(cory) Yo Tau or
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SHARK FINS
by
Trudie Dockerty
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Richard Luxmoore
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—
WILDLIFE TRADE MONITORING UNIT
WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE
219c Huntingdon Road
Cambridge CB3 ODL
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SHARK FINS
by
Trudie Dockerty
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Richard Luxmoore
WILDLIFE TRADE MONITORING UNIT
WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE
219c Huntingdon Road
Cambridge CB3 ODL
CONTENTS
Pa
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Aim
3.0 Method
4.0 Results
4.1 Quantity of Fins Traded
4.2 Values Involved
4.3 Identification of Major Suppliers and Consumers
4.4 Quality of the Trade Statistics
5.0 Discussion
6.0 Conclusions
7.0 Recommendations
REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
I:
rps
ETL:
IW ie
V:
Summary of Shark Data Book by year
Summary of Shark Data Book by country
Summary of Import Statistics
Summary of Export Statistics
Exchange Rates used in the conversion of currency
values to sterling
ge
22
22
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge
http://www.archive.org/details/internationaltra92dock
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SHARK FINS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Over the last few years there has been growing disquiet about the
increasing numbers of sharks being fished and traded on domestic and
world markets. A major buyer quoted in the New York Times (1989)
said ''The shark is the most utilised species of fish there is. You
can sell its smile, its skin, its meat, its liver, its fins. It'sa
wonderful and awesome species".
The following account relates concerns arising from a reported
upsurge in demand for shark products, but probably presents an
over—simplification of the overall world situation, as it is based
mainly on reports from the USA. A general difficulty was
encountered in locating references which portray experiences in
other parts of the world. There seemed to be conflicting
observations in some of the literature reviewed, caused perhaps by
regional differences in the abundance of sharks and in the markets
for shark products. Due to these factors, it is difficult to gauge
the present consensus of opinion on the shark's current global
status.
Compagno (1990) has identified recently established shark fisheries
of at least three types:—
1) Local, mostly by-catch fisheries of numerous developing countries
(e.g., Mexico, India, Pakistan, and Indonesia) ;
2) Wide ranging offshore by-catch and directed fisheries of several
developed countries that have invested in long-range international
fishing fleets (e.g., U.S.S.R., Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan) ;
3) Local directed fisheries of developed countries in which the
consumption of sharks has suddenly become fashionable (e.g. the
United States).
The United States fishery emerged over the 1980's and has been
studied by Manire and Gruber (1990). They report that an increase
in demand for shark meat, coupled with the foreign demand for fins,
has lead to the rebirth of an intensive shark industry, which had
been dormant since the late 1930's when the demand for vitamin '‘A'
rich shark liver oil declined. An analysis of the total catch in
the 1980's revealed that 57% was derived from commercial fisheries
and 43% from sport fishing. Of the total catch only 34% was landed;
5% from commercial enterprises and 29% by sports fishermen. An
astounding 66% was discarded dead, mostly as by-catch of fisheries
targeted at swordfish, tuna, shrimp or squid. The by-catch element
is also a feature of other fleets. ‘Greenpeace Australia calculates
that in 1988 alone Taiwanese and Korean fleets killed over 2.25
million blue sharks Prionace glauca in the north Pacific as they
fished for squid.' (Dayton, 1991).
The impact of sport fishermen is also significant. As far back as
1970 a survey by the US Fish and Wildlife Service estimated that
sport fishermen in that country were catching 1,715,000 sharks a
year (Burgess, 1970). Peter Peck of the European Federation of Sea
to
Anglers (pers. com.) suggests that the economic value of the shark
sport fishery can be greater than that of the commercial fishery in
some areas.
Compagno (1990) describes as ‘particularly worrying’ the
international shark fin trade, ‘which targets a low-volume,
high-value gourmet product worldwide and fits nicely as a low-risk
by-catch for numerous inshore and high seas fisheries'. He suggests
that as the value of fins to the oriental market continues to rise,
some shark species may be pressured by trade in the same way as the
elephant is for its ivory. He adds, ‘The oriental shark fin fishery
seems all—pervasive and may be affecting populations of large
oceanic sharks worldwide. Longliners, purse seiners. and pelagic
gill-metters can harvest shark fins as a highly lucrative by—catch
with relatively little directed effort and storage problems. By
being discarded after removal of their fins, shark carcasses do not
compete for freezer space with the more valuable oceanic scombroides
that are targeted by such fisheries’.
Manire and Gruber (1990) claim that the practice of 'finning', that
is, cutting the valuable fins from sharks and returning the
remainder of the shark to the ocean, has stimulated the shark
fishery. Dayton (1991) reports that fins have fetched $117 kg on
international markets.
The wasteful, but legal practise of finning has caused public
outcry. The New York Times reported ‘more than 35 million pounds
(approximately 16 million Kg) of shark, or three times the yearly
domestic catch, are discarded from finning in the United States
waters each year’ (Anon, 1990). Some reports refer to animals being
dumped back in the ocean alive, without fins. Dayton (1991) says
that many species of shark are exploited in this way. However, in an
earlier interview in the New York Times (Anon, 1989) a shark fin
dealer said that fishermen were not “going to throw away 50 cents on
every dollar" by discarding sharks after removing the fins,
(indicating that about half of a shark's market value in the United
States is in the fins — also confirmed by Ingwerson, 1989).
It appears that the relative value of the fins compared to the
carcass may vary in different markets, and that the extent of the
finning practice may depend on the demand for other shark products
in a given locality. Also, although several writers refer to
widespread finning very often the sources of such information are
not given.
A case was documented in ‘The International Angler' in 1989. A
Japanese fishing vessel the ‘Copemapro' was stopped by a Mexican
naval vessel in the 50 mile sportfishing zone off Cabo San Lucas. In
addition to the catch of marlin, the ship's holds were found to
contain two tons of shark fins minus the sharks.
The main market for the fins is Asia, where they are dried, salted
and soaked several times before the meat is extracted from them and
cut into long thin strips (Anon. 1990). The meat is then used to
prepare shark fin soup which has been a highly prized oriental
delicacy since the second century BC (Cook, 1990).
Traditional consumers of fins are Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore,
Macao and China. Since 1949 the communist authority in China had
‘unofficially frowned upon the eating of dishes which historically
had been associated with privileged classes’, according to Cook
(1990), but since the government liberalised economic conditions in
1987 the demand for fins has resurged. Cook continues,..
‘essentially, a potential consumer block larger by several times
than the entire consumer base outside of China was created in a very
short period of time’.
The Chinese fin merchants have been seeking new sources to replace
diminishing supplies from the traditional fisheries of Oman,
Pakistan, India, Nicaragua, Cost Rica, Nigeria, Mexico and the
Caribbean (Cook, 1990). Dayton (1991) reports that demand in recent
years has also increased in other parts of the world, creating
concern that this may cause a long-term threat to shark numbers: ‘As
large-scale finning is a relatively new and largely unregulated
activity, researchers can only guess at the price it exacts on shark
populations. Circumstantial evidence suggests it is high. for
example, in the Coco Islands of Florida fishermen began finning
hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae) seven years ago. The population
dropped so steeply that a sanctuary was created.'
There are around 360 species of shark. According to Dayton (1991)
‘Shark life histories are a particular mystery. There are vast gaps
in our understanding of the development and reproductive cycles of
most species.' However, in general sharks are known to be very slow
growing, taking many years to reach maturity, and they produce very
few young after long reproductive cycles (Manire & Gruber, 1990).
These biological characteristics limit their ability to compensate
for increased exploitation (Compagno, 1990). In the UK the NCC
(1991) state '85-90% of the UK blue shark catch are female and
caught just as they are about to breed for the first time.'
Manire and Gruber (1990) also point out 'most sharks occupy the
position of top or apex predator in the marine food web. Leas
generally accepted that apex predators benefit the prey organisms
below them in a food web. Because most sharks feed on a variety of
prey, they exert important controls on these food webs. In
addition, sharks are distributed worldwide, from Arctic waters to
the tropics, from freshwater lakes to the sea, from depths of a few
inches to several thousand feet. Thus, the impact of their decline
is likely to be great (ecologically) .'
The history of shark fisheries follows the ‘boom and bust' pattern.
The NCC (1991) report ‘virtually all major targeted shark fisheries
studied have crashed after 3-5 years'. Morrissey & Gruber (1989)
report ‘the only sustainable shark fisheries are those few still
dependent on traditional small-yield methods. Before mechanisation
made large hauls — hence overfishing — possible, Britain's dog fish
fishery had survived for 500 years’. In the United States the
maximum sustainable yield is presently regularly being exceeded and
Manire and Gruber (1990) predict that ‘a collapse of the shark
fishery (or individual species) is likely with continued heavy
fishing’.
Populations of the soupfin shark Galeorhinus galeus off the
California coast were one of the earliest casualties, having been
originally overfished in the 1930's. According to Ingwerson (1989)
the soupfin shark was recovering when the market for sharks began
developing in the 1970's and it was promptly fished out again. The
soupfin and gummy shark Mustelus antarcitcus have also declined in
Australian waters, with landings falling from 5000 tonnes in the
1970's to 1000 tonnes in the 1980's (Dayton. 1991).
Compagno (1990) estimates that 8% of the sharks are major fisheries
species, 20% moderate, 18% minor, and 54% minimal. In general,
small species have less commercial interest than the large sharks,
and are therefore more likely to be discarded as by—-catch (Steve
Lockwood, MAFF, pers. com.). Sharks most preferred for fins are, in
order of preference: the sandbar, bull, hammerhead, blacktip,
porbeagle, mako, thresher and blue shark (National Marine Fisheries
Service, 1989). The high element of wastage of shark resources is
partly due to the fact that the large species prized for their fins
command relatively low prices for their meat, while those with
valuable meat have low-value fins. Shark meat spoils quickly and so
fishermen are more inclined to discard it than invest in costly
refrigeration unless there is a specific market for it
(Elmer—Dewitt, 1991).
The annual worldwide catch of sharks rivals that of tuna and exceeds
600,000 tonnes (Morrissey & Gruber, 1989), and according to Compagno
(1990) the catch curve is ‘still rising with a possible slight
flattening trend'. Manire and Gruber (1990) are concerned that ‘if
uncontrolled exploitation continues, many species will have become
endangered in a matter of only 20 or 30 years'.
The Marine Conservation Handbook (1991) states ‘the expanding shark
fin market in the east has accelerated the demand for shark landings
and this is likely to be the most serious threat to populations'. A
measure of ‘threat’ must be taken into account when considering the
conservation requirements of a species, and researchers are calling
for controlled fisheries, protected nursery areas for young sharks,
shark reserves and an international ban on finning (Dayton, 1991).
Manire and Gruber (1990) also see the need to increase public
education and awareness regarding the importance of shark resources.
Sport fishing organisations may be able to play an important role
here. Many fishing organisations have an increasing conservation
interest. The policy of the Shark Angling Club of Great Britain is
to promote the release of sharks caught by anglers. especially those
under 75lb (Anon, 1986), and some groups are operating tag and
release schemes which will it is hoped, contribute to a greater
understanding of shark behaviour.
In the United States a Shark Fishery Management Plan has been drawn
up by the National Marine Fisheries Service (1989) and this suggests
several measures to regulate the fishery, including the
authorisation of shark dealers and the issuing of permits to
commercial fishermen, along with controls over the sports fishery.
With particular regard to the finmning issue there is to bea
‘requirement that fins harvested be landed in proportion to
carcasses, 1.e., no more than four fins, of proportionate size, toa
carcass' (Manire & Gruber, 1990). In Australia a tightening of
regulations has resulted in the Taiwanese fishing fleet opting to
leave the fishery (Cook, 1990). However, the shark fin market has
expanded rapidly and more research is needed to determine the level
of exploitation of various species, and to assess what conservation
measures are appropriate.
2.0 AIM
Due to the increasing interest and concern with regard to the long
term sustainability of shark populations, the Species Survival
Commission of IUCN has recently set up a Shark Group to produce a
Conservation Action Plan for sharks. WWF Hong Kong has also shown
interest in compiling information on the shark fin trade.
This study was undertaken to quantify the volume and value of shark
fins in international trade, and identify the main producer and
consumer nations. It is of importance to monitor international
trade in species not listed in CITES, to check on trade which may
reach potentially threatening levels, and hence require the
instigation of trade controls.
3.0 METHOD
The data contained in this report was extracted from the annual
volumes of foreign trade statistics held in the Department of Trade
and Industry's Export Market Information Library in London. In
addition Hong Kong records for 1984 were kindly made available by
WWF Hong Kong.
Due to limited space, the Export Market Information Library now only
holds the current 5 years records for each country, although a few
more years records were available in some cases. Where data relating
to fins was located, the reported source of imports and exports
was examined, to identify further countries involved in the trade,
whose statistics could also be included in this analysis.
Statistics specifically relating to trade in fins were found for 9
countries under the commodity codes given in Table 3.01. As shark
fins are marketed in various forms, fresh, frozen, dried or
otherwise processed it proved difficult to ensure all commodity
codes were accounted for, and that additional quantities of fins are
not traded under more obscure descriptions.
None of the major trading partners of the countries identified were
found to produce statistics which specifically referred to shark
fins. A list of the records investigated is given in Table 3.02. In
‘addition, the records of USA and China were reviewed. These two
nations include shark fins in a category along with other fish
products, and due to this factor their records were not considered
suitable for inclusion in this analysis.
The remainder of this report focuses on the 9 countries for which
statistics were readily available, but it may be possible ina
future study to locate statistics for other countries and also to
quantify more localised trade, for example, the British commercial
longline catch of porbeagle and blue shark, most of which goes to
the Continent according to Mitchell (1991).
