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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Publication No. 5
INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN THE
UNITED STATES
AND THE
OTHER REPUBLICS OF AMERICA
BY
HARRY ERWIN BARD
ENGLISH EDITION
PUBLISHED BY THE ENDOWMENT
WASHINGTON, D. C
1914
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION
Publication No. 5
INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN THE
UNITED STATES
AND THE
OTHER REPUBLICS OF AMERICA
With the Compliments of the
1 Division of Intercourse and Education
of the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 407 Wesl 1 1 7th Street, New York
PUBLISHED BY THE ENDOWMENT
WASHINGTON, D. C
1914
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION
Publication No. 5
INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN THE
UNITED STATES
AND THE
OTHER REPUBLICS OF AMERICA
BY
HARRY ERWIN BARD
ENGLISH EDITION
PUBLISHED BY THE ENDOWMENT
WASHINGTON. D. C.
1914
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
DIVISION OF INTERCOURSE AND EDUCATION
PUBLICATIONS
No. I SOME ROADS TOWARDS PEACE. By Dr. Charles W. Eliot English only. January, 1914.
No. 2 GERMAN INTERNATIONAL PROGRESS IN 1913. By Professor Dr. Wilhelm Paszkowski English only. September, 79/3
No. 3 EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE WITH JAPAN. By Dr.
Hamilton W. Mabie English only. December, /p/j
No. 4 REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION TO INQUIRE INTO THE CAUSES AND CONDUCT OF THE BALKAN WARS English and French. July,
No. 5 INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE OTHER REPUBLICS OF AMERICA. By Dr. Harry Erwin Bard English, Portuguese and Spanish. October, 1914
THE YEAR BOOK OF THE CARNEGIE ENDOW- MENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, PUBLISHED ANNUALLY, OR ANY OF THE ABOVE, MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION TO THE SECRETARY OF THE EN- DOWMENT, 2 JACKSON PLACE, WASHINGTON, D. C.
PREFACE
From the organization of the Division of Intercourse and Education of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1911, one of the bits of work most clearly in mind has been the development of closer acquaintance and better understanding between the peoples of the various republics on the American con- tinent. Owing to difficulties and delays interposed by distance as well as by slow communication, it has not been possible to proceed as rapidly with this part of the work of the Division as had been hoped. One or two plans that had been fully worked out failed of execution because of the illness of those who had been selected to execute them. On the other hand, something has perhaps been gained by the necessary delay. It has been possible to study more closely the various elements of the problems involved and to seek and obtain advice from leaders of opinion in the various countries of South America.
In pursuance of these plans and of the information and advice so gained, Mr. Robert Bacon made a noteworthy journey through some of the chief South American capitals in the summer of 1913. He explained in forceful and sym- pathetic fashion the organization and purpose of the Carnegie Endowment and took steps to form branches of the American Association for International Con- ciliation and of the American Society for International Law in the countries that he visited. Mr. Bacon was everywhere received with much cordiality and was listened to with marked and sympathetic attention.
Following Mr. Bacon's visit, a Pan American Division of the American Association for International Conciliation was organized. One of its first tasks was to arrange for the visit to South America during the summer of 1914 of a group of carefully selected and thoroughly representative teachers in the higher educational institutions of the United States. The object in view was to assure the presence in various widely scattered educational institutions in the United States, of men who had seen South America with their own eyes, who had talked with its representative men, and who could speak with some authority concerning the problems and activities of the other American republics.
That this task was successfully accomplished is plain to the reader of the report herewith presented. Those who made the trip have returned to the United
PREFACE
States full of enthusiasm for their South American friends and neighbors. They have gained much new information and will be able to make good use of it in aid of the purposes and policies of the Carnegie Endowment.
The important suggestions for future work that are contained in this report will be made the subject of careful study and such of them as are accepted by the Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment will be put into execution.
The peoples of the several American republics are being each year drawn together more closely than ever before. So soon as they find ways and means of breaking through the barriers which have been erected by difference of language and by separate political and historical traditions, and come to a complete understanding of each other's civilization and plan of life, they will be able to exert a profound influence on the Old World, because of their essentially iden- tical ideals and their common devotion to free institutions.
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER,
Acting Director October 21, 1914
DEVELOPING CLOSER INTELLECTUAL AND CUL
TURAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PEOPLES
OF THE UNITED STATES AND THOSE OF
OTHER REPUBLICS OF AMERICA
A Report
On a tour of the principal Capitals of South America by a party of university men under the auspices of the American Association for International Conciliation ; considered as a part of the plan for the development of closer intellectual and cultural relations between the peoples of the United States and of the other republics of America undertaken with the sanction and support of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
To THE TRUSTEES OF THE CARNEGIE
ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE:
In accordance with the provisions of a resolution of the Executive Commit- tee of the Endowment adopted December 20, 1913, the organization of work for developing closer intellectual and cultural relations between the peoples of the United States and of the other republics of America was begun immediately after this date under the auspices of the American Association for International Con- ciliation, as provided in the resolution.
The Pan American Division of the Association was organized, the objects of which as announced in its first bulletin issued January, 1914, are briefly as follows : to collect and to distribute reliable information; to encourage interchanges of students and teachers, and the exchange of visits of representative men and women, to promote the study of the official languages, the literature, history, laws, institutions, social practices, etc., of different republics ; to encourage opening of special institutes for social as well as for intellectual and cultural purposes ; and, finally, to establish and maintain close relations with all other organizations or institutions with which practical cooperation along these lines is possible.
The relations of the United States with the other republics of America up to the present have been almost exclusively of a political and commercial char- acter. Doctor Emilio Frers, of Argentina, has observed only recently that "the commercial and political relations maintained up till now have not been sufficient to form the foundation of reciprocal treatment on the basis of social equality which should correspond to peoples whose high estate of civilization entitles them to exact the integral recognition of their international personality."* A century or more of experience trying to establish satisfactory friendly relations between our people and the peoples of these republics on such a basis tends to confirm the exactness of this observation.
There are many reasons why our relations with the peoples of these republics should be close and intimate. Our political ideals ought to be much the same; our social problems are in many respects alike; our interests are very largely reciprocal. We have much to learn from the peoples of these republics, and they have something to learn from us. Where they are strongest we are deficient; where they are weaker we are strong. There are no other nations in the world with which we should have so much in common ; and there are no other nations whose important interests are reciprocal at so many points.
Notwithstanding these facts, a century of uninterrupted political and com- mercial relations between these republics and the United States has not been sufficient to effect the close bonds of friendship desired between their people and ours. On the contrary, the people of the United States have the unenviable reputation, almost world wide, of being disliked by the peoples of these growing states. It may be granted that this reputation is not too well founded and that it is much exaggerated by many ; but it must also be admitted that it is not wholly without foundation in fact. It is not the intention to discuss here the justification of this reputation or the origin or immediate causes of the dislike, in so far as it exists, or to determine the full responsibility for its continued existence, although such discussions would have value. The more fundamentally important consid- eration is the condition of things which encouraged such a reputation and made possible the development of any such dislike or now enables it to continue to exist.
These twenty of the twenty-one republics of America aggregate an area of some 9,000.000 square miles or three-fifths of that of the whole American con- tinent. The area of Brazil alone is some 3,000,000 square miles, or a little greater (than that of the United States. The total population of these twenty republics now is about 80,000,000. Their increase in population until recently has been slow, for very good and obvious reasons. The center of the east and west tide of travel and relations was at the beginning of the century about 40 degrees north latitude, from which point it has been moving slowly south to a latitude now of about 25 degrees. It has at the same time been gradually widening. There is
* An address, American Ideals ; published by the Museo Social Argentine, Buenos Aires,. 1914.
every reason to believe that these processes will continue, and will be much accelerated in the near future. Furthermore, a new north and south tide of travel and relations is now beginning to develop. The material progress in recent years of some of these republics has never been surpassed. The influence of such changes upon them will be great, and every phase of their development must be affected.
Between the peoples of the United States and these other republics of America there is little common knowledge and experience. We have almost no intellectual or cultural relations with them. The official language of one of these republics is Portuguese and of eighteen Spanish. These languages are as yet little taught in the United States, and the provisions made for teaching the literature, history, laws, etc., of these countries are very limited. Our political and commercial relations with them have no foundation in culture and learning; we are almost totally ignorant of the psychology of their people. The usual knowledge of them, derived for the most part from the daily press and through inferences based on information gained from school text-books, is not such as to inspire great respect. It is not infrequent that persons are placed in positions of responsibility affecting our relations with them, who know nothing of their language or social customs, much less of their literature, history, laws and institu- tions. This happens here as well as in those countries themselves.
With Europe our political and commercial relations have for their foundation hundreds of years of common culture and learning. The regular east and west tide of travel and relations has favored us in many ways. Every year hundreds of thousands of people come to make their homes among us ; many come to travel and to study, and thousands of our people go to Europe for similar purposes. With England we have the advantage of a common tongue; and the literature, history, laws, and institutions of England are taught in our schools, as are also the languages, literature, history, laws, and institutions of France and of Germany. Our children are inspired to hold the people of those countries in high respect. These are the three important nations with which our political and commercial relations have been closest and, moreover, comparatively free from misunder- standings and needless friction.
Relations of an intellectual and cultural character of other republics of America with the nations of Europe are close. The early culture and learning of eighteen of these republics were inherited from Spain as was also their language. Brazil inherited her language, and also her early culture and learning from Portugal. With these European states close intellectual and cultural rela- tions have been maintained; and also similar relations have been estab- lished and maintained with other important nations of Europe, as England, France, Germany, and Italy. In most of these republics French is made the second language, and text-books in this language are not uncommonly used in their schools. German is quite widely taught. Where English is taught it is always related to England, and not to the United States ; as Spanish, where taught
in this country, is usually related to Spain, and not to the fifty or sixty million people in America who use the Spanish tongue. The political and commercial rela- tions of these important nations of Europe with the other American republics, while close, are largely free from the unfortunate misunderstandings and friction of which we hear so much in connection with our relations with these republics.
This condition of things is not the result of chance. In general it is due to intelligent and well-directed efforts. The peoples of Europe have understood the importance of close intellectual and cultural relations as a basis for close political and trade relations, as well as for friendly relations of a social character. They have studied the psychology of the people and have respected their dominant traits. They have trained men for service in these countries, and have lost no good opportunity to secure for them places of advantage. And they have not neglected to take the initiative. Their very rapid development of close political and commercial relations with these republics has only kept pace with the de- velopment of relations based on culture and learning, and consequently confidence and friendship with them have been sustained without apparent difficulty.
