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AN INTRODUCTION

TO THE STUDY OF

CONCHOLOGY:

INCLUDING
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LINNAAN GENERA,
AND ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF M. LAMARCK;

A GLOSSARY,
AND

A TABLE OF ENGLISH NAMES.

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ILLUSTRATED WITH COLOURED PLATES.

By SAMUEL BROOKES, F.L.S.

Concharumque genus parili ratione videmus
Pingere telluris gremium, qua mollibus undis
Littoris incurvi bibulam pavit equor arenam,
Lucr. m1. 374,

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR JOHN AND ARTHUR ARCH, 61, CORNHILL,
Gp Richard and Arthur Captor, Shoe Zane.

1815.

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PREFACE.

Tue present Work has been undertaken with a view of af-
fording assistance to those who wish to become acquainted
with Conchology, although they may not possess much pre-

vious knowledge of Natural History in general.

Many persons who spend a part of their ime at the sea
coast every year, and collect a few shells, attracted frequently
in the first instance by the beauty of the objects, or mere
curiosity, afterwards become desirous of some information re-
specting them, which is not readily procured. For such per-
sons an introductory book is much wanted. In the year 1776
Da Costa published his Elements of Conchology, which is not so
much an introduction to the science in general, as an attempt to
introduce a new system of his own in some respects different from
that of Linnzeus, though founded principally on the same cha-
racters (see Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. 7. p. 200).

a2

1V PREFACE.

In the year 1802, Elements of Natural History, in 2 vols. 8vo,
was published, without any author’s name; but the part al-
lotted to Conchologyy is too short to afford much of the infor-
mation that is desired: perhaps the list that is given of the
books which treat particularly of this branch of Natural
History, and the explanation of the terms used in Testaceo-

logy, will be found to be the most useful parts to beginners.

As the present Work is intended chiefly for English readers,
Latin words have been avoided as much as possible; and a
Glossary of those Latin terms that frequently occur in works
on this subject is added (though many of the terms are more
fully explained in the work itself), as they are so much more

readily found when arranged alphabetically.

That eminent naturalist M. Lamarck having given to the
public a new system, or at least a new modelling of the
Linnean, it became full as necessary to take notice of it,
as of the Linnean system itself. In the Systéme des Ani-
maux sans Vertébres, the number of genera comprised in the
class Mollusca is 158, of which 20 are naked, and the remain-
ing 138 are covered with shells: but there are several other

genera which M. Lamarck has formed or adopted, and which

PREFACE. Vv

are mentioned by Mr. Parkinson, in his third volume of the
Organic Remains of a Former World, as being published in
some other works; either in the Journal d’ Histoire Naturelle,
or Mémoires de la Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de Paris, or
the Annales du: Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle, or the Suite
des Mémoires sur les Fossiles des Environs du Paris, &c. But
not having an opportunity of referring to those works, the
descriptions of those genera, together with four or five formed
by Mr. Parkinson, are taken from his “Organic Remains of
a Former World.” In order to elucidate the descriptions of the
genera both of Linneus and of Lamarck more perfectly than
can be done by verbal description, it has been judged neces-
sary to add some plates. The figures are generally of those
shells to which Lamarck refers as examples. It is hoped that
those parts on which the generic characters depend are di-
stinctly shown. In some cases where the shells were not easily
procured, or were very common, or the genus so small that
perhaps only one species is known, the figures are omitted ;
but in this case a reference is given to a plate in some
work of credit. Those which are introduced as examples
of the principal genera of the recent shells are intended to
make the Work more complete ; but if a figure of a shell of

every genus had been given, it would have added much to the

vi PREFACE.

expense; and in the genera in which there are but few shells
known, and those chiefly fossil and very rare, as it could only
be a copy of a figure already published, it was thought that it
would be better to refer to other works. For instance, the genus
Nautilus of Linnzeus is divided now into twenty-two: only five
figures are given: for examples of the rest, which consist of
either fossil or minute species, a reference is given to Parkin-
son’s Organic Remains, excepting two, for which M. Bourguet
is referred to: while in the genus Venus of Linneus, which is
divided into five by Lamarck, the figure of a shell in each is

given.

Those who wish to learn more of the animal inhabitants
will do well to consult M. Adanson’s Histoire Naturelle du
Sénégal, and Mr. Montagu’s Testacea Britannica. M. Fa-
vanne also has figured several of the animals in the Zoomor-
phose, from which work and M. Adanson’s the plates of ani-

mals are principally copied.

The figures of the shells, which are drawn and engraved
chiefly from specimens in my own collection, are given as
examples. of the genera used by Lamarck; at the saine time

they serve to show the principal varieties that are arranged

PREFACE. vil

together under the Linnean genera, by Linneus or his suc-
cessors. A few figures are added, to show the different form of
the mouth of some shells which are placed together in the
same genus; as Helix Gualteriana (the mouth of which is
much like that of Trochus solaris); and Helix sinuata, which

has teeth; also Turbo bidens, Juniperi, &c.

SAMUEL BROOKES.

Penhein,
May 10, 1815.

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AN

INTRODUCTION

TO

THE STUDY OF CONCHOLOGY.

CHAPTER I.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS.

Anusrorte appears to be the first writer of eminence on shells
that we are acquainted with*: he formed them into three di-
visions, Univalves, Bivalves, and Turbinated Shells: many of
the terms which he applied to his subdivisions still remain in
use, as Lepas, Solen, Pinna, Buccina, Nerita, &c. But the num-
ber of shells known at that time was very small. About the
year 1681 Philip Buonanni published his work, containing
above 500 figures of shells-+-; and about the year 1685 Dr.
Martin Lister published his great work entitled Historia sive
Synopsis Methodica Conchyliorum +t, which contains about 1100
figures of shells. In the year 1742 Gualtierius published
his Index Tesiarum Conchyliorum que adservantur in Museo
Nicolai Gualtiert, Philosophi et Medici Collegiati Florentints,
in which he gives 110 plates, containing figures of between
1100 and 1200 shells, mostly represented in two different

positions. In the same year M. d’Argenville published an

* Linn. Trans. vol.7.p.121. + Ibid.p.136. +} Ibid.p.138. § Ibid. p.163.
B

2 ADANSON.

excellent work i France on this subject*, which was repub-
lished in 1780, with considerable additions and improvements,
by Messrs. Favanne; there are upwards of 2000 shells figured
in this edition, nm a manner much superior to that of any
which had been published before. In 1757 M. Adanson pub-
lished his Histoire Naturelle du Sénégal-+, in which he has
figured about 185 species, and accurately described not only
the shells, but also most of the animals contained in them;
these are arranged according to a system of his own invention,
taken principally from the structure of the animals. Under
most of his species he has placed many varieties that most
authors have considered as distinct species; he has been very
particular and minute in his descriptions of the animals, as
well as their shells, and has divided them into 30 genera, in
four divisions, as follow:

UnivaLves. Opercutes. Bivatves. MutrivaALres.

1. Cymhbium. 1. Strombus. 1. Ostreum. 1. Pholas.
2. Bulimus. 2. Purpura. 2. Jataronus. 2. Teredo.
3. Coretus. 3. Buccinum. 3. Perna.
4. Pedipes. 4. Cerithium. 4. Chama.
5. Cochlea. 5. Vermetus. 5. Tellina.
6. Halotis. 6. Trochus. 6. Pectunculus.
7. Lepas. 7. Natica. 7. Selen.
8. Yetus. © 8. Turbo.
9. Terebra. 9. Nerita.
10. Porcellana.
11. Cyprea.
12. Peribolus.
* Linn. Trans. vol. 7. p. 165. + Ibid. p. 172.

LINN&US. 3

In the year 1735 Linnzus published his first edition of the
Systema Nature *, in which he divides the shells into 8 genera
only ; viz. Cochklea, Nautilus, Cyprea, Haliotis, Patella, Den-
talium, Concha, and Lepas, which. were augmented in his
tenth edition, in the year 1758, to 32. In 1767 he published
the twelfth and last edition, which contains 35 genera and 807
species.

Professor Gmelin published a thirteenth edition of the Sy-
stema Nature in 1788, in which he has increased the number
of species to 2334+; but it abounds with errors, several spe-
cies being described twice over under different names; the
references also are frequently erroneous. This edition has been
translated into English by Dr. Turton.

- Linneus may justly be considered as the first who succeeded
in arranging shells in any thing like a complete manner ; but
when we consider the small number known in his time, what —
he has done must be considered rather as laying the founda-
tion of the science than as having brought it to perfection. If
we examine the different editions of the Systema Nature, and
also the Museum Ludovice Ulrice, we find there are many
alterations and improvements introduced by him, as he be-
came acquainted with more species; and no doubt, if he had
lived at the present time when the number known is so greatly
increased, he would have made still more improvements.

The propriety of increasing the number of genera has ap-

* Linn. Trans. vol. 7. p. 175. + Ibid. p. 181.

A SCOPOLI.

peared to several authors. Scopoli, in the Introductio ad His-
toriam Naturalem, published in 1777, proposes to add ten to
the Linnean genera: seven of his own, one of Klein’s, and
two from Adanson; viz. Natica and Bulimus of Adanson ;
Cassis of Klein; and Mutela,, Volsella, Pteria, Spherium, Co-

dakia, Chion, and Dosinia. He also proposes to remove

Helix haliotoidea and perspicua of Linneus to - Halvotis.
- Lampas of Muller to - - - - Do.
——- Lusitanica to - - - - - Natica.
- putris, stagnalis, tentaculata, &c. to - Bulhmus.
Bulla Physis, Ficus, and Rapato -— - - Murex.
virginea ai Wovas - - - - Buccinum.
achatina Bante - - ~ oo is Hehe

Buecinun flammeum, Dolium, Arecla, Testiculus,
nitidulum, Arcularia, rufum, cornutum, &c. to Cassis.

Strombus Luciferto -— - - : - Voluta.

Strombus Oniscus to - c - - . Conus.

Bulla Ovum, Volva, birostris, Spelta, gihbosa, ver-

rucosa, and Cyprea to - - - Cyprea.
Mytilus Modiolusto -— - - - - Volsella.
—— Hirundoto - - - - - Pteria.

Crista galli, Pinna rudis, Donax Trunculus,

Trus, and Tellina levigata to - - Mya.
Tellina cornea to woe - . Spherium.
Donax denticulata to - - - Chion.
Venus tigerina to - - - - Codakia.

——- concentrina to - - = Dosinia.

LAMARCK. 5

About the year 1787, in the Nova Testaceorum Genera*,
Retzius proposes to add three genera to the Linnean ones,
which is stated to be according to the intentions of Linnzus,
as communicated to him by Acharius+: Ist, Perna, which in-
cludes Mya Perna and some species of Mytilus; 2dly, Unio,
consisting of Mya Pictorum and margaritifera ; and 3dly, Me-
lina, of Ostrea semi-aurita, Perna Isogonum, and Ephippium.
He also proposes to divide the genus Anomia into four, viz.
Anomia, Crania, Terebratula, and Placenta. Most of these
genera have since been adopted by M. Lamarck.

Considering the number of shells that have been already col-
lected from all parts of the world, and which have not yet found
their proper places in the system, from their not perfectly agree-
ing with any of the genera already established, the necessity
of improving the Linnean system, by increasing the number
of genera and rendering them more definite, becomes every
day more apparent. Something of this sort has been lately
attempted in France by M. Lamarck (who enjoys the advan-
tage of free access to the National Museum of Natural History
at Paris) in his Systéme des Animaux sans Vertébres, and in
his other writings.

M. Lamarck’s arrangement has been followed in this coun-
try by Mr. Parkinson, in his description of fossil shells, in

the third volume of Organic Remains of a Former World, in

* Linn. Trans. vol. 7. p. 204. + Ibid.

6 LAMARCK’S ARRANGEMENT.

which he has added a few genera of his own to those of
M. Lamarck, and has also arranged them in a different order.
But it will no doubt be thought by many that both Mr.
Parkinson and M. Lamarck have divided them too much,
making the genera more numerous than there is a necessity
for at present; though several of their genera will scarcely be

objected to by any.

M. Lamarck combines with the Linnean order Tesr4cea
several genera of the order Mortusca, with which he consti-
tutes his First class of Animals without Vertebre; this he calls

Les MOLLUSQUES, Mollusca.
The 2d, Les CRUSTACEES, - Crustacea.
The 3d, Les ARACHNIDES, __ Spiders.

The 4th, Les INSECTES, - - Insects.

The 5th, Les VERS, - - = - Worms.

The 6th, Les RADIAIRES, - _ Star-fish.
And the 7th, Les POLYPES, - - — Polypi.

The class MOLLUSCA he divides into two orders, the one
with heads, and the other without heads; each of these he
divides into two sections, the one naked or without shells, and

the other covered or nearly enclosed with shells, as follow :

LAMARCK’S ARRANGEMENT. i

MOLLUSCA WITH HEADS.
NAKED.
Those which swim at liberty.

Lamarck’s Genera.

. Pterotrachea.
6. Clio.

Those which creep on the belly.

7. Laplisia.
8. Dolabella:
9. Bullea.
10. Tethis.
11. Limax.
12. Sigaretus.
13. Onchidium.
14. Tritonia.
15. Doris.
16. Phyllidea.
17. Chiton.

COVERED WITH SHELL.

Linnzan Genera, Species.

Sepia officinalis.
- Loligo.

= Octopus.
Lernea.
Pterotrachea.

Clio.

Laplisia.

Bulla aperta.
Tethys.

Lima.

Felix haliotoidea.
Onchidium.

Tritonia.

Doris.

Chiton.

One-celled, not spiral, but covering the back of the animal.

18. Patella.

19. Fissurella.
20. Emarginula.
21. Concholepas.
22. Crepidula.
23. Calyptrea.

Patella testudinaria.
— Greca.
Fissura.

ne
——

porcellana.

equestris.

One-celled, spiral, inclosing the animal, with a hollow at the

base of the aperture.
24, Conus.
25. Cyprea. .
26. Ovula.
27. Terebellum.
28. Oliva.

Conus.

Cyprea.

Bulla Ovum.
Terebellum.
Voluta — porphyria.

8

Mollusca with Heads (continued).

Lamarck’s Genera.
29. Ancilla.
30. Voluta.
31. Mitra.

32. Columbella.
33. Marginella.
34. Cancellaria.
35. Nassa. .
36. Purpura.
37. Buccinum.
38. Eburna.
39. Terebra.
40. Dolium.
41. Harpa.
42. Cassis.

43. Strombus.
44. Pterocera.
45. Rostellaria.
46. Murex.
47. Fusus.

48. Pyrula.
49. Fasciolaria.
50. Turbinellus.
51. Pleurotoma.
52. Clavatula.
53. Cerithium.

54. Trochus.
55. Solarium.
56. Turbo.

57. Monodonta.
58. Cyclostoma.
59. Scalaria.
60. Pupa.

61. Turritella.
62. Janthina.

LAMARCK’S ARRANGEMENT.

Voluta

||

Linnzan Genera,

Buccinum

Strombus

Murex

Bulla

Murex

Trochus

Turbo
Trochus
Turbo

Species.
Oliva.
musica.
episcopalis.
mercatoria.
glabella.
cancellata.
Arcularia.
Persicum.
undatum.
glabratum.
maculatum.
Dolium.
Harpa.
cornutum.
pugilis.
Lamnbis.
Susus.
Flaustellum.
Colus.
Ficus.
Tulipa.
Pyrum.
Babylonius.

Aluco.

One-celled, spiral, inclosing the animal, without any hollow
at the base of the aperture.

niloticus.
perspectivus.
marmoratus.
Labio.
Delphinus.
Scalaria,
Uoa.
Terebra.
Janthina.

Mollusca with Heads (continued).

Lamarck’s Genera.
63. Bulla.

64. Bulimus.

65. Achatina.

66. Lymnea.
67. Melania.

68. Pyramidella.

69. Auricula.
70. Volvaria.
71. Ampullaria.
72. Planorbis.
73. Helix.

74. Helicina.
75. Nerita.

76. Natica.

77. Testacella.
78. Stomatia.
79. fHaliotis.
80.
81. Siliquaria.
82. Penicillus.
83. Carinaria.

84. Argonauta. |

85. Nautilus.

86. Orbulites.
87. Ammonites.
38. Planulites.

39. Nummulites.

90. Spirula.

91. Turrilites.
92. Bacculites.
93. Orthocera.
94. Hippurites.
95. Belemnites.

Vermicularia.

LAMARCK’S ARRANGEMENT.

Linnzan Genera,

Bulla
Felix
Bulla
Helix

Trochus
Voluta
Bulla
Helix

Nerita

Haliotis

Serpula

9

Species.
Ampuila.
oblonga.
achatina.
stagnalis.
amarula.
dolabratus.
Auris Mide.
cylindrica.
ampullacea.
Cornu Arietis.
pomatia.

exuria.
caurena.

imperforata.
tuberculata.
lumbricalis.
Anguina.
Penis.

Argonauta vitrea.

Nautilus

Nautilus

Nautilus

Nautilus

Nautilus

Argo.

Many cells, inclosing or covering the animals.

Pompiltus.

Cornu Ammonts.

spirula.

Raphanus.

Belemnites.

10 LAMARCK’S ARRANGEMENT.

HEADLESS MOLLUSCA.

NAKED.
Lamarck’s Genera. Linnzan Genera, Species.
96. Ascidia. Ascidia.
97. Salpa. Salpa.
98. Mammaria. Mammaria.

COVERED WITH SHELL.

Two valves equal, with or without accessory ones.

99. Pinna. Pinna rudis.
100. Mytilus. Mytilus edulis.
101. Modiola. - Modiolus.
102. Anodonta. —- anatinus.
103. Unio. Mya Pictorum.
104. Nucula. Arca Nucleus.
105. Pectunculus. Pectunculus.
106. Arca. —— Noe.

107. Cucullea. — cucullata.
108. Trigonia.

109. Tridacna. Chama Gigas.
110. Hippopus. Hippopus.
111. Cardita. —— __ calyculata.
112. Isocardia. Cor.

113. Cardium. Cardium costatum.
114. Crassatella.

115. Paphia. Venus divaricata.
116. Lutraria. Mactra lutraria.
117. Mactra. — Stultorum.
118. Petricola. Donax Trus.

119. Donaz. rugosus.
120. Meretrix. Venus Meretrix.
121. Venus. -- verrucosa.
122. Venericardia. —-- imbricata.
123. Cyclas. Tellina cornea.
124. Lucina. *divaricata.
125. Tellina. —_—— radiata.

* See Parkinson’s Organic Remains, vol. 3. p. 191.

LAMARCK’S ARRANGEMENT. il
Headless Mollusca (continued).
Lamarck’s Genera. Linnzan Genera, Species.
126. Capsa. Venus deflorata.
127. Sanguinolaria. Solen sanguinolentus.
128. Solen. a Vagina.
129.. Glycemeris. Mya Siliqua.
130. Mya. truncata.
131. Pholas. Pholas costata.
Bivalves inclosed in a tube. Valves unequal.
132. Teredo. Teredo navalis.
133. Fistulana. Clava.
Two unequal valves, with or without a hinge.
134. Acardo. Patella Umbella.
135. Radiolites.
136. Chama. Chama Lazarus.
137. Spondylus. Spondylus Geederopus.
138. Plicatula. ———-- plicatus.
139. Ostrea. Ostrea edulis.
140. Vulsella. Mya Vulsella.
141. Malleus. Ostrea Malleus.
142, Avicula. Mytilus Hirundo.
143. Perna. Ostrea Ephippium.
144, Placuna. Anomia Placenta.
145. Pecten. Ostrea maxima.
146. Lima. Lima.
147. Pedum. spondyloides.
148. Pandora. Tellina —_inequivalvis.
149. Corbula.
150. Anomia. Anomia —Ephippium.
151. Crania. craniolaris.
152. Terebratula. cee Terebratula.
153. Calceola. —— Sandalium.
154. Hyalea. tridentata.
155. Orbicula. Patella anomala.
156. Lingula. Unguis.
More than two valves, unequal.
157. Anatifa. Lepas anatifera.
158. Balanus. —_——- Tintinnabulum.

c2

12

CHAPTER II.

LINNEZAN ARRANGEMENT OF SHELLS.—ANIMALS WHICH
INHABIT THEM.

Tue Animal Kingdom is divided by Linnzus into six classes:

The Ist, MAMMALLA, are viviparous.) These havea heart with
} 2 auricles and 2 ventri-

The 2d, AVES, are oviparous. cles, warm red blood.

The 3d, AMPHIBIA, with lungs. Van have a heart with

1 auricle and 1 ventri-
The 4th, PISCES, with external gills. cle, cold red blood.

The 5th, INSECT, with antenne. These have a heart with
?. 1 auricle and no ventri-

A : ld whi i
The 6th, VERMES, with tentacula, ee EEE Gy Bs

The sixth class, VER MES, or Worms, contains five orders:

The tst order is IvTEsT1w 4, or Worms, usually so called. The
greatest number of these inhabit the bodies of other ani-
mals.

The 2d, Moxxuscza, are of a soft substance, not covered with a
shell, and generally furnished with tentacula or feelers
(which are wanting in the order Intestina). These are
mostly inhabitants of the sea; their forms are exceed-
ingly various, and many of them very extraordinary.

The 3d, Tesracea, are Mollusca covered with a shell. These
are very numerous; some inhabit the sea; others fresh
water ; and others again the land.

LINNEZAN ARRANGEMENT. 13

The 4th, Zoopuyra, or Animal Plants, consisting of corals,
sponges, &c. are mostly marine productions ; many of
them resemble vegetables so much that they were for-
merly classed in the Vegetable Kingdom, and called Stony
Plants: it has, however, been ascertained that they are
the work and habitation of numberless small animals of
the Polypus kind.

The 5th, Ivrusorra, which are mostly microscopic objects,
are found in various infusions, also in water both pure

and impure.

Linneus divides the order TEST ACE A, or Shells, into Mut-
TIVALVES, Bivatves, and Univ ALreEs. The first is composed
of those that consist of more than two pieces ; the second, of
those of two pieces only, united by a hinge; and the third,
of those of but one piece. The whole of these are divided into
35 genera. The genus named Sabella does not properly be-
long to the Testacea; many of the species are only the cases of
the larvee of sub-aquatic flies; and the rest are all, more or less,
composed of extraneous matter agglutinated together ; such
as sand, broken shells, &c. of a finer or coarser texture, accord-

ing to the nature of the animal inhabitant*.

* See Montagu’s Testacea Britannica, p. 534; and Linn. Trans. vol. 8.
p- 249.

14

Linneus’s genera are as follow :

LINNEAN ARRANGEMENT.

Motrivatres. Brvauves. Unrvaxves witha regular spire.

1. Chiton. 4. Mya. 18. Argonauta.

2. Lepas. 5. Solen. 19. Nautilus.

3. Pholas. 6. Tellina. 20. Conus.
7. Cardium. 21. Cyprea.
8. Mactra. 22. Bulla.
9. Donax. 23. Voluta.
10. Venus. 24. Buccinum.
11. Spondylus. 25. Strombus.
12. Chama. 26. Murex.
13. Arca. 27. Trochus.
14. Ostrea. 28. Turbo.
15. Anomia. 29. Helix.
16. Mytilus. 30. Nerita.
17. Pinna. 31. Haliotis.

Univauves without a regular spire.
32. Patella.
33. Dentalium.
34. Serpula.
35. Teredo.

To this arrangement, though far surpassing any thing which
preceded it, there are still some few objections. The nearer
any artificial arrangement can be brought to a natural one,
the nearer it obviously approaches to perfection. With this
view of the subject, it must be observed that the three genera
of Multivalves have no connection with each other, as far as
regards the animal, and very little in regard to the shell.

The animal of the Chiton approaches nearer to the animal of

ANIMALS INHABITING BIVALVES. 15

the Patella than any other*, and belongs to the natural family
of the Limax of Linneus. The animal of the Lepas, called a
Triton by Linneus, if not a species of Polypus, is nearly allied
to it; and the animal of the Pholas is an Ascidia, one of the

families composing the Bivalves.

OF THE ANIMALS.

The animals of the Bivalves, together with the Pholas, form
a natural division (the Headless Mollusca of Lamarck), which
may be subdivided into four families. None of these have any
thing that can be properly called a head, but are furnished
with either one or two tubes, by means of which they draw in
their food along with the water, which is emitted again by the
same tube in those that have only one, and by the other tube in
those that have two.

In the animals of the first family called Ascidia+, the
membrane named by M. Adanson manteau (which is attached
to each valve) is united in front, forming a kind of bag or
tube, apparently open at both ends, from the upper end of
which two conjoined tubes project, which are often of consi-
derable length; and from the lower end a short obtuse foot.
This family includes the genera Pholas, the true Mya, and the
Solen of Linnzeus, but not the two species of Mya Pictorum and

margaritifera.

* See Adanson’s Histoire Naturelle du Sénégal, p. 42.
+ Ibid. pl. 19. f. Tagal and Tulan, p. 256 and 262.

16 ANIMALS INHABITING BIVALVES.

The second family is known by the English name of Cockle* :
these have the membrane called manteaw or pallium divided
into two parts, being open in front; they project two separate
tubes from the upper end of the shell, which are commonly
very short; from the front of the shell they protrude a fleshy
muscular foot, somewhat scythe-shaped ; they have two strong
muscles by which they open and shut their shells, one situated
near each end of the shell, the places of which may be easily
perceived, as they almost always leave a distinct mark on the
interior surfaces. This family comprehends the Tellina, Car-
dium, Mactra, Donax, Venus, Arca, and some species of Chama,
and a few which, perhaps, are improperly placed with the
Solen.

The third family are the Muscles: these have the manteau
or pallium divided or open in front, like the last, but do not pro-
ject any tube beyond their shells; they protrude a foot somewhat
tongue-shaped; many species fix themselves by a byssus or cluster
of threads; these have either three or four muscles for opening and
shutting their shells, two of which are generally larger than the
others, but they seldom leave any mark on the interior surface of
the shell. This family comprises the genera Pinna and Myiilus,
excepting a few improperly placed with the Mytili, as M. Frons,
Crista galli, &c. Here we may place the genus Unio of Ret-
zius and Lamarck, 7. e. Mya Pictorum, &c. of Linneus.

The fourth family are the Oysters : these are the Tethys of

* See Adanson, pl. 18. f. Mofat. + Ibid. pl. 15. f. Lulat.

ANIMALS INHABITING UNIVALVES. 17

Linneus; they protrude neither tube nor foot beyond the shell ;
the palliwm is divided ; they have only one large muscle, which
in many species leaves a conspicuous mark on the interior sur-
face of the shell, as in the common Oyster, Osirea edulis of
Linneus; but in many others the mark is not discernible, as
in most of the Scallops. This family includes the genus Ostrea,
with the Scallops or Pectines, the Spondylus, a few Cham, and
some of the Anomie.

