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ROGRESS REPORT : January 1970 to July 1972

nternational
Decade of

llCEAN
XPLORATION

PROGRESS REPORT :

January 1970 to July 1972

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Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data
Service, under contract to the National Science Foundation,
Office for the International Decade of Ocean Exploration.

January 1973

PREFACE

The International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE) is a long-term
international, cooperative program to enhance utilization of the ocean and its
resources for the benefit of mankind.

The IDOE was announced on March 8, 1968, when the President of the
United States proposed "an historic and unprecedented adventure — an Inter-
national Decade of Ocean Exploration for the 1970's." In December 1968, in
Resolution 2414, the United Nations General Assembly endorsed "the concept
of an international decade of ocean exploration to be undertaken within the
framework of a long-term programme of research and exploration. . . ."

In late 1969, the Vice President of the United States, in his capacity as
Chairman of the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering De-
velopment, formally announced the United States intention to contribute to the
IDOE and assigned responsibility for planning, managing, and funding the U.S.
program to the National Science Foundation (NSF)- In charging the NSF with
this responsibility, the Vice President cited proposed goals relative to man's
involvement with the oceans in three broad areas. These were:

• Determine the quality of the ocean environment through accelerated scien-
tific observations of the ocean's natural state, evaluate the impact of man's
activity on that environment, and establish a scientific basis for corrective
actions necessary to preserve the ocean environment;

• Provide the scientific basis needed to improve environmental forecasting;
and

• Assess the sea floor for its resource potential.

An additional program was added during Fiscal Year 1972 to:

• Provide the basic scientific knowledge of biological processes necessary to
the intelligent utilization of living marine resources.

One further objective outlined by the Vice President was to:

• Improve worldwide data exchange through modernizing and standardizing
national and international marine data collection, processing, and distribu-
tion.

In pursuit of this latter objective, the IDOE Office of NSF contracted with
EDS of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to manage the
scientific data for IDOE. The agreement included publishing this report, the
first of a series.

oL

Feenan D. Jennings, Head
Office for the International
Decade of Ocean Exploration

INTRODUCTION

This report provides the scientific community and other interested persons
with information, data inventories, and lists of scientific reports pertinent to
IDOE.

The text is arranged according to the program areas established for
IDOE. Details on subprograms or projects are usually given under appropriate
headings whenever possible; Seabed Assessment cruises, however, cross project
lines. This report includes information on projects begun before 1970 and
now funded by IDOE.

The Appendix contains the National Marine Data Inventory (NAMDI), a
computerized summary of reported observations made at sea during the period
covered by this Report. All IDOE grant holders must submit NAMDI or
equivalent reporting forms, e.g. Cooperative Investigation of the Caribbean
and Adjacent Regions Data Inventory (CICARDI), to the National Oceanographic
Data Center (NODC). In this report the NAMDI's are arranged in the same proj-
ect sequence as the text, but concern only the Environmental Quality, Environ-
mental Forecasting, and Seabed Assessment Programs.

The chart inside the back cover shows ocean areas for which data, NAMDI
forms, and track charts have been received by EDS. Areas are delinated by
squares of 600 by 600 miles. Although an entire square is shaded on the
chart, it may contain only one reported observation.

EDS either has the data, information, and papers described in this report
in one of its center archives or knows where the data may be obtained.

Queries may be addressed to any of the following EDS centers:

National Oceanographic Data Center

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Rockville, Md. 20852

Environmental Science Information Center
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Washington, D.C. 20235

Marine Geology and Geophysics Group
National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Washington, D.C. 20235

National Climatic Center

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Federal Building

Asheville, N.C. 28801

CONTENTS

Preface ii

Introduction iii

Environmental Quality Program 1

Geochemical Ocean Sections (GEOSECS) Study 1

Studies of Baseline Data, Transport, and Biological Effects of Pollut-
ants in the Ocean 1

Atlantic Project 2

Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Project 5

Pacific Project 6

Environmental Forecasting Program 9

Climate: Long-range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction

(CLIMAP) 9

Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) 9

North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX) 11

NOAA Projects 11

Ships of Opportunity:

Time-Series Expendable Bathythermographic Sections, Tropical

and North Pacific Ocean 11

Near-Surface Circulation Studies 12

Air-Sea Interaction and Mixed Layer Project 12

Circulation Studies — CICAR 12

Seabed Assessment Program 14

Surveys and Data Analysis 14

USGS Unitedgeo I Surveys 16

Leg 1, Bay of Campeche 16

Leg 2, East Margin Yucatan Peninsula 16

Leg 3, Eastern Greater Antilles 16

Leg 4, Venezuela Continental Borderland 19

Leg 5, Continental Margin of Liberia 19

Leg 6, Trans-Atlantic Crossing West Africa to Virgin Islands 19

NOAA Surveys and Data Analysis 19

Pacific SEAMAP 19

Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) 20

Caribbean-Atlantic Geotraverse (CAG) 22

World's Seabed Manganese Deposits 22

Seabed Assessment Bibliography 22

Living Resources Program 24

Appendix: National Marine Data Inventory (NAMDI) Summaries 24

Environmental Quality Program

The goal of the IDOE Environmental Quality Program is to learn
whether serious damage has been done to marine organisms and
marine ecosystems as a result of man's activities. A long-range pro-
gram consisting of two studies has been initiated to investigate this
complex problem: (1) the geochemical oceans sections study and
(2) the study of baseline data, transport, and biological effects of
pollutants in the ocean.

GEOCHEMICAL OCEAN SECTIONS (GEOSECS) STUDY

In the GEOSECS Study, water samples will be collected at many
depths along north-south sections from the Arctic to the Antarctic.
For the first time, a set of more than 20 physical and chemical
parameters will be determined from each water sample. Informa-
tion and data resulting from sample analysis will be used in
quantitative studies of ocean mixing and organic productivity and
in geochemical inventories — the major scientific goals of the
program.

GEOSECS survey tracks through the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans will follow, as far as is now known, the approximate
trajectory of the bottom water current. The research plan is to
make chemical measurements at sea, when possible, and to com-
plete analyses in shore laboratories. The Atlantic cruise will be
conducted during July 1972 to March 1973; the Pacific cruise,
during 1974.

The GEOSECS Study is composed of the following projects:

Organization

Atomic Energy
Commission
Battelle Pacific
Northwest Laboratories
University of California,
Scripps Institution
of Oceanograpfiy
University of California,
Scripps Institution of
Oceanography
Columbia University,
LamontDoherty
Geological Observatory
Columbia University,
Lamonl-Ooherty
Geological Observatory

University of Hawaii

Louisiana State
University

Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
University of Miami

Oregon State University

Queens College, The
City University of
New York

Investigator

H. L. Volchok

D. E. Robertson
A. E. Bainbridge

H. Craig

W S. Broecker
R. G. Senechal

W. S. Broecker,
H. Feely,
P. E. Biscaye,
M. Bender
P. Kroopnick

L. H. Chan
J. S. Haror
J. M. Edmond

H. G. Ostlund

J. V. Byrne
L. I. Gordon

T. Takahashi

Project Title

GEOSECS— Fallout Radionuclides in
Oceanic Water Columns.
GEOSECS— Vertical Distribution of
Trace Elements.
GEOSECS— Operations Group.

GEOSECS— SIO Shipboard and Lab-
oratory Measurements.

GEOSECS— Barium Determinations.

GEOSECS— Ra"", Ra"^, Suspended
Particulates, Mineralogy, and Barium
Analyses.

GEOSECS — Isotopic Measurements

,Qi3/{;'>, O'VO", H7H') of Dissolved

Oxygen, Atmospheric Water Vapor,

and Atmospheric CO;.

GEOSECS— Determination of Barium

Concentration in Ocean Waters.

GEOSECS— High-Precision Barium

Measurements.

GEOSECS— Radiocarbon and Tritium

Measurements.

GEOSECS— Nutrient Analysis and

Measurements of Organic Carbon

and Surface pH.

GEOSECS— Carbonate Chemistry of

Sea Water.

University of Southern

T. L. Ku

GEOSECS— Radium and Barium

California

Analyses.

University of

M. Stuiver

GEOSECS— C" Ocean Water Analysis.

Washington

Woods Hole

P. C. Mangels-

GEOSECS — Analysis of Major Ions in

Oceanographic

dorf.Jr.

Sea Water by the Method of Differ-

Institution

ence Chromatography.

Woods Hole

D. W. Spencer

GEOSECS— Trace Element and Par-

Oceanographic

P. G. Brewer

ticulate Matter Investigations.

Institution

Woods Hole

D. W. Spencer

GEOSECS— Administration and

Oceanographic

J. M. Hunt

Logistics.

Institution

Yale University

K. Turekian

GEOSECS— Strontium Analysis.

STUDIES OF BASELINE DATA, TRANSPORT, AND BIOLOG-
ICAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS IN THE OCEAN

TTie goals of these studies are: 1) To establish the concentration
of selected important pollutants in biota, seawater, and sediments;
(2) to understand the mechanisms and pathways by which pol-
lutants move through the biota, seawater, and sediment and the
rate of this movement; (3) to determine the effects of pollutants
on marine organisms; and (4) to predict the final effect of ocean
pollutants.

A baseline survey has been made that defines the problem of
establishing the concentration of pollutants in the marine environ-
mf-nt. Six investigators are measuring transport processes in
both field and laboratory studies. TTie biological effects program
is now being planned and will consist of field, laboratory, and
microcosm experiments.

The projects now funded for

Organization Investigator

University of California, R. Risebrough

Berkeley

University of California,
Scripps Institution of
Oceanography
University of California,
Skidaway Institute of
Oceanography
University of Georgia,
Skidway Institute of
Oceanography
Harvard University

University of Rhode
Island

Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution

pollutant transport studies are:
Project Title

Formulation of Mass Balance Equa-
tions for Polychlorinated Biphenyls
in Marine Ecosystems.'
E. Goldberg The Fluxes of Synthetic Organics in

the Marine Environment.'

R. Lasker Exchange Rates of Chlorinated Hy-

drocarbons and Similar Chemicals in
Marine Food Chains.'

H. Windom The Transfer of Heavy Metals

Through the Inner Continental Shelf
to the Open Ocean.'

J. N. Butler Transfer of Persistent Pollutants in

Sargassum Communities.'

R. A. Duce Atmospheric Pollutant Transport and

Deposition on the Sea Surface.'

G. R. Harvey Uptake and Transfer of Chlorinated

Hydrocarbons in the Atlantic Ocean."

' 2-year projects. - 1-year project.

Scientists who participated in the completed baseline survey of
the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, and Pacific
areas collected biological and geological data and water samples
in oceanic areas contiguous to the United States. They used avail-
able reference samples to provide absolute calibration of analytical
data. Interchange of replicate samples among participating lab-

oratories provided for intercalibration of analytical procedures.
The interchange of data derived from reference and intercalibra-
tion analyses and from collected samples proved useful in evalu-
ating analytical methodology and in maintaining research quality.

Atlantic Project

Investigators at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
(WHOI), Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, and a marine re-
search team from the University of Rhode Island and University of
Connecticut made a series of interrelated studies on the distribution
pattern of selected chemical pollutants in the open Atlantic Ocean.
Objectives of these studies were to identify or predict pollutants
affecting the quality of the open ocean environment and to advise
IDOE planning and coordinating activities of research priorities
indicated by these identifications and predictions.

The WHOI portion of the project consisted of four phases: (1)
To collect typical samples from the North and South Atlantic;
(2) to establish analytical methods for measuring chlorinated and
petroleum hydrocarbons in the samples: (3) to measure chlorinated
and petroleum hydrocarbons in as many samples as possible, and
(4) to convene a working group to evaluate all Atlantic data in the
light of ecological, geochemical, and oceanographic knowledge, with
the objective of making further recommendations to IDOE.

WHOI cruises, sampling programs, and tracklines are shown in
figure 1. WHOI scientists collected an assortment of benthic organ-

isms from moderate depths and an assortment of mesopelagic in-
vertebrates and fishes from several depths between 100 and 1,000
m. Plankton and specific surface organisms were also collected over
a wide geographical range.

The Skidaway Institute of Oceanography portion of the project
was concerned with the analysis of heavy metals in organisms. Open
ocean samples were obtained from the WHOI collections. To sup-
plement and extend the regional coverage obtained by WHOI's RV
Gosnold, inshore samples were obtained by the Skidaway Institute
RV Golden Isles.

The Skidaway Institute measured metal concentrations (As, Cd,
Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) in organisms from several trophic levels within
the marine food web. The samples, including plankton, were ob-
tained along the Georgia coast by WHOI's RV Knorr. Additional
plankton samples were provided by WHOI from samples taken
previously by WHOI's RV Atlantis II off the northeast coast of the
United States and the northwest coast of Africa. Other samples were
collected by Duke University Marine Laboratory's RV Eastward
between Beaufort, N.C., and Jacksonville, Fla. In addition to collec-
tions of zooplankton, collections of benthic and pelagic organisms
of higher trophic levels were made between Georgia and the Sar-
gasso Sea during several cruises of WHOI's RV Gosnold. Water
samples were also collected off the Georgia coast and analyzed for
Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn. Figures 2 to 9 show the sampling locations

GOSNOLD \Leg5

P

An-59

Leg 8

Leg'

An-60

FIGURE 1. — Atlantic environmental quality base-
line-data-acquisition cruises.

