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INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE:

AN

ACCOUiXT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES

DUG UP AT

GILTON, KINGSTON, SIBERTSWOLD, BARFRISTON, BEAKESBOURNE, CHARTHAM, AND CRUNDALE, IN THE COUNTY OF KENT,

FROM A.D. 1757 TO A.D. 1773,

Cftc Efb. Brgan ^nxi^mu

OF HEPPIKGTON.

EDITED. FROM THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT IN THE POSSESSION OF JOSEPH MAYER, ESQ.

W3,it\) TSatcs anl EntrnBuctioit,

PY

CHARLES ROACH SMITH,

AUTHOR OF " COLLECTANEA ANTIQCA", ETl.

PRINTED FOR THE SUBSCRIBERS ONLY.

lONDON : M.DCCC.LVI.

LONDON: T. RICHARDS, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET.

THE GETTY RESEAHCH

TO

JOSEPH MAYER, Esq,

F.S.A., RR.A.S., F.H.S.N.A , ETC., THIS VOLUME,

DESCRIPTIVE OF A LARGE AND IMPORTANT COLLECTION

NATIO^^AL ANTIQUITIES,

PEESEBVED BY HIS LIBERALITY AND PATRIOTIC FEELING FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES,

AFTER BEING REJECTED BY THE GOVERNMEIST,

IS INSORIDED

WITH SINCEKE ESTEE3I AND FRIENDLY REGARD,

BY

THE EDITOR.

PREFACE.

THE Rev. Bryan Faussett wrote the first part of his Journal of Excavations, or Inventorium Sejmlchrale, as he terms it, in the year 1757 ; and terminated it in the year 1773, a little more than two years before his death, which happened early in 1776. Upwards of three-quarters of a century have passed away since he finished the Excavations and the Journal ; and nearly a century has elapsed from the period when he commenced them.

Last year, the manuscripts and the antiquities of which they are the history, passed into the hands of Mr. Joseph Mayer of Liverpool, by purchase from the executors of the Kev. Dr. Godfrey Faussett, the grandson of Bryan Faussett. Mr. Mayer lost no time in arranging and throwing open to the public his important acquisitions ; and he at once resolved on printing and illustrating the manuscripts with as little delay as possible. He felt that such a course was due both to himself and to the memory of Bryan Faussett : due to himself, because he wished to shew that it was with no restrictive or selfish feeling he had purchased antiquities, which the public voice and the opinion of our most eminent antiquaries had declared to be of national importance ; and due to the memory of the long-departed discoverer, because his Journal proves him to have been a pains-taking and a truth-loving investigator, and a conscientious steward of the treasures he had brought to light. No one who rer.ds his plain, clear, narrative of facts, daily recorded with cautious attention to the most minute circumstances, can doubt but that, had his life been spared, he would himself have published the result of his successful and praiseworthy

b

U PBEFACE.

labours. In default of this provision for his own fame, the manuscript account of his discoveries is a fortunate legacy for us, who, by Mr. Mayer's liberality, inherit its advantages : at the same time it enables us to give Mr. Faussett credit and honour, and to place his name and deeds properly before the world. But the vicissi- tudes to which even valuable writings are exposed, after the death of the author, are exemplified in the present instance, and shew that the ready services of the printing-press, the vates sacer of the man who has earned a reputation, cannot be dispensed with, without injury to the memory of the departed.

As the researches of the Rev. Bryan Faussett are now for the first time laid before the antiquarian world, I have considered it one of my duties as editor, to attempt to gratify that proper and laudable curiosity which always prompts the reader to wish to know something of the author whose work is before him. His great-grandson, Mr. Thomas Godfrey Faussett, has supplied some particulars, which will be found in the Appendix, No. 1, and will be read with interest. To these I have added (Nos. 2 to 7) from Nichols's Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, a few letters, six of Avhich shew Mr. Faussett to have been an intimate friend and correspondent of the well-known Dr. Ducarel, and afford some few details of biographical interest. No. 4 is pleasingly indicative of a kind and sensitive heart, such as the family traditions have assigned him. That he was a worthy and estimable man cannot be doubted ; and of this, perhaps, the best evidence appears in Dr. Beauvoir's letter to Archbishop Wake (No. 8). When an unscrupulous enemy can bring no charge against a man more serious than that alluded to, we may decide that his character stands free from deserved reproach.

The letters of Douglas, selected from a considerable number in the possession of Mr. Mayer, are introduced as bearing on the history of Mr. Faussett's antiquities after his death. It does not appear who the individual was that wished to purchase them, through Douglas. In one of the unprinted letters it is said that the negotiator was not Sir Ashton Lever, with whom Douglas was acquainted, and who, about the time he first made the proposal, projected a visit to Heppington in company

PREFACE. Ill

with him. What would have been the ultimate destiny of the collection had Mr. H. G. Faussett parted with it, it is impossible to say ; but it is probable that, in the course of a short time, it would have been subjected to the common fate of such gatherings, as described by Douglas in his letter, No. 11.

It was never before very clear to what extent the author of the Nenia Brifannica was enabled to make use of the materials in the collection at Heiipington. He selected, it seems, what he considered more immediately necessary for his work ; and either he himself made the drawings, or he was supplied with them by Mr. H. G. Faussett ; but the manuscripts were not accessible to him. It is not improbable that Mr. H. G. Faussett had some notion of publishing them (see Appendix, No. 14) ; particularly as there are, among the papers in Mr. Mayer's possession, outline sketches of most of the antiquities, grouped, apparently, with a view of arranging them for engraving. The last letter of Douglas (No. 1.5) shows that he, at least, had not abandoned the idea of relieving the collection, in some way, from its obscurity at Heppington.

A lapse of neai'ly half a century now occurs. In this long space of time I have noticed no printed mention of the collection ; and I believe its very existence was little known beyond the family circle and immediate friends. Indeed, I was given to understand by the late Rev. Dr. Faussett when I first examined it, that he suspected I was the first person who, for a period of nearly forty years, had inspected it critically, or with a purely antiquarian object. My acquaintance witli it com- menced suddenly, and in a very informal manner.

Some twelve years ago, or upwards, I had commenced a walk from Canterbury along the Roman road, called Stone Sti'eet, to Lymne, my first visit to that district. My path lay by Heppington, which I knew only as the residence of the Rev. Dr. Faussett, the inheritor of a valuable collection of local antiquities, excavated by his ancestor, Bryan Faussett. I had not premeditated making a call : I had no introduction ; and, moreover, had understood that the antiquities were not very

IV PEEFACE.

accessible. With these reflections I had passed the turning that led to the house ; but, unwilling to be in the immediate neighbourhood without ascertaining some- thing satisfactory respecting the collection, I retraced my steps, called at the house, and introduced myself and the object of my visit to the owner. I was received with every civility ; and, as circumstances were not, at that moment, convenient for an inspection of the treasure- chamber, it was agreed upon, that, in the year following, I should pay Heppington a special visit, to see and examine what I was anxious to look upon. The engagement was faithfully kept on both sides ; and then, and on all subsequent visits, I received from Dr. Faussett and the family a courteous and friendly reception. It was at my request, and under a regulation suggested by me, that the British Archaeological Association, at its first public meeting, was received at Heppington and permitted access to antiquarian riches, which many of the neighbouring friends of the owner had probably never before seen ; and it is also probable, had never before heard of. It is not, however, to be at all inferred, that Dr. Faussett was insensible to the peculiar importance of the Saxon antiquities. On the contrary, he was justly proud of his collection, and prized it highly ; though his professional duties afforded him little opportunity of developing the antiquarian taste which he inherited from his father and grandfather (see Appendix, No. 1, p. 206); and when, at last, he foresaw that family considera- tions would render the sale of the collection desirable. Dr. Faussett, in saving it from public auction (the common grave of antiquarian gatherings), could have evinced in no better way his regard for the labours and the memory of his grandfather.

This visit was productive of something more than the rational but fleeting pleasure that usually attends such superficial and cursory examinations of anti- quities : it served to bring several students of archseology into connection with a mass of materials of a peculiar class hitherto but little known or studied ; and as attention was then being seriously directed to Anglo-Saxon antiquities, particularly from the researches in this neighbourhood by Lord Albert Conyngham (now Lord Londesborough), numerous objects for comparison were timely afforded, to those capable of appreciating their affinity, by this agreeable excursion to

PREFACE. V

Heppington. A vote of thanks was publicly accorded to Dr. Faussett [Appendix, No. 16} for his reception of the visitors, and for offering to aid in publishing his grandfather's manuscripts, should the Association feel disposed to undertake the task.

I conclude from our private correspondence, not very long anterior to his death, that Dr. Faussett had considered it was his duty to make some arrangement for the disposal of the collection, consistent with the preservation of its integrity, and the interests of his family ; and to these ends our correspondence tended. After his decease, I was consulted on the same subject by his acting executor ; and this brings us to the crisis in the fate of the collection, which ended in the removing of it from Heppington to Liverpool.

Although I could not be ignorant of the indifference with which our national antiquities have been and are regarded by the Government, I thought it possible that what could not be looked for from good taste, or from patriotism, might be conceded to dictation or to interest ; and I advised that the collection should be offered to the Nation, through the Trustees of the British Museum. This was done ; and an extremely moderate sum was asked. To any private individual the price proposed would have been moderate ; so much so, that no less than three persons were Avilling to purchase in the event of the Trustees declining, — a contingency not calculated on. The Trustees, however, did refuse the offer. The leading metropolitan antiquarian societies now came forward, to back the recommendation of the officers of the department of antiquities in the British Museum : Mr. Wylie offered to present to the Nation, free of any cost, the valuable Saxon antiquities discovered by him at Fairford, in Gloucestershire, provided the Faussett collection were secured in the British Museum ; and Dr. Faussett's executors extended the time afforded for the consideration and decision of the Trustees over several months. But it was said, " the Trustees were not to be persuaded"; " the Trustees were not to be compelled"; and " the Trustees were not to be dictated to"; and the Nation, consequently, was not to possess a most extraordinary collection of the rarest monuments, which is

yy PREFACE.

in every point of view truly valuable, and which, as purely national remains of historical importance may be considered priceless. Mr. Wylie's antiquities were, as a matter of course, also lost to the Nation. The particulars of this exposure of the lamentable construction of the Board of Trustees are sufficiently public ; but the responsibility must rest with the Government; and be reckoned among the numerous inconsistencies and deficiencies which it has manifested, and for which it will have to answer to all who desire to see our country respected and honoured. AVhen our Government shall be composed of statesmen instead of placemen ; of men who look to the credit, the prosperity, and the glory of the country, more than to the maintenance of themselves in power, and their connexions in places and in pensions ; then, and then only, may it be expected that our national antiquities will be cared for and protected ; and that, at the same time, the ancient national literature will be appreciated and its students encouraged.

It is fortunate for the country at large, that the Faussett collection did not share the fate of other antiquities rejected by the Trustees of the British Museum, and become lost to us, either by transportation to a foreign country, or by dispersion by public auction. And it is still more fortunate that it has passed into the hands of a gentleman who appreciates its historical and national importance. To him the Nation is deeply indebted for his liberality and patriotic feeling; first, for doing what the Government failed to do ; and, secondly, for ordering the manuscripts to be printed, and illustrated in such a manner, that the antiquarian world may enjoy the fruits of his liberality. Had the Government been induced to accept the offer made by Dr. Faussett's executors, the manuscripts would probably have remained a sealed book to the public ; and thus the praise awarded to a private individual, for the prompt and full performance of a spontaneous act of great public utility, conveys at the same time a further censure to the Government.

In preparing the manuscripts for the press, I have judged it best to print them precisely as they stood ; preserving the general arrangement and even the orthography as much as possible. As the great value of the Inventorium Sepulchrale depends

PREFACE. vii

wholly upon the numerous facts Avhich it contains, it is right those facts should be set before the reader just as they have descended to us. It may be considered by some, that there is frequently an unnecessary attention to details of no interest, and of no archaeological weight ; and that portions might have been abridged. Had Mr. Faussett himself published his researches, it is probable, he would have condensed some parts of his minute descriptions. But I felt, that in order to preserve the complete impress of their authenticity and fidelity, it would have been wrong either to have omitted any portion of the text, or to have deprived the work of any of its original features. While, however, I have expunged nothing from the text, I have used my own judgment with respect to the notes and references. AVherever I found that they were based on mistaken views ; that what was meant to illus- trate had an opposite tendency ; or that no light was thrown upon the subject matter by annotations, I considered it a duty to omit them. In order to give every prominence to the Anglo-Saxon antiquities, which constitute the bulk of the volume and the chief value of the work, I have transposed the Crundale division, which relates mainly to Roman remains, from its chronological precedence, and placed it last.

The arrangement of the Index I hope will be found of use to the antiquary. By giving it in divisions, a tolerably correct view may be obtained of the general contents of the graves, and of the relative proportion of the various objects found in them. But it must be understood that, in some respects, this cannot be very correct. Many of the remains in iron have totally perished ; and it is only when the measure is stated, that we sometimes know what the spears and some other weapons really were. It must be understood, also, that when Mr. Faussett uses the word jnla, he means darts ; and not the heavy long spears which the word properly implies. Under the term Jiastcc, he includes all spears of the larger kinds. The archaeologist will, however, be able to judge for himself; and for exact purposes he will never use the Index without comparing it with the text and the notes at the foot of the pages. When women's and children's graves are indexed, it must be considered, that only those are signified which were palpably to be recognised as such ; and that the remaining larger number are not to be considered wholly as those of men.

VIU PEEFACE.

The plates have also an Index ; so that, with trifling trouble, the figures in each plate can be collated with the descriptive text. At the same time, in the text, where woodcuts are not used, reference is made to the plates. This plan, after due consideration, was adopted as being the least open to objection and difficulty.

Charles Roach Smith.

5, Liverpool Street, City.

December 29tli, 1855.

INTRODUCTION.

THE real value of antiquities should be determined by the extent to which they are capable of being applied towards illustrating history. The farther they are removed from the probability of throwing some faint light on the state of man in past ages, the more they become depreciated for all useful purposes ; but in proportion as they serve to supply greater evidence on the manners or on the arts of the ancients, so must they rise in the estimation of all whose education has directed them to engage in a comprehensive examination of the past. It is no longer necessary to make an apology for the study of antiquities when undertaken in such a spirit ; defence or excuse is to be made by those who deny its utility, or who undervalue it ; for every man is now expected to be educated ; and he who is ignorant of his antecedents, whatever may be his worldly condition, cannot be called properly educated. The English archaeologist can select no worthier course of study than that which directs him to the history of those from Avhom he inherits not only his material existence and the language he speaks, but also many of the civil and political institutions under which he lives in freedom, and surrounded with advantages and privileges unknown to many nations and countries. Nothing that relates to the knowledge of the human race, can, indeed, be unworthy the considera- tion of man ; and the antiquities of all parts of the globe claim, more or less, to be understood and brought to bear upon historical evidence in every possible way. But those of our own land appeal first to our regard and challenge our sympathy, because they once belonged to those from whom we spring ; and because they teach us something, at least, of the habits, customs, and arts of our forefathers. The colossal wonders and hieroglyphic literature of Egypt ; the monuments of Nineveh and Babylon ; the architecture and sculpture of Greece and Eome, and all the various artistic productions of classical antiquity, are not to be the less appreciated,

c

X INTRODUCTION.

because we look to our uative country first, and contemplate the remains of those who bequeathed to us our island home, and with it, laws and institutions which have founded or regulated our manners and our national character.

It need never be apprehended, that where, as in this country, refinement of taste and a sound system of education prevail, classical antiquities will ever be neglected, or be in danger of being superseded ; it would be as unreasonable to dread such a result as to fear a decadence of esteem for the noble literature of Greece and Rome. Yet not only does the Government begin with gathering the monuments, ancient and modern, of all foreign countries, but it ends there also. Our national antiquities are not even made subservient and placed in the lowest grade ; they are altogether unrecognized and ignored ; and that, too, with an English metropolitan museum, surrounded by an English population, and paid for, with no stinted liberality, by English money. When those Avho are not ashamed of their parentage ; whose patriotism is not ostentatious but deep ; who do not reverence their country less because they know it more : — when those persons expostulate, and protest against this repudiation of National Antiquities, they are answered by some dogma about " fine art", and by unphilosophical axioms of mere dilettanteism. The same spirit, applied to literature, would exclude Beowulf and Bede, because they are not the Iliad and Tacitus. But in spite of an unfostering and undiscerning Government, England has produced scholars worthy of her ancient literature and students devoted to her antiquities.

If there be an epoch in the early history of our country which, above all, excites the curiosity and rouses the interest, it will probably be acknowledged by all historical inquirers to be that period which intervenes between the withdrawal of the lights supplied by the Roman wa-iters and the evidence afforded by the Saxon historians. The great events (for great they must have been, though we cannot pictui'e, but in the imagination, even the outlines of their forms), accompanying the relaxation of the grasp of imperial Rome, wdiich, for centuries, held Britain in subjugation, would have furnished stirring themes to a Tacitus and a Marcellinus ; or even to the most feeble pen of the lowest writers whose names are written on the roll of fame ; had not inexorable fate decreed otherwise, and deprived those times of a chronicler. For that epoch of transitions, the steady torch of history burns no longer ; and the glimmerings which, here and there, supply its place, are like the flashes of lightning to the benighted and road-lost wanderer, which reveal more sensibly the gloom around him, without directing his footsteps.

INTRODUCTION. xi

When the light of history dawns again upon the mysterious drama, it is fitful and uncertain ; but when the curtain, or shroud rather, is raised, we see upon the stage a mighty change. A new people has occupied the land ; and the inauguration of new governments, soon to merge into one great and lasting kingdom, has com- menced. These new possessors of Eoman Britain were not, in earlier days, unknown to history. They had, long before, explored the coasts of Gaul and Britain : — 2)er tractum Belgicce et Armoricce pacandum mare accejnsset, (Carausius) quod Franci et Saxones infestahant, says Eutropius, lib. ix, cap. xxi; and Ammianus Marcellinus describes, more circumstantially, their growing power in the reign of Valentinian and Valens, which caused greater apprehension to the declining empire than the hostile incursions of any other enemy : prce cceteris hostibus Saxones timentur. They are represented to us as pirates by sea and invaders by land ; yielding up their young warriors, when conquered, to serve as auxiharies in the Roman armies ; and we find a long line of maritime district, both in Gaul and in Britain, actually taking its appellation from their descents and invasions as enemies, or, as some suppose, from their visits as friends or as traffickers ; and once, at least, we find a body of them located in Britain, and siding with the provincial against the imperial army. These were the people whom we now recognize seated in security upon the shores of Britain : in one view, we see them, as warlike adventurers, breaking in upon the Roman provinces in all directions ; in another, as conquerors, with laws of their own and all the elements of civilization. But of the precise time when the great advent commenced, how continued, and when completed, the traditions, which under the name of history have descended to us, leave us in doubt.

The date assigned by this history to the first coming of the Saxons, after the final departure of the Romans, is the middle of the fifth century. They landed on the Isle of Thanet ; and, shortly after, established themselves in Kent and became a kingdom. Within thirty years, anotlior body of Saxons settled upon the south coast of Britain, taking possession of the tract now called Sussex, or the South Saxons. At the beginning of the sixth century, a third detachment from the same Germanic family landed further westward, and founded the kingdom of the West Saxons, in which was included the Isle of Wight. From the same source which supplies the brief notices of these events we learn, that towards the middle of the sixth century were formed the states of the East and Middle Saxons in the districts which, in consequence, took the names of Essex and Middlesex. We also gather that the Angles who settled in the east and north-east of Britain, and in the interior

Xll INTKODUCTION.

parts, probably made their first descents towards the middle of the sixth century ; so that the kingdoms known as those of the East Angles (Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire), the Midland Angles, the Northumbrians (from the Humber north- wards), and Mercia (on the borders of Wales), appear not to have been definitely settled until at least a century after the landing of the Saxons in Kent, in a.d. 449. Vague and unsatisfactory as are most of the details of Saxon history, the gradual subjugation of Britain by successive immigrations of Teutonic tribes, may, at least, be accepted as the most reconcileable with reason ; and there seems nothing very repugnant to the more rigid rules of criticism to regard these tribes under their historic designation of Jutes, Saxons, and Angles ; and, further, to believe that at least a century was required to transform Britain, after the Romans, into a heptarchy of Teutonic kingdoms.

Testing our Saxon antiquities Avith reference to the usually received clironology of the advent and settlement in Britain of the Teutonic tribes, it will be no unim- portant result should they be in accordance with accepted historical facts. They will be invested with novel and higher interest, if they should be found to carry in their form and character certain peculiarities which suggest earlier and later dates, and a diversity of parentage : for instance, if in the remains of the Kentish Saxons, such as are described in this volvime, and in those of the Isle of Wight, we may recognize, from close resemblance to each other, the weapons, the ornaments, and the domestic implements of the Jutes : if in the cemeteries of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and Norfolk, we may, in like manner, identify the funeral usages of the Angles ; and in remains found in the midland and western districts, see still different peculiarities, but which point to a kindred origin. It is not improbable that discoveries may enable us to resuscitate, as it were, our remote predecessors ; to restore to those of the various Saxon kingdoms the very objects which accompanied them when living ; to the men their weapons ; to the women their peculiar jewellery, and those more humble and homely objects, which we may look upon as emblems of their domestic virtues. It is not a slight analogy in some instances only that will establish this theory ; it must spring from the remains themselves, and be palpable and convincing, or it must be rejected.

Bearing in mind this chronological order of the settlement of the Saxons in Britain, and the modifications which a century, or even a half-century, would make in fashion and customs ; considering also, that though called by the general term Saxons, and belonging to one and the same family, the settlers in Britain were of

INTRODUCTION.

XIU

cliiFercnt nations or tribes whose habits and usages would be generally alike ; but at the same time varying in some points, in the same manner as, at the present day, a Yorkshireman differs from a native of Hampshire, or a Kentish peasant from a Lancashire labourer : — bearing these facts in mind, it is not surprising that we notice also in the remains from various districts general features of identity, com- bined with certain dissimilitudes, so marked, as to warrant our classifying such remains as characteristic of distinct peoples and of distinct localities. If the materials which are already here collected shall not be considered too scanty for the foundation of a theory (and it must be owned we are but scantily supplied with authenticated facts from many parts of England), they certainly do afford indications which coincide, as I have hinted, with historical testimony. Thus, in Kent, one of the most conspicuous features in the Saxon sepulchral remains is the richly orna- mented circular fibuliB. These are sparingly found beyond the district occupied by the earliest Saxon settlers. When they do occur, here and there, they are exceptions ; but throughout the county of Kent, it would be a rare occurrence to discover a Saxon funereal deposit without an example of this elegant and peculiar ornament. In Suffolk, in Norfolk, in Cambridgeshire, in Northamptonshire, in

Large flbuk, from Suffolk. Length, G implies.

Small fibula, from Suffolk. Length, 4 inches.

Large fibula, Cambritlgeshire. Length, 5^ inches.

Leicestershire, and further north, these circular fibulae do but casually appear ; but others of a totally distinct character abound. I was struck, many years since, with this remarkable fact, in examining the museums in Suffolk, after having inspected

XIV

INTEODUCTION.

those of Kent. In Berkshire, Oxfordshire, and Gloucestershire, are found saucer-shaped fibulae unlike either of these two classes, and forming a third variety. In Suffolk, in

Cambridgeshire, in Leicestershire, and in other parts, have been repeatedly found metal implements or ornaments, which I have designated by the modern name of chatellcdne, to give some notion of their form and use, in the absence of engrav- ings. These remarkable objects in no instance, as far as I am aware, have been

2J inches diameter. If inch diameter.

Fibula* (incuse) from Gloucestershire.

found in Kent ; but others of a very different fashion, and of

more elegant workmanship, from the Kentish graves, will, for

the first time, be exhibited in this volume. In a grave on

Barham Downs, some of the earliest Saxon coins (sceats) have

been found. On the site of a Saxon cemetery at Southampton,

similar coins have been picked up ; but I am aware of no such

discovery in any other Saxon burial place. No work of art

is more significant of civilization than coins ; and although

the sceais would shock the connoisseur who sees only through

the medium of what is called " high art", yet historical

inquirers see in them the establishment of a monetary system

founded upon the Roman ; and do not reject this evidence

because the dies were rudely executed. The contents of the

Chessell Down cemetery, in the Isle of Wight, have some

very striking points of resemblance to those of the Saxon graves in Kent ; while,

on the contrary, they have only a general resemblance to the remains found in

Cambridgeshire, in Suffolk, and in the northern and midland counties.

In the urns and earthen vessels which usually accompany Saxon interments, we shall find a still more decided line of demarcation between the Kentish graves and those in other counties. The jjottcry of the ancients is of usual occurrence in sepulchral deposits, and so varying in relation to epochs and manufacture, that, next to coins, it is often the best guide of tlie practised archaeologist. In the various specimens engraved in this volume, there will be noticed such a striking uniformity in shape and in ornamentation, as to leave no doubt of their having been manufactured by one and the same people, and probably during a period of time of

Entire length, seven inches.

Girdle-hangers,

Little Wilbraliam, Cambridgeshire.

INTROCrCTlON.

XV

no very extended range. If we refer to the many engraved examples of the urns found near Derby, at Nottuigham, in Bedfordshh-e, in Norfolk, in Cambridge- shire, and in Yorkshire, we cannot fail to perceive a strong general resemblance between all of them ; and, at the same time, so great a discordance with those of Kent, that no one would imagine any connection between them. Of the mortuary urns of Sussex and Hampshire, I have only seen a few examples, which incline to the majority rather than to those of Kent. There is an individuality in the vessels from Kent which indicates an influence of a separate and distinct kind. And here we enter upon a subject which has already excited

Kintjstdn, Dear Derby.

Cestersover, Warwickshire.

IMarston Hill, Northamptonshire.

Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire.

attention, and which will admit of further discussion. The pottery of the cemeteries in tlie various counties above-mentioned consists chiefly of urns containing burnt human bones, vestiges of the ancient pagan practice of burning the body after death. In some of the cemeteries where these urns are found, as in those at Derby, Newark, and Norfolk, no skeletons Avith weapons have been noticed ; but in that of Little Wilbraham, in Cambridgeshire, skeletons with Aveapons, and urns with burnt bones, have been discovered in juxtaposition. In other Saxon burial places, as, for instance, that at Chessell, in the Isle of "Wight, only a very few of such urns, or even a solitary example, have been noticed. It is one of the chief points of interest in the Journal of the Rev. Bryan Faussett, tliat it gives us so many facts for comparison ; and in relation to the practices of cremation and the burial of the body, as they would appear to have co-existed, the evidence it afl"ords is very important. It appears, then, that the Kentish cemeteries investigated by Faussett do not present a single instance of an original deposit containing an urn with burnt bones in or about the graves. He, indeed, found a few instances of broken urns

XVI INTRODUCTION.

with bones ; but these, he emphatically asserts, were the tUhrls of interments of an anterior date. He states that the sherds were placed carefully one within the other ; and his remarks on Dr. Mortimer's discoveries of bone-urns are to the same purpose. In other cemeteries in the county of Kent, which have been excavated in more recent times, I am not aware of any urns analogous to those of Derby, Newark, Little Wilbraham, and other places north of the Thames, having been discovered : at the same time we must recollect how few have been properly examined.

The question that now naturally arises is, are these mortuary urns really Saxon ■? If they are, why are they not found in Kent, where the Saxons are sup- posed to have established themselves long anterior to the settlement of the Angles in the east and midland parts of Britain ■? When, some few years since, I pronounced this class of urns to be Saxon, I did not do so without taking into consideration the important fact of their always containing the evidences of cremation, and the endurance of old customs and practices with one race, which Avith a kindred people in the same country might have become obsolete : many circumstances coincided to shew their distinct character from the Roman urns, and, at the same time, to suggest their appropriation to a period closely following the late Romano- British epoch. But a question may arise, as to whether these urns do not belong to the population which immediately intervened between the departure of the Romans and the coming of the Saxons, grounding the question upon historical data for the successive settlements of Teutonic races in Britain, and the lapse of considerable time between the conquest of Kent and that of the interior parts of the country. Under this view of the case, it is just a question if, after all, these urns might not be assigned to the latest Romano- British population. In the museum of Mr. Mayer, there is a cinerary urn (originally, I suspect, from Norfolk), which we should at once have called Saxon, did it not bear upon it, incised with a pointed instrument, a Roman funereal inscription. There appears no doubt of the antiquity of the inscription, which is written in the simplest and most common Roman formula ; and it might be cited in favour of the hypothesis suggested above, were it advanced arbitrarily or after matured consideration.

The learned author of the Saxons in England, in a paper on burial and crema- tion, recently read before the Archaeological Institute, has contributed among much important information, which must receive the best attention of the archaeologist, some facts which bear especially on the practice of cremation among the Saxons. They are supplied, too, from the author's own researches in the very quarter from

INTRODUCTION. XVU

Avhence authenticated facts were needed and called for ; namely, from districts in Germany, the cradle of our Saxon forefathers. Referring to the mortuary urns now usually considered as Saxon, Mr. Kemble states as follows : " Urns of precisely similar form, and with exactly the same peculiarities, have been discovered in Jutland and parts of Friesland, on the borders of the Elbe, in Westphalia, in Thuringia, in parts of Saxony, in the duchies of Bremen and Verden, the county of Hoya, and other districts on the Weser : in short, in many parts of Germany east of the Ehine, west of the upper Elbe and Saale, and north of the Main. They have, therefore, been found in countries which were occupied by the forefathers of the Anglo-Saxons. In all these localities we find a great preponderance of cremation ; in a few, both modes practised, but in a great majority of instances cremation only." The remarkable fact that skeletons are so raie in those parts, Mr. Kemble explains by the prevalence of cremation originally among all the Teutonic races, and by the abandonment of the rite as Christianity gained ground. On the present occasion, T can do little more than direct attention to this elaborate and interesting paper, and ]-ecord the author's conclusions, which are, that " contemporaneous or not, on the same spot or not, the urn-burials are Pagan ; the burials without cremation, in England, are Christian. If there be any equivocation in the matter, it lies the other way : a few half-converted Christians may for a while have clung to the rite of burning ; but I do not believe any Pagan Saxons to have buried without it."

The Franks, who stand in relation to France as the Saxons to England, and who, in the later days of the Eoman empire, we often find in history associated with the Saxons, have been equally identified in their graves in Germany and in France ; but, it may be remarked, not until within a very recent period. The relics of their sepulchral usages bear close affinity to those of the Saxons, particularly some of the weapons ; Avhile, at the same time, in the ornaments and other objects there are characteristics which serve to distinguish the Prankish from the Saxon. The pottery, perhaps, affords the most striking points of dissemblance, as the annexed type from a cemetery near Dieppe will exemplify. One or two analogies will be given further on ; but little more

-, . Height 4 inches : slate colour

on trie present occasion can be done, than to refer to the Fmukish um.

best illustrated works, mentioned at the close of this Introduction ; whicli, it must be borne in mind, is specifically addressed to the Kentish Saxon antiquities.

d

XVIU INTRODUCTION.

Before the time of Douglas, it does not appear that anybody had at all under- stood, or even suspected, the existence of our Saxon sepulchral antiquities. To be convinced of this, it will only be necessary to turn to the chief antiquarian publica- tions of the last century. It was, unfortunately, too much the fashion to regard the remains of ancient art merely as rarities, to be collected as the costly or uncommon productions of nature were sought for ; and thus nearly all the old museums were filled with what were termed " wonders of art and nature". These indiscriminate gatherings were often higlily prized and valued ; but it was their rarity which constituted their chief charms, not their adaptation to historical uses. The owners, it is true, were often men of learning and sense ; and frequently endeavoured to turn their antiquities to scientific account ; but wanting the knowledge to discriminate between objects of very different epochs and peoples, they formed, from the absence of this peculiar knowledge, most erroneous opinions and theories.

The Rev. Bryan Faussett could not well avoid detecting the unsound deductions of Dr. Mortimer, who considered the remains found in the graves upon Chartham Down as those of Romans under Julius Caesar, He had Avorked too carefully and reasoned too acutely to be seduced into any wild conclusions. He had amended his earlier opinions, as fresh evidence appeared ; and he approached very closely to a correct comprehension of the character and epoch of the remains he discovered. But, although he evidently had imbibed an early taste for antiquarian researches, yet he never had opportunities of investigating much beyond certain districts in Kent, which afforded him materials of one class of antiquities only. Had he been previ- ously acquainted Avith the characteristics of Roman and Romano-British remains, he would probably have at once surmised that the weapons, the implements, and the ornaments, unaccompanied by indications of contemporary cremation, must have belonged to a time subsequent to that to which he referred them. The coins of Justinian (Gilton, No. 41), and those of the Merovingian period (Sibertswold, No. 172), might have guided him further and to sounder conclusions, had he thought of exercising upon them the patient inquiry he bestowed so freely on matters of less consequence. The importance of coins, the inscriptions or characters u^ion which are the best chronological indicators, was felt and appreciated by Douglas, who followed Faussett in the same field of research. They Avere to him a key to unlock the difficulty ; and he applied it judiciously and Avith success.

Douglas explored a considerable number of barrows upon Chatham DoAvn, a group in Green Avich Park, and a few at Ash and at St. Margaret's on the Cliff, near

INTEODTJCTION. XIX

Dover. He also had the advantage of seeing the collection made by Bryan Faussctt, and of obtaining particulars relating to the discovery of portions of it. Moreover, he extended his investigations to other parts of England, and even to the Continent. No one could see more clearly than Douglas the mistakes made by his predecessors and contemporaries ; and though his work, the Nenia Britannica, is not free from errors, it is, in the main, written in a sound logical spirit, and with a clear percep- tion of the points of dissemblance between the different classes of antiquities on which he treats. He has correctly appropriated the Saxon remains to their right owners ; but his opinions on the magical uses of many of the objects that were placed in the graves, and on the general Christian character of the sepultures, are open, at least, to question.

The more recent researches made in the county of Kent are mostly referred to in the notes appended to the Inventorium ; and, to aid the student, a list of them will be given at the close of this Introduction. The chief localities are Bourne Park, Kingston Down, Breach Downs, AVingham, Sittingbourne, Stowting, and Osengal. Casual discoveries have also been made at AVodensborough, Coombe, Gilton, Copstreet near Goldstone (opposite Richborough, to the west), Minster, Mersham, Hythe, Ashford, and other places.

It is not requisite, on the present occasion, to give the details which these discoveries have furnished, especially as the more important are recorded in accessible publications. But it is necessary to remark that they are of much archaeological value in affording facts for comparison, the great ground-work for all sound theories. They are all, more or less, confirmatory of the opinions which may be formed from the numerous facts now before us. The practices and usages observed in the sepultures are so identical ; the remains themselves so similar, that their common parentage and close approximation in point of date, are obvious. We may daily look for additional evidence ; and hope that it may be given by the hand and pen of careful discriminators ; for the spade and pick-axe in undiscerning hands confound the fragile relics of the grave, and annihilate what time may have spared, it may have been, for some more tender hand and practised eye to restore in the alembic of science. In the words of Douglas, " confusion lies under the stroke ; and little correct information can be selected by the antiquary when the ignorant labourer is made the voucher for the veracity of past ages."

It is to be feared that most of the antiquities, obtained from the casual dis- coveries alluded to above, are either utterly lost, or scattered about in inaccessible

XX INTKODUCTIO?r.

places, separated, probably, from the evidence that once served to identify and authenticate them : there is no doubt that some of them, after serving as " nine-days' wonders", have been destroyed. The collection of Douglas has passed— not wholly, unfortunately — into the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford. Mr. Rolfe has inherited part of that which belonged to his grandfather, Boys, the historian of Sandwich : this is preserved at Sandwich, with, the remains found at Osengal, and elsewhere in the neighbourhood. The Saxon antiquities from Breach Downs, Bourne Park, and Wingham, have found a safe asylum in the museum of Lord Londesborough. We proceed now to the Faussett collection.

PEKSONAL ORNAMENTS.

PLATES I TO XII.

Fibulce. — Among the decorations of the person, forming so large a division of this collection, those which from their pre-eminence in workmanship and in material we place first, are the circular fibula; or brooches : plates i, ii, iii.

When we contemplate these beautiful productions of the goldsmith's art, we cannot but seriously review our early opinions on the social condition of the Saxons who settled in Britain, particularly in that part of it which comprised the ancient Cantium. The general impression they produce is that of surprise and astonishment ; for the popular notions of the condition of the early Anglo-Saxons, as regards their refinement, are very vague and undefined. The common training of our schools teaches but little of our Saxon forefathers ; and that little is not calculated to give a very exalted idea of them under any aspect, except that of bold, daring, and rude warriors and adventurers; pirates upon the sea, and fierce exterminators upon the land. Picturing the first Saxon settlers from common sources of instruction, they appear as barbarians, with sword, spear, and fire, slaughtering the conquered and destroying the villas and cities. With such a condition, the elegancies of civilized life are rather irreconcilable. Therefore such works of art, so ingeniously and tastefully constructed and bespeaking skill of a high order, and an intimate ac- quaintance with several arts and manipulatory processes, involving knowledge and appliances not at all compatible with a state of barbarism, naturally excite surprise in the wide class alluded to. At the same time, the eye familiar with the more delicate goldsmith's work of the ancients is struck with the tasteful designs of these fibulse. the harmonious blendings of the colours, and the good workmanship : neither

INTKODUCTION. XXI

does the modern goldsmith disdain to acknowledge their beauty, and to admit their rivalship with the best prodnctions of the jeweller of the present day. Mr. Fairholt's coloured engravings afford means of estimating their character and rich effect, which no written description could give : they, indeed, almost render it superfluous.

Tlie Kingston fibula (pi. 1, and pp. 77-78) is in every respect unique, whether Ave regard the material, the elaborate manipulation bestowed upon it, chaste yet complicated design, or good preservation. It stands at the head of a class, by no means extensive, characterized by being formed of separate plates of metal enclosed by a band round the edges. The shell of this extraordinary brooch is entirely of gold. The upper surface is divided into no less than seven compartments, subdivided into cells of various forms. Those of the first and fifth are semicircles, with a peculiar graduated figure somewhat resembling the steps or base of a cross, which also occurs in all tlie compartments, and in four circles, placed crosswise, with triangles. The cells within this step-like figure, and the triangular, are filled with turquoises ; the remaining cells of the various compartments with garnets laid upon goldfoil ; except the sixth, which forms an umbo, and bosses in the circles, which are composed apparently of mother-of-pearl. The second and fourth compartments contain vermicular gold chain-work, neatly milled and attached to the ground of the plate. The reverse of the fibula is also richly decorated. The vertical hinge of the acus is ornamented with a cross set with stones, and with filigree work round its base. The clasp which receives the point of the acus is formed to represent a serpent's head, the eyes and nostrils of which, and the bending of the neck, are marked in filigree. This precious jewel was secured by a loop, which admitted of its being sewn upon the dress. To this class belong fig. 4 of pi. ii ; and the following, which constitute probably the greater part as yet known. 1. Found, in 1843, upon the property of the Marchioness of Conyngham, at Minster, in Kent. A coloured engraving of it was presented, by Mr. Fairholt, to the volume of Transactions of the British Archasological Association at Gloucester, 1846. The shell of this fibula is of gold ; the face or upper plate divided into four compartments by concentric circles, which are subdivided into cells of various forms. The cells in one of the bands are filled with a triple range of ornaments formed of gold twisted wire ; these are relieved at equal distances by circles of garnets, containing each a quatre-foil with a white substance, and with garnets, enclosing within cells of a graduated form, a similar white, opaque substance. Beneath the three laminte of garnets is laid goldfoil, granulated with intersecting lines to heighten the brilliancy

XXU INTRODUCTION.

of the setting. Four triangular pieces of turquoise extend, crosswise, from the central into the second compartment. These are the only blue stones in this fibula. The outer edge, like that of the Kingston fibula, is decorated with a chain or rope pattern ; and the hinge of the acus is also set with garnet. 2. Discovered at Sittingbourne ; and figured in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. 1, pi. xxxvi ; in the Archceological Alhum, pi. ii ; and in the Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxix. Although the pattern is difi"erent from that of the foregoing, yet there are pecu- liarities which suggest the same origin ; as, for instance, the arrangement of the turquoises. 3. Found near Abingdon, Berks ; now in the British Museum : figured in Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. iii. 4. Found near Abingdon ; preserved in the Ashmoleau Museum, Oxford : figured in the Arclucological Journal, vol. iv, p. 253. These two last specimens very closely resemble each other, and are equal in dimension, which approaches within a quarter of an inch to that of the Kingston fibula. The upper surfaces are composed of three circular compartments, with a boss in the centre. The compartment next to this boss has three rows of small garnets ; beyond this is a cross, which divides the second and largest compartment, and in each quarter is a boss, which, in the British Museum specimen is surrounded with a band of garnets. This fibula has also a smaller cross, extending only to the centre of the innermost compartment. The remaining spaces of the middle and widest band are filled with an interlaced pattern of gold cord. All the bosses are composed of the same white substance, attached to the plate by pins. These two fibulae have none of the blue stones which vary the monotonous red colour of the garnets. 5. Found in Derbyshire ; figured in Mr. Bateman's Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire. It is rather more than two inches in diameter ; and diff'ers from the preceding in being less decorated with stones and more so with corded wire patterns. 6. An inch and three-quarters in diameter ; found near Woodbridge, in Suffolk : figured in Mr. Fairholt's Costume in England, p. 465. It more resembles the preceding one than those from Kent and Oxfordshire.

Turning to the Continent to seek for analogous works among the Frankish remains, we find but few examples of fibulas at all resembling our finer Saxon ; and they are usually (so far as I have had opportunities of judging) of very inferior workman- ship: a similar influence is discernible; but the designs are less chaste, and the ornaments are clumsily arranged, and without the taste and skill so prevalent in ours. There is one in the Museum of Bonn ; one in the possession of Lord Londesborough, Miscellanea Graphica, pi. xxix, fig. 4 ; and one figured by M. Simon in the Mhnoires

INTRODUCTION. xxiii

de lAcadcmie Roijale de Mets, annie 1843-1844. The latter, about two inches in diameter, has two compartments, enclosing in the centre a circular hollow ; the inner has four cells, one triangular, the others oval : in the intervals are S-shaped pieces of gold twisted wire ; in the outer division are four triangular cells with stones, and between them groups of cells arranged in the form of birds. Another, of very rude work, found at Coulie (Sarthe), is figured in the Bidletin Monumental^ tome v, p. 522. In Houben's Denhnaeler von Castra Vetera (on the Rhine), tab. xxii, are two examples, which approach, in some respects, more to our Saxon fibuhie, especially in the arrange- ment of the cells : both of them have bird-shaped designs. To these may be added figs. 2 and 3, pi. xxix. Miscellanea Graphica, in one of which all the cells are set with garnets ; in the other, the garnets alternate with gold filigree, and the outer border is composed of cells shaped like birds' heads : both of these are of neat workmanship. Still more resembling our Kentish type is the beautiful broocli from Oberflacht in Suabia, engraved in the Archwologia, vol. xxxvi, pi. xiv, which must be assigned to the Alemanni.

A question arises, more interesting than, with our pi'esent amount of information on the subject, easy to answer satisfactorily. Were our English examples of these beautiful ornaments manufactured in this country by the Saxons; or were they imported I If imported, from whence 1 Apparently not from Gaul or Germany ; unless it can be shewn that such works are as common in those countries as in this. If it be suggested that they may have been introduced from Italy ; are similar orna- ments discovered in that country, or preserved in its Museums \ The circulation of this volume, it may be expected, will elicit information on this question ; but, at present, there seems a prima facie case in favour of the home parentage of these fibulae, as well of other Anglo-Saxon ornaments. It is not difficult to imagine a Roman influence pervading the entire series ; but not so easy to trace the immediate connexion between the Roman and Saxon. The Roman writers give incidental notices of jewelled and of gold fibulae. Spartian, speaking of the simplicity of Hadrian's dress, mentions fibulfe without stones (sine geinmis), from which it may be inferred that fibulae with precious stones were used commonly by the nobility even in that comparatively early time ; unless the historian intended to reflect satirically on the growing taste for such ornaments in his own time — that of the reign of Diocle- tian. Trebellius PoUio speaks of the jewelled fibulas worn by Gallienus, as Vopiscus does of Carinus, to shew the effeminate taste of those princes. The former of these historians gives a letter of Claudius (Gothicus) to Regillianus in Illyria, asking him

XXIV INTRODUCTION.

to send him two cloaks (saga); but those with fibulas. From this we may infer that there were some peculiar recommendations in these provincial articles. In the inscription upon the stone discovered at Vieux [Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, p. 95), among other things sent as presents from Britain into Gaul, is specified a golden fibula set Avith precious stones (fibula atirea cum gemmis), which may also indicate a peculiar provincial manufacture. The Roman enamelled fibulte with which we are acquainted, evidently of a common class, in some points of view have a connexion as regards mode of fabrication with the Saxon ; but coloured pastes are commonly used, and not stones : they are more frequently convex or bow-shaped, and of various forms, rather than flat. There is, however, a rather large convex example in the Chester Museum, in which the concentric bands, inlaid with red, white, and green pastes, are arranged not unlike the stones in the Saxon brooches; and in general aspect there is a greater resemblance than usually appears between the two classes. There is a woodcut of it in the Proceedings of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, vol. i, p. 28.

The Anglo-Saxon circular fibulie of the second class are formed of a slightly hollowed disc, often of bronze, less frequently of silver, upon which is laid a disc of gold, with cells arranged in stars and circles with bosses, one in the centre and three in the field of the disc. Figs. 1 and 6 of plate ii ; and fig. 1, plate xi, of Remains of Pagan Saxondom, are good examples of this class. The last of these, from Wingham, near Ash, in Kent, is in the museum of Lord Londesborough. It differs from those in the Faussett collection in the circumstance that the star has four points, with a boss in each quarter. The interstices of the fields of the above are filled with minute scrolls of corded wire. A very elegant variety from a barrow on Chartham Down, excavated by Dr. Mortimer, is figured in the Nenia Britannica, pi. v, fig. I ; and one, of silver gilt, found at Upchurch, is etched in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, pi. XXXVI, fig. 1.

The third class, by far the most numerous, comprises fibulse of one piece of metal only, with cells and chased work. Plates i and ii afford many examples of this kind, most of which are of considerable elegance. To this class belong most of the circular Saxon brooches ; as, for instance, some found at Stowting and at Osengal ; a single example from the cemetery at Little AYilbraham, and a few from the Isle of Wight. Many of them are in bronze gilt. It must not be considered that these three classes exhaust the Saxon circular fibulae. A few may probably be met with differing in details from all of those cited above ; as, for example, the small silver-gilt one set with garnets, from Osengal; see Collectanea Ant., \o\. iii, pi. v, fig. 9.

INTRODUCTIOK.

XXV

Figure 5, in pliite iii, is of very rare occurrence in Kent, if it be not the only example recorded as found in that county. There are doubts if it be strictly a fibula. An ornament with a somewhat similar interlaced pattern was found at Embleton, in Northumberland ; and one from a tumulus near Lincoln is engraved in Remains of Pagan 8axondom, pi. xv, fig. 4. See also note to page 24. Figure 8, of pi. Ill, is a Roman enamelled fibula ; and fig. 2, of the same plate, is apparently a centre boss that has dropped from a lost fibula. I have observed that the circular fibulas predominate in Kent. Exceptions may be found in the Nenia Britannica ; and a remarkable one occurs in the Faussett Collection, pi. viii, fig. 3 (Gilton, No. 48), which is analogous to fig. 1, pi. v, of the Antiquities of Richhorouc/h, Reculve)\ and Lymne. If these are compared with the larger examples, usually in gilt bronze, (see p. xiii, ante; Saxon Ohseqnies; Fuirford Graves; and Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, pi. xLiii), the latter will be found to be of ruder designs, thus indicating probably a later date.

The two fibulae in plate x, figures 15 and 16, are Roman : both appear to have had bosses in the centre, formed of some perishable substance. To illustrate fig. 15, a wood-cut is here introduced, which repre- sents a very perfect example in bronze gilt, hoed up near Ixworth, in a locality where Roman coins and other Roman remains have been fovind. It is in the possession of Mr. Warren of that town.

Pendent Ornajuents. — Under this head are numerous minor objects of great variety

and beauty, which, like the fibulfe, could be but imperfectly understood without coloured engravings. The gold drops, set with garnets (pi. iv), and figs. 10, 12, 21, 23, find their counterparts in the collections of Lord Londesborough and Mr. Rolfe, from Kentish tumuli : figs. 11 and 13, of the same plate, are much more rare; as are the beautiful drops in variegated glass, figs. 8 and 9 ; and these are surpassed by the mosaic or minute tessellated work of fig. 7, which is of great rarity. It may be compared with the circular stud found by the Abbe Cocliet with Frankish remains in the valley of the Eaulne, and etched in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, pi. xxxv ; it has no garnets like the Kentish ornament, but the variegated patterns in three concentric circles are so minute as not to be well distinguished without the aid of a

Actual size.

XXVI INTRODUCTION.

magnifying glass. The mode in which the gold drops, set with giarnets, were arranged as necklaces, is shewn by a perfect set, from a barrow in Derbyshire, figured in Mr. Bateman's Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derhijshire, p. 37; and by a less complete set, from a tumulus near Devizes, engraved in the Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. i. Where single examples of these and other pendants occur in graves, it may be conjectured that the relatives of the defunct sometimes satisfied their notions of duty to the deceased by interring a portion only of their ornaments. By far the most interesting class of pendent ornaments are the coins mounted with loops for suspension on the person ; because, as they generally admit of appropriation to a specific period of time, they are of the first importance to the antiquary, as affording reliable evidence from which may be inferentially deduced a closer approximation to the date of the graves in which they are found than by any other available testimony. They will be further noticed in this point of view under the head of Coins.

Beads and Rings. — The great variety of beads in this collection will be well understood by the coloured illustrations in plates v, vi, and vii, and by the numerous wood-cuts. They are composed of amber, of transparent and opaque glass, and of variegated clays, and, less frequently, of crystal and amethystine quartz ; the clay beads are often in couplets ; the small white glass frequently in triplets, or more. Most of these beads, especially those in coloured clays, are extremely abundant throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. Mr. Masson, the traveller, on my shewing him some taken from Saxon graves, assured me that they resembled in every respect those which he had taken from topes, or burial-mounds of Northern India. It is probable, therefore, that they were imported from the East. The pendants of amethystine quartz (pi. vii, figs. 2, 4, 7, and 9) were probably manufactured nearer home. Douglas calls them " native amethyst"; but Mr. Akerman, who has engraved a necklace composed of eighteen, from a tumulus on Breach Downs, observes : " an experienced mineralogist informs us that they are more likely to be the product of Transylvania, although amethystine quartz of the same character is found at Oberstein in Germany. They are drilled with a precision indicating a perfect acquaintance with the lapidary art." — Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 10. This remark applies also to the crystal beads, of which, specimens of large size, cut into numerous facets, may be found figured in Fairford Graves and Saxon Obsequies. Of the various kinds of beads from the Kentish graves, by far the rarest are the silver, pi. XI, figs. 4 and 6 ; the most common, perhaps, the amber, wliich may be noticed

INTRODUCTION. XXVU

in most Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. Amber, Pliny tells us, was mucli used by the Romans for personal decorations ; and Tacitus speaks of its being collected for them by the Germans on the Baltic, who were surprised at the price given for a substance for which they had hitherto found no use. — De Mor. Germ. c. xlv. The beads mounted on rings (pi. vii) are numerous. These rings seem adapted for the ears : they were usually found with beads near the necks of the skeletons ; so if they Avere not ear-rings, they were suspended from the neck with beads. I cannot find reference to beads thus mounted in the accounts printed of the Fairford and Little Wilbraham cemeteries. Many of the finger-rings are of a similar simple construc- tion (see plate xi) : fig. 15 is an example of another class ; but the spiral finger-rings, such as were found by Douglas at Chatham (Ncnia Britannica, pi. xv, fig. 3) ; by Mr. Hillier, in the Isle of Wight, and by others in various localities, do not appear to be represented in this collection. Figs. 8 and 11, pi. xi, are probably of Roman manufacture.

Crystal Ball.- — The crystal ball, figured in page 42, demands especial notice. In a note on the same page, reference is made to a similar ball, from a tumulus at Chatham, mounted in silver bands and attached to a silver ring, which was linked to one of a larger size. These rings are constructed like fig. 14, pi. xvi, to extend, if needed, to fit the wrist, as armillae, which, in fact, they seem to be. Mr. Hillier discovered two of these balls, mounted precisely like that from Chatham, in the cemetery upon Chessell Down, in the Isle of Wight. A silver spoon, with the bowl perforated (or colander it may, perhaps, be more properly called), was with one of the mounted crystal balls in the latter cemetery. This also resembles the spoon found in the cemetery at Chatham, in a grave adjoining that which contained the crystal ball. Douglas enters into a lengthy argument to prove that these objects were for magical purposes ; but as nearly all the remains in the Anglo-Saxon ceme- teries are well understood or explainable, and can be referred to common usages, I do not see why the exception should be made to things which are not quite so fully understood, and why they should be explained by reference to practices of an uncommon kind. A crystal ball, without mounting, was found at Chartham. Instances occur of similar balls in Roman sepulchral interments. One, in agate, perforated, was found with beads, armilla?, etc., in one of the Roman burial-places near London.

Chatelaines, or Girdle-hangers. — It will be noticed by the reader, that in the graves of females there is frequent mention of small iron chains, or links of small

XXVIU

INTUODUCTION.

chains, decomposed, or oxidized into a mass. These links, or the remains of them, were generally noticed extending in two lines from the hips to the knees of the skeletons. At their lower extremities were usually found objects such as are represented by figures 1 to 7 in plate xii. The bronze and silver appendages to the iron chains are all that remain distinct and perfect. They were evidently worn fastened to the girdle, to which also keys were sometimes attached. These little

girdle appendants are either sets of tooth, ear, and nail-picks, as fig. 1, or assemblages of im- plements, for the most j^art, purely decorative, and precisely of the same character as those we often see worn by ladies at the present day. Several of the latter were found in a tumulus on Chartham Down, opened by Dr. Mortimer (see p. 166), two of which are here represented for comparison with those found by Mr. Faussett. Groups, somewhat analogous, from Wingham, are in the collection of Lord Londesborough ; another, a further variety, may be noticed in plate x, fig. 7 ; but I can refer to no other examples. As before observed, we have numerous girdle- hangers, of a very different fashion, discovered in other counties (see p. xiv, ante), as well as in Germany (sec Collectanea Antiqiia, vol. ii, for varieties from both countries). To these may be added another variety from l^ondinieres, near Dieppe, figured in La Normandie Souterraine, pi. xvii, fig. 8.

Buckles and Girdle Ornaments. — The buckles are one of the most striking features of this collection. They are numerically more abundant, and several are of a richer description, than are usually met with in other Anglo-Saxon burial- places. Figs. 8 and 12, pi. viii, and fig. 3, pi. ix, richly decorated with gold filigree and stones, are a type to which all the triangular belong : the others, in plates ix and X, and interspersed throughout the text, are usually of inferior work and class. The large varieties may be all assigned to the girdles of men. Figs. 2, 4, 5, and 8, found together in one grave at Gilton (No. 23), shew the manner in which the girdles of the higher orders of Anglo-Saxons were ornamented and the care bestowed upon this part of the costume. By the kindness of Mr. Rolfe, we are enabled to

From CUartliam Down. Actual size.

INTRODUCTION.

XXIX

give further illustrations, from the same locality, of some decorated buckles, which were discovered in the last century, and engraved in Boys's Materials for a Ilistorij of Sandwich. They have recently been transferred by Mr. Boys (grandson of the historian) to the collection of Mr. Rolfe. It is presumed that fig. 1 of the appended cut was riveted upon the opposite side of the girdle, so that Avlien it Avas fastened,

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fiuiu Giltoii. lij the collection of \V, 11, llolfe, V.^q. Aclu.u ^ize.

fig. 1 and fig. 2 became united in front of the body. Fig. 1 was fabricated in this manner : upon an oblong plate of silver gilt was laid a smaller plate of gold, covered Avith delicately worked figures in gold wire, twisted or notched ; upon tlie edges of this plate, and extending to the borders of the larger one, was soldered a frame of silver set with garnets upon reticulated goldfoil ; it was then riveted to the girdle at both ends. The buckle attachment is constructed in the same manner, \vith silver bosses gilded.

The other buckle (fig. 3) is of speculum metal, the quadrangular part being

Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

GiUon. Actual size.

Cliessell, Isle of Wight. Actual size.

thickly gilt and set with a garnet. The beautiful jewelled buckle, figured in the A7-c]ueologia,\o\. xxx, pi. xi, and in Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxix, aftbrds an additional example, and, at the same time, evidence of the generally superior cha- racter of the remains from Gilton. Figs. 6 and 7 of plate viii were probably riveted

XXX

INTRODUCTION.

to girdles; and so were figs. 13 and 14, apparently as shewn in the cut on the pre- ceding page (fig. 4), Avhich is an arrangement suggested to Mr. Hillier by the recurrence of these fastenings near the buckles discovered at Chessell.

The Frankish girdle-buckles present many features analogous to the Anglo- Saxon, especially in the mode in which the buckle itself is constructed ; but usually the material and Avorkmanship are inferior: see pi. iii of i\\e Publications of the Historical Society of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg for 1S52; La Normandie Souterraine; Memoires of the Historical and Archeeological Society of Geneva, torn, ix, etc.: fig. 5, pi. XII oi La Normandie Souterraine, from the valley of the Eaulne, may be compared with the last of the above cuts ; and the forms of figs. 1, 8, and 10, pi. viii, of our volume, are closely reflected in pi. in, vol. viii, of the Puhlications of the Luxembourg Society. Some of the Frankish buckles with plates are of immense size, elaborately damascened, or covered with designs, often of very rude work. At the same time, there are examples of a richer and better kind, set with stones and pastes; as, for instance, one from Cologne, Collectanea Antiqiia, vol. ii, pi. xxxv, and two discovered by M. Moutie in the Department of the Seine and Oise, which Avill be found represented in vol. iv of the last-mentioned work.

The girdles were sometimes, as shewn above, and also in the collection from Osengal, terminated by metal points. In one of the Gilton graves (No. 94), Mr. Faussett found a group of objects, among which was one, as he remarks, " some- what like the prongs of a fork." It is reproduced, from p. 31 , in the annexed cut. This is part of a girdle appendage, as will be evident by the representation, on the opposite page, of another found in London, which is shewn, as well as that from Gilton, out of its casing (fig. 2), and also complete (fig. 1). There can be, I think, but little doubt as to the use of the supposed fork; but restoring it as here proposed, may call in question its implied early origin, especially as I am not aware of any other example having been found in a Saxon or in a Roman grave ; and although the perfect specimen here engraved is stated to have been dug up with unquestionable Roman remains, its ornamentation savours more of Norman style than Roman. If, however, some better authenticated dis- covery should confirm its claim to an earlier date than that hitherto ascribed to

From GiltoD. Actual size.

INTRODUCTION.

XXXI

similar specimens in the London collection, it will merely be another proof of the long continuance of a particular fashion.

Bracelets. — Armillae are among the usual accompaniments of the Roman sepulchral urn or coiRn ; but they are not commonly found among the objects consigned to the Saxon graves ; and but few, comparatively, have been discovered in the extensive cemeteries excavated in Kent. On this account those in the Faussctt collection are particularly deserving attention. Fig. 12, pi. xii ; figs. 9, 10, pi. xvi ; No. 121 and 142, Kingston ; and No. 16, Chartham, may be considered of Eoman fabric, as is the key strung to the first of these, and the key accompanying the last mentioned. In a tumulus upon Chatham Lines, which contained two skeletons, Douglas found four armilla?, one of which was of glass, the others in bronze ; and in an adjoining tumulus, one in ivory : in another grave he also found a fragment of an ivory armilla. All these six examples were Roman. Figs. 14 and 15, pi. xvi, whether they are strictly bracelets, or large rings worn attached to the girdle, are of Saxon workmanship.

Ornamental Pins. — The Kentish Saxon graves have also supplied some remark- able ornamented and jewelled pins, the smaller varieties of which, as in pi. xii, were probably used for fastening the dress. In Lord Londesborough's collection, from Breach Downs, are two united by a chain, precisely as some modern cravat-pins are coupled; Archwological Album, pi. i, fig. 13. The same plate, and pi. xl oi Reinains of Paff an Saxondo?n, supTply examples of hair-pins from Breach Downs andWingham. The latter of these, in Lord Londesborough's collection, has a kind of fan-shaped head set with garnets. The Canterbury Museum contains a very elegantly worked hair-pin, of large size, found in a grave at Gilton ; apparently it is of Roman work- manship ; Collectanea Anttqua, vol. ii, pi. xxxvii, fig. 5. It may be remarked, that pins, such as these, do not appear to have been discovered in Saxon graves in other parts of England.

Found in London. Actual size.

TOILETTE APPARATUS.

PLATE XIII.

Combs. — These useful and familiar objects do not much differ from tliosc in

XWU INTKODUCTION.

use at the present clay ; and, at the same time, they are very similar to the Roinan combs. Figs. 2 and 3 are identical with some found in Roman burial-places at London, at York, and elsewhere. The comb is one of the articles most usually found in mortuary urns in this country, and Mr. Kemble states it is found as frequently in those of the North of Germany : they are, however, generally of a coarser description than most of those from the Kentish graves ; and the same may be said of the combs found in Frankish graves: see La Normanclie Souterraine ; Das Gennan- ische Todtenlager bei Selsen, etc. The Abbe Cochet mentions a comb in the treasury of the cathedral of Sens, which is said to have belonged to Saint Lupus, who was bishop of that cathedral in the seventh century. It is inscribed " pecten sancti Lupi", in the style of the thirteenth century, an indication of the antiquity of the tradition which ascribed the comb to this bishop. In the Collections of the Society of Antiquaries of London, is a drawing of a large squarish-shaped comb, with two rows of teeth, which, an inscription states, was sent by pope Gregory to queen Bertha. It is ornamented with three groups of animals in circular compartments, on each side, and appears to be at least as old as the eleventh or twelfth century. The tradition of its having belonged to Bertha seems connected with the statement of Bede, that pope Gregory sent presents to king Ethelbert of Kent. One of the Epistles of Alcuin is interesting in relation to this object of inquiry, as it gives us, in a jocose strain, a notion of a comb of the eighth century. The epistle is cited in full by Mr. Wright in his Biographia Britannica Literaria (Anglo-Saxon Period), p. 357. It was written by Alcuin, when he was with Charlemagne in Saxony, to his friend Riculf, archbishop of Mentz, in acknowledgement of a present of a comb : —

" De vestra valde gavideo prospcrltate, et de munere caritatis vestrae multum gavisiis sum, tot agens gratias, quot dciites in dono numeravi. Nimirum animal, duo habens capita et denies Ix. non elephantine magnitudinis, sed eburnese pulchritudinis. Non ego hujus bestiae territus horrore, sed delectatus aspectu. Nee me frendentibus ilia morderet dcntibus timui, sed blanda adulatione capitis mei placare capillos adrisi. Nee ferocitatem in dentibus intellexi, sed caritatem in mittente dilcxi, quam semper fideliter in illo probavi."

This ivory comb, with sixty teeth and two heads, may not be inaptly illustrated by the fragment of one with animals' heads found in the Saxon cemetery at Little Wilbraham, and figured in Saxon Obsequies, pi. xxiii. As many of the combs of the ancients were of wood, it is very probable that those in bone and ivory which we find in sepulchral deposits, constitute but a small portion of what were actually buried, which being of a more perishable material have utterly disappeared.

INTRODUCTION. XXXIU

Mirror. — The metal speculum (fig. 12), from the Gil ton cemetery, is one of the most remarkable objects in this collection ; for while mirrors are not at all peculiar to Anglo-Saxon funereal interments, they not unfrequently formed part of the Roman sepulchral furniture: see note, p. 31. Pliny says, that these mixed metal mirrors, stanno et cere mistis, were manufactured at Brundusium : lib. xxxiii, cap. ix. Douglas, in the Nenia Britannica, has engraved a metal speculum from Ash (Gilton, near Ash), and also a circular one, the latter of which is probably that in the Faussett collection. Because some ancient writers speak of mirrors being used for purposes of magic and divination, Douglas infers that these particular mirrors had been applied to such practices. The conclusion is forced and unsatisfactory, for the ordinary uses of such objects are to be considered, not their application to eccentric purposes, under what must have been extraordinary circumstances.

Boxes. — These small bronze boxes Douglas also considered as amulets. But they receive a much more simple and natural explanation in being looked upon as receptacles for sewing materials and other small implements in daily request for the female attire ; they are, in fact, work-boxes, and the chains shew they were suspended upon the person, probably from the girdle. The remains of square wooden boxes, some with locks, will also be noticed, as at p. 67 and p. 133. As their contents shew, they were for objects of greater magnitude, such as combs and ornaments, and may be considered as dressing-cases.

Shears and Tweezers. — The shears, found in women's graves (figs. 20,26, pl.xv), are of a form which, as appears from the numerous medieval examples found in London, has been preserved, without intermission, down to the present day. The type may be recognized in the larger implement used for shearing sheep. The tweezers, fig. 13, pi. XII, and p. 19, I direct especial attention to, because they are objects more usually associated with the mortuary urn than with burial of the body, and we find a corresponding paucity of both in the Kentish Saxon cemeteries. A single perfect specimen was taken from a grave at Gilton, in which, it will be noticed, were the sherds of a cinerary urn, an anterior deposit, to which it belonged. The ring, as supposed, of another, was in grave No. 80, of the same locality, which grave also contained the fragments of a mortuary urn. In grave No. 45, at Sibertswold, tweezers were with the skeleton, apparently, of a male : this seems the extent of the discoveries of this implement by Mr. Faussett. One was found by Douglas in the grave of a man, and five in graves of women. At Fairford, one was found upon a male skeleton ; at Chessell, about four. At Little Wilbraham, there were at least

/

XXXIV INTRODUCTION.

sixteen, most of which, Mr. Neville states, were in or about cinerary urns. Mr. Kemble remarks, that combs, shears, and tweezers, are among the objects which are found most frequently Avith urns in the German interments.

WEAPONS.

PLATES XIV AND XV.

