—— 4 iy} y Sis i> bm ss OS® 5 22> © DS» 3 SS ES ioe WHITNEY LIBRARY, MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. (Blom 52>) Se dD?) DD > ) ‘OIZdINT ‘AMOINGG SIMCNT rquouyuog ayn sof wuaby "NOGNOT ‘MOY UALSONUAEV ‘¢ ‘SNOS GNV ANCINANOOAYD *sToTTOSIOOT [IB “FO perepx1o aq few 10 ‘hq plog “HHSIIaAg HUY SuTaWOAN NUAWITT ‘SOTA POYTLE PUB pemNOTOH THM powwajentiy ‘gurpyg euo aod ‘ATqyWOTT poysT|qnd st YTANASAQ TVALOATIGENY AHL ie. ‘goUdlog USTIEIOG PUB YSMITg UL SJOVF Surysor9qUL4ysom pue ysameu ey Suwruojide ;- — RAGE RIBBAND FIsHes oF THE GENUS GyMNETRUS. By JonaTHsN Covcn, BLS. With a Coloured Plate and other Illustrations .........ccccceeeeees it Moss Parasires. By tHe Rev. Mines JosrppuH Berxeney, M. mM H.L.S. Laie LULOSURAMIOIOS. “Seb eabeoneucedeessecoudonae sO Nhe RE AB SE died TR attabis 8 Is THE GIRAFFE PROVIDED WITH MORE THAN “Two Horns ? By T. SPENCER CopgonD, M.D., F.L.S. With a Tinted Plate ........s000c000 12 MINSTRELS OF THE SUMMER. By Surrtpy HIBBERD .................. ae 18 Insrcts Insurious to tar Erm. By H. Norn Humpureys. With Illustrations .. ce pF URSELF I AN a at OR ace a a e, L) S Star Finpina. With an Auction CRER SS BIA ten Wns ae We tNid 2 ED bate Sache ate DE TA RIVE ON THE AURORA BOREALIS ..........0.ccecceeeeees a dashes 38 Curious InLusTRATION OF VEGETABLE MorpPHonoay. “BY “ROBERT GausBY. W2th an Illustration............ RA a ine RSE Ne Os RE ARS Soa ue eae Tar New Mrran THALLIUM ........... Peer an sentad TERR ROE IE CE OC RHE ERT SCT CRD ter acs 33 PCED EK OMAR) EIATEOS, 2c napysepin mee, one deciseernce ail Jecede betas Sane See oftltireiieaiciearehO MeEtEoROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE Kuw Opsreryatory. By C. COSIVANN TEENS Ne Me hati SAQA or OL IU fa a hay all RET PRA AU SE Ae Bia TARY Te 46, 292 TRANSIT OF THE SHADOW OF Vr ‘AN— DOUBLE STars—THE Moon—Occvt- TATIONS. By THe Rey. T. W. Weep, F.R.A.S. With an Illustration. 52 Birps or Paravise. By T.W. Woon, F.Z.8. With a Coloured Plate ... 69 A DrepGing Excursion. By D. WALKER, IVERSEN STE oS ROS ae Se aoe eesti} Tuer SUNFISH as A Hosr. By T. Spencer CopBoxp, M. D., IMIS soc cacace 82 Honty: 17s Origin anp ADULTERATION. By W. W. SroppaRr SEA a RS) G) ORIGIN AND TRANSFORMATION OF ANIMALS ........00.00:- HEL SBN ETA aR MANA R ER RANE 95 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES AS JELUSTRATED IN THE EXHIBITION OF 1862. By J. W. M°GauLevy......... SEY ae Baa aR PEEL CHAR AR ARR oNE CeaSnereann . 208 Taste IN ART Span ite ately “ia odecenie Hak: Poisonous CATERPILLARS. By iH. ‘Nor “HUMPHREYS. ‘With TOES. 124 NEw PROCESS OF VINEGAR MAKING........ccccecsceeces ees HS aula en a un a 1 OPprposirion oF Mars OccULTATIONS— Tan ComrtT. By THE Rey. T. W. Wess, F.R.AS....... a rear tbater Gay ae Becton aia Sanne Hypravuiic Intusions. By W. B. TeGetMErER. With Tine nons 140 A SumMMER AFTTRNOON BY THE SEA. Tue Tomorrreris. By Puinir H. Gosst, F.R.S. With a Tinted Plate....... Bashar sluincidaenontes ert Mean 149 PHOTOGRAPHIC DELINEATIONS OF Microscopic OBJECiS. “By GrorGE SwpRany, MRICS. ......... SS eRe evan Tae UUs ee A Re Se Bel EIR OMe cae KS fo. ZOOLOGY OF THE INTERNATIONAL PXHIBITION ROS Sa SRB TIN ee Ne meetin soterrie NS pies oo 160 INFLUENCE OF Mass oN THE PRODUCTION OF INFUSORIA. By “HENRY SPACES STA CROHNS Sa ual la GURU Abn Vad LAL ee ere atest Auk) Devin Fish oF JAMAICA. By THE Hon. RICHARD iseentt With illustrations. 167 On an InscriBED Roman Tine Recenriy Founp IN LEICESTER. BY THomAS Wricut, F.S.A. With an Illustration ............ AU Stantnoeaned uae A ORGANIZATION AND LIFE ...,.......... SRE Naa Bs Bae HEA SPAN sdssiueaekenann Se History OF THE SALMON , Ai eee ROAR AS SE AC i U . 188 THE Hum AND ITs INsEcT ENEMIES. By SHIRLEY HIBBERD.. Ga Neal npyatied 1 8 SPIRANTHES AUTUMNALIS, NEoTTra SrPiratis, on Lapres’ Trusses. BY ANE OMAR KE Habe LEUsSEnateonsy, Aes eee eee Sdaeeh DOD Comet il., 1862. By roz Rev. T. W. Wesp, F.R.A. ‘8. With Illustrations. 188 OBSERVATIONS ON ComET II., 1862. By tHr Hon. Mrs. Warp. Witha Coloured Plate and other Illustrations......... Sete e hee e eee ee teresa ese eedeer ene IV Contents. PAGE APPEARANCE OF ComET II. at Paris. Nore From M. OCHACORNAC......... 220 APPLICATION OF DIALYSIS TO THE PRESERVATION OF BUILDING STONES ... 224 Puysania Prnacica (THE Portua@urs—E Man-or-War). By H. Noru AUMPHREYSS | Wath Coloured ELaten eee ee eee eee ees 233 Hints to BEGINNERS WITH THE Microscorr. By T. RyMER JONES, E19) 2 > ERCP PTS pte RUE NE Ee sO A AUIS idee aoc Goo 243 Tur Funeus Foor or Inpia. By tHE Rey. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S. ; Pathe: TUSEr GEO ns st is iio dlarsee eee SOUR Noah eS Ee 248 On THE Avrora Borzatis. By Davip Waker, M.D., F.LS. ............ 258 IPTV CIGAR) ON SPE CURR UM PAINAUDY. GTS en ete lense ater reece ce eee Eee ee ee nee ER eEEe 265 RESTING Ea@a@s, oR, STATOBLASTS OF A PLUMATELLA. By Hinry J. Snack, ¥B.G.S. With a Coloured Plater vie ee dock ool code ice ee 271 PIcTET ON THE MeEtTHop oF DETERMINING THE AGE OF Fossrn Groups ... 275 Fosstt HUMAN SKELETON FROM GUADALOUPE. ByS. P. WoopWARD, F.G.S. 280 TEEN PEE DEEP SAW. pl eancne bord aces ieee ao ake ena cae eeemeenes 284: MicRoscoric WRITING, ENGRAVING, AND PRINTING ...,...c0..:..ccceceseceses 298 DovUBLE STARS—OccULTATIONS—THE HARTH IN OPPOSITION. By THE REV. ATW: Wi BBY SBIR AR See sae Ur ise ieee isang ty ie aaa il Se, rae 299, 370 FEATHERED FossIL FROM THE LITHOGRAPHIC LIMESTONE OF SOLENHOFEN. By Henry Woopwarp, F.Z.8. With a Coloured Plate. .......c...000+ 313 ORTGINGOR. ENRUSORTAL Glee each s sbi uieseeleciilc ee tee Ok ee eee Dae eee 320 THe Wuie-worm. By T.Spencer Copsorp, M.D., “ELS. With a Tinted L211 a RR HO eae er RR Anne PURSUE GC ss enon Sad 000 825 ASPECTS OF NATURE IN SOUTHERN PERU. By WittiamM Borranrt, F.R.G.S. 331 SUBMARINE ARCHITECTURE. By Sarrtey Hipperp. With an Lilustration. 339 EFFECTS OF HascuiscH on M. St. Lucca............... aaleiaae his ea eT aero 346 CARPENTER ON LEE METCROSCOP EME er are eee eee ene Ree EEE een 348 1 GVAGKH ap mone WONpwe NaN Op OVE) INGOIE ABN, |) 444 noooassododedanooneacodoaaccodoacooDdpnencodees 253 LrrcH-Lort. By THe Rey. W. Hovenuron, M.A., F.LS.. eo oes STRUCTURE AND HapiTs OF Puysatra. By G. C. WALLICH, MM. By, aon inet isn 362 Lamont’s New THEORY OF ATMOSPHERIC VAPOUR. By ALEXANDER 8. TERR SCH EL Hea wees ee tate ea eee opis eee dee sane aUR ea cae aE 368 HABITS OF THE AvE-AYE. By W. B. TEGETMEIER.........-.ccecccsccecseeceess 379 CoMETS—AN ACCOUNT OF ALL THE COMETS WHOSE ORBITS HAVE NOT BEEN CancuuATED.) Bye GaCHAMBERG: tea ke ee Create nara ee ceeeet rene 380 Fret oF Insects. By L. Lane Cuarke. With a Tinted Plate a) a aa 393 Economic Propuction oF ARTIFICIAL Heat. By J. W. M‘GAULEY...... 398 QUETELET ON THEW LHOTRICIMY OF) MEHEATR 2). ace. ckuseeioceeet en cesecerontene 408 THE SeA Lamprey. By JonatHan Coucn, F.L.S. With a Coloured Plate 411 - MAGNIFICENT METEOR SEEN ON THE 277TH oF NovemBER, 1862. By EH. J. OWE, TSR ALS S HIE eee kee delete ta aT ie ARSE IE era ee ee 422 Tue HYE anD THE Microscorr. By Henry J. Snack, F.GS. ............00 427 EXPERIENCES OF HascuiscH. By SurrLeEy HIBBERD...... .....sceeceeeseeeees 435 Fuyine LizarDs oF THE SECONDARY Rocxs. By Henry Woopwarp, RZES 3) abe LUST ALONS) yin CRE ee ee ERE Eee Tee eT eee 443. ' PeRvVIAN Bark TREES AND THEIR TRANSPLANTATION. By BERTHOLD SHE MANN, AES GH ss Gr Siar eal eracislo croton uistoor oak acehiea se orm st aaa seat ee ee 452, Asn Miler, Isswansnny IRwohye AY WAYS \WVaniiey THoI Wash ppooneouapdadnoonobodnSDono one 461 PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES ............ceceeesseseees 60, 225, 305, 384, 465 GLEANINGS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL WXHIBITION ........c0cccoecseces 64, 143, 226 USHIVO S$ S{Ue_ THE INTELLECTUAL OBSERVER. AUGUST, 1862. RIBBAND FISHES OF THE GENUS GYMNETRUS. BY JONATHAN COUCH, F.L.S. Tue habits of that family of Ribband or Band fishes called Gym- netrus are so little known that their history for the most part, is confined to the knowledge of the places where they have been taken, and the circumstances attending the capture. Yet there is reason to believe that they are widely distributed in the Ocean; for while the greater number of instances in which they have been obtained have been in the north of Hurope, one at least is believed to have occurred in the Hast Indies, one in New Zealand, and another among the islands of Bermuda, of the particulars of which we intend to give a more minute account. The earliest reference we have of a fish of this kind as being obtained in Britain, is quoted from the Annual Register by Albany Hancock, Esq. and Dr. Embleton, as having occurred about the year 1759; but it was not described by any scientific naturalist, and we might have entertained doubts concerning the species, and even the genus, but for the mention of a circumstance attending it which has since accompanied the capture of every example, and which, therefore, while it forms a character, permits a doubt to continue with regard to the exact form of some of its parts. It became easily broken and mutilated when handled, as was the case also with the next specimen of which we have any account. This was left, dead by the tide near the little town of Newlyn, close to Penzance in Cornwall, in February 1788; the date of which is to be particularly noted, since there appear to have been repeated mistakes concerning it. The occurrence of this example, which was then believed to have been its earliest instance in Britain, excited considerable attention at the time; ‘and of it I possess a coloured drawing, which was presented to me by Mr. Chirgwin, near whose house the fish was found, and who expressed his’ belief that 1t was the authentic original from which all the other figures that have been circulated were copied. VOL. II.—NO. I. B 2 Ribband Fishes of the Genus Gymnetrus. This last circumstance must be a mistake, as we shall see; but in itself his figure is a fair representation of the actual appear- ance of the specimen as it then existed, with, perhaps, the exception that the jaws are unnaturally drawn out; and at the li bottom of the drawing is the following inscription :—“ This is a drawing of a fish that came on shore at Newlyn on Saturday the 23rd of February, 1788. Its length without the tail (which it wanted) was 8} feet, its extreme breadth 103 inches, and its thickness but 22 inches—M. Wright fect.” The artist has supplied the deficiency of a tail by something which bears a resemblance to the same part in the common sea-bream—but Ribband Fishes of the Genus Gynmetrus. 