as candidates for the Bern Convention A report for the Council of Europe prepared by N.Mark Collins & Susan M.Wells IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre June 1986 AN (op32 KE Napa i Lae Cover Grewing of the endangered dragonfly Macromia splendens (Odonsta: Corduliidee) by Sarah Anne Hughes. Insects and Other Invertebrates as Candidates for the Bern Convention by N. Mark Collins and Susan M. Wells IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, U.K. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http:/Awww.archive.org/details/insectsotherinve86coll The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The Conservation Monitoring Centre is the division of IUCN that provides a data service to IUCN and to the conservation and development community. It is building an integrated and cross-referenced data-base on species of conservation concern and on ecosystems (principally protected areas so far). The CMC can produce a wide variety of specialist outputs and analyses from the data base, as well as major publications such as the Red Data Books and Protected Area Directories. The Conservation Monitoring Centre is based at Cambridge and Kew in the United Kingdom. It is supported by World Wildlife Fund and by UNEP, and is a contribution to the UNEP Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS). vas if Oi Deu Insects and Other Invertebrates as Candidates for the Bern Convention by N. Mark Collins and Susan M. Wells IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, U.K. ABSTRACT This assessment of threatened European insects and other invertebrates has been prepared with a view to including some species on the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. At present the Convention (usually known as the Bern Convention) has no invertebrates listed on its Appendices. In introductory paragraphs the great diversity of invertebrates is stressed, and the growing knowledge of threats to insects and other invertebrates is noted. The extent of efforts to conserve insects and other invertebrates to date is seen to be limited, but includes growing documentation in atlases and Red Data Books, which are briefly reviewed. The European legislation already enacted is noted and its efficacy briefly discussed. Criteria for insects and other invertebrates to be listed on the Bern Convention are proposed, including the need for such species to be seriously threatened or of widespread conservation concern, not on the margins of their ranges in Europe, and reasonably easy to identify. A total of 78 invertebrates is proposed as a preliminary list for consideration, including one praying mantis, 11 dragonflies, two orthopterans, 11 beetles, eight butterflies, five moths, five ants, two spiders, two crustaceans, 28 gastropod molluscs (including 16 endemics from Madeira), two bivalve molluscs and one leech. A summary list of these species and their status is attached to the end of this report. The interpretation of the Articles of the Bern Convention with respect to invertebrates is considered. It is emphasised that listing of invertebrates on the Bern Convention is only one step towards their conservation. Recovery plans and the implementation of measures to manage and protect habitats are needed if this initiative is to be successful. These listings will have succeeded in their purpose only when previously threatened species are considered to be out of danger and can be removed from the Convention Appendices. — , = , : > eeisduyedd 68 of? ood Bétehtins) we o8se0dndeevar Seddd Den osheant : = w Jez : bche a SohE Die yet ties sea a Wy od = WAT. sited ene aed Lderanney wat i es ; ia — Ae st ¥ & 2 Ral yates 287 “ ap ttites? eps. ean ined aes i a as a aH 13g 9 (core? = FOR SG va ee : \- = 3 7 — - fs ro ity = eed pudeneasrowii 49d 0 bre! asacend QBN, Deingsenaila 0 ‘ina eAwon 3: we = aie 6 dyei sabe SHINO. Radome wine, safbarins ay als a dain beware no an ARY Spoasny saad ean. fteawiad, ea ithe! aang ra, 20 201 tavim—encd . = ; ; ta OR seit eat suds Sage band ae rapt. pbiaven) ay Liawegod- me % ogi. ! : i 2 ae i eet afta Readies afi WO heratt < ot CO ig a si fad. = eich Siig a pai ating wrt ovo sat ai — ells ee 2A. bas aanaaie! es ‘aunty pate tony aioing a9 pte ibeceease a ; Nip. na goats arnt ay bial te. Sy Se vfandon,_ wt aetante ‘same f a ‘ ; ge tqbe cons 0p ee dana SIE OF sadeadetreve! eee > vet phefas aa etiolde 4 jehiee ANA ae: ‘oad, Gewese: wi Kvtdningen sod = = : nea See Sedan i: Be ones eet comqgrswd +t . ® pos . ; ; Mh AO a iwthey weniiigntiy = = 2 ae - eno worte-nigt Haste OS whe Bes ts aA, Yo 10 Ieanbne dy Yiacolza : ns see aaeltd te sotgeem CONTENTS Page Context 5 Introduction to invertebrate conservation 7 Remedial actions 8 3.1. Documentation 8 3.2. Legislation 8 3.3. Protective amd recovery measures 9 Criteria for invertebrate candidates ll Arthropoda - Insecta 14 5.1. The Apterygota 15 5.2. The Exopterygota 15 Dictyoptera 16 Apteromantis aptera 18 Odonata: Zygoptera 19 Coenagrion freyi 20 Coenagrion mercuriale 22 Celopteryx syriaca 24 Odonata: Anisoptera Ophiogomphus cecilia 25 Stylurus (=Gomphus) flavipes 27 Aeshna viridis 29 Oxygastra curtisii 31 Macromia splendens 33 Leucorrhinia albifrons 35 Leucorrhinia caudalis 37 Brachythemis fuscopalliata 39 Orthoptera 40 . Baetica ustulata 42 Saga pedo 43 Hemiptera 45 a: a, lags! 6h a) = i it -$- = ‘ ss) is! my SEMA T IS ! * aed seein eee ag OLA pubeasil ale 2 Re amok ioe Eb tbecetx or Pa og 861 Jaz romu rot eek es phdeketgad oc. ) adalinaed ervoueer bad giefdpivood Lc 2 eng ‘nitbibee ahasee lop tot Gisedis> wae es ng phaenaT Ae ibeacereita ea | aa yaknedaa ear atearseeaia ent 2% ~ emo vie 5.3. The Endopterygota 45 Coleoptera 47 Calosoma sycophanta 49 Carabus intricatus 51 Carabus olympiae 53 Dytiscus latissimus 55 Graphoderus bilineatus 57 Osmoderma eremita 59 Buprestis splendens 61 Cucujus cinnaberinus 63 Cerambyx cerdo 65 Morimus funereus 67 Rosalia alpina 69 Lepidoptera 71 Papilio hospiton 72 Lycaena dispar 74 Maculinea teleius 76 Maculinea nausithous 78 Maculinea rebeli 80 Coenonympha oedippus 82 Erebia christi 84 Hypodryas maturna 86 Eriogaster catax 88 Phyllodesma ilicifolia 90 Graellsia isabelae 92 Hyles hippophaes 94 Proserpinus proserpina 96 Hymenoptera 98 Formica rufa group 100 6. Arthropoda - Arachnida 102 Araneae 102 Macrothele calpeiana 103 Dolomedes plantarius 105 7. Arthropoda - Crustacea 107 Astacidae 107 Astacus astacus 109 Austropotamobius pallipes 112 we Be ie 2a” ; e eT ee ee ae | eretqIetoo ; . 8. Mollusca Gastropoda Myxas glutinosa Segmentina nitida Catinella arenaria Oxyloma sarsi Vertigo angustior Vertigo genesii Vertigo geyeri Vertigo moulinsiana Geomalacus maculosus Balea perversa Helix pomatia Elona quimperiana Madeiran land snails (16 species) Bivalvia Margaritifera margaritifera Margaritifera auricularia Annelida Hirudinea Hirudo medicinalis . Marine invertebrates and minor phyla Interpretation of the Convention References . Acknowledgements Summary list of invertebrate candidates 115 Se 1. CONTEXT The work programme of the Council of Europe is implemented by 15 permanent Steering Committees, one of which is the European Committee for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (known as CDSN). Work encouraged by CDSN on invertebrate conservation has proceeded along three fronts: 1) Publications. The Council of Europe contracted a report on "Threatened Rhopalocera (butterflies) in Europe” (Heath, 1981b), published as Number 23 in COE's Nature and Environment Series. A further report on dragonflies is to be published soon (van Tol and Verdonk, in prep.). Edition number 49 of Naturopa (1985) was devoted entirely to the subject of insects, their conservation and protection in Europe. 2) Group of Consultants in Invertebrates. CDSN has four Expert Committees, through which the CDSN work programme is largely implemented. One of these is the Committee of Experts for the Conservation of Wildlife and Natural Habitats, ‘This Committee has a number of Groups of Consultants, including one for invertebrates. The terms of reference of the Invertebrate Group were defined in March 1983, since which time group activities have concentrated on a) a general declaration (charter) on terrestrial invertebrates; b) a consideration of the status of dragonflies; and c) a consideration of the status of insects dependent upon dead-wood and rotten-wood habitats. 3) Proposals for additions to the Bern Convention. The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) entered into force on 1 June 1982. The Convention has been signed by Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and the European Community, and ratified by all except Belgium, Cyprus, France, Norway and Spain (21 member states in all). In response to the publication of the Heath (1981b) report on Europe's butterflies, the Committee of Ministers adopted, on 3 June 1982, Recommendation No. R(82)11 inviting the Standing Committee for the Convention to consider adding some butterflies to the Appendices. In particular, to take appropriate steps to ensure proper legislative measures for the protection of threatened butterflies and their habitats (biotopes), to encourage restoration of threatened species to viable populations, to carry out necessary research on the status of butterflies, and to encourage public education on butterflies. TA t- ; bt) ti +a hatinonitiont ei oad Ad LipayeD mtd to. omnanaony ‘yee onm - ee “ea gyi Sls (anit Heme aN aad at irate to ae. Ghiay Cerny sy pet neaked eal sbejo@ fhe eCEarrro aif aga" ae ‘ a uy “ait 19. magia mae 089 re tia feet: att Ca Rdg comin a oh : ete hs 4 jac ney 1 a) i ereeies ae sary aie sage ad | sidaaiges . iu ao iodecas, ogsntvap od aaa, ee este trubao at} psgul ' risieco: elie : hea eno isin. ers ae ea Tags oneyac wtteae oe ‘i> va ayieyows ae aait a ae 7 teres RCE ELL iets ihattaean, + Seamapoesie BBL anvapeat en Se = af wie a miss Beis: ane fwrdtios wats ie: shag iat sylintna a, : mH ro ee 2. INTRODUCTION TO INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION Invertebrates are conservatively estimated to comprise three quarters of all living species. The importance of invertebrates in ecological processes and as a living resource of benefit to humans should not be under-estimated: they are major components of food chains, are of primary importance in the cycling of nutrients and they play a significant role in the maintenance of soil structure and fertility. Insects are vital pollinators of many plants, including economically important species. Many invertebrates are predators, parasitoids and parasites of pest species, and exert a natural control which has often been overlooked in the past. In some cases these inter-relationships can be harnessed for use in biological control programmes. In Europe a number of wild invertebrates, such as snails and crayfish, are harvested for food, while others are taken for their products, e.g. the Pearl Mussel and Hedicinal Leech. Because of their often small size, cryptic habits and sheer numbers of species, the invertebrates have been neglected by the mainstream of the conservation movement. This situation is now changing. The volume of evidence of threatened invertebrate species has become too overwhelming for governments and conservation authorities to ignore what the specialists have been telling them for over a decade. Thousands of invertebrate species are now threatened, many hundreds of them very seriously indeed. Local and national extinctions have affected every European country and although whole species extinctions are thankfully few, the loss of biological diversity in the European landscape is acknowledged everywhere. The evidence is spread across every page of this report. The overwhelming threat is loss of habitat, either through pollution, degradation or outright destruction. Protection and appropriate management of habitats are the mainstay of conservation programmes, but to try to do these things without regard to the species living in those habitats is impossible. The aims of species and habitat protection, far from being mutually exclusive philosophies, as they are sometimes portrayed, are mutually reinforcing requirements of any well-balanced conservation effort. 1t is not safe to assume that protection of a site will ensure the future of its invertebrates. Many invertebrate animals are very sensitive, with strict ecological needs. Small changes in water levels, exposure to insolation, removal of dead wood and a host of sometimes hardly noticeable changes can lead to loss of species of invertebrates. This is in contrast to many birds and other vertebrates, which may be tolerant of widely varying conditions. et abate sewer scineenayes or 2 abe reoaehas ie eee ars a be Whacopae and gf! writ ty Porting ve ehevbternashay ate didwirdesvovidd ria thers yund inotse pie ee soturasitani! vo aaeiedbfelgihk ae we ie TEE Te Be. WA dk eo Sinaia dean a ad. dn nivods. pia iit LP tana” ee Kosponet garter wy re a | wie (ik woud wom erivtng Wi sm “palid tan > Sear sn MBigEO o- yeas she wth “We. aap te ai?! "Ht eile Sins f aia eet Weds nad Spina nih “amet ; i \ pahenty a it y sipsani thoy. pour et Fe aaominrs. eae, cba: Pe ererenyy ‘efits h us = : pmrens wie, a Sears Mie YR ae iGeme ‘brea eben emene gotmupodt “y Raita soe Add davtan ae stirs Jone. NES bang Yo Western ite! ‘ab tot haa say, S 4 ee ee Biya inh eee mers ‘e fe me ‘at besbO tern ies owe: aie oO fete: reezwibeta wt ese 203 frien ‘isd! wiitwnse fat alae wae poinaw oe iors. iets rebe br; te: ae, poder. SO RYOTR Ei MATEO : te oss a are fale ort asa te ice heed G08" He inavinaa aan Meee Alipay Lette a) a Fanbarbon | ‘Lipu felon 12604 lh. ger ie. spre”, ike i a. jedte ti94F to seated porns Stall epraraestoves at sestaigy a ie omits parame eS : reaper a < — t:). The Bern Convention, with its specific provisions to protect the species in its Appendices, as well as to conserve the habitats of these species, is a milestone in European conservation legislation. It has the potential to further invertebrate conservation quickly and effectively. For invertebrates the problem is to choose species for listing. They can only be representatives, for to list all Europe's seriously threatened invertebrates would be a huge task. The list must be a blend of threatened species that are reasonably recognisable, spread across the whole of Europe, and capable of specific measures to conserve them whilst encouraging broader measures in threatened biotopes and ecosystems. The species list presented here will benefit from wide discussion and input from all European nations. 3. REMEDIAL ACTIONS 3.1. Documentation Documentation of the state of Europe's invertebrate fauna is the first step in facilitating rational protective measures. Information is generally presented in one of two ways: a) in the form of atlases showing distributions before and after certain dates, or b) in the form of red data books or lists that may or may not be based on cartographic studies. A number of national atlases of the distribution of selected invertebrate species have been published (e.g.Heath, Pollard and Thomas, 1985; Leclercq et al., 1980; van Tol and van Helsdingen, 1981; Kerney, 1976; see Harding, 1985 and Heath, 1977 for further bibliography). National recording centres often hold records for thousands of insects and other invertebrates. The Biological Records Centre at Monks Wood, UK, holds distributional data on over 10,000 species (Heath, 1973-1979). The Secretariat de la Faune et de la Flore (1983) performs a similar function in France. The European Invertebrate Survey, formed in 1969, seeks to coordinate such national studies in order to prepare European atlases (Heath, 1971,1973). Twenty-two European countries are represented on the EIS committee. A preliminary set of maps, for 27 species, was published in 1981 (Heath and Leclercq, 1981). Red data books, lists of threatened species and papers describing threatened species have been produced for many European countries (see Table 1). Several thousand species are considered. 3.2. Legislation Legislation affecting European insects is the subject of a separate paper prepared for the Council of Europe by Cyril de Klemm (1985). Those wetoege on Juma Os ambi ugha. o/h isan, aint: his ipso, TPR “et = ee paw Fami ; , senate ho Baa bebe Bitch: pebigiiion caleal stdauionwes ane al De Ara ae sah Bur RR fi oP ae, agitate aie, bps icine ro ; | plik a5, core Alt beak Ww Le ep ksean woul i : bentyl wast een swela 2 aise He ama | Honnwers ja bere 46d tem Nae dukE, ade nan + & ih! blow 3 a duo's ina wibby. end ‘aebion he bit ‘aoe Joie sagan viii eer "e } - zn bnahyt. ais Sayyid a’: Aan dha seni Ear earch ‘ig eovursaign iti oad to ietacgas ag : (xa eto 2k Real Aidit nameless nk paniseame Tae apvdinach ub fi, aR, i" ott Aart a ipowittm, de 4 al seeps. eek: - 7 ae a hal ae a fy eet ‘cnet ome an ies countries with legislation on insects and other invertebrates are indicated in Table 1. These efforts have almost invariably aimed towards limiting or prohibiting collecting or commercial exploitation. It has often been assumed that such designation will protect the species concerned, without regard for adequate safeguard of the habitat (biotope), and without further ecological study. This assumption is quite erroneous. Indeed, it is difficult to demonstrate that any insect species has been eliminated by collecting alone (New, 1984; Collins, 1985). The limitations of such narrow legislation are gradually becoming more generally recognized. Critiques have been published attacking the Dutch laws (Commissie voor Inventarisatie en Natuurbescherming, 1978), the French laws (Bernardi, 1979) and the Polish laws (Palik, 1981). The UK Joint Committee for Conservation of British Insects published a draft resolution on legislation deploring “the mere scheduling of species as endangered without the concomitant implementation of any recovery programmes", and stressing "the importance of satisfactory management of sites and recognition of a minimum carrying capacity (‘critical habitat’) in areas set aside for the conservation of each endangered species" (JCCBI, 1982). Building on the experiences of national laws and other international conventions, the Bern Convention places its heaviest emphasis on the protection of habitats, especially habitats of species in the Appendices and endangered habitats. Some of its habitat conservation provisions are general, while others, such as the prohibition of deliberate damage to breeding or resting sites of Appendix II species, are very specific (Lyster, 1985). 3.3. Protective and recovery measures Following documentation and legislation on threatened insects, protective measures can be applied effectively. It is beyond the remit of this paper to report at length on the degree to which documentation and legislation have resulted in successful conservation measures. Suffice to say that all too often there is a tendency for wildlife laws to be established and never properly implemented. Legislation has at times represented no more than a token gesture, lulling a lay bureaucracy into a false sense of security. There is now a wealth of data on the importance of ecological research, habitat protection and active environmental management in the conservation of insect populations (e.g. Morris, 1981). ie oa ase i hy ; : Petey ye p> Peestoat ii. vpseidestowil aaithey soa | ‘naa pe aos titael, ate is etinaine 2 AO waa Stone | coh awe! ae le tow itaver iicmnieotad PRIA Ya orl i baer, Ha (Mae ante oan wees idigse in iotonmeas 9p, aati o si Fen:, guidedic og yore Sqsaenne dat Ca be atti Spi bick ily apace Hail niall sbiatialad "eb Sau) (nsaaey ay err Be oy iM bade st Rt tee ei oaee Wbowak we ie ate tout vali sai ai ami a si te Heer ont ee a ae a Se ee : ioe VEL ; the speci a i sition fhaak 6 ‘eqbthe aioe ia hil reenu® ine x vod si Cogs — =s10) = Table 1 Red data books, lists and published papers referring to threatened invertebrates in Europe. Existence of legislation pertaining to invertebrates is indicated by + (see separate report to Council of Europe by C. de Klemn, 1985, and Heath, 1981b pp. 15-17) Country References Legislation International Heath, 1981; Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983; + Collins and Morris, 1985; van Tol & Verdonk (in prep.) Albania None known Austria Gepp, 1981 (Steirmark); Gepp, 1983; + Gepp, 1985 Belgium Leclercq et al., 1980 + Bulgaria None known + Cyprs Czechoslovakia Noes and Spitzer, 1982; a 5-volume + Red Data Book is in preparation Denmark None known Finland Mikkola 1979; Mikkola, 1981; Borg and + Malmstrom, 1975 France D'Ornano and Mehaignerie, 1979; Bernardi, + Nguyen and Nguyen, 1981; Real & Testud, 1980 Germany (FRG) Anon., 1982 (Schleswig—Holstein); Anon., 1983 + (Bayern); Ant, 1976, Blab and Kudrna, 1982, Blab, Nowak and Trautmann, 1981; Blab, Nowak, Trautmann and Sukopp, 1984; LOLF, 1979 (Nordrhein-Westfalen); Engelhardt, 1954; Itzerott et al., 1985 (Rheintand-Pfalz); Roesler & Speidel, 1979) Germany (GDR) Anon., 1979 + Gibraltar Cortes, 1978, Anon., 1980 Greece None known + Hungary Fazekas, 1983 + Ireland None known Italy Tassi, 1969; Tassi, i972 + Liechtenstein Anon., 1933 + Luxembourg Anon., 1975; Meyer and Pelles, 1979; 1982 + Malta Thake, 1985, Valetta, 1980 Netherlands van Tol and van Helsdingen, 1981; Commissie + voor Inventaristie en Natuurbescherming, 1978 Norway tisne-enown KJammed anc itagvol, 11 55 Poland Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982; Paiik, 1981; + Ferens, 1957; Dabrowski, 1980; Glowacinski et al., 1980 Portugal Baeta Neves, 1959 Rumania Konig, 1981 Spain Gomez Bustillo, 1981; De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo, 1976, 1985, Gangwere and De Viedma, 1984 Sweden Svensson, 1981 + Switzerland Gfeller, 1975; Burckhardt, Gfeller and Miller, + 1980; Turner & Wuthrich, 1985 Turkey None known + United Kingdom Foster, 1983; Kerney & Stubbs, 1980; + Morris, 1981; Shirt (in press) USSR Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984; Tanasiychuk, 1981 + Yugoslavia Red Data Book reportedly in prep., 1983 Sea? Be ob ahi ; A 2 ‘ od gilpiise7 sogeg GoaNr deg Crees eet ste eat k ahdeY 74 Ve sunodtedag aE, jodeided- re yet Bendis 2 - «yt baaggoihel ei eens Mave, oF arian HOP WEL teat ee =a meso Th 7 -waere ita Fieoagap sod d:ehet wdeseera ae? a * is ma a anes. bite) fae tet |) natoe tule. jin + 6 PERE Ls pO ELLY ee EOE? ee: ae Ag RIL : Ab Oma ae inal me peeaeL, Gow: re aes splikowr * ‘Sede, to bia 390%) eat 2 a se Because the Bern Convention has only recently come into force, the extent to which the Appendix species will be effectively conserved is difficult to assess. According to Lyster (1985), the regular meetings and enthusiasm of the Standing Committee mitigates to ensure enforcement of the Convention. In proposing certain invertebrate species for consideration for the Bern Convention, it has been a prime consideration to ensure that they may feasibly be protected, and that impossible demands are not being made upon either the Standing Committee or the Parties to the Convention. However, it cannot be emphasised too stongly that mere listing on the Bern Convention is not in itself a success. On the contrary, every species listed represents a failure of conservation and signifies the deleterious impact humankind continues to impose on wildlife. Only the preparation and implementation of thorough recovery plans, taking into account the need for habitat protection, management and further research, will lead to the conservation to which the Convention aspires. The time for celebration will come when the threatened species are made safe and can be removed from the Appendices. 4. CRITERIA FOR INVERTEBRATE CANDIDATES Bearing in mind the preceding discussion of the purpose and implementation of measures to conserve invertebrates, the following criteria have been adopted in preparing a list of candidates for the Bern Convention. The Convention itself does not establish criteria for the inclusion of species in the Appendices, and such criteria have not yet been developed by the Standing Committee. 1) The species should be under serious threat (i.e. IUCN categories Endangered and Vulnerable), or of widespread conservation concern. Rationale: With thousands of species of invertebrates listed as threatened in European Red Data Books, there is the potential to include so many species under the Bern Convention that the overwhelming burden on the Parties would result in no more than frustrated inertia. 1t is important to select a moderate number of threatened species in order that achievable objectives can be set for the Parties. Article 1.2 calls for an emphasis on endangered and vulnerable species, but there is no rigid requirement that species should be so threatened in order to merit inclusion in the Appendices. Indeed, some of the species already listed suggest that it was positively not the intention of the Parties to limit their selections to threatened species (e.g. the Hedge Sparrow Prunella modularis is listed in Appendix 11). This practice of listing non-threatened species is not recommended for invertebrates, but a certain degree of flexibility is os ha” oo tet sti poy gL bnbipees Pao eae adtaneteit wie ‘ots osu ae ig Beereaaey ehoy taae it 42 Pisiw sefowma idea afd ta) dy og sates ee 7 ben Agulsoee Swltaer abe /CeMODy sultwye WD aro HA ‘peewee of stvee eh - ea oad tO chemecrotae weenie od Beloud y be $08 3 Line gaibassz, etd to Gis» Sadana . , , 4% ROLisrehlines Fol nelooys’ etevde town? ataitee Ga Lodgor at vol Parone re i ‘yont sand ynuade. od notienohiaats emi wy © | any he? ae bine aRo TG ina eogmasnwid so bbonwts was sien et govikal- i ies tne: free add: centasandeovit orvaawss ull Seanepe: + ae seonsced ee ial ened: wie aektte sy dow a y nionss: ‘eoftnewo0t ot ~antnaell she aa Pea at ss: ee ~~ Rexcammpane an a gotrons beappeivancai ot 4 5 Say Ted New collecting techniques Remote—controlled ‘fogging machines' used to spray non—persistent insecticidal smoke into the rain forest canopy have totally changed our view of insect diversity; what we know is clearly only a fraction of the world total. Using foggers, Terry Erwin's team from the Smithsonian Museum seemanni in Panama. 162 species (13.5 per cent) were specific to that type of tree. Assuming that beetles comprised 40 per cent of the arthropod fauna, that there were 70 species of trees per hectare, that the forest canopy fauna was three times larger than the forest floor fauna, and adding a little for transient species, Erwin concluded that there were over 41,000 species of arthropods per hectare of forest. Extrapolating to the 50,000 species of tropical trees worldwide, he estimated a total arthropod fauna of over 30 million species. Ata recent SSC meeting in Venezuela he claimed that new work in Brazil and Venezuela indicates that even this figure may be too low and that 100 million may not be an unrealistic figure! No data in support of this conclusion were presented. In a far-sighted new 'Biological Diversity Programme', the Smithsonian plans to set up identical biotic inventory plots in forests throughout South America. Prime sites will be Unesco Man and Biosphere Reserves and three are already operational, including Tambopata in Peru. A large element of the programme involves local training in taxonomic methods and computing. aS (HUA BuLoYUoyy eper| OsNPIIM) LZPZZT7 ‘(HUA BulLdoyuoyy UOIendesuOD saiseds) OZ/LLZ PUe HLELLZ (EZZO) ‘101 YN abpuquiey yoogpay :saiqeg QEOLLg x22 WopbuIy pat1UN ‘1GO Ego eBplquied ‘peoy uopbulUNH (9)61Z ainjeu e| Ap UOIJeEAJaSUOD e| ap aNUI}UOD aduUe]|IaAUNS ap a1jUa_D — as]UaD BulOjUOY UO!}eAJasUOD, SSOYUNOSS3SY SAS 3G 135 SYNLVN V1 3G NOILVAYASNOD V7 YNOd JIVNOILVNYSLNI NOINN SSDYNOSSY IVWYNLVN GNV SYNLVN 4O NOILVAYASNOD YOS NOINN IVNOILVNYSLNI =) 2 sometimes needed, particularly for species that have received special attention in various parts of their range (e.g. Formica rufa, Helix pomatia). 2) The species’ range in Europe should not be marginal to a much wider range outside Europe. Rationale: Many invertebrates are highly vagile, their ranges contracting and expanding under varying ecological conditions. In the UK, for example, more than 20 larger moths have established themselves as breeding species during this century (Kennard, 1974). While it is often good to encourage new natural arrivals in Europe, it would not be sensible to utilize limited resources in protecting the breeding and resting sites of such species if they are likely to disappear in response to changing environmental conditions beyond human control. Having said this, individual Parties should not be discouraged from taking independent action to preserve species on the edge of their range. It is often such species that are lost first, and a strong public response may result. For example, in the UK much effort and finance has been put into reintroductions of the Large Copper (Lycaena dispar) and the Large Blue (Maculinea arion). Species on the edge of their range may show greater genetic variation than is exhibited at the centre of their range and, in such circumstances, may have an enhanced value in the conservation of genetic diversity. 3) The species must be reasonably easy to identify, and preferably familiar to members of the general public. Rationale: Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of European invertebrates may be threatened with extinction. Many of these are small or minute species that are very difficult to identify in nature. For most species of this kind, the requirements of the Bern Convention would be very difficult or impossible to enforce, thus embarrassing the Parties and undermining the aims of the Convention. In addition, the listing of obscure and cryptic insects will only serve to alienate the cause of insect conservation from The the people of Europe. he, ~ coro by her Caterers 18% WAU ett Sook Faxon www pom tr~ v Ah du AnLA ¢ roid Wh COMAT A - 4) In line with other listings n the Appendices to the Convention, only full species should be considered. Rationale: While accepting that many well-known subspecies of European insects are under threat, and recognizing that threatened subspecies represent the first step towards threatened species, taxonomic difficulties and problems in weighting priorities preclude consideration of subspecies. These first four criteria are of over-riding importance. However, a complete analysis of European invertebrates using these criteria might still aiid 4 P oer u wey eae r os “ ned, eet! wr open. ‘ > Rte lee amar RS = tat sid Bate toda see Yaad eee LAOH eerie yer oe ui Mae ht Diad’ o ker snkibae cI 9) ohne. vid: Ben: aay hepiliniey ai ineiastie— “ 4 Mt i “bela Hopi’ m od idesiginie ee bearer ntronintl aL! Sega, Meapisege wit, +e a oe | RS 6s 290 wales Oi pri dos 1209s asgnes Biase ot a eae Aas 376, estes Mover plese rotamer tad ai Sa ee 50% Fae itd i" SiansDbAog Lasbgorede) adtyyiy “Shien pi amine ) ‘ nek rity pier oe ae vigaeattd ¥ odie? nsw rE Ag Ase es: (ats Ri see ; fndvists: Tae oF baeog. ean et at ah the atten: ere gaye ote guia © F oa baile is ssi Tite 98 i) eteape ae soir iow Jui re Re gneeaye eee: ad eee aunt aaioage, a crt mig = sin 4a sigba: at baad We : cyan s ree son oleae ‘one agai sian rete — ee a “jie rf ie ~ , boeg nen alt neta: isin hin wordt paeeen ae i a git igh ea pea aeons aaied.epiedaw oxen > = 7a'= conclude with a longer list than is required at this time. In evaluating a candidate list for selection of a final, well-balanced list of species to be added to the Appendices of the Convention, the following factors have also been taken into consideration: 3) Invertebrates listed in the Bern Convention should, as far as possible, be selected from a wide range of habitats, but particularly threatened ones. Rationale: Given that the listing of invertebrates on the Bern Convention Appendices will be a highly selective procedure, it will be helpful to national conservation agencies of the Parties if a wide range of habitats could be represented. Possibilities include Mediterranean formations, cold-winter deserts of south-eastern Europe, montane and highland formations, temperate forests and woodlands, grasslands and pastures, temperate coniferous forests, wetlands and coastal environments. Article 3.1 of the Convention calls for the Parties to pay particular attention to endangered habitats. 6) Invertebrates listed in the Bern Convention should, as far as practicable, be selected from a wide variety of phyla and classes. Rationale: It is valuable to demonstrate that threats such as habitat destruction and pollution can have serious effects on a wide variety of invertebrates. 