ALy,. U8 International Status and Vw. Utilization of Undersea Vehicles 1976 g | States ofS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration qoco oO atti uN MeNN 1OHM/181N 9 ATMOSp pw a/5 Xo Sg 4) J = = Ge q\ ane Q NATIONAL i Nols" International Status and Utilization of Undersea Vehicles 1976 By Joseph R. Vadus Manager, Technology Manned Undersea Science and Technology National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Rockville, Maryland 20852 Prepared for Inter Ocean ‘76 Conference; June 15-19, 1976 Dusseldorf, Germany U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Robert M. White, Administrator For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402. Price 85 cents TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT). Jiveut Gaiet epee ryeve tere TN TRODUGITONE etc: cnet rence UNDERSEA VEHICLE STATISTICS MANNED VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT. . Unitede Statesmen cue INPENNCE 5 6 6 0.60 0 0 0 0 Sowvaiee Winl@mMm 56 6 6 4 6 GermmEIMyo 5 56 6 0 0 0 OO Swed enccr cihemiset click? Goin robue UNMANNED VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT. Unistted@Sitatelsincime ae SOAs Wrnslein > 6 6 o 06 Robot viehwiclesiiemenenecie ATMOSPHERIC DIVING SUIT (ADS) VEHICLE OPERATIONS AND SAFETY Operation and Handling . Classification of Vehicles and Manned Submersible Accidents . VEHICLE UTILIZATION... UnatedyStatese: mee oi) in - World-Wide Utilization . MISSION APPLICATIONS. ... . DESIGN TRENDS ..... CONGEUSTONS ke ve) ie) ey ve) el el ue ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . .... . RERERENGES cure seine el oer WABI 5656 6 6 6 00 00 0 0 ICUS 5 9 6:0 6.0 010 010 0 APPENDIX A... . 0 (0 (Note: Appendix A has been added to this report, Page No. 6 IL 1 iL 3} 3 3 3} 3 Ii O 4 4 ; 4 4 . 5 é 5 6 5} . 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 eo) san eikab 6 ilil WP oA 21 but was not included in the InterOcean 76 paper.) LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page No. tho PC-1202, Built by Perry Oceanographics Inc., Owned and Operated by InterSub........-.eceeeeeeeeeee 14 ae AQUARIUS, Built by International Hydrodynamics Co. Ltd., Operated by HYCO Subsea.........-.2s.cceecee 14 3% MOANA I, Owned and Operated by COMEX..............-... 14 4. GLOBULE, Owned and Operated by COMEX..........-ccceees 15 5. ARGUS, Owned by the Soviet Academy of Sciences........ 15 6. MERMAID III, Built by Bruker-Physik, Owned and Operated ye P & O Subsea......... soo0gcccn0cdccoco0de 1S) Tie TOURS 430, Designed by Ingenieurkontor Lubeck......... 15 &. Remote Unmanned Work System (RUWS), Developed by the) U.S: Navaill Undersea) Center. <1. <7. cvereterelevctole raleteleleles) LD 9. WORK VEHICLE (WV), Designed by HydroTech Systems Inc.. 16 10. ATMOSPHERIC DIVING SUIT (ADS), Developed for DHB Consitructiloneltdemrmmremieiilereterroiarcioicleterrericleieiereiotererel mL O Thats Vickers Oceanics Inc. Ltd.'s Support Ship and A-Frame Crane Handling PISCES III...... SonbuoGoooooonuooocode Ibi We Cut-away Drawing of InterSub's PC-1202, Built by Perry... <<. BAO AOC HOOOC OOD OOOO DO SOU Oona opodoMod. = 1S IB InterSub's Support Ship and A-Frame Crane Handling PCHRD ZO vaverereiteyeiiaieus) stato callevel alievolounictavetereveneteloretelohetevenslotteter-i-getat- Man S 14. COMEX's MOANA I and Handling System...........---++--- 18 15 HYCO Subsea's Support Ship and A-Frame Crane Hand ling, -PESCHS. LV ivcsas avs so.cnevirc we eve ar orerd Worcs oe SL 16. Harbor Branch Foundation's RV JOHNSON with Articulated Crane Handling JOHNSON SEA LINK I........ 19 life Deepwater Exploration Ltd.'s STAR II and the LRT...... 19 18. Civilian Manned Undersea Vehicle Utilization in the U.S. during Fiscal Years 73, 74 and 75....... Sooo Aly) Figure No. 19. 20. aa 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Oo 30) 31. 32\ 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Page No. U.S. Navy's Manned Undersea Vehicle Utilization im, Pagel Weer UW)7/50000000000000000000000000000000 UY) Shell Development Co.'s Design for an Unmanned Submersible Pipeline Repair System............2.2-. 20 MARGENAUT (formerly SUBMANAUT), Owned and Operated by Margen Internacional, S.A........ccecccccces 500 6) Harbor Branch Foundation's SEA GUARDIAN SYSTEM..... 20 PRV-2, Pierce Submersibles..........000. 50000000000 De NEKTON BETA, General Oceanographics.....c.sseeee22- 22 NEKTON GAMMA, General Oceanographics.......e2e202+2 23 JOHNSON SEA LINK I, Harbor Branch Foundation....... 23 GUPPY, Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company........ 24 ORSW3, OseGein SYSEENSogga500000005000000000000000000 Ah MERMAID II, International Underwater Contractors IWNocoo00D COC DDDDDDODOADDDDDDDNDCODDDOQDDOCODDODD0GG 6 2B DENPHUSFe lexas pAGMAUnEVerSHityselelelelolelcleleleleielelolelcleiele cielo nt 2) PC-14C-2, U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Command...... 26 BEAVER MARK IV, International Underwater Contractors INNES o0a000000000000000000000000000 S0000000000000000 ZO DEEPOUES Fy whockheedsiCorporata on .iiiesicleclerieleieenciere | 217 ALVIN, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.......... 27 DBIWoll WoSo KENAVooocabda0g0000000000000000000000000 Ae SIN Glgiisiy Eievel WRU, WoSq MENAZGGoo00aGGGGg0000GG0C o 6B TU RIUHSINS IC, WoBo MEWAZooocaD0G0DGCG0CDDDRGD00G000000 AY LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. Major Characteristics of Manned Undersea Vehicles World-Wide...........-.cce0- 560000000000 5 ilr2. Major Characteristics of Unmanned Undersea Vehicles World-Wide. ......cccccccccocscsccccces 5. 13 Summary Statistics on Undersea Vehicles........... 13 Utilization of the ALVIN Submersible............. Utilization of Undersea Vehicles as Sampled on a World-Wide Basis Excluding the U.S. (July 1974 through) Decembers iQ9i7/5))-cjeis 06 esse aioe = Bly area a ean oi ea toce 14 10 76-242/01 ~ INTERNATIONAL STATUS AND UTILIZATION OF UNDERSEA VEHICLES Joseph R. Vadus United States Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rockville, Maryland ABSTRACT There are about 100 manned vehicles and 55 unmanned vehicles around the world that are ready for operational use or are under construction. This represents an increase of over 30 percent in one year. New systems are going deeper and providing increased payload capability. Depending on mission requirements, there will always be need for manned or unmanned systems. According to Statistics, the U.S. is the leading builder and owner of submersibles followed by France and the Soviet Union. The highest concentration of vehicles is in support of the offshore oil industry, especially in the North Sea. Following this activity, vehicles are mainly used for inspection, cable laying, salvage, coral harvesting, geology, fisheries, and environmental missions. Over the last seven years, there have been seven serious accidents reported taking the lives of seven persons. Most of the new vehicles are classified by one of six classification societies. There is a need for international standardization on cer- tain items pertaining to improved safety, especially during emergencies, search and rescue. The major trends in vehicle design pertain to designing completely integrated vehicle systems, which, in addition to the vehicle, includes support ship, handling gear for launch and retrieval, and logistic support. The major problem is still the launch and retrieval of vehicles, especially in heavy seas. INTRODUCTION Over the last decade, the undersea vehicle has evolved from a demonstration of tech- nological capability and scientific curiosity into a very useful means for con- ducting a variety of undersea work tasks and research missions commensurate with national needs. Unlike the early systems, the new undersea vehicles are economically designed and built to reliably fulfill specific mission requirements. This approach is necessary to maintain an edge in cost-effective comparisons with other means. The undersea equipment to vehicle transports men and the work or mission site and serves as an underwater platform