3 without actually joming it to the body; and a deficiency also occurs at the head, where the crest or plume is represented by two long rays only that are bent forward, and each one tipped with a membranous expansion not much unlike the termination of a peacock’s feather, but of a red colour, as are all the fins, The ventral fins are formed, each of a single ray, with its fan- like expansion, and reaching to about the middle of the body. The acknowledged imperfection of portions of this fish appears to have been deemed a sufficient warrant for the exercise of the imagination in persons who had not seen the original, but who undertook to form a likeness according to what they supposed it ought to be. Such must have been the case as regards a figure in the possession of the late William Rashleigh, Hsq., F.R.S., etc., by whom I was permitted to take a copy of it; and which requires to be particularly noticed, as it was that from which Mr. Yarrell’s figure was derived in the first and second edition of his History of British Fishes. In this case, the two rays which naturally rise from the forehead, and are so represented in Mr. Chirewin’s figure, are transferred to the throat, and thus the ventral fins are represented with double their usual number of rays, a mistake which is rectified in the last edition of Mr. Yarrell’s work. That Mr. Chirewin, as above referred to, was in error when he supposed that no other drawing but his own was taken from the actual specimen at Newlyn appears from the fact that there exists in the library of the British Museum, bound up in a quarto ' copy of Pennant’s work on the Natural History England, for- merly in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, a figure of this same fish, but which differs im several particulars from Mr. Chirgwin’s drawimg. In this the jaws are reduced to their proper position, but the rays on the top of the head are without their membranous expansion, and the ventral fins are broken short, which defects appear to be sufficient proofs that the figures im Pennant’s volume were really copied from nature, but somewhat later than that of Mr. Chirgwin. The remarkable habilty to injury in this fish, from rough handling, will explain the difference thus observed. Block’s great work on fishes con- tains a hkeness of what that author supposed to have been this. Cornish fish, but his description of it appears to be scarcely intelhgible. Some account of it, with a figure, was sent to him by Mr. John Hawkins, who had travelled on the Continent as a. naturalist, but chiefly in pursuit of botany ; but this gentleman appears to have sent also asmall specimen of what both of them supposed to be the same species, but which had been taken in the Hast Indies, and what the Prussian naturalist is able to say on the subject is derived from a combination of these distinct and even diverse materials, with some confusion perhaps arismg 4, hibband Fishes of the Genus Gymnetrus. from not having well understood the information afforded by his Cornish friend. A claim has been made for two other ex- amples of this fish as having also been taken in Cornwall—one in the year 1791, and the other in 1796; but after close inquiry I have found no ground for altering the belief that such was not the fact m either case; and in the last named instance it seems probable that the capture of Banks’s oarfish at Filey Bay in Yorkshire, at that date, has led to the mistake ; an opinion also countenanced by Dr. J. H. Gray of the British Museum, who communicated a satisfactory paper on this subject to the Zoological Society. As the published account of this last- named specimen gives a particular description of its appearance, we extract it more at large. It was thirteen feet and a half in length, rather more than a foot in depth, and not more than three inches in thickness. The skin was smooth and of a silver hue, it had no tail, and its fins were the colour of those of the roach or perch. The following notes are added from a private hand :—‘“‘'The head seven inches long; eye, one inch and three- eighths in diameter; no scales, but very small protuberances, silvered over like the surface of a herring. These run the whole length in stripes, alternate with others that are bare and of a hight colour. The dorsal fin runs the whole way from the head to the other end, and is red like that of a roach or perch: branchial rays six; dorsal fin with two hundred and ninety, and thirteen rays; pectoral fin with twelve, ventral one; no anal; no teeth, a soft tongue; the face and inside of the mouth black; anus, four feet nine inches from the head; iris a silver white.” Another example of this fish, which attracted much atten- tion, was caught by some fishermen at Cullercoats in Yorkshire on the 26th of March, 1849, and fortunately came into the hands of Mr. Hancock and Dr. Embleton, who published a particular account of it in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for July in that year. The fish was first seen at about six miles from land in water of the depth of from twenty to thirty fathoms. When first seen it was lying on its side on the surface, but as the fishermen approached it it became erect and came towards them with a gentle lateral undulating motion, with its crest and a small portion of its head above water. When struck with a staff it made off with a vigorous and ver- tical undulating motion, and quickly disappeared. In a short time it again came within reach, lymg on its side, but when laid hold of with a hook it tore itself away, but was lifted imto the boat at last by two young men placing their arms round it. It lived for some time after being taken on board, but there cannot be a doubt that when discovered it was in dying circumstances; and in every instance yet known it is clear Ribband Fishes of the Genus Gymmnetrus. 5) that these fish have been driven from their usual haunts by disease, these haunts beimg in some of the deeper and more secluded caverns of the ocean, beyond the reach of human sight. In shallower water, and with less protection from the rage of storm, their fragile structure would expose them per- petually to destruction; for in the present instance the rude handling of rough visitors was found to have injured it greatly, in addition to what it had undergone in its immediate capture. The length of this fish was twelve feet three mches, the greatest depth eleven inches and a quarter; the body exceed- ingly compressed; in its general form resembling a double- edged sword-blade; four longitudinal flattened ridges, each rather more than an inch broad, extended from head to tail above the lateral line, the uppermost, which was the longest, running forward almost to the eye. The dorsal fin extended from immediately behind the upper and posterior end of the curved frontal profile to within three inches of the tail. The anterior part of this fin was more prominent than the rest, with twelve rays, which, when the fish was taken, are said to have been twelve or fourteen inches in length, and each furnished with a membranous expansion on its posterior edge, increasing “in width upwards, something like a peacock’s feather. The first ray was a rather strong spine arising within the frontal curve ; the three next very slender, and much closer together than the rest; the next equally slender with the preceding, but rather further apart; the three or four after this nearly as strong as the first, while the rest diminished in strength and length, and became uniform with the more level rays of the dorsal fin. Exclusive of the crest, there were two hundred and sixty-eight rays in the dorsal fin. The fishermen said that this fin was without colour when caught, but it had a red tinge along the border when examined by the gentlemen who described it. Hach ventral fin had a very strong spine, with a limited motion, and at first their colour was a bright red. It will be observed that the number of rays in the dorsal fin differed rather con- siderably from those which were counted in the example obtained in Filey Bay ; but this variation offers no difficulty in regard to the sameness of the species, since it is generally found that where the fin- -rays in fishes are very numerous, they. are rarely alike in number in different individuals. - It is only when they are few that their number affords a character to be depended on. This fish, obtained at Cullercoats, of sesh we have given a very much abridged description, was conveyed to London for the purpose of being exhibited ; and it was there that, in company with Mr. Yarrell, I was favoured with a private examination of it; by which opportunity I was enabled to 6 Ribband Fishes of the Genus Gymnetrus. obtain the figure which accompanies this paper, and some notes which will enable us the better to understand some further particulars of its peculiarities. It is to be observed that the figure given in Sir John Richardson’s (second) supplement to Mr. Yarrell’s History of British Fishes, is represented, especially as regards the crest or plume on the top of the head, as itis said to have been seen at first by the fishermen, and not as when it was examined by the gentlemen who described it; but we prefer to represent it as it actually appeared when examined by ourselves in London. On comparing the fish as exhibited with the figures repre- sented in the great work on fishes by Cuvier, an adequate likeness did not show itself in any of them. The mouth ap- peared arched above, the mystache conspicuous, angle of the mouth depressed. The front ray of the fin on the forhead admitted of very little motion, but projected firmly forward ; but this and all behind it were broken short, and no one of the fishermen who were present at this examination would affirm that the rays were at first bordered by a membrane through their whole length. A membrane united the rays for less than half their length, but beyond this it seemed uncertain. By joining the piece of the pectoral fin that had been broken off, this fin was shown to have the first rays longest, and conse- quently that it tapered towards the extremity. The tail portion of the body was remarkable, and therefore has required to be exhibited separately. The dorsal fin ended a very little short of it; and from thence the outline sloped downward, the lower portion forming an angle two or three inches behind a perpen- dicular line drawn from the upper. ‘The exact internal struc- ture of this part could scarcely be known without dissection ; but from a fixed point of bone above there passed a firm bony curve, with the concavity towards the body, to the fixed pomt below; and from one to the other was stretched a thin sub- stance resembling membrane, which appeared to represent something that might act as a fin, at least for the purpose of guiding or assisting its progress. A curiosity in the inward structure of this fish was observed in the convolution of the intestine, which passed backward close to the end of the body, and then returned to the vent that was much nearer to the head. It is clear that this fish is an inhabitant of the northern seas, where it grows to a greater length than we have already men- tioned ; for since the date given above an example was obtained about five miles north of Wick, in Scotland, that measured more sixteen fect. But there is much difference of opinion among naturalists as regards the distinction of species of several of the examples which have been met with. Dr. J. H. Gray has ex- Ribband Fishes of the Genus Gymnetrus. CG pressed his belief, “‘ from a comparison of the various descrip- tions and figures given by English observers and those given by Ascanius, Brunnich, and Lindroth, that there is only a single species yet found in the North Sea, and that this species comes as far south as the coast of Cornwall;’’? while, on the other hand, Dr: Gunther, who is engaged in arranging the fishes preserved in the British Museum, expresses his opinion that five separate species have been found in the seas of Hurope. Without attempting to decide where doctors differ so widely, J will add an account of a fish which may be of the same species, and certainly is of the same genus, which ran itself on shore on Hamilton Island, one of the Bermudan group, and of which, besides the notes published in the Zoologist for 1860, I was furnished with