7) The final selection of invertebrates for listing on the Bern Convention should, if possible, embrace a wide geographical coverage. Rationale: One of the strengths of the Convention is that it encourages international cooperation. To utilise this strength fully requires a species list that may include some narrow endemics, but consists mainly of more widespread but nevertheless threatened species. The following species have been selected from many thousands of invertebrates that are listed as threatened in European nations. Whilst every effort has been made to select species that fit the adopted criteria given above, the species are by no means uniform in their degree of actual or perceived threat. The author has taken advice from many authorities, but there is still a need for critical discussion. With the gathering of new data, some of the proposed species will appear less worthy, while other, unlisted, species will merit consideration. The species described below can only be offered as a preliminary selection that will benefit greatly from wider debate and discussion. ni Ot geidentayooal .emit 26d Ae hee Tee a Gee eel aety sheKones ag OF veissye am Inde bagwheet iia | Fawidve do wade Sia ad Ne ee wtabihnes = Waite 'ov5d MapdsHy abEnGse® «itt vowl RMR Wee We eee Logue. WAS. or ait Fe 7 seyebbears' nial neat wna “ } we J it s 4 * setiiowoy We wet we ered ene rnelvaon ned ‘byes sl 1 b bagels entities. " oi, haber Gonads, preties ihaiee " yRtu sided te nate na = esa wei Son ae ec 4 hi os y aac oe P JGR». fs aa | pbismevned Sivoct any RO! ap tgaiti ft ses Toe Pere eed snc yi caksaokiet cs es, asitar Or oe © ay Gane Mubesol 5. evi apa Tae nlite & hdd sweaty ah site tieio®. mubaraed ben aby ¢ dit Bo, idaho: opens 54 eum De ects eae to wh anor. cha’ Ldap Be era ha eae dy ‘yeemanrae 3 Fragen ; sii soicmeb way culacoait ah. « fesei a La egiinat Oa wa fe: ahs ser aoe ee sit mo ee ‘is poeeenrern ellie tas pa rs Lacan rpg Ble | ’ pasate eBoy ? inode = pa 5. ARTHROPODA - INSECTA The subphylum Uniramia comprises the Insecta, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Pauropoda and Symphyla. The latter four groups, collectively often known informally as the myriapoda, are not known to include species that are seriously under threat in Europe. The insects, however, are under threat almost everywhere, in places in large numbers of species. Insects not only comprise the most diverse group of organisms on earth, their species numbers also exceed those of all other animals and plants combined. About a million insects are known to science, the majority of them from the tropics. Many times this number may await discovery, but much of the European fauna is fairly well known, particularly the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Odonata, Orchoptera and some sections of the Hymenoptera and Neuroptera. Although no attempt has ever been made to list the European insects, there are believed to be in the order of 60,000-100,000 species. The numerous ways in which insects are of value to humankind have been well documented (e.g. Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983), yet there is also growing cognizance of the fact that many species are suffering reductions in their range through human agencies. Recent estimates suggest that 10 per cent of Europe's insects and other invertebrates are threatened with extinction (Group of Consultants for Invertebrates, 1983). The vast majority of endangered insects are threatened by destruction or déterioration of their habitat, caused by human activity (Gepp, 1981; Stubbs, 1981). Destruction of ancient woodlands, land drainage, grassland management, changes in forestry practice, atmospheric pollution, pesticide application and urbanization all take their toll (Heath, 1981b; Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). Contrary to popular belief, rather few of Europe's insects are threatened as a consequence of direct exploitation by man. There are isolated cases where collecting has caused population declines and conservation concern (e.g. Anon., 1980; Bourgogne, 1971; for a wider discussion see Collins, 1985), but in general the responsible collector will have no lasting impact (Morris, 1976). A number of collecting codes have been prepared for guidance in collecting practices (e.g. JCCBI, undated; Lepidopterists" Society, 1982; Commissie voor Inventarisatie, 1980). Nevertheless, there are growing fears that the escalating extent of European commercial trade in invertebrates (particularly insects), with rapidly rising prices, widespread abuse of codes, conventions and legislation, and little or no governmental monitoring or control, may soon lead to an unacceptable level of impact on some wild populations. A full discussion of the commercial trade is beyond the remit of this paper, but a more detailed investigation is warranted. =k JN) ' Pol F a ae oh ae pods amin, - = WARMER. eer AP dbiilt La Pe - gebeReA iA ah gia tte Be heer Ye fo) ne stl atonysin ioe au . ae eiwws tare lig’ Ls nwa mates AD eS bene wbeqonyatt oh sia Aust nb Sh beta “Ot deen ‘om Pony a tigen whl ae titumernaie’” n ihahit. qehbe cai + Tevhet eid wae arn “e san ait) ities eleva wee me a ay rap in: “1 paeub a eee asia: of dratiey ove spends, 2 Ser ine te: ‘eq Wlkgpice Ae aioe wanda: PRU: sms we rrepiee yfao i etaveeh: atanty) ‘ban BBs ash Aare ifs %o svand Soden vee: vee deirmte tect . = a6 ef toate, ous Paoner 3e a - singed 2 strtenP a Syiomnlb marty tae & soem bontdaet ra doi: tied - weasvesale 4 Cia Vaeensdkue, ett: ee cd aplqort aft most me avehates ‘ona Peabo ssn, nteseed? Bian YES IAD: Ae potind cungouvl ods. we ' » bia een ae #544 Ae gaa do. ee er ee ec reandqostqad” a ee ee A: Abba tend 4a0H vat synnaba, ‘ow dauatota -- Lentyerivan = gaksogs Sapna seni 90° te hie aNawt afd Wowhlted wse-aaedy jarpeephi > oe oenehee shia! phenemromics = wnt he, FISETHOy Beee BEER VERON. gum madoonsoet ee sia | i RO ei: te toate ta ee = 5) = With possibly 6000-10000 insect species under threat in Europe, it is a major task to select a few dozen suitable for listing on the Appendices of the Bern Convention. However, using the criteria given in section 4, wide-ranging enquiries have been sent to European specialists, all of whom are acknowledged in section 13. 5.1 The Apterygota The primitively apterous insects in the four orders Thysanura, Diplura, Protura and Collembola are not widely recognized as being under threat. The japygid dipluran Heterojapyx dux Skorikov, from southern USSR, is listed as Endangered in the Red Data Book of the USSR (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). It has a restricted distribution but is too cryptic for listing under the Bern Convention. 5.2. The Exopterygota The Pterygota, or winged insects, are divided between the 16 orders of Exopterygota and 9 orders of Endopterygota. Order Candidates No suitable Absent from presented candidates Europe 5 Ephemeroptera X 6 Odonata x 7 Plecoptera xX 8 Grylloblattodea ».¢ 9 Orthoptera K 10 Phasmida x 11 Dermaptera x 12 Embioptera ».¢ 13. Dictyoptera K K 14 Isoptera kK 15 Zoraptera xX 16 Psocoptera Xx 17 Mallophaga xX 18 Siphunculata x 19 Hemiptera K 20 Thysanoptera xX a —————————————————— In the above table, nine orders are listed as not having suitable candidates for the Bern Convention, three of which are absent from Europe. The other six are unsuitable because of a) lack of data b) no species are known to be threatened or c) they are too cryptic or difficult to identify. The Ephemeroptera (may-flies) and Plecoptera (stone-flies) are undoubtedly suffering setbacks due to destruction and pollution of their freshwater habitats. Some are listed in Red Data Books, e.g. for FRG > ih» A ih ai deeds. Tobiti ein pate “Sega WOOL = tebties edi éotwe geo kiiaga a2 wb aedtoet mes, oi fei we, Teac wel ® saat: ow) dap mooi " 2 oO cea ie, nny hak RUT Pat ksi eres ewolikoaveet), eosd ode wee to, Uta ideas te eogae bein Od dena: sawed: fond: ei bapee setgese abe a) (oot taok ad begbedmatne one ie | i t ~. yl ee r BL OPe he yey a io Woh Amy: em digane nse 3-0 weed re sam awe ash: # aH99 taps" i il bi Soa aooratas b aheabdiatoaianbiw' Dee sAT Aen ed webu gated a4 ‘pes ne eer ESHy ae preiees boo sngsoat <% baawl 2 @t, (eR baa roe Geet Fyita0 Bey wud ee a piv it Trccary aeagpss wan “in 70 rN eo uf Wi Nae 4 " ie Ls ee = 16 = (V. Puthz in Blab et al. 1984) and the USSR (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). In the Netherlands a number of may-flies are known to be extinct (as in FRG) and sources of large rivers have been severely disturbed in this century (Mol, 1981). Amongst the Plecoptera, 44 species are listed by P. Zwick in the FRG Red Data Book, 12 of them extinct in that country. There is also concern for the endemics of Lake Baikal, USSR, such as Baikaloperla elongata. The Phasmida (stick insects) have a few representatives in the Mediterranean region, but most species are to be found in the subtropics and tropics. Two species (Baculum ussurianum Bey-Bienko and Ramulus nana Mistshenko) are listed in the USSR Red Data Book (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984) but none are known to be widely threatened in Europe. Of the Dermaptera (earwigs) only Forficula vicaria Semenov, 1902, from eastern USSR and Labidura riparia (Pall.) in West Germany and Austria are cause for concern (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984 Blab et al., 1984). The latter at least is common in southern Europe. Haploembia solieri Rambur from the Caucasus region is the only species of Embioptera listed as threatened in the Palaearctic (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Data are lacking for the Psocoptera (book-lice), Mallophaga (biting- or bird-lice) and Siphunculata (sucking lice), the latter two orders being parasitic. Twenty five species of Thysanoptera (thrips) are listed by R. zur Strassen in the Red Data Book for FRG (Blab et al, 1984), but none are known to be widely threatened in Europe. The Dictyoptera are often sub-divided into two orders, the cockroaches (Blattodea) and the mantids (Mantodea). Few Palaearctic cockroaches are known to be threatened. Cryptocercus relictus Bey-Bienko is listed as vulnerable in the eastern USSR (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). In West Germany Phyllodromica megerlei (Fieb.) is extinct, while Ectobius pallidus (Oliv.) and Phyllodromica maculata (Schreb.) are listed as endangered (Blab et al, 1984). None of these is known to be under threat on the European scale, but more research is needed. The USSR Red Data Book lists three praying mantids, Empusa fasciata Brulle, Bolivaria brachyptera (Pallas) and Hierodula tenuidentata Saussure. -None extend into western Europe and all are presently unsuitable for the Bern Convention. The praying mantis, Mantis religiosa L., is protected in Austria (parts) Belgium, Czechoslovakia (part), F.R.G., Hungary, Italy (part) and Luxembourg. Nevertheless, it is quite commonplace in much of southern Europe and its range extends into Asia and Africa (Zehradnik, 1977). It is = it ~ AROS ye Shoe Bae voMbiaieny BY cndiuia sone wt eilioi cn COED wh Ok wan bate, intl vyeteaat: im lh A ial 0 4b a -wpbaitnwsnem gia we pause ea el tatamlineh tani infos Se were i: are Mp Hi at Yoiee oh ad push e oe pol saien phe Hastifoiiy tad: °aAeind, ‘tee ti : ie cele eh wth ea Dat tid ReaL te. nseteey iiget a ie ice mpiecen yo on fooragd teats asa nictenatinoe ad a dete fo at anne = ie therefore unsuitable for the Bern Convention. Apteromantis aptera, a narrowly distributed endemic from Spain, is considered to be endangered and should be listed on the appendices of the Bern Convention. Details are given below. Within their orders, data sheets are presented in the sequence of families given by Parker (1982). - of a ey ; ‘ a . © cxanilae. eidisemn: seams RH Tai TR ae Od sO) Massoud « pA baw: hen qganane pd ou bapraieth iain ei aad wie. aiaohas beawiiaoei thworaen: “ene atingan (nh, eaoveiets wine at wed aie lnsmas Hitt “Re DAT: 48 abuode oer 3. Of aaa: ate apa * | ails x petite ddadt eins. WORed. aowis eae ts ti wade selkimed 2 = Bei 1. Apteromantis aptera (Fuente, 1984) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order MANTODEA Family MANTIDAE Common names None known. This is a species of praying mantis. Distribution South and central Spain. Status in Europe Spain Endangered. Habitat and ecology On shrubs and small bushes in hilly heathlands. Prefers dry, hot habitats (xerophil, thermophil). Carnivorous and flightless, with adults present in June-August. (Harz and Keltenbactt 1976, A. Keltenbact in litt., 22.5.86€) vi (x 2) Reasons for decline Alterations to its habitat by human influence (agriculture etc.). Being flightless, mating and gene-mixing between isolated biotopes is very difficult and the species is subject to localized extinctions. Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measure proposed Surveys of its habitat and precise mapping of its distribution are needed. Suitable protected areas should be set up, monitored and managed appropriately. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention is recommended. oe on chro lie al" wes eee, asi Pa a ese a ah a ~ ptewdomeaa r io ; es. ae a as ee hg! ay iia ‘easel “aba” dl rate salpyeng ay ‘Saioeqesa, 5a ett: tig ye shptons abba ea nh 4 ilo tone p = io? = Odonata The damselflies and dragonflies of Europe are the subject of a detailed study for the Council of Europe currently being carried out by Jan van Tol and Marian J. Verdonk. The final report is expected to be published during 1986/87. The data sheets that follow are adapted from a draft of the van Tol report, with some additional comments. The opportunity to use J. van Tol's work and research is gratefully acknowledged. All van Tol's endangered taxa are listed here with the exception of Cordulegaster bidentata sicilica Fraser, 1929. The species bidentata is not threatened, being widespread in central and southern Europe. However, C. b. sicilica, endemic to Sicily, Italy, is seriously endangered through pollution of aquatic biotopes and lowering of ground-water levels. It is certainly greatly in need of protection, but is ommitted from this proposal under criterion 4. st ug whan al eo eee ee | anna doriaadiel tis eotsrtenmay ott ese Me fet. ody wai’ gir du oni nae tet MS etpirvavd gash Yo Figs) ate oon't aia 24 oom aenihanes wt heathinggas fe ; tT ae Peeks ‘ode ee ART: oie tee ne ¢ ets 1 Sida 4%, nor. We mabe ore: wonhet ait. siae8s pdah oT cee de Beis" a oh Seu 6d WS hotssoqil: os: Seana Ea Ape Belen itiw scones Pr a es brghntwandan iebLulimm aay, at Aanaindon boa whew utter” £ qaagnebetese * fell Seeman wok th dy, wzow Betas ony onbe nots sinter “sie Je - doawesay, sie is: adataed td aeionge att wer ‘peeanioigatutiets stasnepd _ nk | tat 8 | yreeievol Ces inel eae eum ope Sk tanta ~~ ri (plead i 8 sagvet, hiai-hewone te saa: figs tmqodicid al ange : mm ey! iasiaal antes ae pal wasdianc Lf seal sowhcand ere 8b bows a2 we es Tsai ‘ts ; . ' ; J i, all = 20) = 2. Coenagrion freyi Bilek, 1954 (= C. hylas freyi) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family §COENAGRIONIDAE Common names Frey's Damselfly (En), Bileks Azurjungfer (Ge) Distribution Formerly Germany (Bavaria), but now confined to small lakes in the Alps of Austria and Switzerland Status in Europe Note: Taxonomically, this dragonfly is of uncertain status, it is considered by some to be a subspecies of C. hylas, which is found in Siberia and Manchuria, 8000 km away. It is listed as C. hylas by van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.). Austria Tiny alpine population (Heideman, 1974). Germany (FRG) Extinct. The type population was found at the Zwingsee at Inzell, South-Bayern, but became extinct in the past 10-15 years (Dumont, 1971; Schmidt, 1977). Its original discovery was the best odonatological finding of this century in Europe. Switzerland Probably also a tiny alpine population, recorded only from photographs, not specimens. Precise locality kept secret. Habitat and ecology Habitat at moderate altitude in the littoral zone of alpine lakes. Breeds in pools and stagnant waters, favouring Equisetum beds in shallow, offshore waters. Ecological requirements, in terms of climatic patterns and altitudinal limits, may be highly specific. Reasons for decline Development of recreational facilities, including a hotel, in the Zwingsee has probably caused its demise there. By 1964 the damselfly was already considered seriously endangered (Lieftinck, 1964). There are unconfirmed reports that excessive collecting has exacerbated the decline of this species, the only dragonfly for which such fears have been expressed. Conservation measures taken Extensive searching in suitable German Lakes. Given high priority by theIUCN/SSC Odonata Specialist Group. Aone t beer rreey ak MOOS doth poe poz mmpgiaty’ rif i acento) AGG ROTR MK = gktewlt as ea: ap ‘a (oo), sebesbtawsk exgrin-. 192 Leo bata” 2 ey east wieinat. ee he ee ‘ahi a. alae 3 OD rE we wt oceans Eig 3) bon 3 2° aoe sadn alles? et oaeab9 = ¥ an i Rae a | Pike esd toe ‘beau steation' ele Ye | ae ; ’ Pear” 2 pe Oe: ee ; em 5 ck ~ a . ' peat” eu, QO. i eokaae: ; - beilb baat eee nua t 12 ales iandw to: af ue Lasko age. viPinctemeese ero = i hake Mea, Pric aan, wd fonts t ea fe apie ee 3 as eae. a ead sei oe | - Hinks pan: tor ney sige aa Lua i ld disqi #2 oat! yawn (mh COE pens | ee an “ me [2 “l Dc te pases Fat ‘eee se: ike Siege = lenevsaeine wate ‘ eeatnail i ts hae sy atte {nn sae 2 Pe Rose ong pis ee a rpierey sire, ila ante 2 : cok tes fie aia ss iii balboa ad 108: : at a p= 7 a =) chs i bh fist wee 4 Jigoia | ea i tindibereiitloen.: spiking setasst in na oa erdatosy ua fe ! «yan! Seer ea ) epee fen acniastiteal . = ie Conservation measures proposed Continuing thorough surveys of the Corinthian Alps (Dumont, 1971). Careful preservation of ambient conditions in lakes known to harbour the species. Coenagrion freyi is a severely threatened species requiring coordinated conservation action. It is a high priority for protection under Appendix lI of the Bern Convention. ~ mi uy i “ FOL A ko ie begin brane ne staniraead et bare? ba eh pe ocamy., idagte: nein acyem oS oy yay ees * fgnetranih, yh divers ore a AWE Sg. ‘oii ‘heaton ait ot pe, sect nit) isa ngol rababo sualtea iol Wel See teenie’ be Fei ttre» 4 Fas mipon Rok bai isc Heit ws sae > el ied @ insane : nsneniies Sania ti anc 4o% * voy. | oar ‘wh bl aoa tos aw bd orem nen, re Pores th sane 3p aps wits 7 3. Coenagrion mercuriale (Charpentier, 1840) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family COENAGRIONIDAE Common names Southern Damselfly, Southern Coenagrion (En), L'Agrion de Mercure (Fr), Helm-Azurjungfer (Ge). Distribution Mediterranean basin: Southern part of Europe and northern Africa (where it seems to be not uncommon). Rather widespread in central and south-western Europe (all records from the Balkans have to be considered as doubtful). Status in Europe Austria A very rare species, only known from Nordtirol. Belgium Very rare and local; until recently believed to be extinct, but one breeding colony now known in the province of Namur. Czechoslovakia Status uncertain; mentioned from Moravia and Slovakia, but records need confirmation. France Uncommon and rather widespread, but lacking in central and northern France. Declining, but not under immediate threat. Germany (FRG) Endangered. Very rare and declining, only a few recent records near river Rhine. Germany (GDR) Endangered and very rare. Italy Subspecies C. m. castellanii uncommon, although known from all parts of the country, (incl. Sicily). Luxembourg Several records from northern Luxembourg; present status not precisely known. Netherlands Two old records from the eastern part of the Netherlands. Portugal Status unknown. Spain Widely distributed species, but rare, at least in southern Spain. Switzerland A very rare, local and declining species, in most parts of the country now extinct. Confined to a few small calcareous brooks in north-western Switzerland. UK Vulnerable (Shirt in press). Very limited distribution in south-western and southern England and Wales. i= Y ; 7 : ny ne | Ghat ovale cone (30% FhoH 1p 8 elon seine ae 4 ot Rapala onnts = en 2 cee ae AGN sonia © re ae te oe | ‘ det 4. xtautiga oh Soigk’d (tn@) aerugansio> wicdsocs £ iL alten tb ssi 1% “aaian a [Sa im HRT ' ‘ihe camiunc lit EEF Ls dita es oe . ores airy Weck) GN “seta ieragautsuanZars ta Poet ; $t orene) annie ar6éidicin nha: aqo- wh 20 1a Peerercrs : Bisank ewe ars) patw-- éa08 ‘bas fa Se ai Dedoekdb ie ‘wae aid Ws ‘nomad Sou wet, of" we Mest ‘te drrsiibass aid a: svar SAae tad! ait" mee) Rhaesey ay ge ee ie y YS~ ‘i ae - f , 7 : _ - : 4 = gl any Lan iT ou ae x a BOTINA th wat: u on: _ Rexiosan es HON aeoRF etoo ee ikege #tA2 Vives I riba a) Boum i siggeer ibiae shapes ibis sye% yoo, / ae aca yee ath u upd tor Wales gui 5a, ‘sao: Sin . 7 . ; 7 —— annie Pan Fhe shail ‘banirtopan ila tlespe autate nLidvessog af ne ae | EF tors faiios bese, bon ct ? rae a asia.» iid Basnqaendy, rads oe core sal ait 1 i= weet tett ‘tine on 30g feos le shaeittao® . Bie? Xe Reasons for decline Rare and declining in all parts of its range. It seems to be severely affected by general improvements in watercourses, as well as by pollution and eutrophication of small running waters. Conservation measures taken Listed in a number of Red Data Books, but no other measures known. Conservation measures proposed This species is in danger of extinction and suitable biotopes should be protected. Suitable for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.). : Paty a ha aia ae ony \ Ei we oe : . ee woe v4, “a j r he aetna sense ov sa sn vee ae ey om = by | 4. Calopteryx syriaca Rambur, 1842 ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family CALOPTERYGIDAE Common names None known Distribution Confined to the river systems Jordon, Litani and Orontes (Turkey, Syria and Jordan). Status in Europe Turkey Only known from the area close to the Syrian border, where it is presumed to be under threat. Habitat and Ecology Running waters, further details unknown. Reasons for decline Decline has been recorded from the Jordan valley. In a recent study no specimens were found in the Dead Sea area, although it was found there earlier this century. This seems to be mainly due to enormous changes in the aquatic environment caused by construction of dams and intensification of agriculture, causing changes in water level. Conservation measures taken None known Conservation measures proposed Conservation of a number of water catchment areas is needed to safeguard the survival of several endemic species of the central part of southern Turkey, Syria and Jordan. Further limnological research in the Middle East is needed. The odonatofauna of the east coast of the Mediterranean between Iskenderun and the Dead Sea area is interesting and complex, with several endemics. For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.). Suitable for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. QBNac aeons om ie ‘ SPUR BAL euel> ; aan 190% PER IOEAD wd den) vey + bin wb ays east? sod adag ba fowsia wore * st i gira Sabood neko ge S125) = 5. Ophiogomphus cecilia (Fourcroy, 1785) ENDANGERED (= O. serpentinus) Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family GOMPHIDAE Common names Griine Keiljungfer (Ge), le Gomphus serpentia (Fr). Distribution Confined to Siberia, western Asia and Europe. The nominate species is distributed from Finland to central France, Italy and Hungary. Several other subspecies occur in Siberia. Status in Europe Austria Rare and local species, decreasing, and e.g. extinct in Burgenland. Czechoslovakia Known from all three parts (Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia); present status unknown. Denmark Rare in Jylland; decreasing. Finland Although uncommon, this species is not threatened in Finland. Northernmost populations up to the Arctic circle. France Rare and local species; strongest populations in Central France. Germany (FRG) Endangered. Very rare and much threatened; decreasing since 1900 because of water pollution. Germany (GDR) Endangered. Very rare and local, decreasing in recent years. Hungary Rare; no data on decline available. Italy Very rare in central and northern Italy; at present only one strong population known. Luxembourg Rare. Netherlands Extinct since the 1940s. Only know from the south-eastern part of the country. Sweden Rare, only a few localities in north-eastern Sweden close to the border with Finland. Switzerland Only one stable population in recent years; very rare and now nearly extinct. Habitat and ecology A species of rather cold, very clear and unpolluted streams with moderate current velocity and sandy bottoms in semi-forested areas. SR ARIAS Wmmy png | vee: eatendvieg.- ef tet ; KORY Wb ioaoy ; 4 ee at ‘Rothns , anerined emt. . .390% nae eT i ame ae snk Bib: ease ) Sao Peay Das a re aero eS ll gal f Red -_ At 5 Ri : a aan ae es Rial fivtde Sar » he omy pe bessae ei he set! is Bs + “ae pi at ‘bhiadteeses ak ue eon wii StH ad 6x oa eet co Btn Sint cea ene " ia ry BAG Reasons for decline This species has shown a very serious decrease during recent decades, and is under serious threat of extinction nearly everywhere in Europe. The only exception seems to be Finland, from where it is reported as stable. Decline seems to be caused by water pollution and canalization of streams. Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measures proposed Conservation of this species needs high priority. The protection of streams and their catchment areas, where this species still has strong populations, is urgently needed and strongly recommended. It seems to inhabit a very peculiar biotope, most probably accompanied by several other rare aquatic invertebrates. Full details and references on this species are given by van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.). ee ges “5, Ox oy ed had i AT) re 6. Stylurus flavipes (Charpentier, 1825) ENDANGERED (= Gomphus flavipes) Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family GOMPHIDAE Common names Distribution Le Gomphus a pattes jaunes (Fr.) Northern Palaearctic, including central and south-eastern part of Europe. Status in Europe Albania Bulgaria France Germany (FRG) Germany (GDR) Greece Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Romania Switzerland Turkey A few old records only. Although recorded several times, its present status is unknown. Apparently confined to rivers in the northern part of France; recently discovered in the rivers Loire and Indre. Extinct for c. 50 years; formerly recorded from several localities. A long known strong population in the River Spree, where it is still present although under threat. Recorded from several river systems in the northern part of Greece, e.g. Lemnos, Tessaglia (near Trikala) and Aliakmon river. Rare. Several records from large rivers in the northern part of Italy (Po); even some channelized rivers are known to have breeding populations. Several older records, present status unknown. Extinct since the early 20th century; several records from the river Rhine in the 19th century. Several records during the last decades. An uncommon species, its present status unknown. Only one record from Neuchatel, 19th century. Widespread; records from Turkey Anatolia pertain to Stylurus flavipes lineatus; in the European part of Turkey inhabiting the Ergene river. ww! AE ihe fe ty ; peo ; , : ie i ky : me f ; ii Mh vee DY Dose, oty poou! i ee Toco. at ed ela iaih ial MARRS ae he : TY uae ” * ce F nm? i Le Nin RN ean Si toe wore pT ae) ee oe Se. tates” Bia aoe aeponto% ry $% i i ae ei as in $e ‘ T S28) UK Extinct. Only 19th century records, believed to be stragglers. Yugoslavia Recorded from Servia, Montenegro and Macedonia, present status unknown. Habitat and ecology Lower courses of large and (nearly) unpolluted rivers. The larvae seem to live in the steep, sandy banks and detritus bottoms of bends in rivers. Adult insects fly along the sandy banks along rivers. Reasons for decline Decline and even extinction of populations has been reported from most countries, especially in central and north-western Europe. Most populations destroyed by the severe pollution of river systems. Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measures proposed Conservation of river systems is of utmost importance. Although it is clearly difficult to preserve whole catchments, at least a few of these should be completely protected against pollution. For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.). ME: = Sibperwas Lt inte dude ong 09 seein coal oor Bere emai ae aknes BM seco nasi =. 295= 7. Aeshna viridis (Eversmann, 1836) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family AESHNIDAE Common names L'Aeschne verte (Fr), Griine Mosaikjungfer (Ge). Distribution Europe and (south-western?) Siberia. Nearly confined to the northern part of Central Europe, but also marginal in northern Europe (Hungary). Status of Europe Austria Only one locality in northern Austria. Czechoslovakia Mentioned from Bohemia. Denmark Rare and local species, declined through loss of suitable sites with Stratiotes. Finland Very rare and local, only known from two localities. Germany (FRG) Endangered. Confined to the northern part of the country, particularly Schleswig Holstein, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Niedersachsen. Germany (GDR) Threatened. In the northern part of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg apparently not rare; but in other parts absent or very rare. Hungary Very rare. Netherlands Although widespread in the Central part of this country, it is generally a rare species. Perhaps the strongest populations of Central Europe are here. Sweden Uncommon, confined to southern and central Sweden. Yugoslavia Some unconfirmed records from Dalmatia. Habitat and ecology Fen and low peatmoor areas, usually meso- or eutrophic. This species is virtually confined to waters with a vegetation of Water Soldier, Stratiotes aloides. Reasons for decline Decline has been reported from most European countries. This is almost certainly due to habitat destruction, fishery activities, pollution and eutrophication; there are also several reports of a steady decline of Stratiotes fields, due to a virus infection. CELUI ae SANA. aati BAA ERREA ald NS Ayatensuh oa sredron au = 30n= Conservation measures taken Listed in several Red Data Books. Conservation measures proposed Conservation of large low peatmoor fen areas with Stratiotes fields needs high attention. This water plant may also develop in pools along rivers, which may be attractive to conserve when water quality is sufficiently high. Suitable for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. For full details and references see van Tol and Verdonk (in prep.). = Shs 8. Oxygastra curtisii (Dale, 1834) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family CORDULIIDAE Common names La Cordulie 4 corps fin (Fr), Orange spotted Emerald (En), Gekielte Smaragdlibelle (Ge). Distribution Northern Africa (rare) and western Europe. Status in Europe Belgium Rare in eastern Belgium; no records since 1979. France A not uncommon species with stable populations; abundant at some sites. Germany (FRG) Not resident, sometimes breeding for a few years. Italy Rare and local species. Especially found in the Prealpine area and the Appenines. Netherlands Very rare and irregularly breeding species, only a few records since 1928. Portugal Common, although local, species with stable populations. Spain Uncommon and local species. Switzerland Very rare and declining species. Recently only a few records in southern Tessin. UK No records since 1960, old records from Moors River in Hampshire and Bournemouth; this species seems to have disappeared through pollution of its biotopes (Shirt, in press). Habitat and ecology Slowly running waters with or without emergent vegetation with banks shaded by dense overhanging vegetation; trees and shrubs with exposed roots at the water's edge. The dispersal behaviour is quite peculiar. Although it seems to be an unwilling flyer, it may reach localities far to the north in some years. In such cases it may breed for some years, disappearing after one or more severe winters. 