for observation, sampling, measurement, and performing various work tasks. Now that undersea vehicles have proven to be a valuable undersea tool, they provide another optional means for satisfying a given set of mission requirements. There are 155 undersea vehicles: 100 manned and 55 unmanned that are listed by country and characterized in tables 1 and 2. UNDERSEA VEHICLE STATISTICS Statistics on 155 manned and unmanned under- sea vehicles on a world-wide basis are given in Table 3. Of these, there are 100 manned vehicles of which 86 are operational or available and ready for use, and 14 that are still under construction with most expected to be completed before the end of 1976. There are 55 unmanned vehicles of which there are 49 operational or available and ready for use, and 5 that are still under construction. It is estimated that about 5 percent of the systems deemed operational may be considered marginal relative to their level of readiness because of the addi- tional time that would be required for mobilization, crew training and prepared- ness. Excluded from this review are wet submersibles operated by divers and those designed for operation in depths less than 600 feet (183 meters). Also excluded from this survey are proposed vehicle designs which may or may not be constructed. However, some of the unique designs are reviewed herein. The total of 155 compares to 103 reported (4 one year ago. However, when taking into account those vehicles inadvertently overlooked in the first world-wide survey, there is about a 32 percent increase in both categories; i.e., manned and unmanned vehicles. The average characteristics of the world's undersea vehicles are given in Table 3. In averaging the figures, it was necessary to exclude 3 or 4 systems such as the large bathyscaphes to avoid skewing the statis-— tics of the more typical systems. Because of the continuous trend to go deeper the average depth capability of the world's manned submersibles has increased from 2,250 feet reported one year ago to 2,450 feet, about a 10 percent increase. The average weight of manned vehicles has increased from 19,000 lbs. a year ago to 24,000 lbs now, about a 26 percent increase. This is due to several factors: going deeper, increasing payload and new systems with diver lockout capability. There are now 15 vehicles with diver lockout capability, about 15 percent of the manned vehicles. The average payload capability was calcu- lated to be 1,300 lbs. for manned vehicles and a very low average value for the listed unmanned systems, because most of the unmanned systems are instrumented for a specific mission, and do not provide additional payload space. In comparing several manned and unmanned systems with given payload capability, there is about a 6 to 1 ratio of depth capability versus weight in favor of unmanned vehicle systems over manned IO 76-242/02 systems. This is mainly due to the fact that the manned system includes a crew which in turn requires habitable space in a pressure hull, life support and extra power, all of which adds weight and requires compensating buoyancy, and even more power to propel the larger wetted surface system. However, if the given mission requires the man in the system for greater observation capability, better mission control and adaptability, or for diver lockout operations, than the fore- going comparison applies only to certain types of missions. For the manned vehicles, the average crew size was 3 and the average life support was calculated to be about 120 man-hours or 40 hours per man. This figure is con- sidered low and many believe that 72 hours per man should be the minimum requirements for safety in the event of disablement and need to await search and rescue. However, in some missions that require working in rougher waters, further offshore and at greater depths, provisions should include additional emergency life support capability. Depending on the mission requirements, there is need for both manned and unmanned systems, and I believe this option will always exist. There are many missions involving hazardous operations; e.g., under the ice packs, areas with potential entanglement problems or operating near radioactive or other hazardous materials, and missions involving long duration area search may better be performed by unmanned, tethered systems. Though support ships are required with both manned and unmanned systems, each has peculiar requirements. Launch and retriev- al of vehicles is still a problem. In addition to cable handling and winching, the unmanned system often requires that the support ship have special maneuvering and station keeping characteristics to tend the tethered vehicle. The manned system requires a heavier duty crane and handling system. For any mission, selec- tion of manned or unmanned systems depends on the outcome of trade-off analysis primarily assessing operating effectiveness in meeting a given set of mission require- ments versus cost. As the state-of-the-art in undersea tech- nology advances in navigation and guidance, remote viewing and search capability, and remote manipulative devices, there will be an increasing trend toward the use of unmanned, tethered vehicles. And, as technology advances in cybernetics, adap- tive computer techniques, signal processing, and data storage and transmittal techniques, unmanned, untethered robot vehicles will also increase in utilization. Table 3 also shows ownership of vehicles by country with the United States leading with 64 vehicles followed by France with 26 and Soviet Union with 19. Fifty percent of the vehicles listed in Table 1 were built in the United States. MANNED VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT The major undersea vehicle builders in the world are Perry Oceanographics, Inc., Riviera Beach, Florida; and International Hydrodynamics Company (HYCO) Ltd., North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Perry's most recent unique development is the PC-16 vehicle designed for 3,000 foot operation using three interconnecting spheres and providing one-atmosphere transfer capabilities. Construction of two new vehicles, of the PC-18 class, have also been started. The Perry built PC-1202, now owned and operated by InterSub, is illustrated in Figure 1. HYCO has a unique system under development called TAURUS that will be capable of operation to 2000 feet with a two ton payload capability and diver lockout at lesser depths. HYCO's AQUARIUS I operated by Hyco Subsea is illustrated in Figure 2. France COMEX, Marseille, France, has developed a new series of observation and work vehicles called MOANA. The first in the series, MOANA I is illustrated in Figure 3. Another unique development by COMEX-is the GLOBULE vehicle illustrated in Figure 4 It is a lightweight two-man subsea heli- copter with 360 degrees visibility designed especially for survey and inspection tasks down to 200 meters (660 feet). The GLOBULE is capable of being piloted to the ocean bottom where it positions itself on the platform of a tractor driven cable burying IO 76-242/03 machine and secures itself by four clamping magnets. In this mode, the GLOBULE pilot takes over the control of the machine which can bury a 3-inch cable about 3 feet deep. A pressurized water jet is used to make the trench. Soviet Union The Soviet Union now has 12 manned vehicles and 7 unmanned vehicles, about double wnat was reported in the International Survey 1) made a little more than one year ago. One of their latest submersibles, ARGUS, is illustrated in Figure 5 operating near Gelendzhik on the Black Sea. An interesting new vehicle, the amphibious undersea research vehicle TRITON, is reported to be under development at the Giprorybflat Insti- tute, which designs many Soviet vehicles. The TRITON is primarily intended for con- struction and support activities in the continental shelf zone and as a true amphib- ian, it will be able to navigate underwater, on the surface of the water, and on land. Except for TINRO I, which is no longer operational, none