The accumulated data was entered into a manual ‘ledger' (termed ‘the
shark data book') as it was felt that this system would provide the
most flexibility when analysing the data. The totals quoted in
each country's records were treated as correct and any differences
were adjusted as rounding errors. Where it was not possible to
TABLE 3.01
SUMMARY OF COMMODITY CODES RELATING TO SHARK FIN PRODUCTS 1984-1990
The data contained in this report has been compiled from import and export records of shark fins identified
under the commodity codes detailed below, extracted from the annual volumes of foreign trade statistics
held in the Department of Trade and Industry's Export Market information Library.
earls) ‘Records pf (Country) import/Exp : ie SHS Description ee
1984/90 Hong Kong “ ' Sharks fins salted or dried —
1984/90 Hong Kong Sharks fins simply boiled in water
1985/86 Indonesia 302320 Shark fins dried salted or in brine
1987/88 Indonesia 302320 Shark fins dried salted or in brine
1989/90 Indonesia 3513300 Sharks fins dried
1989/90 Indonesia 3529230 Shark fins salted
1986/87 Japan 03,02—325 Sark fins, salted, in brine or dried
1988/90 Japan 0305.59-920 Fins of Dogfish and other sharks, dried but not smoked
1984/87 Malaysia 03,02.320 Sharks’ fins, dried, salted or in brine
1986 Malaysia (Sabah only) 03.02.320 Sharks’ fins, dried, salted or in brine
1985/87 Malaysia 16.04.210 Sharks’ fins, prepared, not in airtight containers
1988/89 Malaysia 0305.59.300 Sharks’ fins, dried, whether or not salted but not smoked
1988/89 Malaysia 0305.69.200 Sharks’ fins, salted but not dried or smoked and in brine
1988/89 Malaysia 037-160-910 1604.20.910 Sharks’ fins
1986/87 Singapore 0350310 Sharks’ fins dried or salted
1986/88 Singapore 0371210 Sharks’ fins prepared not canned
1989/90 Singapore 0351100 30559105 Sharks’ fins dried or salted
1989/90 Singapore 0371610 160420108 Sharks’ fins prepared
1985/89 Sri Lanka Fish, dried, salted or in brine: Fish, dried — Shark fins
1985/88 Sri Lanka i Fish, dried, salted or in brine: Fish, dried — Shark fins for re— export
1985/87 South Korea 035032 i Shark fin
1988/90 South Korea 035131 0305,.59.1000 Shark fin
1984/88 Taiwan Shark’s fin
1984/88 Taiwan Shark's fins
1985/88 Taiwan Sharks' fins, edible
1989/90 Taiwan 160420201 1-7 Fins (inc Shark, Skate and Ray Fins) prepared or preserved, frozen
1989/90 Taiwan 1604202012-6 Fins (inc Shark, Skate and Ray Fins) prepared or preserved, canned
1989/90 Taiwan 1604202019-9 Fins (inc Shark, Skate and Ray Fins) prepared or preserved
1989 Taiwan 0305242000—8 Sharks’ fins, dried
1989/90 Taiwan 0304903000—8 Sharks fin, edible, fresh, chilled or FR
1989 Taiwan 0305692000—6 Shark’s fins, salted or in brine
1990 Taiwan 0305592000-—8 Shark’s fins, dried
1984/87 Thailand Shark’s fins washed dried smoked
1984/87 Thailand Shark’s fins unwashed dried smoked
1987 Thailand Shark's fins not in airtight containers
Thailand 0305.591—004 Shark fins, dried, whether or not salted
mmmmm mMmmmMmMmMmMMmmMmmmMMMMMMMM Mmmm:
SITC — Standard International Trade Classification
CCC — Customs Co-operation Council
HS — Harmonised system
TABLE 3.02
Statistics viewed but no detail given of shark fins in trade
Source: Export Market Information Library
: COMMENT ae Sees
No detailed trade statistics located
No detailed trade statistics located
Only source of imported fish given was Nepal; exports of shark
fillet recorded to China, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Japan,
but no detail of fins.
No detailed trade statistics located
No statistics found
No statistics found
identify the source or recipient nation from the records, such
entries were entered as ‘unspecified'. The data was subsequent ly
processed via LOTUS 123 and SUPERCALC spreadsheets. A summary of
the shark data book is given in Appendix I (by year) and Appendix ITI
(by country) .
A more comprehensive collation of data was originally intended, to
ascertain the global pattern of trade, but due to limitations in the
statistics available, and time, this has not currently been
possible. The present data can however be easily added to should a
further study be carried out.
4.0 RESULTS
A preliminary analysis of the existing data was undertaken, with the
following results:-—
(Full summaries of the data can be found in Appendix III (imports)
and Appendix IV (exports) .)
4.1 Quantity of Fins Traded
The total quantities of shark fins traded in each year as reported
by the 9 countries examined are given in Table 4.11. Theoretically,
if figures for all countries trading in shark fins were present
and correct, global imports would equate to global exports. As can
be seen from the Table, total exports vary greatly from total
imports, and this indicates that a sizeable proportion of world
trade in shark fins arises from sources which were not included in
this study.
To quantify the gqlobal utilisation of shark fins, as opposed to
external trade exclusively, the equation would be somewhat
different:
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION (total landings) DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION
+ IMPORTS = + EXPORTS
An analysis of fishery statistics would be needed in order to
ascertain such figures. However, as with import/export statistics
it is doubtful that all the nations concerned would have statistics
relating to fins available, although this would provide an
interesting area for further study.
It should be noted that the data set given in Table 4.11 is complete
only for the years 1986-1989. Hong Kong, followed by Singapore make
by far the largest contributions to the totals, both in terms of
imports and exports. Of general interest is the increasing trade
reported by Taiwan, particularly with regard to exports. which
exceed reported imports. This suggests increased activity over the
period by the Taiwanese fishing fleet which as previously mentioned,
have taken sharks as a by-catch of the squid fishery in the north
Pacific (Dayton, 1991).
An overall increase in the trade reported by the 9 countries, which
appeared to peak in 1988 with imports at just under 6,000 tonnes.
and in 1989 with exports at just under 4,500 tonnes, is illustrated
TABLE 4.11
Total quantity of shark fins traded, identified from the foreign trade statistics of
the countries examined.
nb: n/a = figures not available at Export Market Information Library
g Kong
Indonesia n/a 3 4000 682
Japan n/a 5 (0) (0) (0)
Malaysia 274810 73460 64660 73010 91140 n/a
Republic of Korea n/a 0 1250 6067 7934 11400
Singapore n/a 869118 1198381 1925016 1234360 1023884
Sri Lanka n/a 0 0 (0) 0
Taiwan 2100 2800 20366 103498 125662
i 84752 94978 104573 131462 83584
8140640 2908230 3919440 4941914 5976979
9 98
398236 427274 596658 846285 1207071 1434110 1609523
Indonesia n/ja 826918 429248 546763 458442 516511 421556
Japan n/a n/a 710667 632189 527470 503042
Malaysia 2130 2090 280 13060 8300 11320
Republic of Korea n/a 39998 79236 60100 51028 35932
Singapore n/a n/a 750459 1122279 920358 1573549
Sri Lanka n/a 26353 35512 52978 49159 53932
Taiwan 16867 676 9368 150608 149857 287450
Thailand 20683 22382 37024 42069 52890 35171
437916 845691 2648452 3466331 3424575 4451017 3784434
NB: The data set is only complete for the years 1986—89.
Source: Department of Trade & Industry — Export Market Information Library
in Figures 4.12 and 4.13 along with other information from Table
4.11. Although it is difficult to make any deductions from only a
few years records, it may be important to monitor levels of trade in
the next few years to see if a downturn in quantity has occurred,
and if so, to ascertain the reasons for it.
(NB: Although figures for Malaysia, 1990 were not available, it is
considered that this makes no great difference to the overall level
of trade represented in Figures 4.12 and 4.13, based on the average
trade for that country over the previous few years).
A further analysis was undertaken to determine the nature of the
commodities in trade. A cursory inspection revealed that the
Majority of fins traded were 'dried', and so the data was divided
into two categories 'dried' and 'other' from the descriptions given
under the commodity codes shown in Table 3.01. The results are
represented in Figures 4.14 (imports) and 4.15 (exports) as a
percentage of the total quantities traded. Although only a small
percentage, the graphs demonstrate that ‘other' product types have
been increasing in recent years: these may be fresh, frozen, canned
etc.,. The change in product range may be a response to the
preferences of consumers in new markets, or may indicate a change in
the type of fins available, the fins of some species being preferred
to others, as mentioned previously. Although this is purely
speculation it may warrant further investigation. Whilst the missing
years’ data, particularly for Singapore and Malaysia may distort the
percentages, the years 1986-89 for which the data set is complete
reflect the overall pattern of increase in ‘other' products which
both graphs show.
There may however, be another factor influencing the apparent change
in product range, as many countries switched commodity code
classification systems during 1988-89 (see Table 3.01). In the case
of Taiwan in particular, this appears to have had an effect on the
split of both imports and exports recorded as ‘dried' and ‘other'
(see Appendix III,a & IV.a).
4.2 Values Involved
The foreign trade statistics also detail the value at customs of
imports and exports. Imports are given ‘Carriage including Freight’
(CIF), exports are given 'Free on Board' (FOB). All values given in
this report are at these rates. Market values were not determined.
The values are given in local currency and have been converted to
sterling where applicable at the exchange rates given in Appendix V.
The total value of fins traded by the 9 countries peaked in 1989 at
a value of nearly £74 million for imports (Appendix III,d) and
over £45 million for exports (Appendix IU,d).
As many of the sources cited earlier in this report stated that
prices of fins have escalated in recent years, the price per KG was
calculated for each country in each year to reveal whether this
trend was demonstrated by these records. The price per KG was
calculated for each of the commodity categories ‘dried’ and ‘other’.
to identify any differences between them. In the case of Hong Kong
where the '‘other' category represents fins boiled in water, the
value per KG is lower than that of dried fins (except 1984 and 1985
which appear to be rather an anomaly — see Appendix III,c).
IMPORTS (Tonnes)
Figure 4.1< Shark fins imported
selected information from Table 4.11
6000 = —+— TOTAL
va —H- Hong Kong
—<— Singapore
pore —3— Thailand
4000
2000
rye)
000
1000
1984 1985 1986 1987 198B 1989 1990
Figure 4.13 shark fins exported
selected information from Table 4.11
—+— TOTAL
—8- Hong Kong
5000
—— Singapore
4000 —>— Japan
—+— Indomesia
—s— Taiwan
3000
2000
EXPORTS (Tonnes)
1000
7 Mitt Pei we oa) a Se
198 1985 1988 1987 igaa 1989 1990
Ye ar
10
bog Other
66-89 only
Dried
a
MM M]’W
'BC@W GS SS XS
Other
1990
7
oe
1989
1988
1889 1990
1988
sis of products traded
NB pers eee data set 1986-89 only
~
.l4 Analy
‘gure 4
by % of total res
100
By1oduly PByoy jo x
1987
Year
1985 1286
1964
an of GS traded
a
&
e
pale 4,1
NB complete “d
(Ls
=
7
vw
al
1)
5
A
u
a
qv
~~
1)
~
10
80
60
40
20
. BYIodxXY [eyo] jo x
o
1986 1987
Year
1985
1964
val
Figure 4.21 Price of shark fin imports
Price per Kg. CIF, in local currency ;
—t— Hong Kong HK$ {dried)
—- Taiwan NT$ (other)
—<— Thailand BAHT (dried)
600
500
ca he
So So
o So
Currency per KG
nu
io)
i=)
100
1964 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 ©1990
Year
Figure 4.22 Price of Shark fin exports
Price per Kg. FOB, in local currency
—+— Hong Kong HK§ (dried)
—- Taiwan NT$ (other)
—<— Thailand BAHT (dried)
1500
=
So
So
o
500
Currency per KG
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Year 12
However, for Singapore and Malaysia the 'other' products command a
greater price per KG which may reveal a higher degree of processing
than the ‘dried' fins.
Figures 4.21 and 4.22 show changes in price per KG over the time
period for a particular product category of each of the nations
represented. The 'total' values were not used in this instance, as
this may be misleading as it is an average of both categories, and
each nation has a different proportion of ‘dried’ to ‘'‘other'
products. The values are given in local currency as conversion to
sterling via fluctuating exchange rates may distort the price
pattern. As these currencies are different for each nation the
relative positioning of the line on the graphs is purely arbitrary.
The countries selected for inclusion on the graphs are those for
which records are complete over the longest time period. Other
values can be found in Appendix III,c and IV,c. It should be noted
that there are apparent inconsistencies in some of the values
calculated. (See section 4.4).
Import price per KG rose for most of the countries, peaking around
1988. Hong Kong prices for dried fins virtually doubled over a
three year period to 1988, but experienced a slight decline in 1990.
Thailand had an even more rapid doubling in the import price of
dried fins which peaked earlier in 1986, but which by 1990 had
fallen below the 1984 value. Other countries such as Taiwan, and
Singapore and Malaysia (not shown) record more steady import prices
throughout .
Export price per KG has not followed such an easily defined pattern.
Indonesia, Japan and Sri Lanka recorded continual improvements in
price per KG (not shown), whilst Hong Kong experienced severe
decline in price in 1986, which may suggest that the country's
stocks of shark fin products for export were high. Thailand's
export prices rose steeply in 1988 and 1989 compared to the other
countries. Perhaps it was able to provide fins from a 'preferred'
species of shark.
Over the study period Taiwan exported increasing quantities of fins
despite the downward trend in price per KG it has experienced since
1985. This demonstrates a typical demand curve relationship, where
price falls as the quantity available increases. Figure 4.23 shows
the demand curve over the 7 year period based on all the available
records and using the average price per KG of all 9 countries. Up
until 1987 the price/quantity relationship holds true, but for some
reason in 1988 and 1989 even though the quantities exported are
still increasing the price shoots up, perhaps reflecting new
popularity for the product, or the opening of new markets.
4.3 Identification of Major Suppliers and Consumers
A further analysis was undertaken to identify the origin of imports
and destination of exports of the 9 countries. The import/export
statistics provide these details along with the quantities and value
from each source.
A great many of the countries identified in this way were found to
be either exclusively suppliers or consumers of fins. Other
13
Figure 4.23 Shark fin demand curve
Based on the export records of the 9 countries examined
14
1989
=
nN
_
to
o
\
1955
| 1984 1988
10 4 oe bana eeu i
w it et = 1986
Ps eee B7
» 8
Py i
on |
® 64 3
o .
ca
a :
a :
0 I re eae i
0) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Quantity 000° s KG
TABLE 4.31
Net producers and consumers of shark fins between 1986-1990, inferred from F
country of origin data given in the statistics of the 9 countries examined
NB: Countries in CAPITALS are mentioned in text as traditional importers or
exporters of shark fins according to Cook (1990). Entries marked 8 represent
countries for which Bias imports OR exports ONLY were recorded. : =
er Quantity (KG) Net Produce Quantity (KG)
eoeeeseeseeesessen = a aecesen
2217804 OMAN 100760 NIGERIA 15609 HONG KONG 6653133
(8) 1127665 Norway 99396 Liberia * 14638 CHINA 2049968
Indonesia 1123136 Germany (F.R.) 67412 Saudi Arabia 14591 Burma G 319960
INDIA & 1093671 Ghana & 83017 Curacao 9561 Thailand 213761
PAKISTAN 916343 Australia 7710S Aruba 2 6566 TAIWAN 150871
USA 8295461 Fiji 76864 Togo x. 8182 Brunei 53088
Spain 6114469 Philippines 74747 Congo z 7909 Canada 26168
Mexico 766701 Maldives 69977 Djibouti P * 7000 Guam 3 7184
United Arab En. 728333 Mauritius 66384 _FR/NL W. Indies 5947 Italy 652
South Africa 610684 Colombia s 65066 Tanzania s S345 Sweden 5 753 -
Singapore 590167 New Zealand 60988 Madagascar 2 5000 Korea (Rep) x 566
Gambia (8) 586443 El Salvador & 57006 America Somoa 2 4000 France S35
Unspecified 535378 Somalia 2 50798 New Caledonia 2 4000 Switzerland 466
Yemen (Arab Rep) % 335200 Suriname z 48183 Dominican Republics 2800 Austria 8 313
Peru s 310878 Eygpt s 44615 Portugal 2331 Kuwait 8 52
South Korea 295647 Panama 43991 USSR om 2000 Greece zs 645
Sri Lanka (8) 272943 Trinidad & Tobago 40841 Mauritania 8 1803 Lebanon s 638
Uraguay z 2694897 COSTA RICA z 36785 Kiribati sz. 1199 Cyprus 3S
Ecuador z 172146 Cuba & 36219 Sudan s 905 Iraq s 35
Bangladesh 171322 Guatamala 2 36185 Sierra Leone % 649 Denmark s 25
Yemen (People Rep) ; 163500 Malagasy 32484 Guyana * S65 Irish Republic s 24
Venezuela 148371 United Kingdom 29721 Haiti % 336 Paraguay s 16
Senegal ; 144403 Ivory Coast 2 223884 Belgium 304 Papua New Guinea 16
Kenya 3 138951 Guinea * s 21793 Malaya s 200 Zaire 3 s 15
Vietnam 131524 Netherlands 20510 Iceland . 133 rn nnn nna ne
West. Samoa a 127628 Mozambique % 20064 Quater 8 132 ;
Malaysia 122158 Solomon Islands (a) 17418 Cameroon 1146
Seychelles 3 107998 Chile 2 17143 Swaziland z 95
Argentina 8 106774 Turkey (a) 16508 - wa -- -- --- -------- +=. os
Macao 100784 Grenada 8 16286
14
.
countries were both, but generally more of one than the other, and
so could be classified as either a net supplier or a net consumer.