4a ak il Wes 28% ne eT jade AB 0 ay ae aS Kae dele! edd) to initia | eaten ass: seb * aiaaibees ge sehen bibs i iva beoitant iad tinal ora wean =F ae ae dined + ¥eE beet ail sneptoomd ae abies $08 i LAs oe i ORL wi tig pe eee yooat” endiio Sean's =, 4yh = be suitable for the Bern Convention. Saga pedo is an exception. Certain narrow endemics may be more suitable for listing. Two species listed in the West German Red Data Book, Byrodema tuberculata, a boreo-alpine species, and Gampsocleis glabra, also seriously threatened, may be suitable. However, the latter is difficult to identify, and data are lacking for both (S. Ingrish in litt., 25.3.86) Spain has a remarkably rich orthopteran fauna, recently the subject of a thorough assessment which led to the first Red Data Book devoted entirely to this order (Gangwere et al., 1985). A total of 41 threatened species are presented, all of which are endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Correspondence with the authors has narrowed the candidates for the Bern Convention down to five species of which one, Baetica ustulata (Rambur) is of outstanding suitability and is reviewed in full below. The other four are: 1) Zeuneria burriana (Uvarov). A distinctive shield-backed katydid endemic to the Cantabrian mountains (northern Spain). 2. Navasius nugatorius (Navas). An endemic pamphagine grasshopper known only from the low mountains along the east coast of Spain. 3. Canariola emarginata Newman. A rare katydid known from only three specimens taken in the Sierra de Cazorla in southern Spain (Newman, 1964), but present in a semi-protected place, the Coto Nacional de Caza de las Sierras de Cazorla y Segura. Its only relatives are C. nubigena (Krauss) and C. willemsei Morales Agacino, both from the Canary Islands, suggesting that these are relict populations from the once widespread Tertiary rain forests of Mediterranean Europe and the Canaries. C. willemsei is only known from ten specimens while C. nubigena is not at all abundant and noted in the original description as being very hard to find (Morales Agacino, 1959, pp. 274-5). The whole genus Canariola is of great interest and worthy of conservation concern, but without further data it would be premature for listing on the Bern Convention. 4. Steropfeurus politus (Bolivar). Like B. ustula, this is a black, wingless ephippigerine of high elevation. It lives under stones in the Sierras de Segua and La Sagra in southern Spain and is also present in the hunting preserve mentioned in 3 above. In considering the Orthoptera for this review it has become clear to the author that evidence of threats is building up over a broad front. At present the data are incomplete, particularly for southern Europe (except Spain) no-one has attempted a general overview. A thorough survey of the status of the Orthoptera in Europe is indicated. aa i ss Re at ok pie pda “kth ananeckgtic pine Ce ae ee canta a wolgogy yas -pagaee! <4 ohihed ims * Pe | of ya =u 7a 13. Baetica ustulata (Rambur, 1838) VULNERABLE Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ORTHOPTERA Family TETTIGONIIDAE Common names None known. Distribution Sierra Nevada, Granada Province, Spain Status in Europe Spain Vulnerable (Gangwere et al., 1985). Habitat and ecology This handsome black ephippigerine katydid belongs to a monospecific genus endemic to the high Sierra Nevada of southern Spain, where it is encountered in desolate areas almost up to the snow line (2,500-3,450m). It is a geophile, found on bare ground or under stones and debris. Apparently active in the day, when it has been seen to crawl sluggishly. Surmised to be a carnivore, relying mainly on scavenging. Adults active between July and September (Gangwere et al., 1985). Reasons for decline Apparently vulnerable to the tourism developments planned for the fragile Sierra Nevada alpine communities in which it lives. Conservation measures taken Listed in the Iberian Red Data Book on Orthoptera (Gangwere et al., 1985). No practical steps have been taken. Conservation measures proposed Developments in the Sierra Nevada must take careful account of the fragile, high-altitude communities of which this species is a member. Listing under Appendix II of the Bern Convention will raise the profile of the insect itself as well as drawing much-needed attention to the threatened biotope in which it lives. i nie A ci ; 14. Saga pedo (Pallas, 1771) END. D Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ORTHOPTERA Family TETTIGONIIDAE Common names Predatory Bush-cricket (En), Magicienne Dentelée (Fr), Ga Raubheuschrecke, Sere iecckeh Riesenheuschrecke (Ge), e& Kobylka Saga (Cz), Niezdarka Dziewicza (Po), Furaszlabu Szocske (Hu), for Russian see Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984.. Distribution wale gus Sago Oo (aan. sr.) V 4) nigbacked fo Grreng, Chainand WER GR ONS rer Sager pedo “A dks erin HS Southern Europe, including the Pyrenees, Appenines and Balkan Peninsula, (but excluding Greece), parts of central Europe and south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus and south-western Siberia. lother—members—of—thie—genus inhabit tabrodwkn sa Micha ome WSA ( Comkrodh, N72), Status in Europe Austria Endangered (Gepp, 1983). Bulgaria No data. Czechoslovakia Endangered. Protected by law. Distributed to the northern boundary of the country, in parts of Slovakia and Moravia (Caputa et al., 1982). Germany (FRG) Said to be present in southern areas, but not listed in German Red Data Book. Cecovds anon) nena: misidenk, Takin 5 Hungary Endangered. Protected by law. AO Ss age hore hawt found - Italy Endangered. in (FRG ae, (le lark to Romania No data. gu CA. Kaltenlech ta Ut, 17, 7.86) Spain No data on threats; the Red Data Book on Da eo Ore eee (aonch Og Ppenees ” Se orate Tae Wnuk eetante: th endemics. : (4 Peek Vulnerable. Listed in the Red Data Book (Bannikov and Kodtenverchy 3A Wath, 1.9.86 Sokolov, 1984). Distributed in southern regions, Westen Cie vue Siberia, Caucasus to the Urals. (6 F-149% ) Yugoslavia Nov data. Prepet at (Corp MA tre Doliiakyan Sorel OSM Cement rm bey lr eA86). Habitat and ecology A xerophilic and thermophilic species. Prefers dry, sunny hills and shrubby slopes, with a tall, dense grass layer and bushes. In Central Asia it Susityaland Sombim areou CS: Gomgurere , in ith 16. #1486), A reparrentid lh moles (S-6 : ac aa Lo. ena a we) 4 Me, hf St ts REET. ban 9a DAS Veen wee ns 5e . i en Hi MW” af : 43 4 Oe s 4 re : ‘ s ‘ : iy Ce se OE ah Ayes’ i) ae ; PaaS - geuanicncenn, ae aes : : , F — |” SAT LLACULEVED | Yi tars chhe pd) teeth eae AMEE EO = aaah qe \ tf) sh lwined- conn het S iH om Paw a4 asus: eiozigons , “ae i if ae A ted) advensiusietiaass (A pane rx anata tx: Afoan a i wtatsaete t °, fod" RO iWHE SE: a ae eckit ee 3), agate? cake art ‘PUL gealtside bas VSsirinws aoe ye ranen a0 aay WERE - i Hs: a cs is ok a 4 Ses a at ods rd 2 Ab. ml ony 365 th roe Nee eikapinas wales bne 24n0K9 "an asa th wy jaye wibsang- Ain BHA age tae 4 fone rae ogi : May: : bake. ; nl eidtepe as 23 bavudbays in Le on bs sgetona sy ‘nensian na bestwwout. te aie uh ite a. 06: ait baton 1 ant j genrnliy, Cobain athty (wre -evithtlt ome arermahennenn ~ 44 - inhabits the subarid steppes (Caputa et al., 1982). Carnivorous feeding GAA nad habitg, wett=-en unusual ability for parthenogenetic reproduction/ the males are unknown. / The adult phase is present between June and October, usually } found either on Giese weeds or on Mord shrubs (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Rirttencgurenia puta $e ker nnteee Kiar angers pice oe tgs aw, a patrdy reached Michiran, Wok ois eevee oe oqettlborel coy Habitat destruction and alteration through agriculture, road—building, urbanization etc. In addition, Saga pedo individuals are vulnerable to gratuitous destruction because of their large, fierce appearance, and their slow, crawling gait. The low reproductive rate is an added disadvantage. In the USSR the reduction in range in the south-eastern parts is the result of desert encroachment and the disappearance of steppe flora. In the steppes themselves agricultural extension (particularly ploughing) is causing geclane (Bennikey and Sokolov, 1984). This species has minimal potential ¢ spread, and is thus particularly vulnerable to local extinctions (Caputa et al., 1982). Hovenry Gj connury lad me AuredanceTn TOTS: Balai coil o! Poywhobrun, Conservation measures taken Protected in Czechoslovakia and Hungary, listed in Red Data Books in Austria and USSR. Conservation measures proposed Surveys of distribution and location of main breeding localities are needed. Appropriate management and conservation of the best localities is desirable. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention is appropriate. Qedeae? s Deane a, A Sava che, p aduqanh niyo W ~ neha ay ited 4 saber oie jonost84: ad SF Ee! Kobo inno oD: pam terpnilh eet nee: me amity fot SORE yy oe er vn | se = @Sr = Hemiptera The Hemiptera (s. lat.) have received relatively little attention from conservationists. In the UK the New Forest Cicada, Cicadetta montana (Homoptera), has been proposed for addition to the Wildlife and Countryside Act in the forthcoming quinquennial review, but this has not met with general approval. Although restricted in its UK distribution, it is generally considered to be safe from man-made disturbance. In Europe the species is much more widespread and not under threat. All cicadas are protected in West Germany. The Heteroptera are considered in the west German Red Data Book, where 1l species are extinct, and over 30 species threatened (Blab et al., 1984). In Belgium three aquatic Heteroptera are under threat. Leclercq et al., 1980). In the UK 14 Heteroptera are endangered and 6 Vulnerable (Shirt, in press). No species of Hemiptera are recommended for listing under the Bern Convention at the present time. 5.3. The Endopterygota The nine orders of endopterygote insects include the largest and most successful groups: Order Candidates No suitable presented candidates 21. Neuroptera K 22 Coleoptera xX 23 Strepsiptera K 24 Mecoptera >. 25 Siphonaptera K 26 Diptera K 27 Lepidoptera X 28 Trichoptera x 29 Hymenoptera x Only three of these orders, the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, include species currently recognized as suitable for the Bern Convention. Preliminary enquiries for candidates from the Neuroptera have met with no consensus. Various species appear in legislation and Red Data Books, but generally speaking they are of local concern. The neuropteran Ant-lions are protected in parts of Switzerland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and parts of Austria, but in southern Europe they are commonplace. A number of other neuropterans are listed in West Germany (Blab et al., 1984), including « ee } s ’ as bation waehoe > D saioty junnor eee, oh aw pig ok rr “ers tinge! SEE! Pe ie e wee ‘ee er a seehas need at ne a4 teed Lum: asad wis dw, nt {salen nek nity agent RE. < woonsdiud ath ‘ebay ares ihe one od 9a haan wth Nea LO- tA. she ta a deat! ‘toe ‘besngeabiw om ita ee Sos =. PB rsgecteren imc esata He. uted ssonedi sents aes ni ‘eo = 465 .— Mantispa styriaca (Poda), an interesting species that is also rare in France and threatened in Austria (Gepp, 1983). The Mantispidae superficially resemble mantids in having raptorial front legs. The larvae of Mantispa attack the egg-cocoons of the wolf spider Lycosa and although the species is probably local in northern and central Europe, it is not believed to be widely threatened. The endoparasitic Strepsiptera (stylopids) and ectoparasitic Siphonaptera (fleas) are not known to be of conservation concern. The Mecoptera (scorpion flies) is a small group with one species, Bittacus italicus (Miller) listed as extinct in West Germany (Blab et al., 1984) and Endangered in Austria (Gepp, 1983) but otherwise not recognized as threatened. Austria lists three other threatened scorpion flies, but there is no evidence that this is a Europe-wide problem. In general the Diptera are too difficult to identify to be considered for this round of additions to the Bern Appendices. Nevertheless, many species are listed in the various European Red Data Books discussed in this report and hundreds of species are threatened throughout Europe. A useful paper has been published on the threatened Finnish Diptera (Vaisanen, 1982), which draws attention to the need for habitat protection coupled with individual protection of species shown to have suffered dramatic declines. In Finland, UK and probably most of Europe, modern forestry techniques have caused declines in Diptera, particularly of rotten-wood species and those species associated with deciduous trees (Vaisanen, 1982; Stubbs, 1977). The Diptera will require a more thorough assessment on the European scale at a later date. The Trichoptera (caddis-flies) have already suffered an extinction in Europe. Hydropsyche tobiasi, which was common in the River Rhine, has not been seen for over half a century (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). Many other species of large rivers are under threat from pollution. Hydropsyche bulgaro-romanorum has suffered reductions but is still abundant in Hungary and Romania (Malicky, 1986). Various Setodes species, Rhyacophila pascoei and several Hydroptila species are similar in being species of large rivers and threatened in parts of their range, but safe elsewhere. Trichoptera can be useful indicators of pollution; the larvae of at least some species spin deformed food-catching webs in response to even mildly polluted waters. Some Trichoptera are restricted to small islands and mountain areas; most of these are not in much danger at present. However, the status of Agapetus quadratus on Corsica and Mallorca requires study. Its known localities have been destroyed, as have those of Hydropsyche discrete in Cyprus (Malicky, 1986). Chaetopteryx euganea is restricted to the tiny hill region near ee comeet oi onegepete et dods sorbens ardobaaene auth, th « hella) panics sonia Mab Sit rehen satin Hater aed ,qedee , ads snaeh of bomaenads lac ~ aa ictnath Yo xpi dt ott, gut earit:, fekeqdeeys | maa vedical ai tonm eeptint |= ef ‘wetone paacmeatey me aes eee sanene Signe. seni “tha nto.oers ee" ve tothe edt AOD soidavanenes: 4% vis 9 oan Kase sie 1 ound a Moats go Toege vents ie gory Dine Wh (eat: aN RSA LL ane te ee a) we Jintilan: ao BSRIT apctien ae Be ber tagosoa Oe EMS ree Sheet gee? Ad xSeed. at. Es . wage eee ~RObS? amianans sohagitine mad to, sis st jue dirk ae Maha dina. abode yee uA ‘ea, Reernens aa eds all, ep ai va santo, ages tnd mcsahnel biee-a att, slat stash ee sighed —_ Ai “_aeae ieaatia: ‘aie we ie 4, tae: ai egy: reek ates ( uss “ent agp adie eae aed indo eb os tb “Yoon “ehdactona bie 80 tists ait ig oF: Boo, -s099 Pe) ie iretval ang eietgen bi nie: P88 oie eey as aNoopt wether sudkiomane 2 vt a } se aug wo ie asia dee awe s Moc 9148 08 nese ait. WE woo: shiva ‘ts Mot Jaegong sayieil 4 wwoed | iets peutoeny Bangi ogaten we one (20n wie 19d aetopgE rey Uthat, die hpnomapir af dol aniie adel eae me 264 a9) teats “. anaes a, — alesis ant hi it = AS Hydrous) piceus is widely protected in Europe: Niederdsterreich, Oberosterreich, Tirol and Vorarlberg in Austria, the Flemish region of Belgium, West Germany (as the genus), and Luxembourg (as the genus). An even more seriously threatened hydrophilid, although often overlooked by legislators and conservationists, is Hydrochara caraboides (L.), the Lesser Silver Water beetle. Unfortunately this is sometimes incorrectly called Hydrophilus caraboides L., adding to the confusion. It would be premature to list these species on the Bern Convention. The silver water beetles need careful checking to identify them and the muddle over the generic names is a disadvantage (G.N. Foster, in litt., 10 May 1986).. ioe tgosiesaltenoie hid” 1g ty y) Matewett ot ‘_~ bean ete dem 7" vim De » ior. oi 05 “gna sal “i bodcot aun pose Hates ; 49eaou WE Cab ppt ery * bwttas einer’ fort ais ill ‘tre nore, A. yagi ait baie aetrond: ‘seston ~ 49 - 15. Calosoma sycophanta L., 1758 VULNERABLE Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order COLEOPTERA Family CARABIDAE Common names Caterpillar searcher (En), Puppenrauber (Ge), Krajnik Pizmovy (Cz), Aranyos Babrablo (Hu), Liszkarz Tecznik (Po). For Russian name see Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984. Distribution Western, southern and eastern Europe as far as the Caucasus, with a disjunct population in eastern USSR (Siberia) and perhaps Mongolia (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Also known from North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco), Asia Minor and North America (Horion, 1941). Status in Europe Austria Endangered (Gepp, 1981; 1983). Belgium Endangered. Distribution now very severely reduced (Leclercq, 1971 et seq., map 899; Leclercq et al., 1980). Bulgaria Endangered (listed in law). Czechoslovakia Vulinerable (Novak and Spitzer, 1982). Protected by iaw. Occurs from the piains to the mountains, plentiful in places, particularly during caterpillar oubreaks (Caputa et al., 1982). Denmark Inde Ae RES 8 ansen et al., 1960). Bras AE se Co ore cemes te Pace any (FRG) Enda Bie Seas 19 SEAS Anon., 1982; a et al. pee - Germany (GDR) Indeterminate. eaberpill Hungary Endangered (listed in law). Italy Generally rare, but occasionally abundant where outbreaks of its prey occur (Casale et al., 1982). Poland - Vulnerable. Fully protected, but populations declining (Glowacinski et al., 1980). Spain Not rare (Viedma, pers. comm.). Sweden Indeterminate (Hansen et al., 1960). USSR Vulnerable (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). A i ' < q LA i (poms u) hol ‘) As al {nt ay pas! fee C i t l \ ‘| ( ie a r PROS Rt) fone STOSHER 9 ane. rts Coe eee sa ; / tonnes, 4 Gaby esac > emt bad Ei ys on Ahasxet oye ; ical mena ; : ' oy Astvinie a em abana ‘ono oe ae em: oqo. Hee, Vesanes) vikoanci naiaizae bine ae) ee | yao iat tad oninknge) Re. Aeaniwost pico Pi ah eis "oa ora et = 50) = Habitat and ecology Adults and larvae climb trees where they prey on other insects, adults can also fly well. The adults are robustly built, blue-green in colour and 17.5-28 mm long. Larval period only a few weeks but adults live 2-4 years. Has been introduced to N. America to combat caterpillar pests, notably Lymantria dispar. A rare species in western Europe, but more common in the south and east (Harde et al., 1984). Reasons for decline Few published details have been found concerning the serious decline of this species. Destruction of suitable woodland habitat is likely to be the main cause. Conservation measures taken The genus Calosoma is protected in the Czech region of Czechoslovakia, Luxembourg, Poland (Glowacinski et al., 1980), FRG, Saarland and Baden-Witrrttemberg, three Austrian provinces and the Flemish region of Belgium. C. sycophanta is protected in Bulgaria, Hungary and three Austrian states other than those protecting the genus. Conservation measures proposed Research on the precise requirements and management of this beetie is needed. Europe-wide surveys coupled with a coordinated strategy to protect representative areas of critical habitat will be needed to prevent further decline. Amongst the species considered in this report, C. sycophanta has low priority for protection under the Bern Convention. In view of its value in biological control, Appendix III would be appropriate. ia> eifubs, jets: and wem2b eo. yond: ¢ortd, Senin ey ‘dale oon Sane ~ pas aealon: ai Asoag mals. , stind ¥idandos wie, apt bai haw a3s0y ang OVE wilde, dunt, now we ® Ulao hata. andy: sel : | eitestor Dali a maT GOA vedas ey Bd Hee * ‘et esebongal) eo og3 al Hommow Baga! Fos Dcinn anwitgee ae cumteagie ones an 38 16. Carabus intricatus L., 1761 Phylum ARTHROPODA COLEOPTERA Order Common names Distribution Southern Europe, mainly south of the River Main. Sie VULNERABLE Class INSECTA Family CARABIDAE Blue Ground Beetle (En), Lapos Kékfutrinka (Hu), Biegacz Karbowany (Po) Details are provided by Horion (1941) and Breuning (1978). Status in Europe Albania Belgium Bulgaria Denmark France Germany (FRG) Germany (GDR) Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Poland Rumania Sweden Switzerland U.K. Indeterminate. Vulnerable. Range severely reduced, now confined to eastern Belgium (Leclercq, 1971 et seq., map 910). Indeterminate. Indeterminate. (Hansen et al., 1960). Northern regions. Indeterminate. Vulnerable. Endangered in Schleswig-Holstein (Anon., 1982). Indeterminate. Indeterminate. Endangered (listed in law). Indeterminate (Casale et al., 1982). Indeterminate. Indeterminate. Little is known of its status. (Glowacinski et al., 1980, Ferens et al., 1957). Indeterminate. Endangered (Hansen et al., 1960; Ehnstrém, 1985). Protected in Kristianstad (Skane). Indeterminate. Endangered. (Shirt, A relict population in the extreme south-west in press). Habitat and ecology The dark blue adult beetles are large (24-36 mm) and can be found between May and August in moist, mostly deciduous forests at moderate altitudes. '. Brae neato —, 4 i i ; SADIONGAD yllaak a j Pee Jeet # tenag te a sot is , y! A OU} N l Soogoid ,~ (ea) aswkeeus tes. eomet 1 gd Revo 645 = tlhe a eer ee oe Sch ee ve “absciomediibat | whetaso, | 7) boafane» eae bestia ahoiaep asne eee La Pare os rr a (ih na ry a Bim mont eye Larvae feed in stumps and under the bark of old hardwood timber, where a thick humus layer is present (Shirt, in press). Reasons for decline Removal of old and dead hardwood timber. Destruction of ancient forests. This is possibly a very valuable indicator species, sufficiently widespread to be useful, but sensitive enough to respond to environmental damage. Conservation measures taken The whole family Carabidae is protected in the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen. The genus Carabus is protected in Poland (Glowacinski et al., 1980; Ferens, 1957), FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wirrttemberg, Luxembourg, four Austrian provinces and the Flemish region of Belgium. C. intricatus is fully protected in Hungary, and in the Swedish province of Kristianstad (Skane). Conservation measures proposed Survey and study, followed by conservation of critical habitats throughout Europe. Of the species considered in this report, C. intricatus is one of the more marginal candidates for protection under Appendix II of the Bern Convention. roy ee Yt Pn oseanis Boombrum blo Yo ava wrt, ‘nba seb mio 8 aiaere’ fastane to sacs’ \ BPRaRRe Ae Whip a5 Vine, cit , teen Ladue’ ene a aye of tne perry sg k re te sich ‘pate as ane peemeting skgab thee : hate Hieatsmokoy bento pt kevsadnne eb oe ‘took. Punamened | dimension ie astaene ae, ae ie a, a ote = 53h 17. Carabus olympiae Sella, 1855 ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order COLEOPTERA Family CARABIDAE Common names None known Distribution Northern Italy (Casale et al., 1982). In recent years the beetle has been artificially introduced into the French Alps. Status in Europe France Artificially introduced into the Mercantour National Park and the Ecrins National Park. Italy Endangered. Restricted to a very small area on the mountain of Moncerchio, at the head of the Val Sessera in Biella District, Vercelli Province. Hebitat and ecology The habitat is on the northern slopes of Moncerchio in two biotopes, one dominated by elms (Ulmus), the other a moorland habitat with whortleberry (Vaccinium) and Rhododendron. Active at night, preying on snails, particularly Helicigona arbustorum. Adults emerge in spring to copulate in June. Larvae feed for 40 days then pupate in August, developing in the soil during the next two months. and spending the winter in diapause in soil cells. Reasons for decline Carabus olympiae is probably a relict species from the warmer climates that preceded the Pleistocene glaciations. Its range is much reduced under present-day conditions. Since the 19th century it has been heavily collected because of its attractive appearance and large size, was believed extinct in 1928, but was rediscovered in 1942. Habitat destruction compounded the problem, mainly due to recreational developments. The threat of flooding due to construction of a dam in Val Sessera appears to have retreated for the time being. Aree paekD KA eaeAo = (Ebi i fale Bi j 1 ay yh vy ZS ae = Conservation measures taken In recent years there has been considerable activity to conserve this beetle. In 1983 the Piedmont Regional President passed an act specifically to protect the beetle in ltaly. The local naturalists’ organization, Pro Natura Biellese, has published a fine book about the beetle (Malausa et al., 1983). Since 1975 a team of French scientists has been mass-rearing the beetle artificially, and artificial introductions have been made into Mercantour and Ecrins National Parks (Malausa, 1978). The progress of the released populations is being monitored. This beetle was the subject of an unanswered question to the European Parliament (Muntingh, 1983). Conservation measures proposed Continuing support by the French government of the réaring and introduction work is essential. A national park in the Val Sessera has been proposed since 1982, but no action has yet been taken by the Italian authorities apart from species legislation. Habitat protection is essential to the long-term survival of this, one of Europe's rarest and most beautiful beetles. Protection of this beetle under Appendix II of the Bern Convention is a high priority. Gfds oWdennos of yiividon »idetubieads aed: \ heel ions) ran si Mfesliioege Jos oo bweaee tack! Leena Sano iaen Jrromtinn gs etd: eae a ong ve ‘Ae inayio “Hvabledugan ister wilt vetat sh wih Teed ‘nd ia #20 wousleMs ikteod dd4. trode dood ant. » bectal ging: 8 aa vowenta ih ais pasahea Anam aded eng elt linaion Agno 4: laced oft tes eon: am toad vad slack lesa fetsii ine Seon ~ thts the a2 26 29079034 od ef jar ain Srimides ett = t - 60 - Spain Indeterminate. Recorded from the Pyrenees, Barcelona and Gerona; very rare (Baraud, 1977). Sweden Endangered (Ehnstrom, 1985). Sporadic occurrences only (Hansen et_al., 1960). Switzerland Indeterminate (Allenspach, 1970). USSR Vulnerable (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Yugoslavia Indeterminate. Habitat and ecology Adults can be found on flowers between June and September. Very localized. Adults supposedly smell like Russian leather (Harde et al., 1984). Larvae live in the wood-mould of old deciduous trees;.development takes several years. The form, size and colouring of this beetle make it quite unmistakable. It is 24-30 mm long, heavily built with powerful legs, black all over. Reasons for decline : In common with so many other beetles that depend on dead or moribund trees for the development of their larvae, Osmoderma eremita has suffered from destruction or intensive management of ancient woodlands for greater economic advantage. It is now in serious decline throughout much of Europe. Conservation measures taken The species Osmoderma eremita is protected in Liechtenstein, FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wirttemberg, Ds aaa ~0f- Belgium, and Hungary.- Conservation measures proposed Another of the xylophagous beetles listed by the Council of Europe's Group of Consultants for Invertebrates for a Europe-wide survey. Although it is abundantly clear that the Hermit Bettle is under threat throughout much of its range, the survey will pin-point vital areas of critical habitat for long-term protection and more appropriate management. Osmoderma eremita is of widespread concern and is a high priority for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Rs lm OA ‘pan sHolahe , neqawnes ond moat Oetrpaseme: edadlmpadubicn. | , | . Genes ehawndy wre’ yam! {akowe ¥ine weineeroo Bhhtogh tees e wate) bereyaxbat’ oa eoaen te ae ennauy’ > ; ORE MaaqineltAay Adeaieneebet » cage 5% spate’ bus wet tmanil) oie iowtwe a Se th area -esnainnnagennt i HasilLasok eae « /20¢ Jmeiqe®: bina. ote nowsdo ones sper Bnd i a Se abet) asane: ested aie tee eisai ace “edtup 98 okie vivoed eke te peer? ous Sail aes I . damkd eget % adn ita iw tine eee saree ad ; Sori es ans maar! ‘out-som 1 ted se sna fees wet is: rete yan sr = 61 = 21. Buprestis splendens F., 1767 ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order COLEOPTERA Family §BUPRESTIDAE Common names Goldstreifiger (Ge) Distribution Sporadically occurring over much of Europe, including boreal regions, but not France, Italy or the Mediterranean islands, and no further east than the Caucasus and Urals (Cobos, 1986). Formerly believed to be restricted to central and northern Europe, but recent records. in Greece, Albania and Spain have extended its known range. A useful map is given by Cobos (1953). Status in Europe Albania Recently recorded; status unknown (Miihle, 1981). Austria Endangered or Extinct (Gepp, 1984). Extinct in Steiermark (Gepp, 1981). =: Denmark Uncertain records (Hansen et al., 1960). Finland Very rare (Hansen et al., 1960). Germany (FRG) Extinct (Blab et al., 1984). Greece Recently recorded; status unknown (Mtihle, 1981). Spain Extremely rare (A. Cobos pers. comm. to M. G. de Viedma). Three specimens recorded (Cobos, 1953, 1986). Sweden —-—__ Uncertain records (Hansen et al:., 1960), prebably extinct (Ehnstrém, 1985). Habitat and ecology Early stages_ere unknown, but feed in dead wood. At least in Spain B. splendens exclusively attacks indigenous pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L., P. pinea L., P. nigra lericia Poir. etc. ) (Cobos, 1986). Despite its superb appearance, the beetle is cryptic and hard to find. ABI SAMO ol ACE MTD te Vergo Maareuaawe yt heet aie Paper ais odd nathan ont ded Aaotger | beats golbutoai ago he. toiaans “sore ae wits aaah anne co ae me bas tte EAE, cecnanieditien, A adtap xine { Ne eri * ; Dakee i | | Fy loath amet ry owectas has fone wong envi al a0) 38 ; bile = 62 = Reasons for decline Loss of woodland, perhaps particularly ancient pine forests. Dead wood is essential for breeding. Further data are needed on this rather enigmatic and disruptively distributed species. Conservation measures taken All buprestids (jewel beetles) are protected in FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wirrttemberg. No other measures are known. Conservation measures proposed Buprestis splendens is one of the species of xylophagous, ancient woodland, beetles proposed for a Europe-wide survey to be organized and compiled by the Council's Group of Consultants for Invertebrates, with the help of national experts. This survey will prepare the baseline survey data that are vital to a long-term conservation and management plan. Preservation of relict ancient woodlands will undoubtedly be central to such a plan. Due to a lack of precise published data, Buprestis splendens is not of the highest priority for protection under the Bern Convention, but Appendix II is appropriate. 263= 22. Cucujus cinnaberinus (Scopoli, 1763) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order COLEOPTERA Family | CUCUJIDAE Common names Scharlachkaéfer (Ge), Lesak rumelkovy (Cz) Distribution A rare species found mostly in northern Europe and sporadically in central Europe (Bavaria, Slovakia and elsewhere) (Harde et al., 1984; Horion, 1960). Status in Europe Austria Endangered/Vulnerable (Gepp, 1981; 1983). Czechoslovakia Indeterminate (Novak and Spitzer, 1982). Finland Vulnerable (Hansen et al., 1960). Threatened by modern forestry ‘hygiene’ (Vaisanen, 1982). Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et el., 1984). Germany (GDR) Indeterminate (no data). Sweden Endangered (Ehnstrom, 1985); protected by law in Uppsala province (Uppland). Habitat and ecology An exceptional cucujid in being large (11-15 mm) and brightly coloured (red-brown). Lives under the decaying bark of deciduous trees, mainly elm, oak, beech, and sometimes conifers (Harde et.al., 1984). Reasons for decline Despite being a large and easiy recognizable species, its cryptic habits make its precise status uncertain. Nevertheless, its evident decline over a wide area of northern and central Europe may be attributed to loss of suitable woodland habitats. In particular, modern forestry techniques have led to the loss of suitable rotten wood habitats in many parts of Europe. Conservation measures taken No practical conservation measures have been taken, although the species is listed in a number cof Red Data Books, and protected in the Swedish province of Uppsala (Uppland). b Nlorsow Vilaerolde . Kinrarn fran cole we lowalvty ra Hg ronth-eoak ( Kone and Bong Va, (4%), Glad biel eo tie A ek. Wok. | ih ei, corwantiat (2ath ) iegsom) ay i) i ee. RAST «=| gk iw | dee 0 ei gaagimtinilaaeiaty: Pe ‘ (x9) noe eo aaaed , are agtExiinn Lagden’ _ feedinew mf Uikysth Sb-sage bao ogctug oxidpaon ae tiene hee “! AGEL , God NOM. 7 aeTE “abe nds reek Lonahevats: cael iaapaiaa i : aoc” 4 = mr Pas ae | a ht ee oe Ce os tie some ye abreast tacnsnaine Po. aed We wtiek eal Le | ath 488 De Ct mag * . + sam eb besarte) pram eres naan bend woul! Ete, tic BEN eae | hema Wir Conservation measures proposed The Council's Group of Consultants funereus on its list of species to Europe. Well-planned conservation initiative in due course. Morimus Appendix II of the Bern Convention. =168) = for Invertebrates ‘includes Morimus be surveyed and monitored throughout measures will develop from this funereus is suitable for protection on wide awry gotewen’ tie ewswnnee cotaeviinate: ROL S490%q 10% added = 1691— 25. Rosalia alpina (L., 1758) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order COLEOPTERA Family CERAMBYCIDAE Common names Alpenbock (Ge), Havasi Cincér (Hu), Nadobnica Alpejska or Nabodnica Kamiennik (Po), Tesarik Alpsky (Cz). For Russian name see Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984 Distribution ; Historical range includes western and central Europe across into USSR, but its distribution is rapidly shrinking. Detailed distributional data are provided by Horion (1974). Status in Europe Austrta — Endangered. Belgium Presence uncertain. Bulgaria Endangered (listed in law). Czechoslovakia Endangered. Protected by law. Has become very rare in the Czech region and Moravia due to destruction of beech-woods. More abundant in some parts of Slovakia, especially in mountainous areas from 600-1000m (Caputa et al., 1982). _ Denmark Indeterminate (absent according to Hansen et al., 1960). France = Indeterminate (Villiers, 1978). Said to be common in some mountainous areas and recently found in Corsica (Villiers, 1978). Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1984). Listed in Bavaria, Wiirttemberg (Anon., 1983). Germany -(GDR) Indeterminate. Greece Protected by law, and presumably under serious threat. Hungary Endangered (listed in law). Liechtenstein Protected by law, and presumably endangered (Anon., 1933). Netherlands Indeterminate. Poland Endangered. Habitat and populations in serious decline despite legal protection (Glowacinski et al., 1980; Ferens, 1957). Portugal Indeterminate. Spain Vulnerable and much sought-after by collectors (M.G. de Viedma, pers. comm.). 7 aR AL yi, AT, sean BAATIVEMANRD ghkeet-))) rn Fun) wean igavee P Agha ah CRD F Augie dinars? 4 Rete Jimnwioey selaboselt anon no aed vor ee fon — oy iiss 40 PAR LeGle. we Ty Jud eww ‘odie eeoT2s og onsn! Ewrdoes bas wins stint soa oro Pe Cegot todiatehb betiagea | Ce owe -Salonilbasdion es ite » cael fino mages dono eh iar eagnanecea above si oer =) JOue Sweden Recorded from southern regions only (Hansen et al., 1960). Possibly now extinct (Ehnstroém, 1985). Switzerland Indeterminate. Widespread, but localized (Allenspach, 1973). USSR Rare. (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1982). Occurs in the Caucasus and south-west USSR around the Black Sea. Habitat and ecology From June to September the beetles can be seen in the daytime on standing or felled beech (Fagus) trees; sometimes on flowers. Larvae develop in the wood of diseased beeches, but occasionally also in other deciduous trees, such as maples (Harde et al., 1984). A very attractive beetle with a distinctive light blue pubescence over a large part of its body and very long antennae. Reasons for decline Destruction of good breeding habitat, particularly old beech forests, is to blame for the loss of this species from large tracts of Europe. Although beech woodlands are still fairly extensive, forestry practice and management for economic returns mitigate against the survival of the beetle in the rotten and diseased wood that the larvae prefer. The singular beauty of the species also attracts collectors, who may easily capture this rather docile insect (Ferens, 1957). Whether this has any serious impact on the beetle‘s populations remains uncertain. __ Conservation measures taken 2 In Austria the genus Rosalia is probably protected in two provinces, while R. alpina is believed to be protected in five others. The species is also protected in Czechoslovakia, FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wirttemberg, Bulgaria, Hungary, Liechtenstein and Greece. Conservation measures proposed sis Listed for distributional survey and monitoring by the Council of Europe's Group of Consultants for Invertebrates. Detailed data accruing from that project will give a sound basis for protection of a network of critical habitats throughout Europe. Rosalia alpina is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. lyn RX 7 Pca i (Sarl he 29 ooaeeh): wt mb PUT ROT ‘awos ent bairaog0@ va ’ ; ; i CeBe; al youven aE Jones Pc wo eid heat (OUR f ch - Sonqaaerkad howith bor dial iv ae agp Le Bae hain ated enieouee ‘e3 al Syv09 4% “L¥OLO% 12 bee wostingaa), tah: ; ad bang howe Bier tag Jembdsnoy Pole PAs re ecm Sa) | : ge ele a hana we ti yaefend how 10 guihande ao ow nen od pri fe, en apis eirve podria ae Pr wert woh ge Loven savrei, sepeMODL Ao ment Jamo ieeend ero amd eT tl ‘awoad tor okt pect tes, at dale riteanlabioe Sad aottoned bones he ne Lew pL tole nig b 220: 0 adr: hy blab Ki» re) silt psa) en igae y Aptos Woot ob to Sag gt nas ¥ sett, renin wal saat ‘ By i i uty ® a thee: oy et 429904 “teed to Contaatsuon. sitet ta = head hoy , A cxsoddtn epee | Pad y bona “niet aon sotoaas eae to, av Sd Pr) we wind serene ao ttn yt ats — sili r— Lepidoptera Far more information is available for butterflies (Rhopalocera) than for moths (Heterocera). The butterflies have been well-served by the Heath (1981b) report, which examined the status of all the European species. The 15 endangered species in the Heath report were examined as primary candidates for the Bern Convention, and reduced by deletion of those species which have a wide range outside Europe. One species not recognised at the time of the Heath report has been added in the endangered category, Maculinea rebeli. This was formerly believed to be a subspecies of M. alcon but is now widely accepted as a distinct species. Erebia christi, a narrowly distributed species of particular concern in Switzerland, is listed as vulnerable. The Apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo) was given lengthy consideration before being rejected as a candidate for the Appendices to the Convention. The Apollo is listed as rare in the most recent assessment (Collins and Morris, 1985) but even this category was acknowledged as possibly being unjustified. The threats to the Apollo have been exaggerated because of the excessive subdivision into subspecies. Although some forms are very restricted in their range, the Apollo as a species is certainly not threatened. Its distribution reaches over to eastern Asia, and in parts of Europe (the Pyrenees, for example) it is a common sight. Apollo populations will remain, by and large, protected by the ruggedness of their habitat. The Red Data Books and other lists that include threatened butterflies are too numerous to discuss in any detail here. References to the literature will be found in: Table 1. Moths have received very litle attention on the European scale. Hundreds of species are listed in the West German Red Data Book and elsewhere, but no synthesis has ever been attempted. For this reason it has been difficult to recommend a few species for the Bern Convention. The final list of five species is far from satisfactory and there is a particular need for more detailed research in this sphere. A rather spectacular eastern European emperor moth, Eudia spini (D. & S., 1775), is cause for concern but has not been given a full data-sheet due to lack of information. It seems to be an inhabitant of the steppes, particularly in Asia Minor, but has retreated from Austria, GDR, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and the USSR and may even be extinct in some countries. Its decline has been mainly during the past 30 years and the precise reasons remain unclear (A. Schintlmeister in litt., 13 April 1986). Most of the countries within its range are not party to the Bern Convention. ep tet “Ot ead? (encdkeqods) eeikiveisnd wt bidelleva el ugh tom tat wtom as fieot. od) ed bovVaen-i2ow vend svae wotle ved sud ont tirana diatth oft .gelsege aeagowSs end fle We angate ods tL? 4) Avie (Adee yr _YIsRIag oe poniasee via! to0ge4 Wika wis me agioege bo 88 : a ~—/ i“ 0 asivegs escd? Io asditets®: yd besitos bps - Pole coved wand: wht % - bgt ods 56 bevingooes ton HpTosqe ond equiva ehiernd- opiey ab ite. « ‘ved atin. Urogedas howegtshae sf al hebbe, avod wool Satiqene singh nooks .& Ao» Usecredwn -« on of Dove H d ¢lveervot pow mee” es iKouen # dinists siden -neisegs) Foutaa th * nbd yey 4a wien wai | > Sota oF the Eves Pale et arabaow saceetiiag % is a cee die Hun ae eae BM a Ae ts) eg el Mot sukebianne vi tye nye ‘wewty: rae ‘gion. avian oven « i dee ike OD ed. at pent noeaa ont wet Py ee ie ‘neanai on ae eres Prigteay Ahagmiasinn teane a ‘oe eee, cs bodatd * ° poied elethwieog oa dagbotwuadss mae \etneniye can: ott ae tH ¢ , “one te aauniond hesorageete ped ¢ evad. OLECHA’ Ld on es gogs eae ‘ | | ow 12 Ger “aii ate FA ‘Seba anlar ae voiced ee a cal ten Wakaineo at “esinonge a sPeereny wha aD Hm At el esti i i daw eli ried 208d “toe vestoaer ase bn tenn att antegn. ga asi aad 48 “Akane hose eee sues ¥ aaecbegaiy ae? et Dadtony 4 ot tna ‘bentonite cater & att Ib teak . = 22 = 26. Papilio hospiton Guenée, 1839 ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family §PAPILIONIDAE: Common names Corsican Swallowtail (En), Korsicher Schwalbenschwanz (Ge), Port-Queu de Corse (Fr) Distribution Corsica (to France) and Sardinia (to Italy) Status in Europe Corsica Endangered, protected by French law. Sardinia ‘Insufficiently known. Recognized as Endangered in Council of Europe Report (Heath, 1981b), and the IUCN Red Data Book (Collins and Morris, 1985). Noted as a seriously threatened species by Bernardi (1979). Habitat and ecology Mountain habitats from 600 m to 1500 m altitude. Breeding sites extremely localized. Foodplants are Umbelliferae, either Foeniculum vulgare, Foeniculum (Ferula) communis or Peucedanum paniculatum. On the wing May until August. Reasons for decline - Habitat destruction, commercial collecting, destruction of foodplants by burning (poisonous to sheep). Leisure developments on Corsica. Conservation measures taken Legislation in France, but not Italy. No protection of habitat. - -Much of central and western Corsica is a Regional Park (Duffey, 1982), but the distribution of P. hospiton in the park remains unknown. Gennargentu National Park has been proposed in eastern Sardinia, but the presence of the butterfly needs to be confirmed. ‘Cuan ae ete, yobranD AT IEE sae ED ‘ oe ee Me ee ee ae (od), amanivenodiowdod, stead crm bisawot sane evoin a : Sa) ane? ad amet ed ue ae pe Smee of Matton. -ongentaa ont ‘See ss alae ‘ttessis soqea. aqeA 4 Khaw ai (ineehsia o-s aaeall emer , = 73 = Conservation measures proposed Surveys of populations, designation of protected areas, ecological studies and management plans. Despite legislation in France and protected areas on Corsica, measures to conserve this species have been inadequate so far. Specific efforts to protect and manage the best breeding localities of P. hospiton are required. This species is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention; it is both well known and under severe threat. molbyse Lao igotace HO ehine, heboetord Bas ~aner wit setae eotgnea = 5 = 27. Lycaena dispar (Haworth, 1803) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family LYCAENIDAE Common names Large Copper (En), Grosser Feuerfalter (Ge), Lycéne Disparate (Fr), Czerwonczyk Plomieniec (Po), Ohnivacek Cernocarny (Cz) Distribution Western Europe across USSR to Amurland. Nominate subspecies extinct in U.K. (but re-introduced —- see below), still in northern Netherlands (Friesland), where it is usually regarded as a separate subspecies batava (Higgins and Riley, 1980). L. d. rutila occurs in France (local in Haute Marne, Aube, Alsace, Niévre and Cote d'Or, Gironde etc.), Belgium, Germany (widely distributed near Berlin and northwards to southern Finland), Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary, Romania, Balkans (especially near the River Save), Bulgaria and Greece. Still found in marshy places in northern Italy, formerly occurred near Rome (Higgins and Riley, 1980). Status in Europe Austria Endangered in Steiermark (Gepp, 1981). Belgium Indeterminate. Range in decline (Leclerq, 1971 et seq., map 975). Protected in the Flemish region. Bulgaria Recorded as a-rarity (Nestorova and Slivov, 1985). Czechoslovakia Recently extinct (Heath, 1981b), or threatened with extinction (Novak and Spitzer, 1982). Denmark Extinct. Finland Endangered and protected by law since 1983 (Vaisanen et al., 1983). Five other species of Lepidoptera are already extinct in Finland (Mikkola, 1981). France Vulnerable. Protected by law of 22.8.1979. Subspecies gronieri Bernardi extinct since 1908 (Bernardi, 1963). Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1981); extinct in Bavaria (Anon., 1983). Germany (GDR Vulnerable. Greece Endangered; only one locality known. Hungary Threatened. Subspecies hungarica Szabo, 1956, protected by law (Fazekas, 1983) since January 1982. CRRROHAIME. (emma oy Wetton AS a2eh2 ibs RE Fre UT eae MTORORATE A218 Gg > ORAS rip sai HU sh ope RO CHR al Herons , Yaoav ing ¥ G09): aniinatne ts ‘icpencsnahits-Lipital palin AER. ween DD mE Sond ees soisequiive shiehenil a eu OF ReaD seo ia — Chrinhecive) stinatsedi@oretsson wi [be » twalied ges - boonbratad | bem autaate), BYated sodonqadis stages © Ae. ‘bowiege barat sect aera ota wi fesdl? opaen whi WARD RLISiG Bd «eons eatin staid stom hy hoiats toa 170"h 6400 Domo = 75> Italy Declining. Luxembourg Endangered (Meyer and Pelles, 1982). Netherlands Endangered; protected by law. Confined to a few protected localities. The local form is subspecies batavus Oberthiir (see Bink, 1972). Poland Vulnerable (Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982). Threatened by drainage, grassland improvement and afforestation (Palik, 1981). Switzerland Endangered; possibly extinct. United Kingdom Extinct since 1851. Subspecies batavus Oberthiir protected as an introduction in Woodwalton Fen National Nature Reserve (Duffey, 1968, 1977). USSR - Lithuania SSR Rare (Heath, 1981b). Habitat and ecology Marshes, fens, damp meadows and wet ditches; sea level to about 1000 m. __Foodplants are docks, especially Rumex hydrolapathum, R. crispus and R. aquaticus; also Polygonum and rarely Iris. Reasons for decline Drainage of wetlands; flooding of valleys for reservoirs; vegetational successions in some nature reserves. For details see Duffey (1968, 1977) and Vaisanen et al., 1983). In the Netherlands some former sites became unsuitable through vegetational succession and land reclamation. Conservation measures taken Protected by law in Finland (1983) France (females only), FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wirttemberg, Netherlands, Hungary and the Flemish region of Belgium. Present in nature reserves in Austria, Netherlands and U.K. Conservation measures proposed Establishment of properly managed nature reserves. National conservation organizations must recognize that management for birds and plants is not always conducive to survival of butterflies. In the Netherlands some former sites could be restored by suitable management for the butterfly. Expert guidance should be encouraged, developed and utilized. L. dispar is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, even though it already benefits from extensive legislation in Europe. = . vitabee fet AROOL WweE Ke Gne anyon): be WA MAb Ae, rete Od Dow tee! Mem! sed bros ich ;bevegeadod- sie gelougddes al ae Kaool way). wi wh iinoo! hetonsorg’ ey 188 ainkg,.e0e) Der OdO euve sa |) honoseiiet iseed /} So dwaaes ‘yi Th funiveadied» y aeons j Ny ‘ahha Addioyzeio Me Set Fnvesves aie ‘aoe aa degontere a | a tiga Bl an wire ieee | ond’ ve) eid beang vba Se si OdO arvited: ae tomgadin | SOE sanke sont ie Lanethet rT aN Le nny ar ao Ft 5 tdabtin ean = ; " bas te 7 i t wie id res PA ha vier ‘sna > scar extn’ at Wax) to mane wit. since te sbantanaoie aol = 76). 28. Maculinea teleius (Bergstrasser, 1779) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family §LYCAENIDAE Common names Scarce Large Blue (En), Grosser Moorblauling (Ge), Modraszek Lakowy Jasny (Po) Distribution France through central Europe to Asia and Japan. Very local in central Europe to 53°N (Berlin). France, chiefly in north-east Savoie, Isere; Switzerland not south of Rhéne Valley. Italy, in southern foothills of Alps from Susa to Carniola. Absent from Romania and the Balkans (Higgins and Riley, 1980). Status in Europe Austria Vulnerable (Gepp, 1983); Endangered in Steiermark (Gepp, 1981). Belgium Vulnerable (Leclercg et_al., 1980). Protected in the Flemish region. Czechoslovakia Endangered. France Endangered. Females of the subspecies burdigalensis Stempffer) are protected by law. Germany (FRG) Local; ¥Yulnerable in Bavaria (Anon., 1983). Germany (GDR) Vulnerable (Heath, 1981b). Hungary Vulnerable. Many local populations (Heath, 1981b). Italy Endangered. _ One colony only, threatened by wetland drainage (Heath, 1981b). Netherlands Extinct since 1971, but possibly seen in 1985. Poland Vulnerable (Dabrowsky and Krzywicki, 1982). Threatened by drainage, grassland improvement etc. (Palik, 1981). Spain Rare (De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo, 1976, 1985). Switzerland Endangered. Very few localities (Heath, 1981b). Yugoslavia Endangered (Heath, 1981b). Listed as Vulnerable in The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983), but recently re-categorized as Endangered. i. + GG ee COTKE sue ld A keen. ATOG2NA AAG LABASE Aoxgerbon , ied) ganitwhidioall seakorst 4 fax sums ‘ad Laook: ue ‘aieab cag ips eons “math i) #ELisso0% wrod tvda-at Seladl AE animate) meee eed ban siagind dmov'h, smaada. a By 7 : 'y tee. Ss Sree Siihe,, ee i at a uy mae ape mae eas eh tensor towed | salite wraotanty atest oy iy iy Beh Wes AE WE ee gah ape it 4 4am) Fitna saint ene | 8 swiovar, tase dsron ad yr iets me aay siateoie ss nk ape ranba a(emeE 9), stars by 2enghadn gio) — p " i aha oe oqasut ngaee bahewwey we ea tai ae 20 idiwou ton -atotnaso at $05 bBudy pak Sh Ae cree ae = ie — Habitat and ecology Inhabits marshy meadows up to 2000 m altitude. Adults feed and oviposit on Sanguisorba officinalis and later lives in nests of Myrmica, probably M. scabrinodis. Adults also take nectar from Vicia cracca (Thomas, 1984). Adults fly in July. Reasons for decline Land drainage, fertilizer application, river impoundment. All known sites in the Rhéne Valley were destroyed in 1981 when a large reservoir was constructed. Conservation measures taken z One subspecies protected by French law (females only). Also protected in the Flemish region of Belgium. Present in Austria in a nature reserve (Heath, 1981b). Conservation measures proposed Surveys of populations, designation of protected areas, ecological studies and management plans, surveys of Asian distribution. M. teleius is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, being threatened throughout its European range. i vt f k . eo DSieogiva hee book aafaba. sores 8 a OOPS it a mob yawadin ehh © eitadog, oc lent th Renan oe won dndes! hen | AOR LE. yalerneod ty ease wilos¥ was cadoen led onks inane: ™, 29. Phylum ARTHROPODA LEPIDOPTERA Order Common names Distribution Very local in central Europe to 52°N. Maculinea nausithous (Bergstrasser, 1779) = 73 = ENDANGERED Class INSECTA Family LYCAENIDAE Dusky Large Blue (En), Schwarzblauer Blauling (Ge), Modraszek Lakowy Ciemny (Po) Northern Spain (isolated colony near Soria), France (chiefly in north-east, Colmar, Ain, Sére, Netherlands, northern Switzerland (Weesen, Berne); more widely distributed in Bavaria and central Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, to the Urals and Caucasus in USSR Status in Europe Austria Bulgaria Czechoslovakia France German FRG) Germany (GDR) Hungary Netherlands Poland Spain Switzerland USSR Yugoslavia construction. Vulnerable; Endangered in Steiermark (Gepp, 1981) and Salzburg (Gepp, 1983). Recorded as a rarity (Nestorova and Slivov, 1985). Endangered (Heath, 1981b). Endangered due to land use change and reservoir Protection urgently needed (Heath, 1981b). Rare and local; Vulnerable in Bavaria (Anon. 1983); Endangered in Nordrhein-Wwestfalen (LOLF, 1979). Vulnerable: (Heath, 1981b). Endangered. Extinct in some areas (Heath, 1981b). Protected by law. Extinct since 1972 (Heath, 1981b). Vulnerable (Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982). Threatened by drainage, grassland improvement etc. (Palik, 1981). Rare (but not listed by De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo, 1976; see Manley and Allcard, 1970). Endangered. Very few localities, but at least one is in a protected area (Heath, 1981b). Common in Caucasus; rare and local in Ukraine (Heath, 1981b). Endangered (Heath, 1981b). IUCN Red Data Book: Endangered (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). 1 4 (e0Y satiuera woantaaadneto® (WR) eit aated ted i aR som Vinee Sere sesennbell ; j ; Naa ae es a Wnt hedietont) eka ol neue abaes raed ne Seaman od inner - 79 - Habitat and ecology Marshy meadows, frequently near lakes. Adults feed and oviposit on Sanguisorba officinalis; later stage caterpillars inhabit ants' nests (Myrmica rubra). Flies in July. Reasons for decline Land drainage, fertilizer application, flooding of valleys. All known sites in Rhone Valley were destroyed in 1981 when a large reservoir was constructed. Losses also occur from sites that appear superficially unchanged, perhaps as a result of impacts on the ant host, Myrmica rubra (Thomas, 1984). Conservation measures taken Heath's (1981b) record of this species being protected in Switzerland is erroneous. Protected by law in Hungary since January 1982. In the Netherlands attempts are being made to reintroduce both M. teleius and M. nausithous. Some good sites with foodplants plus ant hosts still exist, others are being restored. Conservation measures proposed Establishment of reserves in suitable sites very urgent; essential to maintain water table. Minimal management by cutting may be required (Thomas, 1984). 4M. nausithous is very widely and severely threatened, and is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. kets ae ; ! t se ” met ah Puitaty fi ahha no “dkroaive hin bow bi TobA 1 Reet “ee Wesaoupead vento GI gen ‘tine Sidwdady exalrigreans ‘ean, sean ak: Paik a ed iedeobronae, seeqie ere = enc oni stot See etd. Mead - 80 - VULNERABLE , 30. Maculinea rebeli Hirschke, 1904 ~ENDANGERED- Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family LYCAENIDAE Common names Rebel's Large Blue Distribution Southern and central Europe, chiefly from mountainous areas, but at lower altitudes in France. Once considered to be a subspecies of M. alcon, but now recognised as a separate species with different ecological requirements. Status in Europe Italy Apennine localities. Denmark Very local (Higgins and Riley, 1980). France Especially in the Massif Central and the south-eastern Alps. Spain Eastern Pyrenees, and from a few localities near Soria, Teruel and Santander (Higgins-and Riley, 1980). Germany(F.R.G.) Known from the Lauda area. Belgium Former localities have not been recently assessed. Switzerland Threatened in the Jura and other lower, lusher montane areas where pastures are fertilised and cut. Habitat and ecology The habitat is-meadows and-grasssiopes at 1200-1800m, sometimes at lower altitudes in France, often in dry localities (Higgins and Riley, 1980). Eggs are laid’on gentians, either Gentiana germanica or G. cruciata. Life cycle depends upon parasitism of colonies of the ant Myrmica schenki (J. Thomas pers. comm.). This ant is fairly scarce in Europe, but only a small number of nests is needed to support a colony of M. rebeli because the caterpillars are fed directly by worker ants, and a single nest can produce over 20 butterflies (J. Thomas pers. comm.). Adults fly at the end of June and into July. PPA SI VAT. 5 ee | ARSE. ged ,aaidowath, nh (beat A ALOREMT tals |) ro ed ae) SAO RWRAOY2. e kine asowel 24 Sink; haba. auc betes P dud pao Em 3: 20. alongs has m od od beg witiaona ia iy ite . ad nene Lopes Kaa taokus va air ipaeth ne it iy wo loaq maa as + best Fa eesslys sai: bese 4 Anema ila jextntiiant dint Bite lay wa ia Leoaeh L18dis baa, antaae®? deged ee . aqra eredogmi sues att Oa Sossaen Pritt es ad thnioegeR 2 + we ates. 3een TOLEAERDO RO * aor? aut sagusay? ovedaall a” e oaee yas baat ‘a x ua balviies ‘aie youn neh at - ones ns tuo pare pte ‘aves ‘nota sa . eee swine westeet uot ‘wim ba ian nt at Ry » =— Si = Reasons for decline The ant and tite foodplant/ depend upon a declining form of agriculture. Improvement of magetceyjuite ercviszers results in the loss of these species and consequently loss of the butterfly. Indeed, both Gentiana cruciata and G. germanica are threatened plants in Europe. Although not quite as seriously threatened as M. teleius or M. nausithous, M. rebeli is nevertheless in a serious decline and is in need of conservation action. Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measures proposed Careful studies of life history, distribution and ecological requirements. Appropriate management of prime localities. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. asaisangitjod. .beokak pen tad dud ant Ae ‘eat ai ini | Jor dgwotetn (qqonwe at. Bona la bauwieerd? wie sokdneen 2 | bas, wh pon feuenimervast lg oe bial Padegissokcly wi is ey we ‘ gly ° ” Ase, Hil i 24827: = 31. Coenonympha oedippus F., 1787 ae ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Cless INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family SATYRIDAE Common names Distribution False Ringlet (En), Moor Wiesenvogelchen (Ge) France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary through USSR to China and Japan. Status in Europe Austria Belgium France Germany Hungary Italy Lichtenstein Poland Spain Switzerland Endangered; habitat in Vorarlberg has been destroyed (Gepp, 1981; 1983). Endangered; possibly extinct (Leclercq 1971 et seq. map 394). Endangered. Some subspecies extinct; protected by law of 22 August 1979 (Burton, 1980). Endangered (Blab et al., 1981); extinct in Bavaria (Anon., 1983). Endangered and protected by law (Fazekas, 1983) since January 1982. Endangered (Heath, 1981b). Site at Fiirstenturm has been destroyed (Heath, 1981b). Vulnerable (Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982). Known only from one locality in the Bialowieza forest. Floods caused its disappearance for many years, but there is still hope that it will be rediscovered (Palik, 1981). Endangered (De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo, 1976; Manley and Allcard, 1970) Endangered; now confined to one locality. Extinct in the south (Heath, 1981b). Habitat and ecology Wet lowland Molinia meadows. Foodplants are Lolium, Carex and Iris pseudacorus. “ Ss OAL aS, “ oat i wt _mnaterias — ehdiant anand bite wale of gana Aepaeratd exranuil .2i coe oem feel anit: sedi - snatiet theegeebait © I - eet pie - Sinai eth ils in prvetent RE Re chio M - ; SD vabaanameenane: ae ee ocr HOSEL, sumo) #044 sana es ota, stows 0: soalsay abt yi 29 ou ~~ pens nin tang seen ieee aie nia | — = (83)-— Reasons for decline Land drainage and grassland improvement (Palik, 1981); conversion for rice cultivation (P6 Valley). Conservation measures taken Protected by law in France (females only), Hungary, FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wiirttemberg. In Austria it is protected in the Kotlies nature reserve. Conservation measures proposed Establishment of properly managed nature reserves is a most urgent _ necessity. C. oedippus is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention; it is threatened throughout its European range. O07e YOY nol weevaws PC PReE xt } soma vor oanteessa bus en bne bos isae? OFF .ueNAMe (un, fated sina ak! was katy Svinrey owdun pits on ods wt. Bevoaseny at wt obstent ah is oy 4 cee ys i fe le GR ately te: ie Bi iy ‘ ty f i j Deh ees lh Ree Rony) Ae Teta, CURE gies ean” Oe : ‘ fa , . | bi) r 6 . i : ie iuave ie ; Net je } vi ¥ Pi i 7 i ve : i , Vd: Se a cal wm) ny = 34.= 32. Erebia christi Raétzer, 1890 ° VULNERABLE Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family SATYRIDAE Common names Raétzer's Ringlet (En) Distribution Confined to the Alps in southern Switzerland (Simplon Pass, Laggintal, Alpien, Hossaz Alp, Zwischbergental, Eggen) and northern Italy. Colonies very restricted (Higgins and Riley, 1980) Status in Europe Italy Endangered/Vulnerable. A very few scattered colonies in Simplon and Val Formazza. Switzerland Endangered/Vulnerable. A few colonies in the Laggintal area. Habitat and ecology ——— Alpine meadows of 1500-2000 m. Foodplant for the caterpillar is probably Festuca ovina. Flies end of June and July. One generation per year; caterpillar overwinters August to May (Rappaz, 1979). Reasons for decline There is considerable concern that over-collecting may be causing a decline in this species, but_such fears are probably--unjustified in view of the rugged mountain-top localities of the colonies. Perhaps of more serious —concern, there are proposals for a dam and reservoir on the river Laggina, somewhere in the Laggintal Valley. Depending on its size, this could have serious consequences for the Erebia. An access road is already under construction. Conservation measures taken The Laggintal area is a prime bytterfly site exploited heavily by collectors. The authorities of the Swiss canton of Valais have initiated proceedings to protect this butterfly some time ago, but they were initially opposed by the local community, who were said to be afraid of losing the rie 1, ree Sanaa tea 008K ;r0ad5h Janine algese sh Tom i] et ae ME ee eg ace ‘Batiiran «thee a rcauneinpenilll ha { ee j v 1 ee i. shy 2h hey tokants vrgensia a ‘tala oe eoiyeth), was, via sindavenat. GEA ond nalnoley ..ekaax. sii heat sgt , Indwogneddon tut aaa pane) : heiiallc sons won entaaiay betets beim Teanga 649 at antnnses wie. bidannnmianen beats re sone i sé *. i} ; - ~as | ‘lepits t sats a nn dnh py ee ee anne 8, ies bin anus Yo Habe , ever vias iw a *& oli sad 1 = —- 85 - revenue brought in by the numerous entomological visitors. The Ligue Suisse pour la Protection de la Nature, very concerned about the status of Erebia christi, continued to press for protective measures. In response, the Canton of Valais passed a Regulation in 1985, forbidding the carrying of nets and collecting of butterflies anywhere in the Laggintal Valley. Conservation measures proposed Protection of E. christi from a perceived threat of over-collecting may be insufficient to ensure the safety of the species. The evidence that over-collecting has been a serious threat is not at all convincing; Z apparently collectors can only collect from a narrow path and are dependeant upon adults flying their way. Mapping and monitoring would be useful for a species as restricted as this one, and would enable the authorities to carry out a much-needed ecological and conservation evaluation of the threats to the habitat of the species. The status of E. christi remains somewhat uncertain and although the species would undoubtedly benefit from the attention that protection under Appendix iI of the Bern Convention would bring, this is not of the highest priority. Italian and Swiss authorities should be consulted. . c ag s Rott ea: ooh wibtioly taolgolomosne auctme oad w ‘af o¢ pideag 20 auaeta add tuods, beareaaos cise (ewe AD ob matdeesor4 ol ‘gis y eR eiog ian it /M@wanen ee douse a4 wanng 04 sbaeot ane 4 to galersks odd gxibbiesed ) 280d bs gotiahiged « bouneg wheter 20 a0 wolfev. senses otis nt sedigos aphid pprneanies oan ad t if dads. éalibcid wet idiveded) wit he i. ee gud od bones aha! Sw sis se | Sitethanyab ott tad hig wermng se wer soaking ead as his + sh Tulesw 46 Bikgow g@iwasiieie bes aulegelt | papers eran ae wet btseddeD ae9 aiduny bE ante Boe ume c: od adeorts pad Mo meh ewe koe’ atternenen ne — 86 — 33. Hypodryas maturna (L. 1758) ENDANGERED (= Euphydryes maturna) Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family NYMPHALIDAE Common names Scarce Fritillary (En), Kleiner Maivogel (Ge), Hnedasek osikovy (Cz), Przeplatka Maturna (Po), Diszes Tarkalepke/(Hu). For Russian see Caputa et al., 1982. Distribution Europe north of the Alps, including France, Germany, Austria, southern Fennoscandia, Hungery and Rumania, through the USSR to the Altai mountains. Status in Europe Austria Endangered or Vulnerable; Endangered in Steiermark- (Gepp, 1983). Belgium Very restricted and declining, possibly Endangered ? (Leclercq 1971 et seq., map 563). Czechoslovakia Endangered. Only present in virgin wetland forests (Novak and Spitzer, 1982). Protected in the Slovak republic (Klemm, 1985, Tassi, 1969). Survives in a small number of forest—-steppe habitats, where it is never numerous (Caputa et al., 1982). France Endangered. Protection urgently needed. Threatened by changes in forestry management. Present distribution requires examination (Heath, 1981b). Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1981; Blab and Kudrna, 1982). Extinct in north-west; very local and endangered in Bavaria (Anon., 1983). Germany (GDR) Vulnerable (Heath, 1981b). Luxembourg Endangered; present status uncertain (Meyer and Pelles, 1982). Poland Vulnerable (Dabrowski and Krzywicki, 1982). Threatened by drainage of wetlands, grassland improvement, afforestation, grazing and burning (Palik, 1981). - Saeoanadna ik is ile arty: a xv ses | eis (nora se, seasoned ma ‘ar grey Pt) + am i Co) eae owt et BACT LAW as eas) a ee Pe UO (a 4 A) Logzeui sn senteia , (ea) oattiziss wes) oe =: eae ; ork RODIN. adsaias 9%, ahem) ‘evodtieg ‘deeeben't | SOei , Le. 28 adeqed one. so iabut t07 4d) Nolbaatiings, epett.- ays - ares itoos sizieed . vnnersen” tan go ihchons. wegte: one si Bole saves aes: eta a9 BaBy ods aqvest. foe yragewh . 3 ‘ x y ‘ ‘ : bide i = : 4 etwifakate ~ ponmsetese Bs soamaonnes sskdeeatan, we hosnguebes - : CS hp sae aise dow ae bathe en 5 -sebonsin be bre. bodpisduss lad a oa tu etre 2 ay Jae at mee we ae LE, pooetoes? é Sit sent ien Monte a — Avaieee va : a ae saonsti tea Me peal bi - = Ry = Sweden Vulnerable. Considerable decline; now mainly confined to north-east Uppland. Threatened by conversion of hardwood forests to conifer and drainage of wetlands followed by afforestation (Heath, 1981b). USSR Rare in Lithuania SSR (Heath, 1981b). Habitat and ecology Wetland areas in deciduous forests. Foodplants include Fraxinus, Populus, Fagus and, after overwintering, Plantago, Scabiosa, Veronica etc. Reasons for decline Drainage of wetlands followed by afforestation. Conservation measures taken Protection under discussion in France. Conservation measures proposed Establishment of nature reserves to protect this species is of the utmost importance. Such reserves must be managed in such a way as to maintain the wetland conditions. H. maturna is a high priority for protection on Appendix II of the Bern Convention; the species is well known, and severely threatened throughout its range. al ~ te < os beniiaes ¢{iniem won pias toak vidarebl ogo? | Rowe's ast to noiwwwvdeo Et benodeoddt, .bawlgqtt taaonitred heal us bewel for obial tow 19 ogantond bas awtinoo oF ttunrot a ira csc fonaw) ‘soiadtomeny he ~~, ‘ ‘ By ki capkaaes Mendes ahokont arceate ~ 88 - 34. Eriogaster catax (L.) ENDANGERED Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family LASIOCAMPIDAE Common names Distribution None known At one time probably widespread in Europe, but now confined to central Europe and relicts in far-flung corners. A detailed map is given by Heath and Leclercq (1981). Strongest populations in Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Status in Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Germany (FRG) Hungary Itely Luxembourg Netherlands Spain Switzerland Yugoslavia Endangered (Gepp, 1983). Protected in two states. Endangered. In serious decline and now very rare (Leclercq, 1971 et seq., map 781). Indeterminate. Scattered records only. Endangered (Blab et al., 1984). Very few records. Endangered (listed in law). = Occasional records prior to 1950, none in recent years (Heath and Leclercq, 1981). : Extinct (Meyer and Pelles, 1982). Indeterminate. A single post-I950 locality (Heath and Leclercq, 1981).. Very rare in north-central areas (Gomez Bustillo et al., 1974). wae Probably occurred here at some time, but no recent records. Indeterminate. Only in the north, on the Hungarian border. Habitat and ecology Until July the caterpillars inhabit a common web on blackthorn, hawthorn (Crataegus), oak (Quercus), poplar (Populus) and birch (Betulus) (Seitz, 1913), also Berberis vulgaris (Lhomme, 1923-35). THA NER QUE OY ie vet ; ANDO TRA pkimaWe sd) coh Ati iin Brag { bine: Ty Ne fetdase, os, tealiaos we | tds ree ak sangeet ti dtneW HE analy Al qem Botlasob a wnenaliy: usin at too bas abareteagosy atndend ot set once acral Saat fond - 89 - Reasons for decline Like its congener, E. lanestris, E. catax has probably suffered a serious decline through destruction of hedgerows, agricultural spraying, and possibly pollution of hedgerows by cars. More information needed, but said to be in decline everywhere. Conservation measures taken Protected in Hungary by law of January 1982. All Lasiocampidae are protected in two Austrian provinces, FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wirttemberg. Conservation measures proposed Although this species does seem to be severely threatened, there are few published data on the precise cause of its decline, or indeed its ecological requirements. Protection of key habitat is essential if eventual extinction is to be avoided. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention is appropriate. bas ., ant tuage curaibtoohecisle: prasardy ‘te: tetera: penny bis 8 ded Debord. nos seaerata lk tal were 2 wont anes Ae netsutsog ¥ idime Feta Nh al “peter slink af oll hel ie a ines: weeaaat os hae reset , whce ell om stil geasetes 1k: Ag 7 faetgiadon en aes a sontioeb oat ie omaigo. or feudewpe AL Saltasene ai sass. bal - ahaa deol ede ho, hh a Poe es on os , seb etal » tt = cise hat COT sel? otesnmhd Met NH ————— = = amoetds eee “SAGTONIOTS phi <0 eu wha" ee i 4 { Mai #73) ; ae 03 ebsswiens orets en hae stened aabaanod dt ealien yHetgen aa lquannemst” bent cared (aimaient Aga wate sintered) 4 | stiemsirie ‘soe action. bis biitoumsen 1é0ee, ena weeomiade: ee ne ve dy Puls tae sie by ae - aa iw 8 oF Be a y & hsieba = 95 — Reasons for decline This moth is certainly rare throughout the western part of its range, but data are lacking for the eastern sector. Western populations are disjunct (see map in Pittaway, 1983). Precise reasons for the rarity of this moth are obscure. Its foodplant is mainly coastal in Europe, but the distribution of the moth clearly indicates that either the plant survives well inland in Asia or the moth has alternative foodplants. Conservation measures taken None known as yet. Conservation measures proposed Many more data are needed on this species. Although it may benefit greatly from protection of individuals and habitat under Appendix II of the Bern Convention, more information should be sought from local experts. The cause of its retreat must be ascertained before proper conservation measures may be proposed. tod ,9gde US. te dn0q aneavow naa swogsirtity pat anti at don : >on Latte ona van LIetagog GarteOw - sods atesoae ‘gg 303 autsoas ose. dom ed to Ydses, eer) yaoeegs vatousd eet awed ah ak si AS, tat oon TE Kadeaos (totem oe dnvighoe’ wes @ powl vue dice cae ond seis te ast eodmorlomd ¢fanoks dee 099 te “adh To oOF atigansaaTy aar~sdoe tots “er * atsnra Nerney oe ii yvonne. bets ae tig ceil aghh bee pnt palteniprctiee cr umieains : ieee 9 Ais ART ME Stews 5 —~ 96 - 38. Proserpinus proserpina (Pallas, 1772) VULNERABLE Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family SPHINGIDAE Common names None known Distribution Central and southern Europe to the Transcaspian region, Lebanon and northern Iran, Morocco (Pittaway, 1983). fie 4 4 Rob i \ U r Status in Europe and elsewhere Austria Endangered, extinct in some places (Gepp, 1983). Belgium A few records from the extreme south (Leclerqg, 1971 et seq., map 597). Bulgaria No data. France Southern and central regions. Germany (FRG) Endangered (Blab et al., 1984). Central and southern regions. Greece : No data. Hungary Endangered. Listed in law. Iran No data. Italy Including Sicily. Morocco No data. Portugal No data. JERS Spain Rare, but more widely distributed than H. hippophaes (M.G. de Viedma, in litt., 27-May 1986). Not listed in the Spanish Red Data Books (De Viedma and Gomez Bustillo (1976, 1985). Switzerland No. date. Turkey Ne data. USSR Uzbekistens | Vi Luyarlin, Verre ehten 4 Habitat and ecology This is a distinctive hawk-moth with pointed, ragged wings with grey and green bands. It flies in May-June, visiting flowers of willow-herb » oe IRAwUAY vo epee phone ' Srvaser ssi ails rd Nea ee SAAMI. == hee ‘ pelts pie tt ie Sheeee nen sesso Peer “it teats ses cows Ee hacia bate aon sxe dd ana’ " 97, = (Epilobium sp.), evening primrose (Oenothera) and bugloss (Echium sp. ) after dark to take nectar. Eggs and caterpillars are chiefly on willow-herb, evening primrose and loosestrife. Pupates at shallow depth in ground, overwintering in this state. Reasons for decline A rare species that has disappeared entirely in many places in recent years. Now occurs very locally. Little known of the reasons for the evident decline of this species. Conservation measures taken Protected in Hungary by law of January 1982. All Sphingidae are protected in FRG, Saarland and Baden-Wirttemberg, Luxembourg, two Swiss cantons and three Austrian provinces. Conservation measures proposed Data on the status of this moth in European states are needed. Although widespread, it may be on the decline everywhere. Again, habitat protection and proper management will be needed to ensure its survival. P. proserpina is suitable for protection under Appendix II of the Bern Convention. : ~ 4 i ; ae < .9@ mpigsy) seokavd bisa (azadtges) vdihdatiki antiove if. ‘qa 4 ES oye) ufsolda, e728 iy en eat bine aga aedoon vain: a Poab- aedete olud eh saitbtninnioes SF a ves , us ae a . bi head * gllexost: ib Jaesst a menaig esa ai eloxisde scaaogae tt maria’ dette a 1 td wert! sHiom ae ott. Se meoni oisdbu : ubet “yaa. wrod! van . : er oa sed Jf 4 “ae 4 3 p i ee ike To ¥ \ Sok s a nado sendy wan oabigeldna ha hs tt. tee weit mt S aaeeonal aren , re 4, ¥ fiesta. plimkneats thant ee inde is ae pegaan an | siege anaiited odin vacibdhgatire ‘oaltenh why ve Bt fod ae nar as a iene «i wae a wena One peony Cal Sd eran sebaw Lens igs == Hymenoptera The literature on the conservation of the Hymenoptera is patchy, both taxonomically and geographically. In the UK an introductory booklet on conservation of bees and wasps (Else et al. 1979) and an atlas of bumblebees (Bombus, Psithyrus) (Int. Bee Res. Assoc. et _al., 1980) have been published. B. cullumanus and B. pomorum, are probably extinct in UK. In the USSR 14 species of Bombus, including B. pomorum, are listed as vulnerable (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Bombus pomorum may be widely threatened in Europe, but as yet there are few supporting data. As well as the 14 Bombus species, ten other Hymenoptera are listed, one of which, Xylocopa violacea, is also listed in West Germany (Blab et al., 1984). The Austrian (Gepp, 1983), Belgian (Leclerg et al., 1980) and West German (Blab et_al., 1984) Red Data Books include large numbers of Hymenoptera, with some species in common, but there is insufficient concensus to propose species for the Bern Convention. A thorough study similar to that done for Rhopalocera and Odonata would undoubtedly reveal a number of solitary and social wasps and bees that are under threat through their range. _ Thé-Formicidae (ants) is one family cf Hymenoptera that has received closer attention. The IUCN/SSC Ant Specialist Group has made some preliminary progress in listing threatened ants in Europe. A 1979 document listed European species of which one, Epimyrma ravouxi, was described in some detail in Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983). E. ravouxi is a slavemaker ant and as such would be expected to have low populations. Its European range is extensive, but sparsely distributed, and it is classified as rare. It is not known to be under serious threat and is therefore not recommended for the Bern Convention. Other candidates include two Formica species, transkaucasica and) truncorun, both of which are listed as endangered in West Germany (Blab et al., 1984). The former, the Black Bog ant, is restricted to peat bogs and moist heathlands, both widely threatened habitats in Formica truncorum is a boreal species common in Scandinavian countries but rare and vulnerable in central Europe, where its distribution is disjunct (A. Mabelis, pers. comm.). Europe-wide enquiries about these species might lead to their listing as candidates for the Bern Convention, but data presently to hand are insufficient. Formicn Cramshancastn lary (age a4 necking akan atiatinn iA soth- rule Nonwloy CVvoaamt och Hoga) 165) asexl ,Ytoad Dh aposryonamet owe 2 san Sompebidsc ont: ho: ommdanosel nit Rite patteod (rotoubeysad qa edt. at eLieat dein neey “aie Uiwatmoncday, srudeldaud. An eelva aa ona LOURR oe Ae onthe yee ital Reanael -~ pager 4 ~ wt 9 ob toodtes secon a AGO, af sek sine bee tm cde Uiad le ws yore my rises ata 008 vaste bana) ssn adh . , CoMet ‘iy aa TLR) YRmined saeh ad hetett. owe atk weeentoly éxtny, baa ial Aiken a ene Devomid paren: ene: heey aaa sperm m9 ‘ si ne a penance getdate eee A bia’ nang wer Leger eng! 6. — 29: wees i - 99 - The Wood Ants (Formica rufa and allies) were described in some detail in the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). They were classified as vulnerable because of widespread evidence of decline, despite still being relatively abundant. The large and obvious nests have attracted the attention of the public and Wood Ants are protected in a number of European countries. Whilst not seriously threatened, they may still be suitable for listing under the Bern Convention as insects that are well known and declining throughout Europe. te a ars “a rte pwsnall nt snd oo) Cond itm be shen ween), aes Baw su" heel shes eats te ee wie vatiway. Mook acteth ows ie Ad oer gals . I i Ne dacaD)ae area eo eaunoed : niin ry Wmed! wire a40w fe. a potas Bas: ‘ayaa ont Are oAes = tinea gated. AE: iw bo ieee rae “besinbiong w1n adn baby Yo sin, Eo abeeus ae "Upgrade 2 " ets (ete tons elenotwae diode as heal ieasiac asin ris , rae |e abe att irae te ea ere ae a a See ae SS — iranian aetagnes ne jidowal Ady . 3 — 100 - 39. Formica rufa L. VULNERABLE 40. Formica agquilonia Yarrow VULNERABLE 41. Formica lugubris Zetterstedt VULNERABLE 42. Formica polyctena Forster VULNERABLE 43. Formica pratensis Retzius VULNERABLE Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order HYMENOPTERA Family FORMICIDAE Common names Red Wood Ants (En), Mravenec Lesni (Cz), Mrowka Rudnica (Po), Erdei Vor6shangya (Hu), Rote Waldemeise (Ge). Distribution The European Wood Ants include five closely related species distributed in Northern and central Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia and North America. Status in Europe Austria No data. Belgium Declining (Leclerg et al., 1980). Czechoslovakia Vulnerable (Novak and Spitzer, 1982). Protected by law. According to Caputa et al. (1982) still plentiful in mountainous areas with sloping conifer forests. France No data. Germany (FRG) Vulnerable and declining (Blab et al., 1984). Protected by law. Germany (GDR) No data. italy Declining. Protected in many areas. Luxembourg Declining. Poland Declining (Szczepanski, undated). Spain No data. Switzerland Declining. Protected by law in all cantons. USSR Not listed in the USSR Red Data Book. UK Not severely threatened. Habitat and ecology Characterization of the individual species in not easy. The nests usually consist of large mounds of pine needles, twigs, moss and other debris built above the subterranean living chamber. All species feed on es ; ei pee: ne 7 } = a | 6 Te ms, a ma . ‘., SUNERALTY ; sil a Me er) dy Ree | | a» eowied aloutt Pr) s oer . Pere vi wets eh het areas gms #4 Sabie oi age i 5 | etaaeeAIDV | ae = medenh® gusPintod wines. . auearnoy ep ek we ‘i a ae ve uiato%, glassine: id see’ ce nth MCE? acd at aae wae ee “Sr 3 i ; He sy sYDweNT ey ipa ie AseAyte AME TA Net atte AcE ae rk m7 er ear wees Pare ry at P iG Ps deal ar ~ ; ; or ‘ poh aiteal 1632), fied sanyo cn) eaaA ‘paci Bee pepe RogAnd a5 oe nhbemant toi tet aamuaiael Dutra to) od is My i" ? 7 vn ‘0 ’ ‘ts ‘yisgoro avid ‘soul: And HOM Wes Qe LTS P ound as: ou fuaons ohae naetdoow! al a ay , s ie San we we . . Pe r HR a me mal Tews wl ir st% aa bie ie idinets00 spade a9 tos angele 9 jidessatus elers Dpoimes2 ie SI0uNs cy perean a fis, ens uansesteane mL A be wii! apepamaaid - 101 - insects and on aphid honeydew. See Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983) for further information. Reasons for decline Wood Ants, although not as yet seriously threatened, are in decline in many parts of their range. Large-scale disturbances usually involve urban expansion and pressure, land use change and forest exploitation. Acid rain is also suspected to be harmful to these ants although evidence of a direct impact is lacking. Dense conifer plantations are unsuitable for Wood Ants, although the forest edges may be acceptable, if left undisturbed. Irreparable damage to nest structures is frequent, either through collecting for fish or bird food, or out of curiosity, or simply as an act of vandalism. Conservetion measures taken Protected in Switzerland (all cantons); the Italian areas of Piemonte, Lombardia, Bolzano, Trento and Venezia, Federal Republic of Germany and Czechoslovakia. Much research has been done on Wood Ants, particularly concerning their role as natural controllers of defoliators in forests. Practical measures to protect Wood ant nests have been taken in Switzerland and elsewhere (Collins and Thomas, 1985). Listed in the Red Data Books of Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland. Conservation measures proposed Research on the effects of acid rain is needed. Management studies and programmes are a requirement for conservation of Wood Ants, particularly in forests utilised for timber production. Educational measures are needed since the Wood ant nests are vulnerable to damage caused out of ignorance. As early as 1964 the Council of Europe encouraged its members to protect their Wood Ants from damage or destruction; listing on the Bern Convention would enable the campaign to be renewed. Listing on Appendix III is appropriate, enabling the exploitation of Wood Ants for biological control purposes. Parties to the Convention should co-operate in a survey of the precise distribution of Wood Ants in Europe. Since the Wood Ants are still quite widespread and by no means amongst the most seriously threatened of Europe's insects, they may be considered unsuitable for listing on the Convention. However, Wood Ants are already widely protected and listed in Europe, giving an opportunity for the Bern Convention Parties to encourage a unified effort to conserve the ants and their habitats throughout Europe. *, oe co 32 Kkwes) wnilicd bas ofe4 nikew ‘ent swebyeaod Gifew WW bo} a meth - . GOLA AHO i > leh ee ule i Fant Woe ni : Le enito ob at ens Done sawrda suet 7 wr 6 304 Ls (idle, ef04 buat apie evtovhs 2ffe oe eeeaadasdelb efasb-egial | regres ade Ma 29204 Yan hes bik Helios iolads 21090 hos eateds ious haar . epeng Baw actane ihn toe @ Is ownbhive thvetste- ajan ogee? a3 ‘Bitieesd “00 27 -D9aasuae pate 2! en ‘baad 20% wired [orm win. ‘soot sesaaty wttnes guile OLADET yt) Aon? ep wrel obaitans thee gue we yeldadqnady a tou wing silent agit aa ils “gwigonttos “dutta: soddle” dvilepir¥ al aera douse done ag Perey ae at seal tvimns te. aod ft) uf ciate 20 tttaciaes 1% nif Je post Peld ao fet) 30: eae ; p : os i ‘ Pee MS ip? 5 soon } ab parti’ je i, et ht : Diy qasa) ewQuRNey noise meee ebb nles ions aa rtsst ais’ Aeeiaas pr] SonPqees\ve bi tisgde \ eamne * a ot Seuqust Latebol atone bet oteegs youmelos. sib inn . mi » with bow eo snob nest ‘te Sonunns: aut ics, ¢ mos Mghie ) me mae ek BS sete were te oft Yo doqanasa ‘ rihipen.& a2 winded $099 t+ 07 bmw itis afas3: b ert aup ste ang eonia ede! fonah Yo ssectangnnd fase, ” who steg? oats " me? oe te ae 2 ewer Beriiven av19e re OD - 102 - 6. ARTHROPODA - ARACHNIDA The conservation status of the arthropod subphylum Chelicerata (horseshoe crabs, spiders and sea-spiders) is poorly known, but concern has been expressed for spiders in certain parts of Europe. In Great Britain, where draft proposals for a Red Data Book to include spiders has been drawn up, 35 species are endangered, 38 vulnerable, 37 rare and 4 extinct (A.E. Stubbs in litt.). In West Germany 17 species of Araneae are extinct, 23 species endangered, 60 vulnerable and 14 potentially threatened (Blab et al., 1984). Five Opiliones (harvestmen) are also listed. Eresus niger (Eresidae), the male of which has a black-spotted red abdomen and superficially resembles a ladybird, is a rarity throughout northern Europe as far as Denmark (Jones, 1983). It is a species of warm heath habitats (south-facing slopes in northern Europe), where it builds a vertical tube in the ground, roofed by a small, silk web. It was believed extinct in UK for 74 years, but was rediscovered in 1980. Eresus niger is protected by law in the UK and Switzerland and listed as endangered in West Germany. No detailed reports on its wider distribution in Europe have been traced, but it is likely that in southern European countries Eresus niger is much more abundant. There is some suggestion that the northern and southern populations may be taxonomically distinct. If this did prove to be the case, the northern population would certainly merit protection. For the present it is not proposed as a candidate for the Convention, but the situation of Eresus niger requires—careful monitoring. The genus Dolomedes, with the two European species, fimbriatus and plantarius, is unusual in thet it frequents marshes and fens, where it moves on the water surface feeding mainly on insects but adding the occasional small fish to its diet. The females are large, up to 22 mm in length. D. fimbriatus in rather widespread and sometimes common in Europe, but D. plantarius is more restricted. For this reason it is proposed as a suitable candidate for the Bern Convention. The genus Macrothele includes two European species. One of them, M. calpeiana from southern Spain, is Europe's largest spider and has a restricted distribution. For these reasons it is worthy of consideration for the Bern Convention and is described in greater detail below. Its European congener, M. cretica, is confined to Crete, possibly only the western half of the island. Research and study of this species may reveal its potential as a candidate for the Convention, but data are too few at present. If M. cretica proves to be a species of the mountains it may be safe, but if it inhabits the lowlands it may be under some degree of threat. oe kena = sgemoaseea oe “ne v Mes i. syssai to “wo tae Ogee éuw pogesdius ait 0 wade ts AatsavasiAow ook Pet sapanios pal, omens ¥iwo4 at (suvbiqe-sen Bae aver igs pBGar: dp spite ou } , teh, drow at egos Lo adahg’ alates ad rieptige ‘144 Beane dx, 109 Es men aed said ensbign che Foal ‘of 1008. ate Bat * 49% ate ace’ my sab - t BAY damian 6 bon pase Xe eideiontug RE ybewagnddms ca jual ops) - pies ns adaush ae 1a “eit aa 3a. ne? page Ae (peeree See AT A sash it adguod Raa Bo-dacn) ‘Danodaestd Phin etaateg: Pt hoe ‘eidespecaw Dd ichrn gaa eyes ' era ie, ce ean ee — dmaeit bake, ots, Comm muay sd een tig eri .(aees : ve nae ow ear » wd ‘fotea tir oLgm, ot « beer) idly eyes ‘ Aaah guenryad les a at smalayed. o softiaoess whined veer ut bie cexohde, Pe 4 pm RO, ot ene # 4 ea CBRE , oy Aranngeg ae, was ee oni av "DOr +) es =f i ; , a oS woke: #1, want ae fioqews oxedttren af Hoag he - gplortddyee) ei gi ital J tao ahs Te acon “eu sade wid: 3 biel roy be pexge?, dees ib 3 edd Inoidiv * fen — aa saneny, a de we rare tae Hi 9 9, aren taikinveh “i aie a | ot ak MORE YRBHE BE 8 gp 2979 at pape. fe Ai . Pi ag new xeokiafniea” i ais. od3 .# a” o - fos oF de te eta i ‘ae - 103 - 44. Macrothele calpeiana (Walck.) VULNERABLE Phylum ARTHROPODA Class ARACHNIDA Order ARANEAE Family DIPLURIDAE Common names None known Distribution Southern Spain (Cadiz, Malaga), Morocco. Status in Europe Spain Indeterminate. Distribution not precisely known, but apparently restricted to the provinces of Cadiz and Malaga, most commonly in the hills between Tarifa and Ronda. The recent records from Morocco give no indication of status_or habitat. Habitat and ecology Europe’s largest spider, with recorded body lengths reaching 35 mm and a reputation for aggression, backed up by 4 painful bite. The nearest relatives are M. cretica in Crete, and five species in central Africa. Little was known of its distribution or biology until very recent studies by Snazell (1986). The spider was most commoniy found in oak woods (predominantly the bark oak Quercus suber L.) in the hills between Tarifa and Ronda, where rainfall of 800-2000 mm is high for such a southerly position. M. calpeina lives opportunistically in pre-existing holes and crevices, sometimes forming large and dense colonies. Reasons for decline With the-absence of historical distributional data it is difficult to assert that this species has declined. Nevertheless, it is virtually absent from agricultural land and pine plantations, its optimum habitat being undisturbed oak woodland. This implies that its range would have been greater in the past, when oak woods were more extensive. Nevertheless, M. calpeiana is at present fairly secure, with large areas of woodland still intact. The major threat is development of the woodlands for higher production. This involves clearing of underbrush with bulldozers, removal of stones and re-seeding of the ground layer for grazing. This i - ‘teu l © «| ae all = : ; é ae Uy 7 ‘Cae aandsatac. etad. Notes ie ea are *(abemeeyimaa > eayt9 apersaskona ybiowt : ‘ RAMO Ks ‘eb ate ue , ay Si ri aay al ae ie 3 © formErA aie Wi aorta >» @. ‘ isice= ‘Ls =e » ty ; ee a a open jaa an ai mii imine agtdathitala ain) Le ia Re hes af = iy , ; bad beatin t ‘3 ; Pa i i : us aa ‘i ; jay \ rs ’ a 2 ay jen. Pane ree ws ) aa , sear ot edad - 4 ie = ae i see etn Saw Woutedtnscie Geaalligisghbol xisia aie ve xbaD Wes eobudvniya at 62 bude lota0 7 in baa slit esnniall aakte oi). f # = ged B hes =) ‘ EE ee yritien 3 ator Shee" 7a i Kote acai itiane ys ye ) sagen. i toss ease say ttad ii vale sete * sit © teeeri Rlesuis gan tat ‘wits visieni nal ae ata? Wy Lasteags > cosine _aSied n> pe Dh fe .agttteog $ canal haa] $832 | . Ntecabtele ia Bir aan’. iki a - 104 - capital-intensive operation is at present not widespread. Housing developments are spreading, causing local damage, particularly along the coast between Tarifa and Algeciras, but they are, as yet, few in number. Conservation measures taken None known specificallly for the spider. There are four protected areas in the region. They are: Sierrania de Ronda National Reserve (219,600 ha), Cortes de la Frontera National Reserve (12,342 ha), Ronda el Burgo Public Game Reserve and Siera de Grazelema Nature Park (47,120 ha). The second of these is most likely to include habitat at a suitable altitude, the other three are marginal to the spider's presently known range. Conservation measures proposed Although in no immediate danger, this spider might be susceptible to any widespread changes in land use in southern Spain and it would benefit from the attention of conservationists. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention is proposed=actly as a way to attract further research and study. Its distribution within local protected areas requires examination, perhaps with proposals for new protected sites in areas where the spider is common . The information in this data-sheet is derived almost entirely from the work of Snazell (1986). ie Res ee an Su Ae cat 106 = 7 Pe apiteeod _bevsqneblw én town's ge ai yoke Td ov innstnd~Lad tya> * PE yack Uae lot ting . Aemene bagot geteven oxritaowge O22 F’ Home wel ratings at WO POR Oe mH ins, fk pea stomgin dan wT spmetad 420% se 7 cei bs a aadad sens0 ph AOTtey ISO? = ae er vediening) na: era wed wate bed aq). We cpio i ak! ae iid 4 Biot - oy ri 4 hae a haat Gao, ond) an wouod Ltanmt dot shige! * Shoes iz sg2e Welt) .aei gee eds Re 4 “in shee oxet ty awk ne. SE. BA) warmer Leo taunt e16s0039 AL ob av¥i9T° ae pena. Bre oe. ORE FED eo. shad ew madlene 1d op anele a ava eier® oma 1a) "a ; . Sarai add ete’ efit teas: eae stan epuiing! AS: “yEstie HAOM as oe rf ok) § i" ¥ us ee ia cee te aie lace lacitedl a Yngitalirs aad oe Sonliganm wa dards pe t . gia = 0h rE Ss = 7 1 ; a ge ae) ee ee baboon AN sHEMOG Ho Liev ieneus cig ght auuiin Sotqe aiid oy one ai aa hi. debe te anata ip. apg aa ‘tris akieesned > hatgech iw ne P= 90. aolirkos rs hd Baa nbbbogoaT at to se¥noo E witta nolsbtiass ih an shove " 8," cone, AAW weds etal sonesasn wie ot ards nnao dais AT le ae Abe awony: Lisgead io a: ; Pog 45. Phylum ARTHROPODA ARANEAE Order Dolomedes plantarius (Clerck) - 105 - VULNERABLE Class ARACHNIDA Family ASAURIDAE Common names Great Raft Spider, Marsh Spider Distribution Widespread in northern Europe, but very localised (Bonnet, 1930). Status in Europe Austria Czechoslovakia Denmark France Germany (FRG) Germany (GDR) Hungery italy Poland Romania Sweden Switzerland UK USSR Yugoslavia Southern and eastern regions. Southern and eastern regions. Several localities on Fyn and Sjaelland. Scattered records, mainly in the south-west and particularly along the Garonne river. Endangered. Scattered records. Listed in Red Data Book (Blab et al., 1984). Scattered records. Scattered records. Northern districts only. Recorded in the extreme south-west. Scattered records. ran Southern tip of mainlend, plus Gotland. Endangered. Very few records Endangered. Britain*s largest and rarest spider. Now only found on Redgrave Fen, on the River Waveney, Suffolk. This is a nature reserve, managed by the Suffolk Trust for Nature Conservation. Known from Neolithic remains in the Somerset levels. Scattered and widespread records from Latvia, Lithuania and east to the Urals, the Crimea and the Causcasus. Few records, north only. The above data are taken almost exclusively from the distribution map provided by Bonnet in 1930. There are very few recent records and more data are urgently required. i ADAH eantD ea Oe LTE ese baat es an a 3 ‘aha Pease es si Mo ss wi | i ‘ y 7 Paget free Naar - wh Ss Syne * r. bya ; i a A ee ; y Pini a ue . hy Aa ig Hb, oe tase, RI | a "ae 9 I ill b BERS | anene8) iets ys sea oan itm pi pemmanen th : . i ¢ : ; : ‘ i nt he f tag ne ‘i at] a ; is 4 Pee, 9 ~ - 106 - Habitat and Ecology Fens and marshes with dense vegetation. Feeds on insects trapped on the surface of the water; occasionally even on small fish. Capable of gliding across the surface of the water, and, when suprised, of hauling itself down the stems of reeds to escape underwater. Three to four years may be required for maturation in the north, less in the south. Sometimes abundant at certain juvenile stages, but a small proportion survives to adulthood. Adults nearly always uncommon in their localities. Reasons for decline Drainage of fens and marshes; industrial pollution. The species only survived in Redgrave Fen, UK, because ancient peat diggings allowed pools to persist when water levels dropped through drainage. Few data from continental Europe, but there is good reason to suspect widespread loss of habitat. Industrial pollution of slow-moving or standing waters in the Rhone Valley and elsewhere needs to be examined. Conservation measures taken Protected by law in UK and Switzerland. Now protected in Redgrave Fen, UK, by a system of weirs that maintains water levels. Conservation measures proposed Surveys of present distribution are urgently needed; data are lacking. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention would draw valuable attention to the situation of this species, and would serve to assist in the preservation of wetlands generally. Dolomedes inhabits small, vegetated fens and marshes that would perhaps be overlooked as significant vertebrate habitat. 