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INTRODUCTION
THE STUDY OF CONCHOLOGY,
The Orders, Genera, and Spieyieion of Mollusk
ol Sectional Library
SHELLS ;

THEIR MOST PROMINENT CHARACTERISTICS, AND USUAL
MODE OF CLASSIFICATION.

WITH

OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES
OF THE ANIMALS;

AND

DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING, PRESERVING, AND
CLEANING SHELLS.

BY

CHARLES WODARCH.

=O SS

London:

PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWNE,
PATERNOSTER ROW;
AND BY J. MAWE, N° 149, sTRAND.

1820. .

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PREFACE.

IT is a circumstance no less to be lamented than won-
dered at, that, in the present enlightened age, when the
cultivation of science, and natural history in particular,
is so eminently conspicuous, Conchology, or the natural
history of shells, should have participated so sparingly of
that active spirit of research and investigation, which has
been so lavishly bestowed on almost all other branches.

One obvious reason, however, may be assigned, why
Conchology has remained so long stationary in the lists
of improvement. Till lately, no publications on shells
have appeared, but such as were abstruse, voluminous,
expensive, and difficult of access; and as most of them
were in languages not always thoroughly understood, the
attainment of knowledge through their means, frequently
became a source of difficulty and trouble.

Ir is perhaps from this very circumstance, that many
individuals who possess fine and rare shells, are totally
ignorant of any systematic mode of arranging them; the

b

vi
consequence is, they are suffered to remain in the cabi-
nets like a collection of unknown gems, whose intrinsic
value their proprietor being unacquainted with, renders
them equally incapable of affording amusement, informa-
tion, or profit, to him; and likewise prevents the diffu-
sion of that scientific knowledge, which through his

means might be transferred to others.

_ InrLuencep by the repeated observation of the occur-
rence of these difficulties, it appeared desirable, that the
public should be put in possession of some compendious or
abridged treatise on Conchology, which would at once
enable the young student to arrange his collection sys-
tematically, and at the same time tend to enhance the value
of that science, which, for want of a proper key, or book
of introduction, had remained too long in neglected ob-

scurity.

To accomplish this, it appeared only necessary to se-
lect the choicest materials contained in more elaborate
works, and arrange them in such order, as would afford
all the instruction requisite for the information and im-
provement of the young Conchologist, in a concentrated,

perspicuous, and purchasable form.

Ir has been made a point, throughout the work, to

adhere rigidly to the Linnean system, on the strong pre-

vii
sumption, that it would always prove the surest basis on

which a more modern superstructure might be raised.

Bur, as other less celebrated naturalists have also con-
tributed their quantum of information, on the subject of
Conchology, it has been thought prudent to add what-
ever they have urged of most importance; and as it is a
matter of consequence for the learner to call in the aid of
figures, as well as description, it was thought proper to
annex fac-similes of the different genera of shells, and
their most prominent species; and as they are from na-
ture, the correctness of their delineation may be depend-

ed upon.

Ir was also deemed necessary, in order to render the
work more generally useful and acceptable, to submit a
concise account of the nature, habits, and uses of shell-
fish; as alsosome serviceable hints and directions towards

the best modes of collecting and cleaning shells.

CHARLES WODARCH.

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CONTENTS.

———

Page.

INTRODUCTION. ccecseececereeers ie cuioaaes xiii

Properties of animals inhabiting shells ------ xiv
Customary uses to which shells and their in-

habitants are converted -++++++ s+++" eres XIV

Enemies to shells and shell-fish --++-+++* ++ Xvi
Directions for collecting shells, and arranging
them systematically ++-++++++eeeeeeeeese XVill

Methods of preserving and cleaning shells --- xix

CLASSIFICATION «*cseessseeeeecee ecesccece Xxi
I. Multivalves --++eserseererere ecccccesore XXi
II. Bivalves -+--- Je ee eecees eoeesecce seccee ° XXL

IL. Univalves.—1. With a regular spire ->++ xxili

2. Without a regular spire -+ xxiii

I. MULTIVALVES.
Chiton seeceorere eset en esses esererser SP OBES OD ]
Lepas eeseenrseseces eereeessesesrseoesseenesee 4

Pholas @eoeevevevees een seevaseeseeers ereceegeree 8

x CONTENTS.

II. BIVALVES.

Page.
Mya -ereeseeerece , one os cea cpesecnsecessee Ji
Solemn «scesscoceccceccenvecsecscvsescceces 13
TEMA Sooo - eae sess ose es Sse 06 emlcece ovece shes
ROMTIUT =< cc beee ce ccsewscancens 2 ACSA e 48
Malctra «occerseccccccccces este vedas BY eS |
PGES a ckjcuse's trae itech anatees weet e be bette 93
Vente ee ee ee seen’ POSE IUE OAM . 2
Spondylus -+-+++ ceccevevece eee ee cevssee Q8
Chama ----cecee coe cc cece tececcceces eeeee 30
Wreae secccntss es wee reseaee PANO eee bae 33
Pita Wests teed ak Seen RR su eeiigs
Anomia eeeseceee eacceeeee cece see eccecene Al
Mytilus -++s+sseeeeceseeeeeeeeeeceeeceeees AA
Pinna -eescerceeceee teeesees ce ceceeecees 47

Ill. UNIVALVES. |

Argonauta seresseerees Bec et ee eseereceeees 49
Nautilus osccecccscccces ccc cssrsscvsaccce 51
Conus ccrrcccce recess ececerrecesesecscece 53
Green «+... oe CORINA ot... sicis ale ot BR
Bulla occ cscccnccccccvccccccvcvcrccsevcnce 59
Voluta caesccncesnsncrcccvees er ceecvececece 62

Buccinum peoceeroreeseeeeereree eer eeer sere 67

CONTENTS.

SEVOMDUS 1 ¢ oe oc wdcele cl elald ot etu's slatelaha wa) cla) eis/ ete
Mares <<0 ce desan aM ata (eo e'ala we'd & be ata ue, o eiee
Trochus «-++..«<- a le wea he 5 MS, gl dae m'6,0'2 aie
MRL? aicld =, 00's 'ace Aig aside Sle wing sa.0 AAG On EO

Helix -« eecesesoseseooceen eocesecearteeoosereceee

TE on Saude to 0h ae rE A
1 RE ERE OATES ss EA RE eo
Patella -+--- ee ee ee ee
Pidsitalinnn «ssc: yeoddetont 2 cibadarncanmnnhy
Serpula --+-++--. PENH SOI TO
gi poate Reset ea Pade pn tie ge
A ES eA RENN SAR ER. ARTES ere Re

Explanation of the Plates -+++-+-+eeseeess oe

week be Sn?

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.
INTRODUCTION.

THE division, or branch of natural history on which this
work treats, is called Conchology, and comprehends the
study and history of all animals which are testaceous, or
with shell coverings; and not only includes those of the
sea, but also those of rivers and land.

Testaceous animals are such as have a stone-like, cal-
careous covering or habitation, in which the animal, o-
therwise naked or fleshy, lives included and protected.

All animals inhabiting shells are exsanguinous, that is
tosay, they have no blood, like other animals; and, unlike
them, are destitute of bones: but they are endowed with
a heart, lungs, mouth, and other organs adapted to their
nature. PZ

It is perhaps necessary to prepare
gist with the knowledge, thatialls
stages of growth, assumeyve y di t appearances: in
the younger ones, the shell is ly fragile, thin, and
semitransparent, and generally unprovided with those
ribs, tubercles, ramifications, and denticulations, which
are manifest in those of maturer growth; the adults, how-
ever, as they advance to old age, become more thick and
ponderous, and are remarkable for the callosities which
cover their surface; they also lose that brilliancy of ex-

g Concholo-
, in their various

xiv INTRODUCTION.
>

ternal colorimg and marking which had characterized
their earlier periods. But although these differences, in
some instances, are sufficient to excite a considerable de-
gree of perplexity, yet there is always a certain appear-
ance by which the Conchologist will be able to distinguish
the genus and species by the shells alone; for every genus
and species has its generic and specific character, either
in color, work, or substance, which it almost invariably
‘retains in all its stages of growth, and varieties of form,
and consequently is thereby easily known and distin-
guished.

Properties of Animals inhabiting Shells.

TueEseE animals possess the power of extending or aggran-
dizing their calcareous habitation or shell, and are also
enabled to repair whatever breaches this brittle dwelling
may have sustained, by the turbulence of the tempestu-
ous ocean. The operation of enlarging aud repairing
their shell is supposed to be effected by a peculiar en-
dowment of the animal, which can at pleasure discharge
a viscous humor, and which readily becomes hardened
or consolidated, and soon acquires the consistence of the
rest of the shell. :

Many shells are covered with a cutaneous or skin-like
substance, called the Epidermis, which serves to protect
the beautiful colors and workings which are frequently
concealed beneath it.

Customary uses to which Shells and their Inhabitants
are converted.
THE principal benefit derived by man from shell-fish,
appears to be in the way of food. Whole countries are
known to have no other sustenance for weeks together,

INTRODUCTION. XV

but what is the produce of the sea; and shell-fish fill no
unimportant station in the iminense catalogue of its pro-.
duct. Whole tracts of country; inhabited by Indians,
have little or no means of obtaining their daily pittance,
but that arising from their success in taking shell and o-
ther fish.

The nutritive and delicious food afforded by oysters,
scallops, muscles, and cockles, is too well known to re-
quire further detail. Some of the Buccina (as the En-
glish Whelk or Whilk) are also accounted excellent
eating.

In many countries which. do not produce limestone,
shells are collected in great quantities, and after having
been calcined, afford a most desirable substitute for that
useful material; in this state they are also considered ex-
cellent as manure.

The Indians frequently convert shells into domestic and
defensive implements; the South-sea islanders, for exam-
ple, make fish-hooks, head their javelins with, and ma-
nufacture different sorts of tools of them. Their principal
ornaments are also often studded or embossed with rows
and groups of shells, artfully disposed, in regular order,
and are worn as bracelets or armlets, and commonly form
handsome appendages for the ears.

The Chinese convert shells, that are pearty when un-
coated, into various articles of domestic economy, such as
drinking cups, ewers, &c. &c. &c. and the Indian cabi-
nets, so famous for their beauty and exquisite workman-
ship, are chiefly composed of mother-of-pear], judicious-
ly inlaid and blended with tortoise-shell and other sub-
stances.

Shells of the Bivalve order, are famous for the produc-
tion of pearls, the beauty and value of which can perhaps

xvi INTRODUCTION.

best be estimated by those who are in the habits of vend-
ing, purchasing, and wearing them.

There are many of the larger species of Buccina and
Strombi, which, after having had the apex, or extreme
tip broken off, become excellent substitutes for a trum-
pet or horn, and are frequently used abroad for that pur-
pose.

The famous T yrian dye, w hich did formerly, and perhaps
does at present, give the luxuriant purple color to the robes
of royalty, is an extract from the shell-fish of the genus
Murex, and commonly known under the appellation of
the Purpura, or Purple-fish.

Enemies to Shells and Shell-fish.

Ir appears that shell-fish, besides providing food for man,
are destined to supply other creatures with nourishment
also. It is said that monkies are particularly fond of some
species of Bivalves, and the mode they take to catch them
is as follows: At low-water the monkey repairs to the
shore, and searches for oysters and muscles that have been
left by the tide; the fish, for want of water, generally
have their shells partly open; the subtle animal, foresee-
ing the danger of trusting his paws between the shells,
artfully drops a stone or two into them, which entirely
prevents their being closed by the fish; the conseqnence
is, he is enabled to extract his prey without danger or
difficulty, and devours it at his leisure.

Tortoises and turtles consume great numbers of shell-
fish, and the strength of their jaws (as reported) is such,
as to macerate the strongest and roughest shells with the
greatest facility.

Birds also (sea-fowl especially) are great devourers of
shell-fish; and when they find the shells too hard to ad-

INTRODUCTION, XVii

mit of being penetrated by their beaks or talons, they as-
cend with them in their beaks to a considerable height,
and then Jet them fall suddenly on some rough or craggy
place, which breaks the shells, and the fish becomes an
easy victim.

Crabs and other crustaceous animals, are known to
make serious attacks on the testaceous orders. The lJar-
ger sort of crabs are able by their great strength to open
the valves of most shells by main force; but those of
smaller dimensions make their inroads in a different man-
ner: the Pea-crab, in particular, is very destructive to
Bivalves, and especially muscles; it enters their shells
whenever it has the opportunity of finding them open,
and there remains preying upon the fish, till it has en-
tirely consumed it; at which period the shell opens, the
crab takes his departure, and proceeds to make similar
depredations elsewhere.

Another species, called the Hermit-crab, is also sup-
posed to be implicated in similar offensive operations a-
mong Univalves, for it is frequently found housed in the
vacant habitation of some Buccinum or Whelk, and is
therefore suspected of having previously devoured the a-
nimal, and afterwards to have secured itself a retreat in
the empty shell.

Shell-fish, however, are not only exposed to the vora-
city of other animals, but they frequently are assailed by,
and fall victims to each other. The Serpulze, Pholades,
and Anomie, are celebrated for affixing themselves to, and
perforating other shells, in which they bore a small cir-
cular hole or aperture, that affords them access to the ani-
mal, which they feed upon and finally destroy.

Shell-fish, though they are the universal prey of ani-
mals, birds, and fish, yet, in their turn, have some op-

c

XVill INTRODUCTION.

portunity of retaliation, by partially destroying the float-
ing habitation of the universal despoiler, Man; for the
Pholas and Teredo Navalis frequently commit such se-
rious injury on ships, by boring into their planks, as often
to endanger the safety of the whole fabric, if not speedily
prevented in their depredations.

Directions for collecting Shells, and arranging them
systematically.

Wiru regard to collecting shells, it is necessary to hint
to those collectors, who, by a residence on the sea-coast,
may have an opportunity of forming collections for them-
selves, that the best way Is to select those shells which have
the animal alive in them; for those that are found empty on
the beach, are for the most part objectionable, as the
shell becomes impaired, and the co-operation of the sun
and waters greatly tends to destroy the beauty of the co-
loring and marking.

Besides, a double advantage is to be derived from hav-
ing the animals alive, for, by keeping them a few days,
(not longer) in sea water, much useful information may be
obtained, by an accurate observation of their structure and
habits.

Storms frequently cast up live shells on the beach: such
should be collected as soon as convenient, as they fre-
quently lose their delicate spines and foliations, by being
suffered to remain beating about on the shore.

As land and river shells are seldom so beautifully form-
ed, marked, or colored, as those of the sea, they are in
consequence rarely so much prized; however, their pre-
sence is absolutely necessary in all collections.

The collector should keep the following objects in view,
whenever he commences the arrangement of his shells:

INTRODUCTION. XIX

First, the order to which they belong, that is, whether
they are to class with the Multivalves, (i.e. shells of ma-
ny valves); Bivalves, (shells of two valves); or Univalves,
(shells of one part or piece only): which three grand di-
visions constitute the leading distinctions of shells.
Secondly, he should be careful in placing them in the’
proper genus of the order to which they belong. And
Thirdly, he should avoid misplacing or confusing the
species which appertain to such genus; and if in the course
of his studies he should be fortunate enough to obtain any
hitherto undiscovered order, genus, species, or variety, he
would do well to provide such an accurate description and
drawing, as would, by submitting them to the opinion and
judgment of the scientific, confirm him in the correctness
of his own conclusions, and tend to promote the general
advancement of conchological knowledge. |

Methods commonly and successfully adopted for preserving
and cleaning shells.
Ir the shell has the animal alive in it, and you would wish
to kill it, nothing more is necessary than to dip the shell
and fish in boiling water, and after some moments have
elapsed, plunge them into cold water, which condenses
the fish, and renders it easier to be extracted: crooked
wires, and other sharp instruments, are sometimes neces-
sary to effect a perfect extraction. After the animal is
taken out, and you have a large quantity of shells to clean,
dissolve half a pound of potash, and half a pound of soft
soap, in two quarts of boiling water, stirring it until all
the particles are dissolved, then pour it warm over the
shells; let them remain in this liquid two or three days,
frequently warming it, and pouring it over them; rinse
them out of this with a brush, and cleanse them well in
d

XX INTRODUCTION.

warm water. This method will generally be sufficient to
clean all smooth shells, such as Olives, Cowries, Cones,
&c. When dry, brush them with a nail-brush; and if
they are not dead shells, they will have a sufficient po-
lish.

Rugged shells generally require a different process from
the preceding, though it is prudent to try that method
first. But when the shells are covered with adhesions,
~ or the epidermis will not separate from the shell, it is ne-
cessary to use acid, which should always be applied bya
careful and skilful hand, After the shells have under-
gone the foregoing process, and are dry, with a camel's
hair pencil apply muriatic acid to the parts which require
it, dipping the brush in sand, and using constant friction
until the adhesions 2re removed. After this, cleanse them
with warm water, and dip them in alkali, to neutralize the
effects of any acid that may remain; then cleanse them a-
gain in warm water, and with a foft brush put a weak so-
lution of gum-arabic over them.

CLASSIFICATION.

LINNAUS ranks Testacea as the third order, in his
sixth class of animals called Worms. He has made three
principal or grand divisions, viz.

MULTIVALVES, BIVALVES, AND UNIVALVES.

Tue latter division he has subdivided, as will be seen
in the sequel.—It may be proper to acquaint the reader,
that, throughout this work, his system has been adopted.

TESTACEA.

MOLLUSCA COVERED WITH A SHELL.

ee ee

.. MULTIVALVES.

Shells with many Valves.
1. Curron: Valves placed in transverse plaits down the
back.
2. Lepas: Valves unequal; body sesile.
. Puoxas: Shell bivalve, with accessory valves at the
hinge.

iss)

Xxil

“I

CLASSIFICATION.

Il. BIVALVES.

Shells with two Valves.—Conchs.

. Mya: Hinge with generally a broad thick tooth, not

let into the opposite valve.

. Soven: Shell open at each end; hinge with a single

or double subulate reflected tooth, not let into the
opposite valve. 9... exe.

. TELLINA: Hinge with the lateral teeth of one valve

not let into the other.

. Carpium: Hinge with remote penetrating lateral

teeth.

. Macrra: Hinge with a complicated triangular mid-

dle tooth, and an adjoining hollow.

. Donax: Hinge with a generally remote lateral tooth,

not let into the opposite valve.

i0. Venus: Hinge with generally three approximate di-

varicate teeth.

. Sponpyius: Hinge with two teeth, separated by a

small hollow.

. Cuama: Hinge in one shell, with two oblique ob-

tuse teeth.

. Arca: Hinge with numerous penetrating teeth.
. Ostrea: Hinge without teeth, but an ovate hollow.
5. Anom1a: Hinge without teeth, but generally a linear

depression on the rim, the beak of one valve curved
over the hinge.

. Mytitus: Hinge without teeth, with a subulate de-

pression, and generally fixed by a silky beard.

. Pinna: Hinge without teeth, valves united at one

end, and open at the other.

32.

CLASSIFICATION. XXill

Ill. UNIVALVES.

1. With a regular Spire.

. Arconauta: Shell with one cell, spiral, involute.
. Nautitus: Shell with many cells, with a hole of

communication.

. Conus: Aperture effuse, longitudinal, without teeth.
. Cyprma: Aperture effuse, linear, longitudinal, tooth-

ed on each side.

. Butxa: Aperture a little contracted, and placed ob--

liquely.

. Votuta: Aperture effuse, the pillar plaited.
. Buccinum: Aperture with a small canal leaning to

the right.

. Stromevus: Aperture with a small canal leaning to

the left.

. Murex: Aperture with a small straight canal.
. Trocuus: Aperture contracted, and somewhat

square,

28. Turso: Aperture contracted and orbicular.
. Hexix: Aperture contracted, lunate on the inner

side.

. Nerita: Aperture contracted, and semiorbicular.

Haxrrotis: Shell with a row of orifices along the
surface.

2. Without a requler Spire.

PareLxa: Shell conic, the aperture widened like a
basin.

XXIV. CLASSIFICATION.

33. Dentatium: Shell slender, subulate, open at both
ends.

34. Serputa: Shell tubuiar, mostly serpentine, adhering
to other bodies. .

35. Terepo: Shell thin, penetrating wood.

36. SaBeLia: Shell composed of agglutinated grains of
sand. ,

CON CHIOBOGYe

TESTACEA, or SHELLS.

ANIMALS, SOFT, OF ASIMPLE STRUCTURE; COVERED WITH
A CALCAREOUS HABITATION OR SHELL:

SUrltivalves.

CHITON.—-Coat or Mart.

Animal inhabiting the shell—a Doris; shell consisting of
several segments of valves disposed down the back.

THE genus Chiton ranks first in the classification of
Testacea, or Shells; and no less than twenty-eight species
are described, some of which are exceedingly beautiful
and uncommon. It is next to impossible to confuse this
genus with any other of the shell tribes, for all its species
and varieties coincide so nearly in their general formation
and attributes, as to decide at orice upon the precise situ-
ation in which they ought to be placed.

The most distinguishing character of the Chiton is, that
of bearing a strong resemblance to a small vessel or boat,

B

2g MULTIVALVES..— CHITON.

high built at the stern, and low a-mid-ships, (a Dutch
schuit or smack is the nearest craft to compare with it);
and this peculiar form is constituted by the attachment
of six or seven, but generally of eight moveable valves,
which are connected by a cutaneous or cartilaginous sub-
stance, and, when the animal is alive, is capable of suffi-
cient distention and contraction, to admit of considerable
action or play on the part of the valves; so much so, that
the animal can at pleasure convert its shell into the form
of a ball, and thereby assume the appearance of a little in-
sect, well known as an inhabitant of old and decayed wood,
and which, when in danger, rolls itself up in its steel-
colored armour, and thereby defeats the various assaults
of its enemies.

One of the usual marks of distinction in the different
species, is derived from the number of valves, which vary in
different specimens: in most they consist of eight, in others
ofseven, and sometimes, though very rarely, only of six.—
The covering and coloring of the valves also serve to cre-
ate distinctions; some being perfectly smooth, others no-
dulous or knobbed; some beset with spines, prickles, or
hairs; and others, again, are striated, dotted, and rayed, as
in the Chiton Hispidus, Squamosus, and Marmoratus.

The color of the exterior is frequently of a dusky-brown,
often varying into different shades of olive-green. Others
partake of a reddish or pinkish tint; whereas some speci-
mens are of an ochreous or yellowish-white complexion;
and many have their valves adorned with elegant designs
and marblings, painted in the liveliest colors imaginable.

The interior also admits of much variation with regard
to color; however, the most prevalent is that of a blueish-
white, often beautifully diversified with seins of yel-
low, brown, light green, and pink.

MULTIVALVES. —CHITON. 3

The cuticle, or outer-skin, (usually known by the name
of the margin) which confines the valves in their pro-
per situations, differs materially in the various species; in
some instances, it is smooth and of a yellowish-brown
color: generally, however, it is beset with fine scales,
of a green or olive color; frequently it is of a rufous or
reddish tint; and other species have it of a dusky-brown,
and even of a coal-black complexion.

The situation and formation of the valves throughout
the genus, exactly resemble the plates or large scales
which constitute a suit of armour or coat of mail, and it
is perhaps from this marked resemblance alone, that the
Chiton has derived its name.

The habitat or place of residence of these shells,
seems to appertain, indiscriminately, to all parts of the
zlobe.—America affords the most; several are from the
East Indies. Africa supplies a few; and the Northern
Seas contribute their portion of the remainder.

The Chiton is frequently found adhering to other sub-
stances, as Shells, Stones, Madrepores, Corals, &c. &c.;
and some of the northern species frequent the roots of
Ulve, &c.

The following is a list of the different species, as given
by Dr. Turton, in his translation of Gmelin’s last edition
of Linnzeus’s Systema Naturze.—A similar list will follow
the general description of each Genus throughout this
work.

= Those names that are preceded by an Asterisk, describe
Species found on the British Coasts.

4 MULTIVALVES,-—— LEPAS.

CHITON.
Hispidus. Cinereus. {ndus.
Thalassinus. Bicolor. Minimus.
Tuberculatus. Cerasinus. Cimex.
* Crinitus. Magellanicus. Asellus
Aculeatus. Fuscus. Gigas.
* Fascicularis. Maculatus Islandicus.
Squamosus Marmoratus * Marginatus.
Punctatus. Granulatus. * Levis.
Ruber. - Piceus. Amiculatus.
Albus.

wr

LEPAS.—Acorn SHELL.