of the Soviet vehicles have incorporated diver lockout capabilities. Germany In West Germany, the leading submersible builders are Bruker-Physik in Karlsruhe and Ingenieurkontor Lubeck (IKL). Bruker- Physik has built three submersibles in their Mermaid series Figure 6 and IKL has built 2 submersibles in their TOURS series. Last year, IKL directed by Professor U. Gabler prepared several advanced designs for surface independent, self-supporting, compact submarine type systems TOURS 430, TOURS 170, and Deep Subsea Working Systems, DSWS 300 and DSWS 600. The TOURS 430, illustrated in Figure 7, is a submarine configuration 42.5 meters long with a submerged dis- placement of 830 metric tons and a depth capability of 500 meters. It is equipped with a deep diving system for locking out 4 divers, and a drilling device that can be used for bottom sampling and bore testing on the sea bed to a drilling depth of 200 meters. This type of system con- figuration is also suitable for use as a mobile underwater laboratory. Sweden In Sweden, the rescue vehicle, URF, is under development at Kockums for the Royal Swedish Navy. This 50 ton vehicle is capable of handling a crew of 3 plus 2 divers and a 4,400 1b. payload to depths of 1,500 feet. Kockums has designed a unique Submarine Support Vessel (SSV) ‘“’ to transport, launch and retrieve a civilian version of the URF. The SSV carries the vehicle in an enclosed compartment forward of the coning tower on the top of the pressure hull. The SSV displaces 1,600 tons and is 65 meters long and capable of operating to 400 feet. The SSV enables submerged launch and retrieval of the URF type_ vehicle; thus achieving an independent, all weather operating capability avoiding the air sea interface problems. Kockums has also prepared designs for two unique submarine type systems aimed at the offshore industry for full autonomous operation without a support ship. One is a 170 ton submarine for inspection mis- sions with an endurance capability of 10 days. The other is a 400 ton submarine, 36 meters long with diver lockout capa- bility and mission endurance of 3 weeks or more, and an operating depth capability to 300 meters UNMANNED VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT United States The USA owns and operates over 60 percent of the world's unmanned undersea vehicles; the major developer of unmanned vehicle systems is the U.S. Naval Undersea Center, San Diego, California. Their latest development is the Remote Unmanned Work System (RUWS), Figure 8, capable of operating at depths of 20,000 feet. HYDRO Tech Systems Incorporated, Houston, Texas, is constructing two major unique unmanned tethered systems, Work Vehicle (WV), Figure 9, and Vertical Transport Vehicle (VIV), primarily for use in remotely controlled pipeline repair work to 4,000 feet with an intermediate capability to operate at 1,800 feet. The characteristics of the 50 ton WV and 60 ton VIV systems are given in Table 2. 10 _76-242/04 Hydro Products, San Diego, California, produces a remote controlled vehicle, RCV-125, for subsea inspection of well heads, pipelines, cables and other struc- tures. Ametek-Straza, El Cajon, California, has developed two unmanned systems—- Submersible Craft Assisting Repair and Burial (SCARAB) for AT&T, which can be used for locating the cable by detecting its magnetic properties, uncovering and repairing the cable, and burying the cable. Several new unmanned tethered vehicles such as DEEP DRONE, RECON II, and the Cable Operated Recovery Device (CORD) have been developed mainly for search and recovery. Soviet Union The Soviet Union has developed at least seven unmanned systems as listed in Table 2. One Soviet article claims that more than 20 varieties of underwater, remotely controlled vehicles are being used by scientists. Most of these are operated by remote control via a tether because of the poor reliability of wireless control; however, efforts are underway to provide pre-programmed, automatic, robot control without a tether. The Soviets have developed a system which simulates the presence of a real operator underwater. A moving control panel seat is used to accurately duplicate the move- ments of the robot. The seated operator senses the movement of the robot via his vestibular mechanism and can rapidly eval- uate and intervene with the dynamic situa- tion. Robot development with multi-sensor perception and pre-programmed computer technology is being pursued Robot Vehicles Out of the 55 unmanned vehicles reported in Table 2, only 5 are identified as untethered robots. The U.S. has developed 4 robot vehicles--UARS, SPURV, SEA DRONE I and the MIT Robot; the Soviet Union is currently developing one robot vehicle--GIDROPLAN. An untethered robot vehicle has the advan- tage of not requiring a long unwieldy tether and a surface support vessel with special station keeping characteristics. However, it does require a more sophis-— ticated and costly multi-sensor instrumen- tation and control system integrated into a multi-channel signal processing and pre-programmed computer system. High energy density power systems and redundant and emergency modes of operation are required to provide reliable, long endurance operation and safe retrieval of the free swimming robot after mission completion or early termination. ATMOSPHERIC DIVING SUIT (ADS) A submersible with arms and legs might be an appropriate description for a diving suit called ADS or originally JIM developed for DHB Construction Ltd., U.S., Figure 10. It allows a man to work effectively at atmospheric pressure in water depths ranging to 1,300 feet. It carries its own self-contained life support system and does not require an umbilical coupling. The advantages of the suit are that the divers do not require decompression and the units require relatively little auxil- iary equipment and deck space. On deck, the unit weighs 1,000 lbs. and remains in place while the diver enters the suit and the head section is attached. A small crane is needed to launch the diver and he can function with or without a tether. Also, there are no communication problems |like those experienced with helium gas for deep diving. The author believes that as the design evolves and improves, there is much potential for a system of this type, especially as divers advance to deeper depths. VEHICLE OPERATION AND SAFETY Operation and Handling Effective, safe operations are the prime objectives of any vehicle operator. One of the major considerations in this area is vehicle handling in launch and retrieval. Therefore, the vehicle operator is con- cermed with having a compatible, integrated system which includes the vehicle, handling system, and support ship. This is impor- tant if a high annual utilization rate is desired, including operation in rough seas land occasionally poor weather conditions. jin the U.S., the leading vehicle operator is the U.S. Navy's Submarine Development Group One, San Diego. Im commercial work, the most active operators are General Oceanographics, Inc., San Diego; and IO 76-242/05 International Underwater Contractors, Inc., New York. In scientific work, the most active are the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's ALVIN operations (see Table 4), and the Harbor Branch Foundation. Outside of the U.S., the most active vehicle operators are Vickers Oceanics, Ltd.3; Barrow-in-Furness, England; InterSub, Marseille, France; COMEX, Marseille, France, and HYCO Subsea Ltd., Vancouver, Canada. A sampling of the extent of their operational activity is given in Table 5. The greatest concentration of vehicle activity is in the North Sea where there are about 15 in operation. The world's most active commercial operator, Vickers Oceanics, Ltd., has gained much operational experience in the North Sea, and is mainly involved in cable burial and pipeline survey. Figure 11 illustrates a PISCES submersible being deployed via their proven method of launch and retrieval. They are capable of vehicle launch and retrieval up to sea state 6. The handling system