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RNATIONAL DECADE OF OCEAN EXPLORATION ot “8 RESS REPORT VOLUME 7: APRIL 1977 to APRIL 1978 Reports in series: International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report: January 1970 to July 1972, published January 1973 International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report Volume 2: July 1972 to April 1973, published September 1973 International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report Volume 3: April 1973 to April 1974, published December 1974 International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report Volume 4: April 1974 to April 1975, published October 1975 International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report Volume 5: April 1975 to April 1976, published October 1976 International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report Volume 6: April 1976 to April 1977, published October 1977 International Decade of Ocean Exploration, Progress Report Volume 7: April 1977 to April 1978, published October 1978 IANA iil 0 0301 0037548 1 ll OL INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF OCEAN EXPLORATION PROGRESS REPORT VOLUME 7 April 1977 to April 1978 Prepared by the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data and Information Service, under contract to the National Science Foundation, International Decade of Ocean Exploration Section October 1978 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 003-017-00431-7 Argentina Australia Belgium Canada Chile Colombia Denmark Ecuador Finland France German Dem. Rep. Germany, Fed. Rep. of Nations in IDOE India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Korea, Republic of Malaysia Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Mauritania Peru Philippines Portugal Singapore South Africa Spain Thailand United Kingdom United States USSR Venezuela PREFACE The International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE) is a long-term, international, cooperative program to improve the use of the ocean and its resources for the benefit of mankind. On March 8, 1968, the President of the United States proposed ‘an historic and unprecedented adventure—an International Decade of Ocean Exploration for the 1970’s.”’ In December 1968, the United Nations General Assembly endorsed ‘‘the concept of an international decade of ocean ex- ploration to be undertaken within the framework of a long-term programme of research and exploration... .” In late 1969, the Vice President of the United States, in his capacity as Chairman of the National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, assigned responsibility for planning, managing, and funding the U.S. program to the National Science Foundation (NSF), and set forth the following goals: e Preserve the ocean environment by accelerating scientific observa- tions of the natural state of the ocean and its interactions with the coastal margin—to provide a basis for (a) assessing and predicting man-induced and natural modifications of the character of the oceans, (b) identifying damaging or irreversible effects of waste disposal at sea, and (c) compre- hending the interaction of various levels of marine life to permit steps to prevent depletion or extinction of valuable species as a result of man’s activities; e Improve environmental forecasting to help reduce hazards to life and property and permit more efficient use of marine resources—by improving physical and mathematical models of the ocean and atmosphere to provide the basis for increased accuracy, timeliness, and geographic precision of environmental forecasts; e Expand seabed assessment activities to permit better management— domestically and internationally—of marine mineral exploration and exploi- tation by acquiring needed knowledge of seabed topography, structure, physical and dynamic properties, and resource potential, and to assist in- dustry in planning more detailed investigations; e Develop an ocean monitoring system to facilitate prediction of oceano- graphic and atmospheric conditions—through design and development of oceanographic data buoys and other remote sensing platforms; e Improve worldwide data exchange through modernizing and standard- izing national and international marine data collection, processing, and distribution; and e Accelerate Decade planning to increase opportunities for international sharing of responsibilities and costs for ocean exploration, and to assure better use of limited exploration capabilities. Shortly after receiving the Vice-President’s charge, the National Science Foundation set up the Office for the International Decade of Ocean Explora- tion (now International Decade of Ocean Exploration Section) and began to define the U.S. program. In the first year of IDOE’s existence, three areas were chosen for priority attention: (1) environmental quality, (2) environ- mental forecasting, and (3) seabed assessment. In 1971, living resources was added as a fourth program area. A key goal of IDOE has been to make sure that data from all projects will be available to future users. In pursuit of this objective, the IDOE Office of NSF contracted with the Environmental Data Service (now Environmental Data and Information Service) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to manage the scientific data for IDOE. The agreement in- cluded publishing this series of reports. Lauriston R. King, Acting Head International Decade of Ocean Exploration Section INTRODUCTION This report, the seventh in a series, provides the scientific community and other interested persons with information, data inventories, and lists of sci- entific reports derived from U.S. IDOE projects. The text is arranged accord- ing to the program areas established for IDOE. Details of subprograms are given under appropriate programs. Currently funded projects are listed. Bibliographies follow subprogram text. Appendix A contains the Report of Observations/Samples Collected by Oceanographic Programs (ROSCOP), a summary of reported observations received during the period covered by this Report. All IDOE grant holders must submit ROSCOP reporting forms to NOAA Environmental Data and Information Service’s National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) upon completion of a data collection activity. The ROSCOP summaries in Appen- dix A follow the same program sequence as the text. Two charts follow the appendices. The first shows ocean areas for which data and ROSCOP summaries have been received by NOAA’s Environ- mental Data and Information Service (EDIS) during the period covered by this report. The second shows ocean areas for which data have been re- ceived by EDIS from January 1970 to April 1978. Each numbered area is about 1,100 by 1,100 km (600 by 600 nmi) and, although entirely shaded, may contain only one reported observation. EDIS either has the data or papers described in this report in one of its center archives or can assist in obtaining them. Queries may be addressed to any of the following EDIS centers: National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, DC 20235 Tel: (202) 634-7234 IDOE Project Leader: S. O. Marcus, Jr. Marine Geology and Geophysics Branch National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center (NGSDC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder, CO 80302 Tel: (303) 499-1000, ext. 6339 IDOE Project Leader: J. B. Grant Environmental Science Information Center (ESIC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, MD 20852 Tel: (301) 443-8137 IDOE Project Leader: R. R. Freeman National Climatic Center (NCC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Federal Building Asheville, NC 28801 Tel: (704) 258-2850, ext. 765 IDOE Project Leader: R. Quayle vi CONTENTS Preface. ce Caesars hae ea te oe SOC Re cae ovals el aey eRe iii DntrOGUCTION) fs.o)-v-yspercsreeete Cas Gl eotuews Store eae Cen RR ee Romene Vv Highlights of Past Year’s Program ....................--005. viii Environmental Quality Program .....................--0.0--- 1 Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) ............ 1 GEOSECS#Datay ya aecic oe eo ee ora. 1 GEOSEGS'Bibliographyaeeee eae a eee ee eee 1 Pollutantahranstererograms (Pie) pasew eee ere ee eee 3 SEER ATS Experinentasa.c oases ea Seb e 45 Changesyinithe AntarcticuOceanh eee oe areas 45 Ssoviet-American AtlassPnoject, ccc euassicss ote euaaneyesegyoh one 46 CEIMAPRS Dataly sArsesctko cee ker ei ae 46 CEIMAPBIDIMOGTADN Vie. nacie torn: ame wel eee ah eae ee 47 Seabed Assessment Program .................2:0 eee ee ee eeee 54 Seabed Assessment General Bibliography .................. 54 Continental@Marginy StudieS se seee ieee eee 54 Southwest Atlantic Continental Margin ................... 54 Gontinentali Margini Data a-sscmerneaeeicr ieee trier 54 Gontinental Margin! Bibliography =ae5- oes eee seer 54 Plate Tectonics and Metallogenesis Studies ................ 56 Galapagos Rift Hydrothermal Processes ................. Vf Nazca“Plate* Study 2 fr. sects sete arcitoae seas 59 NazcarPlater Bibliography =a ace cree ner 60 Studies in East Asia Tectonics and Resources (SEATAR) ... 61 SEATAR Data) sso ccc urmuass aaa Oe Ck PIE ce ac 63 Manganese Nodule Program (MANOP) ...............-..-- 64 Manganese: Nodule Data: . caucrscng ke sera cert acre 67 Manganese Nodule Bibliography .....................0.- 67 Living Resources Program)’... © 2. 22.02. -oh.-0. ce oa anes eels oe 69 Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (CUEA) ............. 69 GUEA"'Data 6 Ohi; i SRO! SAOMar SS, Sk Say sies, Sapa coeiowe Se cen 73 GUEA’ Bibliography? 329225. 2) socick Sentero mite 76 seagrass Ecosystem) Study (SES) soe see oes aon sie 78 SES Bibliography? <2 222.20 ae Se aS Bea err cree 79 Appendix A—ROSCOP Summaries ....................-2.0-- 83 Appendix. B—IDOE’ Films, 3. S2dea2. doe Oa cen eee ere 90 Appendix C—Reports and Workshops Sponsored by IDOE...... 92 Vii viii HIGHLIGHTS OF PAST YEAR’S PROGRAM As in most large scientific programs, IDOE projects in the past year were at various stages of their life cycles. New projects have begun, others have drawn to a close, and still others have started to report findings of both scientific and social significance. The Environmental Quality Program’s newest project, Pollutant Responses in Marine Animals (PRIMA), tackles the complex problem of identifying biological indicators that can be used to assess the health of the marine environment. Both scientists and policymakers are acutely aware that many potentially toxic compounds exist in the air, sea, and land. Yet, valid diag- nostic and predictive tools to pinpoint the effects of these poisons on indi- viduals or communities of organisms do not now exist. PRIMA scientists will focus on the specific chemical and physical changes in marine organisms caused by polycyclic hydrocarbons and kindred halo- genated compounds. To start, the scientists will standardize their experi- mental and analytical techniques, establish chemical and biological base- line values, and design the right dosage and exposure conditions. Once these preliminary efforts are completed, the scientists will conduct experi- ments aimed at isolating the effects of the pollutants on specific functions of a variety of organisms. Finally, field studies involving all the investigators will be conducted at a common site. Results from these studies should identify biological indicators and provide early warning about the existence of pollutant stress. Early warning should enable corrective actions before serious damage is done to marine populations. Airborne materials are second in importance only to rivers for altering the chemistry of the oceans. A second Environmental Quality project, Sea- Air Exchange (SEAREX), has begun to report findings on the way chemicals reach the oceans through the air. SEAREX scientists are taking detailed measurements of airborne chemicals from remote island stations in the Pacific Ocean on Eniwetok and American Samoa. Both sites are sufficiently isolated from heavy industrial activity so that it will be possible to establish baseline levels that later can be used to assess the nature of atmospheric pollution. - Scientists from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and other collaborators made an unexpected find during a diving expedition on the Galapagos Rift in the Pacific in March 1978. They found animal communi- ties made up of fields of dandelionlike organisms (possibly soft coral or crinoids), clams up to 4 cm across, and about 10 other species clustered around hot water vents and apparently thriving 2,500 to 2,700 meters below the ocean’s surface. It is suggested that the explanation for the abundant life observed near underwater springs at the site is only marginally related to the increased temperature, but rather lies in a well-known microbiological phenomenon that occurs wherever the water has a high hycrogen sulfide content. Although this phenomenon is well known in shallow water, this is the first known occurrence in the deep sea. At the Ga'..pagos vents, the source of energy for the growth of organisms apparently emerges from the submarine springs in the form of hydrogen sulfide. This inorganic sulfur compound can be used by a certain group of bacteria as a source of energy used to turn carbon dioxide into organic carbon. The growth of sulfide- oxidizing bacteria produces the ideal food for filtering organisms, which may include large clams or smaller organisms on which clams feed. Scientists in the Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) have completed the final field work with a 4%2-month voyage to the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean provides an important link with the Pacific and Atlantic, and its study will increase understanding of the variety of mixing processes that take place between the oceans. The survey covered the entire Indian Ocean with three north-south tran- sects extending from India to the Antarctic continent. Sampling of the circumpolar deep water across its boundaries in the Indian Ocean was given high priority because of the importance of this water mass in the east-west exchange of heat and salt with the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. By analyzing over 20 chemical species in a single seawater sample, the scientists can determine the water masses’ sources and rates of move- ment. The naturally occurring stable and radioactive chemicals, resulting from land runoff or atmospheric fallout, can be used to determine the dis- persion rate of manmade pollutants. Also, natural tracers transferred by particulate matter will aid understanding of marine biochemistry and geo- chemistry. Use has also been made of the bomb-produced element tritium to provide, for the first time, details of the structure and movement of bottom water formed in the Antarctic. Relationships between chemical and physical parameters that were found to be highly useful for predictive modeling in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans will be further tested for the Indian Ocean. One of the important questions for climate assessment involves knowledge of the carbon-oxygen system and how well the oceans can absorb the products of fossil fuel combustion. Both shipboard and shorebased measurements from the GEOSECS project will contribute to this body of knowledge. Another dimension to the ocean’s role in climate, long-period, large- scale, air-sea interaction, continues to be a central problem in developing the scientific basis for improved forecasting. Scientists in the Environmental Forecasting Program’s North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX) have turned their attention to the role played by equatorial conditions in influencing both fisheries and climate in the Pacific. Equatorial currents, for example, are responsible for generating unusual ocean conditions in the Eastern Pacific which, in turn, affect fishery yields. Changes in these equatorial currents appear to affect the atmosphere and hence weather and climate over North America. Between November 1977 and February 1978, oceanographers compiled data on these equatorial currents from 44 transequatorial flights (aircraft were provided by the U.S. Navy and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), 4 shipboard surveys, 12 drifting buoys, and 5 instrumented moorings. Results indicate that monthly aircraft and shipboard surveys, together with limited current velocity measurements, are sufficient to de- scribe the variations of equatorial currents. A 16-month field experiment beginning in January 1979 is now being planned on the basis of these results. IDOE received the first study completed under the auspices of the Marine Science Affairs Program, a critical examination of the Soviet management of ocean affairs. Although the study focuses on the Soviet fishing industry, the findings are applicable to the full range of ocean activities. American scientists and policymakers have tended to view Soviet ocean policymaking and management as a result of unified political leadership directing a successful, coordinated program of ocean-use expansion. The study presents a sharply different picture. It finds that Soviet decision making and operations are more fragmented than unified and more com- petitive than coordinated. Despite the political structure, diverse interests and the promotion of individual or institutional objectives play a significant role in management and policy formulation. Overlapping authority, the absence of mutual interests among agencies, and difficulties in coordination are all features of Soviet ocean policymaking and are severe enough to receive widespread attention in Soviet publications. The major part of the planning for the program to follow the IDOE in 1980 was completed by a major workshop held in Seattle during September 1977. Some 80 participants, including marine and social scientists, labora- tory administrators, Federal agency officials, industrial managers, and foreign scientists discussed the research needs and opportunities for large- scale, long-term oceanographic research during the 1980’s. The basis for the discussions was a series of disciplinary workshops held in spring 1977 at the University of Rhode Island to identify promising new scientific direc- tions for ocean research in the 1980s, plus extensive comments by mail from the marine affairs community. A report summarizing the recommendations of the disciplinary work- shops, Ocean Research in the 1980’s, and the National Academy of Sci- ences report, The Continuing Quest, based on all the planning activities, were released during the summer of 1978. The major finding is that a program of cooperative ocean research should evolve from IDOE, and that it support fundamental research designed to generate new scientific knowledge about the oceans and their interactions with the land and air. This new program would in turn provide a rational basis for understanding and governing human activities that impinge on the marine environment. The report envisages a broadening of the kinds of projects sponsored by the program, compared to those supported by IDOE. Like IDOE, however, the projects would be distinguished by their scientific quality and significance; an identifiable relation to issues of broad social significance; cooperation among scientists from different disciplines, institutions, and countries; and large size and long duration. The National Science Foundation is now reviewing these recommenda- tions. The results of this review will be described in next year’s Progress Report. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PROGRAM This program is designed to provide information on the quality of the marine environment and to assess and predict man’s impact on the oceans through research on geochemical processes and marine pollution. The present program consists of four major investigations: Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) makes detailed measurements of physical and chemical characteristics of ocean waters along Arctic to Antarctic transects; Pollutant Transfer Program investigates mechanisms and pathways by which pollutants are transported to and within the oceans; Biological Effects Program assesses the impact of selected pollutants on marine organisms; and Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment (CEPEX) provides information on the effects of pollutants on pelagic marine com- munities contained in large plastic enclosures. Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) GEOSECS is an international cooperative program involving geochemists from 14 U.S. universities. Investigators from Bel- gium, Canada, France, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Japan, and the United Kingdom are also participating in GEOSECS or are carrying out similar programs coordinated by the United States. The U.S. program involved the occupation of 121 oceanographic stations in the Atlantic and 147 stations in the Pacific. A similar study was conducted in the Indian Ocean to complete a baseline survey of the world oceans and confirm large-scale and small-scale mixing patterns found in the Atlantic and Pacific. Stations were occupied along the western side of the Indian Ocean, and the remaining stations were completed in April 1978. At each station, 15 chemical measurements were made aboard ship; an additional 20 will be obtained from samples analyzed in laboratories at 12 major universities. Cruise tracks in the Indian Ocean were designed to include sampling of the circumpolar deep water along its 10,000-km boundary. The planned survey using three major north-south transects from India to the Antarctic continent will help to determine sources of water masses and their rates of movement (fig. 1). Relationships between chemical and physical parameters that were found to be highly useful for predictive modeling in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean are being confirmed and tested in the Indian Ocean. Knowledge of the carbon-oxygen system and the extent to which the oceans can absorb the products of fossil fuel combustion are being used in chemical assessment studies. Both shipboard and shorebased measurements from GEOSECS have contributed to present knowledge. (Table 1 lists tasks in this project.) GEOSECS Data GEOSECS data received during the period of this report are available from NODC as follows: NODC Accession No.: 76-1522 Organization: Scripps Institution of Oceanography/GEOSECS Operations Group (GOG) Investigators and Grant Nos.: W. Broecker (LDGO) GX—28164; D. W. Spencer (WHOI) GX—28161, OCE71—04195, OCE72-— 06421; A. Bainbridge (SIO/GOG) GX—28162, OCE71—04196; J. M. Edmond (MIT) GX-32976, GX—35033, OCE72-— 06432; L. I. Gordon GX—28167; H. G. Ostlund (RSMAS) GX-—28165, OCE71—04199; H. Craig (SIO) GX—28163; M. Stuiver (UW) GX-28166, OCE71—04200; P. Brewer (WHOI) GX—33295; T. Takahashi (CUNY) GX-—33293; T.-L. Ku (USC) GX-33292, OCE72-06418; R. Weiss (SIO) OCE76-18898 Project: GEOSECS Pacific (RV MELVILLE, 10 cruise legs) August 22, 1973, to June 10, 1974 Data: 147 ocean stations, 136 STDs, including oxygen, silicates, phosphates, nitrates. Data received in publication, GEOSECS Pacific, Final Hydrographic Data Report 22 August 1973 to 10 June 1974, RV MELVILLE, and in NODC-computer com- patible magnetic tape. GEOSECS Bibliography Boyle, E. A., F. Sclater, and J. M. Edmond. 1976. On the marine geochemistry of cadmium. Nature 263:42-44. Broecker, W. S., and T. Takahashi. 1977. Neutralization of fossil fuel CO, by marine calcium carbonate. In: N. R. Anderson and A. Malahoff (editors), The fate of fossil fuel CO. in the oceans, p. 213-241. Plenum Publ. Co., N.Y. Chan, L. H., D. Drummond, J. M. Edmond, and B. Grant. 1977. On the barium data from the Atlantic GEOSECS Expedition. Deep-Sea Res. 24:613-649. Chan, L. H., J. M. Edmond, R. F. Stallard, W. S. Broecker, Y. C. Chang, R. F. Weiss, and T. L. Ku. 1976. Radium and barium at GEOSECS stations in the Atlantic and Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 32:258—-267. (GEOSECS Collected Papers: 1973-1976.) Fine, R. A., and G. Ostlund. 1977. Source function for tritium transport models in the Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett. 4:461—464. A-12 » PORT LOUIS ry as Do 600 ° > feo) Figure 1—GEOSECS cruise track for Indian Ocean. Gordon, L. I., E. A. Seifert, L. I. Barstow, and P. K. Park. 1974. Organic carbon in the Bering Sea Oceanography: An Update 1972-1974. Results of a seminar and workshop on Bering Sea oceanography under auspices of the U.S.-Japan Program, Office of International Programs, NSF, and Science Council of Japan, October 7 to 11, 1974. (Y. Takenouti and D. W. Wood, convenors). p. 239-244. Kroopnick, P. 1975. Respiration, photosynthesis and oxygen isotope frac- tionation in oceanic surface water. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20:988-992. F905 G0 ae 90° 100° qe d, 120° 9, BO ads 008 Kroopnick, P. M., S. V. Margolis, and C. S. Wong. 1977. 58°C variations in marine carbonate sediments as indi- cators of the CO, balance between the atmosphere and oceans. In: N. R. Anderson and A. Malahoff (editors) The fate of fossil fuel CO. in the oceans, p. 295-321. Plenum Publ. Co., N.Y. Ostlund, H. G., H. G. Dorsey, and R. Brescher. 1976. GEOSECS Atlantic radiocarbon and tritium results. Tritium Lab. Rpt. No. 5, Rosenstiel School Mar. Atmos. Sci., Univ. Miami, 93 p. Table 1.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in GEOSECS Institutions Investigators University of California, San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography A. E. Bainbridge, The City University of New York, M. Hoffert Queens College Columbia University,. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory P.E.Biscaye University of Hawaii P. Kroopnick Louisiana State University L. M. Chan and J. S. Hanor Massachusetts Institute of Technology J. M. Edmond University of Miami, Rosenstiel H. G. Ostlund School of Marine and Atmospheric Science University of South Carolina W.S. Moore University of Southern California Tail University of Washington M. Stuiver Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution K. K. Turekian M. E. Fiadeiro Yale University Pollutant Transfer Program (PTP) Processes that transport pollutants from land sources to the oceans and accumulate pollutants in discrete parts of the marine environment are being investigated. Objectives of the studies are to: (1) identify important pathways and mechanisms, (2) evalu- ate major environmental factors that influence transfer proc- esses, and (3) develop principles governing the transfer of pollutants. Attention is being focused on several major ocean interfaces: air-sea, sediment-sea, river-sea, and particulate-sea. Tasks in this part of the PTP are listed in table 2. Investigations of organic carbon in marine aerosols show that the major mass of the organic carbon is found on particles with radii less than 0.5um. The data shown in figure 2 suggest that this distribution is similar over the North and South Pacific and North Atlantic. This small-particle distribution suggests that most of the particulate organic carbon in the marine atmosphere may result from gas-to-particle conversion reactions. Studies of arsenic (As) in the marine atmosphere have shown that while an ambient vapor phase of As is only a small fraction of the As present on particles, volatilization processes probably provide the major sources of atmospheric As. However, this vapor phase apparently has a very short residence time in the atmosphere. The major global sources for atmospheric As ap- pear to be volcanism and human sources, particularly smelt- ing, coal combustion, and agricultural pesticide applications. The biosphere may also be a significant global source for atmospheric As. H. Craig, and R. Finkel W. S. Broecker and D. W. Spencer, P. G. Brewer and W. J. Jenkins Projects Operations Group SIO Shipboard and Laboratory Measurements Carbonate Chemistry of Seawater The Analysis of GEOSECS Samples Collected in the Indian Ocean for Ra—228, Th-228, and Sus- pended Particulates Interpretation of Carbonate Data Isotopic Measurements Barium Analyses in Ocean Waters High-Precision Barium, Copper, Nickel, and Cadmium measurements Radiocarbon and Tritium Measurements Administrative and Logistic Activities Measurement of Ra—228 in Seawater Radium Analysis C-14 Ocean Water Analysis Lead, Polonium, Helium, and Neon Analyses Water Library Lead, Polonium, and Silicon Analyses Three-Dimensional Modeling of Tracers in the Ocean An investigation of the global atmospheric cycle of phos- phorus (P) showed that the major source of atmospheric par- ticulate P was crustal weathering; the ocean and human sources accounted for about 10 percent of the weathering source. It is estimated that 10'° g/yr of phosphorus from actual weathering and from human sources is transported annually to the ocean, of which about 14 is soluble. This soluble P accounts for 10 percent of the estimated marine input of dissolved P into the ocean. Investigations of the copper, zinc, and iron concentrations on atmospheric sea salt particles produced artificially in a closed system on Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, indicate that rela- tive to sodium the concentrations of these elements are several hundred times higher on sea salt particles than in the bulk seawater from which they are produced. If these results are also applicable to open-ocean conditions, enrichment of copper and zine during the production of these particles by bursting bubbles may be a significant source of these elements, which are found in ambient marine aerosols over the world ocean. Crustal weath- ering still appears to be the primary source of iron in the atmos- phere, however. These studies were done using the Bubble Interfacial Microlayer Sampler (BIMS) shown in figure 3. Sampling and analytical techniques were developed and re- fined during the past year that enabled successful measurement of cadmium, copper, nickel, manganese, and zinc throughout the water column. Because contamination problems associated with the measurement of zinc are particularly severe, accurate profiles for this element did not exist. Zinc concentrations (10-600 ng/I) are considerably lower than previous estimates 3 Table 2.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in Pollutant Transfer Program Institutions Investigators Projects California Institute of Technology University of California, Bodega Marine Laboratory University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Georgia, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Harvard University, Bermuda Biological Station, Inc. University of Rhode Island San Jose State University Texas A & M University Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution C. C. Patterson R. Risebrough E. Goldberg H. L. Windom J. N. Butler and B. F. Morris R. A. Duce C. E. Olney and T. F. Bidleman J. H. Martin C. S. Giam G. R. Harvey Determination of Input and Transport of Pollutant Lead in Marine Environments Using Isotope Tracers Fluxes of Organochlorine Pollutant Through the Marine Environment Low Temperature Volatilization of Heavy Metals from Crustal Rocks The Transfer of Heavy Metals Through the Inner Continental Shelf to the Open Ocean Transfer of Petroleum Residues in Sargasum Com- munities and the Water of the Sargasso Sea Anomalously Enriched Elements in the Marine At- mosphere: Sources, Distribution, and Fluxes Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of High Molecular Weight Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on the Ocean Surface Cadmium Transport to the Open Pacific Ocean Via the California Current Phthalate and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Transfer Processes in the Marine Environment A Detailed Inventory of Concentration-Fluxes of the Major Halogenated Pollutants at 2 Sites in the Northwest Atlantic ine) ATMOSPHERIC ORGANIC CARBON CONCENTRATIONS (p g/m3) ° ° a impactor stage approximate <0.25 0.25 0.48 0.75 particulate radius (ym) 1D s=3)6 pry 1.0 BERMUDA 1975 HAWAII 1975 SAMOA 1976 0.5 0. 0.1 0.02 0.01 4 3 2 1 0°25) 0:48) (0s/SeeslLon—3.6 ais 0.25 0.48 075 1.5 >3.6 Figure 2.—Size distribution of organic carbon in atmospheric particulate matter collected at remote marine locations. 