Animal—a Triton. Shell affixed at the base, and consist-
ing of many unequal, erect valves.

Tue genus Lepas includes thirty-two species, and which,
for the most part, bear strong resemblance to each other,
at least with regard to their general formation and ont-
line.

The most prominent feature of these shells is their be-
ing (with few exceptions) of a more or less conical shape,
which is acquired by a number of valves being placed
perpendicularly on a base, broad at the lower margin,
and gradually tapering towards the summit, which is clos-
ed by other less valves, placed horizontally, thereby serv-
ing as a lid or covering to the animal within.

MULTIVALVES.— LEPAS.' 5

The perpendicular valves are capable of no motion;
whereas, on the contrary, the horizontal ones are movea-
ble at the pleasure of the animal; who, through their me-
dium, performs those functions which are necessary to its
existence.

_ This genus is frequently (though erroneously) called
—Balanus, from the circumstance of some few of its spe-
cies bearing an affinity to an acorn; jbut the resemblance
is by no means general, for, in most instances, no two ob-
jects can be more dissimilar than the Lepas and the
acorn: however, it would prove no easy task to class any
of the species among the other genera of Multivalves, for
the conical, pyramidal, or sugar-loaf shape of the Lepas,
will always serve as a sufficient mark of distinction.

Besides which, the Lepas is never found in the indepen-
dant or isolated state that most other shells are; on the
contrary, all its species are known to affix or attach them-
selves by their base or stalk to other bodies; they adhere
in clusters or groups, to rocks, coral-reefs, ships’ bottoms,
and shell-fish: even fish themselves, while swimming,
are not exempt from their encroachments, as for in-
stance, the whale, phalena-boops, and others, are fre-
quently found laden with them; and even turtles and
tortoises are often encrusted with groups of the Lepas
species; it would therefore appear, that the genus is
merely capable of motion, and in case of their being
transported from one place to another, it is to the exer-
tion of other bodies that they must be indebted for their
migration.

The exterior of the shell is often varied in form, cover-
ing, and coloring; the usual contour or outline is, how-
ever, like the frustrum of a cone or conoid; in others,
like that of a pyramid, and, in some instances, parabolical,

G MULTIVALVES.— LEPAS.

and even hemispherical; the Lepas Diadema partakes of

the latter form, and somewhat resembles a divided globe,
The number of valves which constitute the shell is often
very indefinite, their usual amount is six; but the Lepas_.
Palmipes has sometimes only four; and other species pos-
sess the intermediate gradations of number, as far as twen-
ty-four, which amount is not unfrequent in the Lepas
Pollicipes.—The valves, of whatever number they con-
sist, are variously diversified with strie, mbs, and
grooves.

The ribs are mostly longitudinal; the striz, on the
contrary, are transverse, and not unfrequently beset with
rough projections and acute spines, as is the case in the
Lepas Spinosa.

The color also differs considerably, though the most
usual complexion is of a blueish, purplish, or reddish
cast, intermixed with a whitish hue. However, some are
pied with black and green alternately, and others are of
a greyish-white, or dirty-yellow tint, as may be observed
in the Lepas Mitella, and others, .

The valves which compose the lid or operculum, often
vary in their number and shape; sometimes they only
consist of two, at others, of three and four, and not unfre-
quently of afar greater number,—They are usually attach-
ed to a ligament, and sometimes present a pointed or
acute form, while in other species they are perfectly blunt
or obtuse.

The interior of many of this genus, is a mere vacuum;
but in others it is either filled up with tubular pores, as
in the Lepas Porosa, or else is divided into separate com-
partments or chambers.

Notwithstanding the great affinity which exists
throughout the Lepas tribe, yet there are a few excep-

MULTIVALVES. — LEPAS,. y:

tionable species in which a resemblance is difficult to be
traced; as, for example, im the Lepas Scalpellum, Anse-
rifera, Anatifera, and varieties emanating from them.

These three species are closely allied to each other, but
exceedingly dissimilar to the rest of their genus, for the
génerality of Lepades are affixed to other bodies or sub-
stances, by their own proper base, or lower part of their
shells; whereas, these are attached by a stalk, stem, or
pedicle, which proceeds from the base of the shell to the
substance which sustains 1t. .

This peculiar structure engenders the idea of comparing
them to the form of certain dwarf plants, as the crocus,
and others of the like description, to which, in appear-
ance, they bear considerable analogy.

The stem which supports the shells often differs ex-
ceedingly in quality andsubstance; sometimes it appears
like a smooth, film-like tube, of a texture finer and thin-
ner than gold-beater’s skin, though somewhat lighter co-
lored, and not unfrequently tinted with bright red or
orange ; at others, it is of a dark or blueish-brown, much
coarser, and wrinkled or granulated, with little verrucce
or warts,

The Lepas Anseriferaand Anatifera, are almost invart-
ably composed of five valves, and it is to these species
that they ascribe the origin of the Barnacle or Brent-geese,
and are, therefore, commonly known by the name of
Goose-shells or Duck-barnacles. The Lepas Anserifera
is sometimes found in a fossil state.

The Indian, American, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans,
alike provide a habitat for thespecies of this genus; and
no less than eleven of them are to be occasionally met
with on the British Coasts.

The Lepas, in all probability, derives its name from its

8 MULTIVALVES. — PHOLAS.

custom of adhering to the crags of rocks, and other pro:

jections in the sea.

LEPAS.

* Balanus. Palmipes. Porosa.
*Balanoides. Tulipa. Elongata.
*Intertexta. Mitella Patellaris.
*Cornubiensis, Scalpellum. Spinosa.
*Tintinnabulum. Anserifera. Violacea.
*Diadema. * Anatifera, Pollicipes.
*Baleenaris. Aurita. Cylindrica,
*Costata. Psittacus. Crispata
*Conoides. Minor. Cariosa.
*Testudinaria. Verruca. Streemia.
Galeata. Angustata,

as

PHOLAS.—Stone-Piercer.

Animal—an Ascidia: Shell bivalve, divaricate, with several
smaller, differently-shaped accessory valves at the hinge:
—hinges recurved, united by a cartilage; in the inside,
beneath the hinge, is an incurved tooth.

Iv appears that hitherto only twelve species of this ge-
nus have been enumerated, and some of those are so alike,
that in many instances, they might be considered as mere
varieties rather than different species; however, they all
possess sufficient determinate characters, to preve ent any
admixture with the genera of Bivalves.

MULTIVALVES.— PHOLAS. 9

The form of the Pholas is in most species ovate or ob-
jong, which is constituted by two large valves, being
situated opposite to each other, and to which is attach-_
ed, in the vicinity of the beaks, a number of smaller ones,
which serve as substitutes for a hinge, which, in Bivalves,
er Shells of twe opposite parts only, often determines
their generic character.

It is from the circumstance of the Pholas possessing
more than two valves that it is distinguished, and, conse-
quently classed among the Multivalves or many shelled
genera, and not among the Bivalves or Shells of two
valves*.

Another character of the Pholas is, that the valves, (i.e.
the two large ones) never shut close, they invariably are
open at one end, and, in most instances, at both,

In the interior of the shell, in each valve, nearly under
the beak, is an incurved tooth, sometimes of considerable
length, and which may certainly be considered as a pecu-
liarity of the genus.

The exterior of the Pholas is mostly destitute of all co-
lor; sometimes, however, it partakes of a brownish cast,
but, generally, the shell is of a calcareous appearance,
and either inclines to a pure or dusky-white, or else a
sort of blueish or yellowish-brown tint is spread over it:
however, the abseuce of color is amply compensated for
by the beautiful fret-work with which shells of this ge-
nus are adorned,

—

* It was perhaps unnecessary to have been thus explicit, with
regard to this distinction; but as the Pholas is by no means un-
frequently seen without the accessory valves, the young collector
might, under such circumstances, be deceived, and be induced te
place them among the Bivalves, instead of the Multivalves.

10 MULTIVALVES. — PHOLAS.

In some species the reticulations are so delicate in their
fabric, as to resemble the finest lace; in others the tex-
ture is coarser, and approaches nearer to small basket-
work; and in the Pholas Costata, the shell is covered
with regular, elevated, jagged, or scolloped ribs so ele-
gantly disposed as to render it no less desirable for its
beauty than its scarcity.

The Pholades are found in company, but not in groups
or clusters, as in the Lepades,—for each individual Pho-
las is detached from its neighbour, and occupies a sepa-
rate and distinct habitation, which it forms for itself, by
expressing a corroding juice, in any substance which
accident or intent had made most eligible.

Stone, clay, wood, sponge, coral, equally serve as
habitations for the Pholades; even the stoutest oak planks
of ships’ sides are pierced by them with the greatest faci-
lity: and as they advance in growth, they enlarge their ha-
bitation within, leaving the small aperture, by which they
originally entered, of its primitive dimensions, thereby
precluding all possibility of a retreat.

The animal possesses the property of emitting a phos-
phorescent liquor, which shines with brilliancy in the
dark, and illuminates whatever it touches.

The American, Indian, and European seas supply the
few species that are known.

Late discoveries have proved the existence of fossil
Pholades, called Pholadites.

PHOLAS.
*Dactylus. Pusilla. Cordata.
Costata. *Crispata. Chiloensis.
Striata. Orientalis. Teredula.

*Candida. Campechensis. Hians.

BIVALVES— MYA. 1]

IT,

Bibaloes.

MYA.—Truncatre TrRovuGu-sHELL orn GAPER.

Animal—an Ascidia: Sheil Bivalve, generally gaping at
one end; hinge with broad, thick, strong teeth, seldom
more than one, and not inserted into the opposite valve.

THIS genus may properly be called the first on the list
of Bivalves; its species, however, are by no means nu-
merous, their number being limited to twenty-six.

The principal characteristic of the Mya consists in its
gaping at one end: the next general distinguishing mark
is—its having a single, broad, patulous tooth, proceeding
from beneath the beak. This tooth differs from that of
the foregoing genus, in as much as it is otherwise shap-
ed; for, in the Pholas, it is long and slender, and almost
of equal size throughout; whereas, in the Mya, it is much
wider and broader at one end than the other; and the
broadest end has an’ excavation, which gives it the ap-
pearance of the bow] of a spoon or ladle.

However, this sort of tooth is not always discernible in
eyery species of the Mya, for some are entirely without

12 BIVALVES—— MYA.

it; others, again, have two or three teeth, and, in some
instances, small crenulations supply the place of a regu-
lar hinge.

The form of the Mya varies exceedingly, some are ob-
long and truncate, as if part of the shell had been chop-
ped off; others, again, are more orbicular or round, and
many are angular and eared.

With regard to their general coloring, little can be
said, for the greatest part of them are covered with a
thick brown or green epidermis; which, when removed,
seldom exhibits any other appearance than that of a livid
or wan-colored surface; except in those cases where the
substance composing the shell is of a pearly nature, then
the removal of the epidermis exposes the hidden beau-
ties of the shell, which, when polished, affords.the most
brilliant mother-of-pearl imaginable.

The Mya Margaritifera is famous for the production of
the finest pearls, and used formerly to be found in great
quantities, in the river Conway, in Wales.

The creation of pearls is said to originate in a disease
of the animal.

There are some of the species of Mya which are desti-
tute of the property of generating pearls.

Some species of this genus grow to a large size, the
Mya Glycemeris for instance, is often found from ten to
twelve inches broad. Others, again, as the Mya Crassa,
&c. are remarkable for their excessive weight and thick-
ness; and their weight often appears out of proportion to
their dimensions. Rivers and cataracts afford heavy. and
thick specimens; but they are, for the most part, more
fragile, and less weighty than those of the sea.

In some places the Mya constitutes a considerable por-
tion of food, not only for man, but also for aquatic birds,

BIVALVES.—SOLEN. ts

&c. &c. They have a propensity to burrow in the sand
and mud, and are wholly or partially concealed therein.
They also frequent Algz, &c. adhering to them by a
byssus or beard.

Some species of the Mya inhabit the East Indian seas;
others are found on the coast of Africa; and several are
common in the European and Northern seas; some spe-
cies are also to be found in the South seas.

MYA.

*Truncata. Radiata. Norwegica.
*Declivis. Oblonga. Spuria.
* Arenaria. Anatina. Glycemeris.
*Pictorum. Nicobarica. Syrmatophora.
*Margaritifera. Australis. Nitida.
Perna. Gaditana. Membranacea.
Vulsella. Corrugata. Byssifera,
Arctica. Rugosa. *Dubia.
Edentula. Nodosa.

<a

SOLEN.—Razor-suEeatuH orn KNIFE-HANDLE.
Antmal—an Ascidia: Shell bivalve, oblong, open at both
ends: hinge with a subulate reflected tooth, often double,

and not inserted in the opposite valve.

A.LTHoves the number of species in this genus are but

14 BIVALVES. —-SOLEN.

few, viz. twenty-three, yet their shapes, and general ap-
pearance, are exceedingly varied.

In some of the species, as in the Solen Siliqua, Vagina,
&c. &c. the breadth of the shell is in the proportion of
about seven to one of its length, thereby giving it a re-
semblance to the handle of a knife, or sheath of a razor-
strop; some, on the contrary, though possessing nearly
the same proportions, are curved or bent, like the scab-
bard of a scimitar, as the Solen Ensis, &c. &c.

In others, the form approaches nearer to some of the
truncated species of the preceding genus, being swollen
or puffed-up like a bladder. And other specimens afford
a likeness to a Cockle or Cardium. However, the surest
criterion how to class the Solen, is by observing both
ends of the shell, which invariably will be found open or
gaping.

The next characteristic is derived from the hinge,
which usually is supplied with one subulate tooth; yet it
often occurs that this tooth is found double, though not
always inserted in the opposite valve:

The genus Solen, for the most part, contains but little
beauty; there are, indeed, some few exceptions—such as
the Solen Radiatus, Roseus, &c. &c. these, from being
rayed with purple and white, or having a fine pink co-
lor, may perhaps claim admiration; but whatever beauty
they may possess, they are infinitely surpassed by innu-
merable species in the other genera of Bivalves.

Most of the species of Solen are found covered with a
thin cuticle or epidermis, which, if not removed, ren-
ders the colors beneath very obscure, and, in some instan-
ces, undiscoverable. ‘There is one species only which is
said to produce pearls, viz. Solen Macha.

The European and Northern seas afford by far the

BIVALVES.— TELLINA. 15

greatest proportion of shells of this genus. However,
the Indian, American, and Mediterranean seas, are by no
means remiss in producing their supplies also. The river
Tees affords one species, viz. Solen Crispus. They often
reside among Zoophites.

SOLEN.
“*Vagina. Anatinus. Coarctatus.
*Siliqua. Macha. Roseus.
*Ensis. Bullatus. Sanguinolentus.
*Pellucidus. Minutus. Striatus.
*Legumen. Virens. Occidens.
*Cultellus. Diphos. *Crispus.
Radiatus. Minimus. Spengleri.
Strigilatus. Maximus. .
i

TELLINA.—TeEtten.

Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, generally sloping on
one side; in the fore-part of one valve there is a convex;
and in the other, a concave fold; hinge with usually three
teeth, the lateral ones smooth in one valve.

Amonest all the different genera of Bivalves, there are
none, except the Venus, which can vie with the Tel-
line in point of beauty, variety, or number, which a-
mounts to no less than ninety-four species: and whether

16 BIVALVES.——TELLINA.

the attention be directed to their elegance of form, bril-
liancy of color, or delicacy of structure, the eye is equal-
ly astonished and delighted with the infinity of beauties
which incessantly crowd on the sense. Yet, amidst this
display of beauty and magnificence, considerable relief
is derived from the modest, unassuming appearance of
several of the more subordinate. and common species.
The usual form of the Tellina is something resembling a
Jong pear, being broad at one end, and gradually taper-
ing to the other; in some cases so much so, that the point-
ed termination of the shell forms a perfect beak or
proboscis, as is the case in the Tellina Rostrata, Virga-
ta, &c. &c. &c. Others, on the contrary, are more of
an orbicular or spherical form, as the Tellina Scobitina,
&c. And some again, as the Tellina Radiata, &c. &c.
are nearly allied to species of the Solen genus, with
which (from their near resemblance) they are sometimes
confounded; however, from the general propensity of
all Tellinze to terminate in a more or less acute beak,
much inaccuracy cannot well be committed. At the
same time, the hinges of the Tellina will remove any
doubts that may have originated from the simple obser-
vance of the exterior ; for it is usually furnished with
three teeth, the middle one often cleft; the lateral teeth
are most commonly smooth, the interior margin rarely,
if ever, crenulate.

The outside of the shells is surprisingly varied, some
being perfectly smooth and polished, whilst others are
covered with minute strize and undulations. In some in-
stances the whole surface is beset with coarse imbrica-
tions or scales; but the more elegant species of the Tel-
linze are chiefly remarkable for their beautiful radiations,
the colors of which are rarely to be equalled in any of

BIVALVES. ——TELLINA. 17

the other genera. As the Tellinze are most important
among the Bivalves, so the sources from whence they are
derived, usually abound in the different varieties they af-
ford. The Mediterranean, Baltic, and Adriatic Seas
give being to many; the American and Atlantic Oceans
produce numbers; and the European and Northern seas
by no means contribute an inferior portion. ‘The rivers,
pools, ponds, and marshes of Europe and America, sup-
ply only a few. It is said, that Tellinze are very speedy
in their growth.

TELLINA.

Gargadia. Albida. Hyalina.
Lingua-felis. Foliacea. Vitrea.
Virgata. *Planata. Lanceolata.
Angulata. *Variabilis. Apelina.
Gari. Levigata. Coccinea.
*Fragilis. *Radiata. Virginica.
* Depressa. Rostrata. Alata.
*Crassa. *Inequivalvis. Pectinata.
Rugosa. *Trifasciata. Angustata.
Inflata. *Incarnata. Variegata.
Multangulata. Donacina. - Madagascariensis.
' Papyracea. Truncata, Purpurescens.
Gibbosa. Trilatera. Aspera.
Tnequilatera. Oblonga. Triangularis.
Knorrii. Spengleri. Lata.
Bornii. *Rugosa. Jamaicensis.
Pusilla. _ *Cornubiensis. *Rhomboides,
*Maculata. . | *Fervensis. *V inacea.
*Rivalis. . . Operculata._. Zonata, .

18

Albicans.
Rufescens.
Plana.
Striata.
Rosea.
Punicea.

Complanata.

*Fabula.
Adansoni.
Cancellata.
Strigosa.
Balaustina.
Remies.

BIVALVES.——-CARDIUM.

Reticulata.
Scobinata.
Lactea.
*Carnaria.
*Bimaculata.
Balthica.
Pisiformis. .
Divaricata.
Digitaria.
*Cornea.

* Lacustris.
Amnica.

Fluminalis.
Fluminea.
Fluviatilis.
Iberica.
Adriatica.
Sinuosa.
Purpurata.
Candida.
Gallica.
Senegalensis.
Angulosa.
Polygona.

CARDIUM.—Cockte or HEART-SHELL.

Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, nearly equilateral, equi-
valve, generally convex, longitudinally ribbed, striated, or
grooved, with a toothed margin; hinge with two teeth
near the beak, and a larger remote lateral one on each

side, each locking into the opposite.

Tuis genus, though not so numerous as the last, contains
great variety of structure and coloring. There are fifty-

two species.

The valves of the Cardium are for the most part of a
convex, swollen, or gibbous construction, and: almost or-
bicular; yet, in some instances, their form is elongated

BIVALVES.—CARDIUM. 19

and compressed. In other species, however, the contour
exhibits the figure of a perfect heart, as in the Cardium
Cardissa, &c. &e. -

The shells are usually equivalve, and have their out-
sides adorned with longitudinal ribs and grooves, crossed
by transverse striz, something inthe manner of the com-
mon Cockle, only much more articulate.

In others, again, the ribs are beset with rows of acute
spines, as in the Cardium Aculeatum and Echinatum;
but the exteriors of some, on the contrary, exhibit a per-
fectly smooth and polished surface, as in the Egg-Cockle,
&c. &c. &e.

The Cardium [ragum, and Unedo, exhibit a peculiar
formation, for they are sub-angular, and are only heart-
shaped when seen in one particular position. A similar
coincidence is observable in the Cardium Retusum,
though, in other respects, it differs; for the Fregum and
Unedo have their ribs covered with crowded pink or yel-
low elevated lunules or crescents, whereas, the Retusum
has nodules rather than imbricate scales. The interior
margin of this genus is almost universally crenate or
toothed.

The hinge is furnished with two teeth, and a larger
remote lateral one on each side of it, each locking into its
opposite.

The Cardium Edule, or common Cockle, is found in
great abundance beneath the sand on sandy coasts; the
fish afford a wholesome and nourishing food.

The most rare and valuable species of the genus Car-
dium, is the Costatum or pipe-ridged Cockle, which
has rows of white hollow elevated ribs, situated at regu-
Jar distances on its surface, and proceeding in a longitu-
dinal direction from the beaks to the margin ; the inter-

20 BIVALVES. ——CARDIUM.

stices, or spaces between these ribs, are (in perfect spe-
cimens) of a fine dark-brown color, which gives the shell
a great boldness of character.

A great part of this. genus-inhabit the European and
Northern seas; however, many are collected from the
American, African, and Indian oceans; the Mediterra-
nean, likewise, produces some of the species, and the
mouths of rivers, as the Tees, Thames, &c. &c. also sup-
ply specimens, though rarely. One species is mentioned
as sometimes being found in a fossil state, viz. Cardium

Lithocardium.

CARDIUM.
Costatum. Flavum. /£olicum.
Cardissa. *Leevigatum. . Oblongum.
Roseum. Serratum. Crassam.
Retusum. *Edule. Latum.
Hemicardium. Islandicum. *Pygmeeun.
Lithocardium. Greenlandicum. Maculatum.
Lineatum. Rusticum. Flexuosum.
*Medium. Glaucum. *Fluviatile.
* Aculeatum. Pectinatum. Gaditanum.
*Echinatum. Virgineum. Brasilense.
*Ciliare. Trilaterum. Amboinense.
Ciliatum. Auricula. Sguamosum.
*Tuberculatum. Triste. Cancellatum.
Isocardia. Monstrosum. Rubiginosum.
Fragum. Lima. Albidum.
Unedo. Ringens. Virescens.
Muricatum. Papyraceum. Fasciatum.

Magnum.

BIVALVES.—— MACTRA. 21
MACTRA.—KNEADING-TROUGH.

Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, unequal sided, égiti-
valve; middle tooth of the hingé complicated, with &
small hollow on each side; lateral ones rémote, and in-
serted into each other.

Tue genus Mactra has little to boast of, either in régard
to beauty or variety. The number of species amounts
but to twenty-seven, and in those no great differénce of
coloring or form is manifested.

The shape of the Mactra is usually inclined to be some-
what triangular; however, in some instances, it is moré
oblong.

The surface of the exterior is generally smooth, or mi-
nutely striate; some exceptions, however, may be found,
as in the Mactra Plicataria, and others, which exhibit a
wrinkled or ribbed appearance, similar to that observed
in the different species of the Cardium, but in a reverse
direction; they being ribbed or plaited longitudinally,
whereas, in the Mactra, the elevations and their adjacent
grooves are placed transversely.

The generality of Mactrz are of a delicate construc-
tion, and afford a semipellucid or half-transparent ap-
pearance. ‘They are, for the most part, thin, brittle, and
remarkably light; and in- some species the valves are
open or gaping.

The most prevailing color is blueish or yellowish-white,
but some have, upon a° brown ground, delicate rays of
purple, heightened with rich tints of the same color:
others, again, are of a brilliant lilac, passing into a deli-

cate blue,

22 BIVALVES. — MACTRA.

The hinge of the Mactra is its best distinction from alt
the other genera of Bivalves, for the middle tooth is al-
most invariably complicated, and of a triangular form,
having a small hollow on each side of it; the lateral teeth
are remote from the beaks and inserted into each other.
The hinge of the Mactra, though very articulate, is re-
markably thin and delicate; in’ some cases, the teeth
which compose it, are much thinner than paper. The
Mactree are mostly equivalves; the interior margin 1s
rarely crenate or toothed.

The Northern and European seas supply many of the
- species of Mactree.

