body of
the parent shrinking day by day, until finally, when this
work is completed, it becomes a mere atom at the narrow
end of the scale, and is scarcely noticeable.

The scales of the male louse are seldom seen ; they are
most frequently found upon the leaves, both on the upper
and under sides ; they are smaller in size than those of the
female, and different also in shape. The male scale is shown
at c, Fig. 30, in which cut is also represented the male insect,
much magnified, with wings closed and expanded.

Only one brood is produced annually in the North, the
eggs remaining unchanged under the scale for about nine
months ; but in some parts of the South the insect is double-

42

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

brooded, the first brood hatching in May, the second in
September.

As the oyster-shell bark-louse retains power of motion only
for a few days at most after hatching, it is mainly disseminated
to distant places by the distribution of young trees from infested
nurseries. In the orchard and its immediate neighborhood it
may be spread by being carried on the feet of birds, or attached

FIG. 30.

to the larger insects, or may be aided by the wind in passing
from tree to tree, while it is itself so brisk in its active state
that it can travel two or three inches in a minute, and hence
might in this way reach a point two or three rods distant be-
fore it would perish. Although this insect essentially belongs
to the apple-tree, it is frequently found on the pear, and
sometimes on the plum.

Remedies. — A species of mite (Fig. 31), Tyroglyphus mains
(Shinier), preys on the louse as well as on its eggs; and this
mite, so insignificant that it can scarcely be seen without a
magnify ing-glass, has probably done more to keep this or-
chard-pest within bounds than any other thing.

Under the scales may sometimes be found a small active
larva devouring the eggs. This is the progeny of a small
four-winged parasite, belonging to the family Chalcididse,
named Aphelinus mytilaspidis Le Baron. In Fig. 32 we have
a representation of this insect highly magnified.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

43

Another friend is the twice-stabbed lady-bird, Chilochorus
bivulnerus Muls. (Fig. 33), an insect easily recognized by its

FIG. 31.

FIG. 32.

FIG.

polished black wing-cases with a blood-red spot on each.

Its larva, a bristly-looking little creature (Fig. 34), of a

grayish color, is very active, and devours

large numbers of the lice ; the perfect beetle

also eats them. The bark-lice and their eggs

are devoured also by some of our insect-eating

birds.

During the winter the trees should be ex-
amined and the scales scraped off, and thus a large proportion
of the insects may be destroyed. Still, it is almost impos-
sible to cleanse the trees entirely in this way, especially the
smaller branches; and hence the insect should be
fought also at the time when the eggs are hatch-
ing and the young lice crawling over the limbs,
as then they are tender and easily killed. With T:
this object in view, the time of hatching of thejj
remnants left after the winter or spring scraping
should be watched, and, while the young larvae
are active, the twigs should be brushed with a
strong solution of soft-soap and washing-soda, as recom-
mended under No. 2, or syringed with a solution of wash-
ing-soda in water, made by dissolving half a pound or morp

FIG. 34.

44 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

in a pailful. Painting the twigs and branches with linseed
oil has also been tried with success.

As a precautionary measure, every young tree should be
carefully examined before being planted, and if found infested
should be thoroughly cleansed.

No. 17.— The Scurry Bark-louse.

Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch).

This insect, which has long been known under the name of
Harris's Bark-louse, Aspidiotus Harrisii Walsh, is now found
to have been first described by Dr. Fitch, and hence must in
future bear the name given to it by him. It resembles in some
respects the oyster-shell bark-louse, yet is sufficiently dissimilar
to be readily distinguished from it. In this species the scale
of the female, which is by far the most abundant, is oblong
in form, pointed below, very flat, of a grayish -white color,
and about one-tenth of an inch long. (See Fig. 35, 1 and
1 c; the latter represents a scale highly magnified.) The eggs
under the scale of the oyster-shell bark-louse during the
winter are white, while these are purplish red. The eggs of
this species hatch about the same date as the other, but the
larvse are red or reddish brown in color. This insect does
not mature so rapidly as the oyster-shell species ; the eggs
are said not to be fully developed under the scale until the
middle of September. The scale of the male, which is very
much smaller and narrower, and not more than one-thir-
tieth of an inch long, is shown in the figure, magnified, at 1 a;
the male insect in the winged state, highly magnified, at 1 b.

This is a native insect, which has existed from time imme-
morial in the East, West, and South, its original home being
on the bark of our native, crab-trees. In the warmer parts
of the Souftflt is more common than the oyster-shell bark-
louse. It is found chiefly on the apple, but sometimes affects
the pear and also the mountain-ash. It is far less common
than the imported oyster-shell bark-louse, and is nowhere
anything like so injurious as that insect.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

45

Remedies. — The scurfy bark-louse is said to be preyed upon
by the same mites which attack the oyster-shell species ; it is

FIG. 35.

also devoured by the larva of the twice-stabbed lady-bird.
The same artificial remedies should be used in this instance
as are recommended in the other.

No. 18 — The Buffalo Tree-hopper.

Ceresa bubalus (Fabr.).

This insect belongs to the order Hemiptera. It is an active
jumping creature, about one-third of an inch long (Fig. 36),
of a light grass-green color, with whitish dots and a pale-

46

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG 36.

yellowish streak along each side. On the front there is a
sharp process or point jutting out horizontally on each
side, reminding one of the horns of a bull
or buffalo, which has given to the insect its
common name of buffalo tree-hopper. Its
body is three-sided, not unlike a beech-nut
in form, and it is furnished with a sharp-
pointed beak, with which it punctures the
bark and sucks the sap from the trees.

It is common on apple and many other
trees from July until the end of the season.
The eggs are said to be laid in a single row
of slits in the bark, and when hatched the young larvae, which
are grass-green like their parents, feed also on the sap of the
leaves and twigs.

In the larval state, before the power of flight is acquired,
the insect is easily caught and destroyed ; but it is not easy
to suggest a remedy for so active a creature as the perfect
insect is. It cannot be killed by any poisonous application,
as it feeds only on sap. It has been suggested that where
they are so numerous as to injure fruit-trees they may be
frightened away by frequently shaking the trees, as they are
very shy and timorous. It is, however, scarcely probable
that this insect will ever become a source of much annoyance
to the fruit-grower.

No. 19.— The Thorn-bush Tree-hopper.

Thelia cratcegi Fitch.

This is an insect similar in structure
and habits to the buffalo tree-hopper.
It is common on apple-trees, but more
common on thorn-bushes, in July and
August, when it may be seen resting
upon the small limbs and sucking the
sap. When approached, it leaps away
with a sudden spring, and is lost to view.

FIG. 37.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 47

It is a little more than one-third of an inch long (see Fig.
37), with a three-sided body, black, varied with chestnut-
brown, with a large white spot on each side, which extended
forward becomes a band across the front. There is also a
white band across the hind part of its back, and a protuber-
ance extending upwards on the front part of its body.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

No. 20. — The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar.

Clisiocampa Americana Harris.

This insect is a native of the more northern Atlantic States,
and has probably been carried westward in the egg-state at-
tached to the twigs of young trees. It inhabits now almost

FIG. 38. FIG. 39.

all parts of the United States and Canada. The moth is of
a pale dull-reddish or reddish-brown color, crossed by two
oblique parallel whitish lines, the space between these lines
being usually paler than the general color, although some-
times quite as dark, or darker. In the male (Fig. 38) the
antennae are pectinate, or feather-like, and slightly so in the
female (Fig. 39). When fully expanded, the wings of the
female will measure an inch and a half or more across ; the
male is smaller. The hollow tongue or tube by which moths
and butterflies imbibe their food is entirely wanting in this
species ; hence it has no power of taking food, and lives but
a very few days in the winged state, merely long enough to

48 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

provide for a future generation by the deposition of eggs.
TJie moth remains at rest and concealed during the day, but
becomes very active at night, when it enters lighted rooms,
attracted by the glare, and becomes so dazzled and bewildered
that it darts crazily about, here and there, thumping itself
against the walls, furniture, and floor of the room in the
most erratic manner, then circles around the lamp or gas-light
with great velocity, finally dashing into the flame, when, with
wings and antennae severely singed, it retreats into some ob-
scure corner. The moths are most abundant during the first
two weeks in July.

The eggs are deposited during that month upon
FIG. ^40. the smaller twigs of our fruit-trees in ring-like clus-
ters, each composed of from fifteen to twenty rows,
containing in all from two to three hundred. The
eggs are conical and about one-twentieth of an inch
long, firmly cemented together, and coated with a
tough varnish, impervious to rain, the clusters pre-
senting the appearance shown in Fig. 40. In Fig.
41, at c, a similar cluster is shown with the gummy
covering removed, showing the manner in which the
eggs are arranged.

The young caterpillars are fully matured in the egg
before winter comes, and they remain in this enclosure in a
torpid state throughout the cold weather, hatching during the
first warm days of spring. They usually appear during the
last week in April or early in May, depending much on the
prevailing temperature. Their first meal is made of por-
tions of the gummy material with which the egg-masses are
covered, and with the strength thus gained they proceed at
once to work. At this time the buds are bursting, thus pro-
viding these young larvse with an abundance of suitable tender
food. It sometimes happens, however, that after they are
hatched cold weather returns and vegetable growth is tempo-
rarily arrested. To meet this emergency they have the power
of sustaining hunger for a considerable time, and will usually

i vv v/ VT v

FIG. 40.

I

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

49

live from ten to twelve days when wholly deprived of food ;
but severe frost is fatal to them in this tender condition, and
multitudes of them sometimes perish from this cause. These
larvae are tent-makers, and soon after birth they begin to con-
struct for themselves a shelter by extending sheets of web
across the nearest fork of the twig upon which they were

FIG. 41.

hatched. As they increase in size, they construct additional
layers of silk over those previously made, attaching them to
the neighboring twigs, and leaving between the layers space
enough for the caterpillars to pass. The tent or nest when
completed is irregular in form, about eight or ten inches in
diameter, and the holes through which the caterpillars enter
are situated near the extremities or angles of the nest, and into
this they retreat at night or in stormy weather, also at other

50 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

times when not feeding. In five or six weeks they become
full grown, and then measure about an inch and three-quarters
in length, and present the appearance shown in Fig. 41. The
body is hairy and black, with a white stripe down the back,
and on each side of this central stripe there are a number of
short, irregular, longitudinal yellow lines. On the sides are
paler lines, with spots and streaks of pale blue. The under
side of the body is nearly black.

These caterpillars have regular times for feeding, issuing
from the openings in their tent in processional order, usually
once in the forenoon and once in the afternoon. In very
warm weather they sometimes repose upon the outside of the
nest, literally covering it and making it appear quite black
with their bodies. They are very voracious, and devour the
leaves of the trees they are on with great rapidity ; it is esti-
mated that each larva when approaching maturity will con-
sume two leaves in a day, so that every day that a nest of such
marauders is permitted to remain on a tree there is a sacrifice
of about five hundred leaves. Where there happen to be
several nests on one tree, or if the tree itself is small, they
often strip every vestige of foliage from it, and in neglected
orchards the trees are sometimes seen as bare of leaves in
June as they are in midwinter. As the caterpillars arrive at
maturity they leave the trees and wander about in all direc-
tions in search of suitable places in which to hide during
their chrysalis stage. A favorite place is the angle formed by
the projection of the cap-boards of fences or fence-posts.

Here they construct oblong oval cocoons (Fig. 41, d) of a
yellow color, formed of a double web, the outer one loosely
woven and slight in texture, the inner one tough and thick.
In its construction the silk is mixed with a pasty substance,
which, when dry, becomes powdery and resembles sulphur in
appearance. Within these cocoons the larva? change to brown
chrysalids, from which, in about two or three weeks, the
moths escape. This insect feeds on many different trees, but
is particularly fond of the apple and wild cherry.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 51

Remedies. — Since the tent-caterpillar is so easily detected
by its conspicuous nest, it need never become very trouble-
some, as the larvae may be easily destroyed while sheltering
within it. They seldom leave the nest to feed until after 9
A.M., and usually return before sundown ; hence the early and
late hours of the day are the best times for destroying them.
With a suitable ladder and a gloved hand the living mass
may be seized and crushed in a moment, or the nest may be
torn from the tree and trampled under foot. Where a ladder
is not at hand, the nests may be removed by a pole with a
bunch of rags tied around the end of it. This work is most
easily done while the larvae are young, and should be at-
tended to as soon as the cobweb-like nests can be seen. Some-
times when the nest is destroyed a portion of the caterpillars
will be absent feeding, and within a few days it may be found
partly repaired, with the remnants of the host within it : so
that to subdue them entirely repeated visits to the orchard
should be made, and not a fragment of a nest permitted to
remain. Governments might well enforce under penalties the
destruction of these caterpillars, as their nests are so conspic-
uous that there can be no excuse for neglecting to destroy
them, and it is unfair that a careful and vigilant fruit-grower
should be compelled to suffer from year to year from the
neglect of a careless or indolent neighbor. Neglected trees
are soon stripped of their leaves, and become prematurely
exhausted by having to reproduce at an unseasonable time
their lost foliage ; with fruit-trees this is so great a tax on
their vital powers that they usually bear little or no fruit the
following season. The egg-clusters may be sought for and
destroyed during the winter months, when, the trees being
leafless, a practised eye will readily detect them. A cloudy
day should be selected for this purpose, to avoid the incon-
venience of too much glare from the sky.

Several parasites attack this insect. A minute Ichneumon
fly, about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in length, is parasitic on
the eggs. By means of a long ovipositor it bores through

52 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

the outer gummy covering and egg-shell, and deposits its eggs
within the egg of the tent-caterpillar, where the young larvae
of the parasite hatch and feed upon the contents of the egg-
shell of our enemy. A small mite, very similar to that shown
in Fig. 31, is also very destructive to these eggs, eating into
them and feeding on their occupants. Two larger Ichneumon
flies prey upon the caterpillar, Pimpla
conquisitor (Say) (Fig. 42) and Ichneu-
mon laetus Brulle", as well as one or more
species of Tachina flies, two-winged in-
sects a little larger than the common
house-fly, similar to Fig. 46. All these
latter parasites watch their opportunity
when the growing caterpillar is feeding,
and deposit their eggs on or under the
skin of their victim, which shortly hatch, when the larvae
burrow into the bodies of the tent-caterpillars and feed on
them, carefully avoiding the destruction of the vital organs.
The infested caterpillars usually reach maturity and construct
their cocoons, but after a time, instead of the moth, one or
more of these friendly insects make their appearance. Sev-
eral predaceous insects also devour the caterpillars ; these are
referred to in detail under No. 21.

No. 21,— The Forest Tent-caterpillar.

Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris.

This insect closely resembles the common tent- caterpillar,
No. 20. The moth (6, Fig. 43) is of a similar color, but
paler, or more yellowish. The space between the two oblique
lines is usually darker than the rest of the wing, and the
lines themselves are dark brown instead of whitish. In the
figure, a represents the egg-cluster, c one of the eggs, much
enlarged, as seen from the top, d a side-view of the same.

The eggs of this species may be distinguished by their
almost uniform diameter and by their being cut off squarely
at each end. The number of eggs in each cluster is usually

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

53

FIG. 43.

from three to four hundred ; they are white, about one-twenty-
fifth of an inch long, and one-fortieth wide, rounded at the
base, gradually enlarg-
ing towards the apex,
where they are mar-
gined by a prominent
rim, and have a sunken
spot in the centre. The
eggs are deposited in
circles, and with each
one is secreted a small
quantity of gummy
matter, which firmly
fastens it to the twig and also to the adjoining egg, and upon
becoming dry forms a coating of brown varnish over the pale
egg. Like the tent-caterpillar, the young become fully
formed in the eggs before winter, and remain within them
in a torpid condition until spring.

The larvae in this instance also hatch about the time of the
bursting of the buds, and in the absence of food are endowed
with similar powers of endurance. It is said they have been
known to survive a fast of three weeks' duration. "While
young, they spin a slight web or tent against the side of the
trunk or branches. of the tree on which they are situated, but,
from its peculiar color or slight texture, it is seldom noticed.
In this early stage they often manifest strange processionary
habits, marching about in single or double column, one larva
so immediately following another that when thus crossing a
sidewalk or other smooth surface they appear at a little dis-
tance like black streaks or pieces of black cord stretched
across it. From the time they are half grown, until they
approach maturity, they seem to have a great fondness for
exercise, and delight to travel in rows along fence-boards,
which they do at a very brisk pace when in search of food.

In about six weeks this larva becomes full grown (Fig.
44), and is then an inch and a half or more in length, of a

54 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

pale-bluish color, sprinkled all over with black points and
dots. On the back is a row of ten or eleven oval or diamond-
shaped white spots, by which it may be at
FIG. 44. once distinguished from the common tent-
caterpillar, while on the sides there are pale-
yellowish stripes, somewhat broken, and
mixed with gray. The hairs on the body are
fox-colored, mixed with coarser whitish hairs.
The caterpillars attain full growth about the
middle of June.

Occasionally, during the latter part of
May, when about half grown and extremely
voracious, these caterpillars will appear in
perfect swarms and attract general attention.
During the latter part of the day, and fre-
quently also in the morning, they collect on the trunks and
larger branches of the trees in large black masses, which are
so easily reached that they seem to invite destruction. While
particularly injurious to the apple, they also attack various
species of forest-trees, such as oak, thorn, ash, basswood, beech,
plum, cherry, walnut, hickory, etc., and sometimes large
clumps of wood may be seen in June quite bare of foliage
from the devastation caused by this insect, while underneath
the ground is covered with small black grains of exuvia.
It is often very abundant in the West, and occasionally equally
destructive in the South, especially in Georgia and Tennessee.
When full grown, this larva spins a cocoon (see Fig. 45)
closely resembling that of the tent-caterpillar, usually within
the shelter of a leaf, the edges of which are partly drawn
together. Within such an enclosure there is generally one
cocoon, but in times of great abundance, and where the en-
closure is large enough, there are often two or three cocoons
together. At such periods almost every leaf or fragment of
a leaf is so occupied, and, the whitish-yellow cocoons being
only partly hidden, and the leaves hanging with their weight,
one is impressed with the idea that the tree is laden with some

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

55

FIG. 45.

strange sort of fruit. If leaves cannot be had for shelter, the
cocoons will be found under the bark of trees, in every suit-
able crevice or hiding-place in
fences, or under logs. In two
or three days the enclosed larva
changes to a chrysalis of a red-
dish-brown color, densely clothed
with short pale-yellowish hair,
and in the course of two or three
weeks the moth appears, which,
like the insect last described,
No. 20, is nocturnal in its habits,
and lives but a few days, when,
having provided for the contin-
uance of its species, it perishes.
Remedies. — The egg-clusters
should be sought for and de-
stroyed during the winter
months. When the caterpillars
are young, they will drop, sus-
pended by a silken thread, in
mid -air, if the branch on which
they are feeding be suddenly
struck ; advantage may be taken
of this habit, and by swinging
a stick around, the threads may
be gathered in with the larvae attached to them. When the
caterpillars have become half grown, the trees should be
frequently inspected, early in the morning, and the congregated
masses crushed and destroyed with a stiff broom or some
other equally suitable implement. During the day they are
so constantly on the move, that a young tree thoroughly
cleansed from them in the morning may be crowded again
before evening. To avoid the necessity of constant watch-
ing, strips of cotton batting, three or four inches wide, should
be tied around the tree about half-way up the trunk ; these

56

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

-FiG. 46.

bands should be tied tightly in the middle. Each caterpillar
is furnished with four pairs of fleshy prolegs, which are
fringed with small horny hooks, and on its trying to pass
over the cotton these hooks get so entangled in the fibres
that further progress becomes very difficult, and is seldom
persisted in. A shower of rain will pack the fibres of the
cotton somewhat, but where the string fastening it is tied
around the middle, the upper half washes down and makes
a sort of roof overhanging the lower portion, which in great
measure protects it from the weather.

These larvae are seldom abun-
dant for many years in succession,
for in times of great plenty their
natural enemies multiply with
amazing rapidity. Several par-
asites destroy them. Two species
of Ichneumon flies prey on them,
also a two-winged Tachina fly,
closely resembling the Red-tailed

Tachina fly, Nemorsea leucanise (Kirkp.) (Fig. 46), which
attacks the army-worm, but this fly is without the red tail.

FIG. 47.

FIG. 48.

A species of bug (Hemiptera) attacks the caterpillars just when
they are constructing their cocoons, and sucks them empty,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 57

while some of the insect-feeding birds devour them greedily,
especially the black-billed cuckoo. There are several species
of predaceous insects belonging to the Carabidae, or ground-
beetles, which are very active in their habits, and diligently
hunt for them and eat them, notably the Green Caterpillar-
hunter, Calosoma scrutator (Fabr.) (Fig. 47), and the Copper-
spotted Calosoma, Calosoma calidum (Fabr.) (Fig. 48). They
are sometimes destroyed in great numbers by a fungoid disease,
which arrests their progress when
about full grown, and the affected FIG. 49.

specimens may be found attached to
fences and trees, retaining an ap-
pearance almost natural, but when
handled they will often be found so
much decayed as to burst with a
gentle touch. An Ichneumon fly,
Pimpla pedalis Cresson (Fig. 49), is a parasite on this larva,
while mites prey upon the eggs, identical with those which
feed on the eggs of the common tent-caterpillar.

No. 22,— The White-marked Tussock-moth.

Orgyia leucostigma (Sm. & Abb.).

The orchardist, walking among his fruit-trees after the
leaves have fallen, or during the winter months, will fre-
quently find a dead leaf or leaves fastened here and there to
the branches of his trees ; on examination, these will usually
be found to contain a gray cocoon, with in most instances a
mass of eggs fastened to it. On breaking into this mass,
which is brittle, it will be found to include from three hun-
dred to five hundred eggs, about one-twenty-fifth of an inch
in diameter, of a white color, nearly globular, and flattened
on the upper side. They are placed in three or four layers,
the interstices being filled with a frothy, gelatinous matter,
which makes them adhere securely together, and over all is
a thick coating of the same material, with a nearly smooth
grayish-white surface, of a convex form, which effectually

58 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

prevents the lodgment of any water on it. The egg-mass is
attached to an empty gray cocoon, the former abode of the
female which deposited them.

About the middle of May the eggs hatch, when the young
caterpillars at once proceed to devour the leaves of the tree
on which they are placed, when disturbed letting themselves
down by a silken thread, remaining suspended until danger
is past, when they climb up the thread and regain their
former position. When mature, they are very handsome,
and present the appearance shown in Fig. 50, are more than

FIG. 50.

an inch long, of a bright-yellow color, with the head and two
small protuberances on the hinder part of the back of a bril-
liant coral-red. Along the back there are four cream-colored
brush-like tufts, two long black plumes on the anterior part
of the body, and one on the posterior. The sides are clothed
with long, fine yellow hairs. There is a narrow black or
brown stripe along the back, and a wider dusky stripe on
each side. There are two broods during the season, the first
completing their larval growth and spinning their cocoons
about the middle of July ; the second hatching towards the
last of July and completing their growth by the end of
August, the moths from these latter depositing the eggs,
which remain on the trees during the winter.

The cocoon, as already stated, is spun in the leaf; it is of
a loose texture, gray in color, and has woven into it numerous
hairs derived from the body of the caterpillar. The enclosed
chrysalis is of an oval form and brown color, sometimes whitish

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

59

on the under side, and is covered with short hairs or down.
In about a fortnight the moth of the summer brood is hatched,
when one might reasonably expect that from so handsome a
caterpillar there would appear a moth with some correspond-
ing beauty, but any such expectation is doomed to disappoint-
ment. In Fig. 51, c shows the chrysalis of the female, and
d that of the male.

The female moth is wingless, or provided with the merest
rudiments of wings ; her body is of a light-gray color, of an

FIG. 51.

FIG. 52.

FIG. 53.

oblong-oval form, with rather long legs, and is distended
with eggs ; indeed, she is more like an animated bag of eggs
than anything else. (See Fig. 52, where she is represented
attached to the empty cocoon from which she has escaped.)
After her escape, she patiently waits the attendance of the
male, and then begins to place her eggs on the outside of
her own cocoon, fastening them there in the manner already
described. During this process her body contracts very
much, and soon after her work is finished she drops down
to the ground and dies.

The male moth (Fig. 53) is of an ashen-gray color, the
fore wings being crossed by wavy bands of a darker shade ;
there is a small black spot on the outer edge near the tip, an
oblique blackish stripe beyond it, and a minute white crescent
near the outer hind angle. The body is gray, with a small
black tuft near the base of the abdomen. The wings, when
expanded, measure about an inch and a quarter across.

60 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

Since the female is wingless, and invariably attaches her
eggs to the outside of her own cocoon, the insect can only
spread by the wanderings of the caterpillars, or the careless
introduction of eggs on young trees. No doubt the latter
has been the most prolific source of mischief. Although
not usually very injurious, it becomes at times a perfect pest
to the fruit-grower, stripping the trees almost bare of leaves
and disfiguring the fruit by gnawing its surface. While
very partial to the apple, it attacks also the plum and pear,
and is said to feed occasionally on the elm, maple, horse-chest-
nut, and oak.

Remedies. — The increase of this insect may be easily pre-
vented by collecting and destroying the eggs during the win-
ter months. In gathering the cocoons, all those having no
egg-masses attached should be left, as they contain either the
empty chrysalids of the male or the chrysalids of parasites.
/Y'Nine different species of flies, four-winged and two-winged,
( are known to be parasitic on this insect in the caterpillar state.

No. 23, — The Yellow-necked Apple-tree Caterpillar
Datana ministra (Drury).

The moth of this species was first described by Mr. Drury,
an eminent English entomologist, in 1773, from specimens

received by him from New

FlG- 54- York. It measures, when

its wings are expanded,
about two inches across
(see Fig. 54), and is of a
light-brown color, with the
head and a large spot on
the thorax chestnut-brown.
On the fore wings there are

from three to five transverse brown lines, one or two spots
near the middle (sometimes wanting), and the outer margin
also of the same color. The hind wings are pale yellow,
without markings. When in repose, the hinder part of its

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 61

body is raised up, and the fore legs stretched out. The
moths appear from the middle of June until the end of July.

Each female deposits her stock of eggs in a single cluster
of from seventy to one hundred in number. They are white,
round, less than one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter, placed
side by side in nearly straight rows, and firmly cemented to
each other, as well as to the surface of the leaf on which they
are placed. Those first laid begin to hatch during the third
week in July, while others are three or four weeks later, so
that some broods are nearly full grown, while others are
small and but a few days old.

The young larvae eat only the under side and pulpy part
of the leaves, leaving the veins and upper side untouched, but
as they increase in size and strength they devour the whole
of the leaf except the stem. When young they are brown,
striped with white, but as they mature they become darker
in color, with yellow stripes ;. they attain their full growth in
about five or six weeks, when they are about two inches long.
The head is large and black, the next segment, sometimes
called the neck, of a dull orange color, a black stripe ex-
tending down the back, and three stripes of the same color
alternating with four yellow stripes on each side. The body
is thinly clothed with long, soft, whitish hairs. The larvae
are invariably found clustered closely together on a limb, on
which, beginning with the tender leaves at the extremity, they
gradually devour all before them, leaving the branch per-
fectly bare. Its leafless condition soon attracts attention, and
on examination it is found to be loaded with these caterpil-
lars crowded together. The position they assume when at
rest is very odd, and is well shown in Fig. 55 ; both ex-
tremities are raised, the body being bent, and resting only
on the four middle pairs of legs. If touched or alarmed,
they throw up their heads and tails with a jerk, at the same
time bending the body until the two extremities almost meet
over the back ; they also jerk their heads from side to side.
They all eat together, crowded upon the under surface of

62 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

the leaves, along the margins of whick appears a row of
shining black heads, with each mouth busily engaged in de-
vouring the portion near it, and when
the meal is finished they arrange
themselves side by side along the
branches which they have stripped.
If one branch does not afford food
enough, they attack another; and
when full grown and ready to trans-
form, they nearly all leave the tree
at the same time, descending by night
to the ground, where they burrow
under the surface to the depth of from two to four inches,
and after a time cast their caterpillar skins and become
naked, brown chrysalids. They remain in the pupa state
until the following July, when the moths escape and take
wing.

Although sometimes very abundant and destructive, this
insect is not usually very common ; some years a few clusters
may be seen, and then several seasons may pass before they
are met with again. The nakedness of the limbs they attack
soon attracts attention, when the caterpillars may be easily
destroyed by crushing them on the tree, or by cutting off the
branches and throwing them into the fire. A small Ichneu-
mon parasite is known to prey on them, which may in some
measure account for the irregularity of their appearance.

No. 24, — The Red-humped Apple-tree Caterpillar.

(Edemasia concinna (Sm. & Abb.).

This insect very much resembles in habits the yellow-
necked apple-tree caterpillar (No. 23).

The moth (Fig. 56) appears about the last of June. The
fore wings are dark brown on the inner, and grayish on the
outer margin, with a dot near the middle, a spot near each
angle, and several longitudinal streaks along the hind margin,
all dark brown. The hind wings of the male are brownish,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 63

or dirty white, those of the female dusky brown ; the body
is light brown, the thorax of a darker shade. When ex-
panded, the wings measure from an inch to an inch and a
quarter across.

The female deposits her eggs in a cluster, on the under side
of a leaf, during the month of July, where they shortly hatch
into tiny caterpillars, which at first consume only the sub-
stance of the under side of the leaf, leaving the upper surface
unbroken, but as they increase in size they eat the entire leaf.
When not eating, they remain close together, sometimes com-
pletely covering the branch they rest upon. Having come to
maturity, which occurs during August or early in September,
the caterpillar appears as represented in Fig. 57. The head

FIG. 56. FIG. 57.

is coral-red, and there is a hump on the back on the fourth
ring or segment of the same color ; the body is traced length-
wise by slender black, yellow, and white lines, and has two
rows of black prickles along the back, and other shorter ones
upon the sides, from each of which there arises a fine hair.
The hinder segments taper a little, and are always elevated,
as shown in the figure, when the insect is not crawling. It
measures, when full grown, about an inch and a quarter long.
These caterpillars entirely consume the leaves of the branch
on which they are placed, and when these are insufficient the
adjoining branches are laid under tribute. When handled,
they discharge a transparent fluid having a strong acid smell,
which doubtless serves as a defence against enemies, especially
birds, since their habit of feeding openly in large flocks ren-
ders them particularly liable to attack from these ever-active
foes.

64 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

When full grown, they all disappear about the same time,
descending from the trees to the ground, where they con-
ceal themselves under leaves, upon or slightly under the sur-
face, and after a long time change to brown chrysalids, as
shown in Fig. 58, and remain in the pupa state until late in
June or early in July of the following year, when
FIG. 58. the perfect moths appear.

In the North there is only one brood during the
year, but in the South they are said to be double-
brooded. They are very generally distributed, but
seldom abundant, and, while preferring the apple,
feed also on the plum, cherry, rose, thorn, and pear.
As they maintain their gregarious habits during their en-
tire larval existence, they can easily be gathered and destroyed,
either by cutting off the limb and burning it, or by dislodg-
ing them by suddenly jarring the limb, when they fall to the
ground and may be trampled under foot. These larvae are
also destroyed by parasites belonging to the family of Ichneu-
mons, but it is not yet known to what species we are indebted
for this friendly help.

Nos. 25 and 26. — Canker-worms.

Anisopteryx vernata (Peck), and A. pometaria Harris.

These are two distinct species of insects which have been
confounded under the common name of canker-worm, and, as
their habits and appearance are so similar, it will be conveni-
ent to treat of them under one heading. The moths from the
species pometaria leave the ground chiefly in the fall, those of
vernata partly in the fall, but more abundantly in the spring.

A. pometaria, known as the Fall Canker-worm, will first
claim our attention. Late in the season, when many of the
leaves have fallen, and severe frosts have cut everything that
is tender, a walk in the woods or through the orchard on a
sunny afternoon is not void of interest. Here and there slen-
der, delicate, silky-winged moths may be seen flitting about,
enjoying the sunshine. On capturing one and examining it

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. (55

closely, we find it to be almost transparent, and one is led to
wonder why so frail a creature should select so bleak a season
in which to appear; but, delicate as its structure seems to be,
it is nevertheless one of the hardiest of its race, requiring,
indeed, a considerable degree of cold for its perfect develop-
ment. These are the male moths of the canker-worm, and
chiefly those of pometaria, the fall canker-worm. The females
are wingless.

The eggs of this species (a and b, Fig. 59) are flattened
above, have a central puncture and a brown circle near the

border, are laid side by side in

FIG. 59.
regular masses (e, Jb ig. ou), oiten

as many as a hundred together,
and generally placed in exposed
situations on the twigs or branches
of the tree. They usually hatch
about the time when the young
leaves of the apple push from
the bud, when the little canker-
worms cluster upon and consume the tender leaves, and, on
the approach of cold or wet weather, creep for shelter into the
bosom of the expanding bud or into the opening flowers.
The newly-hatched caterpillar is of a pale olive-green color,
with the head and horny part of the second segment of a very
pale hue. When full grown, it measures about an inch in
length, presenting the appearance shown at/, Fig. 59 ; in the
same figure, c represents a side view of one of the segments
of the body, enlarged so as to show its markings. These
caterpillars are called loopers, because they alternately loop
and extend their bodies when in motion. They are also
known as measuring-worms. They vary in color from
greenish yellow to dusky or even dark brown, with broad
longitudinal yellowish or paler stripes along each side. When
not eating, they usually assume a stiff posture, either flat
and parallel with the twigs on which they rest, or at an angle
of about forty-five degrees ; in either case, since they closely

5

66 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

resemble in color the branch on which they rest, they usu-
ally elude detection. When full grown, they leave the trees
either by creeping down the trunk or by letting themselves
down by silken threads from the branches. When thus sus-
pended in great numbers, as is frequently the case, under the
limbs of trees overhanging roads and sidewalks, they become
a great annoyance, especially to sensitive people, and are often
swept off by passing vehicles, and in this manner sometimes
distributed over a considerable area.

Having reached the ground, they burrow into it to a depth
of from two to six inches, where they make a rather tough
cocoon of buff-colored silk, interwoven with particles of
earth. The chrysalis is about half an inch long, of a light
grayish-brown color, that of the male slender and furnished
with wing-cases, that of the female larger and without wing-
cases. The chrysalids remain in the ground throughout the
summer, and the moths usually appear on the wing during the
mild weather which succeeds the first severe frosts in autumn.
The female moth of each species is without wings, and
sluggish in movement, with a very odd spider-like appearance.

(See 6, Fig. 60.) With

Fm- 60- a body distended with

eggs, she drags her
weary way along in a
most ungainly manner

6 until she reaches the

base of a suitable tree,
up which she climbs, and there awaits the arrival of the male.
Her body is of a uniform shining ash color above, and gray
beneath ; it is from three to four tenths of an inch in length.
The fore wings of the male (Fig. 60, a) are of a brownish-
gray color, very glossy, and are crossed by two rather irregu-
lar whitish bands, the outer one enlarging near the apex,
where it forms a large pale spot. The hind wings are
grayish brown, with a faint central blackish dot and a more
or less distinct whitish band crossing them.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 67

Anisopteryx vernata, known as the Spring Canker-worm,
has an oval-shaped egg, shown at 6 in Fig. 61, highly mag-
nified ; the natural size is shown in
the small cluster adjoining ; they are
of a very delicate texture and pearly
lustre, and are laid in masses with-
out any regularity or order in their
arrangement, often as many as a
hundred together, usually hidden in
crevices of the bark of trees. They
hatch at the same time as the other species.

The young caterpillar is of a dark olive-green or brown
color, with a black shining head, and a horny plate of the
same color on the top of the next segment; they, too, are
about an inch long when full grown, and present then the
appearance shown at a, Fig. 61. In the same figure, c rep-
resents a side view, and d a back view, of one of the segments,
enlarged so as to show their markings more distinctly.

When full grown, this caterpillar closely resembles that of
the other species, and the body is equally variable in color.
In this the head is mottled and spotted, and has two pale
transverse lines in front; the body is longitudinally striped
with many narrow pale lines; along the sides it becomes
deeper in color, and down the middle of the back are some
blackish spots. Their habits are similar to those of the other
species, and they attain full growth about the same time.

The chrysalids, which are found about the same depth
under ground, are similar in color to those of pomdaria, but
the cocoon is much more fragile, and is easily torn to pieces.
Sometimes the moth escapes from the chrysalis in the autumn,
but more frequently during the first warm days of spring.

The abdomen of the female (6, Fig. 62), as well as that of
the male, has in this species, .upon the hinder margin of each
of the rings, two transverse rows of stiff reddish spines ; at
d in the figure is represented a joint of the abdomen, en-
larged, showing these spines. The female also has a retractile

68 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE

ovipositor, shown in the figure at e; this is wanting in the
other species ; c represents a portion of one of her antennae.

The fore wings of

FlG- 62- ±u i 1*1.

the male are paler than

in pometaria, and more
transparent; they are
ash-colored or brown-
ish gray, and of a silky
appearance. A broken
whitish band crosses the wings near the outer margin, and
three interrupted brownish lines between that and the base ;
there is an oblique black dash near the tip of the fore wings,
and a nearly continuous black line at the base of the fringe.
The hind wings are plain pale ash color, or very light gray,
with a dusky dot about the middle.

Remedies. — To attack an enemy with success it is essential
that we know his vulnerable points. In this instance, since
the females are without wings, if they can be prevented from
crawling up the trees to deposit their eggs, a great point will be
gained. Various measures have been employed to secure this
end, all belonging to one or other of two classes, — first, those
that prevent the ascension of the moth by entangling her feet
and holding her there, or by drowning her ; second, those
which look to a similar end by preventing her from getting a
foothold, and causing her to fall repeatedly to the ground
until she becomes exhausted and dies. In the first class is
included tar, mixed with oil to prevent its drying, and applied
either directly around the body of the tree, or on strips of old
canvas or stiff paper, about five or six inches wide, and tied
in the middle with a string ; refuse sorghum molasses, printer's
ink, and slow-drying varnishes, are used in a similar manner.
Tin, lead, and rubber troughs, to contain oil, also belong to
this class of remedies, and have all been used with more or
less success. In the use of any of the first-named sticky
substances, it should be borne in mind that they must be kept
sticky by frequent renewal of the surface in mild weather, or

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 69

the application will be useless; they should also be applied
as early as the latter part of October, and kept on until the
leaves are expanded in the following spring. It must also be
remembered that some of the moths, defeated in their attempts
to climb the trees, will deposit their eggs near the ground, or
anywhere, in fact, below the barrier, and that the tiny young
worms hatched from them will pass without difficulty through
a very small opening. Hence, whether troughs or bandages
are used, care must be taken to fill up all the irregularities of
surface in the bark of the trees, so that no openings shall be
left through which they may pass. Cotton batting answers
well in most cases for this purpose.

The second class of remedies consists of various ingenious
devices, in the way of collars of metal, wood, or glass fastened
around the tree and sloping downward like an inverted funnel.
These, although they prevent the moths from ascending the
tree, offer but little obstacle to the progress of the young
caterpillars unless the openings between the collar and the
tree are carefully packed, and hence they often fail of entire
success. Those belonging to the first class are said to be the
surest and best, and while it must be admitted that it involves
much time and labor to renew so often and for so long a period
the tar or other sticky application so as to make it an effectual
barrier to the ascent of the insect, still it will pay, wherever
the canker-worm abounds, to give this matter the attention
requisite to insure success. The limited power of motion
possessed by the female usually confines this insect within
narrow limits, and hence it is local in its attacks, sometimes
abounding in one orchard and being scarcely known in a
neighboring one; but when it has obtained a footing, and is
neglected, it usually multiplies prodigiously. Strong winds
will sometimes carry the larvae from one tree to another near
by. When the caterpillars are once on the tree, if the tree is
small, they may be dislodged by jarring, when they all drop,
suspended in mid-air by silken threads; then, by swinging a
stick above them, the threads may be collected and the larvae

70

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 03.

brought to the ground and destroyed. Fall ploughing has
been recommended to destroy the chrysalids by turning them
up, when they are likely to be either killed by exposure or
devoured by birds. Hogs also are very useful in destroying
this pest by rooting up the chrysalids and eating them.

These insects have many natural enemies. A small mite,
Nothrus ovivorus Packard (Fig. 63), destroys the eggs? A
minute parasitic fly deposits her eggs
within the eggs of the canker-worm and
destroys them. In the larval state they
are preyed on by a small four-winged
fly, a species of Microgaster, which, after
having fed upon its victim to full growth,
eats its way out, and constructs a small
oval white cocoon attached to the body
of the caterpillar. A species of Tachina,
a two-winged fly similar to Fig. 46, No.
21, is also a parasite on these worms. Predaceous insects
also feed upon them, especially the Green Caterpillar-hunter
(Fig. 47), the Copper-spotted Calosoma (Fig. 48), and the
Rapacious Soldier-bug, Sinea diadema (Say) (Fig. 64). The

Fraternal Potter-wasp, Eumenes fraternus Say (a, Fig. 65),
stores the cells for her young with canker-worms, often placing
as many as fifteen or twenty in a single cell. In the figure, at

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 71

b is shown the clay cell of this insect entire ; at c the same cut
through, showing how it is packed with these larvae. These
cells are sometimes attached to plants and sometimes con-
structed under the loose bark of trees. Insect-eating birds
also devour large numbers of canker-worms.

These insects are not confined to the apple-tree: elm-
trees are frequently eaten bare by them ; they attack also
the plum, cherry, linden, and many other trees. They are
common in tlie Eastern and Western States, and also in some
parts of Canada.

No. 27.— The Fall Web-worm.
Hyphantria textor Harris.

After the webs of the tent-caterpillars have been carefully
removed in the spring, and the fruit-grower is perhaps flatter-
ing himself with the idea that his troubles in this direction
are about over, towards the end of summer he may be mor-
tified to find his trees again adorned with webs enclosing
swarms of hungry caterpillars, devouring the foliage. This is
the fall web- worm, an insect totally different in all its stages
from the common tent-caterpillar. The moth of this species
deposits her eggs in broad patches on the under side of the
leaves, near the end of a branch, during the latter part of
May or early in June. These hatch in the month of June,
July, or August; during the earlier period in the warmer
districts, and later in the colder ones.

As soon as the young larvae appear they begin to eat, and to
spin a web over themselves for protection. They devour only
the pulpy portion of the leaves, leaving the veins and skin of
the under surface untouched. While young, they are of a
pale-yellowish color, sparingly hairy, with two rows of black
marks along the body. When full grown, they are an inch
or more in length, and vary greatly in their markings • some
examples are pale yellow or greenish, others much darker and
of a bluish-black hue. The head is black, and there is a broad
dusky or blackish stripe down the back ; along each side is a

72

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 66.

yellowish band, speckled more or less with black. The body
is covered with long straight hairs, grouped in tufts, arising

from small black or orange-yel-
low protuberances, of which there
are a number on each segment.
The hairs are sometimes of a
dirty white, with a few black
ones interspersed, sometimes red-
dish brown ; they are longest

towards the extremities of the body. Unlike the common
tent- caterpillars, these Iarva3 do not wander from their nests
to feed until nearly full grown, but extend the web over their
whole feeding-ground, constantly enclosing fresh portions of
the branch occupied, until sometimes the web covers a space
several feet long, the whole enclosed portion having a scorched
or withered look, as if it had been blighted. When nearly
at their full growth, they suddenly abandon their social habits
and scatter far and wide, feeding on almost any green thing
they meet with. They are very active, and run briskly when
disturbed.

During September and October these caterpillars descend
to the ground and burrow a short distance under the surface,
or creep under crevices of bark or some such shelter above
ground, where they form slight cocoons of silk, interwoven
with hairs from their bodies. Within these cocoons they
soon change to chrysalids of a dark-brown color (Fig. 67),

FIG. 67.

FIG. 68.

smooth, polished, and faintly punctated, with a swelling about
the middle. In this condition they remain until the following
year.

The moth (Fig. 68) is of a milk-white color, without spots;

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 73

the antennae are gray, those of the male doubly feathered be-
low, those of the female with two rows of minute teeth only ;
the front thighs are tawny yellow, the feet blackish brown.
When the wings are expanded they measure about one and
a quarter inches across. The moth flies only at night.

In the Northern United States and Canada there is only
one brood of this insect in the season, but in the South it is
frequently double-brooded, the first brood of the larvae ap-
pearing in June, the second in August. It is a very general
feeder ; besides the apple, it also eats the leaves of the plum,
cherry, pear, hickory, ash, elm, willow, oak, beech, button-
wood, grape, currant, blackberry, raspberry, and clover.

From their birth, the web-spinning habits of these larvae
promptly lead to their detection, and as soon as seen they
should be removed by cutting off the twig or branch and
destroying it ; if beyond ordinary reach, the branch may be
cut off by attaching a pair of priming-shears to a pole and
pulling one handle with a string. As they remain constantly
under the web for so long a period, the removal of the branch

insures in most instances the destruction of

PIG. 69
the whole colony.

No parasites have yet been recorded as
preying on them, but many carnivorous in-
sects devour them. The Spined Soldier-bug,
Podisus spinosus (Dallas) (Fig. 69), attacks
them, piercing their bodies with its beak
and sucking them empty. This friendly insect is represented
in the figure at 6, with one pair of wings extended, the other
closed ; at a, a magnified view of the beak is given.

No. 28. — The Cecropia Emperor-moth.

Platysamla Cecropia (Linn.).

Among the many beautiful insects native to this country,
there are none which excite more delight and astonishment
than the Cecropia moth. Its size is enormous, measuring,
when its wings are spread, from five to seven inches across,

74

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

while its beauty is such as to charm all beholders. Fig. 70
gives a very good representation of this magnificent moth.

Both the front and hind wings are of a rich brown, the
anterior pair grayish shaded with red, the posterior more

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 75

uniformly brown, and about the middle of each of the wings
is a nearly kidney-shaped white spot, shaded more or less with
red, and margined with black. A wavy dull-red band crosses
each of the wings, edged within with white, the edging wide
and distinct on the hind wings, and more or less faint on the
front pair. The outer edges of the wings are of a pale silky
brown, in which, on the anterior pair, runs an irregular dull-
black line, which on the hind wings is replaced by a double
broken band of the same hue. The front wings, next to the
shoulders, are dull red, with a curved white and black band,
and near their tips is an eye-like spot with a bluish- white
crescent. The upper side of the body and the legs are dull
red, with a wide band behind the head, and the hinder edges
of the rings of the abdomen white; the under side of the
body is also marked with white.

During the winter months, when the apple-trees are leaf-
less, the large cocoons of this insect are frequently found
firmly attached to the twigs ; they also occur on many other
trees and shrubs, for in its caterpillar state it is a very
general feeder. The cocoon (Fig. 71) is about three inches
long and an inch or more broad in its widest part, pod-
shaped, of a rusty-gray or brownish color ; it is formed of
two layers of silk, the outer one not unlike strong brown
paper, and within this a quantity of loose silken fibres cover-
ing an inner, oval, closely-woven cocoon, containing a large
brown chrysalis. Snugly enclosed within this double wrap-
per, the chrysalis remains uninjured by the variations of
temperature during the winter. Late in May, or early in
June, the pupa-case is ruptured by the struggles of its occu-
pant, and the newly-born moth begins to work its way out
of the cocoon ; to lessen the labor, a fluid is secreted from
about the mouth, which softens the fibres; then a tearing,
scraping sound is heard, made by the insect working with the
claws on its fore feet, pulling away the softened threads and
packing them on each side to make a passage for its body.
The place of exit is the smaller end of the cocoon, which is

76

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 71.

more loosely made than any other part, and through which, after
the internal obstacles are overcome, the passage is effected
without much further trouble. First
through the opening is thrust the
front pair of bushy-looking legs,
the sharp claws of which fasten on
the outside structure ; then with an
effort the head is drawn forward,
displaying the beautiful feather-like
antenna; next the thorax, on which
are borne the other two pairs of
legs, is liberated, and finally the
escape is completed by the with-
drawal of the abdomen. An odd-
looking creature it is at first, with
its large, plump, juicy body, and its
thick, small wiugs not much larger
than those of a humble-bee. The
insect now seeks a good location
where the wings may hang down in
a position favorable for expanding,
when in a short time they undergo
a marvellous growth, attaining their
full size in from half an hour to an
hour.

Soon after their exit these moths
seek their mates, and shortly the
female begins to deposit her eggs, a
process which occupies considerable
time, since there are two or three
hundred to dispose of, and they are
usually laid in pairs, firmly fastened with a glutinous material,
on the under side of a leaf of the tree or shrub which is to
form the future food of the caterpillar. The egg is nearly
one-tenth of an inch long, almost round, of a dull creamy-
white color, with a reddish spot or streak near the middle.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

77

The duration of the egg-state is usually from a week to ten
days, when the young larva eats its way out, making its first
meal of the empty egg-shell. At first it is black, with little
shining black knobs on its body, from which arise hairs of
the same color. With a ravenous appetite, its growth is very
rapid, and from time to time its exterior coat or skin becomes
too tight for its comfort, when it is ruptured and thrown off.
At each of these changes or moultings the caterpillar appears
in an altered garb, until finally it assumes the appearance
represented in Fig. 72. It is a gigantic creature, from three

FIG. 72.

to four inches long, and nearly as thick as a man's thumb ;
its color is pale green ; the large warts or tubercles on the
third and fourth segments are coral-red, the others on the
back are yellow, except those on the second and terminal
segments, which, in common with the smaller tubercles along
the side, are blue. During its growth from the diminutive
creature as it escapes from the egg to the monstrous-looking
full-grown specimen, it consumes an immense amount of vege-
table food ; and especially as it approaches maturity is this
voracious appetite apparent. Where one or two have been
placed on a young apple-tree, they may in a short time strip
it entirely bare; the loss of foliage during the growing period

78 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

prevents the proper ripening of the wood, and often endangers
the life of the tree.

Remedies. — The natural increase of this insect is great, and
wise provisions have been made to keep it within due bounds.
Being so conspicuous an object, it often forms a dainty meal
for the larger insectivorous birds ; there are also enemies

which attack the egg and
FIG. 73. ^ ^ young larva, and several

species of parasites which
live within or on the body of
'-^— / the caterpillar, and finally
destroy it either in the lar-
val or the chrysalis state :
it is believed that fully
four-fifths of the larvae
perish in this manner. The
largest of these parasites,
and perhaps the commonest
of them all, is the Long-
tailed Ophion, Ophion ma-
cnmtm (Linn.) (Fig. 73), a large, yellowish-brown Ichneumon.
The female of this fly deposits her eggs on the skin of her
victim, where the young larvae soon hatch, and, having firmly
attached themselves, feed externally, sucking the juices of the
caterpillar. After the latter has attained full growth, formed

its cocoon, and become a
chrysalis, this useful para-
site causes its death. When
full grown, the larva of the
parasite is a large, fat, foot-
less grub (Fig. 74), which
spins an oblong-oval cocoon

within the Crecopia chrysalis, and escapes as a fly, sometimes
in the autumn, but more frequently in the following spring.
A two-winged fly, a species of Tachina (Fig. 46), is also very
frequently found as a parasite on the caterpillar. The larva

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

79

of this parasite is a fat, fleshy, footless grub, of a translucent
yellow color, and about half an inch in length. A third para-
site is a small four-winged fly, known as the Cecropia Chalcis-
fly, Smicra maride (Riley) (Fig. 75). Tn the figure the fly is

FIG. 75.

FIG

much magnified ; the short lines at the side show its natural
size. A fourth friendly helper is an Ichneumon fly, known
under the name of the
Cecropia Cryptus, Qryptus
extremaMs Cresson, which
infests the Cecropia larva
in great numbers, filling its
chrysalis so entirely with
its thin, papery cocoons
that a transverse section
bears a strong resemblance
to a piece of honey-comb.
(See Fig. 76.) The flies of
this parasite escape in June,
the female presenting the
appearance shown in Fig.
77, where it is much mag-
nified, the short line at the side showing its natural size.
Another two-winged parasite is Gaurax anchora Loew.

While very partial to the apple, the larva of Cecropia will
also feed on the cherry, plum, pear, maple, willow, lilac, Eng-

80 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

lish alder, red currant, and hazel ; also on the hickory, birch,
elm, honey-locust, barberry, hawthorn, and elder.

During the winter their cocoons should be looked for and
destroyed ; the larvae also may be subdued by hand-picking, —
their work, as well as their appearance, being so conspicuous
that they are readily detected.

No. 29. — The Unicorn Prominent,

Coslodasys unicornis (Sm. & Abb.).

The larva of this moth is a very singular-looking creature.
(See Fig. 78.) It is reddisli brown, variegated with white, on
the back, with a large brown head ; the
sides of the second and third segments
are green, and from the top of the
fourth a prominent horn is projected.
There are on the body a few short
hairs, scarcely visible to the naked eye ;
the posterior segment, with the hindermost pair of feet, is
always raised when the insect is at rest, but it generally uses
these feet in walking. In August and September this larva
may be found nearly full grown. At first eating a notch,
about the size of its body, in the side of the leaf on which it
is feeding, and placing itself in this notch, with the humps
on its body somewhat resembling the irregularities in the
margin of the partly-eaten leaf, it is not easily detected.
Eventually it consumes the entire leaf, except a small portion
of the base. When mature, it measures from an inch to an
inch and a quarter in length, and, while generally solitary in
its habits, sometimes three or four are found together eating
the leaves of the same twig. Besides the apple, it feeds on
the plum, dogwood, rose, alder, and winterberry.

When full grown, which is towards the end of September,
it descends from the tree, and under fallen leaves on the
ground constructs a thin, almost transparent, papery cocoon,
with bits of leaves attached to the outside. A considerable
time elapses after the cocoon is formed before the caterpillar

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. gl

changes to a brown chrysalis. The moth does not appear
until the following summer, and is most common in July.
(See Fig. 79.)

The fore wings are light brown, variegated with patches
of greenish white, with many wavy lines of a dark-brown
color, two of which enclose a small
whitish space ; at the base there FlG- 79-

is a short blackish mark near the
middle ; the tip and the outer hind
margin are whitish, tinged with
red in the males, and near the outer
hind angle there are two black
dashes and one small white dash. The hind wings of the
male are dirty white, with a dusky spot on the inner hind
angle, those of the female sometimes entirely dusky. The
body is brownish, with two narrow black bands across the
front part of the thorax. When the wings are expanded,
this moth measures from an inch and a quarter to an inch
and a half across. It is double-brooded in the South, the
moths of the first brood appearing early in June, those of
the second in August ; in the North it is also sometimes
double-brooded.

This insect is rarely present in sufficient numbers to do
any material damage ; and it seldom attracts the notice of the
fruit-grower, unless by the singular appearance of the cater-
pillar and its remarkable combination of colors. No para-
sites have yet been recorded as preying on it, though doubtless
ii suifers in this way in common with most other insects.

No, 30.— The Turnus Swallow-tail.

Papilio turnus Linn.

Every one must have seen the large turnus swallow-tail
butterfly floating about in the warm days of June and July,
enjoying the sunshine, drinking from the wayside pool, or
sipping the honey from flowers. It is one of our largest and
handsomest butterflies, measuring, when its wings are ex-

6

82

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

panded, about four inches across. (See Fig. 80.) The wings
are of a rich, pale lemon-yellow color, banded and bordered
with black ; on the fore wings are four black bars, the inner
one extending entirely across the wing, the outer ones be-
coming shorter as they approach the apex. The front mar-
gin is edged with black, and the outer margin has a wide
border of the same, in which is set a row of eight or nine
pale-yellow spots, the lower ones less distinct.

FIG. 80.

The hind wings are crossed by a streak of black, which is
almost a continuation of the inner band on the fore wings ;
there is a short black streak a little beyond, and a wide black
border, widening as it approaches the inner angle of the
wing. Enclosed within this border, and towards its outer
edge, are six lunular spots, the upper and lower ones reddish,
the others yellow ; above and about these spots, and especially
towards the inner angle of the wing, the black bordering is
thickly powdered with blue scales. The outer margin of the
hind wings is scalloped and partly edged with yellow; the
inner margin is bordered with brownish black for about two-

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 83

thirds of its length, followed by a small yellow patch, which
is succeeded by a larger black spot, centred with a crescent of
blue atoms, and bounded below by an irregular reddish spot,
margined within with yellow. The hind wings terminate in
two long black tails edged on the inside with yellow. The
body is black above, margined with pale yellowish; below,
yellowish streaked with black. The under surface of the
wings resembles the upper, but is paler.

This insect passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and ap-
pears first on the wing from the middle to the end of May,
but becomes more plentiful during the latter part of June and
early in July. The eggs are deposited singly on the leaves
of the apple and other trees and shrubs on which the larva
feeds ; they are about one-twenty-fourth of an inch in diame-
ter, nearly round, of a dark-green color, with a smooth sur-
face. In about ten or twelve days the eggs begin to change
color, becoming darker, and growing very dark just before
the escape of the larvae. The very young caterpillars are
black, roughened with small brownish-black tubercles, with
the first segment thickened, of a dull, glossy flesh color, a
prominent fleshy tubercle on each side, and a patch of white
on the seventh and eighth segments.

When full grown, it appears as in Fig. 81. It is then
from an inch and a half to two inches long, with a rather
large reddish-brown
head, and a green
body, which is thick-
est towards the head
and tapers posteri-
orly. On the an-
terior segments the

green is of a darker shade, but paler on the sides of the
body, and partly covered with a whitish bloom. On the
front edge of the first segment is a raised yellow fold, which
slightly overhangs the head, and from which, when irri-
tated, the larva protrudes a yellow, fleshy, forked organ, at

84 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

the same time giving off a disagreeable odor, which is doubt-
less used as a means of defence against its enemies. On each
side of the third segment is an eye-like spot, nearly oval,
yellow, enclosed by a ring of black, centred with a small
elongated blue dot, which is also set in black. On the hinder
portion of the fourth segment is another raised yellow fold,
bordered behind with rich velvety black ; the latter is seen
only when the larva is in motion. On the terminal segment
there is a similar fold, flattened above, with a slight protu-
berance on each side. On the fifth segment are two blue
dots, one on each side, and there are traces on the hinder
segments of similar dots, arranged in longitudinal rows.
The under surface is paler than the upper, with a whitish
bloom.

When the caterpillar is about to change to a chrysalis,
which is usually during the early part of August, the color
of the body grows gradually darker, until it becomes dark
reddish brown, with the sides nearly black, and the blue
dots become much more distinct. Having selected a suitable
spot in which to pass the chrysalis state, it spins a web of
silk, into which the hooks on the hind legs are firmly fastened ;
then, having prepared and stretched across a silken band or
loop to support its body in the middle, it casts its larval skin,
and remains a dull-brown chrysalis, of the
FIG. 82. form shown in Fig. 82, until the following

spring.

This insect is very widely distributed,
being found in nearly all parts of the
United States and Canada. The caterpil-
lar feeds on a number of different trees,
but chiefly affects the apple, cherry, thorn,
and basswood. As it is always solitary in its habits, it is
never likely to cause much injury. South of Pennsylvania
the female of this species of butterfly usually loses its yellow
color and becomes nearly black, while the other sex retains
its normal hue.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

85

No. 31.— The Blind-eyed Sphinx.

Smerinthus excecatus (Sm. & Abb.).

During September, and sometimes as late as the beginning
of October, there may be found occasionally on the apple-tree,
feeding on the leaves, a thick, cylindrical caterpillar, about two
and a half inches long, with a green triangular head, bordered
with white, an apple-green body, paler on the back, but deeper
in color along the sides, with its skin roughened with numerous
white-tipped granulations, having a stout horn on the hinder
part of its back, of a
bluish-green color, with FIG. 83.

seven oblique stripes on
each side, of a pale yel-
low, the last one of a
brighter yellow than the
others and extending to
the base of the horn.
This is the larva of the
blind-eyed sphinx, represented in Fig. 83.

When full grown, it leaves the tree and buries itself in

FIG. 84.

the earth, where it changes to a chrysalis of a chestnut-brown
color, smooth, with a short terminal spine.

The moth (Fig. 84) appears from May to July, but chiefly

86 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

in June, and is very handsome. The body is fawn-colored ;
on the top of the thorax is a chestnut-colored stripe, and on
the abdomen a dark-brown line. The front wings are fawn-
colored, clouded and striped with brown ; the hind wings are
rose-colored in the middle, with a brownish patch at the
tip, crossed by two or three short whitish lines, and having
near the inner angle a black spot with a pale-blue centre.
This moth measures, when its wings are spread, about three
inches across.

It is comparatively a rare insect, and has never been known
to cause any serious injury. While partial to the apple-tree,
the caterpillar will also feed on the plum and wild cherry.
The moth remains hidden during the day, but becomes very
active at dusk.

No, 32. — The Apple Sphinx.

Sphinx Gor dins Cram.

This insect belongs to the same family as No. 31, viz., the
Sphingidse, or Sphinx family, and there is a general re-
semblance between the two species in all their stages. The
larva of the apple sphinx is a thick, cylindrical, apple-green
caterpillar, about two and a half inches long, with a reddish-
brown horn projecting from the hinder part of its back, and
with seven oblique stripes along each side, of a violet color,
margined behind with white.

Late in the autumn it leaves off feeding and buries itself
deeply in the earth, where it changes to a brown chrysalis
with a short detached tongue-case. Here it remains until
the following season.

The perfect insect is a strong, narrow- winged moth, which
appears on the wing from the latter part of May to the end
of June. (Fig. 85.) Its fore wings are dark brown, varied
with ash-gray, with black streaks within the veins, and a
white dot near the middle, resting on a long black line. The
hind wings are gray, with a band across the middle, and a
wide marginal band of black. The fringes of the wings are

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 87

white, the head and thorax blackish brown. The abdomen
is dark gray, with a central black line, and alternate black and
grayish bands partly encircling it. When the wings are ex-

FIG. 85.

panded, the moth measures from three to three and a half
inches across. This also is a night-flyer.

No. 33. — The American Lappet-moth.

Gastropacha Americana Harris.

This singular insect is found in the larval state in July and
August, resting in the daytime on the twigs or limbs of the
apple-tree, feeding at night. Its body is broad, convex above,
and perfectly flat beneath, and when at rest it closely resem-
bles a natural swelling of the bark. It is of an ash-gray
color, fringed close to the under surface on each side with
tufts of blackish and gray hairs springing from projecting
tubercles. On the hinder part of the third segment there is
a bright-scarlet velvety band, and a similar one on the fourth
segment, neither of which is seen except when the larva is
in motion. On the second segment there are two small tu-
bercles on each side, and one on each side of the remaining
segments ; from these tubercles are given out tufts of grayish
hairs mingled with white ones. The under side of the body
is orange-colored, with a central row of diamond-shaped black-
ish spots. In general appearance it much resembles Fig. 87.

88 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

When ready to transform, it attaches itself to a limb and
there encloses itself in a gray cocoon, which appears like a
slight swelling of the limb, and in this enclosure it changes
to a brown chrysalis, in which state it remains until the
month of June following, when the perfect insect escapes.

The moth (Fig. 86) is of a tawny reddish-brown color,
with the hinder and inner edges of the fore wings and the

outer edges of the hind wings
FIG. 86. notched ; the notches are mar-

gined with white. Both pairs of
wings are crossed by a rather
broad, interrupted, whitish band,
not very clearly shown in the
figure, which, on the anterior
wings, does not always extend to
the front margin. In the female the pale bands and dark
lines are sometimes wanting, the wings being almost entirely
of a red-brown color. The moth measures, when its wings
are expanded, from an inch and a half to an inch and three-
quarters across.

The eggs are laid on the leaves of the apple-tree late in
June, and are very pretty objects under a magnifying-glass.
They measure about one-twentieth of an inch long, are oval,
flattened at the base and also above, and a little thicker at one
end than at the other. In color they are white, with peculiar
black markings ; at each end is a crescent-shaped stripe, with
a dot below it, and on both the flattened surfaces there are
markings like eyes, each formed by an oval spot in the
centre, with a curved stripe above and a shorter straight one
below ; between and parallel to the two eyebrow-like marks
there is another black stripe. The whole surface is covered
with a net-work, the meshes of which are irregular, with a
depressed dot in the centre of each. This insect feeds also
on the cherry and the oak, It is not at all common, and
probably will never be a source of much annoyance to the
fruit-grower.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 89

No. 34. — The Velleda Lappet-moth.

Tolype velleda (Stoll).

The caterpillar of this species is very similar in appearance
and habits to that of the American Lappet-moth, No. 33,
with some slight differences in color and markings. The full-
grown larva is two inches or more in length, with a small,
flat head, nearly hidden beneath two projecting tufts of hair
from the second segment. It is represented partly grown in
Fig. 87. The body is bluish
gray, with many faint paler
longitudinal lines ; across the
upper part of the fourth seg-
ment there is a narrow velvety
black band, more conspicuous
when the caterpillar is in motion. On each segment above
there are two warts with short black hairs, of which those on
the fourth segment, anterior to the band, are most prominent.
There are a few short black and gray hairs scattered over the
body. The side fringes which border the body close to the
under surface are composed of spreading tufts of light-gray
mingled with black hairs, of unequal length, proceeding from
warts nearly one-tenth of an inch long. The under side is of
a pale-red or orange color, with black spots. This caterpillar,
when at rest, closely resembles the color of the twig to which
it is attached, and hence is difficult to detect. It reaches
maturity during the month of July, and is found on the
cherry and elm, as well as on the apple.

The cocoon, which is usually attached to one of the branches
of the tree on which the larva has fed, is about an inch and
a half long and half an .inch wide, oval, convex above, and
flattened on the under side ; it is of a brownish-gray color,
with a few blackish hairs interwoven with the silk.

The moth (Fig. 88) is usually found in August and Sep-
tember. It has a large, thick, woolly body, of a white color,
variegated with bluish gray; its legs are thick and very

90 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

hairy. On the fore wings are two broad, dark-gray bands, in-
tervening between three narrow, wavy, white bands; the veins

are white and prominent. The
hind wings are gray, with a white
hind border, and across the middle
there is a broad, faint, whitish
band. On the top of the thorax
is an oblong, blackish-brown spot,
widening behind. The males are
not much more than half the size of the females; the former,
when their wings are expanded, measure about an inch and a
half across, the latter nearly two and a half inches. Like
that last described, this is a rare insect, and one never likely
to appear in sufficient numbers to be troublesome.

No. 35. — The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller.

Caccecia rosaceana (Harris).

This moth is a member of a very large family of small
moths called Tortrices, or, popularly, leaf-rollers, because
their larvae have the habit of rolling up the leaves, or por-
tions of them, forming hollow cylinders, firmly fastened with
silken threads, in which they live, and where they are partly
protected from birds and other enemies. Most of these
insects, when disturbed, slip quickly out of their enclosure
and let themselves down to the ground by a fine silken thread,
and thus frequently escape danger.