The next natural division (the Mollusca with Heads of
Lamarck) includes the animals inhabiting the 4rgonauta and
the Nautilus, which are very little known, and appear te belong
or are nearly allied to the Sepia or Cuttle-fish. It comprehends
also the animals of the rest of the Univalves, including the
Chiton, if we except Dentaliun, Teredo, and Serpula. This
division consists of two families; one having a windpipe or
breathing tube projecting more or less beyond the edge of the
shell nearly on the back of the animal, through a hollow
groove or cavity, which may be seen at the end of the shell
furthest from the spire (pl. 5. f. 59. a); and the other without
any such tube, and consequently without any hollow or notch
at the edge of the shell (pl. 9. f. 118 and 119. a). The animals
of this division are furnished with a head, and horns or feelers,
generally two eyes, and with teeth which are very numerous
in some species; they are all called Limax by Linneus.

The genera Conus, Cyprea, Buccinum, Strombus, Murex,
with part of the Bulle, and most of the Volute, constitute the
family of Limaces with a breathing tube. These, with scarcely

D

18 ANIMALS INHABITING UNIVALVES.

any exception, inhabit water, and have only two horns; the
eyes are placed at the root of the horns, or at some part of
their side, but never quite at the end or tip (pl. 5. f. 59);
several of these animals are furnished with a cylindrical trunk
or proboscis, at the end of which is the mouth furnished with
small teeth of a hook-like form, with which the animal pierces
other shells, and then sucks the fiesh of the inhabitants for its
food (pl. 10. f. 1).

The family of Limaces without a breathing tube, of which
the Garden Snail is a familiar example, comprehends the re-
maining species of the genus Bulla and Voluta, and all those
of Trochus, Turbo, Helix, Nerita, Haliotis, Patella, and Ciuton.
The water species have generally two horns, except the Cluton
and some Bulle. The eyes in some are placed on the head or at
the side of the horns; but many of the animals have, besides
the horns, a short kind of column or pillar at the outside of
each horn (pl. 9. f. 119. a), with the eyes placed at the tip of
them, as in most of the Nerite. All the land species belong
to this family; these have four horns, with the eyes at the tips
of the longest; but none have the trunk or proboscis noticed
in the other family.

OF THE SHELLS.

Of the shells we may observe that the two valves or pieces
of which the Bivalves are composed are in general more or Jess
convex ; in a great number both valves are equally so; in

many, one is more convex than the other; but in some few

LINNZAN ARRANGEMENT. 19

both are flat (pl. 4. f.46. Anomia Placenta). The valves are
generally attached to each other by a cartilage that serves for
a hinge; there is seen on the outside of each valve, near the
cartilage, a kind of blunt point, which is as it were the base
of the shell, from whence the increase or growth takes place ;
this point is called the beak, in Latin wmbo or nates (pl. 3.
f. 37. a); the hinge part is called the base of the shell (pl. 3.
J-26. a), and the opposite part the upper margin (pl. 3. f.26.b);
that side of the beaks where the cartilage is found is called
the anterior slope (pl. 3. f. 26. ¢), and the other side of the
beaks the posterior slope (pl. 3. f. 26. d).

The Univalves are said to consist of only one piece, though
many species have a smaller piece also, with which the animal,
after retiring within his shell, closes the aperture ; this is called
the operculum; but as it is never attached to the shell, but
only to the foot of the animal, this part is seldom met with in
collections. Most univalve shells are a kind of tube rolled up
more or less in a spiral form; that end where the turns can be
perceived is called the spire (pl. 5. f. 60. a); each turn or
circle is called a whorl or volution; the outward volution is
called the last whorl, being the one last formed, and is often-
times larger than all the preceding ones taken together; the
centre or point where the first whorl begins is termed the apex
(pl. 5. f. 60. e). Linneus calls that part of the aperture of the
shell which is furthest from the spire the base (pl. 5. f. 60. b),
and the spiral end the fore part. The aperture of the shell is
called the mouth, the edges of which are called lips ; the outer

D2

20 LINNEZAN ARRANGEMENT.

side is termed the right or outer lip (pl. 5. f. 60. ¢), and the
body of the shell, being in fact the outside of the preceding
whorl, is called the inner or pillar lip (pl. 5. f. 60. d); that
part of the aperture which is furthest from the spire, and called
by Linneus the base, in several genera ends in a canal or
hollow groove (pl. 7. f. 88. a). M. Adanson calls this the
superior canal; sometimes there is a small hollow or notch
at the end of the mouth nearest to the spire (pl. 7. f. 91. a);
this M. Adanson calls the inferior canal.

In many species, each whorl is joined to the preceding in
such a manner that at the end opposite the spire they leave a
vacancy or hole in the centre, which sometimes extends to
the very point of the apex; this aperture is called the wmbilicus
(pl. 8. f. 98. a. and f. 105. a). Those shells that have this
umbilicus are said to be perforated, but in many species the
last whorl joins to or covers the former whorls in such a
manner as to leave no vacancy or hole ; these shells are called
unperforate ; there are a few species in which the young shells
have an umbilicus, but as they get older they lose it, as Nerita
Mamilla.

Most shells have a membrane or skin covering the outside ;
in some it is thick and rough, as though it were hairy, as in
some species of the Murex, Arca, &c., particularly in Arca
Noe and barbata, and Mytilus Modiolus (pl. 4. f.48. a); in
most it is very thin, and some are without any, as are all the
Cypree, Voluta Oliva, and some species of Dona. : it is said by

Adanson to contribute to the growth and preservation of the

LINN-EAN ARRANGEMENT. 21

shells, as the periosteum does to the bones, and is called the
perioste by Adanson ; but-how it contributes to their growth
does not appear clear, as all shells seem to increase by succes-
sive layers of stony matter on the inside of the shell, which
is secreted from some part of the animal, each layer projecting
a little at the edges beyond the preceding ones: the edges of
these layers may generally be perceived with the naked eye ;
they oftentimes form the lines which in the Bivalves are com-
monly denominated transverse strie (pl. 2. f. 20).

The Bivalves, which are divided by Linnzus into fourteen
genera, are distinguished by some peculiarity of the hinge,
principally by the number, form, or situation of the teeth,
which are small protuberances found near to the beak or car-
tillage.

The Univalves are divided by Linnaus into eighteen genera,
and are distinguished by something peculiar in the forma-
tion of the mouth or aperture of the shell. The generic cha-
racters are given by Linneus as follow: but if they were
strictly adhered to, it is very evident that several new genera
must be introduced to receive many shells which could not
properly be included in any of these.

MULTIVALVES.

Chiton. Shell of many pieces longitudinally on the back.
Lepas. Shell of many pieces unequal and sitting.
Pholas. Shell of two pieces with several smaller behind.

0
ri")

LINNZAN ARRANGEMENT.

BIVALVES.

Mya. Hinge of the shell with a thick hollow tooth.

Solen. Hinge of the shell with the side teeth remote.

Tellina. Hingeof the shell with lateral teethofone side wanting.

Cardium. Hinge of the shell with remote lateral teeth pene-
trating.

Mactra. Hinge of the shell with the middle tooth folded.

Donax. Hinge of the shell with the remote lateral tooth wanting.

Venus. Hinge of the shell with approximate diverging teeth.

Spondylus. Hinge of the shell with two teeth separated by a
hollow.

Chama. Hinge of the shell with two oblique obtuse teeth.

Arca. Hinge of the shell with numerous penetrating teeth.

Ostrea. Hinge of the shell with an egg-shaped pit, no teeth.

Anomia. Hinge of the shell with a linear marginal pit, no
teeth.

Mytilus. Hinge of the shell with a distinct awl-shaped pit,
no teeth.

Pinna. Hinge of the shell with one of the margins united,

no teeth.

UNIVALVES with a regular spire.

Argonauta. Shell with one cell; animal a Sepia.
Nautilus. Shell with many cells communicating by a small hole.
Conus. Shell with the aperture effuse linear, and without teeth.

LINNZAN ARRANGEMENT. 23

Cyprea. Shell with the aperture effuse linear ; teeth on both
sides.
Bulla. Shell with the aperture somewhat contracted, oblique.
Voluta. Shell with the aperture effuse, with the pillar folded.
Buccinum. Shell with the aperture with a channel to the right.
Strombus. Shell with the aperture having a channel to the left.
Murex. Shell with the aperture having a straight channel.
Trochus. Shell with the aperture compressed, somewhat square.
Turbo. Shell with the aperture compressed, round.
Helix. Shell with the aperture compressed, moon-shaped.
Nerita. Shell with the aperture compressed, half round.

Haliotis. Shell with the aperture wide, bored.

UNIVALVES without a regular spire.

Patella. Shell an open cone, resting.
Dentalium. Shell free, awl-shaped, open at each end.
Serpula. Shell fixed, tubular.

Teredo. - Shell intruded in wood.

24

CHAPTER IIL.

OF THE TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING SHELLS.

Ir is to be observed in explaining the terms made use of in
describing shells, that the same word has sometimes a very
different meaning from what it is intended to convey at others;
but if the connection in which it is used is attended to, there
will seldom occur much difficulty in knowing how to under-
stand it. For instance, the term ovata occurs in the twelfth
edition of Systema Nature, and in the eighth volume of the
Transactions of the Linnaan Society, in describing the form of
Mya truncata and arenaria, and also of Bulla fontinalis and
Hypnorun, although the first are of a very difierent shape from
the last. Also Cyprea Onyx, C. Ziczac, &c. are said to be um-
bilicata, as well as Nerita Caurena, glaucina, &c., though the
hollow which is called the umbilicus is so exceedingly different

in form and structure in the first from what it is in the last.

OF BIVALVE SHELLS.

First, of the Substance, which is either—-
Crassus, thick, as Venus verrucosa.
Tenuis, thin, as Tellina depressa and Fabula.
Membranacea, thin like a skin, as Solen anatinus.
Fragilis, brittle, as Solen Legumen.
Pellucidus, transparent, as Tellina lactea and lacustris.
Opacus, opake, as Cardium edule.

Margaritaceus, pearly, as Mytilus margaritiferus.

or

EXPLANATION OF TERMS. a

Secondly, of the Form.
Bivalve shells are said to be—

Aiquivalvis, when both the valves or pieces are equally con-
vex, as in Cardium edule.

Inequivalvis, when one of the valves is flatter than the other,
as in Ostrea edulis.

Convexus, when the two valves are considerably convex or
swelled out: this is opposed to compressus.

Gibbus, when the valves are considerably but not regularly
swelled out, being as it were bunched out more in one place
than in another.

Compressus, when the valves are but little convex or swelled
out. Some few are quite flat, as Anomia Placenta ; but most

shells are more or less convex.

OF CONVEX FORMS.

Globosus is when the two valves together form nearly a-sphere
or globe, as Tellina cornea.

Ovatus is when the two valves form nearly an egg-shape, as
Cardium serratum.

Ovals is nearly egg-shaped, but having the two ends equal or
almost equal, as Pholas crispata.

Oblongus is when the shell is drawn out longer in proportion
to the thickness, as Pholas candidus.

Cylindricus is when the valves together nearly form a cylinder,
as Mytilus lithophagus.

Linearts-rectus differs little from cylindrical; it is long and

E

96 TERMS USED

straight, the margins of the valves being parallel to each
other, as Solen Vagina and Stiliqua.

Linearis-subarcuatus is long and a little bent, with the margins
parallel, as Solen Ensis.

Navicularis is boat-shaped, as Arca Noe.

Semi-orbiculatus is shaped like halfa globe, as Chama orbiculata.

Cordatus is when the valves together nearly form the shape of
a heart, as Cardium Isocardia.

Triangulus-cordatus is between triangular and heart-shaped,
as Donax Scortum.

Triangulus-rotundatus is between triangular and round, as
Venus castrensts.

Sub-rhomboideus is somewhat like a rhomboid, as Arca lactea.

Trapezius is irregularly four-sided, as Chama trapezia.

(Sub being prefixed to any term, means rather, or a little.
Ob, when prefixed to any term, means about.)

OF COMPRESSED FORMS.

Orbiculatus is round and flat, as Anomia Placenta.

Sub-rotundus is somewhat round and flattish,as Mactra Lastert.

Lentiformis is round like a lentil, slightly convex on each
side, with a sharp edge, as Venus tigerina.

Ovatus, egg-shaped, is broader at one end than the other, as
Tellina planata.

Ovalis, oval, differs from ovatus in having the two ends equal,
or nearly so, as Tellina Gari.

Oblongus is longer in proportion to the breadth, and more like

IN DESCRIBING SHELLS. 37

a long square with the corners rounded off, as Tellina
radiata. .

Triangulatus, triangular, as Mactra subtruncata.

Cordatus, heart-shaped, but compressed thin, as Cardium Car-
dissa.

Lingueformis, tongue-shaped, long, and rather tapering, as
Mya Vulsella.

Cuneiformis, wedge-shaped, as Donax cuneata.

Auriculatus is with two small appendages or wings, called by

Linneeus ears, as in Ostrea maxima, the common Scallop

(pl. 4. f. 41).

OF THE PARTS OF BIVALVE SHELLS.

First, of the Beaks.

Nates or Umbo, a beak, is a blunt point which may be seen
on the outside of each valve near the hinge.

Incurvatus or Inflexus is when the beaks are curved inward,
as in Arca Glycymeris.

Recurvatus or Reflexus is when the beaks are curved back-
ward, as in Chama Cor.

Approximatus is when the two beaks are near together, or
stand approaching to each other, as Cardium Cardissa.

Distans is when the two beaks stand at a distance from each
other, as in Cardium Hemicardium.

Remotissimus is when they stand at a greater distance from
each other, as in Arca Noe.

Prominulus is when the beaks are but little prominent, or

E 2

28 TERMS USED

almost level with the general surface of the shell, as in
Mactra solida.

Prominens is when the beaks are a little more prominent, as
in Mactra stultorum and Venus undata.

Gibbus is when the beaks are swelled out, as in Mytilus Mo-
diolus. i

Productior is when they are more extended beyond the surface
of the shell, as in Chama gryphoides.
Corniformis is when they are shaped like a horn, and pro-
duced beyond the general surface, as in Chama bicornis.
Fornicatus is when they are arched over, as in Mytilus bilocu-
laris.

Acutus is when the beaks end in rather a sharp point, as Venus
Gallina.

Acuminatus is when the beaks taper to a point like a dart or
sting, as in Mytilus eduls. |

Obtusus is when the beaks end in a blunt point, like Donax
castanea.

Perforatus is when one of the beaks is perforated, as in Anomia

Caput serpentis.

Secondly, of the Hinge.

Cardo, the hinge, consists of the connecting cartilage and the
teeth. Linneus takes but few of his generic characters
from the cartilage, but M. Lamarck has made much more
use of it; in many cases it forms a very good generic cha-

racter. Many genera have an external cartilage, as for in

IN DESCRIBING SHELLS. 29

stance Solen, Tellina, Venus, Cardium, Mytilus, and Pinna.
In several it is internal, as Mactra, Spondylus, Ostrea,
Anomia, and most of the Mye : in a few species it is sunk
in a groove into the thickness of the shell, so as not to be
called properly either external or internal, as in Venus Merde
and tigerina,and some species of Donax. In the last division
of the genus Ostrea it is divided into many parts, as Ostrea
Isognomum, &c.

Dentes, the teeth, are eminences or projections on the internal
surface or margin of the valves, near to the beaks and car-
tilage; they are most generally received into corresponding
hollows in the opposite valve: when this is the case they are
said by Linneeus to be inserted; but when there are no corre-
sponding hollows to be perceived in the opposite valve, they
are said not to be inserted.

Cardinis Dentes, or hinge teeth, are the teeth which are placed
in the centre, under the beaks; those which are found at
some distance, on each side, are the lateral teeth; but in the
genus Arca there is no such distinction, the teeth being
numerous and arranged in a line.

Subulatus is when they are long and sharp, or awl-shaped, as
in the genus Solen.

Acutus is when the teeth are short and sharp, as in the genus
Arca.

Recurvus is when the teeth are hooked or bent backward, as
in Spondylus.

Duplex is when a tooth is as it were split into two.

9

80 TERMS USED

Thirdly, of the Margin.

That part of the margin which is opposite the beaks
(pl. 3. f. 26. D) is often called the upper margin, or margo
superior ; and, as the cartilage is considered by Linneus as
occupying the anterior parts of the shell, so that part of the
margin which lies between the beaks and the end, on the side
where the cartilage is found (pl. 3. f. 26. c), is called the
anterior margin, and that between the beaks and the other
end (pl. 3. f. 26. d) the posterior margin; the hollow or
cleft that is occupied by the cartilage is called rima anterior.
The margin is said to be integerrimus when it is smooth
without any notch or wrinkle, and is opposed to dentatus,
serratus, &c., as Donax cuneata, Venus Chione, &c.

Acutus is when the margin is smooth, but thin and sharp, as in

Mactra stultorum.

Dentatus is when the margin has small wrinkles, called teeth,
as in Donax denticulatus.

Serratus is when the margin is toothed like a saw, as in Car-
dium serratum.

Crenatus is when the margin is wrinkled or notched, with
larger wrinkles than dentatus, as in Arca Glycymeris.

Plicatus is when the wrinkles are still larger, like plaits or

folds, as in Arca Pectunculus and senilis.

OF UNIVALVE SHELLS.

The Univalve spiral shells are said to be tnvolute or con-

volute.

IN DESCRIBING SHELLS. 3l

Involutus is when the spire is rolled in, so that both ends are
enveloped by the outer whorl, as in the genus Cyprea.

Convolutus is when the spire is rolled in, so that one end only
is enveloped, as in the genera Conus, Voluta, &c.

Rotundatus is when the shell is rolled up in nearly the form of
a globe, as Bulla Naucum, Ampulla, &c.

Sub-globosus is rather less globular, with the spire more ex-
tended, as Nerita Vitellus.

Ovatus is egg-shaped, as Conus rusticus and Mercator, Ne-
rita virginea, or Bulla fontinalis.

Oblongus, or oblong, as Helix Amarula.

Ovatus-oblongus is between egg-shaped and oblong, as Bucci-
num reticulatum.

Pyriformis is when the shell is nearly pear-shaped, as in Voluta
Pyrum, and also one division of the genus Conus of Lin-
neeus.

Pyramidalis is like a pyramid, as Trochus cinereus.

Conicus is conical, of which there are two sorts, one with the
spire flat, forming the base of the cone, as Conus marmo-
reus, and many of the genus Conus; the other with the
aperture at the base, and the spire tapering, as Trochus ni-
loticus, and many species of Trochus.

Cylindricus is nearly cylindrical, as Bulla Terebellum.

Fusiformis is spindle-shaped, and differs from cylindrical in
being swelled out at the middle and tapering at each end,
as Strombus fusus.

Turritus, towering, is when the spiral turns are numerous and

$2 TERMS USED

drawn out to a considerable length, as Trochus Telescopiwin,
and Turbo Terebra.

Teres is tapering, but not spirally turned, as Dentaliwn En-
talis.

Tubulosus is a tube in different forms, as in the genus Serpula.
tectus is straight, as Nautilus Raphanistrum and Orthocera.
Angulatus, angular, is generally applied to shells not spiral, as

Patella saccharina.

Orbiculatus is nearly like half a globe, the shell not spiral, as
Patella equestris.

Ovalis is a flat oval shell, as Patella crepidula and forni-
cata.

Auriformis is ear-shaped, as in the genus Haliotis.

Convexus is when the shell is but little convex, or between
sub-globosus and planus, as in Trochus Magus and Helix
virgata; Helix Lapicida is convex on both sides.

Depressus is nearly like convexus, but flatter, as Trochus wmbi-
licatus and Helix ericetorum.

Planus is flat, as Helix Vortex and contorta.

OF THE PARTS OF UNIVALVE SHELLS.

The principal parts of Univalves are the spire, the aperture

or mouth, the lips, and the operculum.

Spira, the spire, is that part of the shell where the turns or
whorls are seen in a spiral form.

Apertura, the aperture or mouth, whence the animal in part
comes out or retires at will.

IN DESCRIBING SHELLS. 33

Cauda, the tail, is found at that part of the aperture which is
furthest from the spire.

Labia, the lips, are the edges of the aperture, the outer side of
which is called the lip, labrum* ; it is also sometimes called
the outer or right lip, labium eaterius vel dextrum ; the inner
side, or that part which joins to the preceding turn or whorl,
is called the inner lip, labiwm interius-+ ; or the pillar lip,
labium columelle { ; or the left lip, labiwm sinistrorsum.

Operculum is that small piece which is separate from the shell,
but attached to the foot of the animal, with which it closes
the opening when it retires into its shell; this piece is

wanting in a great many shells.

OF THE SPIRE, SPIRA.

Truncata is with the spire flat as if cut off, and forms the base
of the conic shape of Linnzeus’s first division of Conus.

Obliterata is when the spire can hardly be perceived, as in
Bulla Ficus and Voluta Monilis.

Prominens is when the spire is rather prominent, as in Voluta
Ispidula.

Producta is when the spire is much more prominent or pro-
duced, as in Murex despectus and corneus.

Longa is when it is very long in proportion to the shell, as in
Strombus Pes pelecani.

* See Voluta glabella of Linneus’s Systema Nature, 12th edit.
+ See Nerita Mammilla, ibid. ¥ See genus Nerita, ibid.

34 TERMS USED

Subulata is awl-shaped or tapering, as in Bulla Terebellum.

Acuta is sharp-pointed, as in Bulla rivalis.

Acutissima is ending in a very sharp point, as in Strombus
costatus and Trochus papillosus.

Obtusa is blunt pointed, and is opposed to Acutus, as in Voluta
Coffea and pallida.

Levigata is with the whorls of the spire smooth as if worn with
water, as in Voluta glabella and Olla.

Coronata is crowned or encircled with prominences, as in Vo-
luta ethiopica and several of the genus Conus.

Tnermis is unarmed or without any prominences, and is op-

posed to coronatus, as Conus glaucus.

OF THE APERTURE, APERTURA.

Integra is when the mouth is whole or without any canal or
notch on the margin, as is the case with the genera Nerita,
Helix, Turbo, and Trochus, and part of the genus Voluta,
and some Bulle.

Coarctata is when the aperture is contracted or compressed, as
in some Bulle, but without a hollow or notch.

Effusa is when the aperture has a notch or spout as if formed
to pour out a fluid, as the aperture of Cyprea, which is
effuse at both ends, but the aperture of the Cones is effuse at
one end only.

Dilatata is when the aperture is very much spread out, as in
Helix haliotordea.

Circinnata is with the aperture round, as in Turbo fontinalis

and cristatus.

IN DESCRIBING SHELLS. 35

Semi-orbiculata is half a round, as in the genus Nerita.

Oblonga is oblong, somewhat of a long oval, as Voluta torna-
tilis and Murex costatus.

Ovalis is nearly a short oval, as Buccinum Lapillus and Murex
Erinaceus.

Ovata is approaching to an egg-shape, as Helix vivipara and
palustris.

Pyriformis is somewhat pear-shaped, as in Murex fuscatus.

Cordata is heart-shaped, as in Nautilus Pompilius.

Semi-cordata is shaped like half a heart, as in Trochus solaris
and Helix complanata.

Quadrata is approaching to square or four-sided, as in many
of the Trochi, and in Turbo perversus and striatus.

Sub-triangularis is nearly triangular, as in Turbo vertigo and
seax-dentatus.

Semi-lunaris is crescent-shaped, as in Helix rufescens, &c.

Utrinque-acuta is when both ends of the aperture terminate
in a point, as in Helix Planorbis and Gualteriana.

Longitudinalis is lengthwise of the shell, as in the genus Conus,
and in Cyprea.

Linearis is long and narrow, as in Bulla obtusa.

Angustissima is very narrow, as in Bulla cylindracea.

Marginata is with a margin or border round the mouth, as in
Helix Lapicida and H. Oculus capri.

Reflexa is with the margin bent back, as in Turbo corneus

and reflexus.

F 2

36 TERMS USED

Levis is with the edge of the aperture smooth, asin Murex
Pusio and Melongena.

Striata is when the inside of the aperture is marked with
lines, as in Murex senticosus.

Edentula is when the aperture is without any teeth, as in
Buccinum Perdix and Nerita Canrena.

Dentata is when the aperture has teeth on one side or the
other, as in Buccinum Pomum and Murex tritonis.

Utrinque-dentata is when the aperture has teeth on both
sides, as in Voluta Coffea and in the genus Cyprea.

Uni-dentata is when the aperture has one tooth only, as in
Trochus Labio and Turbo Uva.

Bi-dentata, Tri-dentata, &c., the aperture with two teeth, with
three teeth, &c.

OF THE TAIL, CAUDA.

Ecaudata is when the shell has a notch or hollow on the
margin at the part furthest from the spire, but not extended
into a groove or canal, as in Murex Hippecastanum and
neritordeus.

Brevis is when the canal is very short, as in Murex tritonis
and Pusio.

Truncata is when it appears as if a part had been cut off, as
in Murex ramosus and Scorpio.

Prominens is when it extends but a little way, as in Buccinum
echinophorum.

ry

IN DESCRIBING SHELLS. 37

Subulata iswhen it is long and slender, asin Murex Haustellum,
Tribulus, and cornutus.

Recta is when it stands in a straight line, as in Murex baby-
lonius.

Flexuosa is when it is bent on one side, as in Murex Lotortium
and Pyrum. :

Recurva or Reflexa is when the tail is bent back, as in Buc-
cinum cornutum, rufum, and tuberosum.

Adscendens is when the tail rises upwards supposing the shell
to be laid with the mouth downwards, as in Murea Pileare,
reticularis, and Vertagus.

Erecta is when the tail is turned quite upright supposing
the shell laid with the mouth downwards, as in Murex

Anus.
OF THE LIPS, LABIA.

Explanatum is when the left lip is spread out on the last
whorl, as in Bucctnum gibbosulum and neritewn.

Striatum is when there are lines marked on the inside of the
outer lip, as in Buccinum hemastoma and undoswn.

Edentula is when the lips are without teeth on the edge, as in
Nerita fluviatilis and lacustris.

Dentatum is when there are sharp points or projections on the
edge of the outer lip, as in Sirombus Fusus.

Muricatum is when there are sharp points on the edge of the
lip, but not so large as Dentatum, as in Buccinum Vibex and

Erinaceus.

38 TERMS USED

Crenulatum is when the edge is wrinkled, as in Buccinum Perst-
cum and patulum.

Tetradactylum is when the edge of the outer lip is extended into
four claws, as in Strombus Pes pelecant.

Hexadactylum is when the outer lip is extended into six claws,
as in Strombus, Chiragra.

Heptadactylum is when it has seven claws, as in Strombus
Lambis and Scorpius.