4 of 1 to 30 ywg/l, and its vertical distribution (surface deple- tion, deep enrichment) is very similar to that of a major plant nutrient—-silicate (fig. 4). Fluxes of elements in association with sinking plankton detri- tus were measured with particle interceptor traps at three depths (range = 50-100 m) in coastal and open-ocean Pacific waters. Observed rates of change for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and inferred rates of oxygen change varied widely in relation to surface productivity. For example, oxygen utilization rates cal- culated from the carbon flux data were as high as 650 pl/I*/ year+ at 100 m under upwelling conditions and as low as 18 pl/l*/yr+ at 1,000 m in the open ocean. The investigators also concluded that quantities of passively sinking particulate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus appear to be in excess of the amounts required to meet the nutritional needs of the midwater zooplankton, even in the open ocean when fluxes are relatively low. Continuous culture experiments showed that natural popula- tions of marine phytoplankton concentrate ionic copper. Con- centration of copper was from two to six times higher in cells from cultures containing 1 to 2 »g copper per liter. Additional observations were: (1) Effects of copper concentration varied between species; (2) Cell division was inhibited in one diatom species, Lepto- cylindus danicus; (3) Copper was lethal to another diatom, Ceratulina bergonii; (4) Intracellular processes of chlorophyll synthesis or carbon production were not inhibited; (5) Chlorophyll per cell increased slightly (thought to be owing to reduction in cell division); (6) Primary production in the diatom, Skeletonema costatum, did not decrease (only species on which this was tested). Cultured phytoplankton take up arsenic (As) in a period of AIR CURTAINS of~ WIND FRITS AIR FILTER TRUNCATED PYRAMID 2 to 3 days when grown in a media enriched with 5 to 25 yg As(V) per liter (fig. 5). Both the inorganic and methylated As levels in the cells increased by about 50 percent in Skeletonema costatum. The As content of Peridinium trochoidium increased drastically under the same conditions, with cell concentrations increasing from 5 to over 63 ppm. Cultures enriched with As(III) exhibited similar uptake; however, enrichment with dimethylated arsenic (DMA) caused no significant uptake of As. The As speciation in the culture media changed significantly during the course of the experiment in cultures that had been enriched with As(V) or As(IID). Addition of DMA caused no changes in As speciation other than those caused by the addition itself. The continuing investigation of organic pollutants in the Gulf of Mexico has established that phthalic acid ester plasticizers (PAES) are a new class of marine pollutants. Phthalate esters are found in virtually all samples from the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. For example, samples of water, sedi- ment, and air from the Gulf of Mexico were found to con- tain di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) at concentrations often higher than the well-known PCBs and DDTs. However, the concentration of PAES in biota was lower than that of PCB or DDT, suggesting that biological degradation may be a significant removal mechanism for phthalates in the marine environment (fig. 6). Preliminary analyses show that as much as 70 percent of the phthalates in the Gulf of Mexico have been transported via the atmosphere. The rates and mechanisms of organic pollutant transport depend on the class compound. For example, organic pollutants are transported to the atmosphere both in association with particles and as a vapor. PCBs and DDTs are transported primarily in the vapor phase; however, DEHP appears to be distributed nearly equally between the vapor and particulate EQUIPMENT RACK (POWER AND PROPULSION EQUIPMENT ) Figure 3.—The Bubble Interfacial Microlayer Sampler (BIMS) suspended between the twin hulls of a 4-meter long catamaran. phase. This difference is important in evaluating the flux of organic compounds to the ocean. Sea-Air Exchange (SEAREX) A new collaborative project on sea-air exchanges (SEAREX) is examining the importance of organic and inorganic pollutant fluxes to the ocean from the atmosphere. Simultaneous meas- urements of different compounds in the air, rain, and dryfall are being made in remote marine locations to produce direct measurement of pollutant fluxes. Early measurements with a collector in towers on Bermuda showed a dramatic change in chemical composition of trapped particles as wind direction changed. Specifically, winds blowing from land carried particles rich in iron. Over the next 2 years, SEAREX investigators hope to quantify the airborne move- ment of certain heavy metals and natural and manmade organic compounds. This effort will allow them to identify the sources of these materials and to understand the mechanisms by which the substances cross air-sea boundaries. nmol Zn/liter O 3.1 6.1 9.2 12.2 umolSi/liter 0 40 80 120 160 0 2 ® za) = 2 x is a o (a) 2 3 ng Zn/liter O 200 400 600 800 Figure 4.—Depth profiles of zinc and silicon off the central California coast. For zinc, closed circles signify organic extractions; open circles designate separations on a chelex column. Pollutant Transfer Bibliography Bidleman, T. F., and C. E. Olney. 1974a. DDT in the ocean: Is the atmosphere the source? Univ. R. I., Maritimes 18:1—13. 1974b. High-volume collection of atmospheric polychlori- anted biphenols. Bull. Environ. Comtam. Toxicol. 11:442— 450. 1975c. Long range transport of toxaphene insecticide in the atmosphere of the western North Atlantic. Nature 257:475— 477. Bidleman, T. F., C. P. Rice, and C. E. Olney. 1976. High molecular weight hydrocarbons in the air and sea: Rates and mechanisms of air/sea transfer. In: H. L. Windom and R. A. Duce (editors), Marine pollutant transfer, p. 323-351. Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass. Brooks, J. M. 1976. The flux of light hydrocarbons into the Gulf of Mexico via run-off. Jn: H. L. Windom and R. A. Duce (editors), Marine pollutant transfer, p. 185-200. Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass. Duce, R. A. 1973. Hydrosphere, geochemistry of. Encyclopedia of Sci- ence and Technology; 1973 Yearbook. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., p. 223-225. Duce, R. A., and E. K. Duursma. 1977. Inputs of organic matter to the ocean. Mar. Chem. 5:319-339. Duce, R. A., and E. J. Hoffman. 1976. Chemical fractionation at the air/sea interface. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 4:187—228. Duce, R. A., and G. L. Hoffman. 1976. Atmospheric vanadium transport to the ocean. Atmos. Environ. 10:989-996. Duce, R. A., G. L. Hoffman, et al. 1976. Trace metals in the marine atmosphere: sources and fluxes. In: H. L. Windom and R. A. Duce (editors), Marine pollutant transfer, p. 79-119. Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass. Duce, R. A., P. L. Parker, and C. S. Giam (editors). 1974. Pollutant transfer to the marine environment, delibera- tions and recommendations of the Natl. Sci. Found. IDOE/ PTP Workshop, Jan. 11 to 12, 1974. Univ. R.L., p. 55. Farrington, J. W., N. M. Frew, P. M. Gschwend, and B. W. Tripp. 1977. Hydrocarbons in cores of northwestern Atlantic coastal and continental margin sediments. Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci. 5:793-808. Farrington, J. W., J. M. Teal, G. C. Madeiros, K. A. Burns, E. A. Robinson, Jr., J. G. Quinn, and T. L. Wade. 1976. Intercalibration of gas chromatographic analyses for hydrocarbons in tissues and extracts of marine organisms. Anal. Chem. 48:1711—1716. Farrington, J. W., and B. W. Tripp. 1977. Hydrocarbons in western North Atlantic surface sedi- ments. Geochim. Cosmochim. 41:1627—1641. B A B A B A 100 DMA DMA : S __JAs(II1) DMA As(It) As(I 11) 80 As(II1) 60 As(V) 0 As(V) 20 CONTROL, AMBIENT As As(II1) As(II1) As(V) As(V) As(V) As(V) 12.5 pg/l 25 g/l As(V) AS\V ) % OF EACH ARSENIC SPECIES (as As) Figure 5.—Arsenic speciation in culture media. Each species displayed as percent of total As. Bar A: stock culture media in which no growth has taken place. Bar B: the same media, after 1-week’s growth. (DMA is dimethyl arsenic; As (III) and As (V) signify arsenic in the plus three and five oxidation states, respectively.) Fitzgerald, W. F. 1975. Mercury analyses in seawater using cold-trap pre- concentration and gas phase detection. Jn: T. R. P. Gibb (editor), Advances in chemistry series, No. 147, p. 99-109, Am. Chem. Soc. 1976. Mercury studies of seawater and rain: geothermal and flux implications. Jn: H. L. Windom and R. A. Duce (editors), Marine pollutant transfer, p. 121-134. Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass. Fitzgerald, W. F., and W. B. Lyons. 1975. Mercury concentrations in open-ocean waters: Sam- pling procedure. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20:468—471. Hoffman, E. J., and R. A. Duce. 1977a. Organic carbon in marine atmospheric particulate matter: concentration and particle size distribution. Geophys. Res. Lett. 4:449-452. 1977b. Alkali and alkaline Earth metal chemistry of marine aerosols generated in the laboratory with natural seawaters. Atmos. Environ. 11:367—372. Hoffman, E. J., G. L. Hoffman, R. A. Duce. Fitzgerald, W. F., and C. D. Hunt. 1974. Distribution of mercury in the surface micro-layer and in subsurface waters of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. J. Rech. Atmos. 8:629-637. 1976. Contamination of atmospheric particulate matter col- lected at remote shipboard and island locations. Proceedings Uf of the 7th IMR Symposium, Oct. 7 to 11, 1974, Gaithersburg, Md., Natl. Bur. Stds. Spec. Pub. 422, p. 377-387. Hoffman, E. J., G. L. Hoffman, I. S. Fletcher, and R. A. Duce. 1977. Further consideration of alkali and alkaline earth geo- chemistry of marine aerosols: Results of a study of marine aerosols collected on Bermuda. Atmos. Environ. 11:373-— Sil Hoffman, G. L., P. R. Walsh, and M. P. Doyle. 1974. Determination of a geometry and dead time correction factor for neutron activation analysis. Anal. Chem. 46.492— 496. Moyer, J. L., R. A. Duce, and G. L. Hoffman. 1972. A note on the contamination of atmospheric particulate samples collected from ships. Atmos. Environ. 6:551—556. Piotrowicz, S. R., J. L. Fasching, D. D. Zdankiewicz, and R. W. Karin. 1975. Geometry factors and flux corrections in neutron acti- vation analysis. Anal. Chem. 47:2326—2328. Rahn, K. A., R. D. Borys, and R. A. Duce. 1976. The University of Rhode Island’s air sampling program in the Northwest Territories. Proceedings of Polar Meteo- rology: Report of the polar meteorolgy workshop, p. 85-87. 20 DEHP Avg.5 ng/g 18 NUMBER OF SAMPLES 20)@ A0r=50 20 Sackett, W. M. 1977. Use of hydrocarbon sniffing in offshore exploration. J. Geochem. Explor. 7:243-254. Sackett, W. M., and J. M. Brooks. 1975. Origin and distributions of low molecular weight hy- drocarbons in Gulf of Mexico waters. In: Marine chemistry in the coastal environment, p. 211-230. ACS Symposium Series, No. 18, Am. Chem. Soc. Scura, E. D., and G. H. Theilacker. 1977. Transfer of the chlorinated hydrocarbon PCB in a laboratory marine food chain. Mar. Biol. 40:317—325. Stromberg, E. W., and J. L. Fasching. 1976. The application of cluster analysis to trace elemental concentrations in geological and biological matrices. Pro- ceedings of the 7th IMR Symposium, Oct. 7 to 11, 1974, Gaithersburg, Md., Natl. Bur. Stds. Spec. Pub. 422, p. 151- 162. Wallace, G. T., Jr., I. S. Fletcher, and R. A. Duce. 1977. Filter washing, a simple means of reducing blank values and variability in trace metal environmental samples. J. Environ. Sci. Health A12(9): 493-506. DDT s Avg. 10 ng/g 40 >50 CONCENTRATION, ng/g 20 40 =50 Figure 6.—Concentration of DEHP, PCBs, and DDTs in the biota from the Gulf of Mexico. 8 Wallace, G. T., Jr., G. L. Hoffman, and R. A. Duce. 1977. The influence of organic matter and atmospheric depo- sition on the particulate trace metal concentration of North- west Atlantic surface seawater. Mar. Chem. 5:143-170. Walsh, P. R., R. A. Duce, and J. L. Fasching. 1977. Impregnated filter sampling system for collection of volatile arsenic in the atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Tech. 11:163-166. Biological Effects Program (BEP) The major emphasis 1n the final year of the Biological Effects Program (BEP) was to find biological indicator species that could be used as an early warning of pollutant-induced pertur- bations in the open ocean. This focus evolved from the initial studies that began in 1973. At that time, several investigators initiated laboratory experiments to evaluate sublethal, low-level effects of trace metals, petroleum, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and phthalates on the growth, behavior, and biochemical proc- esses of several classes of marine organisms. The objectives of this program were to determine the effects of various types and levels of pollutants on the life history stages and physiological processes of a wide range of species. Table 3 lists the projects in this program. Results from these projects indicate that several pollutants are acutely toxic in the parts-per-million range to bacteria, phyto- plankton, and higher marine organisms. Generally, heavy metals (mercury, copper) and chlorinated hydrocarbons are found to be more toxic than petroleum hydrocarbons. Also, either whole or water-soluble extracts of fuel oils are more toxic than crude oils in either form. Finally phthalates, which are more abundant than PCB or DDT, appear to be less toxic to higher organisms. Specific results from these various projects indicate that the toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons to marine bacteria increased inversely with solubility. Thus, high molecular weight, relatively insoluble hydrocarbons such as benzpyrene may be just as toxic as the lower molecular weight, more soluble hydrocarbons such as naphthalene. Photosynthesis by marine microalgae was found to be imme- diately and severely inhibited by low-dose rates (1 to 10 yg water-solubles per mg dry algae) of oil water-solubles. Differen- tial effects on the rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution and pH increases in cell suspension suggest that different oils have different toxicity mechanisms. These short-term studies indi- cate that the primary toxic effect of oil and water-solubles on microalgae may be through direct action on the energy-yielding electron transport systems. Effects studies of the water-solubles of six oils on the survival and growth rate of the embryonic and larval stages of the quahog clam, Mercenaria sp., showed that the median lethal concentrations (LC;,) of six oils ranged from less than 0.10 ppm to 10 ppm in 6-day exposure tests. Ten-day exposure periods decreased the LC,, values of the least toxic crude oils to about 2 ppm. Larvae surviving exposure to water-soluble fractions of the various oils grew at slower rates than comparable control larvae. Table 3.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in Biological Effects Program Institutions Investigators Projects University of Alaska D. K. Button University of Delaware M. R. Tripp Florida State University J. A. Calder University of Georgia, R. F. Lee Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Texas A & M University J. M. Neff C. S. Giam W. M. Sackett H. Kleerekoper University of Texas, Marine Science Institute Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution C. Van Baalen J. J. Stegeman P. B. Reichardt and J. A.C. Nichol and Lability of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Non- lethal Effects on Marine Organisms Histopathology of Benthic Invertebrates Investigations of Breakdown and Sublethal Bio- logical Effects in Trace Petroleum Constituents in the Marine Environment Fate of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Food Web Sublethal Effects of Selected Heavy Metals and Organic Compounds on Organisms From the Gulf of Mexico Biological Effect of Phthalates and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Biota from the Gulf of Mexico Fate, Spatial, and Temporal Distribution of Petro- leum-Derived Organic Compounds in the Ocean, and their Sublethal Effects on Marine Organisms Subacute Effects of PCBs and Copper lons in Locomotor and Orientation Behavior in Certain Marine Fishes Marine Petroleum Pollution: Biological Effects and Chemical Characterization Xenobiotic (Hydrocarbon) Metabolism by Mixed Function Oxidases in Estuarine, Coastal, and Open Ocean Fish Species In other experiments, microorganisms that were known not to metabolize hydrocarbons showed a bioconcentration of these hydrocarbons from the dissolved phase in seawater of about 2,000-fold, based on cell weight. Fluorescence microscopy showed that most of the bioconcen- trated hydrocarbons were located in the cell mitochondria, with some in the cell cytoplasmic membrane. Continuous culture populations of algae were sensitive to saturating concentrations of chlorinated biphenyl. Sensitivity was significantly greater when the algae were paired with the yeast, Rhodotorula rubra, a marine isolate. As shown in figure 7, 2 micromolar dichloro- biphenyl caused dramatic changes in the algal population dis- tribution and limited nutrient content. Continuous culture systems were also sensitive to solvents Algae added . = = DCB added Ss D> - Zz : 2) = = g : (e) = ” = = c 2 2 t he z <) O ie a 0 0 5 10 25 50 75 —| YEAST be YEAST AND A.A 16 & + —T ‘Oo 12 am 3 to iv > 4 Algae added DCB in culture vesse|———-_ A feo S \ = > 8 = < > = 6) im z : : 50 ral 0 5 10 25 0 50 75 TIME, DAYS Figure 7.—Dichlorobiphenyl addition to a gnotobiotic continuous culture at steady state. On day 6, small inocula of Selenastrum 10 capricornutum (algae) were added to the carbon-limited continuous cultures of Rhodotorula rubra. The concentration of phosphate in solution reflects phosphate-limitation of the algae. On day 43, when the system was at steady state, approximately 2 micromolar 2,4’ dichlorobiphenyl (DCB) was added to the dual culture system. The culture dry weight and total cell numbers decreased, while phosphate in solution increased until less than approximately 0.2 micromolar dichlorobiphenyl remained in the culture vessel. The yeast viable counts oscillated slightly immediately after the ad - dition, but soon returned to normal. Dilution rate (growth rate) = 0.36 day. Residence time of culture vessel”con - tents = 2.78 days. 0 O dry weight of yeast + algae. x x phosphate in solution. A A\ total cell count of yeast + algae. e e viable cell count of yeast. such as toluene—a prime constituent of treated oil tanker ballast water. Yeast populations were fairly insensitive to submillimolar levels, showing only a slight stimulation in leakage of internal cellular constituents. Algae populations, on the other hand, were sensitive to toluene levels as low as 50 micromolar. Crude oils, either as water-solubles or as whole oils, did not prove very inhibitory to algal growth. However, water-solubles from fuel oils can be quite lethal to microalgae depending upon the sample and the algae used as test organisms. Figure 8 shows that two compounds identified in the water-solubles, p-toluidine and phenalen-l-one, were highly toxic to a blue-green and a green alga, respectively. The other three compounds were much less toxic, and the algal response was more uniform. Whole fuel oils added directly to the algal culture medium were also toxic. Again, toxicity varied with the fuel oil sample and the test organism. The compounds responsible for the toxicity of whole fuel oils have not yet been identified; however, they should be different from and of a more lipophilic nature than the com- pounds in the water-soluble fractions. Water-soluble extracts of No. 2 fuel oil are lethal to benthic crustaceans at 4 ppm for AMOUNT ON COMPOUND PAD, MG SENSITIVITY MOST LEAST MOST NH> (1) (2) (3) 0.001 G, oD B CH3 p-toluidine ae ici 0.01 D, B G phenalen-l-one fl l On5 Dg Bs (G H3C CH TOXICITY : 2,5-dimethylpyrole O Cr 0 G D B H3C 2,5-dimethylphenol CH3 H3 CH3 10.0 D, Bs G CH3 MRE pS) pl tetramethylbenzene LEAST 1) Green alga, Chlorella autotrophica, strain 580 2) Diatom, = {\ s 6 a 4 | BS Figure 11.—Decrease in concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons added to CEPEX bags. and diatoms. In general, the lower alkyl phthalates, such as di-n-butyl phthalate, produce more toxic effects than di-(2-ethylhexyl)- phthalate. Uptake studies with adult fish yielded low bioaccu- mulation factors for the phthalates, relative to the chlorinated hydrocarbons. One implication of this finding is that slow up- take or rapid metabolism and excretion may be responsible for the low toxicity of phthalates to higher organisms; this finding would also explain the low levels present in biota samples from the Gulf of Mexico. Experiments also focused on a characterization of the mixed- function oxygenase (MFO) system in two marine invertebrates, the blue crab and a polychaete worm. The MFO system is 14 responsible for the metabolic modification of many foreign compounds, such as hydrocarbons or pesticides, in animals. Compared with the parent compound, the metabolite is more water soluble and can be more easily excreted from the animal. In the worm, enzyme activity was found in the lower intestine; in blue crabs, activity was in the stomach and green gland. In the blue crab, the enzyme activity of the green gland was found to vary with different stages of maturity and molt cycle (fig. 13). The green gland, generally thought of as an excretory organ, may also function to regulate molting hormone levels. This may explain the difficulty crabs and other crustaceans have in molt- ing after exposure to certain pollutants. In worms continually exposed to crude oil, we find higher levels of MFO after the third generation. Thus, crude oil may influence development of a genotype that is resistant to the effects of oil. In a similar study, MFO characteristics were studied in more than 30 species of fish. Estuarine and coastal species (e.g., win- ter flounder, two species of mummichogs, bluefish, striped bass, menhaden, and mackerel) have moderate to high level of MFO activity; however, the MFO properties of several of these spe- cies show metabolic and inhibitor response characteristics that are different from mammalian systems. On the other hand, MFO activity in midwater, open-ocean fishes (e.g., viper fish and hatchet fish), which was observed for the first time, was generally very low compared to coastal species. In winter flounder and the mummichog, Fundulus hetero- clitus, one or more properties of MFO were found to vary with sex, season, or size. The observed patterns of variation confirm that there are multiple forms of MFO systems within a given fish species. In addition, the levels of MFO were consistently found to be higher in estuarine fish from areas contaminated by organic pollutants, including petroleum. For instance, fish from Wild Harbor, Massachusetts, the site of a 1969 oil spill, are still being affected 8 years after the spill. The results generally indi- cate that while there may be a correlation between MFO activ- ity and environmental contamination, the conditions under which use of MFO as environmental indicators may be validly interpreted are limited. Observations of the locomotor behavior of certain fish species were made to determine the effect of short-term exposure to increased but subacute concentrations of copper ions. Tempo- rary exposure to increased copper levels drastically altered the locomotor behavior of sheepshead fish. Overall activity was greatly increased, and the pattern of movements in the tank, which depends on the animal’s turning behavior and is under central nervous control, underwent distinct changes. Increased activity was also observed in other fish species (spadefish, triggerfish, pinfish, sea catfish, and croaker) exposed to increased copper levels. Biological Effects Bibliography Anderson, J. W., D. B. Dixit, G. S. Ward, and R. S. Foster. 1977. Effects of petroleun hydrocarbons on the rate of heart beat and hatching success of estuarine fish embryos. Jn: S. J., Vernberg, A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurberg, and W. B. Vernberg (editors), Physiological responses of marine biota to pollut- ants, p. 241-258. N.Y. Acad. Sci., N.Y., N.Y. O ppb 30 2 W 4 5 5 < a = Ll Ke 20 5 10 15 20 25 SALINITY 2 >) 3 a oF 3.5 a = 3.5 lJ S 3 5 10 15 20 25 SALINITY 75 ppb 5 4.5 uu 3.5 a =) | cot = 4 ui 25 ; = Ll F- 3.5 20 3 5 10 15 20 25 SALINITY Figure 12.—Response surface diagram showing predicted respiration rates of the megalops of Rhithropanopeus harrisii acclimated to the test salinities and temperatures and exposed to phenanthrene. Exposure to 37.5 or 75 ppb phenanthrene causes an increase in the sensitivity of the megalops to salinity and a decrease in its sensitivity to temperature.Contour values are given in ml 0./g dry wt/hr. Brooks, J. M., B. B. Bernard, and W. M. Sackett. Brooks, J. M., G. A. Fryxell, D. F. Reid, and W. M. Sackett. 1977. Input of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons from 1977. Gulf underwater flare experiment (GUFEX): Marine petroleum operations into the Gulf of Mexico. Jn: D. A. Wolf effects of hydrocarbons on phytoplankton. Jn: C. S. Giam (editor), Fate and effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in ma- (editor), Biological effects of petroleum hydrocarbons, p. 45— rine ecosystems and organisms. 75. D. C. Heath & Co., Lexington, Mass. 15 32 = (2) Som 4228 Zz te 24 fo) [sc a 20 D = re) 16 = Ss ‘a 12 S Ri a 8 Ww 4 (stages) fast INTERMOLT PROECDYSIS Figure 13.—Enzyme activity of blue crab during molting. Brooks, J. M., and W. M. Sackett. 1977. Significance of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in marine waters. Proceedings 7th International Meeting on Organic Chemistry, Sept. 16 to 19, 1977, Madrid, Spain, Campos, R., and J. Goni (editors), p. 445-468. Byrne, C. J., and J. A. Calder. 1977. Effect of the water-soluble fractions of crude, refined and waste oils on the embryonic and larval stages of the quahog clam Mercenaria sp. Mar. Biol. 40:225-231. Donahue, W. H., R. T. Wang, M. Welch, and J. A. C. Nicol. 1977. Effects of water-soluble components of petroleum oils and aromatic hydrocarbons on barnacle larvae. Environ. Pollut. 13:187—202. Donahue, W. H., M. F. Welch, W. Y. Lee, and J. A. C. Nicol. 1977. Toxicity of water soluble fractions of petroleum oils on larvae of crabs. Jn: C. S. Giam (editor), Pollutant effects on marine organisms, p. 34-94. Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass. Gormly, J. R., and W. M. Sackett. 1975. Anthropogenic alteration of sedimentary organic car- bon. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2:197—200. 1977. Carbon isotope evidence for the maturation of marine lipids. Jn: R. Campos and J. Goni (editors), Proceedings of the 7th international meeting on organic chemistry, Sept. 16 to 19, 1977, p. 321-338. Madrid, Spain. 16 p—t—y 54 2 (weeks) ——— POSTECDYSIS ECDYSIS Green, F. A., Jr., and J. M. Neff. 1977. Toxicity, accumulation, and release of three polychlori- nated napthalenes (Halowax 1000, 1013, and 1099) in post- larval and adult grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Bull. En- viron. Contam. Toxicol. 17:399—407. Griffin, L. F., and J. A. Calder. 1977. Toxic effect of water-soluble fractions of crude, refined, and weathered oils on the growth of a marine bacterium. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol. 33:1092—1096. ee sRe Ek. 1976. Accumulation and turnover of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine organisms. Jn: D. A. Wolfe, et al. (editors), Pro- ceedings of the symposium on the fate and effects of petro- leum hydrocarbons in marine ecosystems and organisms, Noy. 10 to 12, 1976, p. 60-70. Seattle, Wash. 1977a. Fate of petroleum components in estuarine waters of of the southeastern United States. In: Proceedings of the 1977 oil spill conference, March 8 to 10, 1977, p. 611-616. New Orleans, La. 1977b. Fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in marine animals. MTS-IEEE Oceans ’77 Conf., Oct. 17 to 19, 1977, Los Angeles, Calif., 40C—1 to 40C—4. Lee, R. F., E. Furlong, and S. Singer. 1977. Metabolism of hydrocarbons in marine invertebrates: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase from the tissue of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus and the polychaete worm, Nereis sp. In: C. S. Giam (editor), Pollutant effects on marine orga- nisms, p. 111-124. Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass. Lee, W. Y. 1977. Some laboratory cultured crustaceans for marine pol- lution studies. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 8:258—259. Lee, W. Y., and J. A. C. Nicol. 1977. The effects of the water soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the survival and behavior of coastal and oceanic zoo- plankton. Environ. Pollut. 12:279-292. Lee, W. Y., M. F. Welch, and J. A. C. Nicol. 1977. Survival of two species of amphipods in aqueous ex- tracts of petroleum oils. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 8:92—94. Lucu, C., G. Roesijadi, and J. W. Anderson. 1977. Sodium kinetics in the shrimp. Palaemonetes pugio. I. Steady-state experiments. J. Comp. Physiol. 115:195—206. Neff, J. M., J. W. Anderson, B. A. Cox, R. B. Laughlin, Jr., S. S. Rossi, and H. E. Tatem. 1976. Effects of petroleum on survival, respiration, and growth of marine animals. Jn: Proceedings of symposium on sources, effects, and sinks of hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment, p. 515-539. Am. Univ., Wash., D.C. Neff, J. M., and C. S. Giam. 1977. Effects of Aroclor 1016 and Halowax 1099 on juvenile horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus. In: F. J. Vernberg, A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurberg, and W. B. Vernberg (editors), Physiological responses of marine biota to pollutants, p. 21— B5aINEY. Acad. Sci., INPY>, N.Y. Nicol, J. A. C., W. H. Donahue, R. T. Wang, and K. Winters. 1977. Chemical composition and effects of water extracts of petroleum on eggs of the sand dollar Melitta quinquiesper- forata. Mar. Biol. 40:309—316. Roesijadi, G., J. W. Anderson, and C. S. Giam. 1976. Osmoregulation of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). II. Effect on free amino acids of muscle tissue. Mar. Biol. 38:357-363. Roesijadi, G., J. W. Anderson, S. R. Petrocelli, and C. S$. Giam. 1976. Osmoregulation of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). I. Effect on chloride and osmotic concentrations and chloride-and water-exchange kinetics. Mar. Biol. 38:343-355. Singer, S. C., and R. F. Lee. 1977. Mixed function oxygenase activity in blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: tissue distribution and correlation with changes during molting and development. Biol. Bull. 153:377-386. Winters, K., J. C. Batterton, and C. Van Baalen. 1977. Phenalen-1-one: Occurrence in a fuel and toxicity to microalgae. Environ. Sci. Tech. 11:270-272. Pollutant Responses in Marine Animals (PRIMA) Pollutant Responses in Marine Animals (PRIMA) was initi- ated in March 1978 in the Environmental Quality Program. It coordinates several of the previous Biological Effects Program efforts with new projects and focuses on the development and evaluation of a set of physiological, biochemical, and morpho- logical criteria that can be used to assess the health of marine animals. Specifically, it will determine how standardized con- centrations of a limited number of model pollutants affect spe- cific marine organisms. The test chemicals (benzopyrene, benz- anthracene, fluoranthene, hexachlorobenzene, and pentachloro- phenol) are representatives of important classes of chemicals known to be components of widely distributed marine pollut- ants. The test animals (blue crab, clam worm, soft-shell clam, hard-shell clam, atlantic oyster, and the winter flounder and mummichog) include representatives from four phyla. The in- vestigators will focus on biochemical, physiological, and morph- ological changes that can be detected at the tissue, cellular, and subcellular level. Each of the morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters should provide an indication of the health of an organism in terms of specific responses to toxic compounds. They should also provide information on the inter- action of these different parameters. The results of this project will establish biological indicators that can provide an early warning of pollutant stress in the marine environment. This advanced knowledge should make it possible to take corrective action before significant damage is done to marine benthic populations. Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment (CEPEX) CEPEX is an international, cooperative, field research project designed to test the effects of chemical (pollutants) and physical variables on the structure of pelagic marine communities and the interactions between the various organisms. For this purpose large plastic enclosures (1,300 m* volume) are filled so that replicate intact water columns and their included populations are captured. Each enclosure is manipulated according to a specific experimental design, and the same populations are re- visited for up to 90 days to determine shifts in population struc- ture. The field site is located in Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Table 4 lists the individual CEPEX projects. During the 1977 field season, separate experiments measured the effect and chemical/biological transfer of mercury and a mixture of elements on and within pelagic populations. These results, and those from similar work in previous years, allow formulation of several generalizations and hypotheses. For ex- ample, all pollutants tested to date have had the same general effect on the populations studied. Despite massive mortality, organisms from microbes to zooplankton recovered at the con- centration of pollutants tested, because mortality, although exceeding 50 percent, never reached 100 percent. Although bacteria were affected first, their rapid generation time (hours), the different makeup of numerous strains, and their ability to mutate allowed for a rapid recovery of heterotrophic activity. Zooplankton with relatively few species, numbers of individuals, and longer generation times (weeks to months) recovered most slowly. Phytoplankton with intermediate characteristics were intermediate in their recovery rates. Although there was no ob- served mortality of fish, metal concentrations in their tissues were greatly elevated and growth rates were reduced. If such effects on fish are cumulative, their recovery would have been less likely in experiments of longer duration. In terms of population structure, short-term pollution effects differ from intermediate (and possibly long-term) effects. For example, earlier experiments (over 20 days) suggested that large centric diatoms were severely impacted. Longer term (90-day) Ui Table 4.