4 ae ts £8 sat ‘ tas (out hae set iefey “Whe “a0 BGA atudinl. no «boot halts tegee otaisty atiw mean se Nae wa05 gaiptiz 3 ofeans') vdat® Otees a aera Wlfenoiaesre ode ot} qo gaa tour ; auch Tesi h grt thet bo 4 ‘eDeaaie weciin. he soda nie to oslpariue Sit eariss er oe sthey wht oy nes ot tray eihone oF wiees LE POT, ans debe d a aigome se Achieve tts ‘ak tea L. nine: e6. teh wait pane sion +81 hs Se Th * | ests aiteas ot eeviwtus voila {ieee 2 tu ow ya: altoevast: issaapcda = 4 mi (i a ae me PY oman ayaKEL acai a3 pba jn a mh ae.) oe ee eet ee dh ‘ “ car Ae ee nh By: ope" in hep = Ie 9 *s ngikaed 508 | NOREROD, i . : | ene ad Sony. ont RO Ltelteq Soi yasebal ear bie: peed) 40 itn Laat od wna baat ayntagth. Jame 8bls0s sauaped GAY .0e7F Wvanphon ‘ne Revises _ Te, wort a tab wet uh yt ee eamcarand 8 | - 107 - 7. ARTHROPODA -— CRUSTACEA The Crustacea comprise an important part of many freshwater and marine communities in Europe but, with the exception of freshwater crayfish and some marine decapods (see section 10), their conservation status is generally poorly known. Non-marine species with restricted ranges and Narrow endemics may well be threatened by habitat loss and pollution, but at present data are not available. Documentation of these species is urgently required - there is already a suggestion that some freshwater crustaceans may be declining in Belgium as a result of acid rain (Wouters in litt., 10.2.83). The status of Isopoda (woodlice) in Britain and Ireland has been assessed (Harding, 1985), and a number of species are listed as threatened. Nevertheless, the compiler acknowledges that distributional data are inadequate to be confident of conservation needs, and no species are recommended for listing on the Bern Convention at this time. The freshwater crayfish, a group that is important both ecologically and economically, are the only species for for which reasonable data is available. They are food for large carnivorous fish including many commercial fish and as grazers (as well as scavengers) play an important role in clearing waterways of vegetation. The total catch of crayfish in Europe exceeded 100 million individuals valued at over US$25 million in 1982. Demand is still growing, hence the increasing interest in developing erayfish fisheries and in aquaculture. The crayfish plague, caused by a fungus, Aphanomyces astaci, which is endemic in North America, has had a disastrous impaet on European indigenous ‘crayfish. The disease first appeared in Europe in Italy in the 1860s, probably through the introduction of American crayfish for food, and had spread throughout much of the region by the early 1900s. Most recently it has reached the UK, with a disastrous effect on the native species (Marren, 1986). The plague's natural hosts, the Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus and related species, are much more resistant to it than the European species. Given time, European species might develop resistance to the plague, but this is unlikely since they are also under pressure due to their vulnerability to pollution of the waterways by industrial effluent and runoff from farmland. Because of the decline in native stocks the import of exotics resistant to the crayfish plague has become a major business. At least 20 countries have imported exotic species for the commercial market, including Astacus “itr « . AD « GROMOMNIT . Arig il ee eas Bey vetwndersd ym to oe Ne Pogil: aa ne | agados ‘silithdaal ae Das Jpthqane at iedfres) do ao! sy oe Ate Jim, ded anaes mk eid Sa ei muah 18: quits apa? Kids 4 iu inud BoB ope tore’ oe anpsee) eran at pga negnws todslapaes Haw og toaget: ‘whi sae tow nal yrier. ee te. haved hick uted Han! week, thier igh Bouse np ata et Lee Net awieobn’ ecitatimeen i" Beamer Ea wekswyn vee tha psihied ana on _ghlte fev! any Ah te tata a a mi: ee a 90 pau Rote le Wicaiity: + Bardiateme, . s ; ‘ =. vanhat and Ste re ae er es it ake ad: an ind Jed aa woe “- © mts H =) ie Suis fo hi aie gannnds bee gibsioy of teak Ebovws) - adogoat Au audaje: ae ay Seemed am eda i & Wen - woh a dh As. evel: a ns, ARES. rea parse | i gpl = erent. guard tuttoy eas’ Sao. sennbincantn nati gama add, mata went o> Y Resear 4 Bim. bie ae! Aelagsenctos 5O\ dnetdSiyo, A od sonapabeat 7: . Diets " | id, ahaa ge mae gd a aataat ag Babe om si ret a Aleit Sansa aged bay + eetiyess etawdebey ete : ya rm) |k wah aiancinneiy anit fol +0: BAF eee rebtapimanioa ag z 7 ee aes oaeania 494% gtaowbiriad mAs Heh Dac oti RE ctdnbilive f um: a toigptntockn Gilet: Senay eu Bho ei sowie t - 111 - countries. Fishing is usually a recreational sport and the commercial fishery is small. For example, in Finland the annual catch was about 20 million individuals in 1900; currently 1000-5000 semi-professional fishermen and 50 000 recreational fishermen take an estimated 2.5-4.0 million individuals a year. However, with the decline in populations due to the plague, catches have dropped dramatically. For example, in Hungary numbers of semi-professional fishermen dropped from about 100 in 1960 to 10-15 in 1980. In Poland, annual catches were about 15 tonnes between 1969 and 1978 but there have been no catches since 1980. Conservation measures taken Restrictions on fishing are enforced in a number of countries including Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, Poland and Italy (Balzano), USSR (Lithuania). The open season is rather variable, but often over 3 or 4 months between April and October, when breeding begins. The minimum size limit, where imposed, is often 9 or 10cm, 12cm in Switzerland== fm the Netherlands, Luxembourg and eight Swiss cantons the Noble Crayfish is fully protected (although probably already extinct in Luxembourg); in Poland trapping was banned for the years 1980/81 in an attempt to restore stocks. Conservation measures proposed The Noble Crayfish has declined to such a serious degree that protection of prime habitat and research to develop a strain resistant to the crayfish plague have become essential. Control of exploitation should be Maintained. Addition to Appendix III of the Bern Convention is recommended, thus strengthening national efforts with international support. Appendix III would allow monitoring of fishing levels throughout the party states. The FAO European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) Working Party on crayfish is running a major programme to collect data on stocks, fisheries, catch and research. Countries involved include Finland, France, Poland, Sweden, UK and USSR. There have been a number of attempts at commercial rearing and culture, the most successful operation being in Norway where some 25 000 juveniles are produced annually for restocking. Captive breeding experiments have also been carried out in Finland, France, USSR (Lithuania), Sweden and West Germany; stock enhancement studies are underway in Belgium. References to most statements in this data-sheet are given in full in Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983). , iz - ial otyanees. as bine iseqgn Leetdawiee? @ Uefaver el galdedt aeintenes Of Okada tar Motes, dawnna oft bated Al ,elgrage, aot. i Tae Od guedelt done enie t | kpavrinaeiore fewe OOOL-ORGE Yi tienes 1OQts mf hau iretne dodiLim * mlifia & 6.5 basaniiae ae piled nernedets tnao rtaease 900 the. hee : a 2 af 03 poh weed! otyveey Ti soy kaeb wd-at fm saves er | eich sethat +: ie exagedl ad siupne. vey oo Wea Fi tb tiara: PVG wat seddied cone hond De i a! thw @ HACL mp CP: naar myn vege et ta dait, aes editenti- Lye wa ; if ave) dae COOPL geewiad sonmes (2b ods atom ebdoca- Ep pinta LOS: is Reet : i oy ‘ oe “9 R00 onnde aodo.te 2 tied aie presi jud oy bel L 7 Qn A mod ov wel , “Wa f t ' andad somiive anksaysaunev lhl vid emtttohan 19; caters ey ee + Som gee ita.kt id ashes Sizgnoh 1s eragauti pe Dia oe ad Laren a puteee Foenoe, .nenewe, | Sorwne bala Ot ie ; edawe ot nopasw wage att : ‘hohner aaa \ omens: wknd tobe bat Sa, si a4 i. | nr eiotaa bey fing area um +oun digit Sus ,AEatray ae eo io #, 40996 bi Bwedqal wash sFlerek ka eos ier AT nha wed aatbyeus i wind whale toe gwen eebnw Ly gihOd wey ct teal un wide andy vid, we a salons yoarats eitadory Svodstad nedgesoud hyd. ¥i- Ged Nod ide as ae ah ares anacy, aa? 300. toanee ab RAP — ant ai phanup sepa o Fabia. SRAM (eerste Hee Ff) Hom 5) ets: moter. co aaped se - Vitae ‘; a, aie ail ; we : ea La ps me} ot A Ot et ce eee alas ean whom Hytrin mows, 6d baci C0) eit tel gan etdalq edt: o< omy Aint In 4 oli, 0. Eigoten ins Seats emag’ ee ter oe jmeponeg worm omelet FosibLernitcnersal 4 Wea tandan - 112 - 47. Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet. 1858) VULNERABLE Phylum ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA Order DECAPODA Family ASTACIDAE Common names White-clawed or Atlantic-stream Crayfish Distribution Found throughout much of Europe, including Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, France, U.K., Portugal, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Austria, Ireland. Status in Europe Austria Recently found in a tributary of the River Gail, southern Carinthia. Belgium Probably does not occur. Ireland Widely distributed in limestone and other calcareous areas; the only mative crafish. Rather abundant in County Westmeath and County Fermanagh. France Mainly in mountain streams; commonest indigenous crayfish. Decimated by crayfish plague and further affected by pollution. Germany (FRG) No data. Italy Northern regions. Portugal Restricted range. Listed as threatened (Baeta Neves, 1959). Spain North and central regions. In sSlow-flowing streams of highland plains and marshy areas of the Mancha. Switzerland Abundant in certain lakes in Graubiinden and some canals in Valais. UK The only naturally occurring crayfish (the UK and Irish populations probably represent:a significant proportion of the world population). Not present in Scotland but until the early 1980s was locally common and more widespread than in many other countries. The plague reached the UK in the early 1980s and has had disastrous consequences; it is thought that the species may disappear. This problem is compounded by the species sensitivity to pollution and habitat loss. ; ih eee a sue at) : a Lint : Peers oad ae Care f 20 Tae) ninonace vt c = ae ‘ ” , ‘ : . Snares, nant : siohe vote nae S88 i HARA ae on eee the iucrinowa: oe ane a a oe ere es a yee: weetee oi aered A no Analy RW, « inna sm rar =| ao , CMG de Nn ‘ida a —> ene. ured be + aeong tianbe: Br: swiint, eoaeagi ne alin vadiganiat swe rt “pbaoaid: vat bseoet ¥ wait jaaaey efit a Ue Teoma Spaeyenatwd an a ee a ae I wy Hf) ea ire Be ry ae ee Ps ee pt sudesa nso shied Sout iis: a6 aasvsat a ina sioien et ' Sian ke I Sealer ats cad * tees aba ir Oe ee ae Ca ae Pwidno'a 0 son LBs, gute sewivisies' ana2a, bee, ‘ot win it; bhapatyaeab EAR. oe a “waar: Frabieds apa | mej Ante opt ian elaw it? ota = eee ee _ iaaanenats Uta) Bea naaeaseen PANE on iat 9 2 Sutineg ber dre magio’ semana obath om PE hate “ ee so ret ie peaeen Baw sonia. mee vs bas =. Ae . 4 pene oh > 59 ype = oe ; A aga * ee oytest tre) - 113 - Yugoslavia No data Habitat and ecology In Europe mainly in mountain streams. In UK its habitat is more variable, including relatively still waters with a pH down to 7.0. Prefers limestone or calcareous areas and alkaline waters. Young are predated by eels, coarse fish and trout and mortality amongst juveniles is high. Maturation takes about three years; life-span may exceed ten years. Preferred foods include small animals such as copepods, but plant food is taken. Breeding is in September/October, hatching in May/June. Reasons for decline Declining in many parts of its range. Decimated in France and Spain by crayfish plague (the fungus Aphanomyces) which was recently introduced to the UK, with disastrous consequences. Declining still further in France due to industrialization and pollution, and in Spain due to dredging, pollution and overfishing. Irish populations are free of plague, but declining, perhaps due to habitat alteration and urban growth. Pollution and eutrophication are incompatible with A. pallipes. Drought adversely affected the UK populations in 1976. Growing interest in commercial culture of exotic crayfish (e.g. the American Pacifastacus leniusculus) could pose a threat. A. pallipes would probably be out-competed if the introductions were to escape. Introductions and other commerce with European crayfish farms could be a serious hazard in terms of spreading the plague. a oe Ye This species has considerable commercial value. For example, in Spain, 20-30 million individuals are caught annually by some 80 professional, 10 000 semi-professional and 900 000 recreational fishermen. In the UK it used to be eaten extensively but is now an occasional delicacy. The FAO European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) Working Party on crayfish is running a major programme to collect data on stocks, fisheries, catch and research. Conservation measures taken Spain and France have size and seasonal restrictions on capture. Fishing of all Astacidae is regulated throughout Switzerland and eight cantons have protected A. pallipes completely. In Ireland the use of nets and traps is licensed and the import of exotic crayfish into northern or southern Ireland is totally prohibited. Some transplantation of threatened populations has fe yates! enoieenit s7eteo% 860.) 6d, ned ba to tess gaetew DEtte -vieviteten gaiteetine - 48 So gaat: qiniamae rhe welen bas Jadides 140 @40m &i fodbted of) a0 al. cdmatdu ciadquce of ¢Datemcoqgosplh ot SRAKOO |, niwe Cs befahoig ope tik > tiadearont Leas. ie Besa aeeetns Lesser voted aoltaquded Mat al aheilane vat f Jagnome ‘3 ({alsem bao sao ‘ba hore witeDoat Rbsa) Devries? «40 “ wad batiecks ene anqu-60ae t240% aught saps «ind aA agitees-) eter @f ves? inate dot: parognae> ‘a dada aksnina ‘tem - a wap Ver SenpOnd on ni anaemia Rene mente u Bp ih ; vow oe es Pere cSadi ent hand 2% etenses ‘bee weees¥: wi petal - eas as} te edceq YAM Oe! goial! 06 eisneass Rae taba War he a ee " _ es et) ARO i adil OLEH yeteee GS = ecu t ieee - 115 - 8. MOLLUSCA This section considers only non-marine molluscs, of which an increasingly large percentage of European species is coming under threat. Several aspects of their biology make them highly susceptible to rapid environmental changes. Many terrestrial species require humid or wet conditions, living for example under dead logs or in leaf mould on the forest floor. The felling of woodlands, clearance of hedgerows and cultivation of calcareous downlands, all of which provide suitable damp or chalky habitats, have caused a decrease in the range of several species (Kerney and Stubbs, 1980). Molluscs often have a low vagility and a tendency to speciate within very confined areas that are vulnerable to single disruptive occurrences. Woodland species and relict species with small ranges are therefore particularly vulnerable, including Elona quimperiana (see data sheet), Truncatellina arcyensis, Vallona spp., Irichia spp. and Trochoidea geyeri (Kerney and Cameron, 1979). Wetland species may require waters of a high pH. Loss of wetlands is responsible for the decline of many species in the genus Vertigo, which are found only in calcareous fens and marshes. Of the 13 species occurring in Europe, 12 are considered threatened in one or more countries and four are proposed for Bern listing (see data sheets below). The succineids such as Catinella arenaria and Oxyloma sarsi (both proposed for Bern listing) are also vulnerable to wetland loss. : : Atmospheric pollution with sulphur dioxide is known to have an adverse effect on two European snails, Balea perversa (see data sheet) and Clausilia bidentata (Holyoak, 1978). With the spread of acid rain throughout Europe, these and other species may come under increasing pressure. Several authors have expressed concern that acid rain may have an impact on molluscs similar to that recorded for fish and flora, citing in particular the alpine fauna which includes many endemics; threatened alpine molluscs in Austria, Bavaria, Hessenauf and Switzerland are discussed by Gepp (1985). The only known research to have been carried out on the impact of acid rain on molluscs concerns the pea mussels, Pisidium spp., a group important in the diet of freshwater fish. This study was part of the Norwegian SNSF Project: "Acid Precipitation — effects on Forest and Fish" (Okland and Kuiper, 1982) and was initiated as a result of the recent extensive acidification of Norwegian watercourses, fish populations having disappeared or declined in more than 1000 lakes. Pea mussel populations have responded less dramatically but some species seem to be susceptible and act as useful indicators for monitoring the fall in pH values. Pisidium species are considered threatened in many countries but researchers working on this at) a My) cP AULA Ge pits SA ry pee Tey Ferg rs chp andr : | ie TO Whaat Fie. or) See tania Neb me er ha on weeed Me: “er | i Ce sewed iit aires) Sate aber at «atoms mo wighul, “be eatahe ria, Asie ft | Soiinemuior bya hiany 09’ oi di dgaorus cidata Wns aw VeOLGhd hake. Mya togy:: | : Saavik. ,400tt i ness sow. 1 diet erage ma Sets wees paves beeline WOOT S. Hded ony. had ‘einok oor ME - Ye (Zod naep Sanwa: Stamos oy F a 7 ped ool be, ae wooo 9-36 weldaw) tte 2 fein. iwarayood ks oreatania sito bird» “a9 ante ; ay AD Am wet i ied ided estes. 7 quai Sbdadve ee | | azide le bie A Sie Uaa all v-* iivauss bee youresi. el oe Leaves sis mater ond Ae aR oe ah: * Se Sediay i pry ire ete toage Ot Yowitwes ¢ “bate esitigee Wok > wind atvaie ead Ls + Aah pensrve2s airbrqireee ateite i -hdironk we OES ents where te Poa yaad a a : is ves 7 an vmrats, et weno {Tome std 0 Wei yeqe dob for ons: sent aq Raat booy:, Ee an” ais Pe er POA aRieR. meats anthucoat atdarenen ¢iaikaldnad > fits: "ata ctde me oe = nigoiet rere naihe tay caLageods ad ae J ene: ay, SA ich akc rae if = hOCeT lage som bite lea ; a | eheatiae tion Sie eng. hie mare &.. Pe tetate adage! cae waboena boi tae eae Jn ; ae ina: aati abla Frey ane ne wid ona! em we smltoob) ja Fey sparse aoe | Meaetenionn, petbuge Ci +8 ed ae 980) yubdaRedos- a) Yiad bow a wm swe bee Onl eINMED soMiiD wu 8d toss bug naaaienos pan Si. a - i i ee pekedtiy mite Menkes -43-eate, Sob ba ty aatand Taio ‘adie seiko. is en tang te, benaul bass Lecomains svers nee smo, id Phrens nuseg tis he a 6 AF a Me 084 a en i pein de: 93: Sh T EN Oe a ‘aecreeereignen tiie (aioe matt box oinanynonde” ae Su art. a , naa Rerjeeins se Silla - 116 - genus believe that overall no species is of conservation concern, and none are being proposed for the Bern Convention. Their small size means that they are easily overlooked; there is also often doubt about their distributions, as they are very easily dispersed. Many molluscan species are of value to man for food or for products obtained from the shell. Few species are directly threatened by such exploitation, but this can be a potential threat, particularly if the species is under pressure from other factors such as habitat loss or pollution. The Freshwater Pearl Mussel Margaritifera margaritifera is proposed for Bern listing; although now threatened by pollution, its current rarity in Europe is largely due to intensive harvesting for its pearls earlier this century. The status of the Roman Edible Snail, Helix pomatia, is rather more controversial. Exploitation of this species for food has caused population declines in many parts of Europe but in other areas it appears to be thriving. Given the need for careful management of this species it is proposed for listing on Appendix III although it is not yet considered seriously threatened. Documentation of mollusc distribution and conservation status has accelerated over the last decade in Northern Europe. The European Invertebrate Survey has initiated mollusc mapping schemes in about 25 countries (Kerney, 1982). Atlases have been produced for Britein, Hungary, Netherlands and part of West Germany and are in preparation for a number of other countries. Coordination of these schemes across Europe will enable the exact status of rarities to identified, identifying the small and often vulnerable habitats upon whieh they depend, and will give an indication of the more widespread species which are declining. Kerney and Stubbs (1980) list some 40 UK species restricted to primary habitats and to man-made habitats with a long, stable history, such as old limestone grassland. Many of these are rare, local and declining, and the presence of one or more of these species is a useful indication of the conservation value of a site. Kerney (1982) considers that in the UK about 25 of the known 190 molluscs (c. 13 per cent) are threatened. The majority of these are listed by Foster (1983) in a national review identifying potential species for a UK Mollusc Red Data Book. About 15 per cent of the land molluscs of "Central" Europe are considered threatened (Ant, 1976) and up to 50 per cent of the freshwater mollusc fauna. The West German and Austrian Red Data Books between them list well over 100 threatened and potentially threatened species (Blab et al., 1984; Gepp, 1983). In Austria over 50 per cent of the mollusc fauna is considered threatened. The Red Data Book for the province of Hessen in Germany lists 50 per cent of the a ee | ager Bite ‘wigeaws rokdewre ened a at ual piad:: O06 Efevewn fads ovaithd aun tet, oaeom RF e Vian viohe. | - 0 delve OR ets 4409 elder srg ature Wiatt tuods Munb oedte sake ei Hiedit Sotook ye. vit EM Oy Gis Wty oF a ae 5a -benain age Ei Sem. Hey) ene spits apis wateod Vuisetea by y <= a rtawbung 18% a he 203 - eiy ay Mee ie sta tet ooge an Perea t vc y ‘i ane oe oe decedesott t4 faerie, onal ncn won PESwde aes ki tehixs; 4 : a vata 4h tm Sar ET ay _ Swed ie iawe oq fet nae £287 sue : : Fipkess y : i : Be WoO saddam a“: dove; wisi aet onto ers PPUPERS SSH nate a ce re ie RL gerne Pewiltier tony A TvaRAAR Awatoa Pyaet wwdawawen’ eat . pdvtI eT ivg a pry ai nol tathon : we ante tury si Higaonnah te sgtek tn a WHE 463 invangorg 7 a : ‘Ie aeeg enh mt Aebsoewsad evianwsed wt sud YLogwel ed mgonum we yoo aa4 hs - tlt atte a ‘scones aeeo® atte ® etude oft WII AND ef) sat thee: ‘ ia ty ‘boo, ara! witonae. gins 3 “Ne ei Iasokgat Ag teopvensnen OME inde ni bore panne otto. *s tilt aoc #4409 ens! wh e004 ipon Pokiaiwyoq beiuas te, ta dapangionn: Tateyws 2 Beea oma weete: watebd aces $8 0a Ptae rgd ing 29m a Si dae a ‘ Pied da gia site: nor hewagina P94 depose ee ist, LD ade lle he Wain, ieatnaondy: BiAwH bday hen eb) ani mute woitanioetoe ban ots eulifon 10) Ai 0 cag: af Per oe Gat te ge orattsnom wi shod aetna tye hy saralscon i" Si dhede ni vemos aniggan mara Hee ahanitiny sth eee Bi witts Ameak es sedate ‘eniborg aed eved e¥ea Banetom cleat iWsirtex) ae in de5% Te oa : oe YaasI8o SoU No sa 1 tne: ehawt 329 0H 3 "ee ae he whacicieged jean ttithie ose Sc hae igbedies ds atom ons dt ~ fae: “yRhaay ha ry e 50 = bap red fat - 117 - fauna, of which 2 per cent is extinct, 27 per cent endangered and 21 per cent vulnerable (Jungbluth, 1978). In the Netherlands there is particular concern for the fauna of the coastal area and of the southern part of the province of Limburg (Butot, 1981), threatened by urban development, industry and agriculture. The Systematic Catalogue of Swiss Mollusca lists 67 per cent (185 out of 276 species) of the mollusc fauna in the IUCN categories Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare, Indeterminate or Insufficiently Known, of which 9 species are considered Endangered and 67 Vulnerable (Turner and Wuthrich, 1985). The Red Data Book for the USSR lists 23 molluscs, largely wetland species, including 14 freshwater mussels (Bannikov and Sokolov, 1984). Molluscan Red Data Books were reportedly being prepared in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia in 1983. Data on the conservation status of the non-marine molluscs of Southern Europe is at present almost entirely lacking. The taxonomy of Mediterranean snails is still confused. Many species are, for climatic reasons, adapted to open habitats and have been favoured by the creation of similar environments by man (stone walls, waste ground etc.). Destruction of the original forest cover has increased summer ground temperatures and favoured warmth-loving species, which have dispersed further northwards, resulting in wide distributions. Some species show a bewildering range of variation, probably due to the fact that there has been a continuity of evolution in much of southern Europe from a remote geological period, relatively unaffected by the massive extinctions caused further north by the Pleistocene ice ages. The fauna includes large numbers of narrow endemics, particularly in the Carpathians, Albania, Yugoslavia and Northern Greece, and in caves in the Pyrennees and Eastern Europe. The vast number of endemics in Lake Ohrid constitutes half the freshwater mollusc fauna of Europe; a major alteration to the lake would therefore wipe out many species. Kerney et al. (1983) provide a guide to the more common snails of Mediterranean France; Holyoak (197?) describes the molluscs of Corsica and Sacchi (197?) outlines the biogeographical and ecological interest of the Iberian peninsula fauna. Given the rapid development of the Mediterranean region, in terms of industry and tourism, there would seem to be an urgent need for a survey of the non-marine mollusca of this region, to identify those species at risk. Molluscs have been cited as of interest in conservation planning for Gibraltar (Cortes, 1978; Anon, 1980) and Malta (9 species listed as threatened, 11 as of concern and 11 endemic taxa) (Thake, 1985). The terrestrial molluscs of the Azores (41 endemic species and subspecies), Madeira (193 endemics), the Canary Islands (141 endemics) and 14. < 144) 1S MOR HN RIRODA JUV nog. O8 toads Yee Wt they soy 9 ohhh Fo, anid ‘ dinwaa ee 2 S9048 abit lobe oe ote ABN 7 | hdd at gorvsedue' aye a a8? }t) Shae Hite row sh? to Sere wide Seteoo odd) bo’ sauwd way “te “‘Oy4an09 CTaeAli |). SenET dl. Weary Ci RIM AG MODS «PERL. y dn ue) aiid? 48 Be ies - ig a atetg eet TW we ob 20 ane keke. TEKDMO SAYS ale sid fobknge Sty / Bes Voge Bs nisetiades 1 4 aes } sn h an wha 40 Aneel 415% i ae ¥o Jae ah) non vigayhstt teas =D ation bas jeu; "gh Cafe to tay oie worE nce sonia + witarea lat (a has ders ined bs 0b ajoa ont menting fm Mh jae i i 11 i Hes eer ayaa! Qe wd 46 y, Jee Dee. hod ‘ame : ReROE ‘otis gv. Rae wena?) wodimabiy aloeel te ayaa ate ot! ‘Seltveser, wtp 1% ‘wrigyitate” ‘eieacor fee neh Stem egw antad veh ante oe Snows #4008, hse | bn dl ‘paws Ue ae ‘me (obit (Haase ‘een, — f oe, A Bran Res in Hie togeY bas ota P eee oi bsdatne’s ic: ye Foe 39h am wed ae audios avlkieryskans ait ao" pda, 5 uaa NH 4p: ‘map| air itiondabasaas Toons ailin be ai age Tae ere "esate carga | ia sa Lo aa wat ary al Oe we the: eh in. Wasp oat, ras oun now aac. odes ngs, af se? aaa aig aundagt ae ate Dauerig 39 ah setheder paawseregnes nage semua be “ep abot ron ; Sbttinla’s lib - ewer Petite at a4 toate sent! gd hi yen (ehanimaivel Ptr ie veo a8 a ci el ipa Lb ate 00 * le Poveda sc ‘ie 90" ‘owe titedoay . IGE eomen =2 aust 0 apetirwss: Sa itera aun otitis ; evienta i Wi Ret>aeeag tied ee: By gina pa bisceaepaet’ ‘ aflame). hm va ah eaiesarern) vb D. -— 118 - the Cape Verdes (16 endemics), basically a relict assemblage, are potentially of great conservation concern. Although the faunas have a common background, remarkably few taxa are shared by the archipelagos due to differences in geological history, climate and geographical location in relation to the continental mainland. Madeira has a key position, with its markedly high diversity and endemism, as a centre of evolution and for dispersal to other archipelagos. It has virtually nothing in common with the fauna of the adjacent north-west African mainland, its affinities being strictly European (Walden, 1984; Sacchi, 1977; Andre, 1977). Sixteen of the endemics are proposed for listing and indicate some of the threats operating on the species of these islands. Awareness of the need for land snail conservation is growing. The UK lists Catinella arenaria, Monacha cartusiana and Myxas glutinosa under the Wildlife and Countryside Act. Switzerland has included several snails in its protective legislation. France gives total protection for the terrestrial snails, Helix melanostoma, H. aperta, H. tristis, Tacheocampylaea raspaili, Macularia niciensis, Otala apalolena, Rumina decollata, Elona quimperiana (all Mediterranean species) and the freshwater mussel Margaritifera margaritifera and controls collection of the edible snails Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa and Zonites algirus (a Mediterranean species) (Real and Testud, 1980). At the 8th International Malacological Congress, Budapest, 1983, a resolution was passed recommending that a report be prepared ‘with information about significant trends in mollusc populations (in Europe) over recent years, especially those showing extinction risks’. The status of all European non-marine molluscs is being assessed at the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. Although a wealth of data has already been collected, the project has not yet reached the analysis and publication stages. The disparate nature of the data is reflected in the patchiness of the data sheets that follow. One of the criteria suggested for invertebrate candidates for the Bern Convention is that a species must be reasonably easy to identify and preferably familiar to members of the general pubiic. Unfortunately, land snails are generally small, inconspicuous and often difficult for the non-specialist to identify. On this criterion alone, therefore, it would be necessary to eliminate many highly threatened species. However, given the comparatively sedentary nature of terrestrial molluscs, and the precise distributional data which are now becoming available, protection of the appropriate sites for such species should be feasible. Since the Bern Convention emphasises habitat protection, it is suggested that threatened non-marine molluscs are considered for listing, even if they present identification problems for the layman. 