Decadactylum is when the lip is furnished with ten claws, as
in Strombus Millepeda.

Trilobum is when the outer lip terminates in three obtuse divi-
sions or lobes, as in Strombus lentiginosus.

Prominens is when the outer lip is but a little extended, as in
Strombus Pugilis.

Rotundatum is when the outer lip is more extended and
roundish, as in Strombus Epidromis and Gigas.

Attenuatum is when the edge of the outer lip is very thin, as in
Strombus Urceus and dentatus.

Fissum is when the edge of the outer lip is notched at the end
nearest the spire, as in Murex babylonius.

Perpendiculare is when a small part of the shell is seen within-
side suspended from the summit of some Patelle, as in Pa-
tella equestris.

Laterale is when a kind of partition is seen attached to one
side within a Patella, as in Patella chinensis and neritoidea.

Concavum is when a Patella has a coneave partition within, as
in Patella fornicata.

IN DESCRIBING SHELLS. 39

Posticum is when the partition is at the back part of the inside,

as in Patella Porcellana.

OF THE OPERCULUM.

Linneus scarcely mentions any of the opercula: Rumphius
and Gualtieri have given figures of several of them; most of
the Turbines have thick testaceous opercula exactly closing the
aperture, and so have most of the Nerife ; but these are not in
general quite so thick as those of the Turbines, but they also take
the shape of the mouth of their respective shells ; very few of
the Helices have any, except Helix vivipara and tentaculata ;
those are thin and horny, and exactly fit the aperture. Several
Buccina, Murices, and Cont, &c. have also opercula, but these

extend in size to only a part of the aperture.

OF THE SURFACE OF SHELLS, SUPERFICIES.

Levis is when the surface is smooth and even, as in Mactra
stultorum and Voluta porphyria.

Levigata is as if worn or washed smooth, as in Tellina levi-
gata and Buceinwn decussatum.

Glabra is with the outside bright, as Venus Meretrix and
Conus Capitaneus.

Glaberrima is very bright, as Venus castrensis and Buccinum
glabratum.

Nitida is shining, as Tellina radiata and Turbo petholatus.

Lineatis is marked with coloured lines, as in Conus Princeps.

40 TERMS USED

Striata is marked with small elevated lines, as in Nerita
Peloronta, Venus islandica, and Voluta mercatoria.

Radiata is rayed or marked with coloured streaks diverging
from the beak, as in Venus Gallina.

Fasctis is with coloured bands, as in Conus Mercator. .

Radis, with raised ridges diverging from the beak, as in
Ostrea maxima and Ziczac.

Cingulo is with a band raised above the general surface, as
in Strombus Oniscus and Buccinum Dolium and rufun.

Sulcis, with ridges, as in Cardium Isocardia and Fragum.

Sulcata is grooved, as in Venus Dione and Cyprea Pediculus.

Costata is ribbed, as in Murex senticosus and Cardium
costatum.

Rugosa is wrinkled, as in Mytilus rugosus and Turbo Chry-
sostomus.

Varicibus is with swelled ribs or sutures across the whorls, as
Buccinum Harpa and costatum.

Plicata is as if the shell was folded or with plaits, as Ostrea
diluviana, Buccinum Arcularia, and Voluta cancellata.

Cancellata is with either channels or ribs across the whorls, as
Turbo scalaris, Clathrus, and Uva.

Reticulata is as if covered with net work, as in Tellina reti-
culata and’ Murex reticularis.

Imbricata is tiled, as in Ostrea Lima and Cardium Isocardia.

Lamellis is covered with thin leaf-like plates, as in Chama

Lazarus and Ostrea diluviana.

IN DESCRIBING SHELLS. Al

Squamulis is with little scales, as Tellina Lingua felis and
Buccinum decussatum.

- Tuberculata is when covered with little raised knobs or
tubercles, as Buccinum papillosum, Cyprea Nucleus, and
Trochus maculatus.

Nodosa is knotty, as in Ostrea nodosa, Cardium tuberculatum,
Murex Trunculus and Lignarius.

Spinis is when it is armed with long prickles or spines, as in
Murex Brandaris and Trunculus, and Turbo Delphinus.
Muricata is covered with many sharp points, as Chama Gry-

phoides and Buccinum patulum.

Scabra is rough, as Tellina Lingua felis and Buccnum Per-
stcum.

42

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE CHITON. GENUS I.

CHITON.

“Animal a Doris. Shells many, longitudinally disposed, covering the
back.” —Liny.

Tue shells composing this genus are easily distinguished from
all others. They are of an oval form (f/f. 1. pl. 1), somewhat
resembling the Oniscus or common Wood Louse: the shell
does not inclose the animal, but only covers the back of it:
it is composed generally of eight pieces called valves, sur-
rounded by a narrow belt or margin, which is sometimes
covered with scales (pl. 1. f. 1. cc). Some few shells have
been found with only six or with seven valves, but they are
probably accidental varieties. The animal is somewhat similar
to that inhabiting the Patella, but is not capable like that of
protruding the head beyond the margin of the shell; the head
is nearly crescent-shaped, without any appearance of either
eyes or horns: it appears to belong to the family of Slugs, or
the Limax of Linneus. They are all inhabitants of the sea,
and are generally found creeping on the rocks, or attached to
stones, to other shells, or to sea-weeds, and not unfrequently on
Oysters on the coast of South Devon.

The valves, excepting the first and last, are often striated in

two different directions that divide each valve into three com-

GENUS I. CHITON. A3

partments: one, which may be called the middle division,
stretches across the shell, or lengthways of the valves (pl. 1.
Jf. 1. a); the others may be called the side divisions (pl. 1.
f. 1. bb). When these divisions are marked with lines across
the valves (pl. 1. f. 1. a), they are said to be transversely
striated ; but when they are marked with lines lengthways of
the valves, that is, across the shell (pl. 1. f. 1. b), they are said
to be longitudinally striated.

Linnezus has described, in his twelfth edition of Systema
Nature, only 9 species ; Gmelin has added 19, and Dr. Turton
none: making in all 28. Adanson considers the Chiton as a
sort of Patella.

Lamarck has placed the Chiton, under the name of Osca-
brion, as well as Bulla aperta and Helix Haliotoidea, among
his Mollusca with Heads, Naked, and which creep on the
Belly; he says it is covered with a skin furnished in the
middle with a row of testaceous pieces transversely set in the
thickness, and more or less appearing outwardly (pl. 1. f. 1.

Chiton squamosus).

G2

AA

CHAPTER V.

OF THE LEPAS. GENUS Il.

LEPAS.

“Animal a Triton. Shell with many valves; the valves unequal, fixed by
the base.” —Linw.

Turse shells are of various forms, but most of them are a sort
of truncated cone ; all the different species contain animals
similar to each other, but very different from those which in-
habit any of the other shells. These shells are fixed by the
base to some other substance, either to rocks, stones, pieces of
wood floating: in the sea, or to other shells, &c. They are fre-
quently found attached to the bottoms of ships im such num-
bers as to impede their progress in sailing.

Most of the species consist of twelve pieces or valves, six of
which are called outer valves; these are nearly triangular,
with the pointed end upwards (pl. 1. f. 5. aaa); the six
intermediate ones, with the points downwards (pl. 1. f. 5. bb),
are termed the inner valves. They have also an operculum
or little door (pl. 1. f. 5. ¢) composed of four valves or pieces
(pl..1. f.3), which the animals open at pleasure when they
extend their tentacula for catching their prey.

There are a few species which are found attached to whales
and tortoises, that are broader and flatter than the others; in

these the shell appears very large in comparison with the aper-

GENUS Il. LEPAS. 45

ture destined for the residence of the animals. Most of the
shells in this genus are very porous; but the pores in this divi-
sion are so large that we may rather call them cells, as may be
seen in pl. 1. f. 6, where the underside of Lepas Diadema is
represented.

There are also a few species of a very different form and
texture ; these are attached to other substances by means of a
cartilaginous tube, which is sometimes of a considerable length;
the shells themselves are very much compressed or flattened
sideways (pl. 1. f.2), as in Lepas anatifera; the number of
valves vary in the different species from five to thirteen or
more. These have been separated from the rest by several
authors, particularly Dr. Pulteney and Mr. Montagu, who
have formed of them a new genus called Lepas: to the re-
mainder they give the name of Balanus.

Linneus, in the twelfth edition of Systema Nature, describes
only 10 species in the whole; Gmelin has added 18, and
Dr. Turton 4, making. together 32; but it is supposed that
more than double this number are now known.

Lamarck has divided this genus into four, as follows* :
Baxanus, a.conic shell, truncated above, fixed by its base,

without a cartilaginous tube, and composed of six valves,
articulated by the sides and by their lower edge. The
aperture closed by a four-valved operculum (see Lepas

tintinnabulum Linn. pl. 1. f. 3 and 5).

* See Parkinson’s Organic Remains, vol. 3. p. 239 and 240.

A6 GENUS II. LEPAS.

AwnatTira, a wedge-shaped shell, composed of five or more
unequal valves united at the end of a cartilaginous tube,
fixed by its base. The aperture without an operculum
(see Lepas anatifera Linn, pl. 1. f. 2).

CoronuL4, a regular sub-conic shell, divided into twelve areas,
with an aperture both below and above; the upper one
closed with a four-valved operculwn (see Lepas Diadema
Linn. pl. 1. f. 6).

TupBicineLia, a tubular univalve, not spiral, narrowing to-
wards the base, truncated. at each end.. The aperture
round, with a four-valved operculum (see Lepas trachee-
forms, pl. 1. f. 4). ;

When the valves are marked with lines running from the
bottom to the top, they are said to be striated longitudinally }
(pl. 1. f. 5. a); but when the lines, are ‘marked the contrary
way, they are said to be transversely striated (pl. 1. f. 5. b).
The strié or lines on the operculum are called. longitudinal
when running lengthways from the base to the point, or

transverse when lying across (as in pl. 1. f. 3).

CHAPTER VI.

OF THE PHOLAS. GENUS HI.

PHOLAS.

“Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve, spreading, with several less and diffe-
rently shaped accessory valves at the hinge ; hinge recurved, connected
by a cartilage.” —Linn.

Tins animal, which Linneus calls an Ascidia, is scarcely any
thing more than a fleshy membranaceous bag, nearly of the
length of the shell, apparently open at each end; through the
upper end there protrudes a cylindrical muscular tube, divided
by ‘a partition mto two, toward the extremity; and at or
through the lower end of the bag proceeds a short obtusely
conical foot. The shell, which is somewhat cylindrical, con-
sists of two valves, open or gaping at each end (pl. 1. f. 9),
connected together by a cartilage, which serves for a hinge ;
at this: part ‘the edge of the shell: is reflected. or turned back,
and. in some species forms several small cells (pl. 1. f. 7. A),
which are generally covered: with .a small bony plate; there
are likewise one or two more small plates covering the cartilage
of the hinge (pl. 1. f. 8); all these are called accessory valves,
the number and form varying in the different species, but
commonly from two to four.

The outer surface of the shell is rough, with sharp ridges or

points something like a file, which roughness is supposed to

AS GENUS Ill. PHOLAS.

enable it to bore the holes in which it is found; but most pro-
bably it first softens the substance by means of some fluid
which it may have the power of secreting from its own body :
several species are known to be phosphoric, shining with
great brilliancy in the dark. They are found lodged in holes,
which they perforate in the rocks, or in wood, or clay, &c.
The outer orifice is small, by which they enter when young,
enlarging the internal cavity as they increase in size, so as
completely to imprison themselves, but always to such a depth
that they can reach the mouth of their cells with their tubes
when they extend them to take their prey.

Linneeus has described 6 species, Gmelin has added 6, and
Dr. Turton none: making a total of 12.

Lamarck has made no alteration in this genus ; he describes
the Pholas as a transverse gaping shell, composed of two large
principal valves, with several small accessory pieces placed on
the cartilage or hinge (see Pholas Dactylus Linn. pl. 1. f. 7,
8, and 9).

Those marks or ridges on the shell that are nearly parallel
to the outer margin (as in pl. 1. f.7) are said to be transverse,
and those which are in lines radiating from the hinge to the
margin are called longitudinal (pl. 1. f. 7).

AQ

CHAPTER VIL

OF THE MYA. GENUS IV.

MY A.

‘Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve, open at one end; the hinge with a tooth,
(in many) solid ; thick, spreading, and hollowed (not inserted in the oppo-
site yalve).”’—Linn.

Mosr of these shells have a large perpendicular projection in
one valve, called a tooth by Linneus (pl. 1. f. 10. a), slightly
hollowed for holding the cartilage; but it has no teeth like
those of the other genera, as Tellina, Venus, or Cardium ; the
other valve has a hollow under the beak that receives the
opposite side of the cartilage, as in M. arenaria and trun-
cata. These shells are unable to shut close at one end: the
cartilage is wholly internal in the hollows before mentioned.

The animal is nearly similar to the animal of the Pholas ;
some species are capable of extending their tubes to the length
of eight or nine inches, and which are united their whole
length, like the Pholas; the mantle is closed in front, and it
protrudes a short foot from the lower end. Some species are
only capable of contracting their tubes to about three inches
in length, but cannot withdraw them completely within the
shell.

They are generally found buried in the sand of the sea
shore, at such depths that they can just reach the surface with

Hi

50 GENUS IV. MYA.

their tubes when extended to their full length, always main-
taining a communication with the water.

Linnzus has described 7 species, Gmelin has added 14, and
Dr. Turton 5. Total, 26.

Mya Perna is so much like the common Muscle, that it
cannot be properly placed in this genus. Linnezus says, in
the Systema Nature, tweltth edition, “ Forte Mytili species ;”
and it is said to have been his intention* to have formed a
new genus for it by the name of Perna, and also another by
the name of Unio, for the reception of Mya Pictorum and
margaritifera, which have an external cartilage, and longi-
tudinal ridges in the place of teeth (pl. 2. f. 12); the animals
of these, as well as the teeth and cartilages, being so very
different from the generic description, and from the other
species of Mya, that the propriety of removing them cannot
justly be doubted. Mr. Montagu has formed a new genus,
part of which he has taken from the Mya, and part from the
Mactra, by the name of Ligula, which he describes thus :
“Shell bivalve, equivalve; hinge with a broad tooth in each
valve, projecting inwards, furnished with a pit or cavity for
the reception of the connecting cartilage ; and in some species
a minute erect tooth. The shells he places here are Mya
pretenuis, pubescens, distorta ; Mactra compressa, tenuis, and
Boys, &c.

The gaping or truncated end is called the posterior part

* See Linn. Trans. vol. 7. p. 205.

GENUS IV: MYA: 51

(pl. 1. f. 10. b); when in its natural position in the sand,
this is the upper end, from which the tubes project. When
there are any lines or marks on the shell nearly parallel to
the margin, which is opposite to the hinge and beaks, they
are called transverse; but if there are any diverging like
rays, from the beak to the margin, they are’ called longi-
tudinal.
Lamarck has divided this genus into four, as follows :

Unio. Shell transverse, having three muscular impressions ;
an irregular callous hinge; tooth prolonging: itself on
one side under the cartilage, and articulating with that
of the opposite valve (see Schrot. Flus. Conch. t. 2. f. 3.
or Mya Pictorum, pl. 2. f. 12).

Grycemeris. Shell transverse, gaping at both ends; the
hinge callous, without teeth; cartilage external (see
Mya Siliqua, Chemn. vol. xi. t. 198. f. 1934).

Mya. Shell transverse, gaping at both ends; cartilage in-
ternal ; the left valve furnished with one hinge tooth,
compressed, rounded, perpendicular to the valve to which
the cartilage is attached (see Mya truncata, pl. 1.
anon:

VuxseLLa. Shell free, longitudinal, nearly equivalved, with
a flattish callous hinge, without teeth, projecting alike
on each valve, with a conical rounded hollow for the
cartilage, terminating in a very short bent beak (see
Mya Vulsella, pl. 1. f. 11). Animal fixing itself with
a byssus.

H 2

52 GENUS IV. MYA.

M. Menard has separated another, which is adopted by
Mr. Parkinson, as well as the four of Lamarck’s, viz.
Panopaxa. Shell transverse, inequilateral, gaping unequally

at the ends. Hinge with an elongated tooth, under the
cartilaginal depression in both valves on the interior
edge; a conical hinge tooth, rather flat and bent, and
on the right valve a little pit which receives the tooth
opposite, the cartilage external. ‘Two muscular impres-
sions in each valve towards the extremities (see Mya
Glycemeris, Born, Mus. t. 1. f. 8).

53

CHAPTER VII.

OF THE SOLEN. GENUS V.

SOLEN.

“Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve, oblong, open at each side; hinge with
awl-shaped teeth, bent backwards, often double, not inserted in the oppo-
site valve; lateral margin obsolete.”,—Linn.

Ture Solenes are called in English Razor Shells, several of the
species being supposed to resemble a razor handle; they are
open at both ends, which are called sides by Linnaeus, as he
calls the length of the shell the distance from the hinge side
to the opposite margin, which is very short in Solen Vagina,
&c., while the breadth is often six or eight times as much. The
animal of the Solen (like the animals of the Pholas and Mya)
has the mantle united in front, and protrudes two united tubes
about three or four inches from the upper end of the shell, and
a short obtuse conical foot from the lower end. They are
found buried in the sand, like the Mya. The cartilage is ex-
ternal, and sometimes situated near the middle of the shell,
asin Solen Legumen; but often at the lower end, as in Solen
Vagina. ‘There is in each valve, under the cartilage, a longi-
tudinal ridge, with the point or tooth erect or perpendicular ;
in some species the point in one valve is divided, receiving the

point of the other valve into the vacancy between. The beak

5A GENUS V. SOLEN.

or wnbo is in general small and flat ; it is always close to the
cartilage, whether that be near to the centre or to one end.
There are a few shells placed here by Linnzus, and more
by Gmelin and Turton, which would evidently be better re-
moved, as Solen sanguinolentus, bullatus, anatinus, &c., since
the teeth do not agree with the generic definition.
Linneus has described 11 species, Gmelin has added 12,

and Dr. Turton none. In all, 23.

Lamarck has divided this genus into two, as follows:

Saneurnotarié. Shell transverse, the upper edge arched, a
little gaping at the extremities; the hinge teeth two,
approximating and articulating on each valve (see Solen
sanguinolentus, pl. 2. f. 14).

Soren. Shell transverse, the upper and lower edges nearly
straight ; beaks not projecting, gaping at both ends;
hinge teeth single in each valve, or double in one; carti-
lage external (see Solen Vagina, pl. 2. f. 13).

55

CHAPTER IX.

OF THE TELLINA. GENUS VI.

TELLIN A.
“Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, the fore part folded from one side to the

other ; hinge with three teeth, the lateral ones flat in one shell.” —Linn.
Tus genus is not so well defined as many others. Linnaeus
says, “hinge with three teeth;” he also says the same of the
Venus. The Telline have generally two hinge teeth in one
valve, and one in the other valve ; but some species have more,
and some have less. The animal is a species of Cockle, having
the mantle or pallium open or divided in front, projecting two
distinct short tubes from one end, which in most species reach
but just beyond the margin of the shell, and a scythe-shaped
muscular foot from the front. Linneus calls it a Tethys; so
also he does the Oyster, from which it differs much. The
Tellina, like all the Cockles, has two muscular impressions on

the inner surface of each valve: but the Oyster has only one.
The teeth in the different species vary so much that it is very
difficult to know which shells are Telline and which are not.
Perhaps Linnezeus might rely principally on the fold-like ap-
pearance towards the pointed end or fore part, whichis seen
in many of the species, for determining this genus; but still

he has admitted many which are destitute of it, as Tellina reti-

56 GENUS VI. TELLIN A.

culaia, bimaculata, pisiformis, divaricata, cornea, &c. If the
teeth are to be principally attended to, we should be led to
place here Solen bullatus, Venus deflorata, and many others.

The centre or hinge teeth are generally small in the Telline,
compared to those in the Venus; some have a lateral tooth at
some distance on each side of the centre teeth, as in Tellina
virgata, radiata, carnaria, &c.; some have the lateral tooth
on one side at a distance, but on the other side very near, as
Tellina punicea, and Remies or fausta, &c.; many have no
lateral teeth, as Tellina solidula, striata, divaricata, lactea, &c.
The cartilage is external, but rather sunk ina hollow or
groove. The lines or marks on the outer surface of the shell
are called longitudinal when they spread like rays from the
beak to the circumference, but those which are nearly parallel
to the margin are transverse.

The Tellina fluminalis, fluminea, and fluviatilis are by some
placed with the Venus; but they do not agree in their teeth
with either, or indeed with any Linnean genus, and they
might with great propriety constitute a new one. They have
two or three centre teeth in each valve, and a longitudinal
crenated ridge on each side the beak in one valve, shutting
into crenated hollows formed for their reception in the oppo- _
site valve.

Linneus has described 29 species, Gmelin has added 62,
and Dr. Turton 3. Total, 94.

Mr. Montagu has removed a few species from this genus,

as T. pisiformis, cornea, anmica, and lacustris, to the genus

GENUS VI. TELLINA. bY

Cardium; but as they do not quite agree in their teeth with
the other Cardiwns, perhaps it would be better to follow
Lamarck, and make a separate genus of them.

Lamarck has divided this genus into four, as follows:
Cycias. Shell nearly orbicular, or a little transverse, without

any fold on the fore part; cartilage external ; hinge with
two or three centre teeth, the lateral ones lengthened,
compressed, and intruded (Tellina cornea, Pennant’s Brit.
Zool. 4. t. 49. f. 36. See pl. 2. f. 15).

Lucina. Shell nearly orbicular or transverse, without any
fold on the fore part; the centre teeth variable; two
lateral teeth remote (Tellina divaricata Linn. See pl. 2.
ify Lion):

Teviina. Shell orbicular or transverse, having an irregular
fold on the fore part; one or two centre teeth, and remote
lateral teeth (Tellina radiata Linn. See pl. 2. f. 17).

Panvora. Shell regular; valves unequal and inequilateral,
with two oblong unequal and diverging teeth at the centre
of the upper valve, and two oblong corresponding hollows
in the other valve; cartilage internal, two muscular im-
pressions (‘Tellina inequivalvis. See pl. 2. f. 18).

It may be remarked here, that probably some shells that
have hitherto been arranged with the Telline will be placed in
the genus Sanguinolaria, and also some in Capsa. Perhaps
we may place here Lamarck’s genus of Corbula, and also
Mr. Parkinson’s Trigonellites, which are described by them
as follows :

58 GENUS VI. TELLINA.

CorsutA. Shell inequivalve, subtransverse, free, and regular,
with a conic tooth recurved on each valve; the carti-
lage internal, two muscular impressions (see Brander,
Foss. Hant. no. 103; Chemn. vol. 10. f. 1668 and
1671).

TriconetuiTes. A slightly rounded trigonal thick shell,
gaping on each side; the anterior margin nearly straight,
the posterior gently waving. The hinge linear, without
teeth; cartilage external, no appearance of muscular
attachment (see Park. Organ. Rem. vol. 3. p. 184. t. 13.
f. 10 and 11).

59

CHAPTER X.

OF THE CARDIUM. GENUS VII.

CARDIUM.

“ Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, nearly equilateral and equivalved ; the
hinge with the middle teeth alternately in couples ; the lateral teeth re-
mote and inserted.”’—Linn.

Tus genus is very distinct from every other, the teeth scarcely
varying in the different species. There are two centre teeth
under the beak in each valve, standing in contrary positions ;
in one valve they stand side by side; in the other valve they
are placed one before the other. They are all received into
hollows in the opposite valve, as may be observed in the com-
mon Cockle. There is always a lateral tooth on each side in
both valves, shutting into a hollow formed for its reception in
the opposite valve. They are in general strong thick shells,
very convex, and mostly with strong prominent ribs on the
outer surface, extending like rays from the beak to the margin.
The cartilage is short and external just under the beaks.

The animal is commonly called a Cockle; it is much like
the Tellina; the mantle or pallaon is open in front; it pro-
trudes two short tubes from the upper end of the shell, and a
scythe-shaped muscular foot from the front.

Linneus has described 21 species, Gmelin has added 28,
and Dr. Turton 3. Total, 52.

12

~

60 GENUS VII. CARDIUM.

Mr. Montagu has placed Tellina, Cornea, amnicum, lacus-
iris, and pistformis in this genus.

Lamarck has made no alteration in this genus, but describes
it as follows :

Carvium. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, the valves toothed
or folded at the edge; hinge with four teeth, of which
the two centre ones are approaching oblique in each
valve, articulating crossways with the opposite ones; the
lateral ones remote and intruded (Cardium Unedo Linn.
See pl. 2. f. 19).

61

CHAPTER XI.

OF THE MACTRA. GENUS VIII.

MACTRA.

“Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, with unequal sides, and equivalved ;
hinge, the middle tooth folded, with a small hollow adjoining; lateral
teeth remote and inserted.” —Linn.

Tus genus is easily known by the hollow (pl. 2. f. 20. a) un-
der the beak, between the teeth, which is found in both valves,
and serves to hold the cartilage, which is thus wholly internal.
There is frequently on one side of the hollow a diverging
tooth like two sides of a triangle (pl. 2. f. 20. b) in either one or
both valves. Some species, as M. solida, striatula, stultorum,
&c., have lateral teeth, but a few are without, as M. lutraria.

The cartilage internal, and the hollow for it being accom-
panied by teeth may be considered as the essential character
of this genus, by which it may clearly be distinguished from
every other; it approaches most to the Mya; but in that the
hollow for the cartilage has no teeth accompanying it, and
stands erect.

The animal is closely allied to the Cockle; it has two tubes,
which project but a short distance beyond the edge of the
shell: it also protrudes a foot at the front, towards the lower
end, like the Cockle. The lines radiating from the beak to
the margin are called longitudinal ; and those that are parallel

to the margin are called transverse.

62 GENUS VIII. MACTRA.

Linneus describes only 8 species, Gmelin has added 19,
and Dr. Turton none. Total, 27. But it is probable that some
of the smaller species have inadvertently been placed among
the Telline.

Lamarck has divided this genus into two, as follows:
Lurraris. Shell transverse and inequilateral, gaping at the

extremities ; two oblique and diverging centre teeth
accompanying a large pit for the cartilage; no lateral
teeth (Mactra lutraria. See pl. 2. f. 20).

Macrra. Shell transverse and inequilateral, a little gaping ;
the hinge tooth folded likea gutter, articulating with that
on the opposite valve, and accompanied with a hollow
that holds the cartilage ; one or two lateral teeth, com-
pressed and inserted ( Mactra stultorwm. See pl. 2. f. 21).