Swords. — The blades of the swords are almost all of equal length, two feet seven inches ; one was two feet six inches ; this is about the length of those found at Osengal, in the Isle of AVight, at Little Wilbraham, and in other places ; occa- sionally, however, they are an inch or two longer : the width, near the handle, is about two inches and a half: they are double-edged, pointed, and taper slightly towards the point. The handles of Saxon swords are almost uniformly without pommels, the termination being merely a slight transverse projection from the iron strig, for the purpose of securing the wood which completed the handle. The better preserved examples recently discovered by Mr. Hillier [History and Antiquities of the

Isle of Wight, pi. i), Avill clearly shew this arrangement, as

xJ^^^^^^^v well as Avhat is the usual type of the Saxon sword. The

/j: "^ points of some are concealed by the rounded bronze end of

cJW^^'y'y'llStA^ tli6 sheath rusted to the blade : see Fairford Graves, pi. iii,

and Saxon Obsequies, pi. xxxiv. The Kentish graves have, however, produced a very few with pommels, pi. xiv, fig. 6 ; another, also of a globular form ; and one shewn in the annexed cut. The brass pommel, figured at page 132, belonged, as it is stated, to a short sword or dagger, which has since perished.

On comparing the number of swords with that of the graves, it will be noticed that these weapons are comparatively of rare occurrence. Much rarer are those with ornamented hilts, which it is here necessary to refer to. In Mr. Rolfe's collec- tion is one, the handle of which is richly silvered and gilt, with transverse fittings at the pommel and hilt ; another, from Coombe, near Sandwich, is in the possession of Mr. Boreham of Haverhill ; and the pommel of a third, with runes incised upon it, is also in the collection of Mr. Rolfe: engravings of these Avill be found in the Archa^ologia, vol. xxx ; in Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii ; in The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, and in the Remains of Pagan Saxondom. These three are from the east of

INTEODUCTIOK. XXXV

Kent. A fourth example occurs among the swords found in the Isle of Wight, referred to above ; and these comprise all that I am acquainted with.

From the comparatively rare occurrence of this formidable weapon (and its rarity will be more obvious in comparison with the number of graves), we can but suspect it denotes a superior condition in life of those with whose remains it was buried. Three of the rich belt-buckles in pi. viii (figs. 3, 8, and 11) were found Avith swords, which are, moreover, usually accompanied with one or more spears, the remains of a shield, and other objects. Mr. Akerman has supposed that they belonged to horsemen ; and when we consider their length and weight, it certainly does appear, as Mr. Kemble has observed, that it would have been physically impossible that any but horsemen could have wielded them. There is an extremely interesting representation upon a sepulchral monument at Mayence of one of the Roman auxiliary horsemen armed with a sword, the very counterpart of the Anglo- Saxon weapon. It hangs by the side of the rider (fastened high upon the breast), who is spearing a prostrate foe ; and behind the horse stands a foot soldier, with a couple of long spears, like that used by the horseman. The cavalry soldier, an inscription tells us, belonged to an ala, or wing, of the Norici, whose country composed the regions of modern Austria, Styria, portions of Bavaria and Tyrol, and the territory of Salzburg. This monument may be assigned to the middle of the third century. It would not be difficult to cite other examples to shew the general use of the long iron sword, or sjxdha, by the Eoman auxiliaries, and even by the Romans themselves, and especially towards the decline of the empire. But the nearest contemporary illustrations which have been preserved, and which apply in a very remarkable manner to the early Anglo-Saxon swords, are passages in the poem of Beowulf. I have observed above, that some of the swords from Gilton and its neighbourhood are ornamented in the handles and sheaths ; of these we are reminded in the following lines : —

^a he hi of-dyde when he did off' from himself

isern-byrnan, his iron coat of mail,

helm of hafelan, the helmet from his head,

sealde his hyrsted sweord, gave his ornamented sword,

irena cyst. the costliest of steels. Beowulf, line 1346.

And, on another occasion, it is said : —

and J^a hilt somod and the hilt also,

since fage ; with treasure variegated.

Beowulf, line o:

OOi

XXXVl INTRODUCTION.

More striking still is the allusion to nmes upon the hilt, such as are inscribed upon the fragment alluded to above; and also the interlaced, snake-like patterns, so common on Saxon works of art : —

hylt sceawode, he gazed upon the hilt,

ealde Mfe, the old legacy,

on Sa^m w^s or writen on which was written the origin

fyrn-gewinnes ; of the ancient contest.

Swd WEES on ^ccm scemium So was on the surface

sciran goldes, of the bright gold

purh riin-stafas, in i"nic letters,

rihte gemearcod, rightly marked,

geseted and gesaed set and said,

hwam >a;t sweord geworht, for whom that sword,

irena cyst, the choicest of irons,

aerest WEcre, was first made

wreo>en-hilt and wyrm-fah. ■ with twisted hilt and serpentine.

Beowulf, line 3373.

The comparative rarity of the sword is partly explained by the circumstance of its being a much more costly and valuable weapon, and therefore more likely to be preserved from interment and treasured as a heir -loom to be bequeathed, as we find they often were, to children or to friends.

The sheaths of the swords were formed of laths covered with leather, sometimes tipt and edged with metal, and occasionally ornamented at the upper extremity.

Daffffers and Knives. — Knife-shaped swords is a term Avhich will be better understood as applied to the short single-edged weapons very slightly curved ; see pi. XV ; they are not so often found in England as in Germany and in France, where some have been discovered of much more formidable proportions than those before us. In the second volume of the Collectanea Antiqua, I have placed examples of this weapon found in England and on the continent in juxta-position, to shew the close connection between them. Some are of such length that they must come under the denomination of swords. In better preserved specimens, the upper part of the blade has usually two narrow longitudinal grooves, intended, apparently, for strips of brass for the purpose of ornament. The poem of Beowulf bears frequent mention of the war knife, or sea.v, as a subsidiary Aveapon in a close contest. When the mother of the fiend Grendal and Beowulf are grappling together, the former is represented as drawing her seax : —

INTRODUCTION. XXXvii

of soct pk ])Oue sele-gyst, she beset then the hall-guest,

and hyre seaxe geteah, and drew her seax,

brad, briin-ecg. broad, brown-edged.

Beoivulf, line 3089.

In the fight with the dragon, after Beowulf's sword snapt asunder, he drew his seax,

which was girded upon his coat of mail : —

WDel-seaxe gebrsed, drew his deadly seax,

biter anb beadu-scearp, bitter and battle-sharp,

pffit he on byrnan wfeg. that he on his byrnie bore.

Beoumlf, line 5400.

These sword-knives are probably the cultri validly commonly called scramasaxi, whicli Gregory of Tours mentions, Hist. Franc, lib. iv, cap. 46 ; and lib. viii, cap. 29 ; the connection, indeed, seems certain by the allusion to their being incised or grooved.

The smaller knives, found in almost every grave, it need scarcely be observed, were for domestic and ordinary purposes : knives were Avorn upon the person until a comparatively recent period.

Spears and Javelins. — While the swords, as has been observed, are comparatively rare, spears and javelins are extremely numerous, and of a variety of shaj^es and sizes; but all bear a peculiar feature, which may be termed characteristic. This peculiarity is a longitudinal slit in the socket whicli received the wooden staff', and which after being fixed was closed with iron rings, string braided, and rivets. So con- stantly do we find these weapons in the Saxon graves, that it would appear no man above the condition of a serf was buried without one. Some of them are of large size ; but the greater number come under the term of javelin or dart. In these may be recognised \)aB framea of the Germans of the time of Tacitus. This historian states {De Mor. Germ. cap. vi) that at that comparatively early period swords were rare, and that the majority did not use lances ; but that spears with a narrow, short, and sharp head, called frameas, were the common and almost universal weapon ; and were used either in a distant or a close fight ; even the cavalry were satisfied if armed with a shield and a framea. In the process of time, as iron became more abundant, swords and long spears were more generally used ; but the framea, or its representa- tive, seems to have continued one of the favourite national arras.

Darts andArroivs. — Some of the arrotvs mentioned by Mr. Faussett are probably darts, or small spears, which when found in the graves of youths, may indicate tlic martial training of sons of free men. But arrow-heads seem to be authenticated only in a very few instances. As the arrow was unquestionably a Saxon Aveapon, its

XXXVUl INTKODUCTION.

rarity in the Kentish graves may, partly at least, be ascribed to decomposition. In the cemetery at Chessell, Mr. Hillier discovered a quantity of arrow-heads. They are both barbed and triangular, the latter form approaching somewhat to a bolt-shape.

Shields. — The iron bosses and studs of the shields, and portions of the iron fastenings of the handle, are all that remain. We are enabled, however, from the position in which the bosses were found, and from slight indications of the frames, to ascertain that their shape must have been circular, and the diameter about eighteen inches. The frame -work unquestionably was wood, covered probably sometimes with leather. Some shields discovered at Sporle in Norfolk, Mr. Goddard Johnson informs me, appeared to have been bound with strips of narrow wood, radiating from the umbo towards the rim ; but unfortunately no drawings were made at the time. In the poem of Beowulf, wooden shields are so frequently men- tioned under the term Unci., or linden wood, the German epic name for the shield, that, coupled with the total absence of the frame-work in the graves, there can be no doubt of the material generally employed ; and this is confirmed by the exception of the iron shield made for Beowulf when he encountered the fire- dragon :

heht him ]'a gewyrcean then commanded to be made for him

wigendra hleo, the refuge of warriors,

eall irennc, all of iron,

eorla dryhteu, the lord of earls,

wig-bord Mra?tHc ; a wondrous war-board :

wisse he gearwe he knew well enough

paet him holt-wudu that him forest-wood

helpan ne meahte might not \\e\-p,

lind wi'^ lige. linden wood opposed to fire.

Beowulf, line 4668.

The circular shape is also common to the Prankish shield. In no instance, I believe, have any examples been found of the large oblong shields used by the Germans.

Our acquaintance with the weapons of the Teutonic races is almost entirely owing to the prevalent custom of interring them with the dead ; and to the absence of this custom among the Romans must be assigned the cause of the comparative scarcity of their weapons, at least those in iron. The rapid decomposition of iron, when exposed to the air, is well known ; only under very extraordinary circumstances have any ancient weapons or implements in this metal, been discovered other than in a state of oxidation. Even when buried to the depth of three or four feet, the air

INTRODUCTION. Xxxix

and moisture have invariably tended, more or less, to convert the iron into a carbonate ; and sometimes so effectually as to destroy or obscure the shape of the more substantial articles, and to reduce the more fragile to dust. It is, therefore not surprising, that the graves, which to a certain extent do protect metals from destruction, should be almost the only source from whence we procure the weapons recognised as Teutonic ; and that when weapons are found under other circumstances, if they are not of types such as the graves afford, it is often difficult to say to what period and to what people they belonged ; because the graves yield important collateral evidence, which limit our inquiries, and make us speak Avith some cer- tainty, which cannot be done when this connecting evidence is wanting.

It will therefore be seen, when we extend our inquiries beyond the bounds of the ascertained range of date of these graves, that difficulties arise. The weapons in the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, we know, are such as were used by the Saxons from the fifth century, and probably earlier, down to the seventh, and possibly later ; but if we seek extant specimens, of the arms used by the Germans in the time of Tacitus, where can we find them 1 Even when weapons are described by contemporaneous writers, it is not to be therefore inferred for certain, that such weapons were always deposited with the dead. The purport of these remarks is not to assert that the archaeologist can derive no aid from ancient Avriters to assist his researches ; but to shew that, as regards the subject of our immediate inquiry, the materials of which are so scanty, great caution must be exercised in the use of historical evidence ; and that it must be weighed not only with dates, but also with the different countries and peoples, and their customs at different jieriods.

IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS.

PLATES XV AND XVI.

The furniture of Roman sepulchres sometimes consisted not merely of urns and paterae, and such objects as Avere most usually interred with the corpse or the cinerary urn ; but also of a variety of domestic implements and utensils. In the tumuli at Bartlow, among other things, were a strigil and a chair ; in interments in Bedfordshire and in Essex, cooking apparatus formed part of the deposit ; and in a sepulchre in France, were what appeared to be the entire stock in trade of a painter. The same motives which caused the surviving relatives of the Romans to furnish the last home of the departed with objects which had been in some way associated with them when living, influenced the Saxons in discharging their duty to the dead.

xl

INTRODUCTION.

They were customs which speak strongly of the affections : emanating from the best impulses of human nature, they were the longest to endure, and the most difficult to eradicate ; and though in their grosser form these usages have long become obsolete, the lingering vestiges of some of them are not so thoroughly extinguished as not to be traced down even to our own times.

Bronee Basins. — These utensils were probably used for meats when placed upon the table. They are not calculated for resisting a strong lire, on account of the soldering used for the handles ; and two, moreover, are enamelled. Mr. Rolfe possesses two, from Gilton. One has a rim at the bottom with open work : the other resembles fig. 1, pi. xv ; and, like it, has been repaired. Upon the plates of metal used for the reparations are figures of a minstrel, dancing, and playing upon a

harp or viol, fishes, and other animals. It is figured in tlie Archceohgia, vol. xxx, p. 133. Bronze basins have been found in Saxon graves in other counties ; but mostly quite plain, and in very thin metal.

Buckets. — AVe have given this homely name to another class of household vessels, because it most resembles in shape that well-known utensil. As the basins are assigned to the table, these vessels were pro- bably, as Mr. Wright suggests [Archceological Album, p. 208), for carrying the ale, mead, or wine, into the hall, to be served out in cups. A very perfect specimen,

Kioin Gilton.

From Caiiibriilgesliiie.

From Envenneu, NormauJj.

IKTRODUCTION.

xli

from Gilton, is engraved in Boys's Materials for a History of Sandwich; but we have only a fragment in this collection, which was, naturally enough, mistaken for a portion of a shield. In more recent times, the hoops with pointed ornaments were mistaken for regal crowns, until explained by the levelling test of comparison. The fragment from Gilton is placed, on the preceding page, above two more complete buckets to explain it fully ; and, at the same time, to afford examples of these vessels. The remarkably close analogy in the ornament below the handle of the bucket from Envermeu and that of Gilton should be noticed.

Keys, Locks, and Padlocks. — Remains of locks of boxes often occur in the Kentish graves. They appear to be of a very simple construction ; and the padlocks (figs. 8, 9, 10, pi. x) are much like those of the present day. Two of the keys are shewn in pi. XV, figs. 21 and 27 ; and others are interspersed in wood-cuts throughout the volume. From the large size of some of these keys, their claim to this appropriation has been questioned ; and if they are, in some instances, large enough for door -keys, the interment of such objects may excite surprise. There is, however, every reason to believe they were keys ; and the fact of their being so frequently buried with their guardians, from whose girdles they had previously been suspended, is quite in keeping with the ancient prevailing feeling in regard to other domestic objects. Keys may be particularly considered as insignia of the Saxon women, as they were, to a comparatively late period, of the English housewife. In one of the laws of Canute, that relating to stolen property, it is ordained, that " if any man bring a stolen thing home to his cot, and he be detected (by the owner) ; it is just that he (the owner) have what he went after. And unless it has been brought under his wife's key- lockers, let her be clear ; for it is her duty to keep the keys of them ; namely, her hord-ern, and her chest, and her ' tege.' " Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, ed. Thorpe, p. 180. Mr. Rolfe possesses a set of three bronze keys from Osengal, strung together upon a ring which is attached to an ornamental girdle- ring. Usually the Saxon keys are in iron.

Bells. — The two iron bells, from the graves of women in the Kingston cemetery (pi. x, figs. 17 and 21), should not be passed over Avithout notice. Such bells in bronze, as well as in iron, are not unfrequently met with among Roman remains ; and they have been

9

Keys fi-om Osengal. Two-thirds of the actual size.

xlii

INTEODTJCTIOIir.

discovered in Roman cemeteries. Donglas, who has engraved fig. 21 in the Nenia Britannica (by mistake " from Ash"), considers it, together Avith the glass and other vessels, buried with the dead for the expulsion of evil spirits ; but because bells, as is well known, were used in exorcisms, it does not follow that their presence in these graves, among the attire of females, should have been owing to the exercise of this superstitious custom.

Scissors. — The scissors (pi. xv, fig. 29), from a man's grave at Sibertswold, are called " pincers" by Mr. Faussett ; but they more resemble the clipping implements used at the present day for cutting thin plates of metal, as well as the large shears used for clipping hedges. The only instance I know of similar scissors is that of one found with Saxon remains in Berkshire ; now, I believe, in Mr. Mayer's collec- tion. One, from a tumulus at Driffield, with a handle like that of the common modern scissors, is engraved in Remains of Pag mi Saxondom, pi. ix, fig. 9.

Spindle-ivhirls. — It has been suggested by Mr. Akerman, I think, with good reason, that some of the circular, flattish, and perforated bone and clay objects, frequently

found in the graves of Avomen, may have been the whirls of spindles. Several which may come under this appel- lation are noticed in this volume, as at pp. 59, 69, 87, 131. There are others of a semiglobular form, as in the annexed cut, which may be attributed to the same purpose. An object in iron, shewn in fig. 25, pi. xv, may here be mentioned. A very similar implement, from Osengal, I had suggested, might have be- longed to a bag or purse hung from the girdle. IMr. Akerman who discovered another, at Harn- ham, near Salisbury, considers it to be a briquet, or steel for striking a light. Like that in the Faussett collection, it has no buckle ; but the correctness of my appropriation seems to be confirmed by the recent discovery of a precisely similar object, with other portions of the pouch or purse : see Mr. Hillier's History and Antiquities of the Isle of Wight, p. 33.

Dice. — The dice found in a grave at Gilton (p. 7) are curiously suggestive, if in such objects we may discern any allusion to the life or habits of the owner, who

In clay. Actual size.

From Osengal.

INTRODUCTION. ' xliii

carried to the grave nothing but a gambler's emblems. At all events, they are a remarkable illustration of the gambling propensities of the ancient Germans, who, as Tacitus states, played games of hazard or dice as a serious business, and when everything else was lost, would stake even their persons and liberties on the last throw. De Jlorb. Germ. lib. .\xiv.

SCALES AND WEIGHTS.

PLATE XVII.

In a note to p. 22, I have stated my opinion concerning these interesting objects, which have, I believe, been found in Kent only. Exclusive of the two sets in the Faussett collection and in that of Mr. Rolfe, I have referred, in the said note, to six other weights, which I detected among Mr. Faussett's coins after their dispersion by auction. From their appearance, there can be little doubt of their having been procured from Saxon tumuli : probably they were given to Mr. Faussett ; or they may have been bought by him of country people under circumstances which did not induce him to pay particular attention to them. The weights and marks of these coins are as follows ;

MARKS. GRAINS.

1. Large brass of Trajan ;* ... weighing 400

2. — — Hadrian :...._ 370

3. — — Domitian • • - - - - — 345

4. — — Maximinus : . . . . — 300

5. — — Hadrian — 290

6. Second brass of M. Aurelius ----- — 220

The weights of these pieces rather tend to confirm the opinion I had formed when I penned the note referred to. Mr. John Evans has directed his attention to this very interesting subject ; and has favoured me with the result of his considerations. He writes : — " I have been carefully over the list of Anglo-Saxon weights in the Faussett Collection, and have tabulated the results ; and I have done the same with the Osengal weights described and engraved in your Collectanea Anticpia. The conclusion I come to is, that though each set of weights is in itself a complete series of multiples or aliquot parts of a certain unit, yet the two have not the slightest apparent connection with each other. In the Faussett Collection, I make the unit

Xliv INTRODUCTION.

to be 30i grains Troy ; and the weights are respectively I, 1, H, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7?, 10, 18, and 30 times that amount : whereas in the Rolfe Collection the unit is 48-^ grains, the weights being 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 times that amount ; and this unit appears to have been again subdivided into sixteenths, the weights being 4, 5, 6, 9, and 11 sixteenths, by means of which any weight from 1 to 15 sixteenths may be weighed. I cannot understand from whence these units of 30^ and 48-^ grains are derived, unless, possibly, they are the weights of 2 and 3 sceattas respectively, which would give 15b grains and 16i grains as the weight of a sceatta. The average of the 36 engraved in the first plate of Ruding being IGj grains. — I am afraid we must Avait for more facts before coming to a conclusion."

GLASS.

PLATES XYIII AND XIX.

The vessels of glass which are found in the Saxon graves are among the most remarkable and interesting manufactures of our forefathers ; because the processes requisite are of a peculiarly delicate kind and presume an acquaintance with several arts of the higher order. The perfection which glass making had attained among the Romans is well known. To this people the Saxons and Franks must have been indebted for this elegant art ; though there is no reason to suppose they themselves did not soon acquire the knowledge necessary to conduct it. There is a great affinity in the forms and material of glass vessels of the Saxon period found in England, in Germany, and in France ; but we yet want opportunities for pro- nouncing decidedly as to positive identity between some of the varieties from these different countries. It is probable that glass-making was carried on contempora- neously in all these countries. Bede states, that in the seventh century workers in glass were brought over from France into England, because the art was unknown here ; but his remarks may apply specially to window glass, for which the artificers were required. Before the question can be decided, further comparison must be made with the Frankish glass vessels actually found in France. As far as my own experience enables me to judge, a greater number, and more varieties, are disco- vered in England than in France.

Anglo-Saxon glass vessels are distinguished from the Roman by peculiarities easily to be understood by comparing the figures in our plates with the Roman examples preserved in museums and engraved in archseological works. One promi-

UST^EODUCTION.

xlv

]jegn nytte beheold, se ]ie on hancla baer hrodeii ealo-wseo'e.

nent characteristic of the Saxon glass is the thread or band wound round the exterior of many of the cups, and sometimes disposed spirally or in wavy lines. This characteristic may probably explain the term " twisted", applied to such vessels in the early Saxon poetry, as in the following passage from a description of a feast in the beer-hall : —

The thane observed his office,

he that in his hand bare

the twisted ale-cup. Beowulf, line 983.

Another characteristic is the rounded or tapering bottom, which prevents the vessel from standing upright without support, like the Roman futile. When filled, the more globular could only be conveniently held in the hollow of the hand ; and in this position we see such drinking-cups in festive scenes depicted in early illumina- tions. They are veritable tumblers; and required to be emptied before they could be replaced, inverted, upon the table ; a necessity by no means disagreeable to a people addicted to hard drinking. The cemeteries of East Kent have contributed to the collections of Lord Londesborough and Mr. Rolfe some curious types, differing in form from any in the Faussett collection, but ornamented, as most of the latter are, with bands and threads upon the exterior. Some of these may be found engraved in The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon; and in Remains of Pagan Saxondom.

Fig. 2, pi. XVIII, is a fragment of a very remarkable class of vessels, the known examples of which I have given in Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii. To my observations on them I may add, that the fragments of one found near Winchester are now in the possession of Mr. Joseph Clarke, F.S.A. The subjoined cut, from the paper read by Mr. Wright before the members of the Cheshire and Lancashire Historic Society, will afford an excellent comparison of the Gilton specimen with more perfect examples from England, from France, and from Germany : at the same time it will shew the close resemblance between them all : that from Gilton, however,

Reculver, Keut.

li.r.l. Oluucestershire.

TliO \".ille.v of the Eaulne, France.

xlvi

INTRODUCTION.

has a scroll-pattern running round the upper part, which is wanting in the others. Each of these vessels has two rows of hollow protuberances, or claws, and numerous threads of glass wound round the surface : the colours are light amber or yellow, green, and olive. To them I am able to add, by the kindness of Mr. Tluirston, a further example, discovered with a skeleton and weapons at Ashford, in Kent. It is of a pale, or rather, an olive-green colour, which assumes a deeper shade of green at the lower extremity. This appears to be the most capacious yet discovered. In the neighbourhood of Sandwich, numerous Saxon glass vessels have been found in past times. At Wodensborough, in particular, it is said, so many were dug up, that for years they were used in a farm-house for their original purpose, beer drinking.

rr^r:^

Height, fli inches. Width, at top, 35 inches, bottom, 1| in.

P O T T E R Y.

PLATE XX.

The attention of the reader is directed to the remarks made in the preceding pages of this Introduction on the subject of cinerary urns, or urns which contained the remains of human bones gathered from the debris of the funeral pile, after the bodies had been consumed by fire. As before remarked, the sherds only of such urns seem to have been discovered by Mr. Faussett in very few graves, the result, apparently, of anterior interments. None of the wide-mouthed urns, represented in this plate and throughout the volume, seem to have been applied to the purposes of cremation. The inference is, that in the districts in Kent to which these cemeteries belonged, burning the body had ceased, at least, as a general practice, before the interments laid open by Mr. Faussett commenced.

In our plate are grouped the chief of the earthen vessels found by Mr. Faussett. Three further examples from Gilton, in the collection of Mr. Ilolfe, are introduced in the next page, together with their ornamental scrolls of tlie actual dimensions. In all these vessels, particularly in those which are bottle-shaped, there is such a remarkable general similitude in form and in the character of the ornaments, and such a dissi- militude to those procured from other parts of England, that whoever will take the

INTRODUCTION.

xlvii

imins to make the comparison, must be convinced that this Kentish funereal pot- tery possesses peculiarities which claim for it a local parentage, contemporaneous ■with the deposits of which it forms a part. It is characterized by a general type, which is as strikingly Kentish, or more so, as other types of Saxon vases from

'^^^%^^

1. Heit^lit, 7 inches.

2. Height, 1(1 iiichts.

ll'.igiil t>\ inches.

other districts are indicative of their particular local parentages. Further examples from Chatham and from Stowting may be cited. They all bear, in form, a close resemblance to the Roman ; but their manufacture is much inferior, and the ornamental patterns are void of grace and elegance. Fig. 3, in the above cut, is barrel-shaped, like one of Roman manufacture dug up in a Roman burial-j)lace adjoining Canterbury : it is furnished with a cover.

COINS.

PLATE XI.

The coins taken from the Anglo-Saxon graves ai'e of great importance and require particular consideration. As from other evidences and their deductions, these cemeteries could not possibly be referred to a period anterior to the fifth

xlviii IXTPtODUCTION.

century, the earlier Roman coins cannot be admitted as affording any testimony on the question of the date of any of the interments. They are only curious in shewing the continuance of old customs. With the exception of the coin of Nero, fastened to the iron-work of a horse's bridle, they cannot be regarded as ornaments, or objects hoarded as rarities, for the Roman money in the time of the early Saxons must have abounded, and, doubtless, passed for all purposes of traffic. Had the coins ceased with those of Constantine, they must have been dismissed altogether from consideration as bearing on the question of the date of the interments ; but when we find in a grave a coin of Justinian (fig. 2), who reigned from a.d. 527 to A.D. 565, we immediately arrive at the conclusion that the interment could not possibly have taken place prior to the reign of that emperor ; and we may infer that the adjoining graves, at least, were not earlier. Thus far, our ground, retrospectively, is sure ; but not so in the other direction. AVe cannot be certain even that this coin was deposited at any period during the long reign of Justinian. The evidence supplied by the two gold Merovingian pieces (figs. 1 and 3 and p. 131) is about equal to that afforded by the coin of Justinian. They are probably of the middle of the sixth century, before which period we cannot consider them to have been buried ; but we can by no means so limit them perspectively. Unfortunately these coins range over a rather extended period of time ; and as they bear merely the names of towns and of moneyers, it is seldom their precise date can be determined. The coin of Justinian, it may be observed, though bearing the name of that prince, is one of those numerous imitations struck by the Frankish kings. This fact may weigh somewhat against the probability of the coin being deposited in the Anglo-Saxon grave during the first half of the sixth century. Contemporaneous with the Merovingian gold are the earliest Anglo-Saxon silver coins, commonly called sceattas, some of which Avere found by Mr. J. P. Bartlett in one of the tumuli upon Breach Downs, near Kingston, in Kent : see Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, pi. vi. Although, unfortunately, these early Saxon coins, like the Merovingian, bear no inscriptions to guide us to the precise period when they were struck, they serve to cumulate testimony which throws the date of some of these graves in a descending direction.

In this inquiry may be introduced further evidence, which, if not invested in every point of view with such authenticating circumstances as attend the foregoing, is legitimate and important. A few years since, some looped gold coins, a looped Roman intaglio, and a Saxon or Frankish circular ornament set with garnets, were dug up in the burial-ground attached to the ancient church of St. ]\Iartin, just

INTEODUCTlOIf. xlix

without the gates of Canterbury, on the Sandwich road. This church, mentioned in charters of Ethelbert, a.d. 605 {^Cod. Dip. jEvi Saxon, ii and iii), Bede informs us, was a Roman building, and in it Bertha, the wife of Etlielbert, used to worship, she being a Christian : in it also Augustine and his companions met to pray and baptize. The ornaments were of too costly a description to have belonged to any other than a lady of distinction, with whom they had probably been interred. Some of the coins are Merovingian ; one is of Justin, who died a.d. 527 ; and one is of Eupardus, bishop of Autun, who appears, from the ecclesiastical writers, to have been ordained about the middle of the sixth century, or, as one writer states, some- what later : see Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i, pi. xxii and lv ; and Numismatic Chronicle, vol. vii, p. 187. Gold coins of Mauricius (a.d. 582 to a.d. 602), and of Heraclius (a.d. 610 to a.d. 641), mounted in gold crosses set with garnets, have been found in Norfolk ; and a similar decorated cross, but without a coin, has very recently been dug up, together with the upper plate of a gold circular Saxon fibula, in Suffolk. I am rather inclined to think these crosses (of which Ave have no examples from the Kentish graves, nor from any other Anglo-Saxon cemeteries) are of some- what later date than the Saxon ornaments in the Faussett collection.

Equally connected with this inquiry, but not apparently advancing it by any positively decisive evidence, is the discovery of Merovingian and other gold coins with Anglo-Saxon ornaments recorded by Mr. Akerman in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. vi, p. 171.

localities: ethnological classification of antiquities.

We derive but little, if any, information bearing upon our researches in the names or in the records of the locaUties in which the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries are situated. They only shew that certain districts were more or less populated, and that the inhabitants were more or less wealthy. The Gilton and Kingston ceme- teries bear indisputable evidence of the superior condition in life of many of the now nameless denizens of the graves ; and we may infer that in these districts were located some of the most powerful of the earliest settlers. As we often find the cemeteries are contiguous to or surrounded by Roman or Romano-British burial places, we seem to discern, in this contiguity of the dead, the result of an amicable relationship. In many places, where opportunity has been afforded of watching the exhumation of Roman burial-places, it has not been unfrequently noticed, when

h

1 IXTRODTJCTION.

the Roman interments have been exhausted, that Saxon graves follow in close proximity. This fact has been, perhaps, more strikingly observed in the vicinity of towns, as at Strood and Colchester. The Roman cemetery at Crundale affords a remarkable instance ; and in this point of view its chief interest consists. Unfor- tunately a vast number of both Roman and Saxon burial-places have been dug up ignorantly, or ransacked with no antiquarian object, and many opportunities for extending our knowledge on this important inquiry have been irrevocably lost. Still, no doubt, much is yet left for the patient and careful explorer : and we may hope that the publication of the great mass of facts contained in this volume will influence the discoverers of Saxon cemeteries to follow the example of Bryan Faussett in noting particulars, and that of Mr. Mayer in making those particulars public propei'ty.

A classification of Anglo-Saxon antiquities, obtained from various parts of the kingdom, is of the first importance. My friend Mr. Wright has attempted to aid in this classification by a map which he has contributed to our volume. In explanation of the principles on which this map is dra\\ai up, I here give some notes which he has communicated to me : —

" My principal object in the accompanying map was to shew the position of the Saxon cemeteries hitherto discovered in our island, with regard not only to one another, but to the great roads and principal towns which were in existence at the period to which the cemeteries are ascribed. I think it would be hardly safe yet to venture on drawing any conclusions from the comparisons Avhich this map leads us to ; but it is, perhaps, right to state the authority, or grounds, upon which the map itself is made.

" I need not tell you of the almost imperishable character of the Roman roads, which not only remained as the public roads of this island during the Anglo-Saxon and Norman periods, but were the foundation of most of the principal high-roads of modern times. I had, therefore, no more to do in this respect than to take the principal known roads of the Roman period. Four of these gi'eat roads are especially spoken of by our medieval chroniclers ; but as the oldest writer in whom the description and names of them occur, Henry of Huntingdon, belongs to the middle of the twelfth century, it leaves room for some discussion as to their real Anglo-Saxon names. The words of Henry of Huntingdon are as follows : — ' Tantse autem gratiee inhabitantibus fuit Brittannia, quod quatuor in ea calles a fine in finem construerent regia sublimates authoritate, ne aliquis in eis inimicum invadere

mXRODUCTION. li

auderet. Primus est ab oriente in occidentem, et vocatur Ichenild; secundus est ab austro in aquilonem, et Yocatuv Emi7i(/estrate ; tertius est ex transverse a Dorobernia in Cestriam, scilicet ab Euro-Austro in Zephyrum-Septentrionalem, et vocatur Wat- lingesfrate; quartus, major caeteris, incipit in Catenes et desinet in Totenes, scilicet a principio Cornugallise in finem Scottise ; et hie callis vadit ex transverse a Zephiro- Australi in Eurum-Septentrionalem, et vocatur Fossa, tenditque per Lincolniam. Hi sunt quatuor principales calles Angliae, multum quidem spatiosi, sed nee minus speciosi, sanciti edictis regum, scriptisque verendis legum.'

" Of these four roads, one only, the Wcetlinga- strait, is mentioned in purely Anglo-Saxon writings, and on the name of that there can be no doubt, or of its mythic character. The name of another is equally mythic, which is written in the printed text Erningestrete, and has been corrupted in more modern times into Erniing-street : from a consideration of the various reading in the manuscripts of Henry of Huntingdon, Ermingestretc, of the similarity of that form with Watlingestrete (in Henry's orthography), and of its analogy with Wcetlinga-strcet, I am inclined to think that the real Anglo-Saxon name of this road was Eormeninga-strwt — that it was the road of the Eormenings as that was of the AVatlings — and I have ventured to adopt this name in the map. The name of a third of these, the Ichenilde-sinet, or Ikenild-strcet, though somewhat doubtful in its form, represents, I have no doubt, the old Anglo-Saxon name of the road. I cannot say the same thing of the name of the fourth road, for the word Fosse, unless we can suppose it to be a corruption of some older name which is unknown, is undoubtedly Anglo-Norman, and as such I have rejected it.

" With regard to the names of towns, I have inserted such only as are known, or believed by strong presumption, to have existed as towns under the Anglo-Saxons, before their conversion to Christianity. As in Gaul, and in the other provinces of the Roman empire, there can be no doubt that many, if not most, of the principal towns, especially when fortified, outlived the invasions of the barbarians, and wherever we find a town, which had been Roman, still existing as a town in the early Christian period of the Anglo-Saxons (or, indeed, at any time of the Saxon period), we are justified in assuming that it had so existed continuously through the period of Anglo-Saxon paganism. I have acted upon this assumption in inserting in the map the chief Roman towns in England which are mentioned as Saxon towns by the early Anglo-Saxon historians, and will only add that a large number of these are mentioned by those historians as having been towns of the Saxons before their

lii INTRODUCTIOISf.

conversion. Other primitive Anglo-Saxon towns, of which we have no evidence of a Roman origin, are given on the authority of the same historians, such as Sandwic in Kent, Wihtgara-hyrig in the Isle of Wight, Posentes-byrig in Shropshire ; and I have added one or two others, on a strong presumption of their early existence, although we have no direct mention of them. Thus, I am inclined strongly to the belief, that the two border towns of Shrewsbury and Hereford were founded by the remains of the population of the ruined Roman towns of Uriconium and Magna, and that they were very early towns of the Mercians. A few other towns, such, for instance, as Glaestinga-byrig and Maerle-beorg (Glastonbury and Marlsbury) are mentioned in the earliest Christian period as being then places of so much import- ance, that that importance must have been bequeathed to them from the previous age. I will only remark further on this part of the subject, that I have ventured to follow the ecclesiastical tradition, which appears to be as old, at all events, as the thirteenth century, in identifying Maserfeld, mentioned by Bede {Eccl. Hist. lib. iii, c. 9), as the place where Oswald king of the Northumbrians was slain in battle against the pagan Mercians, with Oswaldes-treo, or, as the name has been in modern times corrupted, Oswestry, in Shropshire. At all events, Oswestry appears to have been a very early Mercian town, and probably arose from the ruins of a Roman town in the immediate neighbourhood at what is now called Old Oswestry.

" I have thought it especially important, with regard to the cemeteries, to mark, as nearly as we can ascertain them, the limits of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the pagan period. The Anglo-Saxon historians have left us a very straight- forward account of the great ethnological divisions of their race, and as far as Ave have yet gone in this line of research, the variations in the articles found in the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in different parts of the island correspond with it ; but the exact geographical limits are not so easily fixed, and, in fact, they no doubt varied at different periods. The limits of the Kentish Jutes are clearly defined, and the same may be said of the South Saxons and of the East Saxons, and, to some degree, of the Northumbrian Angles. It would not, however, be so easy to fix the exact boundary line inland of the East Angles, or of the Middle Angles of Lincolnshire ; and the boundary of the Mercians was continually varying. It must be understood that I am speaking of the Mercians of the age previous to their conversion, of the history of which we are absolutely ignorant. We learn from the Saxon Chronicle, that in the year 571 the West Saxons, under Cuthwulf, took from the Britons the towns of Bedcan-ford (Bedford), Lygean-byrg (Lenbury), iEgeles-byrg (Aylesbury),

sxEI

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- (oludM'hurh

Bfi>rnii\T-ttTC

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MAP OF

Si\XO:S^ E>GLAXD

previous to A. D. 600 .

Sh^H'ina Ih^ htwris whirfi tirf hion^n It) haw cnstf/f th^i as An/iio-Sajnm, towns, and thf AiwloStLXfn (ermf^nrs ,

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P-^ R A -H^ 1 1 \P^S!3^'

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,

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i

INTRODUCTION. lui

Baenesing-tun (Benson), and Egones-ham (Eyneshara) ; that in 577, under Cuthwine and Ceawlin, they defeated' the Britons at Deorham, and obtained possession of Bath, Cirencester, and Gloucester ; and that in 584, they defeated the Britons at Fethan-lea (Frethorne, on the Severn), and took ' many towns'; and we know that they subsequently extended their conquests to the Wye. It is not till 628 that we find the Mercians invading the frontiers of the West Saxons, and fighting a battle with them at Cirencester. I think, therefore, that in treating of the pagan period, we may consider the kingdom of Wessex as including the modern counties of Bedford, Buckingham, Oxford, and Gloucester, and, perhaps, also part of Worcester- shire and Herefordshire, and that the jiopulation of those districts are really Saxon, and not Angle. This is a consideration whichT must not be lost sight of, in our classification of the early Anglo-Saxon remains ; and it is upon it that I have given the limit between the West Saxons and the Mercians in the map. The Mercians appear to have pushed forward from Lincolnshire in a western and south-western direction, and so to have reached the border of Wales at a very early period, after which they began to extend their conquests towards the south.

" I have entered in the map all the Anglo-Saxon cemeteries in this island which have been either fully or partially explored, or which, as far as I have as yet ascertained, have been indicated by accidental discoveries. I have no doubt that this list, numerous as it may appear, is very imperfect, and I shall be glad to obtain any information which may render it more complete. The importance of such information will be sufficiently shewn by the valuable work which you are now giving to the world."

It is only necessary to add to these remarks the following table of references to explain the localities indicated by the numbers in the map.

KENT. 1 1. Between Folkestone and Dover.

1. Cliartham Down. 12. Folkestone.

2. Kingston Down. 13. Barham.

3. Gilton, in the parish of Ash. 14. Bourne Park.

4. Coomhe, in the parish of Wodnesborough. 15. Sittingbourne.

5. Sibertswold. 16. Chatham Lines.

6. Barfriston Down. 17. Rochester.

7. Wingham. 18. Strood.

8. Minster, in Thanet. 19. Northfleet.

9. Osengell, in Thanet. 20. Greenwich. 10. St. Margaret's near Dover. 21. Reculver.

liv

INTRODUCTION.

EAST SAXOXS.

22. Colchester.

EAST ANGLES.

23. Linton Heath, Cambridgeshire.

24. Great Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire.

25. Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire.

26. Stow Heath, Suffolk.

27. Staunton, Suffolk.

28. Aldborough, Suffolk.

29. Tostock, near Ixworth, Suffolk.

30. Eye, Suffolk.

31. Near Bungay, Suffolk.

32. Near Swaffham, Norfolk.

33. Walsingham, Norfolk.

34. Markeshall, near Norwich.

WEST SAXONS.

35. Harnam, near Salisbury.

36. Roundway Down, near Devizes, Wilts.

37. Fairford, Gloucestershire.

38. , Gloucestershire.

39. Near Abingdon, Berkshire.

40. Long Wittenham, Berkshire.

41. Blewbury, Berkshire.

42. Cuddesden, Oxfordshire.

43. Souldern, Oxfordshire.

44. Mentmore, Buckinghamshire.

45. Dinton, Buckinghamshire.

46. Sandby, Bedfordshire.

47. Shefford, Bedfordshire.

ISLE OF WIGHT.

48. Chessell Down.

49. Aneton Down.

MEECIA AND THE MIDDLE ANGLES.

50. Caenby, I^ncolnshire.

51. Castle Bythan, Lincolnshire.

52. Near Newark, Lincolnshire.

53. Searby, near Caistor, Lincolnshire.

54. Syston Park, Lincolnshire.

55. Near Cottgrave, Nottinghamshire.

56. Kingston, near Derby.

57. Winster, in the Peak.

58. Middleton Moor, Peak.

59. Haddon Field.

60. Brassington, Peak.

61. Standlow, near Dovedale

62. Cowlow, near Buxton.

63. Ingarsby, Leicestershire.

64. Great Wigston, Leicestershire.

65. Queenborough Field, Leicestershire.

66. Rothley Temple, Leicestershire.

67. Billesdon Coplow, Leicestershire.

68. Husband's Bosworth, Leicestershire.

69. Parish of St. Nicholas, Warwick.

70. Near Warwick.

71. Cestersover, near Rugby, Warwickshire.

72. Churchover, Warwickshire.

73. Marston Hill, Northamptonshire.

74. Badby, Northamptonshire.

75. Hunsbury Hill, Northamptonshire.

76. Barrow Furlong, Northamptonshire.

77. Welford, Northamptonshire.

THE ANGLES NORTH OF THE HUMBER.

78. South Cave, Yorkshire.

79. Great Driffield, Yorkshire.

80. Near Rudstone, Yorkshire.

81. Castle Eden, Durham.

To enable the student to comprehend more fully the subject of this volume with its collateral inquiries, a list of publications, almost indispensable to the study of Saxon antiquities, is appended. The list may be taken as indicating the chief publications bearing on this branch of our national archaeology. Comparison with these works will prove how much we are indebted for the accession of a great mass of facts to the enthusiasm of Bryan Faussett and the generosity of Joseph Mayer.

C. ROACH SMITH.

INTRODUCTION. Iv

LIST OF BOOKS

RELATING ESPECIALLY TO THE ANTIQUITIES FOUND IN THE ANGLO-SAXON

CEMETERIES, AND IN THE SIMILAR INTERMENTS

ON THE CONTINENT.

Nenia Britannica : or, a Sepulchral History of Great Britain ; from the earliest period to its general conversion to Christianity. By the Rev. James Douglas, F.A.S. London, 1793.

Arch^ologia: or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Antiquity, published by the Society of Antiquaries of London. London, 1770-1856. For index to the papers on Anglo-Saxon Antiquities, see the Archaeological Index, pp. 200 to 204.

Collectanea Antiqua; Etchings and Notices of Ancient Remains, illustrative of the Habits, Customs, and History of Past Ages. By Charles Roach Smith, F.S.A. London, 4 volumes, from 1843 to 1856.

The Arch^ological Album : or. Museum of National Antiquities. Edited by Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A. ; illustrated by F. W. Fairholt, F.S.A. London, 1845.

The History and Antiquities of Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire ; compiled by Thomas Wing ; together with a Short Description of Souldern, Oxfordshire, and of Sepulchral Remains found there, by Sir Henry E. L. Dryden, Bart. Deddington and London, 1845.

A Brief Account of the Parish of Stouting, in the county of Kent, and of the Anti- quities lately discovered there. By the Rev. Frederick Wrench, Rector of Stouting. London, 1845.

An ARCHiEOLOGiCAL Index to Remains of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano-British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. By John Yonge Akerman, F.S.A. London, 1847.

Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire, and the Sepulchral Usages of its Inhabitants from the most Remote Ages to the Reformation. By Thomas Bateman. London, 1848.

The Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, in Kent. By Charles Roach Smith, F.S.A. London, 1850.

The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon : a History of the Early Inhabitants of Britain, down to the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. By Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., M.R.S.L. London, 1852.

Saxon Obsequies, illustrated by Ornaments and Weapons discovered by the Hon. R. C. Neville, in a Cemetery near Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire, during the autumn of 1851 ; with coloured lithographic plates. London, 1852.

Fairford Graves. A Record of Researches in an Anglo-Saxon Burial-place in Glouces- tershire. By William Michael Wylie, B.A. Oxford, 1852.

Miscellanea Graphica : a Collection of Ancient, Medieval, and Renaissance Remains in the possession of Lord Londesborough. London, 1854-6.

Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from tumuli in England. By John Yonge Akerman, F.S.A., and Sec. S.A. London, 1855.

Ivi INTEODUCTION.

On Anglo-Saxon Antiquities, with a particular reference to the Faussett Collection. By Thomas Wright, M.A., F.S.A. (Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, vol. vii ; printed separately.) London, 1855.

British Antiquities : their present treatment and their real claims, pp. 47. By A. Henry Ehind, F.S.A.Lond. and Scot. Edinburgh, 1855.

Burial and Cremation. By J. M. Kemble. (The Archaeological Journal, No. 48.)

London, 1855.

On Mortuary Urns, found at Stade-on-the-Elbe and other parts of North Germany, now in the Museum of the Historical Society of Hanover. By John Mitchell Kemble. (Archfeologia, vol. xxxvi.) London, 1856.

The History and Antiquities of the Isle of AVight. By George Hillier. (Printed for the Subscribers.) London, 1856.

Sechster Jahresbericht an die Mitglieder der Sinsheimer Gesellschaet, von R. Wilhelmi. Sinsheim, 1838.

Description des Tombeaux de Bel-Air pres Cheseaux sur Lausanne, par Frederic Troyon. Publiee sous les auspices de la Society des Antiquaires de Zurich. Lausanne, 1841.

Das Germanische Todtenlager bei Selzen in der Provinz Rheinhessen, dargestellt und erliiutert von den Gebriidern W. und L. Lindenschmit. Mainz, 1848.

Die Graber der Liven. Ein Beitrag zur Nordischen Alterthumskunde und Geschichte von Johann Karl Bahr. Dresden, 1850.

Recherches Historiques sur les Peuples de la Race Teutonique qui envahirent les Gaules au v^ siecle, et sur le caractere des Armes, des Boucles et des Ornaments recueillis dans leurs Tombeaux, particulierement en Picardie, par M. le Docteur RigoUot. (Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Picardie, tom. x. 1850.

Notice sur les Tombes Gallo-Frankes du Grand Duch^ de Luxembourg, par M. A. Namur. (Extrait des publications de la Societe Archeologique de Luxembourg. 1853.)

Afbildninger era det Kongelige Museum for Nordiske Oldsager i Kjobenhavn. Ordnede og forklarede af J. J. A. Worsaae. Copenhagen, 1854.

La Normandie Souterraine, ou Notices sur les Cimetieres Remains et des Cimetieres Francs explores en Normandie, par M. I'Abbe Cochet. Seconde edition. Paris and London, 1855.

Notice sur d'Anciens Cimetieres trouv^s soit en Savoie, soit dans le Canton de Geneve, par M. H. J. Gosse. (Memoires et Documents publies par la Soci^t^ d'Histoire et d'Arch^o- logie de Geneve, tom. 9, 1855.)

ERRATA. I'age 0, lines 2 and 0 from bottom, for " pi. 15", read, " pi. 16". „ 10, line 1 from bottom, dele (pi. 8, fig. 8).

„ 20, line 8, for " three-quarters of an inch", read " three inches and a quai'tei"". „ 117, Xote 2, for " Anglo-Saxons", read " Anglo-Saxon graves". „ 10(i, the reference to the second note is wanting. „ 228, PI. Tin, figs. 2, etc., for " Gilton, No. 2i", read " Gilton, No. 23". „ 22'J, PI. x^'I, for " 1, 2", read " 1, 2, 3"; for " fig. 3", read " fig. 4, Gilton, No. 19"; in " 4, 5, 5a", dele 4.

tup: SAND-riT at gilton, in 185-1.

INYENTOEIUM SErULCHRALE,

AN ACCOUNT OP SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED GILTON-TOWN, IN THE PARISH OP ASH, NEXT SANDWICH, IN KENT,

IN THE YEARS 17tiO, 17C2, 17G3, BY ME Br. FaUSSETT.

T a place commonly called Gilton Town, in the parish of Ash, next Sandwich, in the county of Kent, on the right hand of the high road leading from Canterbury to Sandwich, and about a quarter of a mile short of Ash-Street, is a large and deep sand-pit, in which from time to time for a great many years past, whenever sand has been dug Avithin three or four feet of the surface, or whenever the surface has rushed down after frost or rain, as it usually does, many antiquities of different sorts have been discovered and picked up, either by the servants of the farmer who used the land, who have often been employed in carrying^ out the sand to manure the farm, or by the inhabitants of the village of Ash, or perhaps, more particularly, by the servants of a miller, who has two large windmills on the west side of and close to this sand-pit.

Happening to be at Ash in the end of the year 1759, on the purpose of copying the monumental inscriptions in that church among others, and inquiring, as I always do on such occasions, whether there were any antiquities or other remarkables in the neighbourhood, I was informed of this famous sand-pit, and of the particulars above mentioned.

INVENTOBIUM SEPULCHRALE.

I immediately visited the place ; and after having looked about it and examined it for some little time, one of the miller's servants came into the pit to me and shewed me something sticking out, about three or four inches out of the sand, at about three feet from the surface of the eastern and deepest part of the pit. It appeared to me to be nothing more than some piece of stick or some root ; but he assured me it was the head of a spear ; and said he was certain there was a grave there from the colour of the sand, which, in a small line of about eighteen inches in length, parallel to the surface, and about two inches in thickness, appeared in. that place of a much darker tinge than the rest of the sand. He told me also, that, if I pleased, he Avould get a ladder and a spade and see what Avas in it.

It was now pretty late in the day, which made me object to his proposal, imagining he would not have time to go through with his work. However, on his assuring me that he had been used to the work, and that by the help of another niiUer, his fellow-servant, he should soon rifle it (for that was his expression), my curiosity prompted me, though at a considerable distance from home, to set them about the business and to wait the event.

The miller and his companion immediately produced two ladders and as many spades ; and with these began to delve in a very rough manner into the sand rock in an horizontal manner, as if they had designed to have made an oven. The head of the spear (for such indeed it proved) they, at the first or second stroke of their spades, contrived to break all to pieces. Indeed it was very brittle. At the next stroke or two, part of a skull and a few vertebrae of the neck (all much decayed) were indiscriminately with the soil cast down into the pit, without the least care or search after anything. That concern, they said, they left to me and my servant at the bottom, who were nearly blinded with the sand falling on us, and in no small danger of being knocked on the head, if not absolutely buried, by the too zealous impetuosity of my honest labourers.

I found, in short, that this method of proceeding would not do ; but that if the grave did chance to contain anything curious, it must, most likely, be lost and overlooked. I therefore desired them to desist, and advised them rather to open the ground above, till they should get down to the skeleton, and then carefully to examine the bottom of the grave. This advice, having been used to proceed oven- fashion, if I may so call it, they did not at first at all rehsh ; but after a little persuasion and a little brandy (without which nothing, in such cases as the present, can be done effectually), they very cheerfully approved and very contentedly followed, so that in a very short time they got to the skeleton, I mean to what remained of it. And though I then went into the grave myself, and very carefully examined every handful of the above mentioned discoloured sand (namely, where the body had lain

GILTON-TOWN. 3

and rotted), I found nothing but some soft spongy remains of decayed bones. It was now too near night to think of doing anything more at that time, and too late in the season, considering my distance from home, to attempt anything further that year. But I promised myself the pleasure of returning to the work, and making a further and more diligent search, as early as the weather and length of days of the ensuing spring would give me leave.

These millers not only told me of many things which had been continually found here, but showed me a broken iron buckle, two bi'oken spear -heads, several other broken pieces of iron, of which nothing could be made out, and seven small beads of baked earth of different colours ; these last I purchased of them ; as also, of their master, Mr. Kingsford, the blade of a sword, about two feet and a half long, about two inches broad, quite straight and very heavy ; five spear-heads of different sizes, and none of them whole ; two umbos of shields, both also much broken ; (these were aU of iron) ; and eleven small earthen beads like the former ; and these were the only things out of the whole purchase that I got safe home : all the rest were so blistered with rust and so very brittle, that notwithstanding my greatest care, both in the packing and carriage of them, they were broken all to pieces in the conveyance.

This sand-pit is situated on an eminence, Avhich commands a very beautiful prospect of the adjacent country from the south-east to the north-west. The sand is of a reddish colour, rather coarse, and so hard and compact as to keep its rocky form in digging, and not to run in and crumble, as sand generally does.

The surface of the ground has been so entirely levelled by the plough, that not the least trace or appearance of a single tumulus is anywhere to be seen. The mills stand, as I observed before, at the west, or rather north-Avest, side of the pit, and upon rather higher ground than the surface near the other sides of it. And, I imagine, that on that spot the most valuable antiquities might be discovered, as the highest part of the field was reckoned the most honourable. But the miller has put up a fence, beyond which he Avill on no account sviffer any sand to be dug or removed ; and, indeed, he is much in the right, for otherwise his mills would soon be in the bottom of the pit, the sand being even now (notwithstanding his precaution ) continually crumbling and running down after very wet or frosty weather.

I think I need not say that during the Avinter my thoughts were, every now and then, at Gilton-Town ; and that I often wished that inactive season at an end. At length the much wished for spring arrived, and the warmth of the weather had so raised the thermometer of my impatience by the beginning of April, that I was determined to pay it a visit as soon as possible. Accordingly, on the 10th of that month, having previously obtained leave of — Cosmaker, Esq. (^^ho was both lord of the manor and landlord of the farm to which the sand-pit belonged), I set out for

4 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Ash, -which I made my head-quarters in this, as well as in all other my digging expeditions at Gilton-Town ; and got thither soon enough to provide labourers, and everything else that was necessary for the business of the next day. And I here give an exact account of my success at this time, \dz., on the

11th and 12th of April, 1760.

1. The first grave we opened was about two feet and a half deep ; it pointed due east and west, with the feet to the east. The skeleton was nearly decayed. On the left side of the skull lay the head of a spear (pi. 14, fig. 3) ; by its size, I guess it to have been an hasta, it being full eighteen inches long, i. e. from the point to the

end of the socket. The point reached but a very little, perhaps two inches, beyond the skull, so that I think it could not, staff" and all, exceed the length of six feet. Besides this, there was a small iron heckle;* the blade of a knife, about four inches long (pi. 15, fig. 3) ; and some other small bits of iron, so rusted and broken that nothing Full size. could be made of them.

2. Grave east and west, as the former, about three feet deep. No signs of any bones but those of the thighs, and they were almost gone ; here we met with nothing ; but in digging out the sand, and about half way down, we found the sherds of a pretty largish urn of coarse black earth, broken, I suppose, by those who dug the grave for the person here deposited ; a shrewd sign, surely, that this spot has been a burying place, perhaps even before the custom of burning the dead ceased.'

3. Grave, as before, about three feet deep ; bones almost gone. About the place of the neck we found five small beads of baked earth, one yellow, two blue, and two red. Here we also found a very common copper coin of Constantine the Great. It is of the third module. The head is laureate, and has this legend, IMP. coNSTANTiNvs p.F. AVG. The reverse has the sun, standing, Avith his attributes as usual, with the following legend, soli, invicto. cojiiti. ; in the area are the two letters t.f. ; at the bottom, p.l.n. A woman's grave, one would think.

4. Grave from west to east as before, but not more than two feet deep. It contained the bones of a child, which were scarce distinguishable. I traced its ashes, I mean the tinged sand, and could not find that they reached above three feet in length. On the right side near the place of the skull, for that was quite gone, was the small head of a dart or arrow (see fig. 1, in group on p. 10) :^ it was of iron ; but

* The italics throughout the volume denote the - [As some of the objects in iron discovered at

objects selected for wood-cuts. Gilton have entirely perished from oxidation, and

' [As he proceeded with his excavations, Mr. Faus- as others are much decomposed, in this instance the

sett became convinced that this notion, formed at so drawings which accompany Mr. Faussett's account

early a period of his researches, was correct. — Ed.] have been copied and introduced in p. 10. — Ed.]

Full size.

(ilLTON-TOWN. 5

appeared to have been verj^ thin, its whole length, strig and all (for it had not a socket), Avas scarce three inches. About the place of the neck we found seven small amber beads, not round, but they seem as if cut irregularly Avith a knife.

5. Grave as before, near four feet deep, the bones pretty sound ; here we found the hemispherical umbo of a shield (pi. 15, fig. 14); it was of iron, and hollow ; at the centre of the convexity was a sort of stud, about one inch broad, fixed on to it by a strig or foot, about half an inch long ; three iron rivets with flat round heads near two inches broad, with part of the wood of the shield adhering to them. By the length of these studs or rivets, the shield appeared to have been exactly half an inch thick. On the right side of the skull was the head of an hasta or spear, much like that described at No. 1 ; and on the left side of the skull, the head of a pilum or dart (fig. 3 in group, p. 10); this was not more than nine inches long, socket and all. The socket, both of this and of the head of the hasta, were full of the rotten Avood of their staves. A self-opinionated carpenter, who looked on, did not hesitate a moment, but very assuredly pronounced that

it was " quartered ash"; this is not at all unlikely ; but I think it impossible for him to be sure.' We found, besides a large iron hucJcle, a round hollow iron cylinder, about one inch and a half diameter, and about five inches long. I take this to have been a handle- to hold the shield by. It appeared to have been bound round Avith some string, not unlike our packthread, I suppose for the more commodiously grasping it ; the string Avas by the rust of the iron converted lull size. into a hard iron-like substance. There Avas also a blade of a

knife, exactly like that at No. 1 ; it had rotten wood adhering to its strig ; but, as my wise friend the carpenter had noAv unfortunately left me, I Avill not of myself presume to determine Avhat wood the haft Avas made of. We also found scA'cral small pieces of rusty iron ; but all of them so swoln and broken that I could not pretend to give any guess what they might have been. They had something of tlie appearance of long nails, with very broad heads.

' [The carpenter was probably correct. Portions of wood remaining in the sockets of Anglo-Saxon spear-heads have been ascertained, by the aid of the microscope, to be ash. The Saxon asc, ash, is constantly used in the old Anglo-Saxon poetry for spear. In Beowulf, 1. 664, the javehns or spears {gdras) are described as having shafts of ash-wood :

gai-as stodon see-manna searo samod a'tga>dere, aesc-holt ufan graeg. —Ed.]

- See'Montiaucon' s An/iquife Ej-j)liqiice, translated by Humphries, vol. iv, pi. G, fig. 14; pi. 8, fig. G.

Their javelins stood, the weapons of the sea-men, collected together, ash-wood grey above.

b INVENTORIDM SEPULCHRALE.

6. Grave, as before, about three feet deep ; the bones quite gone ; an umbo of a shield, much like that described in No. 5, but that it is much more conical ; it has a round stud in its centre like that ; three iron broad-headed rivets or studs, as before ; tlic liead of an hasta, much like that described at No. 1 ; this lay on the right side of the place of the skull ; and the blade of a knife, like those already mentioned, near the right hip.

7. Grave, as before, about three feet deep ; bones almost gone ; on the left side of the head, the head of a pilum, like that described at No. 5 ; a small iron buckle, much like that described at No. 1, except that the angles of this are rather more rounded off; and several nail-like pieces of iron, and the blade of a knife, as before.

8. Grave, as before, about three feet deep. It was very visible that this person was buried in a large and very thick chest or coffin, which had either been excavated by fire, or perhaps been burnt to a certain degree, in order to make it the more durable. It was in some places, particularly at the head and feet, near three inches thick ; perhaps more ; for at both these places I took up several large handfuls of black crumbly dust, mixed with large wood-coals, and on each side there were very manifest indications of the coffin, much rotten wood and black dust, mixed Avith wood-coals, reaching the whole length of, nay, much beyond the skeleton. The bones were greatly decayed. Among the small remains of the skull, I found a long, slender, brass pin, with a large round head (pi. 10, fig. 20) ; this I shall not at all hesitate to call an acus discriminalis,^ or pin for the hair. About the place of the neck, I found nine small beads of baked earth, as before : one of them was somewhat larger than the rest, and among them several loose teeth, which were very firm : I suppose they had fallen out of the lower jaw, but that was quite gone. Here were also many pieces of iron ; but all of them so rusted and swollen, and withal so very rotten, that it was impossible to give any guess either at their form or use, nor could they be handled without their falling to pieces. At the feet and beyond the coffin, was a round brass trivet, about twelve inches diameter (pi. 15, fig. 2), on which stood a flat brass pan or kettle, eighteen inches wide and about four inches deep ; it has two handles ; it is much broken and decayed, and has been patched and mended in several places." (PL 15, fig. 1.) A woman's grave.

9. Grave, as before, and about three feet deep ; coffin scarce discernible ; bones

' See Montfaucon's Antiquite Expliquie, trans- graven in ^>T^«ofoyM, vol. xxx, p. 133. This basin

lated by Humphries, vol. iii, fol. 32, pi. 10, fig. 17. is mended with pieces of metal stamped with a

Supplem. fol. 263, pi. 86, fig. 2. figure of a minstrel dancing and playing on a viol,

" [Compare with the bronze basin found at Gilton, and grotesque forms of animals. — Ed.] in the collection of Mr. Rolfe, of Sandwich, en-

GILTON-TOWN. 7

nearly gone ; nothing but the blade of a smaller knife than those heretofore mentioned, but of the same shape, and some pieces of rusty iron, which seemed to have been nails' with large heads.

10. Grave as before, and about four feet deep ; coffin very visible ; bones nearly gone ; an hemispherical umbo, as at No. 5. Four broad-headed brass studs, one inch diameter, covered with very thin plates of silver ; these were in the bottom rim of the umbo, which had by them been fixed to the shield ; three other broad-headed iron studs, as before ; an iron cylinder or handle, as at No. 5, and some other pieces of iron. At the right side of the head was the head of an hasta, like those already mentioned, but somewhat larger. The blades of two knives, one of them of the size and shape already described (fig. 5 in group, p. 10), the other of the shape described by fig. 2, p. 10, and eight inches long in the blade ; a small brass buckle ; a larger, very clumsy buckle, of a whitish metal (pi. 9, fig. 5). The blade of a sword, quite straight, two feet seven inches long, exclusive of the strig, to which the hilt, which, from some of it adhering to it, appears to have been of wood, was fixed ; it is two inches and a quarter broad next the hilt, ^'"" "'''''• and near two inches broad within a little of the point (pi. 14, fig. 7) ; it lay on the right side. The iron sharp-pointed end or ferrule of the hasta, with which it used to be occasionally stuck in the ground (fig. 6 in group, p. 10) ; it was about two inches long and about three-quarters of an inch diameter ; had it not rotten wood in it, it was so deformed with rust that I could not have guessed at its use. It lay at the feet of the grave, and at the same side Avith the head, and, as near as could be, at the distance of six feet from the point of it.'^

11. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. Bones nearly gone, nothing but two small dice, made of either ivory or bone ; they lay near the neck. ''■"" "'^''•

12. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. Bones almost gone ; the head of an hasta and the head of a pilum both on the right side of the head ; from the sockets of each, which I carefully compared, I judge that the staff" of the hasta was near an inch diameter, and that the staff" of the pilum was about three quarters of an inch diameter, i.e., at that end ; but that they were both of them smaller at the other end, as I found on examining the ferrules or spikes belonging to them, which happened both of them here to be perfect enough for such an examination ; for I found the ferrule of the hasta, as in No. 10, was three-quarters of an inch wide, and

' Concerning the nails of chests, or coffins of ^ See Montfaucon's^«Y;yM«Ve'^a;jaZz'yMee, translated

wood, see Stowe's Survey of London, fol. 178, edit. by Humphries, vol. iii, pi. 1, fig. 5; pi. 59, fig. 8; vol. iv,

1633. [See also a paper on the same subject in pi. 4, fig. 6 ; pi. 9, fig. 20. [The engravings referred

Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, p. 19. — Ed.] to cannot be depended on for fidelity in details Ed. J

8

INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

the ferrule of the pihim was not more than half an inch wide, — I mean in the clear. They were both of the same shape as that which is described at No. 10. From them also it appeared that the length of the hasta was six feet or rather more, and that the length of the pilum Avas but about four feet and a half. I am fully convinced that they were both of them deposited on the outside of the coffin : I mean between the coffin and the side of the grave ; the heads of both of them had some very coarse cloth very visibly adhering to them, or, more properly speaking, turned into their own iron, by the rust perhaps. They were both wrapt in the same cloth, for they lay close together. Here was also the blade of a large knife, or rather of a dagger ; it was ten inches long, exclusive of the strig, and two-edged (fig. 8, p. 15). Here I found also a pretty large brass^ buckle, with a long shank, neatly wrought ; it appears to have been gilded, and on its tongue are neatly set three garnets, and some greenish stone (pi. 8, fig. 12). Here were also the blades of two small knives, and some nail-like pieces of iron.

13. Grave as before, but not more than two feet deep. Bones of a child, as they seemed, and almost gone. Nothing.

14. Grave pointing more to the north, about three feet deep : the bones were nearly decayed. Nothing.

15. Grave from west to east as before, and near four feet deep. The bones were nearly decayed. At the place of the neck, eighteen small beads of baked earth ; they were, as those before, of different colours. One larger bead of blue glass striped with white. A sort of iron instrument, about six inches long : it had an iron ringle, of about three-quarters of an inch diameter, through one end of it.- A blade of a knife of the usual shape and size. A woman's grave.

16. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. No appear- ance of any coffin. Bones pretty sound. Two small iron bucldes, like that described at No. 1. The blade of a knife, some small bits of iron, and many sherds of a large urn of black coarse earth, disturbed and broken no doubt in digging the grave for the person here interred, as at No. 2. These sherds were all carefully collected and put one within another, the largest sherds bottommost, and in the undermost, which appeared to be near one-half of the urn.

