WHOI DOCUMENT COLLECTION i Instrumentation at CERC’s Field Research Facility, Duck, North Carolina by H. Carl Miller MISCELLANEOUS REPORT NO. 80-8 OCTOBER 1980 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. U.S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER Kingman Building 1 ee Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060 205 Re, i hA®> 2a @F Reprint or republication of any of this material shall give appropriate credit to the U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center. Limited free distribution within the United States of single copies of this publication has been made by this Center. Additional copies are available from: National Technical Information Service ATTN: Operations Division 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 Contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. | oow30 U0 I H i | wi ii UN UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.| 3. RECIPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER MR 80-8 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED INSTRUMENTATION AT CERC'S FIELD RESEARCH MIS CEIIEMCGRS) Leese FACILITY, DUCK, NORTH CAROLINA 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) H. Carl Miller 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK Department of the Army AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERRE-CO) A31537 Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE Department of the Army October 1980 Coastal Engineering Research Center 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 42 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS(if different from Controlling Office) 1S. SECURITY CLASS. (of thie report) UNCLASSIFIED {Sa. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thie Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, if different from Report) 18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Coastal Engineering Research Center Meteorological instruments Duck, North Carolina Oceanographic instruments Field Research Facility 20. ABSTRACT (Continue om reverse side if necessary and identify by block number) Report describes the oceanographic and meteorological instrumentation used for the collection of environmental data at the Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) Field Research Facility (FRF) at Duck, North Carolina; the necessary information for proper interpretation of the instrument data is also presented. An appendix contains installation summaries for each instrument described in the report. DD , FORM 1473 EDITION oF 1 Nov 65 1S OBSOLETE eT) 1) UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Wren Data Entered) PREFACE This report provides a hasic description of the oceanographic and meteoro- logical instrumentation used for the collection of environmental data at the Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) Field Research Facility (FRF) at Duck, North Carolina; it also provides the information necessary for proper interpretation of the instrument data. The report is intended as a reference for subsequent reports which will contain summaries of the data collected from the instruments. The work was carried out under the CERC's waves and coastal flooding program. The report was prepared by H. Carl Miller, Oceanographer, under the super- vision of Dr. C.L. Vincent, Chief, Coastal Oceanography Branch and C. Mason, Chief, Field Research Facility Group, Research Division. The author acknowledges the helpful review comments from M.G. Mattie of CERC, R. Masterson, National Ocean Survey (NOS), and J. O'Brien, National Wea- ther Service (NWS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Comments on this publication are invited. Approved for publication in accordance with Public Law 166, 79th Congress, approved 31 July 1945, as supplemented by Public Law 172, 88th Congress, approved 7 November 1963. 7 e TED E. BISHOP Colonel, Corps of Engineers Commander and Director IEICE IV CONTENTS CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC JONPONOD YEG 5 og 5 6 ao 6 6 6 o 0 6 INSTRUMENTATION AT THE FRF ... . 1. Oceanographic Instruments . . 2. Meteorological Instrumentation. (SI))a o 6 oe e ° ° ° e ° ° SAMPLING INFORMATION AND SUMMARY DESCRIPTIONS. ..... .» | DWalemlteenl WANS WA oo 6 0 0 6 - Current Meter Data. ... - Monthly Tide Summaries... . - Meteorological Observations . il 2 ap oMnd 3. Conductivity and Temperature Data 4 5 DYMBA IKON RSHES 6 o 6 656 60 6 6 6 UIE DIR, (IIH) 5 5 5 566 6 6 ao Gc APPENDIX INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION CHART. . . 14 15 FIGURES RIS IOCAEstom THY) 46 6.50 6060 6,60 060 0 Instrument locations at FRF. ...... Baylor wave staff gage and support system. Water depth envelope along the FRF pier. WEN/ABerGlere OUOSSI0 9 5b 0 0 9 0 18 Weierestalere juypesbuys5 6 6°00 6 0G 6 Pressubemwaviemeace carmemicn lcilcniculeiien iol 1. T-bracket used for current meter and pressure gage Cunnentemeter ainstalslatsiongnaemcencn ren ice Hydrolab Model TC-2 conductivity probe . Hydrolab Model T-4 temperature probe . Hydrolab temperature and conductivity meters NOS control station at end of pier... Leupold-Stevens tide gage. ....... Bristol pressure tideyeagey. 