42°

^

CAPE
COD

NEW YORK • '^0^

••, • • •

•

40°

• • • •

• • • •

•

•

• • •

38°

• . . . .

36°

_ r:.:

- CAPE HATTERAS
1 1 1

1

76°

74°

72°

70°

32°

SAVANNAHO» • •

•

•

31°

• •
•

•
•
□ BRUNSWICK

• •
•

•

•

•
•

•

•

•

•
•

30°

1

1

1

81°

80°

79°

FIGURE 2. — Plankton sampling stations RV AtXan-
tis II Cruise 52.

FIGURE 4.— Plankton sampling stations RV Gosnold
Cruise 175.

42'

40°

38'

CAPE COD

NEW YORK

7

• •

1.2.3,&4

X

•

30°

-

•

•

CANARY IS.

•

J/KmL

28°

•

•

"^

26°

—

•

AFRICA

24°

— •

1

•

1

1

1 1

74°

72°

70°

16°

14°

12°

FIGURE 3. — Plankton— sampling stations RV Knorr
Cruise 19-5.

FIGURE 5.— Plankton sampling stations RV Atlan-
tis II Cruise 59.

\

^- *•-.

SAVANNAH O- •

v°

•• • •

• • • •

• • • •

• • • • •

•.

^s^ • • •

• • • •

• • • •

BRUNSWICK • • ,

° •. • • •.

31°

■ ■••••..■■

• • • .

m

1 1

81°

FIGURE 6. — Location of water sampling stations
off Georgia coast.

•

33°

\
\

•

CHARLESTON D

1

•

32°

_ SAVANNAH D^*

•
•

m

•

31°

BRUNSWICK*
Q

•
•

1

1

I

79°

FIGURE 8. — MoUusk sampling stations.

34'

33'

32"

\

\ WILMINGTON

\

^

CHARLESTON O

SAVANNAH -
L D\

•••
.V

31° -

81°

80°

79°

78°

FIGURE 7.— Plankton sampling stations, RV East-
tcard, August 1971.

77°

33°-

32°-

•

\

•

CHARLESTON O

1

v*.

_ SAVANNAH O^*

•
•

•
•

•

•

BRUNSWICK -

a •

•
- •

1

1

1

81° 80° 79°

FIGURE 9. — Mollusk and crustacean samples.

for water and biological specimens analyzed for metals by the
Skidaway Institute. Measurements for As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn
were obtained from Chondrichthyes, crustaceans (crabs, shrimp,
spiny lobsters), fish-eating ducks, mollusks (bivalves, snails, squid),
mixed phytoplankton, one specimen of porpoise (Tursiops trun-
catus), Sargassum, Spariina, teleosts, and zooplankton.

The University of Rhode Island and University of Connecticut
portion of the program was concerned with the analysis and assess-
ment of pollutants transported by the atmosphere, specifically the
atmospheric particulates that interact with sea-surface materials.
Baseline data were obtained for metals in air particulates, organisms,
and sea-surface films; for lipids, as pollution indicators, in atmos-
pheric particulates and sea-surface films; and for pesticide residues
and polychlorinated biphenyls in atmospheric particulates, organ-
isms, sea-surface films, and sediments. Figures 10 to 14 show the
sampling locations for chlorinated hydrocarbons and lipids in the
marine atmosphere and sea-surface microlayer, heavy metals asso-
ciated with Northwest Atlantic zooplankton, and trace metals. Sea-
surface microlayer samples were collected from coastal, estuarine,
and oceanic areas in the Atlantic. Atmospheric particulate samples
for trace metals were collected over wide areas of the North At-
lantic from a specially constructed bow tower on the University of
Rhode Island's RV Trident.

Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Project

Investigators at Texas A&M University, the University of Texas,
and the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center made interrelated studies of

41°35'

4r30'

41°25'

NARRAGANSETT BAY

^^111^

• ••

RHODE

ISLAND

SOUND

.J L

41°00'

40-40'

40°20'

>

|_ NEW
JERSEY

I

X

_L

74°00' 73°40' 73°20'

FIGURE 11. — Sea-surface microlayer sample loca-
tions in New York Bight (RV Cosnold, Cruise 176).
Samples were analyzed at the University of Rhode
Island for trace metals, lipids, and chlorinated hy-
drocarbons.

73''00'

71°30'

7I°25'

7r20'

GREENLAND

• ICELAND

60°

CANADA

•

•

•

•
•

40°

US

•
•

••

;•:

BERMUDA

•

• •

•

AZORES

20°

CUBA

• •*

1

1

CANARY IS.

AFRICA

1

60°

40°

20°

FIGURE 10. — Sea-surface microlayer sample loca-
tions in Narragansett Bay, R.I. Samples were an-
alyzed at the University of Rhode Island for trace
metals, lipids, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

FIGURE 12. — Sample locations for atmospheric
particulate collections in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Samples were analyzed at the University of Rhode
Island for trace metals.

60°-

50°-

40° -

ICELAND

GREENLAND

•
•

▲

h

▲

•

•

NEWFOUNDLAND

h

-.•

• Surface samples

A

A

•

•

A Atmospheric samples

1

1

1

1 1

60°

50 =

40°

30°

20°

FIGURE 13. — Sea surface microlayer samples and
atmospheric particulate collections RV Trident
Cruise 102. Samples were analyzed for trace metals,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, and lipids.

CAPE COO

•

40°

• •
••

•

••

• •

35°

—

CAPE
HATTERAS

1

•
1

•

BERMUDA

•
•

1

the distribution patterns and concentrations of heavy metals, chlor-
inated and petroleum-derived hydrocarbons, and trace elements in
marine organisms of several trophic levels, in sediments and in
water samples.

The Gulf and Caribbean sampling program was carried out by
the Texas A&M RV Alaininos and Puerto Rico Nuclear Center RV
Pahimho (fig. 15). Types of baseline data collected were: Dissolved
light hydrocarbon concentrations in the surface water of the Gulf
and western Caribbean; trace elements (Co, Cs, Fe, Hg, Sb, Sc, U,
Zn) in benthos, nekton, plankton, Sargassum. sediments, and water
samples of the western Caribbean; Hg in Gulf waters; petroleum-
derived organic matter in phytoplankton, Sargassiim. teleost, water
samples: zooplankton: chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT's and
PCB's) in Chondrichthyes, plankton, shrimp, and squid; teleosts;
and heavy metals in muscle tissues of a few assorted invertebrates,
some plankton samples, and teleosts.

Figure 16 shows plankton sampling locations; fig. 17, fish sampl-
ing locations; fig. 18, locations for which Hg was measured in
water samples; fig. 19, locations for which Hg was measured in
sediments; fig. 20, Mississippi delta locations for which total Hg
was measured; and fig. 21, locations of zooplankton samples for
which the percentage compositions of hydrocarbons were measured.

Pacific Project

The Pacific baseline data-acquisition program is a cooperative
project involving the University of Alaska, Battelle Memorial In-
stitute, California Institute of Technology, NOAA's National Ma-
rine Fisheries Service, Oregon State University, Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, Stanford University, and University of Wash-
ington.

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography RV Thomas Washing-
ton, on several legs of the Aries Expedition (February 27 to April
30 and September 3 to October 3, 1971 ), made about 50 collections
for chemical analysis. These collections were made only in pelagic
areas within the surface layers, at middepths, and at abyssal depths,
and consisted of several species of fish, neuston, squid, and zoo-
plankton.

Aries Expedition and other cruise samples were sent to cooper-
ating institutions and laboratories for chemical analyses as follows:

Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska: Cd, Hg, and
Pb in Pacific fishes, benthic and pelagic invertebrates, phytoplank-
ton, salmon, and zooplankton.

Battelle Northwest Laboratories: Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Cs, Hg, Ni,
Sb, Se, V, and Zn in biological and sediment samples.

California Institute of Technology: Cd, Pb, and Sn in fishes, in-
vertebrates, plankton, and sediment water samples.

Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University: DDT (and meta-
bolites), Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in biological samples.

Oregon State University: Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn in biological and
sediment samples.

University of Washington: As and Hg in biological, sediment,
and water samples.

In addition to the Aries Expedition samples, other sampling pro-
grams for the Pacific Project are cited in the Appendix.

75"

70°

65°

FIGURE 14.— Zooplankton collections RV Knorr.
Cruise 19, leg 5. Concentrations of Cu, Hg and I'b
in zooplankton measured by Marine Sciences Insti-
tute, University of Connecticut.

30°-

25=

20'

15°-

10'

GALVESTON* ,

June 1971

Oct.1971

Jan.1972

Summer, Fall 1971

100°

95°

90°

85°

Tb"

70°

65°

60°

FIGURE 15.— Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea en-
vironmental quality baseline-data-acquisition cruises.

30'

O 71-A-5(JUNE 1971)
A71-A-12 (OCT. 1971)
• 71-A-14 (NOV. 1971)
A D. TAYLOR (DEC. 1971)

aA

O o

8L

• •

25'

20'

D • • •

• • • •

o o •

95°

90°

85°

.^HgBJ'

FIGURE 16.— Plankton sampling locations in Gulf
of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.

30'

25'

20'

l^'-^^^s'^^

•

su m

'""N

•

—

•

•

m

>;.■■ -'^,

1 1

W

•
1

1

95°

90°

85°

FIGURE 17. — Fish sampling locations in Gulf of
Mexico and Caribbean Sea.

30'

O COLLEGE STATION

•• * ,• •

a • <

\

25°-

20'

%

26° 30'

GRAND BAHAMA IS.

\

79°

78°

_l_

95°

90°

85°

80°

FIGURE 18.— Stations for total Hg in water sam-
ples in Gulf of Mexico and off Grand Bahama Island.

FIGURE 20.— Stations for total Hg in water sam-
ples taken in and around the Mississippi Delta.

30'

25"

r

20'

95

90°

85°

80°

FIGURE 19. — Stations for measuring Hg in seliment
samples. Gulf of Mexico.

FIGURE 21. — Locations of zooplankton samples for
which the percentage composition of hydrocarbons
was measured.

Environmental Forecasting Program

The purpose of the IDOE Environmental Forecasting Program
is to provide the scientific base to improve environmental forecast-
ing, which requires a repetition of observations, development of
realistic (predictive) models, and understanding of physical prin-
ciples. The IDOE Program will concentrate on large-scale, long-
period phenomena, which can not be easily investigated by single
universities or investigators. The projects include: "Climate: Long-
range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction" (CLIMAP), a study
of ocean circulation during previous climatological regimes that
was formerly called the "Paleo-Oceanography Study"; the "Mid-
Ocean Dynamics Experiment" (MODE), a study of the contribu-
tions of meso-scale eddies to the ocean's circulation; and the
"North Pacific Experiment" (NORPAX), a study of long-period,
large-scale, ocean and atmosphere interactions. In addition, Geo-
chemical Ocean Sections (GEOSECS), a study of deep-ocean dif-
fusion and circulation under the IDOE Environmental Quality Pro-
gram, and the physical portions of the "Coastal Upwelling Experi-
ment" (CUE), which in 1972 became part of the Coastal Upwell-
ing Ecosystem Analysis (CUEA) project under the IDOE Living
Resources Program, make important contributions to the Environ-
mental Forecasting Program.

These studies will increase our understanding of ocean-atmos-
phere interactions and provide a better base for improved extended
forecasts of weather over the Eastern North Pacific and North
America. Better forecasts will improve planning for construction,
farming, marine, and transportation activities. These studies also
should produce better estimates of pollutant dispersal; improve
fishery prediction; increase the accuracy in forecasting advantageous
shipping routes; provide for greater utilization of the oceans as a
source of food or a heat sink for man's activities; and enhance our
ability to calculate water renewal rates in the deep ocean — with ap-
plication to disposal of contaminants, dispersal of nutrients, and
development of predictive models of global circulation.

CLIMATE: LONG-RANGE INVESTIGATION, MAPPING, AND
PREDICTION (CLIMAP)

To understand the mechanism of climatic change, the pattern
of change through time must be examined in detail. That is the
purpose of the CLIMAP study.

Of the natural fluctuations in the global environment, few are
more significant to human ecology that climatic change. The im-
pact of climatic fluctuations is supported by historical records from
medieval Iceland and Europe, where during the 13th and 14th
centuries deteriorating climatic conditions were marked by great
extensions of North Atlantic sea ice, a completely frozen Baltic,
crop failures in southern Europe, and extinction of the people in
the Greenland colonies.

Surface oceanic current systems have an important effect on local
climate; their changes through time can be more accurately docu-
mented by a study of the deep-sea sediments. The Gulf Stream pro-
vides an excellent example. It is known that the position of the
Stream changes through time; sometimes the Stream is displaced to
the north, sometimes to the south. However, it is not known if these
fluctuations are in harmony with the major global cycles or if they
have a different frequency.

CLIMAP project scientists will examine changes in current pat-
terns and water mass properties in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

during the Quaternary. For the ocean areas of investigation, many
sediment cores are already available. From these cores, surface
oceanic climatic fluctuations associated with glacial and interglacial
transitions will be determined. For this purpose, four oceanographic
maps will be constructed to show conditions:

1. 6,000 years ago — the postglacial thermal maximum; 2. 17,000
years ago — the last glacial stage; 3. 120,000 years ago — the last
interglacial period; and 4. 700,000 years ago — the mid-Pleistocene.
Comparable maps for the present time will form the basis for in-
terpretation.