pen-and-ink sketches and measurements taken at the time by an officer of the royal navy. The contradictions whick appear in the descriptions of this example by gentlemen who cannot be suspected of a wish to deceive, will afford a lesson how far we should implicitly accept the information con- veyed by those who possess no knowledge in the science of natural history. This unfortunate fish encountered the usual fate of its race in suffering violence sufficient to destroy its symmetry, even at the first; the fears of its captors bemg excited by the belief that they had met with a sample of the far-famed serpent of the ocean, the oneae of which has been so strenuously denied. The effect may be imagined when we are peered that this supposed reptile was attacked with large forks, which were lymg near at hand, for collecting sea-weed, by ‘which it was “‘unfortunately much mauled” before it was secured. Its length was sixteen feet seven inches, and the general propor- tions much like those of Banks’s oarfish, which the profile of the head also much resembles. ‘The crest, or plume on the head is, in an American figure, given in Harper’s Weekly Paper, represented as separate from the more level dorsal, but in others it is not so; and, says Captain Hawtaigne, in the Zoologist, this crest was formed of a series of eight lone thin spines of a bright red colour, which followed each other at about the interval of an inch: the longest ray, which was in the middle, was two feet seven inches long, and flattened at the end like the blade of an oar. Mr. Jones, however, who more closely examined this fish, and better understood its nature, informs us that the number of rays in this crest was “ten or eleven, from two to three feet in extent.’”? And my other account represents them as exactly ten, the longest three feet in length, and united by a membrane for more than half their length. In the American figure the dorsal fin runs to near the extremity of the body, of a bright scarlet colour, the pectoral much 8 Moss Parasites. injured, but with twelve rays. In all these descriptions there is nothing to lead us to suppose that this example was other than the usually described Banks’s oarfish, except that Mr. Jones says that what remained of the right ventral fin was “composed of two consistent bony rays,’ which would be decisive of an hitherto unknown species, and even of an. aber- rant genus. A sketch referred to gives only a single ray to this fin, but in the American drawing there is the appearance of two. It is probable, however, that neither of these un- scientific persons were aware of the interest attached to the question whether these rays were one or two, and until this is settled the exact nature of this fish must remain uncertain. MOSS PARASITES, BY THE REV. MILES JOSEPH BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S, ALMOST every one is acquainted with the rhymes which speak of the parasite upon parasite with which some members of the insect world are infested, and a similar legend would equally hold good with respect to other branches of the animal kingdom. Nor are vegetables less subject to become the prey of other vegetables. The mistletoe and broomrape, after they have done their worst by their victims, are in their turn infested with fungi, and the fungi themselves are obliged to submit to the attacks of other more minute species, though not exactly ad infinitum. Hven lichensin their more arid form, subject as they are at times to months of drought and the direct rays of a burning sun, are not without their peculiar parasites, constituted to endure the same abrupt changes from continued damp to almost perfect dryness as themselves. Nor are the vascular cryptogams, such as ferns, mosses, and liverworts without their own especial enemies, though these are fewer in number per- haps than in other organized beings. Mosses, for example, besides affording a nidus for the development of such fungi as the pretty scarlet Peziza axillaris, which perhaps is only a false parasite, have one or two species which are developed in their substance, as Septoria thecicola, Berk. and Broome, and Spheria envperigonia, Auerswald. ‘The former of these was found on the ripe capsules of Polytrichwm piliferum at Aberdeen, by Dr. Dickie, and the latter in Germany by Herr Auerswald, on the rose-like male inflorescence of Polytrichum commune, specimens of which are published by Rabenhorst in his German Fungi. Different as they are in structure, as will appear from the accompanying figures, there is good reason to believe that they Moss Parasites. 9 are merely different conditions of one and the same species, for nothing is more common than for fungi to exhibit two forms of fruit on the same or on different plants, after the fashion of Fia. 1.—Septoria thecicola, Via. 2.—Spheria emperigonia, Berk. and Broome. Auerswald. a. Perithecia, magnified. a. Asci, magnified. &. Spores, highly magnified. b. Spores, highly magnified. monoicous or dioicous Phoenogams, a fact long since suspected by Fries, and now proved to demonstration by the brothers Tulasne. Besides these pigmies of the vegetable kindom there are some higher Fungi peculiar to mosses, or indifferent as to their nutriment, whose spawn or mycelium runs over their leaves and quickly effects their destruction. For example, nothing is more common than to find mossy. sticks im our woods covered with delicate snow-white patches consisting of threads far more slender than those of a spider’s- web. ‘These patches soon extend to the mosses, which pre- sently become discoloured, and ultimately fade altogether. This enemy when fully developed is found to be Corticiwin arach- noideum, one of those fungi, which at a later period form little solid pellets which live through the winter, and are ready on returning spring to attack the tender shoots of another year’s growth. Another fungus still more destructive to mosses can scarcely have escaped the notice of those who are accustomed to greet Nature in all her phases. In calcareous districts, especially the Oolitic, where the stone fences are capped with a kind of mor- tar consisting almost entirely of comminuted oolite, which has been crushed down upon the roads, and adapted admirably for the development of many a moss, nothing is more common than to see the pretty tufts, which rejoice the artist’s eye with their warm tints when lghted up by a sunbeam, more or less completely marred by large white mouldy patches, which soon run into decay. A close imspection shows that here again we have the mycelium of a fungus at work, though of a very different kind from that just mentioned. At first, indeed, nothing but the cotton-web is visible, but this soon becomes 10 Moss iaaasien partially tinted with salmon colour, and then studded with little pale scarlet specks, which are the cysts or perithecia of a Nectria, which from its peculiar habit has been called Nectria muscivora. ‘This species is found on the Continent as well as - in this country, and appears in M. Desmaziéres Cryptogames du Nord dela France as Spheria bryophila, having been found by him about the old fortifications of his neighbouring city, Lille. : This little enemy is of the greater importance, and more worthy of be- ing mentioned there, be- cause 1b is no less active in destroying § mosses under cultivation than in the open air. I have seen it at work in a a. Perithecia, magnified. : little conserva: e 6. Asci with sporidia, magnified. ye ae e. Sporidia, highly magnified, natural size voted to these beauti- zo00 inch long. ful and interesting ve- getables; and it very. soon proves fatal if the gardener is not careful to remove it with a feather or camel’s-hair pencil, as fast as it appears. I observed a few days since another moss parasite in a very peculiar position, which deserves record, as much on account of its curious habit, as because it forms an addition to our list of fungi which prey upon mosses. The oolitic stepping stones which run along the ancient causeway leading from the site of Fotheringay Castle across the valley of Nene, produce, where they are not worn by the feet, alarge quantity of that variety of Orthotrichwm cupulatum which has a smooth veil, mixed with Schistidiwm apocarpum, and one or two other mosses. ‘The capsules of the different species of Orthotrichwm,as is well known, are just a year from their first growth in coming to perfection, and perhaps partly on account of their comparatively short fruit-stalk, and partly from the tenacity of the fruit-stalk itself, are more persistent than in most mosses, so that the plant at the present moment presents the capsules which were ripened last year, those that have just come to perfection and the rudiments of the crop which is to be matured early next summer. The teeth which surround the mouth of the capsule are sixteen in number, and when dry spread out more or less, but are not recurved as in several other species. I was surprised, however, to find in many of the old capsules, that the teeth were horizontal and applied by their edges to each other, exactly as when they were still within their lid, and just after the fashion of that arrangement of the unopened petals or sepals of phoenogams which is known by Fic. 3.—Nectria muscivora, Berk. and Broome. Moss Parasites. 11 the name of valvular estivation. When immersed in water no change took place in their position, and the teeth seemed per- manently glued together. ‘This, of course, excited attention, and on opening one of the capsules it appeared that the mass of spores was infested by a little pmk Fusisporium, whose shghtly gelatinous spores had been the means of closing the orifice of the capsules, and preventing the dispersion of the spores. I did not indeed always find the mould withm the capsule, its proper season being probably over, but on washing the surface of the united teeth, | was always able to obtain a quantity of the spores of the fungus, which from their peculiar form were not likely to be mistaken. It is very possible that this little parasite may be extremely common, but I believe that it has not been observed before, and its discovery affords one among the many proofs that, even in the most unpromising: situations, there is always some novelty to be found Va or some interesting fact to be ascer- tained if there is an eye to mark it. The characters of the little para- site are not striking, and its specific distinction must rest partly on its peculiar habits, for the spores ie scarcely differ from those of one or Fy, 4.— Fusispori ium incarcerans, two other species. Its characters such as they are may be given as Spores, dese sce ee follows :— Fusisporium incarcerans, Berk. pallide roseum intra sporan- gium muscorum vel in peristomio nidulans, sporis arcuatis tenuibus triseptatis. The spores are about 1-416th of an inch long, but, as is very often the case with fungi, are by no means uniform in size. 12 Is the Giraffe provided with more than Two Horns ? IS THE GIRAFFE PROVIDED WITH MORE THAN TWO HORNS? BY T. SPENCER COBBOLD, M.D., F.L.S. Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy, Zoology, and Botany at the Middlesex Hospital Medical College. In the first of a course of public lectures “ On the Structure, Habits, and Affinities of the Herbivorous Mammalia” which I had the honour of delivering at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, Albemarle Street, during the summer of 1860, I ven- tured to answer the above proposed question affirmatively. I say ‘‘ ventured,’ because I was aware that in doing so I should be recording an opinion directly at variance with the published views of one to whose elaborate and long-continued researches the progress of anatomical and zoological science is deeply indebted. In the present case, however, we have to deal with a simple matter of fact, and I therefore proceed im the following pages to explain the grounds on which, in contradistinction to the statements of Professor Owen, it may be truthfully affirmed that there are three horns, or “pseudo-ceratophorous epiphyses,”” projecting from the skull of the adult male giraffe. The veteran traveller, Dr. Edouard Riippell, who, according to recent information, is still in the enjoyment of good health, and living in the city of Frankfort, was the first to declare unequivocally that a third horn existed im the full-grown male. In his trustworthy and admirable Reise im Nordlichen Afrika, published in the year 1828, he observes that “the horns con- stitute the principal generic character, they being formed by distinct bones united to the frontals and parietals by a very obvious suture, and exhibiting throughout the same structure as the other bones. In both sexes one of these abnormal bones is situated on each branch of the coronal suture, and the male possesses an additional one, placed more anteriorly, and occu- pying the middle of the frontal suture.” Not having the original work by me at the present time, I quote the above translation from an excellent article in the Hnglish Cyclopedia, where a rough woodcut is also given, copied from Ruppell, representing the third horn in profile. In the Atlas zw der Reise, etc., the plates are beautifully executed, and from repeated examinations and comparisons, I am convinced of their accuracy in all respects. Though less developed and conspicuous, the mesial prominence is precisely like the two posterior epiphysial horns, and all of them are distinct from the true osseous ele- ments of the cranium. This early statement of Rtppell appears to have received the unqualified support of Baron Georges Cuvier, and so far ) Funos v jo TuyS “OUTRIT! (8 aug OU} SOLA Oe AANA a SHIA ca! aaa : fst an An ‘ULWTOT [BTSeUL LO. pay May ats. ¥, LF on Ne aes pe vO hc WR EHS re < “ a \\ ANS Is the Giraffe provided with more than Two Horns? 13 as I am aware, no anatomist found occasion to doubt its correct- ness before Professor Owen, who, from the examination of crania preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Sur- geons, Lincoln’s Inn, was led to believe Riippell’s views to be erroneous. In his otherwise valuable memoir, modestly entitled ““ Notes on the Anatomy of the Nubian Giraffe,” published in the second volume of the Zoological Society’s Transactions, at page 217, he says: “In regard to the existence of horns in the two sexes, we find a few examples among both deer and antelopes, which thus resemble the giraffe. The horns of the giraffe possess, however, certain characters which are pecu- liar to themselves ; the basis of the horn, for example, is arti- culated by synchondrosis to the frontal and parietal bones, and thus constitutes an epiphysis rather than an apophysis of the eranium. ? 26 The Minstrels of the Summer. will hear hundreds of little birds recording the songs they, are just learning of their parents, and the parents always sing till their young have learnt their lesson properly; and hence, though the nightingale usually sings less vehemently after he has found a mate, he does sing till August if the first brood has met with an accident, and the parents hatch out a second. White records the singing of the mightingale on the Ist of May, and Markwick on the 4th of July,and the latter adds, “last seen, the 29th of August.” Take a young bird from the nest before it is old enough to have learnt of its parents, and it will learn any song or no song, just as circumstances in- fluence it. J have acanary that was brought up to the nightin- gale’s sone, and sings it to perfection. He has since learnt the chirp of the sparrow, the warble of the wren, the harsh twirk- ing of the blue-headed parakeet, and the graceful melody of a creaking wheelbarrow. Hen birds of almost any kind will sing nearly as well as cocks if well trained from the nest, and if singing is so mucha matter of tuition, why should not flymg be. Anywhere just now you may see the sparrows teaching their young to fly, and a pretty sight it is; the prettiest of the season. If they are taught to fly from a tree to the ground, and from the ground to a paling, why not over seas and conti- nents im such cases as render long flight necessary? We are met here with the word “Instinct,” which gives no account of motives, of caution in avoiding accidents, or of the almost supernatural powers of sight and wing which migratory birds possess. The swift will fly a mile in a minute, and in the course of a season traverses eight times the circumference of » the globe in search of flies within the range of less than an acre of territory. I remember a match of pigeon-flying between London and Amsterdam, in which the winning bird flew at the rate of two mules every three minutes, according to the timing of the com- petitors, who started and received the bird at the two extremes of its journey. Let those who cling to the unsatisfactory solu- tion of instinct keep carriers three years, and fly them on scientific principles, and they will, at the end of that period, toss Dr. Derham’s idea of “ untaught, unthinking creatures” to its proper limbo among obsolete notions. ‘There are three things noticeable in the migration of birds; first, that change of residence is desirable; secondly, that they know where to go, and thirdly, they know how to go by the safest and the shortest route. Hgypt houses a vast number of our summer visitants. Why we cannot say, except that doubtless the food and climate suit them. Africa, indeed, is the winter home of the greater number of the British warblers; and why they come here we cannot say, except that, as before, the food OR ae eae - os > en ee ee The Minstrels of the Sunvmer. 27 and climate suit them. And what a blessing that our woods, and flowery leas, and gardens, are deemed worthy of a long stay, and of deep domestic joys by such happy, confident, and silver-throated creatures. The puzzle to naturalists is that they find their way over lakes, rivers, deserts, and seas, to the very spots that best suits them. I know a still more curious case, for when a boy I had given to me a pair of Guildhall pigeons, which I kept in a large cage of laths until they reared a pair of young ones. ‘They then got out, owing to a rent in the laths, and made their way back to Guildhall, where, one of them having lost its tail, they were identified the same day by the friend who had scandalized the civic authorities in catching and sending them me. In this case the bump of locality must have been larger than that of philo-progenitiveness, and as the birds had never made that particular flight before, it was a greater puzzle than the passage of birds from Africa.to England, or vice versd, because these go in flocks, and there must be in every flock a certain number who have made the journey before, and can pilot the way for all the fledglings. Nor isit such a great undertaking, as it seems they rest on the rigging of ships, on headlands, and in places of seclusion, when stress of weather compels, and as the majority of migratory birds, especially those that traverse the Mediterranean, are insect eaters, they will probably find enough food to support them while on the wing, both by sea and land. The narrative by Mr. Thompson, in the Annals of Natural History for October, 1841, gives a list of twenty-seven birds which alighted or hovered about her Majesty’s ship Beacon, durmg a voyage up the Mediterranean, in the month of April, and amongst them were the swallow, martin, willow-wren, quail, hoopoe, oriole, redstart, flycatcher, wheatear, and some of the minor raptores, When we see a sheep leave a parched herbage to rejoice in clover it does not surprise us, but we commend the creature for its good taste ; the flight of a bird to a region adapted to its habits, when its hitherto home has ceased to be attractive, is but a similar process on a grander scale, and our wonder arises because of the distance, and the apparent frailty of the creature attempt- ing it. But the poetry of the fact is heightened by granting reason and motive for the act, and wonder may stretch more wide her wings, and take flight with them through the mysterious darkness over pathless wilds, the more happy to be associated with roving intelligences that move according to a plan for mutual protection and guidance, than when resting in the thought that they know not how to go or where to go, but ily by blind destiny, the victims of erratic chance, like so many whiffs of gossamer scattered about by the winds. To see the swallows gathering at nightfall among the mists of autumn, 28 Insects Injurious to the Eln. though a common enough sight to country people, is one never to be forgotten as long as a man lives. To talk of magnifying the Creator, by ascribing all those movements to “ unerring instinct,” is to reduce Almighty wisdom to the cunning of an artist who has made a toy, and is half frantic that it dances when he pulls the strings. How much more consistent with all the plans and operations of nature which He has ordered, to believe that these wanderers have had given them a sufficient intelligence to rule their lives for good, and direct their appetites and passions for the preservation and increase of each particular race. When Natural Theology squeezes the mind out of a poor bird, it stoops almost as low as the bird-catcher who has drawn his net upon a sparrow, and who then twists its neck, because, in the first place, he delights in cruelty, and in the second place it is not the bird he wants. Pretty creatures, putting human wits to shame by your long journeys, without chart or compass, from one flowery land to another, how many risks have you to encounter, like the first Phoenician merchants, or the voyagers for the Golden Fleece, yet how much wiser than they in your unerring course and peaceful purpose, to carry happy voices into every chosen haunt. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ELM. BY H. NOEL HUMPHREYS. Iv has been asserted that of late years our native elm has exhibited less vigour mm its growth, and that, im many in- stances, trees which might have been considered in the vigour of their age have been seized with sudden symptoms of decay, and have rapidly perished. Some have attributed the less flourishing state of this handsome and useful forest tree to the extensive system of drainage now going on, as the elm prefers a damp soil. Others have suggested different causes; some, and apparently with most show of reason, assigning it to the ra- vages of certain insects which burrow between the bark and the © hard wood of the trunk, which is the most probable cause. Taking this as the most likely cause of a certain amount of decay, the experiments of M. Robert, an eminent French botanist, merit careful consideration. Some years ago the trees of the Parisian Boulevards having shown symptoms of disease, M. Robert, whose experiments in tree diseases were already well known, was consulted on the subject. He attributed their diseased state principally to the ravages of the larva of a small beetle—Scolytus destructor, and with a view to the prevention of Insects Injurious to the Elm. 29 this cause, pared off portions of the bark in longitudinal strips, thus removing at once both the food and the protection of a great portion of the msect enemies. This measure was, how- ever ineffectual, and M. Robert next proceeded to strip off the whole of the bark. This was considered by many a rash pro- ceeding ; but the event seems to prove that M. Robert was right, for entire colonies of insects were thus destroyed, and the bark, contrary to general expectation, 1s stated to have been perfectly reproduced. M. Robert, having apparently proved .the efficacy of his method in cases where trees were attacked with scolytus, was called upon to apply his mode of cure to diseased trees in many parts of the French provinces, and also in Belgium; receiving various testimonial honours from many learned and scientific associations. The severe method pursued by M, Robert may appear at a first glance extremely rash, especially on taking into conside- ration that the system of ringing only—that is, taking off a narrow strip of bark all round the trunk—is a method used for killing trees in forest clearings. Yet, we shall see, allowing his results to be indisputable, that M. Robert’s process may be founded on sound botanical physiology. But let us first find the imsect enemies of the elm, and having acquired a just idea of the exact nature of their ravages, consider whether the process of M. Robert be likely to prove efficacious for their destruction. Among the most fatal of the tiny enemies of the elm, and others of our largest forest trees, 1s the Cossonus linearis, a terrible foe, for fresh specimens of which I am indebted to Mr. K. A. Smith of the British Museum. The figure at page 30 will convey a good idea of the insect im its perfect state. It is, however, in its larva state that its devastations are committed. The larva is, as may be conceived from the size of the perfect insect, very minute, and is a soft smooth grub totally devoid of legs, but it is furnished with considerable muscular power, and with powerful mandibles, with which it at the same time takes its food and perforates its miniature tunnel. This tiny creature does not only feed between the bark and the solid wood, either on the delicate liber or inner bark, or on the alburnum, that is to say, the last formed layer of wood, still in a soft state, but eats its way right into the heart of the tree through the sound, hard wood; and for these deeply internal ravages M. Robert’s system offers no remedy. A colony of these creatures works upon the doomed tree, till it becomes perforated in all direc- tions, and through every part of its vital tissues. The symptoms of disease soon show themselves; it loses the power to put _ forth its leaves; and, deprived of the result of their important functions, rapidly perishes. Another enemy which, as being exceedingly numerous, is per- 30 Insects Injurious to the Elm. haps more fatal, is a small beetle known as Scolytus destructor, which is shown below. It is affirmed by some naturalists that this insect only appears upon a tree when a morbid or diseased A. The tunnel of cossonus linearis. 3. Greatly magnified head of 8. B. Cossonus linearis. destructor. ~ 1. Magnified larva of S. destructor. 4. 8. destructor magnified. 2. Larva of S. destructor. 5. Size of S. destructor. growth has already taken place; but I have found small numbers under the bark of apparently healthy trees. The first ravages probably induce that morbid growth which renders the mul- tiplication of the insect more rapid, as softening the wood and bark, and rendering them more available as food. Scolytus destructor is one of a group of insects which the German naturalist, Ratzeburg, has minutely described in his Forst In- secten (forest insects), a great work which he produced at the request, and under —, the immediate patron- aa ( mal uly yi . ) | | i y mt | VY cca / age, of the Prussian government. He has fieured in that volume many species of this genus and several al- (ins lied genera, besides an a other insects injurious to forest trees, exhibit- ing them, in many in- stances, in the larva, pupa, and _ perfect states, in order that foresters may recog- No. 1.—Tracks of Scolyti on the wood of the : ; eas - elm. nize their enemies in all their stages. The two engraved specimens of wood injured by the Scolytus and its congeners, will show the manner in which they eat their immense number of .- Insects Injuriows to the Elin. ol way between the bark and the main trunk. Their food bemg the alburnam, or soft white portions of newly formed wood, as before stated, which lies between the liber or inner bark, and the already hardened wood or duramen. The insect leaves about an equally deep track in both bark and wood; though, in general, if a piece of bark be broken off, the larva of the Scolytus will come away with it. The specimen of wood, No. 1, page 30, shows the tracks of a colony of Scolyti. The perfect insect or beetle has the power of perforating the bark, say at A; 16 then com- mences a tunnel, till at B it forms a deeper cavity, which some de- scribe asa turn- § ing place to en- @ able the female to effect her re- Ry treat, should she @ survive the act % mr Il ramacaly | (Me of depositing her Weel Mia ea Ce AM AIAN UN ova. Lhave,how- ‘' ag elt Ae Aa ever, found eggs deposited in such cavities which ap- pear to succeed each at certain distances, and in which, as it appears to me, suc- cessive batches of eges are placed. When the eggs are hatched the young larve depart to the right and left of this main channel, eating their way as they go. It will be seen that at their commencement these lateral channels are very narrow, the larve being still small; but, growing as they advance, the channel gradually widens, till at last it terminates, at its greatest degree of breadth, in a blunt cul-de-sac. In this extremity of the channel, the larva having attained its full growth, sinks into the dormant period of its existence, in which it undergoes its change to the perfect or winged state. This takes place with only the protection of a slight husk, which it constructs for itself, very inferior in structure to the elegantly formed case of the chrysalids of butterflies and moths. The larva gradually shortens and thickens, and the wings, legs, antenne, and other members belonging to the perfect state gradually develop themselves within this imperfect pupa case. The beetle, when the full metamorphosis has taken place, eats, or rather bores it way through the bark, and emerges from the dark chambers in which the earlier stages of its ex- istence have taken place, to the open daylight. Its daylight ir , No. 2.—A piece ofelm wood showing the tracks of B. Chalcographus and B. Topographus. 32 Insects Tiywrious to the Hln. existence, however, is a very short one, and the female, so soon as her instinct teaches her that the time has arrived for de- positing her eggs, bores again through the thick bark for that purpose, voluntarily quitting the daylight for ever, as she fre- quently dies almost immediately after depositing her last batch of eggs in the dark tunnel, which thus serves at the same time for the tomb of the parent and the cradle of the progeny.* The curiously branching tracks of insects of this class have in many cases suggested the name by which different species are distinguished—each having a peculiar method of progres- sion, which, of course, leaves a track of corresponding charac- ter. For istance, the insect of the genus Bostrichus, the larvze of which makes the little branching channels which look lke lines engraved on metal, and are marked « in the engraving of injured wood, No. 2, has received the specific name of chalco- graphus, from a term founded on Greek words meaning “ an engraver on brass.” Another, the one whose larva makes the * T have just received the following additional details respecting the habits of the Scolytus, and the fatal nature of its ravages. These interesting particulars are from a paper recently read before the Entomological Society, by one of the most careful and accurate observers among our English entomologists :—“ When the first warmth of spring sets in the perfect msect makes its escape from beneath the bark, by eating its way out; the female soon after selects a tree for the pur- pose of depositing ‘her ova 3 : she commences her perforation always beneath a little projecting piece of bark, at the upper end of a crack; she bores onwards and upwards until on the surface of the alburnum, when she ascends direct. The tube thus formed is from two to three and a half inches in length, three-fourths of a line in diameter, and of equal size throughout, except ata short distance from its entrance, where a small cavity is usually found, sufficiently large to allow the perfect insect to turn; on each side, in small crenules, she deposits her eges as she advances. If the female insect live to effect her retreat, she closes the aperture by which she effected her entrance with some plastic material, to prevent the entrance of enemies; the number of eggs is in proportion to the length of the tube—there are generally sixty to seventy. On burstimg their shells the young larve immediately commence feeding on the last deposits of alburnum. They at first form parallel lines or tubes, which are seen gradually to enlarge and diverge, and are filled with exuvie. Here they continue to feed during the summer, autumn, and winter (if mild); when full-grown they form a case, in which they change to the pupa state, and then, at the end of May, or the begin- ning of June, bore their way out through the substance of the bark. . . When the insect greatly abounds, it will perforate the bark of fresh hewn timber ; but I have never found one specimen in an elm whose juices were dried up. Therefore, irrespective of the cause of disease, it must be unanimously granted that an insect which can destroy four square inches of bark by detaching it from the alburnum, must prove highly destructive, and whilst permitted to remain must frustrate any attempt to restore health. When we find a tree dead, with terminal branches profuse and perfect, we certainly, under ordinary circumstances, should not say tliat tree had died from defective nutrition in the soil; but that, from some cause or another, it had suddenly, as it were, come to an untimely end; and such a tree we had in the Gardens (Royal Botanic). I watched it in its beauty, and in three years saw it cut down and carried away dead. But what a sight met our view on removing the bark—the surface of the trunk, as many gentlemen will remember, for I exhibited a piece of it three feet long before this Society (Entomological), was beautifully scored by the lateral tubes of the Scolytus larva, and we reckoned that this solitary tree gaye birth to no less than the prodigious number of 280,000 perfect insects.” a Insects Injurious to the Elin. 30 channels figured at B in No. 2, has been styled topographus, or “map maker,” from a supposed resemblance in the chan- nels to the lines indicating rivers, etc., on engraved maps. It is a rather larger insect than chalcographus, as shown by the larva tracks, which may easily be compared, as the traces of both are frequently found in the same tree. The channel of another larva of this class has somewhat the