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment Institutions Investigators Projects University of Alaska, J.J. Goering and Marine Science Institute A. Hattori University of California at San Diego, J. R. Beers Institute of Marine Resources W. H. Thomas F. Azam University of Georgia, D. W. Menzel Skidaway Institute of Oceanography H. L. Windom University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of M.R. Reeve Marine and Atmospheric Science Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution G. W. Grice Nitrogen and Silicon Regeneration in Controlled Aquatic Ecosystems The Role of Microzooplankton in an Environmental Effects Program Effects of Pollutants on Marine Phytoplankton Role of Bacteria in Polluted Marine Ecosystems Integrated Field Studies and Operations Heavy Metal Variations in Natural and Polluted Ecosystems The Role of Zooplankton in an Environmental Effects Program Zooplankton Population Assessment experiments, on the other hand, showed that after 50 days, depletion of the toxicant in the water column or a change in its chemical form permitted a bloom of diatoms that was much higher than in controls. As the zooplankton population had not had time to recover from its initial decline following mercury addition, it is probable that reduced grazing pressure was the cause of the diatom bloom. These results show that there is little likelihood that laboratory experiments can predict anything but very short-term consequences even for phytoplankton. The concentrations of mercury and copper at which effects did not differ from the control and those at which major popu- lation changes (mortality) occurred were for all practical pur- poses so close (between 1 and 5 ywg/1 in both cases) that it is unlikely that subtle or chronic effects can be detected at the population level. This statement is strongly qualified to apply only to the time scale studied (80 days in this case) and directly contradicts laboratory results that indicate that mercury was three to six times more toxic to zooplankton than copper. The sequence of events in phytoplankton and microzooplank- ton succession produced by the imposition of a pollutant stress do not appear to differ from those that occur over much longer periods of time in Saanich Inlet in response to natural changes in environmental conditions (light, nutrients, etc.). Any change in the biological, chemical, or physical characteristics of an en- vironment obviously elicits responses from the biological com- munity. Most commonly, such changes cause shifts in species diversity. The natural sequence manifests itself first at the pri- mary producer level following a reduction of nutrient levels in the water column. These changes force the succession of phyto- plankton populations from relatively large centric diatoms to small phytoplankton (< 10 »m). This course of events is in- duced either by pollutant stress (copper, mercury, and oil), re- duced vertical mixing in the CEPEX enclosures, or increased vertical turbulence (where phytoplankton are mixed below the compensation depth), when high nutrient concentrations are present (winter) or when nutrients are depleted (summer). In addition to the above generalizations derived from exam- ining the interactions of biological communities, CEPEX ex- 18 periments provide valuable information on the biologically mediated behavior of trace elements. As expected, the residence time of copper in water was greater than mercury, because mer- cury more readily adsorbs to particulate matter. Mercury was removed from solution exponentially with time, and rates of removal were a direct function of the rate of production. More than 90 percent of the total mercury was associated with organic matter with a molecular weight > 10,000, and its toxicity was mediated by the same organic matter. Direct adsorptive uptake of mercury was rapid, and the primary mode of accumulation was by zooplankton and probably fish. Uptake from food was less important. The rate of depuration of accumulated mercury was slow. No evidence was found for biomagnification in the food chain, and no methylated mercury was found in the fish. In another experiment, a mixture of trace metals (arsenic, antimony, chromium, copper, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc) was added to the enclosures. The concen- tration of each element was adjusted to values typical of many East Coast estuaries, but higher than those found in Saanich Inlet. Tintinnid populations disappeared, and the biomass of at least one species of larger zooplankton was reduced as was the growth of young salmon. The rate of removal of the elements from solution were in the order of zinc, mercury, lead, copper, cadmium, nickel, and arsenic. Other element concentrations before and at the conclusion of the experiment remain to be analyzed. Copper, lead, and mercury were highly enriched in samples containing surface active organic matter isolated by flotation techniques. The presence of these surface active organo- metallic complexes is to some extent affected by biological events. Further efforts in CEPEX will be directed primarily to test the hypothesis that the effects of stress on biological communi- ties, whatever their cause, follow a common sequence of events. Volume 27 of the Bulletin of Marine Science and Volume 3 of Marine Science Communications are devoted entirely to CEPEX papers. Other papers describing the effects of mercury will appear in Volume 4 of Marine Science Communications. Diver works on deployment of a large CEE in Saanich Inlet. Vertical shroud lines hold the 16-meter deep plastic bag in an upright position. Credit: Case Existological Laboratories CEPEX Data CEPEX data received during the period of this report are available from NODC as follows: NODC Accession No.: 76-0377 Organization: CEPEX Offices, Sydney, B. C., and Skidaway In- stitute of Oceanography Investigators and Grant Nos.: D. W. Menzel (SKIO) OCE73-— 09759; J. R. Beers (SIO) OCE73—09761; H. Windom (SKIO) OCE73-—09762; R. W. Eppley (UCSD) OCE74—04838; G. W. Grice (WHOI) OCE74—05154; J. J. Goering (UAK) OCE75-—03678; F. Azam (SIO) IDO73—09758; O. Holm- Hansen (SIO) OCE73—09758; R. F. Vaccaro GS—39147 Project: CEPEX Mercury experiment Data: Reduced Data Report 1, Mercury Experiment, June 2 to July 14, 1975. Observations taken from surface to 10-m depth in ambient water and three plastic bags, in Saanich Inlet, B. C., included from 10 to 15 measurements each of temperature, salinity, sigma-t, light penetration, chlorophyll, nitrate, phosphate, silicate-nitrite, ammonia, C’!-productivity, solar radiation, meteorological observations, and mercury. Data received in published list form. CEPEX Bibliography Azam, F., and R. E. Hodson. 1977a. Dissolved ATP in the sea and its utilisation by marine bacteria. Nature 267-698. 1977b. Size distribution and activity of marine microhetero- trophs. Limn. Oceanogr. 22:492-501. Beers, J. R., M. R. Reeve, and G. D. Grice. 1977. Controlled Ecosystems Pollution Experiment: Effect of mercury on enclosed water columns. IV. Zooplankton popu- lation dynamics and production. Mar. Sci. Communications, 3:355-394. Beers, J. R., G. L. Stewart, and K. D. Hoskin. 1977. Dynamics of micro-zooplankton populations treated with copper: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:66—79. Brown, D. A., C. A. Bawden, K. W. Chatel, and T. R. Parsons. 1977. The wild-life community of Iona Island jetty, Van- couver, B. C. and heavy-metal pollution effects. Environ. Conserv. 4:213-216. Gamble, J. C., J. M. Davies, and J. H. Steele. 1977. Loch Ewe bag experiment, 1974. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:146-175. Gibson, V. R. and G. D. Grice. 1977. Response of macro-zooplankton populations to copper: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:85-91. Goering, J. J., D. Boisseau, and A. Hattori. 1977. Effects of copper on silicic acid uptake by a marine phytoplankton population: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:58—65. Grice, G. D., M. R. Reeve, P. Koeller, and D. W. Menzel. 1977. The use of large volume, transparent, enclosed sea- surface water columns in the study of stress on plankton eco- systems. Heloglander wiss. Meeresunters. 30:118—133. Harrison, W. G., F. Azam, E. H. Renger, and R. W. Eppley. 1977. Some experiments on phosphate assimilation by coastal marine plankton. Mar. Biol. 40:9-18. Harrison, W. G., R. W. Eppley, and E. H. Renger. 1977. Phytoplankton nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen budgets, and observations on copper toxicity: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:44—-57. Hodson, R. E., F. Azam, and R. F. Lee. 1977. Effects of four oils on marine bacterial populations: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:119-126. Koeller, P., and T. R. Parsons. 1977. The growth of young salmonids (Onchorhynchus keta): Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:114-118. Lawson, T. J., and G. D. Grice. 1977. Zooplankton sampling variability: Controlled Ecosys- tem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:80-84. Leblond, P. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1977. A simplified expression for calculating cohort produc- tion. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22:156—157. 19 Lee, R. F., and J. W. Anderson. 1977. Fate and effect of napthalenes: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:127-134. Lee, R. F., and M. Takahashi. 1977. The fate and effect of petroleum in controlled ecosys- tem enclosures. Rapp. P.v-. Reun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer. 171:150-156. Lee, R. F., M. Takahashi, J. R. Beers, W. H. Thomas, D. L. R. Seibert, P. Koeller, and D. R. Green. 1977. Controlled ecosystems: their use in the study of the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on plankton. In: F. J. Vernberg, et. al. (editors), Physiological responses of marine biota to pollutants, p. 323-342. N.Y. Acad. Sci., N.Y., N.Y. Menzel, D. W. 1977. Summary of experimental results: Controlled Ecosys- tem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:142-145. Menzel, D. W., and J. Case. 1977. Concept and design: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:1-7. Parsons, T. R., K. Von Brockel, P. Koeller, M. Takahashi, M. R. Reeve, and O. Holm-Hansen. 1977. The distribution of organic carbon in a marine plank- tonic food web following nutrient enrichment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 26:235-247. Reeve, M. R., J. C. Gamble, and M. A. Walter. 1977. Experimental observations on the effects of copper on copepods and other zooplankton: Controlled Ecosystem Pol- lution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:92-104. Reeve, M. R., and M. A. Walter. 1976. A large-scale experiment on the growth and predation of ctenophore populations. In: G. O. Mackie (editor), Coelen- terate ecology and behavior, p. 187-199. Plenum Pub. Corp., INSYE NEY: 20 Reeve, M. R., M. A. Walter, K. Darcy, and T. Ikeda. 1977. Evaluation of potential indicators of sub-lethal toxic stress on marine zooplankton (feeding, fecundity, respiration, and excretion): Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:105—113. Takahashi, M., D. L. Seibert, and W. H. Thomas. 1977. Occasional blooms of phytoplankton during summer at Saanich Inlet, B.C., Canada. Deep-Sea Res. 24:775—780. Takahashi, M., and F. A. Whitney. 1977. Temperature, salinity, and light penetration structures: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:8-16. Thomas, W. H., O. Holm-Hansen, D. L. R. Seibert, F. Azam, R. Hodson, and M. Takahashi. 1977. Effects of copper on phytoplankton standing crop and productivity: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:34—43. Thomas, W. H., and D. L. R. Seibert. 1977. Effects of copper on the dominance and the discovery of algae: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:23-33. Topping, G., and H. L. Windom. 1977. Biological transport of copper at Loch Ewe and Saanich Inlet: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:135-141. Vaccaro, R. F., F. Azam, and R. E. Hodson. 1977. Response of natural marine bacterial populations to copper: Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:17—22. Williams, I. P., V. R. Gibson, and W. K. Smith. 1977. Horizontal distribution of pumped zooplankton during a controlled ecosystem pollution experiment: implications for sampling strategy in large-volume enclosed water columns. Mar. Sci. Communications 3:239-253. Environmental Forecasting Program The Environmental Forecasting Program focuses on projects designed to explain the large-scale, long-term behavior of the ocean and the ocean’s influence on weather and climate. Experi- ments and studies include: Joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. Mid-Ocean Dy- namics Experiment (POLYMODE); North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX); International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS); and Climate: Long-range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction study (CLIMAP). is MODE Joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (POLYMODE) The purpose of POLYMODE is to establish the dynamics and statistics of mesoscale motions in the ocean, their energy source, and their role in the general circulation of the ocean. POLYMODE is based on: 1) U.S.S.R. Polygon project—a con- tinuing series of experiments investigating mesoscale phenomena in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and in the Arabian Sea, and 2) Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE-I) of the United States and the United Kingdom. A Joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. POLYMODE Organizing Committee, established under the Agreement between the Governments of the United States and the U.S.S.R. on Cooperation in Studies of the World Ocean, directs the POLYMODE experiment. The UNESCO/Inter- governmental Oceanographic Commission’s Scientific Commit- tee on Oceanographic Research (SCOR) Working Group 34 has invited other countries to participate in POLYMODE. The IDOE Progress Report Volume 5 gives the overall de- scription of the U.S. POLYMODE effort. Figure 14 summarizes the location of North Atlantic measurements that have been made as part of POLYMODE. Figure 15 is a calender for POLYMODE activities. POLYMODE News No. 39 provides an up-to-date description of U.S. activities, and is available from the POLYMODE Office, 54-1417, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA 02139. This report notes the completion of the MODE-I project, describes SOFAR float development and Soviet POLY- MODE activities, and summarizes other international POLY- MODE activities. The IDOE Section and the Office of Naval Research jointly sponsor U.S. participation in POLYMODE. Table 5 lists POLYMODE projects. Completion of MODE-I With the publication of the article, “The Mid-Ocean Dynam- ics Experiment,” (Deep-Sea Research, in press) and the Atlas of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE-I) (Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology), the MODE-I experiment is completed. All MODE-I data have been sent to NODC and are available on request. The following are scientific conclusions of MODE-I: Midocean eddies are part of an energetic and structured vari- ability field, which is superimposed on the weaker gyre-scale mean circulation. Identifiable closed eddies are part of a con- tinuum of scales up to gyre width in length and (days) in fre- quency. This variability is present in one form or another in all the oceans. In the western North Atlantic, there is persistent eddy vari- ability with characteristic scales of 50 days and 70 km, in which currents are horizontally nearly isotropic. Vertical scales are on the order of the depth of water and observed to be principally lowest mode over flat bottoms and highest mode over rough topography. Kinetic energy levels are up to several orders of magnitude above the mean and can vary markedly on the eddy (x2), the subgyre (x5), and gyre (x100) scale. Kinetic energy levels at 1,500 m over rough terrain appear to be diminished compared to those over nearby flat abyssal plains. The intensity of eddy-and mean-flow kinetic energy increases markedly northward of the MODE-I area toward the Gulf Stream, and to a lesser extent southward from the MODE-I area toward the North Equatorial Current. The Gulf Stream possesses several intense varieties of variability on the eddy scale. Because the eddy and current fields are so intense in that region, the Gulf Stream (and possibly other free boundary cur- rents in the gyre) is probably a source region for the variability. Numerical and analytical models support this conjecture and provide instability and radiative mechanisms to generate eddy variability, as well as details of the energy and scale transforma- tion processes. Although all indicators implicate the boundary currents as at least one source of eddy energy, no conclusive field evidence has been shown. Wind has been shown to be a plausible and large potential source of eddy energy. Mechanisms of eddy-internal wave interaction have been de- vised as eddy energy sinks. Large-scale numerical models sug- gest that bottom dissipation is responsible for absorbing eddy energy, and process models provide various mechanisms for cascading of eddy energy to smaller scales. The issue of eddy energy dissipation remains equivocal. Deep-eddy momentum transports seem to vary directly in absolute magnitude with the mean, large-scale flows north and east of the MODE-I area. The data are insufficient to resolve cause and effect of this mean flow and eddy momentum trans- port relationship. Deep-eddy heat transports appear inadequate to account for the poleward climatological heat flux, but surface 21 layer transports induced by eddy driving from below seem to be of the right magnitude and direction. MODE-I provided conclusive evidence for the existence of midocean eddies and a four-dimensional densely sampled data case history for analysis. As a direct result, successor and prede- cessor experiments will be interpreted with confidence in the context of a mesoscale eddy field. SOFAR Floats for POLYMODE One of the most successful instruments used in the MODE-I experiment was the SOFAR float. SOFAR floats are neutrally buoyant and can be adjusted to depths from 700 m to 2,000 m. They are carried along by ocean currents and emit regular acoustic signals. The acoustic signals are “trapped” in the SOFAR channel and propagate over ranges greater than 1,000 km. The time of arrival of the acoustic signal is detected at shore-based listening stations and is used to fix the position of the float. The MODE-I float tracks (see IDOE Progress Report Volume 3, fig. 12, page 13), referred to as the “spaghetti diagram” by MODE scientists, qualitatively explain a great deal SOCIO yensOD cals O0 auloe a “Osean about the nature of oceanic flows—a seemingly disorganized westward meandering with intermittent high-velocity bursts. Some major modifications were made to the MODE-I floats for the POLYMODE experiment. To track more floats at greater ranges, the signaling system was changed to a chirped, frequency-modulated signal: every 8 hours the float transmits an 80-second signal in which the frequency is swept upward about 1.5 Hz. Floats are identified by different frequencies and their time of signaling. Ten frequency channels are used, be- tween 230 and 270 Hz, with about 4.7 Hz between channels. In a given frequency band, each float is assigned a time window of 10 minutes width for signal transmission. POLY MODE floats have been designed to stay at a constant pressure (the MODE-I floats sank slowly, about 0.5 m per day, owing to inelastic creep in the aluminum float housing) and to telemeter temperature and pressure data. Data telemetry is by pulse delay modulation. Once every 24 hours, 2 to 10 minutes after the regular signal, an auxiliary signal is transmitted. The period between the two signals is a function of the data being telemetered. For a float at 2,000 dB, the pressure range is +200 dB, the resolution, +0.4 dB; and the temperature range is 3.2° to 4.2°C, the resolution, +0.002°C. Two-day averages AQ? 35° SOR we 0 los ae Sey 10° (DECIBARS) (°CELCIUS) 720 bd 800 10.0 3200 3220 3240 3260 3280 3300 Figure 16.—Typical float position track and telemetry. Latitude and longitude as a function of time are shown in the upper part. Temperature and pressure vs. time are shown at the bottom. The continuous line represents temperature, the unconnected points present pressure. @ Main array moorings (July 1977 to June 1978) Figure 17—U.S.S.R. synoptic mooring array of 19 moorings in a multi-antenna array set in July 1977 in the Hatteras Plain. 19 temperature-pressure recorders) will be set at about the same longitude as the Soviet current meter array, but about 200 km to the north in May 1978. The region of density surveys and SOFAR float tracking will encompass both current meter arrays. Results will be summarized in atlases, joint papers, and monographs. Other Programs A number of mesoscale experiments, which have common scientific objectives with POLYMODE, are scheduled for the North Atlantic Ocean in calendar years 1977 through 1979. North East Atlantic Dynamics Study (NEADS). Six single sub- surface moorings were set in January 1977, in the Eastern Basin of the Atlantic by scientists of France, West Germany, and United Kingdom. These moorings were instrumented with cur- rent meters, temperature, and some pressure recorders at 600, 1,500, 3,000, and 5,000 m above the sea floor. They will be maintained for up to 2 years in the northern half of the eastern North Atlantic basin. The mooring sites are widely spread and generally far removed from large topographic features to gain geographical and statistical information about energy levels, time scales, and vertical structure of currents, and to evaluate some Reynolds stresses. The moorings were recovered and redeployed in December 1977. The Bedford Institute Array. To study the highly variable cur- rents under the Gulf Stream, the Bedford Institute of Ocean- ography in Canada maintained three subsurface moorings in a cluster under the axis of the Gulf Stream at 40°N, 56°W from December 1975 to May 1977. The moorings were anchored at a depth of nearly 5,200 m and had temperature-equipped Aanderaa current meters at 4,000 and 4,760 m. In May 1977, a new three-mooring array was deployed near 38°N, 50°W. The array will be maintained until late 1978. Each mooring will carry instruments at 4,000 and 4,750 m in about 5,400 m deep water. Surface Drifters. The Laboratoire d’Oceanographie Physique of France proposes to deploy about 30 drogued surface drifters in a cluster to describe mesoscale features in the surface layer. The drifters provide a measure of currents in the upper 10 m and would be equipped with thermistor chains extending below the seasonal thermocline. The data from these buoys would be in- tegrated with very high resolution satellite radiometric surface- temperature measurements. The buoys will be deployed in 1978 in the eastern basin of the Atlantic in coordination with the NEADS moorings. MODE and POLYMODE Data MODE and POLYMODE data received during the period of this report are available from NODC as follows: NODC Accession No.: 78-0028 Organization: WHOI Investigators: K. Bradley (WHOI), C. Wunsch (MIT), T. Rossby (URI) Grant No.: OCE75—03998, IDO75—18930, OCE75—03962 Project: POLYMODE Array 1 Data: 7 moorings, 27 current meters at 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 m depths, 20 temperature and pressure sensors, from 28°N 70°W to 55°W and 60°W, from 28°N to 34°N, July 1974 to May 1975. Data received at NODC on two reels of magnetic tape. Setting current meters aboard the U.S.S.R. RV BuGaEy, July 1977. NODC Accession No.: 78—0022 Organization: University of Rhode Island/Woods Hole Ocean- ographic Institution Investigator(s): P. Richardson (WHOI), T. Rossby (URI) Grant No.: OCE75—08765, NSF/OCE75-—18930 Project: POLY MODE Eddies Data: 11 CTD stations in the western North Atlantic taken aboard RV TRIDENT, cruise TR—-175, November 20 to De- cember 10, 1975. Data received on magnetic tape in GATE format. NODC Accession No.: 77—083 1 Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Investigator: Keith Bradley (WHOT) Grant No.: OCE75—03962 Project: POLYMODE Eddies Data: 13 CTD stations in the western North Atlantic taken aboard RV CualIn, cruise CH—129, December 3 to 23, 1975. Data received on magnetic tape in GATE format. NODC Accession No.: 77-0831 Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Investigator: P. Richardson (WHOI) Grant No.: OCE75—08765 27 28 550 600 Depth (m) of 15°C POLYMODE Region December 10-22, 1977. 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 Figure 18.—Density data chart of NOAA’s National Weather Service for POLYMODE Region. 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 Project: POLYMODE Rings Data: 24 CTD stations in the western North Atlantic taken aboard RV Knorr, Cruise K—62, in November 1976. Data received on magnetic tape in GATE format. NODC Accession No.: 77—083 1 Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Investigator: P. Richardson (WHOD), N. Fofonoff (WHOTD) Grant No.: OCE75—08765, NSF/OCE75—03962 Project: POLYMODE Rings Data: 15 CTD stations in the western North Atlantic, taken aboard RV Knorr, Cruise K—60, October 3 to 19, 1976. Data received on magnetic tape in GATE format. NODC Accession No.: 77-0831 Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Investigator: G. Seaver (WHOI) (MIT) Grant No.: IDO75—04215 Project: POLY MODE Rings Data: 82 CTD stations in the western North Atlantic taken aboard RV CualIn cruise CH-118, January 22 to February 2, 1975. Data received on magnetic tape in GATE format. NODC Accession No.: 77—0569 Organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Investigator: C. Wunsch (MIT) Grant No.: IDO75—03998 Project: POLYMODE Moorings Data: 750,000 temperature and pressure values in the POLY- MODE area from December 7, 1975, to January 3, 1977, submitted on NODC-compatible magnetic tape. NODC Accession No.: 77—0552 Ship/Cruises: TRIDENT/TR-133, TR—136, 5/9/73-6/1/73, 3/12/73—4/4/73 Investigators/ Grant Nos.: R. Scarlett (MIT)/GX—3 1340 D. Hanson (AOML)/AG-—385 Data: 99 CTDs on magnetic tape (GATE format); Ship/ Cruise: HUNT/73 leg 3, May 1973 Investigator/Grant No.: W. Brown (SIO)/GX-—31340 Ship/Cruise: HUNT/73 leg 3.5, May to June 1973 Investigator /Grant No.: D. Moore (MIT)/GX—29034 Ship/ Cruise: HUNT/73 leg 5, June to July 1973 Investigator / Grant No.: D. Moore (MIT)/GX—29034 Data: 315 CTDs on magnetic tape in GATE format; Ship/ Cruise: RESEARCHER/73-1 leg 1, March 1973 Investigator/Grant: A. Leetmaa (AOML)/AG-385 Data: 37 CTDs on magnetic tape in GATE format; Ship/ Cruise: RESEARCHER/73—1 leg 2, April 1973 Investigator/ Grant: A. Leetmaa (AOML)/AG-—385 Data: 52 CTDs on magnetic tape in GATE format; Ship/ Cruise: RESEARCHER/73-—1 leg 3, May 1973 Investigator/Grant: D. Hanson (AOML)/AG—385 Data: 74 CTDs on magnetic tape in GATE format; Ship/ Cruise: RESEARCHER/73-—1 leg 4, June 1973 Investigators/Grant: D. Hanson (AOML)/AG-—385, J. Crease (NIO) Data: 72 CTDs on magnetic tape in GATE format. NODC Accession No.: 77—0551 Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Investigators: N. P. Fofonoff (WHOI), W. J. Schmitz (WHOI) Grant No.: IDO75—21469 Project: Soviet-American CTD Intercalibration Data: 7 CTDs in POLYMODE area taken aboard RV VER- NADSKIY cruise 14, October 17 to 21, 1976. Data submitted on magnetic tape in GATE format. NODC Accession No.: 77—0437 Ship/ Cruise: CHaIn/CH-—112 legs 1, 2, 3/6/73—4/20/73 Investigator/Grant No.: D. Hanson (AOML)/AG-—385 R. Heinmiller (WHOI)/GX—29054 Data: 152 CTDs on magnetic tape in GATE format. MODE and POLYMODE Bibliography Chhabra, N. K. 1977. Dynamic motions of a subsurface mooring system at anchor impact after its free fall to the ocean floor. The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Rpt. No. R-1079, 57 p. Cambridge, Mass. Clarke, A. J. 1977. Observational and numerical evidence for wind-forced coastal trapped long wavers. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:231—247. Dow, D. L., H. T. Rossby, and S. R. Signorini. 1977. SOFAR floats in MODE, final report trajectory data. Tech. Rpt. No. 77-3, Univ. R.I., 108 p. Flierl, G. R. 1977a. Sample applications of McWilliams “A note on a con- sistent quasigeostrophic model in a multiply connected do- main.” Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 1:443—453. 1977b. The application of linear quasigeostrophic dynamics to Gulf Stream rings. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:365—379. Flierl, G. R., and A. R. Robinson. 1977. XBT measurements of thermal gradients in the MODE eddy. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:300-—302. Heinmiller, R. H. 1974. Cruise report CHAIN 116, July 22—August 10, 1974. Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Tech. Rpt. WHOI-74-77, 35 p. Heinmiller, R. H., Jr., and R. A. La Rochelle. 1977. Field experience with acoustic releases at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Tech. Rpt. WHOI-77-10, 9 p. POLYMODE XBT Group. 1977a. Trans-Atlantic XBT section by the Soviet Research Vessel AKADEMIC VERNADSKY. October 1976. XBT Tech. Rpt. 77-1, POLYMODE XBT GROUP, Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., 7 p. 1977b. XBT survey of two mesoscale features in the NW North Atlantic by the Soviet Research Ship AKADEMIK VERNADSKY October 1976. XBT Tech. Rpt. 77-2, POLY- MODE XBT GROUP Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., 10 p. Rhines, P. B. (editor). 1976. Theory and modelling of ocean eddies: Contribution of the U.S. delegation to the Yalta POLYMODE Theoretical Institute. Yalta, Crimea, U.S.S.R., August 5—24, 1976. Richman, J. G., C. Wunsch, and N. G. Hogg. 1977. Space and time scales of mesoscale motion in the 29 western North Atlantic. Rev. Geophys. Space Physics 15:385- 420. The Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment—MODE-I. 1975. Dynamics and analysis of MODE-I: report of the MODE-I dynamics group. 250 p. MODE-I Exec. Of., 54— 1417 M.I.T., Cambridge, MA 02139. U.S. POLYMODE Organizing Committee. 1976. U.S. POLYMODE program and plan. Office of the IDOE of the Natl. Sci. Found. and Off. Nav. Res., 87 p. Wunsch, C. 1977. Determining the general circulation of the oceans: a preliminary discussion. Science 196:871—875. North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX) The long-term objective of NORPAX is to understand fluc- tuations in the upper layers of the North Pacific Ocean and their relation to the overlying and adjoining atmosphere. These fluctuations have time scales of months to years and a space scale in excess of 1,000 km. Achievement of this goal should lead to improved prediction of weather and climate for the northeast Pacific Ocean and North America. NORPAX is work- ing to attain its long-range objective through analysis of histori- cal data, experiments to identify and understand important processes, monitoring of low-frequency fluctuations, and inte- gration of observations with theoretical and numerical studies. NORPAX is jointly sponsored by the IDOE section and the Office of Naval Research. The principal investigators form the nucleus of NORPAX (table 6). They annually elect an executive committee that oversees the program, formulates plans and policy, coordinates activities, and represents NORPAX in dealings with the granting agencies and the scientific com- munity. The five members of the executive committee select a chairman, who is assisted by the program administrator. Most principal investigators belong to at least one of the various groups and task forces formed within the program. These groups are related to certain scientific problem areas (Climate Studies), to specific experiments (Anomaly Dynamics Study), or to important organizational tasks (Satellite Data Evaluation Panel). Membership in these groups is voluntary and by self-appointment; scientists who are not NORPAX in- vestigators, but who are willing to contribute to the program, may also be members of these groups. Climate Studies The Climate Studies seek to understand long-period, large- scale changes in temperature and circulation in the North Pacific and to relate these changes to variations in atmospheric cir- culation. As such, these studies are basic to NORPAX in gen- eral and to specific programs in NORPAX such as the Anomaly 30 Dynamics Study and the Equatorial Program. This year, it has been proposed that a specific Climate Program be formed within NORPAX, not to dilute the other programs but to encourage greater interaction and coordination among all programs in support of the overall climate-related objectives of NORPAX as shown in figure 19. : In particular, the purpose of a NORPAX Climate Program is to focus the data and experience on large-scale air-sea inter- action, developed within NORPAX, on the role of the ocean in seasonal and interannual climate variability. This program will help identify the need for: 1) procurement and processing of new climatic data sets, 2) design of new statistical and phenomenonological studies of air-sea interaction using these data, 3) formulation of new empirical hypotheses and statistical models of regional and interannual climatic variability on the basis of these studies, and 4) design and application of new dynamic models of climate to test these hypotheses. Obtaining new data and retrieving existing data from other sources are continuing processes. Much of the data is obtained through ship-of-opportunity programs coordinated both by in- dividual investigators and by the Fleet Numerical Weather Central. A cooperative program with the Max Planck Institute of Hamburg has resulted in a preliminary form of a generalized approach to linear multivariate prediction. This technique allows a quantitative estimate of the artificial predictability associated with a given hindcast and has been used to predict the strength of the Intertropical Convergence Zone over most of the central Pacific Ocean for 6 months in advance and sea-surface tempera- ture in the equatorial central Pacific to 8 months in advance. Both results are significant at the 95 percent confidence level. Anomaly Dynamics Study The objective of the Anomaly Dynamics Study (ADS) is to explain the origin of the large heat storage anomalies that are observed in the surface layer of the Pacific Ocean. One im- portant part of the program is regular monitoring, by aircraft and merchant ships, of the thermal structure of the ocean’s upper layer in the region 30°N to 50°N, 140°W to 180° W. Two ADS reports have been issued, ADS—1 in October 1977 and ADS-2 in November 1977, and a third is in preparation. These contain contour maps of the following monthly mean data: Fleet Numerical Weather Central air temperature, wind- speed, wind direction, surface-vapor pressure, and 700-mb heights; NORPAX-calculated wind stress, wind-stress curl, wind-shear velocity cubed, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux; objectively analyzed TRANSPAC temperatures at discrete depths, and monthly drifter buoy displacement vectors. The ADS timetable is indicated in figure 20. One observation of interest was the tendency for deep (300m) temperature anomalies to travel westward at 20cm/s in the TRANSPAC region as shown in figure 21. Another observation is the more active response in the west- ern North Pacific as opposed to the eastern region as seen in fig- ure 22. Table 6.