consists of an "A" frame with 2 sheave for the lifting line extending over the stern of the support ship, and a smaller inverted "A" frame hanging down from the main frame to prevent athwartship motion when the vehicle is hoisted. A hydraulic arm attaches to the bow of the vehicle to prevent fore-aft swinging motion. An important feature of this system is a small, high speed motor which can overrun the main lifting motors whenever the tension in the line goes to some preselected low value. The retrieval procedure follows: The diver attaches the shackle and line; the vehicle is towed toward the ship; the ship begins lifting the vehicle at about the time the wave starts to lift the vehicle; as the wave lifts the vehicle the tension in the line drops; the high speed motor reels in the abe, at high speed, up to 600 feet per minute if | necessary, to maintain the minimum tension on the line; and, as the wave passes and the tension increases, the main winch continues at its normal hoisting speed. This effec- tive approach uses the sea-induced motion rather than trying to cope with it, gradu- ally transferring the lifting action from sea-dominant motion to ship-dominant jmotion. InterSub is another very active operator in the North Sea. InterSub's, Perry-built PC 1202, is illustrated in Figure 12 as a cut- away drawing to show its inner layout plan. Figure 13 shows their proven method of stern launch and retrieval, using a rugged "A" frame arrangement. The handling system for MOANA, COMEX's vehicle, is a special crane arrangement, illustrated in Figure 14. HYCO Subsea's vehicle handling system, using a rugged "A" frame arrangement is illustrated in Figure 15. HYCO also uses a 97-foot self-powered barge with a floodable stern ramp as a relatively stable platform to launch and retrieve their PISCES vehicles. HYCO claims the deepest dive for commercial work, using the PISCES V at 4800 feet off Sable Island, near Nova Scotia during the fall of 1974, in support of laying a Canadian trans- Atlantic telephone cable. In the United States, the Johnson-Sea-Link vehicle has a simple, effective handling system illustrated in Figure 16, and the retrieval procedure is as follows: The diver attaches the line by simply inserting a novel drop-lock into the lifting fixture; the vehicle is towed toward the ship; as the line is winched into the crane, the quick acting, articulated crane raises the vehicle at about the same time a wave lifts the vehicle; the vehicle is hoisted out of the water and placed on the afterdeck. A strong-back type antisway bar is used to prevent the hoisted vehicle from swaying. The ALVIN system continues to effectively use their proven elevator launch and re- trieval arrangement used on the catamaran support ship, LULU, for over 600 dives. Another novel handling system still being used after 500 dives,is Deepwater Explor- ation Ltd's, Launch-Retrieval Transport (LRT), Figure 17, shown serving as a plat- form for the STAR II. This approach involves transporting STAR II on-board the LRT to the site; ballasting the system for complete submergence,and then, at a prede- termined depth, divers release the vehicle from the LRT for a smooth take-off.. Under- water launch and retrieval minimize the problems of the air-sea interface. However, operations in heavy seas with an LRTI-type platform that must be towed to the site, creates other problems. A submerged launch and retrieval system, using a submarine as a support ship, is being developed by Sweden's Kockums, to handle their URF-type vehicle. IO 76-242/06 he major vehicle operating problem is still its handling during launch and retrieval in heavy seas. However, several good approach- es have been noted herein. Classification of Vehicles and Safet An important consideration in vehicle devel- opment, ownership, and operation is having the vehicle system designed, built and tested in accordance with a classification code. This provides an added degree of con- fidence regarding performance and person- nel safety; and insurance companies often consider this as one of the criteria in establishing underwriting coverage. There are nine classification organizations world- wide: American Bureau of Shipping Bureau Veritas Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Lloyd Lloyd's Register of Shipping Nippon Kaiji Kyokai Polish Register of Shipping Registro Italiano Navale USSR Register of Shipping Vehicle classification data were tabulated for Gann ison in last year's report. This tabulation revealed slight variations between each agency, and a number of items are listed as guidelines and not require- ments. The classification process in most agencies relies on design review and obser- vation of reate by an inspector. As stated previously, 1) it is the author's opinion that some standardization between the classi fication agencies would be desirable, especially in some basic areas pertaining to emergencies, search and rescue. For example in the event of disablement on the bottom, it would be desirable to provide the crew with a minimum number of hours of life- support per man,e.g.,/2 hours, under normal operating conditions; and some greater num- ber based on distance offshore, depth, expected sea state, and weather conditions. In order to communicate and signal location during disablement, it is desirable to standardize on frequencies for underwater telephones and emergency acoustic beacons. Although ones own support ship can probably make contact, other rescue forces brought to the scene may not be so equipped. Once located, the next step is to recover the sub mersible; and it would be very desirable for each submersible to have a standard hooking arrangement located at an established lift point. A report entitled, "Self-Help Rescue Capa- bility for Submersibles" provides the following list of items considered mandatory as self-help rescue features for undersea vehicles: ° Acoustic beacon on a standard dis- tress frequency (37 kHz). External standard lift points. Acoustic communications on a standard underwater telephone (8-11 kHz). Minimum operator qualifications. Filing of dive plan with a potential rescue unit. Passenger predive briefing. The Marine Technology Society's Undersea Vehicles Safety Standards Subcommittee (7) is preparing a plan to formulate submersible safety standards. The objectives are to improve safety in vehicle operation, and to improve rescue response capabilities. The plan involves establishing three working groups, one each on: ° Personnel qualifications and training ° Operational plans and procedures. ° Emergency equipment. It also involves getting good representation on an international basis, especially from the major submersible operators, designers, and builders. The results of this effort will be documented in an MIS book "Recom- mended Safety Standards for Undersea Vehicles," to be published at the end of 1977. This will be a third in the series of books prepared by this Subcommittee; the other two are entitled "Safety and Opera- tional Guidelines for Undersea Vehicles." (8) 10 76-242/07 Manned Submersible Accidents There have been seven major submersible acci dents within the last seven years, which were reported to have occurred during under- water operations, taking the lives of seven persons. Last year's report provides a table listing six of these accidents, along with data pertaining to their location and recovery. In September 1975, there was a fatal acci- dent reported involving the STAR II submer- sible and its Launch-Retrieval Transport (LRT), Figure 17. It was reported that two of the divers, supporting the submerged launching of the STAR II, lost their lives trying to free the STAR II while the LRT continued to sink uncontrollably, and the safe diver depths for air breathing were exceeded, The third diver barely made it back to the surface. A good reference source, pertaining to sub- mersible safety through accident analysis, is Appendix IV of Book II, "Safety and Operational Guidelines for Undersea Vehic~— les."