The people of the United States have in the past thought of these twenty American republics as representing some sort of a more or less harmonious whole, of which the term "Latin America" has been sufficiently descriptive to serve all our purposes, and not as twenty independent states each with its own national spirit and peculiar dominant traits. We have honestly, although more or less feebly, desired friendly relations with the peoples of these republics in every field of activity, but unfortunately we have scarcely taken notice of the fact that the fundamental basis of really close friendly relations in any line has not existed. Relations of an intellectual and cultural character between the United States and these republics have been almost wholly lacking. The importance of such to close friendly relations in the field of politics and commerce has received little recognition. As our political and commercial relations with these republics have become closer so has the general distrust of our political motives appeared to increase and cases of misunderstanding and friction in these and other relations have multiplied.
The fundamental remedy for this condition of things is to be found, it is believed, in the development of closer intellectual and cultural relations between the peoples of all the American republics, which shall keep pace with the develop- ment of relations of a political and commercial character. It is with this end in view that the work of the Pan American Division of the Association has been undertaken.
Since the opening of this division and the adoption of the program to which reference has been made above, the most important work accomplished has been the organization and conducting of a party of university men on a tour of the capitals and other important centers of the principal South American nations. This tour was to cover a period of some ten or twelve weeks, and the party taking
it was to be composed of ten or twelve representative men chosen from various important educational institutions and systems in different parts of the country.
No such visit as this had been made before to these capitals by educators from this country. Plans had to be made from the ground up, and with very little exact knowledge to guide us. Work was begun immediately, to get together information, arrange an itinerary, and organize the party. Letters and memo- randa of information were sent to the diplomatic representatives in Washington of the countries which we expected to visit ; and an expression of special appre- ciation is due for the generous spirit of cooperation shown by all these distin- guished gentlemen. Letters were addressed to about one hundred of the leading educational institutions and city systems of the country asking that from their teaching staffs or alumni one or two persons be recommended who might be considered in making up the number of those who should be invited to make the trip. It was intended that this plan should arouse the interest and gain the sympathetic cooperation of these institutions and practically assure at the same time the representative character of those who would make up the group. Those who composed the party were invited not so much as individuals, as representa- tives of the institutions which officially recommended them.
Two of the eleven men who were selected to compose the party were chosen from the field of secondary education; eight from colleges and universities, and one was a specialist in educational administration. Three of those chosen from colleges and universities were interested primarily in the Spanish language and literature ; one in history ; one in political science ; one in political economy ; one in commercial economics ; and one in industrial economics. Departments of law, of medicine, and of the applied sciences were not represented, which it is now thought was unfortunate, as these three lines of higher instruction receive special attention in all the republics visited. Directly or indirectly, that is either as mem- bers of the teaching staff or as alumni, these men represented some thirty different American colleges and universities and also a considerable number of foreign institutions. The men selected were for the most part comparatively young, hav- ing their future before them, yet with training and experience sufficient it was thought to enable them to derive the greatest profit from the trip. The institutions directly represented were as follows : Bushwick High School of Brooklyn ; Car- negie Institute of Technology of Pittsburgh • College of the City of New York ; Columbia University ; Manual Training High School of Kansas City, Missouri ; Simmons College of Boston ; University of Chicago ; University of Illinois ; Uni- versity of Nebraska ; University of Wisconsin ; and Yale University.*
The purpose of this tour may be given here in the language in which it was stated in connection with the special announcement of the itinerary and personnel of the party, which is as follows:
* See Appendix II for personnel of party.
6
"This tour is a part of the general plan of the American Association for International Conciliation to encourage exchange of visits between persons dis- tinguished in different callings or professions in the United States and in other republics of America in connection with the work of developing closer intellectual and cultural relations between the peoples of these republics. The immediate ob- ject of this visit is to become acquainted with some of the leading personalities of the countries to be visited, to know some of the more important institutions, to become familiar with the method and material of instruction in certain important subjects, such as geography, history, languages, etc., and to gather information and to collect material relative to different phases of higher education, particu- larly such as will have especial interest for graduate students of the United States.
"It is expected that as a direct result of these visits much will be accomplished which will tend to improve instruction in our schools in the geography of the South American States, the history of early civilization in the new world, and in Spanish colonization in South and Central as well as in North America; to promote instruction in the Spanish and Portuguese languages and the better ar- ticulation of this instruction with the life and the institutions of the peoples of America who speak these languages. It is hoped also that through these visits the exchange of students, of teachers and professors or specialists in different fields may be successfully encouraged. Back of all this is, of course, the development of a common knowledge and experience which is fundamental to good under- standing and friendly relations between nations."
The party sailed from New York May 30, 1914, on the steamship Vandyck, direct for Rio de Janeiro. A considerable number of the best recent books on South America and on the particular countries which we were about to visit, also special bulletins and maps, were provided for reading and reference on the voyage. On board outlines were prepared with suggestions of matters for observation and relative to which data and information might be collected. Meetings were held for the purpose of discussing matters of interest. I would not say, however, that these measures were entirely successful or that they served as a wholly satis- factory preparation for what was before us.
Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, was our first important stop. Two short stops were made, however, before reaching this splendid city. One of these was at Barbadoes, and the other at Bahia. In the latter place we were cordially received by a committee headed by Doctor Arlindo Fragoso, secretary of state, accompanied by Mr. Robert Frazer, Jr., American consul, and taken to the palace of the governor, where we were officially received by the governor, Doctor Jose Joaquim Seabra. After visiting the school of medicine, where we were received in the hall of honor by the dean and other members of the faculty, the normal
school, and other institutions, luncheon was prepared for us at the home of Doctor Fragoso. After luncheon we were taken for a ride about the city, and we returned to the ship late in the evening.
At Rio de Janeiro, the secretary and the military attache of our embassy met us in port, and a committee appointed by the government of Brazil awaited us at the hotel. A complete program was already prepared, which consumed practically all our time for the next five days. There were included in this pro- gram visits to schools of different kinds and grades and to such institutions as the National arts gallery, the National library, Oswald Cruz institute, Geograph- ical society, the Military school, also rides about the city and short excursions into the country. This program was full of interest and one would not willingly have missed any part of it, yet it was much regretted that there was not more time for personal appointments. Some of the schools and other institutions visited deserve to be better known in the United States than they are, and it is hoped that something may be done soon to accomplish this. The Military school, in particular, which is under the direction of Colonel Alexandre Barreto, is an insti- tution of which any country might be proud.
The general interest shown in our mission and in work generally for the development of closer intellectual and cultural relations between the people of the United States and those of Brazil was good. I was able to discuss somewhat at length possible future work of the Association with Ambassador Ed win V.Morgan; Consul General Julius Lay ; Secretary to the embassy, Mr. J. Butler Wright ; Doc- tor Amaro Cavalcanti, Judge of the supreme federal court of Brazil ; Doctor Helio Lobo, of the foreign office ; and the Secretary for the Association, Doctor A. G. de Araujo Jorge also of the foreign office. All these gentlemen have real interest in the future development of the work in Brazil and offered some valuable suggestions in this connection. The importance of immediately following up our visit in some effective manner by keeping alive and broadening the connections made was emphasized by all. It was the general opinion also that some permanent local organization or agency should be established in Rio de Janeiro as soon as practicable.
One suggestion was made that the Association might appoint a secretary- at-large who would be assigned to Rio de Janeiro as an expert assistant to our present local secretary, Doctor A. G. de Araujo Jorge. Such an assignment would be for an indefinite period, and could be changed whenever it appeared that the services were no longer needed. It would be the duty of such a person, while acting as assistant to the regular secretary for the Association in Rio de Janeiro, to make such special studies as the Association might require, and to suggest plans for the future development of the work of the Association in Brazil. This idea was cordially endorsed by Mr. Morgan, Doctor Cavalcanti, and also by Doctor de Araujo Jorge.
The time is opportune to begin some kind of effective work in Rio de Janeiro and no doubt also in other important centers of Brazil. There can be
8
no doubt, it is believed, as to the need of some permanent local organization, or of a man who understands the psychology of the people of Brazil and also the aims and purposes of the Association, who will cooperate with the present secre- tary, under whose diplomatic influence a satisfactory organization may be inspired, established and directed.
From Rio de Janeiro we proceeded to Sao Paulo, and from there to Santos, where we took the steamer for Montevideo. In Sao Paulo we were able to accomplish little, as schools of all kinds and grades were closed for their mid- year vacation and most of the teachers and professors were out of the city. The Faculty of Law was an important exception, an institution which we had the pleasure of visiting. We visited also the State Senate and Chamber of Deputies. Visits were made to some of the more important educational institu- tions merely for the purpose of seeing something of the character of their excel- lent buildings and equipment. We were greeted here by Doctor Jose Custodio Alves de Lima, who accompanied us during the day. Sao Paulo is a thoroughly progressive city, whose people show intelligence and purpose in all their move- ments. The ride from Rio de Janeiro to Sao Paulo was an exceedingly interest- ing one, largely through a rich but as yet more or less undeveloped country.
In Montevideo our reception was no less cordial than in Rio de Janeiro. A complete program had been arranged for us, with which we were greeted by an official committee upon our arrival. Although we were only three days in this important city we were able to accomplish a great deal, visiting institutions and meeting distinguished men. The public men and particularly the educators of Uruguay are eager for the development of closer intellectual and cultural relations with the people of the United States. Much was said of the possibility of the exchange of teachers and students. At the time of our visit much interest was being taken in the Panama Exposition of 1915 at San Francisco and an important educational exhibit was being prepared. It is expected that a consider- able number of persons from Montevideo will visit the United States in one capacity or another during the next twelve months.
Montevideo is a modern city of some three hundred and fifty thousand popu- lation. For its size it has more fine public buildings recently constructed or in process of construction than any other city which I have seen at any time. There is much interest in public education and the schools visited were remark- ably well installed and admirably equipped. The university gives one the impression of an excellent modern institution. The school of agriculture and the veterinary and trade schools are all somewhat removed from the city and are well provided for. In one of the elementary schools for girls a number of pupils greeted us with carefully prepared addresses, which would have done credit to much older pupils. In the normal school for girls also a short address of welcome was delivered by one of the pupils.
9
We visited in Montevideo an "Oficina de Exposicion," which undertakes to furnish to inquirers all kinds of information relative to the country. This office will furnish lantern slides to schools or to responsible individuals interested in spreading accurate knowledge or information about Uruguay. It is in charge of Mr. Eduardo Perotti, who is a competent person and has great enthusiasm for his work.