1) nel conic installations 20 16 17 18 19 20 2a 22 753) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 SV 33 34 35 CONTENTS FIGURES-—-Continued Fischer-Porter tide gage... Metercraft pressure tide gage. . Sjestililainys Wells 56°60 0 5 6.0 0 A model F420C anemometer used to Wind speed and direction gages . MEL CIO ENCOVICEYDIN 5 56 05°00 oO 0 6 INNS DENECMIBIEGE 5 oo 66 8 oO Ol oO BhVEAEOE Vena uOyceINN 6 G 6 0 5.0 0 oO measure wind speed and direction. . ° ° ° ° ° e e ° e ° ° e ° ° ° ° ee e ° e ° ° ° e e e ° ° e e e ° ° ° ° Wood shelter which houses the hygrothermograph . ... =... .. © » Recording rain gage. ...... Six-inch plastic rain gage... SULA WEVCNCOINDIEGIE G 6 6 6 6 o. 6 Mechanical pyranograph .... . Example of the CERC monthly wave hediehtsMand pemdiodisi.. sc.) Example of the CERC monthly wave data summary for significant wave ° e e ° e e ° ° ° e ° e e ° ° ° ° ° data summary for distribution of SaleaMaseal@ete WEN leslie \acswS jeter! 5 5 566.0 66 0 600 000 0 Example of graph showing significant wave height and period WEHSUS tN 5 Go 6 0°60 0 oo 0.0 Example of spectrum plot... . Example of NOS tide summary. . . ° ° e ° e ° e ° ° ° ° ° ° e e e ° ° Example of meteorological observations recorded on CERC Form 78-236. Example of daily meteorological observation summaries. . ..... . CONVERSION FACTORS, U.S. CUSTOMARY TO METRIC (SI) UNITS OF MEASUREMENT U.S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric (SI) units as follows: Multiply by To obtain inches 25.4 millimeters 2.54 centimeters square inches 6.452 square centimeters cubic inches 16.39 cubic centimeters feet 30.48 centimeters 0.3048 meters square feet 0.0929 Square meters cubic feet 0.0283 cubic meters yards 0.9144 meters square yards 0.836 square meters cubic yards 0.7646 cubic meters miles 1.6093 kilometers square miles 259.0 hectares knots 1.852 kilometers per hour acres 0.4047 hectares foot-pounds 1.3558 newton meters millibars Lely x io 2 kilograms per square centimeter ounces 28.35 grams pounds 453.6 grams 0.4536 kilograms ton, long 1.0160 metric tons ton, short 0.9072 metric tons degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins! use formula: To obtain Kelvin (K) readings, use formula: 1To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, C = (S/9) (F -32). Ke (Gf) G2 462) & 27S, 1s, INSTRUMENTATION AT CERC'S FIELD RESEARCh FACILITY, DUCK, NORTH CAROLINA by H. Carl Miller I. INTRODUCTION The Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) Field Research Facility (FRF) is located on the Outer Banks, North Carolina, near the village of Duck (Fig. 1). The FRF provides a means for obtaining high-quality field data, par- ticularly during storms, in support of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers coastal research missions. The FRF consists of an 1,840 foot-long concrete research pier supported on 3-foot-diameter steel piles. The pier deck is 20 feet wide, 25 feet above mean sea level (MSL), and extends from behind the dunes to approx- imately the 25-foot depth contour. In addition, the main building contains offices, a technical library, an instrument repair shop, and a data acquisition room. A Basic Environmental Measurements (BEM) program has been established to collect, analyze, and disseminate data on selected oceanographic and meteoro- logical conditions at the FRF. Weekly bottom profiles along both sides of the pier and periodic bathymetric surveys (from behind the dune to 1 or 2 miles from shore) along ranges as far as 2.5 miles north and south of the pier are also performed as part of the BEM. This report describes the instrumentation maintained at the FRF for the BEM study and the types of data that are obtained as part of that program. It is intended as a reference report to provide users with information necessary for an understanding of how and where the data are collected. Subsequent reports will summarize the data collected by the instruments described herein. Section II describes the instruments and their locations. Section III de- scribes the data sampling procedure and the format of each type of data summary; Section IV discusses how to request data from CERC. An Appendix contains in- stallation summaries for each instrument described in this report. II. INSTRUMENTATION AT THE FRF CERC maintains most of the oceanographic and meteorologic instrumentation in the vicinity of the FRF. However, tide gages have been installed by the National Ocean Survey (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to monitor water levels in the ocean along the pier and in the sound ad- jacent to the FRF. The NOS Tides Branch at Rockville, Maryland, prepares month- ly water level summaries from selected gages. In addition, the National Weather Service (NWS), NOAA, maintains wind measuring anemometers at the facility. 