The general research plan consists of: (1) A routine paleon-
tological examination of existing cores to determine which are most
suitable for the base grid for the paleo-oceanographic study; (2) an
acquisition and initial interpretation of geochemical, paleontolog-
ical, and sedimentological data on suitable grids for all levels; (3) a
multivariate analysis and computer model application to provide
interpretive paleo-oceanographic maps for each level (following ex-
tension and consolidation of present work on quantitative relation-
ships between the oceanic environment and sediment properties);
and (4) an interpretation of study results in close coordination
with ongoing examination of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores,
which yield critical information about high-latitude glacial and in-
terglacial climates and their effects on the temperature and salinity
of bottom and surface ocean waters.

A chart depicting the sea-surface temperature for the North At-
lantic 17,000 years ago is being completed, and a corresponding
chart for the South Atlantic is scheduled to be completed later.

The CLIMAP study contains the following projects:

Organization

Brown University
Columbia University
Oregon State University

University of Miami

Investigator Project

J. Imbrle Paleo-Oceanographic Studies of Late

1. D. Hays Quaternary Ocean Circulation Cli-

T. C. Moore, Jr. mate in the North Atlantic and

Pacific Oceans.
C. Emiliani High Resolution Study of Environ-

mental Changes, During the Late
Pleistocene Period and Recent
Times.

MID-OCEAN DYNAMICS EXPERIMENT (MODE)

The purpose of MODE is to establish the dynamics and statistics
of mesoscale motions, their energy sources, and their role in the
general circulation. It is estimated that mesoscale eddies, if they are
everywhere present, would contain at least as much kinetic energy
as the main ocean circulation and possibly 10 times more. The
origin, quantity, behavior, and estimation of eddie kinetic energy
are being studied by those who are devising numerical models. It
is known that such eddies exist in the atmosphere and that their
kinetic energy content is comparable to that of the mean atmos-
pheric flow and must be properly taken into account for successful
numerical simulation. Such knowledge may be even more important
in modeling oceans. MODE consists of a continuing theoretical ef-
fort as well as three field experiments — MODE-O, MODE-I, and
(possibly) MODE-II. The site chosen for the first two field experi-
ments is a small area 400 km. in diameter and 5 km. deep near the
Tropic of Cancer, south of Bermuda.

Early in the planning for MODE, it was evident that additional
information was required on mesoscale eddies, so a first observa-
tional effort — ^MODE-O — was initiated. MODE-O took place from
November 1971 to March 1972.

MODE-I is scheduled for March-July 1973. Five or six ships are
expected to take part. Eighty current meters will be suspended from
25 moorings arranged in a circular pattern with the meters concen-
trated at 500-, 800-, 1.500-, and 3,000-db levels plus a deep level
located either 100 m above bottom on the abyssal plain or 4,000 m
above rough abyssal hill terrain. Complementary observations will
include tracking SOFAR (sound fixing and ranging) and Swallow
floats, bottom pressure measurements, vertical profile (salinity-tem-
perature-depth, current velocity) measurements, and transport
measurements, and transport measurements from aircraft.

MODE-II will depend on MODE-I results, the results of the
U.S.S.R. large buoy array experiment, and international confer-
ences. Constraints include the need for a 1- or 2-year time series,
an extensive array, and international cooperation. MODE-II is ten-
tatively scheduled for 1976 and 1977.

Projects for the MODE studies are:

Organization

Investigator

Project Title

Institute of Geophysics

W. H.Munk

Fluctuations in the Abyssal Pressure

and Planetary Physics,

F. E. Snodgrass

and Temperature Field.

University of California,

W, S. Brown

San Diego

J. D. Irish

University of California,

C.S Cox

Preparation for Sargasso Sea Studies

Scripps Institution of

R. L. Parker

of Electric Field.

Oceanography

University of California,

C. S. Cox

Electromagnetic Studies of the

Scripps Institution of

R. L. Parker

Ocean Lithosphere and of the Ocean

Oceanography

V. Vacquier
J. H. Filloux

Water Currents at the MODE-I Site.

University of California,

R. E, Davis

Design of the MODE Array as an

Scripps Institution of

M. C. Hender-

Inverse Problem.

Oceanography

shott

W, H.Munk

University of California,

M. C. Hender-

Numerical Evaluation of Suggested

Scripps Institution of

shott

MODE Sites.

Oceanography

University of Cambridge,

P. Rhines

The Theoretical and Practical Study

United Kingdom

of a Turbulent, Quasigeostrophic
Ocean Interior.

Columbia University

T. E. Pochapsky

Deep Ocean Current Fine Structure.

Harvard University

D.J. Baker, Jr.

Deep-Sea Pressure Measurements.

Harvard University

A. R Robinson

Theoretical Studies and Numerical
Models.

Johns Hopkins

F. P. Bretherton

An Exploratory Study of Synoptic

University

Maps for MODE.

Massachusetts Insti-

C. Wunsch

Temperature Arrays for MODE.

tute of Technology

Massachusetts Insti-

H. M. Stommel

Administration of MODE.

tute of Technology

National Institute of

J. Swallow

Swallow Float and Current Meter

Oceanography, United

J. Crease

Arrays.

Kingdom

Atlantic Oceanographic

D. Hansen

MODE Density Program.

and Meteorological

J. Crease

Laboratories, NOAA,

and the National Insti-

tute of Oceanography,

United Kingdom

Nova University

W. S. Richardson

Oceanic Current Measurements From

Project Title

Current Meter Arrays for MODE.

Moored Array Studies.

Investigation of Interactions Be-
tween Short Internal Gravity Waves
and Larger Scale Motions in the
Ocean.

MODE: Observations of an Isopropyl
Surface.
SOFAR Float Experiment.

SOFAR Float Listening Station.

Vertical Profiles of Horizontal
Currents.

A Theoretical-Numerical Study of
Geostrophic Eddy Motions in the
Ocean.

Flat and Inverted Echo Sounder Ex-
periments for MODE.

Figure 22 shows the location of the MODE-1 Field project As
of May 1972, no field work other than gear trials has been con-
ducted. Serial stations and STD measurements were obtained by the
RV Trident on Cruise 105 in November 1971 and Cruise 107 in
December 1971. Current-meter arrays were set out near 30°N.,
70°W., by the RV Trident on Cruise 104 during October and No-
vember 1971 and retrieved on Cruise 109.

Organization

Investigator

University of
Rhode Island

W Sturges
J. A. Knauss

Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution

N. P. Fofonoff

W. J. Schmitz,

Jr.

F. Webster

Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution

K. F. Hassel-
mann

Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution

E. Katz
R. Nowak

Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution

A. D. Voorhis
D. C. Webb

Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution

R. G. Walden
H. 0. Berteaus

Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution

D. C. Webb

Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institution

P. Welander

Yale University

H. T. Rossby

25°-

20°-

15°-

10°-

-

W^B^

-

US

-

BERMUDA

MODE-1

-

\

STUDY AREA

1

1

CUBA

1

1

1 1

85°

/5°

70°

65°

60°

Aircraft as Part of the MODE Experi-
ment.

FIGURE 22.— Location of MODE-1 Field Experi-
ment.

10

NORTH PACIFIC EXPERIMENT (NORPAX)

For the past 5 years, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) has
been supporting research in the North Pacific to identify oceanic
processes relating to anomalous weather conditions. Large areas of
abnormally hot or cold sea-surface temperatures (anomalies related
to 30- year, monthly-mean values) were identified in the North
Pacific; it was postulated that these surface temperature anomalies,
via ocean-atmosphere interaction, affect the climate from the Pacific
eastward across the entire North American continent.

It became obvious that the ongoing research effort was insuffici-
ent to discover the causes of the environmental phenomena so far
identified. Therefore, IDOE and ONR combined resources under
an interagency agreement for joint, long-term funding to produce
a larger and more comprehensive effort, the North Pacific Experi-
ment (NORPAX), than either could support alone.

As now formulated, NORPAX consists of a scientific effort (in-
cluding a visiting scientist program) and five supporting technical
programs to: (1) Gather data from island stations, (2) gather data
from fixed buoys, (3) gather data from drifting buoys, (4) provide
ship support, and (5) archive data for subsequent retrieval from a
master data library.

NORPAX is planned to be carried out in four major operational
phases over the next 9 years. Phase-I will take 1V4 years and will
involve development of theory and numerical models, test and
deployment of a data management system, and establishment of a
versatile scientific support program. Phase-II will last 1 year and
will principally involve use of the results from the data gathering
and scientific support systems. Based on the results and knowledge
gained during Phases I and II, the data gathering network will be
widened during Phase III, which will require about 1 to IV2 years,
depending on the amount of expansion needed. Phase IV, lasting 5
years, will involve operation of the data gatherings systems and
analysis of the incoming data.

Still in its formative stage, NORPAX includes scientists from
the University of California in Los Angeles, University of Cali-
fornia in San Diego, and University of Hawaii. TTie principal in-
vestigator for the project is W. Nierenberg of the Scripps Institution
of Oceanography.

Organization

Investigator

Project Title

University of California

J. Bjerknes

Atmospheric Teleconnectlons.

at Los Angeles

University of California

T. Barnett

Drifting Buoys.

In San Diego

University of California

1. Huang

Numerical Modeling.

in San Diego

University of California

J. Namlas

Large-scale Ocean-atmosphere

In San Diego

Coupling in the Midlatltudes of the
North Pacific Ocean.

University of California

W. Nierenberg

Scientific and Operational Support.

In San Diego

University of California

B. Taft

Equatorial Ocean Circulation.

In San Diego

University of California

W. White

Subarctic Front.

In San Diego

University of Havvall

K. Wyrtki

Circulation In the California Current.

NOAA PROJECTS

Four projects that were initiated by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) prior to 1970 are now being
funded under the IDOE Environmental Forecasting Program.

Ships of Opportunity: Time-Series Expendable Bathythermo-
graph Sections, Tropical and North Pacific Ocean

This NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service project is part of
the integrated Pacific Air-Sea Study, conducted by scientists on the
Pacific Coast to study many aspects of large-scale, air-sea interac-
tion in the Pacific Ocean on a long-term, time-continuous basis.
The scientific objective of the NOAA project is to identify and
describe seasonal and year-to-year changes of temperature and cir-
culation in major currents of the Equatorial and North Pacific
Ocean.

IDOE is supporting a 3-year program to obtain ocean salinity,
surface temperature, temperature-vs-depth (expendable bathyther-
mograph), and weather observations aboard merchant ships (ships
of opportunity). For this purpose, those ships are selected whose
routes give repetitive crossings essentially following the prevailing
direction of the major currents (fig. 23). Ships sailing four routes —
radiating from Honolulu to Cook Inlet, Samoa, San Francisco, and
Yokohama — will provide sections across the California Current,
Kuroshio, North Pacific Drift, and equatorial currents, respectively.
A ship sailing from Los Angeles to Tahiti will prove additional
transequatorial sections.

Temperature-vs-depth observations are digitized automatically
aboard ship for radio transmission of BATHY (bathythermograph)
messages to the Navy, for computer processing in scientific analyses,
and for archiving the data at the National Oceanographic Data
Center. The 3-year project will form a base of information and
experience for further development for oceanwide environmental
monitoring and forecasting.

In addition to the cruises by the SS Californian and Oreson
Standard (listed in the Appendix), expendable bathythermograph
data have been obtained between Honolulu and San Francisco, and
Honolulu and Japan, by the following ships of opportunity:

60°-

40"

20'

20°-

40°-

• KODIAK

120°

150°

18

150°

120°

FIGURE 23.— Ships of Opportunity: Time-Series
Expendable Bathythermograph Sections, Tropical
and North Pacific Ocean.

11

50'

N45'

o

COBB
SEAMOUNT

BUOY SITE

SEATTLE

47°05'

N47°00'-

130°

125°

12:°W

FIGURE 24.— Site of the Pacific Oceanographic
Laboratories Near-Surface Circulation Studies.

• 1001

-

• 1009

/1002 thru 1006
1013 thru 1019. 1028 ^^ .1007
.1037 ^•^rf^"'^^ .,033
•1010 ^^^1022 '"^'

1024, 1025. 1026, 1029^^^ ^°^°

• 1036 •^O" ^1012

• 1035 •1034

A Buoy
• STD Cast

1 1 1

1

128°30'

128°20'

128°10'

128°00'W

FIGURE 25.— Location of the STD casts. Casts 1001
to 1019 were measured between August 3 and 6,
1971, the others on September 5 and 6, 1971.

Honolulu and San
Hawaiian Enterprise. Voyage 32W

33
34
35W
President Cleveland, Voyage 190
SS Californian. Voyage 207

Honolulu and
Michigan. Voyage 12
President Cleveland, Voyage 190
Nevada Standard, Voyage 554

Francisco

November 8-11, 1971.

November 23-27, 1971.

December 4-10, 1971.

December 24-28, 1971.

November H-15, 1971.

October 20-24. 1971.
Japan

October 1-8, 1971.

October 2-10, 1971.