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in NORPAX Institutions Investigators Projects University of Alaska University of British Columbia California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Center for the Environment and Man, Inc. University of Hawaii NOAA/Environmental Research Laboratories NOAA/ERL Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories NOAA/ERL Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory NOAA/ National Marine Fisheries Service Nova University T. C. Royer M. Miyake M. T. Chahine R. L. Bernstein and W. B. White N. E. Clark R. E. Davis R. E. Davis and R. Knox C. A. Friehe G. J. McNally J. Namias W. C. Patzert and T. P. Barnett D. Cutchin and M. J. Desruisseaux S. Pazan W.B. White, K. Hasanuma, and H. Solomon W. B. White and R. L. Bernstein C. A. Jacobs R. Harvey L. Magaard J.C. Sadler M. J. Vitousek K. Wyrtki K. Wyrtki and A. Bainbridge (SIO) B. Bean D. Hansen D. Halpern J.F.T. Saur and D.R. McLain D. Moore and J. McCreary Circulation and Heat Content Fluctuations in the Subpolar Gyre and Their Atmospheric Coupling AXBT Measurements in the North Pacific Ocean Remote Sounding of Temperature of the Oceanic Surface in Cloudy Atmosphere Low-Frequency Baroclinic Responses of the North Pacific Current to Interannual Variability in the Westerly Winds Interannual Variability of Large-Scale Heat Ex- change Across the Air-Sea Interface in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean Upper Ocean Dynamics Monitoring Equatorial Currents in the Central Pacific Surface Meteorological Observations from Trans- pacific Merchant Ship North Pacific Current Study Large-Scale and Long-term Ocean Atmosphere Coupling Over the Pacific and Remote Weather and Climate Influences Aircraft Monitoring of Equatorial Currents during NORPAX Test Shuttle Administration Data Program Year-to-Year Variability in the Thermal Structure of the Subtropical Gyre of the Western North Pacific Ocean Hydrographic Measurements of the North Pacific Current Numerical Modeling of Possible Endemic Generat- ing Mechanisms of the North Pacific Ocean Tem- perature Anomalies Equatorial Current Measurements Baroclinic Rossby Waves in the North Pacific Pacific Cloudiness and Atmospheric Anomalies Line Island Monitoring The Interaction of Circulation, Sea Level, Heat Storage, and Winds Over the Pacific Oceanographic Shuttle Between Hawaii and Tahiti Aircraft Phase of the Equatorial Shuttle Experiment Drifter Measurements in the North Equatorial Countercurrent Transport of the North Equatorial Countercurrent in the Central Pacific Ships of Opportunity Time Series XBT Sections for the Eastern North Pacific Ocean Equatorial Ocean Response to Seasonal Winds 31 Table 6.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in NORPAX (Cont.) Institutions Investigators Projects U.S. Naval Oceanographic Laboratory USN/Fleet Numerical Weather Central USN/Naval Postgraduate School Oregon State University San Diego State University Texas A&M University University of Tokyo University of Washington H. E. Hurlbert A Numerical Investigation of the Time-Dependent J.D. Thompson, and Circulation of the Equatorial and Eastern Pacific S. A. Piacsek R. E. Hughes Ships of Opportunity XBT Program R. L. Haney Numerical Simulation of the Coupled North Pacific — Ocean-Atmosphere System W .L. Gates Research on the Dynamics of the Mixed Layer and Its Role in the Oceanic General Circulation Variability of the Oceanic Thermal Structure Be- tween San Francisco and Hawaii C. E. Dorman W. Emery Computation of Density from Measurements of Thermal Structure A. D. Kirwan Anomaly Dynamics Study H. Solomon The Role of Subpolar Western Boundary Currents in Large-scale Ocean Atmosphere Coupling in the North Pacific B.A. Taft Study of Thermocline Fluctuations of the Pacific North Equatorial Current DATA PROGRAM Data set acquisition, maintenance, and updating Development of a NORPAxX climatic data bank CLIMATE PROGRAM | Rte ie yi Climatic Statistical and data collection diagnostic analysis ANOMALY DYNAMICS STUDY, EQUATORIAL PROGRAMS ky Dynamical modeling Regional model development Model application and analysis: Basic model analysis Statistical studies: Scale analysis Relations between variables Statistical models and hypothesis formulation Phenomenological studies: Mid-latitude events Equatorial events Event simulation and hypothesis testing Figure 19.—Elements and activities of the NORPAX Climate Program and their principal interactions. 32 1975 IEMAM| Ji JIA\S|OIN D 1976 1977 1978 \El <_—_+ t it 1979 JIA: SONIDPJIFIMIAMIJL JIA SIOINIDEJ FIMAMIJ JA S/OIN DJJ FIMIA Mju. ASIOIN DI TRANSPAC (XBT SHIP OF OPPORTUNITY) ihe oo ——> <— > DRIFTER DEPLOYMENT ! 1 | XXX HX KK KKK KK KAI PAI KK JOR OO O00 0000000 0000000000000 00000> MONTHLY SECTIONS ' Ii Teixx x xh! NAVOCEANO P-3 A/C eth a fY MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY PROGRAM ay iI & OCEAN STUDY bel bead be HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY HISTORICAL DATA ANALYSIS NUMERICAL MODELS, etc. THEORETICAL ANALYTIC MODELS PROGRAM Ki XP TREK x mex ax CRITICAL DECISION POINTS i = P- tng oO GOO Bite wOacQw Faz O LAO or zuUQSE = of ZAC 2A oCu fry Oe aeEIOF Tos Shr pert (6) fig |a>Zo |200 ao 2 G&G g_ ae adGE2 a0 iim Se SES O86 O9S<- OOre = 19) (Sice = Igu 36 = Chine rIZ< PL AN ">< MAIN MONITORING Figure 20.—Anomaly Dynamics Study—Time Phase Diagram. oO o Oo \o oO oO ait 00 140 180° 140 100 CHa 40° 40° 20°F 20° ‘° a: 0° 100° 140° 180° 140° 100° 60° 22 22 SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE a ») SNe oOo OOO °C We 9 MAY 28————__—"MA 27 MAY 26 MAY 25 CS) 0000" 1200 “0000 1200 0000 1200 0000 1200 0000 47 12 15 16 = We 5 14 16 16 16 0 ? ANG us aS GPSS Ee SAAR = ; 12 12 Se 400 12 12 SEER coo Ve 107 4 200 DEPTH 10 (m) ’ A NS ‘a (m) 300 & 3 ea ep _ 1 300 8 4 8 i] = EN a\ I; ioe ae 8 Wie 400 = ; 7 No eae ae J*6 Ne pa A K\ Ny fi nil 7 \ ira U 7 6N 500 = 500 170°E 180° 170° 160° 150°W Figure 21—TRANSPAC region temperature profile. Equatorial Program The overall objectives of the NORPAX Equatorial Program are to observe and explain large-scale, long-period fluctuations in the equatorial Pacific current system. This program derives its inspiration from two sources. First, oceanographers wish to understand the mechanisms by which the equatorial current system produces anomalous temperature structure, which is especially important at low latitudes, because it dramatically influences commercial fisheries and the circulation of the at- mosphere. Second, oceanographers want to interact with mete- orologists and climatologists during the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) in 1978-79. During FGGE, special air- craft, satelites, and ship observations will be made to provide wind-stress and heat-flux data of excellent quality and in un- 33 34 JAN. '76 PAT MU DE GN) Figure 22.—Temperature anomaly at 200 m. Tas Af a e7 aml ela eet ae precedented qualities. IDOE Progress Report, Volume 6, con- tains additional information on the Equatorial Program. The NORPAX Equatorial Program began with a 3-month test shuttle across the Equator between Honolulu, Hawaii, and Papeete, Tahiti. Measurements have been or are being made from ships, aircraft, moored instruments, drifters, and island stations as indicated in figure 23. Figure 24 shows some pre- vious transequatorial XBT section locations. Figure 25 is an earlier profile of dynamic topography along 155°W.) For ex- ample, the first leg of the RV KANa KEOKI, which took place November 9-29, 1977, took 61 CTD profiles to 1,000 m and intermediate XBT casts; launched radiosonde balloons twice a day; deployed 11 satellite-tracked drifting buoys, 4 ocean-bot- tom seismometers, 2 bottom-pressure recorders, 6 bottom-cur- rent meters, and 2 surface-bottom moorings; and continuously recorded surface temperature and salinity. The purpose of the data collected during this preliminary phase is to aid in long- term equatorial planning. NORPAX Data NORPAX data received during the period of this report are available from NODC as follows: NODC Accession No.: 77-0894, Reference Nos.: 52326 thru One of the 16 local inhabitants who process NORPAX data 52620 in the Line Islands. HONOLULU ° l HILO ee 20°N 12) = < KWAJALEIN ° Kea) Ni laa Bs RD 10°N @ PALMYRA * 5 Sas a 5 Ss a SS See pee NING. 5° A ii CANTON” » Aa @ a all @& Gx EQ q JARVIS -1@ of (3) (5) G7) G9 |~<— AIRPLANE ui MALDEN” ° hig | FLIGHT ® PENRHYN ° |Z HIVAOA¢ = 10°S he PAPEETE 2s 20°S 60 80 1OODAYS & 5 15 25 5 1525 4 14 24 3 13 20 NOV DEC JAN FEB 1977 =2 U.S. NAVY U.S. NAVY SS Ww se RESERNE |<—|<«———— NOAA P-3 ————> >| RESEENE ie Zw oS Oa DRIFTERS DEPLOYED LEGEND LONGITUDE OF SHIPS: PLANE FLIGHTS 150° W RV KANA KEOKI orice eeniOG MV RV OCEANOGRAPHER Figure 23.—Time vs. latitude diagram for the NORPAX equatorial test shuttle. 35 20° 30° % CURRENT N10° o° = SOUTH EQUATORIAL CURRENT Y i ° —— SS, o—_*—_—* e é Shee er aa >. eee eo—_»—*_ 300 ©——e—_¢. ee eae =a ~~e—e—___,__-.—__e 0 __0—_ 0 —_0-—__0—_9-—_0- ___0_5__ 0 > 0 500 STATION POSITIONS Figure 25.—Profiles of dynamic topography relative to 700 dB along 155°W in September 1969. 36 Investigator: W. White (SIO) Grant No.: OCE76-—80040 Project: NORPAX/Japanese ships of opportunity Data: 13,647 MBTs taken aboard 295 cruises of 44 different Japanese ships from January 1968 to December 1975. Data were received on NODC-compatible magnetic tape. NODC Accession No.: 77-0894 Investigator: W. White (SIO) Grant No.: NSF/OCE76—80040 Project: NORPAX/TRANSPAC ships of opportunity Data: 1,178 XBTs from: SS DaNnT Cruise—July 1975, 26—XBTs, Ref. No.: 52320 SS PRESIDENT HARRISON Cruise—July 1975, 9-XBTs, ref. no.: 52321 Cruise—June—July 1975, 16—XBT’s, ref. no.: 52322 Cruise—May—June 1975, 15—XBTs, ref. no.: 52323 Cruise—May 1975, 25—XBTs, ref. no.: 52324 Cruise—April 1975, 11—XBTs, ref. no.: 52325 SS PRESIDENT MCKINLEY Cruise—May 1975, 65—XBTs, ref. no.: 52305 Cruise—June 1975, 80—XBTs, ref. no.: 52306 Cruise—May-—June 1975, 73—XBTs, ref. no.: 52307 Cruise—January 1975, 98—XBTs, ref. no.: 52308 SS PRESIDENT MONROE Cruise—July 1975, 6—XBTs, ref. no.: 52309 Cruise—July 1975, 5-XBTs, ref. no.: 52310 Cruise—April 1975, 13—XBTs, ref. no.: 52311 Cruise—March 1975, 23—XBTrs, ref. no.: 52312 Cruise—February 1975, 26-XBTs, ref. no.: 52313 SS PRESIDENT TAFT Cruise—July 1975, 61—-XBTs, ref. no.: 52314 Cruise—June 1975, 61—XBTs, ref. no.: 52315 Cruise—June 1975, 22—XBTs, ref. no.: 52316 Cruise—May 1975, 21—XBTs, ref. no.: 52317 Cruise—January—February 1975, 108—XBTs, ref. no.: 52318 Cruise—July 1975, 94-XBTs, ref. no.: 52319 SS PRESIDENT VAN BUREN Cruise—July 1975, 72—XBTs ref. no.: 52302 Cruise—January 1975, 85-XBTs, ref. no.: 52303 Cruise—December 1974—January 1975 75—XBTs, ref. no.: 52304 Data were received on strip charts. NODC Accession No.: 77-0524 Organization: University of Hawaii Investigator: K. Wyrtki (UHI) Grant No.: OCE74-24583 Project: El Nino Watch Data: 189 CTDs and serial oceanographic stations—oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates, chlorophyll, produc- tivity, and pressures—taken aboard RV MoANA WAVE Cruise-El Nifio Legs 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the eastern tropical Pacific. NORPAX Bibliography Barnett, T. P. 1977a. An attempt to verify some theories of El Nifo. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:633-647. 1977b. The principal time and space scales of the Pacific trade wind fields. J. Atmos. Sci. 34:221-236. Barnett, T. P., R. A. Knox, and R. A. Weller. 1977. Space/time structure of the near-surface temperature field during the NORPAX Pole Experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:572-579. Barnett, T. P., and J. D. Ott. 1976. Average features of the subsurface thermal field in the central Pacific. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Tech. Rpt. Series SIO 76-20, 81 p. Barnett, T. P., M. H. Sessions, and P. M. Marshall. 1976. Observations of thermal structure in the central Pacific. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. Tech. Rpt. Series SIO—76-19. 48 p. Bernstein, R. L., L. Breaker, and R. Whritner. 1977. California Current eddy formation: ship, air, and satel- lite results. Science 195: 353-359. Bernstein, R. L., and W. B. White. 1977. Zonal variability in the distribution of eddy energy in the mid-latitude North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:123-126. Chahine, M. T., H. H. Aumann, and F. W. Taylor. 1977. Remote sounding of cloudy atmospheres. III. Experi- mental verifications. J. Atmos. Sci. 34:758—765. Emery, W. J. 1966. The role of vertical motion in the heat budget of the upper northeastern Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:299- 305. Emery, W. J., and R. T. Wert. 1976a. Temperature salinity curves in the Pacific and their ap- plication to dynamic height computation. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:613-617. 1976b. Mean T-S curves in the Pacific and their application to dynamic height computations. NORPAX, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., Series SIO—76-6, 31 p. Harvey, R. R., and W. C. Patzert. 1976. Deep current measurements suggest long waves in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Science 193: 883-885. Index Coordinating Committee. 1977. INDEX: An oceanographic contribution to interna- tional programs in the monsoon region of the Indian Ocean. Nova/N.Y.I.T. University Press, N.Y., 76 p. Kenyon, K. E. 1977. A large-scale longitudinal variation in surface tempera- ture in the North Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:256—263. Kirwan, A. D., Jr., and G. McNally. 1975. A note on observations of long-term trajectories of the North Pacific Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 5:188-191. Magaard, L. 1977. On the generation of baroclinic Rossby waves in the ocean by meteorological forces. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:359- 364. 37 Pazan, S. 1977a. NORPAX ADS report number 1. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., 75 p. 1977b. NORPAX ADS report number 2. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., 35 p. Preisendorfer, R. W. 1977. Most probable eigenvalues of a random covariance matrix. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., SIO Ref. 77-20, 31 p. Royer, i.iG: 1976, A note comparing historical sea surface temperature observations at Ocean Station P, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:969- OTA White, W. B. 1977a. Annual forcing of baroclinic long waves in the tropi- cal North Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:50-61. 1977b. Secular variability in the baroclinic structure of the interior North Pacific from 1950-1970. J. Mar. Res. 35:587- 607. White, W. B., and R. A. Wylie, Jr. 1977. Annual and seasonal maps of the residual temperature in the upper waters of the western North Pacific from 1954— 1974. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., SIO Ref. 77—28, 127 p. Wyrtki, K., L. Magarrd, and J. Hager. 1976. Eddy energy in the oceans. J. Geophys. Res. 81:2641— 2646. International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS) Global atmospheric and oceanic circulation is of particular interest in the southern ocean, because of the strong and vari- able air-sea exchanges that drive the Antarctic Circumpolar Current System and result in the formation of Antarctic bottom water and intermediate water. Understanding this oceanic- atmospheric circulation is one of the building blocks in a com- prehensive theory of global climate dynamics. The data base available to establish the structure of the mean fields of temperature and salinity in the Southern Ocean is large, but distributed widely in space (from 5 to 200 km) and time. In some locations, observations have been made yearly since 1928, while other locations have only one observation. The data base on variability and response of these fields and of the velocity field is small. In addition, theoretical studies on the dynamics of the interaction of atmospheric and oceanic cir- culation are few. At present, limited knowledge prohibits con- struction of even a simple model to describe long-term, large- scale variability in the Southern Ocean, let alone models of the interaction of this region with large-scale global circulation. The program, International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS), attempts to improve our understanding of circulation in this region. ISOS draws on current technology and is carried out within the period of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) and the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE). Table 7 lists ISOS projects and principal investigators. 38 The objectives of ISOS are: 1. Identify the statistical properties and space-time scales of variability in selected regions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current System. 2. Develop and subject to critical test theories of dynamical balance, mixing, and exchange with other oceans. 3. Develop a basis for understanding the role of the large-scale circulation and air-sea interaction in the Southern Ocean in global climate dynamics. These objectives are being met through monitoring and dyna- mics experiments in several regions of the Antarctic Circum- polar Current System; analysis of existing data sets; and numeri- cal, analytical, and laboratory modeling. First Dynamic Response and Kinematics Experiment (F DRAKE) The first such experiment, entitled F DRAKE, combined a monitoring effort and local experiments. It began in the austral summer of 1974 to 1975 and terminated in December 1977. Earlier issues of IDOE Progress Reports describe F DRAKE objectives and experiments. The ideas obtained, or sharpened, as a result of the F DRAKE studies have changed basic concepts of the structure and variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system. Bands of water masses and velocities in the basic circumpolar current have been established, and “rings” have been observed in the polar frontal zone. The feasibility of long-term, current/ temperature meter and pressure gage measurements in the Drake Passage has been demonstrated. F DRAKE data sets (now up to 3 years long) have shown significant correlations between the currents across the passage and between currents and surface wind. The data set has per- mitted the most accurate estimate to date of the water transport and its variability in the Drake Passage. In addition, calcula- tions show a poleward heat flux across the passage of a magni- tude consistent with global estimates, and show the importance of baroclinic instability in this region. Fluxes calculated using atmospheric parameterization schemes for baroclinic instability- induced eddy transport agree with observed fluxes. All the above data are crucial to the understanding of the role of the Southern Ocean in global climate dynamics. Regional studies in the Bransfield Strait established renewal times for the waters of this basin and its influence on surround- ing waters. A statistical study of all available data from the circumpolar current system set upper limits to the scale of meso- scale turbulence in most parts of the Southern Ocean and its horizontal distribution of intensity. Five moorings were left in the Drake Passage for 1978 to continue the time series, which are now 3 years long. Two bot- tom-mounted pressure gages were moored at 500 m on the northern side of the passage; two pressure gages were moored at 500 m on the southern side of the passage. A single current- meter mooring with current meters at 416, 927, and 1,947 m is in the center of the Drake Passage at 59.1°S, 63.76°W. A major experiment, S DRAKE, which may use as many as 30 moorings, is planned for 1979 in the Drake Passage. Table 7.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in ISOS Institutions Investigators Projects Columbia University D. Giorgi A. Gordon ~NOAA/ERL Pacific Marine S. Hayes Environmental Laboratory Nova University M. Spillane Oregon State University J. Allen R. DeSzoeke L. Gordon V. Neal R. Pillsbury and C. Fandry Texas A&M University W. Emery W. D. Nowlin and J. Morrison W.D. Nowlin D. J. Baker and R. Wearn University of Washington Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution T. Joyce M. McCartney H. Bryden W. Jenkins Circulation of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Atlas Macquarie Ridge Hydrographic Study Quasi-Geostrophic Zonal Jets Theoretical Studies of Time-Dependent Flow in the Vicinity of Drake Passage Baroclinic Eddy Dynamics Chemical Observations and Interrelationships in the Southern Ocean International Coordination Study of the Long-Term Variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Drake Passage A Study of the Thermal Structure South of Australia Central Administration, Coordination, and Planning Chemical and Physical Oceanography of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Frontal Zones: |. Observations in the Drake Passage and Scotia Sea Transport Measurements of the Antarctic Circum- polar Current and Analysis of Existing Tidal and Meteorological Data Dynamical Observations at the Antarctic Polar Front Southern Ocean Water Mass Renewal and Circu- lation Southeast of New Zealand A Study of the Dynamics of Low-Frequency Motions of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current South of New Zealand A Study of Southern Ocean Water Mass Renewal and Circulation Southeast of New Zealand Using Helium Isotope and Tritium Ridge Interaction and Downstream Gradient Experiment (RIDGE) In 1978, most of the ISOS experimental work will take place southeast of New Zealand to study the interaction of the Antarc- tic Circumpolar Current with the Macquarie Ridge. In March, a cluster array of current meters on five moorings (see fig. 26) will be moored at about 54°S, 175°W by the RV TANGAROA, which is operated by the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. The TANGAROA will also set a near-surface mooring instru- mented with thermistor chains east of Campbell Island about 54°S, 170°E. The RV Knorr will pick up these moorings in November after doing extensive hydrographic work in the region in late September and October. The objective of the cluster array of current meters is to study the dynamics of low-frequency motions and their effects on the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The region near Macquarie Ridge was chosen for these measurements, because observa- tional, theoretical, laboratory, and numerical model results sug- gest that the interaction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current with Macquarie Ridge generates low-frequency fluctuations, and that these fluctuations may be important in the overall dynamics of the circumpolar current. This cluster array is an exploratory array. Time series of currents and temperatures have not been previously measured in the region; the primary results will be estimates of energy levels and spatial and temporal scales for the low-frequency motions. Poleward heat fluxes and perhaps momentum fluxes should be significant, and the mechanism which causes these fluxes will be explored. If these fluxes can be related to large-scale gradients of temperature and vorticity, the effects of the fluctuations can be parameterized in large-scale models of ocean circulation. 39 RIDGE CLUSTER ARRAY Poleward Figure 26.—ISOS experiment ridge cluster array and ships tracks. The thermistor chain mooring monitors the development of winter deep-mixed layers in the upper waters of the subantarctic zone. Temperature will be recorded over the upper 600 m from early fall through midspring 1978. The analysis of the therm- istor chain data (and associated hydrographic work done from the TANGEROA and KNorR) will focus on the seasonal convec- tive renewal of subantarctic-mode water. The 8°C subantarctic- mode water is found upstream, south of the Tasman Sea, and apears to be converted to 7°C subantarctic-mode water by air-sea heat exchange over the Campbell Plateau. Analysis and interpretation of the data will be supplemented by the meteoro- logical data routinely collected at Campbell Island, 100 nmi northwest of the mooring. The hydrographic program from the KNorR will be used for study of several features. The formation of the deep western boundary current in the southwest Pacific Basin will be studied: how does the transition from the observed zonal flow along the midocean ridge at 170°E, 62°S to the observed meridional flow at 43°S, 168°W occur? The intensity and variability of winter- overturned water in the polar frontal zone and in the antarctic zone will be studied. Data will be gathered to study the smaller scale structure of the polar frontal zone. Interpretation of 40 SHIP TRACK 170° IGO°E 40° 40° 50S 50° 60°S 60°s 160°E 170° 180° 1702 160°E Cruise tracks for the two KNORR cruises. The southern end of the sections will be determined by ice conditions. Thermistor chains will be moored at A, and the current meter cluster array will be moored at B. the various water mass structures (subantarctic-mode water, antarctic-intermediate water, and deep water) will be aided by a tritium and helium isotope sampling program. An intensive study of the polar frontal zone will be made at 58°S, 165°E on the last leg of the KNorR cruise in December 1978. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current seems to have a per- manent meander over the Macquarie Ridge near this location, and barotropic models show that the region could be an active generator for eddies. Because of large lateral gradients at this location, interleaving could also be greatly enhanced. A closely spaced CTD section will be made across the polar front, and XBTs will be used to map the local mesoscale structure of the polar frontal zone and to study the spatial persistence of inter- leaving. Two vertical current meters will be placed in the polar frontal zone and tracked for a 2- to 3-day period with repeated CTDs over the floats. This data set will be suitable for analysis of fine-structure statistics. By using data from the earlier KNORR cruises, a comparison between broad and narrow polar frontal zones will be possible. By comparing results to those obtained in the Drake Passage in 1976, the universality of the interleav- ing properties of the circumpolar front can also be studied. Observations of the Polar Frontal Zone To study further the variability of the polar frontal zone, XBT sections were taken from vessels crossing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of New Zealand, Australia, and South America during the austral summers of 1976-77 and 1977-78. Figure 27 shows the tracks of vessels making these observations in the region of the Drake Passage. Figure 28 shows results from one of these sections. Frontal boundaries between different water masses are evident in XBT temperature sections. At the southern end of the passage close to the South Shetland Islands, a subsurface isothermal layer of cold water, called Antarctic Continental Water, can be seen. This layer is bordered on the north by a strong subsurface (>150m) tem- perature gradient, the Continental Water Boundary (CWB). North of the CWB in the upper 200 m is the cold Antarctic Surface Water (ASW). Formed during the winter, this water mass is characterized in summer by a subsurface temperature minimum. At the northern terminus of the temperature mini- mum, a strong temperature gradient is found—this temperature gradient is called the polar front (an operational definition of the polar front adopted by ISOS workers is the northern edge of the 2°C isotherm). North of the polar front is the Antarctic polar frontal zone. The northern boundary of the Antarctic polar frontal zone is the subantarctic front. The thermal ex- pression of the subantarctic front is a subsurface temperature gradient between 2° and 5°C. The series of sections collected during 12 crossings of the Drake Passage in the austral summer of 1976-77 indicated the development of cold features within the Antarctic polar frontal zone. These cold features are most likely expressions of eddies or meanders formed at the polar front. They appear to widen the Antarctic polar frontal zone by intensifying the subantarctic front and moving it to the north. The majority of the tempera- ture sections contain such cold features, whose signature could be identified as an inflection in average profiles of 450 m heat content and sea-surface temperature. Observations made by American and Soviet scientists on the RV Proressor ZusBov in the polar frontal zone south of Australia along 132°E between January 24 and March 1, 1977, provided a more detailed view of the structure of the polar frontal zone. A strong cyclonic eddy, containing ASW, from south of the polar front, was found to the south of and com- bined with a meander of the subantarctic front. Current meters _50W 55S OOS @® YELCHO @ HERO A BurTON ISLAND. ——— Figure 27.—Position of XBT observations in the Drake Passage 1976-77. 41 POSITION OF FRONTAL ZONES PE SOUTH LATITUDE 56° 58° 59° 60° 6l° STATION NUMBER 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 9798 99 100 102 HEAT CONTENT WIND f tyes 90 9I 92 93 94 95 96 979899 100 102 104 106 10810 112 13 4 104 106 108 110 12 13 14 15 16 W7 8 WS = 120 121 o---- Air Temp. o—— Sea Surface Temp N ie) 5 (m/sec) 10 NS H6 17 WE WS 120 121 STATION NUMBER 56° Sire 58° TH YELCHO SECTION 5 (5-6 Jan.1977) 59° 60° 61° Figure 28.—Oceanographic and meteorological observations from a Ship-of-Opportunity (R/V YELCHO) crossing of Drake Passage, 5—6 January 1977. moored in and north of the eddy indicated deep flow to the west, and suggested anticyclonic circulation below 2,000 m. Three XBT surveys along with the current-meter records indi- cated that the eddy moved north-northeastward at an aver- age speed of 3 cm/s. Figure 29 illustrates a schematic, three- dimensional picture of the eddy. Other ISOS Studies A Southern Ocean Atlas of Physical and Chemical Oceano- graphic data by Arnold Gordon is nearing completion. It should be published in late 1979, The extent of international collaboration in ISOS should be emphasized. During the next year, Chile and New Zealand will contribute ship time and scientists to ISOS studies. Argentina, Australia, and the Soviet Union will also carry out studies of the circumpolar current, the former effort complementing RIDGE studies. Australia, Chile, and the Soviet Union are col- laborating in obtaining XBT sections for joint scientific study; 42 Australia and South Africa are observing the circumpolar cur- rent using drogued, satellite-interrogated, drifting buoys. ISOS Data ISOS data are available from NODC as follows: NODC Accession No.: 78-0194 Organization: Texas A&M University Investigator: W. J. Emery (TAMU) Grant No.: OCE76-81371 Project: F DRAKE 76 Data: All XBTs are on NODC-compatible magnetic tape, were taken in various parts of the southern ocean, January to March 1976, and are listed by vessel, originator’s cruise no., NODC Ref. No., and number of XBT’s: RV PROFES- sor ZuBov, 9018ZB01, 052476, 188; RV THALLA Dan, 0903TDO1, 052477, 173; RV NELLA Dan, 0903ND01, 052478, 135; RV YELcHO, 2009YE04, 052479, 143; RV Hero, 31296J01, 052480, 60; USCGS NorTHWIND, 3106NWO1, 052481, 198; USCGS Burton IsLanp, 3106BI01, 052482, 65; USCGS Burton IsLanp, 3106- BI02, 052483, 106; USCGS BurToN IsLanp, 3106BI03, 052484, 47. NODC Accession No.: 78-0191 Organization: Texas A&M University Investigator: W. Nowlin (TAMU) Grant No.: ID075—04547 Project: F DRAKE 76 ‘Data: Cruise THoMas G. THOMPSON F DRAKE 76 leg 1, 2/4/76 to 2/22/76, 42 Ocean Stations in Drake Passage; leg 2, 2/23/76 to 3/9/76, 42 Ocean Stations in Drake Passage. Data include temperature, salinity, depth, oxygen, phosphates, phosphites, and silicates; all were submitted on punched cards and printout. NODC Accession No.: 77—00720 Organization: U.S. Coast Guard Investigator: NSF Office of Polar Projects Grant No.: No IDOE Grant Project: ISOS/Ross Ice Shelf Project (RISP) Data: 104 XBTs taken aboard USCGS Burton IsLanp, Leg 1, 1/19 to 1/31/76, Leg 2, 2/5 to 2/10/76. Data submitted on log sheets and strip charts. Figure 29.