We were particularly impressed while in this important capital with the interest which the public men were taking in the social questions of the day, a phenomenon to be observed also in other republics. Uruguay gives promise of becoming a veritable laboratory for the experimental study of important modern political and social problems, for which it is admirably fitted. It is comparatively limited in area and in population, and is relatively free from that extremely conservative element found in all older countries, which makes important experi- mentation in democracy and social betterment always difficult and often prac- tically impossible.
It is but a night's journey from Montevideo to Buenos Aires, where we were cordially received by members of a committee named by the government headed by Doctor Ernesto Nelson, inspector general of secondary and special instruction, accompanied by our charge d'affaires, Mr. George Lorillard. The general scheme of a program was already prepared, but opportunity was given for modifications to suit our wishes. After our experience in Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo, it seemed advisable that our program in the future should be made somewhat less rigid and that more time should be allowed for purposes of making individual appointments, and an attempt was made here to prepare a program accordingly. It was found, however, that if we were to see only the things most important which we wished to see, it would require about all our time.
In accordance with special instructions from President Nicholas Murray Butler, Acting Director of the Division of Intercourse and Education, I called in Buenos Aires on Doctor Luis M. Drago; Doctor Emilio Frers, President of the Museo Social Argentine; Senora Angela de Oliveira Cesar de Costa, President of the South American Association for Universal Peace; and Mr. Frank N. West, a correspondent of the Endowment, and conveyed to these distinguished persons respectively messages entrusted to me for them. Doc- tor Benjamin Garcia Victorica, Secretary for the Association, was seen also. At the time of our visit to Buenos Aires Doctor Drago was engaged in carrying on an important debate with the distinguished statesman, Doctor Estanislao S. Zeballos, over a bill which was before the Congress to authorize the National Government to sell the new dreadnought recently launched at the Charleston ship- building yards, a question which was attracting unusual attention. Upon the occa- sion of my calling, Doctor Drago was particularly cordial, expressed his special appreciation of the courtesies shown him, and his deep regret that he had not been able to accept invitations which he had received to visit this country.
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Doctor Emilio Frers presided over the official committee nominated to pro- vide for our reception in Buenos Aires and was active in this work, besides showing us other courtesies. He is much interested in the Museo Social Argen- tine and in his work as President of this important institution. He is considering a plan of giving to this institution international as well as national character by inviting foreign nations to establish and to maintain by private initiative and support, special sections or institutes for the propagation of their culture and learning in Argentina, and to act as agents for the propagation of the culture and learning of Argentina in their own respective countries. Each such institute established would be under the control of a local committee or advisory board made up of prominent citizens of the two countries, with a special executive secretary who would be responsible to the board for its proper direction. All would have the moral support of the superior council of the Museo Social, under whose general control they would be conducted.
Doctor Frers was strong in the belief that some sort of permanent local organization would be necessary in order to maintain and broaden the important connections established through our visit. If the plan just mentioned of the Museo Social can be effected, it is believed that the Association might well undertake to establish and maintain the section or institute representing this country. In the contrary case, it is believed that as soon as practicable some one should be appointed to make a thorough study of the situation and make report as to just what would be the best plan to adopt. It is suggested that this work could best be done by a competent secretary-at-large of the Association should it be thought advisable to appoint one who could be assigned to do it. There is reason for great confidence in the Museo Social Argentine, and it is believed that some practical way will be found in which the Association can cooperate with it to accomplish the work which is to be done.
Doctors Ernesto Nelson, Raimundo Wilmart and Modesto Quiroga, all well known in this country, and Mr. Enrique E. Ewing, of the World's Student Federation, were other members of this official committee. These distinguished gentlemen, also Doctor Francisco P. Moreno and others, expressed their opinion that some sort of permanent local organization would be necessary to cooperate with the Association if the desired results were to be gained following this visit. Doctor Estanislao S. Zeballos, with whom I had the pleasure of a short half hour's conversation, expressed his very warm interest in the work being done by the Endowment in behalf of closer friendly relations between the peoples of the different American republics.
Senora Angela de Oliveira Cesar de Costa is very much interested in the development of the work of the South American Association for Universal Peace, of which she is the energetic president, and is eager to have additional material support for this work. She says the Society needs additional funds for the general running expenses, for the subvention of a special peace review to serve as the official organ of the Society, and for a new building. An excellent
It
site has been selected for this building and plans have been already drawn. The estimated cost of such building is from $250,000 to $300,000. The whole success of her efforts depends, she thinks, upon securing funds for a suitable home for the Society, and she is anxious that the Endowment will make it possible for her hopes to be realized in this direction.
I had the pleasure of being the guest of Sefiora Angela de Oliveira Cesar de Costa at a luncheon to meet a group of prominent persons of Buenos Aires, who were especially interested in these plans. Among the guests at this luncheon were Mr. and Mrs. Francisco P. Lavalle. Doctor Lavalle is President of the Sociedad Cientifica of Buenos Aires, the courtesies of which institution he extended to the party immediately upon our arrival. I endeavored to make it clear to all that while the Endowment was much interested in the work of the Society and that every possible consideration would be given to their plans, it was by no means certain that the funds needed could be provided. It was ex- plained that there were many demands for all the funds under the control of the Endowment and the contribution of any amount in support of these plans would mean the withdrawal of a like amount from some other worthy cause, a step which would be taken ordinarily only after very mature deliberation.
It should be said, moreover, that if the Endowment is prepared to pro- vide funds for the erection anywhere in America of an appropriate building for the promotion of good international relations, in no country could such a building be made to serve better those ends than in the republic of Argentina, and in no city would it be more duly appreciated than in the capital of this republic. It is not, of course, the intention of Sefiora Angela de Oliveira Cesar de Costa that the South American Association for Universal Peace should occupy more than a small part of such a building. A building such as the one planned would accommodate also other societies and institutions working for good international relations.
After a little stay in the great capital of Argentina, we began to appreciate more than we had before the meaning of the contention that the more important states of South America were developing definite national characteristics of their own. Buenos Aires is quite distinct from Rio de Janeiro as this beauti- ful city is different from Montevideo. Rio de Janeiro is no doubt the most beautiful city in the world ; Montevideo is a very fine city, more like one of our newer cities on the Pacific Coast. Nowhere is there a city which re- minds one more of New York than the capital of the Argentine Republic. The people of each of these three states have developed distinctive characteris- tics which distinguish each from the other. All of them retain, however, that fine spirit of hospitality, for which they have long been known. The keen interest in our mission was in all about the same and there was in all about the same wish expressed that ways be devised by which the friendly relations established might be kept alive.
12
All of the schools visited in Buenos Aires were of an uncommonly high character, and would compare favorably with the best in any country. In the University of Buenos Aires a very high grade of work is being done, particularly in the faculty of philosophy and letters. The University of la Plata is a modern institution, confessedly modeled somewhat after institutions in the United States. Short visits to some of the secondary schools, normal schools, school of com- merce and trade school enabled the party to appreciate the pride with which these are regarded there. The character of the pupils, the teachers, the general equipment and buildings, together and independently, are such as to inspire admiration.
Special mention should be made of a school of modern languages (Escuela de Lenguas Vivas) which we had the pleasure of visiting. In this school are given two courses, one a general course covering a period of six years and the other a professional course covering a period of two years. The former is a preparation for the latter. The professional course is for the training of teachers of languages. After two years in the general course, pupils elect the one of the three foreign languages, English, French, German, in which they wish to specialize. The regular academic subjects, such as history, geography, arithmetic, are taught in one or another of these foreign languages; as for example, history may be taught in English, French or German. So likewise geography or arithmetic. Physiology or other subjects which have many technical terms are taught in Spanish. The general impression which this school made upon the members of the party was excellent. I wish there might be opened in the United States a large number of schools of similar character.
In this school I heard teachers teaching in English, who showed an almost perfect command of the language, although they had studied only in this school. It was suggested here by some one that a group of teachers including represen- tatives from the Escuela de Lenguas Vivas would like to visit the United States and the Panama Exposition. I mentioned the suggestion to the Minister of Instruction and also to the President of the Republic and they seemed pleased with the idea. Much was said here also relative to the possibility of arranging for the exchange of teachers, particularly of teachers in secondary schools.
On the afternoon of Friday, July 3, in the Museo Social Argentino, a reception was given the party which afforded an excellent opportunity to meet a large number of teachers, professors and other distinguished people. It was interesting to note that in connection with this institution was being carried on at this time the work of preparing for the Argentine exhibit at the Panama Exposition to be held in San Francisco next year. The committee in charge of this work is presided over by Doctor Angel Gallardo. The general secretary of the committee is Mr. Enrique M. Nelson, who is a prominent engineer, and the educational exhibit is under the direction of Doctor Ernesto Nelson, who will have charge of this exhibit at the Exposition. An interesting feature of this exhibit is a collection of some five thousand volumes dealing exclusively with
13
Argentina, which I understand will remain in this country as a gift from the Argentina Government to some important institution.
I must mention furthermore the after-theater visit which we made to "La Prensa," which is not merely a newspaper ; it is an institution. The editing and publishing of the important daily of this name is its primary function, but more than that it provides and furnishes freely to the public legal advice and medical and dental service for which it is well equipped; maintains bureaus of informa- tion of different kinds relative to schools, various industries, etc.; conducts a school of music; furnishes rooms for public meetings, lectures, plays, concerts; provides a people's library and reading room, and luxurious apartments for the entertainment of distinguished guests ; from its observatory installed on the roof of its splendid building is furnished information about the weather, and by its searchlight is shown the location of fires within the city and news of important events is flashed forth. For its employees it maintains a restaurant, a gymnasium and an emergency hospital. We were conducted by the secretary general, who in the course of our visit very kindly led us to the study of the editor-in-chief, Doctor Adolfo E. Davila, who welcomed us in a few words of encouragement, pledging his cooperation in the cause which we represented.
In Buenos Aires we had the opportunity also to visit the bureau of immigra- tion, which is under the efficient direction of Doctor Manuel Cigorraga, and to see something of the way Argentina handles the several hundred thousand immi- grants who come to her shores annually. The impression made on the members of the party who visited this institution was exceedingly favorable.
Upon arrival at Buenos Aires it was found that travel across the Andes had been suspended. The steamship Orduna was to sail from Montevideo for Punta Arenas of Chile and the West Coast July 5, and it was decided to engage passage on this steamer immediately. This would reduce our stay in Buenos Aires to six days, and a program of eight or nine days was crowded into these six. The experience of these half-dozen days was the most exhaustive I have ever known. Our welcome everywhere was particularly cordial, and the manner in which everything was handled by the committee of the government could not have been more satisfactory.