1. Oceanographic Instruments. The location of each oceanographic instrument at the FRF (described below) is shown in Figure 2; station numbers in the figure correspond to the distance (in feet) from a reference base line to the installation. The shore end of the pier is at station number 1+20. dew uot3e00T dyad ‘°T ean3ty S810Y§ wsayjnos VNIDUIA > anVas Tvasio : 9 Mu@S.Sb.SL Ni 9S. O1.9€ \ ALMoWs HOWWaSaY aad |. huna™ ev) oS s2)eHD 14 IMIAVSINI ‘aq 2e SsuOTJeDOT JUeUNAASUT °7 eANsTyY (4 40 Spospuny) soquoy uorjorS 00+E6 00+28 00+18 00+G62 00+69. oo+res 00+26 OO+1G 00+Se 00+6¢ OO+EE 00+22 oO+le OO+s! 00+6 OO+E 00+Ef- 00+6- 0O+GI- O0+12- 00+42- 00+06 00+ v8 00+82 00+22 00+99 00+09 00+bS 00+89 00+20 00+9£ 00+0€ 00+e2 00+8! 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Staff Wave Gages. Three staff gages are used to collect wave data as part of the BEM. Two gages are located at stations 6+20 and 19+00; the third gage is located at Jennette's fishing pier (about 25 miles south of the FRE), Nags Head, North Carolina. The wave staffs are parallel inductive cable types manufactured by the Baylor Company, Houston, Texas (Fig. 3). Each wave staff consists of two wire ropes 0.5 inch in diameter held parallel under tension 9 inches apart. Asso- ciated with each staff is a transducer element which yields an electrically linear (direct current) output that is proportional to the amount of cable above a short circuit on the staff caused by the conducting characteristics of seawater. The gage is designed for an accuracy and resolution of 1 and 0.1 percent ful] scale, respectively. (For additional details on the wave staffs, refer to Baylor Company, 1970.) The gage installations at stations 6+20 and 19+00 use a hanger bracket support at the top and an anchor system on the bottom which are centered under the pier deck midway between adjacent pilings (Fig. 3). The Nags Head staff has rigid top and bottom supports connected directly to a wooden piling on the north side of the pier. The water depth at each gage fluctuates as a function of both the water level and bottom elevation. Figure 4 shows the maximum and minimum bottom ele- vations observed along the FRF pier between 27 July 1977 and 4 January 1979. b. Wave Measuring Buoys. Two Datawell Waverider buoy wave sensors are de- ployed at the FRF (Fig. 5). One sensor is located near the seaward end of the pier in about 23 feet of water; the other sensor is 1.3 miles due east of the end of the pier in about 60 feet of water (Fig. 2). The Waverider is a buoy which follows the movement of the water surface with internal electronics that measure the vertical acceleration of the buoy. The signal is integrated twice to produce a surface displacement signal which is telemetered to a shore re- ceiving station. The mooring used to fix the buoy in position is an integral part of the wave measuring system, designed to allow the buoy to move freely with the sea surface but strong enough to withstand the large forces caused by storm waves. Figure 6 shows the nearshore and offshore Waverider mooring systems at the FRF. The mooring components and their dimensions are a function of the water depth where the buoys are deployed. The offshore mooring system (deployed in about 60 feet of water) consists of a black rubber stretch cord, a buoyant polypropylene white rope, and a nylon-covered, stainless-steel rope covered with an air compressor hose cut into 8-inch lengths (foreground of photo in Fig. 6). The air compressor hose protects the rope from abrasion as it is dragged back and forth on the ocean bottom. The nearshore mooring system consists only of the rubber cord for de- ployment in depths of 25 feet or less (background of photo in Fig. 6). Addi- tional details on the buoy operation and mooring configuration are in Van Breugel, Verhagen, and Gerritzen (1972). c. Pressure Wave Gage. A single pressure gage is installed under the sea- ward end of the FRF pier. The gage sensor consists of a transducer (manufactured by I.C. Transducers, Inc., San Jose, California), coupled to a Bellofram gage protector and enclosed in a PVC housing (Fig. 7). With this arrangement, the pressure is sensed by the diaphragm in the gage protector and transmitted by an oil-filled cavity to the transducer. (Additional details on the transducer may be obtained from the manufacturer.) The gage is located at station 19+40 in approximately 27 feet of water (Fig. 2). The pressure sensor is attached to a special T-shaped bracket anchored to the bottom (Fig. 8). 10 Pier Deck Line Hanger Bracket Baylor Gage Bottom Plate Turnbuckle Crossarm Flukes in Open Position Figure 3. Baylor wave staff gage and support system. ELEVATION CFT} 20 Qa tal 0 2u0 Figure 4. VERTICAL DATUM IS MSL; HORIZONTAL DATUM IS FRF MONUMENTATION BASE LINE 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 OXSTANCE CFT} Water depth envelope along the FRF pier, 27 July 1977 to 4 January 1979. 2000 Figure 5. Waverider buoys. 12 Figure 6. Waverider moorings. 