■ UMOIS ^ -"•''' U URBANA-CHAMPAIGM UROLOGY r > tl =3 33 ; 31 FIELDIANA Geology Published by Field Museum of Natural History Volume 33, No. 31 September 14, 1981 This volume is dedicated to Dr. Rainer Zangerl INTRODUCTION AND INDEX TO FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY VOLUME 33 Eugene S. Richardson, Jr. Curator, Fossil Invertebrates Field Museum of Natural History William D. Turnbull Curator, Fossil Mammals Field Museum of Natural History Probably every author represented in this volume has a different appreciation of Rainer Zangerl. That this is so reflects not only the variation within the population of contributors, but also Rainer's own multifaceted nature. Many of us know him best as a field man; many know him for his expertise in the systematics of turtles and other squamose animals, or of wildly various chondrichthyans, or in dental histology, or evolutionary theory. Many of us know him as a man of strong opinions: his early perception of environmental con- cerns was not widely shared at a time when most people casually considered natural resources to be limitless and their squandering to be harmless. Some of us know him as teacher and mentor. A few of us know him in all of these capacities. Igfmmi^fiGmgt^sijI^alog Card No.: 81-68999 Rainer Zangerl 604 RICHARDSON & TURNBULL: INTRODUCTION AND INDEX 605 One cannot think of R8iiner without thinking also of Anne, his wife. Many of us cherish the memory of evenings in their house in suburban Chicago, which Rainer designed, or in the much more elaborate home in Hajji Hollow, Indiana, which he also designed and which he and Anne built over a period of years. This Festschrift, though naming one in its dedication, is really dedicated to both. At home or in the field, they are a unit. Rainer was born in Switzerland in the ancient town of Winterthur near Zurich and spent his boyhood summers in the Alps of Switzer- land and in the Austrian Tyrol. If his house in Hajji Hollow has an Austrian look, it is because it owes something to the family's an- cient summer retreat in the Peiznaun Valley. If the front door seems to have come from a Viennese townhouse, it is because Rainer made it, paneled within panels of two-inch thick laminated oak, from plans in an old book on German ceirpentry. If the furnace is not recogniz- ably standard American, it is because Rainer made it, with a great heat sink of five tons of brick and rock, on the model of the 16th- century central heating system in the Paznaun house. As a boy in the summer of 1928, Rainer was sent to the upper Rhdne Valley in French Switzerland to stay with the local priest and learn French. Things were not very lively, and so when one of the local boys was taken sick, Rainer volunteered to herd the cows to and from their nearly vertical meadows and to do the milking. Swiss cows, on account of their remarkable diet of wildflowers, yield a sub- stance that approximates whipped cream. Extracting this delicious fluid from the cows, however, is a job for the horny-handed, and so Rainer duly developed calouses. At the end of the summer, he returned to Winterthur with hardened thumbs, a good coat of tan, and a practical knowledge of French, not to mention an understand- ing of how the inhabitants of the Rhdne Valley made their renowned cheeses and wines. In contrast to this pastoral summer, he spent the winter of 1928-1929 perfecting his English at Highgate College, a typically spartan boarding school in London. Rainer then entered the University of Zurich and there began the studies that would shape his professional future. Among his pro- fessors was Hans Schinz, a roentgenologist, whose course empha- sized avian osteogenesis. Rainer absorbed the subject matter, but also took advantage of the professor's technicians to learn