It was therefore possible to rearrange the data given in Table 4.11
in terms of net suppliers to the 9 countries, and net consumers of
the 9 countries products. The results are given in Table 4.31 in
order of decreasing magnitude. It must be noted that these results
do not indicate the overall position of each nation's trade in
shark fins, only trade with the 9 countries. There may well be
trade between any of the other nations which causes the position
to alter from net supplier to net consumer, or visa versa, in global
terms. For example, Singapore and Macao were mentioned earlier in
the text as consumers of fins, whereas they are shown in Table 4.31
as suppliers.
However, Singapore's trade statistics do show net imports of fins.
The reason this country is shown in Table 4.31 as a net exporter is
that it has a large proportion of imports from sources other than
the other 8 countries from which the Table was compiled, namely
India, Pakistan and Yemen. Similarly, Taiwan is shown in Table 4.31
as a net importer of fins, whereas, the trade statistics for that
country show it as a net exporter. The major destination of exports
from Taiwan is Japan. This highlights an anomaly in the records, as
Japan does not appear to report any imports of shark fins. (This
factor is discussed further under section 4.4).
Despite these limitations, Table 4.31 does give some idea of the
source and destination of shark fins traded, along with an
indication of the relative level of trade each nation is engaged
in. It may be a more reliable measure for those nations (* —see
Table) involved only in imports or exports.
According to Jack Jackson (pers. com.) the shark fin fisheries in
Kenya and Yemen have existed for many years. Pacific islanders are
now said to be fishing local sharks for fins for the Japanese
market, and the same is happening in Ecuador. In the Philippines
and Aden the practice of finning is said to be extensive. (No
transactions involving Aden were identified by this study).
Figures 4.32 and 4.33 give a year by year analysis of some of the
major consumers and suppliers indentified in Table 4.31. Figure
-4.32 which shows some of the largest consumers of shark fins
exported by the 9 countries, bears out the comment by Cook (1990),
mentioned earlier, that demand for fins in China has surged since
economic restrictions were relaxed. Also noteable is the increasing
market in Burma.
The pattern of shark fin production shown in Figure 4.33 also
appears to bear out Cook's comments that new sources of shark fins
are being sought as quantities from traditional suppliers decline.
The graph clearly shows a decrease in supply to the 9 countries from
India and Pakistan in 1989 and 1990, whereas supplies from the
United Arab Emirates and the USA in particular, have doubled in 4
years. This may explain the concern over the impact of the trade on
shark populations voiced in the articles originating from the USA
cited earlier in this report. Other countries which appear to have
a relatively new and expanding export market for fins include
Panama, Guatamala and New Zealand (see Appendix II for others).
15
Figure 4.32 Pattern of Shark fin consumption
oemeed from the records of the 9 Countries examined
—— China
—&- Burma
SODDOD —— Brunei
on
© 400000
7)
»
h4
© 200000
ey
B
100000 ee
1984 1985 1986 12°87 1988 1989 1990
Year
Figure 4.33 Pattern of Shark fin production
Identified from the records of the 9 Countries examined
400000 —— BErazil
India
Pakistan
USA
pas eu United Arab Emirates
ie)
ts
—
n
ie,
© 200000
i=
4
inal
~~
©
Qi .
100000
0
1984 1985 1886 1987 1986 1989 1990
Year
16
Figure 4.34 Number of Trading Partners
Identified from the records of the 9 Countries examined
$0
€0
70
60
No. of Countries
40
LL}
IX x xX
30
TABLE 4.41
COMPARISON OF THE QUANITITIES (KG) REFORTED BY
THE RECORDS OF THE OTHER 8 COUNTRIES
1987
Import
Wy) Imports from
eK
Bea Exports to
SC
>
Ps osese
bes
EACH COUNTRY EXAMINED WITH
Hong Kong reports 2879084 596658 3552634
other countries 1371550 56711 . 1648540
Indonesia reports ie) 429248 so
other countries 0 °
710667
886984
Japan reports
other countries
Malaysia reports
other countries
Republic of Korea ce) 79236 1250
other countries 823 53185 °
Singapore reports 869118 ‘750459 1198381
other countries 487968 582440 645046
Sri Lanka reports oO
other countries )
Taiwan reports 2600
other countries 94439
Thailanc reports 94978 37024
other countries 104180 32997
1987 1988 1988 1989 1989
Export Import Export Import Export
846285 3737923 1207071 3553966 1434110
2371535 1273064 105068 1954292 157479
Z 458442
oO 298106
S02042
580639
; 73010 8300 91140 11320
33930 109367 707749 81792 1260
60100 6067-51028 7934 3593
61886 18150 92500 10287. 53599
“4122279 1925016 920358 1234360 1573549
8227989 505406 675589 545713 5s5181
52978 0 49159 Oo} 6s3942
50578 0 S6331 ° 67245
150608 103498 149857 125662 287450
S611 90107-21287 e3584 35171
42069 131462 52890 83584 35171
42042 103498 149857 100657 43024
17
Table 4.42 ;
EXPORTS TO JAPAN NOT APPARENTLY REPORTED AS IMPORTS IN JAPAN’S TRADE STATISTICS
1986 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989
Others Japan Others Japan Others Japan Others Japan
Hong Kong 16892 ° 41155 ° 45360 t9) 65352 (9)
Indonesia ce) te) 394 ° 7543 oO 12130 16)
Malaysia oO re) Oo O° 10 19) fe) (6)
Republic of Korea 30240 co) ° ° 6504 ° 2040 fe)
Singapore ; ° fo} 2479 co) 25669 fo) 43117 fe)
Sri Lanka co) ° 495 ° ° ° 7948 °
Taiwan ° ° 113100 ° 149575 ° 282891 (<)
Thailand ° ° 802 co) 2436 te) 1553 (6)
Total 47132 ° 158425 ° 237097 ° 415031 °
eremssesssesceesseaaSSsees eS Sseee esc sseekeesceesesceee eeeeeesescesses sss SSS S SS SoSSSSSSS5=
DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN EXPORT STATISTICS REPORTED BY JAPAN WITH IMPORTS
RECORDED BY THE OTHER 8 COUNTRIES EXAMINED (QUANTITIES: KG)
1986 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989
Others Japan Others Japan Others Japan Others Japan
essesssses=s= Soca SsSorcs sescseessses=ssee===S==0==)
Hong Kong 655318 612695 654681 537405 527102 442814 474144 421600
Indonesia ° ° ° ce) 2 0 ° °
Malaysia 130 = aCe) 30 1) BO ° 240 °
Republic of Korea 10) 820 1200 0 O° O° 414 413
Singapore 139000 92844 104000 87254 91310 597008 90205 67373
Sri Lanka fo) ° ° ° fo} ° 0 to)
Taiwan — 300 ° 1200 500 3767 1839 4258 302
Thailand 92236 810 64271 4877 50553 15954 11378 9682
686984 707169 845362 630036 672814 519615 580639? 499370
To other Markets 3498 2153 7855 3672
Total reported by Japan 710667 632189 527470 503042
cues comeeee sos Se Se Se Ce EES eS Sees Sees eS SEES Es seecesssesseESESsee SS SSeS aSSeseesssc
Potentially under-reported 179815 . 215346 153199 81269
% under-reported 25.30 34.06 29.04 16.16
gscssesecesecsessSSceSssSesnesecesscsceseeseesssteesss eseesssSssesessSsSSSSeeeseeSseesaaa=
Table 4.43
DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN IMPORT STATISTICS REPORTED BY MALAYSIA WITH EXPORTS
RECORDED BY THE OTHER 8 COUNTRIES EXAMINED (QUANTITIES: KG)
1986 1986 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989
Others Malaysia Others Malaysia Others Malaysia Others Malaysia
eoseeseececeseessHHeSSaSseSSsseesSsSSsSSSEeEssesesaEss SSSSS= =
Hong Kong 2025 2680 523 910 246 780 960 1420
Indonesia 13042 48760 22941 47110 35900 48840 31273 50640
Japan ° 130 ° 30 80 fe) 240
Republic of Korea ce) 40 ° 40 0 ° (e)
Singapore 107689 8730 141084 10210 70215 19170 49559 33260
Sri Lanka 0 ° ce) ° ° ° 40
Taiwan : ° 20 ° ° - : 360 ° 10
Thailand ° 2380 56 4420 3006 3300 ° 490
122756 62740 164604 62720 109367 72530 81792 86300
From other Markets 10720 1940 480 4840
Total reported by Malaysia 73460 64660 73010 91140
60016 101884 36837 -4508
% under-reported 81.70 157.57 50.45
eco== jeeanea=- ee eee eee ee eee ease SaasSeeeessseeses= SSSSESeSsssSessaaSssssSSSSSeSSS==S==
DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN EXPORT STATISTICS REPORTED BY MALAYSIA WITH IMPORTS
RECORDED BY THE OTHER 8 COUNTRIES EXAMINED (QUANTITIES = KG)
1986 1986 1987 - 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989
Others Malaysia Others Malaysia Others Malaysia Others Malaysia
prsceeses<-=ss5555225SeeeHsHeSSSSSseSessessssssssessSsS SSSSSSsssssssessSsSssSsaSsSSSSSS=SS=
Hong Kong 390 ° 3830 1220 862 10 ° “150
Indonesia- ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °
Japan ° ce) a ° oO ° 10 co) Oo
Republic of Korea oO ° ° ° ° ° ° 2770
Singapore ° 280 30000 - 11470 705000 1190 te) 880
Sri Lanka ° ° ce) ce) ° ° ° Oo
Taiwan ° fe} 100 ° 1907 1060 1260 40
Thailand te) ° ° ce) ce) ° ° 30
390 280 33930 12690 707769 2270 1260 3870
To other Markets ° 370 6030 7450
Total reported by Malaysia 280 13060 *B300 11320
eeeoessereesseeeseeeSserseaseeeseeseesceecsssssSSSSeEts SSSeSsSeeeseseessSSSSSsSSe55S5SSSS5=
Potentially under-reported 110 21240 705499 —2610
% under-reported 39.29 162.63 6499.99
eece sees sseSesS SSeS SSeS Se SS SSS eS SSeS SSS SS SssSSrsesesse=s Bre soe se soc sescessessesee = SSS SSS >>
18
In an attempt to ascertain whether the number of nations
participating in the fin trade is increasing, the number of nations
trading with the 9 countries in each year was examined. Figure 4.34
displays this information. As can be seen the number of countries
contributing to the supply far exceeds those nations that are
consumers .
Imports were recorded from 85 countries in 1988, but the number of
sources has slightly decreased since then. It may be worthwhile in
a future study to further determine whether traditional supplies are
declining and if new sources of fins are taking over, and whether
more countries will take up the trade. (NB: The totals given for
1990 may be slightly low as Malaysia's data for that year was
unavailable) .
4.4 Quality of the Trade Statistics
In order to determine the reliability of the trade statistics
presented by each of the 9 countries, comparison was made of the
quantities reported by each country in turn with the corresponding
records of the remaining 8 countries. The results given in Table
4.41 provides only a rough analysis. as the totals reported by the
country in question obviously include imports and exports from
sources other than just the remaining 8 countries. However, it is
interesting to note that trade between these 9 nations accounts
for a fairly high proportion of their total trade.
Table 4.41 reveals certain anomalies. For example, as mentioned
earlier, no imports of shark fins were identified from Japan's trade
statistics, however, several of the other 8 countires reported
exports of fins to Japan. In addition, the other 8 countries
reported imports from Japan in excess of the total quantity of shark
fins which Japan reported exporting. By isolating the quantity of
fins sent to other markets it was possible to assess what percentage
of exports were potentially under-reported by Japan. These are
given in Table 4.42.
Similar discrepancies can be found in some years for some of the
other countries, but Malaysia's trade statistics are also at
particular variance with the records of the other countries. These
are summarised in Table 4.43. Here it is interesting to note that
up until 1989 the other 8 countries consistently reported greater
trade with Malaysia than Malaysia's trade statistics show, but in
1989 the situation is reversed. This may be due the changes in
commodity codes referred to earlier, resulting in this case in
apparently improved reporting.
As previously mentioned it was difficult to ensure that commodity
codes for all shark fin products were accounted for, and ity as
therefore difficult to determine whether the discrepancies in the
two examples, or in any of the other country's records is due to the
original preparation or present collation of the data.
As previously mentioned, the quantity of shark fins exported by one
country should in theory, equate to the quantity imported by the
recipient (and visa versa), but there are legitimate reasons that
differences in the annual figures reported do occur. For example, a
shipment exported by one country at the end of a year may not
actually arrive in the country of destination until the following
1g)
No. of Sharks (000's)
Figure
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
5.01 Estimated number of Sharks
imported by the 9 countries examined
2,335,096
1986 1987 1986 1989
20
year, and therefore although the transaction correlates, it may
appear in the trade statistics in two different years.
A noteable problem encountered was with Singapore's trade
statistics, as on occasion the analysis provided did not sum to the
total stated. Also, calculations of price per KG produced odd
results in some instances, for example, Indonesia 1988 imports and
Hong Kong 1984 and 1985 ‘other' imports (see Appendix III,c.) which
were out of line with the other records and suggest errors in the
data. This may provide an explanation as to why the price patterns
shown in Figures 4.21 and 4.22 are so variable.