Lamarck’s genera of Crassatella and Erycina are nearly
allied to Mactra, both of them having an internal cartilage ;
but most of the shells placed in these genera are fossil.
CrassaTELLA. Shell inequivalve, somewhat transverse, with

closed valves, with a lunule sunk deep, and having the
cartilage internal; the hollow for the cartilage placed
under the beaks, and above the teeth of the hinge (see
Park. Organ. Rem. vol. 3. p. 180. t. 13. f. 2).

Erycina. An equivalved, inequilateral, transverse bivalve ;
the hinge teeth two, diverging upwards, with a small
intermediate pit; the lateral teeth compressed. and ob-
long; the cartilage inserted in the hinge pit (see Park.
Organ. Rem. vol. 3. p. 181. t. 13. f- 13).

63

CHAPTER XU.

OF THE DONAX. GENUS IX.

DONAX.

“Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, the fore part of the margin very obtuse ;
hinge with two teeth, and a single marginal tooth a little distant be-
hind.”"—Linwn.

Tus is a very indistinct genus, being in some instances diffi-
cult to distinguish from the Venus, and in other cases from
the Tellina, between which it seems to form a connecting
link, the Donax scripta agreeing in the teeth with Venus
Meroe, as D. Trunculus does with some of the Telline.

Many species are truncate at one end or wedge-shaped ;
but this cannot be considered the essential character, as some
species are not so, and some shells of other genera are wedge-
shaped also, as Mactra striatula, &e.

The centre teeth vary in number in the different species ;
some have only one in each valve, as D. radiata; some have
one in one valve and two in the other, as D. levigata, Trun-
culus, &c.; and others have two in one valve and three in
the other, as D. seripta, &c. The lateral teeth also vary,
some shells having none, as D. Trunculus, levigata, &c.; some
have them on one side, as D. scripta; and some have them
on both sides, as D. denticulata, &c.

The cartilage is external ; in some species it is prominent,

64 _ . OF THE DONAX. GENUS IX.

as Trunculus, cuneata, &c.; but sunk in a groove in others,
as D. scripta, &c.

The animal is a Cockle, and, like the Tellina and Venus,
protrudes two short tubes from the longer or pointed end, and
a short scythe-shaped foot from the front near the lower or
truncated end.

The D. Irus is an exception, the animal being an Ascidia
(see Mont. Brit. Test. p. 573), with the teeth of the shell like
a Venus.

Linneus describes 10 species, Gmelin has added 9, and
Dr. Turton none. Total, 19.

The lines or grooves from the beaks to the margin are called
longitudinal série ; but when marked with strokes in that
direction, but of a colour different from the rest of the surface,
they are said to be radiate (pl. 2. f. 23).

They are said to be transversely striate when they have
lines or grooves parallel to the margin ; but when they are
marked with lines of another colour in this direction, they
are said to be banded.

Lamarck divides this genus into two, as follows :
Perricoxa. Shell transverse and inequilateral, gaping a little

at both ends, having two muscular impressions, with two
hinge teeth on one valve and a bifid one on the other ;
cartilage external (Donax Irus. See pl. 2. f. 22).
Donax. Shell transverse, inequilateral ; cartilage external ;
the hinge teeth two on the left valve; lateral teeth one or

two on each valve, rather distant (Donax cuneata. See
pl. 2. f. 23).

CHAPTER XIII.

OF THE VENUS. GENUS X.

VENUS.

“Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, the lips incumbent at the front margin ;
the hinge with three teeth, all approximate, the side ones diverging from
the point.”—Linn.

Tues are mostly thick strong shells, and are easily known

by their large strong central teeth, having no lateral ones ;

most of them have three teeth in each valve under the beak,
as Venus mercenaria, &c.; sometimes one of the teeth stands
in a contrary direction or parallel to the margin, as in Venus

castrensis, maculata, Erycina, &c. Many species have a

heart-shaped depression under the beaks, as Venus Erycina,

Paphia, &c.; though some are without, as Venus castrensis,

decussata, &c. Some few have four teeth in one if not both

valves, as Venus Chione, pectinata, divaricata, &c. Venus
edentula, which has no teeth, and Venus deflorata, which
has but two teeth in each valve, would at least agree as well,
if not better, with the Tellina than with the Venus. Venus

Merée agrees in the teeth, and also in the shape of the shell,

with Donax scripta. It must be acknowledged that some

species placed in this genus approach so near to some of the

Telline, if we pay regard to the teeth, while some others are

so much like some species of Donaa, that there is considerable |

K

66 GENUS X. VENUS.

difficulty in knowing where to draw the line of distinction

between them.

The animal is a Cockle, and differs but little from the ani-
mal of the Yellina, if we except perhaps Venus lapicida and
hithophaga.

Linneeus describes 38 species, Gmelin has added 107, and
Dr. Turton 9. Total, 154.

Lamarck has placed Venus lithophaga, &c. in his genus
Petricola, and Venus islandica and some others in Cyclas, and
Venus pensylvanica, &c. in Lucina; and has divided the rest
into five genera, as follows:

Papuia. Shell sub-transverse, inequilateral, the valves shutting
close; the cartilage internal; the hollow for its insertion
is under the beaks, and between or beside the teeth of the
hinge (Venus divaricata. See pl. 2. f. 24).

Venus. Shell nearly orbicular or transverse, with three hinge
teeth approaching, of which the side ones are more or
less diverging (Venus verrucosa Linn. See pl. 2. f. 25).

Merretrix. Shell with two or three approximate. hinge teeth
converging at the base, with a distant one under the
heart-shaped depression in one valve, and a hollow for its
reception in the other (Venus Meretrix. See pl. 3. f. 26).

Venericarpi4. Shell nearly orbicular, inequilateral, with lon-
gitudinal ribs on the outer surface; two thick oblique hinge
teeth, not diverging (Venus imbricata. See pl. 3. f. 27).

Capsa. Shell transverse, with two hinge teeth in one valve,
and one bifid tooth intruded in the other (Venus de-
florata Linn. See pl. 3. f. 28).

CHAPTER XIV.

OF THE SPONDYLUS. GENUS XI.

SPONDYLUS.

“Animal a Tethys. Shell strong, with unequal valves; hinge with two
recurved teeth, separated by a small hollow.’’—Linn.

Turre are very few species discovered yet that belong to
this genus ; they somewhat resemble a Scallop in their general
shape, and have the connecting cartilage internal like them,
but differ in the beak of the lower valve, being separated from
that in the upper by a truncated area, and in having two
strong teeth in each valve, while the Scallop is without teeth ;
the teeth in the lower valve are separated by a small hollow
that receives the cartilage; but the teeth in the upper valve
are separated by three hollows, the centre one receiving the
cartilage, and the other two receiving the teeth of the oppo-
site valve.

Spondylus plicatus has the beaks of the two valves ap-
proaching, without the truncated space that is found in some
others.

The animal is a Tethys or Oyster, and has only one muscu-
lar impression on the inner surface of each valve.

Linneus describes 3 species, Gmelin has added 1, and

Dr. Turton none. Total, only 4.
K 2

68 GENUS XI. SPONDYLUS.

Lamarck divides these into two genera, as follows :
Sponpyxus. Shell inequivalved, eared, and rough or spinous,
with unequal beaks, the inferior more produced, with a
flat triangular face, parted by a groove; the hinge with
two strong recurved teeth, and an intermediate hollow
for the reception of the cartilage ; one muscular impres-
sion (Spondylus Gaderopus Linn. See pl. 3. f. 29).
PuicatuxLa. Shell inequivalved, without ears, the beaks un-
equal, without a face, having folds on the margin ; hinge
with two strong teeth in each valve, and an intermediate
hollow for the reception of the cartilage; one muscular

impression in each valve (Spondylus plicatus. See pl. 3.

f. 30).

69

* CHAPTER XV.

OF THE CHAMA. GENUS XII.

CHAMA.

“Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, rather coarse; hinge with a callous
gibbosity obliquely inserted in an oblique hollow ; anterior slope closed.”
—Linn. ,

Thue shells arranged in this genus vary very much in their
general shape and appearance, as well as in their teeth. Many
species are rough with spines, or with leaf-like scales, as Chama
Lazarus and gryphoides ; some have longitudinal ribs or ridges
like the Cardia, as in Chama antiquata and calyculata ; these
last have a short thick tooth under the beak, and a longitudinal
ridge under the cartilage in one valve, and a hollow under the
beak and two longitudinal ridges in the other valve under the
cartilage; but the ridge under the cartilage in Chama Gigas
and Hippopus is not very long. When the valves are shut to-
gether in Chama Gigas there is an aperture left on that side
of the beaks called the posterior slope; but in Chama Hippopus
the valves shut close, without leaving any aperture.

The interior surface of the valves of Chama Gigas and Hip-
popus have only one muscular impression on each; most pro-
bably the animals of these are a species of Scallop or Oyster ;
the rest of the species have two muscular impressions on each

valve. The animals are supposed to be Cockles.

70 GENUS XII CHAMA.

Chama Cor is a smooth heart-shaped shell, and differs much
from all the others; it has two teeth, with a deep hollow under
the beak, and a lateral tooth under the further end of the
cartilage in one valve, and one tooth under the beak and a
lateral one at the end of the cartilage in the other. Chama
Moltkiana and one or two more are described as varying from
the rest in their teeth; they are but little known ; the cartilage
is external in all the species, but in some it is sunk in a hollow
groove so as to be scarcely visible on the outside. In some
species, as Chama Cor, the beaks are raised above the surface
of the shell in a spiral form, somewhat resembling the horn of
an animal.

Linneus has described 14 species, Gmelin has added 11,
and Dr. Turton none. Total, 25.

Lamarck has divided this genus into five, as follows:
Tripacna. Shell sub-transverse and inequilateral ; the hinge

with two compressed teeth inserted, the posterior depres-
sion gaping (see Chama Gigas, f. 31).

Hipporus. Shell sub-transverse and inequilateral ; the hinge
with two compressed teeth inserted, the posterior depres-
sion closed (see Chama Hippopus, f. 32).

Carpir4. Shell inequilateral ; hinge with two unequal teeth :
the one which is short is under the beaks, and the other
lengthened beneath the cartilage (see Chama antiquata,
fi. 83). .

Isocarp14. Shell heart-shaped ; the beaks distant, turning: to

one side and diverging; the hinge with two teeth, flattened

GENUS XII. CHAM4A. 71

and inserted, and one distant lateral tooth under the carti-
lage (see Chama Cor, f. 34).

Cuama4. Shell adhermg, mequivalved; the beaks unequal ;
the hinge with one thick oblique tooth; two muscular

impressions in each valve (see Chama Lazarus, f. 35).

Perhaps we may place here the genus Diceras (see Park.
Organ. Rem. vol. 3. p. 205), described as follows :

Diceras. A ventricose, transversely subrugose bivalve ; the

beaks distant, shaped like horns, and contorted in irregu-

lar spires.

72

CHAPTER XVI.

OF THE ARCA. GENUS XIII.

ARCA.

“Animal a Tethys? Shell bivalve; valves equal. The hinge with nume-
rous acute teeth, alternate and inserted.’’—Linn.

Tu shells of this genus are easily distinguished by the nume-
rous small teeth which are arranged in a line (f. 38); which
in some species is straight, asin Arca Noe ; in others it is bent
like an arch, as in Arca Pectunculus (f. 37); and sometimes
is bent like a broken line, as in Arca Nucleus (f. 36). . The
different species vary much in shape: some approach towards
a boat-like form, as in Arca Noe ; these have the beaks sepa-
rated to a considerable distance by a flattish space somewhat
lozenge-shaped ; some approach to the shape of a Cockle, as
Arca Pectunculus, The cartilage is external in all.

The animal appears to be a species of Cockle, protruding
two short tubes from one end of the shell, and a scythe-shaped
foot at the front; but the animal of Arca Nee seems to vary
considerably from the rest; the margin of the valves opposite
the hinge is a little hollowed, so that when shut together
they leave an opening; the foot protrudes at that part, and is

somewhat like the foot of the Muscle* ; it ends in a flat horny

* See Adanson, p. 251.

GENUS XIII. ARCA. "3

up, by which it holds itself to the rocks; it is short, not ex-

tending above two lines beyond the shell.

Linnzus has described 17 species, Gmelin has added 25,

and Dr. Turton 1. Total, 43.

Lamarck has divided this genus into four, as follow :

Nucura. Shell nearly triangular or oblong inequilateral ;
the hinge on a line, bent at an angle, furnished with
numerous transverse and parallel teeth; a principal tooth
oblique and out of the row ; the beaks approximate and
turned backwards (see Arca Nucleus, f. 36).

Pecruncutus. Shell orbicular, nearly equilateral ; the hinge
in a curved line, with numerous teeth, oblique and in-
serted ; cartilage external (see Arca Pectunculus, f. 37).

Arca. Shell transverse and inequilateral, the beaks distant ;
the hinge with many teeth in a straight line, transverse,

"parallel, and inserted ; cartilage external (see Arca Noe,
f. 38).

Cucutitz4. Shell ventricose, nearly transverse, inequilateral ;
beaks distant; the hinge in a straight line, with many
teeth set transverse and inserted, terminated at each end
by two or three parallel to the side; cartilage external
(see Arca cucullata, Chemn. vol. 7. t. 53, f. 526, 528).

In consequence of these differences it would perhaps be
better to form four divisions in this genus, than to divide it
into four distinct genera.

V4

CHAPTER XVII.

OF THE OSTREA. GENUS XIV.

OSTREA.

“Animal a Zethys. Shell bivalve inequivalved, somewhat eared; hinge
without teeth, with a little ovate hollow and lateral transverse stria.”—
Linn.

Liyyzus makes four divisions of this genus, which includes
both Scallops and Oysters. The first division consists of
Scallops with the ears on each side, the beaks equal; the
second division contains those that have one ear fringed as it
were with spines, and generally unequal ; the third has the shell
on one side of the beaks more gibbous or swelled larger than
the other; and the fourth consists of rough ones, or those com-
monly called Oysters.

The Scallops or Pectens have at the hinge a small hollow,
nearly ovate or somewhat triangular, under the beaks in each
valve, which hold the connecting cartilage (pl. 4. f. 41. a),
but have no teeth; the cartilage of course is internal; there
is on both sides of the beaks in each valve a somewhat trian-
gular appendage or extension of the shell, called an ear (pl. 4.
f. 41. bb). Insome species, as Ostrea maxima, Jacobea, &c.,
the ears on each side the beaks are nearly equal: these are
placed in the first division. In some, as Ostrea varia, Pallium,

&c., the ears on one side the beak in each valve are much

‘ GENUS XIV. OSTREA. 75D

larger than those on the other side; the largest ear in one
valve is also generally of a different shape from the corre-
sponding one in the opposite valve: these constitute the second
division of Linneus. In both these divisions there are some
of the species that have the valves unequal, one being fiat and
the other convex, as O. maxima, &c.; but perhaps the greater
number of species have both valves equally convex, or nearly
so, as O. opercularis, sanguinolenta, &c. None of these are
fixed to the rocks or any other place, but swim about freely.
The shells of the third division have likewise ears on each side
the beaks, but they are very small; the hinge is differently
constructed, and stands somewhat obliquely ; the valves when
shut together leave a small vacancy just below the ears, through
which aperture the animal protrudes a foot a little similar to
that of Arca Noe, by means of which it attaches itself to any
particular place, or removes itself from one place to another.
The fourth division contains not only those commonly called
Oysters, but also several others, the hinges of which are totally
different: in the common Oysters which have no ears the
valves are unequal, the upper one in general is flat, and the
lower convex; but, as these shells are fixed to rocks or some
other substance, it oftentimes depends on the form of the sub-
stance to which they happen to be attached, as in some cases
the lower valve is flat and the upper convex. The hinge is
without teeth, but there is often a crenature on the margin
extending a little way on each side the hinge: in the upper
valve there is scarcely any hollow for receiving the cartilage ;
but in the lower one there_is a considerable one, which in-

L2

76 GENUS XIV. OSTREA.

creases with age, and in some species extends to a conside-
rable length, as in O. spondyloides, cornucopie, &c.; most of
these can open their valves but a very little way, especially
when they get old. The animal protrudes neither tube nor
foot beyond the margin of the shell. Some species in this
division have equal valves, as O. Malleus, Vulsella, &c.: these
have not only a hollow for the cartilage in each valve, but
also another very close to it (f. 39); they are said to fix them-
selves by a byssus which passes through this second hollow.
There are also some other shells placed by Linnzus in this »
division, as O. Perna, Isogonum, &c., which have the hinge
very different from all the rest; there are no teeth at the hinge,
but it consists of an uncertain number of grooves or hollows
for holding the cartilage, ranged side by side in a straight line
Cf. 40): in some species there are but three or four of these
grooves, while in some others, as O. Isogonum, there are often
as many as fourteen or fifteen; perhaps the number may in-
crease with age. The grooves are exactly opposite in each
valve, and appear each to hold a separate cartilage ; both the
valves are very little convex ; the animals are said to fix them-

selves by a byssus.

Linneus has described Gmelin has added Dr. Turton Total.
In the Ist and 2d
divisions, 19 72 3 24
In the 3d division, 3 A 7
Inthe 4thdivision, 9 25 35

Total, 31 101 136

0
1
A

rr
dé
a

Mr. Pennant, Mr. Montagu, and several others have sepa-

GENUS XIV. OSTRE4.

rated the Scallops from this genus, and called them Pectenes.

Lamarck divides this genus into six, as follow:

Osrreas. Shell adhering and inequivalved ; hmge without
teeth ; an oblong hollow with ridges across it for the re-
ception of the cartilage ; only one muscular impression
on each valve (see Ostrea edulis).

Mateus. Shell free, a little open near the beaks, fixing itself
by a byssus; the valves equal; the hinge without teeth,
a little swelling, and furnished with a conical hollow
for the cartilage, placed obliquely on the edge of each
valve, separate from the opening for the byssus (see Ostrea
Malleus, f. 39).

Perna. Shell flat and free, fixing itself by a byssus; hinge
composed of several linear teeth, parallel and truncate,
not articulating, arranged obliquely or transversely on a
straight line; the interstices of the teeth in each valve re-
ceiving the cartilage (see Ostrea Ephippium, f. 40).

Pecren. Shell eared; valves unequal, with contiguous beaks;
the hinge without teeth; cartilage internal, fixed in a
triangular hollow ; one muscular impression (see Ostrea
opercularis, f. 41).

Lima. Shell inequilateral, eared, gaping a little on one side ;
the hinge toothless ; the cartilage external ; beaks distant
(see Ostrea Lima, f. 43).

Pepum. Shell eared; valves unequal, a little gaping; the
beaks separated; hinge without teeth; the cartilage ex-

78 GENUS XIV. OSTREA.

ternal, fixed in a long narrow groove, the lower valve
hollowed (see Ostrea spondyloides, Chemn. vol. 8. t. 72.
f. 669, 670).

Between Perna and Pecten will very properly come in a
new genus formed by Lamarck for a shell lately brought from
the Red Sea, which he calls Crenatula. Shell flat, irregular ;
hinge linear, crenulated, with a row of small roundish hollows
which receives the cartilage; no byssus (see Crenatula my-
tiloides, f. 44).

79

CHAPTER XVIII.

OF THE ANOMIA. GENUS XV.

ANOMIA.

“Animal a strap-shaped body, emarginate and ciliate, with fringes fixt to
the upper valve; arms two, linear, longer than the body, near together
extending, alternate on the valve, both sides fringed, with fringes fixt
to both valves. Shell with unequal valves, one of the valves flattish, the
other more gibbous at the base, one of them often perforated at the base ;
hinge without teeth, with a linear prominent cicatrix and a lateral tooth
within, but in the flat valve on the very margin. Two bony rays for the
base of the animal.” —Linwn.

Tue different species which compose this genus of shells vary

considerably in their form; most of them are thin and brittle,

semi-transparent, of a pearly texture ; in general they will be
most readily known by having one of the valves perforated

(f. 47. a): several species have the lower valve flat, and the upper

convex, the flat valve having a large hole close to the hinge,

through which a strong muscle or ligament passes: one end
of this muscle is attached to the upper or convex valve, and,
passing through the perforation in the flat valve, the other end
is attached to a small operculum, which operculum is generally
fixed to some other substance, as A. Ephippium, which is often

found attached to the common Oyster. If the muscular im-

pression on the convex valve in this species is examined, it will

be found to consist of three parts, as if there were three liga-

80 GENUS XV. ANOMIA.

ments close together ; or, if one, it is at least divided into three
parts. In some species the flat valve is perforated with three
holes, as in A. craniolaris ; whilst in some others the beak of
the convex valve is much produced, having the tip perforated,
as in A. Caput serpentis. Withinside some of the species there
is found a kind of bone, bent or twisted in a curious manner,
which serves for a support to the animal, as in A. Terebratula.
There are other species in which both valves are flat, and nearly
circular, without any perforation, so that they can never shut
close at the circumference or margin, except merely at the
hinge: the hinge in these is small, with two diverging ridges
on the inside of one valve, and two corresponding hollows in
the other, as in A. Placenta Cf. 46).

A great many species of fossil shells have been found that
are considered as belonging to this genus. The animals in-
habiting these shells are very little known; but several of them
appear to vary much from the others, and also from all other
genera. Some of the animals have neither tube nor foot that
they can protrude beyond the shell, but have two long arms
to assist in swimming, ciliated on one side their whole length,
which they roll up spirally within the shell when not in use,
as in A. Terebratula and vitrea. The animal of A. tridentata
has two flat arms somewhat scythe-shaped, and three-lobed,
with which he swims in the sea. uf

Linneus describes 27 species, Gmelin has added 24, and
Dr. Turton none. Total, 51. But several of the species are

fossil, and have not yet been found in a recent state.

GENUS XV. ANOMIA. sl

Lamarck has divided this genus into seven, as follow :

GrypHaa4. Shell with unequal valves, the lower valve con-
cave, terminated by a beak, curved upwards and inwards,
the upper valve much smaller, like an operculum; the
hinge toothless, the hollow or pit oblong and arched ; one
muscular impression in each valve (see Anomia Gryphus,
J. 45).

Pracuna. Shell free, flat, with equal valves; the hinge with
two longitudinal teeth or ribs on the interior surface of
one valve diverging, or in form of a V; and on the other
valve two corresponding hollows which serve for the at-
tachment of the cartilage (see Anomia Placenta, f. 46).

Anom1a. Shell irregular, with unequal valves, the lower valve
perforated near the b eakw hich aperture is closed with
a little bony operculum attached to a cartilage passing
through the hole or notch, and serving to fix it to other
bodies (see Anomia Ephippium, f. 47).

Crania. Shell inequivalved, the lower nearly flat and round,
pierced on its inner face with three unequal and oblique
holes ; the upper valve very convex, furnished on the in-
terior surface with two projecting callosities (see Anomia
craniolaris, Chemn. 8. t. 76. f. 687).

TerepraTuLa. Shell regular, fixed by a ligament or short
tube; the valves unequal, the larger of which has the
beak produced and pierced with a hole, through which
the ligament passes; the hinge with two teeth. Two thin
branching bony rays projecting inside from the valve

M

82 GENUS XV. ANOMIA.

that is not pierced, which appear to serve as a stay or
support to the animal (see Anomia Terebratula Linn.,
Chemn. 8. t. 78. f. 707, 709).

Catceota. Shell with unequal valves, the largest somewhat
like a slipper, the smaller one flat and semicircular, like
an operculum; the hinge with two or three little teeth
(see Anomia Sandalium, Knorr Foss. 3. Supp. t. 206.
f. 5 and 6).

Hyatza. Shell with unequal valves, swelled and transparent,
gaping under the beak, and tricuspidated at the base ;
valves united (see Anomia tridentata, Chemn. 8. vign. A
to G. p. 65).

Mr. Parkinson* doubts of the propriety of making a distinct
genus for the Anomia Gryphus, he having observed a series of
gradation in the curve of the beak from the more complete
curve of the A. Gryphus to the slight turn of the common
Oyster ; but he agrees with Mr. Martin in thinking that La-
marck’s genus of Terebratula requires a still further division.

Retzius, in the Nova Testaceorum Genera, proposed to di-
vide the genus Anoma into four, viz. Anomia, Crania, Tere-
bratula, and Placenta (see Linn. Trans. vol. 7. p. 205).

Perhaps we may place here Lamarck’s genus Trigonia, and
Mr. Parkinson’s Harpax, which are described as follow:

Triconia. Shell inequilateral, nearly triangular ; the hinge

* Organic Remains, vol. 3. p. 21Q

GENUS XV. ANOMIA. 83

with two large flat teeth, diverging and _ transversely
grooved (see Park. Organ. Rem. vol. 3. p. 172. t. 12.
f. 1 and 2).

Harpax. An adherent oblong and somewhat triangular in-
equivalved shell; the hinge formed by two long diverging
crenulated teeth in one valve, and four in the opposite,
disposed im the form of a V ; the upper valve armed with
pointed hooks; one mark of attachment (see Park. Or-
gan. Rem. vol. 3. p. 221. t. 12. f. 14 to 18), .

M 2

84

CHAPTER XIX.

OF THE MYTILUS. GENUS XVI.

MYTILUS.

“ Animal an Ascidia? Shell bivalve, rough, often affixed by a byssus ; hinge
without teeth, distinguished by a subulate excavated longitudinal line.” —
Linn.

Liywus makes three divisions of this genus. The first he calls
“ parasitical, affixed by claws.” It contains only three species ;
the hinge in these is similar to that of the common Oyster,
with which they agree in most other respects, except that the
common Oysters are generally attached to rocks, stones, or
other substances, and these affix themselves by claws to twigs,
sticks, &c.; they have also but one muscular impression.
Therefore it appears to be more proper to place these three,
viz. Hyotis, Frons, and Crista galli in the genus Ostrea, as
some authors have done.

The second division Linnzus calls “flat or compressed, ap-
pearing as if flat and somewhat eared.” ‘This consists of only
two species, M. margaritiferus and Unguis. The hinges of
both these differ from the genus Mytilus, and from that of
Ostrea. If the animal is considered, it would lead one to place
them near to Ostrea Malleus, as it has only one muscle, hke

the Oyster, and fixes itself by a byssus, like Ostrea Malleus.

GENUS XVI. MYTILUS. 85

The third division is distinguished by being “a. little swell-
ing” or somewhat convex. These are of various shapes: some
species are nearly cylindrical, as M. Lithophagus ; many are
similar in form to the common Muscle; some few have the
beaks placed at a little distance from the extremity, as in M.
Modiolus ; several species are nearly oval, with the beak and
hinge about the middle of the long side, as in M. cygneus and
anatinus. In this division the muscular impressions can but
rarely be perceived on the inner surface of the shells, though in
most of these the animal has four muscles, one of which is
much larger than the others: it protrudes no tube, but only
a strap-shaped foot, which it can extend to a considerable di-
stance from the shell, and with which it forms the threads of the
byssus (see Spectacle de la Nature, vol. 1. p. 137). In M. Hi-
rundo the shell is extended on each side the beak ; these parts
are called wings; those which are on one side the beaks are
much larger than those which are on the other; these have
but one muscular impression, and that is scarcely to be per-
ceived, as in the Scallops. The animal is nearly like that
of M. margaritiferus or Ostrea Malleus, fixing itself by a
byssus. The animal of M. Lithophagus has no byssus, neither
has the animal of M. stagnalis, eygneus, and anatinus; they
project a scythe-shaped foot, and are nearly like the animal of
Mya Pictorum and margaritifera.