Soon after the buds of the apple-tree begin to open, the
caterpillars of the oblique-banded leaf-roller commence their
labors. They coil up and fasten together the small and tender
leaves, which thus furnish them at once with shelter and food.
When full grown, they are about three-quarters of an inch
in length, of a pale-green or yellowish-green color, sometimes
reddish or brownish, with the head and top of the first seg-
ment brown ; there is usually a darker green stripe along the
back, and a few smooth dots oh each segment, from each of
which there arises a short, fine hair. In Fig. 89 this larva is

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

91

FIQ. 89.

shown somewhat magnified; also the chrysalis, which is about
the natural size. Besides consuming the leaves, this leaf-
roller is very fond of gnawing the
skin of the young fruit, and such
abraded spots soon become brown
and rusty, and sometimes crack.

When mature, the larva lines the
inner surface of its dwelling-place
with a web of silk, and then changes
to a chrysalis of a dark-brown color.
(See Fig. 89.) Towards the end of
June, or early in July, with the help of some little thorns
on the hinder segments, the chrysalis wriggles itself half-
way out of the nest, and shortly after the imprisoned moth
escapes.

This is a short, broad, flat moth, resembling a bell in
outline when its wings are closed (see Fig. 90) ; but when
expanded (Fig. 91), they appear arched on the front edge,

FIG. 90.

FIG. 91.

curving in a contrary direction near the tip. The body is
reddish brown, the fore wings of a light cinnamon-brown
color, crossed with little, wavy, darker brown lines, and with
three broad, oblique, dark-brown bands, one of which covers
the base of the wings and is sometimes indistinct or want-
ing; the second crosses the middle of the wings; and the
third, which is broad on the front edge and narrow behind,
is near the outer hind margin. The hind wings are ochre-
yellow, with the folded part next to the body blackish.
When the wings are expanded, the moth measures about an
inch across. The caterpillars are found on the apple, pear,

92 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

plum, peach, cherry, rose, raspberry, gooseberry, currant,
strawberry, and probably some other plants, shrubs, and trees.

Remedies. — In the larval state this insect is infested by a
parasite, a species of Ichneumon. A single parasite almost
fills the body of the caterpillar, and yet the latter goes on
actively feeding, and grows to maturity without showing any
signs of inconvenience. When about to enter the chrysalis
state, the occupant eats its way out of the body of its victim,
which shrinks up and dies, and the parasite spins a cocoon
within the leafy enclosure, and forms a chrysalis nearly as
large as that of the leaf-roller, from which, in due time, a
four-winged fly escapes.

The depredations of this foe are sometimes serious, more
especially when it selects as its abode the terminal branches
of the tree, and thus checks its growth. Whenever practi-
cable, the curled and twisted clusters of leaves should be
pinched and the Iarva3 crushed; if out of reach, syringing
with powdered hellebore and water, in the proportion of an
ounce to a pailful of water, or with Paris-green and water, in
the proportion of a teaspoonful to a pailful of water will
destroy many of them.

No. 36.— The Lesser Apple-leaf Folder.

Teras minuta (Bobs).

The caterpillar of this species is a small greenish larva,
smooth, with a pale-brown head and whitish markings.
Those of the first brood make their appearance with the
opening foliage in spring ; the opposite edges of the tender
leaves are drawn together upwards, and fastened with a silken
web, thus forming a roof over the insect, which serves the
double purpose of shelter and protection. The second brood,
hatching later in the season from eggs laid on the surface of
the mature and less yielding leaf, do not draw its edges to-
gether, but simply construct a web over the surface of the
leaf. When mature, the caterpillar eats off the upper cuticle
of part of a leaf, and brings the edges together, tying them

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 93

with silken threads, and then lines the enclosure with fine
white silk.

Within this curled leaf the caterpillar changes to a brown
chrysalis, about three-tenths of an inch long. Some of the
segments of the body are furnished with minute spines, and
the posterior extremity with two hooks, bent downwards,
with which the pupa works itself half-way out of the enclo-
sure before the moth escapes.

The moth is about one-third of an inch long, and measures,
when its wings are spread, half an inch or more across. Its
head, thorax, and fore wings are of a bright-orange color,
the hind wings, body, and legs whitish, with a silken lustre.
The first moths appear early in the season, in time to deposit
their eggs on the young foliage as it bursts the buds; the
second brood appear during the latter half of July.

This insect sometimes occurs in great numbers, destroying
the leaves of apple-trees, particularly young trees, giving them
the appearance of being scorched by fire. When it becomes
necessary to destroy them, the remedies mentioned under No.
35 should be promptly applied.

No. 37.— The Leaf-crumpler,

Phycis indigenella (Zeller).

The fruit-grower will frequently find, on examining his
apple-trees in winter, clusters of curious little cases, partly
hidden by portions of crumpled and withered leaves. The
cases (Fig. 92, a, b) resemble long miniature horns, wide at
one end, tapering almost to a point at the other, and twisted
in a very odd manner. The withered leaves are firmly
fastened to the cases and to the twig by silken threads, and
the case itself, which is attached to the bark of the twig on
which it is placed, is curiously constructed of silk inter-
woven with the dried castings of the artificer. The inner
surface of the case is whitish and smooth, the exterior rougher
and of a yellowish-brown color.

These odd little cases are the work of the larvae of the

94

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 92.

Leaf-crumpler, the young of which appear late in the sum-
mer and attain about one-third of their growth .before winter

sets in. After construct-
ing their places of abode,
they remain in them all
winter in a torpid state.
Fig. 93 represents one of
these cases well covered
with withered leaves. As
soon as the warmth of a
spring sun causes the buds
to expand, the caterpillar
resumes its activity, and,
leaving its case in search
of food, — for which pur-
pose it usually chooses
the night-time, — it draws
the opening leaves towards
its case, so as to secure a
safe retreat should danger threaten, and, fastening them by

threads of silk, enjoys its meals
in comparative safety. Its length,
when full grown, is about six- tenths
of ' an inch, the body tapering
slightly towards the hinder ex-
tremity. The head is dark red-
dish brown, and the body a dark,
dull greenish brown ; the first seg-
ment has a horny plate at the top,
and a flattened blackish prominence
on each side, below the plate; on
each of the other segments there are
several small blackish dots, from
every one of which there arises a
single brown hair. At c, Fig. 92, the head and anterior seg-
ments of this caterpillar are shown.

FIG.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 95

By the early part of June its growth is completed. It
then shuts itself up in its case and changes to a reddish-brown
chrysalis, about four-tenths of an inch long, from which, in
about two weeks, the perfect moth escapes.

When its wings are expanded, the moth (see d, Fig. 92)
measures about seven-tenths of an inch across. Its fore
wings are pale brown, with patches and streaks of silvery
white, the hind wings plain brownish white ; the under side
of both wings is paler. There is only one brood during the
year, the moths depositing their eggs during July.

Remedies. — One would imagine that a caterpillar protected
as this one is, within its case, would be secure from all ene-
mies, but it is not so ; a small Ichneumon fly is a parasite
upon it; so, also, is a two-winged Tachina fly, Tachina phycitse
(Le Baron), which closely resembles the common house-fly.

It is not often that this insect is very numerous in any one
orchard, but where it is abundant it sometimes inflicts a con-
siderable amount of damage, consuming the young foliage
and materially retarding the growth of the tree. The only
way to destroy them is to pick the cases with the crumpled
leaves off the trees during the winter and burn or crush
them. Besides the apple, it feeds on the cherry, quince, /
and plum, and occasionally on the peach.

No, 38. — The Eye-spotted Bud-moth.

Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff).

The caterpillar of this insect selects the opening bud as its
point of attack. It is a small, cylindrical, naked larva (see
Fig. 94), about three-quarters of an inch in length, of a pale,
dull, brownish color, with small warts on its
body, from which arise fine short hairs; the FIG. 94.
head and the top of the next segment are
black. Its tenement consists of a dried,
blackened leaf, portions of which are drawn
together so as to make a rude case, the cen-
tral part of which is lined with silk. It is very partial to

96 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

the blossoms and newly-formed fruit, thereby causing great
disappointment to fruit-growers, who have perhaps waited
patiently for years for the fruit of some new or interesting
variety, and have their hopes excited by seeing, it may be, a
single bunch of blossoms set well and appear promising,
when this mischief-maker commences its depredations on
the young fruit, drawing the several portions together with
threads of silk, and partly devouring them. It sometimes
contents itself with injuring the leaves only, drawing one
after another around its small inside case until there is
formed a little cluster of withered and blackened leaves.
Another of its tricks is to gnaw a hole into the top of the
branch from which a bunch of blossoms issues, and, tunnel-
ling it down the centre, cause its death.

These Iarva3 are usually full grown by the middle of June,
when they change to dark-brown chrysalids within their nests,
from which the perfect insects escape in July.

The moth (Fig. 94) measures, when its wings are expanded,
about half an inch across. It is of an ash-gray color. The
fore wings have a whitish-gray band across the middle, and
there are two small eye-like spots on each of them, one, near
the tip, composed of four little black marks on a light-brown
ground, the other, near the hind angle, formed by three
minute black spots arranged in a triangle, with sometimes
a black dot in the centre. The hind wings are dusky brown.

The attacks of this insect are not restricted to the apple;
it is injurious also to the cherry and plum. Small and in-
significant as it appears, it is capable of much mischief. The
only remedy suggested is to pull off and crush the withered
clusters of leaves containing the caterpillars or chrysalids
early in the spring.

No. 39,— The Apple-bud Worm,

Eccopsis malana Fernald.

This insect, recently recorded as injurious, has seriously
injured the apple-trees in the orchards of Northern Illinois,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 97

by devouring the terminal buds on the branches. In the
larval state the mischief is done; it is then a small pale-
greenish or yellowish-green caterpillar, sometimes tinged with
pink on the back. Its head is yellowish, with a black dot on
each side, and there is a patch or shield of a yellowish color
on the upper part of the next segment.

The eggs from which these caterpillars hatch are deposited
singly upon the terminal buds. The young larva, after de-
vouring the bud, fastens the leaf-stalk of one of the leaves
growing near the tip to the side of the branch, and thus
forms for itself a sort of burrow between the leaf-stalk and
the branch, in which it hides during the day, issuing from its
retreat at night to feed on the leaf so secured. When this is
consumed, it is said to feed for a time on the newly-formed
wood, and sometimes eats its way a short distance into the
twig. The caterpillar about this time deserts its burrow on
the branch, and constructs a yellow, woolly tube or case upon
one of the leaves, in which it lives, issuing at night to feed as
heretofore, and when the leaf on which it is placed is almost
consumed, the larva drags the case to an adjoining leaf. As
it approaches maturity, it becomes of a dark flesh-color ; its
body is marked with a number of small shining spots, and
its head and the horny shield on the next segment are black.
When full grown, it measures about half an inch in length ;
it then closes its case with a silken lid and changes to a chrys-
alis within it, from which the moth appears about a week or
ten days later.

The fore wings of the moth are white, mottled and spotted
with greenish brown; there is a large grayish-brown spot
at the tip, mottled with white, and another, towards the base
of the wing, of a darker shade ; the front edge is mottled
with grayish brown. The hind wings are dusky. There is
only one brood of these insects during the year.

The tips of the infested branches usually die back as far
as the base of the first perfect leaf, where a new bud forms,
which takes the place of the terminal bud. As the branch

7

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

from this new-formed bud is late in starting, and does not
grow straight, the injury caused by this insect interferes seri-
ously with the growth of the tree, and also mars its beauty.

A small Ichneumon fly, Microdus earinoides Cresson, attacks
this bud-worm, depositing an egg in the body of each cater-
pillar, which, hatching, produces a footless larva, that lives
within the body of the caterpillar until it is about ready to
become a chrysalis, when the larva issues from its body and
the caterpillar dies. The parasite spins within the silken case
of its host a tough white cocoon about one-fourth of an inch
long, from which the perfect fly issues in about a fortnight.

Where these insects are very troublesome they may be de-
stroyed by syringing the trees with Paris-green or London-
purple mixed with water, in the proportion of one or two
teaspoonfuls of the poison to two gallons of water. Their
numbers may also be lessened by hand-picking, gathering
them while still in their burrows near the tops of the twigs.

Xo, 40, — The Green Apple-leaf-tyer.

Teras minuta (Kobs) var. Cinderella (Kiley).

This is a small yellowish-green caterpillar (a, Fig. 95),
with a horny head and neck of a deeper yellowish shade, the
head being marked with a crescent-shaped black mark. It

belongs also to the leaf-rollers
or leaf-folders, and draws the
edges of the leaf together, as
shown in the figure at d, and
lives within the fold. In feed-
ing, it eats the leaf entirely
through. It is a very nimble
little creature, and when dis-
turbed wriggles quickly out of
its case and drops to the ground.
The larva changes to a brown
chrysalis (6, Fig. 95) within the fold of the leaf, which is
lined with silk. When the time approaches for the moth to

FIG. 95.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

99

escape, the chrysalis wriggles itself so far out that the head
projects beyond the enclosure, as shown at d, soon after which
the moth appears.

The front wings of the moth (c, Fig. 95) are of a glossy,
dark ash-gray color, the hind wings a little paler ; when its
wings are spread, it measures about an inch across.

This insect is but a slate-colored variety of No. 36, but suf-
ficiently marked in its character to justify a% description under
a separate heading.

No. 41. — The Apple-leaf-sewer.

Phoxopteris nubeculana (Clem.).

In the perfect state, this insect is a small moth belonging
to the Tortricidae, or Leaf-rollers. It passes the winter in
the larval condition in rolled-up apple-leaves which lie on
the ground. Early in April the larvae change to chrysalids,
and about ten days afterwards the moths begin to appear,
and continue to issue for several weeks.

The moth is white, with brown markings, as shown in Fig.
96, at c. The eggs are laid in June, and the larva is found

FIG. 96.

throughout the summer and autumn on apple-leaves. It
folds the leaves together, as shown at b in the figure, making
the edges meet, so that the whole leaf forms a hollow case,
within which it lives and feeds on the softer tissues. The
larva is of a yellowish-green color, with a yellow head, and

100

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

with a horny shield on the next segment, a little darker, with
a black dot on each side. On each of the remaining segments
there are a number of pale, shining, raised dots, from every
one of which arises a single hair. On the approach of winter
the larva lines its chamber with silk, and falls with the leaf
to the ground, where it remains unchanged until early the
following spring, when it becomes a yellowish-brown chrys-
alis. As the time approaches for the escape of the moth, the
chrysalis wriggles its way through the partly-decayed leaf-
case at the back, and protrudes as shown at b in the figure,
soon after which the moth escapes.

This caterpillar sometimes prevails to such an extent as
seriously to injure the foliage of apple-trees; in such cases
the most obvious remedy is to gather carefully in the autumn
all the fallen leaves with the enclosed larvae and burn them.

No. 42. — The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer.

Pempelia Hammondi Riley.

This insect occurs in the larval state in the autumn, and
sometimes during the summer also, and is especially injurious
to young orchards and nurseries, giving the foliage a rusty,

blighted appearance, caused by
the larva devouring the green
pulpy parts of the upper sur-
face of the leaves and leaving
the closely- netted veins with the
under skin untouched. The
larva (Fig. 97, a) is of a pale-
brownish color, about half an
inch long, with darker lines, as
shown at b, where one of the
segments is highly magnified ;
sometimes the color assumes a
greenish shade. Behind the
head there are four shiny-black tubercles, as shown at c in
the figure, also magnified. The larva covers the surface of

FIG. 97.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 101

the leaf with loose silky threads, attached to which will be
found a number of small black grains of excrementitious
matter, and under this rough covering the larva feeds. It
sometimes feeds singly and sometimes in groups ; in the
latter case a number of the leaves are drawn together, and
the caterpillars live and feed within this shelter.

The chrysalis is usually formed among the leaves in a
very slight cocoon, and is about a quarter of an inch long
and of a pale-brown color. The winter is passed in the
chrysalis state, and the moths appear during May or June
following.

When its wings are spread, the moth measures nearly half
an inch across; it is of a deep purplish-gray color, with a
glossy surface, and has two silvery-gray bands across the
wings, as shown in the figure, at d, where it is magnified ; the
cross-lines below the figure indicate the natural size.

Remedies. — This pest may be subdued by hand-picking if
begun in good season. It is preyed on by two species of
small Ichneumon flies, and by several carnivorous insects.

No. 43. — The Many-dotted Apple-worm.

Nolaphana malana (Fitch).

In June, and again in August or September, there is some-
times found on apple-leaves, in considerable numbers, a rather
thick, cylindrical, light-green larva, an inch or more in length,
with five white longitudinal lines and numerous whitish dots.
These are the larvae of Nolaphana malana. They eat irregular
notches in the margins and holes in the middle of the leaves,
and do not feed in groups, but are solitary in their habits,
scattered among the foliage. They begin to appear about
the last of May, and live openly exposed on the under side
of the leaves, without forming any web or fold in the leaf
for protection. On reaching maturity, which for the early
brood is about the last of June, the larva selects a leaf and
draws together a portion of it with silken threads, forming a
hollow tube, within which it spins a slight silky cocoon and

102 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

changes to a brown chrysalis. In this inacti\7e condition the
insect remains for three or four weeks, sometimes longer, when
the moth appears.

The moth (Fig. 98) is a very pretty object. Its fore wings

are ash-gray, whitish towards the outer margin, and crossed

„ 8 by three irregular black lines, which

are ft"nt or indistinct towards the

HHREjBr inner edge; near the middle of the

^JaiHIBfBreiy wing there is often a round, whitish
spot, with a black dot in the middle.

The hind wings are dull-whitish, dusky towards the tips.
Beneath, both wings are of a silvery-whitish hue, sprinkled
with blackish dots towards the outer edges. When the
wings are expanded, they measure from three-quarters of an
inch to an inch or more across. .

The first moths appear early in spring, and attach their
eggs to the young foliage ; the second brood appear in July.
These attach their eggs to the leaves, and produce larvaa
in August and September, which, when their growth is com-
pleted, change to chrysalids within the folded leaves, as
already described, and are carried to the ground with the
fall of the leaves in autumn, where they pass the winter in
the pupa state and produce moths in the following spring.

These larvae feed also on cherry, peach, elm, poplar, and
other trees. They are seldom sufficiently numerous to be
troublesome, but if at any time a remedy is required they
may be destroyed by syringing the leaves with Paris-green
or hellebore mixed with water, as recommended for No. 35.
When the trees on which they are feeding are suddenly
jarred, the caterpillars will drop to the ground, and by tak-
ing advantage of this peculiarity they may be captured and
destroyed.

No, 44. — The Palmer-worm.

Ypsolophus pometellus (Harris).

This larva appears on apple-trees during the latter part of
June, and at times is excessively numerous and destructive,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 103

It lives in societies, making its home in a mass of half-eaten
and browned leaves, drawn together by silken threads, from
which it drops, when the tree or branch is jarred, suspended in
the air by a thread of silk. The larva is of a pale yellowish-
green color, with a dusky or blackish stripe along each side,
edged above by a narrow whitish stripe ; there is also a dusky
line along the middle of the back. Its head is shining yel-
low, and the top of the next segment is of the same color ;
on each ring there are several small black dots, from each of
which arises a fine yellow hair. While young, the caterpillars
eat only the green pulpy tissue of the leaves, leaving the net-
work of veins entire ; later on, they consume the whole of
the leaf except its coarser veins. They also frequently gnaw
holes or irregular cavities in the young apples. These larva?
feed on the leaves of the cherry as well as those of the apple.

When full grown, they are about half an inch long. They
then change to chrysalids within the mass of eaten leaves oc-
cupied by the larva?, and ordinarily spin a slight cocoon in a
fold of a leaf, but when they are very abundant the foliage
is so entirely consumed that they have to look for shelter
elsewhere. Their chrysalids are then often found under dry
leaves on the surface of the ground, in crevices in the bark of
the tree, and in other suitable hiding-places. The chrysalis
is about a quarter of an inch long ; at first it is of a tawny-
yellow color, which gradually changes
to a darker hue. In ten or twelve FlQ- 99.

days the perfect insect is produced.

The moth (Fig. 99) is of an ash-gray
color. The fore wings are sprinkled
with black atoms, and have four black
dots near the middle, and six or seven
smaller ones along the hinder margin.
The hind wings are dusky above and beneath, with a glossy
azure-blue reflection, blackish veins, and long, dusky fringes.
The antenna? are alternately striped with black and white.
Sometimes the fore wings are of a tawny yellow, in other

104 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

specimens they are tinged with purplish red, and in some the
dots are faint or entirely wanting. They rest with their long,
narrow wings folded together and laid flat upon their backs.

Remedies. — Showering the trees with whale-oil soap and
water has been recommended, but the use of Paris-green and
water, as directed for No. 35, would prove more effectual ; the
water would dislodge many of the larvae, and the remainder
would be destroyed by eating the poisoned leaves.

In the year 1791 the orchards and forests of New England
were overrun with this larva, and many of the trees perished.
It was at that time that the insect received the popular name
of Palmer- worm, which it has ever since retained. Another
remarkable visitation occurred in 1853, which extended all
over the Eastern States, and also over the eastern part of the
State of New York. It was first observed about the middle
of June, and so rapid was the destruction it occasioned that
in a few days it was everywhere the leading topic of conver-
sation and was generally regarded as a new and unknown
insect. The trees attacked assumed a brown and withered
appearance, looking as though they had been scorched by
fire. Apple-trees and oaks suffered most, but nearly all other
trees and shrubs were more or less injured. The weather was
dry and hot previous to and during this period, but on the
20th of June copious rains fell, when the worms suddenly
disappeared, the rain doubtless dislodging them, and perhaps
drowning a large number of them. The fruit-crop in those
sections that year was almost destroyed, from the trees losing
their leaves by this insect. The following year they were
quite scarce, and since then they have not appeared in such
alarming numbers.

There are two other insects found on the apple-leaves re-
sembling the Palmer-worm, and having similar habits, which
are described by Dr. Asa Fitch as distinct, but which are
probably varieties only of the common Palmer- worm. One
of these is described as "the comrade Palmer-worm, Choeto-
cMlus contubernakllus" The larva of this is found in com-

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 105

pany with the common Palmer- worm, from which it differs
only in having the head and the upper part of the second seg-
ment of a polished black color. The moth of this black-headed
larva differs from the common Palmer-worm moth chiefly in
the ground-color of the wings, which are dark brown on the
inner half, with the outer half white, the latter sometimes
tinged with tawny yellowish. The other insect is described
as " the tawny-striped Palmer-worm, Choetochilus malifoli-
ellus" and is a slender, pale-yellowish larva, similar in size
to the ordinary Palmer-worm, with a tawny-yellow stripe
along each side of the back, broadly margined above and
below with white. The head is pale yellow, and there are a
few minute dots scattered over the surface of the body, from
each of which arises a fine hair. It appears during the early
part of July, which is a little later than the common Palmer-
worm, but has precisely similar habits. The moth is ash-gray
and glossy, often with a purplish-red reflection, and differs
from the moth of the common species in that the fore wings
are not sprinkled with black atoms, and in having in addition
to the dots on the fore wings a tawny-yellow band towards
the tips, edged with whitish in front. Should these prove to
be distinct and at any time troublesome, the treatment sug-
gested for the common Palmer-worm will be equally applica-
ble in either case.

No. 45. — Climbing Cut-worms.

These are the caterpillars of various night-flying moths,
and are well known to horticulturists and gardeners every-
where. Most of the species are particularly destructive to
young cabbage-plants and similar young and tender vege-
tation, cutting or severing the plants, when but three or four
inches high, just above or below the ground, from which habit
they derive their common name. They are active only at
night, remaining concealed during the day just under the
surface of the earth in the immediate neighborhood of their
feeding-grounds. Some of the species are known as climbing

106

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 100.

cut- worms, and have the habit of ascending fruit-trees at
night and committing great havoc among the expanding buds
and young foliage, and it is to these that we here particularly
refer. Orchards having a light, sandy soil are much more
liable to attack than those with a stiff and heavy soil. Where
the buds and foliage of trees or vines are being destroyed with-
out apparent cause, climbing cut-worms should be searched
for, when the lurking foes will usually be found buried in
the soil not far from the base of the trees or vines injured.

The several species of climbing cut-worms, while differing
in size, color, and markings, are much alike, being all smooth,
naked larvae of some shade of gray^ green,
brown, or black, with grayish or dusky
markings.

The Variegated Cut-worm, Agrotis sau-
cia (Hubner). One of the eggs of this
species is represented in Fig. 100, much
enlarged ; also a patch of the same, num-
bering several hundreds, on a twig. The
egg is round and flattened, of a pinkish
color, and very prettily ribbed and orna-
mented. These are often laid on twigs of
the apple, cherry, and peach.

The young larvae, when hatched, are
very small, and of a dull-yellowish color,
with darker spots. At first, it is said, they do not hide them-
selves under the ground, but acquire this habit after their
first moult, which takes place about a week after they are
hatched. They become full grown before the middle of June,
when they present the appearance shown in Fig. 101, which
shows the larva as at rest ; when extended and in motion, it
is nearly two inches long. The figure at the side represents
the head magnified, showing its markings more distinctly.
The full-grown caterpillar is of a dull flesh-color, mottled
with brown and black, with elongated velvety black mark-
ings on each side.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

107

When mature, the larva enters the ground, where it forms
an oval, smooth cavity (see Fig. 102), within which it changes

FIG. 101.

FIG. 102.

FIG. 103.

to a chrysalis of a deep mahogany-brown color, pointed at
the extremity.

Within a few days the moth (Fig. 103) appears, which
measures, when its wings are expanded, about an inch and
three-quarters across. The
fore wings are of a grayish-
brown color, marked with
brownish black; the hind
wings are white and pearly,
shaded towards the margin
with pale brown.

The Dark-sided Cut-
worm, Agrotis Cochranii Ri-
ley, is another of the climbing species. The caterpillar (a, Fig.
104) is a little over an inch in length, of a dingy ash-gray
color above, much
darker along the sides
of the body. The
chrysalis, which is
formed under ground,
is about seven-tenths
of an inch long, of a
yellowish-brown color,
with darker brown markings. The moth is light gray, marked
and shaded with brown.

The Climbing Cut-worm, Agrotis scandens Riley. The larva
of this insect is a very active climber, and does a great deal of

FIG. 104.

108

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

injury to fruit-trees. It is represented in Fig. 105 in the act of

devouring the buds

FIG. 105. on a twig. It is of

a light yellowish-
gray color, varie-
gated with dull
green, with a dark
line down the back,
and fainter lines
along the sides; the
spiracles, or breath-
ing-pores, are black.
When full grown, it
is nearly an inch and a half long, when it enters the earth, and
there changes to a brown chrysalis. The moth (Fig. 105) has
the fore wings of a light bluish gray, with darker markings,
and the hind wings pearly white. The length of the body is
about seven-tenths of an inch, and the wings measure, when
spread, nearly an inch and a half across.

The W-marked Cut-worm, Agrotis clandestine*, (Harris)
(Fig. 106), has also been found feeding on apple-buds, al-
though it more frequently attacks low
bushes, such as currants ; also succulent
plants, such as young corn, cabbages,
^ etc. The moth of this species (Fig.
107) has the fore wings of a rather dark
ash-gray color, with the deeper lines and
wavy bands but faintly traced. The hind wings are dull
white, with a tinge of brown, becoming darker towards the
hinder edge. The chrysalis is of the usual brown color, and
is formed in a cell under the earth, as in the other species
referred to.

The family of cut-worms is a large one, and embraces
many other destructive species, but none of them, except
those above mentioned, are known to have the habit of
climbing trees. Some of the other injurious species will be

FIG. 106.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 109

referred to when treating of the insects which injure the
strawberry.

Remedies. — One of the most effectual remedies against the
climbing cut-worms is to fasten
strips of tin or zinc around the FlQ- 107-

tree, cut in such a way as to
form, when applied, a sort of
inverted funnel ; this forms an
effectual barrier to their ascent.
They may also be collected by
visiting the trees after dark and
jarring or shaking them over
sheets spread on the ground. It has also been suggested to
dig holes about the trees, or on one side of them, with nearly
perpendicular sides, when the cut-worms, being clumsy in
their movements, are very likely to fall into them, and will
not be able to get out again. Sprinkling the foliage with
Paris-green or hellebore mixed with water, as recommended
for No. 35, would no doubt poison them.

There are several parasites, both Ichneumons and Tachina
flies, which attack cut- worms and greatly lessen their numbers.
Some of the carnivorous beetles (see Figs. 47 and 48) also feed
upon them.

No. 46. — The Lime-tree Winter-moth.

Hybernia tiliaria Harris.

The caterpillar of this species is a span-worm, not unlike
the canker-worm, but larger and differently marked. The
head is dull red, with a V-shaped mark on the front ; the
body yellow above, with many longitudinal black lines ; the
under side is paler. When full grown, it is about an inch and
a quarter long. Besides the apple, it feeds on bass wood, elm,
and hickory. The larvae hatch early in the spring, and some-
times prove very destructive to the foliage. In Fig. 108 they
are represented both feeding and at rest. They complete their
growth about the middle of June, when, letting themselves

110

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

down from the trees by a silken thread, they burrow into the
ground, forming a little oblong cell, five or six inches below
the surface, within which the change to a chrysalis takes
place, and from which the moth usually comes out late in

October or early in November, but occasionally this latter
change does not take place until spring.

The male moths have large and delicate wings (see Fig.
108) and feathered antenna. The fore wings, which measure,
when expanded, about an inch and a half across, are of a
rusty-buff color, sprinkled with brownish dots, and with two
transverse wavy brown lines, the inner one often indistinct,
while between the bands and near the edge of the wing there
is generally a brown dot. The hind wings are paler, with a
small brownish dot in the middle ; the body is similar in color
to the fore wings.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. HI

The female, also shown in Fig. 108, is a wingless, spider-
like creature, with slender, thread-like antennae, yellowish-
white body, sprinkled on the sides with black dots, and with
two black spots on the top of each ring except the last,
which has only one. The head is black in front, and the legs
are ringed with black. She is furnished with a jointed ovi-
positor, which can be protruded or drawn in at pleasure, and
from which the eggs are deposited. As soon as the females
leave the ground, they climb up the trees and await the
attendance of the males.

The eggs are oval, of a pale-yellow color, and covered with
a net-work of raised lines. They are laid in little clusters
here and there on the branches.

As the habits of this insect are similar to those of the
canker-worm, the remedies recommended for the latter will
prove equally efficient in this instance.

No. 47,— The White Eugonia,
Eugonia subsignaria (Hubner).

This insect has only recently been reported as injurious to
the foliage of the apple. It has long been known as de-
structive to shade-trees, particularly the elm. From a com-
munication to the "Canadian Entomologist/' vol. xiv. p. 30,
by Mr. Charles R. Dodge, of
Washington, D.C., it appears FlG- 109-

that the larva of this moth
has become exceedingly in-
jurious to apple-trees in some
parts of Georgia.

The moth is pure white,
and measures, when its wings
are spread, about an inch and
a half across. In the male
the antennas are pectinated or
toothed (Fig. 109 represents a male); in the female they are
much less toothed. When resting on the trees, these moths

112

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 110.

are easily disturbed, and on the slightest alarm drop to the
ground for protection.

The eggs are usually deposited on the under side of the1
limbs, near the tops of the trees, in patches, consisting often
of many hundreds, arranged in rows closely crowded together.
They are smooth, irregularly ovoid, slightly flattened on the
sides, rounded at the bottom, while the top is depressed,
with a whitish rim or edge, forming a perfect oval ring. The
egg hatches about the 1st of May.

The caterpillar (Fig. 110) is dark brown, with a large red
head ; the terminal segment is also red. Tt lives in this
stage about forty days, and then changes
to a chrysalis, in which condition it re-
mains about ten days, when the moth
escapes. This insect, when very abun-
dant, devours the leaves of almost every
variety of tree, bush, and shrub.

Where abundant, they may be poisoned, and the orchard
protected, by syringing the trees with Paris-green and water,
in the proportion of a teaspoonful of the poison to two gallons
of water.

No. 48. — The Hag-Moth Caterpillar,
Phobetron pithecium (Sin. & Abb.).

The caterpillar of this moth is a curious, slug-like creature,
of a dark-brown color, flattened, oblong, or nearly square in
form, with singular, fleshy append-
ages protruding from the sides of
its body. The three middle ones are
longest, measuring about half an
inch long, and have their ends
curved. When this larva is handled,
the fleshy horns become detached,
and when spinning its cocoon it
detaches them and fastens them to
the outside, Fig. Ill gives a side view as well as a back view
of this larva. It feeds on the cherry as well as the apple.

FIG. 111.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

113

The cocoon is small, round, and compact, usually fastened
to a limb or twig of the tree on which the larva has fed.

The moth escapes in about ten days. It is of a dusky-
brown color, the front wings variegated with pale yellowish
brown, and crossed by a narrow, wavy, curved band of the
same color, edged near the outer margin with dark brown, and
having near the middle a light-brown spot. When its wings
are expanded, it measures from an inch to an inch and a
quarter across. It is an insect which has always hitherto
been rare, and is never likely to do much injury.

FIG. 112.

No. 49. — The Saddle-back Caterpillar.

Empretia stimulea Clemens.

This caterpillar, which is represented in Fig. 112, a, a back
view, 6, a side view, is often found feeding on apple-leaves,
also on those of the cherry,
grape, raspberry, currant,
rose, althaa, Indian corn, and
sumach. It is of a reddish-
brown color, rounded above,
flattened beneath, armed
with prickly thorns, which
are longest on the fourth and
tenth segments, and with a
bright pea-green patch, some-
what resembling a saddle in
form, over the middle portion of the body, centred with a
broad, elliptical, reddish spot, the red spot and green patch
both being edged with white. The thorns with which the
body is armed sting like a nettle when applied to the back of
the hand, or any other part where the skin is tender, and the
parts touched swell with watery pustules, the irritation being
accompanied with much itching. The under part of the body
of the larva is flesh-colored ; there are three pairs of thoracic
legs, but the thick, fleshy, abdominal legs found in most other

8

114 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

caterpillars are wanting in this species, and the larva glides
along with a snail-like motion.

The cocoon is rounded, almost spherical, and is surrounded
with a loose silken web.

The moth (Fig. 113) appears on the wing from the middle
to the end of June ; but it is a rare insect, and is seldom

captured even by collectors. The
FIG. 113. wings are of a deep, rich, reddish,

velvety brown, with a dark streak
about the middle of the fore wings,
.-.,,.... extend ing from the body half- way

ff v>'j across, and on this is a golden

spot; there are also two golden

spots near the apex of the wing. When the wings are spread
they measure nearly an inch and a half across.

In the larval state this insect is preyed on by a small Ich-
neumon fly, and, never being abundant, other remedies are
not needed to subdue it.

No. 50,— The Apple-leaf Miner.

Tischeria malifoliella Clemens.

The larva of this insect lives within the leaf of the apple-
tree, between the upper and the under skin, devouring the soft
tissues, and burrowing an irregular channel, which begins as
a slender white line, dilating as the larva increases in size, and
ultimately becoming an irregular brownish patch, sometimes
extending to, or over, the place of beginning. The caterpillar
is of a pale-green color, with a brown head, and the next seg-
ment brownish.

When about to change to a pupa, the leaf is drawn into a
fold, which is carpeted with silk, and in this enclosure the
chrysalis is formed, the change occurring during September.
When the leaf falls, its occupant falls with it, and remains on
the ground within the folded leaf until the following May.

The moth is a tiny creature, measuring, when its wings are
spread, a little more than a quarter of an inch across. The

ATTACKING THK LEAVES.

115

fore wings are of a shining dark brown, suffused with a tinge
of purple, and slightly dusted with dull-yellowish atoms. The
hind wings are dark gray.

This insect also mines the leaves of the wild crab-apple,
different species of thorn, the blackberry, and the raspberry,
but has never been known to do any material injury.

No. 51. — The Apple-tree Case-bearer.

Coleophora malivorella Riley.

With the opening of spring there will sometimes be found
on the twigs of apple-trees curious little pistol -shaped cases as
shown at a, Fig. 114. Each of these on examination will be

FIG. 114.

found to contain a larva, possessing the power of moving from
place to place and carrying its protecting case with it. These
cases are very tough, almost horny in their texture, and seem
to be proof against the attack of insect enemies. As the buds
begin to swell, the cases will be found here and there sticking
on them, while the active little foe within is busily devouring
their interior. In this way many of the fruit-buds are de-
stroyed, nothing but hollow shells being left. As the season
advances, the caterpillars leave the twigs and fasten on the

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

leaves, on which they also feed, sometimes reducing them to
mere skeletons. Late in June the change to chrysalis takes
place, and the moths appear on the wing in July. They fly
at night, and deposit their eggs on the leaves; these eggs hatch
during August and September, the larvae living and feeding
on the under side of the leaves until frost comes, when before
the leaves fall they migrate to the twigs, and, fastening their
odd little cases firmly with silken threads, remain torpid until
the following spring; then, aroused to activity by the first
warm days, they attack the swelling buds, as already described.
The larva (6, Fig. 114) is of a pale-yellow color, with a faint
rosy tint, a black head, and a few short hairs on its body. In
the figure it is much magnified ; the hair-line adjoining shows
its natural size ; c represents the chrysalis, and d the moth,
both enlarged. The wings of the moth are brown, with white
scales, head and thorax white, abdomen whitish, all dotted
with brown scales. The wings, when expanded, measure a
little more than half an inch across.

No. 52. — The Resplendent Shield-bearer.

Aspidisca splendoriferella Clemens.

Occasionally there may be found on the limbs of apple-
trees during the winter clusters of little oval seed-like bodies,
as shown at d, Fig. 115; these on examination will be found
to be formed of minute portions of apple-leaves, and on open-
ing one of them it will be seen to contain a small yellowish
larva, or, if the season be advanced, perhaps a chrysalis.

During the month of May a very small but very beautiful
moth escapes from each of these enclosures. The moth is rep-
resented at g in Fig. 115, much magnified. Its head is golden,
the antennae brown, tinged with gold ; the fore wings from the
base to the middle are of a leaden gray with a metallic lustre,
and from the middle to the tip golden ; a broad silvery streak
extends from the front edge to about the middle, margined
with a dark color on both sides ; there are also other streaks
and spots of silvery and dark brown. The hind wings are

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

117

of a rich deep gray margined with a long yellowish-brown
fringe. It is an active little creature, running about on the
upper surface of the leaves in the sunshine, with its wings
closely folded to its body.

The eggs are laid on the apple-leaves, and the young larva

FIG. 115.

when hatched penetrates to the interior of the leaf, mining it,
leaving the upper and under surfaces unbroken, but forming
after a time an irregular, dark-colored blotch upon the leaf.
When mature, it forms from the leafy blotch its little case,
and, crawling with it, fastens it securely to a near twig or
branch of the tree. At this period the larva presents the

,v

118 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

appearance shown at 6, and is then about one-eighth of an
inch long, and of a yellowish -brown color, with a dark head.
Shortly, contracting within its case, it appears as shown at c,
and finally transforms to a chrysalis, as seen at/ in the figure.

There are two broods during the season, the moths appear-
ing in May and again in July and August, the first brood of
the larva? being found in June, the second brood at the latter
end of the season.

Remedies. — A minute parasitic fly, shown at h in Fig. 115,
attacks this tiny creature and destroys it. (All these figures,
except that of the leaf, are much magnified, the short lines
at the side or below showing the natural size.) Should these
insects prevail to such an extent as to require man's inter-
ference, the cases might be scraped from the branches and
destroyed during the winter, or the limbs brushed with the
alkaline wash or the mixture of sulphur and lime recom-
mended for the woolly apple- louse, No. 9.

No. 53. — The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix.

Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens.

The larva of this insect feeds externally on the leaves of
apple-trees, and is very active, letting itself down from the
tree by a silken thread when disturbed. When full grown,
it is nearly half an inch long, with a brown head and a dark
yellowish-green body, its anterior portion tinged with reddish,
and having a few short hairs scattered over its surface.

When full grown, the caterpillar spins an elongated, whitish
cocoon, attached to the twig on the leaves of which it has
been feeding; this cocoon is ribbed longitudinally, as shown
at 6, Fig. 116, and within this enclosure the larva changes to
a brown chrysalis. The second brood is found late in the
autumn, the insect remaining in the chrysalis state during the
winter. The moths issue the following spring, when they
lay eggs for the first brood of caterpillars, which are found
injuring the foliage during the month of June.

The fore wings of the moth (c, Fig. 116) are whitish,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

119

FIG. 116.

-I-1

tinged with pale yellow, and dusted with brown. On the
middle of the inner margin is a large, oval patch of dark
brown, forming,
when the wings are
closed, a conspicu-
ous, nearly round
spot ; there is a wide
streak of the same
hue opposite, ex-
tending to the front
margin, and a dark-
brown spot near the
tip. In the figure
the moth is shown
highly magnified. Sometimes this insect appears in immense
numbers, and then becomes injurious.

Remedies. — As the cocoons of the second brood remain
attached to the trees all winter, abundant opportunity is
afforded to destroy them. Any oily or alkaline liquid brushed
over them will usually penetrate and destroy the enclosed
insect. A minute parasitic fly is destructive to this pest,
and the cocoons may often be found perforated with small
round holes at one end, through which these tiny friends have
escaped.

No. 54. — The Apple Lyonetia,

Lyonetia saccatella Packard.

This is a tiny moth, but a very beautiful one, which ap-
pears early in the summer; its wings, when expanded, meas-
ure only one-fifth of an inch across. It is
shown, much magnified, in Fig. 117. The
fore wings are of a light slate-gray on the
inner half, while the outer half is bright
orange, enclosing two white bands, one
arising on the front edge, the other on the
inner margin, both nearly meeting in the middle of the
wing ; these white bands are margined externally with black.

FIG. 117.

120

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

FIG. 118.

FIG. 119.

There is a conspicuous black spot near the fringe, from which
arises a pencil of black hairs.

The larva (Fig. 118), which feeds on apple-leaves, is small,
flattened, and of a green color. It constructs from the skin
of the leaf a flattened, oval case, in
which it lives ; the case is open at each
end, and is drawn about by the larva
as it moves from place to place. The
case is represented in Fig. 119. (Both
case and larva are magnified.) The
larva becomes full grown about the
end of August, and attaches its cocoon to the bark of the tree
on which it is feeding, changing there to a chrysalis, in which
condition it remains until the following spring.

No. 55.— The Rosy Hispa,

Odontoid rosea (Weber).

This is a small, flat, rough, coarsely-punctated beetle, its
wing-covers forming an oblong square, as shown in Fig. 120;
there are three smooth, raised, longitudinal lines on each of
them, spotted with red, while the spaces between
are deeply punctated with double rows of dots.
The head is small, the antennae short, thickened
towards the end, and the thorax rough above,
striped with deep red on each side. The under
side of the body is usually darker in color, some-
times blackish. This beetle is found from the
latter part of May until the middle of June, and
deposits its eggs on the leaves of the apple-tree. These are
small, rough, and of a blackish color, fastened to the surface
of the leaves, sometimes singly and sometimes in clusters of
four or five.

The larvse, when hatched, eat their way into the interior
of the leaf, where they feed upon its green, pulpy substance,
leaving the skin above arid below entire, which soon turns
brown and dry, forming a blister-like spot. The larva, when

FIG. 120.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 121

full grown, which is usually during the month of July, is
about one-fifth of an inch long, oblong in form, rather
broader before than behind, flattened, soft, and of a yellowish-
white color, with the head and neck blackish and of a horny
consistence. Each of the three anterior segments has a pair
of legs; the other segments are provided with small fleshy
warts at the sides, and transverse rows of little rasp-like
points above and beneath.

The larva changes to a pupa within the leaf, from which,
in about a week, the perfect insect escapes. Within these
blister-like spots the larva, pupa, or freshly-transformed
beetle may often be found. This insect never occurs in suf-
ficient numbers to be a source of much trouble.

No. 56.— The Cloaked Chrysomela.

Glyptoscdis crypticus (Say).

This is another beetle which devours the foliage of the
apple-tree, also that of the oak-tree. It is of a thick, cylin-
drical form, about one-third of an inch long, with its head
sunk into the thorax, and the thorax narrower than
the body. It is of a pale ash-gray color, from being FIG. 121.
entirely covered with short whitish hairs. The
closed wing-covers have a small notch at the top of
their suture. At the junction of the wing-covers with
the thorax there is a dusky spot This insect is
represented in Fig. 121.

No. 57. — The Apple-tree Aphis.

Aphis mali Fabr.

During the winter there may often be found in the crevices
and cracks of the bark of the twigs of the apple-tree, and
also about the base of the buds, a number of very minute,
oval, shining black eggs. These are the eggs of the apple-
tree aphis, known also as the apple-leaf aphis, Aphis mali-
folite Fitch. They are deposited in the autumn, and when

122

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

first laid are of a light yellow or green color, but gradually
become darker, and finally black.

As soon as the buds begin to expand in the spring, these
eggs hatch into tiny lice, which locate themselves upon the
swelling buds and the small, tender leaves, and, inserting their
beaks, feed on the juices. All the lice thus hatched at this
period of the year are females, and reach maturity in ten or
twelve days, when they commence to give birth to living
young, producing about two daily for two or three weeks,
after which the older ones die. The young locate about the
parents as closely as they can stow themselves, and they
also mature and become mothers in ten or twelve days, and
are as prolific as their predecessors. They thus increase so
rapidly that as fast as new leaves expand colonies are ready
to occupy them. As the season advances, some of the lice
acquire wings, and, dispersing, found new colonies on other
trees. When cold weather approaches, males as well as
females are produced, and the season closes with the deposit
of a stock of eggs for the continuance of the species another
year.

When newly born, the apple aphis is almost white, but
soon becomes of a pale, dull greenish-yellow. The females
are said to be always wingless ; their bodies are oval in form,
less than one-tenth of an inch long, of a pale yellowish-
green color, often striped
with deeper green. The
eyes are black, honey-
tubes green, and there is
a short, tail-like appen-
dage of a black color.
The accompanying il-
lustration (Fig. 122) of
a winged male and wing-
less female, highly mag-
nified, shows the struc-
ture and shape of the insect ; its beak, which proceeds from

FIG. 122.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 123

the under side of the head, is here hidden from view in the
male, but can be seen in the female.

Both the winged and wingless lice are very similar in color.
The head, thorax, and antennae are black, with the neck usually
green. The abdomen is short and thick, of an oval form
and bright-green color, with a row of black dots along each
side; the nectaries and tail-like appendage are black; the
wings are transparent, with dark-brown veins.

Most of the insects belonging to this family are provided
with two little tubes or knobs, which project, one on each
side, from the hinder part of their bodies ; these are called
honey-tubes, or nectaries, and from them is secreted in con-
siderable quantities a sweet fluid. This fluid falling upon
the leaves and evaporating gives them a shiny appearance, as
if coated with varnish, and for the purpose of feeding upon
this sweet deposit, which is known as honey-dew, different
species of ants and flies are found visiting them. Ants also
visit the colonies of aphides and stroke the insects with their
antennae to induce them to part with some of the sweet liquid,
which is greedily sipped up. This fluid is said to serve as
food for a day or two to the newly-born young.

The leaves of trees infested by these insects become dis-
torted and twisted backwards, often with their tips pressing
against the twig from which they grow, and they thus form
a covering for the aphides, protecting them from rain. An
infested tree may be distinguished at some distance by this
bending back of the leaves and young twigs. It is stated /
that the scab on the fruit of the apple-tree often owes its I
origin to the punctures of these plant-lice. This species,
which was originally imported from Europe, is now found
in apple- orchards all over the Northern United States and
Canada.

Remedies. — Scraping the dead bark off the trees during the
winter and washing them with a solution of soft soap and soda,
as recommended for No. 2, the two-striped borer, would be
beneficial, by destroying the eggs. Syringing the trees, about

124 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

the time the buds are bursting, with strong soap-suds, weak
lye, or tobacco-water, the latter made by boiling one pound
of the rough stems or leaves in a gallon of water, will destroy
a large number of the young lice. A frost occurring after
a few days of warm weather will kill millions of them; in
the egg state the insects can endure any amount of frost, but
the young aphis quickly perishes when the temperature falls
below the freezing-point.

Myriads of these aphides are devoured by Lady-birds and
their larvae. In Fig. 123 is represented the Nine-spotted

FIG. 123. FIG. 124. FIG. 125.

Lady-bird, Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, one of our com-
monest species, which is found almost everywhere ; it is of a
brick-red color, and is ornamented with nine black spots.

The Two-spotted Lady-bird, Adalia bipunctata (Linn.)
(Fig. 124), is also extremely common. This is very similar in
color to the nine-spotted species, but in this one there is only
a single spot on each wing-case. In the figure the insect is
shown magnified.

Fig. 125 represents the Plain Lady-bird, Oydoneda san-
guinea (Linn.). This is somewhat smaller in size than the
last two species named, of a lighter shade of red, and without
any spots on its wing-cases. It is known also as Coccinella
munda.

The Comely Lady -bird, Coccinetta venusta Mels. (Fig. 126),
is pink, with ten large black spots, the hinder ones being
united together.

The Thirteen -spotted Lady-bird, Hippodamia IS^unctata
(Herbst), is shown in Fig. 127 ; it is larger than C. sanguined,
and has thirteen black spots on a brick-red ground.

In Fig. 128, c, is represented the Convergent Lady-bird,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

125

Hippodamia convergens Guer., which is of an orange red,
marked with black and white. The larva is shown of its

FIG. 126.

FIG. 127.

FIG. 128.

natural size at a, its colors being black, orange, and blue,
and when full grown it attaches itself to the under side of a
leaf and changes to a pupa, which is shown at b.

The Spotted Lady bird, Megitta maeulata (De FIG. 129.
Geer) (see Fig. 129), is of a pinkish color, some-
times pale red. It has large black blotches, twelve
in all, on its wing-cases; two on one wing-cover are
opposite to and touch two on the other.

Fig. 130 represents the Fifteen-spotted Lady-bird, Anatis
15-punctata (Oliv.), the largest of them all. It is a very

FIG. 130.

variable insect; at <i, e,/, g, are shown four of the different
forms under which it is seen ; a shows the larva in the act
of devouring a young larva of the Colorado potato-beetle,
to which it is also partial, while 6 represents the pupa.

The Painted Lady-bird, Harmowa picta (Rand), is a very
pretty little insect. (See Fig. 131.) At b it is shown of the
natural size, at c enlarged ; it is of a pale straw-color, marked
with black, as in the figure. The larva, a, is of a dusky

126

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

brown, with paler markings. This species is most commonly
found feeding on lice which attack the pine.

All the Lady-birds are very useful creatures, and, with their

FIG. 131.

FIG. 132.

larvae, should be encouraged and protected by the fruit-grower
in every possible way.

The larvse of the Lace-winged or Golden-eyed Flies, Chry-
sopa, are equally destructive to aphides, roaming about among
them like so many tigers with appetites almost insatiable. At
6, Fig. 132, one of these larvse is shown, and at a some of the
eggs, which are attached to the end of fine upright threads or
stalks. These are usually found in clusters. The perfect in-

FIG. 133.

FIG. 134.

FIG. 135.

sect has four delicate, transparent, whitish wings (see Fig. 133)
netted like fine lace, bright-golden eyes, and a beautiful green
body. Fig. 134 shows the same insect with its wings closed ;
also a side view of a cluster of eggs. While beau-
tiful to look at, these insects are offensive to handle,
as when touched they emit a very sickening, pun-
gent, and persistent odor.

Other friendly helpers in this good work are the
larvse of the Syrphus flies. These are fleshy larvae,
thick and blunt behind, and pointed in front. (See Fig. 135.)
Their mouths are furnished with a triple-pointed dart, with

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

127

FIG. 136.

which they seize and pierce their prey, and, elevating it, as
shown in the figure, deliberately suck it dry. They are quite
blind, but the eggs from which they
hatch are deposited by the parent flies
in the midst of the colonies of plant-
lice, where they grope about and obtain
an abundance of food without much
trouble. In Fig. 136 is shown one of
the flies. They are black with transparent wings, and are
prettily ornamented with yellow stripes across their bodies.

FIG. 137.

ATTACKING THE PEUIT,
No. 58.— The Codling Moth.

Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.).

In the accompanying figure, 137, a shows the burrowings
of this larva, 6 the point where it effected its entrance, e the
larva full grown, h the
anterior part of its body,
magnified, d the chrys-
alis, i the cocoon, f the
moth with its wings
closed, and g the same
with wings expanded. A
better representation of
the moth is given, mag-
nified, in Fig. 138. The
larger opening at the
side of the apple shows
where the full - grown
larva has escaped.

This is one of the
most troublesome insects with which fruit-growers have to
contend, and although of foreign origin, having been im-

128 INSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

ported from Europe about the beginning of the present cen-
tury, it is now found in almost all parts of North America,
entailing an immense yearly loss upon apple-growers.

The early brood of moths appear on the wing about the
time of the opening of the apple-blossoms, when the female
deposits her tiny yellow eggs singly in the calyx or eye, just
as the young apple is forming ; in a few instances they have
been observed in the hollow at the stalk
FIG. 138. end, and occasionally on the smooth

surface of the cheek of the apple. In
about a week the egg hatches, and the
tiny worm at once begins to eat through
the apple to the core. Usually its cast-
ings are pushed out through the hole
by which it has entered, the passage being enlarged from
time to time for this purpose. Some of the castings commonly
adhere to the apple ; hence, before the worm is full grown,
infested fruit may generally be detected by the mass of red-
dish-brown exuviae protruding from the eye. Sometimes as
the larva approaches maturity it eats a passage through the
apple at the side, as shown in the figure, and out of this
opening thrusts its castings, and through it the larva, when
full grown, escapes. The head and upper portion of the first
segment of the young larva are usually black, but as it ap-
proaches maturity these change to a brown color. The body
is of a flesh-color, or pinkish tint, more highly colored on
the back ; it is also sprinkled with minute, elevated points,
from each of which there arises a single fine hair.

In three or four weeks from the time of hatching the early
brood of larvae attain full growth, when the occupied apples
generally fall prematurely to the ground, sometimes with the
worm in them, but more commonly after it has escaped. The
larvae, which leave the apples while still on the trees, either
crawl down the branches to the trunk of the tree, or let them-
selves down to the ground by a fine silken thread, which they
spin at will. In either case, whether they crawl up or down,

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 129

the greater portion of them find their way to the trunks of
the trees, where, under the rough bark and in cracks and
crevices, they spin their cocoons.

Having selected a suitable hiding-place, the larva constructs
a papery-looking silken cocoon, shown at i in the figure, which
is white inside, and disguised on the outside by attaching to
the silky threads small fragments of the bark of the tree or
other available debris. ( After the cocoon is completed, the /
change to the chrysalis takes place in the early brood in about /
three days. At first the pupa is of a pale-yellow color, deep- /
eiimg in a day or two to pale brown ; the insect remains in ,<
this condition abou£ t^o weeks, when the moth escapes. /

Each moth is capable of laying on an average probably not
less than fifty eggs, but these are not all matured at once ; by
careful dissection they maybe found in the body of the moth
in different stages of development. Hence they are deposited
successively, extending over a period probably of from one
to two weeks or more; add to this the fact that some of the /
moths are retarded in their development in the spring, and
it is easy to account for the finding of larvae of various sizes
at the same time ; indeed, sometimes the later specimens from
the first brood will not have escaped fromntnT?nrnT^e!ore
some of the young larvae of the second brood make their ap-
pearance, the~t>ro6ds *th us, as it were, overlapping each other^
and very much extending the period for the appearance of
the winged insects.

The moth (#, Fig. 137), although small, is a beautiful
object. The fore wings are marked with alternate irregular,
transverse, wavy streaks of ash-gray and brown, and have on
the inner hind angle a large, tawny-brown spot, with streaks
of light bronze or copper color, nearly in the form of a horse-
shoe ; at a little distance they resemble watered silk. The
hind wings and abdomen are of a light yellowish brown,
with the lustre of satin. The moth conceals itself during the
daytime, and appears only at night, and, since it is not read-
ily attracted by light, is seldom seen. The second brood of

9

130 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

moths are usually on the wing during the latter half of July,
when they pair, and in a few days the female begins to de-
posit her eggs for the later brood of larvaa, generally selecting
for this purpose the later apples. These larvas mature during
the autumn or early winter months; if they escape before the
fruit is gathered, they seek some sheltered nook under the
loose bark of a tree or other convenient hiding-place ; but
if carried with the fruit into the cellar, they may often be
found about the barrels and bins in which it is stored ; a
favorite hiding-place is between the hoops and staves of the
apple-barrels, where they are found sometimes by hundreds.
If thus provided with snug winter-quarters, and through
negligence allowed to escape, the fruit-grower must expect to
suffer increased loss from his want of care. Having fixed on
a suitable spot, the larva spins its little tough cocoon, firmly
fastened to the place of attachment, and within this it re-
mains in the larval state until early the following spring,
when it changes to a brown chrysalis, and shortly afterwards
the moth appears, to begin the work of the opening season.

Besides injuring the apple, it is very destructive to the pear ;
it is also found on the wild crab, and occasionally on the plum
and peach. Sometimes two larvse will be found in the same
fruit.

Remedies. — One of the most effective methods yet devised
for reducing the numbers of this insect is to trap the larvaB and
chrysalids and destroy them. This is best done by applying
bands around the trunks of the trees about six inches in width ;
strips of old sacking, carpet, cloth, or fabric of any kind will
serve the purpose, and, although not so durable, many use
common brown paper. Whatever material is used, it should
be wound entirely round the tree once or twice, and fastened
with a string or tack. Within such enclosures the larvse hide
and transform. The bands should be applied not later than
the 1st of June, and visited every eight or ten days until the
last of August, each time taken off and examined, and all
the worms and chrysalids found under them destroyed ; they

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

131

should also be visited once after the crop is secured. Some
persoiis prefer to use narrower bands, not more than four
inches wide, and fasten them with a tack, while others se-
cure them in their place by merely tucking the end under.
Usually the cocoons under the bandages are partly attached
to the tree and partly to the bandage, so that when the latter
is removed the cocoon is torn asunder, when it often happens
that the larva or chrysalis will fall to the ground, and, if it
escapes notice, may there complete its transformations. Wide-
mouthed bottles partly filled with sweetened water, and hung
in the trees, have been recommended as traps for the codling
moth, but there is no evidence that any appreciable benefit has
ever been derived from their use. A large number of moths
can be captured in this manner, but it is rare to find a codling
moth among them. Neither is the plan of lighting fires in the
orchard of much avail, since codling moths are rarely attracted
by light. Spraying the trees soon after the fruit has set, and
while it is still in an upright position, with a mixture of Paris
green and water in the proportion of a teaspoonful to a pailful
of water, will deter the moths from placing their eggs on the
apples, and thus protect much of the fruit from injury.

The fallen fruit should be
promptly gathered and de-
stroyed. It has been recom-
mended that hogs be kept in
the orchard for the purpose of
devouring such fruit; and,
where they can be so kept
without injury to the trees or
to other crops, they will no
doubt prove useful.

This insect, while in the lar-
val state, is so protected within
the apple that it enjoys great
immunity from insect enemies. Nevertheless it is occasion-
ally reached by the ever-watchful Ichneumons, two species

FIG. 139.

132

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

of which are known to occur as parasites within the bodies of
the larvse. They have been bred by Mr. C. V. Riley, who
describes them in his fifth Missouri Report. One is a small
black fly, from one-fourth to one-half inch in length; its legs
are reddish, the hind pair having a broad white ring. It
is called the Ring-legged Pimpla, Pimpla annulipes Br., and
is represented, much magnified, in Fig. 139. The other

species is about the

FIG. 140. same size, but more

slender, and of a
yellow or brownish-
yellow color. The
female is provided
with a long ovipos-
itor, as seen in
Fig. 140, where the
insect is shown
highly magnified.
The abdomen of the
male is represented
to the right of the
figure. This spe-
cies is known as
the Delicate Long-
sting, Macrocentrus
delicatus Cresson.
These useful insect
friends are not yet
sufficiently numer-
ous to check materially the increase of the codling moth,
and it is doubtful if they ever will be. When the codling
worm has left the fruit in which it has been feeding, and while
wandering about in search of a suitable spot in which to pass
its chrysalis stage, it is liable to be attacked by any of the
ground-beetles, Carabidde, both in their larval and their
perfect state, also by the larvae of soldier-beetles and other

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 133

carnivorous insects. Some of the smaller insectivorous birds
are also said to devour this insect both in the larval and
in the pupal condition.

No. 59.— The Apple Curculio.
Anthonomus quadrigibbus Say.

This is a small beetle, a little smaller than a plum curculio,
of a dull-brown color, having a long, thin snout, which sticks
out more or less horizontally, and cannot be folded under the
body, as is the case with many species of Curculio. This
snout in the female is as long as the body ; in the male it is
about half that length. In addition to the prominent snout,
it is furnished with four conspicuous brownish-red humps to-
wards the hinder part of its body, from which it takes its
specific name, quadrigibbus. Including the snout, its length is a
quarter of an inch or more. In the accompanying figure, 141,

the insect is magnified : a rep-

' PIG. 141.

resents a back view, 6 a side

view; the outline at the left
shows its natural size. Its
body is dull brown, shaded
with rusty red ; the thorax
and anterior third of the wing-
covers are grayish.

This is a native American
insect which formerly bred ex-
clusively in the wild crabs and haws; it is single-brooded,
and passes the winter in the beetle state. The beetle appears
quite early, and the larva may often be found hatched before
the middle of June, and in various stages of its growth in
the fruit during June, July, and August.

The beetle with its long snout drills holes into the young
apples, much like the puncture of a hot needle, the hole
being round, and surrounded by a blackish margin. Those
which are drilled by the insect when feeding are about one-
tenth of an inch deep, and scooped out broadly at the bottom;

134 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

those which the female makes for her eggs are scooped out
still more broadly, and the egg is placed at the bottom. The
egg is of a yellowish color, and in shape a long oval, being
about oue-twenty-fifth of an inch in length and not quite half
that in width. As soon as the larva hatches, it burrows to
the heart of the fruit, where it feeds around the core, which
becomes partly filled with rust-red excrement. In about a
month it attains full size, when it presents the appearance
shown in Fig. 142 ; 6 represents the larva highly magnified,
and a the pupa.

The larva is a soft, white grub, nearly half an inch in
length, with a yellowish-brown head and jaws. Its body is

much wrinkled, the spaces
•FlG- 142< between the folds being of

a bluish-black color; there is
also a line of a bluish shade
down the back. Having
no legs, it is incapable of
much movement, and re-
mains within the fruit it oc-
cupies, changing there to a
pupa of a whitish color (see

Fig. 142 a), and in two or three weeks, when perfected, the
beetle cuts a hole through the fruit and escapes.

When feeding, this insect makes a number of holes or
punctures, and around these a hard knot or swelling forms,
which much disfigures the fruit ; pears, as well as apples, are
injured in this way. The infested fruits do not usually fall
to the ground, as do apples affected by the codling worm, but
remain attached to the tree, and the insect, from its habit
of living within the fruit through all its stages, is a difficult
one to destroy. Picking the affected specimens from the
tree, and vigorously jarring the tree during the time when
the beetle is about, will bring it to the ground, where it can
be destroyed in the same manner as recommended for the
plum curculio. Fortunately, it is seldom found in such

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 135

abundance as to do much damage to the fruit-crop. In
Southern Illinois and in some portions of Missouri it has
proved destructive, but in most of the Northern United
States and in Canada, although common on thorn-bushes and
crab-apples, it seldom attacks the more valuable fruits to any
considerable extent.

No. 60.— The Apple Maggot.

Trypeta pomonella Walsh.

This is a footless maggot, shown at a, Fig. 143, tapering to
a point in front, and cut squarely off behind, which lives in
the pulp of the apple, and tunnels it with winding channels,
making here and there little roundish discolored excavations
about the size of a pea. This maggot is of a greenish-white
color, about one-fifth of an inch long, with a pointed head
and a pale-brown, flattish, rough tubercle behind it ; the
hinder segment has two pale-brown tubercles below.

The pupa is of a pale yellowish-brown color, and differs
from the larva only in being contracted in length ; in this in-
stance the true pupa is enclosed within the shrunken skin of
the larva. When about to change, the maggot leaves the
apple, and, falling to the ground, burrows under the surface,
and there enters the pupal state, in which condition it remains
until the middle of the following summer, when the perfect
insect escapes in the form of a two-winged fly.

The fly (6, Fig. 143) is about one-fifth of an inch long, and
measures, when its wings are expanded, nearly half an inch
across. The head and legs are rust-red, the thorax shining
black, more or less marked with grayish or white ; the ab-
domen is black, with dusky hairs, and with whitish hairs bor-
dering the spaces between the segments of the body. The
wings are whitish glassy, with dusky bands. This insect is
single-brooded, the fly appearing in July, when, by means of
a sharp ovipositor, it inserts its eggs into the substance of
the apple. It frequently attacks apples which have been
previously perforated by the codling worm, and it prefers the

136 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

thin-skinned summer and fall apples to the winter varieties
It is, however, frequently found in apples which have been
stored, and has thus proved very troublesome in many parts

FIG. 143.

of the country, especially in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and
New York. It is a native insect, found feeding on haws, and
probably also on crab-apples.

No. 61. — The Apple Midge.

Sciara mail (Fitch).

This is also a small maggot, found devouring the flesh of
ripened and stored apples, and hastening their decay. It ap-
pears to attack chiefly, if not wholly, those specimens which
have been previously perforated by the codling worm, thus
adding to the damage caused by that destructive pest, and
when this insect has completed its transformations within
the apple, the hole made by the codling worm affords this fly
a ready means of exit.

The larvae are long and slender, tapering gradually to a
point at the head, the hinder end being blunt; they are of a
glassy-white color, and semi-transparent. When present, they
are generally found in considerable numbers, and they burrow
many channels through the flesh of the apple, converting it
into a spongy substance of a dull-yellowish color.

The change to a pupa takes place within the fruit. The
pupa is about one-eighth of an inch long, somewhat sticky on
the surface, of an elongated, oval form, pointed at one end,

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 137

and rounded at the other ; the head, thorax, and wing-cases
are black ; the abdomen is dull yellow.

The perfect insect very much resembles the Hessian fly in
appearance, except that its legs are not so long and slender.
The head, antennae, and thorax are black; the abdomen
dusky, almost black, with a pale-yellow band at each of the
sutures ; beneath it is yellow, with a dusky patch on the
middle of each segment ; the tip of the abdomen, ovipositor,
and legs, are black. The wings are dull hyaline, tinged with
a smoky hue, and about one-fourth longer than the body.