(8) A book entitled "Manned Submer- sibles"(9) contains a chapter "Emergency Devices and Procedures," and another chapter "Emergency Incidents and the Potential for Rescue." VEHICLE UTILIZATION Within the last year, there has been over a 30 percent increase worldwide in available undersea vehicles, primarily in support of offshore development activities, especially the oil industry. The summation of data on manned vehicles listed in Figures 18, 19, and Tables 4 and 5, reveals that inspection, mainly of pipelines and cables, was the leading mission category worldwide, followed by cable burial. A listing of the leading mission activities sampled on a worldwide, dive-day basis, in descending order are: Inspection (pipeline, cable, etc.}- 50 percent Cable burial -- 18 percent Engineering, salvage, etc. -- 12 percent The following categories, representing the balance of about 20 percent of the missions, are placed in descending order, though there are only small differences between them: 10 76-242/08 Coral harvesting land other organisms. Other missions have included studies on: the underutilized Geological species of crab at the 2000 to 3000-foot depths; the habitation and migration of deep Biological, Fisheries ater lobster and shrimp; and on the deploy- ment and effectiveness of line arrays of Pollution, ocean dumping lobster traps. In pollution studies, sewer loutfalls were monitored, and ocean dumpsites There are no data in this report on unmannedWwere inspected in the New York Bight region. vehicle activities, although unmanned vehic- (5) les have been busy, but on the average, not [As noted in Table 4, the ALVIN has made as busy as manned systems. An example of over 600 dives, of which about 22 percent one noteworthy mission, carried out for involved test and training, and the balance several weeks in the summers of 1974 and of the missions were mainly oriented to 1975, was conducted by the U.S. Environ- geology and biology. It is interesting to mental Protection Agency, using the CURV IIImote that the ALVIN has spent an equivalent unmanned vehicle to survey, photograph, and |total of almost 100 continuous days under the sample around a radioactive dumpsite sea, and has developed a steadily increasing near the Farralon Islands, off the coast of javerage time for dives, which is now 4.3 California. Data concerning the integrity ours. of the radioactive waste containers and the fate of any leaking pollutants is of world- [This is the second of a three-year arrange wide interest in establishing apolicy for ment whereby the Navy, NSF, and NOAA are future dumping. sharing the cost and use of the deep-diving ALVIN. Two-thirds funding by Navy-NSF United States enable ALVIN utilization as a national facility under the University National Although many new undersea vehicles were Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS). built in the United States by Perry, the NOAA is using their allocated time mainly vehicles available for use in the U. S. for ongoing fisheries and environmental has changed negligibly -- from research programs. 29 to 30. The utilization of underwater vehicles in the U.S. over the last three Federal use of American Bureau of Shipping fiscal years, is illustrated in Figure 18. |(ABS)-classed civilian-operated manned The number of total dive-days in Fiscal Year|vehicles was less than 10 percent of the 1975 diminished by about 15 percent, total available submersible time during the from Fiscal Year 1974, and this is primarilyjlast three years. attributed to a reduction of U.S.-operated submersibles in the North Sea, from three to/fhe U.S. Navy's undersea vehicle utilization one, despite the fact that about 13 out of fin FY 1975 involved about 190 dive-days, 18 (including those under construction) mainly for deep undersea inspection missions, were built in the U.S. by Perry, but are raining and testing, as illustrated in owned by European operators. Inspection, Figure 19. The PC-14C-2, owned by the Army's mainly of pipelines and cables, was the Ballistic Missile Command, has the special leading U.S. mission, and this correlates mission of recovering missiles and associated with world-wide activities. Coral harvest- |debris entering the spashdown area of the ing, represented only by the STAR II's wajalein Missile Range. activities off the east coast of Oahu, in the Hawaiian Islands, has been increasing orld-Wide Utilization steadily over the last three years, in quest of jewelry-quality, pink and black tilization of undersea vehicles, as sampled coral at 1000-foot depths. on a world-wide basis, excluding the U.S., iis given in Table 5 for reference. U.S. Fisheries and biology missions have exhib- [data were combined with Table 5 data to pro- ited slight decreases each year, whereas ide the aforementioned figures on world- geology missions increased somewhat. Most ide usage. of the biology efforts are attributed to the| ALVIN operations in studying the deep-ocean Although statistical data are not available | food chain, and also the deep-benthic fish [it is reported that the Soviet undersea vehicles are mainly involved in fisheries research. The OSA-3-600, owned and operated by the National Institute of Sea Fisheries and Oceanography, has been used in fisheries research, for example, to hover over a school of fish and transmit data on the extent, location, and speed of movement of the school. It is also capable of taking core samples from the ocean bottom for later analysis by petroleum scientists. unmanned tethered vehicle, SKORPENA (also operated by this Institute), is reportedly utilized in oceanographic and biological research on illuminescence and biolumines- cence. The SEVER 2, operated by the Polar Institute of Fish and Oceanography, is re- portedly operating in the North Atlantic, looking for schools of fish, studying the sea bottom, and selecting areas for trawl fishing. In the Black Sea, most of the Soviet activities originate from their base at Gelendzhik. A good reference for inform- The ation on Soviet undersea vehicle activities is presented in reference (9). Coral harvesting off Taiwan is conducted using BURKHOLDER I, and red coral harvesting -|near Corsica is conducted using ANTONIO MAGLIUOLO. The most active vehicle noted in the survey was the HAKUYO, owned by Japan Ocean Systems, Inc., that reportedly made 624 dives in 45 days. MISSION APPLICATIONS The preceding section described many mission applications suitable for undersea vehicle usage, mainly with the offshore industry. Undersea vehicles play an important role in the offshore industry's undersea installa- tion of: offshore structures, sub-sea oil completion systems, pipelines and cables. Vehicles are used for: preinstallation surveys; diver transport and assistance during installation of structures and pipe- lines; cable burial; post installation inspection; and pipeline and cable repair work. In view of the extensive network of offshore platforms, sub-sea completion systems and pipelines, the security of these facilities will bring on new mission require ments. As the offshore industry goes deeper the need for vehicles becomes even greater. A study (11 by Vickers Oceanics Ltd, indi- cates that from a cost-effectiveness stand- point, the cross-over point between utiliz- ing a diver with Scuba versus a manned IO 76-242/09 submersible is about 150 meters, based upon environmental conditions. The development of the atmospheric diving suit, which in reality is a manned submersible, may bridge this area. Pipelines are being planned for depths greater than 3000 feet, and there are international rulings that require pipe- line installations to be readily repairable. To address this type of need, Hydrotech Sys- tems of Houston, Texas, is developing the 50-ton unmanned tethered WORK VEHICLE, and a 60-ton unmanned tethered VERTICAL TRANS- PORT VEHICLE: and the Shell Development Co., Houston, TX, designed a 300-ton Submersible Pipeline Repair System (SPRS), Figure 20. Coral harvesting is expected to continue and perhaps expand as new areas are found. Geo- logical