During the voyage from Montevideo to Punta Arenas and the West Coast we were given opportunity for much needed rest. At Punta Arenas greetings were received from the University of Chile, suggesting what was still before us. The passage through the Straits was particularly interesting. We left the steam- ship Orduna at Coronel and traveled by train to Concepcion and thence to Santi- ago. Greetings were again received at Concepcion from the University of Chile. We arrived at Santiago about 6 p.m., July 15, after an all day ride. The ride from Concepcion had been made with an almost uninterrupted range of snow- capped mountains on our right, and as we neared our destination a similar range
14
appeared on our left. An almost unbroken chain of these splendid snow-covered mountains encircled Santiago, giving to this city a setting as unique as beautiful.
The party was met at the station and warmly greeted by Doctor Domingo Amunategui Solar, Rector of the University of Chile, and various members of the teaching staff; also by Mr. George Thomas Summerlin, secretary of the American legation, and others. The new itinerary which temporary suspension of travel across the Andes caused us to adopt allowed us a little less than three whole days in the capital, and it was found that if we were to undertake to see the institutions and places of special interest that we should see, all this time would be required and more. Doctor Moises Vargas, sub-secretary of instruc- tion, and Doctor Eliodoro Flores, also of the ministry of instruction, had imme- diate charge of plans for our reception. On the third day of our visit, or July 18, the party was divided, one division giving its time to visiting important educa- tional institutions under the guidance of Mr. Flores and the other division to visiting various other institutions under the guidance of Mr. Vargas.
In the evening a reception was given by the rector and members of his staff at the university, where opportunity was given to meet in an informal way a large company of prominent persons. Great interest was shown in our mission and in the work in general of developing closer intellectual and cultural re- lations between the people of the republic of Chile and those of the United States.
In Santiago I was particularly impressed with the number of persons who showed special interest in the educational work of the United States and who expressed their desire to come here for purposes of study. Mr. Tancredo Pinochet le-Brun, now director of the school of arts and trades in Santiago, came to the United States a few years ago to prove to the young men of his country, he said, that any one with average ability and a knowledge of English could make his own way in educational institutions here and that it was not necessary for them to look to their government for support while pursuing school work. Mr. Pinochet has just published his experiences in the United States in a volume of four or five hundred pages which has attracted great attention. Speaking of this book, Major Ewing, second commandant of the Military school of Santiago, said that he had secured twenty copies for use of the students of this school.
Mr. Pinochet is the head also of a publishing house which is publishing what is called "la Biblioteca americana de Inspiration." It is his purpose, I understand, to publish under this caption a series of translations of some of the best books published in the United States of this particular type. He expects to visit this country again in December, bringing with him a party of his teachers and advanced students. It is understood also that within the next twelve months probably as many as one hundred persons from Chile will visit this country for one purpose or another.
Chile has been for many years under a powerful German influence. In her schools have been regularly several hundred foreign teachers, most of whom
15
have been Germans. The feeling of the Chileans toward the United States has been thought in general not to be very cordial. I would not venture to say that there is now taking place here a sort of re-action, but I am certain that the people in Chile are to-day as ready to respond favorably to any plan of work looking to closer intellectual and cultural relations or friendly relations on any perma- nent basis, as any other of the South American states. The suggestion was made here that steps be taken to open in Santiago an institute of much the same character as those proposed a year ago.* I believe such an institute opened in Santiago would meet with almost immediate success.
* The following extract from memorandum prepared by the writer and presented on June n, 1913, will suggest the kind of institution in mind.
"These institutes should be founded I think under the simple title: American Institute of .... (place). Their purpose would be to offer instruction, chiefly if not exclusively informative in character, to the people of the countries in which they are located and to Americans who may temporarily reside in these countries. This instruction would vary according to the peculiar needs and interests of the center in which each institute is located, but in every case should be strictly limited to matters pertaining to the language, thought, and institutions of the United States and of the other country concerned. Each institute would be a bureau of information, and in no small measure also a center of serious study and research. Those in charge should be expected to be able to give reliable information relative to matters pertaining to either of the two countries. Each institute ought to be provided with a good working library and a museum of well selected illustrative material. There would be need also of reading rooms provided with a large assortment of the best magazines and other periodicals of the two countries and a reasonable supply of suitable reference works as well. The social side should be largely emphasized. Provisions should be made for popular lectures as well as for those of a more serious character. Sports should be encouraged and necessary arrangements devised to this end. The aim, moreover, to be kept always in mind would be the encouragement of friendly relations between the two countries, and a spirit of friendliness and goodwill would everywhere pervade the work.
"I believe great emphasis should be placed on the matter of providing in connection with each institute a good library and an educational museum of the first order. In these libraries should be found all books of worth bearing upon American history, government, education, etc., and a large collection of the best works of American literature; and each should contain also all books of worth bearing upon history, government, education, etc., of the country in which it is located and a collection of the best examples of literature of such a country. The museums should contain all kinds of material illustrative of education in the United States and the other country concerned, including samples of work done, charts, text-books, catalogs, bulletins, reports, drawings, photographs, and all sorts of ma- terial equipment that may be conveniently displayed there. In time provision should be made, moreover, for a special industrial museum which no doubt would develop naturally out of the industrial section of the educational museum and not lose its educational character and value.
"With regard to the organization and administration of the work here contemplated, there might be erected some sort of advisory board of control composed of a limited number of able and well known men, with headquarters or office in New York. Under it would be a director general to act as the executive agent of the board and have immediate charge of the establishment and administration of the institutes under the control of the board. The director general should be expected to spend half his time traveling, visiting various institu- tions in the country and in the different countries of Latin America. He should be provided with a competent secretary who would have charge of the office in his absence and carry along the different lines of work which had been initiated. Each institute would be in charge of a local director appointed by this board upon the recommendation of the director general. Provision should also be made for local advisory boards, each composed of a limited number of well known and able men whether belonging to the one or the other nation concerned. The number of instructors, lecturers, and other employees required would depend upon the extent of the work undertaken."
16
In order to enjoy the trip by daylight, other members of the party left Santiago at noon July 19. I remained over for the night train in order to accept an invitation to luncheon with the American Minister, Mr. Henry P. Fletcher, and to talk over the possibilities of work in the interest of closer friendly relations between Chile and the United States. Other guests at this luncheon were Mr. Carlos Castro Ruiz, sub-secretary of foreign relations, and Mr. Moises Vargas, sub-secretary of public instruction. Mr. Fletcher expressed himself very strongly on the importance of work in this direction, and his willing- ness to cooperate in the work of carrying out any practicable plans which might be undertaken. Mr. Fletcher is better acquainted with the psychology of the Chilean people than any American whom I have met and he would, I am sure, be glad to be consulted relative to matters pertaining to future development of work in Chile.
Valparaiso is the chief port of Chile, and one of the most important cities on the West Coast. At the time of our visit it was suffering from a series of terrific storms and floods of rain which had done great damage. Our steamer was delayed here one day on account of a storm which caused it to put to sea before all cargo could be taken on board. We visited here the naval academy and a commercial school. In the latter almost the entire equipment was from the United States. The Boy Scout movement has taken a great hold in Chile, and the pupils in the school of commerce in Valparaiso are organized as Boy Scouts. They are provided with headquarters and all equipment in the school.
We arrived in Callao and Lima of Peru on July 27, one day only behind our itinerary. We had hoped to be able to spend several days at this historic capital and possibly make one or two excursions into the interior. Unfortunately, how- ever, it was found that the next boat on which we could take passage from Callao to Panama would not sail until August 6, thus making it necessary for us to decide between spending ten days in Lima or continuing after a single day on the steamship Orduna on which we had arrived.
Lima made the fifth important capital we had visited, besides several other important cities, and it is doubtful if another such group of important municipal centers as these could be found anywhere in the world, where the authorities have been more active recently in city planning and general municipal improvement. From Bahia to Lima each of these important cities was at the time of our visit or had been recently engaged in some gigantic scheme of municipal betterment: enlarging port or other transportation facili- ties; greatly widening old streets and avenues and opening new ones; planning new city extensions; new systems of sewerage and sanitation; new public buildings of different kinds ; new working men's homes are lines of work which have occupied the time and thought in a varying degree of municipal and State authorities recently in all these cities. Some of these schemes are strikingly
17
bold, and to carry them out successfully often requires great courage and diplomacy. Successful work already accomplished is evidence that these quali- ties are not lacking where required. In Bahia of Brazil and in Lima of Peru nothing has stood in the way of satisfying needs for more adequate and convenient thoroughfares. A man who has the wisdom and the courage that Doctor Joaquin S. de Anchorena, the active and progressive Mayor of Buenos Aires, has shown in accomplishing improvements in that city, excites admiration.
July 28 is Independence Day in Peru and July 29 and 30 are also national holidays. There was considerable excitement and little opportunity in Lima of meeting individual men of distinction. Among the few well-known persons whom we had the pleasure of meeting in the short time that we were there I should mention Doctor Javier Prado y Ugarteche and Doctor Manuel Vicente Villaran. The president, Colonel Oscar R. Benavides, and the minister of instruc- tion, Doctor Luis Julio Menendez, received us in audience for a few minutes just before going to mass at 10 a. m. July 28.
Doctor Juan Bautista de Lavalle, Peruvian secretary for the Association, met us with others at the boat and was during the whole time particularly active, doing everything possible to enable the party to make the most of its very short stay.
We arrived at Panama on August 2 but were detained in quarantine until the afternoon of August 4. In the meantime we had communicated with the United Fruit Company and were informed that because of the European war the German steamship service had already been suspended and that other services might be suspended at any time. Under these circumstances, it seemed advisable to engage the first available transportation for New York, which was on the steamship Calamares, arriving in New York August II.
Both in Lima and in Panama, committees had been appointed and programs arranged for our reception, and it is regretted that circumstances were such that it was impossible to accept their courtesies and hospitality, and see more of the people and the institutions of these republics.
It is not possible to mention all the special courtesies shown the party during the trip, but I cannot refrain from naming some of them.
In all places every facility was afforded us that would aid in the accomplish- ment of our purpose or would contribute to our convenience and comfort. We were made the recipients of books and publications of many kinds, private as well as official, amounting to several hundred volumes. In some places we were given free entry, and in all important ports our entrance through the customs was especially facilitated. Automobiles were furnished for all visits provided for in the regular program in Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Montevideo, and on different occasions in other places ; from Rio de Janeiro to Sao Paulo the party enjoyed a private chair car by the courtesy of the Brazilian Government, and from Santiago to Valparaiso again by the courtesy of the Government of Chile. At Callao, the Government of Peru sent launches to bring us from the steamer and again to
18
take us on board. Through the courtesies of Mr. David Stewart Iglehart and others, the launches of W. R. Grace and Company were put at the disposal of the party at nearly all the ports of the West Coast.