The animals of the first division, Crista galli, Hyotis, and
Frons, are believed to be similar to the Tethys of Linnzus, or

the common Oyster.

86 GENUS XVI. MYTILUS.

The hinges of the Muscles are very simple, being generally
nothing more than an external cartilage fixed to the edge of
each valve; sometimes there are a few small teeth on the edge,
but oftener a longitudinal ridge just withinside. The shells
are said to be longitudinally striate when marked with lines
from the beak to the rounded end, and transversely striate
when marked with lines across those.

Linnezeus has described in the first division 3 species, in the
second 2, and in the third 15: in all, 20; Gmelin has added
to the third division 38; Dr. Turton has added to the third di-
vision 6. Total, 64.

Lamarck places some of the species with the Oysters, and
divides the rest into the five following genera:

Myrizus. Shell longitudinal, terminated by a straight beak,
lengthened to a point, fixing itself by a byssus; hinge
generally without teeth; only one muscular impression
(see Mytilus edulis, the common Muscle).

Mopiota. Shell subtransverse, the posterior side very short,
with the beaks turning toward the short side ; the hinge
without any teeth; only one muscular impression (see
Mytilus Modiolus, f. 48).

AnoponT4. Shell transverse, having three muscular impres-
sions ; hinge without any teeth (see Mytilus anatinus,
f. 49).

Avicuta, Shell free, valves unequal, a little gaping near the
beaks, fixing itself by a byssus; the hinge without teeth, a
little swelling ; the hollow for the cartilage oblong, mar-

GENUS XVI. MYTILUS. 87

ginal, and parallel to the edge to which it is attached
(see Mytilus Hirundo Linn. f. 50).

Liveu a. Shell flat, long, with nearly equal valves, truncated
before; the hinge without teeth; the beaks pointed and
united to a tendinous tube, which serves for a cartilage
to the shell, and fixes it to any marine substance (see
Patella Unguis Linn.; Mytilus Rostrum of Shaw and
Turton; Chemn. 10. t. 172. f. 1675, 1676).

The animal of this Jast is furnished with two very long arms,
ciliated, like the animal of the Anomia Terebratula.

Lamarck does not appear to be quite correct in describing
Mytilus edulis as having only one muscular impression ; it has
only one large; the others are but small, and not easily per-
ceived. In anatinus there are two conspicuous ones, the other

is obscure.

CHAPTER XxX.

OF THE PINNA. GENUS XVII.

PINN A.

“Animal a Limax. Shell nearly bivalve, brittle, upright, throwing out a
bearded byssus; hinge without teeth; valves united in one.”’—Linn.

Te shells of this genus are broad at the upper end, tapering
to a blunt point below (pl. 4. f. 51); they are thin and mostly
rough; they do not shut close at the broad end, and are some-
what similar in texture to the shell of the Muscle. The valves
are equal and nearly flat; they are connected by a very long
external cartilage, extending about half the length of the shell
from the pointed end upwards. There is not any appearance
of teeth at the hinge. There must be surely some mistake in
Linneus’s calling the animal a Limax; it appears to differ
but little from the animal of the common Muscle (see Adan-
son, p. 212); it fixes itself by a large byssus, of which a kind
of sillk gloves are made at Palermo (see Spectacle de la Nature,
vol. 1, p. 141).
Linneeus has described 8 species, Gmelin has added 10, and
Dr. Turton none. Total, 18.
Lamarck has made no alteration in this genus.
Pinna. Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, pointed at the base,
open at the upper end, and fixing itself by a byssus; the
hinge without teeth; the cartilage external, very long

(see Pinna rudis Linn. f. 51).

CHAPTER XXI.

OF THE ARGONAUTA. GENUS XVIII.

ARGONAUTA.

“Animal a Sepia. Shell univalve, spiral, involute, membranaceous, and
one-celled.”,—Linn.
Tus genus is very distinct from all the rest. The shells
of the few species at present known are very thin, some-
what boat-shaped (pl. 5. f. 53); one end is slightly rolled or
curved inwards; the aperture or mouth is somewhat heart- or
arrow-shaped; the outer part or back of the shell is called
the keel.

The animai is nearly allied to the Sepia or Cuttle-fish. This
is one of the few shells that swims in the sea, and not unfre-
quently on the surface.

Linneus describes only two species, Gmelin has added 5,
and Dr. Turton none. ‘Total, only 5.

Lamarck has divided this genus into two, as follow :
CartnariA. Shell univalve, very thin, like a cone, flattened

at the sides, the apex terminating in a very small
involuted spire, the back having a dentated keel; the
aperture entire, oval, oblong, contracted towards the

N

90 GENUS XVIII. ARGONAUTA.

angle of the keel (see Argonauta vitrea, Favanne, t. 7.
f. C 2).

Arconaura. Shell univalve, very thin, boat-shaped, the spire
rolled into the aperture, the keel of the back double and
tuberculated (see Argonauta Argo, f. 53).

ot

CHAPTER XXII.

OF THE NAUTILUS. GENUS XIX.

NAUTILUS.

“Animal (Rumpeu. Mus. t.17. f. D). Shell univalve, with many cells ;
the partitions arched and perforated.” —Linn.

Turns are a great variety of shells included in this genus, of
which the far greater number are only found in a fossile state ;
many of those found recent are very minute; the essential cha-
racter consists in the shell being divided into many chambers.
Many species are nearly wheel-shaped ; some with the outer
whorls enveloping the whole, as N. Pompilius Cf. 54), and
others with the outer whorls attached to the preceding: ones,
leaving the inner or centre whorls conspicuous on both sides, as
N. Beccarii (f. 58); some few have the whorls a little separated,
but spiral, like a horn, as N. Spirula (f. 55); others again
are not spiral, but only a little bent, as N. obliquus (f. 56) ;
and some quite straight, as N. Fascia (f. 57); imsome species
the whorls are cylindrical ; others are compressed, as N. Ra-
phanus, and consequently the shape of the mouth is various ;
some are smooth on the outer surface, and some are wrinkled.
The divisions between the chambers are generally perforated
by a tube, which in some species is near the centre, in others

near the circumference.

Z
(hs)

92 GENUS XIX. NAUTILUS.

The animal is supposed to be a kind of Sepia.

Linnaeus has described 17 species, Gmelin has added 7,
and Dr. Turton 7. Total, 31.

Lamarck has divided this genus into 19, to which Mr. Par-
kinson has added 3, making together 22, as follows:
Navriuus. A spiral, somewhat wheel-shaped univalve ; the

last whorl covering the others, the partitions of which
are simple; the chambers numerous, formed by trans-
verse simple partitions perforated by a tube (see N. Pom-
pilius, f. 54).

Orsutires. Shell spiral, somewhat wheel-shaped ; the last
whorl envelops the others, and of which the internal part
is joined by sinuous sutures ; the transverse partitions are
pierced by a marginal tube (see N. Cornu Ammonis leve,
Bourguet Tr. des Petrific. t. 48. no. 311).

Ammonites. Shell spiral and wheel-shaped’; the turns con-
tiguous and all apparent; the internal parts joined by
sinuous sutures. The transverse partitions waved, and
pierced by a marginal tube (see N. Cornu Ammonis.
Parkinson’s Organ. Rem. 3. p. 133. t. 9. f. 5 to 9).

Pranutires. Shell spiral and wheel-shaped, the whorls con-
tiguous, and all appearing and having the divisions sim-
ple; the transverse partitions entire (see Bourguet’s
Petrific. t. 46. f. 290.)

Nummuuires. Shell lenticular and wheel-shaped ; the divi-

sions simple, covering all the whorls; chambers numerous,

.GENUS XIX. NAUTILUS. 93

formed by transverse partitions ; imperforate (see Park.
Organ. Rem. 3. p. 148. t. 10. £. 13 to 27).

Sprauta. Shell partially or completely spiral and wheel-
shaped ; the whorls separated ; the last whorl especially
elongated in a right line ; the transverse partitions sim-
ple, and pierced by a tube; the aperture circular (see
N. Spirula, f. 55).

Turriuires. Shell spiral and turbinated; the whorls con-
tiguous and all apparent; the internal part joined by
sinuous sutures; the transverse partitions lobed and
pierced; the aperture round (see Park. Organ. Rem. 3.
p. 146. t. 10. £ 12).

Bacuurres. Shell straight, cylindrical, and rather conical,
divided into chambers by transverse, sinuous, and imper-
forate partitions; the sutures indented like the battlements
of a tower (see Park. Organ. Rem. 3. p. 142. t. 9. f. 2).

Orrnoceré. Shell straight or arched, rather conical; the
chambers distinct, formed by transverse simple partitions,
perforated by a central or lateral tube (see N. F ascia,
f.57, and Park. Organ. Rem. 3. p. 111. t.7. f. 14).

Hirrurires. Shell conical, straight, or arched, furnished in-
ternally with transverse partitions, and with two longi-
tudinal, lateral, obtuse and converging ridges ; the last
chamber closed by an operculum (see Park. Organ.
Rem. 3. p. 118. t. 8. f. 1 and 5).

Betemnires. Shell straight, like a long cone, pointed, full

at the summit, and furnished with a lateral gutter; only

94 GENUS XIX. NAUTILUS.

one chamber apparent and conical; the former having
been successively effaced by the filling up of the parti-
tions (see Belemnites, Park. Organ. Rem. 3. p. 122. t. 8.
f. 8 to 15).

Discorsis. A spiral discoidal univalve; the turns all con-
tiguous, uncovered, and perceptible; the septa trans-
verse, whole, and frequent (see Park. Organ. Rem. 3.
p. 159. t. 11. f. 1).

Rorauires. A convex, conical, spiral, multilocular, univalve,
slightly radiated beneath; the opening marginal, trigo-
nal, and rather turning downwards (see Park. Organ.
Rem. 3. p. 160. t. 11. f. 2 and 3).

Leyticutina. A sublenticular, multilocular, spiral univalve ;
the external margin of the turns being complicated, the
septa reaching to the centre on each side: the septa en-
tire, curved, and standing out, on the upper and under
surface, like rays; the aperture narrow, and projecting
beyond the penultimate turn (see Park. Organ. Rem. 3.
p. 161. t.11. f. 4).

Lirvoxia. A multilocular univalve, partly spiral, the last turn
being straight at the end; the chambers irregular ; plain
transverse septa, the last having several openings (see
Park. Organ. Rem. 3. p. 161. t. 11. f. 5 to 7).

Sprrotina. A multilocular shell, in part spirally convoluted ;
the turns contiguous, the latter ones straight; the septa
transverse, and perforated by a tube (see Park. Organ.
Rem. 3. p. 16]. t. 11. f. 8 and 9).

GENUS XIX. NAUTILUS. 95

Mixio.a. A transverse ovately-ylobose or elongated multi-
locular shell, with transverse chambers, involving’ the
axis alternately and in three directions; the aperture
small and circular, or oblong at the base of the last cham-
ber (see Park. Organ. Rem. 3. p. 162. t. 11. f. 11 to
20). i

Renutiwa. A flat, sulcated, kidney-shaped, multilocular shell,
with linear chambers adapted to the curves of the shell,
the last being longest; the axis marginal (see Park.
Organ. Rem. 3. p. 163. t. 11. f. 21).

Gyrogonires. A spheroidal hollow shell, composed of linear
curved pieces, slightly grooved at the sides, where they
are joined; by the joining of which grooves linear cham-
bers appear to be formed, following the direction of the
pieces ; at these joinings on the external surface are cari-
nated ribs, disposed transversely about the middle, and
spirally at each pole of the shell. At one of the poles there
is sometimes to be seen a circular aperture, which some-
times appears to be closed by a particular valve or oper-
culum (see Park. Organ. Rem. 3. p. 164. t. 11. f. 23).

The three following are from Mr. Parkinson (see Organ.

Rem. vol. 3. p. 143).

Hamires. A multilocular hook-formed shell, with sinuous
septa, with no evident siphunculus (see Park. Organ.
Rem. 3. p. 144. t. 10. f. 1 to 5).

Scapuitres. <A concamerated shell, commencing with spiral

turns, the last of which, after being elongated, is reflected

96 GENUS XIX. NAUTILUS.

towards the spiral part (see Park. Organ. Rem. 3. p. 145.
t. 10. f. 10).

Fascrouires. A subcylindrical shelly or bony body, about
half an inch in length, rather tapering at the ends, and
formed by the spiral arrangement of perpendicular con-
camerated tubes, the tapering end of each of which is
obliquely and transversely folded on that of the preceding
one (see Park. Organ. Rem. 3. p. 158. t. 10. ff 28 to
31).

CHAPTER XXIill.

OF THE CONUS. GENUS XxX.

CONUS.

“Animal a Limax. Shell univalve, convolute, turbinate; the aperture
effuse, longitudinal, and linear, without teeth, entire at the base; pillar
smooth.’’—Linn.

Tue shells of this genus are rolled up in somewhat of a
conical or cylindrical form (pl. 5. f. 59 and 60), the turns or
volutions being apparent at one end only, which end is called
the spire (pl. 5. f. 60. a); the other end is called the base by
Linneus; the spiral end Linnzus calls the fore part.

The aperture, which is called the mouth, is narrow ; the end
furthest from the spire is open or effuse, and nearly as long as
the whole shell (pl. 5. f. 60. b); the outer side of the aperture
is generally called the outer lip (pl. 5. f. 60. c), which in this
genus commonly has an acute edge ; the other side of the
aperture, which is formed by the body of the shell, is called
the inner or pillar lip.

The essential character of this genus seems to be a longi-
tudinal aperture with both sides or lips smooth, open at the
end furthest from the spire, which is as it were truncate. This
genus is clearly distinct from any other.

Linneus makes four divisions, which appear to be but of
little use, the species varying by such small differences that it
is frequently very uncertain in which division they should be

o

98 GENUS XX. CONUS.

placed. The first, those with the spire nearly truncate, he

calls Truncati, the second Pyrtformes, the third Elongati,

and the fourth Law.

The animal is small in proportion to the size and weight of
the shell ; it is a kind of Snail, and, like all the water species,
has only two horns, which are cylindrical ; it has two eyes,
one on each horn, not at the tip, but on the exterior side, at
about one-sixth part of its length from the point; it has a
breathing tube or windpipe, which projects beyond the shell in
length about one-fifth part of the length of the shell (see pl. 5.
f. 59); ithas a thin horny operculum attached to its foot, with
which it closes a part of the aperture, and is of an oval figure;
its length is only equal to one-fifth of the length of the aper-
ture ; the breadth is about one-half the length (see Adanson,
p. 89).

The terms longitudinal and transverse are too often used
indiscriminately in this genus.

Linneus has described 35 species, Gmelin has added 36, and
Dr. Turton none. Total, 80.

M. Adanson has not made any alteration in this genus, but
makes it the first with an operculum, and names it Rouwleau.

Lamarck has not made any alteration; his description is
as follows :

Conus. Shell turbinated (like a cone reversed), rolled on
itself; the aperture longitudinal, straight, not toothed,
effuse at the base (see Conus marmoreus and Mercator,
Jf. 59 and 60).

CHAPTER XXIV.

OF THE CYPRZA. GENUS XXI.

CY PR 4A.

“Animal a Limax. Shell univalve, involute, nearly oval, obtuse, smooth ;
aperture open at both sides, linear, both sides toothed, longitudinal.”—
Linn.

Tue shells of this genus are somewhat egg-shaped, with the

under side more or less flattened. The aperture, which is

commonly very narrow, is nearly in the middle of the flattened

part, reaching from end to end; each end terminates in a

hollow ; both sides of the aperture, which are called lips, are

toothed. In some species a small part of the spire may be
seen; this is frequently the case with young shells, but in
adults it can very seldom be perceived, and then scarcely
more than the apex or point, but most commonly in perfect

shells the spire is completely hid; in a few there is found a

small hollow or indent in the place of the spire; those are

said to be umbilicated.

The animals inhabiting the Cypree are supposed to cast
their shells frequently during their growth, as Crabs and
Lobsters do; for, if it was not so, in the larger shells would
be found the remains of the mouth and teeth which had been
formed when they were small: this is seen in most Buccma

02

i100 GENUS XXI. CYPRAZA.

and Murices; for in the Cypree the small shells are always
found as complete, 7. e. with the aperture or mouth as perfectly
formed as the larger ones of the same species.

There are sometimes found some very thin shells with a
twisted pillar, a little resembling in shape Bulla Ficus (pl. 5.
J. 61. c); these are supposed to be the young and imperfectly
formed shells of the Cyprea soon after casting the others, and
to have been mistaken sometimes by authors for a distinct
species: perhaps Conus bullatus of Linneeus is one of these.
Adanson describes one (p. 75) somewhat similar, which he
calls Potan ; he says it is the most thin and brittle shell of any
that is found in the sea; he describes the animal as resembling
the animal of the Cyprea, but not as being the same; he also
says it is somewhat like the animal of Voluwta glabella, &c. ;
but he seems not to know, or even suspect, that the Cypree
change their shells. More information on this subject is much
to be desired, particularly as this circumstance is not known
or supposed to take place in any other genus of shells.

This genus is very distinct from every other. The essential
character is the aperture toothed on both sides, with a hollow
at each end.

The animal is a kind of Snail with two horns (pl. 5. f. 61. a),
which are somewhat conical, tapering to a very fine point;
they are about one-third as long as the shell; the eyes are on
the exterior side, at about one-fifth of their length from. the
base; the breathing tube is very short, not extending beyond
the shell (pl. 5. f. 61. a); but what is most remarkable is a

GENUS XXI. CYPRAIA. 101

membrane on each side of the animal, which it extends over
the sides of the shell, meeting near the back.
These shells are not covered with a periosteum as most
are ; they have no operculum.
Linneus describes 44 species, Gmelin has added 70, and
Dr. Turton 6. Total, 120.
Both Adanson and Lamarck make this a distinct genus,
without any alteration.
Lamarck describes it as follows :
Cypraza. Shell oval, convex, the edges rolled inwards; the
aperture longitudinal, straight, and toothed on beth sides
(see Cyprea Caput serpentis Linn. f. 61. b).

CHAPTER XXV.

OF THE BULLA. GENUS XXII.

BULLA.

‘Animal a Limax. Shell univalve, convolute, unarmed; the aperture
somewhat compressed, oblong, longitudinal, very entire at the base :
pillar oblique, smooth.”—Linn.

Tue description of the aperture here is rather vague; what
the essential character of this genus is seems very difficult, if
not impossible, to determine; and, if we examine the shells
called Bulle by Linneus, the forms of the apertures are so
various that we must conclude no essential character can be
drawn from that part any more than from the pillar, which in
many other shells is oblique also, as in all the Cypree, many
Voluie, &c. &c. By the term pillar Linneeus means the inner
edge or axis which runs through the centre of the shell, from
the point of the spire to the opposite point or end.

Linneus himself seems not to have clearly determined in his
own mind what should be a Bulla and what should not; for
several species which he had in his former publications ar-
ranged under other genera he has in his twelfth edition of
Systema Nature placed among the Bulle, as B. Ficus, Rapa,
and virginea (f. 64 and 66): he also expresses some doubts of
some other species, as B. Terebellum and achatina.

The species placed together under this genus are certainly

GENUS XXII. BULLA. 103

very various; the B. Ovwn and verrucosa difler but little from
the Cyprea, scarcely in any thing but in the teeth being want-
ing on one lip. The B. Volva, birostris, Spelta, gibbosa, &c.
gradually approach to the form of the Cyprea, but have no
teeth on either lip. B. Naucum, aperta (f. 62), Hydatis,
Ampulla (Cf. 65), lignaria, Physis, Amplustra, &c. are some-
what globular in shape, with a large aperture, and the edge
of the outer lip very thin and acute; these may perhaps be
considered as the true Bulla, but even these differ considerably
from one another.

B. Ficus (f. 64), Rapa, and those with the straight canal,
which is the essential character of the Murex, would seem to
arrange better in that genus, where indeed Linnzeus had placed
them in his Museum Ludovice Ulrice.

Bz fontinalis, hypnorum, achatina, &c. agree with many
species of the Helix.

B. Terebellum (Cf. 63) seems more like a Cone ; Linnezus
remarks that it has the aperture of a Cone.

What is known of the animals inhabiting these shells proves
only the great variety there is among them, and the impro-
priety of classing them together. The animals of B. aperta, lig-
naria (see pl. 11. f. 16), Hydatis, &c., and probably of several
others, are much larger than the shell, and appear like Mollusca,
having the shell concealed under the skin, somewhat similar
to the shield of the Laplista; these have no tentacula, but two

small eyes on the top of the head, and a curious structure of a

104 GENUS XXII. BULLA. -

gizzard or stomach, which is well described in Linn. Trans.

vol. 2. t. 2. f. 18.

Linneus describes 23 species, Gmelin has added 27, and

Dr. Turton 2. Total, 52.

Lamarck divides this genus into seven, as follow, the first
of which he places with the Naked Mollusca.

Buti. Body creeping, oval-oblong, and convex, bordered
with membranes, which envelop it; the head naked,
without tentacula or horns ; the hinder part of the body
furnished with a broad shield, including and covering the
gills, and containing the shell-like body (Bulla aperta
Linn. See f. 62).

Ovvuxta. Shell tumid, more or less elongated to a point; at
the two ends the edges rolled inwards ; the aperture lon-
gitudinal, with no teeth on the left side (see Bulla Ovum,
Gualter. Test. t.15. f. A.B.).

TereBeLtLum. Shell nearly cylindrical, spire-pointed; the
aperture longitudinal and narrow at the upper part, with
a hollow at the base, and ‘the pillar truncated (see Bulla
Terebellum, f. 63).

Pyruxa. Shell nearly pear-shaped, channelled at the base ;
the upper part swelling, with a short spire, without any
suture or ridge on the outside ; the pillar smooth, without
any notch or hollow on the right lip (see Bulla Ficus,
f. 64).

Bouxua. Shell swelled or gibbous; the spire within concealed ;

GENUS XXII. BULLA. 105

the aperture the whole length of the shell; the right lip
acute; no umbilicus at the base (see Bulla Ampulla, f.65).

Acuatiné. Shell oval or oblong; the aperture entire, longer
than wide; the pillar smooth, truncated at the base (see
Bulla virginea, f. 66).

Votvaria. Shell convoluted and cylindrical, without any
projecting spire; the aperture narrow, the whole length
of the shell, with one or more folds at the base of the
pillar (see Bulla cylindrica, f. 67).

106

CHAPTER XXVI.

OF THE VOLUTA. GENUS XXIII.

VOLUT A.

“‘ Animala Limax. Shell one-celled, spiral ; aperture not lengthened, some-
what hollowed; pillar with folds; lip with no hollow.”—Linn.
Turns is a great variety in the form of the mouth as well as
in the shape of the shells which are arranged together under
this genus. Some, as V. Oliva, porphyria, &c., are nearly
allied to the genus Conus; in others, as V. Cymbium, Olla,
&c., the form of the mouth approaches to that of the Bulla
Ampulla and lignaria. V. marginata resembles a Cyprea,
and V. reticulata, cancellata, &c., scarcely can be said to
differ from the Buccina; while some others, like V. Pyrum,
have the aperture ending in a straight canal, which is the
essential character of the Murex; and Auris Mide and some

others differ but little from the Helix.

The essential character of the Voluta is considered to be the
folds on the pillar lip, or, as they are oftentimes called, the
teeth. These folds or teeth are in some species oblique, as in
V. indica and Cymbium ; and in others transverse, as V. mu-
sica ; while in several they are very obscure, if not wanting,
as V. rustica, mercenaria, Tringa, &c.

This is by no means a natural genus ; and as almost every

GENUS XXIII. VOLUT 4A. 107

other genus of Univalves contains several species that have
teeth on the pillar lip, this becomes very indeterminate and un-
certain. Many of the Buccina in Linneus’s second division,
as tuberosum, Testiculus, &c. have very conspicuous teeth on
the pillar: so also have some of the Strombi, as Chiragra, &c.;
and many among the Murices, as Tritonis, Tulipa, &c.; also
several among the Trocii, as dolabratus ; and Turbo, as Uva;
also Helix, as Scarabeus ; and Nerita, as grossa, &c.

There are not many of the animals known, but the few that
are, vary very considerably from one another (see Adanson).

The lines and marks are denominated the same as in other
spiral shells.

Linneus describes 46 species, Gmelin has added 96, Dr.
Turton 2. Total, 144.
. Linneus makes five divisions.

The Ist, Apertura integra,

2nd, Cylindroidee, Ath, Fusiformes,
3rd, Ovate, 5th, Ventricose.

Perhaps the last division may not improperly be considered
as the true Voluta. They seem to be sufficiently different from
the rest, and from every other genus, to be esteemed a genus of
themselves : in these the pillar is twisted with oblique folds ; the
last whorl] is very large, bearing no proportion to the others; the
aperture broad, with a hollow at the end furthest from the spire ;
outer lip thin, margin acute ; spire often covered, or nearly so,
with the outer whorl. The animal is very remarkable ; the foot
is so large, that the shell covers only about one-fourth part of

Pp 2

108° GENUS XXIII. VOLUTAs

it (pl. 10. f. 1 and 2); the head is very broad; at the under

side it has a long cylindrical trunk, with the mouth at the ex-

tremity ; the breathing tube short, projecting nearly the length
of the head, with two small triangular flat horns, and the eyes
placed on the head a little behind them (pl. 10. f. 2); it has
no operculum.

Lamarck has divided this genus into nine, as follow:

Oxiv 4. Shell subcylindrical, hollowed at the base ; the whorls
of the spire separated by a channel; pillar obliquely
striated (see Voluta porphyria, f. 68).

AncitLa. Shell oblong; the spire short, not channelled ; the
base of the aperture slightly hollowed and effuse ; a thick
oblique swelling at the base of the pillar (see Voluta
Oliva, f. 69).

Votura. Shell oval, more or less ventricose ; the spire obtuse,
like a nipple; the base hollowed, without a canal; the
pillar with folds, of which the inferior are largest and
longest (see Voluta musica, f. 70).

Mirra, Shell turrited or subfusiform, with a pointed spire ;
the base hollowed without a canal; the pillar with folds,
the inferior ones of which are the smallest (see Voluta
papalis, f. 71).