missions, such as the microscale examination and selective sampling of the deep-ocean rift zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, conducted by France and the U.S. in Project FAMOUS, is another example of effective use of undersea vehicles. Deep- ocean seismic studies of rift and fault areas, and geophysical exploration for oil and gas deposits, are other areas of useful application. Studies of this type under ice are planned by Horton Maritime Exploration Ltd, for utilization of their recently over- hauled AUGUSTE PICCARD. In fisheries application, there is much to be done in management and assessment of stocks. The undersea vehicle was proven useful in getting more selective data on fish stocks for correlation with gross data obtained by trawling. Lobster habitation studies along the northeast seaboard, con- ducted using vehicles, revealed flat, barren plains that have potential for lobster development, but are void of habitats. Studies of such areas deploying artificial habitats might prove useful. Deployment of lobster at various stages of development, including fry, might give some indication of survival and development in a controlled area, barren, but conducive to lobster development. Underutilized species of fish and crab at depths in excess of 600 feet might be sur- veyed and assessed as sources of food or feed stock. Studies of the deep ocean food chain continue and much data are still needed to better understand this process. In environmental research, vehicles are most useful in surveying and selective sampling of dumpsites to determine the extent and fate of pollutants and impact on marine life Undersea vehicles can effectively assist in baseline studies where periodic selective sampling on, near, and below the bottom layers is required over a wide area. Deep-ocean mining will require the use of manned or unmanned systems for location, survey, and assessment of manganese modules as well as for selective sampling and meas- urement pertaining to environmental research in baseline-impact studies. With the excep- tion of the two bathyscaphes, the U.S. Trieste II, and France's Archimede, there are no other manned systems capable of parti cipating in deep-ocean mining from 12,000 to 20,000 feet. Plans have been made for modifying the U.S. Navy's Sea Cliff for 20,000 feet. However, there are at least six unmanned systems that are capable of operating at these depths. Undersea film making on archeological find- ings, sunken cities, and lakes in Scotland are the mission plans of Margen Interna- cional, S. A.'s MARGENAUT, refurbished former SUBMANAUT, Figure 21. DESIGN TRENDS Undersea vehicles are being utilized more, now that experience has proven their utility and systems are designed in accordance with user requirements. A major trend pertains to designing a completely integrated system, which, in addition to the submersible includes support ship, handling gear for launch and retrieval, and logistic and maintenance support. The ob- jective is to obtain an effective, high utilization rate under varying weather conditions. Equipment for conducting effi- cient deep-water surveys will require the use of improved navigation and guidance at costs affordable by submersible Greater dexterity of manipulators needed for manned and unmanned sys- perform intricate operations more quickly. Many new vehicles are being developed with large panoramic plexiglass windows to provide a wider viewing field very effective in survey and inspection missions. Trays of dry batteries mounted IO 76-242/10 in cylindrical pods, external to the pressure hull, with quick access for ser- vicing and replacement and rapid turn- around time, is another notable design trend A number of compact, unmanned vehicles have been built for search and rescue of manned vehicles. In those operating areas where other manned vehicles are not close at hand, more unmanned systems are expected to be available for use in such emergencies, to locate and attach a recover line. Harbor Branch Foundation's Sea Guardian System, consisting of support craft and the cable- operated Recovery Device (CORD), is an example of such a system, Figure 22. Within the last year, a number of designs for small submarine-type systems have emerged to provide fully autonomous, long- duration, capability for missions such as: pipeline and cable inspections; installa- tion and repair; selective drilling; sub- bottom profiling and sampling. These systems also feature diver lock-out capa- bilities which provide even more opera- tional flexibility. Their general utility, as mobile undersea laboratories in support of commercial diving and scientific research, provides another major applica- tion. These systems would not require a surface vessel, and would operate independ- ently for several weeks, with surface cruising ranges on the order of 3000 nautical miles. In view of expanding mission requirements, construction of the first of this class system is expected to start within the next year or so. CONCLUSIONS Within the last five years, undersea vehicles have proven to be a significant tool in ocean research and development, and their abundance and utilization is steadily increasing. The offshore industry is the principal user, and there are many other mission applica- tions that will require more extensive usage. The latest designs feature fully integrated systems (vehicle, ship, handling gear, and logistics and maintenance support) to ensure an effective high utilization rate More specificity and standardization is needed by the classification societies in the vital areas pertaining to improved safety, search and rescue. Safety standards in areas of crew qualifications, operating procedures, and emergency equipment, should be developed by the user community to the extent not encumbering innovation in design and effective utilization of vehicles. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank the many submersible builders, owners and operators world-wide, who furnished data on the design and utilization of their vehicles; and acknowledge the periodic inputs from Mr. Frank Busby of R. F. Busby Associates. I would also like to thank the NOAA, Manned Undersea Science and Technology staff for preparing the manuscript. REFERENCES (1) Vadus, J. R. International Review of Manned Submersibles and Habitats. U.S. Department of Commerce, NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161. Order No. PB 246 428/7WO. 1975. Lachmann, B. Submarine Support Vessel (SSV). Offshore Technology Confer- ence. Paper No. OTC 2398. 1975. Snegov, S. Underwater Activities Relative to the Lunokhod. Vilnyus, Sovetskaya Litva, September 4, 1975. Messlervy, P.J. Vickers Submersible Operations. Oceanology International, Brighton, England. 1975 Bland, E., of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, provided data for Table 4. February 1976. Talkington, H. Self-Help Rescue Capa- bility for Submersibles. Naval Undersea Center, San Diego. 1975. MIS Undersea Vehicles Safety Standards Subcommittee; Chairman: J. Pritzlaff; Steering Committee, F. Busby, L. Shumaker, and H. Talkington. MTS Office, 1730 M Street, N. W., Wash- ington, D. C., 20036, 1976. Safety and Operational Guidelines for Undersea Vehicles, Books I and II. Publisher: Marine Technology Society (MTS) , 1730 M Street, N. W., Wash- ington, D. C. 20036. 1974 Busby, R. F. Manned Submersibles. Office of the Oceanographer of the U.S. Navy. Special Pub. 102, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington! Di Ge, Al9I7/6). Boylan, L. Underwater Activities in the Soviet Union. Informatics, Inc., Rockville, Maryland. 1975. Also, Library of Congress Report, Soviet Ocean Activities: A Preliminary Survey, prepared for U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce. 1975. Henson, G. S., Vickers Oceanics Ltd., Seminar Heriot-Watt University, Scotland. 1973. IO 76-242/11 LO 76-242/12 TABLES Length Depth Beam Weight (Ibs) Payload Vehicle (libs) Major Characteristics of Manned Undersea Vehicles World-wide Table 1. POLAND DELFIN-2* .....Geological Inst. SOVIET UNION TRITON c.......Giprorybflot.... (Amphibious URV) Institute --Research Inst.of Fish.