how to use the x-ray machines. He had fossils in mind, being determined to become a vertebrate paleontologist. His major professor was Bern- hard Peyer, from whom he took vertebrate anatomy and paleon- tology. He served as Peyer's assistant in quarrying Triassic fossils 606 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY from a bituminous limestone in the Tessin in southern Switzerland, and it was there that he obtained the specimens of Pachypleuro- saurus on which he wrote his dissertation. Rainer received the Ph.D. degree from Zurich at the age of 23, the youngest up to that time on the University records. Because there were no jobs in Switzerland for paleoherpetologists in 1935, Rainer sent bundles of resumes to far places. A belated response from a Zurich graduate in South Africa offered not a job, but advice: go to the United States. So off he set on a slow boat for New York. There he encountered Al Romer, who arranged an ap- pointment for him at Harvard as guest researcher in comparative anatomy. Al also allowed Rainer to use his house in Cambridge for a term while he was away. With a job and a place to live, things were looking up, and so Rainer sent for his fiancee, Anne Kurz, in Winter- thur, and they were married in Cambridge in 1937. The guest position at Harvard ended with the spring of 1938, and it was necessary to find something more permanent. After seeing an announcement of Middlesex University, which was then expanding to include veterinary science, Rainer went to Waltham, Massachu- setts, to discuss the matter with the proprietor. Dr. John Hall Smith, and the president. Dr. Ruggles Smith. At the close of an agreeable conversation, the faculty in veterinary science had been expanded from 0 to 1, and Rainer became not only professor, but head of the department, with a salary of $125 per month. One of his first official acts was to appoint Anne as half-time instructor at a monthly salary of $25. He and Anne then moved to Waltham. At Middlesex University, Rainer found an outlet for another of his talents. In conversation with Dr. Smith, the proprietor, Rainer happened to mention that he had some knowledge of drafting, derived from his architect father. As a result, he received a $30 architectural commission for designing a proper laboratory building for veterinary anatomy. The building was actually built after the Zangerls had left Middlesex. The basic edifice apparently still stands as a part of Brandeis University but extensively enlarged. In 1939 Rainer and Anne moved to Detroit, where Rainer had accepted the position of instructor in zoology and comparative morphology at the University of Detroit. Although the University of Detroit was far better equipped than Middlesex, the budget was still tight, and in order to provide specimens for the anatomy classes, Rainer proposed going to Florida to collect dogfish and whatever else might turn up. He and Anne had a happy collecting season, the first of their many trips that have made them familiar RICHARDSON & TURNBULL: INTRODUCTION AND INDEX 607 with large parts of this country. Their first paleontological collecting in the United States was also for Detroit. They collected in the Big Badlands, gathered Green River fishes in Wyoming, and crossed the mountains to the Uinta Basin for its Eocene vertebrate fossils. Rainer left Detroit in 1942 for a position as assistant professor of comparative anatomy at Notre Dame, where he stayed for three terms. Then, on the recommendation of Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator of Zoology at Field Museum, he came to Chicago as Curator of Fossil Reptiles and Amphibians in the Department of Geology. Here, he found Paul McGrew and Bryan Patterson as stimulating colleagues. Dwight Davis, Clifford Pope, Robert