The Indian and American oceans also produce them;
some are found in the Mediterranean, and others are in-
debted to the Cape of Good Hope and African shores for
their subsistence. They are also frequently found at the
mouths of rivers,

MACTRA,
Spengleri. Lactea. Cuneata.
Plicataria. *Stultorum. Glauca.
Papyracea. Grandis. Pellucida.
Striatula. *Solida. Fragilis.
Striata. *Lutraria. Rugosa.
Rotundata. Cygnus. Nicobarica.
Glabrata. Maculata. Complanata,.
Nitida. Turgida. *Listeri.

Corallina, Violacea. Piperita,

BIVALVES.——_DONAX. 23

DONAX.—WEDGE-SHELL.

Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, with generally a crenu-
late margin, the frontal margin is very obtuse; hinge
with two teeth, and a single marginal one placed a little
behind, rarely double or triple.

Tue most leading characteristic of the Donax is derived
from its form, which (throughout the nineteen species) is
similar to that of a wedge, being very broad and thick at
one extremity, and gradually narrowing and lessening to
the other. ‘The frontal margin is generally very obtuse,
and the anterior slope is not unfrequently furnished with
a sort of fissure or gape; near to which is situated a carti-
lagious ligature or ligament, which prevents the two
shells from separating when the animal has occasion to
open them.

Some of this genus, however, are a little ambiguous
in their external appearance; so much so, that they fre-
quently hold forth an inducement to rank them among
the species of the Venus; but in these cases the hinge
alone must be the guide, which in the Donax is furnished
with two teeth, and a single marginal one placed some-
what behind, not often doubled or tripled.

The exterior of the Donax is mostly of a smoothish sur-
face, though many are covered with nearly obsolete lon-
gitudinal stricze, being embellished at the same time with
numerous reddish or purple rays, diverging from the beaks
to the margin. Other species are perfectly rugose or
rough on their outside, which is caused by crowded strize
erossing each other in a longitudinal and transverse di-
rection; this disposition of the strice gives the shell a fo-

24 BIVALVES.—~DONAX.

liated and even a spiny appearance, as in the Donax Scor-
tum and Pubescens.

A very prevalent color in this genus is a fine rich
purple,.or purple rays on a white ground; however, many
of the species are of an olive-yellow cast, which not un-
frequently inclines toa bright orange: others, again, have
a pinkish cast, finely lettered with brown zigzag mark-
ings, as is the case in the Donax Scripta, &c. and in some
mstances the shells have a banded appearance. The
interior almost always partakes of the coloring of the ex-
terior ; and the margin, which is generally of a high color,
is almost invariably crenulate or beset with small conti-
guous teeth. Although the species and varieties of this
genus are but few, yet these few are thinly scattered over
most parts of the globe; however, some coasts (the Eu-
ropean in particular) supply a profusion, but not attended
by any great variety: they are mostly found buried in
the sand,

The Indian, Atlantic, American, and Northern. seas,
have also their share, and the Mediterranean even is not
exempt from the general contribution. It is net exactly
ascertained that any of this genus are natives of rivers.

The Donax derives its name, in all probability, from
its shape, which resembles the barbed head of a javelin
or dait.

DONAX.
Scortum, Faba. Incarnata.
Pubescens, Scripta. Argentea.
Rugosa. Muricata. Bicolor.
*'Trunculus. *Trus. Radiata.
Striata. Levigata, Straminea.
*Denticulata. Spinosa. Candida.

Cuneata.

i Ne)
wr

BIVALVES. — VENUS.

VENUS.—VeEnvs.

Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, the frontal margin flat-
tened with incumbent lips: hinge with three teeth, all of
them approximate, the lateral ones divergent at the tip.

Ir has already been observed, that this genus, with re-
gard to beauty, bears a decided pre-eminence over all
the other genera of Bivaives: and it is in all probability
from this very circumstance that it has obtained the title
it bears. In point of number it exceeds ail other genera
of Bivalves; for it contains no less than one hundred and
fifty three species; among these the variety in formation
and coloring is almost infinite: however, one of the lead-
ing features of this genus is, that many of its species have
the frontal margins of their shells somewhat flattened,
and not unfrequently with the lips incumbent. The
elongated, compressed, angular, and orbicular forms,
equally find a place in this genus, as may be observed on
inspecting the four following species:—viz. Venus Lite-
rata, Compressa, Scripta, and Tigerina.

In some, the form is very much inflated, gibbous, or
swollen, as in Venus Verrucosa, Fimbriata, and Reticu-
lata.

Many of this genusare famous for their smoothness, and
the brilliant lustre of their surfaces, such as the Venus Ery-
cina, Maculata, Chione, &c. &e. these at the same time
are remarkable for their high and rich coloring. Others,
again, have less of color and polish, but more of carved
work or reticulations about them, as in the Venus Pa-
phia, Reticulata, &c. &c. and one species is even spinous,
yiz. Venus Dione,

96 BIVALVES. — VENUS.

In many specimens the exterior surface is covered with
longitudinal or transverse strize, sometimes with both,
which not unfrequently terminate in foliations near the
margins.

The interior of the shells of this genus is often adorned
with rich coloring, as in the Venus Mercenaria or Wam-
pum Clam, which in fine specimens’is of a rich purple.
It is from these shells that the North American Indians
make their wampum or money. The same shell, in a
fossil state, is often found in the Swedish mountains.

The hinge of the Venus, with scarce any exception,
contains three teeth, all approximate or close to each
other; besides these three, there is a lateral tooth, not
unfrequently divergent at the tip, the inner margin of
the shell is sometimes crenulate. Some of the species,
though rarely, gape.

Almost all parts of the world supply specimens of this
genus. ‘The American, African, Eastern, and Western
Oceansabound with them. The Mediterranean, Caspian,
and Southern Seas likewise produce some species; as also
do the European and more northern oceans,

Several species are found in a, fossil state.

VENUS.
Dione. Lapicida. — Flexuosa.
Paphia. Divergens, Erycina,
Marica. *Casina. * Mercenaria.
Dysera. Cancellata. *Islandica.
Bajana. *Gallina. *Chione,
Excavata. Guineensis, Maculata,

*V errucosa. Petulca Meretrix.

Leta.
Castrensis.
Phryne.
Meroe.
Minuta.
*Deflorata.
Fimbriata.
Reticulata.
Squamosa.
Puerpera.
Tripla.
Plicata.
Rugosa.
Caliste.
Granulata.
Imbricata,
Divaricata.
Contraria.
Gallus.
Flammea.
Corbicula.
*Sinuosa.
Hermaphrodita,
Coaxans.
Casta.
Affinis.
Opima.
Triradiata.
Nebulosa.
Contempta.
Japonica.
Striata.
Textile,

BIVALVES.—— VENUS.

Corrugata.
Monstrosa.
Ponderosa.
Subviridis.
Rostrata.
Fusca.
Lusitanica.
Punctulata.
Fasciata.
Carnea.
Virgata.
Versicolor.
Variegata.

Amethystina.

Calipyga.
Senegalensis.
Matadoa.
Succincta.
Compressa.
Australis.
Gigantea.
Tigerina.
Prostrata.

Pensylvanica.

Spuria.
Incrustata.
Punctata,
*Exoleta
*Undata.
Tumidula.
Sinensis.
Sinuata.

* Borealis.

Pectinata.
Scripta.
Edentula.
Concentrica.
Juvenilis.
Histrio,
Globosa,
Pectunculus.
Albida.
Campechensis.
Crassa.
Purpurescens.
Rubra.
Pusilla.
Violacea.
Spadicea.
Cancellata.
Bengalensis.
* Aurea.
Obscura.
Purpurata,
Nux.
Rugata.
Gibbula.
Stellata.
Italica.
Brasiliana.
Pellucida.
Holosericea.
Macassarica,
Aurantia.
Fulva.
Candida.

28 BIVALVES.—SPONDYLUS.
Albicans. Tumens. Virginea.
Undulata. Diaphana. Virginica.
Lineata. Dura. *Rhomboides.
Leevis. Eburnea. Cruentata.
Cornea. Lucida. Lutescens.
Gutiata. Discors. Sanguinolenta.
Rufescens. Aculeata. Argentea.
Virens. * Literata. Donacina.
Maculosa. *Geographica. Afra.
Costata. Rotundata. Dealbata.
Wauaria. *Decussata. Lithophaga.
Baers vee

SPONDYLUS.—Tuorny Oyster orn ARTICHOKE-
HEAD.

Animal—a Tethys: Shell hard, solid, with unequal valves ;
one of the valves convex, the other rather flat: hinge
with two recurved teeth separated by a small hollow.

Turs genus, though containing innumerable varieties, is
divided into no more than four distinct species, and even
these, from their extreme tregularity of formation, and
great difference of appearance, are often confounded with
each other. However, the usual character of the Spon-
dylus is to have its valves something similar to. those of
the common oyster, viz. one convex, the other a little
flattish, having their outsides covered with longitudinal
rows of erect spines or ramifications. ‘The spines are
usually tubular or round, ending in a point; the ramifi-

BIVALVES.——SPONDYLUS. 29

cations or branchings, on the the contrary, are flat, jagged,
and patulous at their extreme terminations. Those Spon-
dyli that are spined, as the Gzedaropus, &c. are mostly
of one color, as orange-red, purple, white, brown, and
yellow; which colors, in fine specimens, are exceed-
ingly brilliant.

Those which have branches or plaits, (as the Spondy-
lus Plicatus, &c.), have, on the contrary, a ground color of
either of the above-mentioned tints, and the ramifications
are left entirely white.

In some instances there is a compound of coloring, as
white and brown, purple and white, &c. &c. which
gives the shell a pied or brindled appearance; and in
others (especially those which have a tendency to being
foliated as well as branched) the upper valve is of one
color, as purple or brown, having the lower valve per-
fectly white.

The Spondyli generally have unequal valves, the
lower one protruding much beyond the other, and which
not unfrequently terminates in a curved and lengthened
beak.

The hinge is furnished with two recurved teeth, which
are very strong and articulate, and separated by a small
but deep hollow; the inner margin is mostly crenulate,
and highly colored with orange or purple. Some of this
genus are surmounted with ears on each side the beaks,
similar to the manner of Escallops; others, on the con-
trary, are perfectly earless.

They are found adhering torocks, corals, &c. in groups
more or less numerous, often forming large masses; others
are also found attached to shells. They are to be met
with in the American, Indian, Mediterranean, and other
seas.

30 BIVALVES.—_CHAMA.

SPONDYLUS.
Geedaropus Plicatus.
Regius. Citreus.

— een

CHAMA.—C amps, Cuams, or Gapers.

Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, rather coarse; hinge
with a callous gibbosity, obliquely inserted in an ob-
lique hollow; anterior slope closed.

Turis genus is by no means numerous, as it only contains
twenty-five species, and they, for the most part, are rough
and uncouth looking shells. The Chama Cor is, how-
ever, an exception; it bemg usually smooth, and from its
beauty and peculiarity of structure, is signalized from
eveyy shell in the numerous catalogue of Bivalves. This
shell, which varies in size from two to five inches in dia-
meter, is invariably a true fac-simile of a perfect heart; its
top being surmounted by the beaks, which wind round
towards the hinge, in the most graceful curvature possi-
ble.

The genus Chama, affords a subject for amazement,
rather than admiration, for some of its species grow to an
uncommon size; the Chama Hippopus, for instance, (or
Bear’s-paw Clam), is aspecimen of the general propensity
to unusual aggrandizement: the shell is usually of a yel-
lowish cast, with pink spots and murications, and is found

BIVALVES.——CHAMA. 81

from one inch to near a foot Jong. But this dimension
appears nothing when compared to the monstrosity of
the Chama Gigas or Giant Clam, which, from a quarter
of an inch, will advance to the enormous size of four and
a half feet in breadth; and the two valves frequently weigh
between five and six hundred pounds. The fish or inha-
bitant is, of course, in the same proportion, and has been
known to supply more than a hundred men with food.
Its strength is prodigious, so much so, that it can (by clos-
ing its shell quickly) snap a strong cable asunder.

Of this species there are many varieties, they are mostly,
however, more or less ribbed and foliated, sometimes im-
bricate or scaly; the usual color of the commoner sorts is a
dirty white, but the rarest are those which have a fine red-
pink, or yellow tinge. Some of them, when perfect, are
highly prized.

A grand mark of distinction in this genus is, that the
posterior slope is usually open or gaping, not unfrequently
haying its margin crenulate. The valves are mostly ine-
quilateral or unequal-sided, often appearing asif deformed,
one protruding beyond the other. The hinge has usually
a callous gibbosity, inserted in an oblique hollow.

The anterior slope is usually closed. There is one spe-
cies of the Chama, the Concamerata, which is in itself a
curiosity; for, in the interior of each valve, there is placed
an additional one of smaller dimensions, which gives the
shell an appearance of being double.

The more beautiful species of this genus, are those
which are richly foliated or spined,—as the Chama Laza-
rus, Gryphoides, and Arcinella; the varieties of which
are sometimes highly worthy of admiration.

It seems a principle with the Chame, (like the Spon-

a2 BIVALVES.___CHAMA.

dyli), to affix themselves to any extraneous substance ac-
cident throws in their way. ‘They often adhere to rocks,
stones, and various shells; however, they in many instances
seem to give a preference to some particular genus of
shells, for the Chama Arcinella is more commonly found
affixed to thatspecies of Murex called the Thorny Wood-
cock, than any other body known. However, it retains
a partiality for others of the Murices, especially those
often known.under the name of Triplices. The Ameri-
can, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans; and the Mediterranean,
Caspian, and Adriatic Seas, all produce infinite varieties
of this genus. The Chama Foliacea is found fossil in
Campania.

CHAMA.
*Con. Obionga. Foliacea,
Gigas. Lazarus. Arata.
Hippopus. Gryphoides. Fusca.
Antiquata. Bicornis. Citrea.
Trapezia, Arcinella. Thaca.
Semiorbiculata. Moltkiana. Rugosa.
Calyculata. Concamerata. Gryphica.
Cordata. Macerophylla. Coralliophaga..

Satiata.

BIVALVES.— ARCA. 33

ARCA.—Ark.

Animal—a Tethys? Shell bivalve, equivalve ; hinge with.
numerous sharp teeth, alternately inserted between each
other.

Tue Arca, of which there are forty-three species, are rea-
dily distinguished from the other Bivalves, by the peculi-
arity ofthe hinge; which, without exception, is composed
of numerous sharp teeth, alternately inserted into or be-
tween each other. The line of direction of the hinge
admits, however, of two variations: in some species, as
the Arca Now, Barbata, &c. it is perfectly straight, in
others, as the Arca Pectunculus, Pilosa; &c. &c. -it is
arched or curved. However, in all the species, the same
description of hinge exists, though in some it may be dif-
ferently situated.

The forms of the Arks vary exceedingly; some are
elongated, as the Tortuosa, Noz, and Barbata, and are
usually covered with a brown epidermis; in the Barbata
or Bearded Ark, the greater part of the surface ofthe shell
is concealed by a thick bristly or hairy covering. There
are many Arks which gape at the outer margin; others,
on the contrary, are perfectly close. Some have the
margin entire; others, again, are crenulate, and several
have prominent angular slopes, which give the shell an
appearance of being eared; the anterior slope is, how-
ever, far the most prominent of the two. The next vari-
ation of form is manifest in the Arca Senilis, Granosa, and
Rhomboidea, which rather partake of the shape ofa heart,
than of any other form. They are, besides, somewhat
gibbous, and usually covered with smooth or muricate

D

34 BIVALVES. —-ARCA.

grooves, not unfrequently having their whole surface co-
vered with a brownish or greenish-black epidermis.

The next form that the Ark presents itself in, is that of
a roundish or suborbicular description. ‘The Arca Gly-
cymeris and Pilosa, are sufficient examples; they are for
the most part smooth on the outside, except where the
longitudinal strize are placed; which strie are frequently
more articulate in the interior than on the exterior, and
often terminate at the inner margin, in determined ele-
vated teeth.

This genus contains but little beauty, though some of
its species are considered rare.

The Ark is found in the European, Indian, American,
and Atlantic oceans: the Baltic, Northern, and Red seas,
also produce some species.

The Arca Nucleus is found fossil, as is also the Arca
Fossilis, in the Duchy of Limbourg.

ARCA.
Tortuosa. Cancellata, Megellanica,
*Noe. Minuta. Reticulata.
*Barbata. — *Lactea Candida.
Modiolus. ‘-Nodulosa. Indica.
Pella. Antiquata. Jamaicensis.
Ovata. Senilis. Campechensis.
Pellucida. Granosa. Lata.
Rostrata. Corbicula. Senegalensis.
Striata. Decussata. Undata.
Pulchella. Equilatera. Pectunculus.
Afra. Pallens. Pectinata.
Fossilis. Cucullus. *Glycymeris.

BIVALVES.——OSTREA. 35

Pilosa. Rhomboidea. Angulosa.
Nummaria. Marmorata. Scapha.
*Nucleus.

OSTREA.—Ovysrer anb SCALLOP.

Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, generally with unequal

- valves and slightly eared; hinge without teeth, but fur-

_ nished with an ovate hollow, and mostly lateral trans-
ver'se grooves.

Tere are no fewer than one hundred and thirty-six
species in this genus, and which constitute an inexhausti-
ble mine of endless beauty and variety.

~ The Ostreze may be divided into two classes: the first
is that which comprises the innumerable varieties of es-
callops or scallop shells; the second (and much the least
numerous) is that which includes the species somewhat
resembling the common Oyster. The former division is,
for the most part, composed of very elegant specimens;
their form is usually regular, and their surface is adorned
with elevated divergent ribs, in number from five to forty,
which proceed from the tip of the beaks, tothe extremity
of the margins, and there terminate in a fine scalloped
or vandyked outline, describing in their course the most
graceful expansion possible. It usually happens that the
Ostreze are inequivalve, that is, the degree of convexity of-
ten differs in the two shells of the same animal, as in the
Ostrea Ziczac, Jacobeea, &c. &c. which invariably have
the upper valve flat, while the lower one remains of «

36 BIVALVES.—~—OSTREA.

convex form. However, in other species, as the Ostrea
Pallium (Ducal Mantle), &c. &c. the shells are equivalve,
or both possessing the same degree of rotundity and gib-
bosity.

It isremarkable that many of the Ostreze have the upper
valve adorned with bright colors, and the lower paler: this
occurrence is particularly observable in the Ostrea Pleu-
ronectes, known by the name of the Compass or Floun-
der Pecten, which has one valve perfectly white, and the
other of a brownish or reddish cast. ‘This species is also
i possession of another peculiarity, which is, that it in-
variably gapes at both ends; whereas, in other species,
the gape is only at one end.

The situation of the beaks often varies considerably
among the Ostrez; some, as the Maxima, Jacobzea, &c.
&c. having them placed in the centre; whereas, in the
Ostrea Lima, Glacialis, &c.they are situated obliquely or
on one side, which gives the outline of the shell an ap-
pearance of slight distortion, occasioned by one margin
being straight and flattened, while the other remains
round and inflated. ‘There is also considerable variation
in the size and form of the ears, which in some species
are nearly of the same dimensions, but in others are une-
qual, having one much larger than the other; and some
are so small as hardly to be discernible.

The ears ofmany of the Scallops are almost smooth on the
outside, whilst others have them rough, and even spined.
The Ostrea Pallium, and others, have one ear ciliate, and
are spined within. The exterior of the shells, as has been
before observed, is usually covered with elevated longitudi-
nal ribs and grooves, which are variously diversified with
beautiful colors and fine chequer-work. The ribs are
mostly covered with undulate and transverse striae, not
unfrequently assuming the appearance of elevated scales, as

BIVALVES.—OSTREA. i f

in the Ostrea Imbricata and Dubia. In others again the
‘striae are crenate, as in the Ostrea Radula; and some,
as the Ostrea Nodosa, &c. have large knobs or tubercles
raised upon the ribs. The margins of the interior of the
Ostrez are mostly crenate or toothed, and are often beau-
tifully colored.

- The hinge is universally without teeth, and is furnish-
ed with an ovate hollow; in the vicinity of which are
placed lateral transverse grooves, which run in a parallel
direction in each valve, but do not lock into each other,
as in the genus Arca. This division of the Ostree, viz.
the Scallops, have the faculty of leaping out of the water,
even to the height of half-a-yard, or more; and, opening
their shells, they eject the water contained within them;
after which, sinking under water, they suddenly close their
shells with a loud snap. | |

The common Scallop, Ostrea Maxima, is found inmost
European seas, in large beds, from which they aredredged-
up by the fishermen, and afterwards pickled and barrelled
for sale; in some instances also they are brought to market
in the state they are caught, and are eaten fresh.

These shells were formerly worn by pilgrims, on their
hat or coat, as a mark of their having crossed the sea, for
the purpose of paying their devotions at the holy shrine
in Palestine: in commemoration of which, they are still
preserved in the armorial bearings of many families of
distinction. Scallops delight in harbouring among fuci
and zoophites.

The second class or division of Ostreze consists of those
which in construction, substance, and coloring, are more
nearly allied to that sort of shell so universally known by
the name of the common or eatable Oyster. ‘The species
of this division are mostly of a much more irregular form

38 - BIVALVES.— OSTREA,

than the Scallops, and are usually very rugged unfinished
looking shells. The Hammer Oyster (Ostrea Malleus) is
perhaps the most remarkable of all this tribe, its form
resembling that of a long headed hammer, or more pro-
perly a pick-axe; there are two distinguishable varieties
of it, viz. the white and the black, both of which, when
in fine preservation, are considered rare and valuable.
These shells are rough and plaited on the outside, but
their inside is smooth and glossy, having a steel-blue co-
lor or metallic lustre diffused over the surface.

The hinge of some of the species, as the Ostrea Perna
and Isognomon, have a perpendicular grooved line at-
tached to it. Some, again, as the Ostrea Vulsella, &c,
gape at the hinge; others terminate in a long beak from
the hinge upwards, as is the case in the Ostrea Cornucopize
(Horn of Plenty) and Virginica. Some species have all
the appearance of a dried leaf, such as the Ostrea Folium,
&c. &c. which often grows to the roots and stumps of
trees, especially the Mangifera; they are also often found
affixed to the Gorgoniz.

The common Oyster (Ostrea Edulis) is too well known
for its nutritious and palatable properties to require much
description; suffice it to say, that the exterior of the
shell is usually covered with undulate and imbricate
scales, of a yellowish or pinkish olive cast, and the old
shells are often covered with various adhesions, such as
Anomiz, Serpulz, Lepades, Sertularize, and other ma-
rine productions. The interior of the shell has often a
pearly appearance, and some specimens have been found
which actually contained pearls,

They are to be met with in most seas, affixed to rocks;
and in some places are considered so profitable a branch
of traffic, that the greatest care is taken to promote their

BIVALVES. —OSTREA.

39

generation and growth. By proper management their
multiplication becomes immense, and they are frequently
formed into large layers or beds, extending many miles.
These beds have often many proprietors, to whom they
generally, in favorable seasons, prove a submarine mine

of wealth.

Almost all seas abound with Ostreze. The Ostrea Di-
luviana is found fossil in the calcareous mountains of

Sweden.

*Maxima,
* Jacobeea.
Ziczac.
Striatula.
Minuta.

Pleuronectes,

Laurentii.
Japonica.
Magellanica.
Hybrida.
Radula.
Imbricata.
Subrotunda.
Plica,
Crenata,
*Sinuosa.
Squamosa,
Dubia.
*Subrufa,
Versicolor.

OSTREA.

Rosea.
Fusca.
Tenuis.
Lutea.
Muricata,
Conspersa.
Nodulosa.
Radiata.
Punctata.
Aculeata.
Plana
Pusilla.
Flavescens.
Flabellum.
Spondyloides.
Violacea.
Aurantia.
Vittata.
Miniata.
Inflata.

Pallium.
Sanguinolenta.
Maculosa.
Nodosa.
Pes-felis.
Pellucens.
Obliterata.
Sanguinea.
*Varia.
*Pusio.
*Obsoleta,

* Levis,
*Glabra.
*Opercularis.
Gibba.
Sulcata.
Histrionica,
Islandica.
Triradiata
Fuci.

40

Tigerina.
Septemradiata.
Arata.
Senatoria.
Citrina.
Turgida.
Sulphurea.
Porphyria,
Vitrea.
Tranquebaria.
Sauciata.
Crenulata.
Innominata.
Rufescens.
Squamata.
Anonyma,
Decemradiata.
Tenuis,
Valentii.
Media.
Crocea.
Florida,
Ochroleuca.
Mustelina.
Flammea.
Incarnata.

BIVALVES. —OSTREA.