&Oceanog. ATLANT II......Atlantic Inst... of Fisheries AQUARIUS.......Acad.of Science. PISCES VII.....Acad.of Science. TINRO II.......Pacific Fish.Lab -..-Acad.of Science OSA-3-600 I....Research Inst.of Length Depth Beam Weight (lbs) Payload Vehicle (ibs) AUSTRALTA PLATYPUS I c...Univ.of Sydney.. CANADA AQUARIUS I.....HYCO Subsea..... 820. ..3...15,8 - 8,580). 1000...2...15,- . 6,500.. NOOO ere2eretet 5), ure 1300...3... 1500...3...19,10. 15 OO crorey2/ot ore 3 Oly Ouro 2000...3... -,7. 2000 y213)-) -7 24,000.. 80,000... 22,400... 1100...2...14,6 . 11,000.. 880 AQUARIUS II c..HYCO Subsea..... AQUARIUS III c.HYCO Subsea..... SEA OTTER......Arctic Marine... SDL-1*.........Canadian Navy... AUG .PICCARD....Horton Maritime. PISCES VI......HYCO Subsea..... PISCES IV......Dept.of Enviro.. PISCES V.......HYCO Subsea..... PISCES IX c....HYCO Subsea..... COLUMBIA DOWB..........-Friendship S.A. FRANCE GLOBULE........COMEX.......... PC SB eiicielelsisieieietLRECL OUD etaisiclalele SHELF DIVER*...DCAN........... PCT ZOU eyeyelerelsfeteta Lt eT SUD verelelelaye PC1202*........InterSub....... PC1203.........COMEX..... PC1204.........InterSub....... MOANA TI ......COMEX.. 2.00000. MOANA IT c.....COMEX.......... MOANA III c....COMEX. MOANA IV c.....COMEX.......... IMOANAWIVIE Gio) o)c/efofe\C OME X cle \ols/e\e'ela/slal« SR=35 OepatovateratopaGOK/atelolelelelelare SPE5 OO (2iereleir COL selatcserei> DGAN foreteretote’e DEEPSTAR 2000..G.0.Int'l.. BORG cre eiercleleieiaje1 Lt CLOUD siciclelejere DEEPSTAR 4000..COMEX.......... ANTONIO.... MAGLIUOLO (TOURS 66) ANDRY (PC-5C)..SubSea Oil...... PC8C.....-.....SubSea Oil PHOENIX 66* c..SubSea Oil...... JAPAN UZUSHIO........Nippon Kokan.... KUROSHIO.......Hokaido Univ.... HAKUYO.........Japan Ocean Sys. SHINKAI........Japan Maritime.. Safety Agency ....Sarda Estracione Lavorazione NETHERLANDS NEREID 700*....Nereid N.V SKADOC 1000*...Skadoc Sub Sys.. LSD O Neri 2avo le TTO00. . 2521456 « 1100...2...14,6 . 11,000.. 880 LOOT e12-\e\- L459) eeelOls S00. 550 2000...5...20,10. 30,000.. 2,560 2500...4...94,20.366,000..20,000 6600...3...19,10. 24,400.. 1,900 6600...3...19,10. 24,100.. 1,500 6600...3...19,10. 24,400.. 1,900 6600...3...19,10. 24,400.. 1,900 11,000.. 880 6500...3...17,9 1,050 660...2... 9,6 800...2...19,6 800...4...23,6 . 1LO00 2 e220) « 1000...5...31,8 WOOO era 2iehercer Sree LU arrogrZ ais i D3 OO ered ata) fom 1300...3...14,- TS 00 Sr tote Lees = 1300... .3...14,= = iSteeesinoowKsae 6 One) G20 coaleretei LOS ese sone ar AM o6 GooZWat o 3000...4...25,8 - 4000...3...18,12. 5,400. . 11,000.. 17,000.. 18,000.. 33,000.. 18,000... 18,000... 20,000.. 20,000.. 20,000.. 20,000.. 20,000.. 8,400.. 5,300.. 29,400... 15,500.. 33,000... 18,000.. 17,600.. 1000...2...20,10. 20,000.. 880 1200...2...22,4 . 10,000.. 750 L200 creyei2isteys123'90) sol 25.0005:5, 015 100 1200. .-7.-- - 77,000.. 650...2...18,10. 10,400.. CEs poZascs/ay o AAWas CEB agasiod ons) 5) ISA 330 1970...4...50,28.200,000.. 4,000 700 1000...3...18,5 . 6,600.. Fish. &Oceanog. OSA-3-600 II...Research Inst.of Fish.&Oceanog. SEVER I........Research Inst.of Fish. &0ceanog. PISCES XI......Acad.of Science SEVER II.......Polar Inst.of... Fish.&Oceanog. SWEDEN WAS Cogcao TAIWAN BURKHOLDER I...Kuofeng Ocean... Develop.Corp. UNITED KINGDOM MERMAID III*...P & O Subsea.... VOL-LI* & L2*..Vickers Oceanics IPO=O)teleleteloeieletets bai ee ON SUDSEaletatate PISCES I.......Vickers Oceanics LEO Ic........P & O Subsea.... TAURUS* c......P & O Subsea.... PISCES II......Vickers Oceanics PISCES VIII....Vickers Oceanics PISCES III.....Vickers Oceanics PISCES X.......Vickers Oceanics UNITED STATES SEA RANGER.....Verne Engr.Corp. ....SW Research Inst. PC-3B.........-1nt'l U.W.Contr. SEA EXPLORER...Sea Line Inc.... Pierce Subs Inc. MARGENAUT......Margen Int'l.... NEKTON ALPHA. ..Gen.Oceanographics NEKTON BETA....Gen.Oceanographics NEKTON GAMMA. ..Gen.Oceanographics JOHNSON SEA LINK*Harbor Br.Found. SNOOPER Undersea Grafhics GUPPY..........SunShip&Drydock. OPSUB.... Ocean Systems... Sub.R & D Corp.. MERMAID II.....Int'l U.W.Contr. NEMO I.........Seaborne Ventures. . DIAPHUS........Texas A&M Univ.. PC-14C-2.......ArmyMissile Com. ...Deepwater.. Explor. Ltd. PC-17* c.......Perry Oceanog... DEEP VIEW......SW Research Inst. SDHNSON SEA LINK*Harbor Br.Found. BEAVER MK IV*..Int'l U.W.Contr. Royal Swedish Navy. ..U.S. Navy....... . -Lockheed... Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst. U.S. Navy c = Construction ZOOO Tee) 2000...1... 6600...3...19,10. 6600...4...36,8 . 1500...5...45,14.110,000.. 1000...2...20,10 B50 Fie 1D ielete 1200...4. 135 Och 1500... 2000... 2000. 2400. 3000. 3000. 3000. 600...4. COO merece Mb c6o556 600...2... GOO eter 600...8... 1000...2. 1000...2. L000. .-2/.... 1000...4... 1000...2... NOOO rere 2eer- 1000...2... 1000...2... 1000...2.. 1000...3... L200 Me. 2 a= WANS 66250 1200...2.. 1500...4.. 15 008s 2 eee 2000...4. NOS woDaec 5000...4. 5000...4...50,8 6500...3...26,12 6500... 3)... 526,12. --4...40,16. 12000...3...23,8 . 8000. 20,000. . 28,000. 28,000. 22r00R 5,000. 26,500. . 53,000. 24,000. . . 24,000. . 24,000.. 242000. . 19,000. 2,000.. a6e350 3,600. 108,000. 4,500. - 1555005 4,700.. 4,700.. - 21,000. 4,500. . 5,000. : 10,400. 9,000. ; 14,000. 20,000. 10,000. 38,000. . 12,000. . 21,000. . 34,000. . 75,000.. . 10,000.. - 10,000.. 75,000. . 42,000.. 42,000.. 115,000.. 32,000. ..20000...3...78,19.180,000.. * = Diver Lockout 4,400 10 76-242/13 Table 2. Major Characteristics of Unmanned Length Lifting Se Depth Beam Weight Payload Undersea Vehicles World-wide Vehicle Operator (£t) (in) (lbs) (1bs) Length Lifting RUM/ORB........Scripps Inst...... 8000..150,108. 24,000.. 2 £ Oceano Depth B Weight Payload S 8. Pie a CS Gey Ge) ey NEDAR I........Assoc.Marine Ser..10000.. 72,72 . 2,400. a Sp, EY A, Se SEA PROBE......Ocean Search Inc..10000.. 400,000.. Siete ....Univ.of Wash......12000..120,24 . 1,000.. CA NADA ‘TELEPROBE......Naval Oceanog Off.20000.. 96,60 . 3,500.. BATRISHSeee eee Bedford| Inst..-o25 6505. 5252902) 1540. DEEP TOW.......Scripps Inst......20000.. 64,13 Seahoc £ Oceano; 90000 Canada Center..... 1200.. 66,36 . 1,130.. 0 B- Pe nriceican p SEA DRONE I....Pre Con, Inc......20000..210,24 . 2,800.. MIZAR FISH.....Naval Research Lab.20000..105,30 . 1,800.. RUWS...........Naval Undersea Ctr.20000..123,58 . 4,300.. 1,000 NEDAR II.......Assoc.Marine Ser..25000.. 72,72 . 1,800.. 2,000 ot Bide! see yatekECAc a e600. 106s 1,760.. WORK VEHICIE c..HYDROTECH......... 4000. .50' ,22'.110,000..40,000 TELENANTE I....Institute Francais 1000..162.60 2,200.. VERTICAL c.....HYDROTECH......... 4000..70' ,22'.130,000. 100,000 SAT TRANSPORT VEH. TELENANTE II...Institute Francais 1000..162,60 . 2,200.. UDOSS c....-...Jet Prop. Lab.....20000..118,42 . 3,000.. 0 Seah ROBOT VEHICLE..M.I.T...........- 56 SIS o 250.. 0 eee: ....French Navy....... 3300..180,72 . 4,410..16,000 TROTKAUM ERE DCANT SS Sn Snenpim 7220..170,82 . 2,000.. 2 JAPAN OCEAN SPACE ROBOT.Mitsubishi Ind.... 800..180,31 Table 3. Summary Statistics on Undersea Vehicles SAP CR RE RIR COU San eae Crea a Status Manned Unmanned NORWAY. World-wide - operational or ready 86 World-wide - under construction 14 CABLE CONIROLLED.Royal Norwegian.. World-wide — Total T00 VEHICLE Navy Average Characteristics Design Depth (ft) MANTA (2 Units).Acad.of Science.. 1000.. Weight (lbs) GIDROPLAN c.....Acad.of Science.. 1000.. Payload (lbs) KAYMAN cio) cio 6 01 2000.. SKORPENA...... .-Research Inst.... 3300..130,60 . Fish.& Oceanog. KRAB-1..........Acad.of Science..10000..100,80 . KRAB-2..........Acad.of Science..10000.. Crew Size Life Support (man-hours) Ownership by Country w oO United States UNITED KINGDOM France Soviet Union TROV-01........Underground Locatim 1200.. United Kingdom Services Canada CONSUB.........Inst.of Geology... 2000.. Japan SEXTON.........MATSU......... ao ith Italy D0:000 Ministry of Defence. Germany (FRG) Netherlands UNITED STATES Poland Australia BUOYANCY......