These general limitations in the statistics need to be taken into
account when considering the pattern of international trade in shark
fins, particularly with regard to possible under-reporting of
imports or exports. Obviously if trade statistics for more countries
and more years could be found and added to these records this would
enhance the accuracy of the data presented and further define areas
of discrepancy.
5.0 DISCUSSION
Many factors have served to frustrate efforts to determine any
trends in the shark fin trade from the figures presented,
particularly the reduction in the number of year's statistics which
are available from the Export Market information Library, and the
changes in commodity code classifications.
Indications from the results (Figures 4.12 and 4.13) are that a
slight downturn in trade may be occuring, although there are really
too few years' records to say this with any certainty. If the volume
of trade has peaked, it needs to be established whether this is due
to saturation of demand (which would be suggested by a decline in
prices) or due to difficulty in obtaining supplies (which would be
suggested by an accompanying rise in price as the commodity becomes
more scarce). The price patterns revealed by this study presents
rather an unclear picture in this respect.
What also needs to be verified is whether there is a _ changing
-pattern in supply. That is, are shark populations in some regions
being over exploited, causing a switch to sources presently more
abundant elsewhere? The figures presented in section 4.3 (Figure
4.33) suggests that this may be the case. The change in the pattern
of supply may also be manifesting itself in a change in the products
traded (Figure 4.15), which the figures given here also appear to
support. (Perhaps indicating a change in the species composition as
well as a change in the geographical range fished).
It may be relevant to consider why new nations are being attracted
into the shark fin market. Barries Deas of the National Federation
of Fishermen's Organisations suggests this may be due to poor
Management of inshore fisheries (pers. com.). Cook (1990) suggests
that in the USA ‘interest in shark fishing ... came from fishermen
geared with pelagic line equipment for tuna and swordfish. As those
fisheries encountered declining stocks and increased regulation,
there was a concerted effort undertaken....to locate a targetable
species which was compatible with the gear already fitted’ (Cook,
1990) .
21
If shark stocks in some areas are being over exploited, how long
will the new fisheries be able to meet the demand for fins before
their shark populations begin to suffer? This will depend on how the
pattern of consumption changes. Most important may be how much more
the demand for fins rises in China in particular (see Figure 4.32),
but also in Burma, the USA, Canada and Europe (which presently has a
fairly low, but increasing, interest in fins).
A very rough calculation was suggested by Dr Keith Bannister (pers.
com.) to give an indication of the number of sharks the quantities
of fins traded by the 9 countries represents. This is 2.5KG of
dried fins (or 5KG of 'wet' fins) per 150KG shark. The calculation
was carried out on the total quantity imported by the 9 countries
from 1986 to 1989. The results are given in Figure 5.01.
However, it must be remembered that this report has concentrated
only on fins, as the highest value shark product, and the number of
sharks shown in Figure 5.01 in no way represents the total number of
sharks traded. As mentioned earlier Greenpeace Australia calculated
that in 1988 Korean and Taiwanese fishing fleets killed over 2.25
million blue sharks alone, whilst fishing for squid. Where sharks
are taken as unwanted by—catch, or where 'finning' is carried out,
there may be a high element of wastage of shark resources. Therefore
even if all the shark products landed were taken into account, the
number of sharks in international trade may represent only a portion
of the total number that are being lost from the seas.
6.0 CONCLUSIONS
It is probably not prudent to attempt to draw conclusions from the
narrow range of data presented. Even if a wider reaching study is
possible, the results would represent after—the-fact observations,
which require further interpretation to gauge the impact the
international trade in fins may be having on shark populations.
This kind of study may provide warnings that changes in supply and
demand are occuring, and alert the need for further monitoring.
However, the first-hand observations of marine scientists are likely
to be more reliable in determining trends in shark populations, as
well as more current. Their findings need to be acted on, rather
than those of the statistician, which may come too late to protect
various populations of shark species from over exploitation.
That being said, there is obviously an important requirement for
long term monitoring in wildlife conservation and the statistics
have a value in this respect. However it is the observations that
should count, supported by figures. The figures should not he
elevated to a higher position by those with the capacity to
introduce controlling regulations.
7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to determine any possible effect trade in shark fins or any
other shark product may be having on shark populations, there is a
need for further research, incorporating a greater time period, to
determine the global utilisation of sharks as outlined in section
22
=
Ai. This would require an extensive analysis of trade and fishery
statistics. Such an analysis would only be of value if shark numbers
are also quantified globally, to provide a base line for comparison,
and it is not known if this type of data is available.
A future study would also be beneficial to attempt to establish the
extent of finning and the relative value of the fins compared to the
rest of the carcass in different markets, as it may be that complete
utilisation of the shark occurs in some geographical regions and not
others. The fate of sharks caught as a by-catch also needs to be
investigated. Both these studies would help to determine the level
of shark resources that are wasted.
An analysis species by species, and region by region, would be
desireable to identify those populations at particular risk, but a
global overview may be all that is at this time, potentially
possible. Manire and Gruber (1990) state ‘sharks are (currently)
treated as a group because the present state of knowledge precludes
a management by species approach’.
The difficulties involved in carrying out such an enquiry are not
underestimated. Although individual responsible nations may apply
restrictions on the fishing of local shark stocks to protect then,
it may be that international trade will require international trade
controls. The Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias_, popular
with trophy hunters, (and of which there are only around 2,000 left)
was proposed for CITES listing but failed, as there was no
conclusive evidence that it was threatened by international trade
(Keith Bannister, pers. com.). Shark fins are very much the
subject of international trade and it may be that the value in such
a study would be to ascertain if any of the shark species which are
currently causing concern to marine scientists could in fact benefit
from CITES listing.
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APPENDIX I
Summary of Shark Data Book by Year
NOTES:
All figures refer to quantities of shark fins in kG.
‘Reported by': are the total quantities of shark fins reported
under the commodity codes given in Table 3.01, by each of the 9
countries examined.
‘Other country': denotes quantities traded by other nations with
the 9 countires examined, and represents the origin of their
cumulative imports and exports.
The statistics did not always differentiate the Arab Republic
of Yemen from the People's Republic of Yemen, and therefore the
split between these two countries may be unreliable.
Any quantities for which the origin was not given in sufficient
detail e.g.'Africa' or 'Oceania' were entered as ‘unspecified’.
r i
ty
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Bangladesh
Burma
[Belgium sid
[Benin a'r
1988
1988
—s
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SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY YEAR
nb: ale = figures not available at Export Market Information Library
OTHER COUNTRY _ REPORTED BY
EAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
China C2 901533 463371 |
1988 | Cyprus C3 5
1988 | Chile C4 8894
1988 | Colombia C5 11569
1988 | Costa Rica C6 4849
1988 | Cuba C7 1075
1988 | Curacao C8 2) fame: inks) | |
1988 | Congo C9 CEE | aaaenen]
1988 | Djibouti D1 ) a" =
1988 | Dominican Rep. D2 0) ieieameeeree|
1988 | Denmark D3 3 ae |
1988 | Ecuador E1 32579 -_——
1988 | Eygpt E2 5600 hemmeern= KES)
1988 | El Salvador E3 ————
1988 | Fiji F1 0
1988 | France F2 9286) Pir 2000 i
1988} FR/NL. W. Indies F3 9 1508 ata
1988 | Guam Gi 1066) )— 1 — |
eeienstanalan. ——~ |G2ie. | - tala | esa a
1988 | Germany (F. R.) G3
1988 | Gambia
1988 | Ghana
1988 | Guinea
1988 | Guyana
1988
- 1988] Greece
_ 1988|Hong Kong
1988 | Haiti
_ 1988 | Honduras
~ 1988 | Indonesia
1988] India
P= S0S88 ill —— seal ee
1988 | lvory Coast
_1988| Iraq ) lane al
_1988|Iceland _—s_s« ) —
_1988 fy)
_ 1988 237097 672814 ——-O|_~_—_—527470]
_ 1988 J2 ) Seal
iercaihen) (Kit. [| _in-150|—— — See
_1988 iKenyaee [Ke | 20628 eS a
|1988|Kiribat = = =——-«[K3_ 16S ae
_1988|Kuwait sd K4 —
=f
8300
(Sie ee oe ES EAL
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY YEAR
nb: n/a = figures not available
YEAR COUNTRY __ REF
at Export Market Information Library
OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
IMPORTS EXPORTS — IMPORTS EXPORTS |
) 182719
11630
6272
New Zealand
Nigeria
New Caledonia
Norway
Netherlands
Oman
Philippines
20272
Pakistan
236593
Papua New Guinea
Portugal
8534
315 ae re
Paraguay
Quatar
South Korea
132
18150 92500 6067 51028
Solomon Islands
0 2692 ets?
14000 aaa
= Seema
19778
=i Ee
1988 | Sweden $16
1988 | Sin $2
1925016 920358
| 1988] S3
Switzerland 117 )
“tos Sau Te
1988 | Saudi Arabia S6 30 3513
Sri Lanka | a 56331
—————— 15 4 Re
Seychelles Sy) 19629 ee
Thailand
F986 [Tanzar r3
1988 T3 3170 [eae
| 1988 | Turkey. 1 a | Of 4200). a
1988 | Trinidad & Tobago A
Togo RG Ss | = — ap ede Beas 5
1988 /USA. = UT a= = 30847 | 278200)... aa
| "1988 Wnspecifieds — Ua e835 |be e4es9 |) eae
| 1986 | United ArabiEm/) | Usiae Ee eaGs70 | Sissi
| 1988|United Kingdom [U4 | 887,37, |
2000 ae
31709 —
5279 35591
19868 /|Venezuéla |= -.c|N2I5 Pe 142920)
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY YEAR
nb: n/a = figures not available at Export Market Information Library
— OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
AR COUNTRY | _ REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1988 | West. Samoa W1 32877
Yemen (Arab Rep) |Y1 65000
1988 | Yemen (Peop Rep) | Y2 50500
1988 | Zaire Z1 15
TOTAL 1988 + 3424575 5076076} 5976979 | 3424575
meee |
Australia 30182
Argentina A2 29525
America Samoa A3 )
Aruba (imipenem (0)
1989 | Canada
1989} Cameroon
89 | China C2
—_ |
(co) ce)
(Co) ive)
—_—
©
(ooo o)
(ve)
(@)K@)
StS
o|a
”
|] 0
ee Te 7
©; O!| oO
(ooloo}Kee)
Co} to} Kle)
glelg
SIE:
S\E|0
3/5
1989
mei9s9|Congo (COC
|_ 1989
| 1989|Dominican Rep. | D2 a
[1989 | 0 [aap
| 1989] Ecuador a
|_ 1989] er
El Salvador a
|_ 1989] Fiji 2 iw
|_ 1989] France 1294 | aerenogas el
1989) FR/NL. W. Indies 22 if
Guatamala G
[[1989|Germany (FR) [6s ima se Py
|_i989/Gambia [G4 —
|_i989/Ghana_— CGS
[1969] Guinea [Ge] —
| 1989|/Guyana «(G7
4988 Grenada G8
— 1968 Greece a 1954292 157479 1434110
1989|HongKong Ss [Hs || 1954292 |
Sor —(h2 [oe
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY YEAR
nb: n/a = figures not available at Export Market Information Library
ee OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY | _ REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS.
Honduras H3 )
Indonesia 1 ) 314551
1989 | India l2 ) 250980
1989 | Ivory Coast 13 6358
1989 | Italy 14 ) 0)
1989 | Iraq I5 )
1989 | Iceland I6 0)
eT) Ea ee | |
J 415031| 580639/ OO
1 J2 0 ee.
220 es
36500
210
1977
)
1000
ea: ES
1989
1989 | Mozambique M6 5125
22
M8 1000
1989 | Macau M9 1090 16841
1989 | New Zealand N1 40 10706
1989 | Nigeria N2 47 3998
| ieee/Newi@aledenias. S| NSS |S | 0 ae
1989 | Norway _ N4 8579 |. ae
1989 | Netherlands N5 | ete
1989 |Oman O1
PI 59
P2
Sigel Panama eg) cee]
r9s8| Papuan 0
ieee pomuaten Guines [rej
SS ce ee
| 1989) Paraguay)... 8 [IPR aie Oe ge La
|. 1989) Quatans:.. Aviome [OiL ne - R ahge OF Lr
| 1989|SouthKorea [S11 | 10287| 53599 7984] 35982
Sk a) A
| .1989|Semalia,,.... | SPA. a OT |)
Senegal $13 23265) |
iee9 (Sudan. (Saw ea SO - l
| Wes Siemallcone | SIS | OT
. TSBO Sweden ives SID lS — Ie Se
1989 585181
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY YEAR
Le lee = figures not available at Export Market Information Library
OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY.
EAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1989 | South Africa $3
1989 | Switzerland S4
1989 | Spain $5
Saudi Arabia S6
Sri Lanka Si
Swaziland S8
Seychelles sg
Thailand T1 100657
T2 91671
Tanzania
Turkey
Trinidad & Tobago |T5
i
83584 35171
125662
Unspecified
United Arab Em
United Kingdom
201073
4044
No
@ Oo
N (Fe)
an ©
@
[o) Nw
ie 1S] tT -Soaee
|_[TOTAL 1989 ie —| 4451017 5100646| 5100646| 4451017
——— ESS 40269
45107
— sr >
Tol Ko)
©}
o|O
>
Cc
”
=
»
1990 | Canada
1990
1990
1990
1990 ate = —— —
eae se ———J 19866) ata
1990 | Costa Rica 10029) le cian
_1990|Cuba 6400]} 4014658 aaa
‘_1990[Curacao sd ae ee ee
oO
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY YEAR
nb: n/a = figures not available at Export Market Information Library
f OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
YEAR COUNTRY ____ REF
1990 | Congo
1990 | Djibouti
G
4603
1990} Ghana
1990} Guinea
4
G5
G6
G7
| 1990] (Guyana 5 G7 565
1990 | Grenada G8 7650
1990| Greece aes eT
1990|Hong Kong 1088261 126163| 3838028
0
0)
1990 | Honduras
1990 | Indonesia
0
1990 | India fe)
1990 | Ivory Coast
E x ae
—Fee0] eos ae
Iceland ks.