But the splendid spirit of hospitality for which the peoples of these countries are well known, is better seen in still other courtesies, some of which must be men- tioned. The luncheon given the party by the secretary of state for Bahia has been mentioned. In Rio de Janeiro refreshments were served at most of the institutions that we visited and an elaborate luncheon was served on the last day of our stay in this capital, by the rector and faculty of the National College of Pedro II. In Montevideo, a reception was given the party by the rector of the University, Doctor Claudio Williman, ex-president of the Republic, and the faculty; and by courtesy we visited the race-course, where we were met by the brilliant young Minister of foreign relations, Doctor Baltasar Brum, who was at the time of our visit also acting Minister of instruction; and other prominent young men. Refreshments were served on various occasions in Montevideo
In Buenos Aires, the members of the party were guests of the distinguished Mayor of the city, Doctor Joaquin S. de Anchorena, at the Colon Theatre to see the presentation of "Aida"; and again of his excellency the President of the Republic to see "Madama Butterfly." The Minister of instruction, Doctor Thomas S. Cullen, gave a luncheon for the party at the famous Jockey Club, where we met a number of the distinguished men of the country; and we were entertained at dinner by the United States Universities Club. At the University of la Plata the rector, Doctor Joaquin V. Gonzales, invited the party to luncheon in the college, and later in the rectory tea was served. The luncheon was served in the regular dining hall of the college and a large number of the professors and students were present. We were guests at tea of Doctor Domingo Amunategui Solar, rector of the University of Chile in Santiago, and had the opportunity to meet informally there many professors of the university and other prominent men of different callings.
It would be too long to mention the special courtesies shown the director and other individual members of the group, which were intended in most cases for the party and as a tribute to the cause it represented.
One of the very gratifying experiences of the tour was the cordial support received almost everywhere from the American diplomatic and consular repre- sentatives in the countries visited. I carried letters of introduction to these repre- sentatives which the Honorable William Jennings Bryan, secretary of state, and the Honorable John Barrett, director of the Pan American Union, very kindly furnished me, but this was hardly necessary. Ambassador Edwin V. Morgan in Rio de Janeiro gave the party a luncheon and assisted us personally in different ways to accomplish the objects of our visit. In Montevideo the American min- ister, Mr. Nicolay A. Grevstad, personally accompanied the party on many of the visits to schools and other institutions. Ambassador Henry P. Fletcher in San- tiago, Minister Benton McMillin in Lima and Minister William J. Price in Pana-
19
ma made us the recipients of special courtesies. The deep intelligent interest which some of our representatives showed in the purposes of the Association and their willingness to cooperate in practical plans to develop closer intellectual and cultural relations between the peoples of all the republics of America could not be more encouraging.
From the first to last we were favored by the finest kind of weather, at sea and on land. Although our visit fell in the middle of winter and rainy season in almost all the countries, and there had been torrential rains, the only inconvenience suffered from this was the delay of one day in sailing from Valparaiso because of a severe storm there. During the three days in Montevideo and the six days in Buenos Aires, the weather could not have been finer, although in each case our visit was both preceded and followed by very heavy rains. The temporary suspension of travel across the Andes made it necessary to alter our itinerary, re- ducing our stay in Buenos Aires by three days and delaying our arrival in Santi- ago from July 9 to July 16, and in Lima from July 23 to July 27. But coming by the Straits we had a much needed rest, and saw much more of Chile than we could have seen crossing the Andes. Unfortunately, however, our delay in ar- riving at Lima and absence of satisfactory steamship accommodations made it necessary to limit our visit there to a single day.
The health of members of the party with a single exception remained good through the entire trip. One member was confined to bed during our stay in Montevideo and for the most part of our stay in Buenos Aires ; and two or three other members suffered some, but none had to lay up for more than a day. In spite of the fact that we had on every part of the trip excellent accommodations and all necessary conveniences, the trip was a hard one. The demands upon one's time and energy on a trip like this are great, and only persons of experience and unusual strength and ability to conserve it can stand the strain of meeting such demands satisfactorily. With the knowledge and the experience gained by this trip, however, another could be made easier in this respect, and at the same time the measure of its successful accomplishment could be increased.
The tour covered in all only a little more than ten weeks or, to be exact, seven- ty-three days ; the distance traveled aggregated some seventeen thousand miles ; and we visited ten different cities, not counting half as many more places where we stopped for a few hours only. The time spent in each of these ten cities varied from one to six days, no more. Naturally there was little or no time for study or research, and it was not expected. The principal aim was that the party — as a party — make favorable impressions everywhere and prepare the way for future work, and that the members of the party gain good impressions which would aid them to interpret properly in the future whatever they may hear or read
20
concerning these countries or their people. It is certain that all members brought back with them a more adequate conception of the countries visited and of their people than they could have received in any other way, and that the general im- pressions on both sides were good.
But the tour was not without certain important results of a more concrete character. Not all the concrete material was collected that some of the plans anticipated, but no inconsiderable amount of valuable data and information was gathered in one form or another ; a large amount of important material for study and reference was collected; many important relationships were established through personal contact, and many personal acquaintances were formed. The character, aims and purposes of the Association were made known in a degree that could hardly have been accomplished in any other way. The daily journals everywhere were sympathetic, and devoted considerable space in their columns to informing the public not only of our movements from day to day, but also of the character of the Association which we represented and of the nature of our mission. Many of the more important dailies expressed special interest in the work for the development of closer intellectual and cultural relations between the countries of America and their desire to cooperate with the Association in this work in every practicable way.
In every case, however, the real value of the accomplishments of the tour will depend — for the most part — upon the use the individuals and institutions interested make of them. It was our especial aim to make all those with whom we had the pleasure of coming in contact feeJ that we, as individuals, as well as the institutions which we respectively represented, would be ready and glad at all times to serve them in whatever way we might be useful. No doubt was left in our minds of their willingness to respond gladly, within the limits of their power, to any demand we might see fit to make upon them. But here as every- where will be met the difficulty of lack of common knowledge and experience, and unless the threads of common interest are gathered together immediately and woven into some mutual bond, this golden opportunity for mutual service may pass without profit to anyone.
As has been indicated elsewhere, the individual members of the party making this tour, represented each some one or more institutions to which they will no doubt report respectively, pointing out the special opportunities open to these institutions.* But the opportunities of this Association under whose auspices this tour has been made, which the experience and knowledge gained on this trip serve to define and to make more clear, if not wholly to disclose, are of very special importance. It is believed that the work of development of closer intellectual and cultural relations between the United States and these other American
* Mr. William Thomas Morrey is preparing a report which he will submit to the Board of Education, New York City, soon, and which he expects will be published.
republics could not have been begun at a more opportune time, and that the chief value of this tour lies in the light which it serves to throw upon this work.
Nothing perhaps could have served quite so well to bring out the importance of work at this particular time looking to the development of closer relations of an intellectual and cultural character between our people and the people of these other republics or to prepare the way for successful work of this kind as has this visit which the wisdom and generosity of the Endowment made possible. If this need existed in the past, more now. Owing to the present unfortunate con- ditions in Europe, these republics of America are practically cut off from these important nations with which their political and commercial relations, as well as their intellectual and cultural relations, have been closest. More then, perhaps, from necessity than from choice, will their political and commercial relations with us become closer day by day.
If these relations are to be free from needless friction and vexatious mis- understandings, and close friendly relations with these countries are to be main- tained and strengthened, the more rapid development of closer relations of an intellectual and cultural character with them is really imperative, and in this work the interest of all institutions of culture and learning in the United States and in those countries should be enlisted and their effective cooperation secured. This Association is in a position to do more in this particular direction than any other, and in the main the responsibility rests with it to inspire, to initiate, to organize and in a measure to direct such work. There are many lines along which such work could be carried on to advantage and some of these merit more special consideration here.
Under the sanction of the Endowment the Association has already declared its purpose to carry on work along the general lines here in mind. It has declared itself ready to undertake "to collect and to distribute reliable information for the guidance and assistance of persons interested in the social and intellectual life and institutions of the different American republics," also "to collect and furnish freely appropriate and exact information for the guidance and assistance of persons who may wish to come from other American republics to the United States or to go from the United States to one or more of these republics for the purpose of travel or of study."
There is imperative need of work such as is here contemplated. The amount of reliable information available in the other republics of America relative to the social and intellectual life and institutions of the United States is very limited, and the amount of similar information available here relative to the social and intellectual life and institutions of these republics is no less limited. Much of the information needed already exists in this country in sufficiently convenient form to be of use to the people of the other republics, and it remains only to search it out, collect it together and to provide adequate means of distribution
22
to points in other republics where it is most needed. The same is true only in a less degree of similar information in the other republics.
Much important information is needed, however, of which the above is not true. It is necessary that the work of collecting such information, of arranging and publishing it in appropriate form and of distributing it wherever proper use can be made of it, should go on as rapidly as possible. A small beginning has already been made. The bulletin on Educational Institutions in the United States, published by the Pan American Division of the Association a few months since, and others in preparation which have been announced, suggest the kind of information I have in mind. It is believed, then, that if the Association is to accomplish this work in a wholly satisfactory manner and to attain the objects which it has already undertaken to accomplish, it must be more than a center of information, it must become also in some measure a center of serious study and research.
It will be necessary to keep in mind, furthermore, that the demand for information is not yet in all respects as great as it should be. The general ignorance relative to the social and intellectual life and institutions of the other republics which exists in our own country is so great in general that no intelligent interest in them is possible; and the same is true in no less degree in other republics relative to the intellectual and social life and institutions of the United States. There is need that steps be taken which will tend to awaken in different parts a more intelligent interest and thus to produce demands for the kind of information that would be of special value to the people of such places. There is a double function to perform, to meet such demands as exist, and to create demands where they should exist and do not, by effective propaganda of a more or less aggressive character.
It is believed that the Association or some other appropriate institution under its special patronage should become the depository for all kinds of material relative to the social and intellectual life and institutions of all the American republics. The catalogues and other publications of some five hundred of the leading educational institutions of the United States have already been collected ; also a considerable number of the best recent books on South America and various individual republics have been provided; and various collections of books and other publications, which were received from the governments and private individuals in several of the countries visited by the party, have been added. This is a beginning, but only a beginning. The same institution should be a depository also for all sorts of illustrative material, an educational museum as it were.
Mention has been made of the plan of the Argentine Republic to exhibit at the Panama Exposition next year a collection of some 5,000 volumes of valuable books and other publications relative to the intellectual and social life and institu- tions of that country and the intention of that government to leave this collec- tion in the United States. It is probable that other republics will have similar
23
collections. It is certain that there will be many important educational exhibits from practically all of the republics at this exposition. It is 'believed that a study should be made of these collections and every proper effort made to have such of them as suit the needs of the Association deposited with it.