CotumBeLiL4. Shell oval, with a short spire; the base of
the aperture more or less hollowed, without a canal,
having a swelling on the internal part of the right lip,
and folds or teeth on the pillar (see Voluta mercatoria,

Sf. 72).

GENUS XXIII. VOLUTA. 109

Mareinetyia. Shell oval-oblong, smooth; spire short; the
right lip with a margin thickened on the outside; the
base of the aperture more or less hollowed, with folds on
the pillar (see Voluta glabella, f. 73).

CanceLuari4. Shell oval or a little turrited, with the right
lip sulcated internally ; the base of the aperture with a
slight channel, almost entire; some folds on the pillar
sharp or compressed (see Voluta cancellata, f. 74).

TurBINELLUvs. Shell turbinated or subfusiform, with a channel
at the base; the pillar with three to five compressed
transverse folds (see Voluta Pyrum, f. 75).

Auricuta. Shell oval or oblong; spire protruded ; the aper-
ture entire, longer than wide, narrowed upwards ; pillar
with one or more folds (see f. 76).

110

CHAPTER XXVII.

OF THE BUCCINUM. GENUS XxXiV¥.

BUCCIN UM.

* Animal a Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous; aperture ovate, ter-
minating in a canal (blunt hollow) to the right; tail obtuse; inner lip
_ smooth.” —Linn,
Tue shape of the aperture or mouth of the shell varies much
in this genus. Some species have a straight narrow mouth
almost like the Cyprea, toothed sometimes on one side, but
oftener on both, as B. tuberosum, Testiculus (pl. 6. f. 84), &c.;
these commonly have the canal at the end furthest from the
spire, a little bent towards the right side, when you hold the
shell with the mouth upwards, with the canal forwards; but
if you turn the shell over, that is, place it in its natural posi-
tion, when the animal is crawling on the ground, then the
canal bends towards the left side. These shells are mostly
placed in the second division of Linnzus, and by him called
Cassidea. Some of the other species have a hollow only in
place of the canal before mentioned, appearing somewhat as
if truncate, with the mouth very large, as Dolium (pl. 6.
Jf. 82), Galea, &c.: these belong to Linnzus’s first division,
Ampullacea. There are many species intermediate between

these, composing the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh

GENUS XXIV. BUCCINUM. 111

divisions. The eighth division, containing the tapering ones,
would perhaps make a genus of themselves. As there are some
peculiarities in the form of these last that do not agree with
the other shells of this genus, perhaps it would be found con-
venient to make one or two new genera out of the other seven
divisions, where there is so much variety both in the form of
the mouth and in many other particulars.

The essential character of the Buccimum appears to be the
canal leaning to the right; but then, as was observed before,
the shells must be reversed from their natural positions: but
this description does not well apply to those shells like Olea-
rium and Galea, which have only a truncated hollow, and not
a canal extending beyond the surface of the shell: accord-
ingly we find many shells with this kind of hollow placed
among the Murices, in the division Ecaudati, as M. Ricinus,
Hippocastanum, &c.

There are not many of the animals known that inhabit these
shells, and those that are known do not differ much from the
animals of the Murices; they all protrude their heads from
under the end furthest from the spire; the breathing tube pass-
ing through the canal or hollow at that end is generally in
length about one-sixth part of the whole length of the shell ;
the horns and eyes are like the Cyprea ; most of them have
a thin cartilaginous operculum; the animals of the tapering
shells differ a little from the others, but agree nearly with
those of the tapering Murices.

Linneus divides the Buccina into eight divisions, which he

412 GENUS XXIV. BUCCINUM.

names as follows:—first, Ampullacea; second, Cassidea caudata;
third, Casstdea unguiculata; fourth, Callosa; fifth, Detrita; sixth,
Levigata; seventh, Angulata; and eighth, Turrita.
The spiral striz are generally called transverse, and the
contrary ones longitudinal.
Linneus has described 51 species, Gmelin has added 121,
and Dr. Turton 28. Total, 200.
_ Lamarck has divided this genus into eight, as follow :
Nassa. Shell oval, the aperture ending at the lower end in
an oblique hollow turning upwards toward the back;
the left lip thickened, forming on the pillar, which it
covers, a transverse fold at the upper part, and having its
base obliquely truncated (see Bucctnum Arcularia, f.77).
Purpura. Shell oval, generally rough, with spines or tubercles ;
the aperture ending at its base in a short oblique channel,
hollowed at the extremity ; the pillar naked, flat, and ter-
minating in a point at the base (see Buccinum Lapillus,
faut Sye
Buccinum. Shell oval or lengthened; the aperture oblong,
with a hollow at the base, without a canal; the hollow
is uncovered at the front part; pillar convex and full,
without any flattening at the base (see Buccinum undatum,
fei 9): |
Esurna. Shell oval or elongated, smooth, the right edge
very entire; the aperture oblong, with a hollow at the
base ;_ the pillar umbilicated, and slightly grooved at the
base (see Buccinum glabratum, f. 80). .

GENUS XXIV. BUCCINUM. 113

Trerepra. Shell turrited ; the aperture with a hollow at the
base, and about one-third of the length of the shell; the
base of the pillar twisted or oblique (see Buccinum ma-
culatum, f. 81).

Doxium. Shell swelled, nearly globular, with circular ribs ;
the right lip crenated or toothed its whole length; the
aperture oblong, very large, with a hollow at the base
(see Bucctnum Dolium, f. 82).

Harpa. Shell oval or ventricose, with longitudinal sharp
ribs; the aperture oblong, large, with a hollow at the
base, and no canal; the pillar smooth, ending in a point
(see Buccinum Harpa, f. 83).

Cassis. Shell ventricose; the aperture longitudinal, terminating
at the base in a short canal bent towards the back of the
shell ; the right lip margined outwardly ; the pillar with
folds at the lower end (see Buccinum cornutum jun.,

f. 84).

114

CHAPTER XXViii.

OF THE STROMBUS. GENUS XXV.

STROMBUS.

“Animal a Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, side enlarged; aperture, lip
often dilated, ending in a canal to the left.”,—Linn.

‘Tue essential character of this genus is an obtuse indent or
hollow on the margin of the outer lip, near to. the canal which
terminates the aperture ; this additional hollow is to the left
when the shell is placed with the mouth upwards, and conse-
quently if placed in its natural position it is on the right.

These are commonly thick strong shells, and many of them
are defended by a kind of horns or claws, which extend in
various directions from the edge or margin of the outer lip,
when they come to their full growth: the form of the mouth
is various ; in some it is very small in proportion to the whole
shell, as in S. Pes pelecani; it is sometimes toothed on one
or both sides, as in S. Scorpius; some have the mouth very
large, with smooth lips, as 8. Gigas: this genus is clearly
distinguished by the additional hollow on the margin of the
outer lip.

Linneus makes four divisions ; the first called Digitati, the
second Lobat?, the third Ampliati, and the fourth Turritt.

GENUS XXV. STROMBUS. 115

The shells of the last division, of which Linnzus describes only
four, together with S. Oniscus, can scarcely be said to have
an additional hollow ; at least, if they have any, it is very ob-
scure ; whereas it is very large and conspicuous in most of the
species. ‘The mouths of the tapering Sirombi agree very nearly
with some of the tapering Murices.

I cannot find that the animals of these shells are described
by any author except Adanson, and he only takes notice of
that of one species, which he says is almost like the animal of
the Murices ; but as Strombus Gigas is so common a shell,
most probably the animal is known to many.

Linneus has described 29 species, Gmelin has added 22,
and Dr. Turton 2. Total, 53.

Lamarck has divided this genus into three, as follow :
Srromeus. Shell ventricose; the base terminating in a short

hollow or truncated canal; the right lip enlarges with
age into a wing, entire or with only one lobe, having at
the lower part a hollow or groove distinct from that at
the base (see Strombus pugilis, f. 85).

Prerocers. Shell ventricose; the base terminating in a
lengthened canal ; the right lip dilating with age into a
digitated wing, and having a hollow groove near the
base (see Strombus Lambis, f. 86).

Rosretiarra. Shell fusiform; the base terminating in a
canal like a sharp beak ; the right lip entire or toothed,
more or less dilating with age into a wing, and hav-

Q 2

116 GENUS XXV. STROMBUS.

ing a hollow very near to the canal (see Strombus Fusus,

f. 87).

Many of the turrited Strombi are placed by Lamarck
in his genus Cerithium, and Strombus spinosus in the genus
Voluta.

Strombus Oniscus is placed by Scopoli in the genus
Conus.

CHAPTER XXIX.

OF THE MUREX. GENUS XXVI.

MUREX.

“Animal a Limazx. Shell univalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous
sutures ; aperture ending in a canal, whole, straight, or a little ascend-
ing.’—Linn.

Tue essential character of this genus consists in the straight

canal or beak that terminates the mouth at that part which

is called the base by Linneus.

There is some variation in the form of this canal, as well
as of the mouth: some shells have a long straight open canal
or gutter, as M. cornutus, Spirillus, &c. ; others have it long,
but almost closed, as M. Haustellum, &c.; in some it is not
so long, but entirely closed, forming a complete tube, as
M. tripterus ; in others short and open, as Morto: sometimes it
turns up towards the back of the shell, which Linnaeus calls
ascending, as M. Anus, Aluco, &c.: many have no canal pro-
jecting beyond the surface of the shell, but appear as if trun-
cate, with only a hollow like some of the Buccina, as M. Ri-
cinus, and most of the fourth division Ecaudate.

The aperture in some is oval, as Haustellum; in many it is
oblong and somewhat pointed at the ends, as Lotertwn ; in

some it is large, as in Melongena ; in others it is almost linear,

118 GENUS XXVI. MUREX.

as in Ricinus ; and sometimes of an irregular figure, as Anus ;
also it frequently has teeth on one or both sides, though some-
times it is without any.

The outer surface of these shells is generally rough, with
ridges, tubercles, or spines. Many species seem to have a
periodical growth ; they appear at certain times to cease grow-
ing, when they thicken the outer lip, and form the teeth at
the aperture: the mouth is then said to be completely formed :
after a certain time they grow again, and form another mouth,
as before: the distance between varies in the different species.
The ridge where the former mouth was formed is then called
-a suture; the distance between the sutures is in many spectes
two-thirds of the circle; in some it is only one-half of the circle;
in other species more, and in some less. These sutures are
found also sometimes in other genera, as in the second divi-
sion of the Buccina, but not so general in any as the Murex.
In some species these sutures are smooth, as in M. Tritonts,
Vertagus, &c.; but in more they are rough with tubercles, as
in M. Gyrinus ; some are rough with spies, as M. Rana;
in others they extend into foliations, as M. ramosus.

From the number and variety of the shells which are placed
in this genus, it is become almost impossible to distinguish a
Murex from a Buccinum on the one hand, or from a Strombus
on the other; so that, if Lamarck’s arrangements are not
adopted, still there appears to be a necessity for forming some
new genera. The essential character of the Buccinum, Strom-

bus, and Murex, being a canal either straight, or bending to

GENUS XXVI. MUREX. 119

the right, or to. the left, no provision is made for those without

a canal, and which have only a hollow that cannot be said to

bend either way, described by Linnaeus as Ecaudati: the con-

sequence is, that these are divided between the Murex and the

Buceinwn, tending to perplex both. Also the tapering shells,

which are divided among’ all the three genera, seem to have

so great an affinity to each other, that it would render each
genus much more distinct, to take these out and form them
into one or two new genera, as has been done by Lamarck.

There is not much known of the animals inhabiting these
shells ; it is supposed they differ but little from those of the
Buccinum ; there are a few of them represented in pl. 11, but
information on this subject is much wanted.

Linneus makes six divisions in this genus: first, Spinost';
second, Frondosi; third, Varicosi; fourth, Ecaudati; fifth,
Caudigeri; and sixth, Turriti. He describes only 61 species,
Gmelin has added 102, and Dr. Turton 20. Total, 183.

Lamarck divides this genus into five, as follow:

Murex. Shell oval or oblong, with a channel at the base,
having always on the outside some longitudinal ridges ;
generally rough with tubercles or spines, or fringed (see
Murex Haustellum, f. 88).

Fusus. Shell somewhat spindle-shaped, swelling in the middle
or lower part, with a channel at the base; the spire
lengthened, and destitute of sutures or ridges on the out-
side; the pillar smooth, the right lip without a notch (see
Murex Colus, f. 89).

120 GENUS XXVI. MUREX.

Fuascrotarra. Shell somewhat spindle-shaped, with a channel
at the base, and without sutures, having on the pillar two
or three very oblique folds (see Murex Tulipa, f. 90).

Prievroroma. Shell somewhat spindle-shaped, the aperture
terminating at the base in a long canal, with a notch or
hollow at the upper part of the right lip (see Murex
babylonius, f. 91).

Ceriruium. Shell tapering; the aperture oblique, terminating
at the base in a short canal, truncated or recurved, with a

groove at the upper end of the right lip (see Murea Aluco,

f. 92).

Perhaps here we may mention Lamarck’s genus Clavatula,
described as follows :

Ciavatuxa4. Shell somewhat turrited, rough, having the aper-
ture terminated at the lower end bya short canal or hollow,
with a notch on the right lip near the summit (see Chemn.
yol. 11. t. 190. f. 1831 and 1832).

CHAPTER XXX.

OF THE TROCHUS. GENUS XXVII.

TROCHUS.

“Animal a Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, somewhat conic ; aperture some-
what four-sided, angulated or rounded, upper side transverse compressed ;
pillar oblique.” —Linn.

Tus genus is very distinct from the preceding ones, but not
from the two following: the animals of this and the remain-
ing genera have no breathing tube projecting beyond their
shells; the aperture is what is called whole, @. e. the margin
of the lip has no hollow or canal, which the seven preceding
genera have, for the breathing tube to pass through.

It is by no means easy to discover the essential character of
this genus: many of the species are very nearly of a conic
shape, as T. niloticus, maculatus, perspectivus, &c.; these
have the mouth somewhat angular, four-sided, or lozenge-
shaped: there are also some flat or depressed Helices, with
the mouth nearly of the same form; but the Helices are com-
monly thin semitransparent brittle shells, and the Trocht thick
opake strong shells: others, as T. solaris, have a somewhat
oval mouth, acute at the ends, much like Helix Gualteriana,
complanata, &c.: others again vary from four-sided to half
round, and some almost to quite round, as T. zizyphinus,
Magus, Pharaonis, Labio, Iris, muricatus, Modulus, &c. The

R

122 GENUS XXVIII. TROCHUS.

Trocht vary as much in their general form as in the mouth :
some are conic, as before mentioned ; others are very de-
pressed, as T. perspectivus and solaris ; some approach the
globular form, as Labio; many species have an irregular but
conspicuous tooth near the extremity of the pillar, as T. Pha-
raonis, Labio, &c.; others have three or four small teeth, as
T. virgatus ; some of the last division, or Turritt of Linnaeus,
have folds on the pillar like the Volute. The Trochi may
generally be better distinguished from the Helices by the tex-
ture of the shell than by the form of the mouth; but of those
shells that have the mouth nearly round, it is often impossible
to determine whether they are T'rocht or Turbines, as among
these many that have been called Turbo by one author are
called Trochus by another ; as for instance, the Turbo lineatus
of Turton and Donovan is the Trochus crassus of Pulteney
and Montagu, and many of the Turbines are neither perfectly
round, nor yet more nearly so than some Trochi.

A few of the animals are described by Adanson, which differ
from the common Water Snails principally in being furnished
with three filaments on each side the foot, the use of which
appears to be unknown; they have two very slender long
horns, which they often put down to the ground as if to feel
their way; the eyes are placed at the end of two short columns,
one close to the root of each horn ; most of them have a thin
horny operculum (see pl. 10. f. 6).

Linnaeus makes three divisions of this genus: first, Umbili-

éati ereeti; second, Imperforati erecti; and third, Turritt.

GENUS XXVII. TROCHUS. 123

Linnzus describes 26 species, Gmelin has added 98, and

Dr. Turton 10. Total, 134.

Lamarck has divided this genus into five, as follow:

Trocuus. Shell conic, with a transversely depressed and
nearly quadrangular aperture, and an oblique axis (see
T. niloticus, pl. 7. f. 93).

Sotarium. Shell depressed, conical, having an open um-
bilicus, crenulated at the internal margin of the wind-
ings of the spire, at its base; the opening nearly quadran-
gular (see T. perspectivus, pl. 7. f. 94).

Monoponra. Shell oval or conoid; the aperture entire and
roundish, with the two margins disunited at the upper
part, the projecting and truncated or shortened base of
the pillar forming a tooth projecting into the opening
(see T. Labio, pl. 7. f. 95).

Puastanetia*. Shell solid, ovate, or conical; the aperture
longitudinal, ovate, and entire, with asharp plain lip ; the
pillar smooth, with an attenuated base (see pl. 7. f. 96).

Pyramipetta. Shell tapering; the aperture entire and semi-
oval; the pillar projecting, with three transverse folds,
and perforated at its end (see T. dolabratus, pl.7. f. 97).

* See Park. Organ. Rem. vol. 3. p. 83.

R 2

124

CHAPTER XXXI.

OF THE TURBO. GENUS XXVIII.

TURBO.

“Animal a Limar. Shell univalve, spiral, solid; aperture contracted,
orbicular, entire.”—Linn.

Ture essential character of this genus consists in the aperture
er mouth being round, and, like the Trochus, without any
hollow or canal on the margin.

if this were strictly adhered to, and no shell placed here but
what agreed perfectly with the definition, there would be
no great difficulty in distinguishing this genus; but many
shells are called Turbines by Linneeus, Gmelin, and others, the
mouths of which are not exactly round. In T. Delphinus,
Tancina, petholatus, Chrysostomus, and others, the mouth is
round; but in hétoreus, personatus, Pullus, and many more,
it is as it were drawn or extended into an angle towards the
spire, which form is also seen in several of the Trochi, as
Trochus Labio, &c.: and in many Helices, as Helix vivi-
para, tentaculata, &e. Turbo Fusus is said by Gmelin to be
lunate, from which we should expect it to bea Helix. T. tri-
dens he describes with the aperture curved, nautileus with it
long, sulcatus with it nearly square, and helicotdes with it
triangular. ‘T. Uva, bidens (pl. 8. f. 101 and 103), and several

GENUS XXVIII. TURBO. 125

of the small tapering species, have certainly not a round mouth,
and would seem to belong rather to the Helices than to the
Turbines.

The placing in this genus of shells that vary so much in
the form of the mouth, has rendered it extremely difficult to di-
stinguish a Turbo from a Trochus on the one hand, or from a
Helix on the other. Some alteration here seems highly neces-
sary.

Most of these shells are thick and strong, like the Trochus,
and often pearly within ; their shapes are very various : few
of the animals have been described ; but that inhabiting Turbo
elegans is particularly mentioned by Montagu (p. 344 of
Testacea Britannica), being very remarkable: it is the only
land species that is known to have a testaceous operculum :
it is also remarkable in having only two horns, with eyes at
their base ; the glossy tips of the horns are supposed also to be
eyes by Montagu; and if that is correct, it will make it still
more singular: they are not hermaphrodite, like the rest of
the land species, but are of distinct sexes, like most of the
water ones: the animals of T. Carychium and Vertigo are like-
wise both land species, with only two horns: it is probable,
that there is much variety among the animal inhabitants of
this genus; many of them have opercula, some thin and horny,
others thick and testaceous.

Linneus makes five divisions: first, Neritoidei; second,
Solidi imperforati; third, Solidi perforati; fourth, Cancellat: ;
and fifth, Turrit.

126 GENUS XXVIII. TURBO.

Linnezus describes 49 species, Gmelin has added 52, ad

Dr. Turton 51. Total, 152.

Lamarck divides this genus into five, as follow :

Turso. Shell conic or slightly tapering ; the aperture entire
and round, and not toothed; the two lips always dis-
joined in the upper part (see Turbo Cochlus, pl. 8. f. 99).

CycLosroma. Shell wheel-shaped or conical, without longi-
tudinal ribs, the last whorl larger than the others ; the
aperture round, the margin circular and uninterrupted
(see T. Delphinus, pl. 8. f. 98).

ScatariA. Shell tapering, with acute longitudinal raised ribs
running down all the length of the spire; the aperture
nearly circular, the margin uninterrupted and reflected
(see T. scalaris, pl. 8. f. 100).

Turriretta. Shell tapering; the aperture rounded, with
the two lips disjoined in the upper part, and a notch in
the right lip (see T’. Terebra, pl. 8. f. 102).

Pupa. Shell cylindrical, the last turn of the spire, somewhat
produced, not being larger than the preceding ; the aper-
ture irregularly roundish or oval ; the margin continued
circularly (see T. Uva, pl. 8. f. 101).

Mr. Parkinson observes that the genus Cyclostoma contains
both sea and land shells, which he divides, and calls the sea
shells Delphinula, and the land shells Cyclostoma.

127

CHAPTER XXXII.

OF THE HELIX. GENUS XXIX.

HELIX.

“Animal a Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, somewhat transparent, brittle ;
aperture contracted, within half-moon-shaped or nearly round, with a
circular segment taken away.”’—Lainn.

Tue form of the aperture in this genus is so various, that the
essential character can scarcely be taken from this part; the
mouth is whole, or without a hollow on the margin like the two
preceding genera. The texture of the shells in almost all the
species is semitransparent, which seems often to be the princi-
pal difference between the Trochus and Helix : many species
have a lunated or somewhat crescent-shaped aperture, the
inner lip being formed by the rounded exterior of the preceding
whorl, as in H. nemoralis, arbustorum, &c.: others are nearly
round, having but a small portion taken out of the circle by
the preceding whorl, as H. corneus (pl. 8. f- 115), &c.: in
many species of the second division, Carinate, the aperture
is nearly oval, with acute ends, as in H. complanata, Vortex,
&c.; some are angulated, like the Trochus, as H. Carocolla,
Gualteriana (f. 116), &c.; a great many are oval, or rounded,
but extended more or less into an angle toward the spire, as
H. tentaculata, solida, putris, stagnalis (f.109), &c.: the aper-

ture in many of these is of the same form as that of many of the

128 GENUS XXIX. HELIX.

Trochi, as Labio, Iris, &c.: and Turbo, as littoreus, Pullus,
&e.

The general form of these shells is very various; many ap-
proach the shape of a globe, as nemoralis ; some are flat and
wheel-shaped, as Vortex; others are cylindrical, as octona;
others depressed, much like to Trochus solaris, as Carocolla ;
some tapering, as stagnalis ; and others somewhat ear-shaped,
as Auricularia; or even flat, as haliotoidea (f. 111): in most
species the mouth is without teeth; but there are many that
have teeth, as H. stnuata (f. 113), &c. H. Scarabeus has teeth
also, but is set down as doubtful by Linnzus, and seems not
to have any relation to the rest of the genus.

Linneeus makes six divisions of this genus: first, Ancipites ;
second, Carinate ; third, Rotundate umbilicate ; fourth, Ro-
tundate imperforate ; fifth, Turrite ; and sixth, Ovate inper-
forate.

The animals of the land species are supposed nearly to re-
semble the common Garden Snails, or Helix nemoralis and
hortensis ; some of them are described by different authors,
but many are not known. It is probable there are many va-
rieties among the water species ; H. vivipara and tentaculata
have horny opercula, which is supposed not to be the case
with any others of this genus.

The animal inhabiting H. janthina is different from all
that are known of the others ; it swims at liberty in the sea,
and has four horns or awl-shaped tentacula; it has instead

of a foot a membranous transparent lump, which it swells

GENUS XXIX. HELIX. F29

out at pleasure into a heap of little bladders, and which assists

it in swimming.

Linnzus describes 59 species, Gmelin has added 168, and

Dr. Turton 26. Total, 253.

Lamarck divides this genus into eiglit, as follow:

Janruina. Shell nearly globular, transparent ; the aperture
iriangular, with an angular hollow or notch on the margin
of the right lip (see Hela janthina, pl. 8. f. 107).

Buxrimuus. Shell oval or oblong, having the last whorl of
the spire larger than the former; the aperture entire,
longer than it is broad; the pillar smooth, the base entire
and not spread out (see Helix oblonga, pl. 8. f. 108).

Lymna. Shell oblong, rather tapering ; the aperture entire,
longer than wide; the lower part of the right lip re-
ascending and turned back into the aperture, and form-
ing a very oblique fold on the pillar (see Helix stagnalis,
pi. 8. f. 109).

Mexanta. Shell turrited ; aperture entire, longer than wide,
and spreading at the base of the pillar, which is smooth
(see Helix Amarula, pl. 8. f. 117).

AmputLarié. Shell globular, ventricose, umbilicated at the
base; the aperture entire and longer than wide, without
any thickening on the left lip (see Helia ampullacca,
pl. 8. f. 112).

Pranorsis. Shell wheel-shaped; spire not projecting, flat-
tened oy sunk in; the aperture entire, longer than wide,

Ss

130 GENUS XXIX. HELIX.

hollowed laterally by the convex projection of the lasi
whorl but one (see Helix Cornu arietis, pl. 8. f. 105).

Hruirx. Shell globular or orbicular, with a convex or conic
spire; aperture entire, wider than long, hollowed at the
upper part by the convex projection of the last turn but
one (see Helix Pomatia, pl. 8. f. 140).

Srearnt. Shell depressed, somewhat ear-shaped ; spire short,
and little elevated; the aperture entire, spread out very
wide, longer than wide (see Helix haliotoidea, pl. 8.
filly). or x4

The last Lamarck places with the Naked Mollusea, the shell
being inclosed in the skin, like Bulla aperta.

Perhaps here we may place Lamarck’s genera of Helicina
and Testacella, as follow:
Heticin4. Shell somewhat globular, no umbilicus; the aper-
ture entire, semi-oval; the pillar thickened, compressed
at the base (see List. Conch. t. 61. f. 59).

TestTaceLLa. Shell wunivalve, obliquely conic, the summit a
little spiral ; aperture oval, the eft lip rolled inwards (see
Favanne, 76).

CHAPTER XXXIIE-

OF THE NERITA. GENUS XXX.

NERIT A.

“Animal a Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, under side flattish ;
aperture half round, pillar lip transverse, truncate, flattish.””—Lin wn.

‘Tras genus is very distinct from every other. Linnaeus makes
three divisions in it: the first, which is named Umbilicate,
is also very different from the other two ; the second is imper-
forate without teeth ; and the third imperforate with teeth.

The essential character consists in the aperture or mouth
being half round (but not lunate or horned), the pillar lip
being straight ; many of the species are strong, thick, opake
shells, especially the third division. The pillar lip in the im-
perforate shells of both second and third divisions is so diffe-
rently constructed from that of any other genus, that these
shells may be distinguished at first sight. In the umbilicated
shells the form of the mouth approaches more to that of some
species of Helix, but in most cases is sufficiently distinct from
them.