Inger, Loren Woods, Rupert Wenzel, and Henry Dybas, all in the Department of Zoology, and Theodor Just in the Department of Botany also pro- vided scientific interchange. Rainer 's career at the Museum included much field work. He made several trips to the Cretaceous chalk near Selma, Alabama, and from these trips came the fossil turtles on which he based five important Field Museum memoirs, as well as incidental fishes, dino- saurs, and mosasaurs for the collection, later monographed by others. Rainer became a world authority on fossil turtles, and at that period it seemed that they would occupy him for the rest of his career. Probably to his own surprise, turtles were eventually eclipsed in Rainer's research by fishes. In conversation with Loren Woods, the Museum's ichthyologist, Rainer emphasized the importance of fossils in determining fish phylogeny. But how, wondered Loren, does one obtain fossil fishes? Well, Rainer went on, after one has been collecting fossils for many years, one develops a sense for what rocks may be fossiliferous. Loren was willing to be convinced and suggested a trip to Posey County, Indiana, where some Woods relatives had a coal mine with nice fresh rock exposed in the head- wall. Rainer did, indeed, locate a thin bed of black shale that looked promising, and when they dug into it, there were, indeed, fragments of fossil fishes. On the way back to Chicago, as they were zooming along U.S. 41, on a hill near Mecca in Parke County, Indiana, Rainer noticed a likely looking rock along the roadside. They stopped to examine the rock, and found it was more than promising. Each piece of the Penn- sylvanian black shale that they spht revealed a fossil fish— articu- lated fossils of whole palaeoniscoid fishes or intact, though dismem- bered, parts of sharks. Rainer showed the new locality to Bob Denison, Bill TumbuU, and Gene Richardson from the Museum and 608 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY to Bernhard Peyer, who happened soon afterward to be visiting this country. They all found specimens in good number. When other projects permitted, Rainer and Bill Turnbull went back to Parke County and located a likely spot for a quarry. By good fortune, the landowner happened to own a small bulldozer and was more than happy to dig a small quarry on the black shale. With the help of Gene and a succession of students, Rainer and Bill pried up the joint blocks from their Mecca Quarry and took them back to the Museum, where they were reassembled in a large laboratory. For two years the teams split and x-rayed the slabs of shale, charting every fossil fragment, with a running exchange of theory and countertheory regarding how such a dense concentration of fossil fishes could have come about. Field interludes were devoted to mapping the lateral extent of the occurrence, with its variations in fauna and lithology. In 1957 one of the new locaUties developed into Logan Quarry, much larger than Mecca Quarry, and the next year another became Garrard Quarry. After numerous debates and a month in Louisiana studying fish decomposition in nature, Rainer and Gene presented their evidence in 1963 in a Field Museum memoir. Rainer followed this in 1973 with another memoir (with Gerard Case) describing the Iniopterygia, a new order of cartilaginous fishes from the Pennsylvanian black shales, and he has since completed a manuscript on their amazingly varied and important sharks. In the midst of his work on black shale fish, Rainer undertook two very different projects. Dwight Davis, the Museum's distinguished comparative anatomist, asked him for help in deciphering the impenetrable German of a book on phylogenetic systematics by one Willi Hennig. They became interested in the principles that Hennig set forth. Presently they were