13 *a93e3 JACM BANSSeIg °2 oanstgq 14 *UOTIETTEISUT o3e3 ainsseid pue ASejOW JUeTAIND AOJF pesn FoOyoeAG-] °g sansTy Buys uoonpey YILIN ILNFYYND JOVI FUNSSIYd yJOW U01j0jUB110 5 d. Current Meters. Two Marsh-McBirney (MMI) 551 electromagnetic current meters are deployed at the FRF, one at station 19+40 under the seaward end of the pier and the other at approximately the same distance from shore but 500 feet north of the pier (Fig. 2). The meter under the pier is attached to the T-bracket shown in Figure 8; the other meter installation is shown in Figure 9. The MMI current meters are solid-state instruments with no moving parts. The meter's operation is based on Faraday's principle of electromagnetic induction, i.e., a conductor moving through a magnetic field will produce a voltage pro- portional to the speed of the conductor. The probe for the meter consists of a 4-inch-diameter sphere which contains an electromagnet and two pairs of elec- trodes. The two orthogonal electrode pairs sense the vector component voltages induced when the water moves through the magnetic field produced by the elec- tromagnet. The instrument range is +10 feet per second with an accuracy of +2 percent or +0.07 foot per second and a 0.2-second time constant; zero drift is less than 0.07 foot per second. Additional details on the MMI 551 meters are in Marsh-McBirney, Inc. (1978). e. Conductivity and Temperature Meters. Two Hydrolab Model TC-2 conduc- tivity probes (Fig. 10) and two Hydrolab Model T-4 temperature probes (Fig. 11) are located under the seaward end of the pier at station 1960. One conduc- tivity and one temperature probe is 10 feet below MSL; the other pair is 22 feet below MSL. The TC-2 determines the total concentration of ions in solu- tion using the four-electrode method of conductivity measurement. The method consists of separating the electrodes that supply the current in the conduc-— tivity cell from the electrodes that measure the voltage produced in the solution by passage of the current through the cell. This technique eliminates errors due to cable resistance and electrode polarization, and diminishes the effects of electrode fouling (Garner, 1972). Measurements of conductivity also vary with temperature; the TC-2 instruments are electronically corrected to 25° Celsius for temperature variations. Water temperature is measured by the TC-2 using a precision thermistor temperature sensor contained in the conductivity probe. The conductivity output data signal is stated to be accurate to within 2.5 percent of the reading and the temperature readings to within +0.5° Celsius. Mounted a few inches above the TC-2 probes are T-4 Marine Hydrographic ther- mometers which have a range from -2° to 49° Celsius. The conductivity and tem- perature values are obtained by reading Hydrolab meters located in a stainless- steel box on the pier deck (Fig. 12). (Additional details on the conductivity and temperature probes may be obtained from the Hydrolab Corporation, Austin, Texas.) f. Tide Gages. Three NOS tide stations consisting of four gages are in- stalled at the FRF. The NOS control station (Fig. 13) at the seaward end of the research pier (Fig. 2) consists of a Leupold-Stevens gage (Fig. 14; manu- factured by Leupold and Stevens, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon) and a Bristol pressure gage (Fig 15; manufactured by the Bristol Company, Waterbury, Connecticut). The second tide station (located at station 7+20) has a Fischer-Porter tide gage (Fig. 16; manufactured by Fischer and Porter Company, Warminster, Pennsylvania). The third station (located about 1,000 feet west of the shore in the Currituck Sound) has a Metercraft pressure tide gage (Fig. 17; manufactured by Metercraft Corporation, Perry Hall, Maryland). Both the Leupold-Stevens and Fischer-Porter analog-to-digital recorders (ADR) are float-activated, negator-spring, counterpoised instruments that me- chanically convert the vertical motion of a float into a coded, punched 16 CURRENT METER Orientation Mark %" dia. Typ. 4 Pl ot 90° i " 1S on 42 Dio. on same Center Line as Probe Axis 54 fe ’ aa z oi Plate 4 Leveling Bolts Vector RMS-6S-BCL (SS) r 6" 9 Ne Threaded Nipple for Jet Jetted into Ocean Botlom jus! Below Nipple aly Reduction Fitting Figure 9. Current meter installation. Figure 10. Hydrolab Model TC-2 conductivity probe. Figure 11. Hydrolab Model T-4 temperature probe. Figure 12. Hydrolab temperature and conductivity meters. Figure 13. NOS control station at end of pier. 19 °98e3 opty einssead [oqSTag “GT ean3ta °a8e3 apt} sueveqs-ppodney yT e1n3Ty 20 se Figure 16. Fischer-Porter tide gage. Figure 17. Metercraft pressure tide gage. él paper-tape record. The below-deck installations at stations 19+60 and 7+20 con- sist of 12-inch-diameter stilling wells with a l-inch orifice and 0.5-inch orifice, respectively, and an 8.5-inch float (Fig. 18). The stilling well acts as a high-frequency filter to dampen the effects of waves, thereby giving accu- racy to the measurements of water level fluctuations produced by the tide. The float, which responds to any variation in the water column within the stilling well, is coupled to a float-wire takeup drum and input shaft assembly via a stainless-steel wire. The angular position of the input shaft is recorded on paper tape every 6 minutes in a standard binary-decimal code. Figure 18. Stilling well. The Bristol and Metercraft pressure gages measure the hydrostatic pressure created by a column of water above a submerged orifice. The orifice and the re- cording instrument are linked by a nitrogen-filled, plastic supply line. Any change in the hydrostatic pressure, such as that caused by the rise and fall of the tide, is