There is a considerable difference in the general form of
the shells of the first and third divisions, the first being nearly
globular; like some Helices, and the third somewhat approach-

s2

~

132 GENUS XXX. NERITA.

ing to the shape of half an egg divided lengthways ; the spire
of these last is generally lateral and flat.

Some of the umbilicated species, as N. Mammilla, have the
perforation or umbilicus entirely obliterated when grown to
their full size; the gibbosity, which is commonly found at the
umbilicus in this genus, spreading so much as entirely to cover
the hole: this seems to be sometimes the case with N. mela-
nestoma, and perhaps with several others.

The animals of the imperforate species are different from
4those of the first. division, which induced Adanson to make a
separate genus of them. Lamarck has adopted Adanson’s
genera; and as both the animals and shells are considerably
different, this division seems not at all improper. The first
division, or the umbilicated shells, are called by Adanson
Natica: the head of the animal is cylindrical, the horns thick,
but tapering to a fine point, with the eyes on the external side,
at the base or root (pl. 9. f. 118. a). The imperforate shells
are called Nerita by Adanson: the head of these animals is
flat and broad; the horns cylimdrical, slender, and pointed ;
close to each-horn, on the external side, is ‘a short triangular
column, with an eye at the tip (f. 119..a). Both animals have
opercula. .

Linneeus describes 25 species, Gmelin has added 47, and
Dr. Turton 6. Total, 78.

Lamarck has divided this genus into two, as follow:

Nerira. Shell semi-globose, flattened beneath, and having

GENUS XXX. NERITA. 133

no umbilicus; the aperture entire and half round; the
pillar nearly transverse, with an acute and generally den-
tated edge (see Nerita polita, pl. 9. f. 119).

Narica. Shell nearly globular, umbilicated, the left lip thick
towards the umbilicus; the aperture entire and half round;
the pillar oblique, without teeth (see Nerita Canrena,
pl. 9. f. 118).

CHAPTER XXXIV.

OF THE HALIOTIS, GENUS XXXII.

HALIOTIS.

“Animala Limax. Shell ear-shaped, spreading; spire close to the side,
the disk perforated by a row of holes.” —Linn.

Tins genus would be very distinct from every other, if it were
not for two shells that are placed among the Helices by Lin-
neus, and which perhaps it would be better to remove ; viz.
Helix haliotoidea and perspicua.

The Helix haliototdea should rather be placed next to the
Bulla aperta, if the animal is at all to be attended to. Helva:
perspicua appears from its texture as well as from its form to
be truly an imperforate Haliotis : as this appears to be the only
imperforate one known to Linneus, it is not surprising that he
should hesitate about placing it with the perforated Haliotides,
as he remarks that “the inside of the spire appears like a
Haliotis, but it is not perforated.” But now that two or three
more imperforate species are known, it may with great pro-
priety be placed in this genus.

These shells are very open and flat; they have no column
or pillar, but the inside of the spire is open to the top; they
do not inclose the animal, but only cover its back; the spire

is very small, scarcely elevated above the other part of the

GENUS XXXI, HALIOTIS. 135

shell, and placed close to one end: most of the species are
very remarkable by having a spiral row of holes; as the shell
increases in size new holes are formed; the last five or six are
kept open, but the others are closed up by the animal: the
use of these holes is not well-known, but probably they are
for breathing through.

The animal inhabitant is nearly ailied to that of the suc-
ceeding genus: the head. is. cylindrical, which they extend a
very little beyond the edge of the shell, at the part furthest
from the spire; they have two small slender horns, one on
each side the head, with the eyes at the extremity of two
short triangular columns placed a little behind the horns.
They have no operculum (see pl. 10. f- 3).

Linnezus describes 7 species, Gmelin has added 12, and
Dr. Turton none. Total, 19. ,

Lamarck has divided this genus into two, as follow :
SromarT14. Shell oval or ear-shaped, with a prominent spire ;

the aperture large, entire, longer than wide; the disk im-
perforate (see Haliotis imperforata, pl. 9. f. 120).
Harzoris. Shell flattish and ear-shaped, with a depressed and
nearly lateral spire, and a spiral row of holes parallel
to the left edge ; the aperture very large, and longer than
wide, entire (see Haliotis tuberculata, pl. 9. f. 121). -

(36

CHAPTER XXXV.

OF THE PATELLA. GENUS XXXII.

PATELLA.

“Animal a Limax. Shell univalve, somewhat conic, without a spire.” —
Linn.

Liynaus makes five divisions of this genus:

ist, Labiate, Ath, Integerrime,

2nd, Dentate, And 5th, Perforate.

3d, Mucronate,
Of these the first and last are easily distinguished from the
others ; but the ‘shells of the second, third, and fourth vary
by such almost imperceptible degrees, that it is nearly if not
quite impossible to know where to draw the line of distinc-
tion. ,

This genus is perhaps as well defined, and as perfectly distinct
from the rest, as any one of the whole number, though consist-
ing of a great. variety of species ; therefore it appears unneces-
sary to divide it into many, as Lamarck has done: they are
all very open shells, not inclosing the animal, but covering
the back only: many species are nearly conic, as gre@ca ; in
some the point is flattened, the back being more or less rounded,
but with a somewhat oval mouth, as compressa: others are

nearly flat; some have the tip or apex near the centre, as

GENUS XXXII. PATELLA. 137

vulgata ; in others it is near the margin, as Pectunculus, &c. ;
in some few the tip is lengthened somewhat spirally, as mili-
taris and wungarica; several have a small aperture at the tip
(the Perforate of Linneus), as greca, &c.; in many the
margin is angular or wrinkled: these are the Dentate of Lin-
neus: as P. octoradiata, &c.: many have the margin cre-
nate, with small wrinkles more or less obscure, as ungarica,
&c. &c.: a few have the margin quite smooth, as P. cwrulea.

Some of the first division have a horizontal partition extend-
ing about half way, as P. fornicata ; others have a lateral
partition extending from the tip to the margin nearly, as
P. chinensis; others have only an irregular process project-
ing inside the tip, as P. equestris. All these Linneus calls
Lahiate.

One or two shells that appear to be bivalves have been
placed in this genus by some authors, and consequently ought
to be removed: the Patella Unguis of Linnzeus and Gmelin is
the Mytilus Rostrum of Dr. Shaw and Turton, and the P. ano-
mala of Gmelin and Turton is nearly allied to, if it is not strictly
an Anomia: according to Lamarck, P. sinica is also a bivalve.

The animal of the Patella is somewhat like that of the Ha-
liotis; it has a cylindrical head, two tapering nearly cylindri-
cal horns, with the eyes on the external side of the base: this
animal is scarcely capable of extending any part beyond the
shell more than the tips of the horns.

Linneus has described 36 species, Gmelin has added 201,
and Dr. Turton 3. Total, 240.

ay

138 GENUS XXXII. PATELLA.

Adanson_has not altered this genus; but Lamarck has di-
vided it into eight, as follow:

Patretia. Shell oval or shield-shaped, not spiral, concave,
without perforation or marginal fissure (see P. testudi-
naria, pl. 9. f. 126).

Fissurevza. Shell buckler- or shield-shaped, without a spire,
concave beneath, the vertex perforated with an ovate or
oblong opening (see P. greca, pl. 9. f. 123).

#imareinuxa. Shell like a conical shield, the vertex inclined,
and the posterior margin slit or notched (see P. Fissura,
pli. FAQ:

CrePipuLa. Shell oval or oblong, convex above, with its apex
inclined to one end, and its cavity partially interrupted
by a horizontal division (see P. fornicata, pl. 9. f. 124).

Concnotepas. Shell oval, convex above, the apex obliquely
inclined to the left side; the interior cavity simple; with
two teeth, anda hollow at the base of the right edge (see
Favanne, t. 4. f. 2; Chemn. 10, p. 320. vign. A.B.)

Catyprres, Shell somewhat conic, with the apex erect, en-
tire and pointed; the cavity furnished with a convoluted
lip or little tongue like a horn, isolated or extending
from one side, like the blade of a knife running spirally
(see P. equestris, pl. 9. f. 122).

Acarpo. Shell formed by two flattened and nearly equal valves,
having neither hinge nor cartilage, but a muscular impres-
sion in the middle of the valves (see P. sinica Davila, pl. 2.
f. A.; and Chemn. 10. pl. 169. f. 1645-1646.

GENUS XXXII. PATELLA. 139

Orzicuta. Shell orbicular, flat, fixed, composed of two valves,
the lowest valve very thin and adhering to other bodies ;
the hinge unknown; the’animal furnished with two long
arms, like Anomia Terebratula (see Patella anomala,
Mul. Zool. Dan. p. 14. t. 5. Prod. 2870).

Perhaps we may place here Lamarck’s genus Radiolites, as
follows :

Raprouites. Shell irregular, inequivalve, striate on the out-
side; the lower valve turbinated, the upper convex or conic ;
neither hinge nor cartilage (see Park. Organ. Rem. vol. 3.
p- 206. t. 16. f. 1).

140

CHAPTER, XXXVI.

OF THE DENTALIUM. GENUS XXXIII.

DENTALIUM.

“Animal a Terebella. Shell univalve, tubular, straight, one-celled, both
ends pervious.” —Linn.

Tins genus is very well defined, and easily distinguished from
every other.

These shells are a little tapering, but nearly cylindrical, gene-
rally open at both ends, and a little bowed or bending ; several
species have a certain number of ribs or ridges running the
whole length of the outside: these Linnzus calls angles.
D. striatulum has eight ribs Cf. 129), and is said to be octan-
gulatum ; D. elephantinum with ten is termed decemangulatum ;
the internal cavity is generally round.

The animal is nearly similar to some species of Serpula.

Linneus has described 8 species, Gmelin has added 13, and
Dr. Turton 1. Total, 22.

Lamarck has not divided this genus, but arranges it with
his Vermes, after Terebella, Amphitrite, and some of the Ser-
pule ; and describes it as an animal contained in a testaceous
solid tube, slightly arched, and open at both ends (see Denta-
lium striatulum, pl. 9. f. 129).

141

CHAPTER XXXVII.

OF THE SERPULA. GENUS XXXIV.

SERPULA.

“ Animal a Terebella. Shell univalve, tubular, adhering, often separated
internally by divisions at uncertain distances.” —Linn.

Teste shells are not much known; there appears to be con-
siderable variety both in the shells and also in the animals in-
habiting them.

The essential character seems to be a cylindrical.or rather
vermiform tubular shell, often much twisted and in consider-
able masses, generally adhering to some other substance.

There appears to be considerable impropriety in classing
such different animals together in one genus as are found in
this. Some separation here seems desirable ; but whether it is
necessary to divide it so much as Lamarck has done, will ad-
mit of some doubt.

Linneus has described 16 species, Gmelin has added 22,
and Dr. Turton 10. Total, 48.

Lamarck has divided this genus into five, as follows:
Penicituus. Shell tubular, adhering, narrow, and rather

spiral at its origin, dilating into a club form at the other
end, which terminates in a convex disk beset with small
tubular perforations (see S. Penis, pl. 9. f. 130).

142 GENUS XXXIV. SERPULA.

Vermicutariaé. Shell tubular, turned spirally at its origin,
entire through its whole length, the opening simple and
round (see S. lumbricalis, pl. 9. f. 132).

Serputa. A tubular, adherent, calcareous tube, variously
twisted or grouped, fixed to marine bodies (see S. glome-
rata, pl. 9. f. 133).

Siziquari4a. A tubular shell, spiral at its beginning, conti-
nued in an irregular form, being divided laterally through
its whole length by a narrow slit (see S. anguina, pl. 9.
f. 131).

Sprroreis. A solid testaceous tube, regularly turned spirally,
wheel-shaped, adhering to marine bodies (see 8. Spirorbis,
pl. 9. f. 134).

Lamarck arranges Serpula and Spirorbis along with his
VERMES.

[43

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

OF THE TEREDO. GENUS XXXV.

TEREDO.

“Animal a Terebella, with two hemispherical calcareous valves or jaws,
truncated in front, angulated beneath. Shell tapering, flexuous, pene-
trating wood.”—Linn.

Tuess shells are found lodged in wood lengthways with the

grain, whereas the Pholas pusilla, which also is found buried

in wood, bores its holes always across the grain. This shell
bears some affinity to several of the Serpule, but the animal
differs considerably from every one.

Linneus describes only one species, the navalis ; Gmelin

has added two more; Turton has added none. Total, only 3.

Adanson classes the only Teredo he knew along with Pholas
pusilla.
Lamarck divides this genus into two:

Fistutana. Shell tubular, club-shaped, open at the smaller
end, containing two valves not adhering (see Teredo
Clava, Favanne, pl. 5. f. N).

Trrepo. Shell tubular, cylindrical, open at both ends; the
lower furnished with two lozenge-shaped valves, and the
upper end with two opercula (see Teredo navalis, Adans.
Sénégal, t. 19. f. 1.; and Sellii Tered. t. 1).

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A GLOSSARY

OF

LATIN TERMS

FREQUENTLY USED IN CONCHOLOGY.

Assrertar us, having the last whorl ; Amplexus, embraced.

shortened.
Abruptus, as if broken or cut off.
Acicularis, needle-shaped.
Aculeatus, prickly.
Aculei, prickles.
Acuminatus, tapering to a point.
Acutus, sharp.
Adnatus, growing close to.
Adpressus, pressed close together.
Adscendens, ascending.
Aiqualis, equal.
Aquilateralis, when the shell on each
side of the hinge is equal in size
_ and figure.
Aiquivalvis, when both valves are
equally convex.
Alatus, winged.
Albidus, whitish.

Alternus,everyother,every second one.

Ambitus, the circumference or out-
line of the whole shell.

Amplus, large.

Anceps is expressive of a longitudi-
nal suture or keel at the side of
the shell, as Helix Scarabeus.

Anfractus, a whorl.

\ angular.

Angustior, more narrow.

Angularis,
Angulatus,

Angustissimus, very narrow.

Angustus, narrow.

Anomalus, without order, irregular.

Anticus applies to the fore part.

Antiquatus is applied when bivalve
shells are transversely grooved, and
appear as if young shells were
placed on them at the apex.

Antrorsiim, forward, towards the fore
part,

Anus, a depression on the posterior
side near the hinge of some bi-
valves.

146

Apertura, the opening of a univalve
shell.

Apex, the point or summit of the
spire.

Approximatus, near together, ap-
proaching.

Arcuatus, bowed, bent like a bow.

Armatus, armed.

Articulatus, jointed.

Asper, rough.

Aittenuatus, very thin, slender.

Auricula, a little ear, the outside of
the ear.

Auriculatus, eared, having little ears.

Auriformis, ear-shaped.

Auris, an ear.

Auritus, having ears.

Barbatus, bearded, with stiff hairs on
the surface of the shell.

Basis, the base, the end of the shell
furthest from the spire, and the
nates or beaks of bivalves.

Bicornis, with two horns.

Bifidus, with a line or groove double
or divided into two.

Bimarginatus, with a double margin.

Bivalvis Testa, a shell composed of

_ two pieces connected by a hinge.

Brevis, short.

Brunneus, brown.

Bullatus, blistered.

Ceruleus, blue.
Cespitosus, matted together.

A GLOSSARY OF LATIN TERMS

Calcar, a spur.

Calyptra, a veil.

Canaliculatus, channelled.

Cancellatus,withribs or grooves across
the whorls.

Capitatus, with a head.

Cardinalis, belonging to a hinge, the
chief.

Cardo, the hinge.

Carina, a keel,

Carinatus, keeled; applied to shells
the whorls of which have a sharp
edge, as Helix carinata.

Cariosus, as if decayed or worm-
eaten.

Carneus, fleshy.

Carnosus, full of flesh.

Cartilagineus, gristly.

Cassis, a helmet.

Castaneus, like a chesnut.

Castrensis, like a camp.

Catenatus, chained.

Catenulatus, chained with a little
chain.

Cauda, the base of the aperture ex-
tended like a tail.

Caudatus, elongated, with a tail.

Ciliatus, fringed.

Cilium, a fringe.

Cinctus, a band or girdle.

Cinereus, ash-coloured.

Cingulum, a girdle or band.

Clava, a club.

Clavatus, club-shaped.

Clausus, closed, shut.

FREQUENTLY USED IN CONCHOLOGY.

Coarctatus, having the aperture with-
out a hollow behind; contracted,
drawn together; opposed to Ef

Jusus.

Cochlea, a univalve shell.

Cochleatus, like a snail’s shell.

Columella, a column, the centre pillar
or axis of the spiral shells.

Complicaius, folded up, wrapt to-
gether.

Compressus, applied to bivalves that
are but a little convex.

Concameratus, chambered, arched.

Concatenatus, chained together.

Concavus, concave.

Concha, a bivalve shell.

Confertus, crowded.

Conicus, conical.

Connivens, approaching, converging.

Contortus, twisted.

Convexus, when the valves are con-
siderably convex.

Convolutus, rolled up; with one end
enveloped, the other conspicuous.

Cordatus, like a heart.

Cordiformis, shaped like a heart.

Coriaceus, like leather.

Corniformis, horn-shaped.

Cornutus, horned.

Coronatus, crowned with a circle of
raised knobs or points round the
spire.

Corticatus, having a rind or bark.

Coste, ribs.

Costatus, ribbed.

Crassiusculus, thickish, rather thick.

Crassus, thick.

Crenatus, scolloped or notched.

Crispus, curled or bent waving.

14]

Cristatus, crested.

Crusta, the shell of a Lobster or Crab,
&e.

Cucullatus, hooded.

Cuneiformis, wedge-shaped.

Cuspidatus, with a point like a spear.

Cylindraceus, like a roller or cylinder.

Decollatus, with the top or apex as
if broken or cut off.

Decurrens, running down.

Decussatus, with longitudinal and
transverse ridges or hollows cross-
ing each other.

Deflexus, bent downwards.

Dehiscens, gaping, opening wide.

Densus, thick, close.

Dens, a tooth.

Dentatus, toothed.

Denticulatus, with little teeth.

Deorsiim, downward.

Depressus, depressed.

Desinens, coming to an end.

Dextrorsiim, on the right side.

Didymus, double.

Diffusus, spreading.

Digestus, set in order.

Digitatus, having the outer lip divided
into lobes, or fingered.

Dilatatus, extended, stretched out.

Dimidiatus, divided into two parts.

Discus, the centre or middle part of
each valve.

Disjunctus, disjoined.

Dissectus, cut or divided.

Dissepimentum, a thin partition like
a skin.

Distortus, mis-shapen.

Divaricatus, spreading wide asunder.

u2

148

Divergens, tending to various parts
from one point.

Dorsum, the back, the upper surface
when the shell is laid on the aper-
ture.

Duplicatus, doubled.

Ecaudatus, without a tail.
Echinatus, beset with prickles.
Edentulus, without teeth.

Effusus, opposed to Coarctatus, hav-
ing the lips separated by a hollow
groove ending like a spout formed
to pour out.

Elongatus, lengthened.

Emarginatus, having the margin with
a hollow groove.

Eminens, standing up.

Ensiformis, sword-shaped.

Epidermis, the outward thin skin.

Erectus, upright.

Erosus, gnawed.

Exaratus, defaced, furrowed.

Exasperatus, sharpened.

Excavatus, hollowed.

Excurrens, running out.

Exoletus, as if worn out or oblite-
rated.

Explanatus, spread out wide.

Exquisitus, fine.

Exsertus, thrust out.

Externus, outward.

Extimus, the last.

Extus, without.

Exumbilicatus, without an umbilicus.

Faba, a bean.
Fascia, a band.
Fasciatus, banded.

A GLOSSARY OF LATIN TERMS

Fasciculatus, having little bands.

Fasciculus, a little band.

Fastigiatus, in bundles.

Faux, the mouth or throat.

Ferrugineus, of a rusty iron colour.

Filiformis, thread-shaped.

Fimbriatus, fringed.

Fimbricatus, tattered.

Fissum, a cleft or notch in the fore
part of the lip, as in Murex Baby-
lonius.

Fissus, cloven.

Fistulosus, hollow.

Flavescens, yellowish.

Flexuosus, zigzag, bending, waved.

Foliaceus, leafy.

Foramen, a hole.

| Fornicatus, arched or hollowed.
| Fornix, an arch, cavity, or vault.

Fossula, a little hollow or pit.

Foveola, a little hollow which receives
a tooth of the opposite valve.

Frondosus, having branches extend-
ing from the ridges that cross the
whorls of some of the Murices.

Fragilis, brittle.

Fuscus, brown.

Fusiformis, spindle-shaped, swelled in
the middle, gradually tapering to
each end.

| Galea, a helmet.

Geminatus, double.

Geniculum, the knee joint.

Gibbus, hunched, swelling out.
Glaber, bright, smooth, bare.
Glaberrimus, very bright or smooth.
Globosus, globular.

Granulatus, beaded.

FREQUENTLY USED IN CONCHOLOGY.

Hians, gaping, opening.
Hirsutus, hairy, bristly.
Hispidus, covered with strong hair.

Imbricatus, tiled, laying over one
another like the tiles of a house.
Imperforatus, unpierced, having no

holes.

Incarnatus, flesh-coloured.

Fncisus, notched.

Incrassatus, made thick.

Incumbens, lying down or upon.

Incurvatus, curved inwards.

Indistinctus, indistinct, confused.

Indivisus, undivided, uncloven.

Inequalis, unequal.

Inequilateralis, unequal-sided, ap-
plied to a shell having one side of
the beak not equally curved with
the other.

Ineequivalvia, unequally valved, ap-
plied to shells having one valve
flatter than the other.

Inermis, unarmed, weak.

inferus, inferior, lower.

Inflatus, swoln.

Inflexus, bent inwards.

Infundibuliformis, fannel-shaped.

TInsertus, thrust in.

Integer, entire, whole, not cut or hol-
lowed.

Integerrimus, very entire.

Interjectus, placed between.

Intertextus, interwoven.

Intestinum, the inward part.

Introrsis, within.

Intrusus, thrust in.

ints, within.

Inwicem, in turns.

149

Involutus, with the outer lip rolled
inwards.

Labiatus, having lips.

Labium, or Labrum, the lip, or the
margin of the aperture.

Laciniatus, jagged.

Lacunosus,pitted with hollowgrooves.

Lacustris, belonging to a lake.

Levis, smooth.

Levigatus, made smooth, as if washed.

Leviusculus,; smoothish.

Lamellatus, with thin plates.

Lanatus, eobwebbed, woolly.

Lanceolatus, spear-shaped.

Lateralis, belonging to a side.

Latitudo, breadth.

Latus, broad.

Latus, a side.

Legumen, a pod resembling that of a

pea.

Lenticularis, like a lentil.
Lentiformis, lentil-shaped.

Limbus, a border.

Linea, a coloured line.

Linearis, strap-shaped.

Lineatxs, marked with coloured lines.
Lingueformis, tongue-shaped.
Litteratus, with marks like letters.
Lividus, pale.

| Lobatus, divided into lobes,

Longior, longer.

Longitadinalis, lengthwise from the
base to the apex in univalves, or ra-
diating from the beak to the margin
in bivalves.

Lucidus, bright.

Lunatus, crescent-shaped.

| Lunule, little moons.

=

150

Lutescens, of a dirty clay colour.
Lyratus, lyre-shaped.

Macula, a spot.

Major, larger, greater.

Margaritaceus, pearly.

Marginatus, witha thickened margin.

Margo, the margin or edge.

Membranaceus, skinny, like parch-
ment.

Modicé, moderately.

Moniliformis, like a necklace.

Mucronatus, dagger-pointed.

Muricatus, with sharp points.

Mutilatus, cut off.

Nates, the beaks of bivalves near the
hinge.

Navicularis, boat-shaped.

Nebulosus, cloudy.

Nitidus, shining,

Nodosus, knotty.

Notatus, marked.

glittering.

Obductus, spread out.

Obliquus, slant, oblique.

Obliteratus, what can scarcely be per-
ceived.

Oblongus, oblong, longer than oval,
and approaching a long square.

Obovatus, about egg-shaped.

Obsitus, covered all over.

Obsoletus, worn out, indistinct.

Obtectus, covered.

Obtusus, blunt or obtuse.

Ocellus, a little eye.

Ochroleuca, brimstone colour.

Oculus, an eye.

Opacus, opake.

A GLOSSARY OF LATIN TERMS

Operculum, a lid or door, a small
piece of shell with which some uni-
valves close the aperture of their
shells.

Operculatus, having a little lid or door.

Orbicularis, globular.

Ovalis,oval,having the two ends equal.

Ovatus, egg-shaped.

Pallidus, pale.

Palmatus, hand-shaped.

Palustris, belonging to a lake.

Papillosus, pimpled.

Parallelus, parallel.

Pariim, but a little.

Parvus, small.

Patens, expanding, opening.

Patulus, open.

Pauli, a little, somewhat.

Paululim, very little.

Pectinatus, with ribs or ridges longi-
tudinal, or radiating from the beak
to the margin.

Pellucidus, transparent.

Peltatus, shaped like a shield or
target.

Perforatus, with a hole. :

Pertusus, bored or deeply hollowed.

Pictus, painted.

Pili, hairs.

Pilosus, hairy.

Planus, flat.

Planiusculus, flattish.

Plicatus, folded, plaited.

Plumosus, feathery.

Pollex, the thumb.

Pollex, an inch.

Poné, behind.

Porrectus, extended, stretched out.

FREQUENTLY USED IN CONCHOLOGY.

Posticus, behind, used to express the | Rigidus, stiff.

back part.
Pretenuis, very thin,
Primarius, the chief.
Productus, produced, extended.
Profundus, deep.
Prominens, prominent, standing out.
Prominulus, rather prominent.
Propinquus, near.
Pubes, down.
Pubescens, downy.
Punctatus, dotted.
Punctus, a point, a prick.
Purpurascens, purplish.
Pyriformis, shaped like a pear.

Quadratus, four-sided.

Radiatus, with lines like rays diverg-
ing from a centre.

Radii, rays.

Ramosus, branching.

Recurvatus, turned backwards.

Recurvus, hooked, curved back.

Rectus, straight.

Reflexus, bent back.

Remotus, distant.

Reniformis, kidney-shaped.

Repandus, bowed or bent back, broad
or flat.

Resupinatus, lying on its back, or
turned upwards.

Reticulatus, reticulated, as if covered
with network.

Retractus, drawn back.

Retrorstim, backward.

Retusus, blunt.

Revolutus, rolled back.

Rhombus, used to express a diamond
or lozenge shape.

Rima, a chink, a cleft, in bivalves,
where the connecting cartilage is
fixed.

Ringens, gaping.

Roseus, rosy, rose-coloured.