spending their lunch hours together, and in a year or so produced a fluent translation which was pub- Ushed in 1966 by the University of Illinois Press. This book has been the introduction to cladistics for most English-speaking biolo- gists. Rainer also translated from the German a text on dental histology by his old Zurich professor, Peyer, which was published in 1968 (unfortunately, after Peyer's death). The Pennsylvanian black shales have been the most sustained of Rainer's many field projects for the Museum, following other pro- grams in the Cretaceous of Alabama and Texas and in the Eocene and Triassic of Wyoming. But the lovely hardwood forests and the shale outcrops and wild gullies of the Mecca area in Parke County took a firm hold on Rfdner's affection, and he bought a secluded RICHARDSON & TURNBULL: INTRODUCTION AND INDEX 609 tract, a natural amphitheater with outcrops of fossiliferous black shale, where he has built his retirement home-and-laboratory, appro- priately known as Hajji Hollow (a Hajji is, of course, one who has been to Mecca). "Retirement" is, however, a misnomer for Rainer's current activities. The work on Pennsylvanian black shale fossils is in fact ongoing to this day with undiminished vigor, as are such sidelines as wine-making and house design and construction. We join Rainer's many friends and associates in the hope and expecta- tion that this happy state of multiple affairs will long continue. AUTHOR INDEX Adamec, Thomas 441 Bardack, David 355, 489 Bolles, Kathryn 271 Bolt, John R 11 DeMar, Robert F 339 Denison, Robert H 31 Dunkle, David H 205 Falk, Dean 423 Gaffney, Eugene S 157 Hopson, James A 83 tJohnson, Ralph G 471 Langston, Wann, Jr 291 Lund, Richard 521 McDonald, Nicholas G 205 McGrew, Paul 0 257 Nitecki, Matthew H 1 Olson, Everett C 271 tPatterson, Bryan 397 Pfefferkorn, Hermann W 315 tQuinn, James H 511 Radinsky, Leonard 323 Reed, Charles A 423 Richardson, Catherine K 179 Richardson, Eugene S., Jr 489 Rigby, J. Keith 1 Russell, Dale A 235 Shaeffer, Bobb 205 Schram, Frederick R 95 Schultze, Hans-Peter 375 tSegall, Walter 59 Shabica, Charles W 541 Taylor, Katherine Elbaum 441 Thompson, Ida 471 Tumbull, Priscilla F 141 Turnbull, WilliamD 569 Wilson, John Andrew 193 Woodland, Bertram G 125, 179 610 SUBJECT INDEX In this index, only the first page reference within a given paper is cited for any topic; readers should look on later pages for additional references. Names of stratigraphic units are bunched under the per- tinent system entries. Subgenera are indexed as genera. Trivial names are not indexed except for zangerli and other new species, and citations of authors are not indexed except for Rainer Zangerl; this practice emphasizes the dedicatory nature of the volume. This index was compiled with the help of Olive Turnbull. Acadiocaris novascotica 95 Acheloma 13 cumminsi 13 pricei 13 sp. 14 whitei 13 Acrolepis 224 Acropholis 224 Adinotherium 413 Agassizodus 524 Agnatha 489 Alabama Cretaceous mosasaur 240 Allactaga sp. 145 Alligator mississippiensis 302 Alloberyx 363 Allosaccus 9 Ambystoma 277 Amphibia Ambystoma 277 Lab3n'inthodontia 11 Larval 395 Lysorophus 271 Molgophis 276 Peronedon 283 Siren 277 Amphicyon 330 Ancylocoelus frequens 411 Androstachys frondosus 320 Ankelacephalon 120 Amielida 471 Anthaspidellidae 9 Anthracocaris scoticus 106 Anticosti Island, Quebec Ordovician sponges 1 Araucarites spiniformis 320 Archaeolithophyllum 556 Archaeolophus 397 praecursor 409 Archaeoscyphia 1 annulata 9 boltoni 1 minganensis 9 Arctocyon 323 primaevus 326 Arctocyonides 323 Arctostrea 342 Arenicolites 543 Arkansas Cretaceous mosasaur 241 Mississippian cephalopod 511 Aulocopina 9 Aulocopium 9 Australopithecus 423 africanus 424 Austria, Triassic fish 207 611 612 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Bacteria