1990 | Irish Republic 17 24 fewer ur
Japan JJ 463303 | CO] 451264 |
| _1990| Jordan J2 0 aoe ae
Siecle ame = fe
1990| Kenya
| ee
Kuwait K4
iberi Eon
Lebanon (GAPS [a
y (A aa as ee 0
| $1990) Mauritania]. NO a a0) ~_
| 1990|Malaysia [M2 | 155870/ 13198] fal
a a
| 1990|Maldives [M4 | CO 6625) =
| 1990 |Mexico 3 a MB 285 106 | - —
Mozambique es ae
| _1990|Malagase IN Za Fi 8460 [ae
™1990]Madagascar 4000| ar
[1990] Macau 0 a ie
New Zealand 861 21025 ers |
1990|Nigeria ss [N2 OE ~~ 21047)! oa
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARYV...No: S3
BY YEAR
nb: n/a = figures not available at Export Market Information Library
— OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1990 | New Caledonia INSaae| 0
1990 | Norway IN4 | ) 11024
Netherlands |N5 870 340
1990 | Oman |O1 0 22065
1990] Philippines |P4 1000 4752
1990 | Pakistan P2 0 139907
1990} Peru P3 71760
1990} Panama P4 0 21517
1990 | Papua New Guinea |P5 40 6)
1990 | Portugal P6 0 0 aes
Paraguay P7 0 ee ae
1990 | Quatar Q1 0
1990 | South Korea S1 300 64037 11400 75469
1990! Solomon Islands $10
| 1990|Somalia S11
| _1990| Suriname S12
1990 | Senegal $13
1990 | Sudan $14
1990 | Sierra Leone $15
| 1990] S16
1990 | Singapore $2
South Africa $3
1990 | Switzerland S4
| 1990] Spain S5
| 1990] Saudi Arabia S6
| 1990] Sri Lanka S7
| 1990 | Swaziland $8
| 1990] Seychelles Sg
‘| 1990} Thailand T1
‘|_.1990 | Taiwan T2
Tanzania T3
|_ 1990) Turkey T4
| 1990|Trinidad & Tobago |T5
Togo 16
| 1990|USA U1
| 1990] Unspecified U2
{_ 1990| United Arab Em [U3
United Kingdom U4
|_1990|/USSR U5
| 1990] Uragua U6
|_1990| Vietnam Vi
1990] Venezuela V2
___1990| West. Samoa W1
1990| Yemen (Arab Rep)* | Y1
1990| Yemen (Peop Rep) | Y2
1990 | Zaire
Z1
a} el re eeee S|
TOTAL 1990 3784434 5011056| 5011056| 3784434
i [GRAND TOTAL 19058416 30998905 [30998905 | 19058416
* - 7
ret
c Veto we
Pep
APPENDIX II
Summary of Shark Data Book by Country
NOTES:
All figures refer to quantities of shark fins in KG.
"Reported by': are the total quantities of shark fins reported
under the commodity codes given in Table 3.01, by each of the 9
countries examined.
‘Other country': denotes quantities traded by other nations with
the 9 countires examined, and represents the origin of their
cumulative imports and exports.
The statistics did not always differentiate the Arab Republic
of Yemen from the People's Republic of Yemen, and therefore the
split between these two countries may be unreliable.
Any quantities for which the origin was not given in sufficient
detail e.g.'Africa’' or 'Oceania' were entered as ‘unspecified’.
{ i
LO SR ae
CrsVH Yu rook eae Seana, YO pion £2
prt ey Leet arith Pores
} Me te e oF S - stent io ontseaniee gs air deraprt fis
na “pa tsiegerr \ Auete AS" soon seni {soe ony exe x "yA Doornegel
ho devichh ~o pis mo imal bs jel aad pee AT RoC ect “cele
TS 3 ae 8
y
i= Ai)
at agoiden iia us pee seis isan Nedioned : tiga oi ge.?
aa ee nae yf sae verigtuos © at
‘ie athe tas ep reqat “on Se Ceumt
i ; ie eerey wat tatdete eet.
‘pepigos, eels 413 scrxt meweY to ~
imaccks ee ‘ear esrc8k wd Aes ‘qheeted. Algae
ot) teil OL eatoitras ip: san
FO ‘wotak” ‘% 5 icagon -
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY. ..No: S3
BY COUNTRY
es OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY |
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS = IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | Australia 2802 3403
1985 | Australia 2016 3350
1986 | Australia 5995 5251
Australia 3468 15057
1988 | Australia 5891 15151
1989 | Australia
1990 | Australia
1984 | Argentina
| 1985] Argentina
1986 | Argentina 1279 1 SOS a
1987 | Argentina 11163] SL eee
Argentina ee ees ea
1989 | Argentina 29525)|i |) Sime
Argentina ES eee eT
America Samoa Can EE | |
America Samoa
America Samoa a ;
America Samoa
America Samoa 1) SL SS eee
1989] America Samoa RT (a 7
| _1990| America Samoa ea |)
Aruba EE
Aruba A4 [ea
Aruba A4 Ff
) Aruba ne | a eT eS 1
: A4 a (| )
A4 <5) | 7s
| 1990] A4 a i a ee
Austria AS Te eee
1986/Austria [AS aes Fa?)
Austria AS 125 (ie ees)
—S——
1984 | Brazil B1 )
|_ 1985] Brazil Sitead| tee essa 2 Si ene)
{_ 1986| Brazil (eee es | TS) I
ee Gedies | (Bical "Teno, GAS 72) seen
[1988] Brazil B1 —————————EE
ise Brazil Bias ra iS SOD IGM | aoe
Berplseal— [Bi | 1) 0] _2aseus|a1 ___ | neon
Peaieinicias +———_|B2a | ee OT | Peper
eee cuncie +— ——|BaR~ | reo OND. | nocemey
Bens) (Suncine—|-—_ [Bak | eaea TC Te6OD! | omemay)
Brunei (Bea |r sores SOND) oom
Brunei a ee CC a
esenincme (P28. [ See2h7 TDI ioereney
fs90/Brunciv; | B2" {o400 |e - s SO eee
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
OTHER COUNTRY.
REPORTED BY ©
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | Bangladesh B3 13209
1985 | Bangladesh B3 5953
1986 | Bangladesh B3 73252... 4
1987 | Bangladesh B3 eS | a ee
1988 | Bangladesh B3 aS
1989 | Bangladesh B3 ee eeeey Seat
1990| Bangladesh B3 nA
1984 | Burma B4 aes
1985| Burma B4 ae ec
1986 | Burma B4 ) —
1987 | Burma B4 300
1988 280 —
100
1990 | Burma (SEC a
1984 | Bahrein IESien | tO a Sa.
i [BS
Bahrein
Bahrein
Bahrein ere
| 1990|Bahrein [BS 0 fe oe
B6 185 ee
1985 | Belgium B6 58 |
1986 | Belgium B6 57 | ae bal
1987 | Belgium B6 41 SSS ES
1988 | Belgium [BE 35 i - —
[2a980) Belgian 1" a. BGs Wii ae ee 6.
| 1990|Belgium [BO +488 —__} ___
Benin eee
1985 | Benin i ae eee ie
1986 | Benin (le ae eS
1987 | Benin mame al
1989 | Benin B7
1984 | Canada 7053 11524 La
1985 | Canada Ci as Co ae ae |
| 1886 |Canadal 7 7 ICieAa|It (S166 10 eso. a
1987 (Canada| ~ | CARTaR)RR = 2022 | nises3 2). |; ae
jess ee 1} +83} —_iosse| |
aa
|_ 1990 Canada" SC (NS TABS 58 123640) EO eiep 22 |S a
1984 Cameroon, | [CODE NGS = RRO ao Se Se
1985 (Cameroon (7 > I CION) ae. SRO oo Rio ae
1986 | Cameroon CC Rae 77 a a ee ee
1987 | Cameroon ClO | oo 5 SO 0.
1988 | Cameroon (i Se are a
| 1980/Camercon | |C1OGR RD Re ES Se ae
1990 | Cameroon CATS [7S a NOTES 5185 i
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
8 OTHER COUNTRY. REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS — EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | China 84600 31731 |
1985] China 133028 35114
1986 | China 333991 91494
1987 | China 575340 236395
1988] China 901533 463371
1989} China 1069278 566119
1990 | China
Cyprus
1985 | Cyprus
1986 | Cyprus
1987 | Cyprus
1988 | Cyprus
Cyprus
| _1990| Cyprus
1984 | Chile
1986/Chile ss
i
1984 | Colombia
[Colombia [C5
8
198
#198
) 8
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
1988 | Costa Rica
wo
O}/O} 01} 0/0/}0
—|—|00| G/ PO
@} ©} 00) | Po
BI O]O;/MIN
0/0} 0/4/ =) 0
©
NO)
o1 Op) HP HP) A) HA) AH
| reeks | omks
((o} Co}
foo} ios}
©/|@
[ol Co} tie}
O)| On) &
—|—
©
(oo) Koo)
N
ok | eh | eh
0}
00] 00
©}
‘e)[@)
c\c
ouheg
© |»
fh
| C7
‘|-1987
$
2
a
|
Curacao
ok | ek | ek | —
{Co} Ko} fio} Ke) ©
foo} oc} ifoo} Koo)
©} O)}N| oO
O|}O}O
e/e\c
tay
(eo) Oo
[Curacao «CB
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
. OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS |
Bie Congo cg 0 ts
1985 | Congo cg fe)
Congo cg @)
Congo ie) 1081
1988 | Congo C9 652
1989 | Congo
1990 | Congo cg 4999
1984 | Djibouti D1 )
1985 | Djibouti D1 fe)
1986 | Djibouti
D1 3000]
1987 | Djibouti
i 0
0
?)
o
=
N
1988 | Djibouti
1000
ao
4654
2800
)
———
a
Po SS
=
1985 | Dominican Rep.
[eee
1986 | Dominican Rep.
Dominican Rep.
1988 | Dominican Rep.
8 D2
9
Denmark
84
198
8
Eygpt
1986
PEPSI escarole
Evo pt eau
|Eyopte} a
HEygpts' <= 2]
84
8
987
El Salvador
1990] El Salvador
—_
7)
@
“NI
—
o
—-
oO
—_
ice)
|
oy
ce)
(o)
PERRAPT RETA
G)| G/N DO] DODO POTD] a]
—_
(ce)
@
—_s —_
© ©
©
| N]| OO} O1) RR) O} ©
=
ice}
©
©
_
4/0} W/O/@M!O/O
_—
©
oO)
—)G)/ |
a
Wo} ce)
N
(oo)
foo} Kor)
ive)
_ an
oO ice)
(os)
i
2500
7850
it
ice)
fo)
N
=
ice)
@
@
N _ —A} ok
ary ary ry er — =
O/O © ive) o
@ (oe)
©] 0 oO) oO
@
mm m
W/a@ (e%)
_
Oo) o1
BIg
Nj
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
Se ee OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | Fiji F1 18 ol
1985 | Fiji F1 25 8860
1986 | Fiji F1 69 14900
Fiji F1 7 7940
Fiji F1 ) 13762
Fiji F1 2 24667
1990 | Fiji F1 15663 ea
France F2
1985 | France F2
France F2
France F2
France F2
France
France
tt
: 6304] ~~ eas al
:
:
| 1990| Gambia G4
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
ss OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPO
5163
2661
6618
16335
26806
20610
YEAR COUNTRY |
1984 | Ghana
1985 | Ghana
1986 | Ghana
1987 | Ghana
1988 | Ghana
1989] Ghana
1990} Ghana
1984] Guinea
1985 | Guinea
1986 | Guinea
1987
1988
ie)
0)
O)| O)} Od} Gd} 01} G1} O1! O12] G1} C1) C1
0)| O)
Grenada
1364
Greece
| 1985|Greece
1986
| _1987|
G8
G)
©
ia
45
0
0
ee oc)
19090| 2778978
75698} ss: 10556| 2648187
1371550 56711| 2879084
agai
—)—'—1 ©} ©O| O/ ©O/ ©O/ ©
0) On] | Go
&/O}NM|O
RB /N/8
| oy NBS
O1| 00) |G)
98
—_
(00)
[Hi | 1648540 | 3552634
1207071
[Hi | ~~ 1954292] 157479] 3553966] 1434110]
90|HongKong ss [H1| 1088261/ 126163] 3838028| 1609523)
SSA Neat se UR om at SO
} SS atte a a> a SO
[066 atl ete — aS ah OS
Sd RET Se ee en ee Olen
es ace | (eemees |
[oe eee ree (ce ere)
faunas ee | [esteem |
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
— OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | Honduras H3 1425
1985 | Honduras H3 fe)
Honduras H3 0
Honduras H3 ) —
1988 | Honduras H3 )
Honduras H3 0
1990 | Honduras H3 0)
Indonesia 11 0 245695 n/a n/a
| 1985 | Indonesia i 0 175904 O| 326918
Indonesia 11 ) 125547 O| 429248
Indonesia 1 ) 222371 50| 546763
3
4000
682
458442
51651
421556
1988 | Indonesia
1989 | Indonesia
| 1990] Indonesia
1984 | India
1985 | India
986lindia sD
1987
1984 | lvory Coast
1985 | lvory Coast
1986 | Ivory Coast
87 | lvory Coast
vory Coast
vory Coast
—_
—
— 4 | oh
© ive) Co} (io) ive}
(o) © [oo]
oO) + (o} foo)
~“
©
—
re)
©
NI
a
NE
| a
K<
@
—a| a]
((o} fo} ice}
©] 00} ©
O| 0} @
=k
ce)
©
ps4
o
e
— sr +
(o} ce)
@
(op)
s a
|
ary
|
©} O!1N
9
e
aa] oe oe
[fol io} fie)
Rice
[o)
eland
roy
e
—
ra)
fo} fo} fo} i-*)
—t
ek | eh | eh
Colo} Ke}ie}ilie}
©0| GD} 00}
O| ©} 0) Ni]
90 | Iceland
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY | REF IMPORTS EXPORTS — IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | Irish Republic I7 ) coe
| 1985] Irish Republic \7 fe)
Irish Republic I7 )
1987 | Irish Republic I7 0 ea eg}
0 + Sa
1990 | Irish Republic 24
1984 12545 1038456 nasal
1985 | Japan 14477 895415
1986| Japan 47132 886984 — B06
Japan 158425 845382
1988 | Japan ites. | 17237097)... | 672814) 0) eeraz0)
1989| Japan 415031 -—s2pe0| __6t_soso42
Bcc eames ce ee 52973| | 451264
aa
Jordan
1986 | Jordan | Eso
Jordan —
1988 | Jordan J2 ——!
1989 | Jordan J2 Eee ee |
1990 | Jordan J2 ) Beha
1984|Korea: North K1 128 eee
1985 | Korea (Rep) K1 50 ee ie]
1986 | Korea (Rep K1 30 Need oe
1987 | Korea (Rep 50 pi Bt ace |
1988 | Korea (Rep K1 150 tc]
Korea (Rep K1 220 [1
1990 | Korea (Rep) K1 116 a ae]
1984 [Kenya 1371]. "Sees
1985 | Kenya a S|
Kenya K2 = a BE |
1987 | Kenya ae ee
1988 | Kenya K2 ee et |
Kenya K2 a
| 1990/Kenya [2 34100[ | ae
1984 K3 2
re Bs
| 1986 | Kiribatiicss—.—— K3-. i lO ales | a
1967 | Kiribati je KB. | ee
| 1988) Kiribati: 35 K3 4). | GO a | a
| 1969) Kiribatiins =. a )K3.<. J] | |
|. 1990 Kiribati; 65. TKS. | Bae | a |
1984) Kuwait! Kae 3) 0)... ee ee
1985 Kuwait). KA eb. | ee
eee eat {4 _|_82 ee ee
a
1968) Kuwait KAS a) 50)
| 1989|Kuwait [KA 0 ee
| 1990|Kuwait [KA 0 ee
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
oo OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS.