Rostratus, having a beak; in bivalves,
having the fore part long and nar-
row: Tellina rostrata.

Rostrum, a beak; where the extre-
mity or base is drawn out to a long
point, in univalves.

Rotatus, wheel-shaped.

Rotundatus, rounded.

Rubicundus, very red.

Rudis, rough, coarse, as if unfinished.

Rufescens, reddish.

Ruga, a wrinkle.

Rugosus, wrinkled.

Rupes, a rock.

Saxum, a stone, a rock.

Scaber, rough, rugged.

Scandens, climbing.

Scriptus, marked with various eha-
racters like writing.

Scrobiculatus, furrowed with irregular
seams.

Scrobiculus, a hollow at the hinge
that receives a tooth or cartilage.

Scutellum, a shield.

Serratus, like the teeth of a saw.

Sericeus, silky.

Setaceus, bristly.

Setosus, hairy.

Sinister, applied to those shells which
turn to the left, the same way as
the sun.

Stnistra, on the left side.

152

Sinuatus, indented.

Sinus, a hollow.

Sipho, a pipe.

Solutus, separated.

Sparsus, sprinkled.

Spina, a spine.

Spinosus, spinous, thorny.

Spira, a spire, that end of the shell
where the turns are perceived.

Spiralis, spiral.

Squama, a scale.

Squamatus, scaly, covered with scales.

Squamosus, scaly.

Squamula, a little scale.

Stellatus, marked with spots like stars.

Stria, a line raised or hollowed.

Striatus, marked with small hollowed
lines.

Strigosus, thin, slender.

Sub, nearly, almost, or somewhat.

Subulatus, awl-shaped.

Succinctus, surrounded.

Sulcatus, with broad grooves or
ridges.

Superficies, the surface.

Sutura, a seam or joining where the
whorls unite.

Tectus, covered.

Tenuis, thin.

Teres, tapering like a horn, as Den-
talium.

Terminalis, ending.

Ternatus, threefold.

Tessellatus, marked like chequers.

Testa, a shell.

Testaceus, shelly.

Tetragonus, with four corners.

A GLOSSARY OF LATIN TERMS

‘Tomentosus, downy.

Torulus, a little rope or wreathed
band.

Transversus, crosswise or parallel to

' the margin in bivalves, and spiral
or across the shell in univalves.

Trapezxiformis, irregularly four-sided.

Tricuspidatus, with three points.

Trigonus, three-cornered.

Triqueter, triangular, three-sided.

Truncatus, lopped, as if something
was cut off.

Tuberculatus, with small tubercles or
pimples.

Tubulosus, tubular.

Tumidus, swelled.

Turbinatus, shaped like a top, broad
above and small beneath.

Turgidus, swelled, bumping.

Turritus, when the whorls of the spire
are drawn out in a conic form, ma-
king the shell much longer than
broad.

Valva, a valve, one of the pieces of a
bivalve shell.

Valvoula, a little valve, one of the
pieces of a bivalve shell.

Varicosus, with swelled veins or su-
tures.

Variegatus, variegated, of several
colours.

Varix, a swelling vein or joining
across the whorls of univalve shells.

Venter, the belly or last whorl of the
shell.

Ventricosus, distended.

Ventriculosus, with a little belly.

FREQUENTLY USED IN CONCHOLOGY.

Fentriculus, a little bellying or
swelling out.

Verrucosus, full of warts, rough, un-
even.

Vertex, the point or upper part of
the patella.

Vesicularis, having a little bladder.

Vexillum, a standard.

Violaceus, of a violet colour.

Virgatus, streaked.

Viridis, green.

Ulva, a sea-weed.

153

Umbilicatus, having a hollow column
or umbilicus.

Umbilicus, the hole at the bottom of
the pillar.

Umbo, the beak or point of bivalves
near the hinge.

Uncinatus, hooked, armed with hooks
or claws.

Undatus, waved.

Unguis, a nail or claw.

Unilocularis, one-celled.

Uiriculus, a little bladder.

Utringue, on both sides.

Uva, a grape.

English Name.
Acorn Shell
Admiral
Admiral Orange
Agate
Agate Snail
Almond
Alphabet
American Clam
Argus
Argus lesser
Ass’s Ear
Badger
Banded Moor
Barnacle
Bat
Bear’s Paw
Bezoar
Birchwood
Bishop
Black-eyed Cowry
Black Tiger
Black Mitre

Bleeding Tooth Nerite

Boat

Borer

AN ES Ec Sieh

OF THE

ENGLISH NAMES OF SHELLS,

WITH THE

LINNAXAN GENERA AND SPECIES.

Genera and Species.
Lepas
Conus Ammiralis
Conus arausiacus
Conus Rusticus
Bulla achatina
Bulla Ampulla
Conus litteratus
Venus mercenaria
Cyprea Argus
Cypreza cribraria
Haliotis asinium
Buccinum Males
Murex Morio
Lepas
Voluta Vespertilio
Chama Hippopus
Buccinum glaucum
Conus betulinus
Voluta episcopalis
Cyprea ocellata
Conus marmoreus
Helix Amarula

§ Nerita grossa and
t Peloronta

ee compressa and

fornicata
Pholas

English Name.
Bronze Limpet
Bull’s Mouth
Butterfly
Button
Camp Olive
Camp Shell
Cardinal
Carrier
Cat’s Foot
Cat’s Paw }
Cat’s Tongue
Cedo nulli
Chain Admiral
China Hat
Chinese Umbrella

Club

Cockchafer
Cockscomb Oyster
Common Oyster
Common Cockle
Common Muscle

Couch ;

Cowry
Cowry common

Genera and Species.
Patella Lepas
Buccinum rufum
Conus genuanus
Trochus vestiarius
Voluta porphyria
Venus castrensis
Voluta Cardinalis
Trochus conchylio-

phorus
Ostrea Pes felis

Tellina Lingua felis
Conus Ammiralis
Conus Mercator
Patella chinensis
Patella Umbella

Murex Vertagus and
Aluco

Helix Scarabeus
Mytilus Crista galli
Ostrea edulis
Cardium edule
Mytilus edulis

Buccinum tuberosum
and Strombus Gigas

Cyprea
Cyprea Moneta

A LIST OF THE ENGLISH NAMES OF SHELLS, ETC. 15

English Name.

Currycomb
Date

Devil

Devil’s Claw
Diana’s Ear
Distaff
Dolphin

Ducal Mantle

Duck Barnacle
Duck’s Foot
Fatable Snail
Ebony Ladle
Egg

Ethiopian Crown
Fallow Deer
False Wentletrap
Fan

Fig

Flambeau
Flounder
Flyspot
Foolscap Great
Foolscap Limpet
Footman

Fox

French Horn

Frog

Garden Snail

Giant Cockle
' Giant Oyster
Gold Mouth
Great Conch
Great Sailor

Great Tooth Cowry

Green Muscle

{

Genera and Species.

Solen strigilatus

Voluta Persicula,
Voluta glabella,
Voluta Dactylus

Murex Turbinellus
Strombus Chiragra
Strombus Auris Diane
Murex Colus

Turbo Delphinus

Pallium and
Ostrea J Raania

Lepas anatifera
Ostrea nodosa
Helix Pomatia
Strombus ater
Cardium serratum
Voluta ethiopica
Cyprea Vitellus
Turbo Clathrus
Ostrea opercularis

Bulla Ficus
Murex perversus

Conus Generalis
Ostrea Pleuronectes

Conus Stercus muscarum

Patella ungarica
Patella stultorum
Murex Rubecula
Voluta Vulpecula
Turbo Oculus capri

Murex f Rana and
Mm Scrobiculator
- hortensis and
Helix nemoralis
Chama Gigas

Mytilus Hyotis
Turbo Chrysostomus
Strombus Gigas
Nautilus Pompilius
Cyprea caurica

: viridis and
Mytilus { ungulatus

English Name,
Green Peas
Groom
Guinea Fowl
Hail Storm
Hammer Oyster
Harp
Heart
Hebrew Cone

Helmet

Hercules’ Club '
High Admiral
Hinged Oyster
Horned Snipe

Horn of Plenty

Horse Chesnut
Hottentot
Hound’s Ear
Huntsman

Iris

Tron Mould
Judas’s Ear
Knife Handle
Knobby Ladle

Lapwing’s Egg

Leopard
Lime
Limpet
Louse
Lynx
Magpie
Mainsail

Mangrove Oyster

Map Cowry
Marble Cone
Medusa’s Head
Melon

Melon clouded

Sr

Genera and Species.
Nerita viridis
Conus Capitaneus
Nerita virginea
Cypreza procellaria
Ostrea Malleus
Buccinum Harpa
Chama Cor
Conus ebraicus
tuberosum,
Buccinun corsatum,
flammeum
Murex Aluco
Conus Ammiralis
Spondylus Gedaropus
Murex cornutus

Tekan Cornucopia
Serpula Cornucopia

Murex Hippocastanum
Voluta caffra

Ostrea Isogonum
Conus Capitaneus
Haliotis Iris

Cyprea stolida

Voluta Auris Jude
Solen Cultellus
Strombus lividus

Bulla Ampulla and
Cyprza Venelli

Conus litteratus
Cyprza Cicercula
Patella

Cyprea Pediculus
Cyprea Lynx
Turbo Pica
Strombus Epidromis
Ostrea parasitica
Cyprea Mappa
Conus marmoreus
Patella tuberculata
Voluta Olla
Voluta Cymbium:

x 2

156

English Name.
Midas’s Ear

Military Horn
Millepede

Mitre

Mole
Money
Mouk
Moor

Mother of Pearl

Movse
Music Shell
Muscle

Needles

Netted Thimble
Noah’s Ark
Nutmeg

Old Woman

Olive

Orange Admiral
Orange Flag
Oyster

Pagoda

Painted Muscle
Painted Pigeon
Painter’s Muscle
Panther

Paper Roll
Paper Nautilus
Paper Sailor
Partridge

Partridge Cockle
Pear

Pear] Muscle
Peaspod
Pelican’s Foot

A LIST OF THE ENGLISH NAMES OF SHELLS,

{

{

Genera and Species.

Haliotis Midz

Voluta Auris Mide
Helix Cornu militare
Strombus Millepeda
papalis, epi-
Vota f scopalis, and
Cardinalis
Cyprea testudinaria

Cyprea Moneta
Conus Monachus
Murex Morio
Mya margaritifera

Mytilus margaritiferus

Cyprea Mus
Voluta musica
Mytilus edulis

Buccinum lanceatum,
dimidiatum, duplica-
tum, subulatum, &c.

Voluta reticulata
Arca Now
Cyprea arabica
Murex Anus

Voluta Oliva
Ispidula Utriculus

Conus arausiacus
Voluta Vexillum
Ostrea edulis
Turbo Pagodus
Mytilus pictus

Strombus gibberulus

Mya pictorum
Cyprea pantherina
Bulla Terebellum

Argonauta Argo

Buccinum Perdix

Strombus Canarium

Cardium medium
Voluta Pyrum
Mya margaritifera
Solen Legumen

Strombus Pes pelicani

‘| Plough

Ribband

Genera and Species.
Turbo littoreus
Murex Trapezium

English Name,
Periwinkle
Persian Robe

Persian Scoop Buccinum persicum

Pickaxe Ostrea Malleus
Pigeon’s Egg Bulla Naucum
Pig’s Snout Murex Femorale

Ostrea jacobexa
Strombus Gallus
Balla Ovum

Pilgrim’s Scallop

Poached Egg

Pomegranate Turbo sarmaticus
Pope Voluta papalis
Porcupine Murex Ricinus

Prince of Orange Flag Bulla virginea
Purple Muscle Mytilus bidens
Ram’s Horn Helix Cornu arietis

Tellina scobinata
{ Canim Isocardia
Ostrea Lima

Solen es
Strombus vittatus
Balla virginea
Cypraa Annulus
Bulla Terebellum
Balla Amplustra
Ostrea Pallium
Murex Lampas
Anomia Sella
Nautilus Pompilius
Argonauta Argo
Ostrea maxima
Buccinum Hemastoma
Buccinum persicum
Buccinum patulum

Rasp

Razor Shell

Ribband Snail
Ring Cowry
Roll of Paper
Rose Bud

Royal Mantle
Rugged Trumpet
Saddle

Sailor Great
Sailor Paper
Scallop common
Scoop

Scoop Persian
Scoop Wide Mouth

Scorpion Strombus Scorpio

Sea Ear Haliotis

Serpent’s Head Cypraa Caput serpentis
Sheath Solen ben tr
Ship Worm Teredo navalis

Shuttle Bulla Volya

Silver Mouth Turbo argyrostomus

WITH THE LINNAXAN GENERA AND SPECIES. 157

English Name.
Snail
Snake’s Head
Sole Oyster
Spider
Spider’s Web

Spindle

Staircase

Star Cowry

St. James’s Scallop
Stone Kater
Strawberry

Sun Trochus
Swallow

Scymiter
Telescope

Thorny Heart
Thorny Snipe
Thorny Woodcock
Tiger Cowry
Tiger Black

Tiger Cat

Tiger Yellow
Tooth Shell
Tortoise

Tower of Babylon

Tree Oyster
Trumpet

Tulip

Genera and Species.
Helix
Cyprea Caput serpentis
Mya Vulsella
Strombus Chiragra
Conus arachnoideus

Murex Colus
Strombus Fusus

Trochus perspectivus
Cyprea Helvola
Ostrea jacobea
Mytilus lithophagus
Cardium Unedo
Trochus Solarium
Mytilus Hirundo
Solen Ensis

Trochus Telescopium
Chama Arcinella
Murex Brandaris
Murex Tribulus
Cyprea tigrina
Conus marmoreus
Conus Princeps
Conus nobilis
Dentalium

Patella testudinaria
Murex babylonius

; : ~ ¢ Frons
Mytilus “ { Crista galli

Murex Tritonis

Conus Tulipa
Murex Tulipa

{conse radiata

English Name.
Tulip Muscle
Tun
Tun clouded «
Tun Partridge
Turban
Turnips
Twisted Ark
Two Spot Cowry
Venus’s Heart
Violet Snail
Umbrella
Wampum
Wasp
Water Pot
Wax Taper
Weaver’s Shuttle
Wedge
Wenatletrap False
Wentletrap
Whelk
Wing
Woodcock
Woolspinner
Wreath
Yolk of Egg

Zebra

Zigzag

Genera and Species.
Mytilus Modiolus
Buccinum Galea
Buccinum Olearium
Buccinum Perdix
Trochus luber
Bulla Rapa
Arca tortuosa
Cyprea erosa
Cardium Cardissa
Helix janthina
Patella Umbella
Venus mercenaria
Cyprea Asellus
Serpula Penis
Conus Virgo
Bulla Volva
Donax
Turbo Clathrus
Turbo scalaris
Buccinum undatum
Pinna
Murex Haustellum
Mytilus discors
Turbo
Nerita Vitellus

Bulla Zebra
Cyprea Zebra

Cy prea Ziczac
Ostrea Ziczac

Acarbo -
Achatina -

Adanson’s Arrangement

Ammonites -
Ampullaria -
Anatifa -
Ancilla -
Anodonta -
Anomia Linn.
Lam.
Arca Linn.
-Lam. -

Argonauta Linn.
Lam.

Avicula-
Auricula -

Baculites -
Balanus -
Belemnites

Buccinum Linn.

————- Lam.
Bulimus =
Bulla Linn.
—-Lam. -
Bullea -

Calceola -
Calyptrea -
Cancellaria -
Capsa -
Cardita =
Cardium -
Carinaria -

109

Cassis -
Cerithium
Chama Linn.
— Lam.
Chiton -
Clavatula
Columbella
Concholepas
Conus -
Corbula
Coronula -
Crania
Crassatella
Crenatula -
Crepidula
Cucullea
Cyclas -
Cyclostoma
Cypreas-

Dentalium
Diceras’ -
Discorbis
Dolium >
Donax Linn.
--- Lam.

Eburna
Emarginula
Erycina

Explanation of Terms

Fasciolaria
Fasciolites

Page,
113
120

69
71
42
120
108
138
97
58
46
81
62
78
138
73
57
126
99

140
71
94

113
63
64

112
138
62
24

120
96.

Fissurella -
Fistulana -
Fusus -

Glycemeris -
Gryphea -

Gyrogonites -

Haliotis Linn.
- Lam.

Hamites -
Harpa -
Harpax -
Helicina -
Helix Linn.
—- Lam. -
Hippopus -
Hippurites

Hyalea -

Janthina
Isocardia -

Lamarck’s Arrangement

Lenticulina -
Lepas_. -
Lima -
Lingula -

Linneus’s Arrangement

Lituola -
Lucina =
Lutraria -
Lymnea .

Mactra Linn.
Lam.
Malleus -

INDEX.
Page.
138 | Marginella -
143 Melania_~ -
119 Meretrix -
Miliolas -
51 Mitra =
81 Modiola_ -
95 Monodonta -
Murex Linn.
134 — Lam.
135 | Mya Linn.
95 Lam. -
113 Mytilus Linn.
83 - Lam.
130
127 Nassa -
130 Natica -
70 Nautilus Linn.
93 -- Lam.
82 Nerita Linn.
Lam. -
129 Nucula -
70 Nummulites
7 Oliva -
94 Orbicula -
44 Orbulites -
W. Orthocera” -
87 Ostrea Lam.
14 -- Linn. -
94 Ovula -
57
62 Pandora -
129 | Panopea -
Paphia -
61 Patella Lam.
62 Linn.
77 Pecten -

112
133
91
92
131
132
73
92

108
139
92
93
he
74
104

57
52
66
138
136
77

160

Pectunculus
Pedum -
Penicillus

1

Perna -
Petricola -
Phasianella
Pholas -
Pinna -
Placuna -
Planorbis -
Planulites
Pleurotoma
Plicatula -
Pterocera -

Pupa -
Purpura -
Pyramidella

Pyrula -

Radiolites
Renulina -

Rostellaria
Rotalites -

Sanguinolaria
Scalaria -

Scaphites -

Serpula Lam.

- Linn.
Sigaret— -

Siliquaria-
Solarium -
Solen Lam.
- Linn.

Spirolina

Spirorbis -
Spirula -

INDEX.
Page.

73 | Spondylus Lam.

77 - Linn.
141 Stomatia -

77 Strombus Lam.

64 Linn.
123

47 Tellina Lam.

88 Linn.

81 Terebellum -
129 Terebra -

92 Terebratula -
120 Teredo -

68 | Terms explained
115 Testacella -
126 Tridacna -
112 Trigonellites
123 Trigonia -
104 Trochus Lam.

- Linn.
139 Tubicinella

95 Turbinellus -
115 Turbo Lam.

94 -- Linn. -

Turrilites -

54 Turritella -
126

95 Venericardia
142 Venus Lam. -
141 -- Linn.
130 Vermicularia
142 Volvaria -
123 Voluta Lam. -

54 Linn.

53 Vulsella -

94
142 Unio -

93

Page.
68
67

135
115
114

57
55
104
113
81
143
24
130
70:
58
82
123
121
46
109
126
124
93
126

66
66
65
142
105
108
106.
51

51

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. PuatTe 1.
1. Chiton squamosus.
c. the scaly border.
2. Lepas anatifera.
a. the tentacula of the animal.
b. the cartilaginous tube.
3. The four valves of the operculum
of Lepas Tintinnabulum.
4. Lepas tracheeformis.
5. Tintinnabulum.
a.a. the outer valves.
b.b. the inner valves.
c. the operculum.
6. The under side of Lepas Dia-
dema.
7. A single valve of Pholas Dac-
tylus. .
A. the cells at the back of the
hinge.
8. The four accessory valves of
Pholas Dactylus.
9. Pholas Dactylus, with the acces-
sory valves in their places.
10. One valve of Mya truncata.
a. the hollow of the tooth where
the cartilage is fixed.
b. the truncated end.

11. The two valves of Mya Vulsella.

_ PLATE 2.

12. Mya pictorum.
a. the hinge and teeth.

13. Solen Vagina.
a. the cartilage.

14. Solen sanguinolentus.

15. Tellina cornea.
a. the hinge and teeth.

. Tellina divaricata.

radiata.

. The two valves of Tellina ineequi-
valvis.

. Cardium Unedo.

. Mactra lutraria.
a. the hollow where the carti-
lage is fixed.
b. the diverging tooth.

. Mactra stultorum.
. Donax Trus.
cuneata.

. Venus divaricata.
25. == verrucosa 2

PLATE 3.

26. Venus Meretrix.

a. the base.

b. the upper margin.

c. the anterior margin.

d. the posterior margin.
. Venus imbricata 2
deflorata.

. Spondylus Gaderopus.
a. the area or triangular space
between the hinge and the
beak.

. Spondylus plicatus.

. Chama Gigas.

— Hippopus.

antiquata.

. One valve of Chama Cor.

. Chama Lazarus.

. The two valves of Arca Nucleus.
¥

162

Fig.
37. The two valves of Arca Pectun-
culus.
a.a. the beaks.
38. Arca Noe.

Puate 4.

One valve of Ostrea Malleus.
a. the hollow where the carti-
lage is fixed.
b. the hollow for the byssus.
c. the muscular impression.
40. Ostrea Ephippium.

41. —

39.

opercularis.
a. the connecting cartilage.
b.b. the ears.
Ostrea Lima.
44. Crenatula Mytiloides.
45. Anomia Gryphus.
46. - Placenta.
a. the two diverging ridges.
b. the corresponding hollows.
The flat valves of Anomia Ephip-
plum.
a. the perforation.

43.

47.

48. Mytilus Modiolus.
49. - anatinus.
50. —- Hirundo.
51. Pinna muricata.
Puate 5.
53. Argonauta Argo.
54. Nautilus Pompilius.

a.a part of the outer shell re-
moved, to show the inter-
nal construction.

55. Nautilus Spirula.
56. --— obliquus magnified.

a. the natural size.

57. Nautilus Fascia magnified.

a. the natural size.

58. Nautilus Beccarii.

59. Conus marmoreus, with the ani-
mal,

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig.
59. a.a. the horns.
b.b. the eyes.
c. the windpipe or breathing-
tube.

d. the operculum.

60. Conus Mercator.
a. the spire.
b. the base.
c. the outer lip.
e. the apex.

61.a.Cyprea Caput serpentis, with the
animal.
b.b. the horns.
c. the windpipe.
d.d.the side membranes which
cover the shell.

61.b.Cyprea Caput serpentis.

61.c.A young shell of the Cyprea;
genus not perfectly formed.

62. Bulla aperta.
63. Terebellum.
64. —— Ficus.
65. —— Ampulla.
66. virgineda.
67. cylindrica.
PLATE 6.
68. Volula porphyria.
69 Oliva.
70. — musica.
a. the folds or teeth on th
pillar lip.
b. the hollow or notch at the
base.
c. the outer or right lip.
d. the apex or point of the
spire.
71. Voluta papalis.
72. mercatoria.
73. ——— glabella,
74. cancellata ?
75. — Pyrum.
a. the teeth on the pillar lip,
76. Voluta Coffea.

Fig.

77.
78.
79.
380.
$1.
82.
83.
$4.

85.
86.
87.
38.

89.
90.
91.

92.
93.
94.

95.
96.
97.

98.

99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Buccinum Arcularia.
Lapillus.
undatum.

glabratum.
maculatum.
Dolium.
Harpa.

cornutum jun.

PATE. 7%

Strombus pugilis.
Lambis.
Fusus.
Murex Haustellum.

a. the superior canal of Adan-
son, called the tail, cauda,
by Linneus.

Murex Colus.
Tulipa.
Murex babylonius.

a. the inferior canal of Adan-
son, the cleft labro fisso
of Linnzus.

Murex Aluco.
Trochus niloticus.
-— perspectivus.

a. the upper side.

Trochus Labio.
Phasianella 2

dolabratus.

PLATE 8.

Turbo Delphinus.
Cochlus.
scalaris.

Uva.
Terebra.
bidens.
muricatus.
Helix Cornu arietis.

Turbo Juniperi magnified.
a. the natural size.

ileal

Fig.
107.
108.
109.
110.
nile
112.
113.
114.
1V5.

116.
117.

118.

119.

120.
121.
122.

123.

124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.

1.

163

Felix janthina.
oblonga.
stagnalis.
Pomatia.
haliotoidea.
ampullacea.
sinuata.
Epistylium.
cornea.

Gualteriana.

PL TS tei |

Amarula.

PLATE 9.

Nerita Canrena.
a. Nerita Canrena, with the
animal.

Nerita polita.
a. Nerita polita, with the ani-
mal.

Haliotis imperforata.
tuberculata.
The under side of Patella eques-
tris.
Patella greca.
——— fornicata.
ungarica.
testudinaria.
Fissura.
saccharina.
Dentalium striatulum.
Serpula Penis.
anguina.
lumbricalis.
glomerata.
Spirorbis.

Puare 10.

The under side of the animal of
Voluta Olla.
a. the trunk, with the mouth
at the extremity.

Fiz.

—
.

b. the breathing-tube or wind-
pipe.
c.c. the horns.
d.d. the foot.

. Voluta Olla, with the animal.
b. the breathing-tube.
e.c. the horns, with the eyes at
the base.
d.d. the foot.

3. Haliotis tuberculata, with the
animal.
a. a. the horns.
6. b. the columns supporting the
eyes.
c. part of the pallium, perhaps
answering the purpose of
a windpipe.
d. the foot, with two rows of
fringes.
4. Voluta glabella, with the animal.
a.a, the horns.
6: bs the eyes: ..
c. the breathing-tube.
d. the foot.

5. The under side of the animal of
» Voluta glabella.
a.a. the horns.
b. b. the eyes.
c. the breathing-tube.
d. the foot.
e. the trunk and mouth.

6. Trochus tesseilatus, with the ani-
mal.
a. a. the horns.
b. b. the columns supporting the

eyes.

rh)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig.
6. c. apointed bony horn, the use
unknown.

d.dd. three tentacula orarms simi-
lar to the horns a.a.; it
has three on the other side
opposite to these : the use
unknown.

e. the operculum.
7. Solen strigilatus var.
a. b. the two tubes mentioned at
p. 15.
c. the foot.
8. Cardium ringens.
a. b. the two separate tubes.
c. the foot.
9. Mya Arenaria.
a. b. the two conjoined tubes.

PLATE 11.
10. Murex ramosus var.
. a. the operculum.

11. Voluta Oliva.
a. the mouth.
b.b. the horns.
c.c. the eyes.
d. the breathing-tube.

. Turbo littoreus.

. Pholas Dactylus.
a.b. the two conjoined tubes.
c. the foot.

. Murex Brandaris.
- Murex babylonius.
. Bulla Hydatis.
. Turbo Terebra.

RICHARD AND ARTHUR TAYLOR, PRINTERS,
SHOE LANE, LONDON.

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