' There is the very same sort of buckle as this to be seen in the 63rd plate of Humphreys's Supple- ment to Montfaucon, and is there marked No. 1 . It is, ver)' remarkably, there called a woman's head-dress ; but I imasine it must bo owins to some mistake.

[It is one of the large Frankish girdle-buckles, de- scribed as of iron plated with silver. — Ed.]

- That this was a key, see Sibertswold, Nos. 8, 18, and 180; Kingston, No. 54; Barfriston, No. 52; Beakesbourne, No. 32.

GILTON-TOWN. 9

there were about two handfuls of pieces of burnt bones. They were found carefully placed at the south-west corner of the grave, nearly a foot behind the head of the person here buried. The urn appeared to have had a mouth not above three or four inches wide, but a pretty capacious belly ; it seemed capable of containing above a gallon. It had, before it was baked, been impressed by the tip of a finger or some such thing, in two rows, one row above another all round ; the uppermost row was close to the neck, and the undermost row was about the middle of the belly ; the bottom was not above three inches diameter.^

17. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. A coffin very visible, but it did not appear to have been burnt. The bones were almost gone. Nothing but some sherds of a small urn, of coarse reddish earth, which had been broken, it is most likely, at the interment of the person whose bones we now found.

18. Grave as before, and about two and a half feet deep. A coffin, which did not appear to have passed the fire. The bones were pretty entire, though the skull was quite decayed. — Nothing but a knife, as before.

19. Grave as before, but full four feet deep. The coffin appeared to have been remarkably thick, and had visibly passed the fire. The bones were almost gone. Among the remains of the skull was an acus discriminalis of brass, nearly Like that described at No. 8 ; and near it I found six amber beads, and one large one of green glass, striped with yellow : the amber beads were irregularly shaped, like those at No. 4. A little lower I found a round- silver fibula subnectens, i.e., with its tongue at the under side of the plate. It is beautifully set with seven garnets (pi. 3, fig. 1): it is also neatly wrought and gilded in the intervals between the garnets. Here Avas also, near the hips, a lump of rusty iron near as big as one's fist, which seemed to consist merely of a great number of small iron links, as of a chain, intermixed with here and there some straight pieces of the same metal (pi. 12, fig. 5 h) ; but they were so rusted together and so very brittle, that they fell in pieces Avith the least endeavour to separate them.^ The blade of a smaller knife than any before, but of much the same shape. At the feet a beautifully corded urn of green glass, which would have held, as I guess, about half a pint, but it was unfortunately broken in

' [It is not unusual to find in these burial-places other remains beyond those of the regular deposit

the remains of Romano-British interments ; and it are met with, in such cases we may conclude that

is evident from the care bestowed to replace them, earlier graves, of which there are no external indi-

that the Anglo-Saxons respected the graves of the cations, had been dug into. — Ed.]

Romans and Britons as well as those of their own - Montfaucon informs us, that " women wore

nation. In the cemetery at Ozingell was found a these fibulas on their breast". See his Antiqtdte

large British sepulchral urn ; and Saxon graves are Exjdiquee, translated by Humphreys, vol. v, Ibl. 30.

not unfrcqucntly found close to Roman burial-places. ^ [Other examples of these objects in a more

When in Saxon graves a skull is noticed between the perfect state will be observed in future parts of this

legs or by the side of a skeleton; or when bones and volume. — Ed.]

10

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

pieces by the stroke of a spade. This was on the outside of the cofRn, as were also, and a little beyond it, a brass pan or kettle and a brass trivet, exactly like those described at No. 8, but smaller. Here were also found, as often before, several nail- like bits of iron. A woman's grave, no doubt.

20. Grave as before, about two feet deep. Coffin scarce visible. The bones of a child, scarce perceptible. Five yellow small beads of baked earth, and four irregular-shaped ones. Blade of a small knife.

21. Grave as before, about two and a half feet deep. Head of a pilum on the right side of the skull, which, together with the rest of the bones, was almost gone. The conical umbo of a shield, as before. Two broad-headed iron studs, as before. Blade of a knife, and several nail-like pieces of iron. The coffin very visible, and appeared to have passed the fire.

Weapons referreLl to in the preceding pages.

GiLTON Town, in Ash. June 16th, 17th, 18th, 1760.

22. Grave as before, viz., east and west. The feet to the east, and about two and a half feet deep. No appearance of a coffin. The bones almost gone. The head of an hasta, on the right side of the head. The hemispherical umbo of a shield, as before, to which were affixed four broad, flat-headed, brass studs, plated with silver, as at No. 10 : four other broad-headed iron studs, as before. A hollow iron cylinder for the handle, as at Nos. 5 and 10 ; and a piece of iron about five inches long and about half an inch broad. It had a hole in each end, through which, when found, it was riveted to two opposite silver-headed studs, just men- tioned, quite through the rim of the umbo, shield, and all, in order, without doubt, to fasten on the umbo more strongly (pi. 15, fig. 14 b). I had met with one or two of these before ; but as I never found one adhering to its studs till now, I could not guess at their use, especially as I never saw one in so perfect a state as this. It was from hence also manifest, as at No. 5, that the shield was about half an inch thick. A large iron buckle (pi. 8, fig. 8j and the blade of a knife.

GILTON-TOWN.

11

23. Grave as before, and near four feet deep. The bones all gone, except those of the thighs and part of one arm : a great deal of rotten and burnt wood : the remains of a large and thick coffin : the heads of two hastte, as at No. 1, and plainly on the outside of the coffin, their points reaching at least four inches beyond any of the rotten wood, at the head of it. I am pretty sure they were placed or laid on the lid of it, as they were found on the middle of it, i. e., between the two sides of it ; yet with at least four inches of their points, as I said before, reaching beyond the head of it. They had both been wrapped in some coarse cloth, having the same appearance as those at No. 12, before mentioned. The round or hemi- spherical iron umbo of a shield, as before ; to which were fixed four brass rivets, with flat heads, about an inch broad, thinly plated with silver : four broader-headed iron studs, as before : an hollow iron cylinder for the handle, as before : a cross piece of iron, as described at No. 22. A sword- blade, exactly like that at No. 10, as also its pommel, being nearly spherical, and of brass,' and the con- cavity filled with lead ; it has been gilded with gold, and has four small heads, in relievo, impressed upon it ; it is two inches diameter, and two inches per- pendicular height, if I may so term it ; it weighs 5oz. 13dwt. 15gr. A very beautiful brass buckle, gilt, on the tongue of which is set a fine garnet, and on its shank is a triangular piece of gold, neatly corded, or rather, vermiculated ; at each of the

Full size.

corners is a gilt, round-headed stud, about the size

of a vetch (pi. 8, fig. 8) : a shank, like the last mentioned, but without a buckle, mth its gold vermiculated plate and studs at the corners, like that (pi. 9, fig. 3) : an oblong square piece of gilded brass, in which also, as in a frame, is set a golden plate, neatly corded and vermiculated, like the former two, with three little holes at each end, by which it has been fixed to something (pi. 8, fig. 2) : a piece of gilded brass, which seems to have been fixed to the end of a strap, in order to pass it the more easily through the buckle (pi. 8, fig. 4) : and two other small pieces of gilt brass, which may perhaps have belonged to some part of the hilt of the sword ; but I know not what to make of them (pi. 8, fig. 5).' Here were also two blades of

' [This pommel is not of brass, but of iron : two, in pi. 8, fig. 5, is, apparently, an ornament attached

very similar, were found in graves Nos. 56 and 89, to the belt; the other is a fragment of a metal

and are noted under the latter. — Ed.] termination to a belt, resembling fig. 5, pi. 8. —

'' [The object here referred to, and engraven En.]

12 INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHEALE.

knives, one of tliem a little smaller than the other ; and several nail-like pieces of iron as heretofore. At the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was an urn of coarse black earth, which would have held about a quart, but fell to pieces in removing, it having, I suppose, received a blow from one of the labourers ; it had nothing in it but sand.

24. Grave as before, about two and a half feet deep : remains of a thick burnt coffin : bones quite decayed : the head of a pilum, as before : a conical iron umbo, as before : two broad-headed iron studs : blade of a larger knife : blade of a smaller : a small brass buckle, as at No. 10 : a large iron buckle, as at No. 5: several nail- like and other pieces of iron : and many sherds of a large urn of coarse black earth, disturbed before : these were not so carefully placed as those mentioned at No. 16 ; but were found dispersed and at all depths.

25. Grave nearly pointing north and south. Feet to the north : no remains of a coffin : bones almost gone : head of a smaller pilum, on the left side : blade of a knife : some small bits of iron.

26. Grave nearly parallel to No. 25, about three feet deep : no remains of a coffin : bones nearly gone : blades of two knives ; and a small iron buckle, as at No. 1.

27. Grave east and west, as before, and about three feet deep. Much black dust of a coffin: eighteen small glass and earthen beads of divers colours : five or six slender rings, which had a kind of sliding knot, in order to their fitting a larger or a smaller finger, and seemed to be of silver ; they were so very rotten, that they fell to pieces with bare handling : a small golden ornament, or perhaps amulet, for the neck,

Full size. ^^.jjj^ ^ 2pQp q£ ^l-jg gjjj^-jg metal to hang it by (pi. 4, fig. 23) : a very

beautiful round fibula subnectens of silver, set with three garnets and a blue stone ; the last is in the centre of it, and fixed in an ivory hemisphere ; it is one inch and a half diameter (pi. 3, fig. 7) : the intervals between the stones are figured and gilded. All these lay near the place of the neck. The blade of a small knife : many small iron links, each about three quarters of an inch long : four brass pins or instruments, each about one inch and a half long ; they had all of them small holes, and two of them had little ringles in their heads (pi. 12, fig. 6): they were so rusted to the links that they could not be easily separated. I make no doubt but that the links composed a chain, and that these pins, or instruments, were hung to it ; see No. 19.

At the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was an urn of green glass, beautifully corded with a double spiral line from top to bottom ; it held about a pint, or rather less ; its inside was beautifully coated witli what the antiquarians call electrum and

GILTON-TOWN.

13

armatura.' I had the ill luck to break it after I had gotten it fairly out of the

ground. Here were also several nail-like pieces of iron.

28. Grave, as the last, and about two and a half feet deep ; much black dust

and some coals, the remains of part of a very thick coffin : I say part of it, because

half, or at least one side, of it had, at some time or other, rushed down of itself, or

been dug down into the pit. It was the right-hand or southern side of it which

remained ; and on the outside of it (I mean between it and the sand rock) was a

larger and longer head of an hasta than I have ever met with before, and also

different in its shape. I have, therefore, described it as nearly as I am able (pi. 14,

fig. 14): it had, like others mentioned before, been

wrapt up in some coarse cloth. Here was also part of

a scutum, or square (or perhaps angular) shield ; its

shape may, in some measure, be guessed at from one

side of this remnant of it here described.- It seems to

have consisted of a square or angular board, of some

light but, without doubt, tough wood, not quite half an

inch thick, a little concave, in the manner of an half

cylinder, inwards, viz., from top to bottom, and to have

been covered all over on the outside with a very thin

plate of brass, on the outside of which were fixed, here "..einiif original size.

and there, several ornaments of the same metal, like that here described, which is the only loose one I met with, and that other which still remains fixed to the piece of the scutum itself. No doubt but it was originally furnished with an umbo ; but that, and all the rest of it, had fallen or been dug down, and been carried away with the sand ; for though I

very carefully examined what sand lay at that time underneath, I found nothing.

The piece here described owed its preservation (next to its not having fallen down

One half original size.

' [These terms are inapplicable : the variegated colours which ancient glass often assumes arise from its partial decomposition ; and this is much influenced by the character of the glass and by the nature of the soil in which it has been deposited. —Ed.]

[This, as well as the other object figured above, belonged to a pail used for domestic purposes ; and not to a shield. Examples are given in the Collec- tanea Antiqua, vol. ii, p. 161, and pi. xlv : the latter, a fragment found near Dieppe, is very similar to

that shown in the upper cut. A pail from Gilton is figured in Boys's Materials for a History of Sandwich, at page 868, and in Douglas's Nenia Britannica, pi. 12, fig. 11 : it is now in Mr. Rolfe's collection. Another example is given, the full size, in Mr. Akerman's Remains of Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxvii. Some of the brass ornaments, forming bands round these pails, are triangular, and have been mistaken for coronets for the head ; but from the examples now engraven and explained, they cannot fail to be recognised and understood. — Ed.]

14 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

with the rest of it) to a large knot in the wood, which is still very sound. This hasta (as I found from tlie situation of the iron spike, which I found in the hottom of the grave,) must, I think, have been nearly, if not quite, seven feet long. The spike was large, in proportion to the head ; and the sockets of both were wider by about a quarter of an inch diameter than any others that I have yet met Avith.

29. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep. Bones almost gone : no signs of a coffin : nothing but the blade of a knife.

30. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep : no signs of a coffin : the head of a pilum at the right side : a small ii-on buckle, as before, and the blades of two knives : sherds of a large black urn.

31. Grave as the last, about two feet deep, and about three feet long ; doubtless of a child : seven amber beads, irregularly shaped, as before ; and a common copper coin of Diocletian ; it is of the second or middle size, and has a hole in it. It is likely it was hung about the child's neck, being found among the beads. The reverse has on it pax. avgg.

32. Grave as the last, about two and a half feet deep, and about three and a half long ; certainly another child's grave : plain signs of a coffin : bones quite gone : five amber beads, and four of baked earth, and all yellow : the blade of a small knife : two small rings, as at No. 27 ; they seemed to be silver, but came in pieces in handling : some bits of iron, like nails ; and at the feet, beyond the coffin, a very small urn of black earth, Avhich was so rotten as not to bear removing.

33. Grave as the last, about two feet deep, and about four feet long. No sign of a coffin : bones quite gone : nothing but the sherds of a broken urn of coarse red earth ; I imagine it would have held about a pint : doubtless this also was a child's grave.

34. Grave as the last, and about three and a half feet deep : much black dust of a coffin : bones almost gone : head of a pilum, on the left side ; a conical umbo, as before : three broad headed iron studs : a brass huckle : the blades of two knives ; and several iron nails.

35. Grave, with the feet pointing much more to the north, and Full size. about three feet deep : no signs of a coffin : bones decayed : the

head of a pilum, on the right side : an iron buckle, as at No. 5 ; and the blade of a knife, not unlike our modern pruning knives, and eight inches long in the blade (pi. 15, fig. 6) ; and the broken remains of the ferrule of the pilum.

36. Grave parallel to the last, and about three feet deep : no sign of a coffin : the head of a pilum, on the left side.

37. Grave parallel to the last, and about two and a half feet deep : no sign of any coffin : bones almost gone : nothing but the blade of a knife.

GILTON-TOWN. 15

38. Grave east and west as before, about three feet deep : plain signs of a coffin : the heads of an hasta and of a pilum, both on the right side ; and on the outside of the coffin, an hemispherical umbo, as before : three broad-headed iron studs : iron cylinder for the handle : a cross piece of iron, as at No. 22, etc. : a round brass buckle (pi. 9, fig. 9) : two blades of knives, a larger and a smaller ; and some iron nails with broad heads ; and something like the broken remains of the ferrule of the hasta.

39. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : black remains of a coffin : the bones gone : the head of an hasta on the right side of the coffin : an hemispherical umbo, with four brass studs, plated with silver, as before ; three broad-headed iron studs : an hollow iron cylinder for the handle ; and a piece of iron, with a rivet at each end, which, for the future, I shall presume to call the cross piece for fastening the umbo : a hucMe of whitish metal, its tongue lost : the blades of two knives, viz., a larger and a smaller : several iron nails, and many other bits of iron ; pieces, I suppose of the ferrule of the hasta.

40. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Black remains of a coffin : bones nearly gone : head of an hasta, on the right side of the coffin : an hemi- spherical umbo : four broad-headed iron studs : cylinder for the handle : two brass buckles, with open fork-like shanks (pi. 9, fig. 10) : two bits of doubled brass, with a rivet through them, as if they had been fixed to some leather, perhaps to the end of some straps : the blade of a large knife, or perhaps of a short sword or dagger ; it was about nine inches long, exclusive of the strig, and like that described at No. 12: the blades of two smaller knives: a pretty fair copper coin of Antoninus Pius, with the head laureated, and this legend, antoninvs. avg. pivs. p.p.; on the reverse. Mars marching, with a trophy on his left slioulder, and a spear in his right hand; and this legend, tr. pot. cos. in. s.c. : it is of the middle brass, and very common. At the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was an urn of black earth, with a very narrow neck, and capable of holding about a quart ; it was so very soft and rotten that, though it had not received a stroke from a spade, it could not have been taken out whole.

-tl. Grave as the last, and near four feet deep. Much black dust and wood coal : the remains of a very thick coffin ; the bones were much more entire than any I have yet found at this place ; and by the teeth (which were the only whole set I have yet met with), they seemed to have been the bones of a middle aged person. Near the neck were thirty-five small beads of glass and baked earth, of several colours : also three larger striped earthen beads, and an amethyst drop of an ear- ring, as it seems. Near these, but rather more toward the feet, were five or six

16 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

slender rings, like those heretofore described at No. 27. They had, like those, each of them a kind of sliding knot, in order to their fitting either a larger or a smaller finger. They seemed to be of silver, but were so rotten as to break and, as it were, crumble with the least touch. With these were found a small silver fibula subnectens, set with four garnets, round an hemisphere of ivory, as it seems : it is figured and gilded in the intervals, like those before described (pi. 2, fig. 17) ; and a square silver ornament, also gilded ; it has in it a bird, in open work (pi. 8, fig. 7) : I imagine it has been part of a clasp ; at one corner of it is a small silver rivet. From the hips, downward, were a great many small iron links, many of them concatenated ; some of these were found lying more singly, the rest of them were rusted into a lump, as at No. 27, and among them, as at that number, were six or seven, if not more, brass pins or instruments, exactly like those there described. There was also the blade of a small knife, and a small brass buckle, as in No. 10. At the feet, but not in the coffin, was a beautiful, small, roundish urn of green glass, which held about half a pint : it was, according to custom, broken to pieces by the workmen. In it, or very near it, was a small gold coin of the emperor Justinian (pi. 11, fig. 2). On one side is his head, very uncouthly done : he has a cross on his breast, and this legend, ivstinianvs. n.; on the reverse is a winged Victory, and this very unintelligible legend (at least -to me), viz., tivntitavm. cono. : I can, for my own part, make nothing else out of it, but that it was struck at Constantinople ; it is very fiiir and weighs just twenty-two grains.' Certainly a woman's grave.

42. Grave as the last, and full four feet deep : much black remains of a burnt coffin : bones nearly gone. Among the teeth were twenty-six small glass and earthen beads of difi'erent colours, and one large one adorned and striped with red ; they appeared to have been strung upon a small wire. Near the place of the right breast, and about six inches below the beads, I found a most beautifid round fibula subnectens ; the face of it is pure gold, very curiously wrought, and set with a great number of small garnets in zigzag order ; it has also four round sockets and six square ones, out of which the stones, or whatever else was set in them, are lost ; in the centre is set a round garnet, which has a hole in it, in which, I imagine, a smaller stone was set ; (pi. 2, fig. 4) : the under part of it is copper. There was also the

' [This coin is perforated and had been used as these dates. But as it happens that this piece of

an ornament. The presence of coins in graves such money, although bearing the effigies of Justinian, is

as these is always important; and especially so when a barbarous imitation, and had been, apparently

they are, as in this instance, of a late date. Justinian for some time, worn as a personal ornament, it

reigned from a.d. 527 to a.b. 565 ; the coin must may be considered that the interment may have

therefore decide that the interment could not pos- been made at some considerable time subsequent to

sibly have been made previous to the former of the reign of this prince. — Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN. 17

blade of a knife : many small iron links of a chain, as in the last number : an iron instrument, exactly like that described at No. 15 (cut, p. 8), and about six inches long ; and another iron instrument not unlike a small key, about three inches long ; and several nail-like pieces of iron as often before. Certainly a woman's grave.

43. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : no signs of a coffin : bones nearly gone : nothing but the blade of a knife. About half vs'ay down we found the sherds of a largish urn of black, coarse earth, which had been disturbed and broken, as I imagine, when this person was interred.

44. Grave as the last, and three and a half feet deep : no signs of a coffin : bones nearly gone : five small earthen beads. Surely a woman's grave.

45. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : no signs of a coffin : bones nearly gone : the head of a pilura, on the left side : blade of a knife : some pieces of a small green glass urn before disturbed.

46. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : no signs of a coffin : the bones nearly gone : two iron arrow-heads, as they seemed, on the left side (fig. 7, page 10) : the blades of two knives.

47. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : black remains of a coffin : the bones pretty entire : nineteen small glass and earthen beads, of all colours ; some of them were striped, or of two colours ; three pretty large amber beads : two blades of knives, a larger and a smaller. At the feet, but beyond the coffin, was an iron instrument, very much resembling a pair of modern shears, about eight or nine inches long, but it was so swollen and disguised with rust, that though I really think and believe it was a pair of shears, I cannot pretend to be positive ; ^ it came to pieces in getting out, as indeed most of the iron does : several nail-like pieces of iron. Certainly a woman's grave.

48. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : much black dust, the remains of a thick burnt coffin : bones almost gone : a large and long head of an hasta, exactly like that described at No. 28 ; it lay on the right side of the coffin, and out of it : an hemispherical umbo and ten brass studs, with flat, round, heads, about half an inch broad : an hollow iron cylinder, as before : a cross piece of iron to fasten the umbo, as before : a very large silver buckle, gilded, and curiously chased, and worked, and figured all over its front (pi. 8, fig. 3) ; it is of the sort of the fibula; subnectentes, having its tongue underneath : the blades of two knives : a small piece of a silver ornament, gilded (pi. 8, fig. 6) : the blade of a broad sword, of the same size and figure as at Nos. 10 and 23 ; its hilt was of wood, part of which

' They certainly were sucli : I have since found several more, at different places.

D

18 IXVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Still adhered to the strig, which was clenched through it ; the strig, from the beginning of the blade to the clenching, was six and a half inches long ; the scab- bard was also, as I imagine, of wood, or, at least, was lined with it, for the blade had a o-reat deal of rotten wood adhering to it. I am certain that this sword was buried in the coffin Avith its master ; it was much more perfect than either of those before mentioned; but being very rotten, it broke with its own weight in taking out. Here were also several nail-like pieces of iron.

49. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : bones nearly gone : no remains of a coffin : sixteen small glass and earthen beads of different colours ; and a small knife. Doubtless a woman's grave.

GiLTON-TowN, IN Ash. September 28th, 29th, 30th, 1762.

50. Grave from west to east, feet to the cast, and about three feet deep. Much black dust, etc., the remains of a burnt coffin: the bones were almost gone: the head of an hasta, on the right side, on the outside of the coffin ; it had been wrapj)ed up in some coarse cloth, as appeared from the marks of it on the rust ; an hemi- spherical iron umbo : three large broad-headed iron studs : an hollow iron cylinder, which served for an handle to the shield : two cross pieces of iron, with their rivets, two inches long in the clear, as before at No. 22, etc. : a large iron buckle, as at No. 5 : the blades of two knives, a larger and a smaller. At the feet, but on the outside of the coffin, stood a large broken urn of coarse black earth, nearly full of burnt bones, ashes, etc., which seemed to have been mortared, as it were, together into a lump, which had been broken into smaller pieces, and the smaller broken pieces of the urn were carefully placed on the contents of the larger sherds (for the urn was broken into many pieces ; but the larger pieces were so placed together as to hold the burnt bones). On searching these venerable remains, I found a copper coin' of Augustus ; it was a very common one, of middle size ; on one side is his head, radiated, and the following legend, divvs. avgvstvs. pater. : reverse, a winged thunderbolt and s.c. : another coin, viz., of Tiberius ; this is also a very common one, and likewise copper, and of the middle size ; on one side is his head, laureated, with the following legend, ti. c-esar. avgvst. f. imperat. v.; reverse, two Victories standing on an altar, or temple, and this legend, rom. et. avg. ; and

' Stowe tells us, that " there was a piece of money about the year loTG, were discovered in Lolesworth in every one of the ossuaries, or bone urns, which, Field (now called Spittle Fields). Fol. 177, b.

GILTON-TOWN.

19

Original size.

a broken pair of volsellce, or nippers} I make no doubt, but that this urn, with its contents, was dejjosited very early in the upper empire ; and that it was disturbed and broken wlien the grave was dug for the reception of tlie person here buried. And I look upon it as an incontestible proof that this spot has been a Roman burying-place, even from those people's first coming amongst us ; or, at least, from their first settling at Rutupia?, or Richborough, which is but three miles off,- and within the limits of this very parish of Ash. In short, it is my confirmed opinion, that this place was the burying-place for the soldiers, and otliers, of that famous garrison, even from their first settling there till the time of their abandoning this isle. That they were buried here before cremation ceased is plain, from tlie many ossuaries, or bone urns, already mentioned (see Nos. 2, 16, 17, 24, 30, 43). And that they buried here, even to the very dregs of the empire, is also plain, not only from the coin of Constantine the Great, mentioned at No. 3 ; but even so late as the time of Justinian (wliicli was many years after they had, in general, left this isle), is evident from his gold coin, described at No. 41.

51. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coflin : the bones nearly gone: the head of a pilum, on the left side: the blade of a knife: an iron ringle, about two inches and a half diameter ; and round it a brass ringle, of about one inch diameter.

52. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Much remains of a burnt coffin : bones nearly gone : sixteen small beads of baked earth, of different colours, viz., seven red, four blue, three yellow, and two green ; and one larger bead, red and white. An iron instrument, about six inches long, exactly like that described at No. 15 ; it had, like that, a ringle in one end. Another iron instr-ument, of this shape ;

[The t\yeezers, either alone or accompanied by ear-picks and such instruments, are found in the Saxon as well as in the Roman cemeteries ; they were worn appended to the girdle. — Ed.]

' [The burial place of Rutupia; was in the im- mediate vicinity of that station, and not, as Mr. Faussett imagined, at Gilton, three miles distant.

The Roman burial-place at Gilton, which he very correctly discerns indications of in the Saxon graves, must have belonged to the people of a rims on the site of Ash, or thereabouts. The whole of that neighbourhood, including Sandwich, is ])roved by sepulchral rcinains, continually discovered, to have been well populated in the time of the Romans. — Ed.]

20

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

it was about six inches long and one inch broad, and had been fixed to some wood by two rivets ; it liad a small iron ringle on each end, as I have endeavoured to describe them. It was rusted into a lump with some other bits of iron, and several such links as liave been before described, so that I could not easily make out its shape. It was at the feet, and in the coffin ; and near it (in the coffin also), I found a small urn of greenish glass, in the shape of a bell, which I had the good fortune to get out unhurt (pi. 18, fig. 5) ; it is three inches and three-quarters diameter at the mouth, and three-quarters of an inch high. Doubtless a woman's grave.

53. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. The bones nearly gone : no signs of a coffin : the head of a pilum, on the left side : the blades of two knives.

54. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones

almost gone : head of a pUum, on the right side : two iron links, each about three inches long, rusted together : the blades of two knives, a larger and a smaller; the smaller was like that at No. 35, but smaller : a small iron buckle, with a brass shank and a brass tongue.

55. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones nearly gone : head of a pUum, on the right side : a small iron buckle, as before : blade of a knife ; and some fragments of a small black urn, which had been disturbed before.

56. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Much black remains of a coffin : bones pretty perfect : the head of a large and long hasta, on the right side, and on the outside of the coffin : an hemispherical umbo ; in the rim of which were four brass studs, with heads near an inch broad, and plated with silver, as before : four broad-headed iron studs : an hollow cylinder for the handle : two cross pieces of iron, as before : the blade of a sword, like those described at No. 10, etc., to which adhered its chape^ which is of silver, and gilded ; the pommel was of iron, and

Full size.

' [If we compare this object with fig. 4, pi. xi, vol. XXX, of the Archaologia, which represents a very perfect Saxon sword-handle from Gilton, in the museum of Mr. Rolfe, we shall see that Mr. Faussett is mistaken in considering it a chape ; for that refeiTed to retains its original place at the outer extremity of the handle. It may have belonged to

the dagger, which it appears was placed with the sword. These globular pommels will presently be discussed. One has already been referred to and illustrated under the head of grave No. 23 ; a third was among the contents of No. 66 ; and a fourth appears in No. 89, under which head see Note.— Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN. 21

also adhered to the strig, to which it was riveted ; it was full of lead, but was so swollen with the rust, that I could not make out its true shape ; but it seemed to have been nearly round (the lead which I knocked out of it was quite so), and I imagine it to have been about two inches diameter. The blade also of a short sword, or dagger, about twelve inches long, and nearly like that at No. 12. These lay both of them at the left side, and in the coffin. A large iron buckle, like that at No. 50 : two small brass buckles : the blades of two knives, and several nails.

57. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No remains of a coffin: bones all gone, except those of the thighs, of which but little was left : the head of a pilum, on the right side : the blade of a knife, and some bits of iron.

58. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the bones nearly gone : the heads of two pila ; one on each side : a small iron buckle, as before ; and the blade of a knife.

59. Grave as the last, but not two feet deep. Some black remains of a very short coffin : bones entirely gone : seven small beads of baked earth, of four different colours, and two amber ones : the blade of a small knife. A child's grave Avithout doubt.

60. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep. Remains of a short, but very thick, burnt coffin : seven small beads, as in the last ; and three amber ones : an iron ringle, as at No. 51, about two inches diameter, and about the thickness of a goose quill : the blade of a small knife, which seemed to have had an ivory or bone handle ; a substance resembling them adhering to the strig of it. At the feet, but beyond the coffin, was a shallow plate, or patera, of blackish earth, too soft and rotten to be removed without falling to pieces. The grave of another child.

61. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Remains of a coffin: the bones, and even the skull, pretty entire, of a young person, as appeared by the sound and even teeth. The head of a pilum, on the right side : an hemispherical umbo : three broad-headed iron studs : an hollow iron cylinder, and two cross pieces of iron, as before : a large iron buckle, as at No. 5, etc. : blades of two knives, and many nail-like pieces of iron ; and the ferrula, or spike of the pilum, broken.

62. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. Plain marks of a short coffin : the bones almost gone : eleven small glass and earthen beads ; and four amber ones ; a small, round, silver fibula subnectens (pi. 2, fig. 3), set with three garnets round about, and a round piece of ivory in the centre, and wrought and gilded in the intervals : the blade of a small knife : a small brass buckle, as in No. 54 ; and several iron nails. Certainly a child's grave.

63. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones nearly gone : nothing but the blade of a knife.

22

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

64. Grave as before, and about tbree feet deep. Bones gone : the blades of two knives : a small iron buckle.

65. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Plain marks of a coffin : bones almost gone : the head of a pilum ; and the head of an arrow, or smaller dart, as at No. 46, botli on the left side. The blade of a large knife, or perhaps of a short sword or dagger, as at No. 12, etc. : the blades of two knives, of the usual size : several iron nails ; and some fragments of a Avhite glass urn, disturbed before.

66. Grave as the last, and about three and a half feet deep. Plain marks of a coffin : bones .almost decayed : the head of an hasta, at the right side, and out of the coffin ; marks of coai'se cloth upon it, as on others before mentioned : an hemispherical umbo, and three broad-headed iron studs : an hollow cylinder, and cross-pieces of iron, as before : the blade of a sword, of the same size as at No. 10, etc. ; the hilt was of wood, as might be seen by some of it which adhered to the strig ; the pommel was of iron, filled with lead, as at No. 56 :' a pair of small scales (pi. 17, figs. 1, 2, 3), not unlike those now used by the goldsmiths : eighteen copper weights- (pi. 17, figs. 4 to 20) : a square piece of touchstone (pi. 17, fig. 21) ; and a

' [This is the third example adduced of the cir- cular iron pommel. — Ed.]

" [Seventeen only are described. These weights are among the most interesting objects discovered by the Rev. B. Faussett. Others, very similar to these, together with a pair of small scales, were procured by Mr. Rolfe from the cemetery at Ozingell : they are figured in pi. iv, vol. iii, of the Collectanea Antiqua ; and in pp. 12 to 1 o I have stated reasons for believing they were chiefly used for weighing the numerous varieties of foreign coins, both gold and silver, which must necessarily have been current in Britain in the early Anglo-Saxon times. In some instances, but certainly not generally, these weights found at Gilton and Ozingell, may have been formed of coins rubbed down to adjust them to a certain standard ; but in most cases, they appear to be coins that had been worn by long circulation. Among some of the lots sold at the sale of the Rev. Bryan Faussett's cabinet, I discovered five large and one middle brass imperial Roman coins (since added to Mr. Mayer's collec- tion), which, from the small holes drilled or punched on both sides, were obviously used by the Kentish Saxons as weights. Of those, one is of Domitian, one of Trajan, two of Hadrian, one of Maximinus, and one (the middle brass coin) of M. Aurelius. The last is a Greek civic coin (Chalcedon). Among

the Gilton weights is one (fig. 16) formed out of a Celtic coin, similar to several in Mr. Rolfe's cabinet, found at Quex, in Thanet.

The earliest Saxon coins, are those well known to the numismatist by the term sceattas. Five of these, a few years since, were found by the side of a skeleton in a tumulus on Breach Downs. Three of them weigh, each, 17 grains; one, 18 grains; and one, 19 grains. On referring to the list of weights from the Gilton cemetery, it may be seen that No. 20, weighing 19 grains, might have been used for such coins ; and that weight No. 4, the highest of the series, might represent forty eight of these pieces. In the time of Arcadius and Honorius we find the smaller silver coins weighing 29 grains, 17 grains, and some even 12 grains. A large number of this period, found in the West of England, a few years since, gave this result ; many of these had been dipt, apparently to reduce them to a certain weight. In the cemetery at Ozingell, one silver coin was found which weighed only three grains. At the same time there must have been in circulation the various early Roman denarii and quinarii, the weights of which varied exceedingly, especially towards the decline of the Roman empire, as well as the forged and debased silver coins, which abounded in the provinces. The gold coins were hardly less nu-

GILTON-TOWN.

23

ilZ.	ihvt.	U^-
. 1	18	19
. 1	3	3
	13	0
1	12	22
d	9	9

coin of Fl. Jul. Constantius ; it is of the third size, and has on one side his head, and this legend, fl. ivl. constantivs. n.c. ; on the other, two soldiers standing, with two military ensigns erected between them, and this legend, gloria, exercitvs : it is a very common one (pi. 17, fig. 19). Here were also the blades of two knives, a larger and a smaller ; the larger was like a modern pruning knife, as at No. 35 ; and several long nails, and the bloated ferrule of the hasta.

The weights are as follows (see plate 17) :

4. Has no mark; and has never been a coin: it weighs

5. Has no mark; and has never been a coin: weighs

6. Coin of Trajan in first brass ; has been ground

7. Coin of M. Aurelius in first brass ; has been ground dowr

to its Aveight ......

8. Coin of the younger Faustina, of second brass, and ground

9. I think this has never been a coin ; if it has, it is much

ground down . . . . . . . . 8 18

10. Has the marks, as described; it has been a coin, but I

cannot tell of whom .....

11. It never was a coin .....

12. Has the marks as above described .

13. Second brass coin of Constantius Chlorus ; has been ground

14. Has not been a coin .....

15. Has not been a coin .....

16. Seems to have been made on purpose for a weight

17. Has not been a coin .....

18. Is a common coin of the lower empire

19. Coin of Flav. Jul. Constantius

20. Has the marks above described

67. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Black remains of a coffin : bones almost gone : nineteen small glass and earthen beads, and one large striped one ; these were near the place of the neck : and a little lower, a round brass fibula

	7 12
,	6 0
.	5 4
ground	5 5
.	3 15
.	2 14
.	1 221
	1 21
	1 7
.	1 6
.	19

nierous and various ; and in addition to the Roman, there were the coinages of the barbaric kings in France, Germany, and Italy, and also that of the Merovingian princes. With a currency so intricate and fluctuating, it can easily be comprehended that u variety of weights would bo needed, and that

money-changers would regulate them to meet their peculiar exigencies. The weapons of war and the insignia of commerce in the same grave, suggest the notion that the occupant had laid by the implements of his early vocation, and followed a more peaceful and humanising profession. — Ed.]

24 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

subnectens, of a different sort from any yet described (pi. 3, fig. 8) ; it has a round hole in the middle, and seems to have been encrusted, or enamelled with red ; some remains of it still remain visible in the six sockets on the circumference.^ Here was also the blade of a small knife, and some long nails. A woman's grave.

68. Grave with the feet more to the north. No signs of a coffin : bones almost gone : the blade of a large knife, viz. about ten inches long, but of the usual shape.

69. Grave from west to east, as before, and about three feet deep. Remains of a strong coffin : nineteen small glass and earthen beads about the place of the neck; and a little lower, a round brass fibula subnectens (pi. 3, fig. 5). The face of it is thinly plated, or highly gilt, with gold, and wrought in vermicular or scroll-like figures : in the centre is a plain round knob or hemisphere.- Here were also the blades of two knives, and several long nails. A woman's grave.

70. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. Plain marks of a coffin.' About the place of the neck were eighteen small glass and earthen beads, of divers colours (some of them Avere of two colours) ; one large, wheel-like ; one striped with blue and white : a little lower was a small, round fibula subnectens, of brass (pi. 10, fig. 16) ; in its centre there has been set some stone, or other ornament.'' Here were also some fragments of a green glass urn, before disturbed : the blades of a knife: and several long nails. A woman's grave.

71. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Much remains of a coffin : the bones almost gone : the head of a hasta on the right side, and the head of a pilum on the left ; both on the outside of the coffin : an hemispherical umbo : four iron studs with broad heads : a hollow cylinder, and a cross piece as usual : the blades of two knives : several bits of rusty iron : and several long nails.

GiLTON-TowN, IN Ash. August 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1763.

72. Grave, with the feet to the east, about three feet deep. Remains of a coffin : bones almost gone : a head of a pilum on the right side : the blade of a knife : a small iron buckle : and some nails.

73. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the

' [This is of Roman manufacture; it resembles resembles the circular fibuhe found by the Hon. R.

one found at Ixworth ; Coll. Ant. vol. iii, pi. xxxvi, C. Neville in a woman's grave in the Saxon cemeterj-

fig. 5. — Ed.] near Little Wilbrahani. See Saxon Obsequies illiis-

- [This ornament is of a kind of unusual occur- trated hij Ornaments and Weapons, plate 2. — Ed.] rencc in the Kentish Saxons' graves. It somewhat ^ [A Roman fibula of well known t)'pe. — Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN. 25

bones quite gone : head of a pilum on the right side : two blades of knives : a small iron buckle ; and some small pieces of rusty iron.

74. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep. Plain marks of a short coffin : bones entirely gone. Nothing.

75. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the blades of two knives : an iron ringle, of about three inches diameter, as at Nos. 51 and 60.

76. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Black remains of a coffin : bones pretty perfect. Near the neck were several slender rings, as at No. 27, etc., which all brake in pieces with the least touch : also twelve glass and earthen beads ; and one large and long one, striped with red and yellow ; and also one white and transparent. Near these was a round silver fibula subnectens, set with three garnets round about, and with something in the centre, Avhich is lost ; the intervals are wrought and gilded (pi. 3, fig. 3} : two blades of knives : an iron instrument, exactly like that described at No. 15, etc. Many small links, as heretofore ; these were rusted together, and had among them, as at No. 27, etc., several small brass pins ; also a piece of an iron instrument (pi. 12, fig. 5 a).^ Here were also several long- iron nails.

77. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the bones pretty perfect, of a very old person, as appeared from the few teeth which remained being worn down very low : the head of a pilum, on the left side : an hemispherical umbo : three studs of iron with broad heads : an hollow cylinder for the handle of the shield : a large iron buckle, as before ; tlie blades of two knives ; and the ferrule of the pilum, pretty entire, but rotten.

78. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the bones pretty perfect. Nothing.

79. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : the bones pretty perfect. No signs of a coffin. An iron ringle, about three inches diameter, as before : the blade of a large knife, or dagger, as before ; and the blades of two knives, of the usual size and shape.

80. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Bones almost gone ; no

' [See also, under the head of Kingston, Nos. 50 vary m form from those referred to; and possess, like

and 142, similar objects. They appertained to the some of the other remains from this district, a local

costume of females, being suspended in the same character. Analogous ornaments, though of a much

manner as the analogous ornaments from Saxon and later date, found in Livonia, are represented in Pro-

Frankish graves, figured in the Collectanea Antiqua, fessor Biihr's Graber der Liven, Dresden, 1850. The

vol. ii, plates lv and lvi, which may be compared sepulchral antiquities therein described, are now in

with the modern chatelaine. It will, however, be the British Museum. — Ed.] observed, that the examples from the Kentish graves

26 INVENTORIXJM SEPULCHRALE.

appearance of a coiRn. The head of an arrow, or small pilum, as at No. 46, etc. ; this was on the right side, and near the hips, which is unusual. The blades of two knives : several long iron nails ; so that though there were no traces of a coffin, there certainly was one. Many sherds of a large black wrought urn ; it had three borders, one in the middle of the belly, one near the mouth, and another near the bottom, all drawn in this manner, viz., ^T<^T<^^T<y^r\i/ ; the dots seemed to have been impressed by the end of a finger. In the sherds was, as at No. 50, a lump of burnt bones, etc. : doubtless the remains and contents of an ossuary, or bone-urn, which was disturbed and broken when this grave was dug for the person whose remains it contained ; and another undeniable proof of the antiquity of this burial ground ; see No. 50. Among the burnt bones was nothing but a brass broken ringle, of about three-quarters of an inch diameter, which perhaps belonged to a pair of volsellae, or nippers, Avhich are very frequently met with in such urns.

81. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Much black dust of a coffin . bones nearly gone : fifteen small glass and earthen beads : two double ones, which were blue and white, and something larger : four large amber beads : four or five slender rings, as before ; I think of silver, but they would not bear handHng ; they had each a sliding knot, as before ; they were all near the neck : a little lower was a round fibula subnectens (pi. 3, fig. 6) ; it is set round about with three garnets, and it has an empty socket in its centre ; the intervals are gilded and wrought. Here was also the blade of a small knife : several small iron links, as of a chain, rusted together, with brass pins, or instruments, intermixed as before : some long iron nails : and underneath this skeleton, at the depth of about half a foot, was another, as follows. A woman's grave.

82. Black remains of a coffin : bones nearly gone : the head of an hasta, on the right side : an hemispherical umbo ; on its rim are four broad-headed brass studs, or rivets, about half an inch broad, plated also with silver. N.B. — This umbo had a very deep and large bruise in it, made, no doubt, before it was deposited ; for the least stroke would now have broken it in pieces. Here was also an hollow cylinder for the handle of the shield : a brass buckle : the blade of a knife : several long iron nails : and several

Full size. °

bits of iron ; I think the broken ferrule, or spike of the hasta.^ 83. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Much black dust and many

' [We may consider these to have been the remains child, were found in one grave, side by side. At Wil-

of the husband, or of a relative of the woman, buried braham, among about 180 graves, Mr. Neville found

in the same grave, No. 81. At OzingeU, three skele- three that contained two skeletons each; and one with

tons, apparently those of a husband and wife, and their the extraordinary number of five skeletons. — Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN.

27

coals of a burnt coffin : the bones pretty perfect, and the teeth uncommonly sound and regular, as of a young person/ The heads of two pila, on the right side : a conical umbo ; in its rim four iron studs : three other broad-headed iron studs : two crooked pieces of iron, each about six inches long, held together by an iron chain, whose links, about half an inch long each, were of the shape here described (see cut). To

one of these irons was riveted a copper coin of Nero ; it is of the first size, and gilded. For the form of one of these crooked pieces of iron (for the other was much more broken), see the figure above. The coin has the head of Nero, laureated, on one side, with this legend, imp. nero. clavdivs. caesar. avg. germ. On the reverse, is Rome sitting upon an heap of armour ; in her right hand she holds a victoriola, and in her left a spear ; with this legend, roma. s.c. There can, I think, be no doubt but that this was the bit of a bridle, and a great curiosity. It is great pity it was not made of brass, that it might have been taken out and preserved entire. For the nature of sand, I experimentally find, is such, that it entirely consumes, blisters, and rots everything made of iron, which, if by chance gotten out whole (which on account of its brittleness is seldom done), falls to pieces, and moulders away in a very short time.^ Here were also the blades of two knives; and also, at the feet, on the

' [Usually, the teeth of the skeletons in Saxon graves, which I have examined, were in excellent preservation ; decayed teeth were not common, even when the skulls appeared to denote advanced age. —Ed.]

- [The above cut represents the coin attached to the iron, and the chain, as shewn in, apparently, a very faithful drawing appended to the manuscript ; of these interesting fragments, the coin alone has survived. Roman brass coins were often worn by the Saxon women, and gold coins arc not unfrequcntly

found among the ornaments of those of the higher class, examples of which occur in this collection. The warrior, whose remains occupied this grave, had decorated his horse's headgear with one of the large brass coins of Nero. In the deposit with the body of horse-furniture may be noticed an expiring vestige of an ancient custom of the Germans in burying the war-horse with his master, as related by Tacitus, De Mor. Germ. c. xxvii. Only a few instances of this custom have been met with in the Anglo-Saxon burial-places. — Ed.]

28

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

outside of the coffin, a very curious urn of green glass, which, though very much broken by a stroke from a spade, I thought worth while to preserve on account of its extraordinary shape (pi. 18, fig. 2). Before it was broken, it was near ten inches high, and about four inches diameter ; it has a very small bottom, not more than three quarters of an inch diameter, from whence it is very curiously corded with raised spiral lines, all the way up to the mouth ; it has six handles, which are all of them hollow from the inside of the urn, very like some old fashioned syllabub glasses which I have seen.^ These handles are placed three above and three below ; I imagine it will hold above a quart. It had nothing in it but sand.

84. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the bones nearly decayed : the head of a pilum, on the left side : the blade of a knife ; and some bits of iron.

85. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones nearly gone. Nothing.

86. Grave as before, and about three feet deep. No remains of a coffin : bones gone. The blade of a knife : a small iron buckle, as before ; and an iron ringle, of about three inches diameter ; with another smaller, of brass, hanging to it, as at No. 51.

87. Grave as before, and about three and a half feet deep. Much black dust and coals of a coffin : fifteen small and large glass and earthen beads, all about the place of the neck (for the bones were de- cayed) ; and a little lower, a round copper fibula subnectens, gilded ; in the centre of it, which is large, something, now lost, has been set (pi. 10, fig. 15):^ several small iron links, as at No. 19, etc. ; these plainly reached from about the waist, about two feet downward ; and at the end of them, and fixed to the

^ [It is only a few years since these rare and curious glass vessels were noticed and appropriated to the Anglo-Saxon period. A fine example in the Canterbury Museum, found at Reculver, had been drawn for my Antiquities of Richhornugh, Recuher, andLymne; but it was postponed from want of further evidence : the present example was then unknown to me. Shortly after, however, I was able to associate it with another, found by Mr. Wylie in Gloucester- shire; and at the same time to compare it with an example from the cemetery at Selzen in the province

of Rhein-Hesse : see Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii, p. 220, and pi. li. The Reculver vessel has since been engraved in Col. Ant., vol. ii, pi. ii ; and by Mr. Akerman, in his Remains of Pagan Saxondom, plate II. Recently, Mr. Thurston has communi- cated to me a fine specimen found at Ashford. — Ed.]

- [This also appears to be of Roman manufac- ture. The antiquary cannot fail to notice the Roman character and influence which prevail at this ceme- tery.— Ed.]

GILTON-TOWN.

29

two lowest of them, were eight, or more, small pins or instruments of brass, exactly described at No. 27 ; they most of them came to pieces in handling. Here was also the blade of a knife : some long nails : four iron clasps (see cut, preceding page), with two rivets in each ; and some other pieces of shapeless iron. A woman's grave.

88. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a coiRn : bones almost gone. The head of a pilum, on the right side : a small brass buckle, with a long shank (pi. 10, tig. 4); it has been gilded: two small brass things (pi. 8, fig. 13); they have each of them a small ridge underneath, in which is a hole for a rivet to pass through ; they are about one inch long ; I imagine they have been the tongues of two iron buckles,^ some rusty iron still adhering to one of them : the blades of two knives : the iron ferrule or spike of the pilum, as at No. 10, etc. : several long nails ; so that there certainly was a coffin, though no signs of it appeared.

89. Grave as the last, and about three feet and a half deep. Plain signs of a coffin : bones pretty perfect, and seemingly of an elderly person. I judge of tliis from the teeth, which were much worn down. The head of an hasta at the right side, but on the outside of the coffin. (The head of this hasta was of that large sort described at No. 28.) On the upper part of the left arm was a very fine large armilla- of brass (pi. 16, fig. 9); it is about four inches diameter, and very firm, elastic, and perfect : the bone of the arm lay near it, but was eaten insunder by the rust of it. I esteem it as a great curiosity. Here was also an hemispherical umbo ; in its rim were four broad-headed brass studs, plated with silver : three other broad-headed iron studs : an hollow iron cylinder for the handle of the shield, and two cross- pieces of iron, as at No. 22, etc. : a wrought brass buckle (pi. 8, fig. 11), it has the figures of two four-footed creatures upon it : the blade of a sword, exactly like that at No. 10, etc.; it was all covered Avith the rotten wood of the scabbard, as was that at No. 48 : a very beautiful pommel ;^ it is

' [For similar examples, see fig. 7, pi. xxxvi, vol. ii, Collectanea Antiqua (found at Strood) ; and NeniaBritannica, pi. 15, fig. 9 (from Chatham Lines). They are not tongues of buckles ; but were used attached to the girdle, or to some part of the dress, as buttons or fastenings. Mr. Mayer possesses an ornamented example, in silver, found at Colchester. —Ed.]

* [Armillae are but seldom found in Saxon graves ; and when they do occur, they are usually among remains which indicate the graves of females ; but in this case, the sword and other objects denote a male ; examples of armillae will be noticed under the Kingston Down division ; they all bear a Roman character, and probably are Roman. — Ed.]

^ [This is the second ornamented iron sword-

30

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

eight square and neatly inlaid with gold and silver ; it has two heads in relievo on opposite sides, each head is surrounded with a kind of scroll ; it is hollow, and has no lead in it, as those before described had ; it seems to be made of steel, yet is not hurt by lying in the ground, so that I take it to be of that sort of white hard metal, of which some buckles heretofore described are made, see No. 10, fig. 5, etc. : the blades of two knives : several pieces of rusty iron : and several long nails.

90. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones almost gone : a 7'ound brass buckle : the blade of a knife.

91. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones nearly gone : two brass tongues of buckles, as at No. 88 : the blades of two knives : many sherds of a middle-sized urn of black earth, before disturbed and broken.

92. Grave as the last, and about two feet deep. Remains of a short coffin : bones gone : four small earthen beads and three amber ones : a blade of a small knife : the grave of a child.

93. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Remains of a burnt coffin : the bones nearly gone : the head of a pilum on the left side : a large round brass buckle : a small iron buckle : the blades of two knives.

94. Grave as the last, and about three feet and a half deep. Remains of a strong burnt coffin : the bones nearly gone : thirteen small glass and earthen beads, and one large one ; these were about the place of the neck: the blades of two knives: many small iron links, as before, at the feet : and in the coffin were two iron hinges (figs. 1, 2), as of a small box : an iron instru- ment, exactly like that which is described at No. 15,

Original &ize.

Original size.

pommel ; and two more are mentioned, which have become decomposed, so that it is not possible to speak with certainty about them. But the orna- mented ones of graves No. 23 (see p. 11 ante), and No. 89, are before us and challenge our candid opinion. This is adverse to their antiquity. Had they been ancient, they must have been Roman ; and it would have excited no surprise to find a Roman sword in a Saxon grave ; but, after a very close and careful examination, I have no doubt whatever of their being of the period termed Renaissance, which commenced

in the latter part of the fifteenth century. With this conviction, I felt some hesitation as to what course I should take ; but I decided that, \mder all circumstances, it would hardly be right to suppress anything in a work which has been promised to the public in a full and complete state. Had I myself found such pommels in Saxon graves, I should im- mediately have suspected the honesty of my work- men ; I should have thrown them aside and said nothing about them ; but these specimens come before us with such apparently authenticating de-

GILTON-TOWiSr.

31

etc. : another iron instrument about six inches long, with a ringle at one end, and a hook at the other : a mirror' or speculum ; it is of a mixed metal, flat and circular ; it is very

Two-tbirds the original size.

highly polished on one side ; it is near five inches diameter and somewhat convex on the polished side ; it is much injured by rust, but not so much but that one may plainly see one's face in it (pi. 13, fig. 12). I suppose it formerly had a handle to it, some- what in the manner described by pricked lines on the opposite page r but it was found broken as I have there represented it ; the pieces, however, lay near it, so that I make no doubt but that it was broken by the la- bourer's spade, the edges being quite fresh as if just broken : there was also, close to the broken pieces, a bit of swoln disfigured

Orif?iDiil riizf.

tails, and stand so prominently in a narrative which is not my own, that I felt I could not do otherwise than present both the text and the illustrations as I find them. Nothing is more easy than to em- barrass the path of science. In the present case, I can only believe, either that Mr. Faussett's work- men, or some friends in what they may have called a joke, placed these pommels in the graves. A knife-handle, to be noticed in a future part of this volume, is in the same predicament as the pommels. These are trifling exceptions in so large a collection, and can in no way be allowed to cast any suspicion upon its general truthfulness, or upon the integrity of the ardent collector. — Ed.]

' The mirror is not unfrequently found among the contents of the graves of Roman women. Examples very much resembling this have been discovered at London (see Archaoloyia. vol. xxvi,

p. 467) ; at Colchester (see a specimen now in the British Museum) ; and at other places in this country and throughout the continent : those which have been chemically examined are found to be of a mixed metal, composed of copper and tin, much the same as the modem compound called speculum metal. The presence of such an object in a Saxon grave is remarkable, and particularly interesting in connection with the other Roman instruments and ornaments which we have noticed in the Gilton cemetery ; for they indicate not only a close chrono- logical relationship between the Saxon settlers and the Roman inhabitants of this part of Kent ; but also a striking correspondence between the habits and customs of the two peoples. This affinity is less perceptible in the midland counties. — Ed.]

- This proved, on cleaning, to be the handle, as shewn in pi. 1.3.

32

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

iron, which might perhaps have been the handle. I esteem it as a very great curiosity. Here was also a small flat rinff{^g. 3); I think it is silver ; it is curiously wrought on one side, which is roundish ; the other side is quite flat ; I fancy it has been a buckle. Here was also a small piece of brass, and another piece (figs. 2, 4) ; I imagine they also served for a sort of buckle, viz., by drawing the linen, or whatever else it might be, through the hole, and then running some pin or tongue through it along the groove. Here was also a small brass instrument, somewhat like the prongs of a fork (fig. 1); I guess that all these last-mentioned articles were included in a small box, to which the hinges above mentioned and described belonged. Here were also several pieces of iron, so deformed that nothing could be made out of them, and also, in different places, several long nails, as before. This certainly was a woman's grave.

95. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Bones pretty perfect : plain marks of a cofl[in : an head of a pilum on the right side : the blade of a small knife : several nails.

96. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep : the bones were almost gone : no signs of a coffin ; nothing.

97. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep : no signs of a coffin : bones almost gone : the head of a pilum on the right side : an iron ringle, as before : the blade of a knife : and the ferrule or spike of the pilum ; this lay at about three and a half feet from the point.

98. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones nearly gone : the head of a pilum on the right side : a small iron buckle : and two brass things, like surgeon's instruments.

99. Grave with the feet pointing more to the north, two anfl a half feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones, nearly gone, of two persons, as

I think : one large striped earthen bead : the blade of a knife.

100. Grave parallel to the last and close to it ; about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a coffin : bones more perfect : the blade of a knife and a small iron buckle.

101. Grave from west to east as before, and about three feet deep. Remains of a coffin : bones nearly gone : the head of a pilum on the left side : the blades of two knives : an iron ringle as before : several nails : at the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was a large whitish urn, with a nan-ow neck ; it luckily came out whole ; it holds, I think, about three quarts. It had nothing in it but sand.

Eight inches hi[,'li and seven inches diameter.

GILTON-TOWN.

33

102. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the bones nearly gone : the head of a pilum, on the left side : the blade of a knife : a small iron buckle ; some bits of iron.

103. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the bones pretty entire. Nothing.

104. Grave as the last, and about three feet deep. Remains of a coffin : bones nearly gone : the head of a pilum, on the right side : the blade of a knife : several nails.

105. Grave as the last, and about two and a half feet deep. No signs of a coffin : the bones nearly gone : the head of a pilum, on the left side : the blades of two knives ; and a small iron buckle.

106. Grave as the last, and two and a half feet deep. Remains of a coffin : the bones almost gone : the blades of two knives ; and several long broad-headed nails.

[The remains described in the preceding pages were collected from one hundred and six graves, excavated in eleven days, in the years 1760, 1762, and 1763. To form a more complete notion of the antiquarian fertility of Gilton, we must bear in mind that, long previous to the period when Mr. Faussett made his researches, Saxon antiquities had been brought to light, from time to time. He speaks of " a great many years past"; and this indefinite term may be considered as extending to centuries.

In 1792, Mr. Boys inserted in his Collections for an History of Sandwich, in Kent, engravings of Saxon remains obtained from Gilton subsequent to the excavations made by Mr. Faussett. His account of them is as follows : "A sand-pit at Ash, adjoin- ing to the high road from thence to Canterburj', has furnished the cabinets of antiquaries with many curious sepulchral remains, that were deposited with the dead in wooden coffins. The graves are dis- tinct, and are about four feet below the present surface of the ground. They are discoverable by an alteration in the colour and texture of the soil where the bodies lie ; and they are commonly, though I believe not uniformly, in an east and west direc- tion. Parts of the harder bones and wooden cists are sometimes found ; but in general all the animal and vegetable substances have perished. In many of the graves We meet with nothing worth notice.

In some we find the warriors' furniture, iron swords, spear-heads, and umbones of shields ; and in others, fibulae, buckles, clasps, belt-ornaments, amulets, pendants, etc., many of them of the precious metals, or of copper strongly gilt, set with ivory, and with garnets and coloured glass upon chequered foils of solid gold ; beads of baked earth, amber and ame- thyst, and glass bugles, the ornaments of female dress. Perhaps some of the following articles may seem to denote the occupation, or perhaps only the caprice, of the persons in whose graves they were found : a wooden pail with brass hoops ; a large pan of mixed metal found upon a similar one in- verted ; the iron head of an axe ; part of a beam and brass balances of a small pair of scales, with one leaden and seven brass weights, two of them being coins of Faustina, the mother and daughter, with their reverses ground away, having a single dot before the mouth of the one, and six dots, three and three, upon the temple of the other, probably to denote the weight; a stone celt, lying with a common flat flint stone ; a crystal ball ; thick copper rings ; and many articles of unknown use." —(pp. 868-9.)

The objects engraved in Douglas's Nenia Britan- nica (plates 7 and 12) are chiefly some of those figured by Boys of Sandwich, who, Douglas ob- serves, " very much contributed to my barrow re-

34

INVENTORltJM SEPULCHRALE.

searches in that neighbourhood, and with the liberal spirit of a sensible antiquary, collected assiduously many rare relics from Ash, which would otherwise have been carried to the silversmith's furnace, and others of less value dispersed." — (p. 26.) Several relics from the sand-pit, Douglas states, fell into the hands of Mr. Edward Jacob of Feversham; these subsequently passed into his own cabinet ; and most of them are now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.

Some of the Gilton antiquities engraved by Boys have descended to his grandson, Mr. W. H. Rolfe of Sandwich, and are preserved in his valuable museum of local antiquities ; a few are in the Can- terbury Museum, with a very elegant bronze gilt hair-pin, dug up at Gilton a few years since (see Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, pi. xxxvii). For some other remarkable antiquities from this spot, which are in the collection of Mr. Rolfe, consult the Archaologia, vol. xxx. — Ed.]

KINGSTON, FROM THE SITE UF THE TUMULI, 1S55.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

KINGSTON DOWN, IN THE PARISH OF KINGSTON, IN THE

COUNTY OF KENT, in the ^ears 1767, 1771, 1772 and 1773.

INGSTON DOWN (being a part of what is commonly called Barham Down) in the parish of Kingston, near Canterbury, is about a furlong north-east from Kingston church and about midway between it and Ileden, the seat of Thomas Payler, Esq., in the said parish of Kingston, on the left hand of the road leading from Kingston to Ileden. Near the top of the hill, on the hanging side of it, which fronts to the north-west (an aspect very frequently, if not ahvays, made choice of for such purposes), are a number of " tumuli sepulchrales", or hemispherical mounds of earth, of various heights and diameters, which stand pretty close and contiguous to each other.

And, in the bottom, between the village of Kingston and these tumuU, there is what, in this part of Kent, is commonly called an Aylebourne, Naylebourne, or rivulet ; which, though it is not now-a-days a constant, but only an occasional stream, yet certainly was, in former ages, by no means unworthy the name of a river. And such indeed it is at this day, at the small distance of but a mile lower, viz., to the north-west, where it still retains the name of the Lesser Stour, and where it is seldom or never dry, but continues its course through Bishopsbourne bridge, Patricksbourne, and Beakesbourne, till at last it joins the Greater Stour. Up to which last mentioned place (viz., Beakesbourne), Philipot' tells us, " there was in

' Vilbre Cantianum, fol. 62.

36 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

the time of Edward III, and long after, a small navigation out of the Greater Stour", and that " it was a member to Hastings in Sussex, and enjoyed the like liberty with the Cinque Ports"; and Lambard^ says it " formerly sent seven ships into the service of the navy royal".

And, as a proof of this Aylebourne having been much deeper and broader than it ever now is, I myself saw the shells of muscles turned plentifully out of the ground in digging a hole for a post, at the distance of at least ten rods from its present channel, and at the perpendicular height of at least three feet above its usual level.

When I was curate of, and resident at, Kingston, or its neighbourhood (viz., from the end of the year 1750 to the beginning of the year 1756), I had often a longing mind to open some of these tumuli or barrows ; having firmly persuaded myself that this might possibly, and indeed probably, be the very spot where Julius Caesar in his second expedition into Britain, after a march in the night of twelve miles, from his camp by the sea-side, found the Britons drawn up and ready to receive him by the side of a river— where he fought and beat them, and drove them back to a place which was excellently fortified by art and nature (Bel. Gal. lib. v) — which place I also strongly imagined might be a wood, in the adjoining parish of Bishopsbourne, called Burstead-wood, and not more than a mile distant from this rivulet or aylebourne. And, indeed, this Avood is so particularly strongly fortified, by nature at least, that the Britons could not have retired, I think, to any place more fit for the purpose of defending themselves. And what made me still more fond of my opinion with regard to this Avood was, that in the year 1749, as some workmen were digging chalk in it, they found two or three human skeletons, and, among other things, the head of a spear, or some other weapon ; but as I did not see it (it being before I came home into Kent), I can only depend upon the report of others who did. Here were also found at the same time, viz., about the year 1751, thirteen small earthen beads of different colours, and a patera of clear, white, glass. The skeletons lay with their feet to the north: see also No. 157 of this inventory.^

It is observable, too, that the distance between Walmer (quasi Vallum ad Mare), where I imagine Caesar's camp was, and this rivulet or aylebourne, corresponds very nearly with Caesar's march, it being much about twelve miles.

Accordingly, about the year 1755, I made appHcation to Thomas Barrett, Esq.

' Perambulation of Kent, p. 121. was open and not wooded; and this would be an

■ [The interments referred to would seem to have argument against the existence of the wood at a

been Saxon ; and therefore we may conclude that period long anterior, as supposed by Mr. Faussett.

at the period when they were made the ground — Ed.]

KI^'GSTON DOWN. 37

(the then lord of the manor and owner of the land), for leave to satisfy my curiosity. But he thought proper to refuse me ; although he had himself, about ten years before, caused a few of these tumuli to be opened ; but, as he acknowledged, in so cursory and incurious a manner, that he had discovered but little. He believed, he said, that they were either Saxon or Danish ; but he knew not why. He found, he told me, some iron weapons and two glass urns, the latter of which he showed me ; and added, that " he made no doubt but that some battle had been fought there". I asked him whether he intended to open any more of them, and offered him my assistance, if he did. His answer was, that " he would have no more of them dis- turbed"; with which I was obliged, for the present, to acquiesce.

But Mr. Barrett dying within a few years, and his only daughter (who, on his death, became possessed of this part of the estate), being not long afterwards married to my very worthy and learned friend the Rev. Mr. W. D. Byrch, he, very obligingly, gave me full leave to open as many of them as I Avould.

It may easily be imagined it was not long before I went about the long wished for work. In the course of which, however, it will be seen, from my following inventory, how much I was deceived, and how wrong I was in my conjectures (how- ever warm, and with whatsoever reason entertained) of this being the spot where " Julius Caesar in his second expedition into Britain, after his march in the night of twelve miles, from his camp by the sea-shore, found the Britons drawn up in order to receive him, by the side of a river, where he fought and beat them, and drove them to a place fortified by art and nature."

For I think this spot will from thence appear to have been no other than a common burying place of Romans, no doubt (and that too from a very eaiiy period) ; but not of these alone, but also, if not chiefly, of Romans Britonized, and Britons Romanized (if I may be allowed the use of these expressions), till long after the Romans, properly so called, had entirely quitted this isle.

That these tumuli were not cast up in consequence of any battle fought upon this spot, is abundantly evident from the following particulars: viz., from their containing the remains not only of men (some of them with their weapons and many more without), but also of women and children. The graves of all which are regularly and neatly cut out of the firm chalk. Their bodies, for the most part, included in strong wooden chests or coffins, which have most of them been burnt to a certain degree, in order to make them last the longer. These graves, also, were dug and the bodies deposited, all of them (some few only excepted), with their feet pointing to the east.^ In some of these graves, also, were heaps of bones, lying

' [As far as my experience goes, the orientation of skeletons in Saxon graves is by no means general. — Ed.]

38 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Avitliout order, above the skeleton which lay in the bottom of the trench ; and which, consequently, must have been interred at some distance of time after the person, whose remains were thus disturbed, was first deposited. As to the spears and other M'eapons found here, we may very rationally imagine that their owners either were soldiers at the time of their death, or that they were such as, having served out their time, and having been regularly discharged, had, as was usual, kept their weapons in their respective habitations and places of abode, as trophies or monuments of their past services : and that after their decease, they were buried (as was also customary) along with them. And that they did retain their arms after they were discharged we may gather from the following lines of Ovid : —

Miles, ut emeritis non est satis iitilis annis, Ponit ad antiques, quae tulit arma, lares.