ap- pearance of writmg, to which it is indebted for its specific title autographus, while others have received equally charac- teristic names. Mr. Westwood states that he has often found Hylisinus Fraxini in the elm, though its name would indicate that its ravages were confined to the ash. It is a small beetle, very sunilar in form to the 8. destructor, but it is of lighter colour— the wing-cases being prettily variegated or clouded with a deeper tone. ‘The larva of Hylisinus Fraxini closely resembles that of the genus Scolytus, and is found in a state of activity in the elm during the month of August. The larvee of another little beetle, enemy of the elm, of the genus Hylargus, very closely resemble those of Scolytus. We have hitherto described the enemies of the elm among the more minute representations of the beetle tribe. But the British giant of the race—the great stag-beetle, whose con- spicuous size and form soon make him well known to the merest tyro among young entomologists—is also, in its larva stage, a formidable enemy of this devoted tree. The larva of this large insect is of proportionate size; and whenever it does attack a tree of this kind, which is fortunately of not frequent occur- rence, as the insect is not very abundant, the dangerous nature of its inroads may be easily conceived, as it not only bores into the very heart of the wood, but also, with still more fatal effects, penetrates the main roots in a similar manner. & | 80:074| 44:4) 39°6) -84)-260) 53:2 | 45:0) 8 2/10, 9, 6 N, W, — » 5 | 80000} 45-2) 45:0) -99/ -314) 54:3 | 44-2) 10-1} 8, 10,10} S by W, SSW, SW by 8. | AG ane Boo Wi boot pecas Ml odo. || aia). een esa a8 ecules » 7 | 80°171| 44:5) 45-4) 1-00) -319} 51:5 | 47-6] 3°:9/10, 10, 10 NNE, NN, N. » 8 | 80°237| 40:3) 40:5) 1:00) 269; 46°0 | 426] 3°4/10, 10, 10] NE by N, NE by N, ENE. » 9 | 80:048] 40°5| 41-1; 1-00) °275) 47°0 | 41:1) 5°9)10 10,10 NNH, N, N by W. » 10 | 29:946) 43°1) 43-0) 1-00) °293) 51:5 |42°3) 9:2/10, 10, 10 NW, NE by #, N. | » L1 | 30:173| 36:9) 33-6) -89)-211) 45°0 | 41-1; 3°9/10, 10,10 NE, NE, N by E. yy) 12 | 80°253) 344,186} -57| 123) 42°2 | 30°7|11°5) 2, 7, 4 N by E, N by W, NW. | malieS a Cone hone ilk cane nop lth Ziostes) AS er ULI Ale) abe Besar » 14 | 30:098 37°8) 24°8| -63)°154) 45:2 | 29-2) 16:0] 6,10, 10INWbyW,WNW,NW byW,| - 3, Ld | 80:128) 38:3} 30°8) -75)-185) 46:1 | 33°6)12:5,10, 7, 7 NH, NNE, NE by N. yy 16 | 30-080) 42°7| 34-5) -75}°218| 49°8 | 29-0) 20°8| 8, 10, 10 W by 8S, WSW, SW by W. Month) } Means. {| 29:980| 47-5] 40°5| -80| -278 127]... ae 2575 17 | 29:855| 46:4] 31-4) -59|-195| 54-7 |44-1/10°6) 2, 7, 3 NW, WSw, W. . SS tose He aoe TM nes sr Aid AME STATE Ghia dat ha », 19 | 29:822| 49°6) 44°8| -85]}-312) 56:1 | 48:0] 8-1] 9,10, 9 SW, SW, Sw. Bee ho edie sills don litetes Uy baer dense (MSE OMe Oph WEB ye ies te: on », 21 | 29:973] 53:3) 46-5] -79]-331) 61-1 | 45-7|15-4| 6, 9, 9| SW by W, SW, SW by S. 35 22 | 29:628] 50-8} 43-6} -78|-299, 59-5 | 46:3] 13-2) 9,10, 4) SW by 8, SW byS, SSW. 35 28 | 29°756| 50°7/ 38:1] -65|-247; 58:9 | 46°7/12:2| 7, 6, 6 WSW, WSW, W. 6 y 24 | 29:967| 53-7] 41:6] -66|-279| 61:6 | 44°3/17:3] 8, 3, 3} SSE,SbyE,SbyE. | - , 25 | 29-838] 61:0) 53-6] -78]-422) 705 | 45:6} 24-9] 9, 9, 2 SSW, SW,SW. . » 26 | 29°886/57°4' 50-4) -79|°378) 64:8 |51:2/13-610, 7, 8} SH by 8S, WSW, WSW. | - Be LR IMS SHIP se llth 205 GD Aia AES ING ells! an on 012 » 28 | 80:150)57-7| 45°4| - 66) 319] 65:7 | 41-4) 24-3] 2, 3, 1 E by 8, —, NNW. -000 » 29 |80°243) 55:0) 41-0) -62/-274| 62:9 | 39-1/ 23-8] 0, 0, 0 E by 8, E, E. -000 | >, 30 | 30:028] 58:6] 43°8) -60}-302} 66°3 | 44-9| 21-4! 0, 0, 2) SEbyS, NEby E,E. | -000 47. rew Observatory. Meteorological Observations at the Hour. = bo A. M. a COONAN E ODE - tt RPDe Pp. M. oo Pee NFOOGSTH Tf why SG GO G06 OH Mat bo ING 418|609 | WORD Whey Se ONTO OONTONC ODE OLW OUNT 210/112 MDOONDAAB —_ OH |) 16) 5] 11) 12 19; 4 9 10 19} 4) 14; 9 19} 3) 18) 12 23} O} 13) 12 21} 2) 15] 15 23) 6] 19] 15 24) 9} 15) 17 19, 11) 17) 18 21) 11) 16!) 13 22) 8] 15] 15 TH eA alte all 18} 9} 16) 14 16; 8) 15) 14 16) 9} 16) 12 19} 8) 15) 9 15] 10} 15) 10 16} 9} 14) 8 14; 9} 16] 10 10} 10} 13) 12 9} 9} 13) 10 7 Lh 15) 9 1) 2 AIBN ty Gl eee LO |S 398)182/344284 OAMNMWNWNWHEOWWEE FHS orb Ow Aprit 1862, 10/11) 12) 13) 14 Mow Saou 15 us Or Ot Or Or O32 Or O1cs bo C bo 229 ewok bp WOSe eb He 17 340 HOURLY MOVEMENT OF THE WIND (IN MILES) AS RECORDED BY ROBINSON’S ANEMOMNTER, 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24.) 25 9} 14) 16) 4) 5) 18) 12) 4 8} 12) 13) 5) 7} 18) Tl) 2 7| 11) 18} 4] 8) 16) 7 2 CG\ MGS eS BS 0a | eter A Woe ALE ata toy aM] ey ZA SAY ata fey lsh ats} a] 9} 15) 12) 8] 14; 18) 6 38 11} 20) 13} 14) 18) 19) 10) 8 12) 19} 14) 15) 25; 19) 18, 3 15] 21) 17] 16) 21; 24) 15] 6 15] 28) 17| 14) 26) 20) 17] 7 20] 25] 19] 12) 24) 22) 21) 47 17| 25) 16) 18) 25) 27) 21) 8 18] 26) 18) 18] 27| 27) 21) 7 21| 24) 18] 17) 27) 26) 20) 8 24) 25) 16] 16] 26) 24) 17] 9 22| 380) 17] 16] 27) 26) 17) 14 21) 25) 16] 14} 24) 22) 11) 12 18) 25; 12) 10} 238) 18) 6) 10 19] 25) 8] 9] 22) 14) 7 10 16] 21) 10} 7} 20; 10) 4| 6 15| 22) 14; 7 20; 7 5 6 14) 21) 9} 10) 19; | 4) 6 15] 19) 5) 7] 16) i) Sie 4 3471501 326 255)452/440|268/148 © NT Oo OF O13 ST OF C9 OUD 213 a WORE WNN UTD OOCOHISG How AAW pow 123 30 PWOrFNOEOAEDERDMDANTNEWWNWHENH EO bo rary SOMMMDe BwoTwor 82 |892/385 48 Meteorological Observations at the Kew Observatory. RESULTS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THE Reduced to mean of day. KEW OBSERVATORY. LATITUDE 51° 28’ 6” N., LONGITUDE 0° 18’ 47” w. Temperature of Air. At 9°30 4.m., 2 P.m., and 5 P.M., Barometer corrected _ to Temp. 32. inches. 29°936 30°193 30°067 29°961 30°010 29°748 29°904 29°612 29°618 29°610 29°891 29:°867 29°879 29°898 36°132 30-015 Temperature of Air, Dew. Point. | 62:3) 537 51:4) 42°1 42-7) 41°0 (i's 539 65:1) 53°8 523] 51-1 53°6) 46°2 48:5) 46°8 49°8)| 43°9 sia] aad 48°6, 409 47-0, 42:0 4.4°3) 44-2 52°6| 509 60:1| 476 630] 661) 29°716) 55°9| 44-1 29-493 29°770 29°761 29°949 30-074 29:880 29°886 29°795 29°445 29°937 }| 29-854 43°3| 39°7 514) 346 53°7| 52°3 64:2) 45°7 57-0] 42-5) 53°9) 62°7 57°4| 55°5 60:0] 55:3 57°3| 55:7 553| 49:9 —— 53:9} 47°5 Calculated. & y Tension of Vapour. Maximum, read at 9:30 A.M. on the followin day. Minimun, read at 9°30 a.m. Daily Range. clouded, Relative Humidity. Proportion of Sk respectively. Direction of Wind. ar . NN Go Or SK a oN He ORE v v = ie) ny N by E, NNW, NW by W. Sy: 1 e . ce ~T ~ v lee) . s vy S O71 © és =I ue ~) be . S v v et TWO OO sTeO OM Oe See : SISSON S: == SSO MOM . v v ~~ s v = .) v eS ~~ ) be |: Oqod | = Pe os a Ceeoonk CONOR == RSS SSNSHS . . v tO ~T: . L Neko) ~~ v v Bee . S, SSW, S by W. W, N, N. ENE, B, E by N. WSW, SSE, S by E. WNW, SW by W, SW. SW, SSW, SSW. SW, SW, SW by S. WSW, SW by W,—. N, —, EbyS. NE by N, NNE, N. NE} ENE, NE. NNE, N, N by W NNW, NW, W. WSW, W, NW, W by 8,—, 8 S by E, SW by 8, SW by W. SSW, W, WSW, W, W, W. SW, SW by S, SSW. W by 8, SW by W, SW by S. W, WSW, SW. SW, SW by 8, W. SW, WSW, SW. ENE, SE by 5, E. E by N, SSE, SSE. W by N, W by 8, W by N. HOURLY MOVEMENT OF THE WIND (IN MILES) AS RECORDED BY ROBINSON'S ANEMOMETER—Muay 1869. (or) = x | Hourly Day. |1)2/3)4)5/6/ 7) 8/9/10) 11/12/13} 14/15 | 16] 17/18] 19] 20] 21 | 22/23 | 24| 95/26/27] 98 29] 30/41 Nena > Ss Hour. | S EA 8| 16) 12} 20 6| 18/16) 4) V7) 18] 5) ab) 12) 7] 5] 8) a a] S| 6) alan! ¢, 4] 10) 9 Gl Vlog “en = 2 4| 13] 13] 20 8 6) 17) 2) 12; 5) 2 8 4% 18} 8 3) 1) OF 2 &| 5) 13) 9} 5] El | aol 4} fF 75 8 q | 6| 12| 9) 18 Bie) b2) Bi 1S) 7) 2 7) 15) 4 5) 20) al ell 5) 2) eh Fl Flees) tlio sl ae “ice S At Gl Lee a 22 7 6) 12) 1) 13; 8) 3 6 5) Is} 6] 5] a! 1! 8] 120) 8] 15] 11) 5] 9 11] 12; 5) < 7-9 Z = | 9 12| 9| 18 6} 7) V7} 2) 14] 6) 8] 12} 4| 14) 5] 5] of 3| 2] g| 12] 2x) of 6] al q4l dol si er ral 9 S |i) @ | 4] 12) 20 17 3} 8/13) 7) 14) 4} 1) 11] ) 18] 5| 2 1] | 2] 6] 10] 20, 8| x] 4] 10] al 4) / 74 hol 7 2| 11| 10| 20 2} 10) 15) 7) 17) % 1) 14) 10) 17) 7 3] 2) 1) 2 10] 15) 20) 8} 9] El 14] 11) 4! 9g 9-4 ® g | 7| 11| 20| 20 6| 5] 23) 6 14) 9) 2) 15) 13) 18] 6} 5] 38] 1| 5] 11) 16] 22] 10] 19) 5] 15] 91 6 95 11-0 Seles g | 8| 14) 21) 15 3| 7 22) 10) 13; 8} 2) 17) 15) 22) 7 1) 2| 1) 6| 18] 20] 20] 10) a0! §| 36] 10, 5] 97119) 41-2 = 10 | 1) 14) 23; 16) ) 3) 8] 25) 12) 15) 8} | 16) 15] 20; 7 3] 3] 8) 12] 11) 17| 20| 9) 9) 11] 15| 11) 4 asl iol 41-7 S az | 2 14) 22) Wo) 7) 4) 4) 22) 13) 13) 9) 5) 15) 15] 15) 6] 5] 38] 5] 16) 5] 21) 20] 10! 10] 10) 17| 101 4] 4:| | 419 2 12 | _“| 18| 26) 10) 7 6 4) 24) 21) 20) 12] 6| 15) 18) 15) 6] 6} 4) 8] 17] 17| 14) 23] 10) qo| 11/ 181 11, g0| 9] 8| 95 Ss y_| 10) 10) 27) 17 11) 8) 7] 27) 26) 15, 9 2 13) 17) 13] 5] 4) 5) 5] 18] 15] 18| 23) 11| 31/ 10] 18) 101 13] a2] 9| Jo-8 3 9 | 16) 11) 30 12 6} 15) 25) 23) 15) 12; 1) 11) 16) 18; 9) 38] 4) 6| 21| 19) 20) 22) 12) yo] 14] 15) 7] 13/41) ol 13-9 > 3 | 19| 14) 30 15) 3) 14) 25) 24) 12) 12) 1) 14) 14) 15] 9} 5] 5] 4) 23) 11] 19] 19| 12) 8] 18] 15] 5] 17/431 6| 13-0 ® 4 | 17| 12) 82 17) 7] 13) 22) 23) 11) 12) 3) 15) 13) 14) 8| 5] 4} 9) 21) 1(| 16] 19) 11) g| 15] 15] 5] q4la3l | 13-0 nS | 6 | 16| 10) 31 15; 9/ 18) 18] 18) 14) 11) 5) 16] 14) 12) 9} 5) ¥ 7 20) 20] 14) 24) 12) g| 11/18] 8! 21 4| 18:4 2 #4 g | 12) 11) 30 10} 10 18) 15} 15; 13; 9) 7 16] 16] 10} 9] 5) 3) 11) 20] 10] 16] 17| 13) 7 9) 14] 10) 90 5] 19-4) TS |* | » | 19) 9] 80 10) 12) 17/ 10; 15) 12) 6| 3) 13) 14) 14) 6) 5] 4] 7| 14) 14] 14| 18] 10| 4/ 10) 18] 11] 99 4\ 115 2 g | 11) 10) 35 8) 10) 10; 8) 15) 8 4} 2 14) 16) 17) 5) 3] 38] 5] 18] 9) 18] 15] 5) 3) 4 10] 11) a6| 7¥\ 1) 100 S 9 | 12| 9) 82 “| 13| 13) 7| 12) 7 5) 8] 10) 14) 14) 3) 4| 2) 4) gs} 19) si 10l 7 9] 6 9| 8) 27 3, 9:3 3 190 | 10) 7| 32)118/ 12) 9| 12) 7/18; 8 5) 9} 8] 11) 11) 5) 3] i) 93} 143i del a4ia9al 7] 9] 7 a0! 7 a8 6| 9-6 S laa | 14] 11) 31 14; 8) 18; 5] 15} 8 4) 6 11) 12) 10; 5] 2] 1) 38/13] 8/13/12] 6] 3/10/13! 7 a 9°5 = 12 | 18] 13] 22 8) 12) 15; 2) 15) 7 4) 7 7 10) 5) 5] 5] 1) Oj] 18] 4] 12/16] 6 4) 10! 7| 5l 73h 9 4] 93 a= —__—— | | ry | | | | | | SS | RE CUI Total yay 239/281/544) 499 |166 246/389 /303/305|184) 90)291/290 338|152] 97| 63| 82/267/249/333/483|223/1661192/312\217, 645 |179| 9-7 ove- ment. | VOL. II.—NO. I. 50° Meteorological Observations at the Kew. Observatory. RESULTS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THE KEW OBSERVATORY. LATITUDE 51° 28’ 6” N., LONGITUDE 0° 18’ 47” w. } 1862. Reduced to mean of day. Temperature of Air. At 930 a.0.,2P.M., and5?.m., respectively. | | Calculated. 3 Ss Saaaar nana een IS | Be i ue Hele 3 a Rain— | pay of Bo : | ts eh bi Soe 3d 2, Se read ee aed Selle teeth el |S Bee Direetion of Wind. AM, | 2) Pea MN v@icee el) Naa) os i) oO | a a a A 7) } inches.| i }ineh. Bi N k 2 inches. | | June 1 ah 508! Lopate) aeobr ene lh ACALEPHS on the sea surface, 74, 362. Acari of solutions, 390. Acetylene, preparation of, 63. Adrianople, or Turkey red, 112. Age of the pyramids, 469. Air, analysis of, 472; Quetelet on the electricity of, 408. Albertite, new mineral, 145. Alcohol from coal gas, 229 ; production of, and other organic substances by synthesis, 64. © Alcohols, artificially formed, 467. Al Raiin Ophiucus, 55. Alternation of generations, 101. Alum, 109. Aluminium and its alloys, new appli- cations of, 391. Amylaceous fluid in wallflowers, 93. Analysis of air, 4/72. Ancient Egyptian jewellery, 64. Ancient Indian tombs, 333. Androgynous molluses, 100. Aniline, or Kyanol, 114. Animal and float of Ianthina, 471. Animals, language of, 211; their origin and transformation, 95. Annular nebula, Lassell on an, 353. Annulated animals, 104, Aphides, plant lice, 100. Aphrodite hispida, hairy sea-mouse, 81. Aplanatie eyepiece, 62, 311. Arachnoidiscus Ehrenbergiasatest, 429. Architecture, submarine,.339. Archzopteryx, 443. Arrow-root used for the adulteration of honey, 95. Art, taste in, 116. Art criticisms, 117. Artesian wells in the desert of Algiers, 228. Artificial heat, economic production of, 398. Asbestos paper, 390. Asilus, 396. Asteroid, the new, 147; 75th, 390; 76th, 469. Astrapia nigra, magnificent plumage of, 73. Astronomical Society, 62. AsSTRONOMY.