5 i bo adda Cah MENT ieass “Fri Lys 6 tiveoidad hid ipigias bir mI ray sesh a & Fred Rews> DH desvard in CET eo: HG Rabi ye Sado Wary bad CDS eks newidieg ov we im Lele dines s aS ad teva 2 ~e on stb we qt wo sr or |; be soraaiead widtads . - ro ae ee AIIIhooh Hee etait a (Veda: t dpe teeto’s i as dinate RN GItw . nolkvigag YOR w Nd Gai ate: Po eek gel n i Phen Py oa OEP reed TO Sie TY ehave: Az! St36S> “be «ap ha fe Bea» wide mel ty isuintbaeion, 14 due HOMEY a4 Mom elidude ts ee da feiiids- Hoty 2) Keehn, anted weirs aft (bea fois ape Prada S2ye-hi3on Joe Feb be TT i oie ) a. wid 6 Repsale wiNeL y bow een , dogs hte a8 T Koby od ts 4 ie Nat : aa t#i9qo Bhowicts thy 46 amet wits Ppt baw ght fate 103" "wattage line; «3 vhiabac a ; «emia fr wine Sh; watoegy: ‘ate i i ay wT. - erarons th no! SHY 9 eH: TLiw By ‘teat Bok OS9e) anit ‘he: melanins x ie ate ambos cls a ere Sax! ce ae ae pins sain sibs Tate hs a ok lane Linea, ebians at i Eggs tae otha ables baie biith tt J oak i amy ae id “ORE s09- aia aggre heal , aoa nas gH? PLS hog we we 1 0 nasal ap matte otehh , A icitbais. wall baae i Ob) Be Riad fogtg | Beak oh face 7 lott ad ste (-ualssonas - 119 - 48. Myxas glutinosa (Muller, 1774) VULNERABLE Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order BASOMMATOPHORA Family LYMNAEIDAE Common names Glutinous Snail (En) Distribution Northern Europe, between the Alps and the Arctic Circle (Finland to 71°N) but everywhere very local. Status in Europe Austria Endangered, possibly extinct. Tyrol. Decline due to habitat destruction. France Indeterminate; rivers in Aube, possibly strongly declining. Germany (FRG) Endangered; listed in Red Data Book (Blab et al., 1984). Germany (GDR) Extinct. Not seen since the lest century. Ireland Vulnerable; local in midlands; possibly decreasing from pollution. Still common in a few places in the Royal and Grand Canals. Netherlands Vulnerable. Characteristic of Stratiotes aloides vegetation which has disappeared from many localities. Norway Rare; three lakes in extreme south-east; northernmost lake highly eutrophic over last 20 years and species may be extinct. Poland Vulnerable Sweden Scattered localities in south and central areas. UK Endangered; probably extinct. Last recorded 1957 and most British records date from before 1914. Present in north-west England and Wales. Protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act; considered as candidate for UK Red Data Book listing. Habitat and ecology Found in quiet, very clean, hard freshwater, in drainage ditches, marshes, 7a + Op sh J b . re ae ‘gi yvescam) sami i uh — f saortna Ms 2 soa : tgs cae Amo APRS. er be | itp a ? A AN TANT. tt ities! ae OS Sa ee NOD." iliee som arent i 7 ASP ic ’ F ‘ ‘s i ’ a 7 pe? HBS) penis les ao kate aa te a = oy 4 , Big) ; Rees err ie j a tee i j ; 7 4 e r “ i) { > * oy i] i f, SA i iu wane 03 litany sto wtd; ake ms ooo ols adit: apts oT ‘\aqusag er Nsa20h xl adaogl ¥¥ “y anatitrsaus yy, i ; ye i oe ie eh ™ sg othe at nest se bh nUst.. ecige Niet Hq: ee a Nee stauh, " ties patie Aadiaeit ee ris se atines ae fie opin edie aay? oe a ny GOLA Soe; g30d we ad doviadé pee combin oe | instil aad ans Saeie eit i ae " Vv - 120 - canals, slow rivers and lakes. Does not tolerate brackish water. Calciphile and possibly very sensitive to pollution. Avoids turbid or weed-choked places and likes firm substrates. Reasons for decline Reasons are unclear but species is possibly sensitive to pollution and physical disturbance. Conservation measures taken Protected in UK. Conservation measures proposed Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Its long term survival in Ireland may depend on protecting sites in the Royal and Grand Canals, especially the latter, which is now abandoned and rapidly degenerating (Kerney in prep.). + ORT » eRe led)! Meew Re tgo2%d espyalot tow, weet) aaypit Lith oe yaya Weliicanaws : hae ‘poseds tem, 76 ids), ehtova AsV yeYeny at WeFdh noes (ia, Yidinwog li | ed _ We de * ahahaha anes oa Ww ti vets dodcital we ne Ades * The aa hi ty ‘ “* ah * sf 7 - ir iy if = 123 = 50. Catinella arenaria (Bouchard-Chanteroux, 1837) Phylum MOLLUSCA Class Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family Common names Sandbowl Amber Snail (En) Distribution Northern Europe. Status in Europe Belgium Not recorded since 1960. France Endangered. West coast. VULNERABLE GASTROPODA SUCCINEIDAE Germany (FRG) Vulnerable. Listed in Red Data Book; (Blab et al., 1984). Germany (GDR) Threatened; coastal. Ireland Endangered. Tipperary, a glacial relict threatened by drainage. Netherlands Endangered and rare. Twelve localities situated in coastal dune areas of northern and southern Holland ana Zeeland. Disappeared from several other localities. The localities are unstable, consisting of pioneer vegetation. Threatened by dyke building, dune reclamation and drainage. Norwa Possibly extinct. The northern edge of its range. Last seen 1925. Poland Rare. Known from a single site at the village of Sitkowka, near Kielce, Swietokrzyskie Mountains. Sweden Vulnerable. Present in mountains, Oland and Gottland. On the edge of its range. Listed in forthcoming book on threatened forest invertebrates. Switzerland Rare. Present in Grisons and Valais. UK Endangered (Kerney, 1982). Very rare and found only in two sites, north Lancashire and Devon. Its decline may be partly due to climatic changes. Protected in the UK, under the Wildlife and Countryside Act. Considered a candidate for UK Red Data Book listing. “again ry (TEAL, xwermediaaietinimad ine R) EAR Woentiey oe ie os MOTE gual i) ene sree RACIEM KR et tou hevee MORRO TVINOIETS dean ” ‘ ae - a md : Fay ur oa ‘ 0 > ne 4 rm ‘ , ox ie dissidiniges = ; eral wsedervey ape. ban. é hed i"; 3 enn | Tact ad aetnse ee ; : 00! soni bebrases oom gulatet eee fy “Oh Paty) baie thane ‘Dee jen oyoutas . oaeges er Kt ane ae fren yes ieoeseeany eaaewciand ; sapere sar sitesat eet, ese ‘ieee. sod at eT : en0k gt ses 52 tesa! ents Kher re Seweysania ve | st tenon matobty ie Wise eneo, atinu ee b me web Yomad os woud, SINS nee a i ae pall ho Raine (09) BAR: nama dsentenez ante sacaal ; ee - tht satay ee oye bet nt berets \enderssieny: “SY eect | a x, one. senesuonts ite aoa Renee hie cane | ahead ; ; shanties bam watch ayediuoe haw. wvsdisem ¥e. sane eoub | of a soaiidaee sans tine gist sate - 124 - Habitat and ecology Wetlands are the main habitat of this species, particularly calcareous fens, dune slacks (Ireland) and primary dunes. Coastal in the Netherlands. Reasons for decline Drainage is the main problem. The species presumably requires some disturbance and regeneration of its habitats because it prefers pioneer vegetation (in UK). Conservation measures taken Protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act. Conservation measures proposed In the Netherlands, recommended for legal protection on 10 August 1984 by Natuurbeschermingsraad. Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. (Although this species can be confused wiith Succinea oblonga, it clearly requires protection; many of its localities are known and listing on the Bern Convention would encourage protection of these sites). face carat} eanneon pla snpasn 130. mata alae Wi orn, bap iyou ead, adi ne onan Alias kbs 51. Oxyloma sarsi (Esmark, 1886) (= Succinea elegans) Phylum MOLLUSCA STYLOMMATOPHORA Order Common names Distribution Northern Europe. —- 125 - VULNERABLE Class GASTROPODA Family | SUCCINEIDAE Slender Amber Snail (En). Distribution incompletely known due to confusion in the literature with O. pfeifferi. Status in Europe Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany (FRG) Germany (GDR) Hungary Netherlands Norway Poland Sweden UK Endangered. Steiermark and Lower Austria. Declining strongly. Vulnerable. Edge of range. Indeterminate; fenlands. : Vulnerable; listed in Red Data Book (Blab et al., 1984). Insufficiently known. Not threatened. Not threatened. Vulnerable or insufficiently known. Northern areas, on the edge of its range. Not threatened. Not threatened but declining. Very rare. Confined to East Anglia. Considered as a candidate for UK Red Data Book listing. Known by the name Succinea elegans by British authors after 1926. Habitat and ecology Emergent vegetation in rich calcareous fens and marshes, characteristically on Glyceria and floating water plants. Reasons for decline Drainage. Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measures proposed Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention, despite difficulty of identification and confusion with O. pfeifferi. 7 a= aaa ae aati. 2! sah “ me vemos) bem. se, bal ACURA = gue ED i< : i i acm mc aps aAAERINOE: EL ees AM HAOT ASIEN, AD aah / CoA) Lint voter esRete — nemun, sc all mL. ji 7 sae at wedeuae> af nb mon vEetalgtnoat we twanl taseta ogni aOR. q x u yee -_e : Ana bn Ya. oye tw oth ya t, x << ae 1 apt ge La a ell iat “ie ae ee Ree td | oe “ea ad soe ‘iantobnege +s Be i ee ns - 126 - 52. Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830 VULNERABLE Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family |§VERTIGINIDAE Common names Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail (En). Distribution Northern and Central Europe. Status in Europe Austria Not threatened. Belgium Endangered. Declining strongly. Denmark Vulnerable. Finland Status uncertain. Found on the south coast. Germany (GDR) Vulnerable. Threatened by drainage. Treland Vulnerable. West/central, habitat loss. Netherlands Vulnerable. Coastal, east. Norway Vulnerable. Edge of range; southern regions. Sweden Vulnerable. Edge of range; southern regions. Listed in Swedish book of threatened forest invertebrates (in prep.). Switzerland Vulnerable. South, west and north. UK Endangered. Only three modern sites in East Anglia and Cumbria. Habitat destruction is the cause of decline. Considered as a candidate for UK Red Data Book listing. Habitat and ecology V. angustior prefers open habitat without shading, including wet grassy meadows, dune slacks and moist dunes. Reasons for decline A declining species (Kerney and Cameron, 1979). Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measures proposed Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. ‘ geno. ot oe sgsoaneesa eitwEnriay rer | =~ : <4 ’ ee aeart % es PRR - . mealett ARAM VRAIN Te - $650 : aay é Lene Cetensty Beit piotiotrsan | at ee asad wee anes rou lk | en mi ansese ee ee _ biavgarsas, 38 eee _eaafeatiu tt _ : aoa : \ area, i ie | wae 4 i : a ; “ noisy OM lated - 127 - 53. Vertigo genesii (Gredler, 1856) VULNERABLE ° Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family VERTIGINIDAE Common names Round-mouthed Whorl Snail (En). Distribution Northern and Central Europe. Status in Europe Germany (FRG) Vulnerable/Endangered in the Red Data Book (Blab et al., 1984). Netherlands Extinct. Recorded only as a fossil, probably not recent. Norwa Vulnerable. In northern regions, on the edge of its range. Poland Probably occurs but very rare. Old records for Poland refer to localities near Bialowicza, now in USSR. Sweden Vulnerable. On the edge of its range (listed in a Swedish pook of threatened forest invertebrates (in prep.)). Switzerland Rare; Grisons. UK Endangered. A single locality only, in Durham. First recorded 1979. Considered as a candidate for UK Red Data Book listing. USSR Occurs near Polish border near Bialowicza (Dyduch, 1980). Has been considered conspecific with V. geyerii but Kerney and Cameron (1979) list it as a good separate species. Habitat and ecology Wetlands: marshy ground, base-rich flush among Carex demissa; reaches 2000 m in Alps. Reasons for decline Unknown. Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measures proposed Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. ca = 2 <4 = bie tee bien ais i9 we Later . coe euUtya " aiionimentannictey ru ih: “Anh Cigale Eatin Ges sitet re tie we au : . aks ee aed * ih } . oe ‘ntdedt asa te . koe veiw fi : Seen: tse bao ater ie * aa de dan) toot “sen: vos hg wi enegaatit octinoniey (aT) Yuagac> : - 128 - 54. Vertigo geyeri Lindholm, 1925 VULNERABLE Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family VERTIGINIDAE Common names A Whorl Snail (En). Distribution Northern Europe. Status in Europe Austria Rare but fairly widespread. Denmark Endangered. Ireland Endangered. Threatened by drainage; a glacial relict Norway Endangered. Found in the north, where it is on the edge of its range.— Poland Doubtful records; may have been confused with V. alpestris. If a true record, it is found in meadows and glades and is rare/threatened. Sweden Vulnerable. On the edge of its range in Westergotland. Listed in a forthcoming book of threatened forest invertebrates. Switzerland Rare; Inner Appenzell and Grisons. UK Endangered. One locality only, in Westmorland. relict. Considered as a candidate for UK Red Data Book listing. Habitat and ecology Wetlands: marshy flushes and fens with constant water table; uplands; calciphile. Reasons for decline Unknown. Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measures proposed Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. A glacial ; wily xiade’ 4 ous a ete atti Leder’ sii, — Aer, ae “ mety es widen onesie “ates end ep sobsistossua Loqeaits bi) ait: Su) C. a patie at muda au eet - 129 - 55. Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) ENDANGERED (=V. desmoulinsi) Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family §VERTIGINIDAE Common names Distribution Desmoulins' Whorl Snail. Europe, probably Holarctic. Status in Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark France Germany (FRG): Germany (GDR) Hungary Ireland Endangered, probably nearly extinct. Steiermark; south of Klagenfurt, South Tirol (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958). In chalky soil in swamps and banks of stagnant waterways. Probably extinct; not found since 1960 (Van Goethem, 1983). Previously recorded from south-east of Brussels (La Hulpe and Genval) (Adam, 1944). Philippopel, Maritzadal (Hesse, 1916). Jasov, Teplicadal (Lozek, 1956); Bardejov (Rotarides and Weis, 1950). Relict populations remaining need protection (Lozek, 1956). Few data; found near Aarhuus (Schlesch, 1943), On the edge of its range in this country. Indeterminate. Départements of 1'Ain, l'Aisne, 1'Oise, Bas Rhin, Haute Garonne, Gironde (Germain, 1930). Endangered (Ant, 1976) and listed in Red Data Book (Blab et al., 1984). Scattered localities - East Mecklenburg; near Berlin; Rhine valley; Westfalen; Baden (Haas, 1929). Disappeared from some localities as a result of drainage, particularly around industrial centres (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958). Endangered. Distribution unknown. Possibly not threatened. Scattered localities including area around Budapest, north of Lake Balaton; extreme east and two sites on the Kiskun plain (Pinter et al., 1979). Vulnerable; threatened by drainage of lowland fens in central areas (Kerney, 1976). a », r aad opt *f Z| : » et We f a * : 4 Li hoe Gaudi aradins wa Meee Veas TwiSitay asaiD Vejmee e oxy * ae car Ps ee ~ ebb “a iat siteieakiiecle glikzesy . te | orate ts eee ASONSeRAMRORerS =. nbat 4 haa Pee oom Suolabed genaa note. y's Set aiid taprs a i dbp ‘ie wage" - ‘op 4 “9 ; ie hi Sade e 7 ro al nibh eer ene - 130 - Italy Rare. Sicily, Padua, Mantua (Novara, Alessandria, Aosta, Novara) (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958). Netherlands North-west edge of range, in the Geleen Valley, Schinnen (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958); some populations lost through road and house building (Butot, 1982) but two populations recently rediscovered (Gittenberger, 1983), one of which is threatened by water course alteration and increased access to marshes plus lowering of the water table. Poland Endangered, virtually extinct. Known in Bialowieza National Park (Dyduch, 1980) and the reserve Dziekanow Lesny (1956) in Kampinos Forest near Warsaw. A new site turned up in July 1985 . Localities have been destroyed by mowing and drainage (Pokrysko, 1983). Spain Near Barcelona and along the Ebro and small rivers in northeastern Catalonia (Boettger, 1936; Haas, 1929). Sweden Endangered. Southern parts. Switzerland Rare. Cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Valais, Berne, Argovia, Fribourg (Mermod, 1930). UK Vulnerable; populations declining. Present in South-east, East Anglia and north Wales (single record); isolated localities (Kerney 1976). Declining because of drainage of fens and marshes. Considered a candidate for UK Red Data Book listing. USSR Recorded Poti (on edge of Black Sea) (Westerlund, 1887) and Helenendorf near Elisabethpol (Boettger, 1889); south-west Lithuania (Schlesch, 1943). Habitat and ecology Calcareous fens and marshes; often on Phragmites at the edges of lowland lakes or rivers (Kerney and Cameron, 1979). It is a relict of warm interglacial or post glacial periods. Further details given in (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958). Feeds on moulds on marsh grasses and reeds; requires high humidity and warmth and normally lives above the ground on the stems of plants. rte atieesin size vou) vidouk sane ianiae a > toss eine Me twee mood soem. ee Por na iayayow nae, Maley aanten any wd: 5 alte ow wabs gow Clee co Riedy tranny ‘fea E nao ids Tagg aier is jiaden miro tyor PHA Yo ors : . soo Hwa kuqan aud sod {SREX , so0wiy' Hebei tint Guuh-bar Daur! .- > gb ete To ono ager: eg redings bar betinvwonibes geineoe. . Da, aaeoau Soanercas an nol anradin ome y eso a iin aitnertd- en ge” weed wean ont Yo ainiraseo fi ev iq. datlarter od ae sonata ai mo stems Saaetate, cre ain Pe pnerod 0 EMS pebwwe 2 tetan bagiges #iwe Rs et Ag Pa - 131 - Reasons for decline Considered to be declining in Europe by the 1950s. In general, alteration of water levels, mowing of river meadows and cultivation or reclamation of Marshes threaten remaining populations (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958; Kerney and Cameron, 1979). Conservation measures taken FRG A population occurs in the "Enkheimer Reid” nature reserve, south of Frankfurt, (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958). Czechoslovakia Population in River Teplica valley protected by State Nature Reserve (Butot and Neuteboom, 1958). Netherlands Recommended for legal protection, 10 August 1984, by Natuurbeschermingsraad. Poland Occurs in Dziekanow Lesny Reserve and Bialowicza National Park (Pokryzko, 1983). Conservation measures proposed Protection of remaining sites required in most countries. Listing under Appendix II of the Bern Convention is appropriate. = 132 = 56. Geomalacus maculosus Allman, 1843 VULNERABLE Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family ARIONIDAE Common names Kerry Slug (En). Distribution Ireland, formerly Brittany. Status in Europe France Extinct. Last definite record was 1868. Ireland Recently collected at Uragh Woods, Kerry, west County Cork - a new National Nature Reserve. Apparently now confined to Ireland where it is locally common (Reynolds, 1983). ia litt Ree Precise degree of threat uncertain, but definitely of 3 _ international interest. Habitat and ecology On lichens and rocks in damp deciduous woodland. Reasons for decline Unknown. Conservation measures taken Present in at least one reserve in Ireland. Conservation measures proposed Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. = 133 - 57. Balea perversa (L., 1758) VULNERABLE Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family CLAUSILIIDAE Common names Distribution Tree Snail (En). Widespread in northern Europe, but becoming rarer to the east and scarce in the north German plain. Status in Europe Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany (FRG) Germany (GDR) Hungary Iceland Ireland Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Sweden Switzerland UK Mainly coastal in Scandinavia.. Vulnerable. Declining strongly. Vulnerable. Rare. South coast only. Not threatened. Not threatened. Rare. Not threatened. Rare, possibly vulnerable. Not threatened. Not threatened. Rare. river Found on bark of old trees, on old walls, banks. Vulnerable to habitat destruction. Not threatened. No data. Azores (S. Miguel) (complete distribution in this country not known). Not threatened, but declining in non-calcareous areas. On the edge of its range. Rare. Scattered localities up to 1500m. Common and not threatened. In the south prefers hedgerows and other isolated trees rather than extensive forest. May have increased in recent years but will decline when dead elms disappear. = ‘WAGAREA. LY | _ WOGERE | SY agasiong weteg Xe i i . ' seemed aed PB ASOM © oly Sets | 7 . SaOTE Sars iat. : ARGH LFLAMO ere yabao | : , ae x y i = 4 ; J \ p iy a ai { : 2 sae re ott A ibea a, dati . tem Kihewi BO went 9 Womens “i ny ta : Np Ae a { 7 : , sw i _ noo | hi ; tf oo ; heaiasata” od Scanae pne ites om os Sie tlic aye . ores atiwits cy ie Ba area oh 4 v, “nih of twiaaos ¢idien . tate aw sc {$3 om gaits MM ’ ae alee pire ; et hen é ue ries Veyeawh nd; aviady re ieee oY ny i, rn) —s ‘as of ini —_ ; oa ; = 4 ma gh.” os hate At NOs atieneatey ots tnish ue Pe ¢ a a) : fe cans vai" aI ‘ 7 hoa . re | ekaeorte snieiioen ber f ar oy : rs ia ‘. ; 7 sii a *, 2 oe efistmatay Sn oars, 2 i eh eke ena Phb0D, Avia en bub tat® nt) uti SE) maaan. sok shoe af eh aie = — ig y — mM a j at benesay tt aon SoATE quero. uu : , 4 7 r : iy 4 a0 ete Nanay pe ; 2 j ae, RN anbsieeras soit. tet ee a en eye Bankoo. | _ _ | sboetiaget soM ie tenr odie - Stinesjedsony gens te el agent - 134 - Habitat and ecology Dry exposed places among rocks and old stone walls, less commonly in trees, very occasionally in ground litter. Reasons for decline Known to be susceptible to pollution by sulphur dioxide (Holyoak, 1978). Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measures proposed Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. ef ST ae re © , * gpieoa baw Yin dali Soret — vomene ai Files: onsi ae to goose bt ing sade, iret! Gnideca! Der onen” wet i ao. Te a sams buposg, wi Pitsbsiovain’ ees ; ; " Mabe Wier ‘i : ; fs a Beryl: ae cae aa Pag te 7 wy et 7 ; 7 es gia em nt aagases re ARAL trontat ie site i ia Went Sdn a | a =ré ‘ 29) j . ape es , tees wesiomaiver aks eemipnanD = sah inl ds ' ae eo hg Ci cal saan =) Lf s “att ie}. : i) ‘ a ; 7 «: ‘ly 4 ne . pda i> “ ei =1 =) * ~ i ye h Pits avi a ces v ea ne whi etl atte Sie a an ae a i fsa a Re PhD digo + are fhe?) _ ar: ~ ies ihe ‘‘ a : See ae ia <= ey ss ! a z- Ce. ah wif ; fas - ata ra = 7 a ‘ S at eee a a. ; . i } a hy roe pe woe 7 . us G —- 135 - 58. Helix pometia Linnaeus, 1758 VULNERABLE Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family HELICIDAE Common names Distribution Roman snail, Apple snail, Edible snail (En). Escargot de Bourgogne (Fr) Widespread in Central and south-eastern Europe, extending westwards to central France and south-east England and north to the south Baltic coasts. Distribution may be naturally alpine but introduced to lowland areas in many places and to many countries in the north and west of Europe. Status in Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany (FRG) Germany (GDR) Greece Hungary italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Declining; common in broadleaf lowland forest along rivers; lowland and woodland populations threatened by heavy exploitation for export to France; mountain and forest populations more secure. Declining especially in the provinces of Hainaut, Liege and Brabant, presumably because of over collection although pesticides have also been cited. Populations healthy. Populations healthy. introduced. Introduced. Introduced in the west. Marked decline in populations has been reported, due to overcollection and possibly pesticides. Distribution corresponds to calcareous areas. Vulnerable but locally increasing. No information. Not threatened. North; not threatened. Not threatened. lntroduced. Some populations declining, e.g. in the Limburg. Introduced to very few sites. i t Ps t ; i us ; earn oe apnea Ag 5 age 0 Bie! Be (Hi - \ ean ‘ { = & ae wy "9 j heer ty pe ‘ i 7 i 4 : ‘a “ aavtoerane hard Po Ne : No , ; 2+», ASAT wala ae dactones ub yet es (ar ebb = : = — ry ee san) Tie: ig cy ign fgg chiamn thas unmet epaio9 ee ; mon, . oe wnghgteoa ob four, 4 = re ; | ey ween. See Cathe = AN ae RABI i Salle a gi ian | ah aoe 7 4 u , BS Z » Agen ; aAgLseeinietg ae 3 poreiitaste aemnowaee ae ‘Besonse-Aiues tis Keer Cpt tino gna pw _ “adases iUsiaw Wreoe one on ihe bra. eonnens a pites. vied Sate Tihied. | eo eee he hy pent 4 aa - W if ; ra) . eee e- ; ‘aM | Hees ak ADIT. ary tated toe ari tgue n Lae ngliagiolace — em. saaphsetengina | , nite aninita96 - 136 - Poland Not threatened but may have disappeared from areas with heavy collecting pressure. Found throughout the country but indigenous to the south only; irregular distribution in the Carpathians. Romania Found at 800-1000m in wide variety of habitats including parks, gardens and woods; lowland populations said to be declining but since collecting regions are changed each year, probably not threatened nationally; forest and mountain populations largely secure. Spain No information. Sweden Introduced; populations healthy. Switzerland Vulnerable; some populations declining, particularly those subject to heavy exploitation. Abundant in limestone, dolomite and marl regions of Alps, Jura and Swiss Plateau but also in regions with siliceous bedrock. UK Introduced in Roman times; restricted to south; rare but probably not declining; have been fears of local extinctions; habitat destruction likely to be main threat. Yugoslavia Possibly declining. Habitat and ecology Usually requires limestone or calcareous soils, generally in open woodland, downland, hedges and tall herbage, but in many countries calcareous soils do not appear to be essential. Hibernates in winter. Feeds on a variety of plants. Maturity reached at 2-5 years; reproductive potential high but success is low due to high mortality among eggs and juveniles. Adults are very long-lived and recruitment of new adults to population is slow. Reasons for decline Primary cause of depletion in many countries is overexploitation. Currently collected in Austria (large quantities used to be exported), France (for internal use), Germany (large quantities exported), Hungary (large quantities exported), Poland (large quantities exported), Romania (large quantities exported), Switzerland (also imports large quantities), Spain and Yugoslavia. In most cases, current population declines appear to be localised, limited to areas of intensive exploitation. Conservation measures taken Collecting is controlled by means of closed seasons and/or minimum size 4 Hl | Lhe sail » ies 7 aoe anh recs awed ma suit Beware aa vid natal | ‘tud ‘tytaies wits: = Rvcnkgatornl 2 brio’ ‘wae derig atti? >» Bia ayant) | Saale aot te Siavin witexerat al sono 6 08 Satiosing tol 7 - nes Mg fo en Vesa tang bathe: eae) ary as ke Canute oak #6 dereles iw wt gv, Gon Spebyes! eiganod - of ties snot vain indie 4 i abort Rae a) Yantaeg fase “nerds: win woigen gi aowltio’y doar ove tyatid Lomb tine dinero HebLaped iin banageamnd. fon eftadory 4 Sasy ee ivarel smaine-he Rew Fel goa po vase Noerp nat A Se eae i) a epee a0 es 9G WER as on fu bal aes? fae : phaser ie hath od ty slow ow ni | dots? as Hagia | a, | 0 seh -anke Fut ; ofoas Dae tod fat aT bis 35 yo Mages ‘oa pees (Thkrav a afin Gh xexdad Search: ae "ers “ehet ddiee od ad and as. don ibs esi siden tq ‘ou wat afiuaeson ree “ vy jus cate - sdesipitcinite ‘peedtisondns etn - 137 - limits in FRG, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, France, Bulgaria, and Belgium. Exploitation is prohibited in the Netherlands, in some parts of Switzerland and in Luxembourg unless the written consent of the landowner is obtained. Helix pomatia occurs incidentally in protected areas in at least Britain, the Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland and Hungary but no reserves have been created specifically for this species. Research into the farming potential of this species has been carried out in France, Poland, Netherlands, Austria and Hungary. Most successful enterprises have involved the rearing of juveniles taken from the wild, rather than captive breeding. The Petit Gris Snail, Helix aspersa, although not considered such a delicacy is now farmed and may take the pressure of H. pomatia populations. Conservation measures proposed Recommended for listing on Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Research on this species should continue to be encouraged, particularly in areas which can provide the necessary data for designing effective management strategies for wild populations and lead to successful captive breeding enterprises. | ae AG AD Ota: . : i ~ 866 | Dn? ~ RS business se09n3 + ehest Dans eamaiwn (UOMNMeN obtsaA Oe pi agimes : | te > anna: ooo OE. paboetrwition ont bh beridrleng yi po lie ile (ys cat (gis8 | “ ; th rewiiobnel aad, ip Jneahos esd hae: ota, santas Pitade seid: 6? ey Ane Ps nd ewe v rN Weed Paeel x4 al wens be landorg at eitetdablont Steoaw Zi Sabo rat ony pattiesilo awe pees on jud reepnutt ite. ‘Das feat ie ghaatios | bse Cred) yi" oid, pelea ~ gerdaeaib wld -otet Roravton dastoogy wht Meh YA kaaticsys: yoise+s ana eyes =) ~ elba Lot pose at eo Kebaabs hed evil ae toaee ei rt) fe Crk Seeder - berterni wren aol vere tie Loteqmapiows heed oe Ua at: bas oP thains anos, Ceityol \ «gatoaers eu tigeo aads Soehteas Bi ie ot wont autet Welinavel hs, galiass ahs "penance hee hoanbinaos sie Hanoddta upptigmes ih 1a Leni mist 22999. ae, 7 seven sci te oer ‘wat eas ian bag, Glas} eon xe i ; ae ‘eeoney grace ten nol? BY OAMOD 2 wit y AE abbas, ne arial 20 bobnommabedl ah Od Me ey bLpOde y io0q3 whey i “eens ob! swivo%d ae NS ee whe ‘Mtv ofuqog bi he >, a | aed ie, bit he ; a 4 4 rigs ‘ea a): nage ) i - 138 - 59. Elona quimperiana (Férrusac, 1821) VULNERABLE Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Family ELONIDAE Common names Escargot de Quimper (Fr) Distribution France and Spain; a narrow distribution (Kerney & Cameron, 1979, Gittenburger, 1979). Status in Europe France Legally protected. Occurs in Brittany west of a line drawn from Saint-Brieuc to Vannes. Spain May occur in the North-eastern Atlantic coastal areas (Basque region). Habitat and ecology Moist deciduous forest and damp heathlands, under stones and bushes. Ecology poorly known but growth studies have been carried out (Daguzan, 1980). Recently put in new family with one other species E. pyrrenaica (Gittenberger, 1979). Reasons for decline Occurs very locally in primary woodland, a habitat rapidly disappearing. Conservation measures taken Legally protected in France. Conservation measures proposed Recommended for listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. So ae ae r a " “en mamas «ee . es . | t Z 2 n eee ee CAH aarp. 06, Avge ves aa wD . ey. | ee a ie] ts anes ‘meme > Getsuriaenit wet we hada bun 400449 a re a es Te . % - cetes lechiaiidiial ote ae ® ving bates a ol on | eegbecs ak satan - esr te Heer auolbinwd fatot— a ¢ Wimae Pod ewond YIovg yRGkaort as tome ts wean nt ‘au etinwien 2 (anes Sid a sere: toga Neate 60-75. Endemic Land Sna Phylum MOLLUSCA Order STYLOMMATOPHORA Common names None known Distribution Madeira Status in Europe Pupillidae Leiostyla abbreviata L. cassida L. corneocostata L. gibba L. lamellosa Helicidae Caseolus calculus C. commixta C. sphaerula Discula leacockiana D. tabellata D. testudinalis D. turricula Geomitra moniziana Helix subplicata - 139 - ils of Madeira (16 species) VULNERABLE Class GASTROPODA Families PUPILLIDAE ENDODONTIDAE HELICIDAE Rare on Madeira as early as 1878. Ribeira de Santa Luzia on south Madeira and Ribeira de Sao Jorge in the north. Uncommon by 1878, although abundant in subfossil form at Canical. Porto Santo, Pta Calheta. Ribeira de Santa Luzia, south Madeira. Rare by 1878 but abundant in subfossii beds at Canical. Recorded only in south Madeira at intermediate altitudes in the Vasco Gil ravine and the Ribeira de Santa Luzia; one of the rarest snails in 1878. Ilheu de Cima; Pico d’Anna Ferreira and Pico Branco, Porto Santo. Rare by 1848. Ilheu de Baixo, Porto Santo Pico Branco, Porto Santo. Pico d'Anna Ferreira, Porto Santo Dry maritime slopes of Ponta Garajau, south Madeira; Cabo Girao, west of Funchal. Pedragal, north Porto Santo. Endemic to Ilheu de Cima, under large basaltic rocks. Gaula and Canico in south-east Madeira; Ribeiro de Porto Nova; San Vicente. Recorded from Ilheu de Baixo in 1878; may now be extinct; subjossil forms only found in 1930s. “+ ; ~ wee a — aa Coerstad Qeelodnn O57 GHIMRRN Jo Hi isee baad Stabe . 69-08 DO ge re Se iutwae RATA awitines ' | RROMICTASUDINT? «= - gab 40d eo = ’ us ~ F > Avon -SnOK eoman nummy ; _— Me LS ui eS © | te\" | ie teers wees SES aK wy Ye i es <= : , : ~ ., iC . < a | 24 . ie anal ls \ emda nt eves e aehi ili al + delete siysaotesy _ silemumied RIDE = giptra - at mam, ‘hdaee. 