In the countries visited the book trade is largely in the hands of foreigners, English, French, Germans, Italian and Spanish. The stock carried is apparently determined, in the main, according to the nationality of the proprietor. Com- paratively few books, magazines or other publications of the United States are found. If a book published here is wanted in these countries the person must send direct to the publisher for it, and the experience of some who have tried this has not been very satisfactory.* Some appropriate steps should be taken to induce our leading publishers to arrange for joint agencies in many of the im- portant centers of the principal countries. It is believed that almost from the beginning this would pay and it would be a step which would be much appreciated by a growing number of those who are interested in our publications. There is need of first-class American bookstores in such important cities as Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, and Santiago, for example.
I have had in mind here merely the sale and distribution of publications which are already regularly issued from the press of our publishing houses. But something should be said of the need of new books yet to be prepared and published, such as ordinary text-books, supplementary readers, reference books, in the Spanish and Portuguese languages. These are particularly needed in the United States, and properly prepared or edited would find a large sale also in other republics, and perhaps in Europe. The need of abridged editions of some of the best literature of the different republics is already being felt and is sure to grow. These books should be edited in Spanish or in Portuguese, according to the language of the text, but by some competent person who is able to ap- preciate the difficulties of an English-speaking child in reading these languages.
* The following addressed by the Claim Department of an important publishing house in New York City to a distinguished gentleman in Buenos Aires is suggestive of what I
mean: it speaks for itself. "
NEW YORK CITY, June 5, 1914.
DR
Caseros
Buenos Aires.
DEAR SIR :— We have on hand copies of LINCOLN, THE MAN OF THE PEOPLE and GEORGE WASHINGTON, which were ordered by you. We have been trying to send these books to you by mail but the Post Office refuses to accept this package as they have no station at Caseros. Will you kindly let us know at which of the following stations you can call to get this package :
Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Bello Horizonte,
Bahia, Pernambuco (Recife) and Para.
We now ask that you write the postal authorities at the nearest of the above stations and make arrangements to have the books forwarded from that place to you, writing us and informing us where to ship. Kindly give this your immediate attention.
Yours very truly,
(Claim Dep't.)"
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There is need also of a good unilingual Spanish dictionary which will contain the several thousand words in common usage by the Spanish-speaking people of America and not found in dictionaries now available.
Thousands of valuable official publications of different kinds, municipal, state and national, come from the press each year in this country which should have a growing circle of readers in many of the other republics. Arrangements could be made, it is believed, for appropriate convenient depositories for these publications in the capitals at least of all these states. Similarly, appropriate depositories should be arranged for in different parts of the United States for like publications from the other republics. Only a few of these official publica- tions now reach those who would be most interested in them, either in the United States or in the other countries. It is believed that with a little effort and time, satisfactory arrangements could be made for systematic exchanges of such pub- lications to the great advantage of all.
American magazines and reviews should have much wider circulation in these republics than they now have, as also should the more important reviews and other periodic publications of these states have wider circulation here. A number of inquiries were received relative to the possibilities of exchanges. This ought to be possible in many cases, and merits consideration. The Associa- tion should receive regularly all the best magazines and reviews published in the different republics, and it is suggested that arrangements be made to this effect through satisfactory exchanges. Some of our best magazines and reviews could be subscribed for and be sent in exchange for periodicals published in other republics which the Association would wish to receive. The expense of an ar- rangement of this kind would not be great, and properly managed would be certain of good results.
The Association has also expressed its purpose to encourage the voluntary interchange of students, instructors and professors of educational institutions in the United States and of similar institutions in other republics of America.
Students have been coming from some of the other republics to the United States for a good many years ; it is not known just how many but the number is not as large as it should be. Comparatively few students have come from these important republics of the far south to study in our institutions. The number should be greatly increased. It is only very recently that our educa- tional institutions have in general shown any special willingness to encourage foreign students to come to them; and even yet comparatively little is done by them to make known in other countries the opportunities which they offer. I think not a single institution in the United States offers important courses in- tended primarily for foreign students. Perhaps in no other important nation has so little been done to attract students from other countries to its universities and other educational and cultural institutions.
25
Almost no students from the United States have gone to any of the other republics for purposes of study. In general, very little is known of the oppor- tunity for special study and research offered to advanced students in the more progressive of these countries. Something should be done to make more widely known the special opportunities of this kind in centers like Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Santiago, Lima and others; and more should be done to encourage some of our graduate students to take advantage of these opportunities. The mere experience of living the life of a student in some of these important centers of culture and learning would be worth the cost to many of our young men who are interested in the social and intellectual life and insti- tutions of these countries. There is a growing need also in this country of able young men who have profited by this experience. In order to encourage a movement in this direction it is believed that some of our principal universities might be induced to provide for one or more traveling fellowships. It is sug- gested also that this Association make provision for one or two such fellowships. Students holding these fellowships could be at the same time of great service to the Association.
Systems of interchange of teachers with some of the European countries have been in successful operation for a number of years. Everywhere was in- terest shown in the purpose of the Association to encourage a system of inter- change of teachers of educational institutions in the United States and in similar institutions in other republics of America. Secondary schools will offer the best opportunity in this direction, and the interchange of teachers of many of these schools is entirely feasible. There is need only of some person or institution to prepare and to propose some satisfactory plan, which should not be difficult. Reference has been made to the school of modern languages in Buenos Aires. It is believed that any plan looking to the interchange of teachers in one of our best secondary schools and teachers of this school of modern languages, for example, would be favorably considered by the authorities there.
There are various serious difficulties in the way of interchange of university professors, which cannot be overcome immediately. In exceptional cases, how- ever, satisfactory arrangements might, no doubt, be made.
Something should be said here of the growing demand in many of the other republics for specialists in almost all lines, including education. This demand has been met for the most part in the past by the different nations of Europe, but in recent years there appears to be a tendency to look to the United States to help meet this demand. Already there is hardly one of these republics which has not in its service one or more American specialists. Only a few months ago this Division was asked to aid in securing as many as sixteen trained teachers for service in one of these countries. While there is no interchange involved in this, from every point of view it should be encouraged just as effectively.
The United States is, perhaps, the only one of the American republics where adequate provisions are made for the training of specialists. In this
26
country great progress has been made in this direction during these later years. Our best institutions are training specialists in many lines, and can provide well- equipped men in almost any special field. Unfortunately, however, little is as yet being done to train specialists for foreign service. It is exceedingly important that we should begin doing this as soon as possible.
It is only a matter of a short time, I believe, when specialists in educational administration will be required in not a few of the other republics in considerable numbers. Only in the United States are men especially trained for this work; but we should go further and prepare specialists in educational administration, as in all other lines, for service in foreign countries, and be ready to meet what- ever demands in this direction any of the other republics may be pleased to make upon us. No one can justly feel himself qualified for service in a country who does not possess a reasonable knowledge of its language and of its laws, of its social customs and of the peculiar psychology of its people, however well equipped he may be in his chosen specialty. There is abundant collective experience already supporting this statement.
Not a little has been already accomplished in the way of encouraging interna- tional visits. The visit of Mr. Robert Bacon last year to the principal countries of South America was everywhere favorably mentioned; and it is doubtful if any- thing more could have been done at this time to open the way to successful work in the development of closer intellectual and cultural relations with these countries, than the visit of this group of university men. Such visits as those of Mr. Elihu Root and of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt are cordially wel- comed and do great good. Much good may be accomplished also by visits of less distinguished men than these. But more should be done to encourage visits of men of different ranks and callings from these republics to this country and to enable all concerned to get the most from such visits. These have been too few in the past. Mention has been made of prominent persons from some of these republics who will visit this country within the next twelve months. Necessary steps should be taken as soon as possible to arrange for the proper reception of these persons and to facilitate in every way the accomplishment of their purposes.
In general it is believed that more good will be accomplished from every point of view by providing properly for visitors who come to us from the other republics of their own initiative or on some official mission, than by undertaking to invite large parties from these countries to make visits here as guests of the Association, as has been contemplated. By special arrangements with local authorities or committees in different parts of the country where visits are con- templated, it will be possible, I am sure, to secure the most satisfactory kind of reception and every facility needed in order to accomplish in the most satis- factory manner the particular objects in view.
27
Something more should be said relative to such visits as this of university men. Notwithstanding what has already been said of the good which this visit has accomplished, it is believed that such visits should be the exception. In general, more would be accomplished by visits of individuals or small groups of three or four persons of similar interests. If large parties make such visits they should be made up of these smaller groups, and schools of medicine, of law, and of applied sciences should be represented. Plans should be made well in advance, and if possible more or less definite programs of special visits in each place should be prepared beforehand. It is believed also that each group should have a more or less well-defined purpose to which it should be the aim to devote a portion of the time.
Moreover, the Association has declared its purpose to encourage a wider study of the Spanish and Portuguese languages in the United States and of the English language in the other republics. This, in general, is fundamental. One of the greatest needs is of a common language. Our educational institutions are doing almost nothing at all for the study of Portuguese, although it is the official language of one of the most important of the American republics and one with which our relations must under normal conditions certainly become closer day by day ; and for the study of Spanish, which is the official language of eighteen of these republics, only a little more. In general, relatively more is being done for the study of the English language, in the more important of the other republics at least, than we are doing for the study of either Portuguese or Spanish in the United States.
When we consider the growing importance of the other republics of America, and of our relations with them, it is difficult to understand why adequate pro- visions for teaching their official languages in our schools, colleges and uni- versities have been so far neglected. Greek, Latin, German and French are in the United States almost everywhere given preference, and in some cases also even languages of much less importance than these. I doubt if any other language, ancient or modern, will have an importance for the majority of the students of the coming generation comparable to that of Spanish, if taught as the official language of these eighteen growing American states as well as of Spain. The educated American of the next generation should be taught to speak English and Spanish or Portuguese with almost equal facility.
Here is a most important field for work. It is believed that something in the way of an active propaganda should be undertaken in favor of better provisions for the study of these languages in all our educational institutions, that every proper influence should be brought to bear to have them placed in every way on a par with other foreign languages; and that adequate provision for the special training of teachers of these languages should be especially encouraged. The teachers of Spanish and Portuguese now in service should be
28
encouraged to organize, and to exercise every effort to raise the standard of the teaching of these languages and to make all instruction in them of as high grade as that in any other language ; and by preparing high-grade supple- mentary reading books and other text-books in the language to improve the methods and to relate the instruction closely with the respective peoples of America who speak them. Something might be done also to encourage the opening of schools modeled after the Escuela de Lenguas Vivas in Buenos Aires, which has already been described.