Tristia, lib. iv, El. viii.

In short, my opinion of this matter is, that this spot was a burying-place, not only, at first, for the Eoman soldiers, who may be supposed to have kept garrison in some of the many intrenchments and look-outs in this neighbourhood ; but that, after- Avards, it served as such for the inhabitants of some one, or more, of the adjacent villages ; which, we may very reasonably presume, were latterly inhabited by what I have presumed before to call " Romans Britonized", and " Britons Romanized"; i. e., by people of both nations, who, having mixed and intermarried with each other, had naturally learned, and in some measure adopted, each other's customs. The ossuaries or bone-urns here found (as at No. 4 of the following inventory) will sufficiently prove that this place was used as such in the time of the higher empire («'. e., before the custom of burning the dead ceased among the Romans), and the coins of Gallienus, and Probus (as at Nos. 21 and 25) ; Carausius and Allectus (as at No. 102); and of Constantino the Great (as at No. 24), will be ample evidence of its having continued to be used as such in the time of the lower empire.

How much longer it was put to that use it is impossible for me to determine from anything yet found there ; but my conjecture is, that it served for that purpose (I mean a burying-place for some neighbouring village, or perhaps villages), long after the Romans (^. e., those properly so called), had entirely evacuated and quitted this isle, in the reign of Valcntinian III, viz., in the year of Christ 426 or 427. In short, I think it not improbable but it might have continued to be a burying-ground after the arrival of the Saxons in this isle ; nay, perhaps, even to the time when " Archbishop Cuthbert (who came to the see of Canterbury a.d. 741) obtained a dispensation from the then Pope for the making of cccmitories, or church-yards, within towns or cities ; whereas, here, in England, untill his time, within the walls thereof, none were buried." See Weever's Fun. Hon., edit. 1631, fol. 8 : Sammes's

KINGSTON DOWN. 39

Britannia, fol. 214. But, indeed, nothing which I have discovered here seems to have belonged to that people.-'

The crosses mentioned and described at No. 138, plainly show that the owner of them was a Christian ; ~ and as her grave pointed with its feet to the east, why may Ave not reasonably conjecture, at least, that all those whose graves pointed the same way were Christians also \

Indeed, the patera, mentioned at No. 178, and the small urns mentioned in many places in the following inventory, do seem to savour too much of paganism. But then, let it only be supposed (which is by no means unlikely to have been the case), that though they were converts to Christianity, yet that their religion had still a mixture of paganism in it ; and then this objection will disappear.

With regard to the feet being placed towards the east, I have not yet, as I can remember, met with any book which mentions it as having been a custom particu- larly adopted either by the Romans or Britons. Kirchmannus, in his very learned and judicious treatise of the funerals of the Romans, fairly owns,' that " concerning the position of the bodies of the dead, whether the Romans placed them to the rising or the setting sun in their tombs, he had nothing to affirm with any certainty." Meursius, indeed, says* that " they buried them so that their faces might look towards the east": but it does not appear whether he is speaking of the Greeks or Romans. Aringhus tells us,^ that " the Christians borrowed their funeral rites from the Jews". And I am certain I have somewhere read (though I cannot recollect the author), that the Jews buried their dead Avith their faces looking towards Jerusalem. It is certain, however, that almost all the graves which I have hitherto opened, at Ash, Chartham Down, here at Kingston, and at Bishopsbourne,'' pointed with their feet to the east. It is also to be observed that all these few which have

' [This declaration will show that although Mr. blem, the cross ; but we have no right to assume that

Faussett's reasonings, sound as far as they went, they were worn as badges of the new faith. — Ed.]

guided hira clear of some errors, they did not enable ' " De positura vero cadaverum ad ortum ne, Solis,

him to reach the truth, and to understand that these an vero ad occasum, ilia in monumentis Romani

graves were neither more nor less than those of collocarint, nihil certi habco affirmarc." — De Fun.

Saxons. In fact, it required a more varied field of Rom. lib. 2, p. 326, edit. Lugd. 1672 ; 12mo.

research than that in which Mr. Faussett laboured, ■* " Sepeliabant vero ita ut ore orientem versus

to furnish those materials for comparison, which spectarent." — De Fun. Rom., edit. Hagae-Comitis,

have only within the last few years enabled us to 1604 ; 8vo.

pronounce with confidence on the Roman and Saxon ^ " Christianos olim, ab ipsismet Judteis fune-

remains, and to distinguish the peculiar character- ralium ritus erga defunctorum corpora, mutuatos

istics of each class. — Ed.] fuisse." — Roma Suhterranea, edit. Arnheimiae, 1672,

[This is a very illogical assertion. These cross- 12mo., p. 174.

shaped ornaments can only be looked upon as " As also, since, at Sibertswold, and Barfriston.

personal decorations, which show the influence of At Crundale, all the graves which I opened pointed

Christianity in the artistic application of its chief em- with their feet to the west.

40 IKVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

materially deviated from this direction, were always, and without a single exception, found at the extreme verge, or utmost limits, of the burying-ground.

I now proceed to give a true inventory of the several and very curious anti- quities here discovered, in which (according to my usual method) I shall mention everything, just as I found it ; describing and representing by a figure or draught (after a very uncouth manner indeed, but as well as I shall be able), whatever shall stand in need of any explanation. I shall also, as heretofore, number every grave, according to the order in which I opened it.

Kingston Down, 14th August, 1767.

1. In the first which I opened, which was about three feet deep from the natural surface of the ground (i e., exclusive of the agger or tumulus, which was about three feet more), I came to the skeleton of a full grown person, lying due east and west, its feet being to the east. The bones in general were very entire. The skull came out whole, with all its teeth very firm, regular, and Avhite, and very strongly fixed in their sockets. I found nothing at all with it : but a little before the workmen got down to it, they found several sherds of an urn of reddish earth, which, I guess, would have held about a pint and a half It certainly had been disturbed and broken when the grave was dug for the person here deposited : this place having, as I make no doubt, been a more ancient burial-ground. I mean, that it was used as such long before the custom among the Romans of burning the dead ceased ; as also were those at Ash and on Chartham Down. This urn, however, was not an ossuary or bone-urn ; but it was of that sort which were used for depositing some kind of liquor, such as wine, milk, etc., it having a very narrow mouth and long neck. This grave had not been dug with more than ordinary care, till the diggers of it came to the bottom, where was a neat and much narrower trench about one foot deep, which seemed to have been made exactly to fit the body of the person buried. Over and around the sides of which was a kind of arch, formed of large flints closely ranged ; in the same manner as I had before observed when I dug on Chartham Down. Here were no signs of any coffin or chest.

2. In the next Avhich I opened, at about the same depth from the surface (but under a larger tumulus than the former), I found a skeleton lying in nearly the same direction as the last, except that the feet pointed rather more northward. These bones were not near so sound as those before mentioned. It was very plain that this person had been included in a wooden chest or coffin (like those at Ash and Chartham Down) ; but it did not seem to have passed the fire. I traced the wood very visibly all about it, especially at the head and feet, where it could not,

KINGSTON DOWN.

41

I think, have been less than three inches thick ; for there I coukl take up laro'e handfuls of it, and some large lumps, on which the grain was still very discernible. With this skeleton I found the largest hemispherical iron umbo I ever yet met with (pi. 15, fig. 19), it being, from one extremity of the rim to the other, full seven inches diameter ; whereas they do not in general much exceed six inches. In its rim were, as usual, four broad flat-headed iron studs (fig. 1 in the group below) or rivets, by which it was fastened to the shield ; their strigs were about half an inch long, which shows the exact thickness of the shield : three other broader convex iron studs (fig. 2 in the group below), each near two inches broad, witli strigs also about half an inch long. The iron head of an hasta or spear (pi. 14, fig. 3), from the point to the end of the socket was full twenty-one inches ; it lay on the outside of the chest or cofiin, and, as I think, on the lid of it ; for the point reached beyond the head of the coffin at least four inches. It had been wrapped up in some coarse cloth, like many I met with at Ash.

3. In the third, and at about the same depth, I found a skeleton, lying due east and west, the bones of which were almost entirely decayed and gone. Here were very plain signs of a coffin. On the left side, on the outside of the coffin, was the head of a pilum or dart (pi. 14, fig. 4). Here I found also a broken piece of stick, one inch and a half long, which, on examination, I found to be headed or armed with a little iron spike half an inch long (fig. 3 in tlie group below) ; the length of the whole is two inches. Its strig, which is very slender, runs through the whole, and has, from its rust, preserved the stick from crumbling, it being, as it were, impreg- nated with its rust. It is inserted or fixed into the stick at a knot (which still is protuberant), in order perhaps, to hinder the stick from splitting so readily as it otherwise would have done. It has a kind of shoulder, to hinder it from driving when the stroke was given. The knot is very rudely cut ; the stock is about the size of the largest end of the strig of a tobacco-pipe ; and seems by the knot to have been blackthorn. Whether or not it was designed for an arrow, is more than I dare affirm ; though it seems to have been made for some such use. Here also was a small brass huckle (fig. 4 in the group) ; a piece of horn (as it seems), like a peg of a modern violin, seven-eighths of an inch broad (fig. 5) ; the little points at the top and

G

Actual size.

42

IXVEXTOPJUM SEPULCHRALE.

sides are small bits of brass wire : the iron blade of a knife (pi. 15, fig. 11). Here were also several fragments of a small urn of black earth, which, I believe, was now broken by the carelessness of the workmen.

Kingston Down, 21st August, 1767.

4. The tumulus about two and a half feet high ; the grave about three feet deep : plain signs of a coffin : skeleton lying due east and west : the head of a pilum, dart, or javelin, on the right side, pretty much like that described at No. 3 : some nail-like bits of iron. At the feet, and on the outside of the coffin, was a wrought um of coarse black earth, broken when found, and the sherds placed one within another. I judge it would have held near a gallon. It certainly had been an ossuary or bone urn, as many scattered bits of burnt bones were found.

5. Tumulus and grave much about the same as the last. The coffin appeared to have been much burnt, like those at Ash (without doubt to make it more durable). (See Browne, Urn-Burial, 4to. p. 13.) Here we found only two conca- tenated links of a chain, about an inch long each : the blade of a knife, as at No. 3 ; and some iron nails: (concerning these sort of nails, see Stowe's Survey of London, fol. 178.)

6. Tumulus and gi"ave much as the last : the bones very perfect, and the teeth firm and even : thick coffin (as might be collected from the quantity of dust), and much burnt : two beautiful urns, one of greenish the other of whitish

glass (pi. 18, figs. 6 and 7) ; the former holds about half a pint, and is quite plain ; the latter holds about three gills, and is very curiously corded from the centre of its bottom up to its lip or mouth. The former stood on the right side of the skull ; the latter near the right hip. Here was also a very curious ball of native crystal, about one and a half inch diameter;^ (there is just such another among Sir W. Fagg's antiquities) ;

' [Mr. Faussett here jrives several references to the discovery of crystal balls with sepulchral re- mains ; but without observations. Douglas found one in the grave of a Saxon female on Chatham Lines, " enclosed in a lap of silver, pendent to two silver rings." — Nenia Britannka, pi. 4, fig. 8. He cites several instances of the discovery of such

balls ; and enters into a long dissertation with a view to prove that they had been used for magical purposes. In some of the glass vessels, which had been obviously intended for the common purposes of domestic life, he also saw relics that had been appropriated to magical ceremonies. In describing them he remarks : " They are always fashioned

KINGSTON DOWN. 43

as also two slender knotted rings of silver wire ; they have each of them a blue glass head strung upon it. The knots, I imagine, were made for the conveniency (though it be an awkward one) of putting them into and taking them out of the ears ; for they were undoubtedly used as ear-rings (pi. 7, fig. 10) ; they were found close under the lower jaw, as were also six small loose beads of different colours (like those also found at Ash), and one of blue glass, like those which were strung upon the rings just mentioned : a small amethyst, of a pyriform shape, about three quarters of an inch long, and about three-eighths of an inch diameter ; it is perforated longitudinally, and is exactly like the drop of a modern ear-ring. Close by the side of the skull was a silver pin, two inches long ; its head is flatted on two opposite sides ; no doubt but it was used as an aciis discriminalis, or pin for the hair. Here were also several nail-like and other pieces of iron. We may reasonably conclude that the person here

Full size,

deposited was a woman,

7. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones pretty entire : the coffin very much burnt. Near the head were six small beads of baked earth of different colours, as at No. 6 ; and one other bead of blue glass : three slender rings of silver wire (pi. 11, fig. 23) ; they had each of them a kind of sliding knot, in order to their fitting a larger or a smaller finger, like those found at Ash, and described at No. 27 of my inventory of antiquities there discovered. Another silver ring of the same sort, with a yellow bead strung upon it (pi. 7, fig. 6). Another silver ring A\'ith a bit of ivory (pi. 11, fig. 16). About the knees were six small silver instruments, each about two and a quarter inches long, all strung by a small hole at one of their ends, by a slender silver ringle or piece of wire, which last Avas also strung to a double chain consisting of four twisted silver links, each about one inch long (pi. 12, fig. 1). The instruments were, an ear-picker, two tooth-pickers, and three other bodkin-like things, whose use I cannot guess at, especially as they were broken in taking out of the ground. At the other end these four twisted links were strung upon one single link, twisted in the same manner but rather longer than themselves; and upon one of the four smaller links, there still adheres by its rust, a silver pin,

without a base to stand on ; and, like the Roman Douglas in other implements, such as iron shears

lachrynuttorics, or tear-bottles, they seem to be ajj- and a mirror, also sees the evidence of their appli-

propriated only to funereal rites. As they generally cation to divinition as well as to the usual ends for

occur with instruments of magic, it is very probable which such things wore made. The crystal ball

that they contained the oyj/a j?!(7y8ca." — (p. 14.) In from Chatham Lines was mounted in silver, cy\-

the same misconception of the cause of the presence dently for suspension upon the person as an orna-

of such objects in these graves, and from want of ment ; and it is in this light we must regard the

consideration of the habits and customs of the example before us, and others found both in Roman

Saxons in relation to their funeral ceremonies, and Saxon cemeteries. — Ed.]

u

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

which, however, is broken ; but appears to have been very like the common pins now in use, and about three-quarters of an inch long. Here were a great many other broken links, much of the same sort, and several nail-like bits of iron. Surely

a woman s grave.

8. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very perfect and entire : the coffin much burnt : two silver rings, as before ; each having a sliding knot, as before ; on one of them is strung a large whitish bead, striped and spotted with blue (fig. 1 in group below) : seven small beads of baked earth, as before ; these were all found near the neck. Here was also, but lower down, a piece of lead or some such heavy metal, in the shape of a botton-mould ; it is flat on one side and convex on the other, and has a large round hole in its centre (fig. 2 in the group below) ; it is an inch diameter, and three-eighths of an inch thick in the middle. Here was also a kind of iron instrument (pi. 15, fig. 24) ; it is two and a half inches long, and half an inch broad at the rounded end ; its strig is one and a half inch long ; it has been fixed into a wooden handle, some of the wood adhering to it Avhcn found. Here

Avere also five iron nails, full three inches long. A

woman's grave, no doubt.

9. Tumulus and grave much as before. Bones very sound : teeth very firm and even : the coffin burnt, but not so much as some others. A beautiful urn of green glass, capable of holding about half a pint or rather more (as fig. 6. pi. 18) ; it stood on the right side of the skull, and was in the coffin ; it is finely coated with armatura or electrum, both inside and outside, but especially on the inside. Here were also the blade of a knife, five iron nails, and several other bits of iron.

10. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Coffin burnt : bones almost perfect. Nothing but some nail- like bits of iron.

11. Tumulus and grave pretty much as the last. Bones almost gone : coffin much burnt : old teeth : a

' [This curious assemblage of implements of the toilette was doubtless worn attached to the girdle. It was a fashion which, like many others of early date, may be traced in the middle ages, and has descended to our own times, the modern chatelaine being its latest representative. The keys which we

notice in the graves of the Saxon women were worn upon the person ; and not many years since it was customary with our good housewives to carry by their side these guardians of their domestic stores and treasures. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 45

bent piece of brass, which seemed to have been the shank of some small buckle by which it was fastened to a strap, some remains of leather still adherin"- to the inside (fig. 3 in the group) : the blade of a knife, and other bits of iron.

12. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Burnt coffin: bones pretty entire: two small brass hooks or hasps (figs. 4 and 5 in the group) : a blade of a knife, as befoi'e ; and several nail-like and other bits of iron.

13. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone: coffin much burnt: a small brass hasp, as it seems : a small brass instrument : two others ;' (pi. 12, fig. 7) ; and the blade of a knife ; also some nail-like bits of iron.

Kingston Down, 28th August, 1767.

14. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone : no signs of a coffin : nothing.

15. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty entire, of a young person ; the teeth not all cut. On the right side of the neck (or rather on the right shoulder) was a very beautiful, round, silver fibula subnectens, very curiously inlaid with ivory and set with garnets ; and curiously wrought and gilded in the intervals (pi. 2, fig. 2) ; it measures full two inches diameter. Underneath the fibula were no less than nine slender silver rings, as before ; some of them very small, and none of them large enough for a grown-up person ; each of them had a sliding knot, as before : with these were also five yellow beads. Lower down was found a small piece of gilded brass, like the segment of a circle ; it has a deep channel all the length of its back ; I imagine it to be part of a bracelet. This skeleton could not exceed five feet in length. The grave was, however, full seven feet long ; having been first dug for a full grown person ; as appeared from an heap of bones which were placed in an heap at the feet of the child or young person who was buried afterwards ; which former person had, 1 think, been buried in a very thick burnt coffin, the whole bottom of the grave being soiled with it, from end to end, and a great deal of black dust, etc., being found in it. Here were several iron nails, some longer, some shorter.

16. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty entire: old teeth, and some missing, whose sockets were grown up. An hemispherical iron umbo, as at No. 2, but rather less ; in its rim were four broad-headed iron rivets, as usual : three other broader-headed iron studs : the head of an hasta or spear (pi. 14, fig. 18). This lay on the right side and out of the coffin. A trian(jular piece of iron (fig. 1

' [These are similar to the implements found in grave No. 7. — Ed.]

46

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

in group below) ; I think it is the side, or half, of the chape of a sword. It has been elegantly inlaid with silver net- work or filigree ; it has on it two sockets, in one of which is still an ivory hemisphere, and, in the centre of it, a small garnet ; the whole much resembling a bird's eye. The other socket has lost what it was once furnished with, but it doubtless had in it such another ivory hemisphere and garnet as the other. It appears to have been wrapped up in, or touched, some linen or other cloth ; some of its threads being rusted to it and their figure preserved by it. I imagine the scabbard which it belonged to was of ivory, as many pieces of it were found, all of them with transverse and crossed strokes, diamond-wise, and with circles within circles. Two of the pieces joined together appear as on the other side (fig. 2} : there was also a piece of brass and a bit of ivory linked to it, marked also

with circles within circles, which piece of ivory I take to have been the upper part of the scabbard (fig. 3), at least to have belonged to it, or the belt. The brass thing seems to have fitted on to the top of the scabbard. Here was also a brass hand, if I may so call it (fig. 4), which I also suppose belonged to the scabbard. On the breast lay an heap of bones ; without doubt those of some person buried before, and disturbed when this corpse was deposited. There was a great deal of broken iron here, which, I suppose, was the remains of the blade of the sword ; it had that appearance. Here was also a small piece of bent brass, which I take to be part of a pair of nippers. But this grave was so entirely filled up, even to the surface of the natural earth, with flints, that the labourers were much troubled to get down to the skeleton ; so it is no wonder that everything was thus broken and destroyed by their tools. The agger or tumulus was of common earth and chalk, like the rest of the soU, which is no more stony here than in other places of this down. This person was included in a remarkably thick, burnt, coffin.

KINGSTON DOWN. 47

17. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; but not stony like that. Bones very perfect. The coffin did not appear to have been burnt : some bits of iron.

18. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect : burnt coffin: the head of a pilum, as before, on the left side : two small plates of brass riveted together ; and two small single plates, the latter of which I take to have been part of the shank of a small buckle. The blade of a knife, as before ; and some iron nails.

19. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect : no appearance of a coffin. The head of a pilum, on the left side : the blade of a knife, and a small iron buckle.

20. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones perfect: teeth much worn and some lost : the coffin appeared unburnt. Two pieces of ivory ; they are round and a little thicker than a swan's quill ; and when properly joined at the place where they plainly appear to have come asunder (viz., in the grain), they make about a third part of a circle of about three inches diameter. I think they are part of a bracelet.' The blade of a knife, and some nail-like and other bits of iron.

2 1 . Tumulus much as the last ; but the grave pointed with its feet rather more to the north. Bones pretty entire : coffin unburnt. A small and common copper coin of Gallienus. On one side is his head, radiated, with this legend, gallienvs avg. On the other side, provid. avg. ; a woman, standing, holds a globe in one hand and a spear in the other ; it is very fair. Here was also a blade of a knife and some nails.

22. Tumulus much as the last ; the grave also pointing, like that, rather more to the north. Bones pretty entire ; and a very thick unburnt coffin : a small brass buckle : blade of a knife, and some nails.

23. Tumulus much as the last ; the grave side by side to the last ; bones pretty sound ; no signs of a coffin. Some sherds of a large urn of coarse black earth, disturbed and broken when this person was buried. By the size, I should imagine it to have been an ossuary or bone-urn ; it seemed to have been capable of holding above a gallon ; but no bits of burnt bones were found.

Kingston Down, 5th September, 1767.

24. Tumulus about the usual size ; grave three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. Bones pretty sound ; teeth firm and regular ; burnt coffin : two fair coins. One of them has, on one side, the head of Constantino the Great, laureated.

[Mr. Faussett's conjecture was most probably right ; a bracelet very similar was found in grave No. 142.— Ed.]

48

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHEALE.

and this legend, fl. val. constantinvs. nob. c. ; reverse, genio popvli romani ; exergue, p.l.n ; a genius, standing, holds in one hand a patera, and, in the other, a cornucopiee. This is of the second brass. The other, of the third size, also has on one side the same emperor's head, laureated, and this legend, Ix\ip. c. constantinvs. p.p. AVG. On the other side is this legend, s.p.q.r. optimo. puincipi ; three military ensigns erected. They are very common coins. Here was also the blade of a knife and some nails.

25. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very perfect ; teeth sound and evenj burnt coffin. A very common copper coin of Probus, of the third size. On one side is his head, radiated, and this legend, probus. p.p. avg. On the reverse is a woman, standing, who holds a military ensign in each hand, with this legend, FIDES MiLiTVM ; in the exergue is a thunderbolt between the letters r. e.^ Here was a piece of a pair of brass nippers : the blade of a knife : some nails ; and other pieces of iron.

26. Tumulus rather higher ; grave as the last. The bones much decayed ; the coffin very thick and much burnt. Among the teeth, which were shattered out of their sockets and very much worn, were six glass and earthen beads, of divers

colours, as before. Here were also several iron links of a chain, each about one and a quarter inch long (fig. 1): an iron nail two inches long, with an head above an incli broad ; and several other nail-like pieces of iron. At the feet and on the outside of the coffin were the remains of a thick wooden box, about a foot long, and about eight inches broad; its depth could not be guessed at. I imagine it to have been not much unlike our modern tea-chests ; like those, it had a small moveable iron handle on its lid (fig. 2) ; it had also a pair of iron joints or hinges (fig. 3); and an iron hasp (fig. 4). I was in great expectation and hopes of finding something curious amongst its dust,~ but found nothing. Certainly this was a woman's grave. 27. ]\Iiddle sized tumulus ; grave as the last ; bones pretty entire ; no signs of

Half actual size.

a coffin.

Nothing.

' [The graves in whicli these coins were de- posited were probably those of females. Small brass Roman coins are not unfrequently found in the graves both of Saxon and Frankish females, perfor- ated, for suspension on the person. See Collectanea

Antiqtia, vol. ii, pi. xxxv, and pi. xxxix. — Ed.] ^ [The homely and familiar character of many objects from these graves cannot fail to be noticed. The graves now being described were evidently those of the humbler and poorer classes. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 49

28. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones pretty entire ; no signs of a coffin. Blade of a knife.

29. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones pretty entire ; very old teeth ; the coffin much burnt. An instrument exactly like that described at No. 8, but somewhat larger ; and the blade of a knife.

Kingston Down, September 7th, 1767.

30. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave about three feet deep, with its feet to the oast. Bones pretty entire ; even and white teeth ; burnt coffin. Several bits of iron and four nails.

31. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect ; no signs of a coffin. Blade of a knife.

32. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Sound bones, and remarkably large old teeth; unburnt coffin. Two knives; a larger (pi. 15, fig. 10); and a smaller^ as before : several nails and bits of iron.

33. Tumulus and grave mucli as the last. Sound bones ; young and even teeth, and not all cut ; the coffin unburnt. Five small beads of baked earth of difi"erent colours ; these were near the neck : the blade of a knife : four nails. The grave of a girl or young woman.

34. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; teeth much worn ; no coffin. The blades of two knives of the common size : some sherds of u small black urn, broken when found.

35. Tumulus and grave much as the last. It contained two skeletons. One of them was at the depth of about five feet; the other was at the depth of three feet ; the bones of both very sound ; the teeth of both much worn ; the coffins of both apjjeared to have passed the fire ; the upper one seemed the most burnt. "With the upper one was the head of a pilum, as before ; it lay on the right side : the blade of a knife, and an iron buckle (as at No. 5, Gilton-Town ; see p. 5). With the undermost was found the blade of a knife, as before : an iron ringle : several nails ; and several pieces of a small urn of greenish glass, broken before.

36. Tumulus of a smaller size ; grave with the feet pointing more to the north, and not above two feet deep. Bones almost decayed ; owing to their not having been deposited so deep in the chalk as most in general which I have found have been. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

37. Under the same tumulus, and in a parallel shallow grave, scarce two feet deep, a skeleton almost decayed. No appearance of a coffin. The blade of a knife, as before ; and an iron buckle, as at No. 35.

H

50 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

38. Tumulus of a middle size ; giave pointing to the east, as before, and about three feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; no signs of a coffin. Blade of a knife, as before.

39. Tumulus and grave much as the last; bones very sound; no signs of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

40. Large tumulus ; grave as the last ; burnt coffin. The blade of a knife : a small brass buckle (as fig. 3, pi. 10) : five large nails.

41. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave as the last, in which were tAvo skeletons; one of them about two feet under the surface, the bones of which were sound ; the teeth much worn ; the coffin burnt. There were five small beads of baked earth near the neck ; there were also five large nails. The other skeleton was at the depth of three feet ; the bones Avere sound ; the teeth worn ; and the coffin burnt. The blades of two knives, as before ; some nails, and other bits of iron.

KiNGSTOK Down, September 11th, 1767.

42. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones vei*}' sound ; no signs of a coffin. Nothing.

43. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; sound bones of a very young person ; teeth not all cut ; no signs of a coffin. Nothing.

44. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones of an old person ; no appear- ance of a coffin. The head of a pilum, on the right side : an iron buckle, as at No. 35 : the blade of a knife.

45. A very small tumulus ; grave as the last ; bones very sound ; burnt coffin. The blade of a knife, and some iron links and ringles rusted into a mass which came to pieces in handling : four iron nails.

46. A very small tumulus ; grave as the last ; but at least four and a half feet deep. The bones very sound ; the skull small but firm ; the teeth remarkably even, strongly fixed, and white. The coffin appeared to have been thick and much burnt. Near the skull, and within the coffin, was a beautiful urn of greenish glass, corded to the bottom of its neck, and round at the bottom ; so that it could not have stood upright without some support^ (pi. 18, fig. 6) ; it is finely coated with the armatura or electrum, both within and without ; I imagine it will hold about half a

^ [Varieties of these peculiar goblets will be found fore they could be replaced upon the table, they

in plates 18 and 19. They agree very closely with were well suited to the habits of our Saxon fore-

those depicted as held in the palm of the hand in fathers; of whom, love of strong drink was a charac-

festive scenes in early illuminated manuscripts. teristic. To these footless goblets we may probably

From the fact that they required to be emptied be- trace the origin of our modern tumbler. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

ai

AclUiil size.

pint. By the neck of the skeleton there were two amethysts, like drops of modern ear-rings ; they are perforated longitudinally, and exactly like that which I have described at No. 6. Here were also, with them, two slender silver rings, like those described at No. 7 ; and seven earthen beads, of different colours : a large irregular cut amber one ; and also a piece of a very thin, bracteated, silver ornament for the neck (or perhaps amulet), having a small loop of the same metal to hang it by.^ I do not doubt but it was whole when found ; but it was so very rotten that it came to pieces with the least touch : these all lay on the left side of the neck. Here were also several iron links of a small and slender chain, all rusted into a lump : the blade of a knife ; and several nail-like and other bits of iron. Doubtless a woman's grave.

47. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave as the last ; except that it was but three feet deep ; bones of an old person ; burnt coffin. Blade of a knife : four or five nails.

48. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; sound bones; burnt coffin. Nothino-.

49. Tumulus and grave much as the last; sound bones; the skull much deformed ; no appearance of a coffin. Blade of a knife.

50. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; burnt coffin ; sound bones. By the neck were five beads of baked earth, of divers colours, as before. Here was also a piece of touchstone. It had some stripes or strokes of gold very visible upon it when found. See just such another, No. 76, of my inventory of antiqui- ties discovered by me at Gilton-Town in Ash. A fragment or piece of some brass instrument (pi. 12, fig. 2); and a great many iron links of a small chain. These links lay in two straightish lines, from about the hips to about the

knees ; but were so rotten as not to hang together. The brass instrument was at the bottom or end of them, next the feet ; but I could not tell whether it was connected with them or not ; but I think it probable that it was fastened to that end of the chain, in order to hang some such little instruments to, as are described at No. 7.- Here were also several nails, and other bits of iron. Doubtless a woman's grave.

51. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect ; coffin burnt. The blades of two knives : some nails.

^ [This cut has been prepared from Mr. Faus- ° [See note in p. 41; and the example with

sett's drawing, the object itself having disappeared. chains attached, found in Germany, figured in the — Ed.] Collectanea Antigua, vol. ii, pi. lvi, fig. 4. — Ed.]

52 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

52. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; old teeth ; blade of a knife : no appearance of a coffin.

53. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones pretty perfect ; the teeth sound and regular ; but not all cut : the coffin much burnt. Near the neck were five small beads, which, with the least pressure, fell into dust ; and three slender silver rings, with sliding knots as before : and, a little lower down (viz., towards the right breast), was a very beautiful comb (pi. 13, fig. 3). made either of ivory or bone : I think of the former. It is about seven inches long, and is very prettily cut and wrought.' I, unluckily, broke it all to pieces in getting it out ; for being much of the colour of the bones, I took it for such ; and so, was not so careful of it as I should have been, if I had, in the least, suspected what it was ; but perceiving my mistake, I carefully collected as many of the fragments as I could find ; and there happening to be but few pieces of it missing, I have glued them together in such a manner, as that the true shape and figure for the comb is luckily preserved. I count it a very great curiosity. Here were also many slender, twisted, iron links of a chain, as before ; several little brass instruments as at No. 13 ; and several nails. Certainly a woman's grave.

54. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty entire ; burnt coffin : the blades of two knives ; one of them of different shape from those already found here (pi. 15, fig. 6) ; as also, an iron instrument with a ringle at one end of it; it is six and a half inches long (see No. 15, Giiton-Town, p. 8.) Here also were some nails and other bits of iron.

Kingston Down, 16th July, 1771.

55. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave about three feet deep ; its feet pointing to the east ; bones almost gone. The coffin appeared not to have passed the fire : the blades of two knives, as before : some nails.

56. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; bones much decayed ; no signs of a coffin ; the blade of a knife. At the feet, a small urn of coarse black earth, which, having received a blow, fell to pieces in removing.

1 [This and another comb found at Kingston re- Not many were found in the cemetery at Wilbraham, semble some examples in my collection of London where they are recorded, by Mr. Neville, as being Antiquities, which were found with Roman remains. with burnt bones in urns. A comb was in one of Combs are among the rarest of the objects of an- the Saxon urns found at Newark, Col. Ant. vol. ii, tiquity which have come down to us. It will be p. 232 ; and one was found in a similar situation in observed that comparatively only a few of the Saxon the Saxon burial-place on Marston Hill, in North- graves opened by Mr. Faussett contained combs. amptonshire. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 53

57. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; very sound hones, of a middle aged person, as appeared hy the teeth : no appearance of a coffin. Notliing.

58. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very sound ; teeth remarkably white and regular, as of a young person ; no signs of a coffin : one bead near the neck. This skull had a frontal suture. I shall, for the future, take notice of every skull which I shall find which shall be found to have the frontal suture : from which it will appear how rarely such suture is to be met with.

59. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were nearly gone ; the coffin appeared to have been burnt. Here were four amethyst drops of ear-rings (or perhaps beads, as there were so many of them), of a piriform

shape, as at No. 6 ; five beads of baked earth, as before ; four slender rings, each having a sliding knot like those before men- tioned and described ; and a small silver ornament ; or perhaps, it may be called an amulet. It has five protuberances or hemispheres upon the face of it, which appear to have been made by a punch, or some such instrument ; and has a loop to put a string through. It was extremely thin, and very brittle. It was a little damaged in taking out ; but by pasteiiig it on a bit of card when I got home, I brought its broken pieces into contact, and it appears as drawn on the opposite page (see the cut above). These wei-e all found near the neck. Here was also the blade of a knife, as before ; and many small and slender links of twisted iron, which appeared to be the remains of a small chain : each link was about the size of a crow's quill, about two inches long, and twisted at each end. This chain lay together in a lump, and was rusted together, like others before mentioned. It had either been wrapt in or had lain upon some coarse cloth ; the threads of which, being impregnated with, and preserved, as it were, by the iron, still adhered to it. At the feet was a small urn of black coarse earth, much like that described at No. 56 : it was broken in getting out by the stroke of a spade. There were, also, several nails and other bits of iron. This, certainly, was a woman's grave.

60. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin : one large round earthen bead near the neck. Most likely a woman's grave.

61. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Tlie bones almost gone. There was no appearance of a coffin ; nor was anything found here but the blade of a knife.

62. Tumulus much as the last. The grave was about the usual depth ; but pointed with its feet to the north east ; or, indeed, nearly to the north. The bones were nearly gone : no appearance of a coffin.

63. Tumulus and grave as the last ; the grave pointing nearly to the north.

54 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Bones of a young person, pretty entire : the teeth were not all cut : no appearance of a cofRn. A small iron buckle and the blade of a small knife : this last lay near the feet.

64. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones very nearly decayed ; no appearance of a coffin : only the blade of a knife and some bits of iron.

65. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones Avere very perfect ; the skull remarkably large ; and had the frontal suture. Nothing but the blade of a knife : no appearance of a coffin.

66. A small tumulus ; grave as the last. The bones of a young person, very perfect. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

67. A small tumulus ; grave as the last. The bones were very perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

68. A small tumulus ; grave much as the last : small bones almost decayed : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

69. A small tumulus ; very shallow, and very short grave. Bones, almost decayed, of a small child with a remarkably large skull. Near the neck was one yellow bead of baked earth : here was, also, the blade of a small knife. No appearance of a coffin.

70. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones were very sound : the blade of a knife. No appearance of a coffin.

71. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone. The coffin appeared to have passed the fire. A small blue bead on a slender silver ring, as at No. 6 : the ring had a sliding knot as before ; a large blue bead striped with white (pi. 5, fig. 9) : a small red bead : the blades of three knives (all of them of the usual sort and size), rusted together ; and some nails.

72. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone. The skull was remarkably thick, and much deformed. Near it was found an iron pin, about two inches long ; and a slender silver ring with a sliding knot, as before. Near the left hip were the blades of two knives, of the usual form and size, rusted together. On the right side and a little above the hip, was the blade of a larger and a longer knife ; but of the usual form ; it was about six inches long ; there were also several little brass pins, and plates with rivets in them, which seemed to have been ornaments to the handle of the last mentioned knife. Here were also two iron links like those described at No. 5. Here Avas no appearance of a coffin.

73. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; the teeth much worn ; no appearance of a coffin. The blade of a knife and some bits of iron ; I think the fragments of a buckle.

74. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone ; no appearance

KINGSTON DOWN.

55

of a coffin; a small brass hucMe^cnd. shank; (fig. 1); two small broad-headed hrass studs with rotten wood adhering to their stems, (figs. 2 and 3) ; one of which has a piece broken off; the other is seven- eighths of an inch long, and has a small piece of brass riveted to the end of it.

75. Tumulus and grave much as the last : the bones pretty perfect. No ^' ' "' ""

appearance of a coffin ; a large iron buckle much like that described at No. 35. The blade of a knife.

76. Tumulus and grave much as the last : the bones were much decayed ; the coffin appeared not to have passed the fire. The head of a pilum on the left side ; the blade of a knife much like that described at No. 54. It was very like our modern pruning knives. The blade of a short sword or dagger (as fig. 8 in group on p. 10); it was about ten inches long, and one inch and a half broad, near the hilt. Its silver pommel is neatly set with oblong squares of some white shell, as it

seems ; or it may be ivory. It is nearly spherical, and is about the size of a middling walnut; it is about an inch high, and an inch in diameter. The strig was unluckily broken in pieces in getting it out ; otherwise that would have discovered the length of the hilt.* Here was also a small brass buckle (pi. 10, fig. 6). At the feet, and on the outside of the coffin, was a copper or brass Act.ais.ze. V^^^ Or baslu (pi. 16, fig. 5). It is eight and a half inches wide;

and three and a quarter inches deep. It has been much pieced and mended. It had on it four flat, round, pieces of the same metal (pi. 16, fig. 5 a), one of them was on the bottom, on the outside ; and the other three were placed, at equal distances, on the outside of its belly. This utensil was certainly not designed to be put on the fire ; for if it had ever been put to that use, these pieces, just men- tioned, being only soldered on, would immediately have been melted off: there was also a misshapen lump of rusty iron, which from its situation, namely near the left foot, I took to be the ferrule or spike of the pilum ; and some nails.

77. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones much decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. The blade of a knife, and some fragments, as they seemed, of an iron buckle.

78. Tumulus as the last ; the grave pointing the same way, but very wide and at least four feet deep. The bones were very sound ; old teeth ; no appearance of a coffin.

Nothing.

1 [This pommel is a new and interesting addition The material with which the cells are filled appears to our knowledge of the details of Saxon weapons, to be a calcareous paste. — Ed.]

56 INVEKTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Kingston Down, 19th July, 1771.

79. Tumulus of a middle size ; grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones were greatly decayed : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

80. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones greatly decayed: no appear- ance of a coffin. Nothing.

81. Tumuhis and grave much as the last. Bones much decayed: no appearance of a coffin. Tlie blade of a knife and some bits of iron.

82. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

83. Large tumulus ; grave as the last ; but full four feet deep. Bones pretty sound : the blade of a knife : coffin much burnt. At the feet, and on the outside of the coffin, were the remains of what I took to be an iron trivet ; it seemed to have been round, and about six inches in diameter ; but it was broken in pieces. It had been wrapt up in some coarse cloth, as appeared from the marks or impression of it on the rust : here were also several nails.

84. Large tumulus ; and deep grave pointing to the east. The bones of a very old jierson, pretty sound ; the coffin much burnt ; the blades of two knives ; an iron ringle of one inch diameter, with an iron link about one inch and a half long lianging to it : several nails.

85. Middle sized tumuhis ; grave very deep and broad. Bones very sound : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

86. INIiddle- sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep, and pointing with its feet to the east. The bones were almost decayed : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

87. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire : bones almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife and some nails.

88. Small tumulus ; grave not above two feet deep ; but pointing to the east. The bones of a very young person almost decayed : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

89. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep, pointing to the east. Bones almost decayed ; coffin not burnt ; the blade of a knife ; two small brass pins clenched with rotten wood sticking to them. At the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was a small black urn, much like that described at No. 56 : it was broken in getting it out.

KINGSTON DOWN.

57

90. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone : unburnt cofHn : the blade of a knife : several nails, and other bits of iron.

91. Small tumulus and short shallow grave, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones of a child, pretty perfect : no appearance of a coffin : blade of a knife.

92. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of another child almost decayed : no appearance of a coffin. A slender silver ring, with a sliding knot, as before ; and a round piece of agate (as I take it to be), convex on one side, and flat on the other. It has a small hole through its edge ;

I suppose, in order to hang it to the neck ; near which

it was found (pi. 11, fig. 10). It is scarce an inch

diameter, and about a quarter of an inch thick in the

middle. Here were also two small brass buckles, with

thin brass shanks ; also a round flaUish jnecc of haked

earth, of a blueish colour : it is convex on one side, and

flat on the other ; and has a large round hole in its

centre : it is one and a half inch in diameter, and rather

more than half an inch thick. I imagine it to have been ;4^^„„i ^„^,

a little discus, or quoit, or some other plaything for the

child. It has since occurred to me that this, and the many other things like this,

which I have found (and mentioned in their several places), may, probably, have

been formerly used and played with, as children among us play with button-molds,

viz., by passing a piece of wood through their centre, and spinning them with their

finger and thumb.

93. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of another child pretty perfect : no appearance of a coffin. A small brass buckle, like that described in the last No. ; and the blade of a knife ; also some nail-like bits of iron ; so that, I imagine, there was a coffin, though nothing of it remained.

9-1. Tumulus and grave much as tlie last. The bones of another child pretty perfect : no appearance of a coffin. The iron head of an arrow ; or, perhaps, of a small pilum, a kind of martial plaything for this child. Here was also a doubled piece of brass, with some rotten wood in it ; and the blade of a knife.

95. Tumulus of the middle size ; grave about three feet deep ; its feet to the east : coffin much burnt : bones greatly decayed : nothing but some nails.

96. Tumulus and gi-ave much as the last ; coffin much burnt : the bones almost gone. Near the neck were six slender silver rings, with sliding knots, as before : seven beads of baked earth, of diff'erent colours, as before : as also an amethyst drop of an ear-ring, as at No. 6, and a beautiful golden amulet, or ornament for the neck (pi. 4, fig. 11). The face of it is elegantly corded with a sort of double

I

58 I>rVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

cross, one of which is Avhat the heralds term furchce ; the other is a plain one. In the centre is a blue stone : I take it to be an hyacinth. It is full one and a quarter inch broad ; and has a loop of the same metal to pass a string through : it weighs 02dwt. 18gr. Near the hips was a brass box, very like our common dredging boxes (pi. 13, fig. 11). It is two and a quarter inches high ; two inches diameter; and, both top and sides, very full of small holes.' It was, doubtless, designed to hold perfumes. When found, it was full of some rotten dark-coloured substance, which, together Avith the bottom (which was also full of holes), fell out, on its removal from its place : it had no smell : I count it a great curiosity. Here was, also, a brass shank of a small buckle. A woman's grave.

97. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones greatly decayed; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some nails.

98. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty perfect ; the skull much deformed ; the cofiin was much burnt. A large iron buckle, like that at No. 35 : the blades of two knives, of the usual size and form ; and one large one (pi. 15, fig. 4), nine inches long, and one inch broad. Here were, also, some nails and other bits of iron.

99. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

100. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very sound ; the teeth were very sound, white, and regular. Here was nothing, but the blade of a knife. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire : some nails.

101. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed: no appearance of a coffin. The blade of a knife and an iron buckle, as before.

Kingston Down, 23rd July, 17T1.

102. The tumulus was of a middling size ; the grave about three feet deep, and pointing to the east. The bones were much decayed : the coffin did not appear to have been burnt. A copper coin of the Emperor Carausius. On one side is his head, radiated, and this legend, imp. c. caravsivs. p.p. avg. On the reverse is a female figure, standing : in her right hand she holds an olive branch ; and in her left a short spear ; and this legend, pax. avg. : in the area are the letters s.p. ; and in the exergue, c. Also, a copper coin of AUectus ; on one side of which is his head, radiated, and this legend, imp. c. allectvs. p.p. avg. On the reverse is a female figure, standing, and holding a globe in her right hand, and a cornucopia in her left ; and

' [These are not holes, but raised dots made by appears to have been intended for pins, needles, and punching the inner side of the metal. The box itself such small implements used for female attire. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

59

this legend, pkovidentia avg : in the area are the letters s.p ; and in the exergue, the letter c. They are both of the small or third brass.

103. The tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were pretty perfect ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. By the skull were two large blue drops for ear-rings : whether they are of any precious stone, or only glass, I know not ; but they are of a most beautiful dark blue (pi. 7, figs. 2 and 4). With them were two amethyst drops or beads, as at No. 6, etc. ; three small earthen beads, and a little round blue stone, about the size of a small pea ; and the silver socket in which it was set, it having been placed, as I imagine, in the centre of a silver amulet, or ornament for the neck, several fragments of such an one being found near it : it seems to be made of the same material as the large blue drops. Here were also several nails. Certainly a woman's grave.

There was some stiff hard clay in the bottom of this grave ; it must have been brought hither from some distance. For instances of the like kind (viz., of foreign or adventitious earth, found in tumuli), see Philosophical Transactions, abridged by Martyn, vol. ix, pp. 446-7.

104. Tumulus and grave much as the last. No appearance of a coffin : the bones were very much decayed. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

105. Tumulus much smaller than the last ; the grave pointing to the east; but not above two feet deep. Here were the bones of a child,

almost decayed : the skeleton appeared to be not above three feet in length. It had a coffin, which did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the left hip was a small, and almost spherical urn of Mack earth (fig. 1); it was broken in getting out. In it was an iron ringlc (fig. 2), of about one inch diameter, which had two wheel-like, flatfish, large earthen beads, and a gravel stone or jjebble of the same size and shape as the beads, fastened to it by little iron axles : no doubt but it was a toy,' or plaything of the child's. The same blow which destroyed the urn broke the iron work of the little oddity ; but by putting the pieces together, the figure of it appeared just as I have represented it.- Here was also just such an arrow-head as is repre- sented at No. 94 : ^ the blade of a knife, and several nails.

' See Browne's Urn Burial, p. 9 : see also Philo- sophical Transactions, vol. xlix, part 2, p. 503, for an account of toys found in the sepulchres of children.

• [The cuts above are prepared from Mr. Faus- sett's drawings. The size of the urn is not men- tioned.— Ed.]

" Sec Introduction. — Ed.]

60

INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

106. Under the same tumulus with the last, and in a parallel grave. The bones were pretty perfect ; burnt coffin ; teeth much worn ; a large knife blade, or short sword, nine inches long, and one and a half inch broad.' Here was, also, a small black urn at the feet ; broken in taking out ; so much, that I could not at all guess at its shape : several nails.

107. A small tumulus ; and a very shallow grave, pointing with its feet to the east : bones nearly decayed : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

108. A small tumulus ; and a very shallow grave, pointing with its feet to the east. The bones Avere very sound : no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

109. Tumulus of the middle size : grave about three feet deep, its feet pointing to the east. Bones of a very old person, very perfect : no appearance of a coffin.

Nothing but the blade of a knife.

110. Tumulus and grave much as the last.

The bones were greatly decayed : the coffin appeared not to have passed the fire. Near the neck were six small beads ; a small silver amulet or ornament for the neck (pi. 4, fig. 20). Here was also an iron ringle, about an inch diameter ; and several nails, and other bits of iron. A woman's

grave.

not to have passed the fire.

ill. A large tumulus ; the grave full four feet deep, and wide in proportion ; its feet pointing to the east. The bones were greatly decayed : the coffin appeared

Here Avas the head of an hasta or spear, on the left side ; also the head of an arroto, as it seemed (fig. 1) ; it has some wood adhering to its strig. At the feet, on the right side, was a small brass ferrule, with some wood and an iron spike in it (fig. 2). If it had been found on the same side Avith the head of the spear, I should, perhaps, have imagined it to have belonged to it ; but that it is much too small for the ferrule of a spear, or indeed, of a pilum ;- but as it lay on the opposite side, I think I shall not be much mistaken if I suppose it to be the bottom of a Avalking-stick. Some nails and other bits of iron.

Actual size.

112. A middle-sized tumulus ; the grave about three feet deep, its feet pointing

' It appears to have perished. The drawing re- presents it somewhat like fig. 8, pi. 15. — Ed.] * [Mr. Faussett probably intended to write ja-

ctduni or spicuhim ; the pilum was one of the most formidable spears of the Roman infantry. — En.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

61

to the east. The bones of a young person, very sound ; the coffin did not appear to haA'e passed the fire. Nothing.

113. The tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a young person, much decayed ; the cofiin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of an arrow, as at No. 94: a small iron buckle, as at No. 19: the blade of a knife: a small piece of doubled brass for the end of a strap, as at No. 94 ; it has two rivets in it : and a small and slender piece of flatted hrass wire, bent, as if it were to pass the strap under (fig. 3 in the group p. 60) : here were also several nails.

114. Small tumulus and small shallow grave ; feet to the east; the bones of a child, almost decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

115. A middle-sized tumulus, and grave about three feet deep ; the coffin was much burnt ; the bones of a very old person, almost decayed. Nothing.

116. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a young person, very sound ; the teeth were remarkably even and white ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side was the head of a pilum. Here were also the blade of a knife, and two triangular, thin, plates of hrass, with a triangular hole in the middle (fig. 1) ; they have also a rivet-hole at each angle. Perhaps they were ornaments to a belt, or some such thing, being found one by each hip. Here were also several nails, and other bits of iron.

117. Tumulus and grave much as the last; sound bones of a very young person, the grinders being not all cut ; the skull had the frontal suture ; no appear- ance of a coffin. Here was a small iron staple, one and a half inch long (fig. 2) : the blades of two knives, and some bits of iron.

118. Tumulus and grave much as the last. ± 2 Very sound bones of an old person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife and some nails.

119. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a middle-aged person very sound ; the teeth very regular and white ; the coflan was much burnt. Here were many frag- ments of a very thin urn of greenish glass ; not broken now ; but, as I imagine, in digging the grave for the person last interred. Near the head was a brass pin about an inch long, with its head flatted on two sides parallel to its length (fig. 3). Here was also the blade of a knife and some nails.

62

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

120. A very large tumulus, and a very wide and deep grave, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin was much burnt. Here was nothing but one large blue and white bead (fig. 4 in the group p. 61) ; the blade of a knife, and some nails.

121. A very large tumulus, and a very wide and deep grave, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin was much burnt. Near the neck were no less than eight amethyst drops of ear-rings (or perhaps beads, as at No. 6): five beads of diflFerent colours: one other small green glass bead, strung upon a small brass ring (pi. 7, fig. 14) ; two small jij/eces of brass vnre bent into the shape of an S (fig. 6 in the group p. 61). These were, all of them, near the neck.

On the right side were several very small brass ringies mixed with rusty iron. On the left arm was a brass armilla or bracelet (fig. 1) ; I say on it, because the bones of the arm were in it when found. Here were also a great many twisted iron links, much like those described at No. 13, which plainly appeared to have been fastened to the chain, though the links which composed it Avere so rotten that they would not hold each other together. Here were also the blades of two knives. At the feet, and on the outside of the coffin, were the remains of a small four-square box, about six inches long and four inches broad, It seemed to have been made of box, and was adorned or

strengthened with brass gilded corner pieces (see cut on p. 28), little staples, etc.

We found nothing in it or near it, except one end and a few teeth of an ivory comb

(fig. 2) ; it had been mended with a small thin piece of brass. Here were also

several nails. Certainly a woman's grave.

122. A middle-sized tumulus ; the grave was about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing.

123. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very sound; the teeth were very white, sound, and regular ; the coffin had been much burnt. Near the neck were two small beads. Here were also the blades of two knives ; and a greater number of such small iron links (often mentioned before), than I have hitherto met with in one grave. Here were also several pieces of iron and wood rusted together, of which nothing could be made out : a piece of a round iron buckle, of about one inch diameter, and several nails. This I take to have been a woman's grave.

as near as I could guess.

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63

124. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here was a conical umbo of a shield (pi. 15, fig. 15): the head of an hasta or spear, as at No. 16: two pieces of iron, which were riveted to the inside of the shield in order to strengthen it (as pi. 15, fig. 14, b); they are about five inches in length and half of an inch in breadth, and have a rivet at each end ; the rivet is about half an inch long. Here Avere also three broad-headed iron studs, as before : the blade of a knife : a large iron buckle, as at No. 35 ; and some nails.

125. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed; the cofiin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side Avas the head of an hasta or spear ; it lay on the outside of the coffin and reached beyond it at the head. Here Avere the blades of two knives : some nails : and several bits of iron.

126. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin appeared not to have passed the fire. Nothing.

Kingston Down, 26th July, 1771.

127. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones were much decayed ; very old teeth. The head of a pilum on the left side : a conical umbo of a shield, as at No. 124: three broad-headed iron studs : a fine brass buckle and shank, -^ a smaller brass buckle (pi. 9, fig. 15) : the blade of a knife : the iron spike, ferrule, or bottom of the pilum ; which, by the situation in the grave, shewed that the pilum was much about four feet long. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here Avei'e also some nails and other bits of iron.

128. Tumulus and grave much as the last.

■ [Buckles of this form, from the Kentish barrows, are by no means numerous ; neither are they common in other parts of England. In the extensive cemetery at Little Wilbraham, where nearly two hundred skeletons were found, only one example was discovered. In the Frankish graves they are very common ; the material being usually copper and iron elaborately dama- scened. See Normandie Souterraine, by the Abbe Cochet ; and Tomheaux de Bel-Air, by M. Frederic Troyon. — Ed.]

64

INVEXTOEirM SEPULCHRAT.K.

The bones of a young person very perfect. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing.

129. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave, full five feet deep, pointing with the feet towards the east. The bones were very perfect : burnt coffin : a very long head of a spear, much like that described at No. 2 ; it lay on the right side, and on the outside of the coffin. An hemispherical umbo exactly like that described at No. 2 ; but some- what less ; in its rim were, as usual, four broad and flat-headed iron studs or rivets, by which it Avas riveted to the shield ; also three other broader-headed studs, as

at No. 2. A narrow thin brass ferrule about one inch and five-eighths dia- meter ; it has three small brass pins sticking in it at equal distances, Avhere- by it was fastened to some round staff" or other piece of Mood covered with leather, some of which still adhered to the pins. It was found near the left knee ; so could not have belonged to the staff of the hasta, which lay on the right side, and in a position parallel to Here was also, an iron luckle with a brass tongue (fig. 2} ; a small brass hucJde and shanlc (fig. 3), and several nails.

130. Under the same tumulus ; but the grave not more than three feet deep, and parallel to the last. The bones were much decayed: burnt coffin. Some frag- ments of a small urn of greenish glass were found before we came to a skeleton ; it had been disturbed and broken, I suppose, when the grave was dug for the reception of the person last buried. There was a conical iron umbo of a shield, as at No. 124 ; it had four broad-headed studs or rivets in its rim, as before described. There were also two broader-headed iron studs as before ; the head of a pilum on the right side ; the blade of a knife ; and some nails.

131. A middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep, its feet pointing to the east ; the bones of an old person, veiy sound and perfect : the coffin had passed the fire. Here was a small iron buckle with a brass tongue, which last has a garnet set in it (pi. 10, fig. 12); and the blade of a knife, and some naUs. — 3[em. That the legs of this person lay cross each other after the manner of a Knight Templar ; but I suppose this position of them was entirely accidental, and without any meaning or design ; however, I thought proper to take notice of it.

132. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of an hasta

Actual size.

the sides of the grave.

KINGSTON DOWN.

65

on the right side, and out of the coffin : the blade of a knife : a small iron staple, as at No. 117 ; and several nails.

133. Tumulus much as the last. The grave about four feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. In it were two skeletons. The bones of the uppermost, which lay at about three feet depth, were pretty sound and seemed to have been those of a middle-aged person ; the teeth were very sound and regular ; the skull was remark- ably thick and strong ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire.

The bones of the undermost appeared to be those of a young person ; the skull was not near so thick as the other, and there were but twelve teeth cut in the under jaw ; but the bones in general were much firmer and sounder than those which lay above it. This latter skeleton lay about a foot lower than the other. There was no appearance of a coffin with it. There was nothing at aU found in this double and deep grave ; but only a small staple, as in Xo. 132, and some nails.

134. Tumulus much as the last; grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones of an elderly person, pretty sound ; burnt coffin. A small u'on buckle, as at Xo. 19 : a brass

buckle and shank (fig. 1) ; the shank has three round-headed studs on it ; ' some linen or other cloth still adheres to the inside of it, with which I imagine the belt, to which the shank of the buckle was riveted, was lined : the blade of a knife, and some nails.

135. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ; bui-nt coffin. Xothing but the blade of a knife and

^ Actual size.

some nails.

136. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Very sound bones of an elderly person ; burnt coffin. At the right side was the head of a pilum, as before ; exactly four feet from the point of it was the ferrule and spike, as at Xo. 127. Here was also the blade of a knife : a thin square piece of brass, with a square hole in the middle, and a small rivet at each corner (fig. 2), with rotten Avood adhering to them : a small brass buckle and shank (fig. 3) : the blade of a knife, and some nails.

137. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very much decayed; the coffin was much burnt, and appeared to have been very thick. The head of a pilum. on the left side : six small and slender brass staples, adhering to a piece of rotten

' [That in Xo. 127 had been also ornamented with studs, like this smaller example ; but they have perished. — Ed.]

66

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Oue-tbuJ ui" tiiu ucluiil size.

wood (fig. 4 in the group p. 65) ; they are all of them clenched at their points. An

ttrn of coarse red earth ;^ it contains about a pint ; it was found a little before we came to the skeleton ; so, I imagine, it either was placed on the lid of the coffin (which, however, I never observed before), or was disturbed when the grave of this person was dug, and afterwards flung in upon him. Here were also the blades of two knives, and some nails and other bits of iron.

138. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin apj^ears to have passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife and some nails.

139. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones of an old person, much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have

passed the fire. Four beads of baked earth, of different colours : the blade of a knife ; and some nails. Doubtless a woman's grave.

140. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty sound bones of an old person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side, but on the outside of the coffin, was the head of an hasta or spear, as at No. 2 : an hemi- spherical umbo of a shield, as at No. 2 : three broad- headed iron studs : two cross irons, as at No. 1 24 : the blade of a knife : a small iron buckle, with a brass tongue, as at No. 129 ; and some nails.

141. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones, almost decayed, of a young person ; there were only eight teeth cut in the lower jaw ; the coffin was much burnt ; the skull had a frontal suture. Here were also the blades of two knives, and some nails.

142. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin was very much burnt, and seemed to have been very thick and strong. Near the neck were found twelve amethyst drops of ear-rings (or perhaps they were only beads), as at No. 6, etc. : no less than eighty-six beads, great and small : a golden ornament for the neck (pi. 4, fig. 6) ; in it is set a fine garnet : another ornament for the neck, in shape exactly like the last mentioned ; it is of silver, and in it is set a purplish stone, or perhaps a piece of glass (pi. 11, fig. 19) : two small

' [The archaeologist who is famiiiar with Ro- man pottery, will observe in this example of Saxon manufacture, and in the varieties given in plate 20, peculiarities which distinguish them from the Ro- man prototypes, of which they are degraded copies. They want the graceful form of the Roman, the

ornamentation is less tasteful, and the material is very inferior. These leading characteristics of the Saxon pottery are accompanied by the influence of local fashion, as comparison with specimens from different parts of the country will readdy shew. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

67

silver crosses (pi. 4, fig. 21) ; when they were found, they consisted each of a front and back, which were set in a little thin frame of the same metal ; the fronts were wrought and gilded, as I have endeavoured to express them ; the back was plain ; the space between the front and back was fi.lled up with some cement which, on its growing dry, fell into powder ; the frames of both were so rotten that they parted from the crosses as soon as taken out of the ground. Surely these crosses are a sufficient proof that the person here deposited was a Christian ! ' With these were two slender silver rings, with sliding knots, like those before mentioned and described : a small gilded silver pin, with a flatted head and an hole in it ; it is about three- quarters of an inch long (tig. 1) : a small gilt silver ring, on which were strung, by an hole at one end, a silver ear-picker and another instrument of silver, a little broken (pi. 12, fig. 3). These little instruments are each of them one inch and three-quarters long, and are gilded. A largish green bead on a small silver ringle (pi. 10, fig. 19) ; this bead has a remarkably strong smell. At the feet, and on the outside of the coffin, were the remains of a wooden box ; it appeared to have been, at least, about fourteen inches square ; its depth could not be guessed at ; it had two hrass hinges (fig. 2), in each of which were six brass rivets, each about three-quarters of an inch Actual size.

long, at the place where it was clenched, which shews the exact thickness of the box; it had twelve brass clasps, or corner pieces, like those described at No. 121 : an

iron handle for the lid, much like that described at No. 26, but somewhat larger ; and an iron hasp, as at No. 26.^ This box contained the following and very odd and curious particulars, viz., a very fine and large ivory comb (pi. 13, fig. 2): a brass armilla, or

' [See note 2 on page 39. Similar cruciform or- naments have been found with Saxon sepulchral remains in other parts of England ; but more fre- quently in Kent. In such cases, as well as in the instance before us, they have been accompanied and surrounded by such evidence of pagan practices, that we can regard them only as ornaments. — Ei).]

^ [It will be noticed that many of the graves of females contained indications of coffers or boxes, in which some of the more precious or fragile objects had been inclosed. This is another instance of the accordance between the funeral ceremonies of the Saxons and Romans. — Ed.]

68

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

bracelet (pi. 16, fig. 12); a flat and broad bead of baked earth; an ivory armilla, or bracelet (see p. 67): the hone of some animal (not unlike what we call the cramp

bone of a sheep) strung upon a brass rincjle ; a slender silver ring with a sliding knot, as before ; a fish's shell, called by the naturalists concha Veneris, or the porcelain shell.^ This one article would, I think, afford matter for a very learned and curious dissertation, if, as I have been informed, they are to be found only in the East Indies ; for, we have great reason to suppose, that the Romans had but little acquaintance with that part of the globe. But I have not yet had an oppor- tunity of fully satisfying myself whether they are only to be found there, or whether they may not also be met with in other parts of the world. I make no doubt, however, but that it was looked upon by the lady here deposited (for a Actual size. female it certainly was, and a very curious one too, if we may

judge from the many curiosities interred with her) ; I make no doubt, I say, but that this shell was looked upon by her as a very great curiosity. Here were also a small brass buckle, much like that I have described at No. 129 : a piece of some blue stone : a piece of resinous substance ; it is of a very dark green colour, not much iinlike black resin ; it has of itself no smell ; but on breaking off' a little bit of it, not bigger than the head of a middling pin, and laying it on an hot poker, it immediately melted, smoked very much, and sent forth a very strong and rather suff"ocating, but by no means an unpleasant, smell. In this box were also the blades of three knives : one other blade of a very slender knife, in a very thin brass sheath, which appears to have been covered with wood ; at the end next the strig was a broadish brass ferrule. This article was broken in getting out ; however,

• [This is one of the large Indian cowries classed by Linnaeus under the generic name of Cypraa. They were brought from the East by the Romans and, together with other kinds of Indian shells, are not unfrequently found with Roman remains. The more beautiful kinds of sea-shells have, doubtless from remote antiquity, been often used as personal ornaments and as amulets, and hoarded as objects of curiosity. In Africa, the small cowries are at the present day used as a medium of traffic. Douglas,

who has engraved this very shell, classes it with the Ithyphallica of the ancients, and refers to the use of shells by the Romans, and by the lower class in the neighbourhood of Naples, at the present day, as amulets and charms. These customs are well known ; but they do not seem to explain the pre- sence of the Indian shell in the Saxon grave, which may, probabl}', be more simply and naturally ac- counted for by viewing it as an ornament either personal or domestic. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 69

the pieces put together made up the figure. The strig was broken off and lost. A pair of iron shears (pi. lo, fig. 20); they are six inches and a half long ; a piece of silver like an hasp or catch ; it is seven-eighths of an inch long ; a piece of fossil substance, called by naturalists a screw ; a piece of a brass instrument, very like one described at Xo. 50 (pi. 12, fig. 4) ; it was in the midst of a mass composed of small iron links of a chain, as often before ; an hook, about eight inches long, with a loose ringle at one end (as fig. 3 in the upper cut on p. 31); another iron instrument, of about the same length, and exactly like that described at No. 54 ; another iron instru- ment (see lower cut on p. 19), five inches and three-quarters long ; and an ivory lead. Here were also many other bits of iron and several long nails. Certainly a woman's grave.

143. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones

of an elderly person, as might be known from the much worn teeth ; the skull was much deformed ; the coffin had passed the fire. Xothing but some nails.

144. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were remarkably sound ; the jaws were full of very sound, regular, and white teeth ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails and small pieces of iron.

145. A very large tumulus; the grave near five feet deep. A great many bones, lying in all directions, all the way down. The skeleton of a very old person, very sound and perfect ; the coffin had been much burnt, and very thick. A small brass buckle and shank, much like that represented at No. 92 : the blade of a knife ; and some nails.

146. Tumulus of a middle size, and the grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones were greatly decayed ; the coffin had passed the fire. On the left side of the head Avere two beautiful urns of green glass (pi. 18, fig. 4) ; they seem capable of containing about three-quarters of a pint each ; their bottoms are almost conical, so that they cannot stand ; they are coated both within and without with armatura or electrum, as the antiquaries term it. On the left side of the head also, but on the outside of the coffin, was the head of a pilum. Here was also the blade of a knife : four large ii-on corner-pieces, or clasps, which, I suppose, served to strengthen the corners of the coffin ; they had each of them two large and strong nails, which seemed not to have been driven home, ha-ving been too large for the holes ; there was rotten wood adhering to them. Here were also some other nails and some bits of iron.

147. A very small tumulus, and shallow and short grave. Here were the bones of a child, almost decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

70 INVENTORirM SEPULCHRALE.

148. A very small tumulus, and a very shallow and short grave ; not the least remains of any bones. •Nothing.

149. Tumulus of middle size ; the grave was about three feet in depth. This skeleton lay (which is very extraordinary) with its feet to the west and its head to the east ; ' perhaps owing to some mistake, owing to the darkness of the night when it was interred, or some other such cause. The bones appear to have been those of a young person ; the teeth were complete in their number, and were very even, white, and sound ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. We took notice that the left arm lay across the ribs, which circumstance I do not remember to have observed before. The right arm lay down by the side. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some nails.