November 21-26, 1971,

Near-Surface Circulation Studies

The NOAA Pacific Oceanography Laboratory (POL), Seattle,
Wash., obtained data on the structure of the oceanic surface boun-
dary layer (near-surface circulation studies) at about 47.2°N.,
1 27.7 "W., (fig. 24) in August and September 1971. POL studied
the response of the thermocline region to the strong intertial cur-
rents generated in the mixed layer by the action of a local wind.

A Richardson buoy was moored in the Cascadia Basin of the
northea.st Pacific using the mooring method and hardware tested by
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Recorded were: (1)
Wind speed and direction; (2) water speed and direction in the
mixed layer, in the thermocline region, and beneath the thermo-
cline; (3) air temperature; (4) water temperature in the mixed
layer, in the thermocline region, and beneath the thermocline;
(5) water pres-sure; and (6) dynamic topography of the surround-
ing area and vertical distribution of Brunt-Vaisala frequency near
the moored buoy.

A salinity-temperature-depth survey of the area surrounding the
buoy was completed after its mooring (fig. 25) and repeated before
its recovery, to provide a record of horizontal distribution of den-

sity (dynamic topography) and vertical distribution of density
( Brunt-VaivSala frequency) at the site.

Air-Sea Interaction and Mixed Layer Project

The Mixed Layer Project is one of two IDOE projects conducted
by NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labora-
tories. The objectives of this project are to study: (1 ) The total heat
exchange across the air-sea interface on a diurnal or smaller time
scale as inferred from the total heat budget of the oceanic mixed
layer; and (2) the vertical structure of the temperature, salinity,
and current fields in the mixed layer of the ocean in relation to
vertical heat transfer processes and mixing.

To achieve these objectives, a number of instrumentation systems
were used. Two MAMOS-type buoys were deployed; 28-foot para-
chutes at a depth of 30 m. were used. One buoy was instrumented
with a quartz-thermometer system that recorded temperatures at
l-min. intervals for depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 m. on a digital
magnetic tape recorder. The other buoy recorded air temperature,
humidity, sea-surface temperature, and wind speed on digital mag-
netic tape.

The buoys were deployed by the OSS Discoverer at about 21 °N.,
64°W., on September 28, 1971. The experiment ended October 31,
1971.

Circulation Studies — CICAR

NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labora-
tories (AOML) conducted another field project under IDOE with
emphasis on studies to be done under the auspices of the interna-
tional Cooperative Investigation of the Caribbean and Adjacent
Regions (CICAR) Program. These studies concentrated on tidal
phenomena and the development and application of Lagrangian
methods of current measurement in the CICAR region.

12

Subproject: Tides in tiie CICAR Region. Coastal and pelagic
measurements and near-bottom current measurements were made
to obtain more accurate transport calculations, to study the varia-
bility of currents at the entrance to the Caribbean, and to provide
a prototype for the international deep-sea tide program.

By the completion of the first year, AOML scientists for 1 month
(September-October 1971) deployed and recovered two pelagic
pressure and near-bottom current measuring systems in the eastern
Caribbean. They also for 1 month (July-August 1971) deployed
and recovered two shallow capsules (current meter temperature
sensor and tide gage) in the western Caribbean.

Data obtained were tide records for 1 month at 4-km. depth near
the M , amphidrome; near-bottom current records at both locatioas;
and two 1 -month shallow tide gage records in the western Car-
ibbean.

Subproject: Lagrangian Measurements of Ocean Currents. The
purpose of this project is to determine the nature and evaluate the
extent of the ageostrophic components of flow in the western Car-
ibbean where the Yucatan Current forms. Measurements will be
made of the acceleration of parcels tagged by drift buoys in relation
to the surrounding mass distribution.

Field work completed in the western Caribbean included tracking
sets of near-surface drogue-buoys, approximately along the paths
indicated in figure 26. Nansen bottle, bathythermograph (BT), and
conductivity-temperature-depth data were obtained along these
tracklines by the RV Researcher. This ship also made two expend-
able bathythermograph (XBT) surveys to determine the initial
drogue deployment position and spent 3 nights making BT sections
and tracking drogue buoys in the vicinity of Swan Island. The
NOAA ship RV Discoverer made salinity-temperature-depth and
rosette multi-sampler measurements along many tracks in the west-
ern Caribbean. The RV Eastward used XBT probes, supplied by
AOML, to obtain measurements in the Yucatan Channel.

In the Gulf of Mexico, three to five shallow parachute
drogues were deployed on August 26, 1971, in the region where the

Florida Current was forming, about 100 km. north of the axis of
the Yucatan Strait. The drogues were tracked for 5 days over a
distance of 520 km. in a sinusoidal path.

20°

15'

.

CUBA

mm^

•.^

MEXICO \

r'l

\

Trackline

~"

K

\

Drouge Track

\ \

\

{ y^

"~~~-

1

HONDURAS

1

m

85°

FIGURE 26.— Tracklines and drogue tracks by RV
Researcher in western Caribbean, July 1971.

Zooplankton were also gathered during CICAR
studies involvinR NOAA's Discoverer and Oregon II
and the Mexican research vessel Uribe.

13

Seabed Assessment Program

The goals of the Seabed Assessment Program are to expand ac-
tivities in gathering data on the geological structures and sedimen-
tary distributions of the continental margins, dynamic properties of
the ocean floor, and chemical and physical processes of the deep
ocean, particularly those which relate to potential economic re-
sources. In addition to a better understanding of the earth itself,
understanding of these ocean characteristics will prove valuable in
locating new resources in unexplored areas.

The continental margins now produce 15 percent of the world's
supply of petroleum. As our resources on land decline, this per-
centage should increase. In addition, hard mineral, salt, sulfur, and
placer deposits are potential new resources. The continental mar-
gins remain largely unexplored outside the areas adjacent to the
economically more developed North Atlantic countries.

Detailed studies of the continental margins around the South At-
lantic Ocean are now underway. Included are the Eastern Atlantic
Continental Margin Study of the area from Capetown, South Africa,
to Portugal and the Southwestern Atlantic Continental Margin
Study of the areas adjacent to Argentina and Brazil. Simultaneous
study of these areas has broad scientific appeal. The currently ac-
cepted "fit" of the continents made by Bullard and others suggests
that the original continental breakup and subsequent drifting must
have been relatively straightforward in the South Atlantic, thus
making this area an ideal location to test hypothetical models. The
South American coastline has numerous ridges and open-ended
basins trending perpendicular to the coastline with counterparts at
conjugate positions on opposing margins of Africa. Results and in-
terpretations from carefully conducted investigations of the South
Atlantic margins are applicable to other continental limits.

K. O. Emery, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI),
is the Principal Investigator for the Eastern Atlantic Continental
Margin Study. Scientists from countries along the west coast of
Africa and Portugal are participating in various legs of the cruises
that began in 1972. Field work will be completed in 197.1; final
publication of results is scheduled for 1974.

Special mention should be made of K. O. Emery's unpublished
manuscript. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 72-54, Eastern
Atlantic Continental Mar/^in Program of the International Decade
of Ocean Exploration (GX-28I93). Some Results of 1972 Cruise
of RV "Atlantis 11." This paper (funded under the Seabed Assess-
ment Program) describes a geophysical cruise to the southeastern
Atlantic during which a large ancient delta of the Orange River and
a diapiric field off Angola were mapped. These geographic features,
which may have future economic oil potential, began development
during early stages of the separation between Africa and .South
America.

Emery and his associates prepared most of the report before the
Atlantis II returned to port in July 1972; printed copies were dis-
tributed that same month. Emery's effort emphasizes how rapidly
scientific information can be disseminated.

G. Bryan, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory (L-DGO), is
coordinating the Southwestern Atlantic Continental Margin Study.
The geophysical data-gathering program off Argentina is completed,
and work off Brazil will begin in 1973. Petrobras, the Brazilian
National Oil Company, is funding WHOI scientists to carry out a
detailed study of the shallow waters along the Brazilian coast be-
ginning in late 1972. After finishing his work off the west coast of

Africa in 1975. K. O. Emery plans to make geophysical observa-
tions along tracklines from the African coast to the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, thereby tying the two Studies together.

Several geophysical surveys in the mid-Atlantic and on the con-
tinental margins of some countries in the Gulf of Mexico-Caribbean
Sea region and off the coast of Liberia were completed in 1971 by
the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and NOAA. Data
from these surveys are now being analyzed.

Lithospheric plate boundaries, including the midoceanic ridges
and deep trenches, are the areas of most tectonic activity. Heavy
metals are believed to rise to the surface along these ridges and
move toward the deep trenches. These metals, riding on the top of
the subducting lithospheric plate, are concentrated into major ore
deposits (in regions landward of trenches) above the descending
plate by complex distillation processes. The Nazca Lithospheric
Plate off the coast of Peru and Chile has been recognized as an
excellent example for detailed investigation of the complete
metalliferous cycle — from crustal formation along the East Pacific
Rise to its consumption in the Peru-Chile Trench. The major cop-
per, molybdenum, and tin deposits in the Andes are considered to
be the cycle's end products.

The Nazca Plate is being studied in a cooperative program in-
volving the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics (HIG), Oregon State
University (OSU). and the Pacific Oceanographic Laboratory
(POL) of NOAA. The principal investigators are G. Woollard
(HIG), L. Kulm (OSU), and R. Burns (POL). Scientists from
Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru are also participating in this
study. The first cruises were completed in 1971 by the RV Katia
Keoki of HIG and RV Yaquina of OSU. Field work will continue
through 1975, with data analysis taking place in 1975-78.

The East Pacific Rise extends northward into the Gulf of Cali-
fornia, where it is now under study by scientists from the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and the University of Mexico. This
area is analogous to the Red Sea area, where heavy metals have
been detected in the hot brines.

IDOE is also supporting a research program on the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge. As a first step, scientists from France and the United States
are planning extensive exploration of the ridge by use of submersi-
bles. Dives will begin in 1974.

The widespread occurrence of manganese nodules, particularly
on the deep ocean floor, is also being studied. Although this oc-
currence has long been known, no systematic studies have ever
been made. IDOE is supporting a study which will bring together
the present knowledge on: (1) The origin and distribution of the
nodules, (2) technological problems that must be solved before
mining becomes economical, (3) environmental impact of mining
the abyssal depths of the ocean, and (4) legal status of a mining
operation beyond the limits of any claims to offshore sovereignty.
A coordinating office has been set up at Lamont-Doherty Geologi-
cal Observatory.

Upon completion of the manganese nodule study, the Seabed
Assessment Program will support new research related to the origin
and distribution of the nodules. The results of these investigations
are expected to provide a basis for research by other agencies.

SURVEYS AND DATA ANALYSIS

During 1971, nine separate Seabed Assessment studies, involving
90,()()() nautical miles of marine geophysical surveys by research

14

6 JUNE 1972

1400

\

Emery's Seismic reflection recordings reveal diapirs
south of the Congo Canyon.

Table 1. — IDOE geophysical cruises completed during 1971

Mileage of records

Bottom samples

Agency, project, and

Ship

1971

Gravity

Magnetics

Seismic

Bathy-

Dredge

Core Sono

principal investigator

dates

metry

buoy

USGS geophysical surveys:

Nautical miles

Number

Leg 1, Campeche— G. W. Moore

Unitedgeo 1

May 27-

June 17

3,800

3,800*

3,800*

3,800*

1

- 2

Leg 2, Yucatan— J. G. Vedder

Unitedgeo 1

June 19-
July 14

2,800

2,800*

2,400*

2,400*

7

- 1

Leg 3, Greater Antilles L. E.

Unitedgeo 1

July 17-

3,000

3,000*

3,000*

3,000*

1

- 3

Garrison

Aug. 4

Leg 4, Venezuela Borderland—

Unitedgeo 1

Aug. 18-

4,200

4,200*

4,200*

4,200*

—

— 2

E. A. Silver

Oct. 1

Leg 5, Liberian Margin—

Unitedgeo 1

Oct. 30-

2,900

2,900*

2,900*

2,900*

3

- 5

J. S. Schlee

Nov. 20

Leg 6, Atlantic Crossing

Unitedgeo 1

Nov. 24-

3,400

3,400*

3,000*

3,400*

—

- 18

West— M. F. Kane

Dec. 9

NOAA geophysical surveys:

Pacific SEAMAP-H. Orlin

Surveyor

June 8-
Nov. 24

36,600*

36,900*

7,300*

37,100*

—

— —

Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse

Discoverer

April 16-

14,100

14,300

800

15,100

27

12 8

(TAG) P. A. Rona

June 17

Caribbean-Atlantic Geotraverse

Researcher

Sept. 18-

18,000*

18,200*

1,700*

18,200*

—

— —

(CAG)— G. Peter

Nov. 18

Totals:

88,800

88,500

29,100

29,100

39

12 39

Data now available at Marine Geology and Geophysics Group, NGSDC, EDS, NOAA.

15

28

FIGURE 27.— USGS 1971 Vnitedgeo I surveys: Leg
1, Bay of Campeche, and Leg 2, Margin of the
Yucatan Peninsula.

ships, were completed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and
NOAA. These studies were made as part of both continental mar-
gin and sea floor dynamics projects. Underway bathymetry, gravity,
magnetics, and seismic reflection data were collected, and cores,
dredges, and sonobuoy records were obtained on several cruises.
Satellite navigation was used for position control on each cruise.
Table 1 summarizes the trackline miles of geophysical data and
related samples obtained during each study.