transmitted to the recorder where the pressure variations are re- corded on a strip chart as changes in water depth. To monitor tide gage operation and provide datum information, electric tape gages have been installed at stations 19+60 and 7+20 in lieu of a tide staff. The operating principle of the tape gage is based on the electrical conductivity of seawater. The gage consists of a stainless-steel tape on a takeup reel, 6- inch-diameter stilling well, voltmeter, and battery. The weighted tape, grad-— uated to hundredths of a foot, completes an electrical circuit upon contact with the seawater inside the metal stilling well. The distance to the water level at that instant is measured below a reading mark on the tape. The reading mark 22 has a known elevation relative to tidal bench marks and the National Geodetic Vertical Control Network. The electric tape gage readings are compared with the automatically recorded tide record. Additional details on each gage may be ob- tained from the respective manufacturer. 20 Meteorological Instrumentation. To monitor the meteorological conditions at the FRF, various equipment has been installed by the NWS and CERC. Figure 2 shows the location of the mete- orological instruments. Although CERC is responsible for collecting the data, NWS provides guidance on installations and maintains the anemometer. In ad- dition to any permanent records obtained from the devices with recording capabilities, each instrument is read daily (at approximately 0700 hours). Ad- ditional details on the instruments described below may be obtained from the respective manufacturer or from NWS. a. Anemometer. A model F420C anemometer is used to measure wind speed and direction (Fig. 19). A cup rotor and a spread-tail wind vane were installed on a 21-foot-high tower about 65 feet from a temporary office trailer. The ane- mometer is coupled to wind speed and direction gages inside the trailer to moni- tor the onshore wind conditions (Fig. 20), The gages are manufactured by the Electric Speed Indicator Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Be Se Figure 19. A model F420C anemometer used to measure wind speed and direction. 23 Figure 20. Wind speed and direction gages. The accuracy of the speed transmitter and indicator assemblies is +1 knot from 2- to 100-knot winds and +2 knots for 100- to 200-knot winds at 20° to 25° Celsius. The wind-direction transmitter and indicator assemblies are ac- curate to +5° at an airspeed of 5 knots or greater for any horizontal direction at 20° to 25° Celsius. The wind-direction transmitter assembly includes a direction transmitter body and a spread-tail wind vane. The transmitter body consists of a 12-volt (direct current) synchro transmitter coupled to the wind-vane shaft. The mo- ment of inertia of the vane is approximately 583,000 gram-centimeters squared. The synchro transmitting element gives a minimum resistance to the electrical current when the vane is directed to due north and increases the resistance as the vane turns away from north. Two potentiometers are used to determine which direction the vane has turned with respect to north. The windspeed transmitter includes a windspeed transmitter body and a cup rotor. A direct-current magneto is coupled to the cup rotor and provides a voltage-versus revolution-per-minute ratio of 0.004007 with an electrical load of 428.6 ohms. The terminal resistance of the magneto is 40 ohms +1 ohm; the moment of inertia of the cup rotor and magneto armature is 70,/00 gram- centimeters squared (maximum). National Weather Service (1979) provides addi- tional details on the wind measuring system. In late 1979, an analogue recorder was installed to provide continuous records of the wind speed and direction. 24 b. Microbarograph. This instrument, manufactured by the Belfort Instru- ment Company, Baltimore, Maryiand, is located inside the building and is used to measure the atmospheric pressure and pressure tendency (Fig. 21). The device is an aneroid sensor which responds to pressure changes on the order of 0.005 inches of mercury. The pressure tendency can be determined from the chart record; i.e., the total change in pressure over a 3-hour period and the direction of change (increasing, decreasing, or some combination). Figure 21. Microbarograph. c. Barometer. A NWS barometer is also used for monitoring atmospheric pressure (Fig. 22). This device is an aneroid barometer with a 2-inch-diameter bimetallic wafer which expands or contracts with changes in pressure. The pressure (in inches) is read directly off the gage. Additional details on the barometer can be provided by the Basic Observations Branch, NWS. d. Hygrothermograph. The hygrothermograph (Fig. 23) is located in an outdoor, ventilated instrument shelter (Fig. 24). This instrument, also manu- factured by the Belfort Instrument Company, is used to measure and record both air temperature and relative humidity. The temperature sensor consists of a bimetal assembly made from two dissimilar metals which react to temperature changes at different rates. The recording styles (or pens) are driven by the expansion or contraction of the assembly. The relative humidity is sensed by 25 Figure 22. NWS barometer. ‘Figure 23. Hygrothermograph. 