150. Tumulus of middle size ; grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones of an elderly person, pretty sound. The skull was very much deformed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails, and some small bits of iron.

151. Tumulus and grave much as the last; sound bones of an elderly person; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but an iron buckle ; some cloth stuck to the under part.

152. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Here were two skeletons ; the former of which lay very shallow ; the bones were those of a very old person, and pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. The other skeleton lay at about the depth of three feet ; the bones appeared to be those of a young person, and were very sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing found with either.

153. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones Avere very sound ; no appear- ance of a coffin. Nothing but the blades of two knives.

154. Tumidus and grave much as the last. The bones were very sound ; the coffin had been burnt. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some nails.

155. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of an elderly person, pretty sound ; the coffin had been burnt. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some nails.

Kingston Down, 29th July, 1771.

156. Tumulus of a middle size. The grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east; the bones were much decayed; the coffin was much burnt.

' The skeletons found at Crundale, all of them, lay in the same position, or nearly so : see my account of my digging there.

KINGSTON DOWN. 71

Near the head was a brass pin, as before, and also a small round fiat piece of silver (pi. 11, fig. 24); it has an hemispherical globule for the neck, but the loop is lost. Here were also several iron links of a chain, as heretofore ; the blade of a knife : several nails ; and many bits of iron. A woman's grave.

157. Tumulus much as the last. The grave was about two and a half feet deep, and pointed due north and south ;^ the feet were towards the north; bones of an elderly person, and pretty sound ; the skull was much deformed. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire ; the right arm lay across the body ; the left arm lay straight down by the side. Here was nothing but a small brass buckle and its shank, as before ; the blade of a knife and some nails.

158. Very small tumulus. The grave was very shallow and very short, its feet pointed to the east ; the bones of a child, nearly gone : the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing.

159. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave was about three feet deep ; its feet pointed to the east ; the bones of an elderly person, pretty perfect ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife and some nails.

160. Under the same tumulus, and in a grave parallel to the last, were the bones of an elderly person, pretty perfect ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a small knife and some nails.

161. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east ; the bones were nearly gone ; the coffin was very much burnt. Near the neck was a beautiful fibula subnectens of silver (pi. 3, fig. 9) : it is neatly set with seven garnets, and some ivory : the intervals are curiously wrought and gilded : with it were three thin bracteated silver ornaments, or amulets for the neck (pi. 11, fig. 22); three slender silver rings with sliding knobs, as before; five amethyst drops for the ear-rings, or perhaps beads ; ten beads ; a short piece of double brass, which seems to have served for an eye to some small strap, or some such thing : it has two rivets in its end ; a brass pin with a flatted head, and having an hole through it. These all lay near the neck. Here were also the blade of a knife and some nails. A woman's grave.

162. Tumulus and grave much as the last : very perfect bones of an old person : the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here was a small brass buckle and shank, as before ; the blade of a knife, several bits of iron, about the size of a goose- quill, which seemed to have had some small wire thinly twisted about them ; and at the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was the head of a pilum, a circumstance I have never met with before ; it lay parallel to the grave, with its point to the east end

' The skeletons discovered in Bursted 'Wood pointed the same way. (See p. 06 ante.)

72

INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHEALE.

of it ; it had been wrapped up in some coarse cloth, like some others before mentioned.

Here were also several nails.

163. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very sound ; the coflin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side, on the outside of the coffin, were the heads of an hasta, as at No. 2, and of a pilum, of the usual shape and size ; the ferrule or spike of the former, and two small brass ferrules, which I imagine belonged to the staff of the latter. Here were also the conical umbo of a shield, as at No. 124 ; several small iron rivets, as at No. 74. I imagine they belong to the shield ; their shanks were about half an inch long, and had rotten wood adhering to them. A handsome brass, or rather white metal buckle and shank (pi. 9, fig. 1) ; an iron buckle ; the blade of a knife and several nails.

164. Tumidus and grave much as the last. The bones were

Actual size.

almost gone ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here was the head of a pilum, on the right side : the conical umbo of a shield, as before ; three broad-headed iron studs, as before ; a small brass ferrule with a rivet through it ; two small brass studs ; three little brass plates. I imagine all these belonged to the staff of the pilum, and that they were used as ornaments for it. (I have thought so with regard to some others, before mentioned). Here were also the blade of a knife and some nails.

165. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. The head of a pilum, on the right side : the blade of a knife.

166. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin was much burnt. The head of a pilum on the right side ; a small iron buckle, as before. The blade of a knife, and several small brass staples, as at No. 113, etc., and some nails.

167. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The conical umbo of a shield, as before ; three broad-headed iron studs, as before ; the head of a pilum, on tlie left side ; the blade of a knife ; a small iron hiicMe, on the iron shank of

which are set two small brass globules, as they seem, in

silver sockets ; several nails, and some other bits of iron.

Before the Avorkmen had got quite through the tumulus,

— or, in other words, quite down to the natural surface of

the ground, — they found the small figure of a man, cut Actual sizr.

out in a piece of chalk ; it was about four inches long ;

the hands and feet were broken off ; if it ever had any. It was a very rough piece

KINGSTON DOWN.

73

of sculpture, certainly ; but, I imagine it to be coeval with the tumulus ; for, though a shepherd or any other person should have found no better employment for his idle time in a much later age ; how came it to be deposited so deep as at least two feet in the centre of the tumulus 1 Be it as it may, I thought proper to mention it ; and have also taken the pains to represent its likeness on the opposite page.

168. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a very young person, almost decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The blade of a knife ; some small iron links of a chain, as before ; and several nails.

169. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; the skull was very much deformed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the neck were five beads ; and behind the skull appeared the remains of a small wooden box, with which lay an iron handle, as at No. 26 ; and an iron hasp, as at No. 26. Here were also the blades of two knives, and several nails. I think the grave of a woman. Here was also an iron instrument, as at No 142.

170. A very small tumulus, and a veiy short and shallow grave. The bones of a child, almost decayed ; the marks of the coffin, which did not appear to have passed the fire, were very visible ; it seemed to have been a very thick one. Nothing but the blade of a small knife and some nails.

171. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave about three feet deep, with its feet pointing to the east. The bones were pretty sound : close by the skull was a brass pin, with its head flattened on two sides longitudinally ; it has a hole in its head, and is exactly like that described at No. 72. Here was also a broadish silver ring, in shape not much unlike our modern wedding rings.^ The blade of a knife : a small iron buckle ; and some nails. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire.

172. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife and a small iron buckle.

173. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty perfect bones of an old person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the

right side of the skull was a remarkably narrow, though longish

head of a pilum. Here were also two small brass buckles; one has

some leather still remaining under the ri'S'et, on the under side ;

the other has some cloth sticking to the upper side of it. Here

was also a great deal of rotten leather, as also several segments

of an iron circle, of about three inches diameter. I think they were the remains of

an armilla or bracelet. Here were also several small and thin brass plates, Avith

Actual size.

' [Mr. II illicr, very recently, found a similar ring tlie Saxon cemetery upon ChesscU Down, in the upon a finger bone of (lie skeleton of a female in Isle ol ■^^'ight. — Ed.]

74

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

little rivets through them, as at No. 164. I imagine they served as ornaments to the staff of the pilum. The blade of a knife and several nails.

174. A very small tumulus and a very short grave ; but nearly three feet across ; its feet 25ointing to the east. The bones of a child almost gone. The marks of a cofhn were discernible ; but it did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing.

175. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave about three feet deep, with the feet pointing to the east. The bones were very sound ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. One broad-headed stud, as before ; the blade of a knife and some nails.

176. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Before we came to the skeleton, we met with several bones in different directions ; a hemispherical umbo ; several strong pieces of iron, as at No. 146 ; and the blades of two knives. The skeleton in the bottom of the grave was very sound ; the coffin appeared to have been burnt. On the right side was the head of an hasta, as before. Here were also the blade of a knife ; two iron buckles, as before ; and some nails.

177. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Very sound bones of a young person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the neck was one amethyst drop of an ear-ring, or bead ; a round button-like ivory or boxen ornament for the neck (pi. 11, fig. 9): it has a small ringle in its edge to hang it by. Here was also a bracelet or armilla of brass wire (pi. 16, fig. 12). The blade of a knife ; several bits of iron, whose form could not be discovered, and some nails.

178. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of a small spear or

arrow, as at No. 94 : a patera of fine coralline earth; it is six inches wide, and (foot and all) about two inches deep ; it is impressed in the centre of its inside with the letters "of. caii."; viz., ofiicina Caii ; it was found near the head.^ Here were also two brass studs, Avith wi'ought or figured heads (pi. 10,

figs. 11 and 14): the blade of a knife : five small narrow brass plates, as at No. 164 ;

and some nails and bits of iron.

' [The remark made in note 1, on p. 31, may be referred to. The great beauty of form and colour, as well as the excellence of the material of the Ro- man red lustrous pottery, must have caused it to be used and prized for centuries after its manufacture had ceased. It is not an uncommon incident to find

a specimen at the present day, here and there, in cottages and country houses in Kent. The name of the maker of the dish before us, Caius, occurs in three forms in the list of Roman potters' stamps discovered in London. See Collectanea Antigua, vol. i, p. lol. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. tO

179. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a young person, much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side of the grave was the iron head of a small spear, or pikim, as before. Here was also a small brass buckle, with a shank somewhat resembling a fish (pi. 10, fig. 2) ; and some nails.

180. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a young person; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. On the right side was the head of an arrow, or small pilum, as before : the blade of a knife : a small iron buckle, as before ; and some nails.

181. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of a middle-aged person, pretty sound ; the teeth were very sound and regular. The head of a pikim, on the right side : a small iron buckle, as before : the blade of a knife ; and some nails and other bits of iron. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire.

182. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were nearly decayed; the coffin did not appear to liave passed the fire. The blade of a knife : an iron buckle, as at No. 35 ; two iron links, concatenated, as at No. 5 ; and some nails.

183. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin was much burnt, and, from the quantity of black dust, appeared to have been very thick. Behind the head, and on the outside of the coffin, was an urn of bluish coloured earth ; it has a narrowish neck, and is, I fancy, capable of containing full two quarts (pi. 20, fig. 2). Near the skull was a large brass pin, perhaps an acus discrirainalis, or crinalis (pi. 12, fig. 17); it has a small

ringle in its head: with it, or near it, were two small beads. Here Avas an iron ringle, and many small pieces of iron, like the links of a chain, rusted into a mass : the blade of a knife, and some nails. A woman's grave.

184. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The blade of a knife, and some nails ; and at the feet, on the outside of the coffin, was an urn of black earth; it is capable of containing about two quarts ; it was much broken in getting out.

185. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones Heigiu seven incues;

IT 11 rt^iii 1 -iv^ 1 diiimeter sis inches.

were very much decayed ; the coffin had been burnt. IN ear the

head were four small brass clasps, or corner-pieces of a box, as at No. 121 : two

small hollow conical brass pins, gilt with gold. I find, by Montfaucon,' that they

' Antiquite Expliquee, translated by Humphreys, of a discovery, made at Rome, of a sepulchral inter- vol. V, p. 51. [This reference points to an account ment which contained an urn of alabaster, in which

76 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

are the pointed ends of an ivory bodkin, with which the women used to part their hair. Here were also the blades of two knives, and some nails. A woman's grave.

186. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the neck was one large bead, and two smaller. Here were also the blades of two knives, and some nails. A woman's grave.

Kingston Down, August 5th, 1771.

187. The tumulus was of the middle size ; the grave was about three feet deep ; the feet of it pointed to the east ; no appearance of a coffin ; the bones were almost decayed. Here was nothing but the blade of a knife.

188. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost decayed ; the coffin had been burnt. Nothing.

189. A small tumulus, the grave shallow and short. The bones of a very young person, scarce perceptible ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

190. A middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Very sound bones of a middle-aged person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Here was a small brass buckle and shank, much like that described at No. 92 ; the blade of a knife, and some nails.

191. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

192. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

193. Under the same tumulus, and in a grave parallel to the last, were the confused and disturbed bones of at least two skeletons, and of one which had not been mov^ed. Here was no appearance of any coffin. Nothing but a small brass buckle and shank, as at No. 92, and the blades of two knives.

194. A very small tumulus, and a shallow and short grave, but pointing to the east. The bones of a child, very much decayed ; it had a coffin, but it did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing.

195. A middle-sized tumulus, the grave about three feet deep. Sound bones

were enclosed, among ashes, " twenty little balls or Roman remains found in London, and now in my globes of rock crystal; a gold ring, with a stone, possession, is a bone pin, two inches and three- one of those needles or bodkins, called acics (lis- quarters in length, neatly tipped with gold. The criminales, made of ivory and pointed with gold crystal balls found at Kome, are also worthy of at both ends ; an ivory comb, and some small note in relation with those found in the Saxon fragments of gold among the ashes." Among the graves. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 77

of a middle-aged person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of a pilum, on the left side ; and the blade of a knife, and some nails.

196. A very small tumulus, the grave more than two feet deep. The bones of a child, nearly decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

197. A middle-sized tumulus; the grave was about three feet deep. The bones of an elderly person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of a pilum, on the right side ; a small iron buckle, as before ; and some nails, and other bits of iron.

198. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost decayed ; no appear- ance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

199. Small tumulus ; a short and shallow grave. The bones of a child, scarce distinguishable ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

200. A middle-sized tumulus, the grave about three feet deep, and pointing with its feet to the east. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The head of an hasta, as at No. 16 ; this lay on the right side, on the outside of the coffin : an hemispherical umbo of a shield : three broad- headed iron studs : one small brass buckle, and a small iron buckle, both as before : the blades of two knives ; and some nails.

201. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones of a young person, very much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing.

202. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones very much decayed ; blade of a knife : some nails. The coffin had not passed the fire.

203. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The blade of a knife and some nails.

204. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were pretty perfect ; the coffin had been burnt. Nothing but the blade of a knife and some nails.

205. This tumulus exceeded the middle size. The grave far exceeded any which I have before opened, both in depth, length, and width ; it being full six feet deep, and ten feet long, and eight feet broad. The coffin, which seemed to have been much burnt, and very thick, appeared to have been equal to the dimensions of the grave ; and had been strongly bound and secured at its corners with large clasps and riveted pieces of iron. The bones were much decayed ; the skeleton did not appear to have borne any proportion to the dimensions either of the grave or coffin. The skull was remarkably small, and seemed to have had what we call a very low or short forehead. Near the neck, or rather more towards the right shoulder, was a most surprisingly beautiful and large fibula subnectens (pi. 1, fig. 1): it is entirely of gold ; and is most elegantly and richly set with garnets and some pale blue stones, the name of which I am at present a stranger to ; it is three and a half inches in

78

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

diameter, a quarter of an inch in thickness, and weighs 6oz. 5dwt. 18gr. The acus on the under side is quite entire, and is also beautifully ornamented with garnets.^ I flatter myself it is altogether one of the most curious and, for its size, costly pieces of antiquity ever discovered in England ; with it was found a golden amulet, or ornament for tlie neck (pi. 1, fig. 2): it is one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and weighs 2dwt. 7gr. Here were also two very neat silver fibulas, of an ingenious con- trivance, and different from any I have yet seen described. Montfaucon has some a little like them. These were found near the bone of the left thigh (pi. 1, fig. 3) ; here Avas also just such an iron instrument as that described before, at No. 142. It plainly appeared to have been riveted to some wood ; it was found at the feet, and certainly belonged to a box ; but its particular use I cannot guess at. Along with it were found two small, hinges (as in No. 26): an iron chain like those mentioned before ; it consisted of about twenty links, each about two inches long, and about the size of a crow quill ; each link was twisted a little way at each end, for forming the eyes, exactly like that described before, at No. 59. Here was a wrought urn of coarse red earth (pi. 20, fig. 6) ; two brass kettles, or pans ; one of them is in shape pretty much like that described at No. 76 ; but is much larger than that, being thirteen inches wide, and four and a half inches deep ; it has two handles also on the outside, and appears to have been gilded in the inside. The other was much smaller, and was found in the great one. This, which has three little handles, appears also to have been gilded on the inside, and has three flat coin-like pieces of copper soldered on its outside, like that described at No. 76. So that, it is plain, it was not

intended for any use over a fire, which would immediately liave melted them off' ; under tlie large pan was a small brass trivet, about four inches diameter. All these things, I think, were in the coffin ; and beyond the coffin, and at the foot of it, were the bones of a child ; Half the Mt.mi size. thcy wcrc Aery fresh, white, and sound ; and

' [The splendour of this extraordinary gold fibula can only be appreciated by examination of the object itself, or by reference to the coloured engraving, plate 1, which shews views of the front, back, and side. The stones are garnet and turquois ; the white substance being apparently a kind of mother- of pearl. The semicircular chain-work is very neatly milled and enchased on the ground of the fibula ; and the efiect of the garnets is heightened by layers of goldfoil. The setting; of the acus on the reverse, it

will be perceived, is aiTanged in a manner diff'erent from the usual mode ; there is another example of this arrangement of the acus in the fine fibula from grave 299 (pi. 2, fig. 1). The catch which receives the point of the acus seems intended to represent a snake's head; it is ornamented with neat filigree work, such as is also arranged round the base of the hinge. The safety of this valuable jewel was provided for by a loop by which it could be securely fixed to the dress. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 79

lay altogether in a heap. These, doubtless, had been buried previous to the inter- ment of the mother, (for so I think I may venture to call the person here deposited), and were at that time taken up and placed at her feet in the manner we found them. What should make them so much sounder than those of the mother, I do not pretend to give any guess. Here was also a beautiful green glass urn, finely coated both inside and outside with armatura or electrum, (pi. 19, fig. 1). Certainly the grave of a woman.'

206. Tumulus of the middle size. The grave about three feet deep ; the coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were very much decayed. Nothing but some nails. Feet to the east.

207. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very inuch decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails and the blade of a knife.

208. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were mucli decayed ; the coffin was much burnt. The head of an hasta, on the right side and out of the coffin : an hemispherical umbo of a shield : three studs of iron, with broad heads ; a piece of iron to strengthen the shield, such as I have before called cross pieces ; such an one is already described at No. 124. The blade of a sword: it is two-edged; two and a half feet long ; near two inches broad next the strig, and about an inch broad near the point. Here were also the blades of two knives : two small brass rivets, as before ; some nails and other pieces of iron.

209. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty sound bones of a middle- aged person; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but some nails.

210. A small tumulus, and short though deepish grave ; feet to the east ; pretty sound bones of a child ; the coffin had passed the fire. The skull had the frontal suture. Nothing but some nails.

211. Middle-sized tumulus. The grave about three feet deep ; the bones were much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the skull were, a large blue and white bead on twisted wire ; a blue bead on a slender silver ring ; and another small bead. Here was also the blade of a knife and some nails. A woman's grave. Here was also a small hollow conical brass pin, gilded, and exactly like that described at No. 185, viz. : the point of an ivory bodkin.

212. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails.

' [This is one of the richest graves of the variety of the objects deposited in the grave, afford

hundreds opened b}- Mr. Faussett. From the costly interesting materials for the archa;ologist, especially

character of its contents it must have belonged to a when carefully compared with those of graves such

person of distinction. The arrangement and the as Nos. 142 and 299. — Ed.]

80 INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

213. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The blade of a knife : the head of an arrow, or small pilum, as before ; and some nails.

214. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Tlie bones were very much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails and other bits of iron.

Kingston Down, August 12th, 1771.

215. Tumulus of the middle size; the grave was about three feet deep; there certainly was no coffin, the grave being so very narrow that there could not be room, I think, for anything more than the corpse, which must also have been that of a very slender person. This grave was much about the usual breadth all the way down, till within one foot of the bottom, wheu it was contracted in the manner I mention, and seemed to have been contrived so as exactly to fit the body. The bones were very sound, and were found lying as close as possible to the sides of the trench. Nothing. Feet to the east.

216. Tumulus as the last; the grave about three feet deep; feet to the east. Bones pretty entire ; no appearance of a coffin. The blades of two knives, a larger and a smaller : an oval plate of iron, through which the strig of the greater knife was riveted when found.

217. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Strong bones of a middle-aged person ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Both the arms lay across the ribs. The blades of two knives, and some nails.

218. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty sound bones of an elderly person ; no appearance of a coffin. A small iron buckle, as before ; a small urn of black earth, at the feet, broken by the stroke of a spade : three small and thin plates of brass, as before ; and many small bits of iron.

219. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Pretty sound bones of a young person; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck were twelve small beads. Here were also two or three iron links rusted together : a small thin piece of doubled brass, like that described at No. 94 ; its use I imagine to have been to fix to the end of some strap.

220. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of an old person, much decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

221. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones of an old person, much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing but a small iron buckle, and some nails.

KINGSTON DOWN. 81

222. Tumulus and grave much as the hxst. The bones were much decayed ; the coffin was much burnt. Near the head was a brass pin, about two inches long ; it has an eight-square head, and was no doubt an acus crinalis, or discrimi- nalis, that is, a pin for the hair. Here was also a small brass cylinder ; in it were two brass needles, gilt ; and a small piece of linen cloth, which had served to keep the head or lid of it the tighter on, was found fresh, white, and strong. Another large brass cylinder ; this had two small brass chains, one end of each of which was fixed to the cylinder itself, tlie other to its lid. Here was also a small iron bell (pi. 10, fig. 17) ; on the loop-hole at the head of it were three or four small brass links, of the same sort of chain as those which wei'e fixed to the larger cylinder. Here were also many small links of a chain, chiefly rusted together, as often before. At the feet were the remains of a wooden box, which seemed to have been about one foot square ; with it were found two iron hinges, as at No. 205 ; and a brass key, hanging to a brass Actual ringle,^ about two inches and a half in diameter (pi. 12, fig. 12) : also, about

the bottom of the grave, several nails. Certainly a woman's grave. I think it not improper to mention, that this grave had a remarkably fetid smell, as had all the articles taken out of it. A like fetid smell is said to have been perceived by some persons who were employed by Heneage Finch, late Earl of Winchelsea, to dig a trench across the famous prcetentura, or bank, in Chilham, called Julaber's Grave. We observed on this day, but never before, that some of the others which we opened had an unusual smell, but none of them anything like so strong a one as this. It thundered and lightened very much all the while we were digging, but at a distance ; but about four o'clock, there came on so violent a storm of it, attended Avith exces- sive heavy rain, that we were obliged to decamp as fast as we could. Whether or not the ill smell might be occasioned by the vapours rising the more plentifully in such a disposition of the atmosphere, I leave to others to determine : certain it is, however, that we never perceived anything of this sort till this day.

223. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Near the neck were five beads, and a slender silver ring with a sliding knot, as before. Here was also, but lower down, exactly such an iron instrument as is before described at No. 142. Here were also the blade of a knife, several nails, and other bits of iron.

224. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. The brass wrought handle of a knife ; - and several nails.

' [Both key and avmilla arc of Roman fabric. — Ed.] - [This is the knife-handle referred to in a note

M

82

INVENTOPaUM SEPULCHRALE.

225. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

226. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones of a middle-aged person, pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

227. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones were greatly decayed ; the coffin appeared to have passed the fire. Nothing but some nails.

228. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones were greatly decayed ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. One large bead and some nails.

229. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones were very much decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

Kingston Down, 7th August, 1772.

230. A small tumulus and a very shallow grave. Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

231. A small tumulus; grave about two and a half feet deep. Bones almost gone ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire ; but seemed to have been a very thick one. Nothing but two or three nails.

232. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones almost gone ; very thick burnt coffin. A small brass pin with an octagonal head, found near the skull.

233. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Burnt coffin : the head of a pilum, on the left side.

234. Tumulus scarcely discernible : very shallow and small grave. The bones of a child, nearly gone ; no appearance of a coffin. A small brass ring. This skull had a frontal suture.

235. A small tumulus ; grave two and a half feet deep. Bones almost gone. A golden ornament for the neck (pi. 4, fig. 10);^ six amethyst beads, as before;

to p. 31. It is palpably not ancient; and, if taken from this grave, must have been introduced there by accident, or fraudulently. Douglas, while ex- cavating in Kent, detected a trick of a " friend and antiquary", who had placed a modern bead in a grave among a cluster of ancient ones. In order

that there may be no doubt respecting this knife- handle, a cut of it, half the actual size, is here exhibited. — Ed.]

' [These pendent ornaments, or bullce, are among the most prominent and curious of the Kentish Saxon jewellery. See the varieties in plate 4; two fine examples from Wingham and Breach Downs, discovered by Lord Albert Conj-ngham (now Lord Londesborough), Archceological Album, pi. 4, figs. 4 and 5 ; and one from Chartham Downs, Nenia Britatinica, pi. xxx, fig. 1 ; also Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, pi. V, figs. 4 and 18. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN.

83

sixteen small glass and earthenware beads : a pair of shears, as at No. 142 ; the blade of a knife, as before ; burnt coffin, and some nails.

236. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones almost gone ; burnt coffin ; the blade of a knife, and some nails.

237. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Burnt coffin, and very thick. Nothing.

238. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones pretty perfect, of an old person ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

239. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones almost gone ; burnt coffin ; the blade of a knife.

240. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones of a young person, pretty perfect. The skull had the frontal suture ; no appearance of a coffin. The blade of a small knife.

241. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones almost gone A bracteated silver ornament for the neck (fig. 1).' Two other ornaments for the neck (fig. 2) ; they consist of a ' red stone spotted with white, and were fixed in slender frames of silver, which were so rotten that they fell to pieces in taking out of the grave ; two large silver beads of an odd form (pi. 11, fig. 4); three earthen beads, one of which adhered firmly to the pointed end of one of the silver ones ; and, what is rather remarkable,

burnt coffin.

Actual size.

the double thread on Avhich these beads were strung was not only very distinguishable in the ends of the two silver ones, but was as white as if it had been just new, and strong enough to bear being pretty strongly pulled. A blue bead on a twisted wire ; see No. 297, and Chartham, No. 41.

242. We this day spent much time and pains (no less than five men for eight hours having been employed upon it), in endeavouring to overturn a very large mound, or tumulus, at the cast corner of this burial-ground, next Barham Down, and close to the road leading from Kingston to Ileden, on the left hand. It was about eighteen paces diameter, and about six feet in perpendicular height above the surface of the natural soil. When we had got about half way through it, we found (as indeed I before suspected from some sinkings on its top) that it had been opened before. For we met with nearly a whole tobacco-pipe, of that sort Avhich were used Avhen first tobacco was used in England, viz., with a large and short strig, and a very small and narrow bowl. This lay nearly at the bottom of the highest part of the

' [This cut is prepared from Mr. Favissett's drawing, the bulla having perished. — Ed.]

84 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

tumulus. AVe may, therefore, from this circumstance conchide that this mound was opened not long after the reign of king James the First, or perhaps in it. Tliat part of it which we this day turned over, before we came to the pipe, was very round and even, and did not appear to have been disturbed since it was first thrown up ; and we found nothing but, here and there, an oyster shell and a boar's tusk, as also the shin-bone of an ox. These, I imagine, happened to be on the surface of the natural earth, when it was scooped off in order to the raising of this great mound or tumulus, Avhichever it was designed for. It is impossible for me to determine to which of these uses it was put ; but as we found no human bones or pieces of urns in that half of it which we entirely dug down, and very carefully turned over and examined ; and as it stands on a great eminence on the utmost verge and corner of the burying- ground, and is not of so round and regular a shape as tumuli generally are, I am rather inclined to think it was intended as a sort of rampart or place of guard, rather than a tumulus or monument for the dead.

Kingston Down, 2nd October, 1772.

Though it was now pretty late in the season, and the days were pretty much shortened, yet (as I knew I could not have much to do), this being a very fine day, I embraced the opportunity it gave me of finishing all that remained to be done here.

We began this day's business with sinking several trenches in different parts of another broad flat mound, much like that described in the last number, and about ten yards westwax'd of it. This, like that, was situated on the utmost verge of, or rather beyond, the burial-ground, and both of them parallel to the high-road from Canterbury to Dover, on the summit of the hill, and nearly opposite to Ileden before mentioned. And after having spent some time on it to no purpose, we at last gave it up, concluding that this also was flung up rather as a place of guard, or a look-out, than as a monument for the dead.

243. The tumulus was very small and low, and seemed to have been opened before ; the grave was very shallow, and pointed with its feet to the east. The bones, which Avere small, were very much decayed. There was no appearance of a coffin.

244. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone ; plain marks of a burnt coffin. Here we found a thin brass plate {^g. 1); the blade of a knife, as before ; a ferrule and spike, like those heretofore found at the bottoms of hastse

KINGSTON DOWN. 85

and pila ; an iron buckle and shank, which last is set with six small silver studs (pi. 9, fig. 4) ; a smaller iron buckle ; and a nail-like piece of iron, with some lead fixed, like a head, to one end of it.

245. Tumulus and grave, much as the last ; the bones were almost gone. Here wei'e only the blade of a round-pointed knife (pi. 15, fig. 12); and a small brass bucJcle and shank (fig. 2, p. 84).

246. The tumulus much as the last ; but the grave was near three feet deep ; the bones were almost gone. Here were a pair of iron shears, as at No. 142 ; two amethysts, as before ; and the blade of a small knife, as before. Plain appearance of a burnt coffin.

247. Tumulus much as the last ; grave about three feet deep ; it contained two skeletons, one on the other. The bones of both were pretty sound. No appearance of any coffin. Nothing.

248. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave very short, as of a small child. The bones were almost gone. Two small yellow earthen beads. No appear- ance of a coffin.

249. A very small tumvilus, and a very shallow grave. The bones were almost gone. No appearance of a coffin. A small brass buckle and shank, as before ; and the blade of a knife.

250. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones Avere almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. A brass or copper ring (pi. 11, fig. 13), and two small earthen beads.

251. Tumulus about the middle size. The grave about two feet deep. The bones almost gone ; burnt coffin : the blade of a knife, as before ; and some nail-like bits of iron.

252. Tumulus scarcely discernible ; the grave long and shallow ; the bones pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin : the blade of a knife, as before.

253. Tumulus scarcely discernible ; grave not above eighteen inches deep ; bones almost gone ; burnt coffin. A golden ornament for the neck, weighing twenty-two grains (pi. 4, fig. 12) ; five amethyst beads, as before ; three small earthen beads, viz., blue, red, and white ; one long blue glass bead ; a pair of shears, as before. At the feet was an empty black urn, which was broken by the workmen. It seemed to have been capable of holding about a pint.

254. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

255. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife, five inches in length (pi. 15, fig. 6).

86 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

256. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. Bones pretty perfect ; no appear- ance of a coffin. Nothing.

257. This tumulus was nearly twenty feet diameter at its basis ; and at least six feet high. It stood in a line mth the two large mounds (parallel to the road from Canterbury to Dover, before mentioned); and was the smallest and eastmost of the three. It Avas situated, also, on the east (or rather, south-east) side of, and close to the road leading from the village of Kingston to Ileden ; and, where no vestiges of any other tumuli are now to be discovered ; all that side of the said road being ploughed ground. Nothing but the said road, which passes between them, separates the middlemost of these mounds from that which I am now endeavouring to describe. I took gi'eat notice of it every time I have dug here ; but having been told that Mr. Barrett had dug into it at the time he opened some other of the tumuli (see p. 37); and a great hollow still remaining in the top of it, (a plain proof of its having been, or at least, endeavoured to have been opened at some time or other), I had hitherto been discouraged from attacking it in form. Indeed, some of my people, last year, having not much else to do at the time, did by my order open a trench on the south side near the basis of it, where they found some human bones. But these not lying in any regular oixler, I then fully (and rightly too, as it now appears), concluded that they had been disturbed before. However, looking on this day's work as the last I should have at this place, and being determined to leave as little behind me as possible, I had the whole mound or tumulus thoroughly examined ; but my search served only to convince me of what I had before suspected, namely, that it had, at some time or other, been opened before.

258. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave was very shallow. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin : a small iron buckle, as before ; and the blade of a knife.

259. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave was about two feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had been very much burnt. Two small beads, one of them of blue glass, the other of red baked earth, and the blade of a knife.

260. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave was about two feet and a half deep. The bones were pretty sound ; and appeared, by the teeth, which were much ground down, to have been those of an old person. The coffin appeared to have passed the tire. Two earthen beads on a knotted ring ; and three or four small bits of iron, all near the neck.

261. The tumulus of the middle-size. I liad disregarded it before, it having the appearance of having been opened before. I was right ; for we found nothing but a confused heap of predisturbed bones, when we came to the bottom of the grave, which, exclusive of the tumulus, was full six feet deep.

KINGSTON DOWN.

87

262. The tumulus Avas scarcely discernible ; the grave was about two feet and a half deep. There were the bones of a child, almost gone ; the coffin ajjpeared to have been much burnt and very thick; a broad brass ring (pi. 11, fig. 14); two small earthen disci or quoits,^ as I take them to be (figs. 1 and 2) ; some iron links of a small chain, which were rusted to one of the quoits : the blade of a knife, as before ; a piece of brass tvith a ringle through it (fig. 3) ; several small bits of iron, of which nothing could be made out.

263. The tumulus was scarcely discernible ; the grave was about three feet deep ; and pointed Avith its feet very near the north. The bones of an old person, almost gone. The coffin had passed the fire. Some nail-like pieces of iron, and some sherds of a large black urn.

Kingston Down, 9th August, 1773.

Having last year opened every remaining visible tumulus, though never so

small, I then imagined I could have nothing further to do here. For though I have

often thought there might be many other graves in every burying place

I 1 where I have yet dug, which might either have never had any tumulus

\^j thrown up over them ; or, whose tumuli might have been entirely taken away by those who in aftertimes raised others in their neighbourhood ; yet, as I then knew of no method of discovering them, without entirely f\ trenching the whole of the ground between the several tumuli down to the

firm chalk, which would be a very expensive as well as tedious piece of work, I did not, till this summer, attempt a search after them. But having lately invented an instrument for the purpose of discovering such latent graves without opening the ground ; and which has fully answered my expectation wherever I have yet tried it — namely, at Beakesbourne and Sibertswold, this summer — I, on this day, in my return from Sibertswold, spent what few hours I had to spare in a further search here ; Avhere, as

1 [These appear to be spindle-whirls to keep the in No. 299 of the Kingston cemetery : they are thread of the distaff in tension. Such objects have likewise ol'tcn met with among Roman remains. — been found in other Saxon graves, as for instance Ed.]

Blade three inches loDg.

88 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

will appear from the number of graves discovered merely by its assistance, it also fully

answered my purpose. See a draught of this instrument, which I call a probe ;

page 87. Total length, four feet ; from the top to the spur, two feet two inches ;

from the spur to the point, including the spur, one foot ten inches ; spur three inches

and a quarter long.

264. No appearance of a tumulus. The grave was one foot and a half deep.

The bones were pretty perfect; no ap- pearance of a coffin. The Made of a knife, somewhat like our modern pen- knives, near the left hip.

265. No appearance of a tumulus.

The grave A\'as two and a half feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin

had passed the fire. Near the neck was one large amber bead ; near the left hip

was the blade of a knife, of the usual shape and size.

266. No appearance of a tumulus ; very shallow grave ; the bones almost gone ; no signs of a coffin. Nothing.

267. No tumulus ; the grave was full three feet deep ; the bones Avere almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck were two amethysts ; here were also the blade of a knife, and several bits of iron.

268. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; the bones of a child, almost gone. Near the neck were four small earthen beads of difterent colours. No coffin.

269. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; no appearance of a coffin ; the bones of a child, almost gone. About the middle of the grave was found a brass armilla, having two sliding knots (similar to pi. 16, fig. 14). It is much too large for a child ; and was very much bent and bruised when found.

270. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; the bones were pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

Kingston Down, 13th August, 1773.

271. No appearance of a tumulus; the grave was very shallow; the bones were very perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

272. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; the bones were very perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

273. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep, and for the first foot was filled with flints ; for about one foot more, some scattered bones lying in all directions ; among them was the broken head of a pilum. At the bottom lay a skeleton, the

KINGSTON DOWN. 89

bones of which were pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife,

274. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; no appearance of a coffin ; bones almost gone. Nothing.

275. No tumulus ; the grave was full three feet deep ; the bones were very per- fect ; the coffin had passed the fire, and appeared to have been very thick. Nothing.

276. No tumulus ; the grave was so shallow as to be but just under the surface of the ground ; the bones were pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

277. No tumulus; the grave was about two feet and a half deep; the bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

278. No tumulus ; the grave was at least four feet deep ; the bones were pretty perfect ; the coffin had the appearance of having been very thick, and of having passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

279. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; bones of a child almost gone. Nothing.

280. No tumulus ; the grave was about three feet deep, and contained the bones of a grown pei'son and a child, both almost gone.

28 1 . No tumulus ; grave about three feet deep ; the bones were pretty perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

282. No tumulus ; the grave was full three feet deep. Within about six inches of the skeleton, about the middle of the grave, was the skull of some animal about the size of an half-grown rabbit, but of a ravenous and fierce nature, as may be guessed from its teeth, four of which, namely, two above and two below, which are placed in the fore part of the mouth, are very long, hooked, and sharp, not unlike those of a cat ; they are still very sound (as is also the skull itself), and very white. The sockets of the eyes are remarkably small, like those of a polecat or ferret. The distance between the eyes and the hind part of the skull is remarkably great. No other of this animal's bones were found, except some of the vertebrse of the back. I take it to have been of the polecat kind. At the same depth, and just by, were near a quarter of a pint of bones of some other very small animals, seemingly of birds, moles, or mice. They lay all in a lump together ; no skulls were to be found. Might not this larger animal have carried them in ] or might he not have voided them with his excrements?^ At the bottom of this grave lay the skeleton of a

' [Mr. Batcman, in the course of researches in however, the bones of rats are sometimes found in

upwards of three hundred baiTows, chiefly in Derby- enormous quantities ; indicating, apparently, hun-

shire, has found about a dozen skulls of polecats. dreds, and in some cases, thousands of rats. Mr.

The presence of the bones of rats and mice in con- Bateman considers them the remains of countless

tiguity with such skulls may be explained as Mr. generations of these animals, which have lodged and

Faussett suggests. In the Derbyshire barrows, hybernated in the mounds for a long period. — Ed.]

90

INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHEALE.

grown .person, the bones of which were very perfect. No appearance of a cofRn. Nothing.

283. No tumulus ; grave about three feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire, and seemed to be very thick. Nothing.

284. No tumulus ; grave about two feet and half deep ; bones very perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire. On the left side of the skull lay the head of a small pilum.' Here also were a small brass buckle : the blade of a knife ; and a small brass rivet.

One-tliird of the actual size.

285. No tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep ; the bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Here were a small brass buckle, as before : a small brass ringle ; and the blade of a knife.

286. No tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep ; the bones were pretty sound ; the coffin had passed the fire. Here were a small iron buckle, and the blade of a knife.

287. No tumulus ; the grave about three feet deep ; bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. On the left side of the skull was the head of a pilum. Here were also the blade of a knife and a small iron buckle.

288. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; no ap- pearance of a coffin. Nothing.

289. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; no ap- pearance of a coffin. Nothing.

290. No tumulus ; grave about three feet deep ; bones pretty perfect ; no ap- pearance of a coffin. Nothing.

291. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

292. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones of a child, pretty perfect ; no appearance of a cofiin. Nothing.

' [The cut here introduced is from the originals dated, but not, as is usuallj* the case, identified by in the Faussett Collection at Liverpool, named and sketches inserted in the manuscript. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 91

293. No tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep ; bones almost gone ; the coflfin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

294. No tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep ; bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

Kingston Doavn, 30th September, 1773.

295. No tumulus. Just below the turf was a small black urn of coarse earth (similar to pi. 20, fig. 9). It was broken in pieces by the spade ; and just below it, before we came to the chalk, Avere the bones of a child, nearly decayed. No appearance of a coffin. This grave was not above a foot deep.

296. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing. Grave, two feet and a half deep.

297. No tumulus ; the bones of a child, pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck were a small ivory pendant, or ornament, with a hole in its centre, through which some brass wire is passed, and serves for a loop to hang it by (pi. 11, fig. 12); five small earthen and glass beads; one yellow one, strung on a small silver ring, as before ; and two small silver rings, with sliding knots, as before. Near the left hip was the blade of a knife ; and, lower down, an iron instrument, with a small slender ringle at one end of it. See an instrument something like this, but much larger, in No. 29 of Beakesbourne. Grave, about two feet and a half deep. A woman's grave.

298. No tumulus. A sherd or two of a very thick and pretty large black urn, of very coarse earth, was found a little under the surface. The bones were pretty perfect ; the coffin had not passed the fire. Near the neck were twelve small beads ; a small silver hidla-lilne pendant (fig. 1); and a bi'ass knotted

ring, with a small green bead strung on it, as before ; also a small brass spangle (if I may call it so) strung in like manner on another small brass knotted ring (fig. 2) ; and near the left hip, the blade of a knife and many links of an iron chain, as before, rusted together into a lump. Grave two feet deep. A woman's grave.

299. In the same grave with the last mentioned, and on the right side, lay a skeleton, whose bones were pretty perfect. The coffin appeared to have been pretty thick, but did not seem to have passed the fire. Near the neck were two amethysts and four small beads ; and a beautiful fibula subnectens of silver, faced with a plate of thin gold, beautifully wrought, and set with garnets and ivory (pi. 2, fig. 1). It acus, which is of silver (a thing very unusual), is not fixed to it, as they usually are,

s

92 IlSrVEKTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

to move up and down, like a hinge, but horizontally, much like that on my glorious and, I was going to say, inestimable, golden fibula, described at No. 205.^ Near the left hip was a very pretty armilla, or bracelet, of brass ; not made ring-like, with sliding knots, like some before described, but being of one entire round and orna- mented with six snakes' heads (pi. 16, fig. 10); with it were a pair of iron shears, as before ; an iron instrument, as at No. 297 ; the blade of a knife ; a brass circle, or rather ferrule, with leather adhering to its inside, and four small rivets placed opposite to each other through its sides, as in No. 129, but smaller ; and many links of a small iron chain, as before. Between the thighs were the rotten remains of a small, flatfish, round wooden box, about three inches diameter ; and among them were found two Roman copper coins, namely, of Claudius Caesar and Carausius. The former is of the second or middle module, and has, on the obverse side, the head of Claudius, laureated, with this legend : ti. clavdiys caesar. avg. p.m. tr. p. imp. ; on the reverse, Pallas, or Minerva, marching, with a helmet on her head ; an uplifted spear, in the act of throwing it, in her right hand, and a shield in her left ; the legend, s.c. ; it is a very common medal. It is very much worn, and has a hole in it, by which, it is probable, it was hung about the neck. The other coin has the head of Carausius on the obverse side, with this legend : imp. caravsiys. p.p. avg. On the reverse is a female figure, standing, with a laurel branch in her right hand, and a spear in her left, with this legend : pax. avg. This medal is of the third size, and is also very common. It is also very much worn ; indeed the legends of neither of them could have been read, but that I have seen great numbers of both of them, and so could not but know them at first sight, and have copied them from fairer medals in my own collection. With them was a piece of a small copper armilla, or bracelet, gilt with gold, exactly like that described at No. 15 ; a small piece of wood (oak, it seems), fiat at the bottom and convex at top, very like a button-mould, but that it is not pierced ; and an irregular piece of yellowish earth, with a hole in it, as if it had been used as a bead ; I imagine it to have been used as a perfume ; it has a very sweet smell. At the feet, were the remains of a wooden box, whose dimensions seemed to have been about ten inches long by about six inches broad. Among them was another beautiful fibula subnectens. It is of silver and is set Avith garnets and ivory, with gilding and wrought work between the settings (pi. 3, fig. 9). Here Avere also a conch, or shell of the concha Veneris^ as at No. 142 ; and the shell of a limpet ; two earthen disci, or quoits, as I have called them before (see No. 262) ; a roundish pebble, which seems to have been picked up on the sea-beach ; a piece of ivory, or box, in the shape of a button-mould, but it has no foramen ; two

' [See also the fine fibula found at Sittingbourne ; Collectanea Antiqiia, vol. i. pi. xxxti, fig. 3. — Ed.]

KINGSTON DOWN. 93

ivory sticks (if I may call them so), sharp at both ends ; perhaps their use was, as

acus discriminales to part the hair \^ a very pretty ivory comb (pi. 13, fig. 4) ; a square flat piece of ivory, having a hole at each comer ; an odd kind of a brass instrument, which I take to have been a kind of whistle^ (pi. 10, fig. 9) ; a bluish opaque stone, or glass, in a silver frame, which has a loop to it of the same metal (as fig. 1, p. 91) ; a small bell, as at No. 222 ; a small brass ovalish ringle, which I take to have been used as a buckle, by running a small tongue over it in its grooves; a small iron instru- ment, as at No. 54 ; another sort of iron instrument (pi. 15, fig. 25).' Here were also the iron handle (fig. 1 in the group Actual s.ze.

below) ; and the hrass hasp and staple of the box (fig. 2 in the group). This skeleton lay on the right side of the last mentioned. A woman's grave.

300. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Here were a brass buckle, with a long open-worked shank (pi. 9, fig. 7), and the blade of a knife. Grave two feet deep.

301. No tumulus ; bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near

Very

the neck was one large bead.

sliallow grave.

A woman's grave.

getting

Fig. l,3i inches; fig. 8, IJ inch; fig. .5, 5 inches in length.

302. No tumulus. In down, were found two iron clasps, or corner-pieces, of a box or coffer, they

' [It is more probable that these may be spindles, as Mr. Akerman suggests. — Ed.]

- [Probabl)' it belongs to the lock of the box.— Ed.] ^ [Another, very similar, occurs at Sibertswold, No. 178 ; and these may be compared with the ex- ample found at Ozingell, Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, p. 16. Mr. Akerman has found an example at Harnham Hill, near Salisbury, which, probably with good reason, he considers a steel for striking a light, Archaolngia, vol. xxxv, pi. 11, fig. 3. I had con- sidered the Ozingell specimen a purse clasp, or an appendage to the girdle for the purse and other

objects of personal use; but I immediately saw that it might with equal reason be looked upon as a steel. But fig. 11, pi. X, of the Jahreslie/ie clcs Wirten- berr/ischen AltertliumsVcreins, 1846, from the graves of the Alemanni at Oberflacht, in Suabia, is con- sidered by Captain von Diirrich and Dr. Wolfgang Menzel as an object on which a purse probably hung. As it is in bronze it could not possibly have been a steel ; and it bears, with its buckle in the centre, so close a resemblance to the Ozingell relic, that it is difficult to think that they were not in- tended for the same purpose. — Ed.]

94 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

had a rivet in each end (fig. 3) ; also three links of an iron chain (pi. 15, fig. 23). At the bottom, were the bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the right shoulder was a very long ivory comb, with a double set of teeth (pi. 13, fig. 1); lower down was the blade of a small knife. Very shallow and short grave.

303. No tumulus ; bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife and the sherds of a large, coarse, black urn, capable, as I guessed, of containing fully three quarts. It was at the feet, and was destroyed by a stroke of the workman's spade.

304. No tumulus ; bones, almost gone, of a child or very young person ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck was a small yellow bead. The grave was very shallow and very short.

305. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck were two small beads, and a larger blue striped bead, strung on a silver knotted ring, as before. Lower down were a small pair of shears and the blade of a knife. Grave about two feet deep. A woman's grave.

306. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin ; grave about two feet deep. Nothing.

307. No tumulus ; very shallow grave ; the bones were pretty perfect. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

308. No tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing. The grave about two feet deep.

Bead from the Kinf^ton tumuli ; actual size.

KINGSTON DOWN.

95

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP IN THE PARISH OF

BISHOP'S-BOURNE, IN THE COUNTY ^OF KENT,

IN THE YEAR 1771.

Ox the right hand side of the military Roman road which leads from the top of Bridge Hill, in a straight line from north-west to south-east over Barham Down towards Dover, and between the said military Roman road and the hedge which parts Mr. Beckingham's paddock from the Down land (the distance between the said military road and hedge not exceeding thirty feet), and just at the corner of another road, which, crossing the said military Roman road at right angles, leads down to the adjacent village and church of Bishop's-Bourne, stand nine very fair, though small, tumuli sepulchrales of the ancients, in a line parallel to the said military road.' I had often cast a wishful look at them, and from time to time had promised

' [The site of these researches of Mr. Faussett is Bourne Park, now the seat of Mr. Bell, and formerly that of Lord Albert Conyngham. It is well known to the numerous attendants at the first congress of the British Archaeological Association at Canferburj-, on which occasion, and jireviously, Lord Albert Conyngham directed several of the barrows to be excavated. The following report, by Mr. Wright, taken from the first volume of the Archteological Journal, pp. 253-6, is here introduced, as affording some interesting additional information.

" The hills running to the soutli of Bourne Park are covered with low harrows, which from their shape and contents, and a comparison with those found in other parts of Kent, appear to be the graves of the earlier Saxon settlers in this district. The barrows within the park, on the top of the hill in front of the house, were opened on Wednesday the 24th of June, in presence of Lord Albert Conyngham, Sir Henry Dryden, Mr. Eoach Smith, and myself. Se- veral of them had been previously opened by his lordship, but the only article found in them was one boss of a shield ; it would appear as though the na- ture of the soil (chalk) had here entirely destroyed the deposit.

" We first opened a large barrow, which appeared to have been rifled at some former period. Here,

as in all Saxon barrows, the deposit is not in the mound itself, but in a rectangular grave dug into the chalk. At the top of the grave were found two portions of bones of the leg, and at the bottom a fragment of a skull (in the place where the head must originally have been placed), some teeth (which were at the foot of the grave), some other fragments of bones, a small piece of the blade of a sword, and an iron hook exactly resembling those on the lower rim of the bracket described below. At each of the four upper corners of the grave, was a small exca- vation in the chalk, which was filled with the skulls and bones of mice, with the remains of seed, etc., which had served them for food, mixed with a quan- tity of fine mould, apparently the remains of some decomposed substance. From the condition of the bones and seed, they would appear to be much more modern than the original deposit ; but it is a re- markable circumstance that the same articles are found in so many of the baiTows here and on the Breach Downs. The grave itself was of large di- mensions, being about fourteen feet long, between six and seven broad, and somewliat more than three in depth, independent of the superincumbent mound. "The next barrow opened was a smaller one, adjacent to the former, of which the elevation was so small as to be scarcely distinguishable from the

96

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRA.LE.

myself the future pleasure of examining their contents. But, on account of the smallness of their size and number, and their proximity to so public a road (by

surrounding ground. The grave was filled, like No. 1, with the chalk which had been dug out of the original excavation. The body, which was perhaps that of a female, and the various articles which it had once contained, were entirely decomposed. A small mass of dark-coloured earth a little above the shoulder, apparently decomposed wood, seemed to be the remains of a small box. The bones were distinctly traced by the colour of the earth, a small fragment of the skull being all that remained entire ; and from the quantity of black mould which occu- pied the place of the body, resembling that which in other places was found to have resulted from the decomposition of wood, we may be led to sup- pose that the body was placed in a wooden chest. Another large quantity of similar black mould lay together in an elongated form on the left side of the body towards the foot of the grave. In the corner to the right of tlie feet were found some fragments of small hoops imbedded in wood.

" This small barrow lay on the east side of the one first opened. The last barrow opened was a large one to the west of the first barrow. In this last barrow we again found the small holes at the corners of the grave, but they were turned towards the sides instead of being turned towards the ends ; and they also contained bones of mice. This grave was nearly as long as the first, about a foot deeper, and rather broader in proportion to its length. The floor was very smoothly cut in the chalk, and was surrounded by a narrow gutter, which was not ob- served in the others. It was not filled with the chalky soil of the spot, but with fine mould brought from a distance, and this was probably the cause of the better preservation of the articles contained in it. The second figure, which is a plan of this grave, will show the position in which these articles were found. At the foot of the grave, in the right-hand corner, had stood a bucket, of which the hoops (in perfect preservation) occupied their position one above another, as if the wood had been there to support them. This bucket appeared to have been about a foot high ; the lower hoop was a foot in diametei', and the upper hoop exactly ten inches. A somewhat similar bucket is represented in one of the plates of Douglas's Nenia. The hooked feet appear to have been intended to support the wood.

and prevent its slipping in the bucket. From the similar hook found in the grave No. 1, and the frag- ments of hoops in the smaller grave, I am inclined to think that similar buckets were originally placed in both. A little higher up in the grave, in the po- sition generally occupied by the right leg of the person buried, was found a considerable heap of fragments of iron, among which were a boss of a shield of the usual Saxon form, a horse's bit (which appears to be an article of very imusual occurrence), a buckle, and other things which appear to have belonged to the shield, a number of nails with large ornamental heads, with smaller nails, the latter mostly of brass. From the position of the boss, it appeared that the shield had been placed with the convex (or outer) surface downwards. Not far from these articles, at the side of the gi'ave, was found a fragment of iron, consisting of a larger ring, with two smaller ones attached to it, which was either part of the horse's bridle, or of a belt. On the left- hand side of the grave was found a small piece of iron which resembled the point of some weapon. At the head of the grave, on the right-hand side, we found an elegantly shaped bowl, about a foot in diameter, and two inches and half deep, of very thin copper, which had been thickly gilt, and with handles of iron. It had been placed on its edge, leaning against the wall of the grave, and was much broken by the weight of the superincumbent earth. The only other articles found in this grave were two small round discs resembling counters, about seven- eighths of an inch in diameter, fiat on one side, and convex on the other, the use of which it is impos- sible to conjecture, unless they were employed in some game. One was made of bone, the other had been cut out of a piece of Samian ware. The most singular circumstance connected with this grave was, that there were not the slightest traces of any body having been deposited in it; in fact, the appear- ances were decisive to the contrary ; the only ways in which we could explain this were, either that the body had been burnt, and the ashes deposited in an urn concealed somewhere in the circuit of the grave (which is not probable), or that the person to whom the grave was dedicated had been a chief killed in battle in some distant expedition, and that his friends . had not been able to obtain his body. This view

BISHOPSBOURNE. 97

means of which last circumstance I knew myself liable to be pestered with a numerous set of troublesome spectators), I did not set about opening them till the 16th of July, 1771 ; on the morning of which day, arriving at this spot in my way to Kingston Down (see p. 52) rather earlier than usual, and being provided with plenty of labourers for that day's intended work, I thought that a good opportunity to put my intentions with regard to these so publicly situated tumuli into execution. So setting ourselves immediately to the business, we finished our work in little more than two hours ; during which time, it being so early in the day, we had very little or no interruption, either from the curiosity or impertinence of passengers, or other idle spectators, the teazingness and plague of whose ill-timed attendance in business of this sort, is not to be conceived but by those who, like myself, have had the disagreeable experience of it.

Though I cannot boast either of the number or value of the pieces of antiquity here discovered ; yet, as the few we did find plainly appeared to be the remains of the same age and people with those heretofore mentioned and described in my Inventorium Sepulchrale, as I (perhaps vainly) call it, I shall make no scruple of giving, after my usual manner in these cases, a true account of the contents of each tumulus, in the order in which I opened them.

1. Middle-sized tumulus. It contained, at the depth of about two feet under

of the case seems to be supported by the fact, that but with a different style of ornament, and a glass

although so many valuable articles were found in cup of the type figs. 1 and 2, pi. 19. They are

the grave, there were no traces of the long sword figured in the Archceological Album, p. 8, and are

and the knife generally found with the bodies of now in the collection of Lord Londesborough. male adults in the Saxon barrows. This cemetery, like that at Gilton, is close to

"The three graves lay very nearly north and Roman burial places. About twenty j'ears since, in

south, the heads towards the south, as was the case digging the high-road above Bourne Park (called,

with many of those opened in the last century by from the neighbouring village, Bridge Hill), a quan-

Douglas, and described in his Nenia, the variations tity of Romano-British sepulchral urns were found,

being only such as might be expected from the rude some of which are now in the collection of Mr.

means possessed by the early Saxon mvaders for Rolfe. More recently, while excavations were being

ascertaining the exact points of the compass. It made in the low ground for a sheet of water, Mr.

may be added, that among the earth with which the Bell discovered several Roman interments, among

smaller grave was filled, two small fragments of which were urns of earthenware, red paterae, and

broken Roman pottery were found, which had pro- glass vessels. They appear to have accompanied

bably been thrown in with the rubbish. It may be the remains of bodies which had been burnt,

observed, that the different articles found in this, as although from the unfavourable nature of the soil

in other early Saxon barrows, are of good workman- most of the urns were broken to pieces. One large

ship, and by no means evince a low state of civi- urn, Mr. Bell reports, contained ashes, and was sur-

lisation." rounded by several smaller vessels. Contiguous to

Two more of these barrows were excavated during these interments were found several skeletons which,

the Congress at Canterbury. In one of them were from large and long iron nails lying about them,

found an earthenware urn, in shape like those found had been doubtless buried in thick wooden coffins,

on Kingston Down, in graves Nos. 137 and 205, See Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iii, p. 19. — Ed.]

98 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

the natural surfoce, the skeleton of an elderly person (as appeared by the much-worn teeth), lying with the feet due east. Near its right shoulder was a small urn, of very coarse and black earth, which was broken in pieces by a stroke from one of the workmen's tools. The remains of a thick and burnt coffin were very visible. The bones were very much decayed.

2. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The remains of an unburnt coffin were very discernible : the bones almost gone ; but the few remaining teeth shewed they had belonged to an old person. Near or under the skull was found a very slender piece of brass wire, about two inches long, which, from the place where it lay, I imagine was used as an acus crinalis, or pin for the hair ; indeed, it ?iad neither head nor point ; but they might probably have both of them been broken off in getting it out of the ground, as the whole of it afterwards very easily fell in pieces with common handling. I imagine this to have been a woman's grave.

3. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of any coffin. These bones, also, though almost gone, seem to have been those of an old person. At the feet were found some sherds of a larger, and near the right hip, others of a smaller, urn ; both of them of very coarse black earth ; whether these vessels suffered from the negligence of my workmen, or were broken before, I cannot pretend to say. The sherds were so rotten when taken out that they would scarce bear handling.

4. This tumulus was rather less than the three before mentioned, and the grave was not more than a foot deeper than the natural surface ; it contained the skeleton of a very young person, whose teeth were not all of them cut. Nothing was found with it ; neither was there any appearanc of a coffin.

5. This tumulus was of about the middle size. Many loose bones appeared in different directions as soon as we had taken the turf from its crest ; and continued to be found in much the same manner all the way down to the last interred skeleton, which was found undisturbed at the depth of about two feet and a half below the natural surface, laying, like those found under the four already mentioned tumuli, with its feet pointing to the east ; with the skeleton was found nothing but the iron blade of a small knife, exactly like many already described. If one may judge from the number of skulls (or rather parts of them) found here, this tumulus must have contained the remains of at least six different persons, all of them, it is likely, of the same family ; among them were found several small pieces of broken rusty iron, and many oyster shells. The entire skeleton appeared very plainly to have been deposited in a very thick unburnt coffin.

6. Middle-sized tumulus, and very shallow grave. Bones of a young person pretty sound. Nothing was found with theai ; nor was there any appearance of a coffin. The skull, which was pretty perfect, had a very 2)laiu frontal suture.

BISHOPSBOURNE. 99

7. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave was about two feet and a half deeper than the natural surface. In it we found the remains of two old persons, lying the one on the other. Nothing was found with them except the blade of a knife, as before ; no appearance of any coffin.

8. This tumulus was the largest of them ; it was about twenty feet diameter at the base, though not above four feet in perpendicular height above the natural surface ; the grave was about three feet deep. The bones of the skeleton, which lay at the bottom of it, were very much decayed ; yet those of a squirrel, or other small animal (which were found near the right side of the neck or head), were surprisingly strong and firm ; and the shell of a remarkably large common brown snail, which lay near the little bones, seemed to be as well preserved as if it had not lain there a month. There were no visible remains of a coffin.

9. This tumulus was of the middle size, and plainly appeared to have been already dug into ; and, on inquiry, I was informed that about the year 1765 some labourers employed in widening the road leading down to Bishopsbourne, before mentioned (on the south-east corner of which it stands), dug away a great part of it, and found some human bones and some pieces of rusty old iron.

Besides the tumuli just mentioned, there are also a great many others to be seen at the distance of about five hundred yards to the north-west of this spot, viz. ; in the front of the house of Stephen Beckingham, Esq., called Bourne-Place, in the parish ; where, to the number of at least one hundred, they occupy the Hanging hill, in that part of the paddock which lies between the rivulet Avhich runs in the bottom, and the before mentioned hedge, which parts the paddock from the Down land ; and by, and parallel to which hedge, the military Roman road, before described, runs on towards Dover. Many of them, especially near the road, have large trees growing on them ; but the greatest part of them have been so levelled when this spot was turned into pleasure ground, or on some other occasion, that they are not very visible but to a discerning eye. However, so great is their number, that on digging any- where on this hill to the depth of two or three feet, human bones have been continually cast up ; so that, when I mention " one hundred", I am certain I am much under the mark. The best way to discover the otherwise almost invisible ones is by placing one's head close to the ground and looking against the sun, when it is near the horizon ; but, wherever any graves are suspected to be, which either on account of their tumulus having been absolutely taken off", or which, perhaps, never had any (which I have cause to believe is sometimes the case, particularly with regard to children's graves) ; under such circumstances, and in a chalky soil like this, recourse must be had to the probe, described at page 87 of this volume, an instrument of my own invention, and to which I am obliged for its sure and never failing guidance to

100

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

many graves which were absolutely invisible. In short, too much cannot be said in favour of its usefulness on such occasions, if managed by a person who understands the use and management of it ; indeed, in any other but a chalky soil, I confess it to be of very little if of any service.

Urn and glass cup from a barrow on Breach Down. See note, p. V9.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 1S5I.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

SIBERTSWOLD (alias SHEPHERDS WELL) DOWN, IN THE PARISH

OF SIBERTSWOLD, NEAR SANDWICH IN KENT,

IN THE YEARS 1772 AND 1773, BY ME Br. FaUSSETT.

''§?' N the left hand of the road leading from the village of Sibertswold, commonly called Shepherd's Well, to Sandwich, or Deal, and about half a mile distant from the said village, is a pretty numerous parcel of tumuli ; much like those at Kingston, of which I have given an account in the third ^•olume of my Inventoiium Sepulchrale. They are situated near the top of the hill, and between the road above mentioned and another road which leads from Barbara Down over Snow Down. There are three tumuli, or barrows, which stand close together on very high ground, in a line close to and parallel with the road ; and on the left hand of it, going towards Waldershare. The middlemost of them is very large and high, and is visible at a great distance ; the place where they stand is, from them, called " Three Barrow Down"; they are commonly called " Rubury Butts",^ perhaps corruptly for " Romes berig Butts", or the butts at the

' |_It is not unusual to find the term '' Butts" applied to ancient burial mounds. The part of the down at Ozingell on which the tumuli are situated was called " the Butts". The term with us has reference only to marks for shooting at ; the French lutte, from which it is probably derived, signifies

also a hillock or mound. A very prominent hill near Houdan (Seine ct Oisc), the site of a Frankish cemetery, is called Butte dcs Gargans; another near it is called Butte cles Ceixueils. The word "Rubury", it need hardly be stated, does not warrant the ety- mological interpretation here suggested. — Ed.]

102 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Roman burying-place ; by Rubury Butts and through a lane called Long Lane, and so to Waldershare ; from which last mentioned place these tumuli are distant about a mile and a half. These two roads, namely, that from Sibertswold towards Sandwich and Deal, and that from the end of Long Lane, just by, towards AValdershare, form the legs of an isosceles triangle, which contains this burial ground, intersecting each other at the utmost or south-east corner of it. The tumuli, though they stand pretty much together, do nevertheless extend themselves close up to each of these roads.

I had often taken notice of them (as well as of some others just by, in the adjoining parish of Barfriston, of which I intend, after I have fairly done with these, to give an account) ; and from the Saxon name of the adjacent village of Sibertswold, I had been induced to believe that some skirmish might have happened on this spot between the Saxons and the Danes, or, perhaps, the native Britons ; andt hat these tumuli which I am now going to give an account of, and those in Barfriston, might cover the dead of each party which fell in the action ; and, indeed, at the time of my beginning to dig here, I was fully persuaded in my own mind that this really had been the case.

What made me so sanguine in favour of this conjecture was a paragraph in a letter which I had some time before received from Awnsham Churchill, Esq., of Bath, the worthy lord of the soil ; where, after having very genteelly given me leave to open these tumuli, he says : " I sincerely wish you success in your undertaking ; but I must tell y«u that, many years ago my wife's grandfather opened one of those hillocks, and found nothing besides a spur, much larger than what are now in use. I think it is either inlaid or gilt with gold. I have it locked up at Shepherds Well."

This spur, of which I make no doubt but that it was Danish, was what confirmed me in this opinion ; but, upon trial, I was soon convinced of my mistake. For though I this summer opened no less than one hundred and sixty-eight of these tumuli, and the whole of those in Barfriston adjoining, to the number of forty-eight more ; yet, not a single spur or anything else occurred that seemed to have the least connection with either Danes or Saxons. But everything we met with was much of the same kind with what I found at Ash and at Kingston ; and of which I have given distinct accounts in the second and third volumes of this my Inventorimu Sepulchrale ; and I make no scruple of declaring myself to be confident that the persons here buried were neither more nor less than the peaceable inhabitants of the nigh village or villages ; which inhabitants I take to have been Romans Britonised, or Britons Romanised ; that is, as I have said before, people of both these nations who, having in process of time intermarried with each other, had become as it were one people ; and had naturally learned and adopted each other's customs and ceremonies. But that this spot was also used as a burial-place by the Romans, even long before this union

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 103

or coalition (if I may not improperly use those words) had so thoroughly taken place, is abundantly evident from the ossuaries, or bone urns, mentioned at their proper places in the following inventory. But as I think I have already said enough of this in several parts of the former little volumes, I shall refer the reader to them, and without further delay proceed to the giving a true and exact inventory of what I found here. In doing which, I shall make use of my former method of numbering every grave, and giving an account of its contents in the same order in which it was opened, and they came to hand.

SiBERTSWOLD DoWN, JuLY 13tH, 1772.