Liberia L1 249
Liberia L1 664
Liberia L1 5339
Liberia L1 3256
Liberia L1 | 1670
1989 | Liberia L1 1977
Liberia L1 2396
1984 | Lebanon
Lebanon
1986 | Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon
Malaya
Malaya
Malaya.
1987 | Malaya M1
1988 | Malaya i
A
O}/O/ |) O;O/ 0} 0/0} O/0/0/0/ 0/0
igeebchats
Ro|fo| fo} fo | fo | fo fo
w
1
0
0
0
ame oi (0)
0
M
Mi
M
—_
Malaya
| 1990] Malaya
Mauritania M10
Mauritania M10
Mauritania M10
Mauritania M10
Mauritania M10
Mauritania M10
Mauritania
Malaysia
M2
[M2 |
[M2
Malaysia
1986 | Malaysia
Malaysia
| 1985 |
| 1986
1987
1988
390
33930 64660
707769 73010
Mauritius
1260 91140
13198 n/a
Mauritius
oe ee
noes oe |
Mauritius 190) Ol
ieee =
femecteos =
Malaysia
Mauritius 262 14000
Mauritius |: 16500|
Mauritius 96 15300
Mauritius
T1989
| 1990]
|
|
[1985 Maldives
|
|
|
|
Maldives
Maldives
Maldives
Maldives 3
| 1990] Maldives
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARYV...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
ee OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY ~~
YEAR COUNTRY | REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | Mexico M5 297 115929
1985 | Mexico M5 99 106994
1986 | Mexico M5 198 129815
1987 | Mexico M5 0 154767
Mexico ) 182719
1989 | Mexico A400)...» 4188715 [-— | ee
Mexico Beas
Mozambique
1989 | Mozambique
Mozambique
Malagasey
Malagasey 460 ||.
=e | ee
Ee al bn abe 0 |. — a
1987 | Madagascar i 0 Weta res
1988 a a ree 0 |
| 1989|Madagascar [MB | Cd 1000
| 1990|Madagascar [MB | 4000 Weemmiees ty)
1984 |Macau 5 M9.) 83] Baer |
| _1985| Macau Ne) ot et
1986 | Macau pn 258 ||. 33 801).
1987 | Macau [Mg | 1840 33732 nee
1988 | Macau [Mo 1272 11620 —
1989 | Macau Me 1090 16841
|_1990|Macau eee a) 0) ee
New Zealand A 151 | 0
New Zealand 144 ern don tO
| 1986]NewiZealand.<.- NI | - 58195 | 6807) —
1987. |New. Zealand —-4/NIS S| - S40|) = 4150) ae
| 1988)\New Zealand —- j|Nili | 4 62/2. 19978
| 1989|NewiZealand——s-4/NGmiD |) 40) 10708 |: — ae
|_ 1990] New-Zealand) [NIPT. [>= — Lt 861) | 21025|-— a
| 10841 Nigeria): 4] NBR S| 607 |)
|. 1985) Nigeria NDE en 36 | 1606 | a
1986! Nigeriat———-_ IND — 420 2815 |
1987)| Nigeria) {~~ NB E163) 9846).
{TOBY Nigerian —-—-— ol NARA TG) eae a
4383 Nese N47 ____Sse8}
| 1990|Nigeria [N22 Ol) ~~ 1847). _, |
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
New Caledonia zl N3 L )
1985 | New Caledonia N3 )
New Caledonia N3 2000
1987 | New Caledonia Ne 1000
New Caledonia N3 | 1000
New Caledonia N3 )
New Caledonia : N3 + 0
Norway N4 24 17360) = a Ee ee
Norway N4 50 10720 a
Norway | N4 240 11642 ee
Norway Nae] 198 46065 5 el Seta
Norway N4 82 21674 san a
Norwa N4 Sih 30) 6570)
Norway N4 ) 11024 eae
Netherlands NS al: 469 0} — eae
Netherlands NS 317 Ct ae
Netherlands N5 474 3172\-- -_—-[S See
Netherlands N5 1219 15323 —
1988 | Netherlands N5 1245 4282 en tree
Netherlands N5. | 399 1600|-—— — -—]= See
Netherlands N5 870 RR
Oman O1 10 S56) ee
| _1985|Oman O1 40 644+ ——— eal
Oman O1 8 0 oe
Oman O1 30 31010 peetentrss|
Oman Ot 42100 a
O1 5000-1066 a= Eel
£1990|Oman——=«iot panes|——_—__ “Pere
P41 6036)
| 1985|Philippines [P11 5269) | eee
Philippines P1 0 24102) eee
| 1988 | PI 01-2024) aioe
1989 PI i eee
1990] Pi 1000; ____ 4752, Bemeestned
| 1984 | P2 Olt 88086 |e eee
| 1985 | ioe [tee lr 60 eee ee
ota |) —— S01 is ee (eee
eens Peatkistagn n= ———-1 | P20.) eae 16S |
|_ 1988 SS —e
| 1989|Pakistan [P| Fieere of A022" dl pemmemersersl | eco a rel
eee Fekisian [Pan | 0) gem
| 1984[Peru (Poe [ie
[_1985|Peru (Bok —|t-—~— ae — ee
Reel Penuediere ———— tis eed} ——_ 1-16] —
1987 a (a e
Pe Panusere ——-——}/Pak~-|-— —
Sera menace ——— ipa) lh 7) 10 a eee
1990 Peru ‘Pa | ete ——* i + a eee
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
OTHER COUNTRY © REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY. REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | Panama P4 114 12461
1985 | Panama P4 0) 1130 ——
1986 | Panama P4 34 )
1987 | Panama P4 ese. 7H]
1988 | Panama P4 4
1989 | Panama a 13987
1990 | Panama P4 21517
1984|PapuaNew Guinea [P5 | ~—30| 0
1985|PapuaNew Guinea [P5 | —s_Q )
1986 | Papua New Guinea |P5 40
1987 | Papua New Guinea |P5 eae
1988 | Papua New Guinea |[P5 eee AS Ol
(OS9i|RaptalNewiGuinedl|z5 itis eae ne 0 ao ed ee
|.1990/PasuaiNew Guineall|PSig| 105 240) | ae
Mike? Fane Pee ras Eo) 413 a
1985 P6 0 0
| 1986] P6 10 9 SS ee
Portugal P6 0 981) ee
Portugal P6 0 315) -———
1989 | Portugal P6 ) 1045[ . = SS
Bea ee
Paragua (E724 EO) S| —
Paraguay IPE al TO
1986 | Paragua’ [cc een male ©) Sees ak Ee (Sa
|. WeaiRardgtay S.-M Teed so Oe |. -_: — a
1988 |Raragtiayes — MIRZA | an
1989 | Paragua’ (Pe) ee ee ee eee |
1990 | Paragua’ Hie Cee lnemaratat ar) ei ae =~ —- rr
|. AOS4 tater =e ROI Ee | = —
1B) Wetter OT Ee i ea
. AISSGy Qatar is reel Gl ae | ees |S IO
1987 Ee
1988 | Quatar KONE Stes aie eeeg St 22]. —-
Quatar LenS al | i a
1990 | Quatar Keiser eso | —— ~- -
| 1984 |SeuthiKorea Sia | 50S 5366) ae
| 1985|SouthKorea [S17 | 804] 589/90 39998
| 1986/SouthKorea [S17 | 8238/ — 53185/ CO 79286
1987|SouthKorea [S71 | T1886] 1250] 60100)
tees Seat es fetta | 22800 | _s067{__s1028
| 1989|SouthKorea [S71 | 0287/5599 7934| 35932
| 1990[SouthKorea [S71 | 300] 4037{ 1400/75 469]
| 1984|Solomonisiands [S10 [| OT SAT
| 1985 |'Selomonislands- H/SiOME— 1 90] — | 39903| ae
| 1986 |Solemonilsiands =7|S10l 9) 0 | 6906 | Se
2 ae ee ee ae
"1986|Solomonisiands__[S10_| 0} 960g] >
| 11889)/Solomonilsiands =i Si0il)| hs ENO 2527,
1990] Solomon siands~ /S10F 4 50) 22313|. ae
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
- OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | Somalia 6851
1985 | Somalia 11110
1986 | Somalia 8850
1987 | Somalia 13533
iar |
1988 | Somalia 14000
1989 | Somalia 10887
=
Somalia 3526
1984 | Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Suriname
Senegal
| 1985]|Senegal -
Senegal
Senegal
__ 1988 | Senegal
1989 | Senegal
5420
1984 | Sudan
1986 | Sudan
1987
mee oudant (S14
1984 | Sierra Leone
1986
1987 5
—
©
oo)
©
=
©
@
(oe)
—
oO
8
z
|
g
: Siem ez
|_19s9|Sweden [S16 | 1733
mt990|Sweden [S16 | 150
[1984|Singapore [S2_ 194148
[_1985|Singapore [S2_ 449843 n/a
| 1986/Singapore ((|[S2 | 487968 869118] 750459
|. 1987|Singapore —s—s«[S2_ 645046 1198381] 1122279
| 1988[Singapore —s«|[S2_—s 505406 1925016| 920358
|
| 1989|Singapore —s-(|[S2__ 545713 585181| 1234360| 1573549
(ige0[Singapore——*[S2 390407 498508| 1023884 835399
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
1986 | Switzerland
OTHER COUNTRY | REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY | REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | South Africa S3 45 151623
1985 | South Africa $3
1986 | South Africa
South Africa 20
1988 | South Africa 10
0
| 1990|South Africa [S3 12 a
ies ea
Switzerland ieee et
[Switzerland [S4 isa Ser
[Sa ern S|
or at el
— a 7 4
O|—|D|N}O
NO] N} | 01} ©
1987
=e
1984 | Spain on as Sse) —
1985 | Spain ISS ee pO
a a Pee
fy oe ee OY —
1S88||Spani ae aay Pieri =b nt 2G
1989 eas ees) a
fae] Sauat Arabia —— 54
Saudi Arabia 54 ee the
Mere. TS
1986 pe SBI ernie 0 | -— e
ie Se a ee eee oe
S6 Se
960] Saual arabia [36 a
5200
| 1965 [Srilanka se S7 ee nO enol |. 0) eee
1986((Srilanka 5252 a STe Se SO 420 || oa
tees er ones ez +_____8|____8087{__o[ __s2078]
| 1968) (Srilanka 5: S72 |S enol 56331
eee a ae fas} 828 0 53932
|. 1880) Srilaikas | S7 | ee 55959 n/a n/a
| 1964\/Swazilandig Ase) aa
| - 1985 | Swaziandas =.) (S8h= [aa
| 1986|Swaziland [SBTC i ~ —
1967'| Swaziland: $8) a a |.
| 1988|(Swaziland’s BO San 68 7650| ee ee
1987|Seychelles [SQ 23023)/|-— ae
| 1988! Seychelles ice SORE > oh eee | oan 19620)
|_1959 [Seychsllesiieay (Soa) ab 2606
|| 1990)/Seychellesiee 2 [Soles 30835 |<“ =~
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY. ..No: S3
BY COUNTRY
YEAR COUNTRY
OTHER COUNTRY
REPORTED BY
|
|
REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
Thailand T1 68601 6420 84752
1985 | Thailand T1 90380 17008 96766 22382
1986 | Thailand T1 | 104180 48872
Thailand T1 97583 42042
Thailand T1 88014 65408
Thailand T1 100657 43024
| 1990] Thailand T1 67509 44836
Taiwan 12 252 12367
| 1985] Taiwan T2 700 16342
Taiwan T2 94439 32997
Taiwan T2 16282 65611 20366
T2 90107 21287| 103498] 149857
Taiwan T2 91671 125662| 287450
70135 366277
43357
4311
)
~“
—
A
On| @
O|9
O/O;O/;O
—_
oO
fo} ice}
ae
oO)
| 00
1989
1990
[o)
(o)
@
[o)
(fe)
ine)
3409 =-- ase
105 |---| arta
Togo fee Sones Ol memannmerad meee vir
Or eet PS ar
. 1990] 4904 | ciel
41319 71000 | aa ee
24768|--— 1 74560 | ai enn
22188 59768 | ae
54990 150008 |---|
30847 278220
48253 247904 Seo
76091 332015 inners
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
6582
27829
11637
4044
1986 | United Kingdom 3554
1987 | United Kingdom U4
U4
4
U
U
BY COUNTRY
ee OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
Unspecified U2 47 96956
1985 | Unspecified U2 165 95272 ——
Unspecified U2 4940 109789
1987 | Unspecified U2 10843 130302 +
Unspecified U2 2335 124889
Unspecified U2 997 102892 ———
| 1990] Unspecified U2 —1198 85423
United Arab Em U3 101 43249 =f
1986| United ArabEm_ _| U3 Sea ee es cas
be Wis eS =e Ue aa ee
1988] United Arab Em U3 ene} __.