26 Figure 24. Wood shelter which houses the hygrothermograph. a banjo-spread human hair element which expands when the humidity increases and contracts when it decreases, causing the second recording pen to deflect appro- iately. In addition to the daily observations, a 7-day continuous chart record is produced. e. Maximum and Minimum Thermometers. The NWS thermometers (housed in the instrument shelter) are used to determine the daily extreme temperatures (Fig. 24). A constriction in the capillary of the maximum thermometer prevents the mercury from flowing back into the bulb. The mercury is forced past the con- striction as the temperature rises but does not return through it when the tem- perature falls, causing a thread of mercury to remain in the tube at,the highest temperature reached. The thermometers are held in a special mounting device called a Townsend Support (see Fig. 23) which allows a reset of the thermome- ters without removal. The high temperature thermometer is reset by spinning it in the Townsend Support, thereby causing enough centrifugal force to force the mercury back through the constriction. The minimum thermometer has a small, dark glass index in the thermometer bore which is pulled toward the bulb by the surface tension of the mercury meniscus as the temperature drops and remains stationary when the temperature rises. The thermometer is mounted horizontally except when the instrument is reset. Resetting is facilitated by the Townsend Support and consists of rais- ing the bulb of the thermometer, thus causing the index to slide downward (to- ward higher temperatures) in the tube. The thermometers are read and reset once a day. Additional details on the thermometers can be provided by the Basic Observations Branch, NWS. 27 f. Twelve-Inch Weighing Rain Gage. This gage (manufactured by the Belfort Instrument Company, Baltimore, Maryland) is used to measure and record the daily amount of precipitation (Fig. 25), and is located near the instrument shelter (Fig. 2). The gage sensor consists of a 1-foot-high collection bucket (8 inches in diameter), a weighing mechanism connected to the recorder pen, and a chart drive for continuously recording the amount of precipitation. The weighing device is a spring scale connected through a lever mechanism to a pen that moves across the chart. The rain capacity is expressed in inches but is measured in terms of weight; i.e., 1 inch is 29.02 ounces at 62.56° Celsius. The manufacturer's specifications indicate that the instrument accuracy is 0 to 6 inches +0.5 percent (+0.03 inch of precipitation) and 6 to 12 inches +1.0 percent (+0.06 inch of precipitation). Daily observations of the total pre- cipitation are recorded and the chart records are retained for future reference. Figure. 25. Recording rain gage. g. Six-Inch Plastic Rain Gage. The 6~inch rain gage (a True Check Rain Gage manufactured by the Edwards Manufacturing Company, Alberta Tea, Minnesota) (Fig. 26) is located about 25 feet from the 12-inch weighing rain gage (Fig. 2). The gage is simply a catch with a calibrated scale and is used as a check for the 12-inch weighing rain gage. Daily totals are recorded and the gage is man- ually (emptied) reset. 28 Figure 26. Six-inch plastic rain gage. h. Sling Psychrometer. A sling psychrometer is used to measure relative humidity and to determine the dew point (Fig. 27). The psychrometer has two thermometers mounted in a frame which can be rotated rapidly. A moistened mus- lin wick is attached to the bulb of one of the thermometers and the device is whirled to ventilate both thermometers. The temperature is read from both the "wet" and the "dry'' bulb thermometers and a set of tables is used to obtain the relative humidity and dew point values from the different temperatures. The dew point is recorded daily along with the other meteorological observations. Additional details on the sling psychrometer can be provided by the Basic Observations Branch, NWS. i. Mechanical Pyranograph. This device, located on top of the weather instrument shelter and made by the Weather Measure Corporation, Sacramento, California, provides a continuous record of the intensity of the sun and sky radiation (Fig. 28). Two black and two white bimetallic strips are coupled to- gether with the black strips attached through a linkage to the recording pen. As the radiation heats the black strips, the pen deflects. The white strips provide compensation for ambient temperature changes. The area under the curve on the chart record is a measure of the total radiation. The chart records are -collected and stored without analysis. 29 Figure 27. Sling psychrometer. Figure 28. Mechanical pyranograph. 