1. The tumulus was of about the middle size ; the grave was about two feet and a half deep, reckoning from the natural surface of the ground ; the feet of it pointed to the east, or very near it. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin, which had passed the fire, like those already described, shewed its shape so plainly in the chalk, that its form evidently appeared to have come nearer to that of those now-a-days in use, than any I had met with before. We found nothing here but the iron blade of a knife, as heretofore (pi. 15, fig. 6).

2. Tumulus and grave, much as the last ; no appearance of a coffin. The feet pointed to the east. The bones were almost gone. Here we found a pair of iron shears (as pi. 15, fig. 26) and the blade of a knife, as before. A woman's grave, as I think.

3. Tumulus rather small ; grave very shallow ; no appearance of a coffin ; bones almost gone ; feet to the east. Nothing.

4. Large tumulus ; grave full five feet deep. The coffin appeared to have been very thick, and much burnt. The bones were almost gone ; feet to the cast. One earthen bead ; this lay near the skull ; but rather beyond it, that is, move westward. A woman's grave.

5. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had been very thick and strong ; but it did not appear to have passed the fire. Pretty sound bones of a middle-aged person, as appeared by the teeth. The feet pointed to the east. Here we found a small iron buckle and shank, and the blade of a knife, as before.

6. Large tumulus, namely, full four feet high ; the grave about five feet deep. Here were several skeletons (at least four), lying on one another ; all of them very much decayed, and some of the bones intermixed ; none of them, except the under- most, appeared to have had any coffin, and that had visibly passed the fire. Nothing. These skeletons all pointed to the east.

104 INVENTOBIUM SEPULCHRALE.

7. The tumulus Avas of the middle size ; the grave about three feet deep. The coffiu had passed the fire. The bones were almost gone : the feet pointed to the east. At the feet was a small urn of greenish glass (pi. 19, fig. 2) ; it stood with its mouth upwards, and was full of very black, light, dust ; it is finely coated with an armatura, or electrum, both within and without.

8. The tumulus much as the last ; the grave about two feet and a half deep. The bones of an old person, almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, as before, and some nail-like pieces of iron. Feet to the east.

9. The tumulus was much like the last ; the grave about two feet and a half deep, and not five feet long. The bones pretty sound ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife. Feet to the east.

10. Under the last mentioned tumulus. The grave was about three feet deep, and was parted from the last only by a thin wall of the rock chalk, in its natural position, about six inches thick. This grave was on the southern or right side of the last mentioned. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin, which appeared to have been very thick, had passed the fire. Near the neck were twelve small beads, of different colours ; they were most of them made of baked earth, and some of them glass, like those found and described by me heretofore. One small flattish green bead, on a slender silver ring ; doubtless an ear-ring (pi. 7, fig. 5), several of which I have also found and described at their proper places. The blade of a knife, as before ; and several small pieces of iron, of the use of which no judgment could be formed. At the feet, but a little beyond them, there was much dust of rotten wood, which did not appear to have passed the fire, as the coffin had certainly done. This certainly was the remains of a small area, or box, such as I have before often found. Among the dust was a piece of iron, which, I imagine, served as a kind of hasp for the box. An iron instrument, like several heretofore found at other places, but always, and without exception, with the remains of such like boxes, and never but in women's graves (see No. 52, Gilton ; and No. 142, Kingston) ; a small nail or two, and some very small bits of iron. A woman's grave.

11. The tumulus was of the middle size; the grave about three feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; but the teeth appear to have been those of a young, or at most, a middle-aged person ; as many as were found in their sockets seemed to have been strong, white, and regular. Near the neck, were seventeen small beads, as before, and one rather larger, of baked earth, striped with yellow, on a slender knotted ring, as before (pi. 7, fig. 1). Here were also the blades of three knives, much like those before, except that one of them was much smaller. The coffin appeared to have been very thick, and to have been mucli burnt. The grave pointed with its feet to the east. A woman's grave.

SIBERTSWOLU DOWN. 105

12. The tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire. Very sound bones of a middle-aged person ; the teeth very sound and regular. Nothing.

13. The tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. This skeleton lay with its feet pointing to the north, or very near it ; close to the upper part of the skull was a brass pin with a flatted head ; doubtless its use was to fasten up the hair, so may be properly called an acus crinalis, or discriminalis, many of which I have found before, and described in their proper places (pi. 12, fig. 22). Here were also three small beads, as before, and the blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

14. Small tumulus ; the grave was very shallow, and being pai'allel to the last mentioned, pointed as it did, namely, very nearly north and south ; its feet being to the northward. Here was no appearance of a coffin. Here we found two small beads of baked earth ; a small iron buckle and shank, much like that described at No. 5 ; and the blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

1.5. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance of a coffin ; one twisted link of an iron chain, one inch and a half long, and the blades of two knives, as before.

16. Pretty large tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck, one earthen bead, and another small green one ; the latter strung on a slender silver ring, like that described at No. 10. I imagine they were both of them used as ear-rings, though the ring of one of them might have been broken and lost in getting out ; they being always so brittle that we seldom can avoid breaking them. Here was also the blade of a knife.

17. Under the same tumulus, and at about the same depth, was another skeleton ; it lay parallel to and on the right side of the other. The bones were almost gone ; there was no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck were seventeen beads, as before ; and one large wheel-like one of a palish green glass, striped with yellow (pi. 5, fig. 6) ; also the blade of a knife. Both these last were women's graves.

18. Pretty large tumulus ; the grave was full five feet deep. The bones were remarkably firm ; and the teeth were very white, sound and even, as of a young person. The coffin seemed to have been very thick and much burnt. Near the skull was a large brass acus crinalis, or pin for the hair (pi. 12, fig. 19) ; the top of it, which is a little wrought on one of its flat sides, seems to have been intended to represent two small animals, like monkeys,^ sitting upright on their posteriors, taking

1 [Mr. Fairholt, as the engraving referred to will shew, has seen this hair-pin with an eye somewhat less imaginative. — Ed.]

P

106 IKVElSfTOKrUM SEPULCHRALE.

hold of each other's fore paws and kissing each other : it is two inches and a half long. Near the neck were fourteen amethyst beads, much like those found by me heretofore, and described at their proper places, except that these are somewhat larger and of a finer colour (pi. 7, figs. 2 and 4} ; one large and one small bead ; a piece of thin silver ornament or pendant for the neck (as pi. 4, figs. 20 and 24) ; an iron instrument nine inches long exclusive of the ringle, exactly like several others which I found at Kingston and Ash, and never but in women's graves (pi. 12, fig. 9} ; a pair of iron shears, as at No. 2 ; and the blades of two knives. A w'oman's grave.

19. Large tumulus ; grave full five feet deep. Bones, pretty perfect, of a very old person. The cofiin appeared to have been very thick ; but it did not seem to have passed the fire. Nothing.

20. Large tumulus ; grave full six feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and five or six strong nails.

21. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone; the coffin had passed the fire. A small iron buckle and shank, as before ; and the blade of a knife.

22. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The bones were almost gone ; the cofiin had passed the fire. Nothing was found here except a small brass buckle, and the blade of a knife.

23. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave about three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones almost gone. Nothing but a small iron buckle and shank, and the blade of a knife, both as before.

24. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin, though very thick, was certainly that of a child, it not being above three feet and a half long ; it appeared to have been much burnt. Here were found a brass pin with a fiatted

head (pi. 12, fig. 22): it is an inch and a half long; a kind of double cylinder, if I may so call it, of brass. I can no otherwise explain what I mean than by giving its figure ; I take it to have been a kind of whistle,' or some such toy, for the child to play with ; at the feet Avere found a pair of brass hinges as of a small box ; a piece of iron which seemed to have been a hasp to the box ; and an iron link much like that described at No. 15 ; as also the blade of a small knife. The grave of a child.

' [Several of these have already been mentioned, of boxes, it is most probable they were locks, of a and some are figured in plate 10, figs. 8, 9, and 10. simple construction, not unlike some in use at the Having been in every instance found with the debris present day. — En. J

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 107

25. Small tumulus ; the grave was that of a child, very short, and scarcely a foot and a half deep. The bones were scarcely perceptible ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing. A child's grave.

SiBERTSWOLD DoWN, JuLY 17tH, 1772.

26. The tumulus was of the middle size ; the grave was two feet and a half deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin did not seem to have passed the fire. Near the neck were twelve small beads, as before ; and the blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

27. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck were three small beads ; about the middle of the grave, and near the right hip, was a round, thin, brass plate, two inches and three-eighths diameter ; it had eleven small holes near its edges, by Avhich it appears to have been fastened to something, perhaps to the garment of the deceased, for if it had been riveted either to wood, ivory, or the like, the rivets would, one would think, some of them out of so many, have still hung in the holes ; but no such rivets were found. Here was also found a small fragment of a very thin, blue glass phial or urn, not broken now, but, as I suppose, when this person was deposited ; it having, as I guess, been pre-interred (if I may be allowed the expression) with some person whose remains were disturbed at that time. A woman's grave.

28. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were almost gone. The head of a i^ilum or dart, on the right side of the skull (pi. 14, fig. 19) ; a small brass buckle and shank ; and the blade of a knife. The buckle much like that at No. 5.

29. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Tlie bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck was a small silver bulla or ornament for it (as pi. 4, fig. 1-5) ; two Avhite spiral glass beads ; thirty-one other small beads, as before ; a confused lump of iron, as if composed of the links of a small iron chain, etc., to which adhered another small spiral white glass bead, like those described at No. 4 ; several other iron twisted links, each about three inches long, and like that which I have described at No. 15 ; as also a kind of iron hook, which seemed to have belonged to one end of the chain (as pi. 12, figs. 4 and 7) ; these were also all rusted together into a mass, to which some fine cloth adhered ; all these links lay near the middle of the grave, as did also the blade of a knife. At the feet was an urn of black earth, capable of containing about a pint ; it had nothing in it, and was broken in getting out. A woman's grave.

108

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

30. Middle-sized tumvilus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin, which appeared to have been not above four feet and a half long, had passed the fire. Near the neck was a slender silver ring Avith sliding knots, with a small loop of doubled brass hanging to it (pi. 11, fig. 18) ; this, I make no doubt, was an ear-ring, the brass loop having, I suppose, contained a thin piece of ivory like that which I found at Kingston, and which I have described among other antiquities discovered there at No. 7 of that inventory. Another slender silver ring with sliding knots ; one pretty large bead of white glass ; one fiat green bead ;

and one, pretty large, tvith red, tvhite, and yellovj waves ; near the right hip was the blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

31. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about three feet deep. Bones al- most gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. A pin an inch and a half long ; it has a small round head

(pi. 12, fig. 16): this lay under the skull, so may be supposed to have been used about the hair, or head- dress of the deceased. Near the neck Avere two large earthen beads, both of them striped with yellow ; one large white glass bead ; one small red bead ; and a long silver one, with some of the threads on which it was strung still issuing out of the end of it (pi. 11, fig. 6) : it is an inch and a quarter long, and about half an inch diameter in the broadest part.' Near the middle was the blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

32. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck were two blue spiral beads, like those described at No. 29 ; nine small beads. Near the middle, the blade of a knife ; and, at the feet, a black urn, capable of containing about a quart ; it was broken in digging. A

Beads from Graves Nos. 30 and 31. Actual size.

W'Oman s grave.

33. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were pretty perfect; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the left shoulder we found a small urn of reddish coarse earth (fig. 1, p. 109), capable of containing about half a pint ; it was broken in taking out. Here was also the blade of a knife, and three or four nail-like pieces of iron.

' [Two very similar beads in silver were t'ouiid in the Kingston eemetery, in grave No. 241. They are of very uncommon occurrence. — Ed.]

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

109

34. Very small tumulus, and a very shallow grave. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones of a child, almost gone ; five small beads, and the blade of a very small knife. N.B.— This skeleton lay with its feet to the west.

35. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were very sound. Here were two brass buckles ; the one pretty large, the other smaller, as at No. 28.

36. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were scarcely perceptible. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

37. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had been very thick, and had passed the fire ; the blade of a knife ; the bones almost gone. At the feet, and beyond the coffin, Avere two urns ; the larger of which (pi. 20, fig. 7), was of coarse black earth, and capable of holding about a pint ; the smaller was of a coarsish red earth, and holds about half a pint' (fig. 2). Here was also a piece of an iron link, and some other bits of iron.

38. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire. The bones were almost gone ; a pretty large iron buckle and shank, and the blade of a knife.

39. Pretty large tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; bones of a very old person, as might be collected from the teeth, which were not only few in number but very much ground down ; nay, some of the sockets, particularly of the under jaw, were nearly grown together again. Near the skull was a large brass pin, with a small ringle at the head of it (pi. 12, fig. 21) ; there can be no doubt but that it was an acus crinalis. A woman's grave.

40. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were ahnost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

41. A very small tumulus, and a very shallow grave and short. The coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and small. A child's grave.

42. A very small tumulus, and a very shallow and short grave. This coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were scarcely perceptible. Nothing but a small thin brass

From graves Nos. 33 and 37

' [The figures, of the smaller vessel from this cut above, are prepared from Mr. Faussett's draw- grave and of that from_No. 33, represented in the ings.— Ed.]

110 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

plate, with a small hole at each corner and two others in the middle ; it lay among much black dust, either of the coffin or some box. A child's grave.

43. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife and a small iron buckle and shank, as before.

44. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some nail-like and other pieces of iron.

45. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. Bones pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. A pair of brass nippers (volsellse) with a ringle at the end (pi. 12, fig. 13); the blade of a knife, much larger and longer than any I have hitherto found here, this being twenty inches long.^

46. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had been very thick, and had passed the fire ; the bones of a young person, perfectly sound ; teeth very strong, white, and even. The skull had a plain frontal suture. Nothing.

47. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; sound bones of a young person, whose teeth were not all fairly out. Nothing but a small mass of some small bits of iron rusted together ; on it appeared the threads of some coarse cloth.

48. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; sound bones of an old person ; the head of a piluni, as at No. 28, on the right side ; blade of a knife.

49. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; bones almost gone. Nothing but six small beads, and one larger and striped with white. A woman's grave.

50. Very small tumulus, and very short and shallow grave. No appearance of a coffin ; bones almost gone. A child's grave. Nothing.

51. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about three feet deep. Very thick coffin, which had passed the fire ; bones almost gone ; the blade of a knife ; a small iron buckle and shank, as before ; and several nail and other bits of iron, of which no judgment could be formed.

52. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone ; three small and slender silver rings, mth sliding knots, as before ; and one small bead at the feet ; one small brass hinge, as of a box. A child's grave, as I guess ; or, perhaps, that of a very young woman. The coffin was about four feet long ; and the grave about five feet long.

' [It is not now to be identified, having probably perished from decomposition. — Ed.]

SIBEETSWOLD DOWN. Ill

53. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the bones were almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

54. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin, which had been very thick, had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. A mass, consisting of many links of a small iron chain rusted together ; it had some

coarse linen clotli adhering to it ; and a hrass ringle, which is one inch and five-eighths diameter, rusted together in among the links. Near the neck were ten small beads, as before. At the feet was an urn of black eartli, capable of containing about a pint ; it was broken in getting it out, having been stamj^ed upon by the labourer Avho sunk the grave ; among its fragments was found a small piece of an ivory comb. A woman's grave.

55. A small tumulus ; grave very short, and two feet

deep ; no appearance of a coffin ; bones of a child, pretty perfect. Nothing but the blade of a small knife.

56. Large tumulus ; grave four feet and a half deep. The coffin had been very thick, and had passed the fire. Near the neck were five amethyst beads, as at No. 18; and one large, and two small beads. Near the left hip were the blades of two knives ; at the feet Avere the remains of a wooden box, among which were four iron clasps, or corner-pieces ; and an iron hasp belonging to it. A woman's grave.

57. Middle-sized tumulus; grave four feet deep; the coffin had passed the fire; the bones were almost gone. Blade of a knife, and several pieces of iron, like the broken links of a chain, rusted together, as before. At the feet were the remains of a wooden box ; among which was an iron hasp, as at No. 56. A woman's grave.

58. Large tumulus ; grave four feet and a half deep ; the coffin, which had been very thick, liad passed the fire ; the bones of a very tall person, almost gone. On the right side of the skull was the very broad head of an hasta, seventeen inches long, exclusive of a large portion of the socket (which was mucli broken in opening the grave, so could not be well ascertained), and near three inches broad (ph 14, fig. 12) ; I think the whole must have been about two feet two inches long. Here was also the blade of a knife, ten inches and a half long, and one inch and three- quarters broad (pi. 15, fig. 6) ; two thin plates of brass; two small brass ringles, each fixed to the end of an iron link ; a large iron buckle and shank, as at No. 38 ; and the blade of a broad straight sword, with a brass chape' rusted on to the point

' [Bronze chapes of the scabbards of Saxon swords some instances they merely cover the point; in others are occasionally found rusted upon the points ; in they extend a considerable way up the edges. — Ed.]

112 INVEXTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

of it ; it seemed to have been wrapped up in, or lain upon, some linen cloth, which still adhered to it. It was so broken, that the exact length and breadth of it could not be guessed at ; nay, so very rotten was it, that great part of it was really converted into dust ; but it seemed to have been of about the same dimensions with others found by me at Ash and Kingston, and described in this Inventory at their proper places.

59. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep ; the coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull Avas the head of a pilum, or perhaps an hasta of a smaller sort (pi. li, fig. 1). Here was also the blade of a knife, and some nail-like bits of iron.

60. Large tumulus ; grave four feet deep, and, though dug like the rest out of the firm chalk, it was not in any part filled with chalk, but with mould. Here was no appearance of a coffin ; the bones were almost gone. Near the head was a brass pin without a head ; it is about two inches long. Near the neck were four small beads ; two slender silver rings, with sliding knots, as before. About the middle of the grave was a brass box, rather more than two inches in height (pi. 13, fig. 8) ; it has a straight arm, or handle, fixed on one side of it, which is furnished with a hinge, or joint, in the middle of it. This box is much of the same shape as a common dredging-box, but smaller ; it has two small chains fixed at opposite sides of it, which are each of them furnished with a small pin, the use of which appears to have been to fasten on the lid, namely, by being passed through little loops fixed both to the box and to its lid. Its top, sides, and bottom are punched from within with little protuberances, not so big as a pin's head, in the manner in which I have endeavoured to represent them. At first sight, they appeared as if they had been punched quite through, as if to let out some perfume, but they are not. This box contained some small silken strings, of two sizes ; some raw silk, as it seems ; some wool, and some short hair; as also some beads, as they seem (for they appear to have been perforated), of a vegetable substance, as I think, black, and shaped like the seeds of the plant which we caU Marvel of Peru. Towards the feet were found a great number of small iron links of a chain, as before, rusted together into a lump. Here was also the blade of a knife ; a small iron spoon (pi. 12, fig. 10); it is about three inches long, and seems to have had a piece broken off' from its handle. Here were also several small pieces of iron, rusted together, Avhich had some very fine linen cloth adhering to them. A woman's grave.

61. Small tumulus ; grave not above two feet deep ; no appearance of a coffin ; bones of a young person, very perfect and sound. The frontal suture appeared very plain. Nothing.

62. Small tumulus ; grave three feet deep ; no appearance of a coffin ; bones almost gone. Nothing but a small brass buckle and shank.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

113

63. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep; the coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were pretty perfect. Here was the blade of a knife ; a flat-headed iron stud, and a small iron hook ; perhaps it was only the broken link of a chain.

64. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; the coffin had passed the fire ; the bones of an old person, very strong and firm. On the right side of the skull was the head of an hasta, or of a pilum, as at No. 58 ; it is sixteen inches long and two inches broad.

65. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; the coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. A small brass buckle, as before, and two small plates of brass, riveted together.

66. Tumulus and grave much as the last ; the coffin had passed the fire ; bones of an old person, pretty entire. Nothing.

67. Middle-sized tumulus ; very shallow grave ; no appeai'ance of a coffin. One bead ; a brass ring ; and the blade of a knife.

68. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave four feet deep ; the coffin had passed the fire ;

bones almost gone.

Nothing.

69. Large tumulus ; grave very large, and five feet deep ; the coffin appeared to have been very thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Near the head, or rather, the right shoulder, were the remains of two small wooden bowls, or drinking cups,^ as they seemed. One of these was two inches and a half diameter at the rim or lip, which, was bound with a narrow brass edging. This vessel appeared, by some of the pieces, to have been wider at the belly and nar- rower again towards its foot. The other seemed to have

been of about the same shape and dimensions ; but had not only a brass edging round its mouth, like the former, but it had also several little narrow fillets of brass which held the edging fast on, and reached about an inch and a quarter, both

' [That the ancients made some of their drinlung- uri, and made them into cups, which they bound with

cups of wood ma3' be gathered from a passage in silver : — " hn-c, studiose conquisita ab kibris argento

Virgil, Ecloy. iii, 36. The Germans, Caesar tells circumcludunt, atque in amplissimis ejiulis, pro

us, highly esteemed the horns of the beasts called poculis utuntur." Bell. Gall. lib. vi, cap. 28.]

Q

114 INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

without and within, down tlic sides, and were riveted together through the side of the vessel with three small rivets each : there were, also, many little brass staples, each about five-eighths of an inch long ; these seem to have been riveted into the sides of it in order to mend some cracks or other deficiencies, being placed in no regular order. I think they were drinking cups, and might have contained about a pint each. Below the feet of the grave was exactly such an iron instrument as is described at No. 10 (see the lower cut on p. 19) ; the iron handle and clasp of a box, as before ; and some rotten wood, which had not passed the fire, as of a box.

70. Small tumulus ; the grave was about two feet deep, and about three feet long. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire ; a small brass buckle and shank, as before ; and the blade of a small knife. A child's grave.

71. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Near the neck were one amethyst and three small earthen beads. A woman's grave.

72. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones pretty perfect. Nothing but the blades of two knives.

73. A very small tumulus ; and a very shallow and short grave. Bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a small knife.

74. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin appeared to have been very thick, and much burnt ; the bones were almost gone. On the right side of the skull was the head of an hasta, as before ; and about the middle of the grave Avas a small iron buckle and shank, as before ; and the blade of a knife (pi. 15, fig. 7) ; at the right side of the feet the ferrule or spike of the hasta.

75. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the right side of the skull was the head of a pilum, as before ; and about the middle was an iron buckle and shank, as before.

76. Very small tumulus ; and very shallow and short grave as of a very young child. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were entirely gone. Nothing but one small bead, yellow, of baked earth, as before.

SiBERTSWOLD DoWN, JuLY 20tH, 1772.

77. Very small tumulus ; the grave about a foot and a half deep. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones almost gone. Nothing.

78. Tumulus and grave much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; bones almost gone. Nothing.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

115

79. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; bones almost gone ; a small iron buckle and shank, and the blade of a knife.

80. Large tumulus ; grave full four feet deep. The coffin appeared to have been very thick, and had passed the fire ; the bones almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

81. Very large tunudus ; the grave was full six feet deep. The coffin did not appear to have passed tlie fire, but seemed to have been very thick and strong ; the bones almost gone. On tlic right side of the head was tlie head of an hasta, as at No. 58, but not so long ; a little lower down, was the conical umbo of a shield (pi. 15, fig. 13) ; a cross iron, as I have ventured to call it in a former part of this Inventorium Sepiilchrale (similar to pi. 15, fig. 14, /;) ; two broad-headed iron studs; a piece of thin doubled brass, which I imagine to have been at the end of a strap, in order to pass it the more easily through the buckle ; or perhaps it might have served only for ornament ; a small brass buckle and shank ; the blade of a knife, as before ; a small iron buckle and shank, as before ; and some nail-like pieces of iron.

82. A very small tumulus ; grave scarce a foot deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones almost gone. On the left side of the skull were the heads of two hastcB, each of them about eighteen inches long, and pretty narrow ; here were also the conical umbo of a shield, as at No. 81 ; the cross piece as at No. 81 ; a small iron buckle ; and the blade of a knife. I think this grave contained two corpses.

83. A very small tumulus ; short and shallow grave of a child. A small earthen discus or quoit (as I have ventured to call such things heretofore) ; I think it is a child's toy ; a small green bead on a slender silver ring, with sliding knots, as before ; and four other smaller earthen beads ; bones almost gone.

84. Under the same tumulus, and in another, close adjoining, very shallow grave. No appearance of a coffin ; bones, scarcely distinguishable, of a young child. Nothing.

85. Middle-sized ttmiulus ; grave near three feet deep, and very long and wide. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were

almost gone.

Nothing.

86. Small tumulus ; grave not above a foot and a half deep. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones of a middle-aged, or rather young person, very perfect ; and the teeth sound, regular, and white. Near the neck were ttvo thin silver ornaments, or pendants for it (cut, and pi. 4, fig. 22) ; one silver ring with a small yellow bead strung on it, as before ; two silver rings, with sliding knots, as

116

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

before ; two amethysts and forty-five small beads ; about the knees was an iron instrument (pi. 15, fig. 24). A woman's grave.

87. Under the same tumulus ; grave about the same depth, and on the left side of the other. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were almost gone. On the right side of the skuU was the head of a pilum, as at No. 28 ; here were also the hemispherical umbo of a shield, like that in No. 81 ; a cross piece of the shield, as before ; and one broad-headed iron stud, as at No. 81 ; it was two inches and a half broad, and its strig was about half an inch long, which, as it appeared to have been riveted, shews the thickness of the shield ; it had rotten wood adhering to it. Between these two graves, which were parallel to each other and about two feet apart, there was a transverse fosse cut in the intervening chalk, which had a communication with them both, but nothing was found in the fosse.

88. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull was the head of a pUum ; about the middle of the grave was the blade of a knife ; and an iron buckle, as before ; and at the feet the spike or ferrule of the pilum, as at No. 74.

89. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were pretty perfect. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

90. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but a small brass buckle, as before ; and the blade of a knife.

91. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet and a half deep. The coffin

had passed the fire ; bones of a middle-aged person, pretty perfect. On the left side of the skull was the head of an hasta ; and just by it a thin ohlongish brass 'plo,t&i with small holes round its edges ; here were also a small iron buckle ; the blade of a knife ;

Actual size. . ^• ^

and an iron link.

92. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; pretty entire bones of an elderly person. On the right side of the skull was the head of a smaller hasta, or perhaps of a larger sized pilum, as at No. 59 ; here were also the blade of a knife, and some smaU bits of iron, perhaps the remains of nails.

93. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Pretty perfect bones of a child ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck was a small silver ornament, or perhaps it may be called a bulla ; a large bead with an iron ringle through it ; and several links, as of a small chain, rusted into a mass.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 117

94. Small tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones of a child, almost gone. Near the neck were two brass gilded ornaments, or pendants, for it (pi. 11, fig. 7) ; they are both of them exactly alike : one of them has a part of a thread or string, by which it hung, still in its eye or loop, as represented in the figure ; it seems to have been made or composed of four strands of thread ; it is very perfect ; with them were twenty-one small beads ; here were also several small link-like pieces of iron, some of them rusted together, and some lying more widely ; and the blade of a knife.

95. Pretty large tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin appeared to have been very thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were pretty sound. Here were the blade of a knife, of about the usual make, but rather longer, namely, nine inches besides the strig; and the blade of another knife, as before : these were near the middle of the grave ; as were also a large silver gilt (as it seems) brass buckle ; and a square piece of silver gilt (pi. 8, figs. 1 and 10) ; they are each of them ornamented with engraved lines, just alike, on their fronts, and have each of them four loops underneath ; by these they were without doubt fixed to the belt, and I suppose they met together, when the belt was buckled. The tongue of the buckle cannot be raised up in order either to admit or to dismiss the end of the belt, but the bow of the buckle must be let down ; a good contrivance, certainly, to hinder the belt or girdle from coming unbuckled of itself.^

96. Very small tumulus ; and a very shallow and short grave. The coffin had passed the fire ; bones of a child, almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

97. Large tumulus ; grave four feet deep and seven feet long. The coffin appeared to have been very thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Here were the conical umbo of a shield, as before, but larger; a cross iron, as before ; the head of an hasta, as at No. 58 ; it lay on the right side ; an iron broad-headed stud, as before ; and several nail-like pieces of iron.

98. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull, or rather lower down, was the iron head of a barbed arrow or small dart- (pi. 14, fig. 4), in length about eleven inches. On the right side was the blade of a sword, much like

' [Plates 8 and 9 give various examples of this ^ [Examples of the barbed jaculum or dart are

peculiarity of the Saxon buckles, which is also to very uncommon. The scarcity of these slender

be noticed in those of the Franks and Alemanni. weapons, as well as of arrows, in the Anglo-Saxons

The tongues of some of these buckles are worn by is, no doubt, partly owing to the thinness of the

the friction of the extremities of the girdle which material being less able to resist the decomposition

passed over the tongues, compressing them down to which objects in iron are so liable. — Ed.] upon the bow of the buckle. — Ed.

118 IKVENTOmUM SEPULCHRALE.

those found at Ash and Kingston (pi. 14, figs. 6 and 7) ; here Avere also a small brass ferrule (I imagme it belonged to the arrow or dart), and the blade of a knife.

99. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull was the head of a pilum, as before; here Avere also a conical umbo of a shield, as before; and the blade of a knife.

100. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Near the neck were eight small beads ; towards the middle of the grave was the blade of a knife ; and, lower down, was an iron instrument with a ringle at one end of it, as at No. 18; another iron instrument, as at No. 10 (see the lower cut on p. 19); several iron links, as of a small chain, rusted together into a mass, as before, and having some cloth adhering to them ; and four iron clasps or corner pieces of a small box. A woman's grave.

101. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin did not appear to have passed the fire, but seemed to have been very thick ; the bones were almost gone. Near the neck was a beautiful fibula subnectens of silver, gilt and filigreed with gold, and set with garnets, etc. (plate 2, fig. 6) ; seventeen amethysts; one large bead; twenty-four small beads; a small ivory pin (pi. 12, fig. 19). Here was also, but much lower down, the blade of a knife ; and an instru- ment of brass, exactly like the iron one described in the last number and at No. 18, except that the ringle belonging to this is lost, and tliat this is not so long as the former. I am fully convinced that this instrument was used solely by the women ; for though I have at different places met with several of them, I never found them but in women's graves. And as all of them which have hitherto come into my hands have been of iron, and consequently, on account of their very great imper- fections caused by the rust, which totally disguises and spoils everything made of this metal, by no means fit to be preserved in a cabinet, I think myself very lucky in having at last found one of them which is made of a much neater and more durable substance. A woman's grave.

102. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones of an old person, almost gone. On the left side of the skull was the head of a pilum, as before ; and at the feet was the spike or ferrule belonging to it, as before ; here were also the conical umbo of a shield, as before ; and the blade of a sword, as at No. 98 : it lay on the right side.

103. Under the same tumulus, in a parallel grave three feet deep, and, almost close to, but on the right hand of, the man. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones of an old person, pretty perfect. Close to the skull was a flat-headed brass

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

119

pin, one incli and three-quarters long. Near the neck, were thirty-nine very small

beads. There was also an iron instrument, nine inches long (pi. 15, fig. 27); it is eight inches long, exclusive of the ringle. Another iron instrument, very like our common Jew's harp, or Jew's trump, as it is called. I really believe it to have been used as they are.' It was three inches and a half long, and about one inch diameter in the ring part of it ; but it was so very rotten that it would scarce bear handling, and was entirely crumbled to pieces in bringing it home, though great care was taken of it. Half of one side of it, and above half of its tongue, were broken off and lost in getting it out of the ground. I look upon it as a very great curiosity, and most heartily lament (as I have continual occasion to do, with regard to other curiosities made of iron) that it was not made of brass, or some other more durable metal. There was also the blade of a knife. A woman's grave.

104. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were remarkably perfect. There was nothing but a small iron buckle, as before, and the blade of a knife.

105. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance

of a coffin

the bones were almost gone.

On the right side of the skull was the

head of a pilum ; there were also an hemispherical umbo of a shield, as before ; two broad-headed studs, as before ; and the blade of a knife.

106. Small tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of an hasta on the riglit side.

107. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; bones almost gone. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

108. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum, on the left side ; a conical umbo of a shield, as before ; two iron studs, with heads one inch and a half broad ; the blade of a knife ; and a small brass ferrule, as at No. 98.

109. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum on the right side of the skull ; the hemispherical umbo of a shield ; a small brass buckle and shank, as before ; a narrow and thin piece of brass, in which are five rivets ; it is two inches

' This was probably a buckle, such as figures 6 and 10 in plate 9. The above cut is prepared froni Mr. Faussett's sketch. — Ed ]

120 INVENTOEltIM SEPULCHEALE.

long ; the rivets had rotten wood, as it seemed, adhering to them ; there was also the blade of a knife.

110. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum on the left side of the skull ; a small brass buckle ; a small iron buckle ; an iron link with a ringle in it ; and the blade of a knife.

111. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum on the left side of the skull ; the conical umbo and cross piece, and one broad-headed stud of a shield, all as before ; a small brass buckle and shank ; and the blade of a knife.

112. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were pretty perfect. The head of an hasta, as before ; the conical umbo, two cross pieces, and two broad-headed studs of a shield, all as before ; and the blade of a knife.

113. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum on the left side of the skull ; the spike or ferrule of the pilum ; and the blade of a knife.

114. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones of a child, almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a small knife.

115. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of an hasta, two feet long, on the right side of the skull (pi. 14, fig. 12) ; the hemispherical umbo, and the cross piece of a shield; a pair of iron pincers (pi. 15, fig. 29); and the blade of a knife.

116. Under the same tumulus; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

SiBERTSWOLD DoWN, JuLY 24tH, 1772.

117. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. The head of a pilum, on the left side of the skull ; the hemispherical umbo, one cross iron, and one broad-headed stud of a shield ; the blade of a sword, as at No. 98 ; two small iron buckles ; and the blade of a knife. At the feet was a narrow-necked urn of coarse earth, capable of holding about two quarts (pi. 20, fig. 5).

118. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the bones were pretty perfect. On the right side of the skull was the head of an hasta, as before ; here were also the hemispherical umbo, the cross iron, and two broad-headed studs of a shield ; and the blade of a knife.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 121

119. A very large tumulus ; it stood almost close to the roadside leading from Long Lane (before mentioned) towards Waldershare. We could find no regular sides to the grave, but it appeared to have been only an irregular hole. Within about two feet of the natural surface of the ground, we found many of, if not all, the bones of an ox. Not satisfied with this, and finding the chalk still loose, we dug down about three feet deeper, when we came to the rock chalk in its natural situation, but found nothing more. About this time, some of the workmen were fruitlessly employed in opening, at three diff'erent places, a longish tumulus-like bank, which stood close, and parallel, to the same roadside. In all three places they found nothing but a very hard and dry red clay, to the depth of about four feet, when they came to the hard natural chalk. How this clay could come to be thus buried in the firm chalk, and that too in a tumulus form ; from whence (for there is no such clay, as I was informed, anywhere in this neighbourhood), and to what purpose it could have been brought hither, is no easy matter to guess.^ It was plain, however, that an hole had purposely been dug in the chalk for its reception ; and the agger or bank which was thrown over it, and had the appearance of a tumulus, consisted of the loose chalk which was taken out of the pit or hole in which the clay was thus interred. I take this bank, however, to have been, not a tumulus, but perhaps a kind of agger, praetentura, or breastwork for the defence of the living, instead of a depository for the dead. It is, I think, worthy of remark, that this bank occupies much about the same situation, with respect to the tumuli in this burial-ground, that two such-like banks do at Kingston, Avith regard to the tumuli there, namely, on the north-east side of them, on the extreme verge of them towards that quarter, and close by the side of a high road. I had almost forgot to mention, that in digging through the agger, or loose chalk, a few oyster-shells, and some bones of animals, were found among the rubbish ; and this too was the case in digging down the larger of those at Kingston, before mentioned.

120. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; bones almost gone. The blade of a knife.

121. Large tumulus; grave four feet deep. No appearance of a coffin; the bones pretty perfect. A small brass buckle and shank with an iron tongue ; and the blade of a knife.

1 22. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones, pretty perfect, of a middle-aged person. The head of an hasta on the right side of the skull ; and tlie blade of a knife.

^ [For other instances of the like kind (viz., of foreign and adventitious clay, earth, stones, etc., being found in tumuli), see Philos. Trans., abridged byMartyn, vol. i.x, pp. 446-8; and Morant's Essex, i, p. 196.]

R

122

IKVENTOmUM SEPULCHRALE.

Length, four inches.

123. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appearance of

a coffin ; the bones of an old person, pretty perfect. The head of an hasta on the left side of the skull ; the blade of a knife, of a different shape from any I have ever found before ; a small iron buckle ; and the spike of the hasta.

124. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet deep. Tlie coffin appeared to have been thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Near the neck Avere two small beads ; and a silver pendant or ornament for the neck (similar to pi. 4, fig. 24). An anchor-like iron instrument, exactly like that described at No. 103; this was found about the knees; as were also several links of a small chain, rusted together, as before ; and several broken pieces of iron : all these had cloth adhering to them ; and the blades of two knives. Here was also part of an ivory comb ; this lay at the feet. A woman's grave.

125. Small tumulus ; grave a foot and a half deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones of a young person, very perfect ; the teeth were very white, sound, and even, and not all quite cut ; the skull had the frontal suture. Near the neck were twenty- five small beads, and one large one ; here was also a brass finger ring (similar to pi. 11, fig. 13). No appearance of a coffin.

126. Middle-sized tumulus; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones of an old person, pretty perfect. The head of an hasta, on the left side of the skull ; here were also the hemispherical umbo of a shield, the stud in its centre thinly plated with silver ; the cross iron ; and two broad-headed iron studs, as before.

127. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire ; bones of an elderly person, pretty perfect. The head of an hasta, on the right side of the skull ; the blade of a knife ; and some nail-like pieces of iron.

128. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones Avere almost gone. The head of an arrow, or very small pilum, five inches and a half long ; it lay on the right side : the blade of a knife ; and some bits of iron.

129. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were almost gone. Near the neck were three very small hiilla-like ornaments or pendants of silver ; here were also the blades of iwo knives ; and some small links of a chain, as before. A woman's grave.

130. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing.

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 123

131. Small tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones almost gone. Near the neck was a small bead ; and about the middle of the grave, which was not four feet long, was a brass buckle with a long open-worked shank (pi. 9, fig. 12). A child's grave.

132. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were those of an elderly person, and pretty perfect. On the right side of the skull was the head of an hasta ; here was also an hemispherical umbo, with its stud in its centre thinly plated with silver, as at No. 126 ; the cross iron of the shield ; two broad-headed iron studs ; and the blade of a knife.

133. Small tumulus; grave two feet deep. No appearance of a coffin; the bones were almost gone. Near the neck was one small yellow bead ; near the left hip was one large bead, which seems to have been made out of a common pebble, and inlaid with a sort of vermicular or string-like trail (pi. 5, fig. 7); a large irregular shaped piece of amber, perforated with a hole quite through it : I think it is too large for a bead ; one larger and one smaller bead. Here Avere also a pair of iron shears, as before ; and many iron links of a small chain, rusted together, as before, and having some linen cloth adhering to them. A woman's grave.

134. Under the same tumulus; the grave very shallow. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones of a child, pretty perfect. Nothing.

135. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones pretty perfect. Nothing.

136. Under the same tumulus; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones almost gone. Nothing. N.B. — These two last mentioned graves, both of them pointed with their feet so as to describe two sides of a rectangled triangle, that is, their heads were nearly together ; but the feet of one of them pointed to the east, and the feet of the other pointed to the north ; and between the two graves was a small nan'ow trench which had a kind of communication with them both, but had nothing in it. This trench may not improperly be called the hypotenuse of this very odd sepulchral triangle.

137. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones of a middle-aged person, pretty perfect.

1 38. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin appeared to have been very thick, and to have passed the fire ; the bones were

almost gone. Near the skull was a brass pin with a C^MOZ 'j^rc'^^i

flatted head, an inch and six-eighths long ; it is doubt- ^^m^i ai^.^

less an acus crinalis ; near the neck were one large

bead and three small ones ; and a brass armilla or bracelet (pi. 16, fig. 14) ; near the

feet were the iron handle of a box, and some small pieces of iron. A woman's grave.

124 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

139. Small tumulus ; grave two feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones almost gone. Nothing.

140. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. On the left side of the skull was the head of a pilum ; on the right side, about the middle of the grave, was the blade of a sword, as at No. 98. Here were also the blades of two knives, and some pieces of iron.

141. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of a coffin; the bones were almost gone. Nothing.

142. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the bones were almost gone. A large brass buckle and shank (pi. 9, fig. 2), and a small ditto.

143. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. A brass buckle and shank (pi. 9, fig. 11) ; and the blade of a knife.

144. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; bones pretty perfect. A brass buckle with an ivory shank (pi. 10, fig. 1); and the blade of a knife.

145. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; pretty perfect bones of an old person. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

146. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the bones of a young person, pretty perfect. A small brass buckle, and the blade of a knife.

147. Tumulus and grave, much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; bones of a young person, pretty perfect. Nothing.

148. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep, and very short. No appear- ance of a coffin ; bones scarce discernible. Nothing.

149. Very small tumulus ; grave very shallow, and short. No appearance of a coffin ; bones of a child, pretty perfect. Nothing.

150. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about two feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were almost gone. About the middle of the grave was a brass buckle and open-worked shank (pi. 9. fig. 8) ; and at the right side of the feet was the head of a pilum, with its point downwards.

151. Under the same tumulus, at the depth of two feet, and on the left side of the man. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones almost gone. Near the neck were five amethysts, as before ; two large irregular- shaped amber beads ; twelve small earthen beads ; a small wheel-like brass thing (see fig. 1, p. 125), which seems to have been a bead ; it may not be improperly called, I think, the skeleton of a bead : some of the thread on which it was strung still remains in one end of the small tube

SIBEETSWOLD DOWN. 125

which passes through its centre ; it appears now like the wheel of a wheelbarrow.^ I suppose its vacuities were filled up with some sort of cement, paste, or other matter, to make it of a spherical form ; a small brass ohlong or rather oval ringle (fig. 2), which I suppose to have been used as a buckle or fibula, perhaps to fasten on the necklace: these all near the neck. About the middle of the grave was the blade of

a small knife ; at the feet were the remains of a strong wooden box, as before ; and among them was found an iron instrument, as at No. 100 ; to avoid any mistake, however, I give it here (as the lower cut on p. 19). I have found several of them ; and as I never have met with them but with these sort of boxes, I conclude that they serve as a sort of lock, catch, or hasp to them. The make of them seems also to confirm this conjecture ; they certainly were riveted either to the box or to some other wood. Here were also a large brass pin (pi. 10, fig. 13), it appears to have been broken at one end, so may have been much longer : I take it to be only one end of some instrument, perhaps of a stylus scriptorius ;~ the blades of two small knives ; four iron corner pieces or clasps, as at No. -56 ; a sort of double cylinder of iron (pi. 10, fig. 8);^ it has a coat of coarsish linen cloth all over it; see another, just like this, but smaller and made of brass, at No. 24. I have there ventured to call that a whistle, but it is most likely that it is no such thing ; but there is no harm in guessing. Here was also the nose of a very narrow necked urn of clear white glass, destroyed, I suppose, at the digging of the grave for the person here interred ; its edges plainly shewed that it was not broken now ; it was found before we came down to the skeleton by near a foot. A woman's grave.

152. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. No appeai'ance of a coffin ; bones of an old person, very pei-fect. Here was an iron instrument, with a ringle at one end of it, exactly like those described at Nos. 100, 101 ; and some small links of a chain, as before. A Avoman's grave.

153. Very small tumulus ; very shallow grave of a child. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones were scarce discernible. Nothing but a small urn of black coarse earth at the feet, which fell to pieces in taking out.

154. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones of a young person, pretty perfect ; the skull had the frontal suture. Nothing.

' [It is difficult to consider this a bead; but less ^ [This is probably a hair-pin. — Ed.]

so to believe it ma)' have been the whirl of a spindle. ^ [Compare this with the cut on p. 106, and see

— Ed.] the note at the foot of that page. — Ed.]

126 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

155. Middle-sized or rather large tumulus. No appearance of a coffin ; bones of a middle-aged person, pretty perfect. Nothing ; the grave was three feet deep.

156. Under the same tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones of a young person, pretty perfect. About the middle of the grave was a small earthen discus or quoit, as at No. 83. I take it, as I said before, to be a kind of toy.

157. Under the same tumulus, Avith the two last mentioned ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. The blade of a knife, about the right hip ; and the head of a pilum, with its point downwards, a little lower on the same side. At the feet were two beautiful little urns of white glass, both of them broken in getting out ; one of them, however, I have made shift to mend ;^ they were both of a size (each about four inches in height), and capable of holding near three-quarters of a pint each. This skeleton lay on the right hand, or on the south side of the other two. The urns were coated with armatura or electrum.

158. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin ; bones of an elderly person, very perfect. An iron instrument, Avith a ringle and sort of teeth, as at Nos. 18, 100, and 101, 152 ; and the blade of a knife. 1 think a woman's grave.

SiBERTswoLD Dowx, JuLY 27th, 1772.

UPPER BURIAL-GROUND.

Having now opened all the tumuli which appeared to be of much consequence in what I shall for the future call the Lower Burial-ground, I was so impatient to examine the contents of some others on the top of the hill, from which I had reason (as will be seen below) to expect great matters, that I resolved to defer my search into those few very small ones which remained unopened here, till after I had satisfied my curiosity there.

This Upper Burial-ground (as I shall style it for the future) is about forty rods distant from the lower one, and about due south of it. The high road, before mentioned, which leads from the village of Sibertswold towards Sandwich, or Deal, runs between them. The tumuli of the lower cemetery reach up close to this road, on the left hand of it ; and I do not know but tliat the whole space between it and the Upper Burial-ground, on the right hand, may also be occupied with graves, etc.,

' [From Mr. Faussett's sketch, it appears to have been similar to fig. 6, pi. 19. — Ed.]

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 127

whose tumuli are now so entirely levelled by the plough, that not the least traces of any of them are to be discovered. The hill, however, rises gradually from the Lower Burial-ground, for about the distance I have mentioned, to the Upper Burial-ground, which is situated upon the crest of it. The few tumuli now to be seen are so levelled by the farmers having either dug them down or ploughed up the turf, in order to make by the burning of it what is here called " dencher" (a certain manure for the land), that the site of them is scarcely discoverable.

I believe they would certainly have escaped my notice, had not the farmer who uses the land informed me of the following particulars, namely : — " That at this place there were the remains of some tumuli, or mounts, as he called them ; that it was a very usual and common thing, in ploughing up the turf for dencher, to turn up human bones, and sherds of earthen vessels of different sorts and sizes ; and that, as his servants were ploughing here about two years ago, they in one morning discovered two very large jars (so he called them), which, he thought, would have held at least a bushel each ; that these jars were entirely full of pieces of men's bones, which plainly appeared to have been burnt : that in one of them in particular he discovered the parts of several different skulls and jaw bones. That they, his servants, before he came to the spot, had opened two holes or nests in which these great jars stood ; and that they had taken them out of the holes pretty whole, the plough having only broken off part of their mouths : but that when he came to them, he found them busy in pelting the jars with some large pieces of very hard stone, which they had ploughed up at the time they found them. That tliese fellows also found several other pots and platters, as he called them, placed round each of these jars ; that they were of different sizes and shapes ; that some of them were very small, and very pretty, from what he could judge from their fragments ; but that his servants had entirely destroyed them all."

On hearing this dismal relation, I immediately went to the spot, where a vast number of sherds of paterse of fine coralline earth, and other vessels of different materials, colours, and sizes, which lay dispersed on the very surface of the ground, too well convinced me of the truth of the honest farmer's account. Among these sherds we found a piece of the bottom of a coralline patera, on wliich is impressed the name of its maker, namely, PRnriTivi. There Ave also saw the fatal stones which had served these more than brutes as instruments to knock these precious remains of venerable antiquity in pieces with. And there were the very covers with which the mouths of these two fine and very curious and scarce family urns (for such they undoubtedly were) had been closed. These covers had each consisted, as I judged from their remains (for they were broken by the same rude hands), of one round, fiat, heavy stone of a very coai'se grit, each about ten inches in diameter, and near

128

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

three inches thick, not unlike a small grindstone. In the centre of each was an infundibuli form foramen, which decreased gradually from the breadth of six inches to about two ; through these holes, I imagine, they poured into the urns either burnt bones and ashes of persons of the same family, as often as they died, or perhaps occasional libations of milk, wine, etc., according to the practice of those times. These covers had a bevel edge made to fit the mouth of the urn, one of these covers I carried home, and have it fixed up in my garden wall at Heppington.' I want words to express the chagrin which I felt on this provoking occasion ; I hoped, however, that these were not the only curiosities of the kind which the place afforded, and that as these had been discovered by mere accident, a regular and diligent search might bring more of them to light : but that on trial I had not the success which I had flattered myself with the hopes of, will appear from the following in^■entory.

159. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coflan. Near the neck were four small beads, and three very small bulla-like silver ornaments or pendants, as in No. 129. Before we had gotten quite down we found a small urn of hluclc earth ; it holds about a pint. This grave pointed with its feet to the east.

160. Under the same tumulus, and at about the same depth, was a grave at the head of the last mentioned, which pointed with its feet to the north, the two graves making the figure of a T. It contained the bones of another child, almost gone. Nothing.

161. Pretty large tumulus, but dug down almost level with the natural soil ; grave three feet deep. Bones almost gone. Nothing.

162. Tumulus, much as the last ; grave two feet and a half deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but several oyster and mussel shells found in digging down.

163. Tumulus, much as the last ; grave four feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. A silver ring, set with a piece of amber

ireiL'ht, tbrcd iuclies and a quarter.

' In the sale of the late Dr. Henry Burrough's (Prebendary of Peterborough) collection of coins, etc. (on 27th April, 1774, at Mr. Gerard's, in Litchfield Street, Soho), I saw exactly such another. This was made of what the naturalists call " oculatus lapis" or " pudding-stone"; it was very ponderous, perforated in the centre, and bevelled on the edge, exactly like those just described, and about the same size.

[The stones used as covers for the Roman urns had evidently been previously used as hand-mills, and were applied as covers to the urns, apparently for want of better substitutes, when they had become worn out or were disused as mill-stones. Certainly they were not perforated for such an object as Mr. Faussett suggests, nor originally intended to serve as covers to urns. — En.]

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN. 129

(pi. 11, fig. 8); this, and the blade of a knife, lay near the right hip. In getting down to the skeleton were found many sherds of urns of different sizes ; some bones of one or more beasts ; several lai'ge iron nails ; and a large piece of the same sort of coarse grit stones of which the covers to the two large urns before mentioned were made. It had also served for the same use, as appeared from the infundibuli- form foramen in its centre.

164. Tumulus, much as the last ; grave full four feet deep. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. The blade of a knife. Both at the head and at the feet was a very large ossuary, or bone urn, both of which, though they were deposited deeper than the bottom of this grave, had been broken in pieces as they stood (and for the purpose, too, as one would think), when the grave was dug for the person last deposited. In getting down to the skeleton were found some large nails ; part of a pair of iron shears, as before ; a small brass cochleare, or spoon (pi. 12, fig. 11) ; several sherds of a very large ossuary ; some pieces of smaller urns, and many pieces of burnt bones ; part of an infundibuliform stone cover of an urn, as before ; several oyster shells and mussel shells ; and the bones of an ox or calf, or perhaps of both.

165. Tumulus, much as the last ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones of an old person, pretty perfect. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and the sherds of large and small urns.

166. Small tumulus, and scarcely distinguishable ; shallow grave. Bones of a child, almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife ; some oyster shells, and several sherds of large and small urns.

167. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the bones of a child, almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife, and some sherds of urns.

168. Tumulus, scarcely discernible ; grave two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; bones almost gone. An iron buckle, with a brass shank ; the blade of a knife, and several sherds of urns.

169. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The coffin had passed the fire; the bones were almost gone. Several sherds of a large ossuary ; many scattered pieces of burnt bones ; a broken infundibuliform stone cover, as before ; and the blade of a knife.

170. Tumulus and grave much as the last. No appearance of a coffin ; the bones almost gone. Nothing ; but in filling up the grave, a discus, or quoit, of brick-earth was found among the rubbish, much like those before described at No. 83, etc.

171. Tumulus and grave much as the last. Bones almost gone. Nothing.

130 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

SiBERTSwoi.D Down, 9th August, 1773.

LOWER BURIAL-GROUND.

Having at my last visit to this place, last year (see page 126), thoroughly examined Avhat I have ventured to call the Upper Burial-ground, I this day re- assembled my labourers here, in order to dispatch those few tumuli which remained to be opened in the Lower Burial-ground ; and they proved to be few indeed ; for Ave could find but three Avhich appeared at all above the natural surface of the Down. But having lately contrived an instrument (see p. 87) for the more easily discovering such graves as have no tumulus over them (as there certainly are in every burial-ground many such), w'ith the help of that we found seven more graves, which I am pretty confident were all that remained unopened after my last search.

I make no doubt but that every corpse had a tumulus thrown up over it at its interment ; but I think these hillocks might differ greatly from one another in size at their first raising, and might be made larger or smaller, according to the rank or degree of the person whose remains they covered. If so, it is not unlikely that some of them were at first so very small, as to be liable to be trodden to a level with the natural soil by the cattle which grazed on its surface;^ or they might have been cut in pieces by wheel carriages ; or levelled by the plough. But I take the greatest part of them to have been demolished at the raising larger ones near them, when the workmen may be supposed to have scooped up all the adjacent soil and mould, in order to make their new tumuli of a proper bulk. And this

1 imagine to be the reason of our so frequently meeting with sherds of urns, human bones, etc., lying promiscuously, without order, and at different depths in the earth which composes the large tumuli. For, as the tumulus was small, we may conclude (as indeed we most times find to be the case) that the grave was shallow, and so liable to be cleared to its very bottom on such occasion. But I proceed to give an account of my success at the opening them, which was as follows.

172. The first tumulus was a small one ; the grave was about three feet deep. The coffin was very thick and strengthened by eighteen pieces of iron, each having a strong rivet at each end, and three iron staples ; the coffin had not passed the fire ; the bones were pretty sound. Near the neck were foiw earthen disci, or quoits^ (figs.

2 and 3, p. 131), as I have often before ventured to call them; four large beads

' [Among the most interesting of the results of discovery that the graves had been marked with Mr. Hillier's excavations in the Anglo-Saxon burial- stones in addition to the mounds of earth. — Ed.] place upon Chessell Down, Isle of Wight, is the - These arc probably spindle whirls. — Ed.]

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

131

(fig. 1), one of which is of jet ; one white and flat, one inch and a quarter diameter ; one blue, with yellow trail ; one blue ; twenty-three small beads ; two amethysts ; a

golden ornament for the neck, set with nine small garnets (pi. 4, fig. 13); another, being a kind of mosaic, or chequer- work, witli a border of small garnets set in gold' (pi. 4, fig. 7) ; two others, being also the same sort of chequer-work, set in gold (pi. 4, figs. 8 and 9) ; they are both exactly alike ; two others, being large oval stones of a fine deep red colour, set in gold (pi. 4, figs. 16 and 17); one of them has a griffin, passant, cut on it ; two others, being amethysts set in gold (pi. 4, figs. 1 and 2). These all have loops to them ; as had also two small coins found witli them; one of them is of gold (pi. 11, fig. 1) ; the other is of silver [gold] (pi. 11. fig. 3) ; they are both of them very fair, but I have not yet been able to find out to what nation they belong ; the crosses on them sufficiently testify their having been struck by some Christian prince.- These, doubtlessly, were all of them strung together and worn as a necklace. With them was also an ivory pin, with two small

' [Compare this beautiful jewel with the mosaic stud found by the Abbe Cochet in a Prankish ceme- tery in the valley of the Eaulne, engraved in the Collectanea Antigua, vol. iii, pi. xxxv, and in La Normatidie Souterraine, pi. xv, fig. 4.]

'^ [These coins are engraved, but not explained, in Douglas's Nenia Britannica, pi. xxii. In the Collectanea Antiqua (vol. i, pi. vi, figs. 7 and 8) they are etched and appropriated to Verdun and Marsal, in France. They may be thus described : —

Plate II, fig. 1. Obv. viedtnoi fit.

Rev. siSELLENo. 'HLoif[_etarius.~\ ,, ,, 3. Obv. mars[o]lloviic.

HeV. TOTO MONETAniO.

The presence of coins, such as these, in the Anglo-

Saxon graves, is of the first importance to the archaeologist, as it tends, by direct evidence, to confirm conclusions deduced from indirect, and often obscure, testimony, as to the date of the interments. These two gold coins belong to the Merovingian series, of the fifth to the seventh century. Douglas records a perforated coin of Anthemius (a.d. 467 to A.D. 472) found in a tumulus on Chatham Lines. In Mr. Duane's sale was sold an onyx set in gold, that accompanied a gold coin of the Emperor Avitus (a.d. 455) set in a rim and gold loop to hang it as a pendant. They were found in May 1758, in a barrow on Blood Moor Hill, near Peakefield and Lavstoff in Suffolk, witli a necklace of rough gar- nets. Ncnia Britunnicd, p. 8. — Ed.]

132

INVENTORITJM SEPULCHRALE.

garnets in its flat head on either side. Near the hips were found a pair of iron shears, as before, and a piece of an iron instrument, as at No. 103. At the left knee was an urn of reddish, coarse, earth, capable of containing about two quarts ; it was broken in getting out. Here were also many links of a small iron chain, rusted together ; and many nail -like pieces of iron. A woman's grave.

173. Under the same tumulus as the last, and on the right side of it, were the bones of a child, almost gone. No appearance of a cofRn. Nothing was found with them but the blade of a knife.

174:. No tumulus; grave two feet deep; no appearance of any coflin ; bones almost gone. Nothing but the blade of a knife.

175. No tumulus ; grave about two feet deep ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the right hip was a small earthen discus, or quoit, as before.

176. No tumulus; grave, two feet and a half deep; the bones remarkably perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the hips were a largish blade of a knife, six and a half inches long (pi. 15, fig. 4) ; and a brass buckle and wrought shank (pi. 9, fig. 13). About the knees lay the head of a pilum, with its point downwards towards the feet, and close to it was the ferrule and spike, by which it seems as if the pilum had been broken at its interment. On the right side of the feet was an urn of coarse earth ; it is capable of containing about three pints.

grave, two feet and a half deep ; bones almost gone ; no

One-founh tlie actual size.

177. No tumulus appearance of a coffin

Near the skull was a

small brass ringle ; about the middle of the grave was a very large conical iron umbo of a shield ; an iron cross-piece, as before ; the blade of a knife ; a small iron buckle and shank ; a short sword, or dagger, with a very curious Irass pommel ;'~ some bits of leather; a piece of doubled brass ; and some narrow, small, and thin plates of brass, all of Avhich may be sup- posed to have belonged to the scabbard.

Actuiil size.

' [From the sketch made by Mr. Faussctt it ap- of Saxon swords and daggers. The dimensions of

pears to be similar to that of grave 176 ; see cut. this example are given by Mr. Faussctt as follows:

— Ed.] whole length of the strig, five inches and three-

* [It is extremely rare to meet with the pommels quarters; breadth of the shoulder next the blade,

SIBERTSWOLD DOWN.

133

Two inches imd a halt" in length.

178. No tumulus ; grave, one foot and a half deep ; bones pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck, a knotted silver ring, with a bead to it, as before. Lower down, was a bone, or ivory, double comb, with two cases of the same over its teeth (pi. 13, fig. -5) ; it was so rotten that it fell to pieces with handling ; a piece of iron' (pi. 15, fig. 25); and several links of a small iron chain. A woman's grave.

179. Tumulus scarcely iserceptible ; very shallow grave; bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

180. No tumulus ; grave about three feet deep ; bones almost gone ; no ap- pearance of any coffin. Near the neck were one silver and one brass ring, with sliding knots, as often before ; six small beads ; a silver pin for the hair, having two small garnets neatly set in its head, namely, one on each .side (pi. 12, fig. 20) ; and an ivory, or bone, double comb, with two cases of the same to cover its teeth, which are very fine (pi. 13, fig. 6); it was broken to pieces in removing. Lower down, was a pair of iron shears, as before ; and many links of a small iron chain. Between the legs, near the feet, was a wooden box, as before ; among the re- mains of which was its Irass lock (figs. 1 and 2~) ; and a small iron instrument (several of which sort I have met with before, and described in their places), whicli I now begin to think was a key (fig. 3) ; another small iron instrument, likewise often described before (see pi. 15, fig. 27) ; another ; an iron hasp of tlie lock ; a concha Veneris, or cowry shell ;'* and a lump of rotten leather, to which were riveted two little silver hasps ;^ also several

lhn:e iiiL-lies iuid tlnte quarters in liiugUi.

three-quarters of an inch ; blade, thirteen inches and a quarter long; breadth near the strig, one inch and three-eighths. Of the richer kinds of Saxon sword handles I have published two ex- amples, both from Kent ; see Archaologia, vol. XXX, pi. XI, and Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii, pi. xxxviii. A third, discovered on Chessell Down in the Isle of Wight, by Mr. Hillier, closely resembles those from Kent. It will appear in the fourth volume of the Collectanea. — Ed.]

' [See note to page 93. Mr, Hillier has recently

discovered similar examples in the cemetery on Chessell Down. — Ed.]

■ [The lower portion of the above cut (fig. 2) is Mr. Faussett's notion of the position of what he considered the bolt of the lock. — Ed.]

■* [One was found in a grave at Kingston, No. 142, and another in a grave near Wingham, exca- vated under the direction of Lord Albert Conyng- ham ; Archa-ologia, vol. xxx, p. 5.51. — En.]

* For a fuller account of such another piece of leather, see Bcakesbourn, Nos. 30 and 38.

134

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

more links of a small iron chain, and some other small bits of iron. A woman's grave.

181. Tumulus scarcely perceptible. Bones of a child, almost gone; no ap- pearance of a coffin ; grave scarcely under the turf. Nothing.

Fac-simile of a sketch by the Rev. B. Faussett, showing the situation of the Tumuli on Sibertswold and Barfristou Downs.

AAAA. Tumuli. B. High bank. CC. Trench.

D. Eythorn Court Wood.

E. Long Lane.

FF. Koad from Sibertswold to Barfriston, Nonington, etc. GG. Road from Barham Downs to Waldersbare, etc. HH. Boad from Sibertswold to Sandwich, Deal, etc. I. Upper Burial-ground.

DARFRISTON DOWN, l?f5i.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

BARFRISTON DOWN, IN THE PARISH OF BARFRISTON,

NEAR SANDWICH IN KENT, in the year 1772,

BY ME Br. Faussett.

T the small distance of about one hundred and sixty paces due east from the burying-place last described (namely, that on SibertsAvold Down), and on the left hand of the road leading from Long Lane (before mentioned) towards Sandwich or Deal, is another, in the adjacent parish of Barfriston, or Barston, on a down commonly called Barfriston, or Barston Down. This spot of ground, which is one hundred and ten paces long and fifty-eight paces broad, is surrounded by a deep and wide trench to the south-west, and by steep ascents on its other three sides ; and its two narrowest sides, or ends, point to the north-east and the south-west. The trench above-mentioned, which runs parallel to the road, divides the two parishes of Barfriston and Sibertswold. The tumuli here are much fewer in number than at Sibertswold, but are most of them above the middle size, and very round and fair. They are not disposed promis- cuously about the spot, but are ranged pretty regularly in a line close to the south-east, north-east, and north-west sides. There are none on the south-west side, except three or four which stand on the Sibertswold side of the trench, so that the middle or area of the burying- ground is entirely free from tumuli. The estate, of which this cemetery is a part, belongs to Bethlem Hospital, and is in the tenure of Mr. Richard Harvey of Barfriston. who, on my application to him for leave to

136

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

dig, very civilly and readily complied with my request. An exact inventory of the antiquities which I met with, is what I shall now proceed to give, in which I shall observe my usual method of numbering every tumulus as we dug into it, and giving an account of the contents of every grave as they came to hand ; from a comparison of which with those I have already described it will plainly appear, that the persons interred here were not slain in battle, as many have erroneously surmised, but that they were, as I have said before, " neither more nor less than the peaceable inhabitants of the neighbouring village, or villages ; which inhabitants I take to have been either Britons Romanized, or Romans Britonized", and that they consisted promiscuously of men, women, and children.

Barfriston Down, July 27th, 1772.

1. Middle-sized tumulus; bones almost gone; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing. Grave, one foot and a half deep below the natural surface of the ground.

2. Middle-sized tumulus ; bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin ; grave, two feet deep. Nothing.

3. Middle-sized tumulus ; bones almost gone ; the coffin had plainly passed the fire. Nothing. Grave, two feet and a half deep.

4. Middle-sized tumulus ; bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing. Grave, two feet and a half deep.

5. The tumulus exceeded the middle size. The bones of three persons, lying side by side, Avere found, in getting down, and under them the skeleton of another person ; the bones of the upper skeletons were much more sound than those of the lower one. No appearance of any coffin. Here were two small brass buckles and shanks ; one small iron hucMe and shank ; and the blade of a knife. Grave three

Aetui.1 size. £gg|. ^ggp_

6. Large tumulus. The bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck, on the right side, Avas a brass armilla, or bracelet (pi. 16, fig. 15); one amethyst ; the centre, or middle part, of a silver fibula subnectens — it consists of an hemispherical piece of ivory set in silver, in the centre of which is a small garnet, set also in silver (as pi. 3, fig. 2) ; a piece of thick Avhitish glass, squai'ed on two of its sides ; and a little convex and concave ; and two large cylindrical, drum-like heads of baked earth.

BAEFRISTON DOWN. 137

striped with red, yellow, and white ; each of them had an iron ringle hanging to them ; lower down were found the blade of a knife, and part of a pair of iron shears, both as before. The grave was full four feet deep, and human bones in all directions were found in getting down. A woman's grave.

7. jNIiddle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife ; the gi'ave was full three feet and a half deep.

8. Under the same tumulus with the last. Bones almost gone. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

9. Large tumulus. Bones almost gone. No appearance of a coffin. On the right side of the skull was tlie head of a pilum, as before, and near the right hip Avas a large brass buckle and shank (as pi. 9, fig. 2) : grave about three feet deep.