-USN Civil Eng.Lab. 850.. 96,72. 1,800.. 1,000 Goinenaa TRANSPORT VEH. Sueden SOLARIS........Naval Torpedo Sta. 1500.. -,- . S00 Taiwan ELEC.SNOOPY....Naval Undersea Ctr. 1500.. 39,24 . 150.. ELECTRIC.......Naval Facilities.. 1500.. 45,28 300. SNOOPY II Engr. Center ........Harbor Br.Found... 1500.. 70,41 . 770.. o00000 .....Univ.of Washington 1500..120,19 900.. Was Perry Oceanog..... 1500.. 42,36. 450.. Table 4. Utilization of the ALVIN o00000 .»...-Naval Undersea Ctr. 2000.. 72,24 . 400.. * DEEP DRONE.....Ametek Straza..... 2000.. 5,000. Submersible RUFAS Il.......Miss.State Univ... 2400..132,66 . 1,000.. CURV II........Naval Undersea Ctr. 2500..180,72 . 3,450.. F CURV IIB.......Naval Torpedo Sta. 2500..180,72 . 3,000.. Cumulative cooac --.-Jacobsen Bros..... 3000.. -,- . -.e Year Totals Totals to SCARAB (2)..... ARP COasccseso GHOVs 5,060.. WG ik den DOWS tener: .Ametek Straza..... 6000.. 5,000. . She eee oe SORD I.........Naval Torpedo Sta. 6500.. 72,48 4,000.. : SOM) Wiseoggn ee RACETL TI EPS e CEU PEE gn Pcie Total Number of Dives......-++--++++++- awe RC-125........-HYDRO Products.... 6560.. Total Dives, Test & Training....... p00 1 CURV ELE Dee Naval Undersea Ctr. 7000..180,78 . 4,500.. 2,000 Total Mission Dives.........+.+++.+++- : oe PRN PNR e BPRPrPrPrPNOrE FO CODDDONOKFNFENUF Mission Categories: Ordentation. ./. oe coe cv elcicieicvieie seeivie« 60 BION Ayo ogo CoOnDOODOBDODDDSG000000000 122 od 0n0D0000000GGDDdD000NDD0DNAD 142 doopondooan0000000 45 Equipment Inspection...... coo00a0n 28 Navigation Experiments............- 24 Other Science & Engineering...... : 47 ce = Construction Total Time Submerged (hrs)........ Average Time for Dive (hrs)........... IO 76-242/14 Table 5. Utilization of Undersea Vehicles FIGURES as Sampled on a World-wide Basis Excluding the U.S. (July 1974 through December 1975) Average Mission Mission Dive Depth (m) Vehicle Category Location Dives Days or Range CANADA SDL-1.......Test..............Nova Scotia... SDL-1.......Training..........Nova Scotia... SDL-1.......Inspection........Nova Scotia... PISCES V....Cable Burial Nova Scotia... AQUARIUS I..Survey Oil Barge..Prince Ed.Is1. AQUARIUS I..Guideline Replace-..Prince Ed.Is1,. Ment for Well Head AQUARIUS I..Cable Burial......Block IsL, USA AQUARIUS I..Cable Inspection..Nova Scotia... FRANCE CYANA.......Test & Training...Mediterranean. .. 28.. 30-2700 CYANA..........Geology =.......0.-AZOY€S...002-- 15.. 15. 3000 (FAMOUS Proj.) CYANA.......Pipeline Insp.....Mediterranean. Shoo alles 400 CYANA.......Pipeline & Cable..Sicily........ 44.. 36.. 100-600 Inspection PC8B....... (Offshore Support North Sea.... 400..212.. 150 PC1201..... Activities-Mainly North Sea.... 231.. 90.. 200 PC1202..... Pipeline Survey )North Sea.... 79.. 50.. 200 JAPAN HAKUYO......Pipeline Insp.....Aga.Niigata... 230.. 15.. 30-81 HAKUYO......Fisheries.. Shizuoka...... 204.. 17.. 30-200 HAKUYO......Fisheries.........Kanagawa..... Ios 65 HAKUYO......Biology...........Sagami Bay... 3.. 115-134 HAKUYO......Equipment Emplace-.Wakayama..... 4.. 147-250 Fig.l. PC-1202, Built by Perry Oceano- BENE graphics Inc. ,Owned and Operated HAKUYO......Cable Inspection. . Ibaragi 2.. 83-167 HAKUK ONS any Sal vapeeenannan Kasoshi nanan 35. 125 by InterSub. UNITED KINGDOM PISCES I....Navy Missions.....W.Scotland.... 292..312.. 40-200 PISCES II...Pipeline Work.....North Sea..... 150..151.. 40-200 PISCES II...Cable Burial......Bay Biscay.... 26.. 32.. 40-200 PISCES III..Pipeline Work.....North Sea..... 30.. 30.. 15-120 PISCES III..Cable Burial......Bay Biscay.... 107..107.. 15-120 PISCES III..Platform Survey...North Sea..... 130..128.. 15-120 PISCES V....Pipeline Work.....North Sea..... 77.. 77.. 30-160 PISCES V....Cable Burial -North Sea..... 59.. 59.. 30-160 PISCES VIII.Pipeline Work North Sea..... Dele Dei 3S0=140 PISCES VIII.Cable Burial Bay Biscay.... 46.. 46.. 30-140 VOL-L1......Pipeline Work North Sea 26.. 26.. 3-160 MODE rejoin LEVANS |. «lane c)e\elelnie 205 e620 10-60 Fig.3. MOANA I Owned and Operated by COMEX -2. AQUARIUS, Built by International Hydrodynamics Co.,Ltd. ,Operated by HYCO Subsea. IO 76-242/15 Fig.4 GLOBULE ,Owned and Operated by COMEX Fig.7. TOURS 430, Designed by Ingenieurkontor Lubeck ARGUS ,Owned by the Soviet Academ of Sciences Fig.8. Remote Unmanned Work System (RUWS), Developed by the U.S. Naval Undersea Center MERMAID III,Built by Bruker-Physik Owned & Operated by P&O Subsea IO 76-242/16 << | c UNDERWATER TV CAMERA w/ PAN-TLT —— VERTICAL. THRUSTER a Fig.9. WORK VEHICLE (WV), Designed b HydroTech Systems Inc. NEERING INQ “HOUS: Fig.10. ATMOSPHERIC DIVING SUIT (ADS), Developed for DHB Construction Ltd. 10 76-242/17 Fig.11. Vickers Oceanics Inc. Ltd.'s Support Ship and A-Frame Crane Handling PISCES III. IO 76-242/18 ES \ Y AGS in ly: Fig.12. Cut-away Drawing of InterSub's PC-1202, Built by Perry Fig.14. COMEX'S MOANA I and Handling System Fig.13. _InterSub's Support Ship and A=Frame Crane Handling PC-1201 10 76-242/19 Oil Industry LLL LLL [esc oe ReCUEeT ESET| Coral Harvesting Training or Test Fig.15. HYCO Subsea's Support Ship and Inspection A-Frame Crane Handling PISCES IV Fisheries Geology TOTAL FY DIVE DAYS FY75 A 425 ZA 14 = 500 [| Fas 370 * ENGINEERING, SALVAGE, RECOVERY, CABLE BURIAL I | 1 Sal s0ereascoen) 80) sam00) 120 Number of Dive Days Fig.18. Civilian Manned Undersea Vehicle rope see i ae Utilization in the U.S. during : ee Fiscal Years 73, 74 and 75 —————_—— Fig.16. Harbor Branch Foundation's RV JOHNSON with Articulated Crane Handling JOHNSON SEA LINK .—~ g JOHNSON SEA LINK Training and Test Inspection Scientific Research Engineering TOTAL FY75 DIVE DAYS = 180 DIVES = 201 Geology | | 60 40 Number of Dive Days Big). [Oe US. Navy's Manned Undersea Vehicle Utilization in Fiscal Year 1975 Fig.17. Deepwater Exploration Ltd's STAR II and the LRT IO 76-242/26 AEE THWAGT THROSTER Bee. SMBICICAL SHGALS SVs VEL STERN THRUSTER-PES PLPE REPAIR SECTION ee STERN. GIGHT ATT FENDER ACCA STATA: SUBMERSIBLE PIPELINE REPAIR SYSTEM Fig.20. Shell Development Co.'s Design Depth: 3,000 ft; Weight: 300 tons; for an Unmanned Submersible Lene eh Seas Beam: 43 ft; Pipeline Repair System Payload Lift: 100,000 lbs Fig.21. MARGENAUT (formerly SUBMANAUT) , Fig.22. Harbor Branch Foundation's SEA Owned and Operated by Margen GUARDIAN SYSTEM Internacional, S.A. APPENDIX A* U.S. Owned and Civilian Operated Undersea Vehicles that are Navy Certified or ABS Classed. Out of the 30 U.S. manned undersea vehicles, 25 are civilian operated and of these the 14 listed below are or are expected to be ABS Classed or Navy Certified: RW Bo 000000000 NEKTON BETA..... NEKTON GAMMA......... JOHNSON SEA LINK I....... JOHNSON SEA LINK ITI GURY vere elene DEEP QUEST ALVIN......0. The 5 U.S. Navy owned manned vehicles operated by the U.S.N. SUBMARINE DEVELOPMENT GROUP ONE are: DSRV-1.. DSRV-2...-..0¢- SEA CLIFF........ For reference purposes, illustrations of these submersibles are included, with the exception of PC-17, which is under construction. *NOTE: Appendix A has been added to this report, but was not included in the InterOcean 76 paper. FIGURE 23. PRV-2 FIGURE 24. NEKTON BETA PIERCE SUBMERSIBLES GENERAL OCEANOGRAPHICS 25. WEKTON GAMMA GENERAL OCEANOGRAPHICS SS FIGURE 26. JOHNSON SEA LINK I - HARBOR BRANCH FOUNDATION (Note: Johnson Sea Link II is identical in appearance) FIGURE 27. GUPPY - SUN SHIPBUILDING & DRYDOCK CO. FIGURE 28. OPSUB - OCEAN SYSTEMS FIGURE 29. MERMAID II - INTERNATIONAL UNDERWATER CONTRACTORS FIGURE 30. DIAPHUS - TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY FIGURE 31. PC-14C-2 U.S. ARMY BALLISTIC MISSILE COMMAND BEAVER MARK IV FIGURE 32. BEAVER MARK INTERNATIONAL UNDERWATER CONTRACTORS INC. FIGURE 33. DEEPQUEST LOCKHEED CORPORATION FIGURE 34. ALVIN WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE “Us.Navy OSRv- oo Es Pn ¢ . é ny ep a} ¥ : iy! rh.) " te FIGURE) 35. DSRVeIy =) sun Se NAVI (Note: DSRV-2 is similar in appearance) eee = Z vy - = FIGURE 36. SEA CLIFF & TURTLE - U.S. NAVY RIGURE 37. TRIESTE Tr - U.S. NAVY oy i yout ion Iw elon ~s Ie