activity 179, 260 sulfate-reducing 131 Baradostian 141 Batagur 173 Belgium Cretaceous mosasaur 241 Benthosuchus 25 Bergisuchus 291 Berycopsis 358 Biostratigraphy 197 Biscalitheca 315 musata 321 Black shale Mississippian, Arkansas 511 Pennsylvania, Illinois Basin 129, 179, 441 boltoni, Archaeoscyphia, n. sp. 3 Boreolepis 224 Boroeosomus 215 Bos primigenius 145 Brachipposideros 65 Bradyodonti evolution 521 tooth histology 523 Brain condylarth 323 notoungulate 416 Bridgerian 574 Brittsia problematica 315 Burrows, Permo-Carboniferous 271 Callianassa 288 Calycocoelia 9 Campodus 532 Canis lupus 145 Capra hircus aegagrus 145 Capra ovis, indet. 145 Caproberyx 363 superbus 367 Carinodens fraasi 237 Carodnia 409 Carolozittelia 397 ''eluta'' 409 tapiroides 409 Cephalopoda Mississippian Rayonnoceras 511 Ceratodus parvus 47 Cervus elaphus 145 Chelonia, Chelydridae, phylogeny 157 Chelydra 157 serpentina 164 Chilonatalis tumidifrons 73 Chimaerid 531 Chinemys 173 Chirodipterus 32 Chiroptera 59 Chomatodus 535 Chondrenchelys 531 Chondrichthyes Brady odontia; evolution 521 dental histology; Edestus 441 swimming; tail function 84 Chondrites 543 Classification chondrichthyes 521 phylogenetic basis 175 Clidastes 244 liodontus 250 propython 248 Cochliodus contortus 524 nibilis 527 Co/eura gallarum 72 a/ra 72 Colombitherium 397 tolimense 405 Compressidens 236 Conchodus 32 Conchopoma 31, 390 arctata 34 edest 34 gadiformis 36 concretions fauna 95, 375, 471, 489 formation on Cephalopoda 513 phosphatic 545 pyritic 545 pyritic cone-in-cone 125 rate of formation 179 sideritic 543 Condylarth brains 323 Cone-in-cone 125 calcitic 129, 186 pyrite 125 RICHARDSON & TURNBULL: INTRODUCTION AND INDEX 613 Connecticut, Triassic fish 205 Coprolite 125 Cretaceous Craie d'Obourg 241 Marlbrook Marl 241 mosasaur 235 Niobrara Fm. 371 Pierre shale 235 Sehna Chalk 240 Sharon Springs Mem. 235 Smoky Hill Chalk 371 Taylor Fm. 241, 355 Crocodiles des marni^res d'Argenton 294 Crocodylus 301 acutus 302 niloticus 302 porosus 302 rolUnati 295 vorax 294 ziphodon 292 Crustacea burrows 271 Callianassa 288 peracarid 95 Cryptocaris hootchi 100 Ctenocephalichthys 366 Ctenodus 32 cristatus 376 Ctenoptychius 535 Czechoslovakia, Pennsylvanian plants 316 Dadoxylon 180 dakotensis, Globidens, n. sp. 240 Daphoenus 330 Deirochelys 173 Deltodus sublaevis 527 Deltoptychius armigerus 524 Dentition (see also teeth) chimaeroid 528 dipnoans 33, 386 edestids 532 holocephalian 524 iniopterygian 531 petalodont 535 Desmiodus 532 Devonian Anaspida 83 chondrichthyan 528 crustacean radiation 31 Dipnoi 31 Dictyodora 543 Didolodus 410 Diplomystus 264 Diplurus 227 longicaudatus 228 Dipnoi aestivation burrows 271 Conchopoma 31, 390 Ctenodus 32, 376 Esconichthys 395 Gnathorhiza 32, 271, 393 Megapleuron zangerli 375 Monongahela 32, 393 Neoceratodus 33, 389 Peplorhina 391 Phaneropleuron 32, 377 Protopterus 279 Sagenodus 32, 375 Scaumenacia 32, 377 Straitonia 32, 393 tooth structure and evolution 31 Tranodis 32, 377 Uronemus 31, 393 Dipnorhynchus lehmanni 32 sussmilchi 32, 55 Dipterus fleischeri 41 mordax 32 tuberculatus 43 valenciennesi 32 vemeuilli 43 Dissorophoidea 11 Dissorophus multicinctus 26 Doleserpeton annectens 12 Ear, inner, Chiroptera 59 Ecolsonia 13 Ectenosaurus 248 Edaphodon sp. 524 Edestiformes morphology 532 tooth histology 441 heinrichii 441 minor 446 minis 467 614 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Elasmobranchii teeth 441 Ellobius cf. fuscocapillus 145 EmbaUonura E. meeki 72 E. monticola 72 E. nigrescens 72 E. semicaudata 72 Enchodus 371 England, Jurassic fish 207 Environmental restriction of faunas 197 Equus hemionus 145 Eryops 25 Esconichthys apopyris 395 Esconites, n. gen. 472 zelus, n. sp. 472 Esox lucius 467 Essex fauna Agnatha 489 Crustacea 95 Dipnoi 375 habitat 