In addition to the NOAA and USGS geophysical surveys, sev-
eral other institutions started work on Seabed Assessment studies
in 1972; projects were initiated that included compiling, evaluat-
ing, and reformatting geological and geophysical data collected
during previous years by various institutions.

TTie following description of each completed study is based on
data reports, abstracts, and other information received from prin-
cipal investigators.

USGS Unitedgeo I Surveys

TTie work performed by the USGS consisted of six projects,
each designed to study a different problem and each limited to
separate legs of an ocean survey completed by the chartered ship
Unitedf>eo I. The six legs of the cruise were completed between
June and December 1971. USGS has published data reports con-
taining copies of the acoustic reflection records for the six legs
(see Seabed Assessment Bibliography).

Leg 1, Bay of Campeche. TTiis survey was made in the .southern
part of the Bay of Campeche; an east-west trackline spacing of
about 9 km. was used (fig. 27). The region covered includes the

north-trending sedimentary folds in the western part of the survey
area and a province of salt domes in the eastern part.

Results to date include: (1) Correlation of prominent fold axes
and faults from track to track in the western part of the survey,
(2) evidence that the late Cenozoic Mexican volcanic belt appar-
ently ends abruptly on the continental shelf of the Bay, and (3)
evidence of salt intrusions (salt domes and anticlines) both inside
and outside the main tectonic belts.

Leg 2, East Margin Yucatan Peninsula. This study (fig. 27) was
made along the coasts of Mexico and Briti.sh Honduras. The ob-
jectives were to study the structural evolution of the continental
margin east of the Yucatan Peninsula and to determine the history
and relationships of tectonic features, including the Yucatan Basin
and the Cayman Ridge and Trough. TTie possibility of stratigraphic
links between Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula was also explored.
Results to date include: the obtaining of critical information (as
a result of dredging) about the types of rocks and sediments that
form major sea floor features, and the identification of an elongate
set of ridges parallel to the continental border. (These ridges ap-
pear to be belts of relatively resistant metamorphosed sedimentary
rocks bordering an elongated basin partially filled with sediments.)

Leg 3, Eastern Greater Antilles. This survey (fig. 28) was made
in a region of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea that includes
the Muertos Trough (south of Puerto Rico), the Anegada Trough
(where several linear tectonic elements seem to meet), and an area
where the faulting associated with the Puerto Rico Trench appears
to change from underthrusting to strike slip faulting.

16

Leg 4

T3

-[ r T

ss

-1 1 1 r

FIGURE 28.— USGS 1971 Vnitedgeo I surveys:
Leg 3, Eastern Greater Antilles, and Leg 4, Vene-
zuelan Continental Border.

^(- 10 N

IS w

FIGURE 29.— USGS 1971 Vnitedgeo I surveys:
Leg 5, Continental Margin off Liberia.

17

FIGURE 30.— USGS 1971 Vnitedgeo I surveys:
Leg 6, Liberia to Puerto Rico.

ISO

lUO

130

120

SO-

SO

@ N (M) I (K, J ^Ij H ig,' f .1' ° '£ • 'A'

10— I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 1 T 1 ] 1 T I I r

ISO 110 130

FIGURE 31.— NOAA National Ocean Survey 1971
tracklines by Sun^pyor. Seismic profiling lines are
designated by solid circles at end of lines.

~[ r 1 to

120

18

Results to date include evidence that tensional faulting or forces
exist south of Puerto Rico and in the Anegada Trough area and
that oceanic reflectors continue for several kilometers beneath the
outer toe of the Antillean structure in the northeastern part of the
survey area.

Leg 4, Venezuela Continental Borderland. TTiis investigation was
made along the coast of Venezuela (fig. 28) and included the Is-
lands of Aruba. Bonaire, and Curacao, as well as the Bonaire
Trough, Curacao Ridge, and Los Roques Trough. The basic ob-
jectives were to: (1) determine structural relationships of the vari-
ous tectonic features, (2) determine the nature of specific plate
boundaries, and (3) outline areas of potential mineral resources on
the continental shelf and slope.

Results to date include: (1) Evidence suggesting that the Islands
of Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao represent an area of raised oceanic
rocks; (2) findings that in places the basaltic or diabasic layer "B"
can be traced southward beneath the deformed deposits of the
continental slope; and (3) detection of intensely deformed sedi-
mentary rocks under the E-W trending Curacao Ridge.
Leg 5, Continental Margin of Liberia. This survey complemented
previous work carried out on land by the USGS and the Liberian
Geological Survey. The purpose of the survey was to investigate
the structural-slratigraphic framework of the continental margin
adjacent to Liberia. Of particular interest is the nature of transition
of the Precambrian shield area from land to ocean. The tracklines
were mostly perpendicular to the coastline and extended about 200
km. offshore to water depths in excess of 4 km. (fig. 29).

Results include: (1) A 100 to 400 gamma magnetic anomaly
along the outer edge of the continental shelf has been detected;
(2) faulting and slumping, as revealed by seismic reflection profil-
ing, when combined with relatively large magnetic anomalies, sug-
gest that a major deep-sea fracture zone intersects the West African
margin in the area of Cape Palmas; and (3) a relatively thick ac-
cumulation of sediments on the continental slope west of 9°W.
probably reflects an earlier separation time of the African margin
from North America (west of 9°W.) than from South America
(east of 9 W.).

Leg 6, Transatlantic Crossing, West Africa to Virgin Islands. This
leg. which was run between Monrovia, Liberia, and Charlotte
Amalie, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, (fig. 30) included con-
tinuous acoustic reflection profiles across three drill sites of the
Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling
(JOIDES) program and several structural features including the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Vema Fracture Zone. Potential re-
sults from this cruise will include: (1) Construction of structural
models of the Vema Fracture Zone, (2) correlation of oceanic
seismic reflection profiles with JOIDES drilling results over a
greater extent than previously possible, (3) investigation of the
structure of the Sierra Leone Ridge. (4) extension of knowledge
of sediment distribution and thickness in the deep ocean, and (5)
studies of crustal sound velocity.

NOAA Surveys and Data Analysis

The NOAA work in 1971 involved three separate studies. In
the northeast Pacific Ocean, a Scientific Exploration and Mapping
Program (SEAMAP) survey was made west of Washintgon and
Oregon by the NOAA ship OSS Surveyor. In the Atlantic, work
was continued on the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) by the
OSS Discoverer, and the Caribbean-Atlantic Geotraverse (CAG)
was initiated by the OSS Researcher.

Pacific SEAMAP. Tracklines run by the OSS Surveyor during
1971 west of Oregon and Washington were basically oriented east-
west, with an 18-km. spacing, supplemented by crosslines (fig. 31).
Seismic reflection results were obtained on every sixth E-W line

and on about every other north-trending crossline. The area cov-
ered is very promising from the viewpoint of plate tectonics; also,
during the unraveling of the complexities of this area, light will
probably be shed on the structure and history of the seismically
active and destructive San Andreas fault system to the southeast.

Included in the survey area are two centers of sea floor spreading
(the Gorda Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge), seismically active
transform faults (including the Blanco Fracture Zone), and inactive
fracture zones (such as the Sedna and Surveyor). Results from the
seismic reflection data show a buried trench close to the Oregon-
Washington coast, adjacent to the string of active volcanoes that
runs along the crest of the Cascade mountains from northern
California to British Columbia.

The magnetic anomalies in this area trend mostly north-south
and can be correlated very well from trackline to trackline on the
37 east-west lines. This correlation will allow the solution of many
structural problems, such as apparent offsets of magnetic anomalies
across fracture zones. This study includes part of the classical
"Mason-Raff" survey area and extends to 144°W.

Free air gravity anomalies, with a precision of 2 to 3 mgals.
r.m.s., were obtained over the survey area. Significant results in-
clude: (1) Finding of negative values in the range of minus 50 to
minus 80 mgals. along the base of the continental margin in the
area of the above-mentioned thick-sediment fill, and (2) finding
of a range of 80 mgals. (mostly negative) measured along the
Blanco Fracture Zone.

Additional results include evidence that the Juan de Fuca Ridge
is now rising; this rise may result in the eventual emergence of the
Bear and Cobb Seamounts as islands. Also, examination of narrow-
beam echosounder records reveals the presence of a complex pat-
tern of deep-sea channels in the Tufts Abyssal Plain.

Pacific SEAMAP bathymetry, magnetic, and gravity data col-
lected in the North Central Pacific during and after 1961 were
reformatted and evaluated by the Marine Sciences Institute (MSI)

Table 2.— Pacific SEAMAP 1961-70 data reports

NOAA

Technical

Report

SEAMAP

area
numbers

Data

printout

pages

Data
points

Magnetic
observa-
tions

Gravltj
observa-
tions

Available maps
LNI' B-M-62

NOS 45

15524-10

275

21,968

13,429

3,151

X

X

N0S46

15530-10

245

19,582

11,300

2,169

X

X

NOS 47

15248-14
15254-14

229
45

18,319
3,537

8,917
1,246

3,251
602

X'

X'

NOS 48

16648-14
16654-14

196
5

15,513
376

9,899
136

2,048
58

X*

X«

NOS 49

16530-10
17530-10

124
26

9,854
2,063

6,017
874

708
106

X
X^

X

NOS 50

1652410
17524-10

204
39

16,267
3,073

10,410
1,410

2,011
135

X
X =

X

NOS 51

15636-12
15642-12
16836-12
16842-12

206

172

83

40

16,435

13,692

6,617

3,174

7,486
6,680
2,948
1,457

1,574

2,186

422

514

X
X
X
X

—

^ Logical Number Index map to guide user from number on map to respective entry

in data listing.
2 Battiymetry. magnetic anomaly, and gravity anomaly maps are being compiled

by NOS (available separately).
■> Map for area 15248-14 extended to include data in area 15254-14.
* Map for area 16648-14 extended to include data in area 16654-14.
^ Longitude 180" is western limit of area.

19

of the University of Connecticut. MSI worked under contract to
NOAA's National Ocean Survey (NOS), who used IDOE funds to
support the project. More than 250,000 evaluated data points have
been compiled into NOAA Technical Reports, NOS 45 through
NOS 51 {table 2), that are available from Code D83, Technical
Information Division, Environmental Science Information Center,
NOAA. Washington, D.C. 20235.

Tlie reports present the data in computer printout format and
include index maps that provide access to all data points in the
listings for any given geographic area. Table 3 shows survey ships
and year of data collection. Figure 32a delineates Pacific SEAMAP
areas for which 1961-70 evaluated data are available. Figure 32b
delineates those areas for which the National Ocean Survey is
compiling contour maps of bathymetry, gravity anomalies, and
magnetic anomalies.

I20°W

Table 3.— Pacific SEAMAP 1961-70 data acquisition by ship and year

Ti

~^~~^.

16654-14

^v.

16648-14

''y 16842-12

16836-12

17530-10

-¥

1752410

IT

15254-14. C^"""''"

ZSS

15248-14;

,m

r m

16530-10 1553010

1652410

1552410

FIGURE 32.— Pacific SEAM.\P Areas: (A) For
which 1961-70 evaluated data in table 2 are avail-
able; and (B) for which contour maps of bathy-
metry, magnetic anomalies, and gravity anomalies
are being compiled.

SEAMAP area

Years of data collection— North Central Pacific

and ship

61

62

63

64

65

66

67 68 69 70

Area 15524-10
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X X

Area 15530-10
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

Area 15248-14
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

Area 15254-14
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

X
X

X

X

Area 16648-14
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

X

X

Area 16654-14
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

Area 15636-12
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

Area 15642-12
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Area 16836-12
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

Area 16842-12
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

Area 16530-10
Pioneer
Surveyor

X
X

X

Area 1753010
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

Area 16524-10
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X
X

X

Area 1752410
Pioneer
Surveyor

X

X

Trans-Atlantic Geofraverse (TAG). This is a study of the corridor
between Cape Hatteras, North America, and Cap Blanc, Africa
(fig. 33). Its principal objective is to establish a standard crustal
section, about 3 in width, across the central North Atlantic be-
tween these two points, which are considered to have been joined
before North America separated from Africa.

20

^(r w

FIGURE 33.— NOAA Atlantic OceanoKraphic and
MeteoroloKical Laboratories Trans-Atlantic Geo-
traverse.

FIGURE 34.— NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and
Meteorological Laboratories Caribbean Atlantic Geo-
traverse.

21

Relatively closely spaced trackllnes were run in 1971 in the
TAG corridor. When combined with previous results, the 1971
data allow a standard sequence of magnetic reversal anomalies to
be deduced for the central North Atlantic. This sequence can be
traced back 60 million years on either side of the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, showing that rates for corresponding time intervals on op-
posite sides of the ridge may vary as much as 0.5 cm. /year. A
partial sequence of Cretaceous and a nearly complete "Keathley"
sequence of Late Jurassic magnetic anomalies were identified to
a distance east of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, corresponding to an
estimated crustal age of 155 million years.