—Star-finding, 36; double stars, 54; transit of the shadow of Titan, 52; the moon, 57; occulta- tions, 60; opposition of Mars, 131; double stars, 133; occultations, 139 ; the comet, 139; comet II., by the Rev. C. Webb, 198 ; observations on comet II. by the Hon. Mrs. Ward, 205; appearance of comet II. at Paris, 220 ; double stars, occultations, 299; variable nebule, 310; double stars, occultations, the earth in op- position, 370; comets, 8380; Gau- tier on nebulae, 418; magnificent meteor seen on the 27th November, 1862, 422; the moon, 461; occulta- tions, 464. Atmosphere, its division into layers, 408. Atmospheric electricity, distribution of, 410. Aurora ‘borealis, De la Rive on, 38; Walker on, 258. Auroras and magnetic perturbations, 469. Australia, explorations in, 386. Aye-aye, habits of the, 379. BaLENA marginata, Australis, Antarc- tica, 161. Balloon ascents, 306 ; Mr.Glaisher’s, 231. Balloons, re-introduction of Montgolfier, 232. Beavers, furs of, in the Exhibition, 162. Bees, plants most attractive to, 93. Belgium, thunderstorms of, 410. Benzole, 114. Bibeo marci, leg of, 397. Binocular microscope, 349. Birds, music of, 20; language of, 21. Black lead disintegrated, 65. Blackbirds singing at night, 19. Blackcaps in suburban districts, 19. Blastoderm of eggs, 97. Bleeding by leeches, 353. Boat of death of the ancient Eeyp- tians, 65. Bolide, blue, 390. Bolides, 470. Bostrichus chalcographus, 31; Topo- graphus, 31. Brain, Flouren on wounds of the, 147. British Association for the Adyance- ment of Science, 305, 384. KK ATA TIndew. British ferns, on the form of the vas- cular fasciculiin, 468. Brown sugar used for adulterating honey, 99. Buecmum undatum, 342. Building stones, application of Dialysis to the preservation of 224, Buildings, models of, 227. CADMIUM, amalgam of, 310. Callionymus lyra, 79. Calomicrus circumfusus, captured by the Entomological Society, 61. Calorific power of hydrogen, 63. Camel in Australia, 1638. Cane sugar, where it occurs, 91. Canum venaticorum, 56. Carbon, calorific power of, 63. - Cardium echinatum, 342. Carnivorous caterpillars, 126. Carpenter on the microscope, 348. Cascarilleros, or bark collectors, 454: Cassiopea, 57. Casting, immense, 310. Caterpillars, poisonous, 124. Catodon polycyphus, 161. Cellularia parasitic, 79. Central Scotland, Geikie on the last elevation of, 228. Cephaloptera, devil fish, 167. Ceratopogon, claws of, 396. Cervidee, horns of, 162. Cestode of sun-fish, 83. Cestode, organization of the, 86. Cetacea, dugong oil from, 161. Charcoal as fuel, 401. Chemical Society, 387, 466, 467. Cuemistry.—Artificial production of organic compounds, 61; chemical manufactures as illustrated in the Exhibition of 1862, 108; recent formation of rocks, 466; avrtificially- formed aleohola, 467. Chinconas, 452 ; forests of, 453. Chincona bark, organic constituents of, 456; trees, their introduction imto the East and West Indies, 460. Chincona Condaminea, var. Chahuar- puera, 455; pubescens, 406. Chinchonine, 456. Chiton cinereus, 81. Chromatic aberration of eye-pieces, 62. Circumpolar planets, 390. Cnethocampa processionea, or proces- sion caterpillar, 125. Coal-tar, production of colouring matter from, 114. Coal as fuel, 4.00. Cochineal, 111. Coke as fuel, 401. Colour as a test of the races of men, 385. Comets, an account of all whose orbits have not been calculated, 380; of 1861, 68; I., 1862, 147; IL., 1862, 198 ; observations on, 205 ; II., 1862, at Paris, note from M. Chacornac, 220; I1., 1862, Secchi on the, 4:71. Conduction of heat, 404. Consanguinity, marriages of, 147; con- troversy, 228. Copper paint, 389. Corystes cassivellaunus, 80. Cossus ligniperda, 33; egg of, 99. Cossonus linearis, 29. Cotton, growth of, in France, 469. Cranium of giraffe, 15. Crocodile, change of form in the head of, 385. Cuckoo in suburban districts, 19. Cuttle-fish, shell of, 68. Cydippe, appendages of, 74. Cysticercus fasciolaris in the livers of mice, 89. DAcTYLOPTERUS (flying-fish), 445. De Candolle on species, 471. De la Rive on the Aurora borealis, 38. Delphinide, 161. Dentalium entalis, elephant’s tooth, 81. Desert of Algiers, artesian wells, 228. Devil-fish of Jamaica, 167. Dialysis, application of, to the preser- vation of building stones, 224, Diamonds, new use of, 472. Diatoms, markings on, 68. Diatomacez, on aclepositcontaining, 386. Dinner of the Entomological Society, 61. Diptera, claws of 396. Dolichopus fly, 397. Double stars, 52, 131, 299. See “ Stars Double.” Draco volans, lizard, 445. Dredging excursion, 73. Dromius irr oratus, reared in this coun- try, 61. Drysodile, new mineral, 164. Dugong oil in the Exhibition, 161. Dyer’s art, perfection of the, 115. ! Harru, on the rigidity of the, 148 ; measure of the, 465. Earth in opposition, 376, Echeneis, superstitions respecting the, 412. Echinus Flemingii, 78. Echinus spine, a good test for flat field, 4:29. Economie production of artificial heat, 398. Egg, what is an? 96; transformations of the, 97. Egypt, the winter quarters of our sum- mer birds, 26. Inde. Electric light, long spectrum of, 309. Electricity of air, Quetelet on, 408. Electricity, force of, 409; negative, 410. Elephant’s tooth, Dentalium entalis, 81. Elm and its insect enemies, 191. Elm, insects injurious to the, 28. Emeus raised in this country, 61. Engravings, method of cleaning, 146. Entomological Society, 61, 225, 386. ENTOMOLOGY: new coleoptera from Cochin China, 225; insect flying under water, 225; new spider from Cochin China, 311; destriction of injurious insects by hard-billed birds, 386 ; feet of insects, 393. Entomostraca, ova of, 67. Kolis, white, 81. Epimachus magnus, shoulder plumes of, 73. Equatorial stands, Horne and Thorn- thwaite’s, 232. Hsop prawns, 80. Ethalium septicum, 352. Experiences of Haschish, 435. Experiment with sulphuretted hydro- gen, 472. Eye, the, and the microscope, 427. Eyepiece, new, for telescopes, 62 ; com- parison of aplanatic with Huyghe- nian, 62. FEET OF INSECTS, 393. Ferns, form of Vascular fasciculi, 468. Fibrous sub-integumentary aponeurosis of young giraffe, 14. Filograna implexa, 342. Fishes, sudden destruction of, 60. Flame used in spectrum analysis, 44. Float of Ianthina, 4:71. Flustra (Polyzoa), 79. Fly, foot of the, 395. Foot of the fly, 395. Foraminifera of the Alps, 392. Formic acid in honey, 94. Fossil from Solenhofen, 388. Fossil, feathered, from the lithographic limestone, 313. Fossil groups, method of determining their age, 275. Fossil human skeleton from Guada- loupe, 280. Fowl with black periosteum, 472. France, growth of cotton in, 469. Freya, the genus, 311. Frog in block of coal, 145, 226. Frontal aponeurotic thickening of giraffe, 14. Fruit jars, closing them, 310. Fruit the favourite food of Birds of Paradise, 70. FuEL: wood, 398; peat, 400; coal, 400; charcoal, 401; coke, 401 ; pro- duction of heat from, 401. Fulminant, powerful, 229. Fungus foot of India, 248. Furnaces, gas glass, 63. Furs, 162. Fusisporium incarcerans, spores of, 11, GALATHEA SQUAMIFERA, 82. Galeopithecus, flight of, 445. Gammarus sabini, 82. Garancine or Garanceux, 114. Gas glass furnaces, 63. Gautier on nebulz, 418, Geikie on the last elevation of central Scotland, 228. Gemmeous dragonet, 79. Geneagenesis, Quatrefages on, 103. Generations, alternation of, 101. Geological Society of London, 386. GEOLOGY: raised beaches of Scotland, GO; the sudden destruction of fishes in the sea, 60; feathered fossil from the lithographic limestone of Solen- hofen, 318; the flying lizards of the secondary rocks, 443. Gills and tail of tadpole, disappearance of, 99. Giraffe, has it more than two horns ? 12; skeleton of young male, 16. Golden oriole in the New Forest, 19. Gonoplax angulatas, angular crab, 80. Grain, removing the husk from, 389. Granite, on its association with the tertiary strata, 386. Grape sugar, where found, 91. Great comet of 1861, 311. Green, innocent, 229. Grey wagtail in Hertfordshire, 19. Growth of cotton in France, 469. Gunpowder in vacuo, 228. Gunpowder, new, 310. Gymnetrus, ribband fishes of genus, 1. the Harr, voleanic, 472. Halicone dugong, one of the herbivo- rous whales, 161. Halos, artificial, 45; formation of, 148. Haschisch, effects of, 346; experi- ences of, 435. Heat, econemic production of artifi- cial, 398; its production from fuel, 401; conduction and radiation of, 404. Herbivorous whales, 161. Hercules, constellation of, double stars in, 55. Herefordshire, rare birds in, 19. Heterocercal fishes, 44.4. Hilaria cilipes, leg of, 397. 476 Index. Hincks on the meduse of hydroid polyps, 471. Hirudo medicinalis, 355. Homocercal fishes, 444. Honey crystals, 94. Honey, its origin and adulteration, 90. Honey bee, dissection of, 90. Hooping cough, cure for, 228. Horn, third, of giraffe, 16. Horns. 162; is the giraffe provided with more than two? 12. House fly, 396. Human body, development of the, 227. Human skeleton, fossil, 280. Human voice, mechanism of, 148 ; imitation of, 390. Huyghenian eye-piece, 62. Hyas coarctatus, 76. Hybrid plants, 230. Hydraulic illusions, 140. Hydro-carbon, calorific power of, 63. Hydroid polyps, meduse of, 471. Hydrogen, calorific power of, 63. Hylisinus Fraxini, 33. TANTHINA, animal and float of, 471. Illumination, artificial, for micro-pho- tography, 160. Tlobates propinqua, capture of, 61. Indian tombs, ancient, 333. Infusoria, the influence of mass on the production of, 166; Professor Wyman on, 229; Englemann on, 310; vrigin of, 320; eggs of, 324. Insect destroying powder, 66. Insect enemies of the elm, 191. Insect flying under water, 225. INSECTS, injurious to the elm, 28; cap- tured by the Entomological Society, 61; destruction of, by hard-billed birds, 386 ; feet of, 393. International Exhibition, gleanings from the, 64,148, 226; zoology of the, 160. Todine vapour, refraction of, 147. Todine, the reaction of, 391. JESUIT’S bark, 456. Julus maximus, 394; terrestris, 394. Koxrops in infusions of hay, 324. Kyanol, or aniline, 114. Laxns, Ramsay on the glacial origin of, 228. Lama in Australia, 163. Lamont’s new theory of atmospheric vapour, 368. Lamprey, the sea, 411. Lamprey pie, ancient customs concern- ing, 416. Landscape art ,123. Language of animals, 21. Larva of insects, 99. Lassell on an annular nebule, 353. Leech, cocoons of the, 356. Leech-lore, 354. Lepralia, examples of marine, 343. Leptis, foot of, 396. Levant madder, 111. Life in the deep sea, 284. Life, organization and, 183. Light, zodiacal, 390. Linnean society, 468. Liparis dispar, virgin generations of, 105. Live animals in the Exhibition, 226. Lizards of the secondary rocks, 443. Long spectrum of electric light, 309. Loxa bark, or quinaquina, 454. Lutanist competing with nightingales,21. MacRoRHINtS proboscideus, 161. Madder orange, 113. Madder, 111; improvement of the colouring properties of, 113. Magnetic perturbations andauroras, 469. Magnetic needle, perturbations of, 