489 Polychaeta 471 Eunice 480 Eunicites 485 avitus 487 Evolution Amphibia, Labrinthodontia 11 Chelonia 157 Chondrichthyes 521 Crustacea 95 models, functional morphological 339 Pisces, Dipnoi 31 Faunas, environmental restriction 197 Pinfold, Anaspida 83 Fieurantia 31 denticulata 36 France Jurassic fish 207 Permian lungfish 378 Functional morphology Amphibia, Labyrinthodontia 11 Anaspida 83 models, evolutionary 339 Ganorhynchus splendens 32 woodwardi 32 garretti, Omosoma, n. sp. 356 Geochelone 173 Geochronology Tertiary 193 Wood Committee 198 Geoemyda 172 Germany, Jurassic fish 207 Gilpichthys, n. gen. 497 greenei, n. sp. 497 Globidens 235 aegyptiacus 239 alabamensis 237 dakotensis 242 stromeri 240 timorensis 240 Gnathorhiza 32, 271 dikeloda 51 serrata 51, 393 greenei, Gilpichthys, n. sp. 497 Griphodon 397 peruvianas 421 Griphognathus 32 minutidens 36 Grossipterus 32 Halisaurus stembergi 248 Helicoprion 446, 523 Helodus 526 Hesperomis sp. 236 Hesperorthis laurentia 9 Hesslerella shermani 95 Heterocercal tail, function 83 Heterodontus 88 Hindia cf. fibrosa 1 Hipposideros armiger 67 bouziguensis 65 ca//er 67 ceruinus 67 cineraceus 67 commersoni 65 commersoni merungensis 67 diadema 67 diadema griseus 65 diadema vicareus 67 larvatus 67 RICHARDSON & TURNBULL: INTRODUCTION AND INDEX 615 Histology, dental Dipnoi 38 Elasmobranchii 450 Holmesella 539 Holocentropsis 366 Holocephali 521 Holodipterus 32 sanctacrucensis 35 Homalodotherium 416 Homo africanus 424 erectus 424 Homonotichthys 360 Howellitubus whitfieldorum 472 Humbertia angustidens 326 Hyaena sp. 145 Hyaenodon horridus 326 Hyopsodus 323 Hyi)ocercal tail, function 83 Hyrachyus modestus 326 Illinois, Pennsylvanian Agnatha 489 concretions 125 Crustacea 95 Dipnoi 375 larval chordate 395 Polychaeta 471 sedimentary structure 541 Indiana, Pennsylvanian concretions 125, 179 sharks 442 Iniopterygii 524 Inoceramus 355 platinus 357 Iran Damghan 150 Warwasi 143 Iraq Palagawra cave 143 Isopodites 120 Italy, Triassic fish 207 Jarvikia 32 Jurassic fish 207 Kansas, fossil fish 355 Kansius 355 stembergi 362 Kinyxys 173 Knightia 260 Labrinthodontia 11 Lepidosiren 51 Leptacodon (recte Leptecodon) 371 Lepus cf. capensis 145 Limnosaurus ziphodon 292 Lissocoelia 9 Listracanthus 527 Longiscitula houghae 12 Lophodus 532 Lysorophus 271 tricarinatus 274 Macrocephalochelys 157 pontica 165 Macroclemys "Gypochelys" 158 temmincki 165 Mammalia Chiroptera, Teritiary 59 condylarth brains. Tertiary 323 fauna, early Recent 141 fauna, Washakie Fm. 569 Hominoidea 423 Notoungulata, Tertiary 397 Mapping problems of, Washakie Basin 572 Mayomyzon 489 Mazon Creek fauna Agnatha 489 Crustacea 95 Dipnoi 375 larval chordate 395 Polychaete 471 Mecca fauna, edestid 441 Mecca Quarry Shale 131, 183, 442 Megapleuron rochei 375 zangerli, n. sp. 375 Melanognathus 32 Menaspis armata 524 Meniscotherium 323 Meriones cf. persicus 145 Merychippus 201 Mesocricetus cf. auratus 145 Mesomphisopus capensis 120 616 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Mesonyx 323 obtusidens 324 Michigan, Pennsylvanian lungfish burrows 272 Microtus cf. socialis 145 Mioplosus 265 Mississippi, Cretaceous mosasaur 240 Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone 521 chondrichthyans 521 Crustacea 117 Fayetteville Fm. 511 ImoFm. 