A systematic survey covering a 34,000-km.- area of the abyssal
hills in the eastern central North Atlantic was made with a track-
line spacing of 18 km. This investigation revealed two intersecting
topographic trends — two fracture zones trending 112° and a ridge-
and-trough topography trending 47°. The ridge-and-trough topog-
raphy is neither orthogonal to the fracture zones nor parallel with
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis. An analysis of these patterns may
allow the stress field on the abyssal floor to be inferred from the
strain pattern. The results Indicate that in addition to sea floor
spreading about a midocean ridge, other processes are active in
the development of abyssal hills.

A bottom sampling program was also conducted in 1971 along
the eastern extension of the Atlantis Fracture Zone. Measurements
include studies of the Interstitial water contents and geochemistry
of the sediments and petrologic analyses of hard rocks. Outstand-
ing results of the dredging program include the finding of thick
manganese encrustations along the entire length of the fracture
zone and the dredging of deep-water limestone from the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge.

Caribbean Atlantic Geotraverse (CAG). Most of the trackllnes for
this project were oriented east-west between the Lesser Antilles
Arc and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and were spaced about 36 km.
apart. Additionally, several north-south lines were run across the
entire "Funnel-Smith" opening, and a detailed grid (8-km. track-
line spacing) was established at the western extension of the Barra-
cuda fault (fig. 34).

The main project objectives were to define the plate margins
through the Identification and correlation of magnetic anomalies,
interpretation of gravity and seismic reflection data, and observa-
tion of changes of sea floor morphological provinces.

Preliminary analysis of the data suggests: (1) A north-south dis-
continuity at longitude 53 'W. that offsets and separates the north-
west-southeast faults of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge province from the
mainly east-west faults located directly east of the island arc, (2)
a very narrow zone of correlatable magnetic anomalies near the
ridge-crest, (3) west-northwest extension of the Barracuda fault,
and (4) high utility of the gravity anomalies in detecting fault
zones In the area.

In addition it was found that at I2°30'N., 57°05'W., a fault
brings a seismic reflector within 200 m. of the sea floor. This re-
flector apparently represents an ancient sea floor, which becomes
flat 30 km. south of this location, where It is overlain by the sedi-
mentary prism deposited by the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers.

World's Seabed Manganese Deposits

On January 20-21, 1972, the Lamont-Doherty Geological Ob-
servatory of Columbia University convened a workshop on the
world's seabed manganese deposits; topics considered Included their
distribution, evaluation, growth, and origin. One hundred-fifty exec-
utives and scientists from the academic community. Government,
and industry participated In the workshop, which included the
presentation of 30 research papers and the establishment of several
task teams. Among the workshop participants were also scientists

and representatives from foreign nations, such as, Canada, France,
India, Netherlands, New Zealand. United Kingdom and W. Ger-
many.

At the workshop. Lamont-Doherty scientists presented new world
maps showing the distribution of known deposits of manganese
nodules. The maps were prepared from information held in the
Lamont-Doherty data bank and gathered from other sources, such
as RV Chullenger and Albatross. Florida State University, NOAA,
and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. TTie data were ob-
tained from bottom photographs, and from core, dredge, and grab
samples. The maps of manganese distribution were prepared so
that they may be used as overlays on maps showing the distribu-
tion of other properties, such as bottom current velocity, bottom
topography, heat flow, occurrence of nepheloid layer, sedimenta-
tion rate, and other seabed properties.

SEABED ASSESSMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY

TTils bibliography lists some of the post- 1970 reports and abstract
prepared with IDOE funds. Several can be obtained from the Na-
tional Technical Information Service (NTIS), Sills Building, Spring-
field, Va. 22151.

Behrendt, J.C., J.S. Schlee, and J.M. Robb. Magnetic Anomalies
on the Continental Margin Off Liberia Observed on USGS-IDOE
Cruise Leg 5, EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union,
Vol. 53, No. 4, p. 408, April 1972.

Chiburls, E.F., J.J. Dowling, P. Dehllnger, and M.J. Yellin, Pacific
SEAMAP 1961-70 Data for Areas 16530-10 and 17530-10,
Longitude I65°W to 180°, Latitude 30°N to 36'N, Bathymetry,
Magnetics, and Gravity, NOAA Technical Report NOS 49, 158
p., July 1972.

Chiburls, E.F., J.J. Dowling, P. Dehllnger, and M.J. Yellin, Pacific
SEAMAP 1961-70 Data for Areas 16524-10 and 17524-10,
Longitude 165''W to 180°, Latitude 24°N to 30°N, Bathymetry,
Magnetics, and Gravity, NOAA Technical Report NOS 50, 251
p., July 1972.

Chiburls, E.F., J.J. Dowling, P. Dehllnger, and M.J. Yellin, Pacific
SEAMAP 1961-70 Data for Areas 15636-12, 15642-12, 16836-
12, 16842-12, Longitude 156'W to 180°, Latitude 36°N to
48°N, Bathymetry, Magnetics, and Gravity, NOAA Technical
Report NOS 51. 509 p., July 1972.

Dehllnger, P., E.F. Chiburls, and J.J. Dowling. Pacific SEAMAP
1961-70 Data Evaluation Summary, NOAA Technical Report
NOS 52, 10 p., July 1972.

Dowling, J. J., E.F. Chiburls, P. Dehllnger, and M.J. Yellin. Pacific
SEAMAP 1961-70 Data for Area 15524-10, Longitude 155°W
to 165°W, Latitude 24°N to 30°N, Bathymetry. Magnetics, and
Gravity, NOAA Technical Report NOS 45, 283 p., January

1972.

Dowling, J. J., E.F. Chiburls, P. Dehllnger, and M.J. Yellin. Pacific
SEAMAP 1961-70 Data for Area 15530-10, Longitude 155°W
to 165°W, Latitude 30°N to 36°N, Bathymetry, Magnetics, and
Gravity, NOAA Technical Report NOS 46, 253 p., January
1972.

Dowling, J.J., E.F. Chiburis, P. Dehllnger, and M.J. Yellin. Pacific
SEAMAP 1961-70 Data for Area 15248-14, Longitude 152°W
to 166°W, Latitude 48°N to 54°N, Bathymetry, Magnetics, and
Gravity, NOAA Technical Report NOS 47, 283 p., April 1972.

Dowling, J.J., E.F. Chiburls. P. Dehllnger, and M.J. Yellin. Pacific
SEAMAP 1961-70 Data for Area 16648-14, Longitude 166°W
to 180°, Latitude 48°N to 54°N, Bathymetry, Magnetics, and
Gravity, NOAA Technical Report NOS 48, 209 p., April 1972.

22

Elvers, D.J., and K. Potter, NOAA Planning Report — Interna-
tional'Decade of Ocean Exploration, 1971 Plans for the Study
of the Surveyor and Blanco Fracture Zones. U.S. Department
of Commerce, NOAA, NOS, April 1971. (Unpublished Report).

Elvers, D.J., F. Walton, S.P. Srivastava, R. Macnab, and H. Kagami.
Deformation of the Sea Floor as Revealed by Seismic Reflection
and Systematic Gravity and Magnetic Measurements From the
Tufts Abyssal Plain to the Washington-Oregon Coast, EOS.
Transactions. American Geophysical Union. Vol. 53, No. 4, p.
366, April 1972.

Emery, K.O. 1971-1974. A Geophysical and Geological Study of
the Eastern Atlantic Continental Margin, Woods Hole Ocean-
ographic Institution, June 1971.

Ewing. M., D.R. Horn, L, Sullivan, T. Aiken, and E. Thorndike.
Photographing Manganese Nodules on the Ocean Floor, Ocean-
ology International, Vol. 6, No. 12, pp. 26-32, December 1971.

Garrison, L. E. Acoustic Reflection Profiles, Eastern Greater An-
tilles, International Decade of Ocean Exploration, U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey, USGS-GD-72-004, NTIS PB-207-596, 1972.

Harbison, R.N., and P. A. Rona. Abyssal Hills in the Eastern Cen-
tral North Atlantic, EOS. Transactions. American Geophysical
Union. Vol. 53, No. 4, p. 408, April 1972.

Harbison, R.N., R.K. Lattimore, PA. Rona. Structural Lineations
in the Canary Basin, Eastern Central North Atlantic, Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, submitted 1972.

Horn, D.R., M. Ewing, B.M. Horn, and M.N. Delach. World-
wide Distribution of Manganese Nodules, Ocean Industry. Vol.
7, No. 1, pp. 26-29, January 1972.

Kane, M.F. Acoustic Reflection Profiles, Transatlantic Crossing
West, International Decade of Ocean Exploration, U.S. Geo-
logical Survey, USGS-GD-72-007, 1972.

Lattimore, R.K., P. A. Rona, and O.E. DeWald. Magnetic Anomaly
Sequence, Central North Atlantic Ocean, EOS. Transactions.
American Geophysical Union. Vol. 53, No. 4, p. 407, April
1972.

Moore, G.W. Acoustic Reflection Profiles, Bay of Campeche, In-
ternational Decade of Ocean Exploration, U.S. Geological Sur-
vey. USGS-GD-72-002, NTIS PB-207-594, 1972.

Morse, J.W. PH and Alkalinity Gradients Across the Sediment-
water Interface in the Eastern Atlantic and the Implications for
the Deep-Water Carbonate System, Geological Society of Ameri-
can Abstracts. Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 651-652, October 1971.

Potter, K., J. Morley, D. Elvers, D. Seidel, and S. lizuka. Resolu-
tion of Fracture Zones in the Area West of the RafF-Mason
Anomalies, Off' the Washington-Oregon Coast, by the IDOE
Systematic Survey Data, EOS. Transactions. American Geophys-
ical Union. Vol. 53, No. 4, p. 366, April 1972.

Rona, P. A. Depth Distribution in Ocean Basins and Plate Tectonics,
Nature. Vol. 231, No. 5299, pp. 179-180, May 21, 1971.

Rona, P. A. Horizontal and Vertical Lithospheric Plate Movements,
Eustasy, and the Stratigraphy of Central North Atlantic Con-
tinental Margins, Geological Society of America Bulletin, sub-
mitted 1972.

Rona, P. A., and H. Orlin. NOAA Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse
(TAG). Ocean World Proceedings of the Joint Oceanographic
Assembly. Tokyo, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science,
1971.

Rona, P. A., and H.S. Fleming. Mesozoic Plate Motions in the
Eastern Central North Atlantic, Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, submitted 1972.

Schlee, J.S. Acoustic Reflection Profiles, Liberian Continental Mar-
gin, International Decade of Ocean Exploration, U.S. Geological
Survey, USGS-GD-72-006, 1972.

Seidel, D., K. Potter, D.J. Elvers, and Y. Iwahuchi. Systematic
Gravity Measurements Over the Gorda and Juan de Fuca Rises
Westward to the Surveyor and Sedna Fracture Zones, EOS.
Transactions. American Geophysical Union. Vol. 53, No. 4, p.
366, April 1972.

Silver, E.A. Acoustic Reflection Profiles, Venezuela Continental
Borderland, International Decade of Ocean Exploration, U.S.
Geological Survey, USGS-GD-72-005, NTIS PB-207-597, 1972.

Uchupi, E. Bathymetric Atlas of the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf
of Mexico, Reference No. 71-72, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, December 1971.

Vedder, J.G. Acoustic Reflection Profiles, East Margin Yucatan
Peninsula, International Decade of Ocean Exploration, U.S.
Geological Survey, USGS-GD-72-003, NTIS PB-207-595, 1972.

23

Living Resources Program

The objective of the Living Resources Program is to provide a
scientific foundation for better management and use of the ocean's
biological resources. Research efforts will apply advanced methods
of the biological, chemical, and physical marine sciences. Projects
will identify the scientific and technical resources needed to com-
plete comprehensive ecosystem studies.

The first major project to be initiated under the Living Resources
Program is an intensive study of coastal upwelling. This project,
the Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem Analysis (CUEA) project, is
designed to provide an understanding of the physical and biological
processes in coastal upwelling ecosystems, to allow for effective
forecasting of the onset, intensity, and extent of this phenomenon.

More than 20 scientists from 12 United States institutions and
several foreign countries have been organized into a team that will
investigate selected upwelling systems off the west coasts of Africa,
Peru, and the United States in a 7- to 8 -year program. The focus
of the project will be intensive field experiments. Conceptual models
created by the physical and biological oceanographers will be veri-
fied and upgraded by shipboard experimentation and data acquisi-

tion and analysis. Simulation of the overall ecosystem model will
provide the framework for the testing of individual hypothesis
and design of subsequent field experiments.

Field experiments are planned for the United States west coast
in 1973, Northwest Africa in 1974-75, and Peru in 1976-77. Par-
ticipating U. S. institutions are:

University of Connecticut

Duke University

Florida State University

University of Miami

National Center for Atmospheric Research

Oregon State University

Pacific Oceanographic Laboratory, NOAA

Pennsylvania State University

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

University of Rhode Island

University of Washington

University of Wisconsin

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Appendix

NATIONAL MARINE DATA INVENTORY (NAMDI)*
SUMMARIES

In the following data summary, unless stated otherwise, all
institutions or activities are U. S. participants in IDOE and all
projects are part of the Declared National Program (DNP) in
oceanography. Information is given in the following order:

Line 1:

• IDOE grant holder as identified in the following list of ab-
breviations; platform or vessel used to collect data; cruise
number, where applicable; cruise period; and number of
days.