10. Large tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect, and very large. No appear- ance of a coffin. On the right side of the skull was the head of a pilum ; near the hips was a small silver buckle and shank (pi. 9, fig. 14); and at the feet was a narrow-necked urn of coarse earth, and of a blackish colour, capable of containing about two quarts ; among the lines and ornaments on the belly are several figures, a monogram of the name of Christ, which is a plain ])roof that the person here de- posited was a Christian ' (pi. 20, fig. 4). The grave was full three feet deep.

11. Large tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect. No appearance of a coffin. On the left side of the hips was the blade of a knife, and at tlie feet narrow-necked urn of coarse blackish earth, capable of containing about two quarts (pi. 20, fig. 3) : the grave was about three feet deep.

12. Middle-sized tumulus; among the earth which composed it were many human bones lying in all directions, more especially near its top. The bones of the skeleton in the grave were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. At the feet w^as a large coarse urn with a narrow neck, broken when found. Grave, two feet and a half deep.

13. Small tumulus. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire, and appeared to have been very thick. Near the neck were one amethyst, one drop-like bead of baked or vitrified earth with blue, white, and yellow stripes ; it seemed to have been set, it having no foramen ; also three small earthen beads of different colours. Grave two feet and a half deep. A woman's grave.

14. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin, which had

' [Had this ornament really been the monogram will show, that the supposed monogram is merely

of Christ, it could not be accepted as proving the a circular ornament formed of small wedge-shaped

faith of the person with whose body it was buried. indentations, common on earthen vessels of the

But it so happens, as reference to the engraving Anglo-Saxon period. — Ed.]

138

INVENTORIUM SEPTJLCHRALE.

Nothing but the blade of a knife

grave near

been very thick, had passed the fire.

four feet deep.

15. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones of a young person, pretty perfect. The skull had the frontal suture ; the teeth were very sound, white, and regular. The coffin had passed the fire. Nothing. The grave not above two feet deep.

16. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones of a young person, pretty perfect; the head of a pilum on the right side of the skull ; blade of a knife : grave two feet and a half deep.

17. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect. No appearance of a coffin. Near the middle were a small iron buckle and shank ; and the blade of a knife : grave about two feet and a half deep.

18. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife : grave two feet deep.

19. Small tumulus. The bones of a child, almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing. The grave about two feet deep.

20. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were those of a very old person, and were almost gone ; the coffin, which appeared to have been very thick, had passed the fire. Near the right hip was a large iron buckle and shank : grave two feet and a half deep.

21. Small tumulus. Bones of a child, almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing. Grave two feet deep.

22. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone. Near the left hip

was a small brass hucMe and shank ; a piece of wood, with a doubled bit of brass riveted to it ; and the blade of a knife. The coffin had passed the fire : the grave was about three feet deep.

23. Large tumulus. The bones were almost gone; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the right hip was a brass buckle and shank (pi. 10, fig. 5); its shank appears to have had some stone, or perhaps ivory, set in it ; the blade of a knife ; and at the feet an open mouthed urn of black coarse earth, capable of containing about three pints (pi. 20, fig. 93 : the grave was about four feet deep.

M	\W\	rfl
0	©	'^\
0 0	0 1
©a	..<§_.	Oil

Actual size.

Barfriston Down, August 3ru, 1772.

24. Small tumulus. Bones scarce perceptible, of a child ; no appearance of a

coffin.

of the ground.

Nothing. The grave was so shallow as scarce to enter the natural surface

25. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. The head of a small pilum, or of an arrow, lay on the left side of the head ;

BARFRISTON DOWN.

139

Actual size.

about the middle of the grave was a bit of a very thin urn of green glass, broken,

I suppose, when this tumulus was raised ; also a small hrass

buckle and shank ; and the blade of a knife : at the feet was

a narrow -necked urn of tvhitish earth, capable of contain- ing about three pints. In it were three copper Roman

coins, namely, one of the Emperor Constantine the Great,

with this legend on the reverse, soli invicto comiti. ;

another of Theodosius the Great, with reparatio reipvb.

on the reverse; the third had the head of Rome, with iNvicTA. ROMA, ou ouc side, and an eagle on its reverse. This last is of the middle size,' and the former of the third size ; they are all of them very common coins : the grave was about three feet deep.

26. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, except that, at the feet, there was a large coarse narrow-necked urn, placed, broken, at the feet ; and the sherds carefully placed one within the other, broken no doubt when the grave for the last person interred was dug. The grave was three feet and a half deep. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin

One-fourth the actual size.

27. Large tumulus. Here were found a small ivory pin (fig. 2 in cut at No. 25) ; a small brass buckle and shank (pi. 10, fig. 3) ; the blades of two knives, a greater and a smaller ; the greater, which was six inches long in the blade (fig. 1), had some thin brass rusted on to it, and several pieces of the same metal were found near it, so that it seems as if the knife had a brass sheath, or scab- bard ; perhaps it was a kind of short sword, or dagger ; the smaller (fig. 2) was of an uncommon shape, being broadest at the point, and two-edged. On the right side of the skull lay the head of an arrow, or small pilum ; at the feet were some sherds of a large coarse, black, open-mouthed urn, which, from several pieces of burnt bones which we found

' This coin belongs to the Gothic kings of the ance towards determining the date of the interments. time of Justinian; and is here of the first import- See Introduction.

From graves 27 and 30.

140 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

scattered here and there, I imagine to have been an ossuary, or bone urn, destroyed no doubt when the grave was dug for the person here last deposited ; at the feet w-ere also found three or four oyster-shells. The grave was full six feet deep.

28. Small tumulus. Bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of any cofRn. The blade of a small knife ; at the feet was a pretty urn of very thin greenish glass, beautifully corded (see pi. 18, fig. 3) ; it is capable of containing about half a pint. The grave was very shallow.

29. Small tumulus. Bones pretty perfect ; no appearance of a cofRn. Nothing but the blade of a knife. The grave was very shallow.

30. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones very perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire, and seemed to have been very tliick. The head of a pilum, on tlie right side of the knees ; and the blade of a knife near the left hip. At the right side of the feet was the iron spike, or ferrule of the jnlmn, three inches long (fig. 3 in the lowest cut on p. 139). Grave, four feet deep.

31. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing. Grave, three feet and a half deep.

32. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones Avere almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the right hip was a brass buckle with an iron shank ; and the blade of a knife. The grave was three feet deep.

33. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. On the right side of the skull was the head of an hasta ; and at the feet, on the same side, was the spike of it, which was remarkably slender, and bore no proportion to the socket of the head, from whence it appears that the staff was less and less from tlie head to the spike ; here was also the blade of a knife. Grave about three feet deep.

34. Largish tumulus. Bones pretty perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire, and appeared to have been very thick. Near the neck was a Ijcautiful pendant, or ornament for it. It consists of a garnet (as I think) set in gold ; it has a loop of the same metal to hang it by, and it is crossed obliquely by a little fillet of gold, in order, as I guess, to mend or hide some crack which it may have (pi. 4, fig. 18.) Here were also with it two small earthen beads ; and another, which is striped with red and white, on a silver knotted ring (pi. 7, fig. 11); at the feet were two pretty urns of fluted green glass, each of them capable of containing about half a pint (pi. 19, fig. 3). The grave, which was that of a woman, was full six feet deep.

3o. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. On the right side were found several fragments of very thin brass, which, being made to fit each other, seemed to have made up a roimd thin plate (see next page), studded with five brass roiind-headcd studs, of which that in the centre

BARFRISTON DOWN,

141

was the largest, being near an inch brnad, and wrought on its edges. The others

were each of them about three-fourths of an inch broad, and plain ; they were

about half an inch long ; had been riveted, and had some rotten wood adhering to

them. The plate was not much

thicker than a wafer ; it was about

six inches diameter. I imagine it

to have been fixed, instead of an

umbo, in the centre of a light shield.

Here were also an iron buckle and

shank, as before ; and the blade of

a knife. Very shallow grave.

36. Under the same tumulus with the last. The bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

37. Middle-sized tumulus ; the bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife. The grave was full four feet deep.

38. Small tumulus. The bones were pretty perfect ; the teeth were remarkably even and white ; the skull had the frontal suture ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck were four small beads ; near the hips, and rather lower down, was an iron instrument, like that described in Nos. 103, 180, of Sibertswold ; another iron instrument, like that described at No. 18, etc., of Sibertswold; a small brass staple; a brass plate^ (pi. 10, fig. 7) ; and several links of a slender iron chain. Grave, two feet deep. A woman's grave.

39. Largish tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. On the left side of the skull was the head of a pilum ; near the hips were a small brass buckle and shank ; and the blade of a knife. In digging through the tumulus were found four iron staples, each about five inches long ; a piece of a patera of fine coralline earth ; and the slierds of a coarse black wide-mouthed urn. Grave, three feet and a half deep.

40. Under the same tumulus with the last. The bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife. Grave, three feet and a half deep.

Half t'je ai:Liial size.

' [It somewhat resembles the Saxon and Frankish Antiqiia ; and sach, from the objects found with it, girdle ornaments in pi. lvi, vol. ii, Collectanea I imagine it to have been. — Ed.]

142

INVEXTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

41. Small tumulus. The bones of a child, almost gone; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a small knife. Very shallow grave.

42. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck were three small beads ; between the right hip and knee was an iron instrument, as at No. 18, etc., of Sibertswold ; an iron hook, with a ringle ; the blade of a knife ; and several links of a small iron chain. Grave, three feet deep. A woman's grave.

43. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed

the fire. On the left side was the head of a pilum, and its spike or ferrule. Here were also a silver pin ; the blade of a knife ; and some egg-shells, which were very white and firm. At the feet was a blackish urn, with a narrow neck, capable of containing more than a pint (pi. 20, fig. 1). Grave, two feet and a half deep.

44. Largish tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck was a beautiful pendant, consisting of a dark red stone set in gold ; it has a hoop of the same metal to hang it by (pi. 4, fig. 14) ; near the knees was the blade of a knife ; and at the feet the sherds of a very large ossuary, or bone urn ; and many scattered pieces of burnt bones. Tlae grave was about four feet deep. A woman's grave.

45. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the iron handle of a box, found in getting down. Grave, two feet and a half deep.

46. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were very perfect ; no appearance of a

Actual size.

BAEFEISTOX DOWK. 143

coffin. Near the left hip was a large brass lucMe and a kind of ornament for the belt^ (see cut, p. 142), placed, as I think, opposite to the buckle, as I have represented it ; and the blade of a knife. Grave not two feet deep.

47. Middle-sized tumulus. Bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. On the right side lay the conical umbo of a shield (see Sibertswold, No. 81) ; three iron broad-headed studs, as often before ; iron cross piece, as before ; blade of a sword (see Sibertswold, No. 98) ; and the head of a pilum on the left side of the skull : it had some coarsish cloth adhering to it. Near the place of the strig of a sword was a lump of white feathers, which adhered firmly to each other ; they seem like fowls' small feathers ; they are very visibly what I have ventured to call them, esjiecially if examined with a glass. This is very surprising, if we consider the slenderness of their texture. Here was also a small brass buckle and shank, as before ; the blade of a knife ; and a small black pebble, exactly of the shape of a button mould ; it looks very like a largish chocolate drop : whether it belonged to the persons here interred, or was the natural produce of the soil, I shall not pretend to determine ; however, 1 shall observe that such sort of pebbles are not usually met with in chalky soils. I imagine it to have been picked up among the sea barch, and perhaps saved by its finder on account of its shape. It is, however, a matter of no consequence what it was, unless we could guess at its uses, if it had any. This grave was fully four feet deep.

48. Middle-sized tumulus. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire, and appeared to have been very thick. Near the neck were the five follow- ing beautiful pendants or ornaments for it, namely, a large and very beautiful dark red round stone, set in gold, with a hoop of the same metal (pi. 4, fig. 15) ; another much smaller ovalish stone, of a somewhat paler red, set also in gold, with a loop (pi. 4, fig. 4), its companion being in every respect like it, except that the stone was lost out when it was found (pi. 4, fig. 3) ; another small dark red stone, of an oval shape, set in gold, with a loop (pi. 4, fig. 19) ; another triangular dark red stone, set also in gold, with a loop like the rest (pi. 4, fig. 5) ; all of them of very neat

and elegant workmanship. Here were also two "^ ■ ' " M T ' I r M iT"^ \^ amethysts, seven small beads, a brass pin for the

hair, as I suppose, with a flatted head ; and at the feet were two very pretty urns of white glass, with sharpish bottoms and corded necks (pi. 19, figs. 4 and 5); they are both exactly alike, and are capable of con- taining rather more than half a pint. Here were also several small pieces of iron. A woman's grave, about four feet deep.

' [The latter is merely a portion of another from a sketch in Mr. Faussett's manuscript, orna- buckle, as will be seen by the cut ; the studs which, mented the buckles, are now wanting. — Ed.]

MAIiOA OF ADISHAM.

T®"

^ OO ROAD FROM W.NGHAM TOILEDEN -♦■* VJ

MANOR OF

sroi ooo

gl I 41 42 43 -I I I

5; I o 00

x'M o ° °

T!U;CH_DIVIDINC >i ] THE MANORS.

BEAKESBOURNE.

ARCHBISHOP'S MANOR.

JIM' OF I'Alcr UF AliisIIAM IIUWN, MAl'L. |;Y iHF IIKV, Li. FAU.^IiETT IN THE VEAR K73.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

ADISHAM DOWN, WITHIN THE PAIIISH OF BEAKESBOURNE,

NEAR CANTERBURY, IN KENT, in the year 1773.

BY ME B. FaUSSETT.

1^ N that part of Adisham Down (so called from the neighbouring and adjacent parish of Adisham), which is within the limits of the parish of Beakesbonrne, near Canterbury, are some barrows, or tumuli sepul- chrales, of the ancients. They are of different sizes, and extend from a clump of trees, belonging to Sir Philip Hales, Bart, (which are planted on the north side of, and close by the high road whicli runs from Beakesbonrne aforesaid, in a course nearly from west to east, towards Adisham), for about six hundred paces in length, and about one hundred paces in breadth, thinly and unequally scattered on both sides of a road, not much frequented, which leads from the clump of trees aforesaid, nearly from north to south, towards Ileden on Barham Down, the seat of Thomas Payler, Esq., but stand thickest near the clump of trees.

This burial-ground is situated, as usual, on the crest of a very higli part of the Down, and on a very dry and chalky soil, on the confines of the parish of Beakesbonrne towards the north-east ; the parish and manor of Adisham coming up within a few paces of, and parallel to the road which runs through it towards Ileden. The manor of Adisham belongs to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, and the burial-ground which, as I have said before, is in the parish of Beakesbonrne, is in the manor of Sir Philip Hales of Beakesbonrne, Bart., aforesaid ; which last mentioned manor is, just in this place, so very narrow that it, as well as the burial- ground, is bounded closely by a tliird manor, which belongs to the Archbishop of

BEAKESBOURNE. 145

Canterbury, on the south-west side, as it is on the north-east side by the parish and manor of Adisham, its breadtli not exceeding one hundred paces in any part where the tumuli stand ; and they all of them, except one which is the parish and manor of Adisham (a veiy few paces distant from them), stand on the manor belonging to Sir Philip Hales.'

These tumuli are in general very fair and round ; and some of them are so large and conspicuous, from the advantage of their high situation, as to be seen at a good distance. On examining them, I found, however, that some few of them had been regularly opened, and that others had been entirely dug down and can-ied away. This plainly appeared from a sinking or hollowness in the surface where they had stood and been scooped out. I imagined at first that this had been done for the purpose of making a kind of manure, much used in this part of the county, called dencher ; but on inquiry, I was informed that they were removed by order of the late Sir Thomas Hales (father of the present baronet) to whei'e the afore- mentioned clump of trees now stands, for the purpose of deepening and bettering the soil for the reception of them at their plantation, which I was told was about thirty years ago. And tliat, though the removed tumuli were in general dag into no deeper than to the level surface of the ground, or a little lower, some few of them had, by Sir Thomas's order, been examined to the very bottom ; but that nothing had been found, except some human bones and some pieces of iron. Indeed, another person told me he had heard that a piece or two of old brass money was found.

On my application to my late worthy friend Sir Thomas (brother to the present baronet), he very readily consented to my opening these tumuli ; but at the same time sent me word (for he was then, it being in the time of his last illness, not able to see me), that he knew that some of them had been opened already. This was about the beginning of January. But as he died soon after, at least before the time of year proper for such researches came round, I judged it proper to make the same application to Sir Philip, who as readily and genteelly complied with my request. Accordingly, on the 28th of May following, namely 1773, I began (to use the military term) to break ground. And it will be seen from the following exact account of every day's success while I was employed here, that I took very great pains to very little purpose. I was, however, soon convinced that this spot, like all those others which I have hitherto examined, and given accounts of in the four former divisions of this inventory, was nothing more or less than the burial-place of some of the neighbouring inhabitants ; whether they were Romans Britonized, or

' [The map which stands at the head of this precise site is to be identified ; but the down hind is division accompanies Mr. Faussett's account of his now almost entirely brought into cultivation, and the excavations at Beakesbourne. By the aid of it the tumuli, in consequence, have disappeared. — Ed.]

U

146 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHEALE.

Britons Romanized, or (which is more probable) a mixture of both, is as immaterial as it is uncertain. I guess, however, that the persons here deposited were buried about, if not long before, the time that the Roman legions left this island for the last time, namely, about the year of Christ 418, or at the latest, before the coming in of the Saxons, which Avas about the year of Christ 449.

The coins of the emperors Diocletian and Maximian found here, and mentioned in their proper places, seem indeed to indicate a much earlier use of this place as a burial-ground, namely, so far back as the year of Christ 305, which was the last year of the reign of the former. But I think no great matter can be inferred from them, as they may very probably have been buried many years after that. And again, it is by no means improbable that it might continue in the same use, even many years after the coming in of the Saxons. But still, I am persuaded, that the persons here deposited were not Saxons ; nothing which I have hitherto met with, either here or in any other place where I have dug, having the least appearance of the remains of that people.'

Beakesbourne, 28th May, 1773.

"We began our work at the before mentioned clump of trees, on the south side of which the tumuli, to the number of twenty-two (for so many we opened here), stand much thicker than they do on any other part of this burial-ground. They here occupy a small piece of ground in the shape of an isosceles triangle, whose hypotenuse is about forty paces, and is formed by the road which leads from Beakesbourne to Adishara, from Avest to east, and whose sides, being each about sixty paces long, are enclosed by a shallow trench. The vertex of this triangle points to the south, towards Ileden aforesaid. I was informed by a person, who said he remembered them very well, that there Avere (as near as he could guess) about a dozen more of these tumuli on the very spot of ground where the clump now is, which were, all of them, dug down and levelled when the trees were planted. If so, it is most likely that this triangle extended more to the north and included them all ; and it is probable that the above mentioned road did not run just where it does now (for if it did, it must have passed directly through the middle of the triangle, and consequently among the tumuli, which is a thing by no means likely), but that it passed a few paces more northward, and so formed the hypotenuse of the supposed extended triangle. But this indeed is merely my own conjecture. There is still

^ [See note 1 to p. 39.— Ed.]

BEAKESBOURNE. l-tT

a road which passes close to the north side of the ckimp, and nearly in the same direction, except that it points more to the north of the east, and leads from Beakesbourne to Wingham.

1. The tumulus had been taken off; but, from the ground which it had occu- pied, it appeared to have been a pretty large one. The grave, which from the surface was about two feet and a half deep, pointed from west to east. This proved to be one of those which had been opened before, the bones lying confusedly and in all directions.

2. The tumulus had been taken off ; it seemed to have been of a middling size. The skeleton lay with its feet to the east ; the cofRn seemed to have been pretty thick, and had passed the fire. Nothing, but two or three nails. The grave three feet deep.

Be it observed, that all the hereafter mentioned skeletons were found with their feet towards the east, unless mention is made to the contrary.

3. The tumulus had been taken off; it seemed to have been of the middle size. The bones were very sound, and the teeth very firm and white. The coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife (pi. 15, fig. 6). The grave was about three feet deep.

4. Small tumulus. The bones pretty sound ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing. The grave about two feet and a half deep.

5. Middle-sized tumulus. The grave was three feet deep ; the bones pretty sound ; the coffin had passed the fire, and seemed to have been very wide. Nothing.

6. Middle-sized tumulus. The grave but little more than two feet deep ; the coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing but the iron shank of a buckle.

7. Pretty lai*ge tumulus ; the grave full six feet deep. Here we met with a very extraordinary phenomenon, namely, two skeletons in sitting postures, with their backs against the head of the grave ; their bones were remarkably sound, strong, and large ; the skulls, which were also very sound and firm, had each of them received a very violent cut, which must certainly have been the cause of their death. The cuts were both on the left side of the occiput ; one of them a little above and rather behind the meatus auditorius ; this entered obliquely into the cavity of the skull, and was fully three inches and a half in length, and wide enough to admit the largest goose-quill. The other was a little lower than the meatus auditorius, and still more behind it. The stroke in this case appeared to have been given almost horizontally, and in such a manner as almost to separate the whole lower part of tlie skull from the upper. I stood by, and saw both of these skulls taken out, and am very certain that they did not receive any cuts from the tools of the

148 INVENTORIXJM SEPULCHRALE.

workmen. It is, however, impossible that they coukl ; for in their dry and brittle condition a very small stroke would have entirely shivered them in pieces.

At the depth of about two feet under them, lay a third skeleton, at full length, the bones of which were much more decayed. The cofRn appeared to have been pretty thick, and had passed the fire. Nothing was found with either of them ; but at diiferent depths in getting down, were sevei'al fragments of a largish coarse urn of black earth (broken in digging the grave for the persons here interred, as I imagine) ; and a fore tooth of a horse or ox, or of some such large animal.

8. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

9. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet and a half deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing, but the blade of a knife, as before.

10. Middle-sized tumulus ; the grave about six feet deep. The bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

11. Small tumulus; grave about two feet deep. Bones of a child, almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the bottom and some sherds of a small coarse urn, which appeared to have been broken before.

12. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

13. Largish tumulus ; grave about five feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin appeared to have been thick, and to have passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, as before, and some sherds of a largish coai'se urn.

14. Tumulus and grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but two or three large sherds of a very large ossuary or bone urn.

15. Small tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

16. Largish tumulus; grave about three feet deep. The bones Avere almost gone ; the coffin had been very thick, and some of its remains were perfect enough for us to discover from the grain of them that it was made of oak ; it had passed the fire. About half way down were found some sherds of a beautiful patera, of the fine corallhie earth ; but we were not lucky enough to meet with the impression or stamp of the name of the maker, which is usually imprinted on this sort of vessels. This utensil (of great antiquity) was certainly destroyed at the interment of the person for whom this tumulus was raised. Here Avere also found some sherds of a large coarse urn or ossuary, broken, no doubt, at the same time.

17. Small tumulus, taken off; grave about three feet and a half deep. It

BEAKESBOURNE. 149

appeared, by many scattered bones all the way down, to have been opened before. Nothing.

18. Middle-sized tumnlus, taken off; the grave was about three and a half feet deep. It appeared, by many scattered bones all the way down, to have been opened before. Nothing.

19. Small tumulus, taken off; grave about two feet and a half deep. This also appeared to have been opened before. Nothing.

20. No appearance of any tumulus, the surface of the ground being quite level. Nor could we have discovered the grave, but by the use of the instrument described at page 87 of this Inventory, and which I have named a probe. This grave (if it was one) was about two feet and a half deep, and pointed, like the rest, due east and west, and was dug like them in firm chalk. It was much narrower and longer than the graves usually are, and had the appearance of a small grip or ditch. In the bottom of it there were about two gallons of wood, coals, and ashes. I examined them very carefully, but could not perceive any remains of bones among them.

21. No appearance of a tumulus ; the grave (if it was one) was much like the last, to which it was close, though not quite parallel. This also had wood, coals, and ashes, as also some oyster shells, but no bones in it.

22. Pretty large tumulus ; the grave was about five feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, as before.

Beakesbourne, 2nd June, 1773.

Our last day's work having put a finishing stroke to the tumuli at the clump of trees, we this day began with

23. A very large and high tumulus, which stands on the very brow of the rising ground, at the distance of about a hundred and seventy paces to the south- ward from those already opened, there being none between them. The grave was about seven feet deep. In getting down were found several shin-bones of oxen, or some other large animals, and at the depth of about five feet was an oyster shell. The bones of the skeleton were almost gone ; the coffin plainly appeared to have been of oak ; it had been very thick, and had passed the fire. Nothing but two or three large nails. This tumulus was on the left hand of the road.

24. The next tumulus stands about twenty paces southward of the last men- tioned, and on the same (namely, the east) side of the road from "NVingham towards Ileden. It was pretty broad at its basis, but very low ; the grave was about three feet deep ; the bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

150 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

25. The next stands at about the distance of ten paces southward of the last mentioned, and on the same side of the road. It is of the middle size ; the grave about four feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing. This grave, though dug like the rest out of the chalk, was entirely filled with clay, wliich, from the hardness of it, appeared to have been rammed down.

Our next attack Avas upon a kind of praetentura, or breast-work (a bank, however), which runs at right angles from the west side of the road last mentioned to a trench which parts this manor from that of the Archbishop of Canterbury, in a straight line, nearly from east to west. It is eighty paces long, eight paces broad, and between three and four feet high, on the average, for it is not in all parts of it of an equal height.

We first of all tried it with the probe, before mentioned ; but as the whole bank consisted of loose mould and chalk rubbish, cast up from the ground on each side of it to the height above specified, that instrument could in this case be of no service in discovering the graves, though it had been full of them ; nor, indeed, had I any great reason to imagine there were any. However, after digging here and there, by way of trial, we luckily discovered the following, namely,

GRAVES IN THE PR.ETENTURA, OR BANK.

26. Grave, three and a half feet deep, down to the natural soil. The bones were almost gone ; much dust of a coffin, which did not appear to have passed the fire. Nothing Avas found with the skeleton ; but in removing the agger of the bank under which it lay, we met with several bones of animals, particularly part of the skull and likewise a liorn of a calf of about two years old ; as also two large iron nails. This grave was very near the end of the bank next to the road.

Having thus by chance, as it were, found one grave in this bank, I flattered myself there might be many more ; and as I knew we could do nothing to any eff'ect without turning the whole regularly over, even down to the hard chalk, we instantly set about it with what labourers I happened to have with me (namely, nine) ; but I soon found the number of hands unequal to the work. However, I kept forward till the evening, determining to come better prepared the next time.

The last mentioned grave (namely, the first in this preetentura or bank) was, as I said before, at the east of it next the road. We therefore pursued our work from thence regularly towards the other end ; and the next grave we came to, namely, No.

27. Was at about the distance of ten feet from the last mentioned. The skeleton was covered with little more than the agger of the bank, the grave not having been sunk above half a foot into the natural soil. The bones were scarcely

BEAKESBOURNE.

151

discernible ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but the blade of a knife, as before, and some iron nails ; except, that in taking down the agger, we found two boar's tusks, and some sherds of a small, tliin, urn of reddish earth.

28. Grave much as the last. The bones were pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. On the left side of the skull was the head of a pilum or dart, like those already described in the former divisions of tliis Inventory. Here were also the blade of a knife, as before ; and the broken remains of some iron instrument, the shape of which could not be guessed at. In the agger were many bones of some animal of the size of a sheep.

29. Grave much as the last. The bones were almost gone ; the skull had the frontal suture ; no appearance of a coffin. On the left

side of the skull was a coarse, narrow-necked, urn of reddish

earth ; it was broken in pieces in getting out ; but by

putting the sherds of it a little together, its shape ap- peared to have been as I have endeavoured to represent

it ; I guess it would have contained about three pints.

Near it (but, I think, under the skull) was a brass pin,

or acus crinalis, about an inch and a half long ; it has a

flatted head. Near the neck were one largish black bead

(pi. 5, fig. 4), and one small flattish blue one. From

about the hips, for about a foot downwards on each side,

were many small iron links of a chain. At the end of

those on the right side was a small pair of shears (as pi.

15, fig. 20) ; and at the end of those on the left side was

an iron instrument, about nine inches long (pi. 15, fig. 21) ; some coarse linen cloth

adhered to it. Under it lay what, in the former pages of this Inventory, I have

often ventured to call a discus or quoit} I never found any of them but in women's and children's graves, and chiefly in the latter, from whence I have been induced to believe that they were a kind of toy ; and even here, I believe, I am mistaken in attributing it to the person whose remains I have just now been mentioning, and who, from the particulars found with them, was certainly a woman ; for immediately on

finding this quoit, we perceived that we had unexpectedly gotten into

30. Another grave, rather deeper, which contained the almost decayed bones of a child, to which it is likely this quoit belonged. On the left side, near the hip.

Actual size.

' [It has been previously suggested that these objects may luive been spindle-whirls — Ed.]

152

INVENTOKITIM SEPULCHRALE.

Avere found several very small and thin plates of brass, of different shapes ; and the blade of a small knife. It occurred to me, that these little laminse might have been a sort of ornament to the handle of the knife ; but this is conjecture. Here was

also another iron instrument, much like that described at the last num- ber, but much smaller. Here was also a piece of doubled leather^ regu- larly cut full of square holes. I imagine it to have been the sheath of the knife ; to it is riveted a small piece of brass, as I have represented it in the figure.' I take its use to have been to receive a string or strap ^^^^^1 ^j^^ under it, in order to hang it to the

side of the wearer. Near the place of the neck of the infant was a small silver bulla (as Kingston, No. 298) ; and another pair of very small iron shears, as before, were found in another part of the grave ; as were also the bones of some very small animal, as of a bird, mole, or mouse ; these were quite at the bottom, and had, as I think, been deposited in a small black urn, among the sherds of which they were found ; it was at the feet of the grave, and being very brittle, was crushed in pieces by the pressure of the labourer's foot. Perhaps they might be the remains of some little animal of which the child was fond. I met with two instances of this kind during my digging at Crundale. It certainly was the custom of the ancients to bury, not only such things with the dead as are usually found with their remains, but animals, such as they were fond of in their life-time. This urn was very small, and had a narrowish mouth, but wide enough for the purpose of receiving so small an animal. Here were also some longish iron nails, though there was no appearance of a coffin. After we had dug about eighteen inches, as I think, beyond these two graves, we found in the earth that composed the bank, a very fair copper coin of the Emperor M. Aur. Val. Maximianus, who was made partner in the empire with Diocletian,

1 [This leather would rather appear to have heen a portion of a girdle. A piece very similar in pat- tern was found at Chartham by Dr. Mortimer, who distinctly says it had been fastened with a buckle, which he describes and gives a drawing of. Mr. Faussett also indicates other examples at Kingston, No. 142; at Sibertswold, No. 180; and No. 38,

Beakesbourne. The pattern is not unlike that of some of the Roman sandals found in London ; and the mode of punching the leather appears to have been the same as was used in the ornamental work of the Roman sandals and in the shoes of the middle ages. See Illustrated Catalogue of London Anti- quities, plates ix, xii, and xiii. — Ed ]

BEAKESBOUENE.

153

about the year of Christ 285. It is of the second size, and not very common. On the obverse is his head, laureated, and this legend, imp. maximianvs. p. f. avg. On the reverse, a female figure, standing, and holding in one hand fruit, and in the other ears of corn ; and this legend, salvis. avgg. et caess. fel. kart. In the

exergue is the letter b.

This emperor was called " Herculeius".

Beakesbourne, 11th June, 1773.

Half the actual size.

31. This grave was sunk to about the depth of a foot, or thereabouts, within the firm chalk. The height of the agger, or bank, was here about four feet above it. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the left hip was a sort of iron instrument (as fig. 24, pi.

15); the blade of a knife, as before; a small iron huclde tvith a brass shank (fig. 2); an iron buckle and shank (fig. 1 ) ; a thin plate of brass (fig. 3} ; others (figs. 4 and 5) ; and several straight short pieces of iron wire. The skull had the frontal suture.

32. This grave was scarcely so deep as to the natural soil. The bones were almost gone; the coffin had passed the

fire. Near the left hip were an iron instrument (as Sibertswold, No. 180) ; a discus, or quoit, as before, of brick earth, as it seems ; a pair of small shears, as before ; and the blade of a knife. On the opposite side were two small brass plates, like clasps (fig. 6), each had a large foramen and three small rivets, each about the eighth of an inch long ; a small brass buckle and shank (fig. 7) ; and some small bits of iron, which seemed to be the fragments of a small slender chain. I take this to have been a woman's grave.

33. The grave was much of the same depth as the last almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

34. The grave was much of the same depth as the last. Nothing.

This ended our examination of the prsetentura, or bank, in which, after almost two whole days' hard work (the former with ten, and the latter with fourteen labourers), only nine graves Avere discovered, though I caused it to be entirely

X

Bones of a child.

Bones almost gone.

154

INVENTORIUM SEPTJLCHRALE.

trenched and turned over down to the firm chalk from end to end. It is, however, a satisfaction to me to be certain that I have left nothing behind me.

The six following tumuli stand just on the south side of the prsetentura, or bank, in the angle formed by it and the road towards Ileden ; and partly on the north and partly on the west side of three others (much larger ones), which stand in a row, and are nearly contiguous to each other, on the west side of the road and adjoining to it.

35. The tumulus was small ; the grave about two feet and half deep. The coffin seemed to have been very thick, and had passed the fire. The bones were almost gone. Nothing but a coin of the Emperor Diocletian ; it is of the second copper, and is a very common one. On the obverse, is the emperor's head, laureated, with this legend, imp. diocletianvs. p. f. avg. On the reverse, the naked figure of the genius of the Roman people, standing, with a modius on his head, and pouring a libation out of a patera with his right hand, and holding a cornucopia in his left ; with this legend, genio. popvli. romani. In the area are the letters k.^; and in the exergue, ant.

36. Small tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin appeared to have been very thick and wide, and had passed the fire. Nothing but the brass shank of a buckle, and some small bits of iron.

Beakesbourne, 18th June, 1773.

37. Small tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. On the right side was an iron luclde and

shank, with some coarse cloth adhering to it (fig. 1) ; the cloth seemed to have been woollen ; and on the left side was the blade of a knife, as before.

38. Small tumulas ; grave two and a half feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the left hip were the blade of a knife, as before ; a round piece of lead (fig. 2) ; and a piece of doubled leather, cut full of regular square holes, much like that described at No. 30 ; I suppose it to have been the sheath of the knife ; it had, like that, a little piece of brass riveted to it, in order, as I imagine, to pass a strap or string through.

BEAKESBOURNE.

155

One-fourth the actual size.

At the feet was a narrow-necked, bottle-like iini of reddish earth, with one handle ; and the fragments of an iron buckle, like those already described. The urn was empty ; it will contain about a quart.

39. Very small tumulus ; very shallow grave. Bones pretty sound ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife, as before.

40. Small tumulus ; grave about three and a half feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin appeared to have been thick, and had passed the fire. Near the neck were five earthen beads, like those so often mentioned in the former divisions of this Inventory ; and an hemi- spherical piece of blue glass, set in a very thin frame and hack of silver (fig. 3 in the group p. 154). The frame was broken in taking out. It had a small loop, or eye, to hang it by, and was doubtless a pendant or ornament for the neck ; many of which, of different sorts, are described in the former pages. Here was also the blade of a small knife. A woman's grave.

Having thus far finished the six tumuli which, as I mentioned, stand on the south side of the prsetentura, or bank, we next began upon those three which, as I said, stand just by the last mentioned on the west side of the road, and contiguous to and parallel with it. The first of these, namely,

41. Is thirty-four feet in diameter, and fully five feet high. This tumulus consists almost entirely of flints. The grave, which was full five feet deep, was also filled with them, except that these last had a mixture of mould and chalk along with them. These stones must have been brought hither from some distance, as very few, in proportion to the numbers here found, are to be met witli in the adjacent soil. The difficulty we met with in getting through them, suggested an expectation (a hope, at least) of discovering something worth our labour at the bottom of them ; for surely, thought I, the friends of the deceased would hardly have taken so much pains about his interment, if he was not some very extraordinary person. But, from what follows, will be seen how much I was mistaken. At different depths in getting down, we met with bones and one horn of a young ox or heifer ; as also, here and there, many fragments of human bones, and a large sherd of a very large coarse ossuary, or bone urn, of blackish earth. At about half way down, we met with two different strata of black earth, Avood ashes, and wood coals. The lower one, which was the thicker of the two, was nearly six inches thick. The earth beneath them was somewhat freer from flints than before ; but no bones or remains of a coffin were to be perceived from thence to the very bottom of the grave.

156 INVENTORITJM SEPULCHRALE.

which was dug out of the rock chalk, like the rest. But on examining other parts of the tumulus, we lighted on another grave, at the northern extremity or verge of this same tumulus. At about the depth of five feet (at the level, that is, of the other grave) we found the bones of a child, pretty perfect, pointing, as usual, with the feet to the east. The coffin appeared to have been thick, and much burnt. Nothing.

42. This tumulus (the middlemost of the three by the road side) is forty-eight feet in diameter at the base, and nearly seven feet, perpendicular, in height. The whole we found to be composed of flints, like the last. The grave was about four feet deep, and filled up with flints and chalk intermixed. About half way down, was a regular stratum of wood coals and ashes, about two inches thick. No fragments of bones could be perceived among them. The bones of the skeleton lay in so odd a manner that the deceased must, I think, have been laid very care- lessly, if not contemptuously, in the grave ; or must have been remarkably deformed. Nothing. Several bones of young oxen, as likewise several of their horns, and some sherds of an ossuary were found, both in the tumulus and in the grave. No appearance of a coffin.

43. This tumulus (the southmost of the three) is very large, but much the smallest of them. It had no more flints in it than what are usually met with. The grave was about four feet deep : from the confused manner in which we found the bones lying in the bottom of it, we were convinced of its having been opened before. Several bones of oxen, as I think, and some sherds of an ossuary, were found in getting down.'

Beakesbourxe, 3rd August, 1773.

44. The next tumulus which we attacked, is far the largest of any in this burial ground, it being seventy feet in diameter at its basis, and near ten feet in perpendi- cular height. It is the furthermost of them all, towards the south : it stands on the left side of the road towards Ileden, at the distance of five hundred and eighty paces from the tumuli where we began to dig, namely, near the clump of trees ; and of three Imndred and sixty paces from the prtetentura, or bank. We began our work with opening a trench, diametrically, through the centre of it, from west to east, thirty

' [The mixed character of the Beakesbourne objects which signalize Roman and Saxon graves,

tumuli is too obvious to need comment : the large indicate the Celtic origin of several of them, and,

quantities of flints, the fragments of single urns, consequently, the early appropriation of the site as

the bones of animals, and the absence of those a place of sepulture. — Ed.]

BEAKESBOUENE. 157

feet long, and eighteen feet broad. In getting down we met with human bones dispersed here and there, at all depths, and in all directions : a certain indication that the tumulus had been, at one time or other, opened, either for the sepulture of fresh corpses in ancient times, or for satisfying the curiosity of some more modern inquirer like myself ; and, indeed, while Ave were pursuing our work, and were not a little perplexed at what we had found, we were visited by one Mr. Reynolds, a substantial and sensible farmer in the neighbourhood, who told me that " this tumulus had really been (attempted, at least, to be) opened, about thirty years ago, by some gentlemen, who came, as he thought, from somewhere towards Ashford ; and he thought they found two or three copper coins." But he could give no account who those gentlemen were, nor whether anything else was found, though he said he was present during great part of the time of digging. This information had like to have put a stop to our work ; but whilst he was yet with us, we met with an entire human skeleton which never had been disturbed, lying in the usual position, namely, with its feet pointing to the east. It did not lie in the centre of the tumulus, or near it, as is usual, but towards the western side of it, and not above five feet deep in it ; so that its grave did not reach even to the natural surface of the ground by at least five feet. I concluded from hence, that either those gentlemen had too soon grown weary of their work, if any such ever attempted the tumulus, or (which I think is more likely) the honest farmer had, for the sake of talk, told vxs a very great lie. There was no appearance of a cofiin, nor was anything found with this skeleton. The bones were remarkably sound ; but the skull, which was very firm when taken up, by lying on the bank an hour or tAvo, exposed to the sun and Avind, opened by degrees at the sutures, etc., in such a manner, that by only rolling gently doAvn into the trench (Avhich, hoAvever, Avas then pretty deep), it parted, and came all to pieces. The earth still continued, all the way, much in the same Avay as it had been before Ave came to the skeleton ; loose and scattered bones every noAv and then still appearing ; as also did the socket of the head of a hasta or spear, some sherds of a small black urn ; many pieces or fragments of burnt brick, as they seemed. In many difi"erent places, and at different depths, Ave found heaps of very small bones, very sound, as of small birds, mice, or some such little animals.' Some of the heaps amounted, I am sure, to above a quart each. It is very remarkable that neither here, nor Avherever else I have met Avith such bones before, any head, or at least enough of one, could be found, by Avhich I could give any guess to Avhat animals

' [For numerous instances of the discovery of Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derhxjshire, passim. bones of rats and mice in ancient graves, sec Col- See also note to No. 282, Kingston ; and note, page lectanea Antigua, vol.i, pp. 49-61, and Mr. Bateman's 95. — Ed.]

158

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

they had belonged. I think we here found, in the whole, nearly half a bushel of them ; and some of them so low, as at the bottom of the tumulus. We also found three or four small parcels of wood coals and ashes, and some single wood coals ; as also a great deal of blueish dust, which might be wood ashes too ; but I could perceive no coals among it. There were also part of the skull of a young ox, as it seemed ; the under jaw of a dog, as we thought ; and the bones of some large bird or fowl ; and on the surface of the natural rock chalk lay a skeleton, with its feet pointing, as usual, to the east. The bones were almost gone. No appearance of a

coffin. Nothing material was found with

it, or near it ; but a pair of iron shears, as before ; the Made of a knife, of a different shape from those already mentioned ; a

Length of blaJe, six inches; width, one inch and a quiirter-

large iron nail ; and the sherds of a small blue urn.

45. The next, and last, tumulus (which is that which I said, at page 145, was in the parish and manor of Adisham), stands about forty paces to the northward of the last mentioned ; and as near as I can guess (for I forgot to measure its diameter), about thirty paces eastward of the road. It is low, but broad. The grave, which was cut very neatly and exactly out of the rock chalk, was full five feet deep ; it was of the exact shape of a cross, whose legs pointed, very minutely, to the four cardinal points of the compass ; it was every way eleven feet long, and about four feet broad. At each extremity was a little cove, or arched hole, each about twelve inches broad, and about fourteen high, all very neatly cut, like so many little fireplaces, for about a foot beyond the grave, into the chalk ; they were not exactly level with the legs, but sunk a little lower.' In that at the western extremity were many wood coals and ashes. In the north cove was much rotten wood, which, from its grain, appeared to have been oak. In that toward the south were several large and small iron nails. In that toward the east was a slender iron pin, or piece of wire, crueiform grave, Adisham,

' [The unusual form of this grave would suggest the question as to whether it may not have been constructed at two different periods. It is one of those complications of facts which require the most careful eye, and the most experienced judgment, to unravel ; and the solution of which may mainly

depend upon some fact, which even a cautious ex- plorer like Mr. Faussett may pass over. For in- stance, the fragments of the large urn which he mentions, but which he gives no sketch of, were probably marked with some peculiarity which would have decided its Celtic or its Roman origin, and.

BE AKESBOTJRNE. 159

about two inches and a half long. The bones were almost gone ; indeed they were scarcely discernible ; the coffin had not passed the fire, and appeared to have been pretty thick. In getting down, w^e found six denies molares, or grinders, of a horse, as we thought ; they were remarkably long ; as also the sherds of a large, coarse, black ossuary, or bone urn, and of two smaller ones of bluish earth ; a small iron stud, the head about half an inch broad ; and several oyster shells. One half of this cross-like grave had certainly been opened before, namely, from west to east ; but not effectually, for the remains of the coffin, and what was to be seen of the bones, plainly appeared to have never been disturbed. Perhaps, however, the opening I mention may have been as long ago as the interment of the person whose remains Ave found at the bottom. The north and south legs of this cross, however, did not appear to have been dug into, nor did any of the coves seem to have been examined. The sherds of the ossuary certainly (as I have observed before) shew the original use of this place as a burying-ground to be of very remote antiquity.

The above described forty-five make up the whole number, both of the tumuli now standing in this ancient burial-ground, and of the graves here Avhose tumuli have been dug down and removed. I cannot, it is true, pronounce so assuredly with regard to the latter as I can with respect to the former ; because there possibly may be some of them (on account of the great difficulty in finding them) which still remain undiscovered, notwithstanding all the pains I took to discover them ; but as I caused the ground to be everywhere thoroughly examined with the probe, which on plain ground cannot fail of finding them (if there are any), I am pretty sure there are none of them left unopened.

I had almost forgot to mention, that in digging a pretty deep ditch about four years ago, in order to shew the boundaries of the before mentioned manor, which belongs to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and which, as I have said, abuts close up to the manor belonging to Sir Philip Hales, Bart, (on which this burial-ground is situated), the labourers, as I was informed by their employer, met with human bones in four or five places, but found nothing Avith them.

consequently, that of the grave. It was evidently Some of the graves in Bourne Park (see note, Mr. Faussett's impression that this grave was ori- page 95 ante) were furnished with small chambers ginally of a cruciform shape ; and there is, under cut in the corners of the graves, apparently as any point of view, nothing to shew that the receptacles for some fragile or perishable sub- skeleton did not belong to a Saxon interment. stances. — Ed.]

CHARTHAM DOWNS, 1855.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

CHARTHAM DOWN, IN THE PARISH OF CHARTHAM, NEAR

CANTERBURY, IN KENT, by Charles Fagg, Esq. of Mystole,

IN THE SAID PARISH, IN THE YEAR 1730 ; AND IN THE YEAR 1773,

BY ME Br. Faussett.

PON a high spot of ground on Chartham Down, in the parish of

Chartham, near Canterbury/ in Kent, is a pretty considerable paixel of

barrows, or tumuli sepulchrales, of the ancients. I need here give no

particular description of the situation of them, as a very exact and full

one Avill be found in the following copy of a manuscript account of them.

This place has, by others as well as the writer of the said manuscript account, been supposed to have been the field of battle between Julius Cajsar and our British ancestors, when he gave them that signal overthrow which proved decisive in these parts. But how much they were mistaken will plainly appear, not only from the

' [The site of the excavations described in this portion of Mr. Faussett's journal can only be ascer- tained by the leading features of the country, and the names of the divisions of the down, commonly called Chartham Down, one view of which, taken on the north side, opposite the village of Chartham, and Canterbury cathedral in the distance, is given in the above cut. The tumuli were upon the downs to the right, on the slopes to the south : the pre- cise locality, as described by Dr. Mortimer and

Mr. Faussett, was upon Kenville Down, which joins Swerdling Down. Douglas, in his Nenia Britannica, gives a plan of the tumuli made for him by Sir William Fagg ; another accompanies Mr. Faussett's manuscript ; but at the present day not one mound is to be observed ; the down land has been wholly brought into cultivation ; and, even by the aid of the map and the descriptive text, it requires some little care and exertion to discover the situation of the great Saxon burial-place. — Ed.]

CHARTHAM DOWN. 161

contents of such of those tumuli as I have opened (and of which I shall in some of the following pages give a true and exact account), but even from the said manuscript account itself (if it be duly and impartially considered) ; although its plain drift and tendency is to confirm and corroborate that too hastily adopted opinion.

The said manuscript account was drawn up at the time of Mr. Fagg's opening some of these tumuli, namely, in the year 1730, by Dr. Cromwell Mortimer, the late ingenious and learned Secretary to the Royal Society, who was present at, and had the principal management of, the digging. It is written in the Doctor's own hand-writing ; and is now in the hands of Sir AYilliam Fagg, Baronet, of Mystole, in the parish of Chartham, who, some years ago, gave me leave to take a copy of it.

I shall take the pains to transcribe the whole account as I found it ; and will, all along, add such marginal notes, observations, explanations, and references, as shall occur to me; and afterwards give a faithful and true account of my own digging in the same place, in the year 1773, when I had Sir William Fagg's per- mission to open what few of them, at that time, remained unexamined ; and will compare the several antiquities found there, both by Mr. Fagg and by myself, with such other remains as I have heretofore discovered, whenever I have opened tumuli of this sort, namely, at Crundale, Ash, Kingston, Sibertswold, Barfriston, and Beakesbourne (and which are all exactly drawn and described in the preceding divisions of this my Inventorium Sepulchrale ) ; by which it will manifestly appear that there is not the least room to suppose that any battle was ever fought on this spot ; much less the decisive one between Julius Caesar and the Britons. But that, on the contrary, the persons here buried were neither more nor less than the peaceable inhabitants of some adjacent village, or villages, consisting indiscriminately of men, women, and children ; and that they were not buried till about the time that the Romans entirely quitted this isle. My opinion of them is, that they were deposited about or between that time and the coming in of the Saxons ; except, indeed, such of them whose remains had been deposited in the three ossuaries, or bone urns ; one of which was found by Dr. Mortimer, and the other two by myself; and these, doubtless, must have been interred much earlier.

Dr. Mortimer's having been Secretary to the Royal Society gave me no room to doubt but that, upon searching, I should find some account of this place, and of the digging there, in the Philosojihicul Transactions ; but after having perused those volumes with the greatest care and attention, I am certain that no such account is there to be met with, nor is there any mention made of it ; on which account, I flatter myself, the following copy of his manuscript will be the more acceptable

Y

162 INVENTORIUM SEPTJLCHEALE.

to those who -will take the pains to peruse these pages, it being the only account of that digging which is to be had. It is as follows.^

" AN ACCOUNT OF THE ANTIQUITIES DISCOVERED ON SWERDLING DOWN, IN THE PARISH OF CHARTHAM, NEAR CANTERBURY, a.d. 1730.

" About four miles south-west from Canterbury lies a large open field, situate in the parish of Chartham, commonly known by the name of Swerdling Down,^ part of the estate of Charles Fagg, of Mystole, Esq. At the west end of these downs is a rising ground, or hill, of about a quarter of a mile moderate ascent every way, except to the east. At about two hundred yards from the top of the hill, on the south side, lies the road from Canterbury to Wye ; and about the same distance on the north side lies the road from Canterbury to Chilham, which is about two miles from this place. At about half a mile distance, due north, stands Chartham church, to which is a very gradual descent ; and along the bottom runs a tract of meadows, through which flows the river Stour, close to Chartham churchyard, and having passed the city of Canterbury, empties itself into the sea a little below Sandwich, which is about twelve miles from these downs.

" About a year ago, in stubbing a bank, in order to widen one of the roads which run across these downs, the workmen lighted on a human skeleton, almost entire, lying in a trench cut out of the solid chalk (whereof the whole soil of this place consists), and covered lightly over with the chalk rubbish and about two feet of common mould above it, which is also found to about the same depth in all the neighbouring ground, before you come to the chalk rock.^

" This accident raised the curiosity of Mr. Fagg to open some barrows, or tumuli sepulchrales, which stand very close to one another all along the top of the hill, to the number of a hundred;^ and which by the inliabitants of the country, and in the ancient deeds of Mr. Fagg's estate, are called the ' Dane's Banks'.

" By the road-side, where the skeleton was found, stood three fair barrows, all in a row, each about twenty-three feet in diameter, but not above three feet in perpendicular height ; the rain, probably, having in the course of several ages diminished their height, and somewhat increased their basis, by the mould washing down on all sides.

1 [Dr. Mortimer's account has been printed in known is Chartham Down ; Swerdling Down being

the Nenia Britannica. So far as it is a narration that which lies opposite to a farm in the valley,

of facts it is valuable ; and therefore is introduced called Swerdling, and between it and Iffin's or Iven's

here verbatim. But I have thought it right, in a Wood, which is situate at the top of the opposite

work of this kind, to omit the conjectural portion, hill. Sir William Fagg, however, says that the

which Douglas pronounces to be " too puerile for a right name of the spot in question is Kenville Down ;

comment." This omission will render most of as is also all the down land between this place and

Faussett's censures on the errors of Mortimer need- Swerdling Down properly so called. — B. F.

less ; and while this omission does not deprive our ^ The chalk, in general, is much nearer the sur-

volume of one word of the journal of facts, it keeps face than two feet, and in some places within a few

it clear of a discussion of a very superfluous kind, inches of it. — B. F.

from which no information can be gained. — Ed.] * The number of them does not exceed, if it

2

The name by which this down is most commonly amount to, so many as eighty. — B. F.

CHARTHAM DOWN. 163

" On opening the top, they found in these, as in all the others, somewhat more than a foot of common earth ; then chalk rubbish for about two feet, which was easily removed with a spade. But when they came to the level of the basis, or a little lower, they found the natural soil to be solid chalk, in which was hewn a trench about eight feet long, two broad, and one and a half deep, and commonly running nearly east and west. This trench seemed to have supplied the place of a coffin' to the deceased. The bones of one person (sometimes the skeleton nearly whole and entire), with the head to the west, lying at the bottom of them; in some with large flint stones ranged on each side the body, in order, I suppose, to keep the earth from pressing on the corpse;^ and all the rest was filled with chalk rubbish, lightly flung in, so that even now it could be removed by the hands. And in case, at the first opening of a barrow, they did not light on the trench, the easy working of the loose chalk rubbish was a certain guide to bring the workmen into the trench where the body lay.

" The barrow a, in the plan (the middlemost of the three), was the first Mr. Fagg pitched upon to open. When they had got down to about half the depth of the trench, they found among the loose rubbish a beautiful Roman fibula.^ It consists of a plate of silver, one and seven-tenths of an inch in diameter, and one-tenth of an inch thick on the foreside ; round the margin, it hath a circle, alternately smooth and corded, half an inch together. Within this is another, but flat, circle, on which are some blind remains of an indented line ; round the inside of this runs a small corded wire of gold, and all the space within this cord is a plate of gold of one inch and a quarter diameter. It is closely studded with smaR circles of that corded wire, which some may call roses, but in reality, exactly resemble the dust of the flower of the hollyhock when seen through a microscope. In the centre, is an hemisphere of ivory of half an inch diameter, with a socket in the middle, in which probably was set some small stone. Eound this is a circle of thin plates of gold, with four rays, like a star, all set with garnets, having a triangular piece of lapis lazuli at the extremity of every point, and a seirdcircular piece of the same stone at the basis of every ray close to the ivory hemisphere. In the middle, between each ray on the golden plate, stands a circle of gold, holding a small hemisjjhere of a quarter of an inch diameter, in the middle of which is a socket, in one whereof is still remaining a round garnet, and in another, the foil which is used under all these garnets, Avhich is a thin plate of gold, with lines across it, so that it somewhat resembles a smith's file. On the back side was a lump of rusty iron, which had been the setting on of the tongue of the fibula, which was usually of iron, because that metal is the most springy, which was a necessary condition in order to make it hold the firmer when hasped under the hook, which is also to be seen on this side. I have seen one of these tongues and fibula entire, where the tongue was not moveable on a hinge, as in our common buckles, but was riveted into the plate, and then made

' It seems from this expression as if, at this but I found the skeleton thus arched over with

digging, no notice was taken, or suspicion enter- flints. — B. F.

tained, of the bodies having been buried in coffins ; '•' Several of this sort are to be found in my In-

but that by far the major part of those skeletons ventorium Sepulchrale, na.mely, A.sh,Nos. 19,27,41,

which I afterwards moved were thus interred, may 42, 62, 67, 69, 70, 76, 81, 87; Kingston, Nos. 15, 161,

be seen in the subsequent account of my digging 205, 299; Sibertswold, No. 101 ; Barfriston, No. 6.

here. — B. F. These fibulas were, all of them, found in the graves

- I scarcely ever opened a grave in a chalky soil, of women and children only. — B. F.

164 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

two or three spiral circumvolutions, ia order to give it the stronger spring. This is delineated in several fibula; in tab. 28, torn, iii, of Montfaucon's Antiquities ; and in tab. 29, is represented a round plated fibula, with a star upon it, somewhat resembling ours.

" At the bottom of the trench lay some remains of bones, but mostly mouldered away ; none were so whole as to know what bones they were, and they all seemed to have been burnt.'

" At the head, the workmen struck against a glass urn,- which they broke before they were aware. But then turning over the rubbish carefully, they found, close by the first, another glass urn of a yellowish green colour, two inches and a quarter wide at top, three inches and a half in the belly, and two inches and a half at bottom. From the brim of it goes a spiral cord in the glass, which goes round it several times, descending almost imperceptibly to the belly, when it crosses the bottom four times, in form of a figure of 8, and terminates in the centre. The urn had at first a fragrant smell, as if some sweet gums had been put into it. There were no bones or resemblance of ashes in either of them, but a white impalpable powder clodded together, with several small micce or shining particles among it, not unlike talc. All the inside of the ui-n was coated over with a thin skin, reflecting all the colours of the iris. This is usually fovmd adhering to ancient glass which hath laid several ages buried deep under- ground ; and is likewise found upon some petrifactions of shells, which, according to the opinions of some, have been lodged in the earth ever since the universal deluge, and is called by some antiquaries electrum, by others, the armatura.

" Near to the broken urn, or perhaps contained in it, were a small round turquoise stone and two pendants, like those of our modern car-rings ; being garnets set in gold. One of them, nearly oval, only ending in a point at top, being five-eighths of an inch long and half an inch broad ; the other oval, five-eighths of an inch long and half an inch broad ; which stone being out of the socket, plainly discovers the foil it had under it (as before described), and a sort of grey paste which filled up the back of the socket.

"With these was also found a piece of gold, six-tenths of an inch in diameter, consisting of four gold corded wires, forming so many circles within each other, and closed in the middle with a cross of the same wire. On one side was fastened a shank of gold, a quarter of an inch long, with a hole through it ; and a gold pin an inch long, with a small chain an inch long fastened to it. I imagine this must be one side of a clasp to fasten some garment, and that there ■was such another piece of gold with two shanks, which fitted into this ; and so the pin going through all three of them, fastened to one edge of the garment to prevent the pin being lost. There was besides found a spherical crystal ball one and a half inch diameter, not well polished nor clear, having several flaws in it.

' This is certainly a mistake. I was myself pre- trenches were found to lay regular and straight ; and

sent at the opening of all these tumuli ; and being if so, how could the bodies have been burnt, that

then but about ten j'ears of age, the strangeness of is, after the Roman manner of burning the dead ?

the thing made, as is natural, so strong an impres- Besides, if, as the Doctor tells us, they were mostly

sion upon my memory that, at this day, I perfectly mouldered away, must not that " mouldering away"

recollect every particular, and am very certain that have taken away with it all marks of the fire ? — B. F. noiieof the bones were then supposed to have had the - These glass urns are found indiscriminately in

least appearance of having passed the fire. But the graves of men, women, and children ; but chiefly

all the skeletons which lav in the bottoms of the in those of women and children. — B. F.

CHARTHAM DOWN. 165

"And lastly, in this grave was found part of a very thin helmet or skull-cap ;^ as I believe, only for an ornament, or a defence against the weather ; there was some lining in it, coarse, and of a dark brown colour. The metal seemed, by its pale colour, to be a mixture of copper and brass. On one part of the margin were the remains of a hinge. The cap was not thicker than a common card ; its diameter was six inches and a half, and its depth one inch and three quarters.

" In the barrow b was found an urn of red earth, tlu'ee and a half inches wide at top, six inches in the belly, and three inches and three-quarters at the bottom ; and in a large black urn there were some burnt bones.^ In the urns were ashes mixed with chalk. No arms were found here.

" In the barrow c were found two urns of black earth ; one of them had a round lid on, flat on one side, and a little rounding on the other. These urns were broken and their contents spilt.

" In the barrow D, which was much larger than either of the former, there was found only a black urn, and so rotten that it could not be taken up whole.

" In the barrow e was found a piece of gold, one inch and a quarter in diameter, with a corded wire round the edge of it, and an eye, by which it seems to have been hung to something. On the piece itself are chased out several odd figures ; perhaps the characters belonging to some angel or spirit ; and that this piece of gold was worn hanging from the neck upon the breast, as an amulet or charm to keep away evil spirits, and may have been buried with the dead for the same purpose.^ Along with this were also found four amethyst beads and several brass pins one inch and a half long, with round flat heads, through which are round flat holes ; then the pin is round for half an inch, and after that spreads out a little, having a ridge along the middle three- quarters of an inch long, which falls oS" to an edge on each side and tapers to a point. These, I believe, were fastened by a loop through the eye to the edge of the garment, and were used to fasten the garment together by running them through it, as we do common pins.'' There is one piece exactly like the others, except that, instead of ending in a point, it ends in a cross ; and

' I am fully persuaded that what Dr. Mortimer the same burial-ground, nay, in the same grave, as

here calls a helmet or skull-cap, is, in fact, nothing here. It is a manifest proof that the ground was

more than a small brass basin or pan. I have found put to that use for a great number of years, perhaps

several such vessels, of different sizes : they are for ages. — B. F.

usually found standing on a trivet of the same ^ It was an ornament, or pendant, for a woman's

metal. These vessels are seldom found but in neck, I have several, both of gold and silver ; all

women's graves. See Ash, Nos. 8, 19; and Kings- found in women's or children's graves. — B. F.

ton, Nos. 76 and 205. What the Doctor calls the * I have found many such ; and from frequent

remains of a hinge, is, in truth, only the remains and careful observation, I have, long since, plainly

of a loop, in which a ringle had hung by way of discovered that they used to be hung in clusters, as

handle. — B. F. it were, to the ends of small iron chains, which

- I make no doubt, but that the large black urn were fi.xed to the women's waists, pretty much in was an ossuary, or bone urn, which had been dis- the same manner as scissors, etc., are now-a-days turbed and broken, it is likely, in digging the grave worn. They seemed to have served for many dif- fer the person last interred. The other urns were ferent uses, such as ear-pickers, tooth-pickers, bod- no more than what are very frequently met with in kins, nail-parers, etc. These are never found in the graves with slveletons. It is no uncommon men's graves. — B. F. thing to find cremation and humation practised in

166 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

such at] other was found in a lump of several of them, cemented together by the rust of some adjacent iron. There are two such other lumps of several joined together by rust ; and in each of them there appears a pin, which, instead of a cross, hath something at the end in form of a small battle-axe.' Here were, likewise, found several pieces of brass in form of a small barrel, three- quarters of an inch long, joined at one end to a flat piece of brass, two inches long, a quarter of an inch over where it joins to the barrel, and three-quarters of an inch wide at the other end, where are remains of hinges. What these could be I cannot imagine, never having heard of any such thing being found anywhere before, nor any description given of them in any book I have met with."

" In the barrow F, which was one of the largest of all, being full thirty feet diameter at the basis, and near six feet in perpendicular height, were found several bones, as if many bodies had been buried there." And among the bones, some were the shin bones of horses, but lying in the common mould, which in this barrow was four or five feet deep : they were almost all perished. At the bottom was a larger trench than is usual in the chalk, in which lay some few bones, but none entire. Here were also found several pieces of rotten wood, and some nails clenched with wood adhering ; and two plates of iron, with broad-headed rivets at each end, and some wood adhering to them. Near to these I found two brass nails with round heads, standing close together and riveted through a piece of wood, which fell to pieces as soon as handled.

" In all the rest of the barrows which have been opened (to the number of about twenty), there was nothing particular observed. They were, all of them, nearly of the same depth ; and in each of them a single skeleton entire, lying with the head toward the west and the feet toward the east. About the waist of the skeletons were found, in several barrows, two, three, or four silver buckles,* about half an inch broad ; and to some, part of the straps is still adhering. Among the leather which was found here there is one piece about half an inch broad, very nicely punched in form of lozenges. The shank of one of the small silver buckles, whereby it was fastened on to the leather, is set with small garnets set in gold. There were also two or three silver staples, to pass the end of the leather strap under, when it was buckled.

^ I have one of the exact shape of a woodman's at that which hes at the bottom of the trench ; and

bill. See Kingston, No. 13 (pi. 12, fig. 7). — B. F. very probable reasons for their being there found

" The use of these pieces of brass was, as I have may easily be given, without having recourse to the

likewise plainly discovered, to hang the above men- supposition that the persons there buried were slain

tioned little brass instruments to, namely, at that in battle. Why, for instance, may not such tumuli

part or end, which the Doctor calls the hinge, have been the burying-places of some particular

from which they depended by little iron chains. I families ? Or, perhaps, common sepulchres for the

imagine they had a hook or hole at the other end, lower sort of people ? Add to these the great dif-

by which they were suspended from, or connected ficulty of sinking graves in so hard a soil as rock

with, the girdle. They are rarely to be met with ; chalk ; which may have been an inducement to the

though chains for the same use, without them, are digging of them in the already raised tumuli. —

very common. I have hitherto found but three of B. F.

them, namely, at Ash, No. 76 ; and at Kingston, * I have found a great many small buckles of

Nos. 60 (pi. 12, fig. 2), and No. 142 (pi. 12, fig. 4). this sort and shape, but all of brass ; of which

I never found any of these in any other graves but metal I take these mentioned here to be, for I have

in those of women. — B. F. often examined them. They are chiefly found in

' It is by no means an unusual thing to meet women's and children's graves, and near the middle

with the bones of several skeletons before we arrive of the skeletons. — B. F.

CHARTHAM DOWN. 167

" A copper buckle, one inch broad, with a shank two inches long, has a very particular contrivance of a round piece joined to the hinge of the tongue, by which means the tongue cannot be lifted up, but the ring part must be depressed in order to pass the leather through.

" In another tumulus were found a pair of square brass hinges, two and a half inches long and one inch broad.' In others were found rings of silver wire of about three-quarters of an inch diameter. One of them had a blue glass bead, half an inch diameter, on it. A silver pin two inches long, with a rivet at each end ; and with these a small silver hook.

" In all the tumuli, except those where the urns were found, were several pieces of rusty iron ; most of them so much decayed that it was impossible to ascertain^ what they were. In two barrows were found two heads of spears pretty entire ; one of them is six inches and a half long and one inch and three-quarters broad at the head, the shank seven inches long, wherein some wood was still remaining. The other is eight inches long and two inches broad. They lay even with the heads of the skeletons on the right side ; and, by some small splinters of rotten wood, seem to have been laid in the right hand of the corpses.

" Among the rubbish, in another, was found the head of a javelin seven inches long and two inches broad, the shank six inches long with the wood in it. As, likewise, the head of an arrow, two inches long and one inch broad ; and the shank, in which was some wood, two inches long. And, besides these, several pieces of rusty iron, not so entire, but yet whole enough to know that they were parts of the like weapons.' One of them, which ends in a round sharp point, was probably the bottom or ferule of a spike.