513 lungfish 393 lungfish burrows 272 Rayonnoceras 511 Missouri, fossil plants 316 Molgophis 276 Mohssus obscurus 78 Monongahela 32, 393 dunkardesis 33 Montana, Bear Gulch chondrichthyans 521 Mormopterus 74 kaUnoskii 78 Morphology Australopithecine 423 brains, condylarth, ungulate, carnivore 323 Brittsia problematica 315 Cretaceous fish 355 functional (see Functional Morphology) Globidens 239 inner Ear, Chiroptera 59 Pennsylvanian dipnoi 375 Ptycholepis 205 shell, turtle 168 skuU, turtle 157 symphysial teeth, Edestus 441 teeth. Dipnoi 31 ziphodont crocodilians 291 Mosasaurus 245 Mousterian 141 Moythomasia 223 My Otis albescens 76 capaccini 73 chiloensis 76 gracilis 76 mystacinus 76 ricketi 76 siligorensis 76 Myriacanthus paradoxus 524 Myripristis 365 Natalus mexicanus 76 stramineus 76 Nautilus 61 Nebalia bentzi 119 Neoceratodus 33, 389 forsteri 47 Nesodon 413 Neuadocoelia 9 New Jersey, Triassic fish 205 New Mexico, Permian lungfish burrows 272 Nielsenia 32 North American Provincial Ages 194 Notocaris 122 Notochord, fossilized 500 Notostylops fauna 409 Notoungulata 397 Nycterobius 59 gracilis 64 Nyctiellus lepidus 76 Nyctinomus 59 stehlini 64 Ochotona cf. rufescens 145 Oervigia 32 Oklahoma, Permian lungfish burrows 272 Olenellus zone 201 Omosoma 356 costo 356 garreti 356 monasteri 360 pulchellum 360 simum 360 sahelalmae 357 Ophiumorpha 288 Ophthalmapseudes rhenanus 104 Ordovician, sponges, Quebec 1 Orodus 532 RICHARDSON & TURNBULL: INTRODUCTION AND INDEX 617 Omithoprion 524 hertwigi 451 Osteology Amphibia, Labrinthodontia 11 Mammalia, Chiroptera 59 Mammalia, Australopithecine 423 Ovis orientalis 145 OzarkocoeUa 9 Palaedaphus 32 Palaeocaris 95 Palaeocrangon problematicus 100 Paleophreatoicus sojanensis 100 Palaeophyllophora 59 oltina 64, 69, 70 quercyi 69 St. Nebulae 69 Palegawra Cave, Iraq 143 Parahippus 201 PamUodesmus 371 Paraphyllophora 59 indeterm 64 robusta 64 Parapyrotherium planum 411 Paraselachii 531 Paulocaris 122 Pemisylvanian agnathans 489 Brazil Fm. 316 Carbondale Fm. 541 Cherokee Group 316 concretions 125, 179 crustaceans 95 edestids 441, 532 elasmobranch 442, 532 Ezcello Shale 128 ferns 315 Francis Creek Shale 381, 471, 492. 542 iniopterygians 532 Jordan Coal 316 lungfish 375 lungfish burrows 272 Mecca Quarry Shale 131, 183, 442, 542 Oak Grove Limestone 542 Pleasantview Sandstone 542 polychaete 471 f*urington Shale 542 Radnice Beds 316 sedimentary structures 541 Summum Coal 542 Summum Underclay 542 Velpen Limestone 135 Pentlandia 32 Peplorhina anthracina 391 Periptychus 323 Permian Admiral Fm. 15 Amphibia 11 Arroyo Fm. 271 Beds of Igornay 379 Choza Fm. 271 Clear Fork Group 272 Crustacea 118 Dipnoi 377 Dunkard Series 272 edestids 532 Hennessey Group 272 Sangre de Cristo Fm. 272 ValeFm. 271 Wellington Fm. 272 Permo-Carboniferous, lungfish burrows 271 Permo-Triassic Crustacea 119 helicoprionids 532 Peronedon 283 Petalodus 535 Petromyzon 496 PhaceUopegma 9 Phaneropleuron 32, 377 Pharyngolepis heintzi 91 oblongus 85 Phenacodus 323 Physonemus 527 Pipiscius, n. gen. 490 zangerli, n. sp. 490 Planolites 543 Platecarpus somenensis 236 sp. 236 Platxystrodus sp. 524 Platystemon 157 megacephalum 165 Plegmolepis 224 Plesianthropus 438 Plesiotylosaurus 245 Pleuraspidotherium 323 Pleuroplax 526 618 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY Pleurostylodon 413 Plotosaurus 245 Poecilodus jonesi 527 Polychaeta 471 Porifera 1 Preservation australopithecine bones 423 elasmobranch teeth 442 fishes 275, 355 lysorophid 280 Mississippian cephalopod 511 soft-bodied fauna 471 wood 179 Priscacara 260 Pristichampsus 295 roUinati 295 vorax 291 Pristodus 535 Proceratodus 32 Prognathodon overtoni 243 Propyrotherium 409 Protacrodus 534 Protamphisopus reichelti 100 wianamatensis 98 Proticia, n. gen. 397 venezuelensis, n. sp. 397 Protochelydra 157 zangerli 164 Protopirata heinrichii 446 Protopterus 33, 279 aethiopicus 49 dolloi 49 Provincial ages 194 Psephodus minutus 529 Pseudorhinolophus 59 houziguensis 65 egerkingensis 65 morloti 65 schlosseri 64 cf. schlosseri 64 sp. 66 weithoferi 65 Pseudotypotherium 413 Pteraspis 84 Ptycholepis 205 afus 225 6ar6ot 223 bollensis 218 curta 218 gracilis 226 marshi 205 minor 225 monilifer 225 Pycnodonte 372 Pycnosterinx 360 Pygmy 425 Pyrite association with fossils 445, 513 replacement 125 Pyrotherium 397 crassidens 411 giganteum 