30 IIL. SAMPLING INFORMATION AND SUMMARY DESCRIPTIONS 1. Digital Wave Data. Routinely, four digital records per day at times near 0100, 0700, 1300, and 1900 e.s.t. are obtained from the CERC wave gages. Each record is 20 minutes long with a sample frequency of four data points per second. Thompson (1977) describes the method used to analyze the digital data records. Monthly summa- ries of significant wave height and peak spectral period are available for dissemination. For the pressure-wave gage, the surface pressure record is attenuated with depth. In order for the pressure record sensed by the gage to reflect surface conditions, linear wave theory is used to compensate for the hydrodynamic at- tenuation; Esteva and Harris (1970) provide a discussion of the compensation technique used by CERC. These data are sampled at 4 hertz for a 20-minute per- iod as are the other wave sensors. The FRF wave data are summarized in the standard CERC monthly wave data summary format which consists of (a) a listing of the significant wave height and peak spectral wave period by day and time (Fig. 29), (b) a joint distribu- tion of significant wave height versus peak spectral period (Fig. 30), and (c) a graph of the significant wave height and peak spectral period versus time (Fig. 31). When requested, the spectral energy distribution as a function of wave frequency can be printed or plotted (Fig. 32). 2. Current Meter Data. The current meter data are obtained as x and y components of velocity four times a day for 20 minutes at a frequency of four data points per second. The statistical package is designed to treat the data exactly like wave height in- formation. Consequently, for each current component the mean of the data record, the standard deviation, and the spectral energy distribution are com- puted. The only summarization is in the form of Figure 29 where a listing of the mean current, standard deviation, and peak spectral period as a function of the day and time is generated. 3. Conductivity and Temperature Data. The conductivity and temperature gages are read once daily and the data are recorded as notes on the CERC Littoral Environmental Observation (LEO) forms for the pier end LEO site. The LEO visually observed data are summarized by computer after the data have been punched on cards. An analog recorder (in- stalled in April 198C) is used for continuously recording the water conduc- tivity and temperature. 4, Monthly Tide Summaries. The paper tapes and strip-chart records are sent to the NOS, Rockville, Maryland, where monthly tabulations of hourly tide heights and high and low water level summaries are prepared. Copies of the tabulated summaries are for- warded to CERC. Tidal datums at the FRF are computed by the NOS ortice. 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Daily monitoring of the instruments facilitates rapid identification of problems with the equipment as well as obtaining clima- tological information. An example of the daily meteorological observation summaries for 1 month of data from the FRF is shown in Figure 35. IV. DATA REQUESTS The Coastal Engineering Information and Analysis Center (CEIAC) is respon- sible for storing and disseminating most data collected at the FRF under the BEM. All data requests should be in writing and addressed to: Coastal Engi- neering Research Center, Corps of Engineers, Kingman Building, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060. Tidal data other than summaries should be obtained directly from the Tides Branch, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Maryland 20850. A complete explanation of the exact data desired for specific dates or times will expedite filling any request. The request should also explain how the data will be used to help determine if other relevant data are available. For information regarding the availability of data, contact CEIAC at (202) 325-7386. 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JOC4 DO(d DOQNIMLO( OH JO © GF ANE 2 ANT b ANT O(SIM eH) el(KnayoInts ATO @AwS Caf IIHa® F 4 UIIdS HIVE UV 4 0430S HINOVIne AdOH WHEN TIACdH Ide MILE IMG OSIMINE)G INIASTXIOD Adnao wislAe y3A02 © ry e e @ Pa ANTS § aId- n@ ONT ONE Io 9M40e Lime ANN MO VeHDIN_ 344 WEVOSNL-STONOI DIMI IMO e ano) ¢ e wd vada 10 wANnow °O°N “WONG SAIFTFORA YOAVesay pTatq ey? eB suoTIeAIaSgO TeoFZ0TOI0a3am ATTeEG 39 LITERATURE CITED BAYLOR COMPANY, "Handbook HB-13528," Houston, Tex., Mar. 1970. ESTEVA, E., and HARRIS, D.L., “Comparison of Pressure and Staff Wave Gage Records," Proceedings of the 12th Coastal Engineering Conference, American Society of Civil Engineers, Ch. 7, 1970, pp. 101-115 (also Reprint 2-71, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington, DoCo5 MES 73D G37) GARNER, W., Jr., ''Four-Electrode Conductivity Measurements,'’ Hydrolab Technical Note 1, Austin, Tex., Dec. 1972. MARSH-McBIRNEY, INCORPORATED, "Model 551 Electromagnetic Water Current Meter," TWX No. 710-828-0083, Gaithersburg, Md., 1978. THOMPSON, E.F., "Wave Climate at Selected Locations Along U.S. Coasts," TR 77-1, U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, Va., Jan 1977. NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE, "Specification No. F420C-SP001, Wind Measuring System," Silver Spring, Md., Sept. 1970. VAN BREUGEL, J.G.A., VERHAGEN, C.M., and GERRITZEN, P.L., "Operation and Service Manual for Waverider," Haarlem, Netherlands, 1972. 