—Schematic three-dimensional picture of an eddy observed by Soviet and American scientists south of Australia in 1977. The buoy indicates the vertical axis only. 43 NODC Accession No.: 77—0538 Organization: Texas A&M University Investigator: W. Nowlin (TAMU) Grant No.;: OCE74—14941 Project: F DRAKE 75 Data: 63 serial oceanographic stations taken aboard RV MELVILLE, February 18 to March 4, 1975, in the Drake Passage. NODC Accession No.: 77—0460 Organization: Texas A&M University Investigator: S. Patterson (TAMU) Grant No.: OCE74—04941 A02 Project: F DRAKE 76 Data: 328 XBTs taken aboard AGS YELcuHo, 3/24 to 4/5/76. Data submitted on NODC-compatible magnetic tape. NODC Accession No.: 77—0460 Organization: Texas A&M University Investigator: W. Nowlin (TAMU) Grant No.: OCE74—14941 A02 Project: F DRAKE 76 Data: 68 XBTs taken aboard RV THOMAS G. THOMPSON, Cruise TT—02, 2/26 to 3/8/76. Data submitted on NODC- compatible magnetic tape. NODC Accession No.: 77—0460 Organization: Texas A&M University Investigator: W. Nowlin (TAMU) Grant No.: OCE74—14941 A02 Project: F DRAKE 76 Data: 63 XBTs taken aboard RV THOMAS G. THOMPSON, Cruise TT—01, 2/8 to 2/21/76. Data submitted on NODC- compatible magnetic tape. NODC Accession No.: 77—0460 Organization: Texas A&M University Investigator: S. Patterson (TAMU) Grant No.: OCE74—-04941 A02 Project: F DRAKE 76 ; Data: 240 XBTs taken aboard AGS YELCHO, Cruise YE-O1, 2/28 to 3/10/76. Data submitted on NODC-compatible magnetic tape. NODC Accession No.: 77-0364 Organization: Oregon State University Investigator: R. D. Pillsbury (OSU) Grant Nos.: OCE74—12558, IDO74-14941 Project: F DRAKE 75 Data: 25 files subsurface current measurements, and tempera- tures; 84,850 data sets and 1,807 sets of tide data, taken on RV MELVILLE from February 22 to May 14, 1975, in Drake Passage, submitted on NODC-compatible magnetic tape. NODC Accession No. 77—0357 Organization: University of Washington Investigator: V. Neal (U Wash.) Grant No.: GX—42577 Project: ISOS Under Ice Hydrographic Data Data: Temperatures and salinities obtained through the ice in McMurdo Sound from September 12 to October 6, 1974, submitted as a data listing. 44 ISOS Bibliography Baker, D. J., Jr., W. D. Nowlin, Jr., R. D. Pillsbury, and H. L. Bryden. 1977. Antarctic Circumpolar Current: space and time fluctu- ations in the Drake Passage. Nature 268:696-699. Emery, W. J. 1977. The errors involved in inferring salinity from sound velocity. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:293-297. Gordon, L. I., G. C. Anderson, and W. D. Nowlin, Jr. 1977. Results of an intercalibration at sea of hydrographic and chemical observations and standards aboard the USSR Ship PROFESSOR VIESE and the US Research Vessel THOMAS G, THompson during F DRAKE 76, an ISOS Technical Report. Oregon State Univ. OSU Ref. 77-7, 23 p. Gordon, A. L., D. T. Georgi, and H. W. Taylor. 1975. Antarctic Polar Front zone in the western Scotia Sea- Summer 1975. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:309-328. Joyce, T. M. 1976. Observations of the Polar Front Zone during FDRAKE, 1976: RV Thompson leg 3. Antarc. J. U.S. K:157-158. Joyce, T. M., and S. L. Patterson. 1977, Cyclonic ring formation at the polar front in the Drake Passage. Nature 265:131-133. Kirwan, A. D., Jr., G. McNally, M.-S. Chang, and R. Molinari. 1975. The effect of wind and surface currents on drifters. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 5:361-368. Kirwan, A. D., Jr., G. McNally, and J. Coehlo. 1976. Gulf Stream kinematics from a satellite-tracked drifter. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:750-755. Legeckis, R. 1977. Oceanic polar front in the Drake Passage—satellite observations during 1976. Deep-Sea Res. 24:701—-704. Linden, P. F. 1977. The flow of a stratified fluid in a rotating annulus. J. Fluid Mech. 79:435—447. Lutjeharms, J.R.E. 1976. The Agulhas Current System during the Northeast Monsoon season. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:665—670. McCartney, M. S. 1976. The interaction of zonal currents with topography with applications to the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 23:413-427. Molinari, R., and A. D. Kirwan, Jr. 1975. Calculations of differential kinematic properties from Lagrangian observations in the western Caribbean Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 5:483—491. Nowlin, W. D., Jr., R. D. Pillsbury, L. I. Gordon, G. C. Anderson, and D. J. Baker, Jr. 1976. Contributions of RV THOMPSON legs 1 and 2 to FDRAKE 1976. Antarc. J. U.S. X:154-156. Nowlin, W. D., Jr., T. Whitworth, III, L. I. Gordon, and G. C. Anderson. 1977. Oceanographic station data collected aboard RV MELVILLE during FDRAKE 75. Texas A&M Res. Found. Ref. 77—2-D, 355 p. | i ' Patterson, S. L., and H. A. Sievers. 1976. Contributions of AGS YELCHO to FDRAKE, 1976. Antarc. J. U.S. X:158-159. Treshnikov, A. F., R. D. Pillsbury, W. D. Nowlin, Jr., E. I. Sarukhanyan, and N. P. Smirnov. 1977. A comparison of summer current measurements in the Drake Passage. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:610-614. Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Study CLIMAP research is designed to describe and explain the major changes in global climate that have occurred in the past million years. These changes involve transitions between two partly stable states of global climate—ice ages and temperate (interglacial) periods. The fundamental objective is to improve our understanding of the causes of long-term climatic change. Previous CLIMAP work has firmly established a concept sug- gested by earlier workers that variation in the Earth-Sun orbital geometry is the pacemaker of long-term climatic change. Much of current CLIMAP work is directed toward studies of the interaction of the various parts of the global climate system. Ocean sediment cores are multichannel recorders of changes in the ocean circulation, variation in the size of ice sheets, and changes in terrestrial climate. Knowledge of how these parts of the global system have interacted in the past provides in- sight into some of the causal relationships that will determine the climate of the future. These long-range trends are the fundamental, large-amplitude rhythms that underlie the higher frequency and smaller scale variations of recent centuries. NSF’s Climate Dynamics Research Section and the IDOE ~ Section jointly fund CLIMAP studies. CLIMAP scientists are listed in table 8, and CLIMAP task groups in table 9. Investigation of the Last Interglacial Period The year 1977 has been one of transition for CLIMAP. With the data-gathering and synthesizing effort for the 18,000 before present (B.P.) ice-age maximum experiment ended, CLIMAP has begun a major new project to reconstruct the climate of the last interglacial period. Its purpose is to make a global study of the sequence of climatic events that occur when climate changes from a time of maximum global ice volume through an ice- volume minimum (the interglacial) and back to conditions of re-expanded global ice. Because we live today in an interglacial climate, this experiment should increase our understanding of the changes toward glacial climates expected in the future. The project has two major parts. First, CLIMAP scientists will construct a map of the Earth’s surface at the time of mini- mum global ice extent, 125,000 years ago, for comparison with the Earth’s surface today. The second part focuses on leads and lags between various parts of the climate system as the Earth goes into and comes out of an interglacial period. Two pre- liminary examples of these lead/lag relationships shown in figure 30 indicate that in certain parts of the world (notably the subantarctic) sea-surface temperatures warmed before land ice began to melt and cooled before land ice again began to grow. In other areas (the subpolar North Atlantic), the opposite is true. Thus changes in the ocean temperatures of the high- latitude oceans of the Southern Hemisphere lead the ice-volume variations and significantly lead the changes in high-latitude Northern Hemisphere oceans. Spectral Investigations of Long Periods One major advance in CLIMAP research this year was the publication of additional documentation of the influence of the Earth’s orbital geometry on climate. Adding to earlier work from Indian Ocean subantarctic cores, CLIMAP researchers found in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans clear evidence of a concentration of spectral power at the three orbital fre- quencies (100,000 years, 43,000 years, and 22,000 years). (See fig. 31.) In addition, cross-spectral analysis of isotopic and chemical data indicates that changes in global ice volume led variations in carbonate preservation in the equatorial Pacific cores by several thousand years (fig. 32). Spectral Analysis of Short Periods The varved sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin offer a unique opportunity to study the changes in oceanographic conditions there during the last 8,000 years. Analysis of the radiolaria found in a varved sediment core from the Santa Barbara Basin yields an 8,000-year continuous record sampled every 25 years. Past sea-surface temperatures were calculated from the radio- larian fauna (fig. 33). Results indicate that intervals from 800 to 1,800, 3,600 to 3,800, and 5,400 to 8,000 years B.P. were warmer than today. The warm interval from 5,400 to 8,000 B.P. is a time when pollen analysis indicates a more humid environment for southern California, a condition consistent with warmer sea-surface temperatures. The spectra of the sea-surface temperature record for the Santa Barbara Basin shows that the fluctuations are not random, with much of the variance in the record explained by low-frequency components (fig. 34). The 18,000 B.P. Experiment The global map of the ice-age world has been completed. The analytical and stratigraphic error of each transfer-function estimate of sea-surface temperature was categorized and docu- mented for all 245 cores used in the ice-age reconstruction. Digitized maps of the final reconstruction were delivered to sev- eral general circulation modelers for simulation experiments during the next year. Changes in the Antarctic Ocean The Antarctic Task Group has investigated changes in sea ice cover around the Antarctic Continent between the last glacial period and today. The results indicate that ice in the Antarctic Sea was then much more extensive in the winter than today (40 million km? vs. 20 million km? today). (See fig. 35.) 45 Table 8.—CLIMAP Scientists Executive Committee R. Cline, Columbia University (Administrator) G. Denton, University of Maine J. Hays, Columbia University W. Hutson, Oregon State University J. Imbrie, Brown University Senior Scientific Investigators Brown University: N. Kipp, R. Matthews, T. Webb Columbia University: L. Burckel, B. Kolla, G. Kukla, Y. H. Li, University of Maine: T. Hughes, T. Kellogg Oregon State University: L. Hogan Princeton University: H. Sachs University of Rhode Island: P. Dauphin, R. Heath National Corresponding Members W. Balsam, Southampton College R. Barry, University of Colorado M. Bender, University of Rhode Island M. Briskin, University of Cincinnati K. Bryan, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA H. Fritts, University of Arizona J. Gardner, U.S. Geological Survey W. Gates, Oregon State University D. Hahn, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA L. Heusser, Tuxedo, N.Y. J. Kennett, University of Rhode Island R. Ku, University of Southern California J. Kutzbach, University of Wisconsin S. Manabe, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA R. Newell, Massachusetts Institute of Technology D. Schnitker, University of Maine H. Schrader, Oregon State University H. Thierstein, Scripps Institution of Oceanography A. McIntyre, Columbia University T. Moore, University of Rhode Island W. Prell, Brown University W. Ruddiman, Columbia University B. Mofino, N. Opdyke, S. Streeter, P. Thompson International Corresponding Members B. Andersen, University of Bergen A. Berger, Catholic University of Louvain K. Bjorklund, University of Bergen W. Dansgaard, University of Copenhagen J. Duplessy, Center for Radioactive Research H. Lamb, University of East Anglia J. Lozano, National University of Colombia B. Luz, Hebrew University of Jerusalem M. Sarnthein, Geological Paleontological Institute of Kiel N. Shackleton, University of Cambridge E. Siebold, Geological Paleontological Institute of Kiel J. Thiede, University of Oslo T. van der Hammen, University of Amsterdam T. Wjimstra, University of Amsterdam a Soviet-American Atlas Project CLIMAP’s data base from over 725 deep-sea cores will be the basis for a biogeographic atlas to be published as part of a joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. monograph series. This work will stand as a collected reference for micropaleontologists, paleoceanog- raphers, and paleoclimatologists for many years to come. CLIMAP Data CLIMAP data received during the period of this report are available from NGSDC as follows: Magnetic tape, data compilation, UPDATE2, 29,028 data records including corrections and new data on biology, chemis- try, and time-stratigraphic relationships in ocean cores (HAYS OCE71-—04204). Analytical data from 934 cores (see fig. 36) consist of: Geochemistry (450 cores)—geochemical data include per- centages of opal (average 2 replicates), percentages of quartz (average 2 replicates), and percentages of carbon. 46 Paleontology (701 cores)—Paleontological data include nu- merical data for 75 species of coccoliths, 21 species of radio- laria, 51 species of diatoms, and 44 species of foraminifera. Stratigraphy (452 cores)—data include one or more of the following: percentages of fine carbonate (<63 my), percent- ages of coarse carbonate (>63 my), and percentages of total carbonate. Chronology (42 cores)—data include upper- and lower- interval limits, estimated ages, and upper- and lower-age errors. In addition, each data record contains the following informa- tion: 1. Ship-core number 2. Latitude, longitude, and water depth 3. Core type, length, and sample depth within core. The CLIMAP data set is available on 7- or 9-track, coded, magnetic tape, at any compatible density, with a logical record length of 80 characters, blocked (5,120 characters or less) or unblocked. Documentation and format of the data are provided in print form and also appear in text form at the beginning of the tape. CLIMAP Bibliography Andersen, B. G. 1975. Glacial geology of Northern Nordland, North Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersokelse No. 320. Bull. 33:1-74. Universitetsforlaget 1975, Trondheim-Oslo-Bergen-Tromso. Burckle, L. H., and R. B. McLaughlin. 1977. Size changes in the marine diatom, Coscinodiscus nodulifer A. Schmidt, in the equatorial Pacific. Micro- palenotol. 23:216-222. Denton, G. H., and W. Karlen. 1977. Holocene glacial and tree-line variations in the White River Valley and Skolai Pass, Alaska, and Yukon Territory. Quat. Res. 7:63-111. Heath, G. R., T. C. Moore, and J. P. Dauphin. 1977. Organic carbon in deep-sea sediments. In: N. R. Anderson and A. Malahoff (editors), The fate of fossil fuel CO, in the oceans, p. 605-625. Plenum Publ. Co., N.Y. Heusser, L., and W. L. Balsam. 1977. Pollen distribution in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Quat. Res. 7:45-62. Karlen, W., and G. H. Denton. 1976. Holocene glacial variations in Sarek National Park, northern Sweden. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. Boreas (1): 25-56. Kellogg, T. B. 1977. Paleoclimatology and paleo-oceanography of the Nor- wegian and Greenland seas: the last 450,000 years. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2:235-249. Kukla, G. J. 1977. Pleistocene land-sea correlations I. Europe. Earth- Science Rev. 13:307—374. Molina-Cruz, A. 1977a. Radiolarian assemblages and their relationship to the oceanography of the subtropical southeastern Pacific. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2:315—352. 1977b. The relation of the Southern Trade Winds to up- welling processes during the last 75,000 years. Quat. Res. 8:324-338. Molina-Cruz, A., and P. Price. 1977. Distribution of opal and quartz on the ocean floor of the subtropical southeastern Pacific. Geology 5:81—84. Moore, T. C., N. G. Pisias, and G. R. Heath. 1977. Climate changes and lags in Pacific carbonate preser- vation, sea surface temperature and global ice volume. Jn: N. R. Anderson and A. Malahoff (editors), The fate of fossil fuel CO, in the oceans, p. 145-165. Plenum Publ. Co., N.Y. Table 9.—CLIMAP Task Groups eee eee Leaders Tasks L. Burckle G. Denton J. Hays J. Hays J. Hays L. Hogan T. Hughes W. Hutson J. Imbrie J. Imbrie and N. Pisias N. Kipp N. Kipp and B. Molfino G. Kukla G. Kukla A. Mcintyre A. McIntyre A. Mcintyre T. Moore N. Opdyke W. Prell W. Ruddiman N. Schackleton, R. Mathews, and Y. H. Li S. Streeter J. Thiede, J. Thunnell Diatoms Ice Margin Antarctic Biostratigraphy Radiolaria Volcanic Dating Ice Sheet Reconstruction Data Bank 18,000 B.P. Numerical Experiment Spectral Analysis Planktonic Foraminifera South Atlantic Ocean Albedo Land-Sea Correlation Coccoliths Global Mapping North Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Paleomagnetics Indian Ocean 120,000 B.P. Experiment Oxygen Isotope Benthonic Foraminifera Mediterranean Sea SS 47 Antarctic Core RC11-120 Ts°C 10 12 North Atlantic Core V29-179 Ts°C ISOTOPIC 5e Figure 30.—Changes in sea-surface temperature compared to isotopic curves in high-latitude cores from the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Isotopic curves largely reflect global ice volume. Warmest Antarctic sea-surface temperatures led, and warmest North Atlantic temperatures lagged the ice- volume minimum of the last interglacial. Ts is surface temperature. Se is an isotope stage associ - ated with the last interglacial. Ruddiman, W. F., and A. McIntyre. 1977. Late Quaternary surface ocean kinematics and climatic change in the high-latitude North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res. 82:3877-3887. Ruddiman, W. F., C. D. Sancetta, and A. McIntyre. 1977. Glacial/interglacial response rate of subpolar North Atlantic waters to climatic change: the record in oceanic sediments. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 280:119-142. Sachs, H. M, T. Webb III, and D. R. Clark. 1977. Paleoecological transfer functions. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 5:159-178. Shackleton, N. J. 1977. The oxygen isotope stratigraphic record of the Late Pleistocene. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 280:169-182. 48 Shackleton, N. J., and N. D. Opdyke. 1977. Oxygen isotope and palaeomagnetic evidence for early Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Nature 270:216-219. Thiede, J. 1977. Aspects of the variability of the Glacial and Inter- glacial North Atlantic eastern boundary current (last 150,000 years). “Meteor” Forsch.-Ergebnisse, Reihe C, 28:1-36. Thierstein, H. R., K. R. Geitzenauer, B. Molfina, and N. J. Shackleton. 1977. Global synchroneity of late Quaternary coccolith datum levels: validation by oxygen isotopes. Geology 5:400- 407. 100K 1a §018 l0de P(f) uw O Zz ss em © fo) = .067 30 15 Frequency (cycles/1,000 years) Figure 31.—Spectra of climatic variations in 6 0'§ record in deep- sea core RC13—229 from the South Atlantic (25°S, 11°E). High-resolution spectra are expressed as the natural log of the variance as a function of frequency (cycles per thousand years). Arrows point to spectral peaks with cycle lengths of 100,000 years, 43,000 years, 23,000 years and 19,000 years, which are similar to periods of orbital parameters. C.I. = con- fidence interval. P = power or variance. K = 1,000 years. A paleothermometer that illustrates the principle involved in transforming fossil sediments into estimates of sea-surface temperature. Fossil microorganisms, such as the species of foraminifera shown, live near the ocean surface, then die, sink, and concentrate in bottom sediments. When large numbers of a certain species are found in a sediment layer, this indicates a particular surface temperature, favorable to their growth. 49 018 Leads CORRELATION COEFF. | | CaCo3 100 200 300 AGE (x103 yr) Figure 32.—Cross correlation of oxygen isotopes and carbonate concentrations in core V19-29. At the bottom, the number of sample intervals indicated by the maximum correlation offsets plots of the two records. Lag=70 40 — D eas = Bw at | Vet Feb. Temperatures 1 Oo 310=N \ l | \ A = \ = SS S \ 5 _- ~ \ V4 \ a \ Pisias GSO/URI / Seon = Paes ad 2 / $eX Gass S72 \ \ p Yr. 250 100 / 50 Yu. 01 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Frequency in Cycles/Sample Interval (25 yr) Figure 33.—Spectra for unsmoothed February sea-surface time series. BW = Band- width of smoothing window, C.I. = 80 percent confidence for spectral estimates, Lag = number of autocorrelation values used to calculate spectra, N = number of data points in time series. C(F) = temperature variance. February T(°C) 4 18 22 26 10 14 18 22 26 30 FH S.E. of equation ahh --—T ob range (0-25 y. B.P.) . }/_____—_ est. range ‘ as (20-7000 y. B.P.) ce 2 x< a oO 2 is] ) > | = = = PISIAS GSO/URI Figure 34.—February sea-surface temperatures for the Santa Barbara Basin. S.E. = standard error of estimates, ob Range = ob- served temperature range for the southern California borderland from historical hydrographic data, est. range = esti- mated range for the last 7,000 years. Shaded areas in column to right indicate time of alpline advances during the Holo- cene (Denton and Karlen 1971). Top of time bar equals 1,850 A.D. Left figure is raw data, right figure is low pass filter - ed with three-point moving average. 51 Figure + 36.—Sampling locations of 934 cores collected for CLIMAP. 53 Seabed Assessment Program This program funds basic research that focuses on the geo- logical processes along continental margins, midocean ridges, and deep-sea basins. In the last decade, Earth scientists began to recognize the subtle relationship between the movements of the Earth’s crust and the active processes in the world’s oceans and their bearing on the origin and development of hydrocarbon and metallic ore deposits. The projects supported by Seabed Assessment are broadly grouped as Continental Margin Studies, Plate Tectonics and Metallogenesis, and the Manganese Nodule Program. Projects currently supported include: 1. Southwest Atlantic Continental Margin 2. Galapagos Rift Hydrothermal Processes 3. Nazca Plate Study 4. Studies in East Asia Tectonics and Resources (SEATAR) 5. Manganese Nodule Program (MANOP) Projects of this large a scale require cooperation among sev- eral institutions, disciplines, and nations. Once IDOE accepts a project it is supported for 4 years to 8 or 9 years. Support typically includes dedicated ships and the development of new technology. The project usually requires three phases: synthesis of avail- able data, field programs for the acquisition of new data, and finally, synthesis and publication of results. More than one topic may be investigated in the same geographic area, and conversely, one topic can be investigated in different ocean environments. For example, the Nazca Plate and SEATAR projects address the plate tectonic cycle from spreading center, plate movement, metallogenesis, and hydrocarbons genesis. In MANOP, the processes of manganese nodule origin and dis- tribution are studied in various ocean environments. Seabed Assessment General Bibliography Byrne, D. A. 1977. Ocean bottom seismometer gimbal systems. Exposure 5:2-11, Univ. Hawaii. Joint ad hoc Panel of the Ocean Sciences Board, Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences (National Research Council) and the Marine Board, Assembly of Engineering (NRC), Aug. 1976. A report on selected issues of the Inter- national Decade of Ocean Exploration program of the Na- tional Science Foundation. 10 p. National Academy of Sciences. 1972. Understanding the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a comprehen- sive report. Ocean Sci. Board, Wash., D.C., 131 p. 1976. Multichannel seismic reflection system needs of the U.S. academic community. Ocean Sci. Board, Wash., D.C., 30 p. Continental Margin Studies The continental margin is being studied to better understand 54 the rifting of continental land masses and the effects of the rift- ing on the margins. Continental margins are broadly divided between passive (pull-apart) and active (compressive) types. The margins around the Atlantic are almost all passive; those around the Pacific are active. At the beginning of the decade, knowledge of the origin and structure of margins was poorly known and very uneven. Southwest Atlantic Continental Margin IDOE supported major investigations of the passive margins around the South Atlantic and active margins off western South America and in East Asia. Field studies off the coast of Argentina and Brazil were completed in 1976. Results are avail- able in two sets of comprehensive geophysical and bathymetric maps issued by the American Association of Petroleum Geolo- gists (AAPG), Box 979, Tulsa, OK 74101. One set of maps covers the continental margins of Argentina; the other, the margins of Brazil. (See fig. 37.) Each set includes four maps: bathymetry, sediment isopach, gravity, and magnetics, all at a scale of 1 inch equals 1 degree of longitude. In addition, all maps include an interpretational text, sources of data, and data- gathering techniques. These results provided a substantial data base for selection of drifting sites on International Program of Ocean Drilling (IPOD) Legs 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, and 42. Detailed studies on the interrelationship between sedimenta- tion and structure of the Brazilian continental margin, especially the Amazon cone, have been completed through cooperative studies by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Brazilian scientists. (See table 10.) Continental Margin Data Continental Margin data received during the period of this report are available from NGSDC as follows: University of Texas at Galveston—J. Watkins, 150 nmi of multichannel (24-track) seismic data profiles on mylar base. University of Texas at Galveston—J. Watkins 1,510 nmi of digital navigation for multichannel seismic data collected in the Gulf of Mexico. Continental Margin Bibliography Fodor, R. V., J. W. Husler, and N. Kumar. 1977. Petrology of volcanic rocks from an aseismic rise: implications for the origin of the Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic Ocean. Earth Planet, Sci. Lett. S522 5—25 55 Gorini, M. A., and G. M. Bryan. 1976. The tectonic fabric of the equatorial Atlantic and ad- joining continental margins: Gulf of Guinea to northeastern Brazil. An. Acad. bras. Cienc. 48 (Suplemento):101—119. Houtz, R. E. 1977. Sound-velocity characteristics of sediment from the 30° 60 90° W 60° Figure 37.—Areas of coverage for the American Association of Petroleum Geologists map sets of the Brazilian (top) and Argen- tinian (bottom) continental margins. 55 Table 10.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in Southwest Atlantic Continental Margin Study Institutions Investigators Projects Lamont-Doherty Geological G. M. Bryan Observatory |. W. D. Dalziel J. E. Damuth and N. Kumar M. A. Gorini N. Kumar W. Ludwig R. Leyden P. Rabinowitz Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution J.D. Milliman J. D. Milliman and R. Fainstein eastern South American margin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88: 720-722. Houtz, R. E., W. J. Ludwig, J. D. Milliman, and J. A. Grow. 1977. Structure of the northern Brazilian continental margin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88:711—719. Kowsmann, R., R. Leyden, and O. Francisconi. 1977. Marine seismic investigations, southern Brazil margin. Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. Bull. 61:546—557. Kumar, N., and R. W. Embley. 1977. Evolution and origin of Ceara Rise: an aseismic rise in the western equatorial Atlantic. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88:683-694. Rabinowitz, P. D., S. C. Cande, and J. L. La Brecque. 1976. The Falkland Escarpment and Agulhas Fracture Zone: the boundary between oceanic and continental basement at conjugate continental margins. An. Acad. bras. Cienc. 48 (Suplemento):241—251. Rabinowitz, P. D., and J. L. La Brecque. 1977. The isostatic gravity anomaly: key to the evolution of the ocean-continent boundary at passive continental margins. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 35:145—-150. Plate Tectonics and Metallogenesis A fuller understanding of the origin and development of ore deposits is needed to guide the search for new reserves of min- 56 J.D. Milliman and C. P. Summerhayes Geophysical Study of the Continental Margins of Brazil and Argentina Evolution of Margins in the Scotia Sea Amazon Cone: Morphology, sediments, age and growth Pattern Sedimentation Along Northeast Brazil Continental Margins Tectonic Fabric of Equatorial Atlantic and Adjoin- ing Continental Margins: Gulf of Guinea to North- east Brazil Origin and Geologic History of Sao Paulo Plateau” (Southeastern Brazil Margin) Origin and Evolution of Ceara Rise (west equatorial Atlantic) Sedimentary Basins of Argentine Margins Salt Diapirs Offshore Brazil Mesozoic South Atlantic and Evolution of its Con- tinental Margins Upper Continental Margin Sedimentation off Brazil Structure and History of three Continental Margin Plateaus off Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio Grande Du Norte, and Ceara) Morphology and Structure of the Amazon Margin erals vital to industrial civilization. One of the significant impli- cations of plate tectonic theory is that active processes along plate margins relate in subtle ways to the formation both of economic metal deposits and hydrocarbon accumulation. The subject is a complex, multifaceted one that includes both sea- floor- and mountain-building processes. The circum-Pacific belt, characterized by active subduction zones, parallels to varying degrees some of the world’s major metallogenic provinces. At one end of the system, hydrothermal processes along the spreading centers of the ocean floor show evidence of metal concentrations, and at the other end in the mountain belts, suites of rocks in the zones of metal accumulation suggest deep marine origin. Following the paths of the metals from the source to the mine is a major scientific problem in Earth science that the Seabed Assessment Program is supporting in part through several projects. Studies of the western boundary of the Nazca Plate and the Galapagos Hydrothermal Rift are major efforts to understand the processes of crustal formation and metalliferous sediment accumulation. The back-arc basins, until now largely uninvesti- gated, are also possible sources of new crustal material. The latter are situated along the Mariana-Philippine Transect of the SEATAR project (Studies in East Asia Tectonics and Resources). Correlation of processes along the active subducting margins with the final cumulative products within the folded mountain belts is a current major geological problem. The study processes of ore formation are encompassed within this larger problem. These processes are investigated from the seaward side along the Peru-Chile Trench, which forms the east boundary of the Nazca Plate and also parallels the major copper deposits of Peru and Chile. The major Transects in the SEATAR area are the Sunda, Banda, and Mariana-Philippine cross active subduction zones and areas of significant minerals and hydrocarbons accumu- lation. Galapagos Rift Hydrothermal Processes The Galapagos Rift, an active spreading center that forms the boundary between the Cocos Plate on the north and the Nazca Plate on the south, is the site of hot springs on the deep- sea floor produced by convective circulation of seawater through newly formed oceanic crust. This conclusion was drawn by a group of U.S. scientists who investigated this area using a num- ber of methods culminating in a program of deep diving by the manned submersible, ALvIN. (For a list of projects, see table 11.) For several years, surface ship investigations of deep- sea rocks, heat-flow patterns near spreading centers, and metal- rich sediments, all suggested that these seawater hydrothermal systems might be a previously unsuspected process of great importance in controlling the composition of seawater and deep- sea deposits. In addition, there was increasing evidence that a variety of economically important metal deposits on the con- tinents are produced directly or indirectly by this process. A joint research effort of scientists from Oregon State Univer- sity (OSU), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOD, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) was funded in 1976. The project was conceived as a broad study of the phenomena related to hydrothermal activity. A preliminary study of 10mi’ identified the most promising areas for investigating hydrothermal activity. The submersible work was successfully completed in March 1977 during two 20-day legs as indicated from the following list of accomplish- ments: 1) The first direct observation of deep-sea hydrothermal vents was made. Four major hydrothermal areas were dis- covered, each containing many individual vents. Three extinct vent areas were also found. 2) Direct temperature measurements from these vents indi- cate that water as much as 15°C warmer than bottom water is issuing from the bottom at the spreading center. 3) A data acquisition system using the GEOSECS Conduc- tivity/Temperature/Depth (CTD) package and data log- ger was developed for ALVIN, which could continuously measure and record in situ oxygen, pH, salinity, and tem- perature of the hydrothermal vents. This package also recorded altitude, depth, gyro, and time from the sub- marine. 4) Continuous temperature measurements were recorded at one vent for about 10 days. 5) Eighty-eight 8-1 samples of water were collected from and around the vents, using a newly developed contamination- free sampling system. Literally thousands of subsamples were taken for isotopic and chemical shore-based analyses. 