Guttata.
Depressa.
Regia.
Palliata.
Seminuda.
Modesta.
Principalis.
Versicolor.
Flavicans.
Fasciata.
Fragilis.
Lima,
Glacialis.
Hians. _
Excavata,
Malleus.
Vulsella.
Anatina.
Diluviana.
Folium.
Orbicularis.
*Edulis.
Semiaurata.
*Striata.

Fornicata,_

Sineisis.
Spondyloidea.
Forskahlii.
Plicatula.
Rostrata.
Virginica.
Cornucopie.
Parasitica.
Exalbida.
Cristata.
Senegalensis.
Stellata.
Ovalis.
Papyracea.
Annulata.
Retusa.
Perna,
Isognomon.
Ephippium.
Picta.
Legumen.
Alata,
Mytiloides.
Torta.
Pes-lutree.

BIVALVES— ANOMIA. 4l

ANOMIA.—Awnomr1a or ANTIQUE Lamp.

Animal—an emarginated, ciliated, strap-shaped body ; with
bristles or fringe affixed to the upper valve; arms two,
linear, longer than the body; connivent projecting, al-
ternate on the valve, and ciliate on each side, the fringe
affixed to each valve: Shell bivalve, inequivalve, one of
the valves flattish, the other gibbous at the base, with a
produced beak, generally curved over the hinge; one of
the valves often perforated near the base: hinge with a
linear, prominent cicatrix, and a lateral tooth placed
within, but in the flat valve, on the very margin: two
bony rays for the base of the animal.

Or this curious genus of Bivalves, there are fifty-one spe-
cies described; however, several out of that number have
hitherto only been found in a fossil or petrified state.
Those which are recent, or found alive in the sea, are
frequently rare and valuable. ‘The shells are usually in-
equivalve, one of them often flattish, the other gibbous at
the base, terminating in a produced beak, which curves
upwards over the hinge, and frequently has a small per-
foration im it, near the base; through which the animal
thrusts a strong ligament, by which it affixes itself to dif-
ferent marine substances, as fuci, crabs, spines of Echini,
and especially to the stars of the Madrepora Prolifera.
The form of the Anomia differs materially, some re-
sembling the shape of an Oyster, as the Anomia Cepa,
Ephippium, &c. &c. all of which have a large hole in
their flat valve. Others, again, are nearly orbicular, as
the Anomia Craniolaris, Placenta, &c. &c, and some are
oblong, like the Anomia Pectinata, &c. &c. and many
~ of them, when looked at in profile, nearly resemble the

42 BIVALVES.——ANOMIA.

form of an antique lamp, as the Anomia Caput-serpentis,
&c. &c. and others bear a strong affinity to the hooked
or curved beaks of a parrot, as is manifested in the Ano-
mia Psittacea, &e. &e.

The prevailing color in this genus is that of a dirty
yellow, or dusky white; however, some are bright yellow,
as the Anomia Electrica.

The Anomia Cepa (the Onion Peel), and the Anomia
Sella (the Sadle Oyster), have a fine coppery or bronze-
like appearance; and the Anomia Capensis and Sanguino-
lenta have a fine pink or red coloring. The Anomia
Flexuosa, and other similar species, have their shells of a
smoke color, or olive black, and some are found of a per-
fect shining jet black.

Some of the Anomiz are almost smooth, while others,
on the contrary, are ribbed and striated; others, again,
decline on the fore-part, and have a groove or channel
running down the middle of the shell.

The Anomie are for the most part thin, delicate edie,
and usually semitransparent. The Anomia Placenta (the
Cake) but commonly called the Chinese Window Oyster,
1s, When in a young state, almost transparent, and is by
some trifling polishing process, reducible to a state
nearly resembling glass; and, as is reported, frequently
made use of by the ingenious Chinese, as a substitute for it.

The hinge of the Anomia, admits of considerable va-
riation; but its most prominent feature is that of being
furnished with a linear prominent cicatrix, and a lateral
tooth placed within; and in the flattest valve, quite on the
margin, are placed two bony rays, or linear callosities,
which serve as a base for the animal. However, some
have only one tooth or ray in each valve. ‘The interior
of these shells is often silvery, and the margin is frequently
crenate, notched, or toothed, but in many it is perfectly

BIVALVES. —ANOMIA. 43

entire. Although the generality of Anomiz are mode-
rately smooth on the outside, yet there are two excep-
tions to be found in the Anomia Spinosa and Muricata,
both of which are covered with strize, which terminate in
scales and hollow spines, almost as long as the shells.

The European, Indian, American, and African oceans,
supply many species of the Anomia, as also do the Medi-
terranean and Northern seas.

There are no less than fifteen or sixteen species to be
met with in a fossil state. England, Germany, and Swit-
zerland produce most of them.

ANOMIA.
Craniolaris. *Truncata. Placenta,
*Pectinata. Reticularis. Sella.
*Ephippium. Plicatella. *Spinosa.
*Cepa. *Crispa. Aculeata.
Electrica. * Lacunosa, Muricata,
*Squamula. Pubescens. Squama.
Patelliformis. *Cuspidata, Punctata.
Scobinata. Farcta. Undulata.
Aurita. Caput-serpentis Capensis.
Retusa. *Terebratula. Detruncata.
*Gryphus. Angulata, Sanguinolenta.
*Pectens. Hysterita. Vitrea.
Striatula. Biloba, Cranium.
Dorsata. Ventricosa. Cylindrica.
Psittacea. Gryphoides. Nucleus.
Tridentata. Flexuosa. Avenacea.
Spondyloides. Rugosa. Sandalium.

44 BIVALVES.——MYTILUS.

MYTILUS.—Muscte.

Animal—allied to an Ascidia: Shell bivalve, rough, ge-
nerally affixed by a byssus or beard of silky filaments ;
hinge mostly without teeth, with generally a subulate
excavated longitudinal line.

Or the genus Mytilus there may be enumerated sixty-
four species; though some of these are a little indistinct,
yet the greatest proportion of them bear a near alliance
to the general form and character of the common or eat-
able Muscle. There are, indeed, some exceptions, such
as may be observed in the Mytilus Crista-galli (Cocks-
comb Oyster), and the Mytilus Margaritiferus (true mo-
ther-of-pearl shell), and. others of a similar description;
most of which give strong evidence of belonging to the
Ostrea or Oyster, rather than Mytilus or Muscle genus.
However, the hinge seems to regulate the arrangement in
most instances, and in the Mytilus it is usually without
teeth, having generally a subulate excavated line in place
of them. However, some have tittle denticulations with
alternate grooves, which amount in number from ten to
fifty in different species. The Mytilus Niger has the
greatest number of any, viz. one hundred. ‘The Mytilus
Crista-galli and the like, affix themselves to. Gorgonia
and other bodies, not by.a beard or byssus, as is usual
with other Muscles, but by a formation of the shell itself,
which assumes the appearance of several distinct claws
or hands, by: which the shell is secured to whatever body
it may have selected for its basis.

The greatest part of this genus exhibit siobntale a
pearly appearance, and some (when uncoated and polish-
ed) afford the brightest radiance possible. The Mytilus

BIVALVES. — MYTILUS. 45

Margaritiferus is renowned for the iridescent colors it
displays, and is, moreover, famous for the fine and valu-
able pearls it engenders within its silvery valves. ‘The
young shells of this species, are sometimes so different
to the adults in appearance, that they can scarcely be
recognized for the same: Some of this genus possess
the faculty of penetrating and eating away coral-rocks,
hard marble, and limestone; into which they insinuate
and immure themselves so artfully, that it becomes ne-
cessary to break the stone before there is a possibility
of withdrawing the shell and its inhabitant. Of this
description are the Mytilus Lithophagus and Rugosus.
The latter is sometimes found in lakes, as wellas seas.
There are some muscles, which, on a superficial glance,
might be mistaken as belonging to the genus Mya; such
are the Mytilus Versicolor, Discors, and Afer; but, by a
minute inspection of the hinge, the error would soon be
discovered. The general appearance of Muscles differs
greatly, some being perfectly smooth, and beautifully
marbled and variegated with fine coloring; others are
elegantly radiated with purple and white, like a tulip; and
some again are coarsely ribbed and grained with minute
tubercles, making the shell quite rough, and of one color
only, such as black, blue, green, yellow, and brown.
But they are most of them indebted to their epidermis
for whatever outward color they may possess; which,
when removed, often presents so different a surface, that
even an adept might be puzzled to recognize two shells
of the same species. Some of the cuticles or skins are
often bearded or shaggy, and, in some instances, the valves
gape, as in Mytilus Bilocularis, and other similar species.
However, almost the whole of the different species of
Muscles, seem to accord with the habits of the common
or eatable Muscle (Mytilus Edulis), whichinvariably at-

46 BIVALVES.—MYTILUS.

fixes itself to other bodies, by means of its silky byssus;
and is found in immense beds or layers, consisting of
many myriads:

The Mytilus Cygneus and Anatinus, (both fresh-water
species), frequently become the food of ducks and crows;
the latter of which, when they find the shell too hard,
mount with it into the air, and-then letting it fall, they
pick out the fish from the broken shell.

The Indian, Atlantic, American, and Northern oceans,
produce many species; some are also from New Zealand,
the Red, Mediterranean, and Russian seas:

MYTILUS.
Crista-galli. Exustus: Bidens.
Hyotis. Barbatus: *Modiolus.
Frons. *Edulis. *Cygneus.
Margaritiferus: *Incurvatus: * Anatinus.
Unguis. *Pellucidus. Viridis.
* Lithophagus:. *Umbilicatus: Ruber.
*Rugosus: *Curtus. Albus.
Bilocularis. Ungulatus. Ater:
*Discors. Fuscus, Virgatus.
Hirundo. Mammarius. Cordatus.
Pholadis. Persicus. Stagnalis:
Striatulus. Pictus. Zellensis:
Vulgaris. Fasciatus. Roseus:
Plicatus. Undatus. Puniceus.
Niveus. Purpureus. Niger.
Afer. Saxatilis. Leevigatus.
Smaragdinus. Argenteus. Dubius. -
Versicolor. Fulgidus. Polymorphus.
Coralliophagus. Azureus. Canaliculatus.

BIVALVES. — MYTILUS. 47

.Lineatus. Murinus. Rostrum.
Faba. Testaceus. Camellii.
Fluviatilis.

PINNA.--Fin SHevxi or Nacre, atso Sra-Wina.

Animal—a Limax: Shell bivalve, fragile, upright, gaping
at one end, and furnished with a byssus or beard; hinge
without teeth, the valves united into one.

Tue number of species contained in this genus is limited
to eighteen, and some of those are so alike, as barely to
admit of being called distinct.

The usual form of the Pinnz is something allied tothat
~ of the larger species of Muscles, being long tapering shells,
narrow at the beaks, and gradually expanding to a con-
siderable breadth to the opposite extremity: however,
there are instances where the form is more compressed.

The Pinne are by no means such entire or solid shells
as the Muscles, for they are (with few exceptions) exceed-
ingly brittle or fragile in substance, and almost invaria-
bly gape at one end. The greatest portion of the Pinnz
have longitudinal ribs, and on them are placed elevated
transverse strize, often terminating in imbricate arched
scales, and prominent canaliculate tubular spines.

Such is the case with the Pinna Rudis and Muricata:
in the younger shells of these two species, the spines ap-
pear but as minute prickles. In other specimens, as the
Pinna Saccata (Satchel), &c. &c. the ribs are not so
articulate, but more undulate, and are perfectly free from

48 BIVALVES.—PINNA.

scales or spines. The colors of Pinne admit of some va-
riation, though they usually have a horn-like appearance,
which is often overcast with a steel-blue or copper-colored
gloss. The hinge of the Pinnz is invariably without
teeth, notwithstanding which, the valves adhere so close-
ly in the region of the beaks, that they appear as if unit-
edin one. There are some of the juniors of this genus
that do not exceed an inch in length, whereas some of
the adults grow to more than three feet.

This genus is famous for producing a very fine sort of
byssus or beard, which it affords in large quantities; and
the Italians frequently convert it into sundry articles of
wearing apparel, which in appearance vie with the finest
silk. These shells are usually found in smooth water and
bays; with the smaller end sticking in the mud or sand,
and the wide end somewhat open. The animal, insome —
instances, is accounted excellent and luxurious food.

The Mediterranean produces Pinne in great number:
they are also to be found in the Indian, American, At-
lantic, and European oceans. The Adriatic and Red Seas
also supply some species. The Pinna, probably, derives
its name from its resemblance te a wing; or fin of a fish.

j 4

PINNA.

Rudis. Carmea. Bicolor.
Pectinata. Saccata. Exusta.
Nobilis. Digitiformis. Vexillum.
*Muricata. Lobata. Papyracea.
Rotundata. Vitrea. Sanguinea.

Squamosa. Incurva. Bullata.

III.

Gnivalves.

SHELLS OF ONE PART ONLY, AND HAVING A REGULAR
SPIRE.

— SOG

NAUTA.—Paper Saitor.

Animal—a Sepia or Clio: Shell univalve, spiral, invo-
lute, membranaceaus, one-celled.

THE genus Argonauta contains but five species; and, in
so small a number, much variety is not to be expected.

The form throughout is generally like that of a scroll,
with a very large aperture, and mostly a double carinated
outer margin. However, in the Argonauta Vitrea (the
Glassy Nautilus) the margin is but single: this rare and
beautiful species is by far the most costly of any.

The shells of this genus are remarkable for their exces-
sive thinness, brittleness, and lightness. The Argonauta
Argo, usually known by the name of the Paper Nautilus,
is the identical shell supposed in the early ages of society
to have first taught men the use of sails. When it intends
to sail, it discharges a quantity of water, by which it was
made heavier than the sea-water, and rising to the sur-

E

50 UNIVALVES.-— ARGONAUTA.

face, erects its arms, and throws out a membrane between
them, by which means it is driven forward, like a vessel
under sail: two of the arms it hangs over the shell, which
serve as oars and rudder. The Mediterranean often has
whole fleets of these diminutive navigators floating on
its calm surface. They are, however, difficult to catch, as
they are astonishingly expeditious in sinking, whenever
they are approached too nearly. The color of these
shells is mostly blueish, or yellowish-white, having the
keel often tinged with a brownish hue. As to size, the
Argonaute differ greatly; the Argo, for instance, will
often grow to ten or twelve inches in width; whereas the
Cornu and Arctica seldom exceed three or four lines in
diameter,

The Mediterranean and Indian seas produce some va-
rieties; others are from the Cape of Good Hope, and
some inhabit the Northern and Greenland seas.

None of this genus have hitherto been found fossil.

They are supposed to have derived their name from the
Argonautee.

ARGONAUTA.

Argo Cornu.
Vitreus. Arctica.
Cymbium.

UNIVALVES.— NAUTILUS. 51

NAUTILUS. — Pearty Sartor.

Animal—(vide Rumpf. Mus. tab. 17. fig B.) Shell uni-
valve, divided into several departments, communicat-
ing with each other by an aperture.

Tis genuscontainsnoless than thirty-one species. They
are nearly allied in point of general formation and struc-
ture, but the most prominent mark of distinction is, that
most of the species have their whorls divided into sepa-
rate compartments or chambers, which are connected by
a littletube or pipe (Syphon), which runs spirally through-
out the shell. This Syphon is sometimes central in the
shell, and sometimes contiguous to the surface,

The Nautilus Pompilius, when bisected, exhibits in an
eminent degree the pearly concamerations for which this
genus is famous. The inhabitants of the East often con-
vert fine specimens of the above species into drinking cups,
whose surface they carve into various devices and orna-
ments; they also frequently remove the outer coating en-
tirely, and thereby bring the shell to a beautiful pearly
mass. ‘The umbilicated varieties of this species are ac-
counted exceedingly scarce.

The general form of the Nautiliis mostly spiral or scroll-
like, some having their whorls contiguous, as the Pompi-
lius, Calcar, Crispus, &c. &c. and others having them de-
tached or separated, as the Spirula, Semilituus, Spengleri,
&e. &c. &c. But others, again, have a very different
formation, being tooth or funnel-shaped, almost like some
of the Dentalize; such are the Fascia, Legumen, Obli-
quus, &c. &c.

The size of the Nautili differs exceedingly; some are

52 UNIVALVES.— NAUTILUS.

so small as only to be defined by the microscope, while
others, on the contrary, (especially some of the fossil spe-
cies), have been known to exceed two feet in diameter.

Some species of this genus are found adhering to coral
rocks, the Siphunculus, for instance, is often brought
from the coral reefs, on the Sicilian shores. Among the
three or four fossil species, the Nautilus Helicites is wor-
thy of notice, as coming from St. Peter’s Mountain, at
Maestricht.

The Nautilus Belemnita or Thunder-stone, is also re-
markable, on account of its being considered by the vulgar
asathunder-bolt, and only to be found after a storm. . They
are found fossil in most parts of Europe, and when burnt
or rubbed smell like rasped horn.

The American and Indian Oceans produce some of the
species of the Nautili, as also do the Mediterranean, Adri-
atic, and Red Seas; but by far the greater number are
found on the European and British coasts. Most of the
species are minute.

NAUTILUS.
Pompilius. Balthicus, Raphanistrum.
*Calcar. Helicites, Raphanus.
*Crispus. Rugosus, Granum.
* Beccarii. Umbilicatus. Radicula.
* Leevigatulus. Spirula. Fascia.
*Depressulus. Spengleri. Inzequalis.
*Umbilicatulus. Unguiculatus. Siphunculus.
*Crassulus. Semilituus. Legumen.
* Lobatulus. Lituus. Orthocera.
*Carinatulus. Obliquus. *Belemnita.

*Subarcuatulus.

UNIVALVES,--— CONUS. 53

CONUS.—Cowne.

Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, convolute, turbinate ;
aperture effuse, longitudinal, linear, without teeth, entire
at the base; pillar smooth.

Or this beautiful and valuable genus there are but eighty-
three described as distinct species; however, that num-
ber is certainly very much under the real amount. The
general form of Cones is very similar, their principal dif-
ferences consisting in the coloring, marking, and band-
ing, though form sometimes assists their arrangement in
classes; as for instance, those shaped like the Conus
Marmoreus and Imperialis, make one division. Ano-
ther division is formed of those species which are similar
to the Conus Betulinus or Butter-firkin, Conus Glaucus,
&c. all of which are of very broad and thick structure,
quite the reverse to the Conus Generalis or Flambeau
Cone, which is very long and narrow, having its spire
very acute and prominent. )

The Conus Textile (the embroidered or cloth of gold
Cone), and Conus Aulicus or Courtier Cone, have their
shapes something like a cylinder, contracted at each end,
and nearly resembling the three following species, viz.
Conus Tulipa, Geographicus, and Bullatus; though they
are distinguished by their wide mouths, and inflated or
bellied sides,

There perhaps is no genus throughout the whole of the
shell tribes, which holds so important a station in collec-
tions as the Cones; and it is difficult to decide whether
they are most to be valued for their rarity or beauty.

54 UNIVALVES. —-CONUS.

The mention of a few of the most beautiful and valua-
ble species, will be sufficient to give an idea how they are
to be appreciated.

The Conus Ammiralis or Admiral Cone, ranks first
among the beauties and rarities of this genus. Of the
High-admiral alone the varieties are incalculable; next
come the Vice-admirals, Guinea-admirals (Conus Genu-
anus), and others equally rare; most of which, when fine,
are frequently valued at from five to twenty guineas.
But this valuation appears triflmg when compared to the
sum that has been set upon the Cedo-nulli; which, in-
credible as it may appear, amounted to no less than three
hundred guineas!

Among'the other rarities of the Cone genus, the.Conus
Arausiacus is much valued, as is also the Conus Glaucus
(the blue or grey Cone), Conus Magus (Magician), Co-
nus Nobilis (Yellow Tiger), Conus Arachnoideus (Spi-
der’s-web), the Conus Cingulum (Box-wood Cone), with
an elevated girdle round it from the Friendly Isles; and
the varieties of the Zebra Cones from the South Seas.

The generality of Cones have a smooth surface, and in
most instances bear a high natural polish; however, some,
as the Conus Nussatella and Granulatus, are covered
with granulated transverse striz, and even globular tu-
bercles.

There is perhaps no other genus which affords so much
beauty and diversity of coloring and marking as the Co-
nus; the Conus Literatus, for instance, has its spots ar-~
ranged in such a manner, as often to resemble Hebrew,
Greek, or Arabic characters. The Conus Ebrzus is
likewise subject tosimilar appearances. In other species
the colors are rendered into different shades of cloudings,

od

UNIVALVES.— CONUS. 55

veins, marblings, dots, stripes, bands, and reticulations ;
each surpassing the other in point of beauty and ele-
gance.

The far greater number of species come from the Indian
Ocean, though some are brought from the shores of Afri-

ca and America, and others again from the South Seas.

CONUS.
Marmoreus. Senator. Arachnoideus.
Imperialis. Nobilis. Costatus.
Literatus. Genuanus: Leucostictus
Generalis. 2 Papilio. Citrinus.
Virgo. Glaucus. Insularis.
Capitaneus. Monachus. Coronatus.
Tribunus. Minimus. Punctatus.
Miles. Rusticus. Zeylanicus.
Cingulum. Mercator: Solidus.
Princeps. Betulinus. Clavus.
Ammiralis. Figulinus. Nussatella.
1 Larvatus. Ebreus. Terebellum.
2 Americanus: Stercus-muscarum: Coccineus.
a Anglicus. Varius. Letus.
b Coronatus: Achatinus. Ochroleucus:
a Regius. Radiatus. Levis.
a Ordinarius: Leoninus: Affinis.
b Guineensis. . Jaspideus. Violaceus.
c Surinamensis: Nebulosus, Granulatus.
a Summus, Oculatus. Polyzonias.
Occidentalis. Coffeze. Bifasciatus.
a Cedo-nulli. Amadis. Niveus.
Vicarius. Fulmineus. Arausiacus.

56 UNIVALVES. — CONUS.

Magus. Sinensis. - Nubicula.
Striatus. Spectrum. Spurs.
Textile. Bullatus. Vexillum.
Aulicus. Tulipa. Ventricosus.
Thome. Geographicus.

CYPRZA.—Cowry or Gowrie.

Animal—a Slug: Shell. univalve, involute, subovate,
smooth, obtuse at each end ; aperture effuse at each end, li-
near, extending the whole length of the shell, and toothed on
each side.

Tus beautiful genus contains no less than a hundred
and twenty species, and these may again be subdivided
into many hundred varieties. The Cyprzee are, however,
much of the same formation, though their colorings, mark-
ings, and workings, are amazingly dissimilar; the greater
part of them are smooth glossy shells, of exquisite bril-
liancy of color, and elegantly marked with dots, zigzag
lines, undulations, streaks, &c. Such are the Cyprea
Mappa (Map Cowry), the Cypraa Argus (‘Thousand
Eyes), and the Cypraea Testudinaria (‘Tortoise-shell Cow-
rie). To these may be added the Cyprza Vitellus (Fal-
low-deer Cowrie), the Carneola (Carnelian), the Talpa
(Mole), and others of the like description.

There are other smaller sorts of Cyprae, however,
which are completely opposed to the last mentioned, ex-
cept in the general form, and in having their mouth run
the whole length of the shell: those which come under
this denomination are such as the Cyprea Nucleus, Ci-

UNIVALVES.—CYPR A. 57

cercula, Staphyleea, &c. &c. all of which have but little
coloring, andare completely rough, from having their sur-
faces covered with small globular tuberculations or warts.

In the Cypraea Pediculus, the shell, though rough, is
not indebted to tuberculations for its rugae, but to
approximate parallel elevated ribs or striz, which cover
the whole of the shell.

There are four divisions in the Cyprza; the first in-
cludes those that have a manifest spire, such as the Cy-
prea Arabica (the nutmeg Cowrie), Cypraea Amethystea
(the Young of Arabica); Cypraeea Exanthema, Cyprea
Plumbea (the Young of Exanthema); Cypreea Oculata,
and others.

Those, on the contrary, which are without a manifest
spire, class with such as the Cyprza Caput-serpentis
(the Serpent's Head), Cypreea Mauritiana and Moneta;
the last of which, the Cypraea Moneta, is fished-up by
the negro women, three days before or after full-moon,
and transported into Bengal, Siam, America, and the ad-
jacent islands; where it is used by the native blacks in
commerce, instead of money.