This insect has not thus far proved very destructive, and
from its habits is scarcely likely to become so.

No. 62.— The Apple Fly.

Drosophila ampdvphtta Loew.

This is a two-winged fly, known as the vine-loving
pomace fly, very similar in its habits to the apple midge,
but it usually attacks the earlier varieties, showing a pref-
erence for such as are sweet. The larva (see a, Fig. 144)

FIG. 144.

generally enters the apple where it has been bored by the cod-
ling worm, or through the punctures made by the apple cur-
culio, and sometimes through the calyx when the apple is
quite sound. In August the fly (see Fig. 144, b) matures and
deposits eggs for another brood, and successive generations
follow until winter begins. The pupae may be found during
the winter in the bottoms of apple-barrels, and in this inac-
tive state they remain until the following season. Usually

138 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE.

several insects are found in the same apple, and sometimes the
fruit is almost alive with them, when, being rapidly riddled
with their borings, it speedily decays.

No. 63. — The Apple Thrips.

PhlcBothrips mail Fitch.

This is a very small insect, about one-eighteenth of an inch
long. It is slender, of a blackish-purple color, with narrow,
silvery-white wings. Occasionally apples are found early in
August, small and withered, with a cavity near their tip,
about the size of a pea, and the surface of a blackened color,
appearing as if the cavity had been gnawed out. Within this
may usually be found one of these apple thrips, which had
probably taken up its residence on the fruit while it was very
small, and by frequent puncturing day after day the apple
has become stunted in growth, and finally withered.

This insect has never yet proved very injurious; should it
ever become so, it would be a difficult one to exterminate.
Syringing thoroughly with tobacco-water or a solution of
whale-oil soap would probably prove efficacious.

No. 64, — The Ash-gray Pinion.

Lithophane antennata (Walker.)

This insect is a moth, the larva of which has occasionally
FIG. 145.

been found boring into young apples and peaches during the
month of June. Fig. 145 illustrates its mode of procedure.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT 139

The caterpillar is pale green, with cream-colored spots, and a
broad, cream-colored band along the sides. When full grown,
it leaves the fruit and works its way under the surface of
the ground, where it forms a very thin, filmy, silken cocoon,
within which it changes to a reddish-brown chrysalis.

The moth escapes in the autumn, and is of a dull ash-gray
color, with its fore wings variegated with darker gray, or
grayish brown, as shown in the figure.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OP INJUEIOUS INSECTS WHICH
AFFECT THE APPLE,

In addition to those already enumerated, the following
insects are injurious to the apple, but, since they are more
destructive to other fruits, they will be referred to under
other headings.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

The pear-blight beetle, No. 68; the New York weevil,
No. 100 ; and the red-shouldered Sinoxylon, No. 130.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The tarnished plant-bug, No. 71 ; the pear-tree leaf-miner,
No. 74; grasshoppers, No. 80; the gray dagger-moth, No.
84 ; the waved Lagoa, No. 89 ; the blue-spangled peach-tree
caterpillar, No. 102; the lo emperor-moth, No. 112; the
Ursula butterfly, No. 116 ; the basket or bag- worm, No. 120 ;
the white-lined Deilephila, No. 136 ; the rose-beetle, No. 151 ;
and the smeared dagger, No. 194.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

The melancholy Cetonia, No. 82 ; and the plum curculio,
No. 94.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

ATTACKING THE TBUNK,

No. 65. — The Pear-tree Borer.
JEgeriapyri (Harris).

This is a whitish larva resembling that of the peach-tree
borer, but much smaller, which feeds chiefly upon the inner
layers of the bark of the pear-tree. Its presence may be
detected from its habit of throwing out castings resembling
fine sawdust, which are readily seen upon the bark of the
tree. Before the larva changes to a chrysalis it eats a passage
through the bark, leaving only the thinnest possible covering
unbroken. Retiring towards the interior, it changes to a
chrysalis, and late in the summer the chrysalis wriggles itself
forward, and, pushing against the paper-like covering which
conceals its place of retreat, ruptures it, and, projecting itself
from the orifice, the moth soon bursts its prison-house and
escapes, leaving nothing but the empty skin behind it.

The moth (Fig. 146) is somewhat like a small wasp, of
a purplish or bluish-black color, with three golden-yellow
stripes on its abdomen; the edges of the collar,
Fia.^146. the shoulder-covers, and the fan-shaped brush on
the tail are of the same golden-yellow hue. The
wings, which, when expanded, measure more than
half an inch across, are clear and glass-like, with
their veins and fringes purplish black, and across
the tips of the fore wings is a broad dark band with a coppery
lustre. The under side is pale yellow.

Remedies. — The trees should be examined in the spring,

and if evidences of the presence of these larvse are found,

they should be searched for and destroyed. As a preventive

measure, paint the trees with the mixture of soft-soap and

140

ATTACKING THE TRUNK.

141

FIG. 147.

solution of soda, as recommended for the round-headed borer
of the apple (No. 2), or mound the trees about midsummer
with earth, as recommended for the peach-tree borer (No. 97).

No. 66,— The Pigeon Tremex.

Tremex Columba Linn.

The female Pigeon Tremex is represented in Fig. 147. It
is a large wasp-like creature, which measures, when its wings
are expanded, nearly two
inches across. The body is
cylindrical, and about an
inch and a half long ex-
clusive of its boring instru-
ment, which projects about
three-eighths of an inch be-
yond the body. The wings
are of a smoky-brown color,
and semi-transparent ; the
head and thorax are reddish,
varied with black, and the
abdomen is black, crossed by

seven yellow bands, all except the first two interrupted in
the middle. The horny tail and a round spot at its base are
ochre-yellow.

The male (Fig. 148) is unlike the female: it is smaller and
has no borer. Its wings are more transparent; the body is
reddish, varied with black, in form
somewhat flattened, rather wider be-
hind, and ends with a conical horn.
The length of the body is from three-
fourths of an inch to an inch or more,
and the wings expand about an inch
and a half.

The female bores into the wood of
the tree with her borer, and, when the
hole is made deep enough, drops an egg into it. The egg is

FIG. 148.

142

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

oblong-oval, pointed at both ends, and rather less than one-
twentieth of an inch in length.

The larva is soft, yellowish white, of a cylindrical form,
rounded behind, with a conical horny point on the upper
part of the hinder extremity, and when mature is about an
inch and a half long. It bores deeply into the interior of the
wood. Besides the pear, it is injurious to the button wood,
elm, and maple.

From its secluded habits, this insect is a difficult one to
cope with ; fortunately, it is seldom present in sufficient num-
bers to be very injurious. It is said to be destroyed by
Ichneumon flies, species of Pimpla, furnished with very long
ovipositors, with which they bore into the trunks of trees
inhabited by these Tremex larvae, and deposit their eggs in
them : these hatch into grubs, which consume their substance
and cause their death.

FIG. 149.

ATTACKING- THE BEANOHES,

No. 67. — The Twig-girdler.

Oncideres cingulatus (Say).

This beetle nearly amputates pear twigs
during the latter half of August and the early
Q part of September. The female makes per-
B forations (Fig. 149, 6) in the smaller branches
of the tree upon which she lives, and in these
deposits her eggs, one of which is shown of the
natural size at e. She then proceeds to gnaw
a groove about one-tenth of an inch wide and
about a similar depth all around the branch,
as shown in the figure, when the exterior por-
tion dies, and the larva, when hatched, feeds
upon the dead wood. The girdled twigs sooner
or later fall to the ground, and in them the insect completes

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 143

its transformations, and finally escapes as a perfect beetle.
This insect is about eleven-twentieths of an inch in length,
with a robust body of a brownish-gray color with dull red-
dish-yellow dots, and having a broad gray band across the
middle of the wing-cases. The antenna are longer than the
body. The beetle is more common on the hickory than on
the pear.

To subdue the insect, the dead and fallen twigs should be
gathered and burnt.

No. 66.— The Pear-blight Bee

Xyleborus pyri (Peck).

During the heat of midsummer, twigs of the pear-tree some-
times become suddenly blighted, the leaves and fruit wither,
and a discoloration of the bark takes place, followed by the
speedy death of the part affected. Most frequently these effects
are the result of fire-blight, a disease produced by a species
of micrococcus, but occasionally they are due to the agency
of the pear-blight beetle. In these latter instances there will
be found, on examination, small perforations like pin-holes at
the base of some of the buds, and from these issue small cylin-
drical beetles, shown magnified in Fig. 150, about one-tenth
of an inch long, of a deep brown or black color, with
antenna and legs of a rusty red. The thorax is FIG. 150.
short, very convex, rounded and roughened ; the
wing-covers are thickly but minutely punctated, the
dots being arranged in rows ; the hinder part of the
body terminates in an abrupt and sudden slope.

The beetle deposits its eggs at the base of the bud,
and when hatched the young larva follows the course
of the eye of the bud towards the pith, around which it passes,
consuming the tissues in its course, thus interfering with the
circulation and causing the twig to wither. The larva changes
to a pupa, and subsequently to a beetle, in the bottom of its
burrow, and makes its escape from the tree in the latter part
of June or the beginning of July, depositing its eggs before

144 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

August has passed. The hole made by the beetle when it is
escaping is a little more than one-twentieth of an inch in
diameter.

It was formerly supposed that these insects infested only
such trees as were unhealthy or were already dying, but it has
been stated that sound and healthy trees are attacked and
severely injured by them. Neither are they limited in their
operations to the twigs, but sometimes attack the trunk also.
II is said that there are two broods each year, the early one
nurtured in the trunk, and when these reach maturity, the
newly-grown twigs, offering a more dainty repast, are subse-
quently invaded and destroyed.

The injuries inflicted by this insect are not confined wholly
to the pear; occasionally it is found on the apple, apricot,
and plum. The only remedy which has been suggested is to
cut off the blighted limbs below the injured part and burn
them before the beetle has escaped.

The damage caused by this insect must not be confounded
with the well-known fire-blight on the pear, since that, as
already remarked, is a disease of a totally different character,
and is entirely independent of insect agency.

No. 69.— The Pear-tree Bark-louse.

Lecanium pyri (Schrank).

This insect is found on the under side of the limbs of young
and thrifty pear-trees, adhering closely to the bark. It ap-
pears in the form of a hemispherical scale about one-fifth of
an inch in diameter, of a chestnut-brown color, sometimes
marked with faint blackish streaks, arid having on its surface
some shallow indentations. The outer margin is wrinkled.
These scales, when mature, are the dead bodies of the females
covering and protecting their young ; some are darker in color
than others, and there are some smaller ones which are of a
dull-yellow hue.

Under the scales the young lice are interspersed through a
mass of white cotton-like matter, which subsequently increases

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 145

in volume and protrudes from under the scale. Early in the
season they crawl out and distribute themselves over the
smooth bark, appearing as minute whitish specks. When
magnified, they are found to be of an oval form, somewhat
flattened, about one-hundredth of an inch long, of a dull-
white color, with six legs and short antennas. The young
lice attach themselves to the bark, which they puncture with
their beaks, living on the sap, and during the season mate-
rially increase in size. They pass the winter in a torpid state,
and in the spring the males enter the pupal condition, and
subsequently appear as minute two-winged flies, while the
females gradually grow to the size and form of the scales
referred to, and after depositing their eggs die, when their
dried bodies remain to serve as a shelter for their offspring.
This is believed to be identical with the bark louse which
occurs upon the pear-tree in Europe.

Remedies. — Fortunately, these insects are of such a size that
they are easily seen. They should be looked for during the
latter part of June, at which time the females will have
attained their full size, and, when discovered, should be
promptly removed. The under side of the limbs should
also be well scrubbed with a brush dipped in some alkaline
solution.

A small, four-winged parasite lives in the bodies of the
females, feeds upon their substance and destroys them, and
forms a chrysalis under the scale. When this fly matures, it
gnaws a round hole through the scale and escapes.

No. 70.— The Pear-tree Psylla.

Psyllapyri Schmidb.

During the middle of May, when growth is rapid, the smaller
limbs and twigs of pear-trees are sometimes observed to droop ;
a close examination reveals a copious exudation of sap from
about the axils of the leaves, so abundant that it drops upon
the foliage below, and sometimes runs down the branches to
the ground. Flies and ants gather around in crowds to sip

10

146

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

FIG. 161.

the sweets, and by their busy bustle draw attention to the
mischief progressing. With a magnifying lens the authors
of the injury may be observed immersed in the sap about the
axils of the leaves.

This insect is known as the Pear-tree Psylla, a small, yellow,
jumping creature, flattened in form, and provided with short
legs, a broad' head, and sharp beak. With the beak are made
the punctures from which the sap exudes. In rare instances

they occur in immense
numbers, when almost
every leaf on a tree will
seem to be affected ; all
growth is at once arrested,
and frequently the tree loses
a considerable portion of
its leaves. When in the
pupa state with the wings
developing, they present the appearance shown in Fig. 151 ;
a represents the under side, b the upper side ; the perfect
winged insect is shown in Fig. 152, all highly magnified.

The color of the pupa is
- 152- deep orange-red, the thorax

striped with black, and the
abdomen blackish brown.
Towards the end of the
summer they attain matu-
rity, when they are fur-
nished with transparent
wings ; the head is deeply
notched in front; color orange-yellow, with the abdomen
greenish. Length one-tenth of an inch.

Remedies. — Paint the twigs with a strong solution of soft-
soap, as recommended for No. 2, or syringe the trees with
strong soapsuds.

ATTACKING THE BUDS. 147

ATTACKING THE BUDS.

No. 71. — The Tarnished Plant-bug.

Lygus lineolaris (P. Beauv.)-

This insect, which is represented magnified in Fig. 153, is
about one-fifth of an inch long, and varies in color from
dull dark brown to a greenish or dirty
yellowish brown, the males being gener-
ally darker than the females. The head
is yellowish, with three narrow, reddish
stripes ; the beak or sucker is about one-
third the length of the body, and when
not in use is folded upon the breast. The
thorax has a yellow margin and several
yellowish lines running lengthwise ; behind
the thorax is a yellow V-like mark, some-
times more or less indistinct. The wings are dusky brown,
and the legs dull yellow.

It passes the winter in the perfect state, taking shelter
among rubbish, or in other convenient hiding-places, and
early in May, as soon as vegetation starts, it begins its dep-
redations. Concealing itself within the young leaves of the
expanding buds of the pear, it punctures them about their
base and along their edges, extracting their juices with its
beak. The puncture of the insect seems to have a poisonous
effect, and the result is to disfigure and sometimes entirely
destroy the young leaves, causing them to blacken and wither.
These insects are also partial to the unopened buds, piercing
them from the outside, and sucking them nearly dry, when
they also become withered and blackened. Sometimes a
whole branch will be thus affected, being first stunted, then
withering, and finally dying. Early in the morning these
plant-bugs are in a sluggish condition, and may be found
buried in the expanding leaves, but as the day advances
and the temperature rises they become active, and when ap-

148 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

preached dodge quickly about from place to place, drop to
the ground, or else take wing and fly away. In common
with most true bugs, they have when handled a disagreeable
odor. In the course of two or three weeks they disappear,
or cease to be sufficiently injurious to attract attention.

It is stated that they deposit their eggs on the leaves, and
that later in the season the young and old bugs may be found
together. The young bugs are green, but in other respects
do not differ from their parents, except in lacking wings.
While they seem particularly partial to the pear, they attack
also the young leaves of the quince, apple, plum, cherry, and
strawberry, as well as those of many herbaceous plants.

Remedies. — First of all, clean culture, so as to leave no
shelter for the bug in which to winter over. When they
appear in spring, shake them from the trees very early in the
morning, while they are in a torpid state, and destroy them.

No. 72. — The Oak Platycerus.

Platycerus quercus (Weber).

This is an insect belonging to the family of stag beetles,
which has occasionally been found injurious to pear-trees in
Illinois by devouring the buds. In the larval state it feeds
on decaying wood in old oak logs and stumps. It matures
and appears as a beetle about the time that the buds
of the pear are bursting, and continues feeding for
many days, completely eating out the swelling buds
and the ends of the new shoots.

It is a blackish beetle, of a greenish cast, with
ribbed wing-covers, and nearly half an inch in
length. It is represented in Fig. 154. As this has hitherto
been comparatively a rare beetle, it is scarcely likely ever to
prove generally troublesome to pear-growers.

ATTACKING THE FLOWERS. 149

ATTACKING THE PLOWEBS,

Ho. 73. — The Pear-tree Blister-beetle.

Pomphopcea aenea (Say).

This is a greenish-blue or brassy-looking beetle, rather
more than half an inch long (see Fig. 155), with head and
thorax punctated and somewhat hairy, the wing-
cases roughened and with two slightly-elevated FlG- 155-
lines.

These beetles have been found injurious to pear-
blossoms both in Michigan and in Pennsylvania.
They begin their work by devouring the corolla,
then the pistil and calyx, and a portion of the
forming fruit, but are said to avoid the stamens.
They will occasionally eat small portions of the tender foliage,
and are usually most abundant on the tops of the trees and
about the extremities of the limbs. They also attack the
blossoms of the cherry, plum, and quince, but have not been
observed on the apple or peach.

This pest is easily controlled.' On jarring the trees they
drop at once to the ground, and if taken in the cool of the
morning are very sluggish in their movements. Later in
the day, in the heat of the sun, they become much more
active, and fly readily.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,
No. 74. — The Pear-tree Leaf-miner.

Lithocolletis geminatella Packard.

The larva of this insect mines the leaves of the pear, and
also those of the apple. It is very small, of a pale-reddish
color, with a black head and a black patch on the upper part
of the next segment. In Fig. 156 it is shown magnified. It

150

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

FIG. 158.

usually draws two leaves together and fastens them with
silken fibres, or else folds one up and eats the surface, making

unsightly blotches, which

FIG. 156. FIG. 157. disfigure and injure the

leaves. About the mid-
dle of August, the larva
changes to a long, slender chrysalis within this mine (Fig.
157, also magnified). The moths appear a few days after-
wards.

When its wings are expanded, the moth (Fig. 158, en-
larged) measures about one-third of an inch across. The
fore wings are dark gray, with a round
blackish spot on the middle of the inner
edge of the wing, which is not shown
in the figure, also an eye-like spot on
the outer edge, with a black pupil.

As the season advances, these insects
sometimes become very abundant, and
towards the end of autumn a large pro-
portion of the leaves of the pear and apple trees become
blotched and disfigured from their work. Since they pass the
winter in the larval or chrysalis condition in their leafy en-
closures, their numbers may be materially reduced by gathering
all the fallen leaves in the autumn and burning them.

No. 75. — The Pear-tree Slug.
Selandria cerasi Peck.

In the year 1790, Prof. Peck, of Massachusetts, wrote a
pamphlet entitled " Natural History of the Slug-worm,"
which was printed in Boston the same year by order of the
Massachusetts Agricultural Society and was awarded the So-
ciety's premium of fifty dollars and a gold medal. Although
more than ninety years have passed since that pamphlet
was written, not much has been added in the interval to our
knowledge of the history and habits of this insect. In the
mean time, however, it has spread over the greater portion of

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. \§\

the United States and Canada, injuring more or less seriously
the foliage of our pear, cherry, quince, and plum trees every
year.

This insect passes the winter in the pupa state under
IT round ; the flies, the progenitors of the mischievous brood
of slugs, appearing on the wing in the Northern States and
Canada from about the third week in May until the middle
of June. The fly (Fig. 159) is of a glossy black color,
with four transparent ,/ings, the front pair
being crossed by a dusky cloud ; the veins Fl°- 159.
are brownish, and the legs dull yellow, with
black thighs, except the hind pair, which are
black at both extremities, and dull yellow in
the middle. The female fly is more than
one-fifth of an inch long ; the male is somewhat smaller.
When the trees on which these flies are at work are jarred
or shaken, or if the flies are otherwise disturbed, they fall to
the ground, where, folding their antennae under their bodies
and bending the head forward and under, they remain for a
time motionless.

The saw-flies have been so called from the fact that in most
of the species the females are provided with a saw-like ap-
pendage at the end of the body, by which slits are cut in the
leaves of the trees, shrubs, or plants on which the larvae feed,
in which slits the eggs are deposited. The female of this
species begins to deposit her eggs early in June; they are
placed singly within little semicircular incisions through the
skin of the leaf, sometimes on the under side and sometimes
on the upper. In about a fortnight these eggs hatch.

The newly-hatched slug is at first white, but soon a slimy
matter oozes out of the skin and covers the upper part of the
body with an olive-colored sticky coating. After changing
its skin four times, it attains the length of half an inch or more
(see Fig. 160, a), and is then nearly full grown. It is a dis-
gusting-looking creature, a slimy, blackish, or olive-brown
slug, with the anterior part of its body so swollen as to re-

152 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

semble somewhat a tadpole in form, and having a disagreeable
and sickening odor. The head is small, of a reddish color, and
is almost entirely concealed under the front segments. It is

of a dull-yellowish color beneath, with twenty
FIG. 160. 1/1 • u

very short legs, one pair under each segment

except the fourth and the last. After the last
moult it loses its slimy appearance and dark
color, and appears in a clean yellow skin en-
tirely free from slime ; its form is also changed,
being proportionately longer. In a few hours
after this change it leaves the tree and crawls
or falls to the ground, where it buries itself to
a depth of from one to three or four inches.
By repeated movements of the body the earth
is pressed firmly on all sides, and an oblong-
oval chamber is formed, which is afterwards
lined with a sticky, glossy substance, which
makes it retain its shape. Within this little
earthen cell the insect changes to a chrysalis, and in about a
fortnight finishes its transformations, breaks open the en-
closure, crawls to the surface of the ground, and appears in
the winged form.

About the third week in July the flies are actively engaged
in depositing eggs for a second brood, the young slugs appear-
ing early in August. They reach maturity in about four
weeks, then retire under ground, change to pupa?, and remain
in that condition until the following spring.

Pear and cherry growers should be on the lookout for this
destructive pest about the middle of June, and again early in
August, and if the young larvae are then abundant they should
be promptly attended to, since if neglected they soon play sad
havoc with the foliage, feeding upon the upper side of the
leaves and consuming the tissues, leaving only the veins and
under skin. The foliage, deprived of its substance, withers
and becomes dark-colored, as if scorched by fire, and soon after-
wards it drops from the trees. In a badly-infested pear orchard,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 153

whole rows of trees may sometimes be seen as bare of foliage
during the early days of July as they are in midwinter. In
such instances the trees are obliged to throw out new leaves ;
and this extra eifort so exhausts their vigor as to interfere
seriously with their fruit-producing power the following
year. Although very abundant in a given locality one
season, these slugs may be very scarce the next, as they are
liable to be destroyed in the interval by enemies and by
unfavorable climatic influences.

Remedies. — Hellebore in powder, mixed with water in the
proportion of an ounce to two gallons, and applied to the
foliage with a syringe or a watering-pot, promptly destroys
this slug; and Paris-green, applied in the same manner, in
the proportion of a teaspoonful to the same quantity of water,
would doubtless serve a similar purpose. Fresh air-slaked
lime dusted on the foliage is said to be an efficient remedy.
It has been recommended to dust the foliage with sand, ashes,
and road dust, but these are unsatisfactory measures, and of
little value. A very minute Ichneumon fly is said to lay
its eggs within the eggs of this saw-fly, and from its tiny egg
a little maggot is hatched, which lives within the egg of the
saw-fly and consumes it.

Mo. 76. — The Green Pear-tree Slug.

Another species of saw-fly, as yet undetermined, also attacks
the leaves of the pear. The larvae appear from about the
first to the middle of June, and eat holes in the leaves or semi-
circular portions from the edge. They are about half an inch
in length, nearly cylindrical in form, tapering slightly towards
the hinder segments. The head is rather small, pale green
with a yellowish tinge, and has a dark-brown dot on each side ;
the jaws are tipped with brown. The body above is semi-
transparent, of a grass-green color faintly tinged with yellow,
the yellow most apparent on the posterior segments ; there is
a line down the back of a slightly deeper shade of green, and
one along each side, close to the under surface, of a paler hue.

154 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

The under side is similar to the upper ; feet whitish green,
semi-transparent.

About the middle of June this larva seeks some suitable
hiding-place, such as a crevice in the bark of the tree, or
other shelter, and there makes and fastens firmly a small,
brownish, papery-looking cocoon, in which it undergoes its
transformations and remains until the following spring, when
the perfect fly appears.

The fly bears a general resemblance to that of the pear-tree
slug, but is smaller.

The remedies applicable to the pear-tree slug would serve
equally well in this instance; but these insects are seldom
found in sufficient abundance to require a remedy.

No, 77. — The Goldsmith-beetle.

Cotalpa lanigera (Linn.).

This is, without doubt, one of the most beautiful of all our

leaf-eating beetles. It is nearly an inch in length (see Fig.

161), of a broad, oval form, with the wing-cases of a rich

yellow color and pale metallic lustre, while the

T7i_ _ -I />i •/ Jr f

top of the head and the thorax gleam with
burnished gold of a brilliant reddish cast. The
under surface has a polished coppery hue, and
is thickly covered with whitish, woolly hairs :
this latter characteristic has suggested its spe
cific name, lanigera, or wool-bearer.

This insect appears late in May and during
the month of June, and is distributed over a
very wide area, being found in most of the Northern United
States and in Canada ; and, although seldom very abundant,
rarely does a season pass without some of them being seen.
During the day they are inactive, and may be found clinging
to the under side of the leaves of trees, often drawing together
two or three leaves and holding them with their sharp claws
for the purpose of concealing themselves. At dusk they issue
from their hiding-places and fly about with a buzzing sound

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 155

among the branches of trees, the tender leaves of which they
devour. The pear, oak, poplar, hickory, silver abele, and
sweet-gum all suffer more or less from their attacks. Like
the common May-bug, this beautiful creature is attracted by
light, and often flies into lighted rooms on summer even-
ings, dashing against everything it meets with, to the great
alarm of nervous inmates. In some seasons they are com-
paratively common, and may then be readily captured by
shaking the trees on which they are lodged, in the daytime,
when they do not attempt to fly, but fall at once to the
ground.

The beetle is short-lived. The female deposits her eggs
in the ground at varying depths during the latter part of
June, and, having thus provided for the continuance of her
species, dies. The lives of the males are of still shorter
duration. The eggs are laid during the night, the whole
number probably not exceeding twenty; they are very large
for the size of the beetle, being nearly one-tenth of an inch
in length, of a long, ovoid form, and a white, translucent
appearance.

In about three weeks the young larva is hatched ; it is of a
dull-white color, with a polished, horny head of a yellowish
brown, feet of the same hue, and the extremity
of the abdomen lead-color. The mature larva FlG; 162-
(Fig. 162) is a thick, whitish, fleshy grub, very
similar in appearance to that of the May-bug,
which is familiarly known as " the white grub."
It lives in the ground and feeds on the roots \
of plants, and is tlws sometimes very destruc-
tive to strawberry-plants. It is said that the
larva is three years in reaching its full growth ; finally, it
matures in the autumn, and late the same season or early in
the following spring changes to a beetle.

156 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

No. 78. — The Iridescent Serica.

Serica iricolor Say.

This beetle is said to have proved very injurious to pear-
trees in New Jersey by devouring the leaves. It is of an
oval form, about one-fifth of an inch long, of a dull bluish-
black color, and clothed with long, fine, silky hairs, especially
on the thorax ; it is represented in Fig. 163.
^is msect nas the same habit of dropping to the
ground when the trees are jarred or shaken as the
goldsmith-beetle (No. 77), and if it proves at any
time troublesome it may be collected in this way and
destroyed. It is not known how or where the larva of this
species lives, but it probably dwells under ground and feeds
on the roots of plants.

No. 79. — The Pear-tree Aphis.

An undetermined species of aphis sometimes attacks the
leaves of the pear-tree early in June, causing them to twist
and curl up very much. In the pupa state these insects are
active, with the wings partly developed. They are then
green, with a row of brownish dots along the back, which
are. smaller on the anterior segments and larger on the middle
ones ; there are also some streaks of the same color along
each side. The wings are enclosed in cases on Jhe sides
about half the length of the body ; body plump ; honey-tubes
pale whitish, tipped with black ; feet pale whitish. All the
specimens seen at this time have partly *or fully developed
wings.

In the perfect winged specimens the head is black ; thorax
black above, greenish below ; body brownish black above,
green on the sides and beneath, with a few blackish dots ;
antennae brownish black. When the insect escapes from the
pupa state, the empty pupa skin is left Attached to the under
surface of the curled leaves.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 157

The remedies recommended for the apple-tree aphis (No.
57) will be serviceable for this insect also.

No, 80. — Grasshoppers, or Locusts.

In addition to the insects already treated of, several species
of grasshoppers, or, more correctly, locusts, attack the leaves
of the pear, and, when abundant, will often entirely strip
young trees of their foliage. In Fig. 164 we have a repre-
sentation of the red-legged locust, Caloptenus femur-rubrum
(De Geer), one of our commonest species, which is abundant
everywhere, from Maine to Minnesota, throughout the greater
portion of Canada, and from Pennsylvania to Kansas. In
Fig. 165 is shown the noted Rocky Mountain locust, Galop-

FIG. 164. v FIG. 165.

tenus spretus Thomas, which has proved so terribly destructive
in the West and Northwest. Although much resembling the
red-legged locust in size and general appearance, the wings
are longer, and there are other points of difference which
enable the entomologist readily to separate the species. Those,
however, need not be enumerated here. In Fig. 166 the
females of the Rocky Mountain locust are depicted at a, a, a,
in the act of depositing their eggs. These eggs are laid in
the ground in masses, in which the eggs are carefully arranged,
and the whole coated with a gummy covering. I^the lower
part of the figure one of the egg-masses is shown with one
end open, others in position at d and e, and the eggs separated
at c; /shows where an egg-mass has been deposited and the
aperture closed.

In Fig. 167 another common species is represented, — at a
in the immature or larval state, at 6 in the mature or perfect
condition. This insect is known under the name of the green-

158

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR.

faced locust, Tragocephala viridifasMa (De Geer). There
are many other species which might be referred to, but

FIG. 166.

these will suffice to illustrate the family, all the members of
which are destructive, especially during the latter part of the
summer.

When young trees are deprived of their leaves in the midst
of their growth, they fail to ripen their wood properly, and
their vitality is weakened so that they are more liable to

FIG. 167.

injury from winter, and also more prone to disease. Grass-
hoppers do not confine their attacks to the pear, but devour
also the leaves of young apple, plum, and other trees.

To destroy these pests, the trees, when not fruiting, may
be syringed with Paris-green and water in the proportion of
two teaspoonfuls of the poison to two gallons of water.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 159

ATTACKING THE PRTJIT,
No. 81. — The Indian Cetonia.

Euphoria Inda (Linn.).

This is one of the earliest insect visitors in spring, appear-
ing towards the end of April or in the beginning of May,
when it flies about in dry fields on the borders of woods on
sunny days, making a loud buzzing sound like a bee. It is
little more than half an inch in length (see Fig. 168), and
has a broad body, obtuse behind. The head and
thorax are of a blackish copper-brown, thickly -
covered with short, greenish-yellow hairs. The
wing-cases are light yellowish brown, with a num-
ber of irregular black spots. The under side of the
body is black and very hairy; the legs are dull
red. A variety of this species is occasionally met
with entirely black.

The early brood are fond of sucking the sweet sap which
exudes from wounded trees or freshly-cut stumps ; in Septem-
ber a second brood appear, and these injure fruits, burrowing
into ripe pears almost to their middle, revelling on their
sweets, and inducing rapid decay. They also attack peaches
and grapes.

Nothing has yet been recorded in reference to the larval
history of this species. It is probable that the late brood of
beetles hibernate, passing the winter in a torpid state, hidden
in sheltered places, and awakening with the return of spring,
when they issue from their retreats, after which, having
deposited eggs for another brood, they die.

The only remedy suggested for these insects is to catch and
destroy them. They are seldom very abundant.

160 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR

No. 82. — The Melancholy Cetonia.

Euphoria melancholica (Gory).

This insect belongs to the same genus as the Indian Cetonia
(No. 81), and is very similar to it in appearance and habits,

but is somewhat smaller. (See Fig. 169.)
IG. 169. rp^jg keetie nag a]go |3een foun(j eating into ripe

pears, and occasionally apples. It is found in the
South in cotton-bolls, in the holes left by the boll-
worm. It appears to frequent the bolls for the
purpose of consuming the exuding sap.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH
AFFECT THE PEAE,

ATTACKING THE ROOT.

The broad-necked Prionus, No. 122, is occasionally very
destructive to the roots of the pear.

ATTACKING THE TRUNK.

The round-headed apple-tree-borer, No. 2, and the flat-
headed apple-tree borer, No. 3, both injure the pear, and are
often found under the bark, especially about the base of the
trunk.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

The apple-twig borer, No. 13 ; the oyster-shell bark-louse,
No. 16; the scurfy bark-louse, No. 17 ; and the New York
weevil, No. 100, all affect the branches of the pear-tree.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

Many of the insects which devour the leaves of other
fruit-trees feed also on those of the pear, such as the white-
marked tussock-moth, No. 22; the red-humped apple-tree

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST.

caterpillar, No. 24 ; the fall web- worm, No. 27 ; the Cecropia
emperor-moth, No. 28; the oblique-banded leaf-roller, No.
35; the eye-spotted bud-moth, No. 38; the blue-spangled
peach-tree caterpillar, No. 102; and the basket-worm, or
bag-worm, No. 120.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

The codling moth, No. 58, so destructive to the fruit of the
apple, is almost equally injurious to that of the pear. The
plum curculio, No. 94, and the quince curculio, No. 121, also
affect this fruit.

11

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

ATTACKING^ THE LEAVES,
No. 83. — The Plum-tree Sphinx.

Sphinx drupiferarum (Sm. & Abb.).

The moths belonging to the family known as Sphinx moths
are peculiar in their form and habits. Their bodies are robust,
and their wings are usually long and narrow and possess great
strength and capacity for rapid flight. On the wing they
much resemble humming-birds, and hence are frequently called

FIG. 170.

humming-bird moths. Most of the species remain torpid
during the day, but become active about dusk, when they
may be seen poising in the air over some flower, with their
wings rapidly vibrating, and producing a humming sound.

The plum sphinx is a handsome insect, and is well repre-
sented in Fig. 170. It appears as a moth during the month
of June ; its body is about an inch and a half long, and its
162

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 163

wings expand from three and a half to four inches. The
wings are of a purplish-brown color, the anterior pair having
a stripe of white on their front edge, and one of a fawn color
on their outer edge ; there are also three or four oblique black
streaks, and a black dot on the white stripe. The hind wings
have two whitish, wavy stripes, with a fawn-colored stripe
also on their outer edge. The head and thorax are blackish
brown, with a whitish-fawn color at the sides ; the eyes are
very prominent, and the snout-like projection in front consists
of the two palpi or feelers, within which lies the proboscis or
tongue, snugly coiled up between then* like the mainspring
of a watch ; in the figure this proboscis is shown partly ex-
tended. When stretched to its full length, it is as long as the
body, and is used by the insect in extracting honey from
flowers. The body is brown, with a central line and a baud
on either side of black, the latter containing four or five dingy-
white spots.

The moth deposits her eggs singly on the leaves of the
plum. The egg is about one-fifteenth of an inch long, slightly
oval, with a smooth surface, and of a pale yellowish-green
color. It hatches in from six to eight days, when the young
larva eats its way out through the side of the egg; its first
meal is usually made from the egg-shell, which it partly or
wholly devours.

The newly-hatched larva is one-fourth of an inch long, of a
pale yellowish-green color, with a few slightly-elevated whitish
tubercles on every segment, from each of which arises a single
fine short hair; the caudal horn is black. The full-grown
caterpillar is about three and a half inches long (see Fig. 171),
of a beautiful apple-green color, with a lateral dark-brown or
blackish stripe. On each side of the body there are seven
broad oblique white bands, bordered in front with light
purple or mauve; the stigmata or breathing-pores, which are
ranged along each side of the body, are of a bright orange-
yellow. The caudal horn is long, dark brown, with a yel-
lowish tint about the base at the sides. After satisfying its

164

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

rapacious appetite, this larva often assumes for a time the
peculiar rigid appearance shown in the cut. Though pre-
senting a formidable aspect, it is perfectly harmless, and may

FIG. 171.

FIG. 172.

be handled with impunity; it may be found on the trees from
the middle of July to the end of August.

When mature, the caterpillar descends to the ground, and,
having buried itself under the surface to the depth of several
inches, prepares a convenient chamber, which it lines with a
gummy, water-proof cement, and there changes to a chrysalis,
as shown in Fig. 172, which is about an inch and a half long,

of a dark reddish -brown
color, with a short, thick,
projecting tongue-case. The
insect remains in the ground
in this condition until the
following June ; indeed, oc-
casionally specimens have been known to remain in this torpid
state until the spring of the second year following.

The ravages of the plum-tree sphinx are never very ex-
tensive, yet it appears at times in some localities in sufficient
numbers to cause annoyance. The denuded twigs promptly
attract the attention of the vigilant fruit-grower, who will
soon search out and exterminate the destroyer.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 165

No. 84. — The Gray Dagger-moth.

Apatela occidentalis (G. & R.).

This is a pretty, pale, silvery-gray moth, the first brood of
which appear on the wing late in May or early in June. It
is shown in Fig. 173. The fore wings are pale gray, with
various black lines or markings,
the principal one being in the
form of an irregular cross, bearing
a resemblance to the Greek letter
'F placed sideways; this is situ-
ated about the middle of the fore
wing, towards the outer edge. A

second smaller mark of the same character is found between
this and the tip of the wing ; a black line proceeds from the
base of the wing and extends to near the middle. The hind
wings are dark glossy gray ; the edges of both pairs have a
whitish fringe, with an inner border of black spots; the body
is gray. The wings, when expanded, measure from an inch
and a half to two inches across.

The moths deposit their eggs singly on the leaves of plum,
cherry, and apple trees, and the caterpillar becomes full
grown during the first or second week in July. It is then
about an inch and a half long. Its head is rather large,
flat in front, black, with yellowish dofe at the sides. The
body is bluish gray above, with a wide slate-colored band
down the back, in which is a central pale-orange line from
the second to the fifth segment. From the fifth to the
eleventh, inclusive, each segment is ornamented with a beau-
tiful group of spots, placed in the dorsal band, two of them
bright orange, one in front and one behind, and one of a
greenish metallic hue on each side, each group being set in a
nearly circular patch of velvety black. There are two cream-
colored stripes on the sides, which become indistinct towards
each extremity, and into which there extends from each of the
black dorsal patches a short, black, curved line, having behind

166 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

its base a yellowish dot ; the sides are marked with dull ochrey
spots, and on the top of the twelfth segment there is a promi-
nent black hump. The body is sparingly covered with whitish
hairs, which are distributed chiefly along the sides. The under
surface is of a dull-greenish color ; the feet are black.

When full grown, this larva spins a slight cocoon in some
sheltered spot, and there changes to a chrysalis, about seven-
tenths of an inch long, of a reddish-brown color, with a pol-
ished surface. From these the second brood of moths appear
late in July, and shortly after eggs are again deposited, from
which the later brood of larvae mature about the middle of
September, which then become chrysalids, and produce moths
the following spring.

This insect seldom occurs in sufficient numbers to prove
very destructive; should it ever do so, it may be readily
destroyed by syringing the trees with powdered hellebore or
Paris-green mixed with water, as recommended for the pear-
tree slug (No. 75). The larvae are often captured under the
bands set as traps for the Iarva3 of the codling moth.

No. 85.— The Mottled Plum-tree Moth.

Apatela super ans (Guen.).

The caterpillar of this moth also feeds on the leaves of the
plum, and, like that last described, is solitary in its habits. It
appears about the middle of June. It is a green caterpillar,
about an inch long, with its body seeming as if laterally com-
pressed, making it appear higher than it is wide. There is a

broad chestnut-colored stripe along the back,
FIG. 174. • j vo. 11 • i

margined with yellowish, and on every seg-
ment there are several shining tubercles, each
giving rise to one or more blackish hairs;
there are also a few whitish hairs along the

sides of the body. Fig. 1 74 represents a partly-grown specimen

of this or a very closely allied species.

About the middle of July the moth (Fig. 175) escapes

from the cocoon. The thorax and abdomen are gray, dotted

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

167

FIQ. 175.

with black points; fore wings gray, with black or brownish-
black markings; hind wings brownish gray. When ex-
panded, the wings measure
about an inch and a half
across.

This species is double-
brooded. The moths that
appear in July deposit eggs
from which hatch larvae which

w

reach maturity in September,

enter the chrysalis state, and remain in this condition until
the following spring. An Ichneumon fly attacks this species
and destroys many of them. They are seldom numerous,
and never likely to prove very troublesome.

Fio. 176.

Xo. 86, — The Horned Span-worm.

Nematocampa filamentaria Guen.

This singular-looking caterpillar is frequently found on
plum-trees, devouring the leaves ; it is also found on maple,
oak, and probably other trees, and on strawberry- vines. It
is about seven-tenths of an inch long (see Fig. 176), of a
grayish color, with dusky and blackish
streaks. On the hinder part of the fifth
segment are two long, curved, fleshy horns
extending forward, and on the sixth segment
there is a similar pair curving backwards.
The head is spotted with brown. There are
two short brown tubercles on the posterior
part of the fourth segment, and two small
gray warts on each of the segments behind, those on the
eleventh being most prominent. It may be found during the
first half of June, and sometimes later. During the latter
part of the month it constructs a slight cocoon composed
of pieces of leaves fastened together with silken threads, and
within this enclosure changes to a reddish-gray or pale-brown

168

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

FIG. 177.

chrysalis, in which state it continues about ten days, when the
perfect insect escapes.

This is a small moth (Fig. 177), which measures, when its
wings are spread, from three-quarters of an inch to an inch
across. It is of a pale ochreous color, with
reddish-brown lines and dots, a ring on the
discal space, and just beyond it a dark, lead-
colored band, which becomes an almost square
patch on the inner angle and is continuous
with a broad band of the same color on the
The moths are on the wing in July and early
This is never likely to become a very in-
jurious insect, but, from its unique appearance, it will always
attract attention.

hind wings,
in August.

No. 87, — The Disippus Butterfly.

Limenitis disippus Godt.

This is one of our common butterflies, the larva of which
is occasionally found feeding on the leaves of plum-trees.

FIG. 178.

The wings of the butterfly are of a warm orange-red color,
with heavy black veins, and a black border with white spots.
In Fig. 178 the left wings represent the upper surface, while
those of the right, which are slightly detached from the body,
show the under side. It appears on the wing during the

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

169

latter half of June and in July, and deposits its eggs, some-
times on the plum, but more frequently on the willow and
poplar.

The egg is less than one-twenty-fifth of an inch in length,
globular in form, and beautifully reticulated, as shown in Fig.

FIG. 179.

179, where a represents the egg highly magnified. It is cov-
ered with short, transparent, hair-like spines. One of the
hexagonal indentations, with its projecting filaments, is shown,
much enlarged, at d. At first it is pale yellow, but as the

Fia. 180.

larva within develops it becomes pale gray ; the egg is gen-
erally laid on the under side of a leaf, near the tip, as seen
at c in the figure. In a few days it hatches, and in about a
month the larva attains its full growth, when it presents the
appearance shown in Fig. 180, at a.

It is about an inch and a half in length ; the head is pale

170 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

green, with two dull-white lines down the front, roughened
with a number of small green and greenish-white tubercles,
and tipped with two of a green color. The body above is
a rich dark green, with patches and streaks of creamy white ;
the second segment is smaller than the head, and its surface
covered with many whitish tubercles ; the third, dull whitish
green, raised considerably above the second, with a flat ridge,
having a long, brownish horn on each side, which is thickly
covered with very short spines. The fourth segment is similar
in size to the third, with the same sort of ridge above, and a
small tubercle on each side, tipped with a cluster of short,
whitish spines. On each segment behind these there are two
tubercles emitting clusters of whitish spines, those on the sixth
and twelfth being much larger than the others, while on each
segment behind the fourth, except the ninth, there are sev-
eral smaller tubercles of a blue color. There are two large
patches of white on the upper part of the body, and a band
of the same color along each side.

When about to change to a chrysalis, the caterpillar suspends
itself, head downwards, and, shedding its skin, appears as at 6,
Fig. 180, and in about ten or twelve days the butterfly escapes.
There are two broods of this insect during the year. The
larvae from the eggs deposited by the second brood of butter-
flies hibernate when less than half grown, and complete their
growth the following spring. They construct from part of

the leaf a curious little case,
FlG- 18Lv shown at c, in Fig. 180, which,

I* j being firmly fastened to the
* branch by silken threads,
serves during the winter
mouths as a shelter and a
hiding-place. There are sev-
eral parasites which reduce
the numbers of this insect;
one is a tiny, four-winged fly, which infests the eggs (Tri-
chogramma minuta Riley Fig. 181, where a represents the fly;

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

171

5, c, its fringed wings; d, one of its legs, and e, one of its
antennae). Another parasite is a small, black, four-winged
fly, and a third a larger two winged-fly ; the two latter attack
the insect in its caterpillar state.

No. 88.— The Polyphemus Moth.

Telea polyphemus (Linn.).

The caterpillar of this insect, which is often found feeding
on the leaves of plum-trees, is also known as the American
silk- worm, in consequence of its having been extensively
reared for the sake of its silk. When full grown, the larva
presents the appearance shown in Fig. 182, and is over three

FIG. 182.

inches in length, with a very thick body. It is of a handsome
light yellowish-green color, with seven oblique pale-yellow-
ish lines on each side of the body ; the segments, which have
the spaces between them deeply indented, are each adorned
with six tubercles, which are sometimes tinted with orange,
have a small silvery spot on the middle, and a few hairs
arising from each. The head and anterior feet are pale
brown, the spiracles pale orange, and the terminal segment
bordered by an angular band resembling the letter V, of a
purplish-brown color.

172

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

FIG. 184.

When mature, the caterpillar proceeds to spin its cocoon

within an enclosure
. 183. usually formed by

drawing together some
of the leaves of the
tree it has fed upon,
some of which are
firmly fastened to the
exterior of the struc-
ture. The cocoon (Fig.
183) is a tough, pod-like enclosure, nearly oval in form, and
of a brownish-white color, and within it the larva changes to

an oval chrysalis, of a chestnut-
brown color, represented in Fig.
184. Usually, the cocoons drop
to the ground with the fall of the
leaves, remaining there during
the winter.

Late in May or early in June
the prisoner escapes from its cell

as a large and most beautiful moth, the male of which is
shown in Fig. 185, the female in Fig. 186. The antenna are
feathered in both sexes, but more widely so in the male than
in the female. The wings, which measure, when expanded,
from five to six inches across, are of a rich buff or ochre-
yellow color, sometimes inclining to a pale-gray or cream
color, and sometimes assuming a deeper, almost brown shade.
Towards the base of the wings they are crossed by an ir-
regular pale-white band, margined with red ; near the outer
margin is a stripe of pale purplish white, bordered within by
one of deep, rich brown, and about the middle of each wing
is a transparent eye-like spot, with a slender line across its
centre; those on the front wings are largest, nearly round,
margined with yellow, and edged outside with black. On
the hinder wings the spots are more eye-like in shape, are
bordered with yellow, with a line of black edged with blue

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

173

above, and the whole set in a large oval patch of rich brown-
ish black, the widest portion of it being above the eye-spot,

where it is sprinkled also with bluish atoms. The front edge
of the fore wings is gray. This lovely creature flies only at

174

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

night, and, when on the wing, is of such a size that it is often
mistaken for a bat. Within a few days the female deposits

her eggs, gluing them singly to the under side of the leaves,
usually only one on a leaf, but occasionally two or even three
may be found on the same leaf.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 175

The egg is about one-tenth of an inch in diameter, slightly
convex above and below, the convex portions whitish, and the
nearly cylindrical sides brown. Each female will lay from
two to three hundred eggs, which hatch in ten or twelve
days.

Remedies. — This insect is subject to the attack of many foes,
particularly while in the larval state. A large number fall a
prey to insectivorous birds, and they also have insect enemies.
An Ichneumon fly, Ophion macrurum, the same as that
which preys on the Cecropia emperor moth, No. 28 (see Fig.
73), is a special and dangerous foe. This active creature
may often be seen in summer on the wing, searching among
the leaves of shrubs and trees for her prey. When found,
she watches her opportunity, and places quickly upon the
skin of her victim a small oval white egg, securely fastened
by a small quantity of a glutinous substance attached to it.
This is repeated until several eggs are placed, which in a few
days hatch, when the tiny worms attach themselves to the
skin of the caterpillar and feed on the juices of their vic-
tim. The polyphemus caterpillar continues to feed and
grow, and usually lives long enough to make its cocoon,
when, consumed by the parasites, it dies ; in the mean time
the Ichneumons, having completed their growth, change
to pupae within the cocoon, and in the following summer,
in place of the handsome moth, there issues a crop of Ich-
neumon flies. The polyphemus caterpillar is also subject to
the attacks of another parasite, a Tachina fly. Should the
insect ever appear in sufficient numbers to prove troublesome,
it can be readily subdued by hand-picking. Besides the
plum, the larva feeds on a variety of trees and shrubs, such
as oak, hickory, elm, basswood, walnut, maple, butternut,
hazel, rose, etc.

176 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

No. 89.— The Waved Lagoa.

Lagoa crispata Packard.

The larva of this species is nearly oval, about three-fourths
of an inch long, covered above with brownish, evenly-shorn
hairs, which are raised to a ridge along the middle of the
back, and sloped off on each side like the roof of a house.

It reaches maturity during September, when it makes a
tough, oval cocoon, fastened to the side of a twig of the plum-
tree on which it has been feeding, and within this changes to
a brown chrysalis. The following July the top of the case
is opened by the lifting of a flat, circular lid, and from it
escapes a pretty moth.

The moth is of a straw-yellow or yellowish-cream color,
the fore wings more or less dusky on the outer margin, and
covered with fine, flattened, curled hairs, arranged in regular
waves, running from near the base to the tip. The wings,
when expanded, measure about one and three-quarter inches
across. The body and legs are thick and woolly, and at the
tip of the abdomen there is a tuft of long, soft hairs, forming
a bushy tail. It is common in the South and West, but is
not often found in the North ; being a comparatively rare in-
sect, it is never likely to give much trouble to the fruit-grower.
It is found also feeding on the leaves of the apple and black-
berry.

Xo. 90. — The Streaked Thecla.

Theda strigosa Harris.

This is a very rare insect, a small butterfly which has never
been known to inflict any material damage, but, since its larva
has been found feeding on the leaves of the plum-tree, it is
deserving of mention.

The caterpillar, when full grown, is half an inch or more
in length, of a rich velvety green color, with a tinge of yellow ;
there is a stripe of a darker shade down the back, with a faint,
broken, yellowish line along the middle. The upper part of

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

Ill

the body is flattened, the sides abruptly inclined, and striped
with faint, oblique, yellowish lines.

When mature, it forms a short, blunt, brown chrysalis,
which in ten or twelve days produces
the butterfly. FlG- 187-

This measures, when its wings are
expanded, an inch or more across (see
Fig. 187). It is of a plain, dark-
brown color above, but beneath the
wings are prettily ornamented with
wavy white streaks. There is also a
row of orange-colored, crescent-shaped
spots on the hinder portion of the pos-
terior wings, and a large blue spot near
their hind angle. Each of the hind
wings has two thread-like tails, one longer than the other.

No. 91. — The Plum-tree Catocala.
Catocala ultronia Hubn.

About the middle of June, when jarring the plum-trees for
curculios, a very curious-looking, leech-like caterpillar often
drops on the sheet spread beneath. It is flattened, with its
body thick in the middle and tapering towards each end, and
of a grayish-brown color. When full grown, it closely resem-
bles Fig. 188 ; it is a little more than an inch and a half long,

FIG. 188.

dull grayish brown above, with two or four small reddish
tubercles on each segment of the body, all encircled by a slight
ring of black at their base. On the upper part of the ninth
segment there is a stout, fleshy horn, about one-twelfth of an
inch long, pointed, and similar in color to the body, but with

12

178 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

an irregular grayish patch on each side. On the twelfth
segment there is a low, fleshy ridge, tinted behind with deep
reddish brown ; there is also an oblique stripe on this segment
of the same color, extending forward. Along the sides of the
body, and close to the under surface, there is a thick fringe
of short, fleshy-looking hairs of a delicate pink color. The
under side is also pink, deeper in color along the middle, with
a central row of nearly round black spots, which are largest
from the seventh to the eleventh segment inclusive. The
anterior segments are greenish white, tinted with rosy pink
along the middle.

About the third week in June this larva becomes full
grown, when, fastening together a few leaves with some
silken fibres, it changes within this enclosure to a brown
chrysalis, from which the perfect insect escapes in about three
weeks.

The moth (Fig. 189) has the fore wings of a rich umber

FIG. 189.

color, darkest on the hind margin, with a broad, diffused ash-
colored band along the middle, not extending to the apex,
which is brown. There are also several zigzag lines of brown
and white crossing these wings. The hind wings are deep
red, with a wide black band along the outer margin, and a
narrower band of the same color across the middle. The moth
is on the wing during the greater part of July and August,
during which period the eggs are deposited for the succeeding
brood.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

179

FIG. 190.

Two other moths have been observed devouring plum
leaves, but not in sufficient numbers to attract much attention.
The first is Lithacodes fasciola Boisd., the larva of which is
small, of a uniform green color, and spins a
small, oval, brown cocoon between the leaves.
The moth is shown in Fig. 190. The other
is a tufted caterpillar, the larva of Parorgyia
parallela G. & R. ; it is densely covered with
light-brown hairs, and has two black pencils of long hairs
projecting in front of the head, and a single tuft of a similar
character on the hinder portion of the body.

ffo. 92. — The Leaf-cutting Bee.

Megachile brevis Say.

This is a four-winged fly belonging to the Hymenoptera, a
species of bee, which curls up the leaves of the plum-tree,

FIG. 191.

and further disfigures it by cutting circular pieces out of
other leaves to line the coils and form chambers within
them, in which its eggs are deposited, and where the larvae

180 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

remain until they reach maturity. The larvae do not feed
on the leaves, but on pollen, or bee-bread, stored up in their
cells by the parent insects. This bee is not very abundant,
and is never likely to prove very injurious. It is represented
in Fig. 191, with examples of the injury it does.

No. 93. — The Plum-tree Aphis.

Aphis prunifolii Fitch.

This aphis resembles in its appearance and habits the apple-
tree aphis, No. 57 ; it is, however, much less common. It
infests the under side of the plum leaves, puncturing them
and sucking their juices, causing them to become wrinkled
and twisted. When first hatched, these insects are of a
whitish color tinged with green, but as they increase in size
they become of a deeper green, and when mature some of
them are black, with pale-green abdomens and dusky wings.
The remedies given under the apple-tree aphis (No. 57) are
equally applicable to this species.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT,
No. 94. — The Plum Curculio.

Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst).

This insect is without doubt the greatest enemy the plum-
grower has to contend with, for when allowed to pursue its
course unchecked it often destroys the entire crop. The per-
fect insect is a beetle belonging to a family known under the
several names of curculios, weevils, and snout-beetles. It is a
small, rough, grayish or blackish beetle, about one-fifth of an
inch long (shown, magnified, at c in Fig. 192), with a black,
shining hump on the middle of each wing-case, and behind
this a more or less distinct band of a dull ochre-yellow color,
with some whitish marks about the middle; the snout is rather
short. The female lays her eggs in the young green fruit

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

181

FIG. 192.

shortly after ft is formed, proceeding in the following manner.
Alighting on a plum, she makes with her jaws, which are at
the end of her snout, a small
cut through the skin of the fruit,
then runs the snout obliquely
under the skin to the depth
of about one-sixteenth of an
inch, and moves it backward
and forward until the cavity is
smooth and large enough to re-
ceive the egg to be placed in it.
She then turns round, and, drop-
ping an egg into it, again turns
and pushes it with her snout to

the end of the passage. Subsequently she cuts a crescent-shaped
slit in front of the hole, as shown at df, so as to undermine the
egg and leave it in a sort of flap, her object, apparently,
being to wilt the piece around the egg and thus prevent the
growing fruit from crushing it. The whole operation occupies
about five minutes. The stock of eggs at the disposal of a
single female has been variously estimated at from fifty to
one hundred, of which she deposits from five to ten a day,
her activity varying with the temperature.

The egg is of an oblong-oval form, of a pearly-white color,
and large enough to be distinctly seen with the naked eye.
By lifting the flap with the finger-nail or with the point of a
knife it can be readily found. In warm and genial weather
it will hatch in three or four days, but in cold and chilly
weather it will remain a week or even longer before hatching.

The young larva is a tiny, soft, footless grub, with a horny
head. It immediately begins to feed on the green flesh of
the fruit, boring a tortuous channel as it proceeds, until it
reaches the centre, where it feeds around the stone. It attains
its full growth in from three to five weeks, when it is about
two-fifths of an inch long, of a glassy yellowish-white color,
with a light-brown head, a pale line along each side of the

182 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

body, a row of minute black bristles below the lines, a
second row, less distinct, above, and a few pale hairs towards
the hinder extremity. At a, Fig. 192, it is shown magnified.
The skin of the larva being semi-transparent, the color of the
internal organs shows through, imparting to the central por-
tions of the body a reddish hue. The irritation arising from
the wound and the gnawing of the grub causes the fruit to
become diseased and gummy, and it falls prematurely to the
ground, generally before the larva is quite full grown. Within
the fallen plum the growth of the larva is completed, when,
forsaking the fruit it has destroyed, it enters the ground, bury-
ing itself from four to six inches deep, where, turning round
and round, it compresses the earth on all sides, until a smooth
oval cavity is formed, within which, in a few days, the larva
changes to a pupa, shown, enlarged, at 6, Fig. 192, and in
from three to six weeks is transformed to a beetle, which
is at first soft and of a reddish color, but soon hardens, and,
assuming its natural hue, makes its way through the soil to
the surface and escapes.

The insect is single-brooded, the beetle hibernating in
secluded spots, under the loose bark of trees and in other
suitable places. About the time the plum-trees blossom
the curculios are on the alert, and as soon as the fruit is
formed the work of destruction begins. Both males and
females puncture the fruit to feed on it, but only the females
make the peculiar crescent-shaped marks described. They
are much more numerous during the early part of the season
than later on, and when the weather is warm they are active
at night, and deposit eggs then as well as in the daytime.
During the middle of the day, and also on warm nights, the
beetle readily takes wing; it is less active during the morning
and evening. Besides the plum, the peach, nectarine, and
apricot also suffer much from its attacks, and it is very in-
jurious to the cherry. In this latter case the infested fruit
remains hanging on the tree, and the presence of the enemy
is often unnoticed. The beetle also occasionally deposits its

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 183

eggs in the pear and apple, but in these fruits it seldom ma-
tures : either the egg fails to hatch, or the young larva perishes
soon after hatching. This insect is native to this country, and
has in the past fed on the wild plums, on which it may still
be found in considerable numbers.

Remedies. — When the plum curculio is alarmed, it suddenly
folds its legs close to its body, turns its snout under its breast,
and falls to the ground, where it remains motionless, feigning
death. Advantage is taken of this peculiarity to catch and
destroy the insect : a sheet is spread under the tree, and the
tree and its branches are suddenly jarred, when the beetles fall
on the sheet, where they may be gathered up and destroyed.
A convenient form of sheet may be made with two or four
widths of cotton (depending on the size of the tree), and of
the requisite length, stitched only half-way up the middle, to
allow the trunk of the tree to pass to the centre, and having
each of the sides tacked to a long strip of wood, about an inch
square, so that the sheet may be conveniently handled and
spread. Small trees may be jarred with the hand ; larger
ones should have a branch cut off, leaving a stump several
inches long, which may be struck with a mallet, or a hole
may be bored in the trunk and a broad-headed iron spike in-
serted, which is to be struck with a hammer, avoiding as far as
practicable any bruising of the bark. As it is important to
catch as many of the beetles as possible before any mischief is
done, jarring should be begun while the trees are in blossom,
and continued daily, morning and evening, if the insects are
abundant, for three or four weeks, or until they become very
scarce. A form of curculio-catcher, known as Dr. Hull's, is
an excellent contrivance where a large orchard has to be
cared for. It consists of a wheelbarrow on which is mounted
a large inverted umbrella, split in front to receive the trunk
of the tree, against which the machine, which is provided
with a padded bumper, is driven with force sufficient to jar
the curculios down into the umbrella, where they are collected
and destroyed. It is very inportant that the fallen plums

184 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

should be promptly gathered and burnt or scalded, so as to
destroy the larva before it has time to escape.

Another remedy, which is less laborious and has been found
very effectual, is to syringe or spray the plum-trees as soon as
the young fruit has formed with a mixture of Paris green and
water, in the proportion of a teaspoonful of the poison to two
gallons of water, and repeating the application after a week or
ten days. If the weather is very showery, a third spraying
may be necessary. This remedy either poisons the curculios
or is obnoxious to them, so as to deter them from working on
trees so protected. When alternate trees in a plum-orchard
where the curculio is common are so treated, the protecting
influence of the Paris green is very marked.

Many other remedies have been suggested, but they are all
of little value compared with those already given. One of
these is to place hogs in plum and peach orchards to devour
the fallen fruit ; and it is said to have proved in some in-
stances a very successful and inexpensive way of disposing
of a large portion of the curculios. Hens with their broods
of chickens enclosed within the plum-orchard will devour
a large number of the larvae of the curculio. Hanging bot-
tles of sweetened water on the trees to attract the beetles, scat-
tering air-slaked lime through the foliage,
and smoking it by burning tar occasionally
under the trees, have also been advised.
Plum-orchards should not be planted near
a wood, as the curculios find shelter there,
and are likely to be more numerous than
in more open ground ; also avoid giving
shelter, by removing and burning all rubbish
that may accumulate about the trees.

There are many insects which devour the
curculio larva as it escapes from the fruit, while some
eat into the fruit as it lies upon the ground, seize the
culprits, drag them out, and eat them. Foremost among
these beneficial insects are two or three species of common

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

185

ground-beetles belonging to the Carabidde ; of these the
Pennsylvania ground-beetle, HarpaLus Pensylvanicus (De
Geer), is by far the most common, and may be met with at all

FIG. 194

FIG. 195.

times during the season. Fig. 193 shows it somewhat mag-
nified, and Fig. 194 represents the larva of the same insect,
of the natural size, in the act of devouring a curculio larva ;
at b its formidable jaws are shown, mag-
nified. Fig. 195 shows a larva of one of
the larger species of this useful family,
magnified.

The larva of the soldier-beetle, Chau-
liognathus Americanus (Forst.), is also a
useful agent in destroying the curculio. It
is shown at a, Fig. 196, and a magnified

FIG. 1%.

FIG. 197.

view of its head and jaws at 6. This little friend often
works its way into the fruit in search of its prey, sometimes
entering it while still on the tree. The perfect beetle (Fig.
197) may be found during the summer on the flowers of the
golden-rod, Solidago. The larvae of the lace- wing flies, of the
genus Chrysopdj one of which is shown in Fig. 132, also
devour them ; and ants have been known to destroy the grubs

186

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THK PLUM.

as they leave the fruit to enter the ground. A minute
yellow Thrips, scarcely one- twentieth of an inch long, is

Fia. 198.

said to seek out and devour large quantities of the eggs of the
curculio.

FIG. 199. Two species of parasites

are known to attack the
larva of this pest. One,
known as the Sigalphus
curculio parasite, Sigalphus
curculionis Fitch, is a small?
black, four-winged fly, rep-
resented in Fig. 198, where a shows the male, and b the
female. With her sharp ovipositor the female punctures the

skin of the curculio larva,
and deposits an egg under-
neath, which in due time
produces a larva, as shown
at a, Fig. 199. When the
curculio larva is destroyed
by the parasite, the latter
encloses itself in a small,
tough cocoon of yellowish
silk, 6, and then gradually
assumes the pupa state, as shown at c / all these figures are
magnified. The other species, known as the Porizon curculio

FIG. 200.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 187

parasite, Porizon conotrachdi Riley, is also an Ichneumon fly,
with similar habits and of about the same size as the species
just referred to. In Fig. 200, a represents the female, and
6 the male, both magnified. Neither of these parasites has
yet appeared in sufficient numbers to-act as an efficient check
on the increase of the plum curculio.

No. 95. — The Plum-gouger.

Coccotorus scutellaris (Lee.).

While this insect has some points of resemblance to the
plum curculio, it is in other respects so different as to be easily
distinguished. The beetle, which is shown magnified in Fig.
201, is about five-sixteenths of an inch long, with the thorax
and legs of an ochre-yellow color, while the
head and wing-cases are brown, with a leaden- FIG. 201.
gray tint, the latter with whitish and black
spots scattered irregularly over their surface.
The wing-cases are without humps ; the snout
is somewhat longer than the thorax, and
projects forward or downward, but cannot
be folded under the breast as in the case of
the plum curculio. It appears in spring
about the same time as the plum curculio, but,. instead of
making a crescent-shaped slit in the plum, it bores a round
hole like the puncture of a pin.

The eggs are deposited in the following manner. With the
minute but powerful jaws at the tip of the snout of the female,
a hole is made about four-fifths as deep as the snout is long,
which is enlarged at the end and gouged out somewhat in the
form of a gourd. The egg is placed in the excavation, and
pushed down with the snout until it reaches the receptacle
prepared for it. After being deposited, it swells from absorp-
tion of the surrounding moisture, and within a few days the
young larva escapes.

On escaping from the egg, it makes an almost straight course
for the kernel of the plum, through the soft shell of which

188 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

it makes its way, and feeds upon the contents until full
grown. When nearly mature, the larva, by a wise instinct,
prepares a way for the escape of the future beetle by cutting
a round hole through the now hard stone. The larva is of a
milk-white color, with a large, horny, yellowish-white head,
and jaws tipped with brown. It enters the chrysalis state
within the plum-stone, and, when mature, the beetle passes
through the hole bored by the larva, makes its way through
the flesh, and escapes.

While the normal habit of the plum curculio is to feed on
the flesh outside the plum-stone, which latter it only occasion-
ally penetrates, the plum-gouger lives and matures within.
Both sexes of the plum-gouger bore cylindrical holes in the
fruit for food ; and where the insect abounds, the growing fruit
will be found covered with these punctures, from which more
or less gum exudes, and the fruit becomes knotty and worth-
less, but does not readily drop, as do those which have been
injured by the plum curculio. The insect is single-brooded,
and requires a longer time to mature than the plum curculio ;
eggs deposited in June do not produce beetles until the end
of August or early in September. It appears to be unknown
in the Eastern States, but is very generally distributed through-
out the valley of the Mississippi. It is much less common,
and does far less injury, than the plum curculio, although
occasionally it is found in almost equal abundance. It is
said to pass the winter in the beetle state.