The work implied in the purpose of the Association to encourage more ample provisions in the colleges and universities of the United States and in the other republics for instruction in the intellectual and social life and institu- tions of the respective nations is work which merits attention. The need of more ample provisions for the teaching of the official languages of the United States, of Brazil, and of the Spanish-speaking republics is very great. The special need of adequate provisions for the professional training of teachers and the special training of leaders and specialists in every line is also great. But, further- more, the history, literature, law and government of at least the more important of all these republics should be given much more attention than is given at present. Brazil with a government of more or less loosely federated states; Argentina with a system of states more or less closely federated and various important territorial governments; Chile with a system of government highly centralized and Peru with a government also highly centralized, offer important illustrative material in the study of administrative law such as can be found nowhere else. The importance of satisfactory instruction in the geography, his- tory of early civilization and of Spanish colonization in all America should be encouraged in every practicable way. It is certain that these countries would welcome and cooperate in any practical plan looking to improvements in these directions.
It is the purpose of the Association to encourage and to facilitate the opening of special institutes which would be, as it were, local agents of the Association for the carrying on of all the kinds of work undertaken where such institutes are opened. Suggestions have been made relative to the need of some permanent efficient local organization or institution in some or all of the capitals visited. It is clear that the local atmosphere and local needs must be considered in determining just the kind of organization or institution that should be provided in each case. But the essential elements in every case are efficiency and perma- nency. There would be little excuse for an institution which was not efficient, and any institution would need to have the element of permanency before any high degree of efficiency could be expected.
The secretariats opened in Brazil, Argentina and Peru have elements of permanency, but they are not as yet adequately prepared for efficient work. Through the aid of a competent person who would know the psychology of the
29
Brazilian people and also understand the aims and purposes of the Association, the secretary in Rio de Janeiro could develop, it is believed, a suitable organiza- tion for the work there. In any case the appointment of a man there, as already suggested, to study the situation would seem to be the proper next step. In Monte- video it is suggested that something might be done by cooperating with the World's Student Federation there. In Buenos Aires it is believed that arrangements simi- lar to those suggested for Rio de Janeiro should be tried and the practicability of cooperating with the Museo Social Argentine in accordance with some well-defined plan be seriously considered. There is no secretary in Chile, and it is believed that if the Association would undertake to establish an Institute such as has been elsewhere suggested,* Santiago would be an excellent place to try it out and also this a very opportune time. In Lima, Mr. John Vavasour Noel, president of the West Coast Publishing Company, is doing work which merits encourage- ment The secretary for the Association in Lima, Doctor Juan Bautista de Lavalle, is particularly competent and will cooperate effectively in any work undertaken there. It is suggested further that steps be taken to start work in Mexico and perhaps also in some of the Central and other South American States.
The organization of a Pan American Institute under the auspices of this Association forms part of the program of work for the development of closer intellectual and cultural relations between the peoples of the United States and of the other republics of America which the Endowment authorized in its resolu- tion of December 20 of last year. The organization of such an institute would seem to be an important step in advance at this time. The need of such an institution as is here contemplated is already keenly felt and will be felt even more before it can be completely organized and ready for the satisfactory dis- charge of its proper functions. The work which I have indicated is in a great part the work of an institution rather than of an office merely, notwithstanding the good work which an office may be able to do along practically all the lines suggested.
With regard to the matter of cooperating with other institutions and organi- zations, something has already been done and almost all the suggestions which have here been made imply effective cooperation with all important educational institutions everywhere and other organizations interested in the social and in- tellectual life and institutions of the different American republics. Oppor- tunities should be sought out further, it is believed, to exercise some influence with those who fill positions of responsibility affecting our relations with the other republics, and to search out some practical way in which to cooperate to determine and to select the right kind of men for such positions.
* See page 15.
30
I cannot conclude this report without a brief reference to the changing posi- tion of America with respect to the rest of the world. Relations between the different American republics until now have been very largely local in character ; other nations of the world have taken no great interest in them, and they have not affected the world at large. The ruling American policies and traditions, together with the geographical isolation of all the American republics, have given to international relations in America a quite subordinate place. But the opening of the Panama Canal, the gradual awakening in the far east and the disastrous effects which must inevitably follow the terrible conflict now raging in Europe tend to alter greatly the position of the nations of America in their relations to the world at large. The domestic or local character of American international relations is destined gradually — perhaps rapidly — to become less pronounced. Every important act of the different American republics, whether of a national or of an international character, must have in the future an increasing interest to other nations of the world. These republics will be affected more and more by world movements, and their individual and collective responsibilities with respect to world civilization will be greatly increased.
Under these circumstances the need of a better understanding between the peoples of these republics must grow rapidly. This better understanding is pos- sible through that ever-widening fund of common knowledge and experience necessary to those intimate relations of an intellectual or cultural character which form the only permanent basis of friendly international relations. Under these conditions, the accomplishment of such work as is here suggested becomes in- creasingly vital and necessary.
HARRY ERWIN BARD New York, October 6, 1914
APPENDIX I
Itinerary of the Party of University Men Making the Tour of the Principal Capitals
of South America
May 30— Saturday Left New York I p. m.
june 5 — Friday Arrived Barbadoes 9 a. m.
Left Barbadoes 3 p. m. June 13— Saturday Arrived Bahia 9 a. m.
Left Bahia 8 p. m.
June 16 — Tuesday Arrived Rio de Janeiro 9 a. m.
June 21 — Sunday Left Rio de Janeiro 7 a. m.
Arrived Sao Paulo 7 p. m. June 23 — Tuesday Left Sao Paulo 8 a. m.
Arrived Santos 12 noon.
Left Santos 2 p. m.
June 26 — Friday Arrived Montevideo 9 a. m.
June 28 — Sunday Left Montevideo 10 p. m.
June 29 — Monday Arrived Buenos Aires 8 a. m.
July 4 — Saturday Left Buenos Aires 10 p. m.
July 10 — Friday Arrived Punta Arenas II a. m.
Left Punta Arenas 4 p. m.
July 14 — Tuesday Arrived Coronel II a. m.
July 15 — Wednesday Left Coronel 8 a. m.
Arrived Conception 10 a. m. July 16 — Thursday Left Concepcion 7 a. m.
Arrived Santiago 7 p. m. July 19 — Sunday Left Santiago 12 noon.
Arrived Valparaiso 6 p. m.
July 21 — Tuesday Left Valparaiso 2 p. m.*
July 24 — Friday Arrived Antofagasta 8 a. m.
Left Antofagasta 4 p. m. July 25 — Saturday Arrived Tquique 8 a. m.
Left Iquique n a. m. July 26 — Sunday Arrived Mollendo 9 a. m.
Left Mollendo u a. m.
July 27 — Monday Arrive Callao (Lima) 4 p. m.
July 28 — Tuesday Left Callao (Lima) 3 p. m.
Aug. 2 — Sunday Arrived off Panama 1 1 p. m.,
ship quarantined until August 4, 4 p. m.
Aug. 4 — Tuesday Arrived Panama 5 p. m.
Aug. 5 — Wednesday Left Panama 7 a. m.
Arrived Colon I p. m.
Left Colon 3 p. m. Aug. ii — Tuesday Arrived New York 9 a. m.**
* Ship delayed 24 hours on account of storm.
** Short stops made at other ports, but members of party went ashore only at ports mentioned.
APPENDIX II
Personnel of the Party of University Men Making the Tour of the Principal Capitals
of South America
BARD, HARRY ERWIN.
A. B. and Honorary A. M. Wabash College ; A. M. and Ph. D. Columbia University ; Master's and Doctor's Diploma in Education Administration Teachers College of Columbia University.
Taught Latin In Wabash College and Greek and Latin in Adams Collegiate Institute of Adams, New York ; Principal of Adams Collegiate Institute : Divlson Superintendent of Schools in the Philippine Islands ; Official Adviser of the Ministry of Instruction of Peru and Secretary-member of a special commission to prepare an Organic School Law.
Has published various studies in education administration ; member of learned and civic societies.
Director of the Pan American Division of the American Association for Interna- tional Conciliation, 407 West 117th Street, New York City.
BURNET, PERCY BENTLEY.
B. L. and M. A. University of Indiana ; sometime student in the university of Paris, Leipzig, Chicago and Nebraska.
Has taught, German at Oberlin College and at the University of Indiana ; German, Gothic, and Hebrew at the University of Chicago ; French and Spanish at the University of Indianapolis ; French, Spanish and German at Grinnell. Iowa.
Has published, French Dictionary (Edgren and Burnet) ; Spanish Grammar; Spanish Text La Familia de Alvareda.
Is now and has been for past eight years head of foreign language department of the Manual Training School, Kansas City, Missouri.
FITZ-GERALD, JOHN DRISCOLL, II.
A. B. and Ph. D. Columbia University ; University Scholar and University Fellow in Romance Languages ; sometime student in Universities of Paris, Berlin, Leipzig, and Madrid ; Eleve Titulaire and Eleve Diplomf de 1'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Section des Sciences Historlques et Phllologiques) Paris.
Member of Hispanic Society of America : Corresponding Member of the Real Acade- mia Espafiola de la Lengua ; Corresponding Member of the Spanish-American Atheneum ; Corresponding Member of the Comite de Patronage des Etudlants Etranges de 1'Unl- versite de Bordeaux.
Has published, Versification of the Cuaderna Via as found in Berceo's Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos : Rambles in Spain. Edited, La Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos, por Gonzalo de Berceo ; Lope de Vega ; Novelas a la Sefiora Marcia Leonarda. Con- tributed to encyclopaedias and reviews ; Associate Editor Romantic Review.
Has taught Spanish in Columbia University and is now Assistant Professor of Romance Languages at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
GOODELL, REGINALD R.
B. A. and M. A. Bowdoin College : sometime student at Johns Hopkins University and In the universities of Paris and of Granada ; studied under Professor A. Rambeau, and with Professor Paul Passy in Paris.
Taught for two years in the University of Maine ; one year in Bowdoin College ; two years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Is now and has been since Its opening, head — except for the first year — of the De- partment of Romance Languages, Simmons College, Boston, Mass.
JONES, CHESTER LLOYD.
B. L. University of Wisconsin : Ph. D. University of Pennsylvania ; sometime student in universities of Berlin and of Madrid.
Has published, The Consular Service of the United States; The Coal Carrying Canals of the United States; Parties and Elections; Statute Law Making; Wage Pay- ment Legislation in the United States (joint author with R. G. Patterson) ; Member of various civic and learned societies.