Line 2:

• NODC record number; general geographic area as identified
in list of abbreviations; extra information in parentheses
(NAR = narrative, TC = track chart, S/A=sampling methods
and/or analyses, na = not available); chief scientist(s); organ-
ization providing support indicated in parentheses, as identi-
fied in list of abbreviations; and Marsden squares as shown
in chart inside cover.

Line 3:

• Project or expedition.

Line 4:

• Where applicable, supplementary comments; followed by list-
ing of parameters and number of stations or samples.

See Introduction

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IDOE grant holder:

AOML Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labo-
ratories, NOAA

CG Coast Guard

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA

NOS National Ocean Survey, NOAA

OSU Oregon State University

POL Pacific Oceanographic Laboratory, NOAA

PRNC Puerto Rico Nuclear Center

SIC Scripps Institution of Oceanography

TA&M Texas A&M University

UA University of Alaska

URI University of Rhode Island

uses United States Geological Survey

UW University of Washington

WHO! Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

General geographic area:
AR Arctic

NA North Atlantic

NEP Northeast Pacific

SA South Atlantic

Organizations providing support:

NSF IDOF. National Science Foundation— International Dec-
ade of Ocean Exploration program
AEC Atomic Energy Commission

ONR Office of Naval Research

PHS Public Health Service

24

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PROGRAM

GEOCHEMICAL OCEAN SECTIONS (GEOSECS) STUDY

• WHOI Knorr Cruise 9, August and September 1970, 11 days

• 04541 NA (TC NAR)
Spencer, D. W. (NSF IDOE) 115

• IDOE, GEOSECS

• NSF Proposal No. P2X0033

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

ocean serial station

STD

oxygen

phosphates

nitrites

trace elements

PH

alkalinity

silicates

radioactivity

isotope chemistry

dissolved gases

bathythermograph-expendable

(no. of drops)
Geology and Geophysics
suspended sediment

STUDIES OF BASELINE DATA, TRANSPORT, AND

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS

IN THE OCEAN

Atlantic Project

URI Trident Cruise TR-82, May 1970, 9 days

06351 NA (na) Sw/ift, E. (NSF IDOE, PHS) 115, 151
IDOE

NSF Proposal No. P1X0047, North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality

Study

Meteorology Stations or Samples

atmospheric dust 6

URI Trident Cruise TR 85, July 1970, 12 days

06352 NA (na) Kester, D. (NSF IDOE, PHS) 111, 112, 148, 149,
150

IDOE

NSF Proposal No. P1X0047, North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality

Study

Meteorology Stations or Samples

atmospheric dust 4

URI Trident Cruise TR-90, November and December 1970, 13 days

06353 NA (na) Napora, T. (NSF IDOE, PHS) 115, 151
IDOE

NSF Proposal No. P1X0047, North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality

Study

Meteorology Stations or Samples

atmospheric dust 3

URI Trident Cruise TR-95, February 1971, 15 days

06354 NA (na) Sturges, W. (NSF IDOE, PHS) 43, 44
IDOE

NSF Proposal No. P1X0047, North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality

Study

Meteorology Stations or Samples

atmospheric dust 2

• URI Trident Cruise TR102, August 1971, 23 days

• 06355 NA AR (na) Kester, D. (NSF IDOE) 149, 150, 151, 183, 184,
185, 219

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0047, North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality
Study

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

iron 8

manganese 8

copper 8

lead 8

halogenated hydrocarbons 8

nickel 8

sodium 8

aluminum 8

vanadium 8

Meteorology

atmospheric dust 12

Biology

lipid analyses 8

• URI Trident Cruise TR-111, February and March 1972, 22 days

• 06357 NA (na) Duce, R. A. (NSF IDOE, ONR) 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0047, North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality
Study

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

trace elements 27

iron 6

manganese 6

copper 6

lead 6

halogenated hydrocarbons 6

nickel 6

sodium 6

aluminum

Meteorology

atmospheric dust 16

Geology and Geophysics

dredge/grab samples 8

cores 3

Biology

lipid analyses 6

• URI — June to December 1971

• 06356 NA (na) Duce, R. A. (NSF IDOE) 152

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0047, North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality
Study

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

iron 8

manganese 8

copper 8

lead 8

halogenated hydrocarbons 8

nickel 8

sodium 8

aluminum 8

vanadium 8
Biology

lipid analyses 8

• WHOI Gosnold Cruise 175, January to April 1971, 112 days

• 04704 NA (NAR TC) Grice, G. (NSF IDOE) 116, 117

• IDOE

• GX28334 North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality Study, collection of
biological samples to be used for analyses of manmade pollutants

25

Biology

neuston/pleuston
zooplankton
pelagic fishes
zoobenthos

Stations or Samples

1
7
2
5

Biology

zooplankton
invertebrate nekton
pelagic fishes

Stations or Samples
24
11
19

WHOI Gosnold Cruise 176, May 1971, 4 days

06358 NA Hulburt, M. (NSF IDOE) 116, 151, 152

IDOE

NSF Proposal No. P1X0047, North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality

Study

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

iron 5

manganese 5

copper 5

lead 5

halogenated hydrocarbons 5

nickel 5

sodium 5

aluminum 5

vanadium 5

Biology

lipid analyses 5

WHOI Knorr Cruise 19 Leg 4, March and April 1971, 8 days

04705 NA (NAR TC) Grice, G. (NSF IDOE) 115
IDOE

GX28334 North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality Study, collection of
biological samples to be used for analyses of manmade pollutants
Biology Stations or Samples

neuston/pleuston 5

zooplankton 4

invertebrate nekton 4

pelagic fishes 2

zoobenthos 7

WHOI Knorr Cruise 19 Leg 5, April 1971, 14 days

04706 NA (NAR TC) Rowe, G. T. (NSF IDOE) 115, 116, 152
IDOE

GX28334 North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality Study, collection of
biological samples for manmade pollutants, Fitzgerald's zooplank-
ton collected for trace metal analyses, bottom photos not IDOE
nor DNP

Geology and Geophysics Stations or Samples

bottom photography 5

Biology

zooplankton 41

zoobenthos 22

WHOI Atlantis II Cruise 59 Leg 8, November and December 1970,
29 days

04700 NA (TC S/A) Backus, R. (NSF IDOE) 38, 39, 76, 77, 113
IDOE

NSF Grant No. GX28334, North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality
Study, collection of biological samples to be used in analyses for
manmade pollutants.

Biology Stations or Samples

neuston/pleuston 4

phytoplankton 2

invertebrate nekton 13

pelagic fishes 20

WHOI Atlantis II Cruise 60 Leg 4, April and May 1971, 31 days

04701 SA (TC) Scheltema, R. (NSF IDOE) 408, 409, 410, 411, 412,
442, 443

' IDOE
GX28334 North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality Study, collection of
biological samples to be used in analyses for manmade pollutants

WHOI Atlantis II Cruise 60 Leg 5, May and June 1971, 30 days
04702 SA (TC) Thompson, G. (NSF IDOE) 334, 370, 371, 336,
407, 443
IDOE

GX28334 North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality Study, collection of
biological samples to be used in analyses for manmade pollutants
Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

pollution-oil 4

Biology

zooplankton 19

invertebrate nekton 27

pelagic fishes 26

• WHOI Atlantis II Cruise 60 Leg 6, June and July 1971, 29 days

• 04703 NA SA (NAR TC) Thompson, G. (NSF IDOE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
300, 301, 302, 335

• IDOE

• GX28334 North Atlantic Environ. Water Quality Study, collection of
biological samples to be used in analyses for manmade pollutants

Biology Stations or Samples

zooplankton 5

invertebrate nekton 5

pelagic fishes 6

Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Project

PRNC Palumbo Cruise PA-007, January 1972, 20 days

06119 NA (na) Forster, W. 0. (NSF IDOE, AEC) 43, 44

IDOE

NSF Proposal No. P1X0084, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Environ.

Water Quality Study

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

ocean serial station

STD

oxygen

phosphates

nitrates

nitrites

trace elements

pH

silicates

radioactivity

bathythermograph-mechanical

(no. of drops)
transparency
sea

sea surface temperature
pesticide distribution
pollution-oil
Meteorology
surface meteorological observations

Geology and Geophysics

dredge/grab samples
chemical analysis of sediment
physical analysis of sediment

Biology

zooplankton
pelagic fishes
demersal fishes

23
10
10
10
10
10
23
10
10

20
9

8

21

2

26

• PRNC Palumbo Cruise PS004, November and December 1971, 19
days

• 05607 NA (na) Forster, W.O. (NSF IDOE, AEC) 43, 44, 45, 81, 82

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0084, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Environ.
Water Quality Study

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

ocean serial station 23

STD 9

oxygen 9

phosphates 9

nitrates 9

nitrites 9

trace elements 23

radioactivity 9

bathythermograph-
mechanical (no. of drops) 8
transparency (no. of obs.) 8
sea

sea surface temperature
pesticide distribution
pollution-oil
Meteorology

surface meteorological observations
Geology and Geophysics

dredge/grab samples 6

chemical analysis of sediment
physical analysis of sediment
Biology

phytoplankton 3

zooplankton 12

pelagic fishes 15

• TA&M Alaminos Cruise 71-A-5, May and June 1971

• 06359 NA (TC) Sackett, W. M. (NSF IDOE, ONR) 46, 81, 82

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0090, GuJf of Mexico and Caribbean Environ.
Water Quality Study (chlorinated and other hydrocarbons meas-
ured), remainder of cruise collections reported on NAMDI No.
4822 are non-IDOE

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

phosphates

trace elements

carbon-14

halogenated hydrocarbons

Biology

particulate organic matter

• TA&M Alaminos Cruise 71 A 12 (I), October 1971

• 06360 NA (TC) Sackett, W. M. (NSF IDOE, ONR) 45, 81, 82, 117

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0090, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Environ.
Water Quality Study (biological samples analyzed for pollutant
materials), remainder of cruise collections reported on NAMDI
No. 5756 are non-IDOE

Biology Stations or Samples

particulate organic matter

zooplankton

• TA&M Alaminos Cruise 71-A 12 (II), October 1971

• 06361 NA (TC) Jeffrey, L. M. (NSF IDOE, ONR) 81, 82, 117

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0090, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Environ.
Water Quality Study (biological samples analyzed for pollutant
materials), remainder of cruise collections reported on NAMDI
No. 5757 are non-IDOE

Biology Stations or Samples

particulate organic matter

• TA&M Alaminos Cruise 71-A-14, November 1971

• 06362 NA (TC) Ichiye, T. (NSF IDOE, ONR) 82

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0090, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Environ.
Water Quality Study (biological samples analyzed for pollutant
materials), remainder of cruise collections reported on NAMDI
No. 5759 are non-IDOE

Biology Stations or Samples

zooplankton

Pacific Project

• UA Accna Cruise 113, May 1971, 9 days

• 05609 NEP (na) Burrell, D. C. (NSF IDOE) 195, 231

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0094, Pacific Environ. Water Quality Study

Biology Stations or Samples

primary organic production 10

phytoplankton pigment concentration 10

bacteria/other microorganisms 6

phytoplankton 1

zooplankton 1

demersal fishes 1

zoobenthos 1

• UA Accna Cruise 114, June 1971, 7 days

• 05610 NEP (na) Burrell, D. C. (NSF IDOE) 197

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0094, Pacific Environ. Water Quality Study
(Bering Sea)

Biology Stations or Samples
phytoplankton 5

zooplankton 5

pelagic fishes 1

demersal fishes 13

zoobenthos 14

• CG Glacier Cruise WEBSEC 71, August and September 1971

• 05615 AR (na) Ingham, M. (NSF IDOE) 267, 268

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0094, Pacific Environ. Water Quality Study

Biology Stations or Samples
phytoplankton 3

zooplankton 5

zoobenthos 1

• OSU Cayuse Cruise 07109-F, September 1971, 3 days

• 05653 NEP (na) Cutshall, N. H. (NSF IDOE) 157

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0077, Pacific Environ. Water Quality Study

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

radioactivity 29

isotope chemistry 29

Biology

fish eggs/ larvae 6

zoobenthos 2

• OSU Onar Cruise Onar 390, December 1971, 2 days

• 05796 NEP (TC) Carpenter, R. (NSF IDOE) 157

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0077, Pacific Environ. Water Quality Study

Geology and Geophysics Stations or Samples

geological sampling 30

• SIO Washington Cruise, February to October 1971, 94 days

• 05795 NEP (NAR) McGovj/n, J. (NSF IDOE) 121, 122, 157, 158,
86, 87, 88, 52, 16, 15, 314, 350, 351, 387, 388, 425, 426, 9, 10

• IDOE, ARIES Legs 3, 4, 8, 9

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0007, Trace Contaminants in Baseline Study,

27

the biological samples listed were collected for analyses of the
listed contaminants

Geology and Geophysics Stations or Samples

zinc

arsenic

mercury

lead

selenium

cadmium

halogenated hydrocarbons

Biology

neuston/pleuston
zooplankton
pelagic fishes

• UW Thompson Cruise 7T-64, October 1971, 13 days

• 05652 NEP (na) Cutshall, N. H. (NSF IDOE) 157

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0077, Pacific Environ. Water Quality Study