411 pluteum 411 romeri 411 trilophodon 411 Quebec, Ordovician sponges 1 Rayonnoceras solidiforme 511 Ricardowenia mysteriosa 411 Radiometric dates 193 Rate of concretion formation 188 Rauffella cf. /i'tosa 1 Recent mammalian fauna, Iran 142 Rhinodipterus 32 Rhinolophus 60 antiquus 65 Rhynchodipterus 32 Rhynchonycteris naso 72 Rodiotherium armatum 411 Rusophycus 543 Saccop tery jc bilineata 72 canescens 72 leptura 72 Sagenodus 32, 375 rocAei 379 Salicomea 561 Scaumenacia 32, 277 curta 43 ohioensis 391 serratus 391 Schizopteris pinnata 320 Scylorhinus canicula 462 Sedimentation Eocene 263 Mississippian 511 Pennsylvanian 186, 489, 541 RICHARDSON & TURNBULL: INTRODUCTION AND INDEX 619 Semionotus 206 Serratocentrus 366 Seymouria 25 baylorensis 26 Silurian anaspida 83 Siren 277 Soederberghia 31 South African australopithecine 423 South Dakota Cretaceous mosasaur 235 Spelaeogriphus lepidops 117 Sphryna tudes 442 Spirorbis carbonarius 472 Squaloraja polyspondyla 524 Squalus acanthias 462 Stichocentrus 363 Straitonia 32, 393 Stratigraphic classification 196 Stratigraphic practice 194 Stratigraphy Eocene, Washakie 573 general 193 Streptosolen 9 Sunwapta 32 Sus scrofa 145 Synthetodus trisulcatus 524 Tadarida cynocephala 78 mexicana 78 pumila 78 Taphonomy Eocene Fish 257 Mississippian Cephabpod 511 Taphozous 61 Uponycteris 72 Uponycteris nudiventris 74 melanopogon 72 perforatus 72 Tatera cf. indica 145 l^th (see also dentition) crocodilians 291 Dipnoi 31 elasmobranch 441, 523 Mammalia 146, 403 mosasaur 235 Polychaeta 473 Terrapene 172 Tersomius texensis 15 Tertiary Adobe Town Memb. 574 Bishop Cgl. 572 BridgerB 325 Bridgerian 574 Browns Beds Series 422 Browns Park Fm. 571 Castillo Fm. 401 Chelonia 163 Chiroptera 59 chronology 193 condylarth brain 323 Crocodilia 291 Eocene-Oligocene, Quercy 59 Eohippus Faunal Zone 196 Equus Beds 196 Fort Union Fm. 572 Green River Shale 257, 571 "Greensand Fm." 311 Gualanday Fm. 402 Kinney Rim Memb. 574 Matatere Fm. 401 Misoa 402 Notoungulata 397 PaujiFm. 401 Pisces 257 Red Beds Series 421 Santa Rita Fm. 401 Trujillo Fm. 401 Uintan 574 Wasatch Fm. 572 Wasatchian 574 Washakie Fm. 291, 569 Texas Cretaceous mosasaur 241 Permian burrows 272 TiUodon 326 Toxochelys browni 236 Toxodon 413 Toxodontherium 416 Trachichthyoides 366 Tranodis 32, 377 Trematops 13 milleri 16 lYematopsidae 11 Trematopsis 13 Triassic Bull Run Shale 208 Brunswick Fm. 208 fishes 205 620 FIELDIANA: GEOLOGY lungfish burrows 272 Newtirk Group 205 Shuttle Meadow Fm. 208 Trigodon 416 Tristychius 536 Turtles, chelydrid shell characters 157 skull characters 157 Typology 193, 292 Uranolophus 32 wyomingensis 34 Uronemus 31, 393 splendens 36 Uintan 574 Varanus niloticus 237 Venezuela, Tertiary mammals 397 venezuelensis, Proticia, n. sp. 397 Vespertiliavus 59 bourguignati 64 gracilis 64 schlosseri 64 sp. 73 wingei 64 Vespertilio bourguinati 69 morloti 65 Virginia, Triassic fish 206 Volviceramus grandis 371 Warwasi Rock Shelter, Iran 141 Wasatchian 574 Weigeltisuchus 291 geiseltalensis 295 Wyoming Eocene condylarth brains 323 Eocene crocodilians 291 Eocene fish 257 Eocene mammals 569 Zangerl, Rainer cited 160, 188, 236, 291, 340, 450, 451, 522, 532, 534, 537, 589, 584 and E.S. Richardson cited 129, 349, 443, 555, 560 , B.G. Woodland, E.S. Richardson, and D. Zachry cited 512, 516, 517 and G.R. Case cited 522, 526, 532 zangerli, n. sp. Megapleuron 375 Pipiscius 490 Zarzian 141 zelus, Esconites, n. sp. 472 Zoophycos 543 Zygopteris 320 ERRATA p. 64, Vespertiliavus should be on the same line as bourguignati p. 126, line 7 from bottom, for "is," read "are." p. 371, ior Leptacodon, read Leptecodon. p. 535, for Janessa, read Jaiiassa. p. 543, for "confolute," read "convolute." p. 577, for "robbin's," read "robin's." p. 595, Une 7, for "Sec. 7," read "Sec. 27." 621 f