1989 | United Arab Em U3 201073|)__—.- — —|_aSS
1990|United ArabEm_ _|U3 = 20875 —— —-— | ae
1886 United Kingdom [U4 a
U4 750
80
1988 | United Kingdom
1989 | United Kingdom
1990 | United Kingdom 3859
1985 | USSR
:
USSR U5
U5
U5
U5
U6
5
|) H/o
G)| 00} CO
NY] | Po
@|N |
1988 | USSR
1989
1990
| 1985,
Uragua U6
Uraguay U6 —
Uraguay U6
1989|Uragua U6 Sear |
1990 | Uraguay U6 a 2 a
1984 | Vietnam V1 =
Vietnam A eee ee |
| 1986) Vieamis = NESS eo | aaa
Rc ee a OSS ee ee
CS MEE ae i Seo) a ceo | eS
FAG) Mistress = inh] Nadine al en nde) Rn OES]
| 1990|Vietnam [V1 }—____9,_ S688} _
Giese oid Seine evi. |
i 27225 a
25482 folmetens
| tWe87lNenezuelag "yal VeRieE isto aire AOS, a a
ee ee ee Cy eee
Venezuela v2 aa |
1990 | Weneziiela ss 12 fe eee 4000 | |
SHARK FIN DATA BOOK SUMMARY...No: S3
BY COUNTRY
OTHER COUNTRY REPORTED BY
YEAR COUNTRY REF IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1984 | West. Samoa Wisi 290
West. Samoa | 0
1986 | West. Samoa W1 0)
1987 | West. Samoa W1 3300
West. Samoa W1 32877
1989 | West. Samoa W1 48300 a
1984 | Yemen (Arab Rep) |Y1 )
| 1985|Yemen (Arab Rep) |Y1 eS ee |
Yemen (Arab Rep) | Y1 ee Sa |
Yemen (Arab Rep) _|Y1 + |
Yemen (Arab Rep) [Y1 eres |
1989| Yemen (Arab Rep)* | Y1 SS eas
| 1990|Yemen(ArabRep)* [Yi [| ae
| _1984|Yemen (Peop Rep) |Y2 a ee
Yemen (Peop Rep) |Y2 ee
Yemen (Peop Rep) |Y2 a A ae
1987 | Yemen (Peop Rep) |Y2 ae ae
1988 | Yemen (Peop Rep) [Y2 Ras ee
Yemen (Peop Rep) |Y2 eae RR |
Yemen (Peop Rep) |Y¥2 aa
1984 | Zaire 21 res ees i |
Zaire Z1 rn Pee eT |
1987 | Zaire Z1 )
Zaire Z1 15 rs
Zaire Z1 0 bo. ee
| 1990| Zaire Z1 0 co a
oS
[19058416 |
19058416 | 30998905 |30998905 | 19058416
Ee
| | TOTAL
APPENDIX III
Summary of Import Statistics
a. Quantity (KG)
b. Value (currency)
c. Price per KG (currency)
d. Value (sterling)
e. Price per KG (sterling)
Reon nr rerepeeererrrs c=
Total value of shark fins imported, identified from the foreign
trade statistics of the countries examined.
nbz n/a = figures not available at Export Market Information Library
a eee eet Se SS SESS Sees SMS Sa Css en
IMPORTS (local currency)
Total 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 989 1990
Hong Kong HK$ 504569905 285519797 246581198 S5B6699S4 727795615 7E9YBBOSPS
Indonesia US$ n/a 0 0 182 17000 6169
Japan yen n/a nZa 0 0) 0 0
Malaysia US$ S126535 2177406 820551 769206 738786 1250020 n/a
Rep. Korea US$ n/a 8936 (0) 25740 4295535 366451 2952
Singapore $ n/a n/a 22117000 35597000 42645000 29647000 34275000
Sri Lanka RS n/a Oca ) ) 0 0 n/a
Taiwan NT¢ 989000 4354000 1112000 82469000 41008000 51262000 30525000
Thailand BAHT "25222074 425003864 32108742 56968804 57271267 26424394 20254926
Driedx 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Hong Kong HK$ BO4515 15028 285444062 346581198 558655564 740443101 TLB217299 7194715
Indonesia US#% n/a 0 0 182 167 17000 6127
Japan yen n/a n/a 0 0) 0) 0) 0)
Malaysia US$ SO099749 2145479 797136 756700 659187 1084564 n/a
Rep. Korea US# n/a 0 0 0) 0 0) 0
Singapore $ n/a n/a 21304000 24049000 40754000 38127000 S5258000
Sri Lanka RS n/a 0) 0 0 OF 0 n/a
Taiwan NT$ 0) 0 0) (0) 0 44099000 223596000
Thailand BAHT 25222074 45802864 55108742 546968804 57271267 26424294 20254926
Other/Unspecified 198 1985 1986 1987 1988 L989 1990
Hong Kong HK$ 34875 75735 0 14400 14994634 14578216 20409090
Indonesia US$ n/a m0) 0 0 0 42
Japan yen nfa n/a 0 0) 0 0
Malaysia US$ 26784 27927 25415 2506 119% L6cags n/a
Rep. Korea US$ n/a 8936 0 35740 429555 366451 298252
Singapore $ n/a n/a 812000 1248000 1891000 1520000 937000
Sri Lanka RS 5 n/a : 0 0 0 10) 0) n/a
Taiwan NT$ 989000 436000 1112000 82469000 41008000 9164-000 6929000
Thailand BAHT 0) 0 0) 0 0 0 0
Appendix III,b.
nbs n/a = figures not available at Export Market Information Library
Appendix III,a.
IMPORTS (Kq)
Total 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Hong Kong 2778978 2648187 2979084. FSS2674 :
Indonesia n/a 0 0) 50 4000 682
Japan n/a n/a (0) 0) iC) )
Malaysia 274810 162090 72460 64660 73010 F1140 n/a
Republic of Korea n/a 90 0) 1250 6067 7934 11400
Singapore n/a n/a 869118 1198381 1925014 340 1022884
Sri Lanka n/a 0) 0 (0) (0) 0 n/a
Taiwan 2100 1097 2800 20266 1024993 125662 70135
Thailand 84752 94766 94978 104573 © 121462 82584 66927
TOTAL F140640 2908230 S9L9440 4941914 5976979 S100646 SOLLOSS
Dried 1984 1985 19864 1987 1988 1989 1990 __
Hong Kong 2778839 2648007 2879084 2552514 2614918 5406500 B629719
Indonesia n/a (0) 0 oH) 3 4000 650
Japan n/a n/a 0) 0 0) 0 0)
Malaysia 272.800 161200 2570 64120 5312 78960 n/a
Republic of Korea n/a 0 ) 0 0) 0 0
Singapore n/a n/a 861000 1178000 1879000 1198000 1006000
Sri Lanka n/a 0 0 0 0 0 n/a
Taiwan ) 0 0) 0 0 96555 39905
Thailand 84752 96766 94978 104573 121462 2584 6692
TOTAL SLO7 291 29059738 39076382 4899257 5699505 4867399 4745201
Other/Unspecified 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 198 1990
CS IID yy Poli ne aga a a ag ps yy I
~ Hong Kong 139 180 0 120 23005 147466 208209
Indonesia n/a ; 0 0) 0) 0 O> 22
Japan n/a n/a ) 0 0) 0) 0
Malaysia 1010 890 B90 540 19890 12180 n/a
, Republic of Korea n/a 90 egnes (0) 250 6067 7934 11400
| Singapore n/a n/a 118 20281 26016 246360 17884
i Sra Lanka n/a 0 0 0 (0) 0 n/a
Taiwan 2100 1097 2800 20366 102498 29307 5023
Thailand 0 0 0 0 () 0) 0
TOTAL S249 2057 11808 49657 2784764 253247 267855
% Dried 99.90 99.92 99.70 99.14 5.3 95.43 Poe)
% Other/Unspecified -10 »08 3 ~86 4.66 4.5 Reese
te re noe are tener
tai Value of shark fins
IMPORTS (# sterling)
Tota
imported,
identitied from the foreign
trade elataetice of the countries examined.
figures not available at Export Market Information Li
Hong Kong 32657714.91 255842 207352546. 41
Indonesia n/a ae 200
Japan n/a n/a 200
Malaysia 2627338,66 1519864, 34 5469827. 08
Republic of Korea n/a 6248.95 00
Singapore n/a n/a 6976971.41
Sri Lanka n/a 200 200
Taiwan 21069.45 7639.74 21632. 65
Thailand 79690597 1164377.03 1420019. 84
TOTAL 6103028. 99 82825 6 29740997.59
Dried > f 1984 1985 1984
30752546. 41
Hong Kong 32651827. 04. 2557742
Indonesia } n/a PxOX0)
Japan n/Zia 0
Malaysia 2604831.09 “ 66.67
Republic of Korea y n/a «00 -00
Singapore n/a n/a 6720504.73
Sri Lanka n/a Fuel) 00
Taiwan ; 200 200 ~ 00
Thailand 796905.97 1164377.03 1420019. 84
TOTAL
Dried 1984 1985 1986
Hong Kong 887.88 6786.29 00
Indonesia n/a 200 00
Japan n/a n/a -00
Malaysia 22507.56 Tar ey / 16260. 42
Republic of Korea n/a 6248.93 » 00
Singapore : n/a n/a 296464. 88
Sri Lanka n/a »00 200
Taiwan 21069.45 7629.74 21632.45
Thailand » 00 200 00
Sone ata en en ninIaiaiaremeiemetatemetatemmmeme eee
Appendix III,d.
brary
1987 1988
29177416, 82 525 aes 58150640. 18
99.435 74 19625.00 ‘i
00 00 .00 . 00
420331.15 412385,70 781262.50 Bes
19520.05 23452. 72 229031.88 151944,5
9644959.15 11945378. 1 12963071.90 Wore ome
00 00 00 n/a
160695. 08 790591.86 1217648.46 579274.12
1244403.76 1218527.60 641268.79 421977,65
50667435.46 Sh etc 735973648. 69 60609045, 29
1987 1988 1989 1990
29176407.01 L491175.% 56966237. 94 A777 3672 .18
99.45 90.76 19623,00 3174.61
0) Q 0) 0)
97. 27 B47 584, 24 677852. 5 na
+00 00 00 .00
9277656. 68 11415686, 27 12465071.90 10041566, 27
00 00 » 90 n/a
00 » 00 Oe 12 446915.00
1244403.76 1218537.60 6413568.79 421977.635
1987 1988 1989 1990
1009.82 1042742, 4 1164402, 24 1255185. 26
200 00 00 BWA Tie)
00 «00 00 00
6933.88 64999 .46 103410.00 n/a
193530.05 452.72 229031.88 151944. 04
367302.45 529691. 88 500000. 00 282228.92
00 200 00 n/a
160495. 08 790591.86 122640.23 EATS U2
. 00 00 a) 0
SHARK FIN IMPORTS PRICE PER KG (currency)
Hong Kong HK$
Indonesia US¢
Japan yen
Malaysia US$
Rep. Korea USS
Singapore $
Sri Lanka RS
Taiwan NT$
Thailand BAHT
n/a
297.60
1985 1986 1987 1988
107.82 120.38 157.26 202.10
200 .00 3.64 55.67
n/a 200 200 200
13.41 Po 1y7, 11.90 10.39
99.29 200 28.59 70.80
n/a 25.45 29.54 22.15
-.00 200 200 290
397.45 397.50 410.93 396.22
452.68 559.17 344.78 435.65
316.14
192.78
9.05
200
n/a
ZowiZ
33.48
Hong Kong HKS 109.51 107.80 120.3) 157.26 204.83 209.37 198.22
Indonesia USS n/a 200 200 3.64 S35. 67 4.25 9.43
Japan yen n/a n/a 00 .00 00 Pxeyo) 200
Malaysia US$ 11.32 13.31 ; 10.98 11.80 12.03 13.74 n/a
Rep. Korea USS n/a 200 200 200 200 .00 -00
Singapore $ n/a n/a 24.74 28.90 21.46 31.83 33.14
Sri Lanka RS n/a 200 .00 200 200 200 n/a
Taiwan NT$ 200 200 200 200 200 | 478.43 586.29
Thailand BAHT 297 0 tn 452.68 59.17 544.70 433.65 | 716.14 702.64
Other 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Hong Kong HKS 394.78 420.75 200 120.00 121.90 98.86 97.98
Indonesia USS n/a -00 200 .00 .00 .00 1.31
Japan yen n/a n/a 200 200 -00 00 00
Malaysia US 26.52 31.38 26.31 23.16 6.01 13.58 n/a
Rep. Korea US% n/a 99.29 -00 28.59 70.80 46.19 25.672
Singapore $ n/a n/a 100.15 66.14 72.69 2.08 92.97
Sri Lanka RS n/a 200 -00 200 .00 .00 n/a
Taiwan NT$ 470.95 397.45 397.50 410.93 396.22 | 176.20 229.21
Thailand BAHT .00 .00 .00 .00 -00 | .00 +00
“Appendix Tesi
-—-4
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T2"9 L9°L LE "6 O4°TT Sh "PT £0"ST Ob" pueTreyL
Oc "TT 92°TT YOUN youMa MONMA MOMMA youNa ueMTeL
Ryu 00° 00" 00° 00" 00° Bsu BHURT TAS
86° OP AOt 10°? 8B°Z 18°Z B/U esu asodebuts
YOUMI YOUN YOUNS YONNa 00° YONA Byu weuoy “day
R/U s*8 *S"9 obo 29°L TE "6 TS" BTSARTEW
00° 00° 00° 00" BsU R/U uedep
U9 Ge "0f 66°T | 00° 00° eyu ‘ eTSsauopuy
EL°9T be" PT 20°TT 89 °0T 99° GZ"TT Buoy Buoy
O66T 684T 8861 £861 9861 S861 PBdT pataq
TE"9 L9°L E76 O6°TT 86 "PT 20°C Ore | pueTTeyL
z°8 69° e9rL 68°L S2°4 96°9 20°OT uemTe
Ryu eB7u ByYULT TAS i
B0°OT OS*ot Te"9 50" £0°8 R/U R/U awodeburs
S227 £8°BE Bb "as Z9°ST Sb "49 esu coupe aved
E/U £5°8 89°S 05°9 9L°L gs" 95° - BTSARTRY
; R/U R/U uedep {
69"b 99s Gor 66"T esu ) eTSauopuy |
08°t 29T SO "bT £0 "TT 89 "OT 99° SL°TT mee et Buoy Buoy