6) | These water samples were analyzed while at sea for alka- linity, ammonia, calcium, chlorinity, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, magnesium, nitrates, nitrites, oxygen, pH, phos- phates, radon-222, salinity, and silicon, providing real- time data for guiding the sampling program. Table 11.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in the Galapagos Rift Hydrothermal Processes Study Institutions Investigators Projects School of Oceanography, J. Corliss Solid Phase Studies: Chemical and Mineralogic Oregon State University Studies of Suspended Particulate Material Metal Rich Sediments, Manganese Crusts, and Basalt Samples Massachusetts Institute J. Edmond Chemical Study of Hydrothermal Fluids of Technology Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution R. P. Von Herzen R. Ballard Stanford University Tj. vanAndel U.S. Geological Survey D. Williams Heat Flow Studies Geologic Structure and Tectonic History of Gala- pagos Spreading Center Geologic Structure and Tectonic History of Gala- pagos Spreading Center Heat Flow Studies Si 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 58 The ANGUS camera system made a highly detailed pho- tographic survey of the study area using over 57,000 individual frames to pinpoint the geological and tectonic setting of the vent areas. This film was processed ship- board and helped to guide the diving program. One hundred and sixty navigated heat-flow stations from the RV Knorr and 35 stations from the ALVIN were conducted to quantify the thermal budget in the study area. Unique communities of organisms (clams, crabs, limpets, mussels, pogonophora worms, etc.) were discovered around the hot water vents. Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria are believed to be the basis of the food chain in these com- munities. A collection of organisms, water for bacterial analysis, and ANGUS and ALvin photographs was made that will be the basis for detailed biological studies of these unique communities. ALVIN collected 92 samples of fresh basalt, hydrother- mally altered basalt, iron-manganese crusts and coatings, and cores in known geological relation to the hydrother- mal vents and the general geologic setting. Thirty-four samples of newly forming precipitates were collected near the hydrothermal vents using a water-filter system developed for use on ALVIN. Ten cores up to 9 m long were obtained directly from the hydrothermally formed sediment mounds south of the spreading center using transponder-navigated piston coring. Heat-flow measurements from these piston cores indicate that nearly isothermal pore waters up to 12°C are found in the upper portions of these mounds. In situ pore-water sampling from piston cores and ship- board squeezing of sediments obtained samples of the fluids that are apparently‘ connecting through the sedi- ments at the Fe-Mn mounds area. ALVIN successfully recovered three sediment traps, which had been deployed at two sites in the study area and provide a 7-month record of particle flux to the sea floor. Eight hydrocasts and seven acoustically navigated Kami- kaze near-bottom casts were made to characterize the re- gional variability and water-column chemistry of the sea. During the 24 dives made by ALvin, over 18,000 color photographs by the automatic cameras of the submersible and 2,000 hand-held photographs were collected and developed on ship to document and guide the diving program. Near-bottom water temperatures were monitored during ANGUS camera runs and Kamikaze casts as a recon- naissance tool for discovering new vent areas and as a means for obtaining data on regional bottom water tem- perature. Near-bottom CTD surveys (5-50 m off the bottom) were made over different vent areas to obtain the three dimen- sional thermal structure of the thermal plumes. The accomplishments of the diving expedition provide an ex- tensive set of unique samples and data. Analysis is underway; however, several initial results can be reported: 1) The hydrothermal fluids contain hydrogen sulfide. This leads to extremely low concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, nickel, and zinc, presumably because they precipitate as stable sulfides. Thus, the thermal springs of the Galapagos Rift are not presently supplying these elements to the ocean. The data indicate that ridge crest hydrothermal systems are clearly a major source of manganese and a major sink for magnesium in the oceans. The linear silicon-temperature relationship in the samples suggests that the fluids sampled are mixtures of normal bottom water and an end-member hydrothermal fluid that inter- acts with the rocks at depth at temperatures around 300°C. The helium-3 flux from the springs can be used to quantify the global thermal flux of these midocean ridge hydrothermal sys- tems, and the estimate is similar to previous estimates based on heat-flow data. 2) The heat-flow observations clearly support the notion that convective heat loss by hydrothermal circulation, most in- tense at the ridge axis, is a fundamental process cooling the Earth. The mean heat flow in the region, from over 400 sta- tions, is 7 heat flow units, which is about one-third of the value predicted by the purely conductive model. This suggests that two-thirds of the heat entering the ocean at the midocean ridges is transferred by hydrothermal processes. To improve these esti- mates, the detailed maps of the plumes will be used to estimate the actual flux of heat from the thermal springs. 3) The extensive photographic survey of the area with the ANGUS system has produced a geologic map of the area in which five distinctive basalt types can be defined, based on their morphology and relative ages deduced from sediment cores. In addition, features such as fissures, eruption centers, collapse structures, and faults have been accurately mapped. Petro- chemical studies of the rocks sampled from ALVIN will supple- ment these studies. 4) The biological communities associated with the vents have received careful study. Maps of the distribution of animals of each vent have been produced from ANGUS photographic surveys. Taxonomists have studied the animal specimens; new species, genera, and families will be defined. The microbiology of the vent areas is unique; high concentrations of sulfur- oxidizing bacteria are present in the water and animals, and laboratory measurements of productivity suggest that these or- ganisms could support the large animal populations found at the vents. This leads to a major biological discovery—these animal communities are the first known to derive their energy entirely from geothermal heat, and are thus independent of photosynthesis. This preliminary work is continuing, and numerous publica- tions are planned or are in preparation. These results will have far-reaching implications in the understanding of the history of seawater, the formation of deep-sea sediments, the nature and evolution of life in the deep sea, the formation of ore deposits, and the possible importance of submarine geothermal systems as an energy resource. In situ photo of Galapagos Rift hydrothermal vent. First hand evidence of hydrothermal plume. Fluids contain H.S. Nazca Plate Study The Nazca Lithospheric Plate lies adjacent to the event edge of the great metallogenesis province of the Andes. This area was the subject of major field programs from 1972—75 by Oregon State University and the Hawaiian Institute of Geophysics in cooperation with scientists from Chile, Columbia, Peru, and Ecuador. (For a list of projects, see table 12.) The results were synthesized into comprehensive models of the Nazca Plate that served as site surveys for subsequent drilling on Offshore Drill- ing Project (OSDP) Leg 34 by the GLOMAR CHALLENGER. Three holes were drilled through the sedimentary sequence into basement rocks, one in the Bauer Basin (metalliferous sedi- ments) and two on the seawater side of the Peru-Chile Trench. Based on seismic refraction velocities, the western edge of the plate has a relatively thin ocean crust thickening to 30 km near the trench. Oceanic magnetic anomaly patterns make it possible to follow the history of plate origin and movement during the past 26 million years. The information obtained here is expected to be applicable to understanding the process along subduction zones around the circum-Pacific belt. Sediments on the Nazca Plate are derived from four sources: 1) hydrothermal (direct precipitation from seawater hydrother- mal systems); 2) biogenous; 3) detrital (weathering and erosion of crustal rocks); 4) hydrogenous (precipitation from normal bottom waters). Most metalliferous sediments were deposited by hydrothermal fluids emanating from sources of basaltic mag- matism along the East Pacific Rise (EPR). Deposition, how- ever, took place in normal low temperature seawater. Analysis of the sedimentary sequence cored at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 319 (Leg 34) in the Bauer Basin shows a change in composition through time parallel to the changes in surface sediments, as one moves from west to east across the Nazca Plate. Metal accumulations are highest near the base- ment layer, suggesting strong hydrothermal contribution during the early history of this site. Abundant manganese nodules and crusts were also recovered from the Bauer Basin. Analysis shows a distinct mineralogical and chemical difference between them. Normal precipitation from seawater controls the miner- alogy and chemistry of the crusts, while that of the nodules appears to be governed by small-scale reactions in the under- lying sediments. The presence of biogenic opal appears to be a critical factor in nodule formation; a factor that should be useful in explaining concentration of nodules in other areas of the sea floor. Study of formation of large grabens in the Chile Trench, a result of bending of the Nazca Plate, may explain the tectonic erosion of sections of the Chile continental margins. Other evi- dence suggests that the bending has produced rapid tectonic uplift along the trench axis. A detailed set of bathymetric maps of the Peru-Chile Trench, including all the data collected during the Nazca Plate project, was completed and has been accepted for publication by the Geological Society of America. The maps synthesize the results of this project, are in the final stages of editing, and are scheduled for publication late in 1978. 59 Nazca Plate Bibliography Andrews, J. E., J. A. Foreman, and Staff. 1976. Sediment core descriptions: RV KANA KEOKI 1972 cruise, eastern and western Pacific Ocean. Hawaii Inst. Geophys. Data Rpt. 32, HIG—76-13, 112 p. Coulbourn, W. T., and R. Moberly. 1977. Structural evidence of the evolution of fore-are basins off South America. Canadian J. Earth Sci. 14:102-116. Handschumacher, D. W. 1976. Post-Eocene plate tectonics of the eastern Pacific. In: The geophysics of the Pacific Ocean basin and its margin, Geophysical Mono. 19, Amer. Geophys. Un., p. 177—204. Rea, D. K. 1976. Analysis of a fast-spreading rise crest: the East Pacific Rise 9° to 12° South. Mar. Geophys. Res. 2:291-313. 1977. Local axial migration and spreading rate variations, East Pacific Rise, 31°S. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 34:78—84. UNESCO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 1975a. IDOE international workshop on marine geology and geophysics of the Caribbean region and its resources. IOC Workshop Rpt. No. 5, Kingston, Jamaica, 32 p. 1975b. Report of the CCOP/SOPAC-IOC IDOE interna- tional workshop on geology, mineral resources and geophysics of the South Pacific. IOC Workshop Rpt. No. 6, Suva, Fiji, 60 p. Table 12.—U:S. institutions, investigators, and projects in the Nazca Plate Study Institutions Investigators Projects University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Oregon State University, School of Oceanography J. Mammerickx G. Woolard D. M. Hussong M. E. Odegard R. Moberly, G. Shepherd, W. C. Coulbourn, and S. Johnson J. Resig R. Hey K. E. Handschumacher J. Rose and T. R. Getts H. Veeh and G. McMurtry C. Fein L. Kulm and W. Schweller J. Dymond and J. Corliss J. Dasch C. W. Field K. E. Scheidegger and J. Corliss D. K. Rea R. Couch Bathymetry of the Nazca Plate Gravity and Crustal Structure of the Nazca Plate Crustal Studies of Nazca Plate and Its Margins Sediment lsopach Map of Nazca Plate Acoustic Properties of Metalliferous Sediments Evolution of Fore-Arc Basins off South America Paleobathymetry, paleoecology, and derivation of Sediments on the Nazca Plate Plate Tectonics and Discontinuities Along the West Margin of Chile Tectonic Evolution of Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center Post Eocene Tectonics of Eastern Pacific Based on Magnetic Anomalies Gravity and Tectonics of Eastern Nazca Plate and Peru Chile Trench Metalliferous Sediment Accumulation on the Nazca Plate Chemical Investigation of Nazca Plate Basalts Crustal Structure and Tectonics of the Peru-Chile Trench Metalliferous Sedimentation on the Nazca Plate Isotope Studies of Metalliferous Sediments and Deep Sea Basalts Magmatism and Metallogeny of the Andean Cordillera Study of Basalts from Peru-Chile Trench and East Pacific Rise Magnetic and Structural Studies of the East Pacific Rise Gravity and Crustal Structure of the Nazca Plate 60 Studies in East Asia Tectonics and Resources (SEATAR) An international group of scientists are performing a large- scale, comprehensive investigation of the interplay between the regional tectonics and the occurrences of metals and hydro- carbons in East Asia. Projects are listed in table 13. This proj- ect, based on recommendations of a workshop held in Bangkok in 1973, made significant progress in 1977. Major operations, both marine and land, were conducted along the Sunda Arc and Banda Arc and the Philippine Sea. In addition, work on a geophysical atlas of the area has been completed and accepted for publication as part of the Geological Society of America map series. A bathymetric map was published in 1977. The final product, scheduled to be issued later this year, will include gravity, magnetic anomaly, total sediment isopach (based on seismic reflection velocities), crustal structure (seismic refraction velocity distribution), tectonics, and heat flow. A seismotectonic map covering a more limited area (115° E to 130° E and 5° S to 20° N) has been partially completed. A report on the Banda Sea area is in press, and the area of the Moluccas and Philippines is near completion. Two more segments are scheduled: Taiwan-Ryukyu Trench and the Mariana-Philippine Sea. The heat flow cited above was based on existing data. Additional surveys have been made on the island of Sumatra by V. Vacquier (SIO) and in Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines by S. Uyeda (Tokyo U). A geothermal gradient map was published in 1977 by the Southeast Asia Petroleum Explo- ration (SEAPEX) Society using data from oil exploration wells. The result of all these efforts will be the most comprehensive survey of temperature data for an active island arc system. Curray and Shor (SIO) and Karig (Cornell) completed four legs of a cruise in the area of the Andaman Sea, Java Sea, and Banda Sea. The Scripps multichannel seismic system operated successfully on its first field experience. In this region of thick sediments, the multichannel data provided diagnostic evidence of the interplay between basement tectonics, sea level, and sedi- ment supply. In the Sunda Arc, where the India plate is sub- ducting the China plate, reflection data are obtained from the deep structure of the descending slab and deep structure and sediments in the fore-arc basin. In cooperation with Indonesian scientists, seismic refraction data from two ships were obtained from oceanic crust and mantle. Karig and associates made detailed investigations of the fore-arc sections on the islands offshore of Sumatra. The Scripps group obtained additional geophysical data and geological samples in the Banda Sea to refine the interpretation based on the 1976 cruise. The several participants in this cruise will work together on the analysis of this broad spectrum of data. British, German, and Japanese geologists working on land in Sumatra and field geologists from the oil companies working in Southeast Asia are generously cooperating in a broad effort to unravel the problems of plate tectonics in this area. On another leg of the Scripps cruise, Eli Silver (UCSD) and R. Raitt (SIO) collected data on seismic reflection and gravity, and extensive bottom samples from the Molucca Sea, which lies north of the Banda Arc and south of Mindanao. Preliminary results indicate that this is a zone of arc-arc collision. Seismic reflection data trace the parallel thrusts and, in combination with bottom samples, confirm the melange nature of the sedi- mentary section. The RV VatpiviA (Federal Republic of Germany) carried out a broad-scale program of geophysical measurements (includ- ing multichannel seismic data) and geological sampling, extend- ing from the Malacca Strait to the Philippines and including the northwest continental margin of Australia, Strait of Makassar, Island of Celebes, Sulu Sea, and Philippine Sea. Lamont com- pleted a geophysical survey of the West Philippine Basin and Luzon margin using 24-channel common depth point (CDP) seismic reflection techniques and complementary geophysical measurements. These large-scale data gathering efforts were made jointly in support of the SEATAR and IPOD site surveys. In 1978, IDOE will support a major program to study the tectonics and evolutionary history of the marginal basins and the island-arc-trench systems along the Mariana-Philippine Transect. The areas of focus are the Mariana Trough and arc-Trench plus selected portions of the Parece Vela and west Philippine Basins. Both shipboard field work and land-based programs in selected portions of the Marianas are scheduled. Alamogan |. Velocity (km/sec) Layer km 20 km ie} vertical exaggeration ~10" Generalized E-W crustal section across Mariana Island Arc subduction zone at latitude 18°N, including locations of drilling sites from DSDP Leg 60. Bathymetry drawn by W. Coulbourn based on data from Hawaii Institute of Geophysics (HIG) 1976 cruise. Crustal structure generalized by D. Hussong from HIG seismic refraction, reflection, and gravity data collected in 1976 and OTT. 61 The proposed program is aware of Legs 59 and 60 to be drilled in eariy 1978 (fig. 38). Standard geophysical measurements, geological sampling, and magnetotelluric measurements will be made. An extensive array of ocean-bottom and land-based seis- | | mometers will be deployed. In addition to recording the seis- | micity of the area, explosive charges will be used to obtain precise velocity data. The Mariana-Philippine Transect is the fifth of the six tran- Table 13.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in SEATAR Institutions Investigators Projects Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory D.E. Hayes University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Cornell University University of Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics University of Texas, Galveston, Marine Science Institute University of California, Santa Barbara University of Arizona Colorado School of Mines Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution R. Anderson, E. Bonatti, and J. Lawrence E. Bonatti J. W. Hawkins G. G. Shor, Jr. J. Curray J.H. Filloux L. Dorman J. Mammerickx D. E. Karig B. Isacks R. Kay D. Hussong G. Latham M. Reichle A. Meijer A. Divis C. O. Bowin S. E. Asia Marine Geology and Geophysics Pro- | gram | Steering Committee Support The Parece Vela and West Philippine Basin Studies Program Coordination Heat Flow, Metallogenesis, and Sea Water Con- vection in the Oceanic Crust Philippine Ophiolites Evolution of Oceanic Crust Geochemical and Petrological Studies, Mariana Trough and N. Luzon Trench Seismic Refraction Studies of the Mariana Arc and Trench Seismic Refraction Banda Arc Marine Geology and Geophysics of the Sunda Arc Marine Geology and Geophysics of the Andaman Sea Magnetotelluric Traverse Across-Mariana Trench, Arc, and Trough Seismicity and Seismic Refraction of the Mariana Trough and Arc-Trench Areas Bathymetry of East Asian Seas Characteristics and Evolution of Back-arc spread- ing in the Mariana Trough. Nias/Sunda Transect Seismological Studies of the SEATAR Area (Banda, Sunda, and the Philippine Sea Plate). Operation of Temporary Seismograph Network on the Mariana Islands Magma Genesis in Back Arc Basins (dredged and drilled rocks from Mariana Trough) Distribution of Earthquakes, Epicenters, and some Focal Mechanisms in Diverging Basins Ocean Bottom Seismometer Observation, Mariana Transect Seismicity and Seismic Refraction of the Mariana Trough and Arc Trench Areas Geochemical, Petrologic (Pb and Strontium Iso- topes) Studies of Volcanic Islands, Dredge Samples from Mariana Back-arc Basins Magmatic Processes in Evolution of Arc Copper- Molybdenum Deposits Banda Arc Geophysical Studies 62 sects recommended by the Bangkok workshop (1973). Work on the sixth (Japan-Korea transect) was largely the responsibility of these respective countries. In an effort to assess the results to date and to plan a program of research for the balance of the decade, a special SEATAR Workshop will be held in Jakarta, Indonesia, Oct. 17 to 21, 1978, prior to the 15th session of the Committee for Coordination of Joint Prospecting for Mineral Resources in Asian Offshore Areas scheduled for Singapore, Oct. 24 to Nov. 4, 1978. o° 115° 125° 135° 145° eB SEATAR Data SEATAR data received during the period of this report are available from NGSDC as follows: Scripps Institution of Oceanography—G. Shor, 3,770 nmi of seismic reflection data on 35 mm microfilm. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution—C. Bowin, 3,451 nmi of seismic reflection data on 35 mm microfilm, 8,000 nmi of magnetic data on magnetic tape. Japan Sea > Basin 30° ss East China oe j Ww & Sea U Vv \ ne ae \\ , 2) Y J Kita Daito Nansai Trough 4 Suruga Bay 1° | * ‘ * x eee 'Izu-Bonin 2 * hikoku» Kinan 5 7 * | Trench-* Iwo Jima Ridge EASE : SS GRE DN PINE SSE ISLANDS, “S jo° LSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS [% IN THE PHILIPPINE SEA ~~ Bathymetry <2000 fm —-——- Trench axis + Historically active volcano Magnetic lineation resets Fracture zone Scale at 20°N 200 400 600 800 K 0° is 115° 125° pale O a rig A ae AS) egellan a Trough ~S> I S ~ ariana West Mari ce Western __,Eastern}: Parece Vela 1Parece Basin 1 Vela i Basin ana S Se" * &)* 6S hee oO Caroline Islands i Eauripik New Guinea Rise o° 145° 155° Figure 38.—Structural elements of the Philippine Sea. The inferred direction of relative motion between the Asian (AP) and Pacific (PP) plates and between the Asian and Philippine Sea (PsP) plates are indicated by solid arrows. Taken from Watts and Weissel (1975). IPOD Legs 59 and 60 indicated by sites | thru 8. 63 PHILIPPINE -|MARIANA TRANSECT ZONE is* Locations of all SEATAR data collected within the Philippine-Marian 120° a Transect Zone during the past 15 years. Geophysical track lines, Deep Sea Drilling Project coring sites, and dredge locations are shown. Manganese Nodule Program (MANOP) IDOE-sponsored studies of deep-sea manganese nodules changed focus in 1977 with the initiation of MANOP (the new Manganese Nodule Program). Its predecessor programs succes- sively compiled unpublished data on distribution and composi- tion of nodules, and surveyed and sampled a number of small areas within the band of copper- and nickel-rich nodules south and east of Hawaii (fig. 39). MANOP is concentrating on the paths and mechanisms that carry economically important ele- ments, such as copper and nickel, to the sea floor and lead to their incorporation in the nodules, Projects are listed in table 14, The first approach is to measure all the metal fluxes to a given site on the abyssal sea floor, Sediment traps moored in the water column will record the rate of input from the falling remains of shallow-living plants and animals. The rate of supply of dissolved metals from near-bottom waters will be estimated from detailed profiles of chemical analyses of w ater samples. A sophisticated Bottom Lander (fig. 40) will meas ure the release 64 and uptake of dissolved metals at the sea floor. By comparing the Lander values with metal concentrations in pore waters €X- tracted from sediment cores or in situ pore-water samplers, it will be possible to determine what fraction of the metals is de- rived from upward migration through the sediments. and what fraction is released by the dissolution or decomposition of pat- ticles recently deposited on the sea floor, The fluxes of metals into nodules and sediments will be estimated from radiometri- cally determined rates of accumulation combined with chemical analyses of various components of the solid phases. The com- parison of flux values in areas of metal-rich nodules with via in areas of metal-poor or no nodules will establish whether t 5 supply of metals or the growth mechanism is primarily rer sible for the development of economically attractive pore The second approach is experimental. The Bottom Lan 4 will be used to measure metal-release rates in both enclose 4 but undisturbed, nodule-sediment patches and in enclosed eH cent patches, which will be treated with a mixture of antibiotlc 60E Figure 39.—Nodule distribution map. 65 Table 14.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in MANOP Institutions Investigators Projects University of California, San Diego, R. Weiss Scripps Institution of Oceanography J. Greenslate J. Macdougall F. Spiess and P. Lonsdale University of Rhode Island M. Bender Graduate School of Oceanography G. R. Heath Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty P. Biscaye Geological Observatory W. Broecker Massachusetts Institute of Technology RR. Burns J. Edmond Oregon State University, J. Dymond School of Oceanograhpy University of Southern California T. Ku University of South Carolina W. Moore University of Washington S. Emerson J. Murray University of Wisconsin C. Bowser Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution P. Brewer W. Berger, M. Kastner, and J. M. Gieskes Bottom Ocean Monitor Particle Flux to the Sea Floor Interstitial Water Studies by an In Situ Probe The Fractionation of Elements Between Various Sediment Components Manganese Nodule Growth Rates Fine Scale Patterns of Manganese Nodule Distri- bution Trace Metals and Nutrient Geochemistry in Pore Waters and Bottom Waters | Program Administration Studies of Processes Controlling the Composition and Distribution of Deep-Sea Ferromanganese Nodules, ‘Labile’ and ‘Fixed’ Transition Metals in Near Surface Sediments Long Term Observations of Manganese Nodule Environments Bottom Chamber and Benthic Flux Experiments Mineralogical Changes in Manganese Nodules Under Hydrostatic Pressures on the Sea Floor Measurements of Dissolved Trace Metals and Other Species in the Water Column over the Proj- ect Site Particulate Flux to the Sea Floor Radiometric Dating of Manganese Nodules’ Adja- cent Sediment Radiochemical Studies of Manganese Nodule Deposition Processes Diagenesis and Diffusion in Interstitial Waters An In Situ Adsorption Experiment Continuing Studies in Role of Early Sedimentary Diagenesis in Formation of Marine Manganese Nodules Investigation of Metal lon Uptake on Manganese Nodule Surfaces in Deep Ocean to kill manganese-fixing bacteria (fig. 41). Related experiments will involve the addition of trace amounts of dissolved metals to treated and untreated enclosures to determine the rates of metal uptake by nodules and sediments with and without bac- terial activity. Similarly, adding bacteria that are antibiotic- resistant and manganese-fixing to a treated enclosure will help establish the relative roles of organic and inorganic reactions in the growth of nodules. A closely related series of experiments center on the exposure of well-characterized natural and artificial iron and manganese oxyhydroxides to bottom waters for weeks to years. These expe- riments will establish the patterns and rates of metal uptake or release by the various mineral phases, as well as the nature of any mineralogic changes that result from the low temperatures and high pressures at the sea floor. 66 A design review of the instrument has been completed and approved for development. It is estimated that construction and testing of the Lander will be completed in mid-1979. During 1977, detailed surveys of future Bottom Lander sites were made using the Deep-Tow system of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. (See fig. 42.) The sites, at the crest of the East Pacific Rise and in the Guatemala Basin, will be used for experi- ments to assess the influence of hydrothermal input and dia- genetic remobilization on transition metal fluxes. The 1977 sur- veys provide the detailed topographic and sediment-distribution information needed to site the Lander deployments and asso- ciated sediment sampling. They also mark the start of the in situ mineral exposure experiments (samples will be recalled on long- lived acoustic transponders in about 5 years). Sediment cores collected during the 1977 cruise are being studied intensively by BACKUP BALLAST RELEASE STATICALLY FED PISTON CENTRAL ELECTRONICS BOTTOM CHAMBER ASSEMBLY (1 OF 3) BACKUP BUOYANCY RELEASES (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY) FLOATATION ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION KEVLAR BALE RELEASE SYSTEMS AND-CENTRAL ELECTRONICS BOTTOM CHAMBER ASSEMBLY (1 OF 3) Figure 40.—MANOP Bottom Lander, top and side views. To show the underlying structure, the floatation and Kevlar bale have been omitted from the top view. pore-water and sediment geochemists. Preliminary results sug- gest considerable vertical migration of dissolved manganese and iron, as well as other transition metals. Manganese Nodule Data Manganese nodule data received during the period of this report are available from NGSDC as follows: University of Washington, Ecole des Mines—J. Murray, J. Monget, 2,200 chemical analyses of manganese nodules on magnetic tape. Manganese Nodule Bibliography Andrews, J. E., M. Morganstein, C. D. Fein, M. A. Meylan, S. V. Margolis, G. Anderman, and G. P. Glasby. 1972. Investigations of ferromanganese deposits from the central Pacific. Hawaii Inst. Geophys. Rpt. No. HIG—72-23, 1330p: Burnett, W. C., and M. Morgenstein. 1976. Growth rates of Pacific managanese nodules as de- duced by uranium-series and hydration-rind dating tech- niques. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 33:208-218. Greenslate, J. 1977. Manganese concretion wet density; a marine geochem- istry constant. Mar. Min. 1 (1 & 2):125-148. 24 PORT—48 POSITION FILTER ROTARY SELECTOR VALVE ISOLATION COIL SAMPLING VOLUME 24 & (1 OF 24) SAMPLING PUMP BYPASS Figure 41.—Water flow diagram for each of the three bottom chamber experiments. All valves and pumps are actuated by stepper motors under microprocessor control. Flow through the 4-way bypass valve in its normal position is shown by the solid lines; dashed lines show the flow through this valve in the bypass position. 67 qin < oe pat etek sh ee , ae Naat) sy) $ af 44 oi he we wr “gn as ee SISFF EEL: SEM SE 7h bib is Chicago « / a ey = New 5 , Foe J. ag | Washington « f i ¢ - Figure 42.—The lander will be emplaced at five sequential sites for long term monitoring. The sites, each located in a distinct sedimentary environment include: red clay R M , and hemipelagic clay H . 68 , siliceous ooze S , calcareous ooze Cc, metalliferous sediment Living Resources Program The goal of this program is to provide scientific knowledge for improved management and use of the ocean’s living re- sources. Emphasis is on interdisciplinary studies of the mecha- nisms that produce and sustain marine life. The program in- cludes the Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (CUEA) and Seagrass Ecosystem Study (SES) projects. Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (CUEA) The long-term goal of the CUEA program is to understand coastal upwelling ecosystems well enough to predict their re- sponse to changes far enough in advance to be useful to man- kind. This goal, when achieved, provides the basis for protecting the long-term productivity of fisheries in these ecosystems. The multidisciplinary CUEA projects are listed in table 15. To achieve its goal, CUEA has four objectives: 1. Describe and understand the mesoscale distributions that define coastal upwelling ecosystems in space and time, in- cluding such variables as solar radiation, winds, currents, density, nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, nekton, and benthos, as well as analyses of the spectral characteristics of each. 2. Understand the dynamic processes that affect the total be- havior of these ecosystems, and derive quantitative values of wind-induced upper oceanic circulation, mesoscale flow fields, uptake of nutrients by phytoplankton, and other processes that can limit grazing, predation, excretion, res- piration, and remineralization. 3. Learn more about the physical, chemical, and biological interactions that increase the production of coastal upwell- ing ecosystems by an order of magnitude over that of open- ocean areas. 