The thirde division is composed of the umbilicated or
perforated varieties; suchas the Cypreea Ziczac, Asellus,
&c. And those species which are marginated form the
fourth class: as for instance, the Cypraea Moneta, Annulus,
&e.

One of the rarest, most valuable, and largest Cowries
is the Cyprzea Aurantium, or Orange Cowrie, which is
found, though very rarely, at the Friendly Isles. One of
the rarities of the smaller sorts of Cowries is the Cypraa
Rubiginosa, or Iron-mould Cowrie.

The grand mark of distinction in the Cowries is, that,
when arrived at maturity, the two lips on each side of
their mouths are always beset with strong articulate teeth.

38

UNIVALVES.—_CYPRAHA.

The greater proportion of the Cypree are from the In-
dian Ocean; many, however, come from the American,
African, and Mediterranean shores; some also from the

South seas.

Exanthema.
Mappa.
Arabica.
Argus.
Testudinaria.
Stercoraria:
Carneola.
Zebra.
Talpa.
Amethystea.
Lurida.
Venelli.
Lota.
Fragilis.
Guttata.
Cinerea.
Plumbea.
Oculata.
Histrio.
Aurantium.
Ferruginosa.
Livida.
Gibba.
Turbinata.
Venerea.

Purpurescens.

Albida.
Rufescens.

CYPRAEA.

Translucense
Punctulata.
Tigrina.
Dubia.
Trifasciata.
Conspurcata.
Bifasciata.
Cylindrica.
Teres.
Ovata.
Minuta.

Sanguinolenta.

Fasciata.
Regina.
Undulata.

Caput-serpentis.

Reticulum.
Mauritiana.
Vitellus.
Mus.
Tigris.
Flammea.
Olivacea.
Feeminea.«
Lynx.
Tsabella.
Ambigua.
Scurra.

Onyx
Clandestina.
Succincta.
Ziczac.
Hirundo.
Asellus.
Erronea.
Ursellus.
Pyrum.
Maculosa.
Pulla.
Indica.
Ovum.
Felina.
Atomaria.
Nebulosa.
Ochroleuca.
Stellata.
Subflava.
Leucogaster.
Variolosa.
Fulva.
Leucostoma.
Lineata.
Cancellata.
Lutea.
Badia.
Punctata.

UNIVALVES.—BULLA. 59

Zonaria. Helvola. Cruenta.
Conoidea. Ocellata. Reticulata.
Cribraria. Poraria. Rubiginosa.
Moneta. *Pediculus. Miliaris.
Annulus. Nucleus. Acicularis.
Caurica. Madagascariensis. | Crassa.
Erosa. Staphylea. Vinosa.
Derosa. Cicercula. Angustata.
Flaveola. Globulus. Similis.
Spurca. Affinis. Striata.
Oblonga. Squalina. Chinensis.
Stolida. Fimbriata. Pusilla.
Re oe

BULLA.— Dipper or Bueete.

Animal—a Limax: Shell wnivalve, convolute, unarmed
with teeth; aperture alittle straitened, oblong, longitu-
dinal, very entire at the base; pillar oblique, smooth.

Tuts genus, which contains fifty-two species, is in some
instances so nearly allied to the latter, i. e. the Cyprea,
that much caution is necessary in order to prevent confu-
sion in the classification; for many of the Cypreee, when
young, so nearly resemble some of the Bull, that authors
have actually intermixed the genera. However, one
grand mark of distinction in this genus is, that, in what-
ever stage of growth its species are found, they never

60 UNIVALVES.——BULLA.

have teeth on both their lips; the pillar-lip being invari-
ably free from all sorts of denticulations or crenulations ;
whereas, in the Cyprieee, both the pillar and outer lipsare
strongly mounted with articulate and prominent. teeth.
There is also a greater variety of form in the Bulle than
in the Cypreeze; as, for instance, the Bulla Volva, or true
Weaver's Shuttle, is of an elongated form, having its
length much increased by two long beaks: this shell,
though far from beautiful, is accounted a great rarity, and

when fine bears a high price; itis from Jamaica and ,

the parts adjacent. There is also a variety of this shell
known by the name of the False Weaver's Shuttle.

The next variation of form is discernible in the Bulla
Ovum, or Poached Egg, of which there are two varieties:
the common sort (from Amboyna) is white without, and
ycllow within; the rarer sort (from the Friendly Isles)
is white without, and pink within. These shells are less
beaked and more gibbous than the latter species, and
lead into the following orbicular or swollen species, such
as the Bulla Naucum, Physis, Ampulla or Lapwing’s-egg,
&e. &c. These are without teeth, and somewhat umbi-
licated.

‘There is a curious exception to the general form of the
Bullee in the Bulla Terebellum, or Auger Dipper, whose
shape is remarkably long and slender, and appears more
like a lengthened Olive than what it really is.

Some of the Bulle, as the Ficus, and Rapa or Turnip,
are very similar to the genus Murex; the latter species,
i. e. the Bulla Rapa, is esteemed a rarity. The former,
on the contrary, is common, and very much resembles
the shape of a fig.

The Bulla Zebra, Bifasciata, Achatina, and others simi-

~ dX

UNIVALVES. —BULLA. 61

lar to those, are land species; they are in form nearly al-
lied to the genus Helix: and what is worthy of remark,
the animals which inhabit them are oviparous, their
young being produced from eggs. The reverse varieties
(that is to say, those having their whorls or spires twist-
ed contrary to the usual direction, and having, atthe same
time, their mouths placed on the opposite side) are highly
valued. The Bulla Purpurea inhabits Africa, and is
found in rice-fields.

Thesnail-shaped Bulle, such as the Fasciata, Virginea,
&e. &c. are mostly beautifully banded with parti-colored
streaks; they are found in the rivers of Asia. The Bulla
Gelatinosa, is an inhabitant of the rivers of Denmark.
The Fontinalis is found in the Danube, and other species
inhabit various lakes and rivers of Europe; in wet mea-
dows, among moss, they are also to be met with. Some
species of this genus are remarkable for the brittleness
and lightness of their shells; such are the Bulla Velum,
Vesica, &c. &e.

The inhabitant of one of the species, Bulla Lignaria,
and in all probability, those of most of the genus, isfurnish-
ed with an organ resembling the gizzard of a fowl, and
which it appears to use for the purpose of masticating its
food.

The different species of this genus are to be found in
the Mediterranean, African, American, Indian, European,
and Northern seas.

The Bulla, probably, derives its name from some of the
lesser species resembling a dew-drop, or bubble of water
caused by the-rain, :

Ovum.
Volva.
Birostris.
Spelta.
Verrucosa.
Gibbosa.
Naucum.

* Aperta.
*Hydatis.
*Ampulla.

* Lignaria.
*Regulbiensis.
Physis.
Amplustra.
Ficus.

Rapa.
Canaliculata.
Conoidea.

UNIVALVES.—.VOLUTA.
BULLA.
*Fontinalis, Ferruginosa.
*Hypnorum. Velum.
Turrita. Vesica.
Gelatinosa. *Cylindrica,
Terebellum. Oliva.
Cyprea. Voluta.
Virginea. Dominichensis.
Fasciata. Purpurea.
Strigata. Spreta.
Striatula. Solida.
Exarata. Stercus-pulicum.
Bifasciata. Scabra.
Ambigua. Akera.
Zebra. Soluta.
Achatina. Truncata.
Hyalina. Carnea.
Ovata. *Truncata.
%

VOLUTA.—Vo.ute orn Wreatu.

Animal—a Limax: Shell one-celled, spiral; aperture
without a beak, and somewhat effuse; pillar twisted or
platted, generally without lips or perforation.

Ir is far from an easy task to determine whether, in point

UNIVALVES.._VOLUTA. 63

of beauty or rarity, the genus Conus, or the genus Voluta,
should have the precedence. However, the latter would
seem to have a right to claim it, for its species are princi-
pally admired for the elegance and variety of their forms;
whereas the shape of the Cones is so similar as to afford
little or no material variation.

The one hundred and forty-four species of the Volutes
are more or less celebrated for their beauty or scarcity,
and are easily distinguished from all other Univalves, by
having several teeth or plaits on the columella or pillar-
lip. In some species, the number of teeth or plaits a-
mounts but to four or five; whereas in others, as in the
Olives, it is unlimited, and frequently extends to as many
as thirty or forty. ‘However, they are then much smaller
and less articulate than when fewer. Among the innu-
merable varieties of the Olives, the Camp or Panama
(Voluta Castrensis) is most conspicuous, not only from its
peculiarity and beauty of marking, but also from the con-
siderable magnitude it attams. ‘The rest of the species of
the Olives, as the Voluta Oliva, Ispidula, and Utriculus,
&e. &c. are not remarkable for their scarcity, but for
their astonishing beauty and variety, which is indeed in-
finite. Some of the rarer sorts of Volutes are the pro-
duce of the land, and are curiously distinguished from
the rest of their genus by having their mouths shaped ex-
actly likea humanear; such are the Voluta Auris-Midz
(Midas’ Ear), Auris-Sileni, Jude, Malchi, &c. &c. The
three first are found in the fens, marshy-woods, and swamps
of India, and are numbered among the varieties of the ge-
nus, The last is an inhabitant of New Caledonia, and is
also rare. The fusi-form or spindle-shaped Volutes con-
stitute a large portion of the genus, and are usually known

64. UNIVALVES.— VOLUTA.

by the name of Mitres; some of them are very ele-
gantly formed and finely tinted in their coloring.

The species most generally known among these are the
Voluta Patriarchalis, the Voluta Cardinalis, Papalis (Pope's
Mitre), and Episcopalis or Bishop’s Mitre, which is fre-
quent in India; but the inhabitant or fish is said to be of
a poisonous nature, if eaten, and to wound with a kind
of pointed trunk those who touch it. The natives of the
island of Tanna fix the shells in handles, and use them as
hatchets. Among the rest of the elongated form may be
enumerated the Voluta Sanguisuga, Caffra, Vulpecula,
Plicaria, and others, some of which are considered rare.

The Voluta Musica, or Music shell, though not rare is
very interesting, from the circumstance of having its
markings arranged in parallel lines, like the five lines or
a stave in music, upon which are placed small dots or
punctures, in exact resemblance of the notes and other
characters used in music. The Wild Music or Bat Volute
(Voluta Vespertilio) is a curious variety of the above; as
is alsothe Voluta Hebrea, which is esteemed a rarity.

Among the more beautiful species of the Volute, the
Voluta Vexillum or Orange Flag Volute, is most conspicu-
ous, and, in point of rarity, it yields to few. The Voluta
Lapponica, Scapha, and Magellanica, also are in great
esteem.

The Volute, with few exceptions, are shells of a smooth
and polished surface; among the exceptions may be
reckoned the Voluta Turbinellus, Ceramica, Capitellum,
and many of the Mitres. The species of Volute called
Melons, are mostly of large size; and some of them, as
the Voluta thiopica or Ethiopian Crown, and its vari-
eties, have their whorls or spires surrounded with elevat-
ed hollow spines, forming a perfect coronation or thorny

UNIVALVES.— VOLUTA. 65

crown: most of this division are papillary at the tip, and
among which may be classed the Voluta Cymbium, Ol-
la, Neptuni, &c. &c.

There are many rare and valuable Volutz, one especi-
ally, which comes from Gamberoon, is in very high re-
pute.

The Voluta Fossilis has hitherto only been found in a
fossil state:

The heavy and angulatedTurnips are worthy of notice
among the Volutes, not only on account of the size they
arrive at, but for their excessive weight, which, in com-
parison to most other shells, is really immense.

The different species of Volutze are found in various
parts of the world; but, in all probability, the Indian seas
produce the most; though the Atlantic, Pacific, Northern,
and European oceans, also yield their supplies.

VOLUTA:
Auris-Mide: * Alba. Dactylus.
Flammea. Solidula. Miliaria.
Sulcata. Livida. Monilis.
Bifasciata. Coffea‘ Exilis.
Flava. Porphyr>, Persicula.
Minuta. Oliva. *Pallida.
Pusilla. Annulata. Faba. —
Glabra. Utriculus. Glabella.
Auris-Sileni. Hiatula. Prunum.
Auris-Jude. Jaspidea. Reticulata.
Auris-Malchi. Nivea. Mercatoria.
*Tornatilis. Ispidula. Rustica.

*Jonensis. Carneolus. Paupercula.

66

Mendicaria.
Cancellata.
Elegans.
Ovum.
Marginata.
Nucea.
Conus.
Tringa.
Cornicula.
Virgo.

Scabriuscula.

Ruffina.
Nubila.
Sanguisuga.
Caffra.
Morio.
Acus.
Vulpecula.
Plicaria.
Bullata.
Crenulata.
Scutulata.
Nigra.
Subdivisa.
Cruentata.
Exasperata.
Granosa.
Casta.
Leucozonias.
Maculosa.
Nodulosa.
Spadicea.
Aurantia.

UNIVALVES. — VOLUTA.

Decussata.
Polygona.
Acuminata.
Biplicata.
Turricula.
Lineata.
Discors.
Striata.
Sulcata.
Levigata.
Ocellata.
Nasuta.
Marmorea.

Barbaclensis.

Clathrata.
Tricolor.
Turrita.
Syracusana.
Nitens.
Citrina.
Mucronata.
Rugosa.
Strigosa.
Fossilis.
Leucosticta.
Clathrus.
Virgata.

Leucostoma.

Variegata.
Filaris.
Volva.
Ziervoyelii.
Rhinoceros.

Costata.
Spuria.
Pertusa.
Cardinalis.
Episcopalis. . |
Papalis.
Patriarchalis.
Musica.
‘Vespertilio.
Arabica.
Hebrzea.
Turbinellus.
Capitellum.
Ceramica.
Pyrum.
Lapponica.
Vexillum.
Flavicans.
Rupestris.
Nassa.
Craticulata.
Spiralis.
Magellanica. -
Filosa.
Fuscata.
fEthiopica.
Cymbium.
Olla.
Ampla.
Neptuni.
Navicula.
Papillaris.
Indica.

UNIVALVES. —-BUCCINUM. 67

Scapha. Preeputium. Reticulata.
Cymbiola. Glans. Spectabilis.
EEL

BUCCINUM.—WaHeE Lk.

Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous; aper-

ture ovate, terminating in a short canal, leaning to the

_ right, with a retuse beak or projection; pillar-lip ex-
panded.

Turis genus, which comprises two hundred species, is re-
markable for the great and beautiful variety it affords,
and therefore is rendered difficult to separate from the
genus Murex; however, the leading distinction given to
the Buccinum is, that its beak or canal is usually much
shorter than that of the Murex, and instead of leaning to
the left, it inclines to the right. Besides which, the Buc-
cinum is generally more gibbous or bellied than the Mu-
rex, especially when those species called Tuns and Hel-
mets are referred to. The Tuns are for the most part of
a brittle and light fabric, and although some of them
grow to a large size, yet even the adults retain their cha-
racteristic fragility and thinness; their form is almost in-
variably very globose, but the mouth, unlike the Helmets,
is rarely beset with teeth.

The Spotted Tun (Buccinum Dolium), the Ribbed Tun
(Buccmum Galea), and the Clouded Tun (Buccinum
Olearium), are the most usual species; the Partridge Tun
(Buccinum Perdix) is also well known to most collectors.

68 UNIVALVES. — BUCCINUM.

It is perhaps worthy of remark, that the Buccinum Galea
has been known to attain the size of a man’s head.

The species nearest allied to the Tuns, are the Helmets,
but they are distinguished from them by having their
two lips (with few exceptions) beset with a number of
strong and articulate teeth; at the same time having their
outsides covered with strong and prominent protuberances
or knobs. Among the species of this description may be
enumerated the three following, viz. Buccinum Plicatum or
Plaited Helmet, Buccinum Cornutum or Horned Helmet
and Buccinum Rufum or Bull’s-mouth, which is easily
distinguishable by its nodulous or knotty belts and the
fiery-red glow of its mouth.

There are also other well known Helmets, as the Draft
Board, Zebra, Pin-cushion, and Peacock species; the two
latter of which are considered rare. However, one of
the rarest species of the Buccina is to be met with in
that division of the genus which contains the sort of shells
usually called Harps, of which there are several exceed-—
ingly beautiful and elegant varieties: the principal of
which are the Tortoise-shell, David's, Bleeding, Painted,
and Many-ridged Harps; the latter of which is the Bucci-
num Costatum of Linnzeus, but is more generally known
as the Many-ridged Harp; it surpasses all other varieties
in point of elegance and scarcity, and of course is sought
after with great avidity by the collector. It is from the
Isle of France, and has been sold for as Jarge a sum as
fifty pounds.

Among the other species of Buccina, the Scoops may be
considered of some importance. ‘The most usual species
are the Buccinum Patulum (the Common or wide-mouth-
ed Scoop), Buccinum Monodon (the Unicorn Scoop), and
Buccinum Persicum (the Necklace), of which there are

UNIVALVES.—— BUCCINUM. 69

two varieties, and by no means common. The next for-
mation that the Buccina take, is that which resembles, in
some degree, the shape of the common English Whelk
(Buccinum Undatum); such are the Buccinum Spiratum
or Joppa W helk, (which has the peculiarity of having its
whorls channelled or spirally grooved), Buccinum Scala
or Pully Whelk, and Buccinum Lapillus or Stone Shell,
whose animal yields a fine durable purple dye. The in-
habitant of the English Whelk is often eaten.

One species of the Buccinum genus is remarkable for
having its whorls surmounted with rows of foliations; it
is, therefore, generally called the Foliated Bulb, and is
the Buccinum Bezoar of Linnzeus

The Buccinum Tuba and Spadiceum are so nearly al-
lied to the genus Murex, that it remains still a matter of
doubt where they really ought to be classed.

The division of Buccina which is more distinct than
any hitherto enumerated, comprises those shells which
are usually known by the name of Needles; they are re-
markable for their sharp, lengthened, and spiral form;
which, added to the beautiful delineations which adorn
some of the species, constitutes them elegances, rather
than rarities in the collections. The most common spe-
cies of this sort of structureis the Marlin-spike (Buccinum
Maculatum), which often grows to nine or ten inches in
length: there are other species, such as the Buccinum
Subulatum, Crenulatum, &c. &c. &c. some of which are
very beautiful.

The Buccinum Fossile is found in a petrified state in
Germany.

It appears that the Buccina are not confined to the sea
only, for the Buccinum Fluviatile is known to frequent the
mouths of muddy rivers in India.

70 UNIVALVES.——BUCCINUM.

The Buccinum Flumineum is also a fresh-water spe-
cies, as is the Buccinum Virgineum, which inhabits the
rivers of Virginia.

The African, American, Indian, European, and South-
ern oceans, produce the greater part of the species; and
many are found on the British shores, also some few in
the Mediterranean.

This genus, in all probability, derives its name from
some of its species being formed like a trumpet, cornet,

or horn.

BUCCINUM.
Olearium. Flammeum. Striatum.
Galea. Testiculus, Cassis.
Perdix. Decussatum. Strigatum.
Pomum, Areola. Tyrrhenum.
Dolium. Tigrinum. Abbreviatum.
Caudatum. Undulatum. Erinaceus.
Niveum. Cicatricosum. Glaucum.
Clathratum. Tessellatum. Vibex.
*Lineatum. Pennatum. Tessellatum.
* Breve. Maculosum. Nodulosum.
*Minimum. Bilineatum. Fimbria.
*Obtusulum. Gibbum. Papillosum.
*Minutum. Ventricosum. Glans.
* Leeve. Strigosum. Arcularia.
*Obtusissimum. Rugosum, *Pullus.
Kchinophorum. Ponderosum. Gibbosulum.
Plicatum. Recurvirostrum. Mutabile.
Cornutum. Trifasciatum. Neriteum.
Rufum. Senegalicum. Harpa.
Tuberosum. Ochroleucum.

Costatum.

UNIVALVES, —BUCCINUM. 71

Persicum.
Monodon.
Patulum.
Heemastoma.
*Lapillus.
Smaragdulus.
Tuba.
Pyram.
Spadiceum.
Fossile.
Umbilicatum.
Candidum.
Scala.
Crassum.
Marginatum.
Labarynthus.
Rusticum.
Varium.
Filosum.
Coronatum.
Squalidum.
Crassum.
Fornicatum.
Spiratum.
Pyrozonias.
Leeviusculum.
Ocellatum.
Pyramidale.

Glaberrimum.

Strigosum.

Trifasciatum.
Leucozonias.
Cancellatum.

Obtusum.
Glabratum.
Stromboides.
Prerosum.
Australe.
Orbita.
Turgitum.
Undosum.
Affine.

Tranquebaricum.

Versicolor.
Cruentatum.
Sulcatum.
Rumpfii.
Bezoar.
Glaciale.
*Undatum.
*Striatum.
Ciliatum.
Viridulum.
Carinatum.
Solutum.
Tenia.
Lineatum.
Macloviense.
Foliorum.
Textum.
Strigosum.
*Anglicum.
*Porcatum.
Leevissimum.
Igneum,
Plumatum.

Lyratum.
Clathratum.
*Reticulatum.
*Minutum.
Niveum.
Scalare.
Indicum.
Nodulosum.
Piscatorium.
St. Mauritii.
Armillatum.
Plicatulum.
*Vulgatum.
Stolatum.
Nanum.
Exile.
Chalys.
Verrucosum.
Alatum.
Nigropunctatum
Nitidulum.
Levigatum.
Lamellosum.
Scutalatum.
Haustorium.
Ventricosum.
Testudineum
Catarrhacta.
Tahitense.
Lamellatum.
Maculatum.
Subulatum.
Crenulatum.

42 UNIVALVES. .—STROMBUS.

Hecticum. Flumineum. Lividulum,
Vittatum. Asperum. Edentulum,
Strigilatum. Muricinum. Pugio.
Duplicatum. Tuberculatum. Canaliculatum,
Lanceatum. Punctulatum. Varicosum.
Dimidiatum. Acicula. Cuspidatum.
Murinum. Faseiolatum. : Cinereum.
Tigrinum. Niveum, Virgineum.
Acus. Mucronatum. Proximatum.
Succinctus. Digitellus. Monile.
Commaculatum. Obliquum. Cingulatum.
Hastatum. Chalybeum. Geminum.
Aciculatum. Fluviatile. *Obtusulum,
Phallus. Radiatum.

STROMBUS.—WiuneEpD or CLAWw-SHELL.

Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral; aperture much
dilated; the lip expanding, and produced into a groove
‘leaning to the left.

THe distinguishing character of this genus, of which there
are fifty-three species, consists in the position of its beak,
which inclines to the left instead of the right; however,
as the younger shells of the genus are sometimes wholly
destitute of any beak whatsoever, a confusion with many
other genera has often taken place.

Almost the whole of this genus seem to have a propen-
sity (o extend their outer lip, either into the form of an

UNIVALVES.——STROMBUS, 73

expanded wing, (hence called Alatcee or Winged shells),
or to continue it, in distinct situations, into long and pointed
spikes or claws; however, these appearances are only
manifest in adults, the very young shells being totally
without wings or claws.

The most prominent species of the division which has
the lips terminated by claws or legs, are as follow:
viz. Strombus Chiragra or Devil’s-claw, Strombus Scor-
pius or Scorpion, Strombus Lambis or Spider-shell, and
Strombus Millepeda or Thousand-feet. The number of
claws, in the different species, varies from six to ten, and
the Strombus Pes-pelicani (the Pelican’s or Cormorant’s
Foot) has only four palmated claws, of a pale complexion.
The claws in some species are nearly straight, and often
smooth, whereas in others they are very much curved
and covered with wavy nodules or knobs. The progres-
sive growth of these shells, is particularly worthy of no-
tice: it has already been stated that the very young
shells have no appearance of claws; however, when some-
what older, they begin to shew themselves in the form

. of short and open spouts; when farther advanced, they

assume the shape they are toretain, but still they remain
thin, hollow, and imperfectly closed; but when arrived
at their destmed or full growth, they become perfectly
filled up and solid, and have a thick, strong, and heavy
horn-like appearance.

Among those Strombi that are not ornamented by a
decided wing, may be included the Strombus Fasciatus,
Pugilis, and Lentiginosus. The Strombus Oniscus is to-
tally destitute of any wing-like appearance; but those
that have that feature most prominent, are the Strombus
Gallus or Plough-alatus, Strombus Auris-Diane (the
Ass’s or Diana’s Ear), Strombus Latissimus, (a very rare

74 UNIVALVES. —STROMBUS.

species), and Strombus Gigas, or the West India Conch
Shell. There are others also that have nearly the same
peculiarity, such as the Strombus Epidromis, or Main-
sail-alatus, the Strombus Vittatus, Canarium, &c. &c. &c.
Though these latter species never grow to any magni-
tude, some of the former, as the Latissimus and Gigas,
frequently attain a considerable size.