tee Mi AEST tm aches | eS ie Fonte en an nnn eee ene |
0661 6841 S861 £861 9861 S861 PBST . TR POL j
sa a a
ae &
us Bs oY
.4
ee
« ‘ * ‘*
APPENDIX IV
Summary of Export Statistics
a. Quantity (KG)
b. Value (currency)
c. Price per KG (currency)
d. Value (sterling)
e. Price per KG (sterling)
POTPES
) 0
066252 meer Z
Ryu 0 0
66265 6bS8h 8
TRG 8
0
10)
64e
69052
B/u
0
0
9vETZ
to Ci uD
2868 ps oO
Ryu 6STér
000908 OOOECST 000228
0 0 0
e/u 00eT OZet
b9ETSh CPOLZOS OLPZ2ES
BcOkLb EbpSsr
L£LEB25T TOLCOvT LOIESTT
0661 6061 Bat
AAAI UOT }Y
puy pur
aedag AIMNGS
AOPMT YAY ARW al
ut ueath
CQUUWE
LO aya
£825 ) i) 0 PURT TE YL
8090ST. 9L9 LZ£IBPT URMTP YL
R/\ WYUBT Tag
e/u auodeburg
w/u Ad $O AtTqnday
0 BTSABT EW
P/U uede
eTsauopuy
Buoy Suoy
tytoaadsuny4ayyo
WAOL
PUB TEE UL
URMT RL
PYUR TAG
adodebucs
PaAQY -O ILL gGnday
BISARTEW
uedyep
®TSQUOpUT
Buoy Buoy
LOLOTGE TL0208
cBEce
CORPS
0
826eS
000680T
)
ws
) 0
OP0ET 08e 0608
OaTeey LP9O0TL es
EP LOG Brcacr
Seed 6TLnag
Bl49CE
L861 9G4T S867 bBOt KPAT AQ
PEvvBLE
LZTOTS be GLG bere
Mb bS eae 0685
LLE9PE LEB6bT
B7u 6STép
66255 BEE0C
69~S2 BcOTS
eByu 0023
poCTar OLPLES
9oSTcr crbpasr
ECS609T OTT PE vt TL0Z0E
066T 63861 884T
c T49S08 ene WLOL
690E VOLE PUBTTEYL
BOPV0ST B96 29091 URMT? |
826c5 erga ESERE w/u BYURT TAG
6LeEETT 6SvOSL R/U R/U adodeburg
00T09 4 B666E RAaAOY +O ItTGnday
OF0ET 8 0600 BISART RW
S8ce LOGOTL Bysu urdeyp
EVLODG BpEder BL69EE RTSauopuT
S8E9>S BSI 96S bLeder Buoy Buoy
; TP}OL
(By) SiMadXs
LB6T 786T Saat
AMAGU] UOT PRWAOLUT Par, APYW a Ve OTGeT wae You seunBty = eyu squ
0 0) l £98058
OOOSTTGP O00r8TSE OOOST rhe
9 0) Q
996b cOZS Teet
B8720T TLTT89 SorpZot 80PZ80T
e/u LEQBLT Stee 0)
9 0) 0) 9
0) EOvT 0) 0)
QOBPETET O8bhEESS ELTTEZ? OOPOTT
066T &34T Bet L861
TLB9CRTE bOOE89 LE Tee TES9OLBPE
0009EBT 000bBE8 Q
R/U PSBOOLFE bee LICTESIE
é3Z8e LLETE : LE872
A) 0 0
Ryu 89d p6E9L
OOOENBSSbT OOOT LPR Z ZO8T OOOP9ISESBT
PBLB 066 EBSCZLPOT 2162629 LIO0E OLE
ObLESE9LT PLEPTPOST S9OTSPLOLT
TLO7CPTE POOR89 LE PLE LolLle
00054069 00066P25 oooaTa OOOST rhe
R/U PSBOOLPE TETSObee LOETEEPS
QO09TLLE OOOEPEDE OOOTOTE? O00B89CBE
6589201 TL 189 S8rPZot 8ObZ80T
R/U SOZ046T SSSstt PbC9L
OOOEOBSBHT QOOTLEPELT O000LPE08T 000998E88T
PBLEP6S EPZB8S0TT CL6E6EF L90202E
OSSeSh6sT PS06RS46T BLE9SB9LT StLEvSPLt
O61 686T B8hT L861
9 0 0) pueT TRY
00006TH 0000SE OOOPETE : URM TR |
0) i) w/u BYURT TAs
PITT R/U R/U awodebuts
G16668 bBdlGb B/U RauOy $O ITT Qnday
0 0 0 BTSART EW
0 R/U R/U urdep
0) Ww/M _ RTS@UOPUT
602ERS 989OTOT Buoy Buoy
986T SB4T PROT pat}TIadsun/74ay30
WILOL
CTPTSSLT PP99ETS PURT TR YL
0) 0 URMT |
68EPESOT R/U BYUR] TAS
R/U R/U ; auodeburs
a0) Rs eadsOy $O ITTQnday
E96bE 96ST BTSART ey
Rysu R/U urdep
OTELLD R/U PT SSUOPUT
BOLEAOTL DOP Le9S9 Buoy buoH
OBST. S84T boat KPaT A
TSTO9SBS eTOTSSZT beO9IGTS PUBTTRYL
000046TH 0000 QOOPETE UPM TE
SOTISEHT — 6BEPESOT eBsu HIS) pats)
OOOEELES R/U R/U :) asodeburs
é1E6468 PBdZ44 Rsu Ra40y +0 ITT Gnday
OvZt EVSbE 9655 BTSARTEW
OOOELTLELT R/U R/U Ben uedet
TEZEZ0T OTELZLY R/U EPSauopuy
EO6THIED T9OBOEEL EBLBEIP? Buoy Buoy
9B4T S867 bOOt TR POL
(AduasAND TRIOT) SLYOAXG
T] UOTPRWAOFUT axYARW PAOUX| STGETLRAR POU Saanbry = eyu rqu
"DAUTULNA SATALUNOD BY} FO SITPST}PEYS apeaz
UBTajO} OY} WOW, Paty tpUapt “"pazsodxa SuTF yARYS +O A|NTRA THRO]
— Ne ae oe
00° 00" 00° S6°ZST
22°89 S6°SZ2T 20°88T TE "Z9t
e/su 00" 00° 00°
ct* oT" Sie vo"
vL*s 96°8T 90°TZ 60°81
BAS » 6S°LT 96°SI 00°
00* 00* 00" 00"
00° oO'T oO" 00°
62 °8T 62°82 £6°64r 00 °049
0661 6861 BB6T L861
0B °6SzT St°L8Z 26°Stv9 69°ZSL
SS"TzZz 99°B001 00° 00°
eyu Zev f79 ZB°099 S2°s0s
0° zo° yo°* 20°
2% 00° 00° 00°
eyu Zz "OT Z°Lt v8°s
vS°Z6zs vo°tsrs 60°6T rs 16°6L6Z
09 °SZ So°zz 2L°St v6°r
So*vtt 68°SST vS*Zbt vZ°SST
0661 6861 8B6T Z86T
08 °6SZ St°Z8Z 26°St9 60°4S9
By °69T £0°00Z% 40°881 TE°S9t
eyu Zy°Sb9 ZB "099 S2"sos
ST °Sb OT "Sz vL°St Obs
vL°St 96°81 90°TZ 60°8T
eyu TB°9T Z6°ST v8"s
yS°Z6Zs po*tSps 60°6T bE 16°6L6c
09°Sz Tele SLs v6"b
SLE 255 pt6e ZS"9vT St°Sst
0661 6861 8861 2861
00°
Lo°Lbov
00°
80°
sort
00°
OZ "E82
00°
Of*TOr
20°
00°
T2°9
S2o°oLrrz
Te °z
vz "pot
02 *28L
Lo°Lbory
Of ° TO”
T9°TS
Sort
TZ°9
S2°ofLrz
Te"
66°OT
“O° AI xtpuaddy
00° OG" LHVG PUETTEYL
GL°LTS ° ZS °9ST $SLN UeMTeL
00° eyu SY eBAUED tus
eyu eyu $ eaodeBbuts
Sv°ct esyu $SN Paso “day
00° 00" ¥$SN etsketTey
eyu eysu us A ueder
00° eysu $SN etsauopuy
¥9°Z2S vc"to9o $yH 6uoy BuoH
SB8ét vB8édt 498430
BI "vBZz TL*Sbvy T4P) LHYG PUT FEY)
00° 00° S$LN UBMTeL
vZL"66z eyu SY exue7 T4S
eyu eyu $ euaodebuts
00° esyu $5N eav0y “day
vo"ttT ZE"L ¥$SN ETSAeTey
esu esu uad uedep
LO°Z eysu $SN ersauopuy
St°Z9t vS*Sot T4P) $yH Buoy Buoy
S861 vBat xPpaetaq
BT “tBZ TL°Srr T4P) LHYG PUETTeEYL
SZ°L4TS fS*9ST (48430) $LN UeMTeL
vL°665 eyu SY ByUeT FAS
eyu eyu $ auodeburts
Svat esyu $SN easoy sday
ve"tt Ceyod4 x$SN ersAeTey
esu eu uaA ueder
40°2S eyu $SN etssuopuy
00°49T B=" LIT $>H Buoy Buoy
S8é6t vBét APaA
(A3ua44N3D) O> B3d 3ITAd SLYOdXS NIJ MYVHS
SS eee
ETLTE9S SEObbHE 2680091 TEL6801 BLEPSZL eas GO6EST WLOL
0) 0 ) 98581 0 0 0 PUueTTeyL
LOPOSTT LEPPITT 8g: 86289 B2r 18 ETD TOMS UBMTe
R/U ny) 0) 0 0 0 ws ByURT TAG
Fart EOP 2651 26E Loe R/U Bs adodeBbuts
EROLES TELGTP 66285 TTCPSS EGpeeg? Tere R/U vaio $O ITT GQnday
R/U ELOTTT OSTSP 0 0 0 BTSARTEW
0) 0) 9 () 0) R/u undec
0 LUORC hy) 0) 0 ) eTSauopuy
L6CTLB Lovet 849994 cPLl OTTSYP T5866 Buoy Buoy
aB6T LAST POST 49470
EBPOTARE QSTSpZat BETOVEL WLOL
PELPS9 996TL9 OPEL 8028S b0868E PUBTTBYL
LOSE SvL6ét 0 UBM TR |
wy SGElys BEverE LLeClé R/U eyue] Tas
6998 PSTOT ITIL ws esl asode burs
0) i) 0) 0 Bs Wa4Oy 40 ITT Qnday
Byu ROFL TOSZT LOOP Q0cT LSrZt FOTET BTSARTEW
b969BL5 OST ZTSZ BETTL6Z TTTOTTS EPESIEL R/U esu uedep
OT8PSTS PIESHSP 2600CRE FBOLL0T SSBZTZ Sp9ele R/U BTSSUOPUT
TTCOTLIT 99 6veCST OLOTEBTT LLLYEOB BOOTS HOnOzE? SCLEROL Buoy Buoy
0461 686T 8867 7B61 9861 S86T beet KPAT AG
BS6LL0LE TELELPab TOPSEOLE LIBBPLOR LEEPLICE =0008Z WLOL
FELWSP 996TL9 OU6PCL 999509 OSS99P 402680 pUeTIeyL
69LEBTT CLLGIET Oe BOLAOY EET met URMTR |
ey QGEles LySers GLEVBP BEbBbE LLECLE ws ByURT TAS
TPCOPETT LOL9LBT1 LO6COL11 BPELEPOT 26EBbL R/U esu aaodebutg
BEGCSE EGSTL9 84065 ELETOP CURSE Teco R/U Rawoy $0 ITTQnday
Ryu Tpo8tt Z0BCP TO9TP 80ET ISbLt 9OTET BTSARTEH
$9698L5 O6TZTS BETTL6Z TITOCTS EhEsoeZ R/U R/U . undep
ees PILITO9? E600CKE 9B0LLT GSBLtZ SpPELP R/U eTSauapuy
SEvAdSt B9LB6ECT 6TSTz08 HATRSSS 9GCOLYP GPTeSTL Buoy Buoy
8861 L861 86 GRot PBS : TP }OL
i (Hutt 1338 #) SLMOdXA
AAP AG C7 UOT.» YW AOS UT yA] AW pods ayes ATL GET LRAR }OU Saanbr+ Rs gu
“pauTWRXa
UBTaaOy GY} WOsA- patysrzUapt
SATAPUNGD OY} FO SITPSTPPS SPeAL
‘pazsodxa SUTF YARYS FO BNTRA TRPOL
"a‘AT xtpuaddy
00° 00" oo" 00" oo" 00" 00" pueTt rey)
Sas Bl'y 29's Tt°s 00" 00" 00° ueMTeL
eyu oo" 00° 00° oO" 00° eByu exue] TS
Sol 0° vO" To" £0" : eyu eByu auodebuts
00° 00" 00" 00" oo° 00" eyu eau0y “day
eyu OO'TT vord 00° 00" (ole 00" etsdelTeyW
oo" oo" oo" 00° 0o° eyu eyu ueder
0° 29° 00" 00° oo" 00° eyu eTsauopuy
be°Z ZL ‘Ze LL°vs 62 "Br SE"TS T2"ts IS"v9 Buoy 6u0H
2661 5841 8841 2861 9861 SB4t vBat 48430
32 °9Z TT "4T ae 00'9T 16°07 78°07 66°ST pueT rey)
bre 96'2Z 00" 00" 00° 00° 00" ueMTeL
2/u yO"OT £8'Or vt'S TB°6 £2'°or eyu BHUeT 4S
(o}9 TO" TO" TO" TO° eyu esyu aaodebuts
0" 00" 00° 00° 00° 00° eyu ea40y "day
?/U 62'°9 Zs" 6t"s CARO ss's St'9 BISAETEW
18°ZT be"vt EEoay vO"zt 92°OT eyu eByu ueder
ACCA BL ST 90°L OLS L£9°T Sv't eyu : et sauopuly
t9°L S8"ot 14'S Br'sS Sz"6 BS "tT 9L°LT Buoy Buoy
166T 6861 8861 ZB61 9841 SB6t vBot patagd
Auer TEST pL St Ov'vt 16°OZ% vB"OZ 66°ST puerTreyt
ZS SL'Y 29's hes 69°8 L0°S OL'Z ueMTeL
27U vo'or SOT vT'S 1B8°6 £e"OT eByu exyue] Tus
ID*ST Ss'Z 18°Z 62°6 L6°6 eyu eyu aaodeburgs
I9"b 69°8T eS"tt 81's yao TZ°8 es/u Rado} "day
yu TS‘'OT Zs"Z 6T"s Zl" co's ST'9 ersderTey
1B°Z vS"vt RUSS vB°at 9fS°OT eyu “eBy/u uedep
Ray BE "ST 90°L OL'Z Z9°t Sv't S eByu eTsasuopuy
BZ weoe 6T"OT 6v"6 ZE°6 bt'St 96"LI Buoy Buoy
1661 6841 8861 - ZB6t 9861 SB6t vBot TeROL
(Burt4a3s) 9y ya
id SIIYd SLYOdXS NIA. HYHHS
> alae 77
a peteye tees
ut “ : Sel ee
{oaponss ~
e 4:48
; as
f shear
ee
4 ‘ a tart L
APPENDIX V
Exchange Rates used in the conversion
of currency values to sterling
NOTE: Malaysia statistics gi i
give values in $. Have assumed i
be US$ in the absence of i i ee
fie Hinggit. of other information. The local currency is
The currency used for the Malaysian
Government statistis should be
Malaysian $ and not US$. Figures
derived from the value of Malaysian
import or export have to be changed
accordingly.
been dt Vv XENIA
PB ap eeApVeeo edd nt Skew secon, egies
. tiNede 62 sadev yourrwm to
atteue sieve =
Gd ebetd dpemee Veli .@. 11¢
pk yore feo6d SF vin
et! , ,
; d. 1 at ‘
to sonesda aclrink Beth:
‘hgonta eid
APPENDIX ¥V
Exchange Rates used in conversion of Currency values to
sterling
Source: Financial Times: World Value of the Found (1984-1987),
FT Guide to World Currencies (1988-1990), December values taken
in each case.
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 L990
Hong Kong HES poor Paes Venez 14,26" T4e88) Ta052 hare
Indonesia US ihe te 1,43 1.44 Piaaeaey 1.84 1.66 ire
Japan yen 294.75 289.00 234.50 232.00 226.25 231.00 256.75
Malaysia USSx Peel? 1.43 L. 44 Ty its Beh 1.84 1,40 ie a
Rep, Korea US& Le. 1.435 1.44 al oe Ft 1.84 1.60 pepe
Singapore ate) Se i i ys teys pueciie 3.06 Se
$ri Lanka RS 30.75 28.69 40.90 55.60 61.00 464.10 76.59
Taiwan NTS AA. 94 S7207 Wala 52.08 S1.87) 42, 10 oeeee
Thailand BAHT 21.65. 37.62 37.40 45.78 47.00 41.20 48.006
* NE: Assumed USS as mot otherwise specified,
local currency = Ringgit
Te ee pane ee ae sare was ear SSN acs ors Sa ssp en pest ps mln ses ss pone >eroe wove >en om fons ete as ces nt were hie Sd wir tad 9a astm cen meat meer, se bn isons one rats me em t= sberscen tree Sa SS Set
§3
mee |
’ ~
re e =a a