Was Instructor In the University of Pennsylvania. 1905-1909: Is now and has been since 1910 associate professor of Political Science, University of Wisconsin, Madi- son, Wisconsin.
LOCKEY, JOSEPH BYRNE.
B. S. George Peabody College for Teachers. Nashville, Tenn. ; M. A. Columbia Uni- versity ; Master's Diploma In Education Administration Teachers College of Columbia University ; sometime student In the University of Chicago.
Has specialized In education administration ; was for a number of years Principal of High School in Pensacola, Fla. ; Departmental Inspector of Primary Instruction In Lima, Peru.
Has published. Educational Needs In Florida; La Ensefianza de la Arlttnetlca ; Juegos al Alre Libre ; Eatudlos sobre la Instrucci6n Prlmarla.
33
LUQUIENS, FREDERICK BLISS.
B. A. and Pb. D. Yale University ; sometime student in France and in Spain as Scott Hurtt Fellow of Yale University.
Was instructor in French and Spanish in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale Uni- versity, and later assistant professor in Spanish.
Has published several articles on medieval French and Spanish among which are, An Introduction to old French Phonology and Morphology ; Three Lays of Marie de France retold in English Verse.
Is now Professor of Spanish in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
MARSHALL, LEON CARROLL.
A. B. Ohio Wesleyan University ; A. B. and A. M. Harvard University ; Henry Lee Fellow in Economics, Harvard University.
Has taught Economics in Ohio Wesleyan University and Political Economy at the University of Chicago.
Has published, Outlines of Economics : Bibliography of Economics : Materials for the Study of Elementary Economics ; various magazine articles. Member of various learned societies. Associate Editor of the Journal of Political Economy.
Is now Professor of Political Economy and Dean of the College of Commerce and Ad- ministration, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
MORREY, WILLIAM THOMAS.
A. B. Ohio State University ; A. M. New York University ; sometime student in Columbia University.
Has taught in high schools of Columbus, Ohio, and in Bushwick High School of Brooklyn, New York. President of High School Teachers' Association of New York, and member of various clubs and other organizations.
Has published, Accredited High Sc'hools and State Universities; Heath's Physiog- raphy (joint author) ; Laboratory Work in Physiography.
Is now Head of the Department of History and in charge of Annex, Bushwick High School, Brooklyn, New York.
PERSINGER, CLARK EDMUND.
B. A. Cornell College : M. A. University of Nebraska ; sometime student in History and Politics at Johns Hopkins University ; Fellow in American History in University of Nebraska.
Instructor : Adjunct Professor ; Associate Professor ; and Professor of American History in the University of Nebraska.
Has published, Political Philosophy of Thomas Paine ; Letters from New America ; A Primer of Socialism ; is joint author of Caldwell's and Persinger's Source History of the United States.
Is now Professor of History at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.
SNIDER, GUY EDWARD.
B. L. University of Wisconsin ; M. A. University of Missouri ; Ph. D. Columbia Uni- versity ; for three years undergraduate student in Grinnell College.
Is now Instructor in History and Economics, College of the City of New York, New York.
WILLETT, ALLAN H.
A. B. and A. M. Brown University ; Ph. D. Columbia University. Has taught Economics in Brown University.
Is now Professor of Economics and Commerce, and Head of the Department of Commercial Engineering, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
INDEX
Aim, 8, 19, 20 Alves de Lima, Jos6 C., 8
America, 2, 3, 4. 6, 14, 19, 20. 21. 24. 25. 27, 28, 29. 30 American Association for International Conciliation, 1, 4, 6, 7. 10. 17, 19. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 2D American bookstores, 23 American magazines, 29
American republics, 4, 10, 20. 21, 22, 25, 20, 30 Amundtegui Solar, D., 14, 18 Andes, 14, 19 Argentina, 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 28
Bacon, Robert, 26
Bahia, 6, 16, 17, 18, 23
Barbadoea, 6
Barrett, John, 18
Bello Horizonte, 23
Benavides, Oscar R., 17
Book trade, 23
Boy Scout movement, 16
Brazil, 2, 3, 6, 7, 16, 17, 28
Brum, Baltasar, 18
Bryan, Win. Jennings, 18
Buenos Aires, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 23, 25, 28, 29
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 9
Callao. 16, 17
Carnegie Endowment, 1, 6
Castro Ruiz, Carlos, 16
Catalogs, 15
Cavalcanti, Amaro, 7
Central America, 29
Chile, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 29
Chileans, 15
Cigorraga, Manuel, 13
Civilization, 2, 6, 28, 30
Club, United States Universities, 18
Collections, 12. 22
Colon Theatre, 18
Committee, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 17, 26
Conception, 13
Coronel, 13
Courtesies, 17, 18, 19
Cullen, Thomas 8., 13
Daily Journals, 3, 20
Davila, Adolfo E., 13
de Anchprena, Joaqufn 8., 17, 18
de Araujo Jorge, A. G., 7
de Costa, Angela de Oliveira Cesar, 9, 10, 11
de Lavalle, Juan Bautista, 17, 28
Democracy , 9
Depositories, 22, 24
Division of Intercourse and Education, 9
Dictionary, 24
Drago, Luis M., 9
Educatjonal Institutions in United States, 22
Educational Administration, 26
Endowment, 1, 9, 10, 11, 21, 29
England, 3
Escuela de Lenguas Vivas, 12, 28
Europe, 3,4,21, 23, 30
Ewing, Enrique E., 10
Ewing, Major, 14
Experience, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30
Fellowships, 25 Fletcher. Henry P., 16, 18 Flores, Eliodoro, 14 Foreign service, 26 Foreign students, 24 Fragoso, Arlindo, 6, 7 France, 3
Frazer.Robert, Jr., 6 Frers, Emilio, 2, 9, 10 Friendship, 2, 4
Gallardo, Angel. 12 Geography, 6, 28 Germany, 3
Gonzales, Joaqufn V., 18 Grovstad, Nicolay A., 18
History, 1, 3, 6, 28 Hospitality, 11, 17, 18
Ideals, 2
Iglehart, David 8., 18
Impressions, 19, 20
Information, 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 13, 21, 22
Institutes, 1, 10, 14, 23, 29
Institutions, 1,3, 5, 6,7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 20. 21, 22.
24,25,27,29 Interchanges, 1, 24, 25 International relations, 11, 30 International visits, 26 Italy, 3 Itinerary, 5, 14, 19
Jockey Club. 18
Knowledge, common, 3, 6, 20, 30
Language, English, 3, 6, 12, 14, 27
French, 3, 12, 27
German, 3, 12, 27
Greek, 27
Latin, 27
Portuguese, 3, 6, 23, 27
Spanish, 3, 5, 6, 12, 23, 27 Languages, official, 1, 3, 27 La Prensa, 13 Lavalle, Francisco P., 11 Laws, 1, 3, 26 Lay, Julius, 7 Letters, 5, 18 Life, 6, 21, 22, 28, 29 Lima, 16, 17, 19, 25, 29 Literature, 1, 3, 23, 27 Lobo, Helio, 7 Lorillard, George, 9 Luncheon, 6, 18
Magazines, 15
McMUlin, Benton, 18
Menendez, Luis J., 17
Mexico, 29
Mission,?, 11, 26
Montevideo, 8, 9, 11, 13. 17. 18. 19, 23, 25, 28
Moreno, Francisco P., lO
Morgan, Edwin V., 7, 18
Municipal improvement, 16
Museo Social Argentine. 9. 10, 12, 29
Nations, 2, 4, 6, 30 Nelson, Enrique, 12 Nelson, Ernesto, 9, 10, 12 New York, 6, 11.17.23 Noel, John Vavasour, 29
Oficina de Exposicio'n, 8 Official languages, 1, 3 Organisation, 1, 4, 7, 8, 10, 14, 28, 29
Pacific Coast, 11
Panama, 16, 17
Panama Canal, 30
Panama Exposition, 8, 12, 22
Pan American Division, 1, 4, 22
Pan American Institute, 29
Pan American Union, 18
Party, 4. 5, 6, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22
Pernambuco, 23
Perotti, Eduardo, 9
Personnel of party, 5
35
Peru, 16, 17, 28
Pinochet le-Brun, Tancredo, 14 Population, 2 Portugal, 3
Portuguese language, 3 Prado y Ugarteche, Javier, 17 Price, William J., 18 Problems, social, 2, 8, 9 Professors, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 25 Program, 7, 9, 17, 27 Propaganda, 22, 27 Psychology, 3, 4, 7, 16, 26, 28 Publications, 17, 22, 23, 24 Publishers, 22 Punta Arenas, 13
Quiroga, Modesto, 10
Reception, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18, 26
Reciprocal treatment, 2
Relations, friendly, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 15, 16, 21
intellectual and cultural, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21
international, 11, 30
political and commercial, 2, 3, 4, 21
social, 2 Representatives, consular, 5, 18, 19
diplomatic, 5, 13, 18 Republics, 2, 3
Republics, of America, 1, 2, 3, 6 Results, 20, 24
Rio de Janeiro, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 23, 25, 28 Roosevelt, Colonel Theodore, 26 Root, Elihu, 26
San Francisco, 8, 12
Santiago, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 23, 25, 29
Santos, 8
Sao Paulo, 8, 17, 23
Schools, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14. 16, 25, 26, 27
Seabra, Jose. Joaquim, 6
Secretariats, 28
Sociedad Cientifica, 11
South America, 1, 6, 11, 22, 26
South American Association for Universal Peace, 9, 10, 11
Spain, 3, 4, 27
Spanish language, 3, 5
Specialists, 25, 26
Straits of Magellan, 13, 19
Students, 1, 6, 8, 14. 24, 25, 27
Summerlin, George Thomas, 14
Teachers, 1, 8, 12, 14, 25, 27 Text-books, 3, 15, 23, 28 Tide of travel, 3 Traits, 4
United States, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20. 21. 22,
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 United States Universities Club, 18 Universities, 5, 24, 28 University of Buenos Aires, 12
of Chile, 13, 14, 18
of La Plata, 12, 18 Uruguay, 8
Valparaiso, 16, 17, 19
Vargas, Mofses, 14, 16
Victorica, Benjamin Garcia, 9
Villaran. Manuel V., 17
Visits, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 19, 26, 27
West, Frank N., 9 Wilmart, Raimundo, 10 Williman, Claudio, 18 World Civilization, 30 Wright, J. Butler, 7
Zeballos, Estanislao S., 0, 10
FEB 27 1917
Gaylord Bros.
Makers
Syracuse, N. Y. PAT. JAN. 21, 1908