Among the oddities of this genus, may be included the
Strombus Luhuanus, Gibberulus, &c. which, from having
some part of their whorls more gibbous or swollen than
others, are generally known by the name of Pouter-alatz,
and are with great propriety called so, on account of their
resemblance to that species of columbe, or pigeons, called
Pouters. There are a great many beautiful varieties, some
having scarlet, pk, or orange mouths, whereas others
have the interior of their shells of a rich blue, purple, or
yellow color.

The Strombus Fusus or Spindle, of which there are two
varieties, nearly resembles a Murex, in having the beak
rather straight; but approaches nearer to the genus Strom-
bus, in being smooth, and having the lip toothed. ‘The
first variety of this shell has a short subulate beak, but
the second variety (known by the name of the Long-
beaked Spindle) is easily distinguishable from it, as the
shell altogether is much more tapering and delicate, and
its beak, when perfect, is nearly as long as all the rest of
the shell. It is considered as one of the great rarities in
collections, and is from the Straits of Sunda.

Among the Strombi which are differently formed to
those already mentioned, the Strombus Tuberculatus, and
the three following species, may prove sufficient examples:
viz. Strombns Palustris or Ladle, from the meadows or
Savannahs of the Indian Ocean; Strombus Ater or Black

UNIVALVES. ——STROMBUS.- 75

Strombus, from the fens of Amboyna; and Strombus
Aculeatus or Black Hercules’ Club, from the marshes of
Africa.

lt may be observed, that the three last are land species,
and are characterized by their elongated or turreted
shape, and having their whorls more or less beset with
sharp knobs or prickly spines. One species of Strombus
is remarkable for having its whorls turned contrary, it is
the Strombus Sinister, or Left-handed Strombus, and is
found fossil in Helvetia.

The Strombus Spinosus is also found fossil. The Strom-
bus Fissurella is sometimes to be met with in India, in a
recent state, but is more frequently found fossil in Cam-
pania and in England.

The African, Indian, American, and European oceans,
alike furnish their supplies of this genus, and some few
are indebted to the Mediterranean, Red, and Arctic Seas
for their existence.

STROMBUS.
Fusus. Auris-Diane. Minimus.
*Pes-pelicani. Pugilis. Canarium.
Chiragra. Alatus. Vittatus.
Scorpius. Marginatus. Succinctus.
Lambis. Luhuanus. Spinosus.
Millepeda. | Gibberulus. Fissurella.
Clavus. Oniscus. Urceus.
Lentiginosus. Lucifer. Tridentatus.
Fasciatus. Gigas. Dentatus.
Raninus. Latissimus. Costatus.

Gallus. Epidromis. Bryonia.

76 UNIVALVES,.——_MUREX.

Affinis. Ater. Dealbatus.
Latus. Lineatus. Fuscus.
Levis. Punctatus. Marginatus.
Vexillum. Vibex. Lividus.
Norwegicus. Auritus. Striatus.
Tuberculatus. Aculeatus. Sinister,
Palustris. Agnatus.

omen ISLS

MUREX.—Rock or TrumMpPet-SHELL.

Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, rough, with
membranaceous sutures; aperture oval, ending in an en-
tire, straight, or slightly ascending canal.

Tue most prominent character which distinguishes the
one hundred and eighty-two species of this genus from .
those of the two preceding genera, consists in the beak ;
which, unlike them, neither inclines to the right nor left,
butis almost invariably straight, and very much produced,
sometimes turning a little upwards.

The Murices are mostly shells of unequal form, arising
from their surfaces being usually covered with spines,
knobs, striz, or foliations. There is one division whichis
peculiar for the uncommon length of beak, which most
of its species are remarked for: the principal of which is
the Murex Haustellum or Snipe’s-head, and the Murex
Tribulus, of which there are two varieties; the commoner
sort being called the Thorny-Woodcock, and the rarer

UNIVALVES.—— MUREX. 71

(after the French) Peigne de Venus, or Venus’s Comb;
which is not only considered a rarity, but is perhaps one
of the most elegant shells throughout the genus. To this
same division belong also the Murex Cornutus or Horned
Snipe’s-head, and Murex Brandaris or Thorny Snipe’s-
head; the former of which grows to a considerable size,
and is by no means common.

The Venus’ Comb, when perfect, is most beautifully
adorned with thin and delicate spines, exquisitely ad-
justed in regular order, and placed in rows down the
shell. The name it bears is exceedingly applicable. The
next division includes thosethat have a muchshorter beak,
and are not spinous; such are the Murex Trunculus, Mu-
rex Pomum, Murex Decussatus and Radix; the latter of
which is very highly rated, it grows to a considerable size,
and itsshell is beset with numerous rows of frondose, black,
undulate spines; which, being contrasted with opaque-
white, renders it at once an object of great beauty and

magnificence.

The next class or division of the Murices, comprises
those species which are commonly known as Triplices, or
more properly Purpurz, as the animals inhabiting most of
the shells of this division are known to possess the pro-
perty of affording a rich purple juice or liquid, hence the
whole genus has by some been called Purpura. The
species of this division, and of which there are almost
endless varieties, have their sutures composed of crisped
foliations, and acute angular ramifications; among those
best known, are the pink and yellow-mouthed varieties
of the Endive-purpura, the Rose-bush Triplex, and the
Water-wheel Triplex, all of which are exceedingly rare
and beautiful. The number of rows in the foliated su-
tures, differs considerably, some (as the Murex Ramosus,

78 UNIVALVES.— MUREX.

&e. &c.) have but three, the Murex Scorpio has four,
the Saxatilis five, and the Diaphanus six.

The next division is composed of those species, that, in-
stead of having their sutures foliated and crisped, have
them thick, protuberant, and rounded; such are the Mu-
rex Lyratus, Murex Rana or Thorny-toad, Murex Lam-
pas or Swiss-trowse, Murex Lotorium or Hog’s-snout,
and Murex Femorale or Gadroon-whelk, which is re-
markable for the circumstance of its outer lip having fur-
nished silversmiths with the idea of imitating it, in their
borders or rims of massy silver-plate, well known by
the name of the Gadroon-border. ‘The two curious
species of shells called the Grimace-whelks, belong to
this division.

The next variation of form is perceptible in those spe-
cies which are more abbreviated and gibbous, being at
the same time more or less spinous, and without a manifest
beak: such are the Murex Ricinus, Murex Hippocasta-
num or Horse-chesnut, and all the varieties of Murex
Neritoideus, or Mulberries, most of which are beset with
black tubercles and spines, some having purple, others
yellow mouths.

The next and very prominent division of Murices is
composed of such shells as have a long, straight, subulate,
closed beak, and unarmed with spines: such are the Mu-
rex Colus or Crane, of which there are many large and
beautiful varieties; Murex Babylonius or Tower of Ba-
bel, and many other Towers; all of which have a pecu-
liarity which appertains solely to them, and which con-
sists in a small fissure or incision placed on the extremity
of the outer lip, close to the termination of the first
whorl.

The Murex Rapa resembles Bulla Rapa exceedingly;

UNIVALVES,._ MUREX. 79

a similar resemblance is manifest between the Murex
Fieus and the Bulla Ficus. The reverse variety of the
Murex Ficus, is called Murex Perversus, or the Reverse
Fig, and is a very rare species. The Murex Antiquus is
also sometimes found contrary or reversed. The animal
of the Murex Despectus is often eaten, but is more gene-
rally used as a bait for Cod and Ray.

The Murex Tritonis, or Triton’s-trumpet, is an inhabi-
tant of the Mediterranean and Indian seas; anda third va-
riety comes from the South Seas. This is the species which
isused by the natives of New Zealand, as a musical shell ;
and by the Africans and many nations of the East, as a
Military-horn. It sometimes exceeds two feet in length.
The Murex Gigas also often measures twenty-one inches.

The last division of the Murices, includes those that are
tapering and subulate, having ashort beak. Among them
may be noticed, the Murex Vertagus, Murex Aluco, &c.
&c. &c. The Murex Fasciatus and Fluviatilis are inha-
bitants of the American rivers; and the Moluccanus
is found in the marshes of the Molucca Islands.

One of the reverse speciesof Murices is the Murex Con-
trarius. And among the rarer sorts, may be classed the
Murex Perversus, Prismaticus, Stramineus, Radix, and
Aruanus or Aru-trumpet, which comes from New Gui-
nea, The fossil Murices are as follow: viz. Murex
Tripterus, Costatus, Laevigatus, Fossilis, and Campani-
cus; they are mostly from Campania. The animal of
the Murex Loco is eaten by the Chinese, it has a small
vescicle in the neck, which contains a purple liquor.

The numerous species and varieties of the Murices
are from the following places, viz. Pulo Condore, Guinea,
Senegal, Straits of Magellan; the European, Northern,

80 UNIVALVES.—~MUREX.

and Southern Seas; India, the Mediterranean, Adriatic,

and Atlantic.

This genus derives its name from many of its species
being rough, like the sharp craggs of a rock; and also
from others bearing a resemblance to a trumpet.

Haustelium.
Tribulus.
Cornutus.
Brandaris.
Trunculus.
Pomum.
Decussatus.
Triacanthus.

Melanamathos.

Radix.
Candidus.
Fasciatus.
Ramosus.
Foliatus.
Scorpio.
Saxatilis.
Diaphanus.
Cichoreum.
Versicolor.
* Erinaceus.
Striatus.
Tripterus.
Sacellum.

MUREX.

Motacilla:
Triqueter.
Lyratus.
Rana.
Gyrinus
Affinis.
Lampas.
Olearium.
Femorale.
Cutaceus.
Lotorium.
Pileare.
Bufonius.
Pyrum.
Caudatus.
Rubecula.

Scrobiculator.

Reticularis.
Lamellosus.
Nodatus.
Anus.
Miliaris.
Senegalensis.

*Carinatus.
Ricinus.
Nodus.
Neritoideus.
Fucus.
Loco.
Hystrix.
Mancinella.
Hippocastanum.
Senticosus.
Melongera:
Consul.
Lima.
Cariosus.
Babylonius.
Javanus.
Sinensis.
Straminius.
Australis.
Uncinatus,
Turris.
Costatus.
Asper.

Colus.
Morio.
Cochlidium.
Spirillus.

Canaliculatus.

Ficus.
Carica.
Rapa.
Niveus.
Granum.
Aruanus:
Perversus.
* Antiquus.
*Despectus.
Fornicatus.
Incrassatus.
*Truncatus.
* Acuminatus.
Argus.
Maculosus,
Magellanicus.
Cancellatus.
Scolopaceas.
Literatus.
Trigonus.
Semilunaris.
Costatus.
Sulcatus.
Fusiformis:
Tritonis.
Pusio.
Tulipa.
Clathratus.

&

UNIVALVES.——MUREX,.

Nassa.
Plicatus.
Scala.
Fiscellum.
Corona.
Dolarium.
*Corneus.
Lignarius,
Trapezium.
Vespertilic.
Scolymus.
Harpa.
Tuba.
Syracusanus.
Craticulatus.
Scriptus.
Ternatanus.

Infundibulum.

Polygonus.
Islandicus.
Levigatus.
Fossilis.
Candidus.
Ansatus.
Undatus.
Longissimus.
Lancea.
Angustus.
Versicolor.
Verrucosus.
Striatulus.
Pardalis.
Gigas.

Sl

Lignosus.
Gibbulus.
Granularis.
Vexillum.
Vulpinus.
Afer.
Campanicus.
Arenosus.
Maroccensis,
Lineatus.
Perron.
Larva.
Neritoideus.
Prismaticus.
Columbarium.
Asperrimus.
Undulatus.
Vertagus.
Aluco.
Annularis.
Plicatulus.
Sordidus.
Cingulatus.
Fuscus.
Fasciatus.
Fluviatilis.
Alatus.
Nodulosus.
Terebella.
Fuscatus.
Torulosus.
Radula.
Asper.

82 UNIVALVES.— TROCHUS.

Granulatus. Tuberculatus. Conditus.

' *Decollatus. Gibbosus. Clava.
Moluccanus. Atratus. Hexagonus.
Minimus. *Contrarius, *Minutissimus.
Strigilatus, Eburneus.

ee oe
TROCHUS.—-Tor-SHett.

Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, more ov less
conic; aperture somewhat angular or rounded; the up-
per side transverse and contracted; pillar placed ob-
liquely.

THe genus Trochus contains one hundred and thirty-
three species. Among so large a number, considerable
differences may naturally be expected ; however, the lead-
ing characteristic, which in the Trochi consists in the
shape, is more or less retained throughout the major part
of the species. Yet, in many instances, some of them are
so very nearly allied to the following genus Turbo, that
frequent mistakes arise in their classification.

The form of the Trochi is invariably conical, though
some are much more obtuse than others; all, however,
have a broad base, the whorls gradually tapering upwards
to the apex or tip, thereby assuming the shape of a py-
ramid.

Among those Trochi which have their pillar perforated
or umbilicated, may be mentioned the ‘Trochus Niloticus,
Trochus Maculatus, Trochus Perspectivus (the Stair-case),
Trochus Hybridus, and Pharaonis, &c. &c.

Though some of this genus have their surfaces almost

UNIVALVES.——_TROCHUS. 83

smooth, yet a far greater number may be found that are
covered with knobs, spines, tuberculations, or undulations.
The Trochus Solaris or Golden Sun, and the Trochus Im-
perialis or Imperial Sun, from the South seas, may per-
haps be sufficient examples: The former has its margin
beset with long spines, placed at regular distances, and
which, when the shell is perfect, resemble very nearly
the manner in which the rays of the sun are often repre-
sented in carved work, &c. &c. Added to which, there is
a most beautiful gold color, which occasionally shines
forth through the ochreous surface of the shell, and
which of course adds materially to the similitude, in as
much as it approaches nearer to the gilded radiance of
the splendid orb it is compared with. The Trochus Im-
perialis, however, has no pretension te a similar appear-
ance, for it is mostly of a dull olive colour, though there
is a rare variety of it, which has a pinkish cast, and is
known by the name of the Pink Sun. They are both rare
shells, and from the South seas.

Among those Trochi which are imperforate, or in other
words; those that have their umbilieus closed, may be in-
cluded the TrochusVestiarius, Trochus Labio, and Trochus
Tuber, the latter of which very much resembles a Turbo.

The Trochus Iris, (commonly called the Ear-drop
Snail), is celebrated, when uncoated, for the splendid me-
tallic lustre which illumines its surface; and when held
in different positions and lights, exhibits all the varied
tints of the rainbow, blended with the richest gold color
imaginable.

The Trochus Cookii, from Cooke's Bay, has its aper-
ture closed with a horny lid or operculum, an appendage
not unfrequent in many of the Univalve tribes; its use is
to secure the inhabitant when retired within its shell: it

84 UNIVALVES.—TROCHUS.

is affixed to the animal, and as that retreats into the spi-
ral whorls of its shell, it draws the operculum in along
with it, till arrived at one particular situation of the aper-
ture or mouth; where, from the extreme accuracy of its
adjustment, it perfectly closes the orifice, thereby form-
ing a complete barrier against any outward attacks, that
may be made on the animal.

The operculum often varies in shape, according to
the form of the mouth it has to close: in some instances
it is elongated, and has a horny appearance; in others it
is circular, and of a very compact testaceous substance;
some are perfectly smooth, others strongly granulated.

The Trochus Conchyliophorus, or Carrier Trochus, is
avery curious and remarkable species; for it is invariably
covered with other substances, strongly adhering to the
whorls of theshell. ‘There are two distinct varieties: one
of which is called the Conchologist, from its being loaded
with parts or fragments of shells, and other testaceous
substances; the second variety is very properly named
the Mineralogist, as its burthen consists of stones, earths,
pebbles, ores, &c. When the former variety is loaded with
corals only, it is called the Zoologist or Coral-carrier.
They are considered, when heavily laden, as rarities.

Some species of Trochi are much elongated, and greatly
resemble screw or needle shells. Unlike the rest of the
genus, they have an exserted pillar; and, when placed
on their base, they fall on one side. The most promi-
nent species are the Trochus Telescopium, or Telescope
Trochus, and the Trochus Dolabratus.

The greater part of the Trochi present a brilliant mo-
ther-of-pearl, when uncoated; others have only their aper-
{ure pearly or silvery; whereas some again are of a hue
something resembling bronze.

UNIVALVES.—TROCHUS. 85

There are several reverse varieties of Trochi: the prin-
cipal are—Trochus Perversus, Undulatus, Ventricosus,
Annulatus, and Pusillus; the latter of which is found
within larger shells, among the sands of India.

The Flumineus is a river species, and the Hortensis is
an inhabitant of the gardens in warmer climates. The
Terrestris is also a land species, and frequents the moun-
tains of Cumberland.

Amongst the fossil species, there are two with the
whorls contrary, viz. Trochus Ferrugineus, and Trochus
Novus: the former of which is found near Staphusia, con-
verted into iron-ore. ‘The Trochus Schreeteri is also
found fossil in Campania.

The following are the places which yield specimens of
the Trochi, viz. Asia, Africa, America, Friendly Isles,
New Zealand, Red Sea, Mediterranean, the European
and British seas, &c, &e. &c.

TROCHUS.
Niloticus. *Cinerarius. Conspersus.
Maculatus. Divaricatus. Tentorium.
Perspectivus. *Umbilicaris. Ochroleucus.
Hybridus. Solaris. Stellatus.
Cruciatus. Tectum. Spengleri.
*Pharaonis. Conus. Costatus.
*Magus. Spinosus. Inzequalis.
Modulus. Jujubinus. Regius.
Muricatus, Alveare. Verrucosus.
Scaber, Concavus. Cylindricus.
Varius. Vernus. Radiatus.

86 UNIVALVES. —TROCHUS.

Viridis.
Rusticus.
Nigerrimus.
Fanulum.
Strigosus,
Pyramis.
Capensis.
fEgyptius,
Depressus.
Leevigatus.
Greenlandicus,
Roseus.
Petholatus.
Viridulus.
Urbanus.
Guineensis,
Nodulus.
Carneus.
*Tessellatus,
Croceus.
Obliquatus.
Vittatus.
Schreeteri.
Indicus. .

Infundibuliformis.

Stramineus.
Variegatus,
Areola.
Inermis.
Imperialis.
Planus.
Albidus.
Fuscatus.
Fasciatus.

Corallinus.
Griseus.
Ferrugineus.
Novus.
Fragilis.
Callosus.
Afer.
Neritoideus,
Perlatus.
*Terrestris.
*Fuscus.
Vestiarius,
Labio.
Tuber,
Striatus.
*Conulus.
*Zizyphinus,
Obeliscus.
Distortus,
Virgatus.
Foveolatus.
Diaphanus,
Tris.
Rostratus.
Notatus.
Elegans.
Melanostoma.
Erythroleucos.
Punctulatus.
Imbricatus,
Americanus.
Celatus.
Purpureus.

Cookii.
Nodulosus,
Mauritianus.
Fenestratus.
Helicinus.
Argyrostomus,
Sinensis.
Lugubris.
Asper.
Tessellatus.
Citrinus.
Granatum.
Crocatus.
Conchyliophorus,
Pantherinus,
Grandinatus,
Ineequalis,
Tigris.
Pulligo.
*Parvus,
Telescopium,
Dolabratus.
Perversus,
Pusillus,
Undulatus.
Ventricosus,
Annulatus.
Flumineus.
Punctatus,
Striatellus.
Ziczac.
Lunaris.
Hortensis.

UNIVALVES.— TURBO. 87

TURBO.—Wreatn, Gic or Tor-SHELt.

Animal--a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, solid; aperture
contracted, orbicular, entire.

Tuere are no less than one hundred and fifty-one species
of this beautiful genus; they are, for the most part, solid
and ponderous shells, and very many are of a pearly na-
ture when uncoated. The first division has the pillar
margin of the aperture dilated, and the pillar imperforate.
Amongst the leading species may be reckoned the Turbo
Obtusatus, Turbo Neritoides, and Turbo Littoreus, or
common Periwinckle, a shell well known to most per-
sons. Its fish, when boiled, is not unfrequently eaten; it
is aninhabitant of most European shores; and it is said of
them by sailors, that, if seen crawling high up the rocks,
it is an indication of the approach of stormy weather;
if, on the contrary, they descend, a calm is sure to fol-
low.

The next class or division is that whose shells are solid
and imperforate; among the principal species are the
Turbo Petholatus or Ribband Turbo, Turbo Chrysosto-
mus or Gold Mouth, Turbo Pagodus or Chinese Pagoda,
Turbo Calcar or the Spur, and Turbo Smaragdus or the
Emerald Turbo; to which may be added, the Turbo
Cochlus, Cornutus, Nigerrimus, Marmoratus, and Olea-
rius, the two latter of which sometimes attain a gigantic
S1Ze.

The next palpable variation consists in the pillar of
some species being perforated or umbilicated. The Tur-
bo Pica or Magpye Turbo (as being the most known and
easiest procured) will be the best to refer to as an exam-

88 UNIVALVES.——TURBO.

ple. The Turbo Margaritaceus or Pearly Turbo, the
Turbo Argyrostomus or Silver Mouth, and the Turbo
Delphinus or Dolphin Shell, also belong to this division.

A further alteration or variation takes place in those
species that are less solid, at the same time that they are
cancellate. The Wentle-trap (from the German Windle-
treppe, or Winding-staircase) as being one of the most
beautiful as well as rarest shells known, will, with its op-
posite variety, suffice to exhibit the peculiarities of this
division. The True Wentle-trap (so called to distinguish
it from the False) is a turbinate or spiral conical shell,
varying in size from a quarter of an inch to upwards of
two inches. The small and young shells are remarka-
bly thin, brittle, and transparent; and they generally pos-
sess more color than those farther advanced. ‘The form
of this shell is extremely elegant; its whorls, which
are always gibbous or inflated, are beset, at regular dis-
tances, with numerous, elevated, carinated, subobligue,
longitudinal, continued ribs, evidently the remains of for-
mer mouths, the color usually of a yellowish or pinkish
white: however, in very young shells, the ribs are of a
blueish semipellucid appearance, having the interstices
between them of a deep brown cast, which, probably,
proceeds from a sort of epidermis, rather than a local co-
loring. There are said to be two varieties of the real
Wentle-trap, one having only eight whor!s, and perforat-
ed; the other having ten whorls, and imperforate: they
also inhabit different places, one, it is said, coming from
Barbary, the other from Coromandel. The value of these
shells varies in proportion with their degree of perfection
and size, and they have been sold frem ten shillings to
fifty pounds.

This shell possesses a striking peculiarity, which con-

UNIVALVES. —-TURBO. 89

sists in its being entirely destitute of a pillar or columella
to connect its whorls; a circumstance so thoroughly op-
posed tothe regular structure of all other turbinate shells,
must, of course, have created considerable doubt as to
which genus it ought to be classed in; and some au-:
thors have made no scruple to place it among the Serpu-
tee or Worm Shells.

The False Wentle-trap, Turbo Clathrus, is easily dis-
tinguished from the True, by its being much more taper
or elongated, and is in reality a very common shell; it is
usually placed in collections very close to the true one,
and thereby more clearly demonstrates the difference. It
is not umbilicate, and the whorls are more closely con-
nected. There are three varieties of this species: one is
pellucid with very thin ribs; the other has its lip produc-
ed into a beak; and some are spotted or dotted with
brown. They are found inthe European and Indian seas,
in great plenty, from half an inch to two inches in length.
It is said, that, from the animal inhabiting these shells, the
ancients extracted a purple dye.

Among the other rarities of this genus, the Pheasant
and Beauty varieties must not be omitted; they are both
exceedingly scarce, and are mastly from Van Diemen’s
Land, and other Islands of the South Seas, There is, per-
haps, no species of shells throughout the genera of Uni-
valves, which admits of so much real beauty and variety
as is manifest in the Pheasants,

Many shells of this genus (commonly known as Need-
les or Screws) are exceedingly beautiful; their shape is
that of.a well proportioned spire, with thirty or forty
whorls gradually tapering or diminishing from the base
to the very extreme tip or apex of the shel!, and there
ending in a most acute point, forming in their course the

90 UNIVALVES.— TURBO.

most elegant and graceful spiral the imagination can sug-
gest. The shells of this form are distinguished from those
something similar among the Strombi and Buccina, by
their having a circular or orbicular mouth, which is in-
deed the leading characteristic of all thespecies through-
out this genus.