40 Sensor No. 615 619, 629 (channels X and Y respec- tively) 639, 649 (channels X and Y respec-— tively) 612 613 * 602 _ 603 865-1370 865-1371 Data Medium Sensor Initial type Location depth(MSL) range installation at sensor N ly de A fo (ft) (ft) (date) Wave Station 620 FRF pier 1/5) 28 23 Nov. 1977 Wave Station 1900 FRF pier 27 31 11 Nov. 1977 Wave Jennette's Fishing Pier, Nags Head, N.C. 17 25 Nov. 1977 Wave 350 ft NE. of seaward end of FRF pier 23 32 25 July 1978 Wave 1.3 mi. E.of seaward end of FRF pier 60 32 25 July 1978 Wave Station 1940 E2F pier 27 25 23 Nov. 1977 Mean and Station 1940 FRF wave- pier induced bottom currents 27 +10 ft/s 19 Nov. 1977 Mean and 500 ft N.ot FFF wave- pier at apprcximately induced Station 1940 bottom currents 21 +10 ft/s 19 Nov. 1977 Water 9.6 ft below MSL tempera- at station 1960, ture FRF pier 27 20 Nov. 1977 Conduc- 9.6 ft below NSL tivity at station 1°69, of sea- FRF pier 27 20 Nov. 1977 water Water 22 ft below MOL at tempera- station 1960, FRF ture pier 27 20 Nov. 1977 Conduc- 22 ft below MSL at tivity station 196(, FRF of sea- pier water 27 20 Nov. 1977 Water FRF pier .end at level station 1960 infor- a mation 27 14 Jan. 1979 Water FRF pier at station level 720 infor- mation 11 17 Dec. 1977 Water 1,000 ft W.of shore level in Currituck Sound infor- at FRF mation 5 28 Oct. 1977 Water 1,000 ft W..f£ shore level in Currituck Sound infor- at FRF mation 5 28 Oct. 1977 Sensor type Baylor staff continuous wire Baylor staff continuous wire Baylor staff continuous wire Waverider buoy Waverider buoy Pressure gage Electromagnetic current meter Electromagnetic current meter Temperature probe Conductivity probe Temperature probe Conductivity probe Leupold- Stevens float- activated tide gage Fischer- Porter float- activated gage Bubbler (pressure). tide gage Fischer-Porter float-activated tide gage APPENDLX INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION CHART 41 oe 865-1376 Metercraft pressure tide gage Anemometer Microbarograph Barometer Hygro- thermograph Maximum ther- mometer Minimum ther- mometer 12-inch weigh- ing rain gage 6-inch rain gage Sling psychrometer MeChanical pyranograph Water level infor- mation Wind speed and direc- tion Contin- uously records the at- mospheric pressure Atmos-— pheric pressure Contin- uously records the air tempera- ture and relative humidity Maximum air tem- perature Minimum air tem- perature Contin-— uously records the amount of precipi- tation Precipi- tation Dew point Solar radia- tion APPENDIX Location WS ee Medium depth(MSL) at sensor (£t) 1,000 ft W. of shore in Currituck Sound at FRF 190 ft behind the dune Inside office trailer Inside office trailer Located ir. the instru- ment shack, 300 ft from dune Instrumen. shelter Instrument shelter 285 ft behind the dune 270 ft behind the dune Used at instrument shelter Mounted on top of instrumer<: ehelter 42 Sensor Initial range installation (£t) (date) 15 July 1978 25 Feb. 1978 4 Mar. 1978 4 Mar. 1978 4 Mar. 1978 4 Mar. 1978 4 Mar. 1978 4 Mar. 1978 4 Mar. 1976 11 Dec. 1978 18 Jan. 19/9 109 ROE} COW awygcn* £0cOL *g-08 °OU q10de1 SnosUReTTeDSTW *dequaQ YoTeasay BuTAsouTsUy TeIseOD) *S*g :SeTIVS *[J]J ‘“*1aqUe) YyIIeVSay BuTrs9suT8uq Teqseo) *S°N “Il °eTITL “I *squewnaqjsuy dTydezaSouras9 *y *sjuowniqsutT [ed -T80OTOIO8IAW *—E *YoATPAeSe1 BSuTAssuTsuyq *Z seuT{TOTeD YIION SyHONG *] *xtTpuodde ue ut eie paqraosap Juewnajsuy yoeo IOF sataewuns UOTIETTEISUT *pajuesaid osTe st ejep JuawNAJsUT 9yz JO uoTIeW -eidiejut aadoid zoz uotTjewIozUT AAessadau ayq feuTToOrIe) YyRION ‘yong ae (aaa) AITTTOeT yOAvasoy plety (9NAD) $,19qUeD YyOTeasey BSuTIseuTsug Teyseo) ay} 3e Sep TeJUsWUOCATAUS JO UOTIIETTOO ayy AJOF pssn uotqjeq -uswNAISUT TeBOTZOTOIOSeQeW pue DTYyYdeAZoueaD0 ay soaqtaosep yjaoday *saouatayei TeoTYyderZ0TTQIq soepntouy (8-08 ‘Ou { lJeqUaDQ YoTeaSey BuUTIseUTSUq Teqseo) *S*n -- qaiodea snosueTTecostW) -- wo /Z : “TTT : *d [74] “O861 ‘a0TAITeS uOTJeWAOJUT TedTUYdeZ TeuoTIEeN woljy eTqeTteae : *ea ‘ppeatysutads { aaqua yoreossay BSutTaveautTsuq TeIseOD "Stn : "eA SATOATOEG 310g -- *ASTTIW 14k) *H Aq / eBuTTOIeD yqION HONG SAQTTTORY YOAeesey PTeTA S,OYAD 3e uoTJeQuownaqsuy Tie) *H SA2TTIW £09 GEO} COU aWwT ssn £0201 °g-08 °‘OU 310de1 SnosURTTeDSTW *JaqUa) YoIeassay BuTsde.UuT3Uy Teqyseog *S*n :SeTteg *JI] *1aeqUeD YOIeasey BSuTiseuTsuyq Teqseo) “S°N *II “e8TITL *1 *Squewnaqsut oTyderzsoueacg *h *squouwnaqsuT [eo -T80TOI0NIOW °E “YyOAReSeI BSuTAseuTsuq °Z ‘*eUTTOIeD YIAON ‘HONG *] *xTpuedde ue ut oie paqtaosap Juouwnaqysut yoea z0y satTiewwns uOTIETTeISUT ‘spajzuaseid oOsTe sT ejep JuoWNAQSUT oy JO UOoTIeQ -oeidisjut aedoid a0y uotjewioyzuT AAessadeu ay. feUTTOAe) YIION ‘SyONG 3e (dud) AITTTORY yOAeesoy PTety (YAN) S$,197UeD YOIeasoy BuTAveuTsUy yTeqseop ey} 3e eep [eJUaWUCATAUS JO UOTJIATTOO sy} OF posn uotjeI —ueswnijsuT [edTSoTOIOsJZaw pue ITYdeaZouRe|az0 ay. saqtiosap jaoday *saoueteyel [TeoTydeasoT[Tqrtq sepnzouy (8-08 °Ou £ JejUaD YOIeeSey BUTIseUTSUY Teaseog *S*m -- 340de1 snoosueTTeostTW) -- *wo /Z : “TTT : *d [Z4] “0861 ‘a0TAJeg uOTJeWAOFUT TeOTUYDaT TeUOCTIEN woijy eTqeytTeae : *e, ‘Spptetzs8utads { ataquag yoaeasay ButsoouT3suyq Teqiseop "Sth = "eA “ATOATEG 3404 -- *IOTTEW T4eD *H Aq / eUuTTOIeD yqION YONG SAATTTORY YOAeESsy PIETY S,OYAD Je uoTJequownaqysuy Tie) *H ‘I2TTIW 109 Oke}! 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