Remedies. — This beetle may be collected by jarring the
trees in the manner described for the plum curculio, although
it does not drop quite so readily ; it also takes wing quickly,
and hence is not so easily secured.

No, 96.— The Saddled Leaf-hopper.

Byihoscopus clitellarius Say.

This insect is occasionally injurious to the plum, by punc-
turing the stems of the fruit and sucking the fluids which

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 189

should go to nourish and mature it. It is a small leaf-hopper
(shown in Fig. 202), about one-fifth of an inch long,
of a dark-brown or black color, with a sulphur- FlQ- 202-
yellow spot like a saddle upon the middle of its back, JW
and in front of this a baud of pale yellow, — the head jm,
and under side being of the same color. It is un-
likely that this insect will ever occur in sufficient numbers to
cause much injury.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OP INJURIOUS INSECTS WEIGH
APPEOT THE PLUM,

ATTACKING THE ROOTS.

The peach-tree borer, No. 97, sometimes invades the plum-
tree, and burrows about the collar and into the larger roots
adjacent without causing an exudation of gum, as in the
peach. Young trees are most liable to injury.

ATTACKING THE TRUNK.

The flat-headed apple-tree borer, No. 3, frequently attacks
the plum and materially injures the tree.

ATTACKING THE LIMBS AND BRANCHES.

The parallel Elaphidion, No. 12; the pear-blight beetle,
No. 68 ; the New York weevil, No. 100 ; and the tree-
cricket, No. 178.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The apple-tree tent-caterpillar, No. 20; the forest tent-
caterpillar, No. 21 ; the white-marked tussock-moth, No. 22;
the canker-worms, Nos. 25 and 26 ; the fall web-worm, No.
27; the Cecropia emperor moth, No. 28; the unicorn promi-
nent, No. 29 ; the blind-eyed sphinx, No. 31 ; the oblique-
banded leaf-roller, No. 35 ; the leaf-crumpler, No. 37 ; the
eye-spotted bud- moth, No. 38 ; the tarnished plant-bug, No.

190 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.

71 ; the pear-tree slug, No. 75; the May-beetle, No. 113 ; the
Ursula butterfly, No. 116 ; the basket-worm, or bag-worm,
No. 120 ; the pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, No. 147 ; the
grape-vine flea-beetle, No. 150; the rose-beetle, No. 151;
and the currant Amphidasys, No. 211, all devour the leaves,
while the pear-tree blister-beetle, No. 73, eats both leaves and
blossoms.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

The codling moth, No. 58, occasionally injures the fruit;
so, also, do bees and wasps, when it is fully ripe.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH.

ATTACKING THE TRUNK,

No, 97, — The Peach-tree Borer,

Mgeria exitwsa Say.

This Dotorious pest, so destructive to peach-orchards, is
very widely disseminated. The parent insect belongs to a
family of moths known as .ZEgerians, which, having trans-
parent wings and slender bodies, strongly resemble certain
wasps and hornets, and, as they fly in the daytime only, and
are then very active on the wing, the resemblance becomes still
more striking. The moth appears in the Northern States and
Canada from about the middle of July to the end of August ;
in the South it appears much earlier, — in some localities as
early as the latter part of May. The sexes differ very much
in appearance. In Fig. 203, a represents the female, and b
the male. The female

is much the larger, FIG. 206.

and has a broad, heavy
abdomen. The body
is of a glossy steel-blue
color with a purplish
reflection, and a broad
band of orange-yellow
across the abdomen. The fore wings are opaque, and similar
in color to the body, their tips and fringes having a purplish
tint both above and beneath. The hind wings are transparent
and broadly margined with steel-blue; when the wings are ex-
panded, the moth measures about an inch and a half across.
The male is smaller, its wings seldom measuring more than
an inch ; its body, which is also of steel-blue color, with golden-
yellow markings and a glossy, satin-like lustre, is much more

191

192 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH.

slender than that of the female. The antennae are black
and densely fringed on the inner side with numerous fine,
short hairs, the latter a feature absent in the female. The
head and thorax are marked with yellow, and the abdomen
has two slender yellow bands above, and a white line on each
side of the tuft of hairs at its tip. The wings are transparent,
the veins, margins, and fringe steel-blue, and a steel-blue band
extends nearly across beyond the middle. The feet and legs
are marked with yellow and white.

The female deposits her eggs on the bark of the tree at
the surface of the ground. They are about one-fiftieth of an
inch long, with a sculptured surface, oval in form, slightly
flattened, and of a dull-yellowish color. They are deposited
singly, are fastened to the surface of the bark by a gummy
secretion, and sometimes have a few of the dark-blue scales
from the tip of the abdomen of the female attached to them.
As soon as the larva is hatched, it works downwards in the
bark of the root, forming a small winding channel, which
soon becomes filled with gum. As it increases in size, it
devours the bark and sap-wood, and causes a copious exuda-
tion of gum, which eventually forms a thick mass around the
base of the tree, intermingled with the castings of the worm.
When full grown (see Fig. 204), the larva measures over half
an inch in length, and nearly a quar-
ter of an inch in diameter. It is a
naked, soft, cylindrical grub, of a pale
whitish-yellow color, with a reddish,
horny-looking head and black jaws ;
the tipper part of the next segment is similar in appearance
to the head, but of a paler shade. The under surface resem-
bles the upper in color; the three anterior pairs of claw-like
feet are tipped with brown ; the five hinder pairs of thick,
fleshy prolegs are yellow, each of the latter margined with a
fringe of very minute reddish-brown hooks. There are a few
scattered hairs over the surface of the body, each arising from
a pale-reddish, wart-like dot. The larvae may be found of

ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 193

different sizes all through the fall and winter months, some
quite young associated with others nearly full grown. During
the winter the larger ones rest, with their heads upwards, in
smooth, longitudinal grooves which they have excavated, the
back part being covered with castings mingled with gum and
silken threads, forming a kind of cell, the cavity of which is
considerably larger than the worm inhabiting it ; the smaller
ones usually lie in the gum, or between it and the wood of the
trunk or root. In badly-infested trees the whole of the bark
at the base or collar is sometimes consumed for an inch or two
below the surface. jTNor does the insect always confine itself I
to the base of the tree ; occasionally it attacks the trunk farther V
up, and sometimes the forks of the limbs ; but the exuding 1
gum invariably points out the spot where the foe is at work. \ 1 1

When about to become a pupa, the larva crawls upwards
to the surface of the ground, and constructs a pod-like case,
of a leathery structure, made from its castings mixed with
gum and threads of silk. It is about three-quarters of an
inch long, of a brown color, oval in form, with its ends
rounded ; its inner surface is smooth, and it is fastened against
the side of the root, often sunk in a groove gnawed for that
purpose, with its upper end protruding slightly above the
surface of the ground. If the earth has recently been dis-
turbed about the surface of the tree, so as to make it lie loose,
the larva will often form its cocoon an inch or more below
the surface. The enclosed pupa is at first white, but soon
becomes of a pale tawny-yellow color, with a darker ring at
each of the sutures of the body ; the pupa state lasts some
three weeks or more.

This is an American insect, unknown on the peach-trees of
other countries. Its operations are not confined to the peach ;
it works also on the plum, although in this instance no gum
exudes from the tree, and it is quite probable that before the
introduction of the peach into this country the larva lived in
the roots of the wild plum, which it has now almost entirely
forsaken.

13

194 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH.

•

Remedies. — Several remedies have been proposed to meet
this evil. Where the larvae are present, they are readily de-
tegted in consequence of the exudation of gum ; hence early
in spring the trees should be carefully examined, a little of the
earth removed from about the base, and, if masses of gum
are found, the larvae searched for and destroyed. Hot water
is said to be very effectual in killing them ; it should be
used very hot, and after the earth has been removed, so as to
insure its reaching the culprits before it cools. Among the
preventive measures, much has been written in favor of
mounding the trees, banking the earth up around the trunk
to the height of a foot or more, and pressing it firmly about
the tree. Some allow the mounds to remain permanently,
but the better plan seems to be to mound up late in the
spring or towards midsummer, and level off the ground again
in September, after egg-laying has ceased and the moths have
disappeared. This treatment is said to make the bark very
tender and liable to injury during the winter, and it is recom-
mended by some to defer its application until the fourth year,
by which time the bark will have become sufficiently thickened
and hardy to endure the treatment without injury. Placing
around the roots a bed of cinders, ashes, or lime, plastering
the base of the trunk with mortar or clay and covering it
with stout paper, coating the tree with an application of soap
or tobacco- water, have all had their advocates; but the weight
of testimony is in favor of the removal of the larvae with
the knife late in the autumn or early in the spring, and
subsequently mounding the trees in the manner already
described.

Another remedy proposed is to cover the trunk with straw
in the following manner. Scrape the earth away from the
collar, place a handful of straight straw erect around the
trunk, fastening it with twine, then return the soil, which
will keep the ends of the straw in their place. The straw
should entirely cover the bark, and the twine be loosened as
the trunk increases in size. Trees so protected are said to

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 195

have remained uninjured while all around them have suffered
from the borer.

No. 98. — The Elm-bark Beetle.

Phlceotribtts liminaris (Harris).

This insect is very common on elm-trees ; it also occasion-
ally attacks the peach-tree, especially when from any cause it
has become diseased. In August or September there appear
small perforations like pin-holes in the bark, from which issue
minute cylindrical beetles about one-tenth of an inch long, of
a dark-brown color, with the wing-cases deeply impressed with
punctated furrows, and covered with short hairs ; the thorax
is also punctated. This species has never occurred on the
peach in sufficient numbers to attract general attention, or to
require the adoption of any special remedies.

ATTACKING THE BBANOHES.

No. 99. — The Peach-tree Bark-louse.

Lecanium persiccB (Fabr.).

This is an insect very similar in appearance and habits to
the pear-tree bark-louse, No. 69. It is found attached to the
smooth bark of the peach twigs, frequently beside a bud or
at the base of a twig, appearing as a black hemispherical shell
about the size and shape of a split pea ; its surface is uneven,
shining, commonly showing a pale margin, and a stripe upon
the middle. It feeds upon the sap, piercing the bark with
its proboscis, and imbibing the juices. When mature, the
removal of the scale discloses a multitude of eggs, which in
due time hatch, and the young larva? scatter over the twigs,
and, fastening themselves to the bark, become permanently
located, and live the full term of their lives without changing
their position.

196

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH.

FIG. 205.

No. 100.— The New York Weevil.

Ithycerus noveboracensis (Forster).

This is a snout-beetle or curculio, the largest species we
have in this country. It appears in May or June, and injures
fruit-trees by eating the buds and gnawing into the twigs at
their base, often causing them to break and fall ; it also gnaws
off the tender bark early in the season before the buds have
expanded, and later eats the leaves off just at their base, and
devours the tender shoots. It is from four to six tenths of
an inch in length (see c, Fig. 205), of an ash-gray color marked
with black ; on each of its wing-cases
there are four whitish lines interrupted
by black dots, and three smaller ones on
the thorax. The scutel, which is at the
point of junction of the wing-cases with
the thorax, is yellowish. The beetle is
said to be more active at night than in
the day, and seems to show a preference
ou for the tender, succulent shoots of the
apple, although it makes quite free with
those of the peach, pear, plum, and
cherry. Sometimes it occurs in swarms
in nurseries, when it seriously injures the
young trees. In the East it is seldom
present in sufficient numbers to prove
injurious, but it is very common in the valley of the Missis-
sippi. The larva is found in the twigs and tender branches
of the bur-oak, and probably also in those of the pig-nut
hickory.

When the female is about to deposit an egg, she makes a
longitudinal excavation with her jaws, as shown at a in Fig.
205, eating upwards under the bark, and afterwards turns
round and places an egg in the opening.

The larva (b in the figure) is a soft, footless grub, of a
pale-yellow color, with a tawny head ; it is not known whether

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 197

it undergoes its transformations within the twig, or enters the
ground to pass the pupa state.

Remedies. — There seems to be none other than to catch and
kill this mischief-maker. In common with almost all other
curculios, this beetle has the habit of falling to the ground
when alarmed, and hence may be captured by jarring the
trees in the manner directed for the plum curculio, No. 94.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,

No. 101. — The Peach-tree Leaf-roller.

Ptycholoma persicana (Fi tch ) .

Early in spring, when the young leaves are expanding, a
small worm sometimes attacks them, and, drawing them to-
gether with fine silken threads, secretes itself within, and
feeds upon them. This larva is rather slender, of a pale-
green color, with a pale, dull-yellowish head, and a whitish
streak along each side of its back. When full grown, it
changes to a chrysalis within its nest, where it remains about
two weeks, and then escapes as a moth.

The fore wings of the moth are of a reddish-yellow color,
varied with black ; at the base they are paler ; there is a large,
white, triangular spot on the middle of the outer margin, and
a transverse streak of the same hue within the hind margin.
This latter is divided by the veins crossing it into about four
spots, and is bordered on its anterior side by a curved black
band. When its wings are spread, this moth measures nearly
three-quarters of an inch across. It has never yet been re-
ported as very destructive anywhere, and is scarcely likely to
require the application of any special remedy.

No. 102.— The Bine-spangled Peach-tree Caterpillar.

Callimorpha Lecontei Boisd., var. fulvicosta Clem.
Very early in spring there may sometimes be found shel-
tered under the loose bark of peach-trees, and sometimes also

198

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH.

on apple-trees, small black caterpillars covered with short
stiff hairs and studded with minute blue spots. As soon as
the leaves begin to expand, these larvaB issue from their hiding-
places and feed upon them. They grow rapidly, and soon
attain their full size, when they are nearly an inch long, and
appear as shown at a, Fig. 206 ; c shows an enlarged side

FIG. 206.

view of one of the segments of the body, and d a back view
of the same. The full-grown caterpillar is of a velvety
black color above, and pale bluish, speckled with black, below.
There is a deep orange line along the back, and a more distinct
wavy and broken line along each side. The warts from which
the bristly hairs issue are of a steel-blue color, with a polished
surface, which reflects the light so as to make them appear
quite brilliant.

The larva selects some sheltered spot and there spins a slight
cocoon of white silk, within which it changes to a chrysalis
of a purplish-brown color, finely punctated, and terminating in
a flattened plate tipped with yellowish-brown, curled bristles.

The moth issues during the early part of June in the
Northern and Middle States; it is of a milk-white or cream
color, with the head, collar, and base and tip of the abdomen
orange-yellow. On the under side the anterior margins of
the wings, the legs, and the body partake of the same hue.
When spread, the wings measure about one and three-quarter
inches across.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 199

Remedies. — When these larvae are numerous they sometimes
do considerable damage to the young foliage of the peach-tree.
They may be subdued by hand-picking, or by shaking them
from the trees and crushing them under foot, or by syringing
the leaves of the trees with Paris-green and water in the
proportion of a teaspoonful to two gallons of water.

No. 103. — The Peach-tree Aphis.

Myzus persiccR Sulzer.

This aphis begins to work upon the young leaves of the
peach-trees almost as soon as they burst from the bud, and
continues throughout the greater part of the season, unless
swept off, as sometimes happens with surprising rapidity, by
insect enemies. These lice live together in crowds under
the leaves, and suck their juices, causing them to become
thickened and curled, forming hollows with corresponding
reddish swellings above; frequently the curled leaves fall
prematurely to the ground. The perfect winged females are
about one-eighth of an inch long, black, with the under side
of the abdomen dull green, the wingless females rusty red,
with the antenna, legs, and honey-tubes greenish. The
winged males are bright yellow, streaked with brown, with
black honey-tubes.

The insects which prey on the apple-tree aphis, No. 57,
feed on this species also, and the remedies recommended for
that insect are equally applicable to this one.

SUPPLEMENTABY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH
AITEOT THE PEACH.

ATTACKING THE TRUNK.

The flat-headed apple-tree borer, No. 3, and the divaricated
Buprestis, No. 104, both injure the trunk of the peach-tree.

200 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APRICOT, ETC.
ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

The buffalo tree-hopper, No. 18 ; the red-shouldered Sin-
oxylon, No. 130; the tree-cricket, No. 178; and the straw-
berry root-borer, No. 190, all attack the branches. The
stalk-borer, No. 201, sometimes bores into the buds and
young branches.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The oblique-banded leaf-roller, No. 35 ; the leaf-crumpler,
No. 37 ; the many-dotted apple- worm, No. 43 ; the saddled
leaf-hopper, No. 96 ; the basket- worm, or bag- worm, No. 120;
the rose-beetle, No. 151 ; and the smeared dagger, No. 194,
devour the leaves.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

The codling moth, No. 58 ; the ash-gray pinion, No. 64 ;
the Indian Cetonia, No. 81 ; and the plum curculio, No. 94,
all affect the fruit, the last-named insect being especially
injurious.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APRICOT AND THE
NECTARINE.

The nectarine and apricot, being closely related to the
peach, are liable to be injured by the same insects ; besides
those enumerated as affecting the peach, the apricot occasion-
ally suffers in its branches from the attacks of the pear- blight
beetle, No. 68.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

ATTACKING THE TRUNK,

Ho. 104. — The Divaricated Buprestis.

Dicerca divaricata (Say).

This is a beetle belonging to the family Buprestidse, most
of the members of which are readily distinguished by their
coppery or bronzed appearance. This species (see Fig. 207)
is from seven to nine tenths of an inch in length,
copper-colored, and sometimes brassy, and thickly •
covered with little indentations. The thorax is
furrowed in the middle, and the wing-covers are
marked with numerous irregular impressed lines
and small, elevated, blackish spots. The wing-
cases taper much behind, and their long and narrow
tips are blunt-pointed, and spread apart a little,
the latter peculiarity having given to the insect its specific
name, divaricata. The beetles may be found sunning them-
selves upon the limbs of cherry and peach trees during June,
July, and August ; they are active creatures, running briskly
up and down the trunks of the trees in the sunshine.

The female deposits her eggs on the cultivated and wild
cherry-trees, probably in crevices in the bark, and also on the
peach, and, when hatched, the young larva bores through the
bark and lives in and destroys the sap-wood underneath. It is a
flattened larva, with its anterior segments very much enlarged,
and closely resembles that of the flat-headed apple-tree borer,
No. 3, Fig. 4, but is larger. This insect is seldom very
troublesome ; should it require attention, the remedies recom-
mended for No. 3 will be equally applicable to this species.

201

202

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

FIG. 208.

the

No. 105. — The Spotted Horn-beetle.

Dynastes tityus (Linn.).

This is an enormous beetle, some two inches in length,
exclusive of its horns. It is of a pale-olive color, with the
wing-covers spotted and dotted with black. In the males
the middle of the thorax is extended forward in the form of
a long black horn, which is hairy along its under side, and

usually notched at
its tip, as if formed
to receive the sharp
point of another
similar horn, which
curves upwards from
crown of the
There are
two other horns be-
tween these, short
and sharp-pointed.
The female is
smaller than the
male, and unarmed,
except with a small
tubercle on the
head. Fig. 208
represents the male.
The beetle occasionally varies in color: specimens have
been found with chestnut-brown wing-covers, others with the
thorax black ; and in one instance a male was taken with one
of the wing-covers black, while the other was of the normal
character.

The larva of this insect bores in old, decaying cherry-trees.
It somewhat resembles that of the rough Osmoderma, No. 8,
but is much larger. The beetle is frequently met with in the
South, and is sometimes found as far north as Pennsylvania,
but the damage it inflicts is very slight.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

203

FIG. 209.

ATTACKING THE BBANOHES,

No. 106.— The Dog-day Cicada.

Cicada tibicen Linn.

In appearance this insect very much resembles the seven-
teen-year locust, No. 15, but differs from it by occurring in
more or less abundance every year during the months of
August and September, when it sometimes wounds the small
limbs of the cherry and deposits its eggs therein. The body
is black on the upper side, the head and thorax being spotted
and marked with olive-green. The wings are large, trans-
parent, and strongly veined, the principal veins having a
greenish tint. The under side of the
body is coated with a whitish powder,
legs greenish. This cicada, which is
shown in Fig. 209, is very generally
distributed throughout the Northern
United States and the province of
Ontario, and the shrill notes of the
males may be heard almost everywhere
during warm days in August, from ten
o'clock in the morning until two in
the afternoon. The males only are
musical, and their drums are situated
in cavities in the sides of the anterior
segments of their robust bodies.

The larva is unknown, but doubtless closely resembles that
of the seventeen-year locust ; the pupa also is very similar, and
has been found beneath cherry, maple, and elm trees. The
ravages of this insect have never been sufficiently important
to attract much attention.

No. 107.— The Cherry-tree Bark-louse.

Lecanium cerasifex Fitch.

This is a bark-louse very much resembling that of the
pear-tree, Lecanium pyri, No. 69. It may be found in

204 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

spring adhering to the under side of the limbs of cherry-
trees and sucking their juices. The shell is hemispherical in
form, black, more or less mottled with pale dull-yellow dots.
On lifting this shell, a mass of minute eggs is found, which
shortly hatch, whereupon the insects spread over the bark of
the succulent twigs, and, piercing it, subsist upon the juices,
passing through the various stages of their growth before the
winter approaches. The remedies recommended for L. pyri
will be equally applicable in this case.

No. 108. — The Cherry-tree Scale-insect.

Aspldiotus cerasi Fitch.

On examining the limbs of the choke-cherry in winter,
there will sometimes be found on the bark a small, roundish
scale, like a tiny blister, which, when raised, discloses a cluster
of very minute dull -reddish eggs, the product of the cherry
scale-insect, which is believed to be identical with the scurfy
bark-louse, No. 17, and to which the same remedies may be
applied.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,
No. 109. — The Violaceous Plea-beetle.

Crepidodera Helxines (Linn.).

From about the middle of May until August there may
often be found on the leaves of cherry-trees small flea-beetles,
about one-tenth of an inch long, and of a brilliant coppery,
violet, or greenish-black color, with the antennae of a pale
yellow, the under side black, and the legs, except the hinder
thighs, dull pale yellow. Though small, this is a very active
insect. It gnaws round pieces out of the under side of the
leaf, leaving the upper skin unbroken, and sometimes eats
entirely through, making numerous small holes in the young
leaves, at the ends of the limbs. It has not yet proved
sufficiently troublesome to require any special remedy.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 205

No. 110. — The Promethea Emperor-moth.

Callosamia Promethea, (Drury).

During the winter there may frequently be seen on cherry-
trees, particularly the wild species, a twisted leaf hanging here

and there after all the others have

. , • FIG. 210.

lallen. A closer examination snows

each of these to contain a long, oval,
silken cocoon (see Fig. 210), the stem
of the leaf being secured to the twig
on which it grew with silken threads.
The silk is wound round the twig for
about half an inch on each side, then
carried down around the leaf-stalk to
the cocoon, the whole being so firmly
fastened that the leaf with the cocoon
cannot be detached without much
force. This is the cocoon of the
Promethea emperor-moth. Besides
the cherry, it is found on the sassa-
fras, lilac, button-bush, and occa-
sionally on other trees and shrubs.

The moth escapes late in June or
early in July. It is a handsome in-
sect, and measures, when its wings are expanded, from three
and a half to nearly four and a half inches across. The
sexes differ very much in appearance : the wings of the male
(Fig. 211) are brownish black, those of the female (Fig. 212)
light reddish brown. In both, the wings are crossed by a
wavy whitish line near the middle, and a clay-colored border
along the hind edges. Both also have an eye-like black spot,
with a pale-bluish crescent within, near the tip of the fore
wings. Near the middle of each of the wings of the female
there is an angular reddish- white spot, edged with black ; the
same is visible on the under side of the wings of the male,
but is seldom seen on the upper side.

206

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

The female lays her eggs in small clusters of five or six or
more together ; they are of a creamy-white color, about one-

FIG. 211.

sixteenth of an inch in diameter, with an ochreous-yellow
spot on the upper side. They hatch towards the end of July.

FIG. 212.

The newly-hatched larva is about one-third of an inch long,
pale green, with yellow bands and faint rows of black tuber-

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

207

FIG. 213.

cles. After it has passed the second moult it appears as seen
at a. From the end of August until late in September it may-
be found full grown, when it measures two inches or more in
length and about half an inch, in diameter, and presents the
appearance shown at 6 in Fig. 213. It is of a bluish-green or
sometimes of a greenish-yellow
color, with the head, feet, and
hinder segments yellow. There
are about eight small warts or
short horns of a deep-blue color
on each segment, except the
two uppermost on the top of
the third and fourth segments,
which are of a rich coral-red
color, and a long one on the
top of the twelfth ring, which
is yellow.

The caterpillar is found feed-
ing on the cherry, ash, sassafras,
poplar, azalea, cephalanthus, or
button-bush, and other shrubs
and trees. Although the ash
is a very common food-plant
for the larva, it is rarely, if
ever, that a cocoon is found
upon it; the leaf-stalks being
so very long, it is probably too laborious a task for the cater-
pillars to fasten them to the twigs, and hence they wander off
in search of leaves with shorter stalks and of a thicker, more
leathery structure, such as the cherry or the lilac, which form
a substantial covering for the cocoon.

The cocoons are often perforated by birds during the winter
and their contents devoured. The insect is also subject to
the attacks of a small four-winged parasite, a species of Ich-
neumon.

208 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

No. 111. — The Purblind Sphinx.

Smerinthus my ops (Sm. & Abb.).

There are sometimes found on cherry-trees, devouring the
leaves, in the month of August, large, cylindrical, green larvae,
about two inches long, with a curved horn at the end of the
body. The head is bluish green, with a bright-yellow line on
the sides; the body is green, with a row of reddish-brown spots
on each side of the back, and another similar row lower down
near the breathing-pores. Along each side there are six oblique
bright-yellow bands, and two short yellow lines on the anterior
segments. The horn is green, tinted with yellow at the sides.
This is the larva of the purblind sphinx.

When full grown, it buries itself under the ground, where
it changes to a dark-brown chrysalis, and in this condition
remains until the following June or July, when the perfect
insect escapes.

The moth is a very handsome one (see Fig. 214), and meas-
ures, when its wings are expanded, about two and a half inches

FIG. 214.

across. The head and thorax are chocolate-brown with a
purplish tinge, the thorax having a tawny yellow stripe down
the middle ; the abdomen is brown, with dull-yellowish spots.
The fore wings are chocolate-brown, with black bauds and
patches, and are angulated and excavated on the hind margin.
The hind wings are dull yellow, with the outer half chocolate-
brown, and have an eye-like spot towards the inner margin,
black, with a large pale-blue centre.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 209

The insect is a rare one, and not likely ever to occur in
sufficient numbers to do much injury.

No. 112. — The lo Emperor-moth.

Hyperchiria lo (Linn.).

This very beautiful insect appears in June and July. It
remains inactive during the day, but flies about after dusk.
The sexes differ in both size and color, the male (Fig. 215)

FIG. 215.

being the smaller. It is of a deep-yellow color, with purplish-
brown markings; on the fore wings are two oblique wavy
lines near the outer margin, a zigzag line near the base, and
other blackish dots and markings. The hind wings are of
a deeper ochre-yellow, and are shaded with purple next the
body ; within the hind margin is a curved purplish band,
and inside this a smaller one of a dark-purplish shade, while
about the middle of the wing there is a large, round, blue
spot with a whitish centre and enclosed in a broad ring of
brownish black. The antennae of the male are beautifully
feathered, and the wings measure, when expanded, about two
and a half inches across. The female (Fig. 216) measures
from three to three and a half inches. The antennae are but
very slightly feathered; the fore wings are purplish brown
mingled with gray, the wavy lines crossing the wings being
also gray. There is a brown spot about the middle, margined

14

210 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

by an irregular gray line, and towards the base the wings are
densely clothed with a wool-like covering. The hind wings
are very similar to those of the male; the thorax and legs are
purplish brown, the abdomen ochre-yellow, with a purplish-
red edging on each ring.

Shortly after pairing, the female deposits her eggs in clus-
ters, sometimes as many as twenty or thirty in one group.

FIG. 216.

They are top-shaped, compressed on both sides, and flattened
above, about one-sixteenth of an inch long, and one-twentieth
of an inch in the longest diameter, creamy white in color,
with a yellowish spot above, which gradually becomes darker
as it approaches maturity, until it is almost black, when the
yellow larva within begins to show through the translucent
sides.

The young larvae are darker in color than the more matured
specimens ; they keep together in little swarms, and when
moving from one place to another follow each other in regular
processionary order, a single caterpillar taking the lead, closely
followed sometimes by one or two in single file, then by two,
three, four, or more, in regular ranks. When about half
grown, they lose this habit, and, separating, each one shifts
for itself. The larva attains maturity during August, when
it measures two and a half inches or more in length and is

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

211

FIG. 217.

of a corresponding thickness. (See Fig. 217.) It is of a
delicate pale-green color, paler, approaching whitish, along
the back, with a broad
dusky - white stripe on
each side, margined with
reddish lilac; breathing-
pores yellow, ringed with
brown. The body is cov-
ered with clusters of green
branching spines tipped
with black, arising from
small warts, of which
there are a number on
each segment. These
spines are very sharp, and
when the insect is care-
lessly handled they sting
severely, producing on the
more tender portions of
the skin an irritation, accompanied by redness and raised
white blotches, very similar to that of the stinging nettle.
Fig. 218 shows some of these branching
spines magnified, b being stouter and more
acute than the others.

When full grown, the larva descends to
the ground, and, drawing together portions
of dead leaves or other rubbish to form
an outer covering, constructs within this
a slight cocoon of tough, gummy, brown silk, in which the
change to a chrysalis takes place. The chrysalis is rather
short and thick, of a pale-brown color, with a few reddish
bristles on the abdominal joints, and a tuft of the same at
the end.

While common on the cherry, this caterpillar does not con-
fine itself to one kind of food, but is also found feeding on
the apple, thorn, willow, elm, dogwood, balsam poplar, sas-

FIQ. 218.

212 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRF.

safras, locust, oak, currant, clover, cotton, and other plants,
shrubs, and trees. It is much more plentiful in some seasons
than in others, but, in consequence of its using so many dif-
ferent sorts of food, it is seldom noticed as very injurious to
any particular kind of tree, shrub, or plant. Should it prove
troublesome, it may easily be subdued by hand-picking, the
operator using a pair of gloves while engaged in the work.
The larva is attacked by parasites, particularly by a small,
undetermined, four-winged fly. The long-tailed Ophion,
Ophion macrurum, referred to under No. 28 (see Fig. 73),
also preys upon it.

No. 113.— The May-beetle.

Lachnosterna fusca (Frohl.).

Every one must be familiar with the May-beetle, — or May-
bug, as it is commonly called, — a buzzing beetle, with a slow
but wild and erratic flight, which comes thumping against
the windows of lighted rooms in the evenings in May and
early in June, and, where the windows are open, dashes in
without a moment's consideration, bumping against walls,
ceiling, and articles of furniture, occasionally dropping to
the floor, then suddenly rising again. It sometimes lands
uninvited on one's face or neck, or, worse still, on one's head,
where its sharp claws become entangled in the hair in a most
unpleasant manner. It is a thick-bodied, chestnut-brown or
black beetle (see Fig. 219, 3 and 4), from eight to nine tenths
of an inch in length. Its head and thorax are punctated with
small indentations ; the wing-covers, though glossy and shining,
are roughened with shallow, indented points, and upon each
there are two or three slightly elevated lines running length-
wise. Its legs are tawny yellowish, and the breast is covered
with pale-yellowish hairs ; the under surface is paler than the
upper. During the day the beetles remain in repose, but are
active at night, when they congregate upon cherry, plum, and
other trees, devouring the leaves, — occasionally, when very
numerous, entirely stripping the trees of foliage. Their

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

213

strong jaws are well adapted for cutting their food, and their
notched or double claws support them securely on the foliage.
The female is said to deposit her eggs between the roots of
grass, enclosed in a ball of earth ; they are white, translucent,
and spherical, and about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter.
When hatched, the small white grubs begin at once to feed
upon the rootlets of plants ; they are several years in reaching
maturity, and hence larvse of different sizes are usually found

FIG. 219.

in the ground at the same time. When full grown, they are
almost as thick as a man's little finger ; they are soft and white,
have a horny head of a brownish color, and six legs; the
hinder part of the body is usually curved under, as shown at
2, Fig. 219. This larva is generally known as "the white
grub/' and is very injurious to strawberries, devouring the
roots and destroying the plants ; it feeds also upon the roots
of grass and other plants, and when very numerous it so in-
jures pasture-lands and lawns that large portions of the turf
can be lifted with the hand and rolled over like a piece
of carpet, so completely are the roots devoured. When cold
weather approaches, the grub buries itself in the ground deep

214

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

enough to be beyond the reach of frost, and there remains
until the following spring.

FIG. 220. FIG. 221.

When ready for its next change, the larva
forms a cavity in the ground, by turning itself
round and round and pressing the earth until
it moulds a cell of suitable form and size,
which it lines with a glutinous secretion, so
that the cell may better retain its form, and
within this it changes at first to a pupa
(shown at 1 Fig. 219), and finally produces
the perfect beetle.

Remedies. — It is very difficult to reach the
larvsB under ground with any remedy other
than digging for them and destroying them.
Hogs are very fond of them, and, when turned
into places where the grubs are abundant,
will root up the ground and devour them in
immense quantities. They are likewise eaten
by domestic fowls and insectivorous birds;
crows especially are so partial to them that
they will often be seen following the plough,
so as to pick out these choice morsels from
the freshly-turned furrow. An insect para-
site, the unadorned Tiphia, Tiphia inornata
Say, is also actively engaged in destroying the
white grub. Frequently, when digging the
ground, a pale-brown, egg-shaped cocoon is
turned up (see c, Fig. 220) ; within this, when fresh, will be
found a whitish grub, represented at 6, which, during its

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 215

growth, has fed upon the larva of the May-beetle. Within
this snug enclosure it soon changes to a pupa, and finally as-
sumes the perfect form, as shown at a in the figure. The
fly is black, with sometimes a faint bluish tint, with dusky
wings, and the body more or less covered with pale-yellow
hairs, which are thickest on the under side.

A curious whitish fungus sometimes attacks this larva and
destroys it, growing out at the sides of the head ; the pro-
tuberance or sprout rapidly increases in size, often attaining
a length of three or four inches, when it presents the appear-
ance shown in Fig. 221. A very large number frequently
die from this cause. Trees infested with the beetles should
be shaken early in the morning, when the insects will fall, and
may be collected on sheets and killed by being thrown into
scalding water. Besides the cherry and plum, these insects
feed on the Lombardy poplar and the oaks. On account of
the length of time the larva takes to mature, the beetles are
not often abundant during two successive seasons.

No. 114. — The Cherry-tree Tortrix.

Caccecia cerasivorana (Fitch).

Early in July there may often be found on the choke-
cherry, and sometimes also on the cultivated cherry, one or
more branches having all their leaves and twigs drawn
together with a web of silken threads. On opening one of
these enclosures, there will be found a large number of active
yellow larvae. These are about five-eighths of an inch long,
nearly cylindrical, the head black, body above yellow, a little
paler between the segments, with a few very fine yellowish
hairs. The anterior portion of the second segment and the
hinder portion of the terminal one are black; there is also
a faint dorsal line of a darker shade. The under side is
similar to the upper in color, and the six anterior claw-like
feet are black.

The chrysalis is formed within the nest in which the larva
has lived, and is of a pale-brown color. The moth, when at

216 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

rest, is broad and flat, the outer edge of the fore wings being
rounded towards the base, and straight from the middle to
the tip, and when its wings are spread (see Fig. 222) it meas-
ures from three-quarters of an inch to an
FIG. 222. . - *

inch across, ine tore wings are crossed by

irregular wavy bands, alternately of bright
ochre-yellow and pale, dull, leaden blue ;
the yellow bands are varied with darker
spots, the most -conspicuous one of which is placed on the
outer margin near the tip, and from this spot a broader ochre-
yellow band extends towards the hind margin, and curves
thence to the inner angle ; the hind wings and entire under
surface are pale ochre-yellow.

Where this insect is found to be injurious, the webs con-
taining the larva? and chrysalids should be gathered and
destroyed before the winged moths mature.

No. 115. — The Cherry-tree Plant-louse.

Myzus cerasi (Fabr.).

This black, disgusting-looking louse begins to appear on the
leaves of the cultivated cherry almost as soon as they are ex-
panded, being hatched from eggs deposited on the branches
the previous autumn, and they multiply so fast that the under
side of the young foliage is soon almost entirely covered with
them, and the growth of the tree stunted by their continual
appropriation of its juices. They crowd together in dense
masses, often two deep, standing on each other's backs, with
only sufficient space between to enable them to insert their
extended beaks into the leaves. In a few days these insects
multiply enormously, their black bodies covering not only the
under side of the leaves but also the leaf-stalks, and cluster-
ing about the stems and green heads of the young fruit, while
swarms of flies and other insects, attracted by the sweet exu-
dations from the bodies of the lice, keep up a constant hum
and buzz around the infested trees.

The presence of these aphides in such numbers has the

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 217

effect of attracting to the tree their natural enemies, which
also multiply with great rapidity and make astonishing havoc
among their defenceless victims. The lady-birds and their
larvae, also the larvae of Syrphus flies and lace-wing flies, many
of which are referred to under No. 57, appear in abundance
among them, tearing and devouring them with the greatest
ferocity, and usually within two or three weeks the armies
of lice are completely annihilated, and the leaves of the trees
appear clean again. Later in the season the lice appear a
second time, but occupy only the tender leaves at the ends of
the shoots, some of them usually remaining there during the
rest of the summer. On the approach of cold weather, males
are produced, and subsequently a stock of eggs is placed by
the females about the base of the buds and in the fissures of
the bark of the branches, where they remain unhatched until
the following spring.

These lice may be killed by thoroughly drenching them
with weak lye, strong soapsuds, or tobacco-water, but what-
ever solution may be used it must come in contact with the
lice in order to be effectual ; dipping the extremities of the
limbs in such solutions, where such a course is practicable, will
quickly destroy them. The easiest remedy, however, is to aid
nature by introducing among the colonies a number of lady-
birds and- other enemies, who at once set to work to devour
them with great vigor. A very minute Ichneumon fly, a
species of Aphidius (Trioxys cerasphis Fitch), is parasitic upon
these lice and destroys large numbers of them.

No. 116.— The Ursula Butterfly.
Lim-enitis Ursula Fabr.

This is a medium-sized but handsome butterfly, which is
seen on the wing during the months of June and July. It is
represented in Fig. 223. Its wings are of a blackish-brown
color glossed with a bluish tint, and with three marginal rows
of bluish crescents of varying size. In the female the inner
row is less marked, and each crescent is supported behind by

218 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

a deep-orange patch or point. On the fore wings there are
several white spots towards the tip. The margins of both
wings are slightly crenate, the hollows being edged with
white. When the wings are spread, they measure about three
inches across.

The female deposits her eggs on the leaves of the cherry,
both wild and cultivated, and occasionally also on those of

FIG. 223

the apple and plum. The full-grown larva is about an inch
and a quarter long, of an olive-green color variegated with
russet, white, reddish yellow, and ochreous, with two long
reddish horns behind its head, and two tubercles on each of
the other segments, all green except those on the fifth seg-
ment, which are reddish. The chrysalis is russety marked
with white, is suspended by its tail, and has on the middle
of its back a curious and prominent projection like a Roman
nose. Both the larva and the chrysalis resemble that of
Ltmenitis disippus, Fig. 180. This insect is met with only
occasionally, and has never been reported as destructive any-
where. It is found as far north as the Province of Ontario
in Canada, but is much more common in the Middle and
Southern States.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 219

No. 117. — The Cherry-tree Thecla.
Thecla titus Fabr.

This is a very pretty little butterfly, better known as
Thecla mopsus. (See Fig. 224.) It is of a dark-brown
color above, with a row of seven or
eight orange-colored spots near the Fl°- 224-

margin of the hind wings, which
are larger and more conspicuous on
the under than on the upper side.
The wings beneath are light brown,
with a row of deep but bright
orange spots near the hind margins
of both pairs, an inner and more irregular row of small black
spots, encircled with white, and on the middle of the hind
wings two similar spots, placed close together. In flight it is
active, but its movements are of a jerky nature. The wings
measure, when expanded, an inch and a quarter or more
across.

The caterpillar, which is found feeding on cherry leaves
during the month of May, is a curious flat creature, re-
sembling a wood-louse in outline, of a dull-green color, per-
vaded by a yellowish tint. There is a patch of rose color on
the anterior segments, and another larger one on the hinder
extremity.

The chrysalis is pale brown and glossy, with many small
dark-brown or blackish dots distributed over the whole
surface, and thickly covered with very short brown hairs,
scarcely visible without a magnifying-lens. The butterfly
appears about the middle of July, and is very partial to the
flowers of the " butterfly- weed," Asdepias tuberosa, as well as
to those of the common milkweed, Asdepias cornuti.

This insect is never found in sufficient abundance to be
injurious, but whenever met with it excites the curiosity of the
observer.

220

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY.

ATTACKING THE PEUIT,

No. 118.— The Cherry Bug.

Metapodius femoratus (Fabr.).

Fm. 225.

This insect, which belongs to
the order Hemiptera, is said to
injure the fruit of the cherry
in the Western States by punc-
turing it with its beak and
sucking the juices. It is rep-
resented in Fig. 225. It is
said to attack only the sweet
varieties of cherry.

SUPPLEMENTAET LIST OF INJUEIOUS INSECTS WHICH
AITEOT THE OHEEET,

ATTACKING THE ROOTS.

The larva of the stag-beetle, No. 5, also that of the rough
Osmoderma, No. 8, occasionally injure the roots of the cherry,
but chiefly affect those trees which are old and decaying.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

The apple-twig borer, No. 13 ; the imbricated snout-beetle,^
No. 14; and the New York weevil, No. 100.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The leaves of the cherry-tree suffer from all the following :
the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, No. 20 ; tlie forest tent-cater-
pillar, No. 21 ; the white-marked tussock-moth, No. 22 ; the
red-humped apple-tree caterpillar, No. 24; the canker-worms,
Nos. 25 and 26 ; the fall web- worm, No. 27 ; the Cecropia
emperor-moth, No. 28 ; the turnus swallow-tail, No. 30 ; the

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 221

American lappet-moth, No. 33 ; the oblique-banded leaf-
roller, No. 35 ; the leaf-crumpler, No. 37 ; the eye-spotted
bud -moth, No. 38 ; the many-dotted apple- worm, No. 43 ;
the palmer-worm, No. 44 ; the hag-moth caterpillar, No.
48 ; the saddle-back caterpillar, No. 49 ; the tarnished plant-
bug, No. 71 ; the pear-tree slug, No. 75 ; the gray dagger-
moth, No. 84 ; the Disippus butterfly, No. 87 ; the blue-
spangled peach-tree caterpillar, No. 102; the basket-worm,
or bag- worm, No. 120; and the rose-beetle, No. 151. The
pear-tree blister-beetle, No. 73, devours the blossoms as well
as the young leaves.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

The plum curculio, No. 94, affects the fruit to an alarming
extent in many sections, and, since the cherries do not drop
from the trees as the plums do, from the injuries caused by
this insect, the extent of its depredations is not easily ascer-
tained. It is not unusual to find a considerable proportion
of the ripe cherries in the markets containing the larva of
this curculio, nearly full grown.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE.

ATTACKING THE TRUNK,

No. 119,— The Quince Scale.

Aspidiotus cydonice Comstock.

This scale is found on the quince-tree in Florida. It is
of a gray color, somewhat transparent, very convex in form,
and about six- hundred ths of an inch in diameter. Where it
is found injurious, it may be removed from the trunk and
limbs with a stiff brush dipped in a strong solution of soap.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,

No. 120. — The Basket-worm, or Bag-worm.

Thyridopteryx epJiemerceformis (Haworth).

During the winter the curious weather-beaten bags of this
insect may be seen hanging from many different sorts of
trees, both evergreen and deciduous. In the latter class they
are found on the quince, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, elm,
maple, locust, and linden, and in the former on arbor-vitae,
Norway spruce, and red cedar. If a number of these bags
are gathered in the winter and cut open, many of them will be
found empty, but the greater portion will be seen to present
the appearance shown at e in Fig. 226, being in fact partly
full of soft, yellow eggs. Those which do not contain eggs
are male bags, and the empty chrysalis skin of the male is
generally found protruding from the lower end.

The eggs are soft, opaque, obovate in form, about one-
twentieth of an inch long, and surrounded by more or less
222

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

223

fawn-colored silky down ; they hatch during May or early
in June.

The young larvae are of a brown color ; they are very
active, and begin at once to make for themselves coverings of
silk, to which they fasten bits of the leaves of the tree on
which they are feeding, forming small cones, as shown at g
in the figure. As the Iarva3 grow, they increase the size of
their enclosures or bags from the bottom, until they become
so large and heavy that they hang instead of remaining

FIG. 226.

upright, as at first. By the end of July the caterpillars
become full grown, when they appear as shown at /, Fig.
226, where the larva is seen with its head and a portion of
its anterior segments protruded from the bag. When taken
out of the enclosure at this stage, it presents the appearance
shown at a in the figure, that portion of the body which has
been covered by the bag being soft, and of a dull-brownish
color, inclining to red at the sides, while the three anterior
segments, which are exposed when the insect is feeding or
travelling, are horny and mottled with black and white.
The small, fleshy prolegs on the middle and hinder segments
are fringed with numerous hooks, by which the larva is

224 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE.

enabled to cling to the silken lining of its bag and drag it
along wherever it goes. The outer surface of the bag is
rough and irregular from the protruding portions of the
stems and leaves which are woven into it. During their
growth these caterpillars are slow travellers, seldom leaving
the tree on which they were hatched ; but when about full
grown they become much more active, and often lower them-
selves to the ground by silken threads, and slowly wander
from place to place.

When about to change to chrysalids, they fasten their bags
securely to the twigs of the trees on which they happen to be,
and then undergo their change. The male chrysalis, shown at
6, Fig. 226, is much smaller than the female, which is seen
within the bag at e.

The female moth is wingless, and never leaves the bag, but
works her way to its lower orifice, and there awaits the attend-
ance of the male. She is not only without wings, but is des-
titute of legs also ; in short, she seems to be nothing more than
a yellowish bag of eggs with a ring of soft, pale-brown, silky
hair near the tail. She is represented at c in the figure. The
male (d, Fig. 226) has transparent wings and a black body, and
is very active on the wing during the warmer portions of the
day. After pairing, the female deposits her eggs, intermingled
with fawn-colored down, within the empty pupa-case, and
when this task is completed she works her way out of the
case, drops exhausted to the ground, and dies.

The bag-worm is a Southern rather than a Northern insect,
although it is found as far north as New Jersey and New
York, and occasionally in Massachusetts ; it is extremely local
in its character, often abounding in one particular neighbor-
hood and totally unknown a few miles away. Where they
occur in abundance they often almost entirely defoliate the
trees they attack; this, however, may be easily prevented
by gathering the cases which contain the eggs for the next
brood during* the winter and destroying them. There are
two species of Ichneumon which attack the bag-worm : one of

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

225

them, Cryptus inquisitor (Say) (Fig. 227), is about two- fifths of
an inch long, the other, Hemiteles thyridopteryx Riley, is about
one-third of an inch long; the male is shown in Fig. 228,
the female in Fig. 229, both magnified. Five or six of this

FIG. 227.

FIG. 228.

FIG. 229.

FIG. 230.

latter species will sometimes occupy the body of a single
caterpillar. After destroying their victim they spin for them-
selves tough, white, silken cocoons within the bag, a section
of which is shown in Fig. 230.

FIG. 231.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

No. 121. — The Quince Cnrcnlio.

Conotrachelus cratcegi Walsh.

This is a broad-shouldered snout-beetle, larger than the
plum curculio, No. 94, and has a longer snout ; in Fig. 231, a
shows a side view of the insect, b a back view. It is of an
ash-gray color, mottled with ochre-yel-
low and whitish, with a dusky almost
triangular spot at the base of the
thorax above, and seven narrow longi-
tudinal elevations on the wing-covers,
with two rows of dots between each.
It is an indigenous insect, having its
home in the wild haws, in which it is
frequently found, but it is also very

injurious to the quince. It appears during the month of
June, and punctures the young fruit, making a cylindrical

15

226 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE.

hole a little larger than is sufficient to admit the egg, and
enlarged at the base. Within this receptacle the egg is
placed, and hatches there in a few days. The larva does
not penetrate to the core, but burrows in the fruit near the
surface; it resembles the larva of the plum curculio in ap-
pearance, but is somewhat larger, and has a narrow dusky
line down the back. In about a month it becomes full
grown, when it leaves the fruit through a cylindrical opening
and buries itself two or three inches in the ground, where it
remains during the autumn, winter, and early spring months
without change. It becomes a- pupa early in May, and as-
sumes the beetle form a few days afterwards. The beetle
also feeds on the quince, burying itself completely in the
substance of the fruit ; it occasionally attacks the pear.

Where these beetles prove destructive they may be collected
by jarring, as recommended for the plum curculio; and care
should be taken to destroy all the fruit which falls prema-
turely to the ground.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OP INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH
AFFECT THE QUINCE,

ATTACKING THE TRUNK.

The round-headed apple-tree borer, No. 2.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The leaf-crumpler, No. 37 ; the tarnished plant-bug, No.
71 ; and the pear-tree slug, No. 75. The pear-tree blister-
beetle, No. 73, eats both the flowers and the leaves.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

ATTACKING THE BOOTS,
No. 122. — The Broad-necked Prionus.

Prionus laticollis (Drury).

This is a gigantic borer (Fig. 232), from two and a half to
three inches in length, of a yellowish-white color, with a

FIG. 232.

small, horny, reddish-brown head, and a bluish line down the
back, which cuts for itself a cylindrical hole through the
centre of the root of the vine, a little below the surface ; and
when the root is barely large enough to contain the larva,
nothing but a thin skin of bark is left, but this is always
found entire, so that the insect cannot be easily discovered.
It is probable that it lives in the larval state about three
years, and that it changes to a pupa (Fig. 233) within the
root towards the end of June.

The beetle appears about the middle of July, and is known
as the Broad-necked Prionus. Fig. 234 represents the female,
which measures from an inch and a quarter to an inch and
three-quarters in length, and is of a brownish-black color, with
strong, thick jaws; the antennae are rather slender; the thorax
is short and wide and armed at the sides with three teeth. The
wing-covers have three slightly-elevated lines on each, and

227

228

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

are thickly punctated. In the male the body is shorter,
while the antennae are longer, stouter, and toothed.

Little or nothing can be done in the way of extirpating
these under-ground borers, as their presence is seldom suspected

FIG. 233.

FIG. 234.

until the vine becomes sickly, or dies from the injuries they
have caused. Where grape-vines die suddenly from any
unknown cause, the roots should be carefully examined, and
if evidences of the presence of this borer are discovered, it
should be searched for and destroyed.

No. 123. — The Tile-horned Prionus.

Prionus imbricornis (Linn.).

The larva of this beetle, a species closely allied to No. 122,
has also been found devouring the roots of the grape-vine.
The larvae of these two species resemble each other so closely
that they are almost indistinguishable. When full grown,
the borer collects together a few fibres and chips of the roots,
and with the aid of these constructs a loose cocoon, within
which it changes to a pupa almost identical with that of
No. 122. (See Fig. 233.)

This beetle, which is represented in Fig. 235, is called the
Tile-horned Prionus because the joints of the antennae of the

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 229

male overlap one another like tiles on a roof. It is very
similar in appearance to the broad-necked prionus, but the
two species may be distinguished by the difference in the

FIG. 235.

number of the joints in their antenna : in imbrieornis the
male has about nineteen joints, and the female about sixteen,
while in laticottis both sexes have twelve-jointed antennae.
Any remedial measures useful for one species will be equally
applicable to the other.

No. 124. — The Grape-vine Root-borer.

jEge>*ia polistiformis Harris.

This larva resembles that of the peach-tree borer, No. 97,
in appearance and habits, but is a little larger in size. The
larvaB of the Prionus beetles have only six legs, while this
Egerian larva, in common with most lepidopterous insects,
has sixteen legs, — six horny ones
on the anterior segments, and ten FlG-

fleshy or membranous ones on the
hinder segments, — and when full
grown it measures from an inch to
an inch and a half in length. (See Fig. 236.) It lives ex-
clusively under ground, and consumes the bark and sap-wood
of the grape-roots, eating irregular furrows into their sub-

230 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

stance ; sometimes it eats the bark, and at other times works
its way under the surface.

When full grown, the larva forms a pod-like cocoon of
a gummy sort of silk, covered with little bits of wood, bark,
and earth, and situated within or adjacent to the injured root.
Within this it changes to a brown chrysalis, which, when
mature, works itself out of the cocoon by means of minute

teeth, with which the segments
FIG. 237. are armed, and thence to the

surface of the ground, when the
perfect insect escapes. Fig. 237
shows the cocoon with the chrys-
alis partly protruding from it
and the newly-escaped moth
resting on it.

The moth resembles a wasp in appearance, and in the noise
it makes during its flight. The female is shown in Fig. 238.
The antennae are simple and black, the body of a brownish-
black color, marked with orange or tawny yellow. There
is a bright-yellow band on the base of the second segment
of its abdomen, and usually a second one on the fourth
joint, but sometimes this latter is wanting ; near the tip of
the abdomen below there is a short pencil of tawny orange
hairs on each side. The fore wings are brownish black, with
a more or less distinct clear patch at the base ; the hind wings
transparent, with the veins, the terminal edge, and the fringe
brownish black. In the male (Fig. 239) the antennae are
toothed, except for a short distance near the tip; the thorax
and abdomen are darker in color, and in addition to the
short pencils of orange hairs on the abdomen below, there
are two longer ones above. The wings, when expanded,
measure from an inch to an inch and a half across. The
moth appears during August.

The female is said to deposit her eggs on the collar of the
grape-vine, close to the earth, and the young larvae, as soon
as hatched, descend to the roots.

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 231

This insect inhabits the Middle, Western, and some of the
Southern States. It is said to have been exceedingly destructive
in North Carolina both to wild and cultivated grapes, and is
reported as injurious also in Kentucky. The moth is found
in the South from the latter part of June until September.

It is stated that the Scupperuoug grape, a variety of the fox-
grape, Vitis vulpina, is never attacked by this borer ; if this

FIG. 238. FIG. 239.

be so, its ravages may be prevented by grafting other vines on
roots of the Scuppernong. When it has been ascertained that
the borers are at work on a vine, the earth should be cleared
away from above the roots and the invaders searched for and
destroyed ; hot water applied about the roots is said to kill
them. As a preventive measure, mounding the vines, as
recommended for peach-trees, under the head of the peach-
tree borer, No. 97, would probably be beneficial.

No. 125. — The Grape Phylloxera.

Phylloxera vastatrix Planchon.

This tiny foe to the grape-vine has attained great celebrity
during the past few years, and much attention has been paid
to the study of its life-history and habits, in the hope of
devising some practical measures for its extermination. The
destruction it has occasioned in France has been so great that
it has become a national calamity, which the government has
appointed special agents to inquire into; large sums of money
have also been offered as prizes to be given to any one who

232 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

shall discover an efficient remedy for this insect pest. At the
same time it has made alarming progress in Portugal, also
in Switzerland and in some parts of Germany, and among
vines under glass in England. It is a native of America,
whence it has doubtless been carried to France ; it is common
throughout the greater portion of the United States and in one
of its forms in Canada ; but our native grape-vines seem to
endure the attacks of the insect much better than do those of
Europe. Recently it has appeared on the Pacific slope, in the
fertile vineyards of California, where the European varieties
are largely cultivated, and hence its introduction there will
probably prove disastrous to grape-culture.

This insect is found in two different forms : in one instance
on the leaf, where it produces greenish-red or yellow galls of
various shapes and sizes, and is known as the type Galldecola,
or gall-inhabiting; in the other and more destructive form, on
the root, known as the type Radidcola, or root-inhabiting,
causing at first swellings on the young rootlets, followed by
decay, which gradually extends to the larger roots as the
insects congregate upon them. These two forms will for
convenience be treated together, a slight departure from the
general plan of this work.

The first reference made to the gall-producing form was by
Dr. Fitch in 1854, in the " Transactions of the New York
State Agricultural Society," where he described it under the
name of Pemphigus vitifolise. Early in June there appear
upon the vine leaves small globular or cup-shaped galls of
varying sizes. A section of one of these is shown at c?, Fig.
241 ; they are of a greenish-red or yellow color, with their outer
surface somewhat uneven and woolly. Fig. 240 represents a
leaf badly infested with these galls. On opening one of the
freshly-formed galls, it will be found to contain from one to
four orange-colored lice, many very minute, shining, oval,
whitish eggs, and usually a considerable number of young
lice, not much larger than the eggs, and of the same color.
Soon the gall becomes over- populated, and the surplus lice

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 233

wander off through its partly-opened mouth on the upper
side of the leaf, and establish themselves either on the same
leaf or on adjoining young leaves, where the irritation oc-
casioned by their punctures causes the formation of new galls,
within which the lice remain. After a time the older lice
die, and the galls which they have inhabited open out and
gradually become flattened and almost obliterated ; hence it
may happen that the galls on the older leaves on a vine will

PIG. 240.

be empty, while those on the younger ones are swarming with
occupants.

These galls are very common on the Clinton grape and other
varieties of the same type, and are also found to a greater or
less extent on most other cultivated sorts. They sometimes
occur in such abundance as to cause the leaves to turn brown
and drop to the ground ; and instances are recorded where
vines have been defoliated from this cause. The number
of eggs in a single gall will vary from fifty to four or five
hundred, according to its size. There are several genera-
tions of the lice during the season, and they continue to
extend the sphere of their operations throughout the greater
part of the summer. Late in the season, as the leaves become

234

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

less succulent, the lice seek other quarters, and many of them
find their way to the roots of the vines and establish them-
selves on the smaller rootlets. By the end of September the
galls are usually deserted. In Fig. 241 we have this type

FIG. 241.

of the insect illustrated : a shows a front view of the young
louse, and 6 a back view of the same, c the egg, d a section
of one of the galls, e a swollen tendril, /, g, A, mature egg-
bearing gall-lice, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, i antennae,
andy the two-jointed tarsus.

When on the roots, the lice subsist also by suction, and their
punctures result in abnormal swellings on the young rootlets,
as shown at a in Fig. 242. These eventually decay, and this
decay is not confined to the swollen portions, but involves the
adjacent tissue, and thus the insects are induced to betake
themselves to fresh portions of the living roots, until at last
the larger ones become involved, and they, too, literally waste
away.

In Fig. 242 we have the root-inhabiting type, Radidcola,
illustrated: a, roots of Clinton vine, showing swellings; 6,
young louse, as it appears when hibernating ; c, d, antennae
and leg of same ; e, f, g, represent the more mature lice.

ATTACKING THE ROOTS.

235

It is also further illustrated in Fig. 243, where a shows a
healthy root, b one on which the lice are working, c a root
which is decaying and has been deserted by them ; d, d, d, in-
dicate how the lice are found on the larger roots; e represents
the female pupa, seen from above, f the same from below, g
winged female, dorsal view, h the same, ventral view,, i the
antennae of the winged insect, and j the wingless female, lay-
ing eggs on the roots ; k indicates how the punctures of the
lice cause the larger roots to rot. Most of these figures are

FIG. 242.

highly magnified, the short lines or dots at the side showing
the natural size.

During the first year of the insect's presence the outward
manifestations of the disease are very slight, although the
fibrous roots may at this time be covered with the little swell-
ings; but, if the attack is severe, the second year the leaves
assume a sickly yellowish cast, and the usual vigorous yearly
growth of cane is much reduced. In course of time the vine
usually dies; but, before this takes place, the lice, having little
or no healthy tissue to work on, leave the dying vine and seek
for food elsewhere, either wandering under ground among
the interlacing roots of adjacent vines, or crawling over the

236

1. X SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

surface of the ground in search of more congenial quarters.
During the winter many of them remain torpid, and at that
season they assume a dull-brownish color, so like that of the

FIG. 243.

roots to which they are attached that they are difficult to
discover. They have then the appearance shown at b in Fig.
242. With the renewal of growth in the spring, the young
lice cast their coats, rapidly increase in size, and appear as
shown at e, /, g, in the figure ; soon they begin to deposit eggs ;

ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 237

these eggs hatch, and the young ones shortly become egg-laying
mothers like the first, and, like them, also remain wingless.
After several generations of these egg-bearing lice have been
produced, a number of individuals about the middle of sum-
mer acquire wings. These also are all females, and they
issue from the ground, and, rising in the air, fly, or are carried
with the wind, to neighboring vineyards, where they deposit
eggs on the under side of the leaves among their downy
hairs, beneath the loosened bark of the branches and trunk,
or in crevices of the ground about the base of the vine.
Occasionally individual root-lice abandon their underground
habits and form galls on the leaves.

The complete life-history of this insect is extremely inter-
esting and curious, and those desiring further information as
to the different modifications of form assumed by the insect in
the course of its development will find it given with much
minuteness of detail in the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth
" Reports on the Insects of Missouri/7 by C. V. Hi ley.

Remedies. — This is an extremely difficult insect to subdue,
and various means for the purpose have been suggested, none
of which appear to be entirely satisfactory. Flooding the
vineyards, where practicable, seems to be more successful than
any other measure, but the submergence must be total and
prolonged to the extent of from twenty-five to thirty days ;
it should be undertaken in September or October, when it is
said that the root-lice will be drowned and the vines come
out uninjured.

Bisulphide of carbon is stated by some to be an efficient
remedy ; it is introduced into the soil by means of an auger
with a hollow shank, into which this liquid is poured ; several
holes are made about each vine, and two or three ounces are
poured into each hole. Being extremely offensive in odor
and very volatile, its vapor permeates the soil in every direc-
tion, and is said to kill the lice without injuring the vines.
This substance should be handled with caution, as its vapor
is very inflammable and explosive. Alkaline sulpho-carbon-

238

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

ates are also recommended ; these are gradually decomposed
in the soil and give off sulphuretted hydrogen and bisulphide
of carbon. Carbolic acid mixed with water, in the propor-
tion of one part of the acid to fifty or one hundred parts of
water, has also been used with advantage, poured into two or
three holes made around the base of each vine with an iron
bar to the depth of a foot or more. Soot is also recommended
to be strewed around the vines.

It is stated that the insect is less injurious to vines grown
on sandy soil, also to those grown on lands impregnated with
salt.

Since large numbers of these insects, both winged and
wingless, are known to crawl over the surface of the ground
in August and September, it has been suggested to sprinkle
the ground about the vines at this period with quicklime,
ashes, sulphur, salt, or other substances destructive to insect
life. The application of fertilizers rich in potash and ammo-
nia, such as ashes mixed with stable-manure or sal ammo-
niac,- has been found useful. A simple remedy for the gall-
inhabiting type is to pluck the leaves as soon as the galls
appear and destroy them.

Several species of predaceous insects prey on this louse.
A black species of Thrips with white-fringed wings (Thrips \
phylloxera Kiley, see Fig. 244) deposits its eggs within the

gall, which when hatched
FIG. 244.

produce larvae of a_blood-

jred color, which play sad
havoc among the lice.
The larva of a Syrplms \
fly, Pipiza radicum, which >
feeds on the root-louse of
the apple (see Fig. 2), has
also been found attacking
the Phylloxera. Another
useful friend is a small mite (Tyroglyphus phylloxeras P. &
R., see Fig. 245), which devours the lice; and associated with

ATTACKING THE ROOTS.

239

this is sometimes found another species (Hoplophora arctata
Riley) of a very curious form, reminding one of a mussel.
Fig. 246 represents this insect in different attitudes, highly
magnified.

The gall-inhabiting type is very subject to the attacks of a
small two-winged fly, Diplosis grassator Fyles, which deposits

FIG. 240.

its eggs either in the gall or at its entrance, from which the
larva is soon produced. This, although destitute of legs, is
very active, and, groping about in the interior of the gall,
seizes on the young lice soon after they are hatched and sucks
them dry. It does not appear at first to attack the parent lice;

FIG. 246.

the tender progeny are more to its liking, and these are
produced in sufficient numbers to furnish it with a constant
supply of fresh food. In some instances one larva, in others
two are found in a single gall, and as they increase in size
they devour the lice very rapidly, and before changing to the

240

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

FIG. 247.

pupa state clear the gall entirely of its contents. The larva
(Fig. 247, a) is about one-tenth of an inch long, of a pale

pinkish-yellow color, glossy
and semi-transparent, with a
dark line down the back on
the two anterior and some
of the posterior segments.
On the terminal segment
there are two short, fleshy
horns united by a slight
ridge ; the horns are tipped
with brownish black, and
have a minute cluster of
spines at their summit.

The pupa shown at b in
the figure, is a little less
than one-tenth of an inch
in length, of a reddish-
brown color, with a few short hairs scattered over its surface,
and two blackish horns united by a ridge near the hinder ex-
tremity. Both the pupa and the larva are magnified.

The perfect insect escapes in about a fortnight after the
pupa is formed. It is a very pretty little two-winged fly,
shown much magnified at c in the figure, and of its natural
size at d.

The Phylloxera is also preyed on by the larva of a dull-
colored lady-bird, a species of Scymnus, by several other
species of the lady-bird family, and by the Iarva3 of the lace-
wing flies referred to under No. 57.

To guard against its introduction into new vineyards, the
roots of young vines should be carefully examined before being
planted, and if knots and lice are found upon them these
latter may be destroyed by immersing the roots in hot soap-
suds or tobacco- water.

Our native American vines are found to withstand the
attacks of this insect much better than do those of European

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

241

origin ; hence by grafting the more susceptible varieties on
these hardier sorts, the ill effects produced by the lice may in
some measure be counteracted. The roots recommended to be
used as stocks are those of Concord, Clinton, Herbemont, Cun-
ningham, Norton's Virginia, Rentz, Cynthiana, and Taylor.
The Clinton, one of the varieties recommended, is particularly
liable to the attacks of the gall-producing type of Phylloxera,
but the lice are seldom found to any great extent on its roots,
and the vine is so vigorous a grower that a slight attack would
not produce any perceptible injury.

FIG. 248.

ATTACKING THE BEANOHES,
No. 126. — The Grape-vine Bark-louse.

Pulvinaria innumerdbilis Rath von.