Among the species of the tapering or elongated Tur-
bines, may be mentioned the Turbo Imbricatus, Replica-
tus, Acutangulus, Duplicatus, and Terebra, which are
the principals of the division.

The Turbo Ulvz is found adhering to the Ulva Lac-
tuca. The Turbo Perversus has its whorls contrary, and
dwells among moss on old walls in Europe, as does also
the Turbo Muscorum; and the Turbo Tumidus is often
found in the woods of England. Among the fresh-water
species the Turbo Nautileus stands conspicuous; it is often
affixed to plants in stagnant waters.

The species from the ocean are principally from the
South seas, and among them some of the rarest are found:
others are from the American and African oceans, whilst
others are the produce of the Indian and Northern seas;
and several species are to be met with in the Mediterra-
nean and European seas.

TURBO.
Obtusatus. Muricatus. Personatus.
Neritoides. Lituus. Petholatus.
* Littoreus. Punctulatus. Cochlus.
*Tumidus. *Cimex. Chrysostomus.
*Rudis. *Pullus. Echinatus.
* Lineatus. *Fasciatus. Tectum-persicum.

Pagodus.
Sulcatus.
Calcar.
Rugosus.
Marmoratus.
Sarmaticus.
Olearius.
Cornutus.
Radiatus.
Imperialis.
Coronatus.
Canaliculatus.
Setosus.
Sparverius.
Spinosus.
Moltkianus.

Spenglerianus.

Castanea.
Crenulatus.
Smaragdus.
Papyraceus.
/Ethiops.
Nicobaricus.
Cidaris.
Nigerrimus.
Helicinus.
Punctatus.
Heemastomus.
Torquatus.
Undulatus.
Niveus,
Helicoides.
*Nitidus.

*Scriptus.
*Costatus.
*Subluteus.

* Albulus.
*Reticulatus.
*Ruber.
*Interstinctus.
*Striatus.
*Subarcuatus.
* reus,
*Elegans.
*Pellucidus.
*Canaliculatus,
*Divisus.
Pica.
Sanguineus.
Argyrostomus.
Margaritaceus,
Versicolor.
Delphinus.
Nodulosus.
Distortus.
Stellaris.
Aculeatus.
Stellatus.
Mespilus.
Granulatus.
Ludus,
Atratus.
Dentatus,
Diadema,
Cinereus.
Carinatus.

UNIVALVES.— TURBO. 91

Afer.
Planorbis.
Marginellus.
Helicoides.
Foliaceus.

’

Anguis.
Porphyrites.
Smaragdus,
Crenellus.
Thermalis.
Scalaris.
*Clathrus.
*Tuberculatus.
Ambiguus.
Crenatus.
Lacteus.
Striatulus.
Uva.
Corneus.
Lincina.
Lunulatus.
Labio.
*Striatus.
Reflexus.
Dubius.
Limbatus.
Imbricatus.
Replicatus.
Acutangulus.
*Duplicatus.
*Cinctus or Exole-
*Terebra. _[tus.
* Levis.

92 UNIVALVES.— HELIX.

* Albus. Tridens. *Crassus.
Variegatus. *Muscorum. *Punctatus.
Ungalinus. *Ulve. *Sheppeianus.
Crystallinus. *Trifasciatus. *Sandvicensis.
Albulus. *Membranaceus. Obtusus.
Annuatus. *Interruptus. Auriscalpium.
*Bidens. *Subrufus. _ Politus.
*Perversus, *Strigatus. Nautileus.
Fusulus, * Albidus. Obsoletus.
Fusus, *Carinatulus. Quinquedentatus
Suicatus, *Clathratulus. Pyramidalis.
Quadridens.

ieee

HELIX.—Swait or SPIRAL.

Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, subdiaphanous,
brittle; aperture contracted, semilunar, or rowndish.

Tue genus Helix is the most numerous of any; it con-
tains no less than two hundred and sixty-seven species,
among which, some are of great beauty and rarity. By
far the greater proportion of species are the produce of
the land: many of the rest are the inhabitants of rivers
and fresh-waters, leaving but a verysmall residue natives
of the ocean.

The Helices are, for the most part, shells of delicate and
brittle structure, and remarkable for their lightness; their
general form is closely allied to that of the common gar-
den or hedge-snail, except in those species which are ta-
pering or elongated. Among the carinated Helices, or
those with an acute margin, may be reckoned the Helix

UNIVALVES— HELIX. 93

Lapicida, Marginata, Cicatricosa, and Scarabeeus; the
last of which is said to be found in the Friendly Isles, and
on the mountains of Asia. These shells were formerly sup-.
posed to have fallen in showers from the clouds.

The more compressed or flattened species of this genus
are those commonly known by the name of Antique
Lamps, in consequence of their great resemblance to that
utensil. There are many rare and beautiful shells in this
division; among those best known are the Helix Lucer-
na, Lampas, Carocolla, &c. &c. &c. The rarest speci-
mens, however, are the Helix Ringens or Grinner, the
Helix Gualteriana or Gualtieri’s Snail (so called after the
conchologist of that name), and the Helix Tricarinata or
Triple-keeled Snail. There are other species which have
their whorls more produced, and altogether are much
more globose or inflated in their forms; such are the
Helix Ampullacea, Helix Glauca (a very rare shell) and
Helix Pomatia; the latter snail is an inhabitant of the
woods of Europe, and was introduced into England by
Sir Kenelm Digby, for medical purposes. The animal is
used in many parts of Europe as an article of food dur-
ing Lent; and it was a favorite dish with the Romans.
It is oviparous, very tenacious of life, and towards winter,
covers its aperture with a calcareous lid.

The animal of the Helix Ampullacea is also eaten, it
grows to an immense size. It deposits its eggs in clus-
ters, on the bark of trees, or rushes, &c. they have some-
times a pink tinge, but are generally dull white.

The innumerable varieties of the Helix Citrina, or Ci-
tron Land Snail, are uncommonly beautiful.

There are some of the Helices which closely resemble
shells classed with the Volutz ; the two principal species
are the Helix Ovalis, and Helix Oblonga; they are laud

94 UNIVALVES. —HELIX.

shells, and their eggs resemble those of a common spar--
row, but perfectly elliptical.

Among the Helices which are rounded and imperforate
or without an umbilicus, may be reckoned the Helix
Dextra, and Perversa; they are both the same kind of
shell, only one has its whorls turned contrary to the
other: they are rare shells, and ‘have their surfaces
covered with a beautiful citron color, variegated with
green, and striped or banded with brown.

The Helix Ianthina has the property of shining by
night, and the animal, when alive, stains the hand of a
purple color, not easily removed; they are found in great
numbers, floating on marine substances, on the surface of
the water.

Amidst the infinite variety of terrestrial shells there
is, perhaps, no species so well known as the Helix Hor-
tensis or Common Garden Snail; it is an inhabitant of
European gardens and orchards, and is (it hardly need
be stated) very destructive to fruit, and tender leaves.
Their eggs are perfectly round, and about the size of
small peas.

The Helix Nemoralis, which is an inhabitant of the
woods, partakes of the same nature with the last, as also
does the Helix Lucorum.

One of the scarcest and most beautiful species of Helix,
is the Heemastoma, which is famous for its elegant band-
ings and rose colored lips.

The division of elongated or tapering Helices, includes
the following species, viz. Helix Decollata or Truncated
Snail, Helix Scalaris, and Helix Circinata, which has
some resemblance to Turbo Scalaris, Helix Columna,
and the Helix Stagnorum, a fresh-water species.

Those Helices which are ovate and imperforate or

UNIVALVES. ——HELIX. 95

non-umbilicate, may be classed with the following spe-
cies, viz. Helix Pupa, Helix Barbara, Helix Amarula or
the Black Spiny Mitre from the Ganges, Helix Stagna-
lis, found in the still waters of Europe, and Helix Fragi-
lis, Palustris, &c. &c. &c.

There are many of this genus which inhabit aquatic
plants in standing-waters, lakes, ponds, and ditches:
others are found on trees and shrubs of Asia, and in the
woods of Denmark, Sweden, and Germany; some fre-
quent the water-falls of Lombardy ; many harbour among
rotten wood; others again are the produce of America,
Africa, India, Italy, Portugal, China, New Zealand, and
Otaheite; and many are found in Britain, and on its
coasts, though they are mostly minute.

HELIX.
Scarabeeus. Vermiculata. Cepa.
*Lapicida. Candida. Cornu-militare.
Marginata. Spadicea. Pellis-serpentis.
Cicatricosa. Incarnata. *Vortex.
f£gophthalmos. Sericea. Scabra.
Oculus-capri. Crenulata. Gothica,
*Albella. *Planorbis. Gualteriana.
Maculata. Complanata. Tricarinata.
Albina. Ringens. Isognomostomos.
Striatula. Sinuata. Oculus-communis.
Algira. Lucerna. Affinis.
Leucas. Lampas. Marginella.
Leevipes. Carocolla. Sinuosa.
Exilis. Lychnuchus. Maculosa.

96

Punctata.
Vitrea.
Annulata.
Rhenana.
Neevia.
Corrugata.
Faba.
Crenata.
*Carinata.
*Comea.
Spirorbis.
Polygyra.
Contorta.
Nitida.
Alba.
Similis.

Cornu-arietis.

*Hispida.

Ampullacea.

Piscinalis.
Pusilla.
Spheerica,
*Pomatia.
Glauca.
Citrina.
Castanea.
Rapa.
Globulus.
Lactea.
Incisa«

* Arbustorum.

Fulva.
Kpistylium.

Cincta.
Ligata.
Aspersa.
Extensa.
Pisana.
Strigata.

Nemorensis. °

* Zonaria.
Striata.

*Ericetorum.

*Nitens.
Costata.
Pulchella.
Rotundata.
Cellaria.
Obvoluta.
Strigosula.
Radiata.
Crystallina.
Ungulina.
Varica.
Fruticum.
Lucena.
Vittata.
Rosacea.
Itala.
Lusitanica.
Mamillaris.
Hispana.
Lutaria.
Ovalis.
Oblonga.
Flammea.

UNIVALVES. —HELIX.

Pileus. _
Nucleata.
Volvulus.
Involvulus.

_ Neritina.

*Turturum.
Olivetorum.
Badia.
Cretacea.
Pileata.
Fuscescens.
Terrestris.
Nivea.
Media.
Tenella.
Crepuscularis.
Hyalina.
Avellana.
Rufescens.
Pervia:
Leevissima.
Fascicularis.
Holosericea. -
Turgida.
Tenuis. |
Coriacea.
Cornu-venatori-
Elegans. [um
Cookiana.
Bidentata.
Turbo.
Trifasciata.
Bontia.

Trochoides.
*Tomentosa.
*Tubulata.
*Fasciata.
*Nitidissima.
*Bicolor.
*Spinosa.
*Reticulata.
Perversa:
Dextra.
Recta,
Inversa.
Interrupta.
Contraria.
Leva.
Arenaria.
Jamaicensis.
Rhodia.
Labiosa.
Pudica.
Janthina.
Gigantea.
*Vivipara.
Fasciata.
Dissimilis.
*Nemoralis.
*Hortensis.
*Lucorum.
Grisea.
Heemastoma.
Pulla.
Venusta.
Picta.

UNIVALVES —- HELIX.

Variegata,
Solida.
Aperta,
Versicolor.
Afra.
Nucleus.
Coccinea.
*Variegata.
*Fulgida.
*Striata.
*Decollata.
Scalaris.
Circinata.

Subcylindrica.

Stagnorum.
*Octona.
Tenera.
Columna.
Pella.
Plicaria.
Undulata.
Fuscata.
Priapus.
Folliculus
Sepium.
Splendidula.
Mitra.

Atra.
Cuspidata.
Crenata.
Carinula.
Crocea.
Lauschaurica.

97

Obtusata.
Purpurea.
Pupa:
Barbara.
Amarula.
Neevia.
Aspera.
*Stagnalis.
*Fragilis.
Glabra.
*Palustris.
Truncatula.
Peregra.
Glutinosa.
*Putris.
Acuta.
Papilla.
Minuta.
Detrita.
Ventricosa.
*Obscura.
* Lubrica.

Limosa.

Contortuplicata.
Angularis.
*Tentaculata.

* Auricularia.

* Levigata.
Balthica.
Neritoidea.
Perspicua.
Haliotoidea.
Muralis.

98 UNIVALVES.—NERITA.

Vertigo. Inflata. Substriata.
Carychium. Albicans. Trigonostoma.
Ambigua. Repanda. Tumida.
Corvus. Opaca. Acicula.
Pyrum. Turgida. Peregrina.
Marmorata. Ceerulescens. Danubialis.
Achatina. Cinerea. i Turbinata.
Lugubris: Undata. Curvata.
Minima. Teres. Exilis.
—E—

NERITA.—NeEriTEeE or Hoor-SHett.

Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, flat-
tish at bottom; aperture semiorbicular or semilunar ;
pillar-lip transversely truncate, flattish.

Tuere are a few out of the seventy-six species which
compose this genus that have some claim to beauty,
though none can boast of great rarity or value.

There is considerable variation in the form and markings
of the Neritze: some are spiral, with prominent whorls; |
others have their whorls partly or wholly concealed;
some are greatly umbilicate or perforate; others are per-
fectly entire and solid; and many have the umbilicus
partially covered by a repand lip, or fissurated nodu le.
The interior of the mouth and lips is, in many species,
toothless; whereas, in others, both lips are beset with
strong, prominent, and articulate teeth, often terminat-
ing in disjointed, elevated striz, or protuberant granula-
tions.

UNIVALVES — NERITA 99

Tn most species the back of the shell is covered with
strong, elevated ribs, sometimes nodulous and imbricate ;
in others the shell is only minutely striate; and in many
the surface is so perfectly smooth as to afford a brilliant
polish.

Among those species which are umbilicate the follow-
ing may be quoted: viz. Nerita Canrena or Tabby-cat
Nerite, (of which there are many beautiful varieties), Ne-
rita Cancellata, Nerita Glaucina, Nerita Vitellus, and
Nerita Mammilla, commonly known by the name of the
Breast Snail. The most usual variety of this shell is that
which is entirely white, having a china-ware-like appear-
ance; but the rarer sorts are those which incline to a
brownish orange, having their lips surmounted with a
black margin or border.

The Nerita Stercus-muscarum, or Fly-spot Nerite, is
beautifully dotted with brown, or rufous, on a clear white
ground. The Nerita Fulminea, instead of being dotted,
is striped angularly, something in resemblance of forked
lightning. The Nerita Rugosa is rough or wrinkled, and
the Nerita Sulcata has its whorls obliquely plaited:

The next species of Nerites are those which are imper-
forate, being at the same time toothless; among them
may be ranked the Nerita Corona, or Crowned Nerite :
this shell is often of a blackish color, and has its whorls
crowned with shorter or longer spines: The Nerita Flu-
viatilis also belongs to this division; it is an inhabitant of
the rivers of Europe and Barbary, and is usually mark-
ed with scaly spots, sometimes rugged, streaked, or reti-
culate. The Nerita Littoralis is found on the rocks of
most European shores; and the Nerita Lacustris delights
in the still waters and warm springs of Europe.

Those Nerites which come next in succession, ate suclt

100 UNIVALVES. — NERITA.

as are imperforate, yet have their lips toothed; the prin-
cipal of them.are the Nerita Pulligera, Nerita Aterrima,
Nerita Undulata, Nerita Larva, and Nerita Virginea; the
latter of which is an inhabitant of the rivers of South
America and India; it has, like many other species of the
Neritze, teeth on the inner lip only: its varieties are infi-
nite, and mostly excessively beautiful. They are, by
many, called the Guinea-hen or Guinea-fowl Nerites,
from some of the varieties resembling the plumage of the
bird so named. . The Bleeding-teeth Nerite is a well
known and beautiful species.

The Nerita Polita, or Polished Nerite, is most certainly
surpassed by none in point of beauty, or extent of its
variety; they are smooth shells, and display a brilliant
lustre, under which are discoverable the most superb
party-colored markings, bandings, and dottings, that can
possibly be imagined; they are mostly clouded with
green, having intermediate maculate bands of pale pink;
but those are considered the rarest, and certainly the most
beautiful, which are of a perfect jet black, having three
or four bright scarlet bands, which run in a parallel di-
rection with the convolutions of the shell. Some are
from India, but those most valued, are from the South
seas; the aperture or mouth is of a pure white, sometimes
having the throat of-a beautifully delicate pale yellow.

Among those Nerites which are strongly ribbed or
grooved, n included the Nerita Histrio, Nerita Pli-
cata, Nerita ossa, Nerita Pica or the Magpie Nerite,
and the Nerita Chameleon or Changeable Nerite, which
is varied with alternate, undulate, black and white rays,
er yellowish undulate with black and white; the grooves,
generally about twenty.

Amongst the fresh-water species may be reskones the

a

UNIVALVES. —— NERITA.

101

Nerita Turrita, which isan inhabitant of the Antilly Isles;
the Nerita Aculeata also frequents the rivers of India ;
the Nerita Clathrata and Perversa, are found fossil in

Cainvania.

‘The following places produce the different species of
Neritxe: viz. the African, American, Indian, and Euro-
pean seas; the Southern and Northern oceans, the Mau-
ritius, the Cape of Good Hope, New Zealand, and the

Red Sea.

Canrena.
Cancellata.
*Glaucina,
Vitellus.
Albumen.
Mammilla.
Leucozonias —
Spadicea.
Rufa.
Fulminea.

Stercus-muscarum.

Orientalis.
Cruentata. |
Rugosa.
Marochiensis.
Sulcata.
Arachnoidea.
Vittata.
Melanostoma.
*Pallidula.

NERITA.

Papilla.
Clathrata.

- Valvata.

Islandica.
Affinis.
Corona.
Radula.
Cornea.
*Fluviatilis.
*Littoralis.
*Lacustris.

Magdalene.

Marginata.
Dubia.
*Pellucida.
* Alba.
Pulligera.
Undulata.
Aterrima.
Larva.

Pupa.
Bidens.
Viridis.
Virginea.
Polita.
Peloronta.
Albicilla.
Histrio.
Plicata.
Grossa.
Chameleon,
Undata.
Exuvia,
Maxima.
Textilis,
Atrata
Aseensionis.
Lineata.
Versicolor.
Pica.

102 UNIVALVES. — HALIOTIS,.

Sostata. Tessellata. Promontorii.
Quadricolor. Bifasciata. Tricolor.
Malaccensis, Literata. Perversa.

~ Antillarum. Violacea. Turrita.
Flammea. Senegalensis. Aculeata.
Fulgurans,
= selipaie

HALIOTIS.—Sers-gcar on Ear-Snett.

Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, dilated, ear-shaped,
with a longitudinal row of orifices along the surface;
sptre lateral, and nearly concealed.

Or this beautiful genus there are but nineteen species;
and their general. form and appearance are so similar,
that it often becomes a matter of difficulty to distinguish
the one from the other. All the Haliotides are shaped
something like the human ear, except one, which by
way of distinction is called the Haliotis Asinum, or Ass’s-
ear, on account of its being much more elongated or dis-
tended than any of the other species.

There are three reasons which operate to create diffi-
culty in the arrangement of the different species of this
genus:—First, the outside of the shell is generally loaded
with marine substances, or else is so much decayed or
worn, as not to offer a lineament of the original texture ;
thereby precluding all possibility of judging by the work
or color to what species it appertains. Secondly, as the
interior of all Haliotides is enamelled with a magnificent

UNIVALVES.—~-HALIOTIS. 108

surface of iridescent pearl, no great distinction can be
' made by a reference to that part of the shell. Thirdly,
as the beauty of the shell is considerably encreased by
being uncoated and polished, so is it also customary to
submit it to some such beautifying operation; which,
however, with the surface, at once removes all clue to
the attainment of the generic character.

- The exterior of the Sea-ears is generally composed of
ruge or tuberculations, over which pass approximate ele-
vated striae. In some species, foliations supply the place
of tuberculations, as is the case in the Haliotis Mid
or Midas’ Ear, the outside of which is wrinkled, and of
a dirtyish white complexion; but the inside is of the most
beautiful pearl. It grows to eight or nine inches long.

The back of almost the whole of the Haliotides is fur-
nished with a row of orifices near the margin; their num-
ber varies from eight to thirty-eight; and out of that
number from three to seven are generally open, the rest
are perfectly closed. There are, however, two exceptions
to this general appearance ; for the Haliotis Imperforata
is entirely void of any orifices whatever, as is also the
Haliotis Perversa, whose spire is turned contrary. The
former is deemed one of the great rarities; its shell is of
an ovate form, imperforate, with an exserted spire, and
prickly ribs. /

The Haliotis Tuberculata is the Common Ear, found on
the British coasts. The Haliotis Parva, is remarkable for
its red or scarlet color, and from its having but one large
elevated rib or angle on its back. The Haliotis Bistriata
is, on the contrary, peculiar for having a succession of dou-
ble elevated strize, placed in a transverse direction on the
back. The Haliotis Pulcherrima is a beautiful and rare
shell, and is from the South Sea.

104 UNIVALVES.—HALIOTIS.

The Haliotis Iris, or Iris’ Ear, (from New Zealand), is
celebrated for the superb radiance of its pearl, which is
composed of the brightest iridescent colors imaginable,
finely contrasted with a green and gold bronze-like lustre.
The Splendid Ear from California, is equally to be admir-
ed for the exquisite beauty of its varied colors; added to
which, its magnitude renders it if possiblea moremagnifi-.
cent shellthan the former. Thesize of the Haliotis Gigan-
tea, or Gigantic Ear, from New Holland, is also worthy of
notice, as it sometimes will exceed a foot in length.

There are two species found in a fossil state; one is the
Haliotis Perversa, the other, the Haliotis Plicata, which
is found near Hildesia. ‘The rest of the species are from
the shores of Europe, Africa, and India, where they ad-
here to the rocks like Limpets, and are with difficulty

removed,

HALIOTIS.
Midee. Bistriata. Glabra.
*Tuberculata. Australis. Pulcherrima.
Striata. Guineensis. Virginea.
Varia. Imperforata. Ovina.
Marmorata. Perversa. Gigantea.
Asinum. Plicata. Kris

Parva

UNIVALVES, — PATELLA. 105

Gnivalves,

WITHOUT A REGULAR SPIRE.
SS OS
PATELLA.—Limprer or Disu-SHetr.

Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, subconic, shaped like
a bason, without a spire.

Tris numerous genus contains no fewer than two hun-
dred and forty species. The variety in so great a num-
ber is of course immense; however, the Patelle, with
some few exceptions, generally retain their leading
characteristics throughout the genus. Their form is in-
variably more or less conical, but with regard to the co-
lors and workings, which cover their surface, they differ
exceedingly: some being perfectly smooth, others deeply
striate; many are covered with elevated tuberculate
rays, whilst others are strongly granulate and spinous.
There are some few species which are perforated in the
region where the beak is usually situated, these are com-
monly called Key-hole Limpets.

Among those species which are furnished with an in-
ternal lip, and whose shells are entire, may be included
the Patella Equestris, Patella Sinensis, and Patella Neri-
toidea, some of them are rough and scaly, whilst others
are perfectly smooth and polished; they are known by
the name of Cup-and-saucer Limpets,

There are other species which are as it were cham-

106 UNIVALVES, — PATELLA.

bered or vaulted, having something of the appearance ofa
slipper; such are the Patella Porcellana, Patella Forni-
cata, and Patella Trochiformis, from the Falkland Isles.
It must be observed that the two former species very
closely resemble Nerites, and it is doubtful whether they
ought to be classed with this genus or not.

There are some species which are more compressed,
having their margins angularly or irregularly toothed;
such are the Patella Laciniosa, Patella Saccharina, Pa-
tella Granularis or Granulated Limpet, and Patella Grana-
tina commonly called the Garnet Limpet. The Patella
Vulgata or Common Limpet, is the species so abundantly
found on the British shores.

The Patella Lepas, usually known by the name of
Concha Lepas, is one of the rarities and curiosities of this
genus; there are two varieties of it, one from Chili, the
other from the Falkland Isles. ‘There are some species of
Limpets, as the Patella Magellanica, and Patella Argen-
tea, which have a sort of metallic gloss diffused over their
surfaces, they are therefore called Bronze Limpets. The
two varieties are distinguished by the one being called
the Silver Bronze, and the other the Golden Bronze;
some of them are flat and compressed, whereas others
are exceedingly conical aud erect.