4. Develop models that will simulate the Northwest African and Peruvian upwelling ecosystems to help predict the re- sponse of these ecosystems to variabilities in scales and rates of processes, or to different fishery management strategies. During 1977, the CUEA program: completed field work off the coast of Peru and began the analysis and interdisciplinary synthesis of the information that was obtained. The intensive 1977 field effort lasted from March to May and involved an unprecedented concentration of oceanographic facilities. The expedition had shore-based meteorological stations; moored cur- rent meter arrays and meteorological stations; four research vessels from the academic fleet, the WECOMA, MELVILLE, ISELIN, and Cayuse; and an aircraft to map sea-surface tem- perature and winds. The scientific objective of concentrating the multidisciplinary analysis on a single geographic region was to obtain a compre- hensive view of the physical and biological parameters of the upwelling process. The time-phase diagram (fig. 43) shows the degree to which this objective was achieved in operational and logistic terms. The March through May phase of JOINT-II, an intensive, collaborative study of the Peruvian upwelling eco- system, was called MAM 77. It succeeded in obtaining a thorough description of the winds, currents, and physical con- ditions and at the same time showing the biological response to these conditions in terms of phytoplankton species composition, zooplankton abundance and grazing, and fish distribution. The operational success of simultaneous deployment of bio- logical, chemical, meteorological, and physical studies in MAM 77 was the culmination of experience and learning obtained in the five earlier field programs: MESCAL I and II off Baja California, CUE-I and II off Oregon, and JOINT-I off the coast of Northwest Africa in 1974. These earlier programs paved the way for JOINT-II, because scientists in the CUEA program learned what scales of resolution are necessary to document the physical/biological coupling and how the ships and equipment should be deployed to obtain the needed reso- lution. The absence of any major analysis failures (or even delays) in MAM 77 was remarkable considering the harsh environment of the south coast of Peru. The aircraft and meteorological operations faced particularly tough desert conditions, but suc- ceeded in carrying out their observations as scheduled. The assistance of the Government of Peru was a key factor when the WECOMA and the MELVILLE needed emergency drydocking. The Instituto del Mar del Peru arranged for the use of the Peruvian Navy drydock during a scheduled port call. This vi- tal assistance kept the vessel operations on schedule. The prevailing oceanographic conditions in the intensive pe- riod of MAM 76 were distinctly different from those prevailing in MAM 77. It is too early to provide a causal explanation of the differences between the 2 years, but the characteristics can be stated. During spring 1976, the ocean was distinctly warmer than the long-term average, and the entire coastal region from 5° S to 17° S was dominated by a single species of phytoplankton, the dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium splendens. The biomass of the dinoflagellate was very high, but the absolute primary production was lower than that occurring in the same area at the same time of year in 1966 and 1969 (fig. 44). A very large increase in the jellyfish population accompanied the dinoflagellate bloom all along the Peru coast. The jellyfish fouled fishing equipment and oceanographic gear and, as preda- 69 5°N o° Galapagos Is. 5°S Cabo Blanco 10° 15° ; SS 75° 30'W 20° 90°W 80° 70° Buoy deployment, JOINT-II, 1976-77, showing primary instrument locations. | ee meannenenesi ea a Typical Peruvian fishing (bolichera) operations, pursing net on anchovy. 70 JOINT - I | 10 20 301 10 20 301 10 20 301 10 20 of 10 [reco Fra] ooson [[aeow | arma neu THOMAS G. THOMPSON a a Bae ee a i= & NCAR Queen air A wae TT ver [deseo] sein ] sseum Barber | | ooadale [| | seering [| Ritter WECOMa ieee Seer caruse IS77 | 10 20 301 10 20 301 10 20 30 | 10 20 301 10 EASTWARD 20 July August September October November Ship deployment and chief scientists, JOINT-II, 1976-77. 71 Table 15.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in CUEA Institutions Investigators Projects University of Alaska J. Goering Bigelow Laboratory R. Dugdale and for Ocean Sciences J. Maclsaac T. Packard Brookhaven National Laboratories J. Walsh T. Whitledge University of Delaware C. Mooers Duke University R. Barber S. Huntsman Y. Hsueh J. O’Brien Florida State University D. Stuart Inter-American Tropical M. Stevenson Tuna Commission University of Miami J. Van Leer Oregon State University J. Allen A. Huyer R. Smith Pacific Marine Environmental Lab D. Halpern San Francisco State University J. Kelley Scripps Institution of Oceanography M. Blackburn K. Smith University of Washington L. Codispoti R. Thorne and O. Mathisen Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution G. Rowe Consumption and Regeneration of Silicic Acid in Upwelling Systems Kinetics of Nutrient Uptake Enzymatic Determination of Biological Transfor- mation Systems Model of Upwelling Ecosystems Nutrient Regeneration and Excretion Physical Dynamics of the Frontal Zone Primary Production, Chelation, and Toxicity Program Management Primary Production, Chelation, and Toxicity. Diagnostic Modeling Studies in JOINT-II Simulation of Time-Dependent Coastal Upwelling Circulation Meteorological Support and Investigations for the JOINT-II Expedition Plume and Frontal Structures in a Coastal Upwell- ing Zone by Lagrangian Measurements Physical Dynamics of the Frontal Zone Theoretical Studies and the Dynamical Interpre- tation of Flow Field Observations Mesoscale Hydrography during JOINT-IlI Mesoscale Circulation in Coastal Upwelling Systems Near-Surface Circulation in a Coastal Upwelling Environment Nutrient and Phytoplankton Fields Interactive Real-Time Information System for Coastal Upwelling Studies Nekton Distribution and the Environmental Factors Causing this Distribution in the Upwelling Region Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Cycles on the Sea Floor of an Upwelling Region Mesoscale Hydrography during JOINT-II Acoustic Assessment of Nekton Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Cycles on the Sea Floor of an Upwelling Region tors, must have modified the normal food chain dynamics. In the 15° S region, where the intensive effort of JOINT-II was located, a layer of anoxic, denitrified, and hydrogen sulfide- bearing water developed in the undercurrent (fig. 45). The asso- ciation of the dinoflagellate bloom, jellyfish, and anoxia, none of which was present in MAM 77, lead the CUEA scientists to look for fundamental differences in the atmospheric and oceanographic forcing processes for the two periods, MAM 76 vs. MAM 77. Indeed, the requisite differences appear to be present in some large-scale properties, but not necessarily in the local wind fields. 72 MAM 77, distinctly different from MAM 76, is also quite distinct from the conditions prevailing at the JOINT-II site in 1966 and 1969. Primary production was lower, and the per- sistent upwelling center just south of Cabo Nazca was more strongly developed in terms of the characteristics of the low temperature, high nitrate, and very low chlorophyll (fig. 46). First analysis suggests that MAM 77 was a period of stronger than average upwelling, especially in relation to the conditions present in 1966 and 1969. One aspect of major international consequence is that the highly unusual 1976 conditions (anoxia, dinoflagellate bloom, COASTAL WINDS PTA LOMITAS INNER SHELF MID SHELF (15°0S*) OFFSHORE MID SHELF(14°S6") MID SHELF(15°30") AIRCRAFT WINDS INNER SNELF (15°S) OUTER SHELF (15°S) MID SHELF (10°S) BOTTOM PRESSURE SAN JUAN COASTAL SAN MARTIN CALLAO SEA LEVEL CHIMBOTE MID SHELF (15°05'S) MONITORING CROSS-SHELF ALONGSHORE MID-SHELF ALONGSHORE UPPER SLOPE 2) & 5 f=) oO Q oO & i=) wn a 2 n CYCLESONDES NEAR SURFACE CURRENTS DROGUES HYDROGRAPHY ALPCRAST MAPPING Be PRODUCTIVITY ZOOPLANKTON NEKTON BENTHOS Figure 43.—Time-phase diagram of the CUEA JOINT-II observations in the Peru coastal upwelling region, 1976-1977. and jellyfish) were accompanied by a widespread failure of anchovy reproduction. The closure of the anchovy fishery had an international economic ripple effect and imposed consider- able hardship on the economy of Peru. The distinctly different conditions present in MAM 77 and the absence of any of the strong anomaly indicators (anoxia, dinoflagellates, and jellyfish) provide a basis for predicting that the reproductive failure will not be repeated this year. The oceanographic observations of JOINT-II for MAM 77 have been used by the Government of Peru to evolve their strategy for fishery management during this critical period. Thus, social application and scientific analysis of JOINT-II are proceeding simultaneously. With completion of the JOINT-II field work in mid-1977, CUEA began data processing, analysis, interpretation, and syn- thesis (called SYNAPSE—Synthesis and Publication Segment), which will be the full project effort for at least the next 2 years. The plan for SYNAPSE involves individual component data processing and analysis, small group interactions, program-wide meetings and workshops for data synthesis, national and inter- national forums for presentation to the scientific community, and publication of data and synthesized results. CUEA Data CUEA data received during the period of this report are available from NODC as follows: NODC Accession No.: 78-0403 Organization: Oregon State University Investigators: R. L. Smith (OSU), A. Huyer (OSU) Grant No.: OCE74—22290, ID071—04211 Project: WISP/UP-—75 Data: 117 CTDs taken aboard 8 cruises of the RV YAQUINA off the Oregon coast from January 27, 1975, to July 29, 1975. Data submitted on NODC-compatible tape. NODC Accession No.: 78—0403 Organization: Oregon State University 73 Investigators: A. Huyer (OSU), R. L. Smith (OSU) NODC Accession No.: 77—0121 Grant Nos.: OCE74—22290, ID071—04211 Organization: Oregon State University Project: WISP/UP-75 Investigator: H. Pak (OSU) Data: Buoy-moored current meter observations: 24 files of | Grant No.: ID071—04211 depth, velocity, U, and V components from January 28, Project: CUEA 1975, to September 12, 1975; temperatures and salinities Data: 83 optical measurements taken aboard RV YAQUINA taken aboard RV YAaquiNnA, August 1 to September 12, Cruise Y—7408B in August 1974 off the Oregon coast. Data 1975. Data submitted on NODC-compatible magnetic tape. were submitted on punched cards. Frequency (%) Ar UGRORBN AON 120i. 2 a4 6 Iam Ommns Primary Production (gC/m*/day ) Figure 44.—A comparison of primary production frequency distributions in the 15°S latitude region off the Peru coast. The data are all from the Cabo Nazca area where JOINT II was conducted in March and April 1975 and 1977. RV Pisco sailed in 1969 and ANTON BRUUN in 1966. The dramatically lower primary production in 1976 and 1977 relative to 1966 and 1969 is clear. 74 TEMPERATURE °C NO.-N, wgAt/LITER NO.-N, ugAt/LITER NHN, ugAt/LITER 30,0. 2.3/4, 5.6.08. 5 Old) 2.3 4 onl ae @ STATION 16 @ STATION 17 o STATION 21 va) a Li — Lu = Zz ac | el o. Lu a Figure 45.—Profiles of temperature and nutrients at location C_5 (intensive site) off Peru, 15°S, April 1-3, 1976. Figure 46.—Distribution of temperature, nitrate, and chlorophyll . around the Cabo Nazca site, where the intensive 24 JOINT-II studies were located. The alongshore and B rigilomes \. a ae offshore expansion of the traditional Cabo Nazca \ upwelling center emphasizes the strength of the up- TEMPERATURE (C) NITRATE(pgat/!) CHLOROPHYLL A welling in 1977 as compared with data from the (ugm/1) same months in previous years. 75 CUEA Bibliography Ahmed, S. I., R. A. Renner, and F. D. King. 1976. Preservation of enzymic activity in marine plankton by low-temperature freezing. Mar. Chem. 4:133-139. Allen, J. S. 1976a. On forced, long continental shelf waves on an f-plane. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:426—431. 1976b. Continental shelf waves and alongshore variations in bottom topography and coastlines. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:864-878. Barber, R. T. 1977. The JOINT-I expedition of the Coastal Upwelling Analysis program. Deep-Sea Res. 24: 1-6. Barton, E. D. 1977. JOINT II RV THomas G. THOMPSON Cruise 108 Leg I CTD measurements off the coast of Peru near Cabo Nazca April-May 1976. CUEA Data Rpt. 39, Univ. Wash., 140 p. Barton, E. D., A. Huyer, and R. L. Smith. 1977. Temporal variation observed in the hydrographic re- gime near Cabo Corveiro in the northwest African upwelling region, February to April, 1974. Deep-Sea Res. 24:7—23. Bass, A. E., and T. T. Packard. 1977. Physical, chemical, and biological observations from JOINT II RV AtpHa HELIx Leg 0, 5-20 March 1976. CUEA Data Rpt. 41. Blackburn, M. 1977a. JOINT I zooplankton measurements, RV ATLANTIS II Cruise 82 CUEA Data Rpt. 43, Inst. Mar. Resourc., Univ. Calif., La Jolla, 49 p. 1977b. Studies on pelagic animal biomasses. In: N. R. An- derson and B. J. Zahuranec, (editors), Oceanic sound scatter- ing prediction p. 283-299. Plenum Pub. Corp., N.Y., N.Y. Blackburn, M., and W. Nellen. 1976. Distribution and ecology of pelagic fishes studied from eggs and larvae in an upwelling area off Spanish Sahara. Fish. Bull., U.S. 74:885-896. Blasco, D. 1977. Red tide in the upwelling region of Baja California. Limn. Oceanogr. 22:255—263. Christensen, J. P., and T. T. Packard. 1977. Sediment metabolism in the northwest African up- welling system. Deep-Sea Res. 24:331—343. Codispoti, L. A., D. D. Bishop, M. A. Friebertshauser, and G. E. Friederich. 1976. JOINT II RV THoMas G. THOMPSON Cruise 108 bottle data April-June 1976. CUEA Data Rpt. 35, 370 p. Conway, H. L. 1977. Interactions of inorganic nitrogen in the uptake and assimilation by marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol. 39:221— 22s Cowles, T. J., R. T. Barber, and O. Guillen. 1977. Biological consequences of the 1975 El Nino. Science 195:285-287. 76 Cutchin, D. L., and D. B. Rao. 1976. Baroclinic and barotropic edge waves on a continental shelf. Spec. Rpt. No. 30, Univ. Wis., 53 p. Duval, P. W. 1977. Aircraft-observed winds over a coastal upwelling re- gion, CUEA Tech. Rpt. 29, Fla. State Univ., 120 p. Elliott, D., and J. J. O’Brien. 1977. Observational studies of the marine boundary layer over an upwelling region. Mon. Wea. Rev. 105:86—98. Friebertshauser, M. A., D. D. Bishop, and L. A. Codispoti. 1977. JOINT If RV THomas G. THOMPSON Cruise 108, Legs II and III, CTD measurements off the coast of Peru near Cabo Nazca, May-June, 1976. CUEA Data Rpt. 40, Univ. Wash., 245 p. Friederich, G. E., L. A. Codispoti, M. A. Friebertshauser, and D. D. Bishop. 1977. JOINT II, the Thompson sections: RV THoMas G. THOMPSON cruise 108. CUEA Technical Rpt. 33. Univ. Wash. Halpern, D. 1976a. Structure of a coastal upwelling event observed off Oregon during July 1973. Deep-Sea Res. 23:495-508. 1976b. Measurements of near-surface wind stress over an upwelling region near the Oregon coast. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:108-122. 1976c. Accuracy of moored current measurements in shal- low water. MTS—IEEE Oceans ’76 Conf. Record, Mar. Tech. Soc., Wash., D.C.: 20B-1 to 20B-—S. 1977. Description of wind and upper ocean current and temperature variations on the continental shelf off northwest Africa during March and April, 1974. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 7:422-430. Halpern, D., and J. R. Holbrook 1977. STD measurements off Spanish Sahara, March/April 1974. CUEA Data Rpt. 36, Univ. Wash., 314 p. Halpern, D., and R. D. Pillsbury. 1976a. Influence of surface waves on subsurface current measurements in shallow water. Limn. Oceanogr. 21:611- 619. 1976b. Near-surface moored current meter measurements. Mar. Tech. Soc. J. 10:32-38. Halpern, D., and R. K. Reed. 1976. Heat budget of the upper ocean under light winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:972-975. Harrison, P. J., and C. O. Davis. 1977. Use of the perturbation technique to measure nutrient uptake rates of natural phytoplankton populations. Deep-Sea Res. 24:247-255. Hawkins, J. D. 1977. A study of the mesoscale wind circulation in a land-sea breeze regime. CUEA Tech. Rpt. 32, Fla. State Univ., 41 p. Hayes, S. P., and D. Halpern. 1976. Variability of the semidiurnal tide during coastal up- welling. Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci., Liege, 6° ser., tome X:175-186. Hitchcock, G. L. 1977. The concentration of particulate carbohydrate in the region of the West Africa upwelling zone during March 1974. Deep-Sea Res. 24:83—93. Hsueh, Y., C.-Y. Peng, and S. L. Blumsack. 1976. A geostrophic computation of currents over a conti- nental shelf. Mem. Soc. Sci., Liege, 6° ser., tome X:315—330. Hsueh, Y., and G. L. Weatherly. 1977. The importance of density stratification to bottom boundary layers over continental margins. J. Phys. Ocean- ogr. 7:488-493. Huntsman, S. A., and R. T. Barber. 1977. Primary production off northwest Africa: the rela- tionship to wind and nutrient conditions. Deep-Sea Res. 24:25-33. Huyer, A. 1976. A comparison of upwelling events in two locations: Oregon and Northwest Africa. J. Mar. Res. 34:531-546. 1977. Seasonal variation in temperature, salinity and den- sity over the continental shelf off Oregon. Limn. Oceanogr. 22:442-453. Johnson, W. R., J. C. Van Leer, and C. N. K. Mooers. 1976. A cyclosonde view of coastal upwelling. J Phys. Oceanogr. 6:556—-574. Kilduff, R. E. 1977. A study of the mean land-sea breeze conditions over the northwest African coast during the period 6-30 March 1974. CUEA Tech. Rpt. 31, Fla. State Univ., 115 p. Kundu, P. 1976. An analysis of inertial oscillations observed near Ore- gon Coast. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:879-893. Meitin, R. J., and D. W. Stuart. 1977. The structure of the marine inversion in northwest Oregon during 26-30 August 1973. Mon. Wea. Rev. 105:748-761. Milliman, J. D. 1977. Effects of arid climate and upwelling upon the sedi- mentary regime off southern Spanish Sahara. Deep-Sea Res. 24:95-103. Nelson, D. M., and J. J. Goering. 1977. Near-surface silica dissolution in the upwelling region off northwest Africa. Deep-Sea Res. 24:65-73. Nelson, D. M., J. J. Goering, S. A. Kilham, and R. R. L. Guillard. 1976. Kinetics of silicic acid uptake and rates of silica dis- solution in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. J. Phycol. 12:246-252. O’Brien, J. J., R. M. Clancy, A. J. Clarke, M. Crepon, R. Ells- berry, T. Gammelsrod, M. Macvean, L. P. Roed, and J. D. Thompson. 1977. Chapter 11, Upwelling in the ocean: Two- and three- dimensional models of upper ocean dynamics and variability. In: E. B. Kraus (editor), Modelling and prediction of the upper layers of the ocean, p. 178-228. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y. Penhale, P. A., and W. O. Smith, Jr. 1977. Excretion of dissolved organic carbon by eelgrass (Zostera marina) and its epiphytes. Limn. Oceanogr. 22:400— 407. Robles, P., J. Ma., and E. D. Barton. 1977. Vertical sections of temperature, salinity and sigma-T: JOINT II RV THomas G. THomMpson Cruise 108 Leg 1, CUEA Tech. Rpt. 35, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Baja Calif., Mexico, 38 p. Rowe, G. T., C. H. Clifford, and K. L. Smith, Jr. 1977. Nutrient regeneration in sediments off Cap Blanc, Spanish Sahara. Deep-Sea Res. 24:57-63. Smith, S. L., and T. E. Whitledge. 1977. The role of zooplankton in the regeneration of nitro- gen in a coastal upwelling system off northwest Africa. Deep- Sea Res. 24:49-56. Smith, W. O., Jr. 1977. The respiration of photosynthetic carbon in eutrophic areas of the ocean. J. Mar. Res. 35:557-565. Smith, W. O., Jr., R. T. Barber, and S$. A. Huntsman. 1977. Primary production off the coast of northwest Africa: excretion of dissolved organic matter and its heterotrophic uptake. Deep-Sea Res. 24:35—47. Stevenson, M., and L. Small. 1977. Physical and biological measurements July 29—August 5, 1973. CUEA Tech. Rpt. 34, 50 p. Stuart, D. W., and J. J. Bates. 1977. Aircraft sea surface temperature data—JOINT II 1977. CUEA Data Rpt. 42, Fla. State Univ., 39 p. Stuart, D. W., M. A. Spetseris, and M. M. Nanney. 1976. Meteorological Data JOINT II: March, April, May, 1976. CUEA Data Rpt. 34, Fla. State Univ., 69 p. Thorne, R. E., O. A. Mathison, R. J. Trumble, and M. Blackburn. 1977. Distribution and abundance of pelagic fish off Spanish Sahara during CUEA Expedition JOINT I. Deep-Sea Res. 24:75-82. Walsh, J. J., T. E. Whitledge, J. C. Kelley, S. A. Huntsman, and R. D. Pillsbury. 1977. Further transition states of the Baja California upwell- ing ecosystem. Limn. Oceanogr. 22:264—280. Whitledge, T. E., and H. L. Conway. 1977. RV T. G. THOMPSON Cruise 78; Part II: MESCAL II: Productivity, nekton biomass, current meter and drogue ob- servations . . . 24 March-6 May 1973: OUTFALL II: Hy- drography and productivity . . . 7-14 May, 1973. CUEA Data Rpt. 37, 143 p. Wroblewski, J. S. 1977. A model of phytoplankton plume formation during variable Oregon upwelling. J. Mar. Res. 35:357-394. Ud Seagrass Ecosystem Study (SES) The Seagrass Ecosystem Study (SES) began in 1974 as a team research project to study benthic marine plant systems, particularly the dynamic processes by which seagrass ecosys- tems are maintained and how they contribute to the seas. In situ coring of Thallasia reefs east of New Cay. 78 In the past 2 years, the second phase of the research (SES II) has been completed and has resulted in a great deal of new information and progress toward the stated goals of the proj- ect. This research generally addresses three main questions. What are the contributions of seagrass ecosystems to food webs, nutrient and mineral cycling, and coastal stabilization? What processes in seagrass ecosystems are affected by environ- mental changes or human induced perturbations? Are there structural patterns in these ecosystems that allow them to per- sist in changing environments? Research has now focused on understanding the development of these systems in terms of both local and latitudinal gradients. The central hypothesis of the project is based on the principals of ecological succession—succession of species, structures, and functions—and this unifying concept has led to considerable understanding and progress. Work has generally been confined to the Zostera (eelgrass) system, characteristic of north temper- ate regions, and the Thalassia (turtle grass) system, characteristic of the Tropics. Laboratory studies and field work in Alaska and St. Croix, U.S.V.I., have shown that the development of the plant com- ponent of the seagrass community, and subsequently the ani- mal component, is keyed to chemical and microbial processes in the sediments. This keying results in a gradient of develop- ment that can be seen across any local seagrass bed and prob- ably also in the latitudinal distribution patterns. These results have led to the refined hypotheses that seagrass ecosystems represent mature as well as colonizing and intermediate stages of development, that the degree of development reached in any specific location depends on the interaction of environmental constraints and ecological processes, and that only under op- timum conditions will a mature system develop. A corollary is that less than optimum conditions will result in a less mature seagrass system. To test these hypotheses for the tropical Thalassia system, which in the American Tropics includes Thalassia testudimum, Syringodium fili, Halodule wrightii, and Halophila spp., an ex- pedition was made aboard the RV ALPHA HELIX to the Mis- kito banks off the coast of Nicaragua. (See fig. 47.) The Nicaraguan shelf is the largest in the Caribbean and is re- nowned as a major feeding area for the seagrass-eating green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Previously, work on the tropical sea- grasses had been in Texas and Florida, near the northern limits of the system, and in St. Croix on the eastern edge of the Caribbean. The expedition to Nicaragua sought to examine the Thalassia system, in what are presumably optimal conditions for the Caribbean Sea, as a basis of comparison for the continuing research at other sites. The Miskito banks were found to contain a huge offshore seagrass meadow that extended out to depths of about 20 m, but was excluded from a nearshore zone about 1 to 2 miles wide by a belt of turbid, low-salinity water. A series of tran- sects were used to quantitatively study the biota of the sea- grasses and associated coral reef and mangrove habitats. The results indicate a gradient of detritus in the sediment that de- creases with distance from the mangrove cays. As in other areas studied, the plant and animal community reflects the sedi- ment gradient. Sea urchins are often major herbivores in sea- grass beds, and on the Miskito banks the common species, Lythechinus variegatus, was studied to determine its association with the seagrasses. The conclusion of the studies was that in contrast to other areas, Lythechinus in this area could hardly be considered a herbivore, because it apparently derived most of its nutrition from bryozoans that are epiphytic on seagrass leaves. Related research examined the relationship between coral reefs and seagrass beds; this relationship is most obvious where heavily grazed seagrasses around a reef form a sand “halo.” It appears that reef dwelling organisms on the Miskito banks exert an influence on the surrounding seagrasses for as much as 20 m from the reef. Green turtles concentrate on the Miskito banks during late fall and winter. These animals are the basis of the culture and a traditional fishery of the Miskito Indians. Green turtles are primarily seagrass consumers, and hence the coastal peoples of the region are closely tied to the productivity of the seagrass beds. The results of the studies on the digestive physiology of the turtles showed that these animals are indeed true herbivores capable of symbiotic cellulose digestion; assimilation of total carbohydrates and cellulose is estimated to exceed 90 percent. The process is not unlike ruminant mammals, but this is the first established example of symbiotic cellulose digestion in a rep- tile. Analysis of the carbon isotope ratio of turtle flesh con- firmed that the animal could not be isotopically distinguished from the seagrasses it eats. In addition, T. Fenchel (coopera- tive participant from Denmark) discovered a new cilliate spe- cies (possibly genus) in the microbial fauna of the turtle gut. In SES III (1978-80), the scientific approach developed in the previous studies will be expanded and intensified. A range of seagrass ecosystems will be examined over latitudinal and local environmental gradients. Two major sites have been se- lected for intensive study—a tropical one on St. Croix, U.S.V.1., and a north temperate one on the Alaska Peninsula. (See fig. 48.) There are also several ancillary sites on the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of America that will be used to interpret latitudinal patterns. In addition, two other major expeditions are being planned as international cooperative studies. First, in 1979 will be a cooperative expedition with Australian, Danish, and Japanese scientists to the Torres Strait region of Australia; this area is considered the biogeographical center of seagrasses. The second expedition, still under con- sideration, would be in cooperation with Mexican scientists to study the seagrass beds of the Gulf of California; this area represents the southern extent of the Zostera system on the Pacific coast of America. Both expeditions are viewed as tests of the general hypothesis from a latitudinal perspective. Table 16 identifies participants in SES. International cooperation and interest in seagrasses has in- creased greatly in the past few years, and now at least 20 na- tions have active groups of seagrass researchers. International collaboration is generally maintained through the International Seagrass Committee, whose members include: Tom Fenchel, Denmark; J. M. Peres, France; Akhiko Hattori, Japan; D. Den Hartog, the Netherlands; and Peter McRoy and Patrick L. Parker, United States. A meeting of the Committee will be held in conjunction with a seagrass symposium as a part of the Second International Congress of Ecology in September 1978. SES Bibliography Fry. B., R. S. Scalan, and P. L. Parker. 1977. Stable carbon isotope evidence for two sources of organic matter in coastal sediments: seagrasses and plank- ton. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta. 41:1875—1877. Phillips, R. C., and R. F. Shaw. 1976. Zostera noltii Hornem. in Washington, USA. Syesis. 9:355-358. 79 CARIBBEAN SEA R/V Alpha Helix Cruise Track HONDURAS Miskito Cays Research Area NICARAGUA PACIFIC OCEAN COSTA RICA Study area PANAMA Figure 47.—Research site of the SES expedition (RV ALPHA HELIX) to the Miskito Banks, western Caribbean Sea. 80 high tide low tide DEPTH (m) Station No. Station No. = o Leaf Area Inter 7) ea w = w = < ia 4 a = 2 < Pa a Shoot Density X 500/m2 ofp NWEHUDN MO Seeds X 1000/m2 = o Caprella X 100 Isthmia X 0.6 Margarites X 300 Gammands X 200 Polychaetes X 200 Turtonia X 30 Lacuna X 400 EPIPHYTES, (per cm ellgrass blade) S-=NWEN DN once [NH3 ] x9 lala 0 200 __400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Station No. 2 10 = o DEPTH IN SEDIMENTS (cm) g 8 Figure 48.—Patterns of community parameters measured across a Zostera meadow in Alaska. 81 Working up collection of reef fish in laboratory of RV ALPHA HELIx. Table 16.—U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in SES Institutions Investigators Projects University of Alaska P. McRoy Process Succession in Seagrass Ecosystems Fairleigh Dickinson University J. Ogden Caribbean Seagrass Food Web Study Florida State University R. lverson Primary Production Studies in Seagrass Eco- systems University of Hawaii K. Bridges Systematic Ecology Project Management Michigan State University M. Klug and Decomposition of Dissolved and Particulate R. Wetzel Organic Detritus in Seagrass Ecosystems Seattle Pacific College R. Phillips Interrelationships of Phenology and Transplanting in the Analysis of Seagrass Stability University of Texas P. Parker and Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios of Food Webs and R. Scalan Biogeochemical Cycles in Seagrass Ecosystems C. McMillan Environmental Tolerances of Seagrasses University of Virginia J. Zieman Caribbean Seagrass Food Web Study 82 Appendix A~ROSCOP Summaries In the following ROSCOP (Report of Observations/ Samples Collected by Oceanographic Programs) sum- maries,' all institutions or activities are U.S. participants in IDOE, and all projects are part of the Declared National Program (DNP) for Marine Data Exchange. This appendix includes all IDOE-related ROSCOPs received by NOAA’s Environmental Data and Information Service from April 1977 to April 1978. The reported ROSCOPs bring the IDOE 1970 to 1978 total to 528. Information is presented in the following order: Line 1: Name of vessel or platform used to collect the data, name of institution operating the vessel or platform ®, ship cruise number. Line 2: Inclusive dates of the cruise or platform deploy- ment; general ocean area of cruise; and 10° Marsden square(s) where observations and samples were collected, as shown by charts following appendices. Line 3: NODC Reference Number. (Reference to this number when requesting ROSCOPs facilitates retrieval of the information.) Line 4: Name of principal investigator or chief scientist on the cruise, his affiliate institution *, and the identifying number of the NSF grant that supports the principal in- vestigator. Line 5: Name of the IDOE project for which the cruise data and collections were made. 1 See Introduction. 2 Certain cooperative data collection efforts were performed on vessels other than those of the grant holder’s parent institution. 3 Certain inventory forms were submitted by institutions other than those of the grant holders. A listing of parameters by discipline and the number of stations, observations, samples, or miles of record follow line 5. Where continuous sampling or observing has been made, the number of miles is used rather than discrete values. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Institution of IDOE Grant Holder AOML Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteor- ological Laboratories, NOAA DUML Duke University Marine Laboratory FSU Florida State University IATTC Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission LDGO Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MLML Moss Landing Marine Laboratory NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OSU Oregon State University PEG/NMFS Pacific Environmental Group, NMFS, NOAA PMEL Pacific Marine Environmental Labora- tory, NOAA RSMAS Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmos- pheric Sciences, University of Miami slo Scripps Institution of Oceanography TAMU Texas A&M University URI University of Rhode Island U Alaska University of Alaska U Del. University of Delaware U Wash. University of Washington WHOI Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Organizations providing support: AEC Atomic Energy Commission EPA Environmental Protection Agency NSF-IDOE National Science Foundation—Interna- tional Decade of Ocean Exploration program ONR Office of Naval Research 83 Environmental Quality Program Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) 1. RV THOMAS G. THOMPSON (U Wash.) Cruise INDOPAC Leg 1 March 23 to April 30, 1976, midlatitude North Pacific NODC Reference No. R391869 J. Edmond (MIT), Grant:NSF/OCE71-—04197 Program: INDOPAC/GEOSECS hysical/Chemical Oceanography: Trace elements—36, lead isotopes-13, barium-18, methane—-1, surface net tows-19 RV THOMAS G. THOMPSON (U Wash.) Cruise INDOPAC Legs 2, 3 May 5 to June 19, 1976, equatorial western Pacific NODC Reference No. R391227 J. I. Reid (SIO), Grant:NSF/OCE71-04197 Program: INDOPAC/GEOSECS Physical/ Chemical Oceanography: STDs-—56; ocean sta- tions—53; oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates— 53 each; bottom measurements-3 1. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise WELOC 77 Leg 1 2. January 10 to February 2, 1977 3. NODC Reference No. R391829 4. L. |. Gordon (OSU), Grant: NSF/OCE76-00592 5. Program: GEOSECS Physical/Chemical Oceanography: 221 surface tempera- tures, salinities, oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates, alkalinity, pH, and dissolved gasses varon st aR wr Environmental Forecasting Program Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) and POLYMODE RV ENDEAVOR (URI) Cruise EN-007 April 1 to 23, 1977, western Atlantic NODC Reference No. R392091 T. Rossby (URI), B. Taft (U Wash.), Grant: OCE76-11726 5. Program: LDE/Southern Synoptic Experiment Dynamics: SOFAR floats—5 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-60, XBTs-87, oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, and silicates—60 each, tritium—55, nephelometer-continuous 1. RV ENDEAVOR (URI) Cruise EN-008 2. May 1 to 19, 1977, western and tropical-western Atlantic 3. NODC Reference No. R392092 4 5 bo ie) 1S NSF/ D. R. Watts (URI), Grant:NSF/OCE76-11726 Program: LDE/Southern Synoptic Experiment Dynamics: Inverted Echo Sounders (IES)—4 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-31, XBTs-262, shear profiles (u, v, T, C, P)-111, ocean station-1 84 RV ENDEAVOR (URI) Cruise EN-012 September 6 to 22, 1977, Gulf Stream NODC Reference No. R392333 D. R. Watts (URI), Grants:NSF/OCE77-08595, OCE77- 08993 5. Program: Gulf Stream Rings Dynamics: Inverted Echo Sounders (IES)—4 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-18, XBTs-321 p> oS) = 1. RV ENDEAVOR (URI) Cruise EN-016 2. December 5 to 22, 1977, western Atlantic 3. NODC Reference No. R392378 4. W. Metcalf (WHOI), Grant:NSF/OCE77-01026 5. Program: POLYMODE/Core Program Physical/Chemical Oceanography: XBTs-161 1. RV KNORR (WHO)) Cruise 66 Leg 2 2. May 26 to June 24, 1977, western and central North Atlantic 3. NODC Reference No. R392243 4. G. Tupper (WHOl), Grants:NSF/OCE75-03962, OCE76-24232 5. Program: POLYMODE Moorings Geology/ Geophysics: Bathymetry 1,000 nmi Dynamics: 59 current meters, 10 months of observations Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-48, XBTs-263, vertical current meters—2 RV KNORR (WHOl) Cruise 66 Leg 3 June 28 to July 13, 1977, western North Atlantic NODC Reference No. R392244 K. Bradley (WHO), Grant:NSF/OCE75-03962 Program: POLYMODE Moorings Geology/ Geophysics: Bathymetry 350 nmi Dynamics: 31 current meters, 10 months of observations, drifters—4, pressure/temperature recorders—17 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-19, XBTs-263, oxygen, nitrates, silicates, chlorinity-2,191 each gkono 1. RV KNORR (WHO)I) Cruise 71 2. October 21 to November 17, 1977, western North Atlantic 3. NODC Reference No. R392381 4. P. Richardson (WHO)), Grant:NSF/OCE75-08765 5. Program: Gulf Stream Rings Dynamics: Drifters—3 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-33, XBTs-411, trace elements-—33, isotopes—10, vertical oxygen profiles— 13 Biology: Phytoplankton tows-23, zooplankton tows—23 RV RESEARCHER (NOAA) Cruise RP-1—RE-77 March 1 to 21, 1977, western tropical Atlantic NODC Reference No. R392148 A. Leetmaa (AOML), Grant:NSF/AG385 Program: LDE/Southern Synoptic Experiment Dynamics: Sea and swell—484 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-18, XBTs—445, drogues-5 Cal 5) DSc North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX) 4. RV THOMAS G. THOMPSON (U Wash.) Cruise INDOPAC Leg 1 2. March 23 to April 30, 1976, mid-latitude North Pacific 3. NODC Reference No. R391869 4. K.E. Kenyon (SIO) Grant:NSF/OCE74-18316 Program: NORPAX-Anomaly Dynamics Study Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-98; ocean sta- tions-98; XBTs-570; oxygen-98; phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates-49 each 4. RV THOMAS G. THOMPSON (U Wash.) Cruise INDO- PAC, Legs 2, 3 2. May 5 to June 19, 1976, equatorial western Pacific 3. NODC Reference No. R391227 4. D.L. Cutchin (NSF-IDOE), C. A. Collins (NSF-IDOE), Grant:NSF/OCE76—01150 5. Program: INDOPAC/NORPAX Physical/Chemical Oceanography: XBTs—340 4. RV THOMAS G. THOMPSON (U Wash.) Cruise INDO- PAC Leg 7 August 14 to 29, 1976, equatorial western Pacific NODC Reference No. R391873 W. Patzert (SIO), Grant:NSF/OCE76-17471 . Program: NORPAX-Equatorial Currents Dynamics: Current meters-3 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-22, ocean sta- tions—22 1. RV THOMAS G. THOMPSON (U Wash.) Cruise ADS-3 2. May 16 to June 14, 1977, western North Pacific 3. NODC Reference No. R392213 4. A.D. Kirwan (TAMU), Grant:NSF/OCE76-10177 5. Program: NORPAX-Anomaly Dynamics Study Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs—78, ocean sta- tions-78, XBTs—137, surface salinity—105 a AA NORPAX-XBTs—Pacific Ships of Opportunity 1. CALIFORNIAN, 3 tracks between Seattle and Hawaii, 2 tracks between San Francisco and Hawaii 2. April 2 to August 27, 1977, eastern North Pacific 4. D. McLain (PEG/NMFS), Grant:NSF/OCE75-23357 5. Program: IDOE/EF-NORPAX/Pacific Ships of Oppor- tunity Number of crossings—5, XBTs—106 4. CHEVRON HAWAII, tracks between San Francisco and Hawaii 2. April 14 to June 9, 1977, eastern North Pacific 4. D. McLain (PEG/NMFS), Grant:NSF/OCE75-23357 5. Program: IDOE/EF-NORPAX/Pacific Ships of Oppor- tunity Number of crossings—4, XBTs-113 4. CHEVRON MISSISSIPPI, tracks between San Fran- cisco and Hawaii 2. July 4 to August 4, 1977, eastern North Pacific 4. D. McLain (PEG/NMFS), Grant:NSF/OCE75-23357 5. Program: IDOE/EF-NORPAX/Pacific Ships of Oppor- tunity Number of crossings—2, XBTs-67 4. HAWAIIAN QUEEN, 9 tracks between San Francisco and Hawaii, 1 track from Seattle to Hawaii 2. April 23 to July 26, 1977, eastern North Pacific 4. D. McLain (PEG/NMFS), Grant:NSF/OCE75-23357 5. Program: |IDOE/EF-NORPAX/Pacific Ships of Oppor- tunity Number of crossings—10, XBTs—300 International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS) 4. RV MELVILLE (SIO) Cruise F DRAKE 77 2. January 10 to February 15, 1977, Drake Passage 3. NODC Reference No. R391785 4. W. D. Nowlin, Jr. (TAMU), R. D. Pillsbury (OSU), Grants:NSF/OCE74-04941 A02, NSF/OCE76-80066 5. Program: ISOS/F DRAKE 77 Dynamics: Current meters-6 for 300 days, tide observa- tions for 1 year Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-48, ocean sta- tions-48, XBTs-109, discrete temperatures and salinities— 157, oxygen—48 Geology/Geophysics: Bathymetry—4,000 nmi, magnetism— 2,000 nmi AGS YELCHO (Chile) Cruise F DRAKE 76 Legs sar February 27 to April 8, 1976, Drake Passage NODC Reference No. R070001 H. A. Sievers (Chile Hydrographic Office), S. L. Pat- terson (TAMU), Grant:NSF/OCE74-—04941 A02 5. Program: ISOS/F DRAKE 76 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: XBTs-571, discrete temperatures and salinities—569 4. AGS YELCHO (Chile) Cruise F DRAKE 77 2. November 29 to December 22, 1977, Drake Passage 3. NODC Reference No. R392457 4. W.D. Nowlin, Jr. (TAMU), R. D. Pillsbury (OSU), Grants:NSF/OCE74—04941 A02, NSF/OCE76-80066 5. Program: ISOS/F DRAKE 77 Dynamics: Current meters—21 for 320 days, pressure gauges-2, ocean stations—2, XBTs-79 pa) |S) Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) Study 4. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise WELOC 77 Leg 7 2. June 29 to July 3, 1977, Pacific Ocean off Oregon coast 3. NODC Reference No. R392136 4. H.J. Schrader (OSU) Grant:NSF/OCE75-—22133 5. Program: CLIMAP Geology/Geophysics: Cores-2, seismic reflections—25, paleontology-1, geochronology-1 1. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise W7710A 2. October 6 to 15, 1977, eastern North Pacific off Oregon coast 3. NODC Reference No. R392326 4. H.J. Schrader (OSU), Grant:NSF/OCE75-22133 5. Program: CLIMAP/Coring Geology/ Geophysics: Cores-31 Indian Ocean Experiment (INDEX) 4. RV ATLANTIS-II (WHO!) Cruise A-II 93 Leg 15 85 2. December 12, 1976 to January 10, 1977, equatorial Indian Ocean 3. NODC Reference No. R392459 4. J. Luyten (WHOI), Grant:NSF/OCE75-03962 5. Program: INDEX Dynamics: Current meters—5 for 210 days, drifters—7, profiling current meters—28 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-28 Geology/Geophysics: Bathymetry-6,000 nmi Seabed Assessment Program Plate Tectonics and Metallogenesis Studies 1. RV KNORR (WHOI) Cruise K-64 Leg 2 2. February 8 to March 1, 1977, eastern equatorial Pacific 3. NODC Reference No. R392460 4. R. von Herzen (WHOI), R. Ballard (WHOI), Grant: NSF/ OCE76-00389 5. Program: Galapagos Spreading Center Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-2, water samples—250 Geology/Geophysics: Cores-6, ppneiossi2, geothermy-— 100 seafloor RV KNORR (WHO)) Cruise K-64 Leg 3 March 5 to 24, 1977, eastern equatorial Pacific NODC Reference No. R392241 J. Corliss (OSU), R. Ballard (WHO), OCE75-23352, NSF/OCE76-00389 5. Program: Galapagos Spreading Center Geology/Geophysics: Cores-10, drilling—6, bottom photo- 6,000 frames, heat flow—160, ola movies (ALVIN)—15 to 20 min 2 LOS) Grants:NSF/ 1. RV THOMAS WASHINGTON (SIO) Cruise INDOPAC Leg 4 2. June 22 to July 4, 1976, equatorial western North Pacific 3. NODC Reference No. R391870 4. J. W. Hawkins (SIO), Grant:NSF/OCE75-19148 5. Program Metallogenesis Physical/Chemical Oceanography: XBTs-15 Geology/ Geophysics: Dredge-9, core-1, geothermy-1, bathymetry—2,494 nmi, seismic reflection—2,299 nmi, gravi- metry—2,494 nmi, magnetism 2,351 nmi 1. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise WELOC-77 Leg 2 2. May 18 to June 28, 1977, eastern equatorial South Pacific 3. NODC Reference No. R392135 4. E. Suess (OSU), L. D. Kulm (OSU), Grant: NSF/OCE76-— 05903 5. Program: Continental Margin off Western South Amer- ica Physical/Chemical Oceanography: Optics—23 86 Geology/Geophysics: Dredge-13, cores-67, bathymetry— 3,800 nmi, seismic reflection—3,800 nmi Studies in East Asia Tectonics and Resources (SEATAR) 1. RV THOMAS WASHINGTON (SIO) Cruise INDOPAG Leg 5 July 8 to 26, 1976, Philippine Sea NODC Reference No. R391871 G. G. Shor (SIO), Grant:NSF/OCE75—19387 5. Program: INDOPAC Expedition Physical/Chemical Oceanography: XBTs- 33, continuous surface temperature—1,000 nmi RON Biology: Zooplankton-1, neuston-19, nekton-1, pelagic fish-1 Geology/Geophysics: Cores-5, bathymetry-3,010 nmi, seismic reflection—2,600 nmi, seismic refraction—32 sta- tions, gravimetry—3,083 nmi, magnetism-2,233 nmi, sono- buoys—12 1. RV THOMAS WASHINGTON (SIO) Cruise INDOPAC Leg 8 2. September 2 to 29, 1976, Arafura Sea, Ceram Sea, Timor Sea, Philippine Sea 3. NODC Reference No. R391874 4. G. G. Shor (SIO), Grant:NSF/OCE75-19387 5. Program: INDOPAC Expedition Physical/ Chemical Oceanography: STDs-13, ocean sta- tions-14, XBTs—25 Biology: Zooplankton-1, neuston-24, nekton—1 Geology/Geophysics: Cores-i1, bathymetry—4,588 nmi, seismic reflection—3,770 nmi, seismic refraction—27 Stations, gravimetry—4,639 nmi, magnetism-3,900 nmi Manganese Nodule Program (MANOP) 1. RV MELVILLE (SIO) Cruise PLEIADES Leg 3 2. July 15 to August 15, 1977, equatorial eastern North Pacific 3. NODC Reference No. R391875 4. W. M. Berger (SIO), Grant: NSF/OCE77-01157 5. Program: MANOP Physical/Chemical Oceanography: Ocean stations-20, continuous temperatures-2,300 nmi Geology/ Geophysics: Cores—58, seafloor temperature—15, bathymetry-5,661 nmi, seismic reflection—2,955 nmi, mag- netism—5,214 nmi Biology: Iron isotopes in zooplankton-6, plankton pump— 5,000 nmi 1. RV MELVILLE (SIO) Cruise PLEIADES Leg 4 (MN7601) 2. August 20 to September 23, 1976, equatorial eastern North Pacific 3. NODC Reference No. R391876 4. F. N. Spiess (SIO), J. Greenslate (SIO), Grants: NSF/ OCE76-05262, NSF/OCE75-12968 5. Program: MANOP Dynamics: Current meters—2 for 10 days Physical/Chemical Oceanography: Discrete temperatures and salinities—2; oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates, alkalinity, pH, trace elements, radioactivity—2 each Geology/Geophysics: Dredge-1; grabs, cores, bottom photos, acoustical and engineering properties of the sea floor, radioactivity—-2 each; side scan sonar, seismic re- flection—230 nmi each Living Resources Program Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (CUEA) 1. RV CAYUSE (OSU) Cruise CALOC-77 Leg 0 2. February 7 to March 8, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru 3. NODC Reference No. R392130 4. M. Stevenson (IATTC-SIO), Grant:NSF/IDO72-06422 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-II MAM 77 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-9, ocean sta- tions-9, discrete temperatures and salinities—9, nutrients- 1. RV CAYUSE (OSU) Cruise CALOC-77 Leg 1 2. March 9 to 31, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru 3. NODC Reference No. R392134 4. M. Stevenson (IATTC-SIO), Grant: NSF/IDO72-06422 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-II| MAM 77 Dynamics: Drogues—4 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-—163, discrete temperatures and salinities—85 each 1. RV CAYUSE (OSU) Cruise CALOC-77 Leg 2 2. April 3 to 13, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru 3. NODC Reference No. R392131 4. O. A. Mathisen (U Wash.), Grant: NSF/OCE76-00598 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-II MAM 77 Dynamics: Drogues-2 Biology: Zooplankton stations—15, nekton recording-—75 1. RV CAYUSE (OSU) Cruise CALOC-77 Leg 3 2. April 20 to 28, 1977, eastern North Pacific off Oregon 3. NODC Reference No. R392132 4. H. Santander (Instituto del Mar del Peru), Grant: NSF/ OCE76-00598 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-I| MAM 77 Biology: Zooplankton—30 stations RV CAYUSE (OSU) Cruise CALOC-77 Leg 4 May 4 to 18, 1977, eastern North Pacific off Oregon NODC Reference No. R392133 O. A. Mathisen (U Wash.), Grant: NSF/OCE76-00598 . Program: CUEA/JOINT-II| MAM 77 Chemical Oceanography: Trace elements—10 Biology: Nekton—150 hours recording, zooplankton respi- ration—-10 stations, spatial and temporal distributions—150 hours recording 1. RV CAYUSE (OSU) Cruise CALOC II-77 Leg 1 2. August 15 to September 2, 1977, eastern North Pacific 3. NODC Reference No. R392397 4. J. H. Martin (MLML), Grant: NSF/OCE75-01303 pales (28) IBS) 5. Program: CUEA/Cadmium Transport-Poleward Under- current Physical/Chemical Oceanography: XBTs-21; phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates, chlorinity-12 each. Biology: Primary productivity—2, phytoplankton pigments— 6, POC-30, PON-30, phytoplankton-7, zooplankton-9 RV CAYUSE (OSU) Cruise CALOC-II 77 Leg 2 September 3 to 21, 1977, eastern North Pacific NODC Reference No. R392396 J. H. Martin (MLML), Grant: NSF/OCE75-—01303 Program: CUEA/Cadmium Transport-Poleward Under- current Physical/Chemical Oceanography: Ocean stations—2; XBTs-12; phosphates, nitrates, silicates, chlorinity-24 each: discrete temperatures and salinities—15. Biology: Phytoplankton—12, zooplankton-12. 4. RV CAYUSE (OSU) Cruise C—7710A Leg 2 2. October 10 to 11, 1977, eastern North Pacific off Oregon NODC Reference No. R392289 R. L. Smith (OSU), Grant: NSF/OCE77—07932 Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent ynamics: Current meters—1 for 70 days RV CAYUSE (OSU) Cruise C7712A December 8, 1977 (1 day), eastern North Pacific off Oregon 3. NODC Reference No. R392463 4. B. Hickey (U Wash.), Grant: NSF/OCE77-07932 5. Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent Current meters—6 { 2 3 4 al 32> C9 WS) We (sJ al 5 RV COLUMBUS ISELIN (RSMAS) Cruise Cl7702 Leg 1 March 15 to 31, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru NODC Reference No. R391901 _ J. Van Leer (RSMAS), C. N. K. Mooers (U Del.), Grant: NSF/OCE75-22444 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-II MAM 77 Physical/Chemical Oceanograpy: STDs-190, cyclosonde— 4 RV COLUMBUS ISELIN (RSMAS) Cruise Cl7702 Leg 2 April 4 to 23, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru NODC Reference No. R391946 A. J. Huyer (OSU), Grant: NSF/OCE76-00594 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-II MAM 77 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-162; ocean stations-82; oxygen-15; phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, sili- cates—82 each Biology: Primary productivity—38, phytoplankton pig- ments—80. RV COLUMBUS ISELIN (RSMAS) Cruise C17702 Leg 3 April 29 to May 7, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru NODC Reference No. R391948 K. L. Smith (SIO), Grant: NSF/OCE76-10535 . Program: CUEA/JOINT—IIl MAM 77 Chemical Oceanography: Oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia—9 each Biology: Zoobenthos-4, ATP—ADP-AMP-3, grabs—4 Geology/Geophysics: Cores-9, sediment traps-4. go (IS) aprons 87 RV COLUMBUS ISELIN (RSMAS) Cruise CI7702 Leg 4 May 10 to 20, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru NODC Reference No. R391947 R. L. Smith (OSU) Grant: NSF/OCE76-00594 Program: CUEA/JOINT-I| MAM 77 Dynamics: Current meters—1 deployed and 60 meters (12 stations) recovered, wind recorders—8 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-21 1. RV EASTWARD (DUML) Cruise E-5I-76 2. September 29 to October 4, 1976, eastern South Pacific off Peru NODC Reference No. R391973 R. L. Smith (OSU), Grant: NSF/OCE76-00594 Program: CUEA/JOINT-II JASON 76 Dynamics: Current meters-1 station for 70 days Physical/Chemical Oceanography: Ocean stations—17 1. RV MELVILLE (SIO) Cruise JOINT-I| MAM 77 Leg 1 2. March 3 to 9, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru 3. NODC Reference No. R391827 4. R. L. Smith (OSU), D. Halpern (PMEL), Grant: NSF/ OCE76-00594 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-I| MAM 77 Dynamics: Current meters—6 deployed, and 150 recovered, wind recorder—5 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-24: ocean sta- tions-14; oxygen-9; phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, sili- cates—14 each 1. RV MELVILLE (SIO) Cruise JOINT-I] MAM 77 Leg 2 March 12 to 30, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru NODC Reference No. R391828 R. L. Smith (OSU), A. J. Huyer (OSU) Grant: NSF/ OCE76-00594 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-II] MAM 77 Dynamics: Current meters—7 deployed, wind recorders—3 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-141:; ocean sta- tions-52; oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates— 52 each Geology/Geophysics: Bathymetry—500 nmi 1. RV MELVILLE (SIO) Cruise F DRAKE 77 Leg 4D 2. May 4 to 27, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru 3. NODC Reference No. R392283 4. L. A. Codispoti (U Wash.), Grant: NSF/OCE76-04825 A01 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-II MAM 77 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: STDs-110; ocean sta- tions-147; optics-147; oxygen-104; phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates, chlorinity, ammonia—147 each, isotopes— 2, dissolved gas (N2°)—2 Biology: Phytoplankton pigments—147, phytoplankton-147, ATP-ADP—AMP-10 1. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise WELOC-77 III Leg 1 2. March 10 to 30, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru 3. NODC Reference No. R392012 4. R. C. Dugdale (Bigelow Lab.) NSF/OCE76-00136, J. Maclsaac (Bigelow Lab.) NSF/OCE75-23718, R. T. Barber (DUML) NSF/OCE75-23722, NSF/OCE76- 01309, J. Goering (U Alaska) NSF/OCE76-00593 A01, D. Stuart (FSU) NSF/OCE76-82831 AARON o AR moN 88 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-I] MAM 77 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: Ocean stations—38; transparency—40; oxygen-33; phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates, ammonia—40 each Biology: Primary Productivity-19, phytoplankton pig- ments—40, POC-19, PON-19, phytoplankton—40, DMA-RNA concentrations—40, N uptake/Si uptake-19 1. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise WELOC-77 Leg 4 2. March 31 to April 23, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru 3. NODC Reference No. R392129 4. J. Goering (U Alaska), R. T. Barber (DUML) Grants: NSF/OCE76-00593 A01, NSF/OCE72-06422 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-I] MAM 77 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: Ocean Stations—46; transparency—24; oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates—46 each Biology: Primary productivity-37, phytoplankton pig- ments—57, PON-24, Phytoplankton—24 Geology/Geophysics: Cores—11 1. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise WELOC-77 Leg 5 2. April 24 to May 17, 1977, eastern South Pacific off Peru 3. NODC Reference No. R392245 4. R. T. Barber (DUML), Grant: NSF/OCE76-01309. 5. Program: CUEA/JOINT-11 MAM 77 Dynamics: Drogues-3 Physical/Chemical Oceanography: Ocean Stations—35; transparency-17; optics—17; continuous temperatures—5 maps; discrete temperatures and salinities—35; oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, silicates, ammonia—88 each; trace elements—15; radioactivity—53; isotopes—53 Biology: Primary productivity, POC, phytoplankton-53 each; phytoplankton pigments-88; microorganisms-35 1. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise W7707B 2. July 31 to August 2, 1977, eastern North Pacific off Oregon 3. NODC Reference No. R392137 4. R. L. Smith (OSU), A. J. Huyer (OSU), Grant: NSF/ OCE77-07932 5. Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent Dynamics: Current meters—4. Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-23. 1. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise W7710B 2. October 16 to 28, 1977, eastern North Pacific off Oregon 3. NODC Reference No. R392290 4. A. J. Huyer (OSU), Grant: NSF/OCE77-07932 5. Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent. Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-18 1. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise W7710D 2. October 26 to 29, 1977, eastern North Pacific off Oregon 3. NODC Reference No. R392327 4. A. J. Huyer (OSU), R. L. Smith (OSU), Grant: NSF/ OCE77-07932 5. Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-11, oxygen-110 5G ee 5: RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise W7711BB November 16 to 17, 1977 NODC Reference No. R392395 R. L. Smith (OSU), A. J. Huyer (OSU), Grant: NSF/ OCE76-07932 Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent Dynamics: Current meters-—1 for 7 days Ue 3. 4. 5. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise W7711B November 30 to December 2, 1977, eastern North Pacific off Oregon NODC Reference No. R392405 A. J. Huyer (OSU), Grant: NSF/OCE77-07932 Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent Physical/ Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-10, ocean sta- tions—2, oxygen-90, salinities—20. le 2. 3. RV WECOMA Cruise W7712A December 14-16, 1977, eastern North Pacific off Oregon NODC Reference No. R392406 4. Be A. J. Huyer (OSU), Grant: NSF/OCE77-07932 Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-6, ocean sta- tions-1. 5. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise W7801A 1 2. January 23-26, 1978, Eastern North Pacific off Oregon 4h. 4 NODC Reference No. R392464 R. L. Smith (OSU), A. J. Huyer (OSU), Grant: NSF/ OCE77-07932 Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent Dynamics: Current meters-3 for 1,365 days ile 2 3. 4. 5. RV WECOMA (OSU) Cruise W7802A February 9 to 11, 1978, eastern North Pacific off Oregon NODC Reference No. R392462 R. L. Smith (OSU), A. J. Huyer (OSU), Grant: NSF/ OCE77-07932 Program: CUEA/Poleward Undercurrent Physical/Chemical Oceanography: CTDs-13, oxygen-80, hydrogen-24. a ae iM Wiha 89 Appendix B—IDOE Films The NSF IDOE Section has prepared several films to illustrate phenomena of the ocean environment and the work of |IDOE-funded scientists. These 16-mm, sound and color motion pictures are available from the organizations indicated. Abbreviations used are F for free loan, R for rental fee, and P for purchase. Alpha Cine Labs 1001 Lenora Street Seattle, WA 98121 Well of Life (27 minutes)—The twin dramas of the ocean’s life cycles and the scientific probing of its mysteries are combined in this story of ocean upwelling. Coastal upwell- ing is the still little-understood process by which the ocean continuously renews its resources, through the motions of wind, water, and the Earth itself. The Well of Life deals with that mystery, and the efforts of scientists to uncover its driving forces and learn how it influences and is influenced by weather, climate, and the seemingly limitless round of ocean-linked phenomena. The setting is off the Oregon coast. But the truths presented about balance in the world’s ecosystems and the relevance of one field of science to another have universal applica- tions. (English, French, German, Spanish, and Russian versions.) P Centre Films, Inc. 1103 N. El Centro Ave. Hollywood, CA 90038 The Turbulent Ocean (60 minutes)-A documentary film about the planning and execution of one of the largest deep-sea expeditions in twentieth century oceanographic research. Over 75 scientists and technicians from 18 na- tional and international universities and oceanographic institutions set forth in a coordinated, cooperative effort to find and measure strange and not yet understood motion beneath the surface of the sea called an eddy. R or P Cineffects Color Laboratory 115 West 45th Street New York, NY 10036 The Alchemist Sea (5 minutes)—For nearly 200 million years, the Earth’s surface has broken up into massive plates that shift and move-often beneath the sea floor. Scientists, collecting core samples from the sea floor, are discovering there’s a relationship between plate motion and the distribution of ore deposits. Their research can help guide our search for metals on the sea floor as well as on continents. P Changing Climes (5 minutes)-Are the unusual weather patterns and severe crop losses of recent years just a passing phenomenon? Or is the Earth sliding into a down- ward side of a long-term temperature cycle. Scientists are detecting evidence of such long-term cycles and are raising some early warnings. P 90 Where is the Weather Born? (5 minutes)-Weather and climate, it has been said, began in the oceans. A group of scientists have been studying the northern Pacific in the effort to identify the oceanic processes relating to weather conditions over the continents. NORPAX, the North Pacific Experiment, is an effort to understand the interrelation- ships, for instance, between sea-surface temperatures and long-term weather (or short-term climate). This research could lead not only to understanding, but to prediction. P Living Resources Program International Decade of Ocean Exploration Section National Science Foundation Washington, DC 20550 Through the Eyes of IRIS (25 minutes)-A technical film re- port describing to potential users a computer-driven ship- board data acquisition system, IRIS (Interactive Realtime Information System), developed for the Living Resources Program under the International Decade of Ocean Ex- ploration. The film shows how the system was tested during scien- tific voyages to West Africa and Baja, California. A towed “Batfish”, operating at up to 10 knots and at depths from 0 to 100 meters, reads temperature, salinity, and depth elec- tronically, and draws samples at the same time. The IRIS system holds promise for many useful applications not only at sea, but also in Earth and meteorological studies and management programs. F Time Windows (12 minutes)—Using modern data transmis- sion facilities, ocean scientists engaged in the Inter- national Decade of Ocean Exploration, are now able to exchange their data, reports, and findings as readily as dialing the telephone or tuning their television sets. In- deed, that’s what happens: information stored in com- puters linked by telephone give oceanographers across the land ready access to each others’ findings, which, with the aid of an adapter, are displayed on regular television sets or printed with the aid of a data facsimile machine. F Modern Talking Pictures Service 2323 Hyde Park Road Hyde Park, NY 11040 Elements of Mystery (25 minutes)—-The film monitors the progress of a team of scientists aboard the research ship MELVILLE as they gather data on chemical composition and determine locations of manganese nodules in the Pacific. The joint research effort, with several universities participating, is attempting to increase understanding of how manganese nodules are formed, as well as their eco- nomic potential as an international resource. F NOAA Film Library 12227 Wilkins Avenue Rockville, MD 20852 Boundary of Creation (27 minutes)—This film describes the efforts of U.S. and French scientists in Project FAMOUS to understand the ever-changing geology of our Earth, particularly the midocean ridges off the Azores. The picture features the probes of the submersible ALVIN in the ocean depths and also portrays research in Hawaii and Iceland. F RHR Filmedia, Inc. 1212 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10036 Cycle in the Sea (5 minutes)—Thanks to the motions of wind, water, and the Earth itself, life in the oceans con- tinuously renews itself. Here is an important story of the balance in the world’s ecosystems and its study off the coast of Oregon. F Desert in the Deep? (5 minutes)—That the ocean floor is no desert is beginning to be realized. But the varieties of life forms, from simple organisms to sharks measuring 4 feet between the eyes, were unsuspected until scientists went to sea with cameras able to explore the very deepest reaches of the ocean. F Pastures of the Sea (5 minutes)—Food chains in the sea like food chains on land depend on plants to use the Sun’s energy to convert chemical nutrients into food. To under- stand, and perhaps better use, the resources of the sea, we have to understand its interlocking life cycles. Science is looking at the beginning of the sea’s food chain; this film looks at the science. F Rivers of the Sea (27 minutes)-A sea-going expedition leaves Tahiti to gain a better understanding of the oceans and their chemistry—knowledge that is vital in preventing ocean pollution, improving commercial fishing, and under- standing climatic conditions. It joins scientists working at sea and in land-based laboratories in California, New York, and Miami. F Science and the Salmon Fishery (5 minutes)-Commercial fishermen have learned by guess and by gosh where to catch fish, but they do not often know why the fish are where they are. A scientific experiment off the Oregon coast is turning up explanations and, with the coopera- tion of the coho salmon fishermen, is developing a system of fishery predictions that seems to be paying off. F Test Tubes in the Sea (5 minutes)—Can our oceans con- tinue to absorb the urban wastes, oils, and chemicals we discharge into them—or is there a point of no return? An international team of scientists and engineers is trying to find out by measuring pollutants in the sea. Their efforts are giving us a major tool that will help us understand how these contaminants affect the ocean food chain and an indication of how far we can go in continuing to pollute the sea. F 91 Appendix C—Reports and Workshops Sponsored by IDOE The Caribbean: Geology, Geophysics and Resources. A report on the IDOE workshop on Geology and Geo- physics of the Caribbean Region and its Resources held in Kingston, Jamaica, 1975. The report, edited by John Weaver, University of Puerto Rico, includes a geologic- tectonic map compiled by J. E. Case and T. L. Hol- combe, which extends from 54° E to 93° E and from 5°N to 24°N. Individual articles include: Geologic Framework of the Caribbean Region (J. E. Case), Bathymetry and Sediments (T. L. Holcombe), Seismicity (J. F. Tomblin), Mineral Resources (P. W. Guild and D. P. Cox). Copies can be obtained by writing: 1) Dr. John D. Weaver, Institute of Caribbean Science, Uni- versity of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, P.R.; or 2) Seabed Assessment Program, IDOE, NSF, 1800 G Street NW., Washington, DC 20550. The Continuing Quest (large-scale ocean science for the future). Report of a study conducted under the auspices of the Ocean Sciences Board of the National Research Council. August 1978, National Academy of Sciences. Federal Agency Support For Marine-Related Social Sci- ence Research. A Report Prepared by the ad hoc Sub- committee for the Interagency Committee on Marine Science and Engineering, December 1976. Geology, Geophysics and Resources of the Caribbean. Report of the IDOE Workshop on Geology and Marine Geophysics of the Caribbean Region and its Resources, Kingston, Jamaica, 1975. Minerals from Mantle to Mine, a 7-page article reprinted from MOSAIC May/June 1977, describes the Seabed Assessment Program’s Studies in East Asia Tectonics 92 and Resources (SEATAR) project. Copies available free from the NSF/IDOE Office. Ocean Research in the 1980’s. Recommendations from a series of workshops on promising opportunities in large-scale oceanographic research. August 1977, Cen- ter for Ocean Management Studies, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.1. Report of the Workshop on Biological Oceanography for Post 1980 IDOE Planning. Center for Ocean Manage- ment Studies, University of Rhode Island, April 20-22, 1977. Report of the Workshop on Chemical Oceanography for Post 1980 IDOE Planning. Center for Ocean Manage- ment Studies, University of Rhode Island, June 1-3, 1977. Report of the Workshop on Geochemical and Geophysical Oceanography for Post 1980 IDOE Pianning. Center for Ocean Management Studies, University of Rhode Island, June 15-17, 1977. Report of the Workshop on Physical Oceanography for Post 1980 IDOE Planning. Center for Ocean Manage- ment Studies, University of Rhode Island, March 21-23, 1977. Shelf Sediment Dynamics. A national overview (June 1977) report of a workshop held in Vail, Colorado, November 2-6, 1976. Transient Tracers in the Ocean. A Report to the Inter- national Decade of Ocean Exploration, National Science Foundation, of a Design Workshop held at Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory, February 10-12, 1977. - © =o b-~ S eperg th ah