26) i Wee citer ee ee sen am hc ee ee Ie Ps cilia (eee oeeRGOy fot BLL Ger} pda ae rt a kw 9 yt - 140 - Endodontidae Discus guerinianus Confined to damp wooded areas of Madeira at high and intermediate altitudes in interior of island. Rare by 1878. D. defloratus Single specimen recorded from Pico d'Arribentao above Funchal, Madeira. Habitat and ecology Species on Madeira are found either in the moist north forests or the dry short vegetation of the south. Snails are generally absent for the coniferous plantations. Habitats on Porto Santo and the Desertas islands are mainly dry and stony with thin soil and vegetation cover. Reasons for decline All the habitats of the endemic molluscs of the Madeiran archipelago are threatened by development and/or erosion. The volcanic soils are very fragile and erode rapidly after mechanical disturbance or when the vegetation is removed. Such areas used to support an endemic low scrub cover, much of which has now gone because of over-grazing by introduced cattle, sheep, goats and rabbits. The dry coastal habitats preferred by many snails are threatened by tourist developments. Since many of the endemics occur in single populations or have very small ranges, even small scale developments could result in extinctions. Conservation measures taken No measures have been taken specifically for molluscs. In 1981 proposals were made by the Regional Secretariat for Planning and Finance, in conjunction with the Jardin Botanico do Funchal for a series of reserves and a regional park. This was aimed primarily at the conservation of Laurisilva forest and its many endemic plants. The proposal is not yet implemented, although there is continuing awareness that action needs to be taken. Conservation Measures Proposed The 16 endemic Madeiran species are considered to be of particular conservation concern and are appropriate for lising on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. Further work is urgently required to determine the status of these species and to integrate conservation measures for molluscs with other intitiatives in the archipelago. Full details and references for this account are given in Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983). ro ate Ue aa ey ek ; - weap) oebabat bite my sTH haw ivoen in Reon bebo ne es Deasrivo ygdatsois, woes eee. fiadel bo solsedn nf unbudisia OGL Deders 05 | 7 - ames fy eae ae WGA yl Pane Pays 4 maiathidenl 4951, aera ie moses wont poyt ofgat® — ee ees hg : - te -ovieham basen evtedea OM: “4 ne te y se = Be inst . ; 3 r 2 7 ee on il a Ww sist aires datos att wl awmddic Saved wrad priopat ge een A ‘ ae oo ae ot tapedn Witereoea wa anheaz fies aqé Ww Bobderrgn x Iaade = ‘an . Andie weno nied etd hin. wine ere ft) 22a +t4oR ‘anglsuonate kaotet ines ti 1 aie ne seal Shae: wis ete Yeote fae e2b yindane one on belt —— 7 ame Tops. 1 aickees ror s casisiel ena i isaibini norms Bs Bi aSahided aid foR thd el ra ohne i Siaaid vahbae Moore Toueh Lc Voteyeetts iad pit 20 he i 94, at REREGED Abowh ng pTige7% i : wig ers + Suite ‘air bitee dae (eee Berane chinsiitoier - | ch —— aus RN susan og M0, 4858 edie [6 dove eed won poser : oe ‘aindaten | han bidasid ages: . of #9a0 :. igenina at téneteuls. os éfiada poon ir besa: apr oignte ‘gh Setbole Aa ymbbay mete aws Se LiserapooD ag, ovad exsvanse oe ~ 141 - 76. Margeritifera margaritifera (L., 1758) VULNERABLE (= Margeritane margaritifera) Phylum MOLLUSCA Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDA Family §MARGARITIFERIDAE Common names Freshwater Pearl Mussel (En). Distribution Northern Europe, Eurasia and eastern North America, where it is confined to areas east of the Appalachians on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland, Canada, to Pennsylvania, USA. Status in Europe Austria Originally common in upper Austrian Muhlviertel. Disappeared except in few unpolluted tributaries. Adults sensitive to increased phosphates in water. Mother-of-pearl industry early this century added to the problems. Belgium Seriously declining, probably due to pollution. Occurs in streams and rivers of the Ardennes:-— Ambléve, Ourthe, Lomme and Lesse. Locally common in the basins of the Semois and Vierre. Czechoslovakia Only six populations still survive, mainly in south Bohemia. Pollution is at least partly to blame. Denmark Declining in the River Varde Aa due to pollution. Finland Declining catastrophically, partly due to collecting since 1750, partly due to pollution and water-—course alterations. Mainly present in the north, local in the south-west; confirmed living in only 45 per cent of total known range. France Vulnerable and strongly declining; no recent records from Dordogne or Loire Rivers where it was present in 1931. Still found in small rivers in Morvan, Massif Central, tributaries of Yonee, basin of Allier (both of these are tributaries of Dordogne and Vienne). Germany (FRG) Endangered, listed in Red Data Book (Blab et al., 1984). Restricted mainly to Bavaria with isolated populations elsewhere. Germany (GDR) Endangered, threatened by pollution. Decreasing in south-west Saxony, extinct in east Saxony (Hertel, 1959). ne RA i ; a — BAILY : carer . “3 WAI SA amet oo a: 3363388 af sot Oa a ccna omiaiscsaneamiane oe % fs boas a3 me our eat “Way SR api ao RALOMOLND 3) Manne ii bean ; , . i : a, Shea) Prag! -as9suiies 8 semana eens aia tase ae bie apenas nbIOI YS: wisas4 GH ~ettie an - Ho Pua ToapeiA ats qe daneitaeye,— my ye sh Pe ait pateeiiesnn $4 ee ybbanau , SQOTUR nt autarR —\ ge AD i ‘pita faiod a izaeee ’ ome: , Sewougaaie - 142 - Ireland Vulnerable. Scattered localities in upland rivers and soft water; absent from many suitable sites; affected by dredging, pollution and exploitation. Confirmed living in only 19 per cent of total known range. Luxembourg Common at beginning of this century but in 1973 shells present in only five rivulets. Pollution a problem. Netherlands Does not occur. Norway Widespread, mainly coastal but declining from acid rain and pollution; confirmed living in only 62 per cent of total known range. Poland Extinct. Formerly numerous in Lower Silesia but in decline through pollution. Sweden Occurs from Scania to Lapland but decimated by fishing in some areas. Drainage of fens in southern Sweden is a problem, as is acidification. Now protected. UK Very local in north and west Britain, and Scotland and considered to be of regional conservation concern. Confirmed living in only 45 per cent of the total known range. Pollution has been a serious problem, as has over-fishing in some areas. Status in recent times more secure. USSR Listed in Red Data Book. Occurs in the Volga watershed and Rivers Don and Dnieper. Reduced by pollution. Habitat and ecology Prefers soft water without high concentrations of lime and typically likes swift flowing rivers 0.5-1.5m deep with mixture of stones and sand. Virtually sedentary as adults; depend on fish (trout and salmon) for parasitic larval stage. Mature at 12-15 years, may live for up to 100 years. Reasons for decline Once widely distributed throughout northern Europe, but now literally decimated through extensive exploitation for its highly-valued pearls since pre-Roman times and pollution since industrialisation (Bjork, 1962; Kerney, 1975). Over-collected in a number of countries, including UK, and now extinct in much of its range. Currently very vulnerable to watercourse alteration and possibly pollution. Any adverse effects on the larval hosts (trout) also affect the mussel. ie, abet Md 268 3a 5 ase hea fasi ai aeisitend pers SIGs hija! at Md Bogota conde widnintve ed ein Sheen preven, = : ‘¢! an Rent te - Sie RBIS site HORS L EN Bt hOB ‘a 0 Ohi ‘iigeils Sinan Hct88 A “Bites, Veg" EE wc ok Hs rian jin aNOF nt ne Wau aia wie en agen ye. Ae quay 4 yada ‘ em kis anbteres amma selenite per a 4 ledaic SAE | ae) ih Wiese auw ERO naira hrs : tes ain. bis sor: sateitians aut redadns YiGiy vbadoGushiss = vane anaes 7 Saat Ieq re hae ag soli bom} a0; yaoi sMEEOg ie re dae Mise APE 5 ty ee eRe sae! re ARI. oe cog Pic, . wala we a wielerig me at e-me (caer owe tga” ae = epee Sx) BP tees Litiek BL Coe tignaenth of tine tA vat peeereens st 8 ot akan get wile ‘genie ap - bi : . é ty ! Spagy st abbes ep | amet tbs Logue? oe a saves! at petits | ar aa aae: | 5 fall eb Basniy ageu bel bey DOO azetia : a iznu mi vis es - 143 - Conservation measures taken Protected in Finland, France, Czechoslovakia, Denmark and in Poland until 1982 when it was account of being extinct. Listed in the Red Austria and USSR. Management programmes are Eicke, 1986). Conservation measures proposed Strict pollution control measures are needed are needed in unaffected areas (one has been mountains of Czechoslovakia). Young mussels Austria, Sweden, formerly in deleted from the list on Data Books of West Germany, underway in Germany, (Bauer and throughout its range. Reserves designated in the Sumava under 9 cm in length never contain pearls and should not be fished. With practice a shell may be examined for pearls without destroying the mussel. M. margaritifera should be added to Appendix III of the Bern Convention. Full details and references for this data sheet are given in Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983). =. 7 * ~ ivi HOw t a § 2 ; ’ > Me i ‘ ood ; | ae p if = oo a } “ ; -_ 5 ROMHS wetune sca teldarsea nay | ie ; : ; is ry wr ie a Mitemie? .cobrwt .osssoua 410 | ONO EareNad SY 3) Peataa® , Und trie nt hodvetons | eM ; a} : wo IRIE att mov4 boseiay phe Ph Were SSUl: PI bawloe Ai tine ST aH u sy : , THAAD Anew to raed achat} nap at ey, beady Load sete Voedaugtss anal ‘Wee HD iiaialaee ne ety 193 ERMINE Got Nations aA ~.adan bre sense ee, 2 i toave > a Ei to v0 ; a + “heb Re haa a He Siwcdond Setynsue fottewneatae hoe saeco, fren wad, siidipaenny simaadesa asty Lage, nadags abdul ieq La TE ian ane, ot he tengiard annie aad MAD) Boon Sidhe: ” 7 ay in $33 inaw vt Babaaly ota: es ni = * Deitet ‘aDooaia. ‘gouoy War euNOR ion bar3 19 enistn aoa : ee He noktoove 88 dia oa) do Ninety, bos.2isey onl bres erescoames ie ai ge bi : fetaus. 7 tagged, Mod tise wiaes % Aad Boning a ; ress was aw Liat aibiteg cA ot Kido oe be) AnD worse tec ane atinjds Trea i : re) Aes . . “vi MM 4 ‘ Shinad i = bhge: 20(A8oD bie : 4 Se 7 ra - : oe it. Oy 7 é : R oad " Wee) Gack ae ee | : : i \ Aarts a ae per —_ ir ee - "! ed — - : i a e ee ‘i re - e ce at ie ail Gia Pala i Ng Bo - 144 - 77. Margaritifera auricularia (Spengler, 1793) VULNERABLE Phylum MOLLUSCA Class BIVALVIA Order UNIONOIDA Family MARGARITIFERIDAE Common name Spengler's Freshwater Mussel (En) Distribution Originally in much of western, central and southern Europe but since about 1850 restricted to a few rivers in Portugal, Spain, Italy and France, plus a subspecies in Morocco. Status in Europe Czechoslovakia Extinct. France Restricted to the rivers Adour, Allier, Arros, Aube, Charente, Dordogne, Doubs, Garonne, Loire, Lot, Oise, Seine, Sadne, Saume, Tarn and Vesle. Already uncommon by 1930. Germany (FRG) Extinct (Blab et al. 1984). Italy Endangered. Only in the river Po. Extinct in central Italy. Luxembourg Extinct. Spain Endangered. Rivers Ebro and Guadalquivir only. Switzerland Extinct. The subspecies M. a. maroccana occurs in Morocco, but there are no data on its distribution or status there. Habitat and ecology Little known, but presumed to be similar to M. margaritifera. All reported occurrences are from large rivers. In the River Ebro in Spain it favours quiet pools at depths down to 6 m. Reasons for decline Uncertain. Like other pearl mussels, it probably has a very slow reproductive cycle coupled with a high longevity. This would cause it to be very vulnerable to heavy exploitation and may account for its widespread disappearance. Pollution has also been cited as a factor. ; Vy : > i : ? Fa au oie he ‘ 4 le ej ri i sn ; if a Dy i —~ Se ceett veo wien ent aaa a “4p atae opr ath ” ORO =e “ fey te ps fen ; at ke ee es nas Wasi Bie et yeh, 1.4 - i aR) Towa Aotowingn? bi4et aoa “Ama Oe 4 : ad . . A’, ° ’ , 1 ; 4: : rs - . p ee = coals hay ’ as 3 ’ M ~ , a. ay peRenaey y * eid sande, tna aonwal 9 addy shen: ia oath ee patie Here ro fiedanee 7 : pees wea> 9 badtiia sage - ce ae ae a iad tenon, rt wate : cExptt Warsce a Ss ‘aper. PRORR onbag a — Se tie AawEe J>akese city euweney” cm " : = t Shah : 7 7 1 ah re amin . waeteee be, assvia merase — a eas Moa ta bieloery J ore —- =y at epplies oer midne > i tal eek - 145 - Conservation measures taken None known. Conservation measures proposed Distribution surveys are needed, followed up by recovery plans and protection of habitats. Listing on Appendix II of the Bern Convention is appropriate. The references for this data-sheet are given in full in Wells, Pyle and Collins (1983). or seh HONS het SP kIMy emEeD i a q i s ~ e ~~ , ety : ; 7 : Revo iG Seen tt pian he he aielg treKu ows p™ ote Denitinn bad bene A3h ogra owas mete aett ; as. tor Wee, eB “es Fines 2 Bri smbe: vbeati wad Oye. nok soto Iq at ; Pest, . l { x Riis 4 ; peemeesieth h 6 Pad ee eae © he pmsl att xfipaes: sesh Ss os é Pn | t > ate ee ad ee a Fits - aa : Pee ; : “ - 146 - 9. ANNELIDA The conservation status of most annelids is poorly known. Of the three classes, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta and Hirudinea, the polychaetes (bristle worms) are least likely to be threatened. Their distributions in marine environments are often wide, and some (but by no means all) are tolerant of pollution and disturbance. The Oligochaeta include aquatic species as well as the better-known earthworms. Certain earthworms originally from Europe now dominate agricultural and urban ecosystems in most temperate climates. These species are able to occupy disturbed habitats and survive transportation to alien environments. Others are known to have more restricted ranges, but data on conservation aspects are lacking. In particular, research is needed on aquatic oligochaetes. In Lake Baikal for example, 90 per cent of the oligochaetes recorded from open waters are endemic; and Baikal is well-known to be seriously polluted. The larger lakes in Europe also have endemics that could become threatened. For the time being, no oligochaetes are suitable for listing on the Bern Convention. The Hirudinea, or leeches, almost certainly includes a number of threatened European species. Surveys are urgently required to ascertain the position, but one species, Hirudo medicinalis is known to be in decline. This species, the Medicinal Leech, is the only annelid recommended for listing on the Bern Convention and a full data sheet follows. den . - Pree MOA o if > Went at 2p PRORA. CIntag wt SPE EH AN AOE TE Bib Se he Wests aes SOT ey atteiae) MePeah Soy ors eB BURY DEA lb Dib tans 1 XY. i inde ih Wands { ; yk F 2am we xoo] eR date aay mitt . hte Senda ad a k a! tee Es pera) ean A . “Re WmnNveTG! sre Ets, ade: ae on Nl ABD wis oh oa “ADE ner Tho “Hy fs ni Like — Ae | Say : aay: 5 Meredw edb bry, Nae. 5 ie - esa eat ai Male: an ke igage 2h Aupe Sd ion) PISS HI0, eae | Th ey: oe, Sea Tad won an omuc ‘tort eeaiay'x PPI RAI AA Wi gre | > avtosge O4otT ‘. Fated | samp oe a a “wean, Jat ai wMoragas Be tau, niee Aa : Won te tod toltzsodanaiit elVoae: ‘hae. 09 6didet bedside i Baie: a. Perey aud peraien: recreey aan woe byes od RRONS 871950 54,4 40 “SiASMO TE Ey. al Baba at aay Pela trang “a 2Ri5301 gre gis50qn5 Kh avibedes: “ie ‘a8 no te), Kedtax Saal ot ~ANFOndodS iG “italien vn WS hae MO Naka s v9 mau 7 7 : gaat cos aH thbeg MSBOOL tee » ont, PAPA: digas weeny” MRoguc Biess sat M , ca Aig > tie) Apttnis tod atdne i et croga 3 oJ 3 es 4h Ee, # ivenoadt 49 ayatbiet hus ay - ae " upiaaa asayo 3 bone gies “qO8Ey gic, SnD sud: , Pete tie nce : 1 PRO foki ita 4 ous oon basccenetinte Puig ehGioaga\, kar) wtt np se? vitae 7 ate Ri ae -— 147 - 78. Hirudo medicinalis VULNERABLE Phylum ANNELIDA Class HIRUDINEA Order ARHYNCHOBDELLAE Family HIRUDINIDAE Common names Distribution Medicinal Leech (En) Western and southern Europe to the Ural Mountains and the countries bordering the eastern Mediterranean. Status in Europe See Elliott and Tullett (1984) for detailed references. Albania fustria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Two records, no data on status. Vulnerable as a result of habitat loss. Two records. A single recent record (near Arlon in 1979). Previously not seen since 1938 (Marquet, 1985). Vulnerable. Abundant in certain areas, but drainage of marshes is a threat. Two recent records; formerly widespread. Rare; extinct in some places. Drainage of marshes is a threat. Four recent records. Not seriously threatened. Currently known from 33 localities. Indeterminate, but in drastic decline. Many records up to 1900 for areas up to 63°N; now only in a few localities on the south-west mainland coast and on Aland island (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). Declining. Present in the Camargue, probably in the Marais de Carentan in Normandy and elsewhere. Four recent records. Reportedly collected from the wild around Bordeaux for export. Widespread drainage of marshes is a threat. The Camargue population may be threatened by changes in salinity. Considered almost extinct in both FRG and GDR by 1922, but in fact a few localities still persist. No data on threats. Present, but no data on status. Still present and said to be common in the Kisbalatan on the Hungarian plain. Not recorded for over 100 years.. tee geet gweld ae a marine gta PRATER cnet stent ‘ fof) iw tei tvtbot wernt, tera 7. , ~ , Es Te a ot ie _. + fo Rega a Rea : “setnanine. oat bao wvigvoceh Se DHF OF aa Wietiuoa tie wetaev Pde hs Ohh 9 9 tatiana bho Revert ey welt gnisaiye oe il ; ee bee * eqesy at: ovsuss + alone detivau 0 ARNe): sruchet bap 4x8 cee we pe ae as ‘pwd mae et 1 goivaets 4: wh eit . io ib aio ee a * Spode ania ot otha F900! dota ph ee udoaels - edsaiieniael oni. amit ss | ‘ i oe ie yh viee 08 ¢ Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey USSR Yugoslavia - 148 - Recorded in the 1970s, but few recent records and believed to be declining. Declining. Still present in small ponds and rivulets a few km south of the city (Hoffman, 1960). Rediscovered in 1946 after decades of absence (Dresscher and Higler, 1982). Reported extinct in 1854, but found at six localities in the south since 1960 (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). Originally scattered throughout the country, excluding Upper Silesia and mountainous areas, but intensive collecting has caused a decline in populations. Drainage of marshes in the east also a problen. Ten recent records, but no data on status. Six recent records, but no data on status. Common in the 19th century but declining ever since. Now known only from a few localities mainly in Scania (in the south) and on the Baltic islands of Oland and Gotland. Probably still present. No data on status. Present, and collected in large numbers, but no data on status. Indeterminate. Once common, but declined in the 19th century; declared extinct in 1910 but isolated records still stand. Five new records since 1982 (Elliott and Tfullett, 1984; Sawyer, in litt., 23.5.86). 33 records, mainly in southern USSR, Ukraine and Moldavia. Considered to be rare. Present, but no data on status. Habitat and ecology In freshwater ponds, streams and marshes, often near farm animals. Tolerant of eutrophic and anoxic conditions. Young leeches feed on frogs and tadpoles; adults suck blood from homiotherms. Life-cycle poorly known, probably two years needed to mature, plus nine months more for reproduction. Cocoons are laid in damp places. Adults are reported to bury themselves in cold weather or dry periods (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). Reasons for decline The enormous trade in leeches for blood-letting in the 19th century contributed directly to its present status. A recent revival of interest in H. medicinalis needs to be monitored. The Medicinal Leech is used for ; ie Ey: itd a. ' pereitied. bas abasen dueces wet Sat oOCOL ant albenzc08 Chase ‘ “g Ps dima . 5 ot J igri beRsan. a ae a ae a wert . ‘esethivis lian ahreog then ‘its Ag De + gata jaa chee hAly [Aye Sell yaad Vipdoions ‘whig std To aview! et” 2 a tris verovewd) soos ne yobs aan setts S80e nie Herevoox ited. j eenp zedge i ~~ "28 1 ¥ ee : «pe gree din vit =] Wh Ps at oa at dads Sao fie to tun dui. WERE. ah 2arnk BRB bas segh’ ; yee a ’ o 1% ~teeet yanst ion ae De > tine Dez ants npede. , oe : eo anual gti tiehons erAMMIoD is tpmaige ont ‘bined dines AE Lai bginith, - 5; jet | ‘ged fumdtos ov ibaseni aad Rod ‘neeort i Jeitbey Line, aiestle ae e am = einer Ke wqetiond «wnt a teqag G2 anTtasp a. yeas? eee = 7 | i ; if Re mia i Os a iri a £ - med Hodes op adn abe +. ie are Reosave nti ‘a shu iaberoaba dnaded WaT a ae ae ud pation ‘ges incr: te oS, sh a igkup doh ~ anette ko wedies igo wd ma) bsil, gute xt =e #9, sen alt ange, tad epdavint hacen ‘ oe sits vant Decineses - 149 - the commercial production of the anti-coagulants hirudin, eglin and udellin. World sales of hirudin were ca. £3.5 million at manufacturers selling price in the year to June 1984. £3.2 million of these sales were in West Germany. The trade in leeches in Germany is on a massive scale, using imports from the wild in south-eastern Europe. An estimated world total of 12 000 kg of leeches are used each year, mainly collected from the wild in Hungary, but also from Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, France, Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. As well as being used for anti-coagulant production, leeches are used in increasingly large numbers for improving blood circulation in skin-grafts and other plastic surgery operations. They are also used for educational purposes. Loss of habitat, particularly drainage of marshes and ‘changing agricultural practices, is now a major factor in the species’ decline, particularly in the many countries where populations are very reduced. This also contributes to the decline of its initial host, frogs. Conservation measures taken Protected in Greece. In 1984 a commercial leech farm was set up in Swansea, UK, with the aim of meeting the demand for anticoagulants and specimens. Both live specimens and biochemical extracts are supplied, the former making up the bulk of the trade. Fifty per cent of production goes to the USA; a further 25 per cent also goes abroad. No wetland areas are known to have been set aside primarily for conservation of the Medicinal Leech, but one locality in Wales is within a nature reserve. Conservation measures proposed Surveys are needed in order to assess the location and security of the most important European localities. Effective protection and management programmes should ensue. Listing on Appendix III of the Bern Convention is desirable, giving some control and monitoring of trade, but more particularly in combatting the decline and loss of prime habitat. The Bern Convention would play an important role in protecting the leech in those parts of Western Europe where populations are already rare and localised. Captive breeding programmes should be encouraged. Eventually, genetic engineering may obviate the need for use of wild animals, but if a sustainable trade in captive-bred leeches can be demonstrated, this may be unnecessary. A well-monitored programme of trade in H. medicinalis could be a valuable boost to the conservation effort. The Medicinal Leech will be proposed for Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1987. =. eu ef tse 0 beer einelugee: fie etd va an .d Sy heAy +p tania Fawinsre Ynen ' soseLitan ¢.&2 to Bnew adbariid we aalak bPoe 7 hit ape ai- sie adine e240 Yo addi ia § ka RAPES Hu rh GbR Sets Bi etry ree soln (alese aviseud a no! 24 passed ail Bsiabod ae She ek -ahE . ypkerel fra io [at03 bindu besten! gus na anqoawl Tas Role \itatroe oes bli 4a pe Reng. ome Bikw: ets oT) Aaroelton PRY axa Tee tage PeQns eee oh pity SPER xe ‘pte | _ 920080). nlvelsogey sane a “Stat wlan 3 ikea len! mogh) AALS jn hago eetoeal stoi doubemg tn Lona ioe 403 Semu WL od heii 2h, Yaneot Ghe’ “ aolintuonss bon hy, ae ieengey a0) emda ‘moet: al yadnneagsn i: at Poee i 2%: aa. da th, 24- ae eevnnd gases. 4 gid pdy igise boy 44 tesacndas anal sodas ie pact eae: yPiakex: ¥ a th te saR0.. yohogsin: tanol ss ont 5 He igerseqs Be 8) Wedd es soten. 3 Wor a ass sonny TagDI teat Tey) ads darentts ae —_ ‘one baatwbecaaeepel ‘wa ltur Gude ah aidoge yEsa lien Cane Tien. bea oe ade af @AsedeGI nD ‘outs aiyvt Beau : danse Vt sulbnioee net tev FeeiOo 43 THe =r} ¥ elses on ‘bee. ee ne Saar os wits tsa 1% ooh afd age We. n sae we | bosewnen: Baul Rania ee anand bei avid rigs. ay. ee nga 3 ta a, ‘ge ner Sy a ialibeieaded cand brs a : 7 ne ie tor ‘a rt $008 wa bie ah << PS Shes at a - - 150 - 10. MARINE INVERTEBRATES AND MINOR PHYLA This report has concentrated on terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates which, generally speaking, are more seriously threatened than marine Species. The latter are often cosmopolitan in distribution and, although impacts such as marine pollution (which can be locally severe in the Mediterranean) causes local declines, the impact is rarely widespread enough to put marine invertebrates into the endangered or vulnerable categories. Some marine invertebrates are useful indicators of pollution. For example, there is a growing literature demonstrating the effects of pollutants in causing range reductions and deformities in echinoderms (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). Certain marine species and groups are, at least locally, vulnerable to over-exploitation. Although in most cases this is unlikely to endanger the species involved, the trade itself can often be adversely affected and there is a need for greater control of invertebrate fisheries and international control of quotas (see e.g. Hunnam, 1980). Exploitation is normally either for decorative materials or for food. A few examples of the curio and luxury item trade include the following: -—: Sponges (Porifera) have been used for centuries for personal and household purposes (mainly Spongia zimocca, S. officinalis and particularly Hippospongia communis). Tunisia is the major exporter (74 tonnes in 1980, over half the world production), with Greece in second place. The Greek fishery has declined due to over-exploitation and protective action by other countries, such as Libya and Egypt, preventing Greek boats from working their territorial waters. Other European exporters include Turkey, Libya, Yugoslavia and Syria (Wells, Pyle and Collins, 1983). - Red Coral (Corallium rubrum L., 1758), one of the Precious Corals (phylum Cnidaria), used to occur throughout. large areas of the Mediterranean, particularly off the coasts of southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and North Africa from Tunis to the Straits of Gibralter (Hickson, 1924), as well as in Cape Verde and the Canary Islands. Although protected in Greece, it is now absent from the Aegean. Small colonies of C. rubrum are still abundant in the Mediterranean, but commercial grade sources are scarce. It has been recommended in a recent FAO report that Precious Coral fishing should be carefully regulated (Charbonnier and Garcia, 1984). Listing under CITES may be appropriate. hs - GRE. : ; ai es | sihssaentibaaors vs ST “ti a a code eednewa sodawdne xe? hae labeseouned as bedsisdooned Aad” regen, aae ie ad feds Doassedaey eLawetyan nme ahs qaptiadye Ti oaiag | ly tie geese te has sobsed /sterbk- az fst Lode Te ig wpezaiites ws li a Sie 2 tt wt sap een ¥rke yk. at deo se ootigs fou. wed bye ai OES | :stanqsit Wp: sbaenqaeddu loro: a Samed. od oxime ho¥% geek enubsa sgnmea Smet:

Aa LVI, setts miskat ier, POS Boi evoke Anish an ysr tte, Vane Pek kG ae Bh Nd aaah abate eay /Eilisehyoi elit narnia | Finmentren 2, pt paeor ome LO cyontae® tans ShOk HeCONDE BAR yee: weigeesss0 one 350d Selnoter BAW TY Ha t8L jeMIOT yo itr TA, ion a patton. ia toni Rated eS reer, tira eusircaneng, bite bets, ioe ib jpedeqeaive etratinia wt anerietied inet eas, *. Fis aay, noise spihihthnitd aatacenyeee Fandom’ edERdoe oni ce ae aed punitorg narra, wie ei cy RofI7o1Lod~2¢40 oiaits, A Giw 5 tat a — hee mE cabo mek iden magn NR oA) VORESL AY gibi > eyo k nit be cfteian: ithe nae to oi304, ae ‘obed: ett, wa. roy sO Kins ee . Poorceptoedin hora fd) Wi ROkIHZUqNdy)/ zinger 28% ovale gs ange 3h kG D ty eBber (ae as yo nie mi aa, sseoraety fo fa. Sis atu ge: 4 ‘ait seni: ste Sites ii a | hed bab tun09, aera winet Pree) wi th ; aan tvennarst ng 009 waite oo } Bee (‘aba wa a based ie 4) 5) 6) - 154 - The interpretation of Article 6 will require great care for invertebrates, and Parties should give licence for exceptions under Article 9 wherever reasonable purpose can be demonstrated. Article 6.a. must be applied forcefully to commercial concerns, but private collectors or scientists requiring specimens for bona fide research should not be hindered. For example, researchers involved with the Council's project on xylophagous insects may need to take specimens from time to time, and should be allowed so to do. Article 6.e. will be impossible to implement so far as possession is concerned, but trade aspects can be closely controlled and monitored. Bona fide commercial organizations with a good standing in the entomological community may be permitted to trade in old specimens under licence. Recently established or part-time businesses with no reputation to uphold should not be considered for licensing. Organizations interested in farming or ranching listed species should not be unduly hindered from doing so but, once again, only businesses of high reputation need be considered. The moth Graellsia isabellae, for example, might benefit from a ranching operation in northern Spain. Article 11.2.a. has great potential for effective conservation measures for insects. Reintroductions encourage sensitive management and are of great interest to the general public. The U.K. Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects has prepared a "Code of Practice for Insect Re-establishment™ (JCCBI, 1986) which, like its predecessor the "Code for Insect Collecting (JCCBI, undated), could become widely adopted. Article 22.1 gives Parties the opportunity to make reservations concerning the species on the Appendices. In some countries one or more of the candidate insects may be common and widespread, while in other countries it may be extremely rare. Where there is debate on the precise conservation status of a species (as is often the case) it may be practicable to list the species on the Appendices but release certain Parties from their responsibilities, on provision of suitable supporting documentation. _— net: Wiha’ Farry: oiled thie ® Miieei a’ iby ViSderer ane ano LSgpie0 #93 anidgis t's owl Uhieie eet ns inn hie Led ; okgeisky: a0 3h yas edeiurans wag oitgusige: r Wotiong. 9 * CF aanns” odd wie Daas i oa show on brriseacet hind sd all ial wa inal me e ibaa 0 ee (8Sts y MET sary } | ") bedettanaai vd) bilo! settee ‘whdivniniencr’ yaaa we ghia aT a Soa el SHA estan of Seo Rarbivo sth boise eb dean ecb aye ret ines “ eee day Hnosit age “ail Tene wen iadiag: a sO FouNTH, stint Sud Siiak . ool had FH hvape hacia Sey |) ~—y = 155 — 12. REFERENCES Adam, W. (1944). Notes sur les Gastéropodes. 14. 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Krikken, A.A. Mabelis, J. van Tol; In Norway: J. Okland, K.A. Okland, T. Solhoy; In Poland: A. Piechocki, B. Pokrysko, A. Riedel; In Romania: D. Lupu, A. V. Grossu; In Spain: M.G. de Viedma; in Sweden: B. Hubendick, T. von Proschwitz, H. Walden; In Switzerland: R. Bernasconi, H. Turner; In the U.K.: Balfour-Browne Club, P. Barnard, M. Bishop, P.W. Cribb, E. Duffey, G.N. Foster, P.M. Hammond, P.T. Harding, J. Heath, P. Hillyard, L. Jessop, M. Kerney, I. Kitching, B. Levey, R. Lowery, J. Marshall, I. McLean, N. Moore, M.G. Morris, R. Sawyer, J. Thomas, J. Reynolds, P. Whalley, M. Scoble, D. Shirt and A. Stubbs; in USA: S.K. Gangwere, In USSR: 1.M. Likharev, the late M. Ghilarov; In Yugoslavia: M. Kolaric wv Se | SOREN A MeCN BE a cane te : ‘teddy A dat *42:0O OUD alqong ay Heol Poe ad Saastd ba ra ; di =f et ee ae ’ ods i ate Te ah eA tla a: ot being hal » * : 1 ck [ : Pde ic om me : at ‘ POTD oe ay ET, Us DT, Gry oobi: 96 bien 7 - ee te D+, a Dates. ty 4 ce — 166 - 14. Summary list of invertebrate candidates for the Bern Convention Species Appendix Arthropoda Insecta Dictyoptera: Mantodea 1. Apteromantis aptera Odonata: Zygoptera 2. Coenagrion freyi 3. Coenagrion mercuriale 4. Calopteryx syriaca Odonata: Anisoptera 5. Ophiogomphus cecilia 6. Stylurus (=Gomphus) flavipes 7. Aeshna viridis 8. Oxygastra curtisii 9. Macromia splendens 10. Leucorrhinia albifrons 11. Leucorrhinia caudalis 12. Brachythemis fuscopalliata Orthoptera 13. Baetica ustulata 14. Saga pedo Coleoptera 15. Calosoma sycophanta 16. Carabus intricatus 17. Carabus olympiae 18. Dytiscus latissimus 19. Graphoderus bilineatus 20. Osmoderma eremita 21. Buprestis splendens 22. Cucujus cinnaberinus 23. Cerambyx cerdo 24. Morimus funereus 25. Rosalia alpina Lepidoptera 26. Papilio hospiton 27. Lycaena dispar 28. Maculinea teleius 29. Maculinea nausithous 30. Maculinea rebeli 31. Coenonympha oedippus 32. Erebia christi 33. Hypodryas maturna 34. Eriogaster catax 35. Phyllodesma ilicifolia 36. Graellsia isabellae 37. Hyles hippophaes 38. Proserpinus proserpina It II II Il Il 11 1I It Tl Il Il 5 UE It iI Il 1I II It Il Il Teh: Vir II II II 11 ll II II II II II Il ll Ti Iil Il Il Status Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Endenzeced Vulnerable Vulnerable Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered Endangered tndangered Endangered Vulnerable Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vidar ~ acim sm Tah, ~ salts 168 oft? 4 WORE IDKns saat ievet Qo ta yen As oudery eloasqeh § 4) : ? 7 - ai te eee = i Be nireneh } em Weve Ss ee Pe saNuawoedeta.” cv Sorygasied 4 Ron: Aiadon s Ceesik ves = : Se ee i Pareles, ita - 167 - Hymenoptera 39. Formica rufa 40. Formica aquilonia 41. Formica lugubris 42. Formica polyctena 43. Formica pratensis Arachnida Araneae 44. Macrothele calpeiana 45. Dolomedes plantarius Crustacea Astacidae 46. Astacus astacus 47. Austropotamobius pallipes Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora 48. Myxas glutinosa 49. Segmentina nitida Stylommatophora 50. Catinella arenaria 51. Oxyloma sarsi 52. Vertigo angustior 53. Vertigo genesii 54. Vertigo geyeri 55. Vertigo moulinsiana 56. Geomalacus maculosus 57. Balea perversa 59. Helix pomatia 58. Elona quimperiana 60. Madeiran land snails (16 spp.) Bivalvia Unionoida 76. Margaritifera margaritifera 77. Margaritifera auricularia Annelida Hirudinea Arhynchobdellae 78. Hirudo medicinalis III III 1f1 If 111 Il Il Ill IiI II de II 11 Il 1I Il Il Il 1l Ill 1I Il Ill EI Ill Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Endangered Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable 1 f a) y, ih png iow adanaae (ol pment Wye al enn alt ban ine ies! nu in ie i a i a hi WW . ' v P r oh