The Patella Sinica, usually named the Umbrella or
Parasol Limpet, is another of the rarities of the genus; it
sometimes grows to a large size, it is a flat, broad, expand-
ing shell, of a blueish white color, having its interior of
a glossy yellowish or brownish cast, and the tip generally
of a beautiful orange color; the margin is often circularly
scolloped.

The next division comprehends such as are cap-shaped,
having a recurved tip orcrown. The Patella Hungarica
is the most remarkable of them, and is a beautiful shell;

UNIVALVES..— PATELLA. 107

it is, from itssimilarity of shape, called the Fool’s-cap. The
outside is usually of a pale fawn color, and the outer mar-
gin is bordered with a fine bristly epidermis; when the
interior is of a very bright pink color, it renders this
Limpet more valuable.

The Patella Lutea is something like an Haliotis. The
Patella Pectunculus is covered with spines, and the Pa-
tella Perversa is remarkable for having its crown recurved,
and turned towards the hind part of the animal. There
are many Limpets which are very entire, and are not
pointed at the tip or crown.

Amongst those most worthy of notice are the Patella
Afra, Patella Lusitanica, Patella Areolata, Patella Flam-
mea, Patella Indica, Patella Sanguinolenta or Bleeding
Limpet, and Patella Testudinaria or Tortoise-shell Lim-
pet; the latter is rather a rare species, and generally has
its interior of a silvery hue. ‘The Patella Compyressa is
remarkable for its narrow and lengthened form, which
gives it the appearance of having beeh squeezed or
pinched.

The last division of the Patella includes those which
have their tip or crown perforated: the principal species
are the Patella Fissura,. Patella Greeca, Patella Nimbosa,
Patella Jamaicensis, Patella Caffra, Patella Perforata, and
Patella Personata or the Radiated-mask Limpet, which,
when in fine preservation, is considered a rarity; it
grows to a considerable size, and is from the Falkland
Isles, and the Straits of Magellan.

The Patella Mytiliformis very much resembles a My-
tilus or Muscle; it is from Ferroe Island. The Patella
Lacustris and Patella Fluviatilis, may be ranked among
the fresh-water species.

The Patella Hungarica is sometimes found in a fossil

108 UNIVALVES.—PATELLA.

state, as is also the Patella Echinata or Spiny Limpet,
which is from the neighbourhood of Crignou.

The Patellce are usually found adhering by their base
to rocks, stones, fuci, and other marine substances, from
which they are with much difficulty removed. They in-
habit the following places, viz. the Indian, Southern, Eu-
ropean, Northern, and Mediterranean seas, the American
and Indian Islands, the Atlantic, and the shores of China,
Greenland, and Iceland.

The Patella probably derive their name from their re-

semblance to a little dish or bason reversed.

PATELLA.
Equestris. Saccharina. Octoradiata.
Neritoidea. Barbara. Rubra.
Sinensis. Granularis. Hepatica.
Porcellana. Granatina. Badia.
Fornicata. *Vulgata. Fuscescens.
Aculeata. *Depressa. Maculosa.
Trochiformis. Ceerulea. Rotundata.
Auricula. Tuberculata. Pecten..
Rugosa. Lepas. Corrugata.
Goreensis. Tricostata. Alboradiata.
Contorta. Mytilina, Olivacea.
Explanata. Ovata. Cerea.
Plicata. Stellata. Impressa.
Striata. Islandica. Aurantia.
Solea. Cypria. Cingulum.
Echinata. Costata. Oculata.
Crepidula. Leucopleura. Magellanica.
Laciniosa. Striatula. Ochroleuca.

UNIVALVES. —PATELLA. 109

Dentata.
Nodosa.
Cinerea.
Exalbida.
Cancellata.
Levis.
Argentea.
Cyprea.
Rubida.
Glabra.
Flaveola.
Infundibulum.
Cyathus.
Sinica.
Punctata.
Lugubris.
Ulyssiponensis.
Umbella.
Crenata.
Ferruginea.

Melanogramma.

Repanda.
Angulosa.
Tigrina,
Monopis.
Chlorosticta.
Margaritacea.
Tenuissima.
Mitrula.
Plicaria.
Pentagona.
/inea.
Conchacea.

Stannea.

Candidissima.

*Hungarica.
Imbricata.

*Mamimnillaris.

Tricarinata.
Pectinata.
Lutea.
Cristata.
*Lacustris.
*Fluviatilis,
Ceca.
Virginea.
Tess ellata.
Fulva.
Subspiralis.
Ambigua.
Rubicunda.
Borniana.
Calyptra.
Melanoleuca.
Pectunculus.
Fasciata.
Elegans.
Squamosa.
Squalida.
Crocea.
Candida.
Trigona.
Minima.

Tranquebarica.

Perversa.
Cernua.

Incurva.
Interrupta.

Afra.

Lusitanica.

Radiata.

Areolata.
Flammea.
Indica.
Surinamensis.
Vitellina.
Sanguinoienta.
Levigata.
Punctulata.
*Pellucida.
Testudinaria.
Testudinalis.
Compressa.
Rustica.
Fusca.
Notata..
Cruciata.
Reticulata.
Deaurata.
Stellifera.
Radians.
Rota.
Umbellata.
Pustulata.
Symmetrica.
Citrina.
Capensis.
Anomala,
Guttata.

110

Mytiliformis.

Scutiformis.
Cochlear.

Craticulata.

Cruentata.
Papyracea.
Cylindrica.
Decussata.

Hematosticta.

Asteroides.
Ovalis.
Rubella.
Spectabilis.

Conspurcata.
Melanosticta.

Atra.
Specularis.
Canescens,
Virescens.
Pulla.
Revoluta.
Squamata.
Testacea.
Capillaris:
Glauca.
Obscura.
Exoleta.
Affinis.
*Rotalis.

Fuscata.
Mellia.
Anceps.
Guineensis.
Complanata.
Virgata.
Nivea.
Grisea.
Navicula.
Cingulata.
Scapha.
*Parva.
*Fissura.
Fissurella.
Pustula.
*Greeca:
Nimbosa.
Nubecula.
Picta.
Barbadensis.
Jamaicensis,
Caffra.
Perforata.
Porphyrozonias.
Rosea.
Scutellum.
Avellana.
Spinosa.
Denticulata.

UNIVALVES,— PATELLA.

Nodulosa.
Angusta.
Ineequalis.
Minuta.
Conspersa.
Rubescens.
Sanguinea.
Ventricosa.
Triradiata.
Tenuis.
Melanozonias.
Effusa.
Punicea.
Rufescens.
Dimidiata.
Lactea.
Pyramidalis.
Bicolor.
Erythrocephala.
Verrucosa.
Contaminata.
Atrata.
Candicans.
Succincta.
Pusilla.
Flavescens.
Antiquata.
Galeata.
Personata.’

UNIVALVES.—— DENTALIUM. iii

DENTALIUM.—Toorn or Tusk-SHett.

_ Animal—a Terebella: Shell wnivalve, tubular, straight, —
or slightly curved, with an undivided cavity open at both
ends.

Or this singular genus there are but twenty-two species;
in their general form they are very similar, and represent
an excellent fac-simile ofan elephant’s tusk in miniature.

The chief variations which they seem subject to are,
in magnitude, and in the number of ribs and grooves
that some of the species are supplied with; some trifling
distinction may also be made with regard to the de-
gree of curvature which many of them possess. One of
the largest and most valuable species is the Dentalium
Elephantinum or Elephant's Tusk, it is often three or
four inches long, is slightly curved, has generally ten
strong elevated ribs, which are encircled by dark green
bands on a greenish ground; it inhabits the Indian and
European seas.

The Dentalium Aprinum very much resembles the
last, but it is usually much smaller and perfectly white.

The Dentalium Striatulum or Striated Tooth-shell also
resembles the Dentalium Elephantinum, but it is much
longer and narrower in proportion, and the larger aperture
is angular, whereas the smaller is very contracted and
round; besides, it is supplied with eight ribs and eight
strie; and it is more uniformly green than the Elephan-
tinum.

The Dentalium Rectum, though nearly allied to the
Elephantinum, is easily distinguished from it by its being
straight instead of curved. I[t is, moreover, adorned with
doubled, or tripled longitudinal strice, which at the same

112 UNIVALVES. —- DENTALIUM.

time are encircled with annular ones. The Dentalium
Fasciatum is a small species, finely striate, and is encircled
with four or five brown bands on a greyish ground.

The next division of the Dentalia comprehends thosé
which are striate annularly instead of longitudinally, and
those which are scarcely striate at all, at least so imper-
ceptibly as to demand the aid of a glass to prove whether
they are in reality striate or perfectly smooth, so even
and polished is their surface.

Those species which answer to this description are the
Dentalium Politum or Polished Tooth-shell, which is fine-
ly pointed, solid, and often of a rosy or pinkish color;
the Dentalium Eburneum or Ivory Tusk, and the Den-
talium Entalis or Dogs’-tooth-Shell, which is an inhabi-
tant of the Indian and European shores, and is generally
an inch and. a half long, of a reddish or pale yellow co-
lor, with the tip often tinted with orange or pink... The
Dentalium Pellucidum is of a horny or pale honey color,
very narrow and thin, and not effervescing with acids ; it
is an inhabitant of the North seas, and about two inches
and a quarter Jong.

The Dentalium Minutum inhabits the Mediterranean,
it is a round, straightish, smooth shell, and so very minute
as scarcely to be discernible by the naked eye; it resem-
bles a small bristle, or one of the spines of an Echinus.

The Dentalium Imperforatum (from Sandwich and
its neighbourhood) is also a minute species, and is by no
means Common.

The fossil species of the Dentalia are as follow, viz.
Dentalium Sexangulum, and Dentalium Fossile, both
from Loretto; and the Dentalium Annulatum, Radula,
Interruptum, and Vitreum, are the sub-terrestrial product
of Piedmont.

UNIVALVES.—.SERPULA. 113

The recent species are mostly from the Indian and Eu-
ropean oceans; though some few are from the Mediter-
ranean and Northern seas, and one species inhabits the
shores of Africa.

DENTALIUM. .
Elephantinum. Fossile. Arietinum.
Aprinum. Annulatum. Corneum.
Arcuatum. Radula. Nebulosum:
Striatulum. Interruptum. Pellucidum.
Sexangulum. Politum. Vitreum:
Dentalis. Eburneum. Minutum.
Fasciatum. *Entalis. Imperforatum.
Rectum.

=n

SERPULA...W orM-SHELL.

Animal—a Terebella: Shell univalve, tubular, generally
adhering to other substances ; often separated internally
by divisions at uncertain distances.

Tue genus Serpula contains forty-eight species: their
form throughout is (with few exceptions) exceedingly ir-
regular; they are moreover generally found in groups or
clusters, and adhering to other substances, such as rocks,
stones, roots of trees, sides of ships, zoophites, sertulariz,
fuci, shells; and corals, &c, &c. They almost all agree in
being tubular or pipe-shaped, and are generally twisted
I

114 UNIVALVES. —SERPULA.~

or twined into all sorts of spiral and grotesque figures:
some, on the contrary, are nearly straight, and consist of
a single tube; whilst others are collected into large mas-
ses, containing many hundred spiral and twisted tubes,
curiously interwoven or interlaced with each other.

Amongst those species which are spiral and single (hav-
ing their whorls nearly contiguous, something like a He-
lix) may be included the Serpula Spiri!lum, Serpula Spi-
rorbis, and Serpula Afra.

Those species that are single, and nearly stig are
the following: viz. Serpula Protensa, and Serpula Poly-
thalamia. The latter of which most probably belongs
to the genus Teredo; it is remarkable for having its
interior separated by imperforate, convex, and concave
divisions, making the shell appear as if it consisted of nu-
merous united tubes. The smaller end of this shell is also
peculiar for being terminated by two distinct or separate
small tubular pipes, which are jointed in the same man-
ner as the main stem from which they spring; the shell,
in this state, looks something hke a two-pronged fork.
It is an inhabitant of the Mediterranean and Indian seas,
and is often found concealed under the sands; it some-
times arrives at the extraordinary size of three feet.

To this same division belongs the well known but rare
shell, the Watering-pot Serpula. The larger end of this
shell is closed by a convex disk, which is beset with nu-
merous small perforations, and a longitudinal one in the
middle, the whole encircled by a dilated margin of ele-
gant papyraceous tubes, exactly resembling a beautifully
plaited ruff or frill; the smaller end is open. In point of
size, it seldom exceeds five inches. The Indian ocean is
its birth place, and, when perfect, itis highly valued.

UNIVALVES.——SERPULA. 115

The Serpula Gigantea sometimes grows to half-a-foot
high, and about the thickness of a finger. The Serpula
Lumbricalis, or Cork-screw Shell, is flexuous, and has a
spiral acute tip, very much resembling the article after
which it isnamed. The Serpula Filograna is branched
and complicate, and is adorned with a beautiful kind of
net-work. |

One of the remarkable species of this genus is the Ser-
pula Anguina, which has a split or long-jointed cleft, all
along the spiral convolutions of its shell. The Serpula
Kchinata has its shell beset with a succession of spines or
prickles; it is usually of a rosy or pink color, and some-
times has its aperture margined:

The Serpula Cornucopiz, or Horn of Plenty, is, in all
probability, only a dropped Helix Hortensis, or common
Garden Snail, and ofcourse not belonging to this genus:

The Serpula Infundibulum appears as if its first bend
was composed of five funnels, inserted within each other.

The Serpula Denticulata is sometimes found in the Le-
pas Tintinnabulum; and the Serpula Sulcata adheres to
the roots of the Fucus Digitatus.

The Serpula Lagena is exactly like an oil-flask, and
the Serpula Retorta is retort-shaped; the latter is scarce.

The Serpula Incurvata something resembles the Nau-
tilus Semilituus, but it wants the internal concamerated
structure.

The Serpula Nautiloides is a spiral shell, flattish, mi-
nute, and is furnished with thin, semilunar, internal divi-
sions.

The colors of the Serpulz are various; the most gene-
ral, however, are brown, purple, yellow, tawny, pink,
and white, sometimes a little greenish. The Serpula Se-

1i6 UNIVALVES. —SERPULA+.

milunum, and Serpula Melitensis, are found fossil, the
latter in Malta.

The Indian, African, American, and Northern oceans,
supply many species; as alsodo the European, Mediter-
ranean, Adriatic, and Red seas.

SERPULA.
Nautiloides. Aquaria. Porrecta.
Semilunum. Echinata. Vitrea,
Planorbis. Ocrea. Cancellata.
Spirillum. Protensa. Stellaris.
*Spirorbis. Decussata. Gigantea.
*Triquetra. Proboscidea. Cinerea.
*[ntricata. Afra, *Sulcata.
Filograna. Cereolus. *Ovalis.
Granulata. Cornucopiz. *Reflexa.
*Contortuplicata: Goreensis. *Cornea. —
Glomerata. Intestinalis. *Bicornis.
Lumbricalis. Infundibulum. *Perforata.
Polythalamia. Pyramidalis. * Lactea.
Arenaria. Denticulata. *Lagena.
Anguina. Melitensis. *Retorta.
*Vermicularis. Norwegica. *Incurvata.

UNIVALVES.—-TEREDO, 117

TEREDO.—Sure-W orm.

Animal—a Terebella, with two calearecous hemispheri-
cal valves cut off before, and two lanceolate ones: Shell
tapering, flecuous, and capable of penetrating wood.

Tuere are but three species of this genus: the first is the
Teredo Navalis, or common Ship-worm, it is very thin,
cylindrical and smooth, and is more or less twisted, ra-
ther obtuse or blunt at the tip; it varies in length from
four to six inches. This is the worm which was origi-
nally imported from India, it has the faculty of boring
through, or penetrating the stoutest oaken planks of ships’
sides; and is thought to effect as much destruction in the
water, as the Termes or White Ant on land.

The Teredo Utriculus is also cylindrical, undulate, and
solid; it is mostly found in wood that has lain some time
under water. It is white, subpellucid, very much bent,
and gradually tapering, with an oval aperture, divided
in the middle by a partition. It is about seven inches in
length.

The next and last species is the Teredo Clava, which
is found in the seminal vessels of the Xilosteum Grana-
tum; one end is clavate, the other incurved, narrower,
obtuse, and perforated in the middle: the shell is rough,
and brownish on the outside, but within it is smooth,
and more or less flexuous. It is nearly two inches long,
but not half an one wide.

TEREDO.

*Navalis. Utriculus. Claya.

11s UNIVALVES.—SABELLA,.

SABELLA.—Saeetra.

Animal—_a Nereis, with a ringent mouth, and two thicker
tentacula behind the head: Shell tubular, composed of
particles of sand, broken shells, and vegetable substances,
united to a membrane by a glutinous cement.

Turis very extraordinary genus contains no less than
twenty-five species. The membrane which composes
the basis in these animals, is covered with various frag-
ments and particles of different marine productions; some
are covered with sand, others with minute fragments of
shells mixed with the sand; many are covered with parts
ofshells only; and one, the Sabella Vegetabilis, is covered
with fragments of twigs, the bark of stems, and broken
pieces of Tellina Cornea. The Sabella Ammoniata is
also composed of fragments of the Cornu-Ammonis.

The Sabella Indica is composed of capillary sub-cylin-
drical agglutinated crystals of quartz, the Sabella Clava-
ta of various sized stones, and the Sabella Arundinacea of
fragments of the bark of reeds, placed on each other.

Some of the species, as the Sabella Scruposa, Sabella
Chrysodon, &c. &c. are solitary, whereas the Sabella
Scabra is affixed by the base.

The Sabella Alveolata has numerous parallel tubes,
communicating by an aperture, forming in the mass the
appearance of honey-combs. It is an inhabitant of the
European coasts, and covers the rocks for a considerable
space, and is easily broken under the feet. ‘The tubes
are straightish, and from two to three inches long. The
Sabella Rectangula is one of the largest of the genus, and
often measures nine inches in length.

UNIVALVES. ——~SABELLA.

119

There are noless than fourteen or fifteen species, which
inhabit rivers and fresh-waters, and most of them are
from the waters of Thuringia, and Belgium, where they
reside, affixed to stones, &c. The other species are from
the Indian, American, Northern, and European seas.

Scruposa.
Scabra.

*Alveolata.
Chrysodon.

*Belgica.

Rectangula.

Capensis.
Nigra.
Stagnalis.

SABELLA.

Conica.
Uncinata.
Sabulosa.

Vegetabilis.
Ammoniata.

Helicina.
Dimidiata.
Fixa.

THE END.

Clavata.
Corticalis.
Arundinacea.
Aculeata.
Marsupialis.
Norwegica.
Lumbricalis.
Indica.

INDEX.

Page. Page.
AWOMTa edt ee ee 41 || Mytilus -.++.+-+- aS
Ar@a so ccccc-coccce 33 || Nautilus ---- es eseee |
Argonauta OMe Aaeiso AQ || Nerita «+ -++seeeeeee 98
Buclinwm «s<... 2... 67 || Ostrea «ees cecccee 35
LO Sareea 59 || Patella -----+++eeeees 105
Cardium -+---+°+: «++ 18]] Pholas ----++eeeeee-- 8
Chama -++-+eeeeree EO ATAINA \o'e we @\5 oleinieletayens 47
Chitom ‘<< -++s-+ececes 1 || Sabella ---«.>» soe eeee 118
CONE 4s 20 8s es ems ns 53 Serpula ny, 113
Cypraea -+-++eeeeeee 56 || Solen «+-+ee-e eeeee 13
Dentalium ------++- 111 || Spondylus -------- +» 28
Paani ese sc uisiens 23 || Strombus ----+---0: 72
PaMelts 4s baie wale Sia COI RAINE Low hw ates wee ce eed
AGT | cile Sis iia, sieves Sie 92 || Teredo ------.«- es bk
Lepas ---+eeceeeee 4 || Trochus ---c-e.-+-+es. 82
Mactra -+-+++-ee eee Q21]| Turbo «esses esseeee 87
Murex -+--eees cece Fd VCH 6s ies Oh «oe Q5
M YA sererreerereces 11 |] Voluta ss«cccecccaes 62

ERRATUM.—In a few Copies.
Page 10. line 5. for gagged read jagged.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

Fig.

1 Chiton Squamosus ---- Scaly Chiton.

2 Lepas Anatifera ------ - Duck Barnacle,

3 Lepas Balanoides ----- Smooth Acorn Shell.
4 Pholas Dactylus ------ Prickly Piercer.

5 Mya Truncata -------- Abrupt Gaper.

6 Tellina Feroensis ------ Brindled Tellen.

7 Pinna Pectinata ------ Muricated Pinna.

8 Solen Sanguinolentus -- Pink or Rosy Solen.

9 Solen Legumen ---+--+ Pease-pod Razor Shell.
10 Mytilus Modiolus ----- Tulip Muscle.
11 Anomia Ephippium --- Common English Anomia.
12 Ostrea Opercularis --- Common English Pecten.
13 Arca Nowe -++reeeeees Noah’s Ark.
14 Chama Gigas ---+++-. Furbelowed Clam.
15 Spondylus Geedaropus - Thorny Oyster. ‘
16 Venus Chione --++---- Smooth Brown Venus.
17 Donax Denticulata ---- Toothed Wedge Shell.
18 Mactra Stultorum -+++- Common English Mactra.
19 Cardium Edule ------- Common Eatable Cockle.

PLATE Il.

Fig.

20 Argonauta Argo
21 Nautilus Pompilius -- --
22 Nautilus Spirula --

23 Conus Virgo, or Tessel-
latus.

24 Conus Ebreeus «+ -+--+-

25 Conus Textile

evvevee

26 Cyprea Arabica
27 Cypreea Moneta -+++--
28.Cypraea Mus -++eeees-
29 Bulla Terebellum -- --
Bulla Naucum -+:+:- ve
i Bulla Lignaria
2 Voluta Utriculus
3 Voluta Musica

34 Voluta Episcopalis ----
5

?
3

Paper Nautilus.

Chambered Nautilus

Spiral, or Crozier-headed
Nautilus.

Mosaic, or Tessellated
pavement Cone.

Hebrew Cone.

Embroidered, or Cloth of
Gold Cone.

Nutmeg Cowry.
Trussed-fowl, or Black-a-
moor’s-tooth Cowry.

Mouse Cowry.

Auger, or Borer Bulla.
White Bulla, or Dipper.
Wood-grain Bulla.
Common Olive.

Music Volute.

Bishop’s Mitre.

Pigmy Volute.
Mouse-ear Volute.

m

PLATE III.

Fig.

37 Buccinum Patulum -.--

38 Buccinum Dolium -----
39 Buccinum Areola ------
40 Strombus Auris Diane -
41 Strombus Pes-Pelicani - -
42 Murex Tribulus ------
43 Murex Neritoideus ----
44 Murex Ramosus -++-<+:
45 Trochus Perspectivus --
46 Helix Ampullacea -----
47 Helix Cornea -++-+-----

Common, orWide-mouth-
ed Scoop.
Ribbed Tun.
Draft-board Helmet.
Ass’s-ear Alatus.
Pelican’s-foot Alatus.
Thorny Woodcock.
Mulberry.
Aculeated Triplex.
Staircase Trochus.
Apple Snail.
Rams-horn Snail.

PLATE IV.

Fig.

48 Turbo Bidens -++--+--+-
49 Turbo Pethclatus -----
50 Nerita Virginea «<-----
51 Nerita Plicata --+es.--
52 Haliotis Tuberculata ---
58 Haliotis Asmum ------
54 Haliotis Tuberculata - - -
55 Patella Perforata ------

56 Patella Vulgata -++++--
57 Patella Fissura -++«----
58 Patella Chinensis --++++-
59 Patella Equestris +-+++-
60 Dentalium Striatulum - -
61 Serpula Aquaria -+ +++

Two-toothed Turbo.
Ribband Turbo.
Guiriea-hen Nerite.
Plaited Limpet.
Common Ear Shell.
Ass’s Ear Shell.
Outside view of fig. 52.
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Common Limpet.
Cracked Limpet.
Chinese-bonnet Limpet.
Cup-&-saucer Limpet.
Striated-tooth Shell.
Watering-pot Serpula.

62 Teredo Navalis ---+++» Common Ship Worm.
63 Sabella Belgica -+++++- Granulated Sabella.
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