During the month of June there are sometimes found on
the branches of the grape-vine, brown, hemispherical scales,
from under one end of which there protrudes
a cotton-like substance, which increases in
size until the beginning of July, by which
time it has become a mass about four times
as large as the scale. (See Fig. 248.) This
cottony matter contains the eggs of the in-
sect, and very soon there issue from it minute,
oval, yellowish-white lice, which distribute
themselves over the branches, to which
they attach themselves, and shortly become
stationary, sucking the juices. This species
is believed to be the same as the European
scale-insect of the vine. These scales are
not usually found in any great abundance,
and may be readily scraped off with a knife
or other suitable instrument, which should
be done before the young lice escape.

16

242 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

No. 127. — The Four-spotted Spittle-insect.

Aphrophora 4-notata Say.

Occasionally there appear upon the branches in June spots
of white, frothy matter, resembling spittle, embedded in which
is found a soft, pale, wingless insect, which punctures the bark
and sucks the juices from the branch, at the same time secreting
over and around itself this spittle-like covering. The perfect
or winged insect (see Fig. 249) is a flattened tree-hopper of a
brown color, which occurs upon the vines in the early
FIG. 249. part of July. It is about three-tenths of an inch
long ; its wing-covers are brown, with a blackish spot
at the tip, a second one on the middle of the outer
margin, and a third one at the base, with the spaces
between the spots whitish. Should this insect at any time
prove injurious, it may be easily destroyed by the hand while
in the soft, wingless form enclosed in its frothy covering.

Wo. 128. — Signoret's Spittle-insect.

Aphrophora Signoreti Fitch.

This is an insect very similar in habits and appearance to
No. 127, surrounding itself while in the soft or larval condi-
tion with the same sort of frothy mass. When perfect, it is
a little more than three-tenths of an inch long, of a tawny-
brown color clouded with dull white, and thickly punctated
with black dots. The wing-covers have on their inner margin,
near the tip, a small white spot, and another larger one oppo-
site this on the outer margin ; but the wings are not spotted
with black as in No. 127.

No. 129. — The Two-spotted Tree-hopper.

Enchenopa binotata (Say).

This is a small but very odd-looking brown insect, with two
yellowish spots on the edge of the back, and a prolongation
in front like the beak of a bird. It sometimes punctures the

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

243

FIG. 250.

tender stems of the grape, causing them to wilt and turn
brown. While this tree-hopper is occasionally found on the
vine, it is much more common on the red-bud, Cerds ; but
its favorite home is on the wafer-ash, Ptelea trifoliata.

No. 130. — The Bed-shouldered Sinoxylon.

Sinoxylon basilare (Say).

The larva of this insect (Fig. 250, a) bores into the stems
of grape-vines, and sometimes also into the branches and
trunks of apple and peach
trees. It is a yellowish,
wrinkled grub, about three-
tenths of an inch long, with
the anterior segments swol-
len, the head small, and
the body arched or bent.

The pupa (Fig. 250, b)
is of a pale-yellowish color,
and is formed in the chambers mined by the larva.

The beetle is shown in the figure at c. It is about one-fifth
of an inch long, black, with a large reddish spot at the base
of each wing-cover. The thorax is punctated and armed
with short spines in front; the wing-covers are roughened
with dots, and appear as if cut off obliquely behind, the outer
edge of the cut portion being furnished with three teeth on
each side.

The only method suggested for destroying this insect is to
burn the wood infested by it.

No. 131. — The Grape-vine Wound-gall.

Vitis vulnus Riley.

This curious gall, which is represented in Fig. 251, is pro-
duced by the Sesostris snout-beetle, Ampeloglypter Sesostris
(Lee.). The beetle (Fig. 252) is about one-eighth of an inch
long, of a reddish-brown color, with a stout beak half as
long as its body. The thorax is punctated, and the wing-

244

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

Fio. 251.

cases are polished and glossy, without any markings. It
appears during the early part of July, when the female punc-
tures the stem of the vine and deposits an egg
therein, which shortly hatches, producing a tiny
whitish grub, which lives within the swollen
part and feeds upon it. At first the gall is
small and inconspicuous, but towards the end of
the season it assumes the form of an elongated
knot or swelling, as shown in the figure ; this is
generally situated immediately above or below a
joint. Usually there is a longitudinal depres-
sion on one side, dividing that portion into two
prominences, which commonly have a rosy tint.
Within the gall the larva remains until June
of the following year. When full grown, it is
about a quarter of an inch long,
white, cylindrical, and footless, with
a large yellowish head. During
the month of June it changes
to a pupa, from which the perfect
beetle is produced in about a fort-
night.

These galls do not appear to injure to any material extent
the branches on which they occur; should they ever multiply
so as to become injurious, their increase may be readily checked
by cutting off and burning those portions of the canes on which
they are situated, before the beetles escape.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,
No. 132. — The Green Grape-vine Sphinx.

Darapsa myron (Cramer).

The larva of this insect is one of the most common and
destructive of the leaf-eating insects injurious to the grape.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 245

The first brood of the perfect or winged insect appears from
the middle to the end of May, when the female deposits her
eggs on the under side of the leaves, generally placing them
singly, but sometimes in groups of two or three. The eggs
are nearly round, about one-twentieth of an inch long, a little
less in width, smooth, and of a pale yellowish -green color,
changing to reddish before hatching.

The young caterpillar comes out of the egg in five or six
days, when it makes its first meal on a part of the empty egg-

FIG. 253.

shell, and then attacks the softer portions of the grape-vine
leaves. When first hatched, it is one-fifth of an inch long,
of a pale yellowish-green color, with a large head, and having
a long black horn near its posterior extremity, half as long
as its body. As it increases in size, the horn becomes rela-
tively shorter and changes in color ; the markings of the larva
also vary considerably at each moult. When full grown, it
presents the appearance shown in Fig. 253. It is then about
two inches long, with a rather small head of a pale-green
color dotted with yellow and with a pale-yellow stripe down
each side ; the body is green, of a slightly deeper shade than
the head, and covered with small yellow dots or granulations ;

246 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

along the sides of the body these granulations are so arranged
as to form a series of seven oblique stripes, extending back-
wards, and margined behind with a darker green. A white
lateral stripe with a dark-green margin extends from just
behind the head to the horn near the other extremity. Along
the back are a series of seven spots, varying in color from
red to pale lilac, each set in a patch of pale yellow. The
caudal horn is one-fifth of an inch long, and varies in color
from reddish to bluish green, granulated with black in front,
and sometimes yellow behind and at the tip. This larva
has the power of drawing the head and next two segments
within the fourth and fifth, causing these latter to appear
much distended; the feet are red, the prolegs pale green.
Some specimens, especially among those qf the later brood,
will be found exhibiting remarkable variations in color;
instead of green they assume a delicate reddish-pink hue, with
markings of darker shades of red and brown, which so alter
their appearance that they might at first sight be readily
taken for a different species ; a careful comparison, however,
will show the same arrangement of dots and spots as in the
normal form.

When full grown, the larva descends from the vine and
draws a few leaves loosely together, binding them with silken
threads, usually about or near the base of the vine on which

it has fed, and within this
FIG. 254. , ,

rude structure changes to a

chrysalis (see Fig. 254) of a
pale-brown color, dotted and
streaked with a darker shade,
and with a row of oval dark-
brown spots along each side.
The moths from this first brood of larvae usually appear
during the latter part of July, when they deposit eggs for a
second brood, which mature late in September, pass the winter
in the pupa state, and emerge as moths in the following May.
The wings of this insect, when fully expanded, measure

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 247

about two and a half inches across, their form being long and
narrow, as shown in Fig. 255. The fore wings are of a dark
olive-green color, crossed by bands and streaks of greenish
gray, and shaded on the outer margin with the same hue.
The hind wings are dull red, with a patch of greenish gray
next the body, shading gradually into the surrounding color.
On the under side the red appears on the fore wings, the hinder
pair being greenish gray. The antennae are dull white above,
rosy below, head and shoulder-covers deep olive-green, the

FIG. 255.

rest of the body of a paler shade of green ; underneath the
body is dull gray.

This moth rests quietly during the day, taking wing at
dusk, when it is extremely active ; its flight is very swift and
strong, and as it darts suddenly from flower to flower, rapidly
vibrating its wings, remaining poised in the air over the
objects of its search, while the long, slender tongue is in-
serted and the sweets extracted, it reminds one strongly of a
humming-bird.

The caterpillars are very destructive to the foliage of the
vine, being capable of consuming an enormous quantity
of food ; one or two of them, when nearly full grown, will
almost strip a small vine of its foliage in the course of two
or three days. In some districts they are said to nip off the
stalks of the half-grown clusters of grapes, so that they fall
unripe to the ground.

248 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

Remedies. — The readiest and most effectual method of dis-
posing of these pests is to pick them off the vines and kill
them. They are easily found by the denuded canes which
mark their course, or where the foliage is dense they may
be tracked by their large brown castings,
which strew the ground under their places
of resort. Nature has provided a very
efficient check to their undue increase, in
a small parasitic fly, a species of Ichneu-
mon (see Fig. 256), the female of which
punctures the skin of the caterpillar and
deposits her eggs underneath, where they soon hatch into
young larvae, which feed upon the fatty portions of their
victim, avoiding the vital organs. By the time the sphinx
caterpillar has become full grown, these parasitic larvae have

matured, and, eating their way
through the skin of their host, they
construct their tiny snow-white
cocoons on its body, as shown in
Fig. 257, from which, in about a
week, the friendly fly escapes by pushing open a nicely-fitting
lid at one end of its structure. No larva thus infested ever
reaches maturity ; it invariably shrivels up and dies.

No. 133,— The Pandoms Sphinx.

PMlampelus Pandorus (Illibn.).

This is one of the most beautiful of our Sphinx moths, a
rare as well as lovely creature, and an object highly prized by
collectors. It is found throughout the Northern United States,
and occasionally in Canada, but is nowhere very common. It
is represented in Fig. 258. Its wings, when expanded, will
measure from four to four and a half inches across; they are
of a light-olive color, mixed with gray, and varied with
patches of a darker olive-green, rich and velvety, and some
portions, especially on the hind wings, of a rosy hue. The
body is pale greenish brown, ornamented with dark-olive

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 249

patches. The moths appear in July, when, after pairing,
the female deposits her eggs singly on the leaves of the grape-
vine, or Virginia creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia, where they
shortly hatch, producing small green larvae of a pinkish hue
along the sides, and with a very long pink horn at the tail.
As the caterpillar increases in size, the horn becomes shorter,

FIG. 258.

and after a time curves round, as shown at c, Fig. 259. As
the larva approaches maturity, it changes to a reddish-brown
color, and after the third moult entirely loses the caudal
horn, which is replaced by a glassy, eye-like spot. The
mature larva, when in motion, as shown at a in the figure,
will measure nearly four inches in length, but when at rest it
draws the head and two adjoining segments within the fourth,
as shown in the figure at 6, which shortens its body nearly
an inch, giving it a very odd appearance, with its anterior
portions so blunt and thick. It is of a rich reddish-brown
color, of a lighter shade along the back, with five nearly
oval cream-colored spots along each side from the seventh to
the eleventh segment inclusive. On the anterior segments
there are a number of black dots ; a dark, polished, raised,

250

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

FIG. 259.

eye-like spot in place of the tail, the breathing-pores along
the sides black, showing prominently in the cream-colored

spots. It is a very
voracious feeder, and
strips the vine of its
leaves with such ra-
pidity that it soon
attracts attention.

When full grown,
it descends from the
vine and buries itself
in the ground, where
it forms an oval
cell, within which it
changes to a chrysa-
lis. The chrysalis is
of a chestnut-brown
color, with the seg-
ments roughened with
impressed points, the
terminal joint having
a long thick spine.
The insect usually re-
mains in the chrysa-
lis state until the fol-
lowing summer, but
occasionally it ma-
tures and escapes the
same season. Should these larvae at any time prove trouble-
some, they can be readily subdued by hand-picking.

No. 134. — The Achemon Sphinx.

Philampelus achemon (Drury).

The caterpillar of this sphinx (Fig. 260) is truly a formida-
ble-looking creature, measuring, when full grown, if al rest,
about three inches, and when in motion about three and a

6

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 251

half inches. It much resembles that of Pandorus, No. 133,
and feeds also on the Virginia creeper (Ampelopsis quinquefolid)
as well as on the grape-vine. The egg is laid on the under
side of the leaf in July, and the young larva, when hatched,
is of a light-green color, with a very conspicuous reddish-
brown horn, half as long as its body, which, as the larva
increases in size, becomes shorter, and finally disappears, its
place being occupied by a polished tubercle with a central
black dot. The mature larva varies from a pale straw-color
to a reddish brown, the color growing darker down the sides,

FIG. 260.

becoming deep brown as it approaches the under surface. An
interrupted line of brown runs along the back, and another
unbroken one extends along each side ; below this latter there
are six cream-colored spots, as shown in the figure, one on each
segment, from the sixth to the eleventh inclusive. The body
is much wrinkled, and dotted with minute spots, which are
dark on the back, lighter and annulated at the sides. The
head and next two segments are small, and are drawn within
the fourth when at rest, as seen in the figure. It becomes full
grown during the latter part of August or early in September,
and just before undergoing its next change assumes a beau-
tiful pink or crimson color.

Leaving the vine, it descends to the ground, where it buries
itself to the depth of several inches, and, having formed for
itself a smooth cell, changes to a chrysalis (Fig. 261) of a
dark, shining, mahogany color, with the anterior edges of the
segments along the back roughened with minute points, and
with a short, blunt spine at the extremity. The insect usually

252

I. \SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

remains in this condition in the ground until late in June the
following year ; but instances have been recorded where the
moth has appeared the same season.

FIG. 261.

The moth is of a brownish-gray color, variegated with light
brown, and with deep-brown spots, as shown in Fig. 262.
The hind wings are pink, becoming deeper red near the middle.
There is a broad gray border behind, with a row of darker

FIG. 262.

spots along its front edge, becoming fainter towards the outer
margin. The body is reddish gray, with two triangular patches
of deep brown on the thorax.

This insect is found in almost all parts of the United States
and Canada where the grape is cultivated, but has never oc-
curred in sufficient numbers to be injurious. It is so conspic-

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 253

uous in the larval state that it might easily be controlled by
hand-picking should it at any time prove troublesome.

No. 135.— The Abbot Sphinx.

Thyreus Abbotii Swainson.

This is not a common insect, yet it is found occasionally
over a large portion of the United States and Canada. The
caterpillar (see Fig. 263) attains full growth about the end of

FIG. 263.

July or the beginning of August, when it measures nearly two
and a half inches in length. It varies considerably in color,
from dull yellow to reddish brown, each segment being marked
transversely with six or seven fine black lines, and longitu-
dinally with dark-brown patches, giving to the larva a check-
ered appearance. Near the posterior extremity of the body
there is a polished black tubercle above, ringed with yellow.

The chrysalis is commonly formed in a little cavity on the
surface of the ground, covered with a few pieces of leaves
loosely fastened together and mixed with grains of earth, but
it is said sometimes to bury itself below the surface. It is
about an inch and a quarter long, of a dark-brown color,
roughened with small indentations except between the joints,

254 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

and terminating in a flattened point, with two small thorns at
the end. The insect remains in the chrysalis condition until
the following spring.

The moth (Fig. 263) is found on the wing from the early
part of April to the end of May, and measures, when its
wings are spread, two and a half inches or more across. It
is of a dull chocolate-brown color, the front wings becoming
pale beyond the middle, and marked with dark brown as in
the figure. The hind wings are yellow, with a broad brown
border, breaking into a series of short lines as it approaches
the body. The abdomen is furnished with tufts along the
sides near the extremity, and when the insect is at rest is
curved upwards.

It is scarcely likely that it will ever prove destructive;
should it at any time become so, it may be subdued by hand-
picking. It is preyed upon by a small species of Ichneumon
fly, which in the larval state lives within the body of the
sphinx caterpillar and finally destroys it.

No. 136.— The White-lined Deilephila,

DeilepUla lineata (Fabr.).

This handsome moth (see Fig. 264) is a comparatively
common insect, and has a wide geographical range, being
found throughout the greater portion of the United States
and Canada, also in the West Indies and in Mexico. It is
double-brooded, appearing on the wing early in June, and
again in September. Its period of activity begins with the
twilight, when it may be seen flitting about with great rapidity,
hovering like a humming-bird over flowers while extracting
their nectar. The ground color of the fore wings is a rich
greenish olive, with a pale-buff stripe or bar extending along
the middle of the wing from the base to near the tip ; along
the outer margin there is another band or stripe nearly equal
in width and of a dull-gray color, and the veins are distinctly
margined with white. The hind wings are small, and are
crossed by a wide, rosy band, which covers a large portion of

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

255

their surface, while above and below this band the color is
almost black, the hinder margin being fringed with white.
On the body there is a line of white on each side, extending

FIG. 264.

from the head to the base of the thorax, where it unites with
another line of the same color, which extends down the middle,
and, dividing, sends a branch to each side. The abdomen is

FIG. 265.

greenish olive spotted with white and black ; the wings, when
expanded, measure about three and a half inches across.

The larva is found occasionally feeding on the leaves of the
grape-vine, but more commonly on purslane ; it feeds also on
turnip, buckwheat, and apple leaves. It is very variable in
color. The most common form is that shown in Fig. 265,
where the body is yellowish green, with a row of prominent

256 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

spots along each side, each spot consisting of two curved black
lines, enclosing a crimson patcli above and a pale-yellow line
below, the whole being connected by a pale-yellow stripe
edged with black. In some instances these spots are discon-
nected, and the space between the black crescents is of a uni-
form cream-color. The breathing-pores, lower down the side,
are margined with black, or black edged with yellow. The
other form of the caterpillar is black, with a yellow line down

FIG. 266.

the back, and a double series of yellow spots and dots along
the sides. It is shown in Fig. 266.

When mature, it buries itself under the surface, where,
within a smooth cavity, it changes to a light-brown chrysalis,
the moth emerging early in September, when it deposits eggs,
from which the second brood of larvae are produced, which
mature, enter the ground, and change to chrysalids before
winter sets in.

Since it feeds mainly on plants of little value, and on these
in no great abundance, it is scarcely entitled to be classed with
injurious insects; yet on account of its being found occasionally
feeding on grape leaves it is deserving of mention here. A
two-winged parasitic fly, a species of Tachina, infests it and
destroys a large number of the larvae.

No. 137. — The Dark-veined Deilephila.

Deilephila chamcenerii Harris.

This moth very closely resembles the white-lined Deile-
phila, No. 136, as will be seen from Fig. 267. It has the
same greenish-olive color, and almost the same stripes and

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 257

markings; but there are differences which will enable anyone
with ease to separate the two species. Lineata is much the
larger insect, measuring, when its wings are spread, about three
and a half inches, while chamsenerii rarely exceeds two inches
and three-quarters. The central band on the fore wings in
chamdenerii is wider and more irregular, the thorax also is less
marked with white ; but the most striking point of difference
is that the veins of the fore wings in lineata are distinctly
lined with white, a characteristic wanting in chamsenerii.

The mature larva measures from two and a half to three
inches in length. The head is small, dull red, with a black

FIG. 267.

stripe across the front at base. The body above is deep olive-
green, with a polished surface ; there is a pale-yellowish line
along the back, terminating at the base of the caudal horn,
and on each segment, from the third to the twelfth inclusive,
there is a pale-yellow spot on each side, about half-way
between the dorsal line and the breathing-pores, largest on
the segments from the sixth to the eleventh inclusive; the
spot on the twelfth segment is elongated, and, extending
upwards, terminates at the base of the horn. There is a wide
but indistinct blackish band across the anterior part of each
segment, in which the yellow spots are placed, and the sides
of the body below the spots are thickly sprinkled with
minute raised yellow dots. The horn is long, curved back-
wards, red, tipped with black, and roughened on its surface ;

17

258 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

the breathing-pores oval, yellow, and margined with dull
black. Under surface pale pinkish green, feet black, prolegs
pink, with a patch of black on the outside of each.

This description of the larva was taken from three speci-
mens found feeding on, a grape-vine early in July. One of
them matured and formed a slight cocoon of leaves fastened
with silken threads on the surface of the ground, after the
manner of the green grape-vine sphinx, No. 132; the other
two died before completing their transformations. This larva
is said to feed also on purslane ; it is not nearly so common
as lineata, and is not likely ever to prove injurious to any
considerable extent.

No. 138.— The Beautiful Wood-nymph.

Eudryas grata (Fabr.).

The larva of this lovely moth is quite destructive to the
foliage of the vine, upon which the moth itself is often found
resting during the daytime, its closed wings forming a steep
roof over its back, and its fore legs, which have a curious
muff-like tuft of white hairs, protruded, giving the insect
a very singular appearance. When its wings are expanded,
they measure about an inch and three-quarters across. (See
Fig. 268.) Its fore wings are creamy white, with a glossy

surface; a wide brownish-
purple stripe extends along
the anterior margin, reach-
ing from the base to a little
beyond the middle of the
wing, and on the outer mar-
gin is a broad band of the
same hue, widening poste-
riorly, and having a wavy

white line running through it, formed by minute pearly dots
or scales, and a dull deep-green edging on its inner side.
The brownish-purple band is continued along the hinder
edge, but gradually becomes narrower, and terminates when

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 259

near the base. There are also two brownish spots near the
middle of the wing, one round, the other kidney-shaped ;
these are sometimes so covered with pearly-white scales as to
be indistinct above, but are clear and striking on the Bunder
side. The hind wings are deep yellow, with a broad brownish-
purple band along the hinder margin, extending nearly to the
outer angle, and powdered with a few pearly-white scales ;
there is a faint dot on the middle of the wing, which is more
prominent on the under side. The head is black, and there
is a wide black stripe down the back, merging into a series
of black spots extending to near the tip of the abdomen,
which is tufted with white. The shoulder-covers are white,
and the sides of the body deep yellow, with a row of black
dots along each side close to the under surface. The wings
beneath are reddish yellow, and the body white. The moth
appears during the latter part of June or early in July, and
is active at night.

The eggs are laid on the under side of the leaves, singly or
in small groups, and are among the prettiest of insect eggs ;
they are circular and very flat (see e and /, Fig. 269), about
one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter, and less than half of
that in thickness. They
are yellowish, or greenish ^r^
yellow, and are beautifully
sculptured .with radiating
ribs from a central round
dot, the ribs interlaced with
gracefully curving lines.

On escaping from the
egg, the young Iarva3 are yellowish green, dotted with black ;
they eat small holes in the leaves, and, when at rest, throw
the hinder segments of the body forward over the anterior
ones, making a curious sort of loop ; as they grow larger
they devour all parts of the leaf, the framework as well as
the softer substance. When mature, they are about an inch
and a half long, and appear as shown at a in Fig. 269. The

260 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

body tapers towards the head, and becomes thicker as it ap-
proaches the posterior extremity ; the head is orange, dotted
with black, the body pale bluish, crossed by bands of orange
and many lines of black. Each segment, except the head
and the terminal one, is crossed by an orange band of nearly
uniform width, except that on the twelfth segment, which is
wider; on the terminal segment there are two bands. All
these bands are dotted more or less with black, a single short
brown hair arising from each dot. The number of black
lines crossing each segment is usually six ; b shows one of the
segments magnified ; at c the horny shield behind the head is
shown; and at d the hump towards the hinder extremity,
all enlarged. The breathing-pores are oval and black. The
under side is very similar to the upper. Although partial to
the vine, it feeds also on the Virginia creeper, and occasionally
on the hop.

When full grown, which is usually some time during the
month of August or early in September, the larva descends
from the vine and seeks some suitable location in which to
pass the chrysalis state. It frequently bores into decaying
wood, and is fond of taking refuge in corn-cobs ; it is also
said to burrow under ground sometimes. In confinement it
bores readily into pieces of cork, excavating with its jaws a
chamber but little larger than the chrysalis which is to rest
in it, and when finished the chamber is provided with a cap
or cover composed of minute fragments of cork united by a
glutinous secretion. On lifting this lid, there will be seen a
dark-brown chrysalis, about seven-tenths of an inch long.
Sometimes the moth escapes from the chrysalis late in the
same season, but commonly it remains in this condition until
the following spring.

This insect is subject to the attacks of a two-winged para-
site, a species of Tachina, not unlike the common house-fly in
appearance. (See Fig. 270, which shows the insect in its three
stages of larva, pupa, and fly ; also the anterior segments of
a caterpillar, with eggs in position.) This parasite is also

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 261

found on the army-worm and several other caterpillars. It
is about a quarter of an inch long, with a white face, large,
reddish eyes, a dark, hairy body,
four dark lines down the thorax,
and patches of a grayish shade
along the sides of the abdomen.
The parent fly deposits her eggs on
the back of the caterpillar, usually
a short distance behind the head, se-
curely fastened by a glutinous sub-
stance secreted with them. From
these hatch tiny grubs, which eat their way into the body
of the caterpillar, feed upon its substance, and finally de-
stroy it, the grubs, when mature, escaping from the body of
their victim and changing to oval, smooth, dark-brown pupa3.
Usually a large proportion of the caterpillars are infested by
this friendly parasite ; otherwise they would soon become a
source of much annoyance to grape-growers.

Where artificial remedies are required, the vines may be
syringed with hellebore and water or Paris-green and water,
as directed for the larva of No. 140. Hand-picking may
also be resorted to.

No. 139.— The Pearl Wood-nymph.

Eudryas unio (Hlibner).

This is a very near relative of Eudryas grata, No. 138,
and so closely do the two species resemble each other in the
larval condition that it is difficult to distinguish between them.
Unio has usually been regarded as a grape-feeding insect, but
from recent observations of Mr. Lintner, of Albany, New
York, who has found and reared the larva on an entirely differ-
ent plant, Euphorbia coloratura, it is possible that it may not
feed on the grape-vine at all, and that Dr. Fitch, who first an-
nounced this as its food-plant, -may have mistaken the larva
of E. grata for unio. Since there seems to be some doubt
about the matter, we shall briefly describe the insect here.

262 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

The moth (Fig. 271) is a little smaller than grata, meas-
uring, when expanded, about one inch and three-eighths.

It differs also in the following par-
> 2>71' ticulars : on the fore wings the

s __ i^fc_

brownish-purple stripe on the front
margin is extended farther along
the wing, the bordering of the outer
margin is paler and more uniform in
width, the inner edge is wavy instead
of straight, and the bordering of the hind margin is wider and
more distinct. The border on the hind wings is much paler,
and extends the whole length of the outer margin.

The larva is nearly an inch and a quarter long. The head
is of an orange color, spotted with black, the body banded
with white, black, and orange, most of the segments having
three white and three black lines on each side of a central
orange band. The body tapers towards the head, the hinder
segments being elevated.

The chrysalis is reddish brown, with rows of very minute
teeth on the back, and a thick, blunt spine on each side of
the abdomen at the tip.

No. 140. — The Eight-spotted Forester.

Alypia octomaculata (Fabr.).

While the moth of this species is very different in appear-
ance from Nos. 138 and 139, the larva is very similar, being
white or pale bluish, with many black lines, and an orange
band across each segment. This larva (Fig. 272, a) may,
however, be distinguished by its having eight black lines on
each segment (counting the two which border the orange band)
(see 6, Fig. 272) instead of six; it has also a series of white
spots along each side close to the under surface. The orange
bands are fainter on the anterior segments, and those on the
middle segments are dotted with black, and from each of
these dots there arises a short whitish hair. The head and
the upper part of the next segment are of a deep orange,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

263

FIG. 272.

with black dots and a polished surface. When young, the
larva is paler, with less distinct markings ; it feeds on the
under side of the leaf, and
when alarmed can let itself
down to the ground by a silken
thread, regaining its position
by the same thread when the
danger is past. When nearly
full grown, it sometimes con-
ceals itself during the daytime
within a folded leaf.

Before effecting its next
change, it moulds for itself an
earthen cell, upon or just below
the surface, which is not lined

with silk, and within this enclosure is transformed into a
brown chrysalis, from which, in the early brood, the moth
escapes in a few days. There are usually two broods each
year, the moths appearing on the wing in May and August,
the caterpillars in June and July and in September.

The moth is shown ate in the figure. It is a very beautiful
creature, of a deep blue-black color, with two large pale-yellow
spots on each of the front wings, and two white spots on each
of the hind wings. In the figure the female moth is repre-
sented ; the male has the spots on the wings proportionately
larger, and a conspicuous white mark along the tip of the
abdomen. The shoulder-covers are yellow, and the legs partly
orange. The wings, when spread, measure from an inch to
an inch and a quarter or more across.

This insect is very generally distributed, being found in
most portions of the United States and Canada. Where the
larva proves destructive, it may be subdued by syringing the
foliage with Paris-green and water, in the proportion of a
teaspoonful to two gallons, or powdered hellebore and water,
in the proportion of one ounce to two gallons.

264 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

No. 141. — The Grape-vine Epimenis.

Psycomorpha epimenis (Drury).

There is still another grape-feeding insect which, in the cat-
erpillar state, bears a strong general resemblance to Nos. 138
and 139. The larva (Fig. 273, a) in this species is smaller, of

a bluish-white color, with
/f^\ four transverse black bands

on each segment, as shown
at b in the figure, and a few
black dots, but lacks the
orange bands which dis-
tinguish the three species last described. The shield behind
the head, the hump on the twelfth segment, and the anal plate
are of a dull-orange color; the dots on the hump are arranged
as shown at c in the figure. The young larva attacks the ter-
minal buds of the vine in spring, fastening the young leaves
by a few silken threads, and secreting itself within the en-
closure. When full grown, which is usually towards the end
of May, it bores into soft wood or any other suitable sub-
stance, and there changes to a reddish-brown chrysalis, about
four-tenths of an inch long, roughened on the joints, and
having a curious, flattened, horny projection on each side of
the tip. Within this enclosure it remains until the following
spring, when the perfect insect escapes.

The moth (Fig. 274) is of a velvety-black color, with a
broad, irregular, white patch extending nearly across the front

wings, and a somewhat larger and more
FIG. 274.

regularly formed spot of a dull orange-red

across the hind wings. The wings are also
sprinkled with brilliant purplish scales,
most numerous along the outer margins,
where they form a narrow band. The
under side is paler, with similar markings, the purplish scales
appearing very distinct on the front and posterior margins of
the hinder wings. The antenna? of the male are toothed,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

265

FIG. 275.

those of the female thread-like. Fig. 274 represents the male.
Should this insect ever prove destructive, it may be subdued
by the treatment recommended for No. 140, the species last
described.

No. 142. — The American Procris.

Procris Americana Harris.

The Iarva3 of this destructive insect feed in flocks, arranged
in a single row on the under side of the vine leaves, as shown
in Fig. 275. The egg-clusters from which these Iarva3 pro-
ceed, consisting of
twenty eggs or more,
are fastened by the
moth to the under
side of the leaves.
While young, the
little caterpillars eat
only the soft tissues
of the leaves, leaving
the fine net- work of
veins untouched, as
shown on the right
of the figure, but
as they grow older
they devour all but
the larger veins, as
shown on the oppo-
site side. They acquire full growth in August, when they
measure about six-tenths of an inch in length, are of a yellow
color, slightly hairy (see Fig. 276, a), with a transverse row
of black spots on each segment ; they feed with their heads
towards the margin, and gradually retreat as the leaf is de-
voured. When full grown, they disperse, and, retiring to
some sheltered spot or crevice, construct their tough, oblong-
oval cocoons, one of which is shown at c in the figure, within
which in about three days they change to shining brown chrys-
alids (6) about three-tenths of an inch long, from which the

266 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

moths escape in about ten or twelve days, and soon deposit
eggs for the second brood, which mature later in the season.

Some few of them produce
FIG. 276. moths before winter ap-

proaches, but the greater por-
tion remain in the chrysalis
condition during the winter,
the moths escaping the fol-
lowing June.

The moth is of a blue-
black color, with an orange-
yellow collar, and a notched

tuft at the extremity of the body ; the wings are very narrow,
and when expanded measure nearly an inch across. In Fig.
276, e represents the moth with the wings spread, d the same
with the wings closed. This insect is more common in the West
and South than in the East, and is sometimes very injurious.
They may be destroyed by syringing the vines with Paris-
green and water, as recommended for No. 140. There is a
small parasite, a black, four-winged fly, which attacks this
larva and destroys it.

No. 143. — The Grape-vine Leaf-roller.
Desmia maculalis West wood.

This insect, although most abundant in the Southern States,
is very generally distributed, and will, no doubt, in its cater-
pillar form be familiar to most grape-growers. In Fig. 277,
1 represents the larva, natural size, 2 a magnified view of a
portion of the anterior part of its body, 3 the chrysalis, 4 the
male moth, 5 the female moth.

The moth is a very pretty little creature, measuring, when
its wings are expanded, about nine- tenths of an inch or more
across. The wings are dark brown, nearly black, with a
coppery lustre, and lightly fringed with white ; the fore wings
have two white spots, nearly oval in form, the hind wings but
one white spot in the male, which is usually divided, forming

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

267

two, in the female. The body is black, crossed in the female
by two white bands, in the male by one only. The male
moth has the antennae elbowed and thickened near the middle,
in the female they are uniform and thread-like.

FIG. 277.

There are two broods of the insect during the summer.
The first moths, which have passed the winter in the chrysalis
state, appear early in June, and deposit their eggs singly on
the leaves of the vine, which are soon hatched, the young
worm at once manifesting its leaf-folding propensities by
turning down a small portion of the leaf on which it is placed
and living within the tube thus formed. As it increases in
size, a larger case is made, often the whole leaf being rolled
into a large cylinder, wider at one end than at the other, and
firmly fastened with stout silken threads. In this hiding-
place the little active wriggling creature lives in comparative
safety, issuing from it to feed on the surrounding foliage. It
is so very rapid in its movements, both backwards and for-
wards, that it frequently escapes detection by suddenly slipping
out of its case when disturbed and falling to the ground.
The length of the full-grown caterpillar is about three-
quarters of an inch ; the body is yellowish green at the sides,
a little darker above, glossy and semi-transparent, with a few
fine yellow hairs on each segment. The head is reddish
yellow, and the next segment behind it has a crescent-shaped
patch above of the same color ; on the third segment there
are two or three black spots on each side, and on the twelfth

268 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

segment one. The first brood of caterpillars are full grown
about the last of July, when they change to chrysalids, from
which the moths escape early in August; the second brood
of larvae are found on the vines in September.

The chrysalis (3, Fig. 277) is about half an inch long and
of a dark-brown color. It is usually formed within the
folded leaf; hence the last brood which pass the winter in
this inactive state may, in a great measure, be destroyed by
carefully going over the vineyard late in the season, before
the leaves fall, and picking off the folded leaves and burning
them ; or the larvae may be destroyed earlier in the season by
crushing the folded leaves, taking care that the active occu-
pants do not escape. Although this insect is usually common,
it is seldom very destructive anywhere.

No. 144. — The Gartered Plume-moth.

Oxyptilus pwiscelidactylus (Fitch ) .

The family of moths to which this insect belongs are called
plume-moths, from their having the wings divided into feather-
like lobes.

The larva (Fig. 278, a) appears on the grape-vines in spring,
as soon as the young foliage has fairly started, fastening the
terminal leaves into a spherical form, and living within the
enclosure, where it feeds on the tender leaves and young
bunches of blossom. It is usually solitary in its habits,
but sometimes two or three are found together. When full
grown, which is usually early in June, it is about half an inch
long, and is of a yellowish-green color, with transverse rows
of dull-yellow tubercles, from each of which arises a small
tuft of white hairs. There is a line down the back of a
deeper green, and the body is paler between the segments.
The head is small, yellowish green, with a band of black
across the front; feet black, tipped with pale green; the pro-
legs, which are long and thin, are greenish. When matured,
it spins a few silken threads on the under side of a leaf, or
in some other convenient spot, and, having entangled its hind

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

269

FIG. 278.

legs firmly in the web of silk, sheds its hairy skin and be-
comes a chrysalis.

An odd-looking little thing it is (see Fig. 278, 6), about
four-tenths of an inch long, angular and rugged, and when
touched it wriggles about very
briskly. It has two rather long,
compressed horns placed side by
side, extending upwards, on the
middle of its back ; one of these
is shown, enlarged, at c; it has also
other smaller projecting points and
ridges. At first its color is pale
yellowish green, but it soon grows
darker, becoming reddish brown,
with darker spots. It remains in
this condition from one to two
weeks, when the perfect insect
appears.

The moth, which is shown in
the figure at d, is an elegant little
insect, its wings measuring, when
expanded, about seven-tenths of an
inch across. The fore wings are long and narrow, and cleft
down the middle about half-way to their base, the posterior
half of the wing having a notch in the outer margin. Their
color is yellowish brown, with a metallic lustre, and several
dull-whitish streaks and spots. The hind wings are similar
in color to the anterior pair, and are divided into three lobes;
the lower division is complete, extending to the base, the
upper one not more than two-thirds of the distance. The
outer and hind margins of the wings, as well as all the edges of
their lobes, are bordered with a deep whitish fringe, sprinkled
here and there with brown ; the body is long and slender,
and a little darker than the wings. The antennae are moder-
ately long and thread-like, nearly black, but beautifully dotted
with white throughout their whole length. The legs are long,

270 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

banded alternately with yellowish brown and white, the hind
ones ornamented with two pairs of diverging spines, having
at their base a garter-like tuft of long brown scales, from
which feature the moth derives its name.

This insect is single-brooded ; it is common throughout On-
tario and Quebec. Where troublesome, it may be subdued by
hand-picking, or by pinching the clusters of leaves and crushing

the larvae.

No. 145. — The Grape-vine Cidaria.

Cidaria diversilineata Hiibn.

This is a pretty yellow moth, producing a geometric or
looping caterpillar which consumes the foliage of the vine.
The insect passes the winter in the caterpillar state, hiber-
nating in some secure retreat until aroused to activity by the
warmth of spring, when, after feeding a few days on the
young vine leaves, it becomes a chrysalis, producing the moth
about ten days afterwards. The moths within a few days
deposit their eggs on the leaves of the vine, which hatch early
in June, and the larvae nearly complete their growth by the
end of the month, pass into the chrysalis state, and appear as
moths again in July and August. These latter deposit eggs
for the second brood of larva?, which, before reaching maturity,
become torpid, and remain in this condition until spring.

The moth (Fig. 279) measures, when its wings are ex-
panded, about an inch and a half across. Its color is pale
ochre-yellow, crossed by many grayish-brown lines, and clouded

with patches of the same, par-
ticularly along the margin of the
wings. The body and legs are
similar in color to the wings, the
latter being marked with black
about the joints.

Early in June the reddish
geometric caterpillars of this moth are found upon the leaves,
out of which they eat numerous pieces of various sizes and
shapes. By the middle of the month they become full

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 271

grown, when they measure about an inch and a quarter
long. (See Fig. 280.) The head is dull reddish brown, the
body yellowish green, with a few
small whitish dots on each segment. FIG. 280.

On each side of the second segment
is a small reddish spot, and on the
third a larger one of a darker shade ;

on this latter segment there is a fold in the skin, which makes
the spot appear as a brown prominence. The terminal seg-
ment is furnished with two short, greenish spines, which
extend backwards ; the surface of the body is wrinkled ; the
under surface reddish, with a central reddish line, bordered
with white, which is margined with dull red. These larvae
are very variable in color, being sometimes yellowish green,
whitish green, deep red, and occasionally dark brown, nearly
black. When alarmed, they straighten themselves out, and
remain for some time without moving, when, being so nearly
of the color of the twigs they rest on, they usually escape
detection.

Where these larvae are sufficiently numerous to prove
troublesome, the vines may be syringed with Paris-green and
water, or hellebore and water, as recommended for No. 140.

No. 146.— The Yellow Woolly-bear.

Spilosoma Virginica (Fabr.).

This common caterpillar is so well known that it is scarcely
necessary to describe it. Every one who has a garden in
which fruits or flowers are grown must have frequently met
with it, for no insect is so uniformly common and troublesome
as this one. It seems to have a special liking for the leaves
of the grape-vine, but it feeds also on the leaves of a great
variety of plants, shrubs, and trees.

The moth from which the larva is produced is shown at c,
Fig. 281, and is commonly known as the "white miller."
It passes the winter in the chrysalis state, and appears on the
wing late in April or early in May, and, when its wings are

272

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

expanded, measures from one and a half to two inches across.
The figure represents a female ; the males are somewhat
smaller. Both sexes have the wings white, with a few black
dots, which vary in number in different specimens ; in some
there are two on each of the front wings, and three on each
of the hinder pair ; in others the spots are partly or almost
entirely wanting. The dot, however, near the middle of the
front wings is almost always present, although sometimes
very faint. The under side usually has the spots more dis-

FIG. 281.

tinct than the upper, and sometimes there is a slight tinge of
yellow over its white surface. The antennae are white above,
dark brown below, the head and thorax white, and the ab-
domen of an orange color, usually streaked across with white,
and having three rows of black spots, one above and one on
each side. The under side of the abdomen is white, occa-
sionally tinged with orange, and the thighs of the fore legs
ochre-yellow.

The eggs, which are round and yellow, are deposited on the
under side of the leaves in large clusters, and in a few days
hatch into small hairy caterpillars, which feed for a time in
company, devouring at this tender age the under side of the
leaf only, the outer skin over the eaten part soon becoming

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 273

yellow and withered. When partly grown, they separate,
each one choosing his own course, and by this time their
digestive powers have become sufficiently strong to enable
them to eat freely of all parts of the leaf.

The full-grown caterpillar (Fig. 281, a) is nearly two
inches long, and usually of a yellowish color, but the color
varies greatly, and in the same brood there may be found
with the yellow some straw-colored and others brown, from
a light to a very dark shade. On each segment there are a
number of yellowish tubercles, from each of which there arises
a tuft of hairs of a yellowish or brownish color, sometimes
intermingled with a few black ones. The spaces between the
segments are crossed by dark-brownish or sometimes black
lines, and there is a line of the same color along each side ;
the under surface of the body is dark also. When mature,
it seeks some sheltered nook or cranny in which to pass the
chrysalis state, and, having found a suitable location, proceeds
to divest its body of the hairy covering, and with this woven
together by silken threads it constructs a slight cocoon, within
which the chrysalis is formed, of a chestnut-brown color, as
shown at 6 in the figure. There
are at least two broods of this FIG. 282.

insect each year, and these
broods so intermingle that the
insect may almost always be
found in one or other of its
stages from May to October.

This species is subject to the
attack of several kinds of Ich-
neumon flies, which destroy im-
mense numbers of them every
year ; one of these, Ophion bi-
lineatus Say, is represented in Fig. 282. Were it not for
these friendly agencies constantly at work the common woolly-
bears would soon become very destructive. As it is, they are
sometimes very injurious; when this is the case, hand-picking

18

274 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

should be resorted to, and if this is done while the larvae are
young and feeding in company, their destruction is easily
accomplished.

No. 147. — The Pyramidal Grape-vine Caterpillar.

Pyrophila pyramidoides (Guen.).

This caterpillar (Fig. 283) is frequently destructive to
grape-vines, particularly to those grown under glass, and may
be found on the leaves full grown about the middle of June.

It is nearly an inch

FlG- 283' and a half long, the

body tapering to-
wards the front, and
thickened behind.
The head is rather
small, of a whitish-
green color, with the mandibles tipped with black ; the body
whitish green, a little darker on the sides, with a white stripe
down the back, a little broken between the segments or rings,
and widening behind. There is a bright-yellow stripe on
each side close to the under surface, which is most distinct on
the hinder segments, and a second one of the same color, but
fainter, half-way between this and the dorsal line ; this latter
is more distinct on the posterior portion of the body, and
follows the peculiar prominence on the twelfth segment, as
shown in the figure. The under side of the body is pale
green.

When full grown, the caterpillar descends to the ground,
and, drawing together some loose fallen leaves or other
rubbish, spins a slight cocoon, within which it changes to a
dark-brown chrysalis, from which the perfect insect escapes
in the latter part of July.

The moth (Fig. 284) measures, when its wings are expanded,
about one and three-quarter inches. The fore wings are dark
brown shaded with paler brown and with dots and wavy lines
of dull white; the hind wings are reddish, with a coppery

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 275

lustre, becoming brown on the outer angle of the front edge

of the wing, and paler towards the hinder and inner angle.

The under surface of the

wings is much paler than

the upper. The body is dark

brown, its hinder portion

banded with lines of a paler

hue.

While partial to the grape,
the larva feeds also on thorn,
plum, raspberry, red-bud,
Cercis Canadensis, poplar, and probably other trees, shrubs,
etc. The insect is distributed over a wide area. Where they
are numerous enough to prove troublesome, they may be col-
lected and destroyed by jarring the trees or vines on which
they are feeding, when they will drop to the ground.

Ho. 148. — The Silky Pyrophila,
PyropJiila tragopoginis (Linn.).

The caterpillar of this moth is of a yellowish-green color,
with a few very fine brownish hairs scattered over the upper
surface of its body. It is found feeding on the grape-vine,
and sometimes in sufficient numbers to become a source of
annoyance ; it attains full growth about the middle of June,
when it measures an inch and a quarter or more in length.
The head is small, green, the jaws tipped with brown ; the
upper surface of the body is yellowish green, a little paler be-
tween the joints ; there is a white stripe down the back, and
two of the same color along each side, the lowest one being
most distinct. On each segment there are several small
whitish dots, from each of which arises a single fine hair.
The under side is deeper in color than the upper. When
mature, it changes to a brown chrysalis, a little under the
surface of the ground, from which the perfect insect escapes
in July.

The moth measures, when its wings are spread, about ail

276

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

inch and a quarter across. Its fore wings are grayish brown
with a silky lustre, with several pale dots on the front edge,
and three short dark streaks near the middle. The hind
wings are paler.

When found to be injurious, the caterpillars may be subdued
by hand-picking.

No. 149. — The Spotted Pelidnota.

Pelidnota punctata (Linn.).

This enemy to the grape-vine is a large and handsome
beetle (Fig. 285, c), which eats the leaves, making numerous

FIG. 285.

holes in them. It measures about an inch in length and half
an inch in width at its widest part, is nearly oval in form, of
a dull reddish-yellow color, with a polished surface, and three
black spots on the outer side of each wing-cover. The tho-
rax, which is rather darker than the wing- covers, is slightly
bronzed, and has a small black dot on each side; the jaws and
hinder part of the head are black, so also is the scutellum, a
small, nearly triangular piece at the point of juncture of the
wing-covers with the thorax. The transparent, gauzy wings,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 277

which are concealed under the wing-cases when not in use, are
dark brown. The under side of the beetle is dark green, with
a metallic lustre, downy about the middle, with fine brownish
hairs. Legs, dark shining green. It appears during July
and August, and is active during the day, flying from vine to
vine with a heavy, awkward flight and a loud, buzzing noise.
The female deposits her eggs in rotten wood, on which the
larva, when hatched, feeds ; the decaying stumps and exposed
decaying roots of pear, hickory, and other trees being selected
for this purpose.

When full grown, the larva measures nearly two inches in
length, and presents the appearance shown at a in the figure.
It has a chestnut-brown head and a translucent, white body,
and much resembles the larva of the May-beetle, No. 113,
but is of a clearer white color, and has a heart-shaped swelling
on the terminal segment, which is short and cut off squarely.
A front view of the markings on this segment is given at d
in the figure. When mature, it forms a slight cocoon, into
which are woven its own castings mixed with particles of the
surrounding wood, and within this it changes to a pupa, as
seen at 6, from which the beetle escapes about ten days after-
wards ; e represents the antenna of the larva, and / one of
its legs, both magnified.

This insect is common throughout the Eastern and Western
States and the central portions of Canada. Should it at any
time prove injurious, it can easily be reduced in numbers by
hand-picking. It feeds also on the Virginia creeper, Ampe-
lopsis quinquefolia.

No. 150.— The Grape-vine Flea-beetle.

Graptodera chalybea (Illig.).

This pretty but destructive little beetle (see Fig. 286)
forces itself upon the attention of grape-growers very prom-
inently in the spring season, when, awakened by the reviving
warmth of the sun from its winter state of torpidity, and
with appetite sharpened by its long fast, it commences its work

278

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

of destruction by eating away the substance of the buds as
soon as they begin to swell, thus destroying many bunches of

FIG. 286.

FIG. 287.

grapes in embryo. It goes
on with this work for about
a month, when it gradually
disappears. Before leaving,
however, the beetle provides
for the continuance of its
race by depositing little
clusters of orange-colored
eggs on the under side of
the young vine leaves, which
in a few days produce colo-
nies of small, dark-brown
larvae, which feed on the
upper side of the leaves,
riddling them, and when
numerous they devour the
whole leaf except the larger
veins, and sometimes en-
tirely strip the vines of foli-
age. Fig. 287 represents
the larvae in various stages
of growth at work on the vine, accompanied also by some
of the beetles.

In three or four weeks the larva attains full growth, when
it is a little more than three-tenths of an inch long, usually

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 279

of a light-brown color, sometimes dark, and occasionally paler
and yellowish. The head is black, and there are six or eight
shining black dots on each of the other segments of the body,
each dot emitting a single brownish hair. The under surface
is paler than the upper, its feet, six in number, are black, and
there is a fleshy, orange-colored proleg on the terminal seg-
ment. It is shown magnified in Fig. 288.

When mature, the larvae leave the vines and descend to the
ground, where they burrow under the earth and form small,
smooth, oval cells, within which they change to

_ . . J; IQ.

dark-yellowish pupa?. After remaining two or
three weeks in this condition, the beetles issue
from them, and the work of destruction goes on ;
but since they live at this season of the year alto-
gether on leaves, of which there is an abundance,
the injury done is much less than in the spring.

The beetle is about three-twentieths of an inch
long, and varies in color from a polished steel-blue
to green, and occasionally to a purplish hue, with
a transverse depression across the hinder part of the thorax.
The under side is dark green, the antennse and feet brownish
black • the thighs are stout and robust, by means of which
the insect is able to jump about very nimbly. One of the
legs, detached from the body, is shown in Fig. 286. On the
approach of winter the beetles retire to some suitable shelter,
as under leaves, pieces of bark, or in the earth immediately
around the roots of the vines, where they remain inactive
until the following spring. Besides the vine, they feed on the
Virginia creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia, and the alder, Alnus
serrulata, and sometimes eat the leaves of the plum-tree.

Remedies. — To destroy the beetles it is recommended to
strew in the autumn air-slaked lime or unleashed ashes
around the infested vines, removing and destroying all rub-
bish which might afford shelter. In the spring the canes and
young foliage may be syringed with water in which has been
stirred a teaspoonful of Paris-green to each gallon. Strong

280 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

soap-suds have also been recommended, and are deserving of
trial. On chilly mornings the beetles are comparatively slug-
gish and inactive, and may then be jarred from the vines on
sheets and collected and destroyed. These insects are much
more abundant in some seasons than in others.

No. 151. — The Rose Beetle.

Macrodactylus subspinoms (Fabr.).

This beetle, commonly known as the rose-bug, attacks the
rose, and is also very injurious to the grape-vine, the apple,
cherry, peach, plum, etc. Its body (see Fig. 289) is a little

more than one-third of an inch long, slender, and
FIG 289

tapering a little towards each extremity. Its color

is dull yellowish when fresh, arising from its being
covered with a grayish -yellow down or bloom, and
its long, sprawling legs are of a dull pale-reddish
hue, with the joints of the feet tipped with black and
armed with very long claws. The down on the body of the
beetle is easily rubbed off, producing quite a change in its
appearance, the head, thorax, and the under side of its body
becoming of n shining black.

These beetles sometimes appear in swarms about the time
of the blossoming of the rose, which in the Northern United
States and Canada is usually during the second week in June;
they remain about a month, at the end of which period the
males become exhausted, drop to the ground, and perish,
while the females burrow under the surface, deposit their
eggs, then reappear above ground, and shortly afterwards die
also.

Each female lays about thirty eggs, which are buried in
the earth to the depth of from one to four inches ; the eggs
are about one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter, whitish, and
nearly globular. In about three weeks they hatch, and the
young larvae at once begin to feed on such tender roots as are
within their reach. They attain full growth in the autumn,
when they are about three-quarters of an inch long and abou"

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 281

an eighth of an inch in diameter, of a yellowish-white color,
with a tinge of blue towards the hinder extremity, which is
thick, obtuse, and rounded ; the head is pale red and horny,
and there are a few short hairs scattered over the surface of
the body. In October the larva descends below the reach of
frost, and passes the winter in a torpid state; in the spring it
approaches the surface and forms for itself a little oval cell
of earth, within which it is transformed to a pupa during the
month of May.

In form the pupa bears some resemblance to the perfect
insect, and is of a yellowish-white color, its whole body being
enclosed in a thin film that wraps each part separately. In
June this filmy skin is rent, when the enclosed beetle with-
draws its body and limbs, bursts open its earthen cell, and
forces its way to the surface of the ground, thus completing
its various stages within the space of one year.

Although these insects have many natural foes, such as
carnivorous ground-beetles, insectivorous birds, domestic
fowls, toads, etc., they often need the intervening hand of
man to keep them within due bounds. When numerous,
they may be detached from the vines with a sudden and
violent jar, falling on sheets spread below to receive them.
They are naturally sluggish, do not fly readily, and are fond
of congregating in masses on the foliage they are consuming,
and hence in the morning, before the day becomes warm, they
can be easily shaken from their resting-places, collected, and
burnt, crushed, or thrown into scalding water. This insect
is very partial to the Clinton grape, and, where this is to be
had, will congregate on it in preference to other varieties, a
peculiarity which may be made use of by planting Clinton
vines as a decoy, and thus materially lessening the labor
involved in the destruction of the beetles.

282 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

No, 152. — The Grape-vine Fidia.

Fidia longipes (Mels.).

This enemy to the grape-vine is a chestnut-brown beetle
(see Fig. 290), about a quarter of an inch long, with its body
densely covered with very short whitish hairs, which give it
a hoary appearance. It is first seen in June, and by the end
-p 9Q0 of July has usually disappeared. Its mode of
operation is to cut straight, elongated holes
about one-eighth of an inch in diameter in the
leaves, and when the insects are numerous these
are so thickly perforated as to be reduced to
mere shreds. This is said to be one of the
worst foes the grape-grower has to contend with
in Missouri and Kentucky, where at times it literally swarms,
and then almost entirely destroys the foliage of large vine-
yards. It is a native insect, found in the woods feeding on
the wild grape, also on the red-bud, Cercis Canadensis ; of
the vines in cultivation it is said to prefer the Concord and
Norton's Virginia. Upon the slightest disturbance, or when
danger threatens, it has the habit of doubling up its legs and
falling to the ground, where for a time it remains motionless,
feigning death in the same manner as the plum curculio.
Advantage may be taken of this habit, and the insects col-
lected by placing sheets under the vines and jarring them
with the hand. The grape-vine Fidia belongs to the great
family Chrysomelidse, which includes the grape-vine flea-
beetle, the potato-beetle, and many other injurious species.
Of the early stages of this insect nothing is yet known.

No. 153. — The Grape-vine Colaspis.

Colaspis brunnea Fabr.

This beetle also belongs to the Chrysomelidse, and injures
the vine leaves in a manner similar to that of the species last
described, riddling them with small round holes, interspersed
with larger irregular ones, in a wholesale manner. It is

ATTACKING fHE LEAVES.

283

FIG. 292.

nearly one-fifth of an inch long (see Fig. 291), of a pale-
yellowish color, with the body densely punctated, and with
elevated lines on the wing- FIQ
covers between the rows
of dots. It is found in
most of the Eastern and
Middle States, and de-
vours also the leaves of
the strawberry ; it appears
early in July and during August.

The eggs are deposited either upon or in
close proximity to strawberry-plants, and
when hatched the young larvae burrow into
the earth and feed upon the roots of the
strawberry-vines, on which they may be found all through
the fall, winter, and spring months. It is a singular larva,
shown magnified in Fig. 292, and has on the under side
of each of the legless joints a pair of fleshy projections re-
minding one of legs, each tipped witli two or three stiff
hairs. Its body is yellowish or grayish white, witli a yel-
low head. The pupa is formed in the earth during the
month of June, the perfect insect maturing two or three
weeks afterwards.

Remedies. — The beetles may be collected by jarring them
from the vines on sheets early in the morning, and destroyed.
Ashes, soot, or lime applied to the strawberry- vines will in
most instances deter the beetles from depositing their eggs
on them, or will destroy the young larvae as soon as hatched.

No. 154.— The Red-headed Systena.

Systena frontalis (Fabr.).

This insect belongs also to the Ckrysomelidde, and, although
very generally distributed throughout the northern portions
of America, has not until of late been recorded as injurious.
During the summer of 1882, in some parts of the Province
of Ontario, it inflicted much injury on the vines by devour-

284 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OR APE.

ing the green tissues on the upper side of the leaves, causing

them to discolor and eventually to wither. This insect is
furnished with stout thighs, which enable it to
FIG. 293. jump like the flea-beetle of the vine, to which
it is closely allied. The beetle (Fig. 293)
is about one-sixth of an inch in length, the
thorax and wing-cases black and densely but
very finely punctated. The head is pale red
above, between the eyes; the antenna? are
rather long and reddish, with the basal joint
black. The under side is brownish black. The

legs are well adapted for jumping, the thighs being thick

and robust.

No. 155. — The Light-loving Anomala.

Anomala lucicola (Fabr.).

This insect is a beetle about one-third of an inch long (see
Fig. 294), in form resembling the May-beetle, No. 113, which
appears late in June or early in July. It is common on both
the wild and the cultivated grape-vine, feeding upon
FIG. 294. the leaves. The beetle is of a pale dull-yellow color,
the thorax black, margined with dull yellow, the
hind part of the head and the under side of the
body also black ; sometimes the abdomen is brown.
These beetles occasionally appear in swarms, when
they devour the foliage very rapidly, the vine leaves soon
resembling a piece of net-work, only the large veins, with
some of the smaller ones, being left.

Remedies. — Dusting the vines with fresh air-slaked lime,
or syringing them with a solution of whale-oil soap or strong
tobacco- water, has been recommended. Probably hellebore
or Paris-green with water, as recommended for ISTo. 140,
would be more effectual.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 285

No. 156. — The Grape-vine Saw-fly.

Selandria vitis Harris.

This is a small four- winged fly (Fig. 295), with a shining
black body, except the upper side of the thorax, which is
red ; the wings are semi-transparent, and have
dark-brown veins, the front pair being clouded, FlG- 295-
or of a smoky color. The fore legs and under ^^/
side of the other legs are pale yellow or whitish.
The body of the female measures about three-
tenths of an inch in length, that of the male somewhat less.
The insect is double-brooded, the first brood of flies appearing
in the spring, the second late in July or early in August.

The eggs are laid on the under side of the terminal leaves
of the vine in small clusters, and the larva?, when hatched,
feed in company, side by side, from about half a dozen to
fifteen or twenty in a group, preserving their ranks with
much regularity, as shown in Fig. 296. They begin at one
edge of the leaf and eat the whole of the
leaf — including the ribs — to the stalk, and FlQ- 296-
proceed from leaf to leaf down the branch,
devouring as they go, until they are full
grown. When mature, they measure about
five-eighths of an inch in length, are somewhat
slender and tapering behind, and thickened
before the middle. They are of a pale-yellow
color, darker or greenish on the back, with
two transverse rows of minute black points across each ring,
the head and tip of the last segment being black ; the under
side is yellowish. After the last moult the larvae become
entirely yellow, when they leave the vines, descend to the
ground, and burrow under its surface. There they form oval
cells in the earth, which they line with silk, and within these
enclosures change to pupae, from which the perfect flies
escape in about a fortnight. The second brood pass the
winter in the pupal state. In Fig. 296 one of the oval

286 JNSEOTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE

cells is shown with the fly resting on it; also one of the
pupae.

Occasionally this insect is very destructive, sometimes en-
tirely stripping the vines. In such cases the foliage should
be sprinkled with hellebore and water, or Paris-green and
water, in the proportions given under No. 140.

No. 157. — The Grape-vine Leaf-hopper.

Erythroneura vitis (Harris).

The accompanying figure, 297, represents the insect com-
monly known among vine-growers as the " Thrip." The

insects are shown
FIG. 297. .

magnified ; the

shorter lines adjoin-
ing indicate their
1 1 WilihTl natural size. The
figure to the left
shows the mature in-
sect with its wings
expanded, the other
the same with its wings closed. It is rather more than one-
eighth of an inch long, crossed by two broad, blood-red bands,
and a third dusky one at the apex, the anterior band occu-
pying the base of the thorax and the base of the wing-covers,
the middle one wide above, narrowing towards the margin.
Besides vitis, there are half a dozen or more which are sup-
posed to be distinct species, all about the same size, and with
the same habits, differing only in the markings on the wings.
These insects pass the winter in the perfect state, hiber-
nating under dead leaves or other rubbish, the survivors be-
coming active in spring, when they insert their eggs in punc-
tures in the leaves of the vine. The larvae are hatched during
the month of June, and resemble the perfect insect except in
size and in being destitute of wings. During their growth
they shed their skins, which are nearly white, several times,
and, although exceedingly delicate and gossamer-like, the

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 287

empty skins remain for some time attached to the leaves.
The insects feed together on the under side of the leaves, and
are very quick in their movements, hopping briskly about by
means of their hind legs, which are especially fitted for this
purpose. They have a peculiar habit of running sideways,
and when they see that they are observed upon one side of a
leaf they will often dodge quickly around to the other. They
are furnished with a sharp beak or proboscis, with which
they puncture the skin of the leaf, and through which they
suck up the sap, the exhaustion of the sap producing on the
upper surface yellowish or brownish spots. At first these
spots are small and do not attract much attention, but as the
insects increase in size the discolored spots become larger
until the whole leaf is involved, when, changing to a yellow
cast, it appears as if scorched, and often drops from the vine.
Occasionally the vines become so far defoliated that the fruit
fails to ripen.

As the leaf- hopper enters the second stage of its existence,
corresponding to the pupal state in other insects, diminutive
wings appear, which gradually grow until fully matured, the
insect meanwhile becoming increasingly active. With the
full growth of the wings it acquires such powers of flight
that it readily flies from vine to vine, and thus spreads itself
in all directions. It continues its mischievous work until
late in the season, when it seeks shelter for the winter.

The Clinton, Delaware, and other thin -leaved varieties
suffer more from the attacks of these insects than do the thick,
leathery-leaved sorts, such as Concord. These leaf-hoppers
are sometimes quite abundant in a vineyard one season and
comparatively scarce the next, their preservation depending
so much on favorable weather and suitable shelter for the
perfect insects during winter.

Remedies. — Various measures have been suggested as reme-
dies. Since the insect does not consume the outer surface of
the leaf, it becomes difficult to deal with it. Syringing with
strong tobacco- water or soap-suds, or fumigating with tobacco

288 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

where the vines can be enclosed, so as to prevent the free es-
cape of the smoke, are the most efficient remedies. Dusting
with lime, sulphur and lime, hellebore and Cayenne pepper,
have all been recommended. Carrying lighted torches through
the vineyard at night, the foliage at the same time being dis-
turbed with a stick, will destroy a great many of them, since
they fly to the light and are burnt. As a preventive, the
ground in the neighborhood of the vines should be kept thor-
oughly clean, and be several times raked or otherwise dis-
turbed late in the autumn and early in the spring, so as to
expose any concealed insects to the killing influence of frost.
A species of bug known as the Glassy-winged Soldier-bug,
Campyloneura vitripennis Say, feeds on these leaf-hoppers,

and devours large numbers of

i* f)Oft TTrn OQQ ^

friendly insect in the larval
state, and Fig. 299 in the per-
fect condition. This useful
friend, whenever seen, should
be protected. In both figures
the insect is magnified, the lines
at the side showing the natural
size. The mature insect is of a pale greenish-yellow color,
the head and thorax are tinged with pink, and the upper
wings are transparent and ornamented with a rose-colored
cross.

The Grape-leaf Gall-louse.

Phylloxera vitifolia Fitch.

This has been already treated of under the grape phyl-
loxera, No. 125.

Tree-hoppers.

Several insects may be grouped under this name which at-
tack the leaves of the vine, and some of them the succulent
branches also.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 289

No. 158. — One of these, the Waved Proconia, Proconia
undata Fabricius (see Fig. 300), is a cylindrical jumping
insect nearly half an inch long, which is said to lay
its eggs in single rows in the wood of the canes. Be- FlG- 3^°-
sides attacking the leaves, this bug punctures with its
beak the stems of the bunches of grapes, causing the
stems to wither and the bunches to drop off. Some-
times it pumps out the sap so vigorously from the
succulent branches that the drops fall in quick succession
from its body.

In the southern parts of Illinois this insect is at times very
numerous, becoming then one of the worst enemies the grape-
grower has to contend with.

No. 159. — The Single-striped Tree-hopper, Thelia univittata,
Harris, is shaped much like a beech-nut, with a perpendicular
protuberance on the fore part of its back higher than it is
wide, and its summit rounded. The insect is of a chestnut-
brown color, tawny white in front, and with a white stripe
along the back, extending from the protuberance to the tip.
It is about one-third of an inch long and a quarter of an
inch in height, and may often be seen on grape-vines in July
and August.

No. 160. — Another species is the Black-backed Tree-hopper,
Acutalis dorsalis (Fitch), a small, triangular, shining insect
with a smooth, rounded back. Its color is greenish white, and
it has a large black spot on its back, from the anterior corners
of which a black line runs off towards each eye ; the upper
margin of the head and the breast are also black. The female
is about one-fifth of an inch long, the male smaller. This
species is sometimes found in considerable numbers on grape-
vines about the last of July, and a few stragglers usually
remain until October.

19

290 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

Tree-bugs.

There are also several species of tree-bugs which infest the
vine and suck its juices.

No. 161. — The large green Tree-bug, Rhaphig aster Penn-
sylvanieus De Geer (Fig. 301), is from six to seven tenths of
an inch long, flattened in form, of a grass-
FIG. 301. green color, margined with a light-yellow line,
which is interrupted at each joint of the abdo-
men with a small black spot. The antennae
are black, with some yellow on the basal and
terminal joints. It occurs on grape-vines,
chiefly in September, and is also found on
hickory and willow trees.

No. 162.— The Bound Tree-bug, Pentatoma
ligata Say, is a large green bug closely resembling the species
last described, but is more broadly edged all around, except
upon its head, with pale red, and has a pale-red spot upon
the middle of its back. The antennae are green, except the
three last segments, which are black. This species is a little
more than half an inch long, and occurs also on the hazel.