39. Mammalia, development of the egg of, 98. Mangelia, 79. Manna, how formed, 91. Mars, Secchi on, 472; opposition of, 131. Marsupial animals, 97. Mauve dye, 115. Meduse, jelly-fish, 101. | Membranipora membranacea, marine architects, 343. Metamorphosis of insects, 99. Meteoric stone of Chassigny, 390. Meteorological observations made at the Kew observatory, 46, 292. Meteor seen on the 29th November, 1862, 422. Micro-photographs, Dagron’s, 229. Microscorr, the eye and the, 427; lamps for the, 429; Warrington’s portable, 349 ; Carpenter on the, 348; hints to beginners with the, 243. Microscopic objects, arrangement for carrying, 391. Microscopic printing and writing, size of, 470. Microscopic writing, engraving, and printing, 298. Microscopy. — Microscopic diamond writing, 143; photographic delinea- tion of microscopic objects, 158 ; hints to beginners, 245 ; microscopic writing, engraving, and printing, 298 ; microscopic vertebrata, 310, 471 ; mi- eroscopic address cards, 312; fish-hook spicule, 312; Carpenter on the mi- Index. eroscope, 348; the feet of insects, 393 ; the eye and the microscope, 427. Midnight, birds which sing at, 19. Migration, 25; mysteries of, 25. Minerals, analysis of new, in the Exhi- bition, 144. Minstrels of the summer, 18. Minute vertebrate, supposed, 471. Molluscoida, geneagenesis of, 104. Moon, the, 57, 461; Mr. Lassell and the, 148; Delarue’s photographs of the, 148. Moonlight nights, birds which sing during, 19. Moss destroyed by fungi, 9. Moth of Procession caterpillar, 127. Mouth of the lamprey, 414. Murena fluviatilis, the river murzena, 413, Mushroom sugar, 91. Music of birds, 20. Myrmidonia Haworthii, captured by the Entomological Society, 61. NapuTna, 114. Natica monilifera, 81. Nature in Southern Peru, aspects of, 331. Naucrates, remora, or echencis, popular errors respecting, 412. Nebulez, 310; Gautier on, 418. Nectar in flowers, 92. Nectria muscivora, spores of, 10. Neottia spiralis, 195. Nereis, annelid, 81. Nerve force, velocity of, 392. Nerves, distribution of, 148. Nerves, Claude Bernard on vascular and calorific, 230. New Forest, birds in the, 19. New use of diamonds, 472. New Zealand, furs from, at the Exhi- bition, 162. Nightingale ; is it merry or sad? 22. Nightingales in suburban districts, 19. Nitrate of ammonia, production of, 68. Nitro-benzole, 114. Nolella stipata, 343. Nubia, filagree ornaments from, 65. OccULTATIONS, 60, 139, 299, 376, 464. Oceanic hydrozoa, 362. Ophiolepis texturata, 78. Ophiucus, stars of, 56. Optical experiment, 148. Organization and life, 183. Origin of animals, 95. Orleans mode of making vinegar, 130. Ornitholites in tertiary deposits, 314. Ornithological poverty of suburban dis- tricts, supposed, 19. Orthagoriscus taken on the Fifeshire coast, 86. A77 Orthoptera eaten by Birds of Paradise, 70. Orycteropus Capensis, tooth of, 389. Ossified synchondrosis of the skull of giraffe, 16. Overland route from Pekin, 468. Oviparous animals, eggs of, 96. Oxygenized water, 68, 470. Oxygen process, Webster’s, 389. Ozone produced by plants, 470. Pagurts Bernhardus, 78. Parabolic illumination, 430. Paradise, Birds of, 69; native method of procuring them, 71; erroneous statements respecting their geogra- phical distribution, 71. Paradisea apoda, 69. Paradisea Papuana, at the Zoological Gardens, 71. Paradisea rubra, feathers of, 73. Paradiseas, ornamental feathers of, 70. Parasites, moss, 8. Parasites of sunfish, 83. Parasitic crustacea, new group of, 67. Parthenogenesis, a particular case of geneagenesis, 107. Parthenogenesis, objections to, 105. Peat as fuel, 400. Pecten opercularis, 77. Pekin, overland route from, 468. Periosteal aponeurotic matrix of the skull of giraffe, 17. Periosteum, fowl with black, 472. Peru, aspects of nature in Southern, 331. Peru, table-land of, 336. Peruvian bark-trees and their plantation, 452. Peruvian bark, organic constituents of, 456. Phasmide found in the stomach of Birds of Paradise, 70. Phocide, 161. Phoccena communis, porpoise, 161. Phosphorized copper and brass, 66. Photographic transparency of bodies, 309. Photographic delineation of microscopic objects, 158. Physalia pelagica, Portuguese man-of- war, 234. Physalia, structure and habits of, 362. Picrate of aniline, 230. Pigeon flying, 26. Pigeon flying from balloon, 307. Pinnotheres pisum (pea crab), 79. Pipeclay used for the adulteration of honey, 95. Planets, circumpolar, 390. Planet, new, 311. Plants most attractive to bees, 93. trans- 478 Plants, ozone produced by, 470. Plaster of Paris used for the adultera- tion of honey, 95. Platinocyanide of ammonia, 68; of magnesium, 389. Pleurosigma hippocampus, 433. Plumatella, statoblasts of a, 271. Pneumatocyst of Physalia, 363. Poisonous caterpillars, 124. Poisonous hairs of caterpillars, 126. Polyps, medusee of hydroid, 471. Polytrichum, capsules of, 8. Polyzoa, nervous system of, 67. Porpoise, 161. Portable microscope, Warrington’s, 349. Portunus marmorevs, 77. Potash from the animal kingdom, 391. Principles which should guide an artist in dealing with the repulsive and ugly, 119. Proboscis of honey bee, 90. Proceedings of learned societies, GO, 225, 305, 384, 465. Products of the whale fishery, 11. Primage and leakage, causes of the waste of heat, 403. Printing, size of microscopic, 470. Pseudo-ceratophorus epiphyses of giraffe, 18. Pseudopodia of the rhizopods, 471. Pterodactyle brevirostris, 447; longi- rostris, 447 ; crassirostris, 447 ; Sedg- wickii, 451; Cuvierii, 451 ; compressi- rostris, 451. Pulex irritans, leg of, 397, Purkinje vesicle, 107. Purpurine, or madder purple, 113. Pyramids, age of the, 469. QUATREFAGES’ metamphoses de I’:omme et des animaux, 95. Quetelet on the electricity of the air, 408. Quinaquina, or Loxa bark, 454. Quinine, discovery of, 456. RaDrATA, reproductive arrangements of, 105. Radiation of heat, 404. Raised beaches of Scotland, 60. Ramsay on the glacial origin oflakes, 228, Raphides, formation of, 392. Rasal Gjathi, 55. Remora, popular superstitions respect- ing, 412. Resting eggs, or statoblasts of a pluma- tella, 271. Rhamphorhynchus Gemmingii, 447. Rhizopoda, pseudopodia of, 471. Ring-ousel in the New Forest, 19. one tile recently found in Leicester, bie ‘ Index. Royal Geographical Society, 386, 468. Royal Institution, 63. Royal Society, 388. Royal Astronomical Society, 465. Rubia tinctorum, madder plant, 111. SABELLA, 81. Sable furs at the Exhibition, 162. Salmon, history of the, 188. Salpze, marine molluses, 100. Satellite of Venus, the supposed, 469. Scolytus destructor, 30. Sea-lamprey, 411. Sealskin in the Exhibition, 161. neo on the second comet of 1862, 471. Secchi on Mars, 472. Selection of subjects by artists, import- ance of, 120. Semeroptera Wallacii, 72. Sensitive plates for micro-photographs, 159. Sepiola Atlantica, cuttle-fish, 81. Septoria thecicola, spores of, 9. Serpentis, 56. Serpula contorluplicata, 342. Shale, 109. Shales, supply of, 110. Siberia, furs from, at Exhibition, 162. Side silver reflector for microscope, 431. Silicon and hydrogen compound, 387. Simulium elegans, tibia of, 396. Singing machine, 227. Size of microscopic printing and writing, 470. Slate, alum, 109. Snails, temperature of, 146. Snake, discovery of a new British, 387. Star finding, 36. STARS, DOUBLE, in Hercules, Serpens, Ophiucus, Canes Venatici, Cassiopea, 54; Bootes, Corona Borealis, Her- cules, Ophiucus, Serpens, and Capri- cornus, 183; Lyra, Cygnus, Draco, 299; Cygnus, Delphinus, Andromeda, Aquarius, Pegasus, Aries, Triangu- lum, 370. Stenopteryx hirundinis, legs of, 396. Stenorynchus phalingium, 76. Submarine architecture, 339. Summer afternoon by the sea, 149. Summer, minstrels of the, 18. Sun, determining the distance of the, 312. Sunfish, the, as a host, 82. Supposed minute vertebrate, 471. Supposed satellite of Venus, 469. Solar eclipse, Delarue’s photographs of the, 226. Solaster papposa, sun star, 79. Solubility, experiments in, 147. Index. Song birds found near the dwellings of man, 20; call-notes of, what do they mean ? 21. Species, De Candolle on, 471. Spectrum analysis, Plucker on, 265. Spheroidal liquids, temperature of, 229. Spheria emperigonia, spores of, 9. Spider, new, from Cochin China, 311. Spiranthes aufumnalis, ladies’ tresses 195. Spontaneously inflammable gaseous compound of silicon and hydrogen, 387. Squille, 80. Storm of the 19th Feb., 1860, 410. Sugar as a polariscope object, 92. Sulphuretted hydrogen, experiment with, 472. Swallows hybernating under pools, 25. Synchondrosial ossification of the skull of giraffe, 17. Syrphide, legs of, 397. TapEworM, 84; compound of several individuals, 83; different names of the, 85 ; organization of the, 86. Tasmanian Court of the Exhibition, 161. Taste in art, 116. Teeth of lamprey, 417. Telegraphic wires, effects of auroras upon, 39. Telescopes, new eyepiece for, 62. Temperature and vegetation, 469. Teredo, ege of, 99. Terrestrial currents, 39. Thallium, the new metal, 43. Thermometer, a new application of the, 231. Thrushes singing at night, 19. Thunderstorms, 410. - Tipule, claws of, 396. Titan, transit of the shadow of, 52. Tobacco smoking and Angina pectoris, 66. Tomopteris, annelid, 149. Transformation of animals, 95. Trichecephalus affinis (whip worm), 325. Triton, 79. Trochus, or “Top,” 79. Tropical sunset, 335. Tubularia, development of, 392. Turkey red extracted from Rubia Man- jista, 111. 479 Turmeric used for the adulteration of honey, 95. URASTER RUBENS, croas-fish, 80. Utilization of waste tin plate, 65. Vacuo, burning gunpowder in, 228. Vanessa urtica, scales of, 433. Variable nebula, 310. Vascular fasciculi, form of, in certain British ferns, 468. Vegetable morphology, tration of, 42. Vegetables, rapid growth in high lati- tudes, 65. Vegetation and temperature, 469. Venus, the supposed satellite of, 469. Vertebrata, microscopic, 310. Vertebrate, supposed minute, 471. Vesuvius, Daubeny on the last erup- tion of, 385. Vicuna, its introduction into Australia, 163. Vinegar making, new process of, 128. Vitellus of viviparous animals, 96. Voleanic hair, 472. Volvox globator, 351. curious illus- WAGNER’S spot of eggs, 107. Warrington’s portable microscope, 349. Water-ousel in the New Forest, 19. Water, oxygenized, 68, 470. Webster’s oxygen process, 389. Whale fishery, 161. Whip-worms, 325. Wind, hourly movement of the, as re- corded by Robinson’s anemometer, AZ, 49, 51, 293, 295, 297. Wood as fuel, 398. Worms, geneagenesis of, 104. Wrens singing at night, 19. Writing, size of microscopic, 470. Wroxeter, the distorted skuils of, 309. XYLOPHAGOUS insects, 54. cited on YarRReELL’s British fishes, Gymnetrus, 3. ZovIACAL LIGHT, 390. Zoological Society, 387. Zoology of the International Hxhibi- tion, 160. Zooteira religata, 311. 480 Index. ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOURS. Caradisea papuana . Banks’s Oarfish Comet 2, 1862 . Physalia pelagica . PAGE sae ie ae 1 6 6 aly) . 233 Sea lamprey . third or mesial horn Tetrarhynchus reptans Ribband fishes . Moss parasites . Horn of giraffe . Scolytus destructor Star-finder c Vegetable mor pholog y Shadow of Titan Poisonous caterpillars. Hydraulic illusions . Devil fish of Jamaica . Inscribed Roman tile . Spiranthes Autumnalis “168, 170, 176 TINTED PLATES. Skull of young giraffe, showing the Pees VOu PAGE Plumatella emerging from stato- blasts 4 seen te Feathered fossil ‘Reon Solenhotent 5 BR Trichocephalus affinis. . . . . 820 Se aly Tomopteris onisciformis . . 149 Meet of insects ...... 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