Geology and Geophysics Stations or Samples

dredge/grab samples 54

Biology

pelagic fishes 16

zoobenthos 25

ENVIRONMENTAL FORECASTING
PROGRAM

MID-OCEAN DYNAMICS EXPERIMENT (MODE)

• URI Trident Cruise TR-104, October and November 1971

• 06350 NA (NAR TO S/A) Lambert, Jr. R. B. (NSF IDOE) 79, 80,
115, 116, 152

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No.PlX0067, MODE-O

Current Measurements Stations or Samples

current meter 3

• MIT Trident Cruise TR-105, November 1971, 17 days

• 05710 NA (TC) Scarlet, R. (NSF IDOE) 79, 80

• MODEO, IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0067

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

ocean serial station 3

STD 51

sea

swell

Meteorology

surface meteorological observations

• MIT Trident Cruise TR-107, December 1971, 12 days

• 05711 NA (TC) Scarlet, R. (NSF IDOE) 79

• MODEO, IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0067

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

ocean serial station 56

sea

svieW

Meteorology

surface meteorological observations

NOAA PROJECTS

Ships of opportunity: Time-Series

Experimental Bathythermograph Sections,

Tropical and North Pacific Ocean

• NMFS Californian, August 1969, 5 days

• 05524 NEP (na) Saur, T. (NSF IDOE) 86, 87, 88, 121, 122

• IDOE, XBTPacific Ships of Opportunity

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0014

Descriptive Oceanography

bathythermograph -expendable

(no. of drops)
sea-surface temperature
salinity-surface

Stations or Samples

29
30
27

• NMFS Californian, November 1970, 6 days

• 05523 NEP (na) Saur, T. (NSF IDOE) 86, 87, 88, 121, 122

• IDOE, XBT Pacific Ships of Opportunity

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0014

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

bathythermograph-
expendable (no. of drops) 28
sea-surface temperature 30
salinity-surface 29

• NMFS Californian, November 1970, 15 days

• 05522 NEP (na) Saur, T. (NSF IDOE) 86, 87, 88, 121, 122

• IDOE, XBTPacific Ships of Opportunity

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0014

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples
bathythermograph-
expendable (no. of drops) 33
sea-surface temperature 33
salinity-surface 33

• NMFS Californian, December 1970, 5 days

• 05521 NEP (na) Saur, T. (NSF IDOE) 86, 87, 88, 121, 122

• IDOE, XBTPacific Ships of Opportunity

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0014

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples
bathythermograph

expendable (no. of drops) 27

sea-surface temperature 27

salinity-surface 27

• NMFS Californian, April 1971, 7 days

• 04827 NEP (na) Saur, T. (NSF IDOE) 87, 88, 121, 122

• IDOE, XBT Project

• Proposal No. P1X0014

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples
bathythermograph-

expendable (no. of drops) 29

sea-surface temperature 37

• NMFS Oregon Standard, September and October 1971, 7 days

• 05525 NEP (na) Saur, T. (NSF IDOE) 88, 124, 160, 196

• IDOE, XBT Pacific Ships of Opportunity

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0014

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples
bathythermograph-

expendable (no. of drops) 36

sea-surface temperature 36

salinity-surface 36

Near-Surface Circulation Studies

• POL Oceanographer Cruise RP 2-71, August 1971, 4 days

• 05491 NEP (na) Halpern, D. (NSF IDOE) 157

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P2X008 Near Surface Circulation Study

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

ocean serial station 17

STD 20

bathythermograph-
expendable (no. of drops) 9
sea-surface temperature
temperature
water pressure
tension

28

Current Measurements

current meters-cont. time series

(no. of days) 33

Meteorology

surface meteorological observations
air temperature
barometric pressure
wind speed

POL Oceanographer Cruise RP-2-71, September 1971, 3 days
05492 NEP (na) Halpern, D. (NSF IDOE) 157
IDOE

NSF Proposal No. P2X008 Near Surface Circulation Study (bathy-
metry not part of IDOE)

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

ocean serial station 18

STD 18

sea-surface temperature

Geology and Geophysics

bathymetry-wide beam

(no. of naut. mi.) 40

Air-Sea Interaction and Mixed Layer Project

AOML Discoverer, September and October 1971, 18 days
05542 NA (na) Ostapoff, F. (NSF IDOE) 79
IDOE, Mixed Layer Project

Descriptive Oceanography

STD

bathythermograph-
expendable (no. of drops)
Meteorology
upper air observations
surface meteorological observations
incident radiation
Other

current profiles
temperature readings frorh
two instrumented buoys

Biology

zooplankton
fish eggs/ larvae

16
70

Stations or Samples

30

578

30
393

92

70,000

Circulation Studies-CICAR

AOML Discoverer Cruise RP 9-71, July to August 1971, 42 days
05605 NA (TO Starr, R.B. (NSF IDOE) 44, 45, 80, 81
IDOE/CICAR/EGMEX IV
Circulation Studies

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

STD

oxygen

total phosphorus

nitrates

nitrites

trace elements

PH

silicates

bathythermograph-
expendable (no. of drops)

tides

sea surface temperature

Current Measurements

current meters-
cont. time series (no. of days)

surface drifters (no. released)

current meter

Meteorology

surface meteorological observations

Geology and Geophysics

bathymetry-
narrow beam (no. of naut. mi.)

87
87
87
87
87
39
39
87

336

30

656

2

51,759

AOML Discoverer Cruise RP-11-71, September and October 1971,

44 days

05538 NA (na) Ostapoff, F./Hansen, D. 43, 44, 79, 80

CICAR/IDOE-Deep Sea Tide and Mixed Layer Project

NSF Proposal No. P2X0014

Descriptive Oceanography

STD

oxygen

trace elements

bathythermograph-
expendable (no. of drops)

sea-surface temperature

deep sea tide

Current Measurements

current meter

drift bottles/cards

Meteorology

surface meteorological observations

Stations or Samples
22
16
10

75

2
33

• AOML Researcher Cruise RP-9-7/CSM-1, July to September 1971,
51 days

• 05594 NA (TC S/A) Molinari, R. L. (NSF IDOE) 45, 81

• IDOE/CICAR

• Circulation Studies

Descriptive Oceanography

ocean serial station

STD

bathythermograph-
expendable (no. of drops)

bathythermograph-
mechanical (no. of drops)

sea

swell

sea-surface temperature

radioactivity-surface

copper

Current Measurements

drogues

Meteorology

surface meteorological observations

Geology and Geophysics

gravity (no. of naut. mi.)

magnetic (no. of naut. mi.)

bathymetry

Stations or Samples

35
80

403

264

87
87

3,240
3,240
7,000

SEABED ASSESSMENT PROGRAM

SURVEYS AND DATA ANALYSIS
USGS Unitedgeo I Surveys

Leg 1, Bay of Campeche

• USGS Unitedgeo I May and June 1971, 22 days

• 04699 NA (na) Moore, G. W. (NSF IDOE) 46, 82

• USGS IDOE Leg I (Campeche) 1971

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0019 Corpus Christ! to Veracruz, a Geo-
physical-Traverse Chart for this cruise Leg on which the positions
of dredge hauls, XBT drops, and refraction profiles have been
annotated is on file at NGSDC.

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

bathythermograph-expendable

(no. of drops) 5

Geology & Geophysics

dredge/grab samples (no. of samples) 1

seismic-reflection profiles

(no. of naut. mi.) 3,800

29

seismic-refraction profiles
gravity (no. of naut. mi.)
magnetic (no. of naut. mi.)
bathymetry-wide beam
(no. of naut. mi.)

2

3,800
3,800

3,800

Stations or Samples

Leg 2, East Margin Yucatan Peninsula

• USGS Unitedgeo I, USGS-UGEO Cruise 71-2, June and July 1971,
26 days

• 04789 NA (NAR) Vedder, J. G. (NSF IDOE) 45, 46, 81, 82

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0019

Descriptive Oceanography
bathythermograph-expendable

(no. of drops)
Geology & Geophysics
dredge/grab samples

(no. of samples)
seismic-relection profiles

(no. of naut. mi.)
gravity (no. of naut. mi.)
magnetic (no. of naut. mi.)
bathymetrywide beam

(no. of naut. mi.)
sediment thermal gradient

2,400
2,800
2,800

2,400
1

Leg 3, Eastern Greater Antilles

• USGS Unitedgeo I USGS IDOE Cruise 71
July and August 1971, 19 days

• 05429 NA (NAR) Garrison, L. E.

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0019

Geology & Geophysics

dredge/grab samples

(no. of samples)
seismic-relection profiles

(no. of naut. mi.)
seismic-refraction profiles
gravity (no. of naut. mi.)
magnetic (no. of naut. mi.)
bathymetry-wide beam

(no. of naut. mi.)

Leg 3 Greater Antilles,
(NSF IDOE) 42, 43

Stations or Samples

3,028

3

3,028

3,028

3,028

Leg 4, Venezuela Continental Borderland

• USGS Unitedgeo I, USGS-IDOE Cruise 71, Leg 4, Venezuelan Bor-
derland, August to October 1971, 45 days

• 05490 NA (NAR) Silver, E. A. (NSF IDOE) 43, 44

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0019

Geology & Geophysics
seismic-reflection profiles

(no. of naut. mi.)
gravity (no. of naut. mi.)
magnetic (no. of naut. mi.)
bathymetry-wide beam

(no. of naut. mi.)
seismic reflection profiles (sonobuoy)
Biology
aves

Stations or Samples

4,200
4,200
4,200

4,200
2

Leg 5, Continental Margin of Liberia

• USGS Unitedgeo I, UGl, Leg 5, October and November 1971, 23
days

• 05871 NA (TC NAR) Schlee, J. S. (NSF IDOE) 1, 2

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0019, Geophysical/Geological Investigation
of West Africa (Liberian Continental Margin)

Geology & Geophysics Stations or Samples

dredge/grab samples

(no. of samples) 3

seismic-reflection profiles

(no. of naut. mi.) 2,911

gravity (no. of naut. mi.) 2,911

magnetic (no. of naut. mi.) 2,911
bathymetry- narrow beam

(no. of naut. mi.) 2,911
seismic reflection profiles (sonobuoy) 5

Leg 6, Trans-Atlantic Crossing, West Africa to Virgin Islands

• USGS Unitedgeo I, Leg 6, November and December 1971, 16 days

• 05909 NA (TC NAR) Kane, M. F. (NSF IDOE) 2, 3, 4, 5, 40, 41,
42, 43

• IDOE

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0019

Geology & Geophysics
seismic-reflection profiles

(no. of naut. mi.)
seismic-refraction profiles
gravity (no. of naut. mi.)
magnetic (no. of naut. mi.)
bathymetry-wide beam

(no. of naut. mi.)

Stations or Samples

3,050

18

3.400

3,400

3,400

NOAA Surveys and Data Analysis

Pacific SEAMAP

• NOS Surveyor Cruise OPR 421, June to November 1971, 170 days

• 05700 NEP (na) Elvers, D. J. (NSF IDOE) 157, 158, 159

• SEAMAP IDOE

• NSF Grant AG 253, Seabed Assessment

Descriptive Oceanography

Stations or Samples

bathythermograph-expendable

(no. of drops)

357

Geology & Geophysics

seismic-reflection profiles

(no. of naut. mi.)

7,323

gravity (no. of naut. mi.)

36,592

magnetic (no. of naut. mi.)

36,877

bathymetry-narrow beam

(no. of naut. mi.)

37,118

Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG)

• AOML Discoverer Cruise TAG, April

to June 1971, 73 days

• 04698 NA (na) Rona, P. A. (NSF IDOE) 74, 75,

76, 77

• IDOE

• Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse

Descriptive Oceanography

Stations or Samples

ph

62

alkalinity

55

Geology & Geophysics

dredge/grab samples (no. of samples)

27

cores (no. of cores)

12

seismic-reflection profiles

(no. of naut. mi.)

808

gravity (no. of naut. mi.)

14,140

magnetic (no. of naut. mi.)

14,333

bathymetry- narrow beam

(no. of naut. mi.)

15,115

seismic reflection profiles (sonobuoy)

8

Biology

plankton

12

Caribbean-Atlantic Geotraverse (CAG)

• AOML Researcher Cruise RP 12 71, September to November 1971,
52 days

• 05620 NA (TC) Peter, G. (NSF IDOE) 41, 42, 43, 79, 80

• IDOE/CICAR

• NSF Proposal No. P1X0007, Ocean Basin Geol.-Atl. Caribbean Geo-
trav., bottom and mterstital material were sampled for pH and
alkalinity

30

Descriptive Oceanography Stations or Samples

bathythermograph-expendable

(no. of drops) 6

Current Measurements

surface drifters (no. released) 10

current meter 3

Geology & Geophysics

seismic-reflection profiles

(no. of naut. mi.) 1,700

gravity (no. of naut. mi.) 18,050

magnetic (no. of naut. mi.) 18,200

bathymetry-wide beam

(no. of naut. mi.) 7,900

bathymetry-narrow beam
(no. of naut. mi.) 10,300

31

Chart of Marsdeii Square (10° x 10°)
areas within which were collected data
and information reported in this publi-
cation and received by EDS.

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