No. 163. — The Modest Tree-bug, Arma modesta Dallas, is
smaller, being from four to four and a half tenths of an
inch long, of a tawny yellowish-gray color, thickly dotted
with brown. The wing-cases are commonly red at their tips,
and the under glassy wings have a brown spot at their ex-
tremities. The under side is whitish, with a row of black
dots along the middle of the abdomen, and another on each
side. This insect is one of the commonest tree-bugs, and is
found in the autumn on a number of different trees and
shrubs.

No. 164. — The Grape-vine Aphis.

Siphonophora viticola Thomas.

This species of plant-louse, which is destructive to the
leaves and young shoots of the grape-vine, is of a dusky-

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

291

FIG. 302.

brown or blackish color, legs greenish, marked with dusky.
Most of the lice are wingless, but some have wings clear and
glassy, with brownish veins. This is believed to be the same
species as that which infests the vine in the southern parts of
Europe, viz., Aphis vitis, but the insect has not yet been suffi-
ciently studied to decide this with certainty. They cluster in
thousands on the ends of the branches, causing the leaves to
curl up and the vine to appear very unsightly. They are
seen early in the summer, and usually continue but a few
weeks, as their enemies, the lady-birds and other predaceous
insects, increase so fast as to decimate them within that time.
They are common in the South
and in the Middle States, but
occur only occasionally in the
more northern districts.

Should occasion require the
application of a remedy, the
vines may be syringed with
weak lye, tobacco - water, or
strong soap-suds.

No. 165. — The Broad-winged
Katydid.

Cyrtophyttus concavus (Harris).

This is perhaps our common-
est species of katydid, and may
be distinguished from the other
species by the greater breadth
and convexity of its wing-cov-
ers, which, with their strong
midrib and regular venation,
much resemble a leaf. The in-
sect (Fig. 302) is about an inch
and a half long, its body of a
pale green color, with slightly darker wing-cases. The female
has a projecting ovipositor or piercer, with which the eggs are

292

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

thrust into crevices and soft substances. The eggs are of
a dark slate color, very flat, pointed at both ends and the
edges bevelled : they are about one-eighth of an inch long,
and not more than one-third of this in diameter. When in
confinement this katydid is said to insert its eggs freely into
pieces of cork and other soft substances. The young katy-
dids when hatched, which usually occurs in the following
spring, eat almost any tender succulent leaves, and have never
been recorded as very injurious. The males are furnished
with a pair of musical organs, which they use vigorously as
night approaches, and their sharp, shrill notes can be heard
at a long distance.

Another and a very similar species is the Oblong-winged
Katydid, Phylloptera oblongifolia De Geer, which is also said
to deposit eggs on grape-twigs.

No. 166. — The Trumpet Grape-gall.

Vitis viticola Osten Sacken.

These are curious, elongated, conical galls, about one- third

FIG. 303. of an inch long> of

a reddish or red-
dish-crimson color,
sometimes inclin-
ing to green, grow-
ing in considerable
numbers on the
i leaves of the vine.
(See Fig. 303.)
Though usually
found only on the
upper surface, they
are occasionally
seen on the under
side also. They are
produced by a gall-gnat, an undetermined species of Ceddo-

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

293

myia, and on cutting into the galls they are found to be hollow,
each containing a pale-orange larva. It is probable that the
larva enters the earth to transform to the pupa, and that the fly
is produced the following season.

Ho. 167. — The Grape-vine Filbert-gall.

Vitis coryloides Walsh & Riley.

In this instance a rounded mass of galls from one and a
half to two and a half inches in diameter springs from a
common centre at a point where a bud would naturally be
found. The mass (see Fig. 304) is composed of from ten to

FIG. 304.

forty opaque, woolly, greenish galls, which have a fleshy, juicy,
sub-acid interior, each with a single central, longitudinal cell,
one of which is shown at c in the figure, about a quarter of

294 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

an inch long and one-fourth as wide, containing a solitary
orange-yellow larva, about one-eighth of an inch long. This
is also the larva of an undetermined species of Cecidomyia,
a family the members of which may be recognized in the
larval state by a peculiar appendage known as a breast-bone
attached to the under side near the head. In this species it
is almost Y-shaped, as shown at a in the figure ; the diverging

branches terminate in two pro-
FIG. 305. . A. . , , . , r ,

jectmg points, which may be

extended at will, and which are
probably used by the larva in
abrading the soft tissues of the
gall so as to cause an exudation
of sap, on which the larva feeds.
The flies belonging to this genus
are usually of a dull-black color,
like that shown in Fig. 305, a,
which represents a female fly ; the antenna of a male is seen
at b. The gall is common in July ; the larger-sized specimens
bear some resemblance to a bunch of filberts or hazel-nuts,
hence the name filbert-gall.

No. 168. — The Grape-vine Tomato-gall.

Vitis tomatos Riley.

These galls form a mass of irregular, succulent swellings
on the stem and leaf-stalks of the grape-vine (see Fig. 306),
very variable in size and shape, from the single, round, cran-
berry-like swelling to the irregular, bulbous protuberances
which look much like a group of diminutive tomatoes. They
have a yellowish-green exterior, with rosy cheeks, and some-
times are entirely red; the interior is soft, juicy, and acid.
Each gall has several cells, as shown at a in the figure, and
in each cell there is an orange-yellow larva, which, before the
gall has entirely decayed, enters the ground, where it changes
to a pupa, and finally emerges as a pale-reddish gnat, with
black head and antennaa, and gray wings. This fly also be-

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

295

longs to the family Ceridomyia, and is known to entomologists
as Lasioptera vitis of Osten Sacken.

The larvsB are liable to be attacked by a parasite, and also

FIG. 306.

by a species of Thrip, which invade the cells and destroy the
inmates.

No. 169. — The Grape-vine Apple-gall.

Vitis pomum Walsh & Riley.

This is a globular, fleshy, greenish gall, about nine-tenths
of an inch in diameter, which is attached by a rough base,

296 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

like that of a hazel-nut, to the stem of the vine. On its ex-
ternal surface there are longitudinal depressions, which divide
the gall into eight or nine segments. The interior is fleshy
for about one-eighth of its diameter, then follow a series of
elongated cells, each divided into two by a transverse partition,
the lower being the shorter of the two. Fig. 307, a, represents

the exterior of the

FIG. 307. „ , ,. „

gall; 6, a section of

the same, showing
its interior structure.
Each cell is occupied
by a single larva of
a bright-yellow color,
with a chestnut-brown,
Y-shaped breast-bone,
which eventually produces a gall-fly belonging to the genus
Cecidomyia.

This gall sometimes varies in form, being occasionally flat-
tened or depressed ; when young it is downy on the outside,
succulent within, and is said to have a pleasant, acidulous
flavor.

Should any of the galls described ever become a source of
annoyance, they may readily be destroyed by hand-picking.

ATTACKING THE PKUIT,
No. 170. — The Grape-seed Insect.

Isosoma vitis Saunders.

This insect was first observed in 1868, when it threatened
to become a very troublesome enemy to grape-culture ; it was
widely distributed, and, having the fecundity usually charac-
teristic of insect life, it might have been expected to increase
immensely ; but this happily has not been the case, and of
late it has seldom prevailed to any serious extent.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

297

FIG. 308.

About the middle of August some berries in the bunches
of grapes may be seen shrivelling up; on opening these,
many of them will be found to contain only one seed, and
that of an unusually large size; other larger berries will
contain two seeds, also swollen, most of the seeds having a
dark spot somewhere on their surface. On cutting open these
seeds, the kernel will be found almost entirely consumed, and
the cavity occupied by a small, milk-white, footless grub,
with a pair of brown, hooked jaws, a smooth and glossy skin,
with a few very fine, short, white hairs.
Fig. 308 shows this larva highly mag-
nified ; the small figure beneath indicates
its natural size.

The larva changes to a pupa within
the seed during the spring months, and in July emerges as a
fly, escaping through a small, irregular hole.

The fly so much resembles that shown in Fig. 309 (which
represents a closely-allied form belonging to the same genus)
that it is difficult to
distinguish between
the two ; a represents
the female, b the male,
c the antenna of the
female, d that of the
male, e the abdomen
of the female, showing
the segments or rings
of the body, /that of
the male. All these
figures are highly
magnified; the short
hair-lines underneath
the flies indicate the
natural size. The fly is black; the head and thorax are
finely punctated with minute dots ; the abdomen is long and
smooth, with a polished surface, and is placed on a sr )rt

FIG. 309

298 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

pedicel. The parent insect probably deposits her eggs on the
skin of the grape, and the young larvae, as soon as hatched,
puncture the skin and work their way to the seed, which they
enter while it is young and soft. Many of the aifected grapes
have a small scar on their surface, which may indicate where
the insect has entered.

. Should this tiny foe ever become so troublesome as to
require a remedy, the best one suggested is that of carefully
gathering and destroying the shrivelled fruit.

No. 171, — The Grape-berry Moth.

Eudemis botrana (Schiff.).

This insect is an imported species, and has long been in-
jurious to grape-culture in the south of Europe. The exact
period of its introduction to America is not known, and it is
only within the past few years that attention has been called
to its ravages. When abundant, it is very destructive ; in
some instances it is said to have destroyed nearly fifty per
cent, of the crop.

The young larvaB are found injuring the grapes early in
July, when the infested fruit shows a discolored spot where
the larva has entered. (See Fig. 310, c.) When the grape

FIG. 310.

is opened and the contents carefully examined, there will
generally be found in the pulp a small larva, rather long and
thin, and of a whitish-green color. Besides feeding on the

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 299

pulp, it sometimes eats portions of the seeds, and if the con-
tents of a single berry are not sufficient, two, three, or more
are drawn together, as shown in the figure, and fastened with a
patch of silk mixed with castings, when the larva travels from
one berry to another, eating into them and devouring their juicy
contents. At this period its length is about an eighth of an
inch or more ; the head is black, and the next segment has a
blackish shield covering most of its upper portion; the body
is dull whitish or yellowish green. As it approaches maturity,
it becomes darker in color, and when about one-fourth of an
inch long is full grown. (See 6, Fig. 310.) The body is then
dull green, with a reddish tinge, and a few short hairs, head
yellowish green, shield on next segment dark brown, feet
blackish, prolegs green.

When the larva is full grown, it is said to form its cocoon
on the leaves of the vine, cutting out for this purpose an
oval flap, which is turned back on the leaf, forming a snug
enclosure, which it lines with silk; frequently it contents
itself with rolling over a piece of the edge of the leaf, and
within this retreat the change to a chrysalis takes place. The
chrysalis is about one-fifth of an inch long, and of a yellow
or yellowish-brown color.

The perfect insect, which is shown magnified at a, Fig. 310,
measures, when its wings are spread, nearly four-tenths of an
inch across. The fore wings are of a pale dull-bluish shade,
with a slight metallic lustre, becoming lighter on the interior
and posterior portions, and are ornamented with dark-brown
bands and spots. The hind wings are dull brown, deeper in
color towards the margin, the body greenish brown. There
are two broods of this insect during the year; the spring
brood feed on the tender shoots of the common ironweed
( Vemonia novebwacensis), also on the tulip-tree.

Remedies. — As it is probable that most of the late brood
pass the winter in the chrysalis state attached to the leaves,
if these were gathered and burned a large number of the
insects would perish. The infested grapes might also be

300 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

gathered and destroyed. This insect is attacked by a small
parasite, which doubtless does its part towards keeping the
enemy in subjection.

No. 172.— The Grape Curculio,

Craponius incequalis (Say).

This is a small beetle belonging to the family of Curculios,
which passes the winter probably in the perfect state, and lays
its eggs on the young grapes some time in June or early in
July. It is a diminutive and inconspicuous insect, only about
one-tenth of an inch long. (See Fig. 311, where it is shown

FIG. 311. FIG. 312.

much magnified.) Its color is black, sprinkled with grayish
spots and dots, and thickly punctated.

The young larva, when hatched, enters the fruit and begins
to feed upon it, its presence being indicated by a discoloration
on one side of the berry, as if it were prematurely ripening.
A dark, circular dot soon appears in the middle of the
colored spot, showing the point where the insect has entered
the fruit. The affected berry does not decay, but remains
sound and plump; but it sometimes drops to the ground
before it is fully ripe. In Fig. 312 a specimen of the injured
fruit is shown at a, and at b a magnified view of the larva,
which is an elongated, footless grub, tapering towards the
head, about one-fifth of an inch long, the head large, brown-
ish yellow, and horny, the body yellowish white and trans-
parent. Late in July or early in August the larva becomes
full grown, when it leaves the berry, drops to the ground,

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 301

and, burying itself in the soil, changes to a pupa, from which
the beetle escapes late in August or early in September.

This is not a common insect, nor is it very generally
distributed, and the injury supposed to be done by it to
the fruit is often more correctly chargeable to the species last
referred to, since that is a much commoner insect. The
grape curculio has been observed chiefly in the valley of the
Mississippi, but is rarely injurious to any considerable extent
or over any large area. Where it is troublesome, the vines
may be jarred occasionally during the month of June, placing
a sheet or an inverted umbrella under them, when the beetles
will fall, and can then be gathered and destroyed, as in the
case of the plum curculio.

No. 173.— The Honey Bee.

Apis mellifica Linn.

This useful insect, so valuable to man, is said to have the
pernicious habit of puncturing or abrading the skin of the
grape and extracting its juices. That the injury thus done is
entirely due to the agency of bees has been disputed, some
bee-lovers claiming that the grapes are first punctured by
birds or bitten by wasps and hornets, and that the bees follow
and promptly avail themselves of the store of sweets thus laid
open for their use. The evidence, however, on the whole,
seems rather strong against the bees, and there is little doubt
that they frequently do abrade the skin of the fruit with their
claws and afterwards extract the sweets with their brush-like
tongue.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJUBIOUS INSECTS WHICH
AFFECT THE GEAPE,

ATTACKING THE CANES.

The apple-twig borer, No. 13, the tree cricket, No. 178,

302 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE.

and the mealy flata, No. 218, all injure the canes of the
grape.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the saddle-back caterpillar,
No. 49 ; and the smeared dagger, No. 194.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

The Indian Cetonia, No. 81.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY.

ATTACKING THE BOOTS.
No. 174. — The Raspberry Root-borer.

Bembecia maryinata Harris.

This borer is quite distinct from the cane-borer, No. 176,
that insect being without legs in the larval state, while this
one has sixteen legs, a feature which will enable any person
readily to distinguish the one from the other. The rasp-
berry root-borer belongs to the same family of clear- winged
moths as the peach-borer, and there is a striking resem-
blance between the two species in the several stages of their
existence.

Both the male and the female moth are shown in Fig. 313,
where a represents the male, and 6 the female. The front
wings are transparent, veined with
black or brownish, and heavily mar-
gined with reddish brown ; the hind
wings are transparent, with dark veins,
and both wings are fringed with dark
brown. The body is black, prettily
banded and marked with golden yel-
low, as in the figure. The wings,
when expanded, will measure from
three-quarters of an inch to an inch
across.

The eggs are said to be deposited
by the female during the hot summer
weather on the leaves of the raspberry, and the young larva,
when hatched, finds its way from these to the stem or cane,
and there feeds upon the pithy substance in the interior,

FIG. 313.

304 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY.

and gradually channels the cane to the root, in which it
spends the winter months, forming before spring cavities
of considerable extent. As the spring opens, it works its
way up again, usually through the interior of another cane,
to a height of five or six inches, where the larva, in pre-
paring for the exit of the future moth, eats the cane in one
place nearly through, leaving a mere film of skin unbroken.
When full grown, it is about an inch long, of a pale-yellow
color, with a dark-brown head, and a few shining dots on
each segment of the body. Within the cane, and near the
spot specially prepared by the larva, the change to a chrys-
alis takes place, and when the time approaches for the moth
to escape, the chrysalis wriggles itself forward, and, pushing
against the thin skin remaining on the cane, ruptures it, and,
forcing its way through the opening, there awaits the escape
of the moth, which usually takes place within a few hours
afterwards.

The injury thus done to the root is often followed by the
death of the canes, a result sometimes incorrectly attributed
to the severe cold of winter. Little
can be done towards the destruction
of this pest other than by laying
bare the roots and cutting out the
infested portions. A parasitic insect
is said to attack these root-borers, and
probably destroys many of them.

No. 175. — The Raspberry-root
Gall-fly.

Rhodites radicum Osten Sacken.

This is a small gall-fly, which pro-
duces a large brown gall on the roots,
a good representation of which is
given in Fig. 314. The swelling is composed of a yellow,
pithy substance, scattered throughout which are a number of
cells, each enclosing a small white larva, the progeny of the

ATTACKING THE CANES. 305

gall-fly. These soon change to pupae, and they in turn pro-
duce after a time the perfect insects, which eat their way
out through the substance of the gall, leaving small holes to
mark the place of exit. These galls are not only the abode
of the makers, the gall-flies, but are also frequented by other
species known as guest-flies, and the presence of these as well
as other parasitic species in company with the normal inmates
is apt to perplex the observer, and renders it more difficult to
discover the real authors of the mischief. This gall chiefly
affects the black raspberry ; it also occurs on the blackberry,
and sometimes on the roots of the rose.

Wherever these excrescences are found they should be col-
lected and burnt.

ATTACKING THE CANES.

No. 176. — The Raspberry Cane-borer.

Oberea bimaculata Oliv.

This insect in the larval state lives in the centre of the
cane, where it burrows a passage from above downwards,
often causing the death of the cane. Its natural home is
among the wild raspberries, but it has taken very kindly to
the cultivated sorts, and appears indeed to prefer them.

The perfect insect is a long-horned beetle (see Fig. 31 5),
with a long and narrow black body, with the top of the
thorax and the fore part of the breast pale yel-
lowish ; the wing-cases are covered with coarse FlG- 315-
indentations and slightly notched at the ends, and
there are two black spots on th'e thorax, which,
however, are sometimes wanting, and a third black
dot on the hinder edge, just where the wing-covers
join the thorax. The beetles appear on the wing during the
month of June, and, after pairing, the female proceeds to
deposit her eggs, which she does in a very singular manner.

20

306 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY

With her mandibles she girdles the young growing cane near
the tip in two places, one ring being about an inch below
the other, and between the rings the cane is pierced, and an
egg thrust into its substance near the middle, its location
being indicated by a small, dark-colored spot. The supply
of sap being impeded or stopped, the tip of the cane above
the upper ring soon begins to droop and wither, and shortly
dies, when a touch will sever it at the point where it has
been girdled.

The egg is long and narrow and of a yellow color, is quite
large for the size of the insect, and, embedded in the moist
substance of the cane, absorbs moisture and increases in size
until in a few days a small grub hatches from it. The larva
as it escapes from the egg is about one-fourteenth of an inch
long, with a yellow, smooth, glossy body, roughened at the
sides, and clothed with very minute short hairs. The head is
small and reddish brown, and the anterior segments of the
body swollen ; it is also footless. The young larva burrows
down the centre of the stem, consuming the pith until full
grown, which is usually about the end of August, when it is
nearly an inch long and of a dull-yellow color, with a small,
dark-brown head. By this time it has eaten its way a con-
siderable distance down the cane, in which it remains during
the winter, and where it changes to a pupa, the beetle escap-
ing the following June, when it gains its liberty by gnawing
a passage through. This borer injures the blackberry as
well as the raspberry.

The presence of these enemies is ' easily detected by the
sudden drooping and withering of the tips of the canes.
They begin to operate late in June, and continue their work
for several weeks; hence by looking over the raspberry plan-
tation occasionally at this season of the year and removing
all the withered tops down to the lowest ring, so as to insure
the removal of the egg, these insects may be easily kept
under, for they are seldom numerous.

ATTACKING THK CANES.

307

No. 177. — The Red-necked Agrilus.

Agrilus ruficollis (Fabr.).

In the spring-time, when raspberry and blackberry canes
are being pruned, they will often be observed swollen in
places to the length of an inch or more, in the manner shown
in Fig. 316. This swelling is a
pithy gall, and has been named
the Raspberry Goaty-gall, Rubi
podagra Riley, and is produced
by the irritation caused by the
presence of the larva of the red-
necked Agrilus. The swollen
portions are not smooth, as the
healthy ones are, but have the
surface roughened with numer-
ous brownish slits and ridges,
and when the ridges are cut into
with a knife, there will be found
under each of them the passage-
way of a minute borer, and
either in the channel or in the
soft substance adjoining, the larva
will usually be found. Fig. 317
represents the nearly full-grown
larva magnified, the hair-line at
the side indicating its natural
size. Its body is almost thread-
like, and of a pale-yellowish or whitish color, with the ante-
rior segments enlarged and flattened. The head is small and
brown, the jaws black, and the tail is armed with two slender,
dark-brown horns, each having three blunt teeth on the inner
edge. When full grown, it measures about six-tenths of an
inch long. While young it inhabits chiefly the sap-wood,
and, following an irregular, spiral course, frequently girdles
and destroys the cane ; usually several larva? will be found

308

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY.

FIG. 318.

in the one cane, thus lengthening the gall and causing it to
assume a very irregular shape. In April or May the larva

penetrates into the pith, where
it is more secure from insect
and other foes, and there
changes to a pupa, from which
the perfect beetle escapes early
in the summer.

The eggs are deposited on
the young canes probably in
July, and the tiny young lar-
vae, when hatched, eat into the

cane, producing, in time, the mischievous results already de-
tailed. Fig. 318, c, shows the perfect insect, magnified; 6,
another view of the larva, and a the horns at the end of its
body, much magnified. The beetle is about three-tenths of
an inch long, with a rather small, dark bronzy head, a beau-
tifully bright coppery neck, and brownish-black wing-covers.
The under surface is of a uniform shining black color.

The best method of destroying this insect is to cut out the
infested canes in the spring and burn them before the beetle
escapes.

No. 178.— The Tree Cricket. ^

(Ecanthus niveus Serv.

Of all the insects affecting the canes of the raspberry,
probably this is the most troublesome. Fig. 319 represents
the male, and Fig. 320 the female. They
are about seven-tenths of an inch long, of
a pale whitish-green color, and semi-transpa-
rent, with several dusky stripes on the head
and thorax ; the legs and antennae are also
dusky or dark-colored. They are exceed-
ingly lively, and the males quite musical,
chirping merrily with a loud, shrill note
among the bushes all the day. In the
autumn they attain full growth, and it is then that the female,

&n

FIG. 319.

ATTACKING THE CANES.

309

FIG. 320.

FIG. 321.

in carrying out her instinctive desires to protect her progeny,
becomes such an enemy to the raspberry-grower. She is fur-
nished with a long ovipositor,
which she thrusts obliquely
more than half-way through
the cane, and down the open-
ing thus made she places one of her eggs, which are yellowish
and semi-transparent, about one-eighth of an inch long, and
narrow; a second one is then placed, in the same manner,
alongside of the first, and so on, until from five to fifteen eggs
have been placed in a row. In Fig. 321
is shown a piece of infested cane ; a rep-
resents the irregular row of punctures in-
dicating the presence of the eggs ; 6, the
same laid open, showing the eggs in posi-
tion ; at c is a magnified egg, while d
shows the granulated head of the same,
still more highly magnified. Owing to
the presence of these eggs, the cane is
much weakened, and is liable to break on
slight provocation ; sometimes the part
beyond the punctures dies, but if it sur-
vives, and escapes being broken in winter,
it is very apt to break from the action of
the wind on the weight of foliage as soon
as it has expanded in spring, and the crop
which would otherwise be realized is lost.
As soon as the spring opens, the eggs
l>egin to swell, and about midsummer,
or sometimes a little earlier, the young
insects hatch, which much resemble the
perfect insect in form, but lack wings. They at once leave
the raspberry canes and do no further injury to them. At
first they feed more or less on plant- lice, and later in the
.-eason on ripe fruits and other succulent food. Besides in-
juring the raspberry and blackberry, they attack the canes

,.
<-

310 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY.

of the grape and the smaller branches of plum, peach, and
other trees.

Remedies. — Cut out late in the fall or early in the spring
all those portions of the cane which contain eggs, and burn
them. Wherever the eggs are deposited the regular rows of
punctures are easily seen, and often their presence is rendered
still more apparent by a partial splitting of the cane. The
mature insects may also be destroyed in the autumn by sud-
denly jarring the bushes or canes on which they collect, when
they drop to the ground, and may be trodden under foot before
they have time to hop or fly away.

ATTACKING THE FLOWERS,

No. 179. — The Pale-brown Byturus.

Byturus unicolor Say.

This insect is a small beetle, which is sometimes very
destructive to the blossoms of the raspberry. It is a native
insect, about three-twentieths of an inch long, of a yellowish-
brown or pale-reddish color, and densely covered with fine,
pale-yellow hairs. The surface of the body, when seen under
a magnifying-lens, is densely punctated. This beetle is
shown, both magnified and of the natural size, in
Fig. 322.

Late in May and early in June, when the flowers
are expanding, this insect is busily employed eating
into and injuring or destroying the flower-buds. At
this period many of the flower-buds may be found
with a hole in the side, through which the enemy
has entered and eaten away, partly or wholly, the
stamens, also the spongy receptacle on which they
are borne. Where the injury is only partial, the flower
usually expands; but when the sexual organs are entirely de-
stroyed, as is often the case, the buds generally wither and do

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 3H

not open. The beetles attack the expanded flowers as well
as those which are unopened, partly hiding themselves about
the base of the numerous stamens on which they are feeding.
They are seldom seen during the middle of the day, but work
chiefly during the early hours of the morning and evening.
They feed on the blossoms of the blackberry also, and are
said to eat the leaves of the raspberry occasionally.

Where the flowers are injured, the fruit, if it forms at all,
is always imperfect ; hence, should this insect become very
plentiful, it would prove a great hindrance to successful rasp-
berry-culture. Fortunately, it has never yet occurred in any
great numbers; should it at any time become numerous, its
ranks might be thinned by hand-picking.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,
No. 180.— The Raspberry Saw-fly.

Selandria rubi Harris.

The perfect insect in this instance is a four-winged fly be-
longing to the order Hymenoptera, which appears from about
the 10th of May to the beginning of June, or soon after the
young leaves of the raspberry are put forth. Fig. 323 gives a
magnified view of this fly.
The wings, which are trans- !**<*• 323.

parent, with a glossy surface
and metallic hue, measure,
when expanded, about half
an inch across ; the veins
are black, and there is also
a streak of black along the
front margin, extending
more than half-way to-
wards the tip of the wing. The anterior part of the body is
black, the abdomen dark reddish. In the cool of the morning,

312

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY.

when these flies are approached as they rest on the bushes,
they have the habit of falling to the ground, and there remain-
ing inactive long enough to permit of their being caught ; but
with the increasing heat of the day they become much quicker
in their movements, and take wing readily when approached.
The eggs are buried beneath the skin of the raspberry
leaf, near the ribs and veins, and are placed there by means
of the saw-like apparatus with which the female is provided.
The egg is white and semi-transparent, with a faint yellow
tinge, and a smooth, glossy surface, oval in form, and about
one-thirtieth of an inch long. The skin covering it is so thin
and transparent that the movements of the enclosed larva
may be observed a day or two before it is hatched, and the
black spots on the sides of the head are distinctly visible ; it
escapes through an irregular hole made on one side of the egg.
The newly-hatched larva is about one-twelfth of an inch
long, with a large, greenish-white head, having a black, eye-
like spot on each side; the body nearly white, semi-transparent,
and thickly covered with transverse rows of white spines.
As it grows older it becomes green, very much the color of

the leaf on which it is feed-
FIG. 324. ing, and on this account it

would be difficult to dis-
cover were it not that it
riddles the leaves by eat-
ing out all the soft tissues
between the coarser veins.
When full grown, it meas-
ures about three-quarters
of an inch in length, is
of a dark-green color, its
body thickly set with pale-
green, branching tubercles.
The head is small, pale yel-
lowish green, with a dark-brown dot on each side. This
larva is usually found on the upper surface of the leaf. In

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 313

Fig. 324 it is shown of the natural size, with some of the
segments magnified, showing the arrangement of the spines
on the back and side.

On reaching maturity, which is usually from the middle
to the end of June, the larva leaves the bush, and, de-
scending to the ground, penetrates beneath the surface, and
there constructs a little, oval, earthy cocoon, mixed with silky
and glutinous matter. These cocoons are toughly made, and
may be taken out of the earth in which they are embedded,
and even handled roughly, without much danger of dis-
lodging the larvae. They remain within the cocoon for a
considerable time unchanged, finally transforming to pupae,
from which the flies escape early the following spring.

These insects may be readily destroyed by syringing or
sprinkling the bushes with water in which powdered hellebore
has been mixed, in the proportion of an ounce of the powder
to a pailful of water.

No. 181. — The Raspberry Apatela.

Apatela brumosa (Guen.)

The caterpillar of this moth, although never yet recorded
as very injurious, is more or less common on raspberry
bushes every year in some localities. It does not appear in
flocks, but feeds singly. It is a gray hairy caterpillar, which
attains full growth during the latter part of July or in
August, when it measures, if in motion, about an inch and a
quarter long, but when at rest, owing to some of the segments
of the body being drawn partly within the others, it does
not measure more than an inch. The body is thickest from
the third to the seventh segment, tapering a little anteriorly
and posteriorly, and is of a brownish-black color, with a trans-
verse row of paler tubercles on each segment, from which
spring clusters of brownish- white or grayish hairs of varying
lengths. Behind the third segment there is a space down the
centre of the back where the dark color of the body is dis-
tinctly seen. The head is of a shining black color, the upper

314

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY.

FIG. 325.

portion overhung by the long hairs of the next segment.
The under side is greenish brown, with a few small clusters
of short brown hairs.

The larva changes to a brown chrysalis within a rather

tough cocoon formed of pieces of leaves interwoven with silk.

The moth (Fig. 325) has the fore wings gray, mottled with

spots, streaks, and dots of darker shades of gray and brown.

The hind wings are of a dull pale
gray, deepening in color a little
towards the outer margin. The
under surface is paler than the
upper. When the wings are ex-
panded, they measure about an inch
and a quarter across.
Should this insect ever become troublesome, it may be sub-
dued by hand-picking, or destroyed by showering the bushes
with water in which hellebore or Paris-green has been mixed,
in the proportion of an ounce of the former or one or two
teaspoonfuls of the latter to two gallons of water.

No. 182. — The Raspberry Plume-moth,

Oxyptilus nigrociliatus Zeller.

The caterpillar of this pretty little plume-moth has not
in any instance on record been sufficiently numerous to

be considered destructive, yet
it is an interesting insect, and
on this account deserves a pass-
ing notice. About the middle
of June the larva reaches full
growth, when it is about four-
tenths of an inch long, of a pale
yellowish-green color, streaked with pale yellow, and with
transverse rows of shining tubercles, from each of which arise
from two to six spreading hairs of a yellowish-green color.
The head is small, pale green, with a faint brown dot on each
side. Fig. 326 represents this larva, much magnified.

FIG. 326.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 315

When the larva is about to change to a chrysalis, it spins a
loose web of silk on a leaf or other suitable spot, to which
the chrysalis is attached. This is less than three-tenths of an
inch long, pointed behind, enlarging gradually towards the
front, where, near the end, it slopes abruptly to the tip. Its
color is pale green, with a line along the back of a deeper
shade, margined on each side with a whitish ridge ; it is also
more or less hairy. In about a week or ten days the chrys-
alis changes to a darker color, shortly after which the perfect
insect escapes.

The moth (Fig. 327), although quite small, is very beauti-
ful ; it measures, when its wings are expanded, about half an
inch across. The fore wings are of a deep
brownish-copper color, with a metallic lustre, ^IG- 327.
and a few dots of silvery white; they are
cleft down the middle about half their depth,
the division as well as the outer edge being
fringed. The hind wings, which resemble
the fore wings in color, are divided into three portions, the
hinder one being almost linear, and all deeply fringed. The
antenna? are ringed with silvery white, and there are spots of
the same color on the legs and body.

Should this insect at any time prove troublesome, it might
be easily destroyed with powdered hellebore and water, as
recommended for No. 181.

No. IW.—Chdymvrpha Argus Fio. 328. FIG. 329.

Leichtenstein, a beetle belonging
to the family Chrysomelidse, is also
said to feed occasionally on the
raspberry. In Fig. 328 the beetle
is represented of the natural size,
the pupa in Fig. 329. It can
scarcely be regarded as injurious, and needs but a passing
notice.

316 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASPBERRY.

FIG. 330.

ATTACKING THE PEUIT,

Wo. 184. — The Raspberry Geometer.

Synchlora rubivoraria (Riley).

The larva of this pretty moth feeds chiefly on the fruit of
the raspberry ; it is said that it occasionally feeds also on the
leaf. Fig. 330 shows the larva, of natural size, on the fruit

at a ; b, an enlarged
view of one of the
segments of its
body, showing the
hairs with which it
is adorned. The
moth, of the nat-
ural size, is seen at
c, while at d an en-
larged outline is
given of one pair
of the wings.

The larva reaches
maturity about the
time of the ripening
of the raspberry, when it is about three-quarters of an inch
long, of a yellowish-gray color, each segment being furnished
with several short prickles. It has the habit of disguising
itself by attaching to its thorny projections tiny bits of vege-
table matter, such as the anthers of flowers, bits of leaves,
etc., and by this means it often escapes detection.

When full grown, the larva forms a slight cocoon, within
which it changes to a chrysalis of a pale-yellow color, with
iarker lines and spots, which in a few days produces the
perfect insect.

The wings of the moth are of a delicate pale-green color,
crossed by two lines of a lighter shade, and, when expanded,

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 317

they measure about half an inch across. The body is green
above and white beneath.

As the larva of this, insect is not usually observed until
the fruit is ripe, no poisonous applications to destroy it could
be used, and resort must be had, if anything is done, to hand-
picking. One species of parasitic insect is known to prey on
it.

No. 185. — The Flea-like Negro-bug.
Corimelcena pulicaria Germ.

This disgusting little pest is not at all uncommon on ripe
raspberries. Its presence may be discovered by the fruit
having a nauseous buggy odor, but the insect is so small that
it is often taken into the mouth un-
noticed until the disgusting flavor reveals
its presence. In Fig. 331 we have a
magnified outline of this insect, the smaller
sketch at the side showing its natural size.
It is of a black color, with a whitish stripe
along each side, and is furnished with a
pointed beak or sucker, with which it punctures the fruit and
extracts its juices. This troublesome visitor is also found on
the blackberry, and occasionally on the strawberry.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH
APPECT THE RASPBERRY,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The fall web- worm, No. 27 ; the oblique-banded leaf-roller,
No. 35 ; the saddle-back caterpillar, No. 49 ; the apple leaf-
miner, No. 50 ; the yellow woolly-bear, No. 146 ; the py-
ramidal grape-vine caterpillar, No. 1 47 ; the neat strawberry
leaf-roller, No. 193; the smeared dagger, No. 194; and the
cucumber flea-beetle, No. 223.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACKBERRY.

FIG. 332.

ATTACKING THE CANES,

No. 186.— The Pithy GaU of the Blackberry.

This curious gal!, which is represented in Fig. 332, is some-
times found on blackberry canes. It is about two or three

inches long, of a dark-
red or reddish-brown
color, oblong in form,
with its surface un-
even, with deep lon-
gitudinal furrows,
which divide the gall
more or less com-
pletely into four or
five portions. It is
caused by a small
'V.jf four-winged fly, Di-
astrophus nebulosus
Osten Sacken. If a
transverse section of
this gall be made,
there will be found
about the middle a
number of oblong
cells about one-eighth
of an inch long,

shown at 6 in the
figure, each contain-
ing a single larva or
pupa. The larva, which is represented enlarged at c, is about
one-tenth of an inch long, white, with the mouth parts
318

ATTACKING THE CANES. 319

reddish, and the breath ing- pores and an oval spot on each
side behind the head of the same color. The insect usually
remains in the larval state during the greater part of the
winter, then changes to a pupa (d, Fig. 333), the perfect
insect appearing in spring. The fly is about one-twelfth of
an inch long, black, with transparent wings and red feet and
antennae.

These gall-makers are attacked by parasitic insects, and are
also devoured by birds.

No. 187.— The Seed-like Gall of the Blackberry.

This is a singular gall, about one-tenth of an inch in
diameter, which sometimes occurs in clusters around the canes
of the blackberry, covering them with a belt of these seed-
like bodies to the depth of an inch or an inch and a half.
They are round, of a reddish color, and from many of them
arise more or less strong spines, and when cut into, unless
they have already been emptied by birds, each one will be
found to contain a single larva or pupa. These galls are
also caused by a small, four-winged fly closely related to that
of the pithy gall, and known as Diastrophus cuscutaeformis
Osten Sacken. It is of a dark-brown or black color, with
red feet and antennae.

No. 188. — The Blackberry Bark-louse.

Lecanium ?

An undetermined species of Lecanium is sometimes found
on the canes of the blackberry. This louse is of an irreg-
ular hemispherical form, about one-fourth of an inch in
diameter, and of a shining mahogany color. It appears in
groups or masses attached to the canes, and each one, when
lifted, is found to cover a large number of pale-pinkish eggs.
This is very similar to the grape-vine bark-louse, No. 126,
and may be treated in the same manner.

320 INSECT* INJURIOUS TO THE BLACKBERRY.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,

No. 189. — The Blackberry Flea-louse.
Psylla rubi W. & R.

This insect has been reported as common on blackberry
leaves in some parts of New Jersey. " It is a small, four-
winged fly, much resembling the pear-tree Psylla (No. 70),
about one-eighth of an inch long when its wings are closed.
The mature insect is like a plant-louse in appearance, but its
transparent wings are differently veined, and it has the power
of jumping briskly when disturbed, which plant-lice never
possess. The leaves affected curl up so as to make a safe harbor
for the lice-like larvae, which occupy these enclosures during
the greater part of the summer. To lessen their numbers,
gather the curled leaves and burn them.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OP INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH
AFFECT THE BLACKBERRY,

ATTACKING THE ROOTS.

The raspberry root-borer, No. 174, and the raspberry-root
gall-fly, No. 175, both injure the roots of the blackberry.

ATTACKING THE CANES.

The raspberry cane-borer, No. 176, and the red-necked
Agrilus, No. 177.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the apple leaf-miner, No. 50 ;
the waved Lagoa, No. 89 ; the yellow woolly-bear, No. 146 ;
and the neat strawberry leaf-roller, No. 193.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

The flea-like negro-bug, No. 185, is common on the fruit.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY.

ATTACKING THE ROOTS.

No. 190.— The Strawberry Root-borer.

Anarsia lineatella Zeller.

When occurring in great numbers, this insect is very inju-
rious, playing sad havoc with the strawberry-plants. The
borer is a small caterpillar, nearly half an inch long, and of a
reddish-pink color, fading into dull yellow on the second and
third segments, the anterior portion of the second segment
above being smooth, horny-looking, and brownish yellow
like the head. On each segment there are a few shining,
reddish dots, from every one of which arises a single, fine,
yellowish hair. The under surface is paler. This borer eats
irregular channels through the crown, sometimes excavating
large chambers, at other times tunnelling it in various direc-
tions, eating its way here and there to the surface. If ex-
amined in the spring, most of the cavities will be found to
contain a moderate-sized, soft, silky case, nearly full of cast-
ings, which doubtless has served as a place of retreat for
the larva during the winter.

Early in June, when mature, the caterpillar changes toasmall,
reddish-brown chrysalis, either within one of the cavities ex-
cavated in the crown, or among decayed leaves or rubbish
about the surface, from which the moth escapes early in July.

The moth (see Fig. 333) is very small, of a dark-gray color,
with a few blackish-brown spots and streaks on the fore wings.
The fringes bordering the wings are gray tinged with yellow.
The moth lays an egg on the crown of the plant late in July
or early in August, which soon hatches; the small cater-
pillar burrows into the heart of the plant, and remains in one
of the chambers during the winter, occupying one of the silky

21 321

322 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY.

cases referred to. The channels formed by this larva through
the crown and larger roots of the plant soon cause it to wither
and die ; or, if it survives, to send up weakened and almost
barren shoots.

This insect does not limit its depredations to the strawberry ;
the larva is also found boring into the tender twigs of the
peach-tree and killing the terminal buds.
FIG. 333. In Fig. 333 we have a representation of

the larva and moth, both of the natural
size and magnified, also of an injured
peach-twig. The insect is known to at-
tack the peach-tree in Europe, whence it
has probably been imported to this country.
Remedies.— Dusting the plants with
air-slaked lime or with soot has been
recommended, but there seems to be no
way thoroughly to destroy this pest except by digging up
the strawberry plants, burning them, and planting afresh.
The larvae are subject to the attacks of parasites, which doubt-
less materially limit their increase.

No. 191. — The Strawberry Crown-borer.

Tyloderm a fragarice ( R i 1 ey ) .

This is an indigenous insect, a beetle belonging to the
family of Curculios. The beetle (Fig. 334) appears in June

or July, and deposits
an egg about the crown
of the plant, from which,
when hatched, the larva
burrows downwards,
eating into the sub-
stance of the crown.
Here it remains, boring

CC 0 *• y' ^ "N i . i

and excavating, until it
attains full growth, when it appears as shown at a in the
figure, where it is much magnified. It is about one-fifth of

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 323

an inch long, white, with a horny, yellow head. It changes
to a pupa within the root, from which the beetle escapes dur-
ing the month of August.

The beetle, shown at b an,d c in the figure, is about one-
sixth of an inch long, of a brown color, with several more
or less distinct dark-brown spots, and is marked with lines
and dots.

Almost all the plants infested with this larva are sure to
perish, and old beds are said to be more liable to injury than
new ones. The only remedy suggested is to dig up and burn
the plants after the fruiting season is over, and before the larva
has time to pass through its transformation and escape as a
beetle.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,
No* 192. — The Strawberry Leaf-roller.

Phoxopieris comptana Frol.

This insect, which is sometimes designated the strawberry
leaf-roller, is not the only leaf-roller which attacks the leaves
of the strawberry. The caterpillars belonging to the early
brood are found upon the plants during the month of June,
rolling the leaves into cylindrical cases, fastening them with
threads of silk, and feeding within on their pulpy substance,
causing the leaves to appear discolored and partly withered.
They are about one-third of an inch long, and vary in color
from yellowish brown to a darker brown or green. The head is
yellowish and horny, with a dark eye-like spot on each side.
The second segment has a shield above, colored and polished
like the head, and on every segment there are a few pale
dots, from each of which arises a single hair. In Fig. 335,
a represents the larva of its natural size, 6 a magnified view
of the head and four succeeding segments, and d the terminal
segment of the body.

The larva becomes a chrysalis within the folded leaf late in

324 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY

June, and appears as a moth early in July. The fore wings
of the moth are reddish brown, streaked and spotted with

black and white, as
. 335. shown in the figure at

c; the hind wings and
abdomen are dusky;
the head and thorax
reddish brown. When
expanded, the wings
measure nearly half

an inch across. The eggs for the second brood of larvae are
deposited during the latter part of July, the larvae attaining
their full growth towards the end of September, when they
change to chrysalids, and remain in that condition during
the winter, producing moths the following spring.

This species is sometimes very destructive, when the plants
should be sprinkled with a mixture of powdered hellebore
and water, in the proportion of an ounce to the pailful, or
the rolled leaves maybe gathered and burnt, or the plantation
ploughed up in the autumn or early in the spring, and the
insects destroyed by burying them; in replanting, avoid using
plants from infested districts.

No. 193. — The Neat Strawberry Leaf-roller.

Eccopsis permundana (Clemens).

This pernicious little caterpillar appears just about the
time that the strawberry blossoms are opening, and delights
to form its protecting case by drawing the flowers and flower-
buds together into a ball and to feast upon their substance, a
peculiarity which renders its attacks much more injurious than
any mere consumption of leaves would be. The larva is of
a green color, with the head and upper part of the next seg-
ment black. When full grown, it is about five-eighths of
an inch long, is very active in its habits, and wriggles itself
quickly out of its hiding-place when disturbed. Late in

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 325

June or early in July it changes to a brown chrysalis, from
which, in a few days, the perfect insect escapes.

The moth, which is shown magnified in Fig. 336, has its
fore wings yellowish or greenish brown, varying much in shade
of color, with irregular, lighter mark-
ings crossing the wings obliquely ; the FlQ- 336-
hind wings are ashy brown.

The caterpillar is very destructive
in some districts, and feeds upon the
wild strawberry as well as upon the
cultivated varieties; also upon the
leaves of the raspberry and black-
berry.

Remedies. — Dusting the plants with air-slaked lime, soot,
or ashes, or sprinkling them with a mixture of Paris-green
and water, in the proportion of one or two teaspoonfuls to
two gallons of water, would no doubt prove beneficial. The
caterpillar is very subject to the attacks of parasites.

No. 194. — The Smeared Dagger.

Apatela oblinita (Sin. & Abb.).

The moths belonging to the genus Apatela are called
" daggers" in England, on account of a peculiar dagger-
like mark found on the front wings near the hind angle.
This peculiarity being partly obliterated in this species, it
has received the common name of the " smeared dagger."

The accompanying figure, 337, represents the insect in its
various stages. The larva, a, is a hairy caterpillar, brightly
ornamented, and about an inch and a quarter long. It is of
a deep velvety black color, with a transverse row of tubercles
on each segment, those above being bright red and set in a
band of the same color, which extends down each side. From
each tubercle there arises a tuft of short, stiff hairs, those
on the upper part of the body being red, while below they
are yellowish or mixed with yellow. On each side of an
imaginary line drawn down the centre of the back is a row of

326 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY.

bright-yellow spots, two or more on each segment, and below
these, and close to the under surface, a bright-yellow band,
deeply indented on each segment. Spiracles white. There are
also a few whitish dots scattered irregularly over the surface
of the body. This caterpillar is so conspicuous for its beauty
that it is sure to attract the attention of every beholder.
As soon as it is full grown, it draws together a few leaves

FIG. 337.

or other loose material, and, with the aid of some silk, con-
structs a rude case (6, Fig. 337), within which it changes to
a dark-brown chrysalis. The caterpillars of the fall brood,
which become chrysalids early in September, do not produce
moths until June following. There are two broods during
the season, but the members of the early one, being less
abundant, are not so often seen as those of the later brood.

The moth, which is represented at c in the figure, is a very
plain-looking insect. Its fore wings are gray, with a row of
blackish dots along the hind border. A broken, blackish,
zigzag line, sometimes indistinct, crosses the wing beyond the
middle, and there are some darker grayish spots about the
middle of the wing ; the hind wings are white.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 327

This caterpillar is not confined to the strawberry, but feeds
also on the leaves of the grape, apple, peach, raspberry,
willow, and on the common smart-weed, Polygonum punc-
tatum. Being such a general feeder, it is never likely to
become injurious. It is preyed upon by several parasitic
insects, which no doubt render material aid in keeping it
within due limits.

No. 195. — Cut-worms.

tinder No. 45, among the insects injurious to the apple,
the reader will find reference made to those species of cut-
worms which are noted for climbing trees and devouring the
foliage. These climbing cut-worms eat also anything on
the ground which may come in their way. There are, how-
ever, a number of species which do not climb trees, and it is,
as a rule, among these that we find the greatest enemies to
strawberry-plants. These larvae, or "worms," as they are
called, all have a general resemblance to one another, l>eing
smooth and of some shade of greenish gray or brown, with
dusky markings, or occasionally almost black. Both the
larva and the moths are nocturnal in their habits, and secrete
themselves during the day, the moths in crevices of the bark
of trees or other suitable hiding-places, while the Iarva3 bury
themselves under the ground in the neighborhood of the
scene of their depredations. Their life-history is briefly
told under No. 45, and need not be repeated here. It will
suffice in this connection to refer to several representative
species of the class which do not climb.

The Greasy Cut-worm, Agrotis Ypsilon (Rott.). This larva,
which is shown in Fig. 338, is of a deep dull-brown color,
inclining to black, with paler longitudinal lines, a faint,
broken, yellowish-white line along the back, and two other
indistinct pale lines on each side; there are also a few shining
black dots on each segment. When full grown, it is about
an inch and a half long.

328 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY.

FIG. 338.

The moth, also represented in the figure, has the fore wings
brownish gray with darker markings, and patches of a paler

color towards the apex of the
wing. The hind wings are al-
most white, with a pearly lustre,
and nearly semi-transparent.
When the wings are spread, they
measure about an inch and three-
quarters across.

This is one of the most abun-
dant of cut-worms, being found
from Georgia and Texas to Nova
Scotia and Manitoba, also in Eu-
rope, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
The caterpillar attacks all sorts of garden products, and is one
of the cotton cut-worms of the South.

The Striped Cut-worm, Agrotis
trieosa Lintner. This caterpil-
lar is of an ash-gray color, with
broad, dark longitudinal lines, and
several narrow lighter ones, and
when full grown is nearly an
inch and a half long. The moth
is shown in Fig. 339 with its
wings expanded. The fore wings
are of a dark-brown color, paler towards the front edge, with
pale-gray markings along the veins.
The hind wings are of a dark smoky
brown, becoming gradually paler to-
wards the body.

The Checkered Rustic, Agwtis tes-
sellata Harris (Fig. 340), is of a
dark-ash color, with two pale spots
on the front wings alternating with a triangular and a nearly
square black spot.

FIG. 339.

FIG. 340.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 329

The Glassy Cut- worm, Hadena devastatrix (Brace). In
Fig. 341 we have a representation of the larva. It is of a
shining green color, with a red head and a dark-brown, horny-
Pie, 341. FIG. 342.

looking shield on the next segment. On each ring there are
a number of shining dots, from each of which arises a single
short hair, as seen in the magnified segment below. The
moth (Fig. 342) is of a dark ashen-gray color, marked with
black and white spots, streaks, and dots ; the hind wings are
pale brownish gray.

Many more examples of these cut- worms and their moths
might be cited, but enough has been given to show their
general characteristics.

To subdue these insects is no easy matter, since they do
not usually eat the foliage in the manner that other cater-
pillars do, but attack the plant at about the base, and, having
cut it through, leave the greater portion of it to wilt and
perish. Sprinkling the plants with air-slaked lime, ashes,
or powdered hellebore, or showering them well with water
containing Paris-green, in the proportion of one or two tea-
spoonfuls to a pailful of water, would destroy many of them ;
but the safest way is to catch and kill the enemy. Where
a plant is seen suddenly to wilt and die, the author of the
mischief can generally be found within a few inches of the
plant destroyed, and a short distance below the surface of the
ground. These larva} are all vigorously attacked by various
species of parasites.

330 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY.

No. 196. — The Spotted Paria.

Paria sex-notata (Say).

This is a small beetle, about three-tenths of an inch long,
pale in color, — sometimes dark, — having the wing-covers
spotted with black, and ornamented with regular rows of dots,
which disappear towards the tip (see Fig. 343) ; beneath it is
blackish. It is a stout insect, with a polished
FIG. 343. surface, and is very active in its movements, hop-
ping briskly about when approached or disturbed.
The beetle appears at the time when the fruit
is partly grown, which, in the northern parts
of the continent, is towards the end of May.
When these insects are abundant, they devour the leaves of
the plants with such avidity that they are soon completely
riddled with holes, and the crop of fruit materially injured.

Remedies. — On account of the advanced growth of the
fruit when the beetle appears, it would be unsafe to use strong
poisons, such as Paris-green. It would be much safer to use
hellebore, and quite effectual ; probably air-slaked lime, soot,
or ashes dusted on the foliage would also remedy the evil.

No. 197.— The Striped Flea-beetle.

Phyllotretavittata (Fabr.).

This pretty little beetle, although most commonly found on
young turnips and cabbages, is some-
times found also eating the leaves of
strawberry-plants. The beetle, which
is shown magnified in Fig. 344, is
less than one-tenth of an inch long,
black, with a broad, wavy, yellowish
stripe on each wing-cover. It is very

active, leaping away to a considerable distance when an at-
tempt is made to catch it.

The larva, which is also shown in the figure, is found on the

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 331

roots of young cabbage-plants ; it is about one-third of an inch
long, white, with a dusky line on the anterior half of its body.
The head is pale brown, and on the posterior extremity is a
brown spot equal to the head in size. When the larva reaches
maturity, it forms a little earthen cocoon near its feeding-
place, and in this transforms to a pupa (Fig. 344) of a whit-
ish color, from which, in a few days, the beetle appears.

The remedies recommended for the spotted Paria, No. 196,
are equally applicable in this case.

No. 198. — The Canadian Osmia.
Osmia Canadensis Cresson.

This is a small four-winged insect which occasionally proves
destructive to strawberry-plants. In Fig. 345 it is shown much
magnified; its natural size is
indicated by the short line at FlG> 345'

the side of the figure. The
head, thorax, and abdomen in
both sexes are green, and more t|
or less densely covered with
short hairs, those on the tho-
rax being longest. The wings
are nearly transparent, with
blackish veins. The female
is larger than the male.

These insects nibble away the leaves, chewing the fragments
into a sort of pulp, and carrying it away to be used in the
construction of their nests. The injury done to strawberry-
plants by them is sometimes very marked.

No. 199.— The Strawberry Leaf-stem Gall.

This is an elongated gall, an inch or more in length, found
on the stalk of the leaf of the strawberry near its base, pro-
duced by an undetermined species of gall-fly. Its surface is
irregular and its color red, while the internal structure is
spongy. If these galls are opened about the middle of July,

332 INSECTS INJURIOLS TO THE STRAWBERRY.

there will be found in each, about the centre, a small, milk-
white, footless grub, semi-transparent, with a smooth, glossy
skin, a wrinkled surface, and a few fine, short hairs. Its jaws
are pale brown, and its length at this period is about one-
sixteenth of an inch, the body tapering a little towards each
extremity. This insect doubtless changes to a pupa within
the gall, from which flies escape later in the season, or early
the following spring.

No. 200. — The Strawberry Saw-fly.

Emphytus maculatus Norton.

This insect in the perfect state is also a four-winged fly,
which in the larval condition is very destructive to the leaves
of the strawberry. The accompanying figure, 346, illustrates
the insect in its various stages ; 1 shows the under side of
the pupa, 2 a side view of the same, 3 the perfect fly, all

Fio. 346.

magnified ; 4 the larva crawling, 6 the same at rest, 5 the
perfect insect with its wings closed, and 7 the cocoon, all of
the natural size ; 8 one of the antennae, and 9 an egg, both
magnified. The egg is placed within the substance of the
stem of the leaf early in May by means of the peculiar saw-

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 333

like apparatus with which the female is provided. It is
about one-thirtieth of an inch long, and of a white color ;
its presence produces a slight swelling on the stalk, and by
splitting the stalk so as to open the swelling the egg may be
found. The eggs absorb moisture from the stem and increase
in size, and in about a fortnight hatch, when the young larvae
at once begin to feed on the leaves. At first they attract but
little attention, as the holes they make in the leaves are small,
but as they increase in size they often completely riddle the
foliage and destroy its usefulness.

When full grown, they are nearly three-fourths of an inch
long, of a pale-greenish color, with a faint whitish bloom.
The skin is semi-transparent, revealing the movement of the
internal organs, which show through as dark-greenish patches.
There is a broken band along each side, of a deeper shade of
green, and below this the body has a yellowish tint. The
head is yellowish brown, with six black dots, the jaws dark
brown, and the under surface yellowish. The larvae fall to
the ground when disturbed.

When mature, they burrow under the surface, and form
oval cocoons by cementing together minute fragments of
earth, and within these enclosures the remaining transforma-
tions are completed, the insect finally issuing in the perfect
or winged form.

The fly is black, with two rows of large whitish spots upon
the abdomen ; antennae black, legs brown. The wings, when
spread, measure a little more than half an inch across. Those
belonging to the first brood of larvae appear on the wing early
in July, when eggs are deposited for a second brood, which
are found during August. They complete their larval growth,
enter the ground, and construct their earthen cells, in which
they remain unchanged until the following spring, when they
enter the pupa state and transform to flies within a few days.

Remedies. — Hellebore and water, or Paris-green and water,
showered on the vines in the proportions recommended under
No. 181, will destroy them.

334 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY.

ATTACKING THE PKUIT,
No. 201,— The Stalk-borer.

Gortyna nitela Guenee.

This larva, which is commonly found in the stalks of the
potato and tomato, may be said to have a rather varied taste,
as it also bores into the stalks of the dahlia, aster, and cockle-
burr, the cob of the Indian corn, and the fruit of the straw-
berry. In Fig. 347 we have a representation of the larva.

FIG. 347. Fro 348.

When it leaves the fruit or other substance it has occupied, it
descends a little below the surface of the earth, and in a few
days changes to a brown chrysalis, from which the moth (Fig.
348) emerges from about the end of August to the middle of
September.

In case this insect should so multiply as to require a
remedy, hand-picking is the only one suggested.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH
AFFECT THE STRAWBERRY,

ATTACKING THE BOOTS.

The larva of the goldsmith beetle, No. 77, and also that
of the May beetle, No. 113, attack the roots of the straw-
berry. The latter, which is commonly known as the white
grub, is frequently very destructive.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 335

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The oblique- banded leaf-roller, No. 35 ; the climbing cut-
worms, No. 45 ; the tarnished plant-bug, No. 71 ; the horned
span-worm, No. 86 ; the grape-vine Colaspis, No. 153 ; and
the currant Angerona, No. 210.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

The flea-like negro-bug, No. 185, is not uncommon on the
fruit of the strawberry.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED AND WHITE
CURRANT.

ATTACKING THE STEMS,

No. 202, — The Imported Currant-borer.

^Egeria tipuliformis Linn.

This insect has for many years been a serious impediment
in the way of successful currant-culture. It is an importa-
tion from Europe, where it has long proved troublesome; in
the larval state it burrows up and down the interior of the
stems, making them so hollow and weak that they frequently
break in the spring from the weight of foliage when swayed
by the action of the wind.

The parent of this destructive larva is a pretty, wasp-like
moth (see Fig. 349), which measures, when its wings are ex-
panded, about three-quarters of an inch across.
FIG. 349. The body ig of a bluish-black color, the abdo-
men being crossed by three narrow golden bands,
while on the thorax and at the base of the wings
are streaks of a similar color. The wings are
transparent, but veined and bordered with brown-
ish black with a coppery lustre ; the bordering is widest on
the front wings, which are also crossed by a band of the same
color beyond the middle. The moth appears about the
middle of June, when it may be found in the hot sunshine,
darting about with a rapid flight, sipping the nectar of flowers
or basking on the leaves, alternately expanding and closing
its fan-like tail, or searching for suitable places in which to
deposit its eggs.

The female is said to lay her eggs near the buds, where in
a few days they hatch into small larvae, which eat their way to
336

ATTACKING THE STEMS. 337

the centre of the stem, where they burrow up and down,

feeding on the pith all through the summer, enlarging the

channel as they grow older, until at

last they have formed a hollow several

inches in length. When full grown,

the larva (6, Fig. 350) is whitish and

fleshy, of a cylindrical form, with

brown head and legs, and a dark line

along the middle of its back. Before

changing to a chrysalis, a passage is

eaten nearly through the stem, leaving merely the thin outer

skin unbroken, thus preparing the way for the escape of the

moth.

Within this cavity the larva changes to a chrysalis (a, Fig.
350, where both larva and chrysalis are shown magnified).
Early in June the chrysalis wriggles itself forward, and, push-
ing against the thin skin covering its place of retreat, ruptures
it, and then partly thrusts itself out of the opening, when in
a short time the moth bursts its prison-house and escapes,
soon depositing eggs, from which larvae are hatched, which
carry on the work of destruction.

While this insect chiefly infests the red and white currant,
it attacks the black currant also, and occasionally the goose-
berry. Where the hollow stems do not break off, indications
of the presence of the borers may be found in the sickly look
of the leaves and the inferior size of the fruit.

Remedies. — In the autumn or spring all stems found hollow
should be cut out and burnt. During the period when the
moths are on the wing they may often be captured and de-
stroyed in the cool of the morning, at which time they are
comparatively sluggish.

. No. 203. — The American Currant-borer.
Psenocerus supernotatus (Say).

This borer is the larva of a beetle, and, although belong-
ing to an entirely different order from No. 202, is very

22

338 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT.

similar in its habits, but it may be distinguished by its
smaller size and by the absence of feet. It is a small, white,
cylindrical, footless larva, with a brown head and black jaws,
which also feeds upon the pith of the stems, rendering them
hollow and often killing them. Usually several, and sometimes
as many as eight or ten, of these borers are found within the
same cane. The change to a pupa takes place within the
stalk, and in the latter part of May or early in June the per-
fect insect escapes.

This is a small, narrow, cylindrical, brownish beetle. (See
Fig. 351, where it is represented magnified, the outline figure
at the side showing the natural size.) The
wing-cases are of a darker brown behind
the middle ; there is a whitish dot on the
anterior part of each elytron, and a large,
slightly oblique, and sometimes crescent-
shaped spot of the same color just behind
the middle ; the antennae are slender, and
nearly as long as the body. The beetle flies during the day,
but is much less active than No. 202, and hence more easily
captured. The cutting out and burning of the infested stalks
will be found of great advantage in this instance also. Thii-
borer is sometimes attacked by parasites.

No. 204. — The Currant Bark-louse.

Lecanium ribis Fitch.

Early in the spring there are sometimes seen on the
bark of currant-stems brownish-yellow, hemispherical scales,
about one-third of an inch in diameter, under which will be
found a quantity of minute eggs : as the season advances,
these hatch, when the young lice distribute themselves in all
directions over the twigs, puncturing them with their beaks,
and absorbing the sap.

Another species, called the Circular Bark-louse, Aspidiotus
drcularis Fitch, is mentioned by Dr. Fitch as occurring on

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

339

currant-stalks in the form of minute, circular, flat scales,
about one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter.

These lice may be removed by scraping the stems or
applying to them a strong alkaline wash.

FIG. 352.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

No. 205. — The Imported Currant-worm.
Nematits ventricosus Klug.

This is the larva of one of the saw-flies, and is perhaps
the most troublesome of all the insects the currant-grower
has to encounter. It is a
European insect, first noticed
in America in 1858, and
within the comparatively
brief period which has since
elapsed it has spread over
a large portion of the conti-
nent. This insect usually
passes the winter in the
pupal condition, but occa-
sionally in the larval state.

Very early in the spring
the flies appear. The two
sexes differ materially in ap-
pearance. In Fig. 352, a
represents the male, and b the
female, both enlarged, the lines at the side indicating their
natural size. The male approaches the common house-fly
in size, but the body is scarcely so robust, and the wings, four
in number, are more glossy. Its body is black, with a few
dull-yellow spots above, the under side of the abdomen being
yellowish and the legs bright yellow ; the veins of the wings

FIG. 353.

340 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT.

are black or brownish black. The female is larger than the
male, and differs in the color of its body, being mostly yellow
instead of black. These flies are active only during the
warmer parts of the day ; at other times they are quiet or
almost torpid.

Within a few days the female deposits her eggs on the
under side of the leaves on the larger veins in rows, as
shown in Fig. 353. When first laid, they are about one-
thirtieth of an inch long,
but they either absorb
moisture from the leaf,
or else the expansion is
due to the development
of the enclosed larva, and
within four or five days
they increase in length
to about one-twentieth
of an inch, are rounded
at each end, whitish and
glossy. In about ten
days the young larva
hatches, and it is then
about one-twelfth of an
inch long, of a whitish color, with a large head, having a
dark, round spot on each side of it. At first they eat small
holes in the leaves, as shown at 2 and 3 in the figure, feeding
in companies of from twenty to forty on a leaf, so that soon
the leaf is completely destroyed, all its soft parts being con-
sumed, and nothing but the skeleton frame-work remaining.
Shortly they increase in size, and, parting company, spread in
all directions over the bush, first changing to a green color,
then to green with many black dots, and finally to plain green
again, tinged with yellow at the extremities, just before the
change to the pupa takes place. When from half to two-
thirds grown, they are extremely voracious, and will, when
numerous, often strip an entire bush of its leaves in the course

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 341

of two or three days. They are represented at this stage of their
growth in Fig. 354. When mature, they are about three-quar-
ters of an inch long, at

, . , ,. fV FIG. 354.

which time they seek for

a suitable spot in which
to form their cocoons.

These are sometimes
made among dry leaves
or rubbish on the sur-
face of the ground,
sometimes under the
ground, and occasion-
ally attached to the
stems or leaves of the
bush on which they
have fed. The loca-
tion once fixed on, the
larva begins to contract in length, and spins a cocoon over
itself, which, when finished, is nearly oval, smooth, of a
brownish color and papery texture, within which it changes
to a small, delicate, whitish-green pupa, very transparent,
with the encased limbs and wings of the future fly distinctly
visible, from which the fly escapes late in June or early in
July. Soon again eggs are deposited, from which another
brood of larvse are sent forth on their destructive mission,
completing their growth before summer closes, and in most
instances changing to pupae before winter.

The flies composing the separate broods do not all appear
at once ; some are weeks later than others, keeping up a reg-
ular succession, and making continual watchfulness necessary
in order to save the foliage from destruction. They feed on
the cultivated gooseberry as readily as on the currant, and
also on the wild varieties of gooseberry.

Remedies. — A minute parasitic fly has been found attacking
the eggs by Prof. Lintner, of Albany, N.Y., closely resem-
bling, if not identical with, the insect represented in Fig. 181.

342 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT.

The presence of this parasite may be detected by the dis-
coloration of the eggs, which become brown. A species of
Ichneumon, Hemiteles nemativorus Walsh, is parasitic on the
larva, while the placid soldier-bug, Podisus placidus Uh-
ler, also destroys the larva. This friendly insect, which is
shown magnified at a in Fig. 355, and of
FIG. 355. the natural sjze jn the outline below, has the

head, thorax, and legs black, and the ab-
domen red, with an elongated black spot
in the centre, crossed by a whitish line.
It approaches a larva, thrusts its probos-
cis into its victim, and sucks it until it
shrivels and dies. An average-sized bug
will consume several of these larvae every
day, and, where they are plentiful, must
prove a material check to the increase of
the saw-fly. The aphis lions, the larvae
of the gauze-wing flies, Chrysopa (see Fig. 132, under JSTo.
57), also devour them.

Notwithstanding these various aids among insects, it is
usually necessary to employ other remedial measures, and
nothing is more efficient than powdered hellebore mixed with
water, in the proportion of an ounce to a pailful, and sprinkled
freely on the bushes. If thoroughly applied, most of the
larvae will be found dead or dying within an hour afterwards.
If hellebore is not at hand, hot water may be used, a little
hotter than one can bear the hand in, showered plentifully on
the bushes. This will not injure the foliage, but will dislodge
most of the larvae, and when on the ground they can be trod-
den on and destroyed. Hand-picking may also be resorted to,
especially while the insects are young and feeding in groups
of twenty to forty on a leaf. An experienced eye will soon
detect them, usually on the lower leaves of the bushes, the
little holes in the leaves aiding in their discovery.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 345

No. 206. — The Native Currant Saw-fly.

Pristiphora grossularice Walsh.

Although this is not a very common insect, it has been
reported as destructive from several localities. In its per-
fect state it is also a saw-fly, resembling the imported species
(see 6, Fig. 356), yet there are differences which the entomolo-
gist can readily de-
tect, that place this
insect in a different
genus; such as the
arrangement of the
veins on the wings,
the close resemblance
of the sexes, and the
marked difference in
the relative size of
the two insects, the native species being but two-thirds the
size of the imported one in all its various stages.

The larva (a, Fig. 356) of this species is always green, and
is never ornamented with black spots, which are so numerous
on the imported insect as it approaches maturity; neither do
the young larvae gather in large numbers on one particular
leaf, but are from the first scattered over the bushes. There
are two broods in the year ; the first one may be looked for
about the end of June, and the second during the latter part
of August.

The cocoons, which are similar in appearance to those of
the imported saw-fly, but smaller, are usually constructed
among the twigs and leaves of the bush on which the larvae
have fed.

The winged insects, of which the female is represented in
the figure, have the body black, with yellow markings ; the
second brood are said to come out of the pupa the same
season, which, if correct, involves the conclusion that the

344 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT.

eggs are laid on the stems of the currant-bushes late in the
autumn.

Where these insects prove troublesome, they may be subdued
with the same remedies as are recommended for No. 205.

No. 207.— The Ohio Currant Saw-fly.

Pristiphora rufipes St. Fargeau.

This insect is referred to in Dr. Fitch's twelfth " Annual
Report" as entomologist for New York State, as occurring in
the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1858. The larvae are of
a pea-green color, with black heads ; they live together in
clusters, and eat the leaves, beginning at the edge and de-
vouring all except the coarser veins. As they move they
spin a very light web from leaf to leaf, and they are said to
let themselves down to the ground, when disturbed, by a fine
thread of silk. When mature, they are three-eighths of an
inch long, the segments of the body are slightly wrinkled,
and along each side is a row of protuberances or warts of the
same color as the body. When ready for their next change,
they enter the ground and form small oval cocoons, within
which they change to pupae.

The fly is black, with transparent wings and light-brown
legs.

No. 208. — The Currant Span-worm.
Eufitchia ribearia (Fitch).

In many districts this is a very common insect ; it may be
easily distinguished from the saw-fly caterpillars by its pecu-
liar mode of progression, arching its body into a loop at
every step ; in Fig. 357 the larva is represented in various
attitudes. When disturbed, it lowers itself suddenly by a
silken thread from the bush on which it has been feeding,
and remains suspended in mid-air until the threatened dan-
ger is past, when it regains its former position. It is a native
insect, and is frequently found on the wild currant and goose-
berry bushes in the woods. When full grown, the caterpillar

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

345

measures an inch or more in length, is of a whitish color, with
a wide yellow stripe down the back, another of the same char-
acter along each side,
and a number of black
spots of different sizes
upon each segment.
The under side is
white with a slight
tinge of pink, is also
spotted with black,
and has a wide yellow
stripe down the mid-
dle. There is but one
brood of this insect in
a year ; hence there is
no probability of its
ever becoming so for-
midable a pest as the
imported saw-fly.

The eggs, which are
very pretty (see Fig.
358, which shows one much magnified at a, and others of
the natural size at 6), are attached to the stems and twigs in
the autumn, and remain in this condition
until spring, when they hatch about the
time the bushes are in full leaf, the larvae
attaining their full growth within three
or four weeks. When ready for their
next change, they descend to the ground,
and, having penetrated a short distance
under the surface, change to dark-brown
chrysalids about half an inch long (see 3,
Fig. 357), in which condition they remain two or three weeks,
or more, when the perfect insects are liberated.

The moth (Fig. 359) is of a pale-yellowish color, with
several dusky spots, which vary in size and form, being more

346 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT.

prominent in some specimens than in others, forming some-
times one or two irregular bands across the wings. When
expanded, the wings measure about
an inch and a quarter across. Within
a brief period the female deposits her
eggs for the next year's brood on the
twigs and branches, where they en-
dure the heat of the remaining por-
tion of the summer without hatching,
and the piercing cold of the succeed-
ing winter without injury, awaiting the arrival of their proper
time for development the following spring.

Remedies. — Powdered hellebore, which is so speedy and
certain a remedy in the case of the saw-flies, does not act with
the same promptitude in this instance. This larva seems to
be much hardier and more difficult to destroy with poisonous
substances ; hence, if hellebore is used, the liquid should be
made twice or three times the usual strength. Paris-green is
more certain and effectual where there is no objection to its
use. Hand-picking is more practicable with this larva, on
account of its habit of letting itself down by a strong silken
thread and remaining suspended ; and if after striking the
bush a forked stick is passed all around under it, all the
hanging threads may be caught, and the larvae drawn out in
groups and crushed with the foot. This insect is quite de-
structive to the black currant, and also to the gooseberry.

No. 209.— The Spinous Currant Caterpillar,

Grapta progne (Cram.).

The parent of this caterpillar is a very handsome but-
terfly, which is shown in Fig. 360 ; the pair of wings
which are attached to the body show the upper surface, the
detached pair the under surface. Above, the fore wings are
of a dull reddish orange, widely bordered on the outer edge
with dark brown, while within there are many spots of brown
and black. The hind wings are dark brown, tinged with red

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 347

behind, shading into reddish towards the front. The under
side of both wings is dark brown, traversed by many grayish
lines and streaks, and on
the anterior pair there is
a very wide band towards
the outer edge of a paler
color. The wings are very
irregular in outline, with
many notches and promi-
nences; when expanded,
they measure an inch and
a half or more across.
This butterfly passes the winter in the perfect or winged state,
hiding in some sheltered nook, where it remains torpid during
the winter, awakening to life again with the genial warmth
of spring. It may be found very early in the season skip-
ping about with a peculiar jerky flight around the openings
in woods, occasionally resting on the sunny side of a tree, or
stopping to sip the sweet juice exuding from the stump of
a freshly-cut tree.

The eggs are laid on currant and gooseberry bushes, both
wild and cultivated, and when hatched the larvae do not feed
in groups, but singly on the leaves. When full grown, they
are about an inch and a quarter long, and vary in color from
a light brown to a dull greenish yellow, with narrow black
and yellow lines. The body is thickly covered with long
branching spines, which also vary in hue, some being yellow,
others orange, and some dark brown, many of their branches
being tipped with black.

When full grown, the larva seeks some secluded spot in
which to change to a chrysalis; sometimes the under side
of a leaf or twig is selected, and there, after spinning on the
surface a small web of silk, its hind legs are hooked in the
fibres, and it remains suspended head downwards. The body
soon contracts in length, and in two or three days the cater-
pillar skin is shed, and a rugged, angular-looking chrysalis

348 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT.

appears, of a brown color prettily ornamented with silvery
spots. After remaining in the pupal condition from one to
two weeks, the time varying with the heat of the weather,
the butterfly appears.

There are two broods during the season, the Iarva3 of the
first one appearing late in June, those of the second maturing
early enough in the autumn to admit of the escape of the
butterfly before severe frost occurs. This insect rarely appears
in sufficient numbers to prove troublesome ; should it become
numerous, hellebore and water would no doubt prove an
efficient remedy, or the larvae might be subdued by hand-
picking.

No. 210.— The Currant Angerona.
Angerona crocataria (Fabr.).

The moth from which this caterpillar is produced is usually
quite common, but the larva, although often found feeding on
currant leaves, feeds upon the gooseberry, strawberry, and other
plants besides, and hence is seldom sufficiently abundant on

currant-bushes to attract much
attention. The accompanying
figure, 361, represents the larva
a little more than two-thirds
grown, feeding on a gooseberry
leaf. At this period it does
not differ materially from the
full-grown larva except in size.

When mature, it is about an inch and a half long or more,
tapering towards the front. It is of a yellowish-green color,
with an indistinct whitish line down the back, and a rather
broad whitish streak on each side below the spiracles, bordered
above with faint purple, which increases in depth of color on
the hinder segments and becomes a purple stripe on the last
one. The spiracles are white, edged with purple; each seg-
ment of the body has its anterior portion swollen and yellow-
ish, and on most of the segments there are a few minute black
dots.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 349

When the larva has attained its full size, it draws together
the edges of a leaf half-way or more, and, forming a slight
net- work of silken threads, changes to a chrysalis of a dark
olive-green color, with a pale-greenish abdomen, a row of
black dots down the back, and another on each side, from
which in about ten days or a fortnight the perfect insect
appears.

The moth (Fig. 362) is a native of America; it flies by
day, and may often be seen on the wing about openings in
the borders of the forest. Its
wings are yellow, varying in
shade from deep to pale, with
dusky spots and dots sometimes
few in number, while in other
specimens they are very numer-
ous, the larger ones being so ar-
ranged as to form an imperfect
band across the wings. The

under side is usually a little deeper in color than the upper,
and, when the wings are expanded, they measure nearly an
inch and a half across.

In its native haunts the larva probably feeds on the wild
currant, gooseberry, and strawberry. Although a common
insect, this is rarely complained of as injurious; should it
become so, the remedies recommended for No. 181 would no
doubt be found efficient.

No. 211. — The Currant Amphidasys.

AmpJiidasys cognataria Guenee.

The larva of this insect is also a measuring- worm or looper,
and, although seldom found in sufficient numbers to prove
destructive, instances are on record where currant-bushes have
been almost stripped of their leaves by them. The larva,
when full grown, is about two inches long, and may, when
not feeding, usually be found clinging to one of the leaves
or branches by its hind legs, with its body extended straight

350 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT.

out, so that it might easily be mistaken for the stem of a leaf.
Its body is pale green, with a darker, interrupted green line
down the back, indistinct, broken transverse lines of the same
color, and a yellow cross line on the posterior end of each
segment. There are two small tubercles on the segment im-
mediately behind the head, and the body is dotted with very
small whitish tubercles and a few short black hairs. In
some specimens there is a small brown tubercle on each side
behind the middle, and a purplish-brown ridge on the last
segment.

When mature, the larva descends to the ground and buries
itself in the earth, where it eventually changes to a chrysalis

about seven-tenths of an
FIG. 363. inch long and of a dark-

brown color, from which
the moth escapes the fol-
lowing spring.

This is a handsome
moth (see Fig. 363), which,
when its wings are spread,
will measure two inches or more across. Both fore and hind
wings are gray, dotted and streaked with black, and with a
wavy light band crossing the wings beyond the middle. The
under surface is paler than the upper ; the body gray, dotted
with black.

This insect is a very general feeder, and on that account is
not likely ever to prove very destructive to the currant ; it
has been found feeding also on the plum, Missouri currant,
red spirea, and maple.

No. 212,— The Four-striped Plant-bug.

Poecilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.).

This is a bright-yellow bug, about three-tenths of an inch
long, with black antennae and two black stripes on each of
its wing-covers, the outer one on each side terminating in a
black dot. In Fig. 364 this insect is represented magnified,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 351

with an outline the natural size. It punctures the young
leaves of the currant-bushes on both their upper and under
surfaces, causing small brown spots, not much larger than
pin-heads, but these are sometimes so numerous and closely
placed that the leaves become completely withered. The in-
sects are very active, and when approached
drop quickly to the ground or fly away. FlG- 364-
They begin to feed in May or June, and
continue for a month or two, often dis-
figuring the bushes very much and retard-
ing their growth. When very trouble-
some, they may be captured by visiting
the bushes early in the morning, and, while torpid with cold,
brushing them off into a pail partly filled with water on which
a little coal-oil has been poured. They do not confine their
attacks to currant-bushes, but often injure the dahlia by punc-
turing the flower-stems and causing them to wither; they
also affect the weigelia, the deutzia, and other shrubs.

No. 213. — The Currant Plant-louse.

Aphis ribis Linn.

Towards midsummer there often appear on the leaves of
red-currant bushes blister-like elevations of a brownish-red
color, while on their under sides are corresponding hollows,
in which will be found a multitude of lice, some of a pale-
yellowish color, without wings, others with transparent wings,
and bodies marked with black.

In the position these insects occupy they are very difficult
to destroy, except by hand-picking the leaves and burning
them. A few lady-birds, such as are referred to under No.
57, introduced among them, will speedily lessen their num-
bers. These lice rarely inflict any serious injury, but for a
time give the bushes an unsightly and diseased appearance:
they are an importation from Europe, where they have long
been injurious to the currant.

352 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT.

ATTACKING THE FEUIT,
No. 214,— The Currant Fruit-worm.

Eupiihecia interrupto-fasciata Packard.

This insect is readily distinguished from the gooseberry
fruit-worm by the number of its legs, which are only ten,
while the gooseberry fruit- worm has sixteen. The currant
fruit-worm is a span-worm ; that is, it arches its body, when
in motion, with every step. When full grown, it is about
five-eighths of an inch long, and varies in its color and mark-
ings. Its body is pale greenish-ash, or yellowish green, with
a dark-colored line down the back, and another on each side,
but occasionally this latter is wanting. Sometimes there is
a row of dark-colored, lozenge-shaped spots along the dorsal
line, and in some instances there is a second lateral line lower
down the side. On the hinder part of the terminal segment
there are two short greenish spines. The head varies in color
from yellowish or greenish to light brown ; the under side of
the body is white or pale greenish, with a yellow line in the
middle.

When full grown, it draws several leaves or other suitable
protecting material together, fastens them with silken threads,
and within the enclosure changes to a chrysalis, from which
eventually the moth escapes.

The fore wings of the moth are of a bluish-gray color,
with a bluish dot near the centre of each, and a dark line
crossing them immediately beyond the dot.

No. 215, — The Currant Fly.

Epochra Canadensis (Loew).

This insect is occasionally found attacking the fruit of
both the red and the white currant. In its perfect state it is
a small two-winged fly, which lays its eggs on the currants
while they are small; the larva enters them while still green,
and feeds on their contents, leaving a round, black scar at

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 353

the point of entry. The affected currants ripen prematurely,
and shortly decay and drop to the ground, when, on opening
them, there will be found in each a small white grub, about
one-third of an inch long, which, when mature, leaves the cur-
rant and probably passes the pupa state under the ground.

SUPPLEMENTABY LIST OF INJUBIOUS INSECTS WHICH
AFPEOT THE BED AND WHITE OUBBANT.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

The oyster-shell bark-louse, No. 16, so common on the
apple, is sometimes said to be destructive to currant-bushes.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The fall web- worm, No. 27 ; the Cecropia emperor-moth,
No. 28 ; the oblique-banded leaf-roller, No. 35 ; the saddle-
back caterpillar, No. 49 ; the lo emperor-moth, No. 112 ; the
yellow woolly-bear, No. 146 ; and the currant Endropia,
No. 216, are all found feeding on currant leaves.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

The gooseberry fruit- worm, No. 219.

23

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK CURRANT.

ATTACKING- THE LEAVES,

No. 216. — The Currant Endropia.

Endropia armataria (Herr. Sch.).

About the middle of July there will sometimes be found
on black-currant bushes small, nearly black, geometric cat-
erpillars, dotted and marked with pale yellow, and with a
series of crescent-shaped whitish spots down the back, and a
row of raised dark-brown dots along each side, those on the
hinder segments tipped with yellow, while on the last segment
there is a fleshy hump or prominence composed of two round
tubercles. When full grown, this larva is about three-quarters
of an inch long, when it constructs a slight web, interweaving
portions of dead leaves or other rubbish, and within this
changes to a brown chrysalis, in which condition it remains
throughout the winter, producing the perfect insect the fol-
lowing June.

The moth is represented in Fig. 365, about the natural
size. Its wings are yellowish brown shaded with purple, es-
pecially on the hind wings, and with
FIG. 8G5. streaks and dots of a deeper shade of

brown. The under surface is deep
yellow dotted and streaked with red-
dish brown.

This insect is by no means common,
and hence is never likely to prove

generally injurious to currant-bushes. Although it prefers
the black currant, it feeds also on the leaves of the red
currant.
354

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

355

FIG. 366.

No, 217, — The Red Spider.

Tetranychus telarius (Linn.).

This is a very small mite, which often proves a serious pest
to gardeners, especially to those who cultivate plants under
glass. Occasionally, in dry weather, it attacks the leaves of
the black currant and destroys them. Fig. 366 represents
the male of this species, very much
enlarged, the mite itself being
scarcely visible to the unaided eye ;
the small dot within the circle at
the side of the figure indicates the
natural size of the insect. It spins
a web on the under side of the
leaves, of threads so slender as
to be scarcely visible even with
an ordinary magnifying-glass until
woven into a net-work. Under
this shelter will be found a colony,
consisting of mature individuals of
both sexes and young mites of all
ages. By the aid of their jaws,
which are not unlike the beak of a bird, they tear away the
surface of the leaf, and plunge their beaks into the wound
and suck the juice.

The egg of this mite is nearly round, and colorless; the
larva is a minute, transparent object, not unlike its parent,
but it has only six legs, and creeps along slowly. The mature
mites have eight legs, and vary much in color, some being
greenish" marked with brown specks, others rust-colored or
reddish, and many of them brick-red.

The leaves attacked soon indicate the presence of this in-
vader by their sickly hue ; the sap being sucked by a mul-
titude of tiny mouths, they soon assume a yellowish cast,
with patches of a grayish or lighter shade ; and if the mite is
allowed to pursue its course unchecked, the foliage becomes

356 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE SLACK CURRANT.

much injured, and sometimes is destroyed. It is said to pass
the winter under stones, concealing itself there when the leaves
on which it has fed have fallen.

Remedies.- — Various preparations of sulphur and soap have
been recommended, used separately or together, mixed with
water, and applied to the bushes with a syringe. Plain soap
and water, or water alone, freely applied, is regarded by some
as efficient, as the insect is known to thrive best in a dry at-
mosphere. In applying any liquid, it is necessary to wet the
under side of the leaves in order to make the application
effectual, since if applied to the upper surface only the mites
would remain uninjured beneath.

SUPPLEMENTAKY LIST OF INJUKIOUS INSECTS WHICH
APFEOT THE BLACK CUKKANT,

ATTACKING THE STEMS.

The imported currant-borer, No. 202.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The fall web-worm No. 27 ; and the .currant span-worm,
No. 208.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEBERRY.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

No. 218. — The Mealy Flata.

PcBciloptera pruinosa Say.

This is a small, four-winged bug, which attacks the suc-
culent shoots of the gooseberry, and sometimes the leaves,
sucking the juices. It is wedge-shaped, about one-third of an
inch loug, almost twice as high as wide, of a dusky bluish
color, covered with white, meal-like powder, its
wing-covers showing some faint white dots, and *
near their base three or four dusky ones.

The insect is shown in Fig. 367 ; it is not con-
fined to the gooseberry, but is found on the grape, also on the
privet and on various other shrubs.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

No. 219. — The Gooseberry Fruit^worm.

Dakruma convolutella (Hiibn.).

This injurious insect spends the winter in the chrysalis state,
enclosed in a snug, brown, papery-looking cocoon, shown at a
in Fig. 368, which is hidden among leaves or other rubbish on
the surface of the ground. During the
latter part of April the moth appears Fl®' 8^

(See 6, Fig. 368.) Its wings, when
expanded, measure nearly an inch
across. The fore wings are pale gray,
with dark streaks and bands ; there rt
is a transverse diffuse band a short distance from the base of
the wing, enclosing an irregular whitish line, which terminates

357

358 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEBERRY.

before it reaches the front edge of the wing. Near the outer
edge is another transverse band, enclosing a whitish zigzag
line ; there is also a row of blackish dots within the outer
margin, while the veins and their branches are white ; the
hind wings are paler and dusky. The head, antennae, body,
and legs are all pale gray, whiter below than above.

The insect deposits its eggs probably on the young gooseber-
ries shortly after they are set. The egg soon hatches, when the
young larva burrows into the berry, where it remains safely
lodged; as it increases in size it fastens several of the berries
together with silken threads, sometimes biting the stems oif
some of the berries, so that they may be more readily
brought into the desired position, and within this retreat
revels on their substance at its leisure. The larva makes but
one hole in a berry, and that barely large enough to admit
its body. When disturbed, it displays great activity, and
works its way backwards out of the fruit very quickly, and
drops part way or entirely to the ground by a silken thread,
by means of which, when danger is past, it is enabled to
recover its former position. It is shown, suspended and on
the fruit, in Fig. 369. When fully grown, this intruder is

about three-quarters of an
inch long, the body thick-
est in the middle, tapering
slightly towards each ex-
tremity. It is of a pale-
green color, sometimes
with a yellowish or red-
dish tint, glossy and
semi-transparent. The
head is small, pale brown,
and horny-looking, and on the upper surface of the next
segment is a patch of the same color and appearance.

When ready for its next change, which is usually before
the fruit ripens, it lowers itself to the ground, and there
spins its little silken cocoon among leaves or rubbish, as

FIG. 369.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 359

already stated, and remains as a small, brown chrysalis within
the cocoon until the following spring. There is only one
brood of these insects during the year.

The infested fruit soon indicates the presence of the larva
by becoming discolored, and, if sufficiently grown, it ripens
prematurely, otherwise it becomes of a dull whitish color,
and soon withers. This pest also attacks the wild gooseberry,
as well as the currant, both the white and the red variety. In
this latter case, since the fruit is not large enough to contain
the body of the larva, it draws the clusters together, and,
fastening the berries to each other with silken threads, lives
within the enclosure.

Remedies. — The most satisfactory method of destroying
this insect is by hand-picking, and its habits are such that
its presence is easily detected. Any berries found color-
ing prematurely should be carefully examined, and, as the
larvaB slip out and fall to the ground very quickly, watch-
fulness is needed to prevent their escape in this manner.
Where neglected, they often increase to an alarming extent,
and in some instances half the crop or more has been
destroyed by them. It is recommended to let chickens
run among the bushes after the fruit has been gathered,
so that they may devour the chrysalids; any leaves or
rubbish under the bushes should also be gathered and burnt,
and a little lime or ashes scattered over the ground in their
place. Dusting the bushes freely with air-slaked lime early
in the spring, and renewing it if washed off by rain, will also
in great measure deter the moths from depositing their eggs on
the young fruit then forming.

No. 220.— The Gooseberry Midge.

Cecidomyia gros&ularice Fitch.

This second enemy to the fruit is a very small, two-winged
fly, which punctures the young gooseberry and deposits its
tiny eggs therein. These eggs develop into minute, bright-
yellow larvse of an oblong-oval form, much resembling the

360 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEBERRY.

midge which is found in the ear of wheat. The larva
changes to a pupa within the fruit, and the perfect fly escapes
during the latter part of July.

The fly is scarcely one-tenth of an inch long, measuring
from the head to the tips of its closed wings ; it is of a pale-
yellow color, with black eyes, blackish antennae, and trans-
parent wings tinged with dusky brown.

It is probable that those flies which come out during the
latter part of July deposit eggs for a second brood in some
later fruit or other suitable substance, and that the larvae
mature, change to pupae, and pass the winter under ground^
producing flies the following spring.

Remedies. — All fruit found prematurely decaying or as-
Burning an appearance of ripeness before the time of ripening
should be gathered and burnt, with all fallen gooseberries.
By careful attention to this matter both of the insects which
injure the fruit may be kept in subjection.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WEIGH
APFEOT THE GOOSEBERRY,

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

The imported cur rant- worm, No. 205 ; the currant span-
worm, No. 208 ; and the spinous currant caterpillar, No.
209, all feed on the leaves of the gooseberry as freely as they
do on those of the currant.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON.

ATTACKING THE EOOTS,

No. 221. — The Squash-vine Borer.

^Egeria cucurbitce Harris.

This borer is the larva of a moth belonging to the group
known as Egerians, or Clear-wings, which have the greater
portion of their wings transparent, and hence closely re-
semble wasps. They are active in the daytime, and enjoy
the warmth of the summer's sun.

The moth, which is represented in Fig. FlG- 3?0.

370, is a very pretty object. Its body is
about half an inch long, orange-colored or
tawny, with four or five black spots down
the back ; the fore wings are olive-brown
and opaque, the hind wings transparent,
except the margins and veins ; the hind
legs are densely fringed with long reddish and black hairs,
and the wings, when expanded, measure an inch or more across.

This active enemy deposits her eggs on the stems of the
young vines near the roots about the time they begin to run,
or soon after, where the young larva, when hatched, bores
into the stem and devours the interior. The full-grown larva
(Fig. 371) is about an inch long, tapering
towards each extremity, soft, of a whitish FIG. 371.
color, and semi-transparent, with a dark
line down the back, caused by the internal
organs showing through the transparent
skin; there are a few short hairs on each segment, arising
singly from small, hard, warty points. The head is small,
of a brown color, and there is a patch of a similar shade
on the next segment.

361

362 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON.

When full grown, the larva leaves the plant and seeks
shelter under the earth, where it forms an oblong-oval cocoon
(Fig. 372) of particles of earth fastened
together with gummy silk, within which it
transforms to a shining, brown chrysalis,
which remains unchanged until the follow-
ing season. When the perfect insect is about
to escape, the chrysalis wriggles itself part way out of the
cocoon, so that the moth when freed from the chrysalis shell
may find no further obstacle to its exit.

The presence of this borer in the vines is soon manifested
by a sickly appearance and a drooping of the foliage, which,
if the cause is not removed, soon results in withering and
death. Whenever a vine becomes unhealthy, the stems should
be examined, and cut into if necessary, to remove the lurk-
ing enemy. The moths may be prevented from depositing
their eggs by lightly banking up the young vines with earth,
as they grow, as far as the first blossoms. When once the
larva is within the stem, no other remedy than the knife is
of much service.

ATTACKING THE STEMS,

No. 222. — The Striped Squash Beetle.

Diabrotica vittata (Fabr.).

This is a troublesome enemy to the melon-grower, and is
destructive not only to the melon, but also to the squash and
cucumber, boring in the caterpillar state into the
l3! lower part of the stem, and sometimes down into
the root, while the perfect beetle feeds on the tender
leaves of the young plants, and injures the buds and
young shoots of later growth.

The parent beetle, shown in Fig. 373, magnified,
makes its appearance very early in the season, as soon as the
young seed-leaves of the vines are above ground, and some-

ATTACKING THE STEMS.

363

FIG. 374.

I

times even penetrates the earth a little in search of the sprout-
ing seeds. The female lays her eggs probably on the stem of the
vine, just above or below the surface, and from the egg is soon
hatched a young larva, which eats its way to the centre of the
stem and consumes its substance. When full grown, it is about
four-tenths of an inch long, slender, but little thicker than
an ordinary pin, of a whitish color,
with a small, brownish head, and
the end of the body suddenly trun-
cated. Fig. 374 shows this larva
highly magnified; a a back view,
b a side view. The first brood of
the larvae mature in June and July,
or in about a month after the eggs
are laid ; they then leave the vines
and penetrate into the earth, where
each one forms a little cavity for
itself, in which it changes to a
pupa. Both back and front views
of the pupa are given in Fig. 375,
magnified. It is about one-fifth of

an inch long, of a whitish color, with two spines at the ex-
tremity of the abdomen. After remaining in the pupal state
about a fortnight, the perfect insect escapes, and works its
way out of the cell and up to the surface of the ground.

The beetle is about a quarter of an inch long, of a bright-
yellow color, with a black head, and broad stripes of black on
the wing-covers, which are also punctated
with rows of dots. The feet and the under
side of the abdomen are black. There
are two or three broods during the year,
and the larva has been found in the stems
of the melon-vines as late as October.
The winter is passed in the ground in the pupal condition.
The beetles may often be found in considerable numbers in
the autumn in the flowers of melon, squash, and pumpkin

FIG. 37-'.

364 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON.

vines, feeding on the pollen and other portions of the flower.
They have also been known to attack the blossoms of the pear
and cherry.

Remedies. — The best remedy is to prevent the access of the
beetle by covering the young vines with small boxes, open at
the bottom and covered at the top with muslin. Sprinkling
the vines with a mixture of Paris-green and flour, in the
proportion of one part of the former to twenty parts of the
latter, air slaked lime, plaster of Paris, soot, and ashes, have
all been recommended and used with more or less advantage.
The larvae should also be searched for and destroyed; the
time to look for the first brood is when the vine is beginning
to run. If the stem close to the root, and the root itself, are
found smooth and white, the plant is uninjured ; but if they
are roughened or corrugated on the surface, and of a rusty
color, the presence of the insect is indicated.

A parasitic two-winged fly, a species of Tachina, attacks
the beetles, depositing its eggs on their bodies, from which
hatch small fleshy larvae, which eat their way into the abdo-
men of their victims and eventually destroy them.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,
No, 223.— The Cucumber Flea-beetle.

Crepidodera cucumeris (Harris).

Although a very small insect, this is not to be despised.
It is a beetle, about one-sixteenth of an inch long, with a
black body, finely punctated, and clothed with a whitish
pubescence; there is a deep transverse furrow across the
hinder part of the thorax; the antennae are of a dull-yellow
color, and the legs of the same hue, except the hinder pair of
thighs, which are brown; these latter are very thick and
strong, and well adapted for leaping. Fig. 376 represents
this insect much magnified ; the short line at the side indi-

FIG. -'-7

i

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 365

cates its natural size. The beetles pass the winter concealed

under stones or rubbish, appear very early in the season, and

attack the young melon and cucumber plants as

soon as they are up. They eat small round patches FIG. .;;

on the upper surface of the leaves, consuming their

substance, but not always eating entirely through.

They hop very actively from leaf to leaf, and are

very destructive to young plants ; while partial to

melon and cucumber vines, they are also fond of the potat >,

raspberry, turnip, cabbage, and other plants.

Their larvae are minute and slender, tapering towards each
end, and are said to live within the substance of the leaves
attacked ; hence the plants suffer from the depredations of the
Iarva3 as well as from the injuries caused by the beetles. They
attain maturity, pass through the pupa state, and change to
beetles, within a few weeks, and there is a constant succes-
sion of the insect in its various stages throughout the greater
part of the summer.

Remedies. — Air-slaked lime, powdered hellebore, or Paris-
green mixed with flour, in the proportion of one part of the
poison to twenty or thirty parts of flour, dusted on the foliage,
will speedily destroy them.

No. 224. — The Melon Caterpillar.

Eudioptis hyalinata (Linn.).

This is an insect which is very widely distributed, being
found throughout the greater part of North and South
America. In some parts of the Southern States it is partic-
ularly destructive. The larvaB, which are shown feeding on
the leaves in Fig. 377, are, when mature, about an inch and
a quarter long, translucent, and of a yellowish-green color,
with a few scattered hairs over their bodies. They are not
content to feed on the leaves only, but eat into melons, cu-
cumbers, and pumpkins at all stages of growth, sometimes
excavating shallow cavities, and at other times penetrating
directly into the substance of the fruit. They spin their

366

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON.

cocoons in a fold of the leaf of the melon, as shown in the
figure, or on any other plant growing near by, and change
to slender, brown chrysalids, about three-quarters of an inch
long, from which, in a short time, the perfect insect is pro-
duced.

The moth, which is also represented in Fig. 377, is very
beautiful. The wings are of a pearly-white color, with a

FIG. 377.

peculiar iridescence, bordered with black, and they measure,
when expanded, about an inch across. The body and legs
are of the same glistening white, and the abdomen terminates
in a movable brush-like tuft of a pretty buff color, tipped
with white and black. The number of broods of this insect
during the year has not been definitely ascertained ; the winter
is passed in the chrysalis state.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 3(57

Remedies. — If the first brood of young worms occur before
the melons have attained half their growth, powdered helle-
bore mixed with water, in the proportion of an ounce to two
gallons of water, and sprinkled on the vines, may be safely
used to destroy them. Strong tobacco-water would also prob-
ably have the same effect, while on small patches they could
doubtless be killed by hand. Two species of parasitic insects
are known to prey on them : one is a species of Tachina fly,
the other an Ichneumon fly, Cryptus conquisitor. (See Fig.
42, where it is referred to as a destroyer of the apple-tree
tent-caterpillar, No. 20.)

ATTACKING THE PEUIT.

No. 225.— The Neat Cucumher Moth.

Eudioptis nitidalis (Cram.).

Another common name for this insect is the "pickle-
worm," which has been given to it in consequence of its larva
being often found in

pickled cucumbers. FlG- 378-

This larva is about
an inch long, trans-
lucent, and of a yel-
lowish-white color
tinged with green ;
on each segment
there are a few slightly-elevated shining dots, from each of
which issues a fine hair; the head is yellow, margined with
brown. Fig. 378 represents this larva, with a young cucum-
ber into the side of which it has bored. These caterpillars
are very destructive in some of the Western States. They
begin to appear about the middle of July, and continue their
destructive work until late in September; they attack the
fruit, boring cylindrical holes in it, and feed on the flesh.

368 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON.

Sometimes three or four larvae will be found in the same
fruit, while the presence of a single specimen will often cause
the cucumber to rot.

When mature, the larva leaves the fruit, and, drawing to-
gether a few fragments of leaves on the ground, spins a slight
cocoon, within which it changes to a slender, brown chrysalis,
from which the moth issues in eight or ten days. The insects
forming the late brood pass the winter in the chrysalis state.
The moth (Fig. 379) is of a yellowish-brown color, with a
purplish reflection, the fore wings
FIG. 379. having an irregular patch, and the

hind wings the greater portion of their
inner surface yellow. The under side
has a pearly shade ; the thighs, breast,
and abdomen below are silvery white ;
the other portions of the legs are yel-
low. The body of the female termi-
nates in a small, flattened, black brush,

squarely trimmed, the segment preceding it being of a rusty-
brown color above. The male has a much larger brush-like
appendage, formed of long, narrow scales, some of which are
whitish, some orange, others brown.

Remedies. — This insect is a difficult one to control. If the
vines are carefully watched about the time the early brood
appear, the larvae may be destroyed by hand while still small;
but if not discovered until after they have penetrated the
fruit, the infested melons or cucumbers should be gathered
and fed to hogs or scalded.

No. 226.— The 12-Spotted Diabrotica.

Diabrotica 12-punctata (Oliv.).

FIG. 380. This beetle also is occasionally destructive to
melons and squashes, eating into their substance.
It is a yellow beetle, with twelve black spots,
represented in Fig. 380. It is closely related to
the striped squash beetle, No. 222.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY.

FIG. 381.
ffl

ATTACKING THE LEAVES,

No. 227.— The Cranberry Worm.

Rhopobota vacciniana (Packard).

This larva is very injurious to the foliage of cranberry-
vines, and, on account of the devastation it causes, has received
in some localities the significant name of the "fire- worm."
It hatches in the Eastern States from the 20th of May to the
1st of June, from eggs which have remained upon the vine
all winter. These are found on the under side of the leaves
in masses having the form of a flat circular scale
of a pale-yellow color.

The larva, which is shown at a, Fig. 381, is
green, with a few fine hairs scattered over the sur-
face of its body. It feeds upon the tender grow-
ing shoots, drawing the leaves together, fastening
them with silken threads, and concealing itself
within the enclosure. When full grown, it spins °
a slight cocoon, either among the leaves on the vines or
amidst leaves and rubbish on the ground, and there changes
to a chrysalis, as shown at b in the figure.
The pupa state lasts from ten to twelve days.

The moth (see Fig. 382) is of a dark
ash-color, the fore wings whitish, dusted
with brown and reddish scales, with nar-
row white bands on the front edge, al-
ternating with broader yellowish-brown
bands, five of which are larger than the others, and from
four of these, distinct but irregular lines cross the wings.
The tips of the fore wings are dark brown and pointed.

24 369

FIG. 382

370 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY.

The hind wings are dusky gray. The moths are very nu-
merous during the month of June, when eggs for a second
brood are deposited, the larvae from which appear early in
July, succeeded by the perfect insect, which deposits the eggs
that remain dormant until the following spring.

Remedies. — For all cranberry insects flooding is the most
effectual remedy ; the vines should be kept under water for
two or three days, which will clear them for the time entirely
from all insect pests. Where this is not practicable, the vines
may be showered with a mixture of Paris-green and water, in
the proportion of a teaspoonftil of the poison to two gallons
of water. Fires also may be lighted to attract and destroy
the moths.

No. 228, — The Glistening Cranberry Moth.

Teras oxycoccana (Packard).

This moth, the larva of which is said to feed on cranberry-
vines, measures, when its wings are spread, nearly three-
fourths of an inch across. Its fore wings are of a uniform
reddish-brown color, with a peculiar shining appearance, the
red tint being due to scattered bright-red scales ; there are
no other spots or markings. The hind wings are glistening
gray. The body is of a dark slate-color, with a pale tuft
of hairs at the tip of the abdomen. This insect is said to be
merely a variety of No. 36.

No. 229. — The Yellow Cranberry Worm.

Teras vacciniivorana (Packard).

In the cranberry-fields of New Jersey this is a common
insect. The larva, which is shown magnified in Fig. 383,
both back and side views, draws the leaves together, fastens
them with silken threads, and feeds upon their upper surface.
It is of a pale-yellow color, with a slight greenish tinge, and
a few fine, long, pale hairs arising from prominent tubercles.
When mature, it is nearly three-tenths of an inch long. The
caterpillar changes to a brown chrysalis within the leafy en-

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

371

closure, which, when the moth is about to escape, protrudes
partly out of its hiding-place. The pupa is about a quarter

FIG. 383.

FIG. 384.

of an inch long, and is repre-
sented from two different as-
pects in Fig. 384, both much
magnified.

The moth measures, when its
wings are spread, about half
an inch across ; both front and

hind wings are yellow, mottled with a deeper ochreous shade.

This also is said to be a variety of No. 36.
For remedies, see No. 227.

No. 230. — The Red-striped Cranberry Worm.

This larva, which is shown in Fig. 385, has been observed
by Dr. Packard injuring the heads of cranberry-plants in
Massachusetts. It draws and fastens the leaves together and
feeds on their upper surface, and sometimes constructs a tube
of silk between two leaves, when the latter are severed from
their connection with the branch and held in place by silken
threads. In these instances the leaves speedily wither and
turn brown, and it often happens that the tips of vines over
large patches will present a brosvn and withered aspect- from
this cause.

372 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY.

The larva (see Fig. 385) is less than half an inch long, slen-
der, and tapering a little towards each extremity, of a pale-

FIG. 385.

green color, with six longitudinal pale-reddish lines, which
are broken and irregular on the anterior segments, and more
distinct and wider on the hinder part of the body. On each
segment there are several small black tubercles, from each of
which arises a single hair. The moth is undescribed.
For remedies, see No. 227.

No. 231. — The Cranberry Span-worm.

Cidaria Sp.

In Massachusetts, and especially in the vicinity of Harwich,
this larva has proved very injurious, having in one instance
entirely stripped the foliage of about two acres of cranberry-
vines. It very much resembles the larva of the canker-
worm, and is about the same size; its color is dull reddish
brown, with longitudinal lines and many dots of dark brown.
There is a broad dusky band just above the spiracles; the
under side is paler than the upper. When full grown, it
measures about eight-tenths of an inch in length. The moth
has not been described.

For remedies, see No. 227.

No. 232, — The Hairy Cranberry Caterpillar.

Arctia Sp.

This is a caterpillar which sometimes injures cranberry-
vines in New England. It is about an inch and a half long,
is covered with yellowish-gray hair, and has longer tufts of
darker hair at each end of the body. It devours the leaves

ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 373

of the young growing shoots, often depriving them entirely
of foliage.

No. 233. — The Cranberry Saw-fly.
Pristiphora identidem Norton.

This insect, which is closely allied to the imported currant-
worm, No. 205, is destructive to cranberry-vines on Cape
Cod. The perfect insect is a saw-fly, the female having a
toothed ovipositor, with which she makes a slit in the leaves,
depositing an egg therein. Broods of the larvae appear early
in June, and again in August. When first hatched, they are
pale yellowish green, but become darker with age ; the head
is black in the young specimens, lighter in the full-grown
ones. When mature, they measure about three-tenths of
an inch long, are cylindrical and smooth, with two lighter,
whitish-green stripes running the whole length of the body.
Towards the end of June they spin their cocoons among
withered leaves or other rubbish, from which flies are pro-
duced about ten days afterwards.

The perfect insect has the body black, the legs marked
with yellowish red and black, the wings transparent, with
black veins.

No. 234.— The Cranberry Gall-fly.

Cecidomyia Sp.

About the middle of June the small leaves at the tips of the
growing shoots may often be fdund fastened together. Within
these clusters is a small, pinkish or orange-colored larva,
having the form shown at 6 in Fig. 386, which is without
legs, and when first hatched is white. This larva spins a
cocoon (see a in the figure), which resembles white tissue-
paper ; this is formed among the small leaves at the end of
the shoot, and within it the insect changes to a pupa, as
shown at c.

In about twelve days the perfect insect, a gall-gnat, appears
(see c?, Fig. 386 ; e represents the antenna of the female, much
enlarged). This gnat is found in almost every cranberry-

374 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY.

FIG. 386.

bog. There are not usually more than two of these larvae on
any one shoot, and often there is only one. The mischief done
consists mainly in the killing of the extreme tip of the vine,
which prevents the formation of a fruit-
bud for the next year's growth, unless, as
is sometimes the case, the vine by an
extra eifort puts them out at the side.

Remedies. — There is a little Chalcis
fly parasitic on this insect, which destroys
it in large numbers. The measures rec-
ommended under No. 227 will also be
applicable here.

No. 235.— The Cranberry Aphis.

There is a large, red plant-louse which
sometimes occurs on cranberry-vines and punctures the leaves
and tender stems, to their manifest injury. This aphis is
destroyed by the larva of a small lady-bird, a species of
Scymnus, which larva is oval in form, and covered with a
white fuzz on its back. Flooding will destroy this aphis
also.

No. 236. — The Cranberry Spittle Insect.

Clastoptera proteus Fitch.

This is a small, soft insect, with legs, but without wings,
which is found in the early part of June in little masses of
froth upon growing shoots of the cranberry-vine. The froth
is the sap of the plant sucked in and then exuded by the
young larva, probably for concealment. The insect belongs
to the order Homoptera, having no jaws, but a beak, through
which it sucks the sap of the plant.

The perfect insect jumps with the agility of a flea, and is
found hopping about among the vines. It seldom occurs in
sufficient numbers to inflict material injury. It is found also
on the blueberry.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 375

ATTACKING THE TEUIT,
No. 237. — The Cranberry Fruit-worm.

This is the caterpillar of a small moth related to the leaf-
rollers, and is shown in Fig. 387. It is of a yel-

T . A . FIG. 387.
lowish-green color, and appears early in August,

when it injures the fruit, entering berry after berry,
eating the inside of each, and making it turn pre-
maturely red. It attains its full growth by the
beginning of September, when it buries itself in the
ground, where it forms a cocoon covered with grains
of sand, scarcely to be distinguished from a small
lump of earth, within which it changes to a chrys-
alis. Flooding is the only remedy suggested for this insect.

No. 238. — The Cranberry Weevil.

Anthonomus suturalis Lee.

About the middle of July, or just before the blossoms are
ready to expand, this weevil appears. It is a small, reddish-
brown beetle, with a dark-brown head and a beak half as
long as its body, shown in Fig. 388. The thorax is a little
darker than the wing-covers, and is sparingly
covered with short whitish hairs ; the wing- FIG. 388.
cases are ornamented with rows of indented
dots. The beetle is a little over one-eighth of
an inch long, including the beak. Having
selected a blossom-bud about to expand, it
drills a hole through the centre with its snout, in which is
deposited a pale-yellow egg. The bud is then cut off by the
beetle at the stem, and drops to the ground, and within it the
egg hatches to a dull-white grub with a yellow head and black
jaws (see Fig. 388), which feeds upon the bud, and, passing
through its transformations, produces the perfect beetle, which
eats its way out, leaving a round hole in the side of the de-

376 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY.

caying bud to mark its place of exit. The beetles some-
times, though seldom, feed upon the berries. They may be
destroyed by flooding with water. There is a minute Chalcis
fly which is parasitic on the larvae and destroys numbers of
them.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

Since many of the insects most injurious to the orange
attack alike the branches, the leaves, and the fruit of the tree,
and sometimes the trunk also, the grouping of the species, car-
ried out when treating of the enemies' of other fruits, will not be
attempted with those of the orange. The insects belonging to
each order will be brought together and treated consecutively,
beginning with the Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies and
moths. The remedies for scale-insects, as they apply alike to
all the different species, will be referred to towards the end
of this section.

No. 239.— The Cresphontes Butterfly.

Papilio cresphontes Fabr.

In the perfect state, this is a large and handsome butterfly,
which measures, when its wings are spread, from four to five
inches across. The wings are black above, with an irregular,
triangular band of broad yellow spots, covering a considera-
ble portion of their surface, as shown in Fig. 389. The hind
wings have two long, projecting points or tails, with an oval
yellow spot on each ; they are also notched, and have the
indentations marked with yellow. The under side is yellow-
ish, with dusky veins and markings, and a row of crescent-
shaped blue spots on the hind wings. The body is black
above, yellow at the sides and beneath.

The eggs are globular, and are deposited singly on the
leaves. The young caterpillars are very much like the full-
grown ones in form and color, but the gray markings are
darker, and the white blotches not so large as in the mature
larva. When full grown, it is about two and a half inches
long, and very peculiarly marked. (See Fig. 390.) Above

377

378

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

it is dull brown, almost covered with irregular whitish
blotches spotted with brown. The first four segments have

on each side a longitudinal white band ; from the fourth to
the eighth is a large white patch, nearly oval in form, more

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

379

or less dotted with brown ; another similar white or cream-
colored pateh, with brownish dots, covers the posterior por-

FIQ. 390.

FIG. 391.

tion of the body. Behind the head there are two long, red,
fleshy horns, which can be protruded at will, and these, when
extended, emit a very
disagreeable odor, which
probably serves to protect
the caterpillar from its
enemies. The under side
of the body is of a brown-
ish color. The larva com-
pletes its growth in about
a month, when it changes
to a chrysalis. This is
nearly an inch and a half
long (see Fig. 391), irreg-
ularly forked at its upper end, with a prominent point upon
its breast, and a loop of silk around the middle ; the hinder
extremity is also fastened to the supporting twig or branch,
hooked in a tuft of silk. Its color is gray and brown, of

380 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE,

varying shades, and so exactly resembles that of the bark
of the orange-tree that it is extremely difficult to detect. In
from eight to sixteen days after the chrysalis is formed the
butterfly emerges.

In Florida there are usually four broods of the butterflies
in the course of the summer, the last brood wintering in the
chrysalis state, from which the butterflies emerge in April.
The caterpillar, which is commonly known as athe orange
dog" in Florida, devours the foliage of orange-trees, sometimes
seriously injuring young trees by stripping them bare. It
may easily be subdued by hand-picking, as its large size and
singular appearance promptly lead to its discovery.

Within the past ten years this butterfly has extended its
range very much, and it is now comparatively common
throughout the Northern and Western States, and in the
warmer parts of Canada. In the North it feeds chiefly on
prickly ash, Zanihoxylum Americanum.

No. 240. — The Orange Basket-worm.

PlatcRceticus Gloveri Packard.

During the month of February this insect is found upon
the orange-trees in different parts of Florida. The larva
forms an oblong-oval case of a paper-
FIG. 392. like substance, interwoven with bits of

leaves or bark, as shown in Fig. 392 ;
within this it lives. When full grown,
it is a little over half an inch long, thick
and fleshy, and varies in color from light
brown to a much darker shade. The
head is marked with dark and light
wavy lines, and is protruded from the
case, along with the anterior segments,
when the larva- is feeding or moving
from place to place. The case of the
female is about one-fourth larger than that of the male. Both
of these are shown in the figure.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

On reaching maturity, the case is suspended from a leaf or
twig, and within it the larva changes to a dark-brown chrys-
alis ; the chrysalis of the male works its way partly out of
the case at the lower end, where, after the escape of the moth,
the empty pupa-skin remains.

The male moth (Fig. 392) is dark brown, sometimes nearly
black, with delicate wings, small body, and feathered antennae,
and measures, when its wings are spread, about six-tenths of
an inch across. The female is wingless, of a whitish color,
and transforms within the case, where, also, the eggs are laid,
the young larvaB, when hatched, escaping from the orifice at
the lower end. This insect has also been found feeding on
the leaves of the fig.

The conspicuous cases constructed by the larva? are easily
seen, when they may be picked and destroyed.

No. 241. — The Orange Leaf-roller.

Platynota rostrana (Walker).

During the growing season the edges of the young leaves
of orange-trees are often found rolled up into a sort of tube.
These tubes are formed by a small, yellowish-green cater-
pillar, which, when full grown, is about three-quarters of
an inch long, with a brown head, and a polished plate of the
same color on the next segment, a dark stripe down the back,
and an indistinct dark line along each side. It is active in
its movements, lives within the tube it constructs, and feeds
upon the foliage.

The larva changes to a brown chrysalis, nearly half an inch
long, within the case, from which in a few days a moth
escapes.

The male differs from the female in the markings on its
fore wings. All the wings of both sexes have a ground-color
resembling that of cork, but the fore wings of the male have
a dark-brown stripe along the front edge, expanding into a
large spot of the same color towards the tip of the wing,

382 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

while the fore wings of the female have minute dark-brown
tufts, arranged in lines more or less distinct, running obliquely
across them. The wings of the male measure, when spread,
nearly three-quarters of an inch across ; those of the female
are a little larger. This leaf-roller has been found trouble-
some in several localities in Florida. Where it exists in such
abundance as to require a remedy, hand-picking should be
resorted to, or the trees should be syringed with powdered
hellebore and water, or Paris-green and water, as recom-
mended under No. 181.

No. 242.— The Orange-leaf Nothris.

Nothris citrifoliella Chambers.

In the larval form this is a cylindrical yellow caterpillar,
with a black head, and a black patch on the next segment.
It feeds upon the half-grown leaves of the new shoots of the
orange, fastening them together with silken threads. It also
frequently devours the terminal buds, and thus materially in-
jures the growth of the tree. When full grown, it is about
half an inch long, very quick in its movements, and if dis-
turbed lets itself down from the twig by a silken thread, by
means of which it is enabled to regain its former position
among the leaves when danger is past.

When ready for its next change, the larva rolls up a portion
of a leaf, and spins within the enclosure a delicate silken
cocoon, in which it changes to a dark-brown chrysalis. The
moth is found late in August and early in September; it
is of a grayish ochreous color, the fore wings streaked with
reddish and dotted with brown, the hind wings pale gray
with a reddish tint. The body is ochreous, dotted with dull
red.

Should this insect at any time become so abundant as to
require the use of remedies, those suggested for No. 241 will
be applicable.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

383

Fia. 393.

No. 243. — The Orange Leaf-notcher.
Artipus floridanus Horn.

This is a beetle which is represented magnified in Fig. 393,
the line below it indicating the natural size. It eats jagged
notches in the leaves of the
orange, as shown in the figure,
disfiguring and injuring the
foliage. It is about a quarter
of an inch long, of a pale
greenish-blue or copper color,
and densely clothed with
white scales. The thorax is
unevenly dotted, and there
are on the wing-cases ten
longitudinal lines of dots of
varying sizes, divided by
slight ridges. The under side of the body and legs is also
scaly and hairy.

In some localities in Florida these beetles are said to be
very abundant. As they readily drop when the trees are jarred,
they may be easily collected on sheets spread under the trees.

Ho. 244. — The Angular-winged Katydid.

Microcentrum retinervis Burm.

There is, perhaps, no insect of large size so destructive to
the foliage of the orange as this. It is a large green katydid,
and one of the commonest insects in the South.

During the daytime it is seldom seen, as it is then hidden
among the thick foliage of trees and shrubs, but towards
dusk it leaves its hiding-places and makes the air resonant
with its music, which is produced by rubbing the wings
against the thighs. The eggs are deposited in abundance
upon both twigs and leaves, as shown in Fig. 394 at 1 a and
2 6, overlapping each other. They are of a long, oval form,

FIG. 394.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 335

and nearly flat. The young katydids issue from that end of
the egg which projects beyond the leaf, leaving the empty
egg-shell still in position behind. When first hatched, they
feed only upon the surface of the leaf, but as they increase in
size they devour the whole substance. When mature, they
acquire wings, which enable them to fly readily from tree to
tree, appearing as shown at 1 in the figure. From the head
to the extremity of the closed wings, the full-grown insect
measures about two and a half inches. The outer wings are
green, with leaf-like veinings, the under pair of a paler green,
and beautifully netted; the antennae are long and thread-like,
and the hind legs slender. The female is furnished with a
curved ovipositor at the end of the abdomen.

Fortunately, there is a small Chalcid fly parasitic on the
eggs of this katydid, which, when mature, is little more than
one-eighth of an inch long; it is the Eupelmus mirabilis of
Walsh. The female, which is shown at 2, Fig. 394, has
dusky wings, and an abdomen which she can elevate over
her thorax in a peculiar manner. The male is represented at
2 a in the same figure. The eggs of this parasite are placed
within the eggs of the katydid, where the larvae hatch and
undergo their transformations, issuing as flies from circular
holes which they cut through the egg-shells, as shown at 2 6.
A large proportion of the eggs of the katydid are parasitized
by this insect.

^Remedies. — Collect the eggs during the winter and place
them in boxes covered with coarse wire gauze until spring,
so that the parasites may be permitted to escape. Several
species of birds are said to devour these katydids.

No. 245. — The Lubber Grasshopper.

Romcdea microptera Serv.

This is a large species of locust, very destructive to orange-
leaves, which has received the common name of " the lubber
grasshopper" from its sluggish habits. When full grown, it
is about two and a quarter inches long, of a yellow color, the

25

386

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

wing-cases shaded with rosy pink and barred and spotted
with black. The larvaB are shaped like the mature insects,
but have no wings. They are black, and are striped and
banded with orange-yellow. The wings of the perfect insect
(see Fig. 395) are so short — reaching only half-way to the

FIG. 395.

FIG. 396.

extremity of the abdomen — that they are quite useless for the
purpose of flight. Their eggs are deposited in the ground.
Since they cannot fly, they may easily be destroyed by hand.

No. 246. — The Leaf-footed Plant-bug.

Leptoglossus pJiyllopus (Linn.).

The leaf-footed plant-bug is of a reddish-
brown color, with a long, sharp beak, and
a transverse yellowish-white band across its
wing-covers. The wings, when raised, show
the body, which is of a bright-red color,
with black spots. The shanks of the hind
legs are flattened out into leaf-like append-
ages, as shown in Fig. 396. This insect is
said to puncture the tender shoots and ter-
minal branches of the orange-tree, often
killing them. It also injures ripe plums,

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 337

by puncturing them and sucking portions of their contents.
Notwithstanding its injurious habits, it has been by some
writers classed among beneficial insects as a destroyer of the
harlequin cabbage-bug.

No. 247. — The Cotton-stainer.
Dysdercus suturellus H. Schf.

This insect, like that last described, belongs to the order of
true bugs (Hemiptera) ; it is commonly known as the red-
bug, or cotton-stainer, and is one of the worst pests with which
the cotton-planters of Florida and the West Indies have to
contend. It injures the cotton by piercing the stems and
bolls and sucking the sap ; but the principal injury to the
crop is occasioned by its staining the cotton in the opening
bolls with its excrement. It also attacks the fruit of the
orange, puncturing the rind, sucking the juice, and causing
the fruit to decay and fall to the ground. When full grown,
it is from six to seven tenths of an inch long, and appears as
shown in Fig. 397, the thorax triangular,
with its anterior part red, posterior por-
tion black, all margined with whitish yellow.
The scutellum is triangular, red, margined
with pale yellow; the wing-cases are flat,
with two distinct whitish lines crossing them,
which intersect each other near the centre;
they are also partly margined with a yel-
lowish line. The under side is bright red, with yellowish-
white markings on the edge of each segment.

Each female produces about one hundred oval, amber-
colored eggs, which are attached in clusters to the under side
of the leaves. The young bugs are bright red, with black
legs and antennae. These bugs are usually found in immense
numbers, and where cotton has been planted between the rows
of orange-trees instances are recorded where a large propor-
tion of the oranges have been destroyed. The mature insects

388 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

often gather in great numbers on heaps of cotton-seed, when
they may be killed by pouring scalding water upon them.

No. 248, — The Orange Aphis.

Siphonophora citrifolii Ashmead.

In Florida this species of plant-louse is very prevalent, and
is found during the spring and summer months in various
stages of development, clustering on the tender shoots and
branches of the orange-tree. These lice insert their beaks
into the leaves and succulent twigs and live upon the sap.
When full grown, they are a little more than one-twentieth
of an inch long, black or brownish black, with plump,
round bodies, long, yellowish antennae, and pale-yellow legs.
(See Fig. 398, where they are shown magnified.) The winged

Fia. 398.

specimens, one of which is seen in the figure, are also black ;
these fly from one tree to another and establish new colonies.
Remedies. — Syringe the trees with strong soap-suds or other
alkaline washes, or with strong tobacco-water. A number
of lady-birds and their larvse, also the larvse of Syrphus flies,
feed on these lice. Many of them are destroyed by a minute
Chalcid fly, which lives within their bodies. This friendly
species, Stenomesius aphidicola Ashmead, is shown, much
magnified, in Fig. 399, where a represents the female, and 6
the male. The short lines at the sides indicate their natural
size. They are so minute that as many as three of the perfect
winged flies have been known to issue from the body of a
single aphis.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 339

A tiny Ichneumon fly, the red-legged Trioxys, Trioxys
testaceipes Cresson, also infests this species of aphis, while a
third friendly parasite is a small Aphidius, a shining, black

FIG. 399.

fly. Were it not for these predaceous and parasitic insects,
the Aphides would soon multiply to such an extent as to ruin
the plantations.

No. 249.— The Rust Mite.
Phytoptus oleivorus Ashmead.

The rust which often occurs on the fruit of the orange
was until of late regarded as due to a fungoid growth, but
recent investigators have shown that it is caused by a very
small, four-legged mite, which punctures the oil-cells, and the
exuding oil, when exposed to the influence of the atmosphere,
soon undergoes a change, assuming a dark, rusty appearance,
which seriously depreciates the value of the fruit for market.
To the unaided eye the oranges appear dusty, but if examined
with a magnifying-glass they will be seen covered with a
multitude of mites of a whitish-flesh color.

A weak alkaline wash applied to the fruit would doubtless
destroy these mites.

Another rust, known as " the black smut," often spreads

390

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

over both leaves and fruit, making them appear very unsightly.
This is a minute fungous growth, known under the name of
Fumago salicina Farlow, but it is believed by some to result
from the punctures of insects, causing an exudation, on which
the fungus thrives.

As a remedy, use an alkaline solution of soap as strong as
the tree will bear without injury.

No. 250. — The Purple Scale.

Mytilaspis citricola Packard.

This is one of the most common and injurious species of
scale-insect found in Florida. It is confined mainly to the

FIG. 400.

leaves and fruit of the orange, and sometimes disfigures the
latter to such an extent as to make it unfit for market, yet
it is often seen on fruit offered for sale. The scale of the
female is shown empty at a in Fig. 400, and occupied by

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 391

the insect at 6, both highly magnified. It is long, narrow,
more or less curved and widened posteriorly, varying in
color from dark purple to reddish -brown, the enclosed insect
being yellowish white. That of the male, shown at c, also
magnified, resembles the female scale in form, but is nearly
straight, and may be at once distinguished by its smaller
size. In color it is much the same as the female scale, but is
sometimes darker, occasionally dark brown or almost black.
On the leaf in the figure these scales are shown of the natural
size.

The eggs, which number from eighteen to twenty-five under
each scale, are white, and are arranged irregularly, as shown
at b. They hatch in Florida about the middle of March,
producing lice of the form shown at 6 in figure 401, but so
small as to be scarcely visible without a magnifying-glass.
They are of a white color, yellowish at both ends, and have
red eyes. For a very brief period after hatching they are
active; then they fix themselves to one spot, where they remain
stationary for the rest of their lives. Within a few days there
is secreted over the body of the young louse a covering of
fine cottony filaments, which, together with the skins shed
from time to time as the insect increases in size, are eventually
formed into scales, as shown in the figure. The male develops
into a winged fly (see a, Fig. 401) which is red, with long,

hairy antennas and transparent wings ; but

%, . . 1. FIG. 401.

the female remains within the scale and

dies there.

This scale-insect is said to have been
imported from Bermuda on some lemons
sent to Florida. Besides the lady-birds
and other predaceous insects which attack
all scale-insects, and which will be referred
to in detail under "Remedies," this one has some special
foes. A small mite, Tyroglyphus Gloveri Ashmead, is very
useful in destroying it. The eggs of the mite are laid in
December, in clusters of two or three hundred each, on the

392 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

under side of orange leaves, close to the veins ; they are of
a reddish-yellow color, and about, one five-hundredth of an
inch long. Early in the year there hatch from them tiny
blood-red mites having six legs, and four oval black spots on
the hinder part of the abdomen. In three or four weeks
these transform to eight-legged mites of a paler shade of red,
which is the mature form.

A small, four- winged fly, one-fiftieth of an inch long, de-
scribed as "the blue yellow-
FIG. 402. cloaked Chalcid," Signiphora fla-

vopalliatus Ashmead, has been
found in considerable numbers
destroying the eggs of this scale.
Fig. 402 shows this fly, highly
magnified. Its body is bluish
black, with a yellow crescent-
shaped patch behind the head;
the wings are transparent and fringed with fine hairs.

No. 251. — The Long Scale.

Mytilaspis Gloveri Packard.

The second most common scale-insect on the orange-trees
in Florida is the species now under consideration. It is
closely allied to No. 250, but differs from it in that the
female scale is much narrower, and generally of a paler
color, its usual tint being pale brownish yellow, varying
occasionally to dark brown. A back view of the female
scale is shown at a in Fig. 403, a front view at c, while
the male scale is represented at 6, — all magnified; on the
leaf and twig are shown many scales of the natural size.
The female insect, under the scale, is of a light-purple hue,
with the terminal segment yellowish. The eggs are white
when first laid, but become tinged with purple before hatch-
ing ; they are arranged regularly in a double row, as shown
at c in the figure. The newly-hatched lice are purplish,

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

393

and resemble No. 250, as shown at 6, Fig. 401. They
are active for a brief period, and then settle permanently in

FIG. 403.

one spot, where they remain stationary. The male insect is
a very minute fly, which is shown, highly magnified, in Fig.
404. It has long antenna? and two transparent wings.

This species is found on trees of the Citrus family
throughout Florida, also in Louisiana, infesting the twigs
and branches, and finally the leaves, but rarely the trunk.
There are three broods in a season. It is said to have been
imported from China, and has since been disseminated by
the distribution of infested nursery stock and by the fruit
itself.

This insect also has some special parasites; one, a tiny
four- winged fly, Aphelinus aspidioticola Ashmead, is about
one-fiftieth of an inch long, of a light-brownish color, with

394

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

fringed wings. (See Fig. 405.) It lays aii egg under each
scale, the larva from which is a white, fleshy, footless grub,

FIG. 404.

FIG. 405.

that feeds upon the eggs. By the time it has consumed
them all it has reached full growth, when it changes to a

pupa, and, after remaining in
this condition a few days, the
fly escapes by eating a passage
through the top of the scale.
Where this parasite does not
occur, it may be introduced with
advantage by taking into the
locality branches infested with
scales which are known to have
been parasitized. This useful insect destroys immense num-
bers of the scales, and is doubtless one of the chief natural
agencies provided to check their undue increase.

A species of mite, Oribate-s aspidioti Ashmead, has been
found feeding on the eggs of this scale-insect. It is about
one-fiftieth of an inch long, of an elongated, flattened form
and a dark reddish-brown color.

^

~i

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 395

No. 252. — The Red Scale of California.

Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell.

The female scale of this species is quite translucent, its
apparent grayish color depending on that of the insect

beneath, which varies from a light greenish yellow to a
bright reddish brown, and when the female is fully grown
the form of its dark body shows distinctly through the
transparent covering, as represented at b in Fig. 406. The
scale of the male, shown at c in the figure, resembles that of

n

396 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

the female, but is only one-fourth the size, the posterior side
being prolonged into a flap, which is quite thin. The scales
are represented of the natural size on the leaf and twig.
The perfect male insect, which is winged, as shown, highly
magnified, at a in Fig. 406, is light yellow, with a brown
band on the thorax, and purplish- black eyes. The eggs are
of an ovoid form and bright-yellow color, from twenty to
forty being found under each scale.

This species appears to confine itself to the trees belonging
to the Citrus family, and infests the trunk, limbs, leaves, and
fruit, sometimes covering the latter to such an extent as to
render it unfit for market. Where these insects are very
numerous, the leaves turn yellow, and sometimes drop from
the trees. In Southern California there are five or six broods
during the year; hence it is spreading with great rapidity,
and is perhaps more to be dreaded than any other scale-insect
in this country. Many groves in Los Angeles and in other
sections of Southern California have been seriously injured
by it. The orange-groves in Australia have suffered from
the same pest.

No. 253. — The Circular Scale.

Aspidiotus ficus Riley.

This is known as the red scale of Florida. In Fig. 407
the scales are shown of the natural size on the leaves of an
orange-tree ; a, the scale of the female ; b, that of the male ;
c, the young larva; e and/, different stages in the formation
of the scale ; all these are highly magnified. Thus far it has
been found only in the orange-groves of Florida. It mul-
tiplies with great rapidity, and infests indiscriminately the
limbs, leaves, and fruit.

The scale of the female (a) is circular, and varies from
a light to a dark reddish-brown color, with a gray margin ;
that of the male (b) is about one-fourth the size of the female
scale, and of a dark reddish brown, with a white centre, and
is prolonged into a thin flap, of a grayish color.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

397

The eggs are pale yellow, and the newly-hatched larvae,
shown at c in the figure, are broadly oval in outline, and are
each provided with six legs, a pair of antennae, and a beak

for suction. They appear as small specks, scarcely visible to
the unaided eye ; at first they are quite active, but, having
selected a location, soon fix themselves permanently to one
spot. In a short time they secrete over their bodies fine

398 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

threads of wax, which are cottony in appearance. Soon a
small, white, convex scale takes the place of this cottony
coating, which is depressed in the centre. (See d, Fig. 407.)
The scales gradually increase in size, and as they approach
maturity there is secreted on the female scale a mass of
cottony threads, which increases in quantity until it some-

FIG. 408.

times extends in a curved form, as shown at /, to a length
five times the diameter of the scale. In the figure all the
illustrations are highly magnified, except the leaves with the
scales on them, which are of the natural size.

The male is furnished with a single pair of large, trans-
parent wings, which enable it to fly readily. It is shown,
highly magnified, in Fig. 408.

No. 254,— The White Scale.
Aspidiotus nerii Boueh6.

This scale is found on the orange and lemon trees, par-
ticularly in Southern California and in Florida, where it also
infests a number of other trees and plants, but especially the
acacia- tree. In Fig. 409 a twig of acacia is figured infested
with this scale. The female scale is flat, whitish or light
gray in color, and when mature is only about one-twelfth of
an inch in diameter. The eggs are of a light-yellow color.
The scale of the female is shown at c in the figure; the male

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

399

scale at 6, both magnified ; the latter is slightly elongated
in form, of a white color, with a tinge of yellow, and is about
one twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter.

The winged male, which is a very minute creature, is
shown, highly magnified, at a in the figure; it is yellow,
mottled with reddish brown ; wings transparent.

400 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

No. 255.— The Ribbed Scale.

Icerya purckasi Maskell.

The adult female of this species of Coccus is covered by
an egg-sac, which is of a pale-yellowish color, longitudinally
ribbed, a little longer than the body of the insect, and filled
with a loose, white, cottony matter containing the eggs. A
cluster of these sacs is shown in Fig. 410, of the natural size;

the enclosed insect is of a
dark orange-red color, with
black antenna? and legs, its
back being covered more or
less with a white or yellow-
ish-white powder.

The eggs are said to num-
ber from two hundred to five
hundred in each cluster, and
are of a pale-red color. The
newly-hatched larva is red-
dish or brownish, with long
and slender legs. As it grows
it gradually changes, becom-
ing darker in color and irreg-
ular in outline, and it soon begins to excrete tufts of waxy
matter along the back and sides, following which long, semi-
transparent filaments appear.

These insects first attack the leaves, usually along the
midrib, and afterwards migrate to the twigs and branches,
and sometimes attach themselves to the trunk. They spread
with amazing rapidity on orange and lime trees, the trunks
and limbs of which are sometimes so completely covered
with them as to appear white ; the leaves turn yellow and
sickly, and if no remedial measures are adopted the trees
sometimes die. The insect has been found very destructive
at Santa Barbara, where it has probably been introduced with
plants from Australia.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

401

FIG. 411.

No. 256.— The Chaff Scale.
Parlatoria Pergandii Comstock.

In this species the scale of the female varies in form,
being sometimes nearly circular, but more usually somewhat
elongated, of a dull-gray color, and thin in its structure. It
resembles the bark so closely in tint that it often escapes
detection. In length it is about one-sixteenth of an inch ;
the enclosed insect is nearly as broad
as long. These insects vary greatly in
color, some being almost white, with
the extremity of the body slightly yel-
low ; others are entirely yellow, while
some are purplish, with the end of the
body yellow. The eyes are black.
Scales of both sexes are shown, magnified, in Fig. 411, a, b.
The eggs and young larvae are purplish. The scale of the
male (6) is about one twenty-fifth of an inch long, and nai-
row ; its color is gray, darker and greenish about the middle.

The mature winged in-
sect is shown in Fig. 412, FlG- 412-
much magnified; it is pur-
plish in color, with the disk
of the thorax pale and
irregularly marked with
purplish spots. The eyes
are large and very dark.
There are several broods
of these insects during a
season, and the scales may

be found at any time on the bark of the trunk and branches
of the orange-trees, and to a less extent on the leaves and
fruit. They have been called chaff scales, from their resem-
blance to fine chaff or bran.

402

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

FIG. 413.

No. 257. — The Barnacle Scale.

Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstook.

The color of this scale varies from grayish to light brown,

divided by lines into regular
segments, as shown at a in
Fig. 413, where one of these
scales is represented magni-
fied. The enclosed insect is
subglobular in form, and of
a dark reddish-brown color.

The eggs are light reddish
brown, and rather long and
slender; the larva is dark
brown, and very slender in
form. It is at first active
for a brief period, then settles
in one spot, where it becomes
stationary, and soon secretes
over its body tufts of cottony
filaments, which are finally
condensed to a waxy con-
sistence, forming part of the
scale with which the insect is
covered.

This scale is found in sev-
eral localities in Florida on
both orange and quince trees ;
it is also found on a native plant, a species of Eupatorium.

No. 258. — The Florida Ceroplastes.

Ceroplastes Floridensis Comstock.

This scale is at first white ; afterwards it becomes pink-
ish, growing redder or brownish in the middle, dull white
towards the edges, some specimens being irregularly mottled
with brownish and yellowish white, the top ornamented with

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

403

FIG. 414.

lines and dots, as shown at b in Fig. 414. The eggs, which
often number a hundred under a single scale, vary in color

from yellow to light
reddish brown, and
are nearly oval in
form. The young
louse is of a simi-
lar color, very ac-
tive, and when first
hatched appears as
shown in Fig. 415,
where it is much
enlarged. It crawls
about briskly for
half an hour or
more, then settles

FIG. 415.

on some spot, inserts its proboscis, and remains permanently
fixed. Within a few days the limbs are drawn under the
body, and white, cottony tufts are secreted from the surface;
these gradually condense, forming waxy plates, which cover
and protect the insect beneath. The scales are shown of
their natural size, on a branch of ilex, in Fig. 414 ; a young
female scale is shown at o, and a mature one at 6, both
enlarged.

This scale is common on the orange, lemon, and other trees

404 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

of the Citrus family in Florida ; also on the fig, pomegranate,
guava, quince, Japan plum, red bay, oleander, and sweet bay,
and is very abundant on the gall-berry, Hex glabra. It is re-
ferred to in W. H. Ash mead's " Treatise on Orange Insects"
under the name of the white scale, Ceroplastes rusd Linn.
There are three broods during the year : the first appear in
April and May, the second from the middle to the end of
July, and the third during the first two weeks in September.
They increase with marvellous rapidity, but are preyed on
by a species of Chalcid fly and by other insect enemies.

No. 259.— The Broad Scale.

Lecanium hesperidum Linn.
416. Of all the bark-lice

here treated of, few are
so common, and none so
widely distributed, as
this species. It is found
in abundance from
Washington southward
to Florida, also in Utah
and California, on the
twigs of orange and
other trees, shrubs, and
plants ; but, having so
many different food-
plants, it is not so de-
structive to the orange
as are some others which
confine their attacks to
trees of the Citrus family.
The scale is brown, some-
times quite dark, and is
represented of its natu-
ral size on the stem of
the twig in Fig. 416. It is one of the largest scales found

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

405

FIQ. 417.

on the orange ; it is of an elongated, oval form, and highly
convex. The enclosed insect is yellow, inclining to brown,
of an elongated, oval form, nearly flat, smooth, and shining.

The young larva (see Fig. 417) is of a long, oval form, of
a yellowish color, with two long thread-like fila-
ments extending from the hind segment.

This bark-louse is much infested by parasites, no
less than three distinct species having been bred
from the scales.

The first of these, Coccophagus cognatus Howard
(see Fig. 418), is a very small, four-winged fly, the
female of which, when its wings are spread, measures about
one-twelfth of an inch, the male about one-sixteenth. The

FIG. 418.

FIG. 419.

body is of a dark-brown color, with yellow markings ; the
wings are transparent.

In Fig. 419 is shown another of the parasites of this scale-
insect, known as Comys bicolor Howard, a small fly, which
measures, when its wings are expanded, nearly one-eighth of
an inch across. The fore wings are dusky brown on their
outer two thirds, the inner portion nearly transparent, with a
brownish streak ; the hind wings are nearly transparent. The
body is black, the thorax brown, with black hairs. This in-
sect has been found very abundant in Washington, destroying

406 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRANGE.

large quantities of the broad scale-insects which occur in
multitudes on the English ivy grown there.

Both sexes of a third parasite, Encyrtus flavus Howard,
are shown in Fig. 420, a representing the male, b the female.

FIG. 420.

The wings of the former measure, when spread, about one-
eighth of an inch ; those of the latter, one-tenth of an inch.
The basal third of the fore wings of the female is trans-
parent, the middle third dusky brown, crossed by a clear
transverse band ; the outer third is also dusky brown, with
two large, wedge-shaped, transparent spots entering it, one
from each side. The hind wings are nearly transparent ; the

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

407

body is ochre-yellow, with brown markings. The male is
of a shining metallic-green color, with yellow markings; the
wings are transparent. This parasite has been bred from
orange-trees in Southern California. All these parasites are
shown highly magnified.

No. 260.— The Black Scale of California.

Lecanium olece Bernard.

In France, where this scale is also found, it chiefly affects
the olive-tree, but in California it has been found on a
great variety of trees, and has become a serious enemy to

FIG. 421.

orange-culture, being perhaps more generally distributed on
the orange-trees in that State than any other species of scale-

408

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

FIG. 422.

insect. Besides the orange, lemon, and other members of the
Citrus family, it is found on the olive, pear, apricot, plum,
pomegranate, apple, and a number of other trees, shrubs, and
plants. The scales are usually found on the smaller twigs.
In Fig. 421 they are shown, of the natural size, on an olive-
twig; and at a in the same figure a scale is shown mag-
nified. The scales
are blackish brown,
marked with ridges
and indentations, as
indicated in the fig-
ure. The eggs are
of a long, oval form
and yellow color.
The male, though
diligently sought
for, has not yet been
discovered.

In Fig. 422 is
shown the male, and
in Fig. 423 the
female (both en-
larged), of a very
interesting little fly,
Tomocera Califor-
nica Howard, which
is a parasite on this
black scale. The
wings, which are
transparent in both
sexes, measure,when
spread, a little more than one-eighth of an inch across. Its
general color is deep blue-black, with a metallic lustre and
brown markings. The male may be distinguished from the
female by its shorter body and peculiar antenna!. This para-
site is so abundant in some sections that as large a proportion

FIG. 423.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

409

as seventy-five per cent, of the scales have been known to be
destroyed by it. The female fly pierces the scale and deposits
in it a single egg. When hatched, the larva feeds upon the
eggs and young of the bark-louse, and later upon the mother
also. When full grown, it is nearly one-sixth of an inch
long, broad, becoming narrower towards the head, of a trans-
parent white color tinged with blackish from the alimentary
canal showing through. The. larva changes to a pupa within
the scale, which at first is white, but soon becomes darker in
color; the fly, on escaping, makes its exit through a round
hole which it cuts in the back of the scale.

No. 261. — The Hemispherical Scale.

Lecanium hemisphcericum Targioni.

Fig. 424 represents
this scale, of its natural
size, on orange leaves,
and a magnified one at
a. It varies in color
from light to dark brown,
and is occasionally tinged
with reddish when ma-
ture. In shape it is
hemispherical, with the
edges flattened, its form
varying somewhat in
different situations; upon
a rounded twig it be-
comes less hemispheri-
cal, more elongated, and
its flattened edges are
bent downwards, clasp-
ing the twig.

The eggs are yellow-
ish white, smooth, and
shining. The newly-

FIG. 424.

410

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

hatched larvae are very active, and even the adult insect can
crawl from one point to another with apparent ease, carrying
the scale with it.

This scale has been found on orange-trees near Santa Bar-
bara, and doubtless exists in other localities also. In green-
houses it attacks not only the orange but many other plants.

FIG. 425.

No. 262.— The Common Mealy-bug.

Dactylopius adonidum Linn.

The insects known under the name of mealy-bugs form no
scale, and are not always stationary, having the power of
moving from one place to another; but, since they require the
same treatment as scale-insects, it will be convenient to treat
of them here. This species of mealy-bug is common in
green-houses throughout the civilized world. The female
is represented magnified in Fig. 425,
with most of the mealy matter re-
moved. When full grown, it is about
one-eighth of an inch long, white, with
a tinge of yellow, a brown band upon
the middle of the back, and its whole
body powdered with white, floury-
looking material. The sides and ex-
tremities of the body are armed with
spines. The larva, which varies in
size according to its age, is of the same
form, but flatter.

The male is a small winged insect,
much resembling that of No. 263.

In Florida it attacks the orange,
guava, grape-vine, and pineapple, and prevails to such an
extent that it is said few orange-trees have escaped its
ravages except those in the interior and southern parts of
the State.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

411

FIG. 42fi

No. 263. — The Destructive Mealy-bug.

Dactylopius destructor Comstock.

The name destructor has been proposed for this species of
mealy-bug on account of the injury done by it to orange-trees
in Florida, where it is one of the most serious insect pests
with which the orange-grower has to
contend. The adult female, which
is shown magnified in Fig. 426, is
about one-sixth of an inch long,
and half that in width, and has
seventeen lateral appendages on
each side, which are nearly uni-
form in length. There is a slight
powdery secretion distributed over
the body. The female begins lay-
ing her eggs in a cottony mass at

the extremity of the abdomen before she attains full growth,
and the egg-mass increases with her growth, gradually forcing
the hinder portion of the body upwards, until finally she
appears as if almost standing on her head.

The eggs are rather long,
and of a bright straw-color,
and, soon after hatching,
the young larvae, which are
rather brighter in color
than the egg, spread in all
directions, settling prefer-
ably along the midrib, on
the under side of the leaves,
or in the forks of the young
twigs, where they form large
colonies, closely packed to-
gether. The young are only slightly covered with white
powder.

The male, which is represented highly magnified in Fig.

FIG. 427.

412

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

FIG. 428.

427, is furnished with two transparent wings, which, when
spread, measure rather less than one-eighth of an inch across.

Its body is olive-
brown; the eyes are
dark red.

The four-winged
fly shown, much mag-
nified, in Fig. 428,
the natural size of
which is indicated by
the short lines on the
left of the figure, is
a parasite on this
mealy-bug, known as
Encyrtus inquisitor
Howard. Its body

is smooth, of a shining black, and the transparent wings are
partly obscured by dusky markings, as shown in the figure.

No. 264.— The Mealy-bug with Long Threads.

Dactylopius longifilis Comstock.

In this species the adult female is nearly one-fifth of an
inch long, of a light dull-yellow color, its body being cov-
ered with a whitish powder. In Fig. 429 it is represented
magnified. The lateral appendages, which are seventeen in
number, are long, the posterior ones on each side being very
long, equalling, and sometimes exceeding, the entire length
of the body. In the larval state the male and the female
are very much alike, but as they approach maturity striking
diiferences appear. The female surrounds herself with
cottony material, amid which the young cluster for some
time after birth. The male larva forms for itself a little
cottony sac or cocoon, in which it changes to a pupa, from
which the winged insect is produced. This is shown, much
magnified, in Fig. 430. The wings, which are transparent,

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

413

measure, when spread, about one-tenth of an inch across.
The body is brown ; the eyes are dull red.

FIG. 429.

FIG. 430.

REMEDIES.

In treating of the remedies for scale-insects and mealy-
bugs, those provided by nature will first claim our atten-
tion. Under the several species discussed, reference has been
made to the parasitic flies which destroy them, as these are
often limited in their attacks to one species. The preda-
ceous insects, which feed on them indiscriminately, will now
claim attention ; these consist mainly of various species of
lady-birds. These useful insects vary in size, and are usually
red, yellow, or black, with spots of one or the other of these
colors. Some of them are found from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, such as the nine-spotted lady-bird, Fig. 123; the
plain lady-bird, Fig. 125; the convergent lady-bird, Fig.
128; the spotted lady-bird, Fig. 129; and the twice-stabbed
lady-bird, Fig. 33. Those which follow are restricted to the
Pacific coast, or are more abundant there. Lady-birds, both
in their larval and in their perfect state, devour scale-insects,
mealy-bugs, and aphides.

414 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

The Ashy-gray Lady-bird,

Cycloneda abdominalis (Say).

This is a small-sized lady-bird, which is often found in
abundance on infested orange-trees. Its larva also is very
common, and, when full grown, measures about four-tenths
of an inch long. It is black, variegated with orange, yellow,
and greenish white, and is shown, magnified, at Fig. 431, a.

When about to transform to a pupa, the larva attaches the
end of its abdomen to a leaf, when shortly the skin, splitting
at the back of the head, gradually shrivels up towards the
posterior end, revealing the pupa, as shown in the figure at b.
This is of a whitish color, tinged in some parts with yellow-
ish, and ornamented with black spots.

FIG. 431.

The beetle is ashy gray, with seven black spots on the
thorax, and eight upon each wing-cover, arranged as shown
at c in Fig. 431, where the insect is represented magnified,
the smaller figure at the side indicating the natural size.

The Blood-red Lady-bird.

Cycloneda sanguinea (Linn.).

The blood -red lady-bird is not so common as the species
last described, but is nevertheless very useful. The larva is
without spines, flattened in form, and ornamented with trans-
verse yellow bands and black spots ; it is most common in the
spring, when it is exceedingly voracious and active.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

415

FIG. 432.

The pupa is shown magnified at a, in Fig. 432. It is
about a quarter of an inch long, of a broad, oval form, and
of a dull-yellow color, with orange and black markings.

The beetle, which is
represented magnified at
b, and of the natural size
at c, in the figure, is almost
hemispherical in form,
and red, varying in the
depth of its hue from a
pale-red to a blood-red
color. The thorax is

black, with its margin and two spots of an orange color, the
head black, with two pale spots. This species has already
been referred to under the name of the plain lady-bird
(Fig. 125), under which designation it has long been known
in the East.

The Cactus Lady-bird.
Chilochorus cacti (Linn.).

This beetle is also known to destroy scale-insects. The
larva is shown, magnified, at a in Fig. 433. It is black,

FIG. 433.

crossed by a light-yellowish band about the middle, and
is armed with many long, branching spines. The pupa, also

416 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

magnified, at b in the figure, is formed within the larval skin,
which splits open along the back sufficiently to show the en-
closed pupa, which is black, with a few sparsely-scattered
tufts of fine hair.

The beetle, which is seen magnified at c, and of the natural
size at cZ, is of a shining black color, with an irregular reddish
spot on each wing-case, and much resembles the twice-stabbed
lady-bird -of the East. (Fig. 33.)

The Ambiguous Hippodamia.

Hippodamid ambigua Lee.

In many districts in California this is a very abundant
insect. The larva is shown in Fig. 434 at a, and, when full

FIG. 434.

grown, is about half an inch long, of a bluish- black color
above, marked with orange, black, and yellowish white. The
pupa, b, is nearly one-third of an inch long, of a dull orange-
yellow, with black and yellow markings. The beetle, c, d,
resembles the blood-red lady-bird, but is narrower in. pro-
portion to its length, and less convex in form. The head is
black, with a whitish patch in front, and the thorax black,
with a dull-white patch on each side towards the front. In
the figure, a, 6, and c are magnified, and d shows the natural
size.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 417

The Eyed Cycloneda.
Cycloneda oculata (Fab.).
This species, which is represented magnified at a, Fig. 435,

FIG. 435.

and of its natural size at 6, has black wing-covers, with a
large reddish spot on each.

The Five-Spotted Lady-bird.
Coccinella 5-notata var. Califomica Mann.

Fig. 436 shows the Californian variety of the five-spotted
lady-bird, which is a form with no spots. The thorax is

FIG. 436.

black, with a pale spot on each side, and the wing-covers pale
orange.

27

418 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

In addition to the species already named, the following are
worthy of mention :

Exochomus contristatus Muls. This is a small lady-bird,
about one-seventh of an inch long, of a red color, with a black
thorax and two black spots on the wing-covers, placed near
the hinder end. The larva is about one-sixth of an inch
long, yellowish, with black spots and spines. Both the larva
and beetle are useful in destroying scale-insects, and are quite
common among the orange groves.

Scymnus cervicalis Muls. A hemispherical beetle, about
one-tenth of an inch long, of a reddish-brown color, with
dark-blue wing-covers. Its larva is pale whitish, with a few
scattered hairs, the head small, round, and black.

Scymnus bioculalus Muls. The larvae of this beetle have
been found feeding on the eggs of the mealy-bug ; they are
covered with a white secretion, something like the mealy-bug
itself, and hence are not easily discovered.

Hyperaspidius coccidivora Ash mead. This beetle, which
resembles a minute Scymnus, also destroys many of the
scale- insects, and is especially destructive to the chaff scale.
It is about one twenty- fifth of an inch long, oval, of a
dark color, having a polished surface and a reddish patch

on each wing-cover.

- 437- The orange Chrysopa, Chrysopa

dtri Ash mead. This is a lace-wing
fly, of a bright yellowish-green color,
with antennae longer than the trans-
parent, netted wings, and having
bright, golden eyes. (See Fig. 437.)
Its eggs are laid on long, thread-like
stalks, and the larva, which devours both scale-lice and plant-
lice greedily, covers itself with minute pieces of dried leaves
or other light substances. It is pinkish, mottled with brown
spots.

Artificial Remedies. — From the suctorial habits of the
bark-lice, the remedies available are limited to such as

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 419

destroy life by contact, or produce death when inhaled
through the breathing-pores; for since these insects draw
their food from beneath the surface of the tissues, the appli-
cation of any poison which requires to be eaten with the food
to produce its effects is not likely to be of much service.

Scale-insects on the bark of the trunk or limbs of trees
may be removed mechanically by using a stiff brush, either
with or without the use of an insecticide. Those on the
smaller twigs and leaves can only be reached by spraying
some suitable liquid on the trees. Alkaline washes seem to
have successfully stood the test of practical experiment, and
are used with good results by many of the leading fruit-
growers on the Pacific coast and in Florida.

A solution of concentrated lye or commercial potash, or its
equivalent in lye made directly from wood-ashes, appears to
be equally effective.

One bushel of good wood-ashes will produce about four
pounds of potash ; hence, in making alkaline washes for trees,
this estimate may be acted on where concentrated lye cannot
be conveniently procured. To obtain the potash in solution,
place a bushel of ashes in a keg or barrel having a tap or
spigot near the bottom. Press them firmly and evenly down,
and lay a small piece of board on the ashes, so that the water,
when poured on them, shall not disturb their surface. Pour
hot water on the board, so that it may spread and soak evenly
through the ashes, using a sufficient quantity to saturate them
thoroughly. Allow it to stand twenty-four hours, then draw
off the lye at the tap, adding more water to displace that held
by the ashes, until eight gallons are obtained. As the first
portion of the liquid which comes off will be much stronger
than the last, agitate the solution so that it may be thoroughly
mixed. Each gallon may then be estimated to contain half a
pound of commercial potash.

For cleansing orange or other Citrus trees from scale-insects,
take one pound of concentrated lye to three gallons of water,
or one and a quarter pounds of commercial potash, or its

420 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

equivalent, ten quarts of the home-made lye, and make the
solution up to three gallons with water. Before the trees
bloom, thin out the branches by pruning, so that air and
light may have free access to the foliage and fruit, carefully
burning all the prunings; then wash or spray the entire tree,
trunk, limbs, and foliage, and, if practicable, use the wash
heated to a temperature of about 130° F., which would be
nearly as hot as the hand could bear.

In two or three weeks, or about the time when the young
larvaB appear, the washing or spraying should be repeated,
using the same mixture, but adding to each gallon half a
pound of flour of sulphur; or use a solution of whale-oil
soap, containing from one-quarter to three-quarters of a
pound to the gallon, with half a pound of sulphur. If the
insects are not entirely subdued, after an interval of three or
four weeks a third application may be made. If the trees
require treatment while in bloom, it is safer to use the soap
solution, as the stronger alkaline washes sometimes injure the
tender growth. For scales on apple, pear, plum, cherry,
peach, apricot, and nectarine trees, the solutions may be used
one-third stronger, but may be made twice the ordinary
strength when applied with a brush to the trunk and limbs
only.

During the earlier period of their growth, scale-insects
are readily destroyed by insecticides of moderate strength,
especially while in the active larval stage, but when the
tough scales are well formed they are much more difficult to
exterminate. While reproduction to some extent appears to
be going on from March to December with but little cessa-
tion, there is no doubt that the months of March, June, and
September mark the appearance of a very large proportion
of the successive broods ; hence, during these months, reme-
dies can be applied with the greatest advantage. Those pests
which are unprotected by scales, such as the mealy-bugs, can
be destroyed at any time with comparative ease by the use
of the alkaline or soap solutions.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 421

Strong tobacco- water, heated to about 130° F., has also
been used with some success, more particularly on the young
broods.

Diluted emulsions of kerosene oil are also valuable agents
in destroying the different species of bark-lice, as well as
many other injurious insects. Emulsions prepared in the
following manner have been found very efficient in several
series of experiments conducted under the direction of the
Department of Agriculture at Washington :

No. 1. — Kerosene oil, .... 2 gallons.
Common soap, . . . . J pound.

Water, 1 gallon.

Dissolve the soap in the water and heat the solution, adding
it, boiling hot, to the kerosene. Churn the mixture with a
force-pump and spray-nozzle for five or ten minutes, when the
emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream which thickens on cooling
and should adhere without oiliness to the surface of glass.
Dilute this emulsion with from 10 to 12 times its bulk of
cold water, and spray it on the foliage.

No. 2. — Kerosene oil, .... 2 gallons.

Sour milk, 1 gallon.

Warm the ingredients to a blood-heat and emulsify in the
same manner as is directed for No. 1, and subsequently dilute
with from 10 to 12 parts of water before using.

No. 3. — Take the white of two eggs, three tablespoonftils
of sugar, a pint and a half of water, and two pints and a half
of kerosene oil. Emulsify with a force-pump and spray-nozzle,
when a cream-like compound will be produced, which should
be diluted with from 10 to 12 times its bulk of water.

It is said that these diluted kerosene emulsions, when prop-
erly prepared, so that the oil does not separate, are more effect-
ive than the alkaline washes, and that they do not injure the
trees.

For the application of these fluids several forms of portable
pumps have been devised, in the selection of which the fruit-
grower should be guided by his own requirements. Where

422 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE.

the orchard is large, it will pay to purchase an efficient instru-
ment for this purpose. It is stated that, with a suitable pump
and nozzle for spraying, from one to two hundred trees can
be thoroughly treated in a day.

Since by far the greater portion of the injury caused by
insects to orange-trees is effected by the scale-insects, it is im-
portant that prompt measures be adopted to destroy them,
and that every precaution be taken to prevent their introduc-
tion into districts hitherto exempt from them. Many localities
have been colonized by these pests through the return of
empty fruit-boxes from infested districts. These may be dis-
infected by dipping them for at least two minutes in boiling
water containing not less than one pound of potash or half a
pound of concentrated lye to each twenty-five gallons. These
insects are also frequently disseminated by the transportation
of nursery stock from one part of the country to another.

Sickly trees are more predisposed to attack than healthy
ones; hence the use of fertilizers to induce a vigorous growth
has been suggested as a remedial measure. In planting new
groves, avoid the vicinity of diseased trees if possible, as the
young lice are liable to be carried some distance by winds, or
on the feet of birds visiting the trees.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OLIVE.

No. 265. — The Greedy Scale-insect.

Aspidiotus rapax Comstock.

The scale of the female in this species is about one-sixteenth
of an inch long, very convex, of a gray or drab color, and
somewhat transparent. The enclosed insect is bright yellow,
with translucent blotches. It is shown in the natural position
on a limb, and also detached, in Fig. 438.

The eggs, which are found under the mature female scales,
are yellow, so also are the newly-hatched Iarva3 ; the latter

FIG. 438.

FIG. 43.9.

are less than one-hundredth of an inch long ; one of them
is shown, highly magnified, in Fig. 439.

This scale has been found on olive-trees in various parts
of California, but it is said to flourish only on trees in an un-
healthy condition, and, as it is chiefly confined to the trunk
and larger limbs, can be easily removed with a stiff brush
dipped in a solution of whale-oil soap. It also infests apple
and pear trees on the Pacific coast.

423

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIG.

No. 266. — The Fig-eater.

Allorhina nitida (Linn.).

This beetle, which has acquired the local name of fig-eater
in the South, is closely related to the Cetonias, Nos. 81 and
82, which, in the northern portions of the continent, eat the
flesh of ripe pears, plums, and peaches. The fig-eater, which
is shown in Fig. 440, is a very common insect in the South ;

FIG. 440.

it is nearly an inch long, with a robust body, the wing-
cases being velvety green, with light, cream-colored borders.
No remedy has been suggested for these insects other than
collecting and destroying them.

424

SYNONYMICAL LIST.

IN the following list the older as well as the newer names
of the insects referred to are given, as a guide to those who
may not have become familiar with the changes which have
taken place in insect nomenclature within the past few years.
The list does not include all the changes proposed, but only
such as have been generally accepted by entomologists, with
a few others which have such a weight of testimony in their
favor as will probably lead to their general acceptance

1. Schizoneura lanigera (Hausm.).

Erioaoma pyri Fitch.
Pemphigus pyri Fitch.
Aphelinus inali (Hald.).
Eriophilus mali Hald.

2. Saperda Candida Fabr.

Saperda bivittata Say.

3. Chrysobothris femorata (Fabr.).

Buprestis femorata Fabr.

4. Leptostylus aculifer (Say).

Lamia aculifera Say.
6. Monarthrum mali (Fitch).
Tomicus mali Fitch.

13. Amphicerus bicaudatus (Say).

Bostrichus bicaudatus Say.

14. Epicserus imbricatus (Say).

Liparus imbricatus Say.

16. Mytilaspis pomorum Bouche1.

Aspidiotus conchiformis Gmelin.
Mytilaspis pomicorticis Riley.
Tyroglyphus malus (Shimer).
Acarus malus Shimer.

17. Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch).

Aspidiotus furfurus Fitch.
Aspidiotus Harrisii Walsh.

20. Pimpla conquisitor (Say).

Cryptus conquisitor Say.

21. Nemoraea leucaniae (Eirkp.).

Exorista leucanise Kirkp.

24. (Edemasia concinna (Sm. & Abb.).

Notodonta concinna Sm. A Abb.

25. Anisopteryx vernata (Peek).

Phalena vernata Peck.

27. Podisus spinosus (Dallas).

Arma spinosa Dallas.

28. Platysamia Cecropia (Linn.).

Attacue Cecropia Linn.
Smicra mariae (Riley).
Chalcis marise Riley.

29. Coelodasys unicornis (Sm. <t Abb.).

Notodonta unicornis Sm. *fe Abb.

34. Tolype velleda (Stoll).

Gastropacha velleda Stoll.

35. Cacoecia rosaceana (Harris).

Lozotsenia rosaceana Harris.

36. Teras minuta (Robs).

Tortrix malivorana Le Baron.

37. Phycis indigenella (Zeller).

Acrobasis indigenella Zeller.
Phycita nebulo Walsh.
Tachina phycita (Le Baron).
Exorista phycitte Le Baron.

38. Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff ).

Tortrix ocellana Schiff.
Penthina oculana Harris.
GraphoUtha oculana Can. Ent.
40. Teras minuta Robs.

Tortrix Cinderella Riley.
425

426

STNONYMICAL LIST.

41. Phoxopteris nubeoulana (Clem.).
Anchylopera nubeculana Clem.

43. Nolaphana malana (Fitch).

JBrachytsenia malana Fitch.

44. Ypsolophus pometellus (Harris).

Rhinoaia pometellus Harris.
Choetochilus pometellue Fitch.

45. Agrotis saucia (Hiibner).

Agrotis inermis Harris.
Agrotis clandestina (Harris).
Noctna clandestina Harris.

47. Eugonia subsignaria (Hiibner).

Endalinia subsignaria Hiibner.
Ennomos subsignaria Packard.

48. Phobetron pithecium (Sm. & Abb.).

Limacodes pithecium Sm. & Abb.
55. Odontota rosea (Weber).

Hispa roaea Weber.

Hispa marginata Say.
57. Adalia bipunctata (Linn.).

Coccinella bipunctata Linn.
Cycloneda sanguinea (Linn.).

Coccinella sanguinea Linn.

Coccinella munda Say.
Megilla maculata (De Geer).

Coccinella maculata De Geer.

Hippodamia maculata Muls.
Anatis 15-punctata (Olir.).

Myaia 15-punctata Oliv.
Harmonia picta (Rand).

Coccinella picta Rand.
61. Sciara mali (Fitch).

Molobrua mali Fitch.
64. Lithophane antennata Walker.

Xylina cinerea Riley.

67. Oncideres cingulatus (Say).

Saperda cingulata Say.

68. Xyleborus pyri (Peck).

Scolytua pyri Peck.

Tomicus pyri Harris.
71. Lygus lineolaris (P. Beauv.).

Capaua lineolaria P. Beauv.

Capsus oblineatua Say.
73. Pomphopoea aenea (Say).

Lytta aenea Say.
77. Cotalpa lanigera (Linn.).

Areoda lanigera Linn.

81. Euphoria Inda (Linn.).

Cetonia Inda Linn.

82. Euphoria melancholica (Gory).

Cetonia melancholica Gory.

84. Apatela occidentalis (G. & R.).

Acronycta occidentalis G. <fc R.

85. Apatela superans (Guen.).

Acronycta auperans Guen.
88. Telea polyphemus (Linn.).

Attacus polyphemus Linn.
95. Coccotorus scutellaris (Lee.).

Anthonomus prunicida Walsh.
98. Phloeotribus liminaris (Harris).

Tomicus liminaris Harris.

100. Ithycerus noveboracensis (Forster).

Ithycerus curculionides Herbst.

101. Ptycholoma persicana (Fitch).

Crcesiu persicana Fitch.
Lozotsenia fragariana Packard.
104. Dicerca divaricata (Say).

Buprestia divaricata Say.

109. Crepidodera Helxines (Linn.).

Altica nana Say.

110. Callosamia Promethea (Drury).

Attacus Promethea Drury.
112. Hyperchiria lo (Linn.).

Saturnia lo Linn.
114. Caccecia cerasivorana (Fitch).

Lozotsenia cerasivorana Fitch.
117. Thecla titus Fabr.

Thecla mopsus Boisd. & Lee.

130. Sinoxylon basilare (Say).

Apate basilaris Say.

131. Ampeloglypter Sesostris (Leo.,;.

Baridius Sesostris Lee.
Madarus vitis Riley.

132. Darapsa myron (Cramer).

Chcerocampa pampinatrix Sm.

133. Philauopelus Pandorus (Hiibner).

Philampelus satellitia Linn.
144. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus

(Fitch).
Pterophorua periacelidactylus

Fitch.

147. Pyrophila pyramidoides (Guen.).

Amphipyra pyramidoidea Guen.

148. Pyrophila tragopoginis (Linn.).

Agrotia repressua Grote.

SYNOXYMICAL LIST.

427

150. Graptodera chalybea (Illig.).

Haltica chalybea Illig.
152. Fidia longipes (Mels.)

Pachnephorua longipea Mels.
157. Erythroneura vitis (Harris).

Tettigonia vitia Harris.
165. Cyrtophyllus concavus (Harris).

Platyphyllum concavum Harris.
Phylloptera oblongifolia (De Geer).

Locuata oblongifolia De Geer.

171. Eudemis botrana (Schiff).

Penthina vitivorana (W. A R.).

172. Craponius inaequalis (Say).

Ceutorhynchua insequalis Say.
174. Bembecia marginata Harris.

jEgeria ntbi Riley.
176. Oberea bimaculata Oliv.

Oberea tn'punctata Fabr.
181. Apatela brumosa Guen.

Acronycta verrillii Grote.

183. Chelymorpha Argus Leich.

Chelymorpha cribraria Fabr.

184. Syncblora rubivoraria (Riley).

Aplodea rubivora Riley.

191. Tyloderma fragariae (Riley).

Analcis fragarise Riley.

192. Phoxopteris comptana Frol.

Anchylopern fragarite W. A R.

193. Eccopsis permundana (Clemens).

Exartema permundana Clemens,

194. Apatela oblinita (Sm. A Abb.)-

Acronycta oblinita Sm. A Abb.

195. Agrotis Ypsilon (Rott.).

Agrotia stiffuaa D. A S.

Agrotia telifera Harris.
Agrotis tricosa Lintner.

Agrotia jaculifera Guen.
Hadena devastatrix (Brace).

Agrotia devastator Harris.

196. Paria sex-notata (Say).

Colaapia aex-notata Say.

197. Phyllotreta vittata (Fabr.).

Crioceria vittata Fabr.

Phyllotreta etriolata Illig.
Haltica atriolata Harris.
203. Psenocerus supernotatus (Say).
Clytua aupernotatua Say.

208. Eufitcbia ribearia (Fitcb).

Ellopia ribearia Fitch.

209. Grapta progne (Cram.).

Vaneaaa progne Cram.
212. Poecilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.).
Lygieua lineatua Fabr.
Capaua 4-vittatua Say.

215. Epochra Canadensis (Loew).

Trypeta Canadenaia Loew.

216. Endropia armataria (Herr. Sch.).

Priocycla armataria Herr. Sch.
219. Dakruma convolutella (Hiibn.).
Zophodia convolutella Hiibn.
Pempelia grossularise Packard.
Myeloia convolutella Packard.

223. Crepidodera cucumeris (Harris).

Haltica cucumeria Harris.

224. Eudioptis hyalinata (Linn.).

Phakellura hyalinatalia Linn.

225. Eudioptis nitidalis (Cram.).

Phakellura nitidalia Cram.

227. Rhopobota vacciniana (Packard).

Anchylopera vacciniana

Packard.

228. Teras oxycoccana (Packard).

Tortrix oxycoccana Packard.

229. Teras vacciniivorana (Packard).

Tortrix vacciniivorana Packard.
239. Papilio cresphontes Fabr.

Papilio thoaa Boisd.
241. Platynota rostrana (Walker).

Teraa roatrana Walker.
258. Ceroplastes Floridensis Coinstock.

Ceroplastea ruaci Linn.

(Ashmead)
264. Cycloneda abdominalis (Say).

Coccinella abdominalia Say.
266. Allorhina nitida (Linn.).

Cotinia nitida Linn.

INDEX.

Abbot Sphinx, 253.
Acarus malus, 425.
Achemon Sphinx, 250.
Acrobnsis indigenella, 425.
Acronycta oblinita, 427.
" occidentalis, 426.
" superans, 426.
" verrillii, 427.
Acutalis dorsalis, 289.
Adalia bipunctata, 124, 426.
JSgeria cucurbitae, 361.
exitiosa, 191.
polistiformis, 229.
pyri, 140.
rubi, 427.
tipuliformis, 336.
Agrilus rufieollis, 307.
Agrotis clandestina, 108, 426.
Cochranii, 107.
devastator, 427.
inermis, 426.
jaculifera, 427.
repressus, 426.
" saucia, 106, 426.
" scandens, 107.
" tricosa, 328, 427.
" suffusa, 427.
" telifera, 427.
" tessellata, 328.
" Ypsilon, 327, 427.
Alaus oculatus, 25.
Alkaline washes, 419.
Allorhina nitida, 424, 427.
Altica nana, 426.
Alypia octomaculata, 262.
Ambiguous hippodamia, 416.
American lappet-moth, 87, 221.

" Procris, 265.
Ampeloglypter Sesostris, 243, 426.
Amphicerus bicaudatus, 33, 425.
Amphidasys cognataria, 349.
Amphipyra pyramidoides, 426.
Analcis fragariae, 427.
Anarsia lineatella, 321.
Anatia 15-punctata, 125, 426.
Anchylopera fragariae, 427.

nubeculana, 426.
vacciniana, 427.
Angerona crocataria, 348.
Angular-winged katydid, 383.

Anisopteryx pometaria, 64.

" vernata, 64, 425,

Anomala lucicola, 284.
Anthonomus prunicida, 426.

" quadrigibbus, 133.

" suturalis, 375.

Apate basilaris, 426.
Apatela brumosa, 313, 426.
oblinita, 325, 427.
" occidentalis, 165, 426.
" superans, 166, 426.
Aphelinus aspidioticola, 393.
" mali, 15, 19, 425.
" mytilaspidis, 42.
Aphis mali, 121.
" malifolise, 121.
" prunifolii, 180.
" ribis, 351.
" vitis, 201.
Aphrophora 4-notata, 242.
" Signoreti, 242.

Apis mellifica, 301.
Aplodes rubivora, 427.
Apple-bark beetle, 24.
Apple-bud worm, 96.
Apple curculio, 133.
fly, 137.
Liopus, 30.
Lyonetia, 119.
maggot, 135.
midge, 136.
Sphinx, 86.
Thrips, 138.
woolly-louse, 27.
Apple-leaf aphis, 121.

" Bucculatrix, 118.
" miner, 114, 317, 320.
" sewer, 99.
" skeletonizer, 100.
Apple-root plant-louse, 13.
Apple-tree aphis, 121.

" borer, flat-headed, 20, 160,

189, 199.
" borer, round-headed, 16, 160,

189, 199.

" case-bearer, 115.
" caterpillar, red-humped, 62,

160, 220.

" caterpillar, yellow-necked,
60.

429

430

INDEX.

Apple-tree prtmer, 31.

" tent-caterpillar, 47, 189, 220.
Apple-twig borer, 33, 160, 220, 301.
Apple-worm, many-dotted, 101.
Arctia Sp., 372.
Areoda lanigera, 426.
Arma modesta, 290.
" spinosa, 425.
Artipus Floridanus, 383.
Ash-gray pinion, 138, 200.
Ashy-gray lady-bird, 414.
Aspidiotus aurantii, 395.

" cerasi, 204.

" conchiformis, 425.

" cydoniae, 222.

" ficus, 396.

" furfurus, 425.

" Harrisii, 44, 425.

" nerii, 396.

" rapax, 423.
Aspidisca splendoriferella, 1 17.
Attacus Cecropia, 425.
" polyphemus, 426.
" Promethea, 426.

Baridius Sesostris, 426.

Barnacle scale, 402.

Basket-worm, or bag-worm, 139, 161.

190, 200, 221, 222.
Beautiful wood-nymph, 258.
Bees, 190.

Bembecia marginata, 303, 427.
Black-backed tree-hopper, 289.
Blackberry bark-louse, 319.

" flea-louse, 320.
Blackberry, pithy gall of, 318.

" seed-like gall of, 319.

Black scale of California, 407.
Blind-eyed Sphinx, 85, 189.
Blue-spangled peach-tree caterpillar,

139, 161, 197, 221.
Blue yellow-cloaked Chalcid, 392.
Bostrichus bicaudatus, 425.
Bound tree-bug, 290.
Brachytaania tualana, 426.
Bracon charus, 21.
Broad-necked Prionus, 160, 227.
Broad scale, 404.
Broad-winged katydid, 201.
Bucculatrix pomilbliella, 118.
Buffalo tree-hopper, 45, 200.
Buprestis divaricata, 426.

" femorata, 425.
Bythoscopus clitellarius, 188.
Byturus unicolor, 310.

Cacoeoia cerasivorana, 215, 426.

" rosaceana, 90, 425.
Cactus lady-bird, 415.
Callimorpha Lecontei var. fulvicosta,

197.
Callosamia Promethea, 205, 426.

Caloptenus femur-rubrum, 1ST.

" spretus, 157.
Cslosoma calidum, 57, 70.

" scrutator, 57.
Campyloneura vitripennis, 288.
Canadian Osmia, 331.
Canker-worms, 64, 189, 220.
Capsus lineolaris, 426.
" oblineatus, 426.
" 4-vittatus, 427.
Carpocapsa pomonella, 127.
Catocala ultronia, 177.
Cecidomyia, 294.

" grossularise, 359.

" Sp., 373.
Cecropia Chalcis fly, 79.
" Cryptus, 79.
" emperor-moth, 73, 161, 189,

220, 353.

Ceresa bubalus, 45.
Ceroplastes cirripediformis, 402.

" Floridensis, 402, 427.

" rusci, 404, 427.
Cetonia Inda, 426.

" melancholica, 426.
Ceutorhynchus inaequalis, 427.
Chaff scale, 401.
Chalcis mariae, 425.
Chauliognatbus Americanus, 185.
Checkered rustic, 328.
Chelymorpha argus, 315, 427.

" cribraria, 427.

Cherry-bug, 220.
Cherry-tree bark-louse, 203.

" plant-louse, 216.

" scale-insect, 204.

" Thecla, 219.

" Tortrix, 215.
Chilochorus bivulnerus, 43.

" cacti, 415.
Chionaspis furfurus, 44, 425.
Choerocampa pampinatrix, 426.
Choetochilus contubernalellus, 104.

" malifoliellus, 105.

" pometellus, 426.

Chrysobothris femorata, 20, 425.
Chrysopa, 126, 185, 342.

" citri, 418.
Cicada septendecim, 35.

" tibicen, 203.
Cidaria diversilineata, 270.

" Sp., 372.
Circular scale, 396.
Clastoptera proteus, 374.
Climbing cut-worms, 105, 335.
Clisiocampa Americana, 47.

" sylvatica, 52.
Cloaked Chrysomela, 121.
Clytus supernotatus, 427.
Coccinella abdominalis, 427.
" bipunctata, 426.

INDEX.

431

Coccinella maculata, 426.
" munda, 124, 426.
" novem-notata, 124.
" picta, 426.
" 5-notata var. Californica,

417.

" sanguinea, 426.
Coceophagus cognatus, 405.
Coccotorus scutellaris, 187, 426.
Codling tnoth, 127, 161, 190, 200.
('celodasys unicornis, 80, 425.
Culaspij! brunnea, 282.

•' sex-notata, 427.
Coleophora malivorella, 115.
Couiely lady-bird, 124.
Common mealy-bug, 410.
Comrade palmer-worm, 104.
Comys bicolor, 405.
Conotrachelus cratsegi, 225.

nenuphar, 180.

Convergent lady-bird, 124, 413.
Copper-spotted Calosoma, 57, 70.
Corimelaena pulicaria, 317.
Cotalpa lanigera, 154, 426.
Cotinis nitida, 427.
Cotton-stainer, 387.
Cranberry aphis, 374.

' fruit-worm, 375.
gall-fly, 373.
saw-fly, 373.
' span-worm, 372.
' spittle insect, 374.

weevil, 375.
' worm, 369.
Craponius insequalis, 300, 427.
Crepidodera cucumeris, 364, 427.
" Helxines, 204, 426.

Cresphontes butterfly, 377.
Crioceris vittata, 427.
Croesia persicana, 426.
Cryptus conquisitor, 52, 367, 425.
" extrematis, 79.
" grallator, 21.
" inquisitor, 225.
Cucumber flea-beetle, 317, 364.
Currant Amphidasys, 190, 349.
" Angerona, 335, 348.
" bark-louse, 338.
" borer, American, 337.
" " imported, 336. 339.

" Endropia, 353, 354.
" fly, 352.
" fruit-worm, 352.
" plant-louse, 351.
" span-worm, 344, 356, 360.
Cut-worms, 327.

" climbing, 105, 335.
Cycloneda abdominalis, 414, 427.
" oculata, 417.
" sanguinea, 124, 414, 426.
Cyrtophyllus concavus, 201, 427.

Dactylopius adonidum, 410.

" destructor, 411.

" longifilis, 412.

Dakruma convolutella, 357, 427.
Darapsa myron, 244, 426.
Dark-sided cut-worm, 107.
Dark-veined Deilephila, 256.
Datana ministra, 60.
Deilephila chamaenerii, 256.

" lineata, 254.
Delicate long-sting, 132.
Desmia maculalis, 266.
Destructive mealy-bug, 411.
Diabrotica 12-punctata, 368.

" vittata, 362.
Diastrophus cuscutaeformis, 319.

" nebulosus, 318.

Dicerca divaricata, 201, 426.
Diplosis grassator, 239.
Disippus butterfly, 168, 221.
Divaricated Buprestis, 199, 201.
Dog-day Cicada, 203.
Drosophila ampelophila, 137.
Dynastes tityus, 202.
Dysdercus suturellus, 387.

Eccopsis malana, 96.

" permundana, 324, 427.
Egg parasite, 170.
Eight-spotted forester, 262.
Elaphidion parallelum, 33.

" villosum, 31.

Ellopia ribearia, 427.
Elm-bark beetle, 195.
Emphytus maculatus, 332.
Empretia stimulea, 113.
Enchenopa binotata, 242.
Encyrtus flavus, 406.

" inquisitor, 412.
Endropia armataria, 354, 427.
Ennomos subsignaria, 426.
Epicaerus imbricatus, 35, 425.
Epochra Canadensis, 352, 427.
Eriophilus mali, 425.
Eriosoma pyri, 425.
Erythroneura vitis, 286, 427.
Eudalinia subsignaria, 426.
Eudioptis hyalinata, 365, 427.

" nitidalis, 367, 427.
Eudemis botrana, 299, 427.
Eudryas grata, 258.

" unio, 261.
Eufitchia ribearia, 344, 427.
Eugonia subsignaria, 111, 426.
Eumenes fraternus, 70.
Eupelmus mirabilis, 385.
Euphoria Inda, 159, 426.

" melancholica, 160, 426.
Eupithecia interrupto-fasciata, 352.
Exartema permundana, 427.
Exochoinus contristatus, 418.

432

INDEX.

Exorista leucaniae, 425.
" phycitae, 425.
Eyed Cycloneda, 417.

" Elater, 25.
Eye-spotted bud-moth, 95, 161, 189, 221.

Fall web-worm, 71, 161, 189, 220, 302,

317, 320, 353, 356.
Fidia longipes, 282, 427.
Fifteen-spotted lady-bird, 125.
Fig-eater, 424.
Flat-headed apple-tree borer, 20, 160,

189, 199.

Flea-like negro-bug, 317, 320, 335.
Flies, golden-eyed, 126.

" hice-winged, 126.
Florida Ceroplastes, 402.
Forest tent- caterpillar, 52, 189, 220.
Four-spotted spittle insect, 242.
Four-striped plant-bug, 350.
Fraternal potter-wasp, 70.

Gartered plume-moth, 268.
Gastropacha Americana, 87.

" velleda, 425.

Gaurax anchora, 79.
Glassy cut-worm, 329.
Glassy-winged soldier-bug, 288.
Glistening cranberry -moth, 370.
Glyptoscelis crypticus, 121.
Golden-eyed flies, 126.
Goldsmith beetle, 154, 334.
Gooseberry fruit-worm, 353, 357.

" midge, 359.
Gortyna nitela, 334.
Grape-berry moth, 298.
Grape curculio, 300.
" leaf-gall louse, 232, 288.
" Phylloxera, 231.
Grape-seed insect, 296.
Grape-vine aphis, 290.

apple-gall, 295.
bark-louse, 241.
Cidaria, 270.
Colaspis, 282, 335.
Epimenis, 264.
Fidia, 282.
filbert-gall, 293.
flea-beetle, 190, 277.
" leaf-hopper, 286.
" leaf-roller, 266.
" root-borer, 229.
" saw-fly, 285.
" tomnto-gall, 294.
" wound-gall, 243.
Grapholitha oculann, 425.
Grapta progne, 346, 427.
Graptodera chalybea, 277, 427.
Grasshoppers, 139, 157.
Gray dagger-moth, 139, 165, 221.
Greasy cut-worm, 327.

Greedy scale-insect, 423.
Green apple-leaf-tyer, 98.

" caterpillar-hunter, 57.
Green-faced locust, 158.
Green grape-vine Sphinx, 244.

" pear-tree slug, 153.

Hadena devastatrix, 329, 427.
Hag-moth caterpillar, 112, 221.
Hairy cranberry caterpillar, 372.
Haltica chalybea, 427.
" cucumeris, 427.
" striolata, 427.
Harmonia picta, 125, 426.
Harpalus Pensylvanicus, 185.
Harris's bark-louse, 44.
Hemiteles nemativorus, 342.

" thyridopteryx, 225.
Hemispherical scale, 409.
Hippodamia ambigua, 416.

" convergens, 125.

" 13-punctata, 124.

" maculata, 426.

Hispa rnarginata, 426.

" rosea, 426.
Honey bee, 301.
Hoplophora arctata, 239.
Horned span-worm, 167, 335.
Hybernia tiliaria, 109.
Hyperaspidius coccidivora, 418.
Hyperchiria lo, 209, 426.
Hyphantria textor, 71.

Icerya purchasi, 400.
Ichneumon laetus, 52.
Imbricated snout-beetle, 35, 220.
Imported currant-borer, 336, 356, 360.

" currant-worm, 339.
Indian Cetonia, 159, 200, 302.
lo emperor-moth, 139, 209, 353.
Iridescent Serica, 156.
Isosomf). vitis, 296.
Ithycerus curculionides, 426.

" noveboracensis, 196, 426.

Kerosene emulsion, 421.

Lace-winged flies, 126, 185, 240.
Lachnosterna fusca, 212.
Lady-bird, ashy-gray, 414.

" blood-red, 414.

" cactus, 415.

" comely, 124.

" convergent, 124, 413.

" eyed, 417.

" fifteen-spotted, 125.

" five-spotted, 417.

" nine-spotted, 124, 413.

" painted, 125.

" plain, 124, 413, 415.

« spotted, 125, 413.

INDEX.

433

Lady-bird, thirtcen-spottcd, 124.
twice-stabbed, 43, 413.
two-spotted, 124.
Lagoa crispata, 176.
Lainia aculifera, 425.
Large green tree-bug, 290.
La.«io.ptera vitis, 295.
Leaf-crumpler, 93, 189, 200, 221, 226.
Leaf-cutting bee, 179.
Leaf-footed plant-bug, 386.
Lecanium, 319.

" cerasifex, 203.

hemisphaericum, 409.
hesperiduin, 404.
oleoe, 407.

" persicae, 195.

" pyri, 144, 203.

" ribis, 338.

Leptoglossus phyllopus, 386.
Leptostylus aculifer, 22, 425.
Lesser apple-leaf folder, 92.
Light-loving Anomala, 284.
Liinacodes pithecium, 426.
Limenitis disippus, 168, 218.

" Ursula, 217.
Lime-tree winter-moth, 109.
Liopus facetus, 30.
Liparus imbricatus, 425.
List of synonyms, 423.
Lithacodes fasciola, 179.
Lithocolletis geminatella, 149.
Lithophane antennata, 138, 426.
Locusta oblongifolia, 427.
Locusts, 157.
Long-horned borer, 22.
Long scale, 392.
Long-tailed Ophion, 78.
Lozotaenia cerasivorana, 426.

" fragariana, 426.

" rosaceana, 425.
Lubber grasshopper, 385.
Lucanus dama, 23.
Lygseus lineatus, 427.
Lygus lineolaris, 147, 426.
Lyonetia saccatella, 119.
Lytta aenea, 426.

Macrocentrus delicatus, 132.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 280.
Madarus vitis, 426.

Many-dotted apple-worm, 101,200, 221.
May-beetle, 190, 212, 334.
Mealy-bug, common, 410.

destructive, 411.
" with long threads, 412.

Mealy flata, 302, 357.
Megachile brevis, 179.
Megilla maculata, 125, 426.
Melancholy Cetonia, 139, 160.
Melon caterpillar, 365.
Metapodius femoratus, 220.

28

Microcentrum retinervis, 383.
Microdes earinoides, 98.
Modest tree-bug, 290.
Molobrus mali, 426.
Monarthruin mali, 24, 425.
Mottled plum-tree moth, 166.
Myelois convolutella, 427.
Mysia 15-punctata, 426.
Mytilaspis citricola, 390.

" Gloveri, 392.

" pomicorticis, 425.

" pomorum, 40, 425.
Myzus cerasi, 216.
" persicse, 199.

Native currant saw-fly, 343.
Neat cucumber moth, 367.
" strawberry leaf-roller, 317, 320,

324.

Nematocampa filamentaria, 167.
Neinatus ventricosus, 339.
Nemoraea leucaniae, 56, 425.
New York weevil, 139, 160, 189, 196, 220.
Nine-spotted lady-bird, 124, 413.
Noctua clandestina, 426.
Nolaphana malana, 101, 426.
Nothris citrifoliella, 382.

" ovivorus, 70.
Notodonta concinna, 425.
" unicornis, 425.

Oak Platycerus, 148.
Oberea bimaculata, 305, 427.

" tripunctata, 427.
Oblique-banded leaf-roller, 90, 161, 189,

200, 221, 317, 335, 353.
Oblong-winged katydid, 292.
Odontota rosea, 120, 426.
(Ecanthus niveus, 308.
CEdemasia concinna, 62, 425.
Ohio currant saw-fly, 344.
Oncideres cingulatus, 142, 426.
Ophion bilineatus, 273.

" macrurum, 78, 175, 212.
Orange aphis, 388.

basket-worm, 380.

Chrysopa, 418.

dog, 380.

leaf-notcher, 383.

leaf Nothris, 382.

leaf-roller, 381.
Orgyia leucostigma, 57.
Oribates aspidioti, 394.
Osmia Canadensis, 331.
Osmoderma scabra, 26.
Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 268, 426.
Oxyptilus nigrociliatus, 314.
Oyster-shell bark-louse, 40, 160, 353.

Pachnephorus longipes, 427.
Painted lady-bird, 125.

434

INDEX.

Pale-brown By turns, 310.
Palmer-worm, 102, 221.
Pandorus Sphinx, 248.
Papilio cresphontes, 377, 427.
" thoas, 427.
" turnus, 81.
Parallel Elaphidion, 33, 189.
Paria sex-nutata, 330, 427.
Parlatoria Pergandii, 401.
Parorgyia parallela, 179.
Peach-tree aphis, 199.

" bark-louse, 195.
" borer, 189, 191.
" leaf-roller, 197.
Pear-blight beetle, 139, 143, 189, 200.
Pear-tree aphis, 156.

" bark-louse, 144.

" blister-beetle, 149, 190, 221,

226.

" borer, 140.
" leaf-miner, 139, 149.
Pay Ha, 145.

slug, 150, 190, 221, 226.
" slug, green, 153.
Pearl wood-nymph, 261.
Pelidnota punctata, 276.
Pempelia grossulariae, 427.
" Hammond!, 100.
Pemphigus pyri, 425.

vitifoliae, 232.

Pennsylvania ground-beetle, 185.
Pentatoma ligata, 290.
Penthiua oculana, 425.

" vitivorana, 427.
Phakellura hyalinatalis, 427.

" nitidalis, 427.
Phalena vernata, 425.
Philampelus achemon, 250.

" pandorus, 248, 426.

" satellitia, 426.

Phleeothrips mali, 138.
Phlceotribus liniinaris, 195, 426.
Phobetron pithecium, 112, 420.
Phoxopteriscomptana,323, 427.

" nubeculana, 99, 426.

Phycis indigenella, 93, 425.
Phycita nebulo, 425.
Phylloptera oblongifolia, 292, 427.
Phyllotreta striolata, 427.

" vittata, 330, 427.

Phylloxera vastatrix, 231.
" vitifolia, 288.

Phytoptus oleivorus, 389.
Pigeon Tremex, 141.
Pimpla annulipes, 132.

" conquisitor, 52, 425.
" pedalis, 57.
" ring-legged, 132.
Pipiza radicum, 15, 238.
Pithy gall of blackberry, 318.
Placid soldier-bug, 342.

Plain lady-bird, 124, 413, 415.
Platoeceticus Gloveri, 380.
Platycerus quercus, 148.
Platynota rostrana, 381, 427.
Platyphyllum concavum, 427.
Platysamia Cecropia, 73, 425.
Plum curculio, 139, 161, 180, 200, 221.
Plum-gouger, 187.
Plum-tree aphis, 180.

" Catocala, 177.

" moth, mottled, 166.

" Sphinx, 162.
Podisus placidus, 342.

" spinosus, 73, 425.
Poecilocapsus lineatus, 350, 427.
Poeciloptera pruinosa, 357.
Polyphemus moth, 171.
Pomphopoea aenea, 149, 426.
Porizon conotracheli, 187.

" curculio parasite, 186.
Priocycla armataria, 427.
Prionus imbricornis, 228.

" laticollis, 227.
Pristiphora grossulariae, 343.
identidem, 373.

" rufipes, 344.

Proconia undata, 289.
Procris Americana, 265.
Promethea emperor-moth, 205.
Psenocerus supernotatus, 337, 427.
Psycomorpha epimcnis, 264.
Psylla pyri, 145.
" rubi, 320.

Pterophorus periscelidactylus, 426.
Ptycholoma persicana, 197, 426.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 241.
Purblind Sphinx, 208.
Purple scale, 390.
Pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, 190,

274, 317.
Pyrophila pyramidoides, 274, 426.

" tragopoginis, 275, 426.

Quince curculio, 161, 225.
Quince scale, 222.

Rapacious soldier-bug, 70.
Raspberry Apatela, 313.

" cane-borer, 305, 320.

" geometer, 316.
gouty-gall, 307.

" plume-moth, 314.

" root-borer, 303, 320.

" saw-fly, 311.
Red-headed Systena, 283.
Red-humped apple-tree caterpillar, 62,

160, 220.
Red-legged locust, 157.

" Trioxys, 389.

Red-necked Agrilus, 307, 320.
Pied scale of California, 395.

INDEX.

435

Red-shouldered Sinoxylon, 139, 200, 243.

Red spider, 355.

Red-striped cranberry-worm, 371.

Red-tailed Taehina fly, 54.

Resplendent shield-bearer, 116.

Rhaphiguster Pensylvanicus, 290.

Rhinosia pometellus, 426.

llhodites radieum, 304.

Rhopobota vacciniana, 369, 427.

Ribbed scale, 400.

Ring-legged Pimpla, 132.

Rocky Mountain locust, 157.

Romalea microptera, 385.

Root-louse Syrpbus fly, 15, 238.

Rose-beetle, 139, 190/200, 221, 280.

Rosy Hispa, 120.

Rough Osmoderma, 26, 220.

Round-headed apple-tree borer, lf», lo'O,

226.

Rubi podagra, 307.
Rust mite, 389.

Saddle-back caterpillar, 113, 221,302,

317, 353.

Saddled leaf-hopper, 188, 200.
Saperda bivittata, 425.

" Candida, 16, 425.

" cingulata, 426.
Saturnia To, 426.
Scale insects, remedies for, 413.
Schizoneura lanigera, 13, 27, 425.
Sciara mali, 136, 426.
Scolytus pyri, 426.
Scurfy bark-louse, 44, 160.
Scynmus bioculatus, 418.

•* cervicalis, 15, 418.
Seed-like gall of blackberry, 319.
Selandria cerasi, 150.

" rubi, 311.

" vitis, 285.
Serica iricolor, 156.
Sesostris snout-beetle, 243.
Seventeen-year locust, 35.
Sigalphus curculionis, 186.

" curculio parasite, 186.
Signiphora flavopalliatus, 392.
Signoret's spittle insect, 242.
Sinea diadeuia, 70.
Single-striped tree-hopper, 28"9.
Sinoxylon basilare, 243. 426.
Siphonophora citrifolii, 388.
" viticola, 200.

Smeared dagger, 139, 200, 302, 317, 325.
Smerinthus exaecatus. 85.

" myops, 208.

Smicra mariae, 79, 425.
Soldier-beetle, 185.
Sphinx drupiferarum, 162.

Gordius, 86.

Spilosoma Virginica, 271.
Spined soldier-bug, 73.

Spinous currant caterpillar, 346, 360.
Spotted horn-beetle, 202.

" lady-bird, 125, 413.

« Paria, 330.

" Pelidnota, 276.
Squash-vine borer, 361.
Stag beetle, 23, 220.
Stalk-borer, 200, 334.
Stenomesius aphidicola, 388.
Strawberry crown-borer, 322.

leaf-roller, 323.
" leaf-stem gall, 331.
" root-borer, 200, 321.
" saw-fly, 332.
Streaked Thecla, 176.
Striped cut-worm, 328.

" flea-beetle, 330.

" squash-beetle, 362.
Synchlora rubivoraria, 316,427.
Synonymical list, 425.
Systena frontalis, 283.
Syrphus fly, 126.

Taehina fly, 70, 78, 95, 175.
" red-tailed, 56.
Taehina phycitse, 95, 42.").
Tarnished plant-bug, 139, 147, 189, 221,

226, 335.

Tawny-striped palmer-worm, 105.
Telea polyphemus, 171, 426.
Tcras Cinderella, 98, 425.

" minuta, 92, 98, 425.

" oxycoccana, 370, 427.

" rostrana, 427.

" vacciniivorana, 370, 427.
Tetranychus telarius, 355.
Tettigonia vitis, 427.
Thecla mopsus, 219, 426.

" strigosa, 176.

" titus, 219, 426.
Thelia cratsegi, 46.

" univittata, 289.
Thirtecn-spotted lady-bird, 124.
Thorn-bush tree-hopper, 46.
Thrips phylloxera-, 238.
Thyreus Abbotii, 253.
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 222.
Tile-horned Prionus, 228.
Tiphia inornata, 214.
Tischeria malifoliella, 114.
Tmetocera ocellana, 95, 425.
Tolype velleda, 89, 425.
Tornicus liminaris, 426.

" mali, 425.

" pyri, 426.
Tomocera Californica, 408.
Tortrix Cinderella, 425.

" malivorana. 425.

" ocellana, 425.

" oxycoccana, 427.

" vacciniivorana, 427.

436

INDEX.

Tragocephala viridifasciata, 158.
Tree-bugs, 290.

Tree-cricket, 189, 200, 301, 308.
Tree-hopper, black-backed, 289.

" Buffalo, 45, 200.

" single-striped, 289.

" thorn-bush, 46.

" two-spotted, 242.

Tree-hoppers, 280.
Tremex Columba, 141.
Trichogramma niinuta, 170.
Trioxys cerasphis, 217.

" testaceipes, 389.
Trumpet leaf-gall, 292.
Trypeta Canadensis, 427.

" pomonella, 135.
Turnus swallow-tail, 81, 220, 261.
Tussock-moth, white-marked, 57,

189, 220.

Twelve-spotted Diabrotica, 368.
Twice-stabbed lady- bird, 43, 413.
Twig-girdler, 142.
Two-spotted lady-bird, 124.

" tree-hopper, 242.
Tyloderma fragariae, 322, 427.
Tyroglyphus Gloveri, 391.

" phylloxeras, 238.

Unadorned Tiphia, 214.
Unicorn prominent, 80, 189.
Ursula butterfly, 139, 190, 217.

160,

Vanessa progne, 427.
Variegated cut-worm, 106.
Velleda lappet-moth, 89.
Violaceous flea-beetle, 204.
Vitis coryloides, 293.

" poinum, 295.

" tomatos, 294.

" viticola, 292.

" vulnus, 243.

Wasps, 190. -

Waved Lagoa, 139, 176, 320.

" Proconia, 289.
White Eugonia, 111.
White-lined Deilephila, 139, 254.
White-marked tussock-moth, 57, 160,

189, 220.
White scale, 398.
W-marked cut-worm, 108.
Woolly-louse of the apple, 27.

Xyleborus pyri, 143, 426.
Xylina cinerea, 426.

Yellow cranberry-worm, 370.
Yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar,

60.

Yellow woolly-bear, 271, 317, 320, 353.
Ypsolophus pometellus, 102, 426.

Zophodia convolutella, 427.

THE END.

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