" In others were found blades of knives, in shape like our common penknives, having thick backs and sharp points with strait edges. The biggest, beside what went into the handle, is five inches long and one inch broad : the smallest, three inches long and half an inch broad.

" There were also found a piece of iron, round at top, two inches and a half long and one inch and a half broad, in form like a modern spatula, with two holes in it ; and part of a small iron handle, two inches long.^

" In another was found a pair of iron shears, eleven inches long, like those our cloth- dressers use.^

" In two others were found, lying at the head of the skeleton, two bosses or umboes of shields : one of them is an almost exact hemisphere, six inches in diameter, with a sjiikc in the centre. The brim is turned up half an inch, in which are the remains of four rivets by which it

' These hinges are never found but in the graves what they were; their substantial make and form

of women and children. They belonged to little enabling them to withstand the injuries of time and

wooden chests, or boxes, like our modern tea-chests, rust much longer than almost anything of the same

which were placed at the feet of the deceased. — metal usually met with in such researches. — B. F.

B. F. * The former is a bolt of a lock that has lost one

- Among these pieces of rusty iron are (for they of its ends ; the latter is one of the handles fixed

are still preserved at Mystole) three or four, which upon the lids of small boxes. — B. F.

I have discovered to be the bolts of the locks of ^ These shears are never found but in women's

boxes. See A.sh, No. 42 ; Kingston, Nos. 142, 169, graves: though I have several of them, I never

20.5 ; Sibertswold, Nos. 10, 69, 151, 180.— B. F. found any so long as eleven inches ; they are usually

^ I take this to be mere conjecture. I never yet between five and seven inches in length. They

found any heads of any of these weapons so cor- appear to have hung by slender chains from the

roded, but that they were plainly to be kno\vn for waist. — B. F.

168 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

■was fastened to the shield. Near this were found several nails with heads one inch and a half broad, and which had been evidently riveted into wood ; whence I conclude that the whole shield was of wood, closely studded' with three broad-headed nails, which stood so close that their heads touched each other. The other umbo is conical, five inches high and five and a half inches diameter, with the brim turned up half an inch, wherein were the remains of three rivets.

" Among the rubbish of several tumuli, were found parts of ordinary fibulas without plates.^ These consist of a semicircle and a tongue, joined together by a hinge at one end and a hook at the other, under which the tongue is to be hitched.

" There were besides several fragments of iron, which seemed to be parts of such like things. On the rust of one was the impression of the threads of some coarse linen. Another had an iron ring and an eye ; and one was rusty iron enclosed in decayed wood : to one a small cockle-shell was adhering. With these was dug up an iron hook two inches and a half long, resembling the hook of a sword now in use.

" And, lastly, we found two iron buckles, like those we wear with buff belts ; one of them is one inch and a quarter broad, and is of an oval shape ; the other is one inch and three quarters broad, and hath square corners.

" In some of these graves we lighted on glass beads, about the size of peas, red, green, and white ; and one larger, made of brick, red striped with yellow. In another were some pieces of blue glass : in another a single amethyst bead. In most of them were pieces of charcoal.^ No medals were found.

" The skeletons were very entire ; but the small bones would not bear removing. The heads were mostly whole ; and the jaws full of sound teeth. One of the skulls seemed crushed, as if a cart wheel had gone over it : another had a sliver off it, by which means there were four holes, of about an inch diameter, cut through the os occtjntis."

Having now gone through with my remarks^ on Dr. Mortimer's manuscript account, I shall next give a true and faithful relation of my own digging here, in the year 1773, when, by my friend Sir William Fagg's permission, I examined all the rest of these tumuli. In doing which, I shall make use of my usual method in

' I have no reason to think tliey were set so thick others, wherever I have yet dug. The end pro-

on the shield as the Doctor imagines. I never met posed by burning them was to make them more

with above five to an umbo. — B. F. durable. — B. F.

- For an entire one, sec Crundale, No. 9. — B.F. * [All the remarks of Mr. Faussett which could

' What the Doctor took for charcoal, was certainly be supposed to explain, confirm, or correct Dr.

nothing more than the remains of such of the coffins Mortimer's account of his excavations, are inserted,

as had, us usual, passed the fire. And I make no Some repetitions only are omitted; and (as I ob-

doubt, but that; if he had thought of such a thing, served before), the observations in contravention to

he might have plainly discovered that by far the the theory of the Doctor, who endeavoured to prove

greatest part, if not the whole, of the skeletons were the Chartham graves contained the remains of

actually buried in coffins, or troughs, of wood ; as Roman soldiers under Julius Csesar, who fell in a

I myself did in this very place, and indeed in all conflict with the Britons. — En.]

CHARTHAM DOWN. 169

numbering every one of them, exactly in the same order in which they were opened, and give an inventory of the contents of each.

Chartham Down, October 5th, 1773.

1. A very small tumulus. The grave was about two feet and a half deep from the natural surface of the ground. The skeleton lay with its feet to the east ; the bones were almost gone. It was very manifest that the deceased had been buried in a wooden coffin, which had passed the fire. Nothing was found, except the blade of a knife (as pi. 15, fig. 10) ; and a small iron buckle (as Gilton, No. 1).

2. Small tumulus ; very shallow and rather short grave. The bones pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a knife, as before.

3. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

4. Middle-sized, or rather large tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had been pretty thick, and had passed the

fire. Near the skull were two brass pins, with round heads ; and a small piece of rusty iron, to Avhich some very fine linen cloth adhered. Near the left hip was the blade of a knife, as before ; and in getting down, was found a sherd of a coarse black urn.

5. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

6. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

7. Pretty large tumulus ; grave near four feet deep. Bones almost gone; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but tlie blade of a knife, as Actualize. before.

8. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones almost all decayed, except the jaws, which were very sound and perfect, and full of regular and sound teeth ; the skull was quite decayed. The coffin had passed the fire. There was nothing but a broken large bead of brick earth.

9. Under the same tumulus, and close on the left hand of the last mentioned skeleton, were the bones of a very young person, or of a largish child ; they were pretty much decayed ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the neck, to Avhich, I believe, it had been pendent, was a cross of silver. In the centre of it is a globule, or hemisphere, of silver, set in a socket of gold (pi. 11, fig. 17) ;' and near it were

' [This elegant pendent ornament is engraven, but not accurately, in the Nenia Brilannica, p. 67. — En.]

Z

170 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

two silver rings with sliding knots (as pi. 11, fig. 21); and three small glass and earthen beads of different colours, as usual. This was certainly the grave of a female.

10. A low, but broad tumulus ; the grave was about two feet and a half deep. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the right hip were

two small silver things, which I take to have been a

^■© '" 0;'| i'o ^^""""^o^ PfiiJ* of clasps;' a pair of small iron shears (as pi. 15,

\)iiii«»««a!!iSii5£| LsfflSfflj^^Bmai/ ^g_ 26) ; and a piece of doubled brass, which I take

to have been fastened to the end of a strap ; it had leather in its bite. The clasps also had leather and linen adhering to the under parts of them, to which they had been fastened by six [three ]] small silver rivets, each.

11. Under the same tumulus, and on the left hand of the last mentioned skeleton. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the left hip was the blade of a knife, of the same shape as those already mentioned, but somewhat larger ; and an iron buckle (as Gilton, No. 1) ; and at the right side, near the foot, was an iron spike, as of a staff, about two inches long.

1 2. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

13. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones of a child, almost gone. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

14. Pretty large tumulus ; the grave was full five feet and a half deep, and four feet broad. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin appeared to have been very thick, and much burnt. Near the neck were a silver pendant, in which is set an amethyst (pi. 7, fig. 8); a like amethyst, unset; two silver rings, on each of which were strung two small beads (pi. 7, fig. 12); one other silver ring, on which was strung one larger, flatfish, blue bead (pi. 7, fig. 16) : these were worn as ear- rings. Here were also two longish, cylindrical, six-sided, green and yellow flowered beads. These last crumbled to pieces soon after they had been exposed to the air. The skeleton lay in a trench in the bottom of the grave, very neatly hewn out of the rock chalk, and adapted to the size of the coffin.

N.B. — The above mentioned tumuli were all of them on the north side of the shallow trench which extends from east to west across this end of the burial-ground. We still proceeded from north-west to south-east, towards the old hollow road.

15. A middle-sized, irregular, tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but the blade of a

^ [They were, more probably, attacbed to the ends of a band or girdle. — Ed.]

CHAETHAM DOWN. 171

knife and an iron buckle, as before. Part of the horn of a calf, and bones of some other animal, were found in cutting through the tumulus.

Chartham Down, October 13, 1773.

16. Large tumulus ; grave nearly six feet deep. The bones Avere almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the right knee were two brass armillse linked together (pi. 16, figs. 11 and 13) ; and a small brass key} A woman's grave.

17. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the neck was a pin or a piece of iron wire, an inch and a half long, and near the left hip was the blade of a knife.

18. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones pretty perfect; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing, but the blade of a knife.

19. Middle-sized tumulus; grave two feet and a half deep. The bones were pretty perfect ; the skull had the frontal suture. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

20. Small tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. No appearance of a coffin. Nothing, but the blade of a knife. In digging through the tumulus was found part of the under jaw-bone of an ox, or of some such animal.

21. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones of a child, almost gone; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

22. Under the same tumulus ; contents as No. 21.

23. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing. Some oyster-shells were found in the earth which composed the tumulus.

24. Very large tumulus ; grave about six feet deep, four feet wide, and full eight feet long. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

25. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Near the hips an iron buckle, with some coarse cloth adhering to it.

26. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Near the right hip Avas a brass instrument, seven inches in length and three-quarters of an inch broad at the upper end, which I take

' [The armilla; and key are both of Roman fabric. — Ed.]

172 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

to be a stylus scriptoriiis (pi. 12, fig. 8) ;^ an iron buckle, as before ; and the blade of a knife, as before. The stylus had much leather adhering to it, which I imagine was the remains of its sheath: see Sibertswold, No. 151.

27. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

28. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

29. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing, but the blade of a knife.

30. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

31. Small tumulus; grave about two feet deep. Bones pretty perfect; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing.

32. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

33. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about two feet deep. Bones almost gone; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing : some bones of a sheep, or some such animal, were found among the earth which composed the tumulus.

34. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave nearly three feet deep. The bones were almost

gone ; no appearance of any coffin. Between the left hip and knee of the skeleton lay a sort of an iron chain, consisting of four links, each in the shape of a figure of 8. At each end of the chain is a ringle. To one of these ringles hangs a long twisted hook, eight inches in length ; to the other ringle hangs another twisted hook, about seven inches long ; and a smaller hook, or broken link (for I cannot tell which), two inches and three-quarters long. The links are about three-eighths of an inch in diameter. The two long hooks are about half an inch, and the short one about a quarter of an inch in diameter ; the ringles are about two inches over. The whole is about two feet eight inches long (pi. 15, fig. 22).- There was also found the hlade of a knife, in shape not much unlike a pruning - knife. This grave was close to the side of the

4i inches long; -.

3 of an in. broad. rOaCl.

' [This certainly would appear to be what Mr. he has called a stylus. — Ed.] Faussett terms it, a style for writing ; but it is very - [This implement appears to have been a hanger

different from the pin found at Sibertswold, which and hooks for suspending pots over a fire. — Ed.]

CHARTHAM DOWN. 173

Chartham Down, October 21st, 1773.

35. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were pretty perfect. Nothing.

N.B. — The four following were between the hollow road and Sir William Fagg's new road.

36. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones disturbed ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

37. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. Bones disturbed. Nothing.

38. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones disturbed. Nothing.

39. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave not much above two feet deep. Bones of a child, almost gone. Nothing but the head of an arrow ^ or of a small jrilum. It was certainly a toy.

N.B. — The ten following were on the south-east side of Sir William Fagg's new road.

40. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave two feet and a half deep. Bones pretty perfect ; no appearance of a tumulus. Nothing.

41. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about two feet and a half deep. ''^ length. '" Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing but a small iron buckle, as before.

42. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. The coffin had passed the fire ; the bones were almost gone. Nothing, but the blade of a knife. The bones of two skeletons, lying in all directions, were found in getting down : doubtless they were disturbed at the interment of the last buried person, whose remains lay in the bottom of the grave.

43. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about two feet and a half deep. Bones almost gone ; the coffin had passed the fire. Nothing but an iron buckle, which had some coarse linen cloth adhering to it ; and the blade of a knife.

44. ]\Iiddle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones pretty perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire, and appeared to have been pretty thick. Near the neck was a silver pin, having a small garnet, set in a golden socket, on each side of its head, which is flattened longitudinally (pi. 12, fig. 18) ; a blue bead, strung on a twisted gold wire (pi. 7, fig. 3). I take this to have been a pendent ornament for the neck. Near the right hip was the blade of a knife ; at the feet were the remains

174

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

of a wooden box ; and among them were tv}0 brass hinges and hvo brass hasps; a brass

instrument, which I take to have been a kind of whistle ;' much burnt wood like charcoal ; and a great many oyster shells were found in getting down. This certainly was

a woman s grave.

Half the actual size.

45, A very small and low tumulus ; grave not much more than a foot deep. Bones of a child, almost gone ; no appearance of any coffin. Nothing., but a small blade of a knife.

46. No tumulus. This grave, which was found by means of the probe, was very shallow. It contained the bones of a child, which were almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. At the feet was a small black urn of coarse earth, capable of containing about a quarter of a pint

(pi. 20, fig. 8). It was a little broken in getting it out.

47. No tumulus ; the grave was about one foot and a half deep. The bones of a grown-up person, pretty perfect ; the coffin had passed the fire. Here were two small brass buckles, one of which has a brass shank ; and the blade of a knife.

48. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones almost gone ; no appearance of a coffin. At the feet Avere the remains of a small wooden cup or bowl, with arming or ornaments of silver gilded (pi. 16, fig. 7): see Sibertswold, No. 69.

49. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones were pretty perfect ; no appearance of a coffin. Nothing.

N.B. — The four following, though placed last in this inventory (owing to my having mislaid the paper which contained them), were opened by me, so long ago as the 13th of April, 1764.

50. Small tumulus ; the grave, which was about three feet deep, contained two skeletons, the bones of both pretty perfect. The skull of the lowermost (for they lay one upon the other), which, from its make and having the frontal suture, seemed to be that of a woman, was very remarkably deformed ; the forehead standing almost rectangular with the occiput ; and the distance between the forehead and it on the left side being but little more than half the distance which was between them on the right side. The teeth of both were very firm and regular, but much worn, as of elderly persons : no appearance of any coffins. Nothing.

' [See Kingston, No. 299 ; and Sibertswold, Nos. Mr. Faussett calls " a whistle" may have been a 24 and 151. I have previously suggested that what kind of padlock. — Ed.]

CHARTHAM DOWN. 175

51. Middle-sized tumulus; grave about four feet and a half deep. The bones were pretty perfect ; the cofRn had passed the fire, and appeared to have been very thick, particularly at the head and feet. Nothing was found here, except the sherds of at least two ossuaries, or bone urns, of very coarse black earth ; and a smaller one of coarse red earth. This last was almost Avhole, and Avoukl have contained a pint. The sherds of the ossuaries were carefully placed one within another, and lay all in a heap together. We found also many scattered pieces of burnt human bones, dispersed here and there ; particularly part of an upper jaw, with seven firm teeth in it ; and among the sherds of the ossuaries was a round lump of bits of bones, wood coals, and ashes, which seemed to form a kind of cement or mortar, arising, I suppose, from the calcination of the bones and the moisture of the earth. The ossuaries, no doubt, Avere disturbed and broken, and their contents spilt and scattered, either by the persons Avho first raised this tumulus, they having, as I suppose, either destroyed some adjacent tumuli for this purpose, or scooped off the neighbouring turf and mould so deep as to disturb them, and then thrown the turf, mould, urns, and all, indiscriminately into the heap which composed the tumulus ; or (as I have often suggested before) they might very probably have been destroyed in digging the grave for the corpse whose remains we found here interred.^ They were found in the grave, and about half way down. In digging through the tumulus, we found many of the bones and one horn of some animal, which we judged to have been a calf of about two years old ; and some oyster shells.

52. Middle-sized tumulus ; grave about three feet deep. Bones almost gone ; no appearance of any coffin. Nothing.

53. Small tumulus ; grave about two feet deep. The bones of two children, almost gone ; no appearance of any coffin. Nothing.

Thus have I, as I proposed, gone through with my remarks and observations on Dr. Mortimer's manuscript ; and also given a true and faithful account of my opening of such of the tumuli in this place as remained unexamined by him. And I flatter myself, that on candidly considering the several circumstances, not only the gross improbability, but the absolute impossibility, of these downs having been the spot where Csesar first encountered the Britons, will be apparent to every one who is not determined with the Doctor to persist in an error. For though each and every one of the following particulars, namely, the too great distance of this spot from any place where Ca;sar has ever been supposed to have landed ; the women's boxes, trinkets, ornaments, and utensils (which exactly correspond with many such found by

' [See Gilton, No. 15, and note 1, p. 'J.— En.]

176 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

me at different places, and all in women's graves) ; the skeletons of children also discovered here ; the small number of persons buried here ; the surprisingly small number of weapons ; and the bodies being all deposited at their full length ; and many, if not all, of them in coffins ; are of themselves abundantly sufficient to contradict and disprove so absurd an opinion. Yet the silver cross (found by me, and described at No. 9 in this Inventory) puts the matter out of all doubt. But the Doctor's misfortune was, to have been so strongly prejudiced in favour of this darling hypothesis, that, I believe, if he had happened even to have discovered this cross, it would not have changed his opinion with regard to Caesar and the Britons. Nay, I much question, if the owner of the trinkets, etc., found in the tumulus marked a, had appeared to him, and positively assured him that she really was not Q. Laberius Durus, but a mere woman, whether he would not have called her " a lying baggage", and have told her he knew better. I have, however, now and then, been a little apt to suspect that he could not be quite serious in what he has advanced. But I choose rather to ascribe his fondness for so unsupportable an hypothesis to the strength and warmth of his imagination, than to any desire, either of making a show of his skill and knowledge in antiquity, or of trying how far he could imjx)se upon the credulity of others.

TREMWORTH DOWN, 1855.

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME ANTIQUITIES DUG UP AT A PLACE CALLED

TREMWORTH DOWN, IN THE PARISH OF CRUNDALE, IN

THE COUNTY OF KENT, in the yeaks 1757 and 1759,

BY ME Br. FaL'SSETT.

EING on a visit (13th of June, 1757) to my very worthy friend the Eev. Mr. Edmund Filmer, rector of Crundale, near Wye, in Kent, and recollecting that Dr. Harris in his Ilisto

'@y \i^J(f^f recollecting tnat Ur. Marris in liis JJiston/ of Kent mentions some urns, etc., having been found at a place called Trem worth Down, in this parish, I desired Mr. Filmer to show me the spot ; and accordingly in the evening Ave took a walk thither.

When we came to the place, I could discover notliing, except the situation,' which had the least appearance of an ancient burial-ground ; no tumuli were to be seen ; but, on the contrary, the whole surface (except where it had been opened before) was as plain and as level as the side of a liigli road on an open down usually

' [The vignette, from a sketch taken in the spring of the present year, will convey a correct notion of the scene of the explorations here recorded.

The Crundale division, though placed last in this volume, stands first in Mr. Faussett's Journal, as the excavations preceded, by some few years, those at Gilton. The transposition was suggested by the nature of the remains discovered, which chiefly belong to the Roman epoch ; and therefore are not,

in a general point of view, so novel and important as the Saxon. It will be seen, however, as the reader advances towards the conclusion, that some very interesting facts are disclosed, which greatly increase the archieological value of the discoveries at Crundale. It will be perceived that in close proximity with the Roman graves were some Saxon interments (see note 1, page 9). Some other pecu- liarities will also be noted. — Ed.]

A A

178 INVENTOKIUM SEPULCHRALE.

is ; only it appeared as if some earth had, at one time or other, been thrown upon it out of the road, which had raised it a little higher than the natural soil.

Dr. Harris is, however, so very particular as to the spot, from a very plain account of a former digging there, which he had from the Rev. Mr. Richard Forster, formerly rector of Crundale, and who was present at the said digging, that it was impossible to mistake the place. The account which Dr. Harris gives from Mr. Forster, is in the following words : —

" The hill west from Crundale church being of the same natural (that is, chalky) soil, hath preserved the larger bones of many bodies, in all probability, for a great number of ages : there being a British, or rather, a Roman or Saxon sepulture (determine it who can) on Tremworth Down, against the place where the road comes out of Warren AVood,' where the bodies are all buried with their feet westward.

" The first discovery hereof was made in the year 1703, by a person walking down the hill in the waggon-way, which, by cause of its descent, is by usual deterration worn hollow. There he accidentally espied a skull in the side bank ; which bank being opened, showed a human skeleton, buried at its full length, and an urn of a lead coloured earth, and of the form of No. 1, which, indeed (as Dr. Plott observes, Nat. Hist. Oxford, p. 326), is of a figure so plainly Roman, that it needs no further proof who were its makers. This happened in my absence from home ; but being informed of it on my return, and the urn being given me, 1 afterwards took a careful view of the place ; and observed a little skull in the same bank ; and there also 1 found the skeleton of a child, and a small urn (No. 2) of reddish earth.

" The report of this discovery brought the Right Honourable Colonel Heneage Finch (now earl of Wiuchelsea), whose inquisitive genius inclines him to a curious search after antiquities (and of which he hath a nice relish, and is an excellent judge), to come and examine the place more narrowly ; which was done the same year ; and in digging, we found two bodies of persons full grown, and another of a child, lying side by side, without any urns with them. But in tumbling the earth, we picked up the fragments of a wide earthen pan, flat and shallow, (perhaps a libatory vessel, to hold either the blood or some other parts of the ancient sacrifices at funerals), which, being joined together, are represented by the figure of the vessel No. 3. In the evening, we opened another grave, but had not light to go to the bottom ; out of which 1 took the urn, or bottle (call it which you please), figured No. 4, and lying by the side of a full grown skeleton. The matter of it was fine red earth.

" And this last October, 1713, his lordship made another attempt; and we were so successful as to meet with a grave, after much digging, whose side walls and ends were of firm, close chalk, in its natural situation. This had three urns in it, two of which stood at the right side of the body, one by the skuU, the other by the shoulder (see Nos. 5 and 6). These stood,

' Warren Wood is supposed to contain about thoroughly acquainted with every part of it, and

seventy aci'es ; there are no remains or appearance among these, of the woodreve himself in particular ;

of any camp in it that I could hear of, though I and I was assured by them all, that there was

inquired of several different persons who were nothing of that sort there. — B. F.

CRUNDALE.

179

not perpendicular, but with their orifices dipping a little towards the east ; which position Mr. Moreton, in his History of Northamiitonshire, p. 530, observes some other ancient urns to have had. Though it is possible the ancients might have no regard to the quarters of the heavens, but merely to the situation of the earth, by laying the feet of the body downwards, with the declivity of the hill, as these were, and the urns leaning towards the head. The third urn (No. 7) was

placed by the left knee. The dimensions of these three were as follows : No. 5 was in height 5"1 inches ; the diameter of the orifice, within, was 1"1 inch; and of the foot, without, one inch only. The vessel. No. 6, was 3"4 inches high ; the diameter of the top, from out to out, was 3"25 inches ; and that of the bottom, 2"25 inches. No. 7 was in height four inches ; the diameter of the top, from out to out, 3'5 inches ; the bottom, TO inch. I did not measure the other three before I parted with them ; but, since, I find that No. 1 was about four inches and a quarter high ; No. 2, the least of all, three inches one line ; and No. 4, about six inches high. They are all now in the custody of the Earl of AVinchelsea above mentioned." Ilistorij of Kent, p. 89.

Thus far Mr. Forster's account of this place and of his success in digging here ; which I thouglit it woukl be proper for me to give a copy of, as I may by and bye have occasion to refer to it.

Crdndale, 14:TH June, 1757.

Finding from this account, and from the relation of tliis matter by the parish clerk (who happened to be one of the labourers employed to dig in the years 1703 and 1713, and is still living), that but a very few graves had been opened, and even those few in a less careful manner than a search after venerable antiquity required, I was determined to try my luck there the very next day. Having there- fore procured a sufficient number of labourers over night. I ordered the clerk to be

180 INVEKTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Avitli them on the s2:)ot early in the morning, but on no account to begin digging till I came to them. But they being over eager, could not, it seems, wait my coming ; but began at the distance of about four yards from the side or brink of the hollow road, westward, and beyond where the former openings had been made, which were only on the brink or side of the road.

1. They had not been long at work, before one of them found his tool sink into the ground Avith more ease than he expected, and, upon search, found that he had broken in pieces a large urn of black earth, full of burnt bones and ashes ; a patera, or sacrificing dish, of fine red earth ; and a small urn (or rather, cup), with a foot to it, of very thin white glass ; these were, as I said, all of them destroyed ; but as I looked upon the glass vessel to be a great curiosity, I gathered up as many fragments of it as I could find, and having with much pains joined them together in the best manner I could, have endea- voured to represent its exact shape. It holds, as near as I can OMefomk thllcfuai size guess, about three-quarters of a pint, wine measure.^ The large urn, or ossuary, I fancy, would have contained above a gallon ; but it was entirely mashed in pieces by the stroke it received, so that its shape could not be at all ascertained. Tlie patera of fine red earth was also too much broken to be joined ; but appeared to have been about eight inches in diameter, and one inch and a half deep ; it had a ring, or foot, at its bottom, and had the following inscription in raised letters impressed on tlie centre of its inside, namely, PRiMANi:- no doubt this was the name of the potter who made it. The words e.i' officina, or some such thing, being plainly to be understood.

2. About the same time, and within about two yards of these, another of the men struck his mattock into another nest of them, and entirely destroyed a large urn, or ossuary, of coarse, thick, black eartli. It would, I imagine, contain about a gallon, and was full of burnt bones, broken into small pieces, ashes, bits of wood- coal, and chalk. The latter had fallen into it, and lay on the top ; from whence we may infer, that if this urn had any cover to it at its interment, it must have been of some perishable substance. And, by the bye, this must have been tlie case with tliose hereafter mentioned, for we found nothing like a lid or cover to any of them, whether ossuaries or smaller ones. Here were also a patera of fine red earth ; and a long narrow-necked vessel of a bluisli coloured earth ; these were also, through

' [One of tlie finest collections of Roman glass engraved. — Ed.]

vessels (chiefly from burial-places), is that in the - [This potter's name occurs frequently upon the

museum of Boulogne sur-Mer. It contains some red glazed pottery found in this country and in

specimens very much resembling the variety here France and Germany. — Ed.]

CRUNDALE.

181

want of care or of more practice, entirely demolished. The patera seemed to have been exactly like that mentioned at No. 1, except that the impression in the centre of its inside was ivmvs.' The bottle, or narrow-necked vessel, had a small ear, or handle, on one side of the neck, like those hereafter described.

Mr. Filmer and I having been to look at some painted windows, etc.,~ at the ancient mansion-house belonging to the manor of Trem worth, did not arrive till all this mischief was done. I was much vexed at the misfortune, but could not blame the workmen for anything else but for their too great eagerness in beginning to dig before I came ; and, indeed, though I liad been present, the same accident would in all probability have happened, for as the surface was here entirely level and even, we had nothing at all to direct us where to dig, or where to forbear. However, in order to avoid, if possible, doing any more mischief of this sort, I made the workmen deepen the holes in which these urns were found, and afterwards enlarge them, by first undermining the earth all round, and then carefully taking down the earth so undermined, that so whatever we should find for the future would, as it were, fall unhurt into their hands, and not be so liable to be damaged by their tools.

3. But notwithstanding this precaution, one of the men (owing to his not undermining the ground deep enough) struck his spade against a patera of fine red earth, and broke it all to pieces. I immediately went down into the hole, and plainly saw the side of a large ossuary (fig. 1), for the patera hav- ing stood up edge-ways against it, on that i&W- ing to pieces, the side of the ossuary was left bare. After some time and much care, by the help of a strong knife, I got it out quite whole. It was full of burnt bones, etc., and is made of a

Fi;/. 1.

Height, 11 inches. Diameter, 9.J inches.

Fig 2. Height, 10 iuches. Diameter

' [This name also occurs on red Roman ware the ancient family of Kemp, to whom this marror found in France and in Germany. — Ed.] formerly belonged, but are now almost all of them

■ The paintings represented the coat armour of broken and demolished. — B. F.

182

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

coavsish lead-coloured earth ; it is big-bellied, and has a narrowish mouth and foot ; it holds seven quarts. Here was also a large bottle-like f esse/ (fig. 2, p. 181), with a narrow neck, and an ear, or handle, on the side of the neck ; it is made of a coarse reddish clay, and holds nearly five pints ; this I also got out whole, except that its lip, or mouth, is broken off ; but this accident seems to have happened to it before it was deposited, for the piece could not be found, nor did the fracture appear from tlie broken edges to have been fresh made. Here was also a very beautiful small tvrought urn of very fine red earth (fig. 3) ; it has a foot to it, and holds about a pint.' This Avas pretty much broken in getting it out, it having, I believe, partook of the blow which broke the patera, to which it stood next. I had almost forgot to mention, that this patera also Avas impressed with the same letters as that mentioned under No. 2, namely, ivnivs.

4. While I was thus employed, another of the labourers came with great pleasure to inform me, that he had found another nest of urns. He had so indeed ; but, in spite of my directions, by digging down upon them, instead of undermining

them, had broken the great urn, or ossuary, and a narrow-necked vessel ; but a j^afera of fine red earth (fig. 1) came out pretty entire, but was afterwards more broken by a fall ; it is seven inches diameter, one inch and three-eighths deep, and is im- pressed on the centre of its in- side with the following letters, as they seem, but they are very much rubbed, namely, sexti. m., that is, Scxti manu, as I take it. Here was also a small wn of tvhite earth, hlached over (fig. 2) ; this is quite whole, and will hold near a pint. The great urn, or ossuary, seemed to have been capable of containing near a gallon, and was about three-quarters full of the burnt bones and ashes of a young person, as appeared from the teeth, which we found in a pretty large portion of the under jaw, and also from the size and dimensions of such pieces of the bones

Fig. 1.

Diameter, 7 inches.

Depth, 1§ inch.

Height, -tf inches. Diam. 3j inches.

Fig. 3.

Height, 4| inches.

Diam. 4 inches.

' [This is one of the rarest kinds of Roman pot- tery we meet with, its peculiar characteristic being incuse foliated ornaments, very sharply and neatly cut. Two perfect varieties were found in the Roman cemetery of Neuville-le-Pollet, near Dieppe ; see the Abbe Cochet's Normandie Souterraine, pi. 2,

figs. 13 and 15. Fragments of similar vessels have also been found in London. The form of most, if not all, of the known examples appears to be the same as that of the Crundale specimen. The pot- ter's mark upon fig. 1, is of common occurrence. — Ed.]

CRUNDALE.

183

as were least broken ; for the bones in all these urns appear to have been broken, when they were put into thein, into much smaller pieces than one would think would be necessary in order to make the urn contain them. Amongst them was the skull of a rabbit, or of some other such animal, but as it was so mortared, as it were, among them, on my endeavouring to separate it from them, being very thin and tender, it came all in pieces. I had almost forgot to mention, that the last mentioned patera of red earth has a cross, made by some sharp pointed instrument, thus X, on its outside. Whether we may infer from hence that the ossuary contained the remains of a Christian, I will not pretend to determine ; but as I think these sacrificing vessels are rather a sure indication of the person interred having been a pagan, I guess that the x Avas only inscribed on this vessel to show, perhaps, that it had been sanctified, or made fit and proper for the libations, which at funerals were poured out of them to the Gods Manes, such as milk, wine, blood, etc.

5. Soon after this, we found another nest of them. The great urn, or ossuary, was already broken, perhaps by some heavy carriage having gone over it, for its mouth could not have been more than about ten inches under the surface, at abou Avhich depth we found all those already mentioned. This urn seemed to have been nearly of the same shape and size as that described at No. 3 ; it was made of a coarse bluish earth ; it contained burnt bones, ashes, and wood-coals, as before. Amongst them I found four square pieces of ivory (as it seems) ; each piece is near an inch square, and about the eighth of an inch in thickness ; each piece has four round holes in it, at each corner, one. These I take to have been used about the garment of the deceased, and were, I imagine, a sort of tessene imlliorum, described by Albertus Rubenius, in his book De re vestiaria ; they were, when first taken out of the ground, very soft and rotten ; but by being a few hours exposed to the sun and air, ai'e now pretty hard, but very brittle. Out of the same nest, or barrow, I saved a very fine patera (for I think I may venture to give it that name) of clear ivhite glass (fig. 1) ; it is five inches and three-quarters dia- meter, and two inches and a half deep, and has a little foot to it, two inches diameter. When found, it was incrustcd, or coated, with a very fine

armatura, or electrum, as it is called, which, by the putting it into warm water, in order to wash the dirt from it, immediately came off. The glass is nearly as clear

Fig. 1. Glass.

184

INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

as Mhat they usually make now-a-days. Here was also a small nrn of tvhite earth (fig. 2, p. 183). It will hold about three-quarters of a pint ; it has a biggish belly and a narrow foot, and has been blacked over. Mr. Thoresby mentions urns of this sort.

6. \\e came next to a nest which contained a large ossuary of very coarse Mack earth (fig. 1) ; it was almost full of burnt bones and ashes, and will contain near a gallon and a half ; it is seven inches and three-quarters high, and rather more than ten inches in diameter. Here was also a narrow-necked vessel, exactly like that described at No. 3, but something larger ; it holds about six pints ; it is nine inches and one quarter high, and seven inches and three quarters diameter, and is made

^ , of a coarse red earth. Here

Fig. 1.

was also a patera of fine red earth, of the same size and shape as that described at No. 4 ; it will hold about one pint and a half; in the centre of its bottom, on the inside, is the name of its maker, namely, ivniys, as at No. 2. Here was also another very heautiful smaller patera of fine red earth (fig. 2) ; it has two little handles, or ears, of very neat, workmanship. Here was also a small urn of coarse hrownish earth (fig. 3). All these things were taken out whole, except that the lip is lost from the narrow- necked vessel, which, howe^■er, I believe was broken off before it was deposited, some blackish wax still adhering to the place froiu whence it came off"; by which, I imagine, it had been joined on with the wax, though afterwards broken off" again before it was put into the ground, for it was not to be found, though we searched for it. I since put a very small piece of this wax upon a hot iron, and it imme- diately burst into a flame, the smoke of which gave a very strong and agreeable smell, not much unlike mastick.

7. The next nest we fomid contained a large urn, or ossuary, of coarse black earth ; it was much of the same size and shape as that described at No. 6. It was full of burnt bones and ashes, intermixed with many wood-coals. A patera of coarse reddish earth : it was much like that described at No. 4, except that it was broader and deeper, and its sides were upright ; it had no impression, and was of very coarse workmanship. These were both of them so very rotten, that, though

Fig. 2.

One-fourtli the actual size.

CRTJNDALE.

185

One-fourth actual size.

the greatest care was taken to jireserve them, they came in pieces in getting them out. With these was a hottte-Wce narrotv -necked vessel of fineish red earth ; this is also a little broken ; it holds somewhat more than three pints. It is seven inches and a quarter high, and four inches and a half diameter ; it has a very narrow orifice, and is, as I think, of that sort which the ancients called guttus. The use of this vessel was to pour the wine, etc., at the sacrifices, giittatim, upon the victim. 8. After this, we got by accident into one of the graves which had been opened by Lord Winchelsea, or by Mr. Forster, namely, on the brink, or side bank, of the hollow road. This grave was contiguous to and even reached into the barrow where we found the last mentioned vessels, so that they (namely. Lord Winchelsea, etc.) very narrowly missed of them at that time. Here we spent a great deal of time and labour before we discovered our error, which was owing to a rule we had in digging, namely, to follow such soil as appeared by its looseness to have been moved before, — for chalk never unites or becomes firm again after it has been once disturbed. At length we came to a large parcel of unburnt human bones, lying in all directions in a heap ; these, Ave concluded, had been thrown in again by the above-mentioned persons, after they had gone to the bottom of the grave. Perhaps they w^ere all the bones they found at one day's digging, for there seemed to be near a bushel of them, and among them, part of several diflS'erent skulls, the pieces of which were carefully put one within the other, and placed all together by themselves.

Our labour, however, Avas not entirely thrown away ; for, as the labourers were filling the pit up again, a bystander happening to come too near to the edge of it, with his weight forced down the side of the grave, which, having been removed before, was loose and rotten, when out of it came a small narroiv-neched vessel, which I think I may venture to call a lachrymal ; and also a copper or brass ring. The former is made of white earth, like tobacco-pipe clay, and has been coloured over with black, and over that it has some white ornaments ; it is four inches and a half high, and two inches and three-quarters diameter ; its mouth is one inch and a quarter diameter.

9. We next came to a large ttrn, or ossuarg, of coarse black earth (fig. 1, p. 186) ; it contains about a gallon and a half, and is nine inches high, and ten inches diameter ; it was almost full of burnt bones, coals, and ashes, which were so mortared and cemented together, from the calcination of the bones and the dampness of the earth, that I found some

B B

Oiie-tUird actual size.

186

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

Actual size.

difficulty in getting them out of the urn without breaking it. Among them was a very beautiful fibula of brass, entirely perfect. Here was also in this nest a narrow- necked bottle-like vessel of reddish coarse earth (fig. 2, below) : it is nine inches and a half high, and seven inches diameter, and holds about five pints. In this vessel, on searching it and cleaning it, after I got it home, I found the bones of some small animal, and from the skull, I at first imagined it to have been a squirrel, and that it might have been purposely buried with the person here interred ; as we know it Avas the custom of the ancients to bury such things (even animals) with the dead as they took pleasure in when they were alive (see Browne's Urn-burial, p. 9) ; but it is more likely that they were the remains of some mole, who, having gotten into the vessel, could not get out again. Here was also a patera of fine red earth, exactly like that before de- scribed at No. 4, except that this is something broader and deeper, and has not only a difi'erent maker's name im- pressed on the inside, namely, A ELI. MA.,^ but has also the word

>^(RMV

Fig. 1,

wrote on its bottom, near the centre of the foot, with some sharp pointed instrument ; it has also a x on its outside. Here was also a small urn of a coarsish dark-coloured eartk^ (fig. 1, p. 187) ; it is four inches high, and three inches and a quarter diameter, and holds about half a pint ; it is spotted with black. All these I got out whole, except the patera, which is a good deal broken. Here was also the blade of a knife,* as it seems, among the bones.

' [This seems to be aeli. manv, the letters of the latter word being in ligature. — Ed.]

- [Sacrina ; probably the name of the possessor. —Ed.]

^ [The peculiarities of this vessel enable us to assign its manufacture to the pottery on the banks of the Medway, opposite Upchurch, where large quantities of similar ware have been found. See'

Catalogue of the Museum of London Antiquities, p. 20.— Ed.]

* [The blade of a knife is a most unusual object to be found in a Roman interment ; while, on the contrary, it is almost invariably to be met with in the Saxon graves. We shall see, as we proceed, that this cemetery contained Saxon as well as Roman graves ; and in taking into consideration the pro-

CEUNDALE.

187

X,

10. Within about a yard of this nest we found another, Avhich consisted of a large urn, or ossuary, of very coarse black earth, and was exactly like the last mentioned, both in shape and size ; it was nearly full of burnt bones, coals, and ashes. It was broken in the discovery. A small urn of white earth, blacked over, and much like that described at No. -5 ; this also was destroyed. A patera of fine red earth, exactly like that described at No. 4, except that this is some- what broader and deeper (being near two inches and a half deep), and has the name pruiani impressed on its inside ; it has also this mark, made with a sharp instrument on its outside. Here was also a very

pretty lachrymatory of red earth (fig. 2) ; it is four inches and a quarter high, and one inch and a half diameter ; it holds but very little.

11. I now ordered two of the labourers to open the bank, or side, of the hollow road, and there we found (as Lord "Winchelsea and Mr. Forster had done before) a human skeleton, entire, and lying at its full length, with its feet to the south-west. At its head we found a small empty urn of coarse dark-coloured earth, wliicli fell in pieces on our endeavouring to remove it. On its left side, and near the hip, was a patera of fine red earth, much like those already described. It is impressed with the same potter's name as that at No. 9, namely, aeli.mm, and has xx, inscribed with a sharp instrument, in the centre of its foot. In the bottom of the grave, particulaily at the head and feet, was a gi-eat deal of rotten wood, extremely black, and some of it appeared very much like wood-coals. It doubtless was the remains of a coffin, or trough, burnt, perhaps, to make it the more durable ; or, perhaps, excavated by fire. Here were also several pieces of iron clasps, and one whole one, much like those we now make use of in order to strengthen and hold together the corners of chests, etc.; they seemed to have been each of them furnished with two strong rivets, and had rotten wood adhering to them. Here were also twelve strong iron braggs, or nails, each of which was near five inches long ; and several oyster shells.

Here ended my search for this day ; in Avhich, I think, I met with uncommon success, if we consider either the number of things found or saved. For they were

Fig. 3.

bable connection between the two, the cessation of the Roman and the commencement of the Saxon, this knife affords a fact on which may hang much speculation. At the same time it must be con- sidered that, although such implements were not

usually consigned to the earth with the ashes of the departed, knives of a precisely similar kind were commonly used by the Romans, and from some ac- cidental cause, one may have been thrown into the urn. — Ed.]

188 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

all of them so very rotten, while they were moist, that it was not without much care and great difficulty that I was able to save so many as I did. And with what I had already got, a person less enamoured of venerable antiquity than myself might, perhaps, have gone home satisfied. But it was not so with me : my appetite was not so easily cloyed. I flattered myself that there still remained many graves and barrows unopened. And as Mr. Filmer, in the name of his brother. Sir John Filmer, who is lord of the manor, very genteelly gave me leave to dig, when and as often as I pleased, I determined within myself to continue my search, till I should have thoroughly examined the whole spot. I had no doubt of these remains being Roman ; but in what age they were deposited did not, as yet, at all appear. But I flattered myself that a further search would enable me, by the finding of a coin, or some such thing, to give a near guess even at that.

Crundale, 24th June, 1757.

Accordingly, on the twenty-fourth of the same month, I set out for Crundale so early, that I got my labourers to work by six o'clock in the morning, being determined to have a good long day of it ; for, before, Ave made but a very short day's work ; but we were then attended with much better success, as will appear from what follows.

12. For, after a whole m.orning's diligent search, we found but one nest. The ossuary, or great urn, was destroyed by a stroke from the labourer's mattock. It was nearly full of burnt bones and ashes, and among them was a piece of a buck's horn, which appears to have passed the fire. Here Avas also a long-necked bottle- like vessel, without a handle, much like that described at No. 9 ; it is of a darkish coloured earth, and is nine inches and a half high, and seven inches diameter ; it will contain about five pints. In it I found (as I did in that described at No. 9) the bones of some small animal, which I imagine might have been a mole, Avhich having got into it, could not get out again. Here was also a large patera of a blackish coarse earth, w-hose diameter is seven inches and three-quarters, and depth, two inches and one-eighth.

Having now, as I thought, turned over and examined all the ground Avhere it seemed likely to meet with ossuaries, etc., I set the men to opening some more graves in the bank, or side, of the hollow road ; in several parts of which we came into the trenches, or pits, which had heretofore been opened by Lord Winchelsea or by Mr. Forster.

13. But, at last, we came to a grave whose contents had not been disturbed ;

CRUNDALE. 189

it contained the skeleton of a full- grown person, lying at about the depth of three feet and a half under the surface, with its feet pointing nearly to the south-west. Here Ave found a small urn of white earth, coloured over with a blackish Avash ; this was broken ; and a patera of fine red earth, like those heretofore described. It had the following letters stamped on the centre of its inside, namely, granio;^ and a x, made Avith a sharp pointed instrument, on its outside. Here Avas also the blade of a knife.

14. The next grave was Avithin a yard, and at the feet, of the last mentioned. The skeleton lay also Avith its feet to the south-Avest, that is, nearly parallel to the road. On the right side of the skull Avas a small urn of a lightish red

earth ; it is three inches and a half high, three inches and a quarter diameter, and holds about half a pint. Another small urn of blackish earth, Avhich came to pieces in removing ; and a patera of fine red earth, like those already described. The name satvrnini Avas im- pressed on its bottom, on the inside; and a x Avas made Avith a sharp pointed instrument, in tAvo places, on its bottom. Here Avere plain signs of a burnt coffin, and six long nails.

15. The next grave Avas nearly in a straight line Avith the tAvo last mentioned, and Avithin two feet of the last. The skeleton lay Avith its feet to the south-west. Near the right hip Avas a small urn of black earth, Avhich Avas broken in pieces by the workmen ; and also a patera of fine red earth, AA'hich shared the same fate. It had the name iVNivs impressed on the side of its bottom, and a x inscribed on its outside. Here were evident signs of a burnt coffin.

Crundale, 3rd October, 1757.

On the 3rd day of October, in the same year, I Avent to Crundale a third time, with a sufficient number of labourers, as I thought, to have dug into and searched all the remaining part of this spot Avhich I had hitherto not examined. But as the days had now got pretty short, Ave had not at this time light enough to go through with our intended AA^ork. Nor had Ave, as Avill be seen beloAv, in this day's search, any better success than Avhen Ave Avere last here.

16. We began Avhere Ave last left ofi", namely, on the bank by the side of the road ; and the first grave Ave came to contained the skeleton of a person Avhose teeth

' [The mai-ks grant, gra.niani, and oranani, be noticed in this list. See Catalogue of London occur in my list of Potters' Stamps found in London. Antiqtuiies, pp. 43-45. — Ed.] Several varieties also of the other, Saturninus, will

190 INVENTOKIUM SEPTJLCHEALE.

were not all cut in the under jaw. It lay like those before mentioned, namely,

with its feet to the south-west, and at the depth of about three feet. On the left side of tlie skull we found an urn of a lightish red earth, coloured tvith black ; it is three inches and a quarter high, and four inches and three-quarters in diameter. The remains of a coffin were very visible, but it did not appear to have passed the fire.

17. In a grave parallel to the last, we found a skeleton, at about the depth of three feet ; and though we examined it

very carefully, we found nothing : nor was there any appearance of a cofRn.

18. At the feet of the last mentioned, was a grave which contained two skeletons, Avhich lay side by side ; they lay with their feet to the south-west. Near the neck of that which lay on the right hand, I found five small yellow beads, of baked earth as it seems ; and a sort of pin, about two inches long, with a flatted head, which had a liole through it : it was of brass, and seemed to be pretty strong. I luiluckily lost it out of my pocket. Probably it was an acus crinalis, or discri- minalis, namely, a pin for the hair. With the skeleton Avhich lay on the left hand, was found the blade of a knife, much like that described at No. 9 ; and an iron buckle : these were both found near the left hi^). No appearance of a coffin with either of them. The grave was full six feet deep.

19. At the feet of the last mentioned grave, and within about two feet of it, we found another ; and after much time and labour, got at last to the bottom of it, where we found the skeleton of an old person. This appeared from some few teeth which remained in the jaws, which were worn down quite to their stumps. This lay at the depth of almost seven feet. But though these three last mentioned skeletons were found more deeply interred than any of the others, yet I do not imagine tliat they were at first deposited deeper than the rest, but that a pretty large quantity of earth has, at some time or other, been cast on the bank out of the road, the surface of it having very much of that appearance. In this grave, though we made a very diligent search, we found nothing but the bones, which Avere surprisingly firm. Nor was there any appearance of a coffin. In this grave, there were not only many large flint-stones, piled archwise over the skeleton (Avhich I forgot to mention was the case in all the other graves heretofore mentioned), but it was almost filled up with them, which made the opening of it very difficult and tedious.

20. Parallel, and within two feet of the last, Ave found another grave ; this also contained the A'ery short skeleton of an old person. This, though it lay nearly on a level Avith the last mentioned, Avas not much aboA'e five feet beneath the surface ; the last mentioned lying betAveen it and the road. Here also Ave found notliing but

CRUKDALE. 191

four strong nails, with broad heads, which had some bhick wood adhering to them ; they were about three inches long, each. Here was much black dust and coals, the remains of a burnt, thick, coffin.

21. Towards sunset, Ave came to a small spot at about four yards distance from the road, which we had till now taken no notice of; for the labourers having scattered the earth taken out of some adjacent nests of urns upon it, it appeared as if it had been already dug. But a heavy shower happening to fall this afternoon, discovered the green sward. Here we soon came to a nest, which contained a large urn, or ossuary, of coarse black earth, in shape and size much like that described at No. 9. It was nearly full of burnt bones and ashes, among which I found a very

pretty lachrymatory of reddish earth (fig. 1 ), stand- ing upright, Avith its neck and orifice about one inch above them. It was so strongly mortared to them, that, being soft with the damp, I was obliged to use great care in separating it from 2}ii"bigh. sinchel^iamete,-. thcm ! but I had thc good luck not to break it.

The ossuary was broken in pieces. Here were also two small urns, much like those already described ; and a patera (fig. 2), all of very coarse earth ; and which, all three of them, came to pieces in removing. The patera Avas the most entire ; and being of a someAvhat different make from those already mentioned, I carried the sherds of it home, and joined them as Avell as I could. The brittleness, or rather rottenness, of all the vessels deposited in this hole, I attribute to their not having been buried in the rock chalk (as most of the others Avere); but in the common soil, Avhich everyAvhere hereabouts covers the chalk for about one or two feet. This Avas also the case Avith some others as Avell as these ; and it Avas very visible, that those which Avere placed in the firm chalk, Avere much more firm and better preserved, than those AA'hich lay in the more superficial earth. This is OAving, no doubt, to the dry and limy quality of the chalk. Night coming on, put an end to this day's Avork.

Crundale, 23rd April, 1759.

On the 23rd of April, 1759, I visited this spot for the fourth and last time, in order to examine that part of the road's side Avhich, for Avant of light, I Avas obliged to leave unopened at my last digging.

22. The first grave Ave opened Avas close to, and parallel Avith, the road ; it was about four feet deep, and contained a full grown skeleton, lying, as before, Avith its

One-tliird the actual size.

192 INVENTOEIUM SEPXJLCHRALE.

feet nearly south-west. The bones Avere surprisingly firm and strong, and the tcetli remarkably sound, white, and even. I think this person must needs have been about six feet and a half high. On each side of the head was a small urn of black earth; one of which was broken by the workmen who opened the grave ; the other came out entire. Here was also found the blade of a knife, exactly like that described at No. 9 ; it lay near the right hip. Here was no appearance of any coffin.

23. On the right hand of the last grave, and within about a foot of it, we found another ; it contained the skeleton of a full- grown person ; the bones were very firm, as also were the teeth ; they seemed to have been much ground down, and some were wanting ; it lay at the depth of about three feet. We found nothing at all with it but the blade of a knife, as before. Here were no signs of a coffin.

24. On the right hand of the last mentioned, and parallel to it, we found another grave. The skeleton was very sound, its teeth very much worn, and was not above five feet long, if so much ; it lay at the depth of about two feet and a half below the surface. At its feet was a black urn, capable of holding about a quart ; we got it out Avhole, but, a bystander taking it carelessly up by its rim, being heavy, and rotten withal, its weight broke out his hold, and, falling on a flint, it was broken in pieces. It was of a more globular form than any I had seen, and had a narrow mouth, but no neck. At the time of its fall it was almost full of loose chalk ; and, on examining its contents, I found what I had despaired of finding, namely, a coin. It was struck for the younger Faustina, the wife of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. It has the following legends, etc. : obverse, favstina. avg. pii. avg. fil. ; the head of the younger Faustina : reverse, felicitas. s. c. ; a female figure standing, and holding a caducous in her right baud; with her left hand she lifts up her garment. It is of the middle brass, and very fair. At the feet was also found, a confused mass of rusty iron, as big as one's fist ; it had greatly the appearance of a chain (if it was such), whose links were not much thicker than a crow's quill, and about two inches long ; it came entirely to pieces in handling ; and, among its fragments, I found three little brass instruments, if I may call them so, each about one inch and a quarter long ; and each had a small ringle at one end (as figs. 6, 7, pi. 12).'

' [As before observed, several of the Crundale mentioned form one of the most interesting features

graves are Saxon. This will be obvious to every of the costume of the Anglo-Saxon women. The

one who has attentively examined the details of the coin of Faustina, it need scarcely bo remarked, does

contents of the graves at Chartham, at Kingston, not prove the interment Roman : it merely shows

and other places ; and who, at the same time, is the use of Roman coins by the early Saxons, either

acquainted with the character of Roman sepulchral as money, as ornaments, or for other purposes. —

usages. The curious little pendent ornaments here Ed.]

CRUNDALE. 193

Here were also between twenty and thirty little round globules, each of them about the size of a small pea : perhaps they were beads ; and I think they were of amber : they lay all together among the dust of some rotten wood. They crumbled to pieces with the least touch. The remains of a thick burnt coffin were to be found all over the bottom of the gra\c ; and the urn, coin, rusty iron, brass instruments, and little globules, were all found together, in other dust of rotten wood (but which did not seem to have been burnt), at the distance of about three or four inches beyond the feet of the cotfin ; I mean more westwardly. There was a very discernible, though narrow, range of chalk, between the feet of the coffin and the dust, which was among the things just mentioned. I make no doubt but that this unburnt, rotten wood, was the remains of a small box, or chest ; having, since then, found several such, at other places where I have dug. Here were also six large iron nails, much like those before described ; and some other pieces of broken rusty iron, of which no judgment coidd be formed.

The pleasure I felt on finding the coin, may be much more easily guessed at than expressed. I had, before I found it, no kind of doubt but that these remains were certainly Roman ; but I had till now met with nothing from Avhich I could form the least guess at the time when they were deposited. But this is not only a convincing proof of their being really Roman, but, in some measure, ascertains the time of their interment. The ossuaries, indeed, were a sufficient testimony of their great antiquity; urn-burial, according to Macrobius, having ceased among the Romans in his time ; and other writers assert that it ceased so soon as with the Antonines.' And the last emperor who bore that name, was Antoninus Elagabalus ; a prince most unworthy of it, it having been first borne in memory and honour of that great and good emperor Avho, on account of his supereminent virtue and piety, was styled Pius. Elagabalus died about the year of Christ 222.

25. At the feet of the last mentioned Ave found a short and shallow one, containing the skeleton of a child, of about five or six years old ; its bones were

'■ Macrobius flourished in the time of Theodosius under it, a thin piece of ivory or bone, which lay on

the younger, who died about the year of Christ 450. a piece of polished marble, like porphyry, and be-

He says the custom of burning the dead had quite tween the piece of ivory and the marble, were placed

ceased in his days. — Macrob. Saturnal. lib. 7, cap. 7. five very fair copper coins of Claudius Gothicus,

Notwithstanding what they have asserted, and what AureHan, Tacitus, and Probus ; they are all in my

I had no reason to disbelieve when I wrote this possession.

account, I am now fully convinced that urn-burial Dr. Brown, also, having found some coins of

(at least in Britain) continued in practice a great Posthumus and Tetricus, in the urns discovered in

while after the Antonines. For, in the year 1762, Bampeton Field, in Norfolk, in the year 1667, very

some labourers digging chalk on the north bank of justly infers, that " urn- burial lasted longer than

the river Medway, in the parish of Frindsbury, is commonly supposed, at least in this country."

found a large urn, full of burnt bones and ashes, and Post. Works, p. 7. — B. F.

C C

194 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

])ietty perfect. There was a small black urn at its feet, which was broken in digging down to it. Here were plain indications of a burnt coffin ; four nails ; and some other pieces of broken iron.

26. The next grave contained two skeletons, one on the other ; the lowermost was that of a full grown person ; it lay at about the depth of five feet, and with its feet to the south-west, as before. "We found nothing at all with it, nor was there any appearance of a coffin. The uppermost skeleton lay at about the depth of three feet. It appeared to be the remains of a very old person, the few teeth remaining in the jaws being worn almost to the stumps ; I observed, also, that some of the sockets in the under jaw were entii'ely closed up. We found nothing Avith it, except some pieces of iron, the use of which we could give no guess at. This last appeared to have been enclosed in a coffin, but it did not seem to have passed tbe fire. This gi'ave was close to the road side, at the westmost end of tliis burial-place, namely, as you go down it towards Wye or OUantigh.

27. At the feet of the last mentioned, but about a foot more towards the right hand, we found another ; it was not above two feet deep, though it contained the skeleton of a full grown person. It lay, like the rest, with its feet towards the south-west. The bones were much more decayed than any of the former, owing, no doubt, to their having been deposited so shallow. We found nothing at aU here, nor was there any appearance of a coffin.

Towards evening, I had the ground tried in several likely places near the spot, but could meet with none which appeared to bave ever been moved. So that I think I may very reasonably conclude that I have thoroughly examined the whole place.

I must not omit mentioning a discovery which I think I made on the second day of my digging here. While my labourers were at dinner, for want of something else to do, I amused myself with walking up and down and searching for plants ; great variety of which, especially of the orchis,^ are found on the dry chalky hills hereabouts. And in a little green field, which lies between Warren Wood and the hollow road, I took notice that the earth, which the moles had newly cast up in great plenty, was, about the middle of the field, for about eight yards over every way, entirely black, or of a very dark colour ; whereas, in all other parts of it, the earth thus cast up was like the rest of the adjacent soil, namely, a light mould mixed with chalk. Upon examination. I found it was very full of small wood-coals and black dust. Whether this hearth (for such it certainly was) was the ustrinum, or hearth, on which the funeral piles for burning the bodies here deposited in the

' They are chiefly the orchis piramidalis ; a very common species of that genus of plants.

CRUNDALE. 195

large urns were erected ; or whether it was only a hearth where charcoal had been made, I shall not pretend to determine. But I cannot help thinking it very probable that it was put to the former use ; and its situation, namely, close to a large wood, whei'e might be had plenty of fuel for the purpose of building the pile, and its vicinity to the high road, seem, in some measure, to be in favour of my opinion. Indeed, though I not only carefully examined the earth thus cast up, but caused the ground in several places to be turned up with a spade, I could not, upon the most diligent search, discover any pieces of burnt bones among it. But supposing it really was the ustrinum, it is not to be wondered at that none Avere found, if we consider that the custom of the Romans on these occasions was to wrap up the dead bodies in a sheet, made of the incombustible linen wove out of the amiantus, called by the Greeks aa/Sea-To^, because it could not be consumed by fire. And, by this contrivance, the bones and ashes of the corpse were entirely prevented from mixing with the coals and ashes of the pile- However, let my conjecture be right or wrong, as it certainly has probability on its side, I thought I should not do amiss in mentioning it ; and I wish my brother antiquaries would never risk (at least publish to the world) any conjectures, on things so very uncertain, more improbable than this. In Dr. Browne's' account of the urns, etc., found at Old Walsingham, in Norfolk, he mentions much such another hearth, which was discovered at a small distance from thcra ; " which", says he, " begat conjecture that this was the ustrina, or place of burning their bodies." Having thus given a true and exact account of my digging here, and of the success attending it, I shall now offer some few cursory thoughts and observations on the situation of this burying- ground, and on the venerable remains found interred in it.

As for the situation, it is on the north-west side of a very dry and pretty steep hill ; the top of which commands a very extensive and beautiful prospect, not only of the neighbouring and adjacent parts of this country, but also of part of Sussex. At the foot of this hill (which has Warren Wood on its summit), and within about a quarter of a mile from this burying-ground, runs the greater Stoure, in its way from the towns of Ashford and Wye, through the adjoining village of Godmersham ; and so by Chilham to Canterbury. That the Romans usually, if not always, made choice of such a situation for their cemeteries, or dormitories for their dead, is well known, namely, on a dry soil, on the declivity of a hill, and always (ad viam'-) by the side of a highway. " By which means", as Dr. Browne justly observes,^ " their

' Hydriotaphia, chap. 2, and chap. .5. euntes, Lolli, vale." Fleetwood, Inscript. p. 175.

' "Hie, propter viam positus, ut dicant propter- ^ Hydriotaphia, p. IT

, I.

196 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

monuments were under eye, and mementos of mortality to living passengers",^ and might also receive their good wishes and benedictions. That the remains found here were certainly Roman, the Roman names, stamped in Roman characters on the paterse, would, I think, have abundantly testified, though I had not been so fortunate as to find a coin, such as ivnivs, satvunini, primani, sexti, etc. But the coin puts the matter out of all kind of doubt. And, again, these paterte, and indeed all the urns in general, were, to use Dr. Plott's words, " of a figure and workmanship so plainly Roman, that there needs no further proof who were their makers." And Dr. Woodward expresses himself much in the same manner, in his letter to Sir Christopher Wren, concerning some such urns, etc., dug up near Bishop's Gate, " being all", he says, " of very handsome make and contrivance, as, indeed, most of the Roman vessels we find ever are." And this, he rightly observes, " is but one of the many instances that are at this day extant of the art of that people, and of the great exactness of their genius, and the hapjiiness of their fancy."

The ossuaries (that is, the urns, with bones and ashes found in them) show also the great antiquity of this cemetery. And, again, that it was made use of as such, at least as long ago as the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (who died in the year of Christ IHO), may, I think, be not unreasonably collected from the coin of his wife Faustina, as described at No. 24. Besides that, this is a strong argument, by the bye, of the custom of inhuming the bodies of the dead having been practised during the practice of cremation ; and that, too, so high up as this reign.^ It is also not at all improbable, but that some of these ossuaries and skeletons might have been deposited even long before this time.

I must not forget to mention, that these ossuaries, or bone-urns, were all of them placed in round holes of about two feet diameter, and about as many deep, in general, in the firm chalk. Tliey always occupied the centre of the hole (or nest, as I have ventured to term it) ; and the smaller and empty urns and patcne, which always accompanied them, were placed round them. There was never more than one ossuary in a hole, or nest.

The position of the skeletons found here, namely, with their feet to the west, or south-west, I am, I confess, quite at a loss to account for ; it being a direct contrary one to Avhat I have met with in all otlicr places where I have since dug, namely, at

' "Bene sit tibi, viator, qui me pra3tenisti." Grider, regard to the nnburnt bones found with the ossiia-

p. 556, 2. " Monunienta in sepulchris secundvim ries in Camomile Street. Tliese are his words : —

viam sunt, qui prtcterentes admoneant, et se fuisse, " The finding of tliese bones, reposited along with

et illos esse, mortales." Varro de Ling. Lett. lib. 5. the urns (that is, ossuaries, or urns, containing burnt

Dr. Woodward, in his Letter to Sir Christopher bones and ashes), carries the date of their sepulture

Wren, has made the same observation (6, 29), with up very high."

CKUNDALE. 197

Ash, Cliartham, Kingston, Bisliopsbourne, Sibertswold, and Barfriston ; at all which places they were found, in general, with their feet pointing to the east, or near it. Some few, indeed, I have met with at some of those places, which pointed with their feet to the north, or near it ; but I have never found above one which pointed, as these all did, with their heads to the east and their feet to the west. For an account of it, see No. 149 of my Inventory of Antiquities found by me at Kingston.

With regard to the urns, etc., found here, I cannot dismiss them mthout saying something in relation to them. And, first, I cannot help thinking that Mr. Forster^ was mistaken, when he imagined that " the orifices of the smaller urns were designedly placed, not perpendicular and upright, but dipping a little towards the east." For I took very particular notice of the position of all (as well those which accompanied the ossuaries, as those which were found with the skeletons), and could find nothing that could confirm me in such an opinion. If they did not stand quite upright, which, indeed, a very few seemed to do, they must of consequence incline rather more to some point of the compass than to the rest ; but they certainly did not incline all to any particular point more than to another, but leant, either this or that way, as chance had directed at their interment, or as the weight of the incumbent earth had swayed them. But Avith regard to the skeletons lying with their feet to the Avest, I think with, him, namely, that " it is possible the ancients might have no regard to the quarters of the heavens, but merely to the situation of the earth, namely, by laying the feet downward, with the declivity of the hill", as these were. Though, I must confess, this has not always been found to have been considered or regarded in the places where I have since dug, particularly at Kingston and Sibertswold, where they are found with their heads pointing to the lowest ground.

With regard to the urns and paterae, of whatever size (except such as are made of the fine coraline red earth), I doubt not but they were made of the nearest proper materials that could be had, not excepting those very neat ones of white clay, which appear to have been washed over with a blackish or bluish colouring. But with respect to all those which are wrought out of the fine red coralline earth, with the maker's name stamped on them (and, indeed, those of that sort which have not that stamp), I am persuaded that they are the manufacture neither of this neighbourhood, nor this island."

' See his account in Harris's History of Kent, opinion : see Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i, passim ; fol. 89. and Catalogue of the Museum of London Antiqui-

• [More recent researches quite confirm this tics, pp. 20 and '21. — Ed.]

198 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

It is by no means unusual for the two different customs of urn-burial and inhumation to be both of them found in the same place. Many instaiices of it might be produced.

In confirmation of both these sorts of burial being often found in the same place, I shall now mention what I myself have met with in every place where I have since dug, namely, at Gilton, near Sandwich (see Nos. 16, 50, and 80), where in three different graves I found a predisturbed ossuary, with burnt bones and ashes. On Chartham Down (though I have as yet opened but four tumuli), I found an ossuary, ^Wth burnt bones and ashes (see No. 4). At Kingston (see No. 4), I found an ossuary and burnt bones and ashes. At Sibertswold, were found the two large ossuaries (which, I make no doubt, were family urns), both of them full of burnt bones and ashes. And at Barfriston (see Nos. 27 and 44), where I found two predisturbed and broken ossuaries, and many scattered burnt bones. I have already hinted that the coin of the Empress Faustina the younger, found with a skeleton in the grave numbered 24, makes it more than probable that inhumation Avas practised here, at Crundale, at the very same time, too, as well as in the same place, with cremation. And it also proves, that inhumation was used here as high as the reign of M. Aurel. Antoninus, who died s,o long ago as the year of Christ 180. The inscriptions, or impressions, also, on the several paterae found with some of the skeletons, sufficiently show (from the make and fashion of the letters which compose them) the great antiquity of the prevalence of the custom of inhuming in this place.'

I have now nothing further to add by way of remark with regard to this burying-place, except that it seems, from the small number of persons deposited in it, to have been the coimeterion of no more than two or three particular families ; or of some very small village at the most. And that they were all of them peaceable people (I mean people who had not served in a military capacity), I think may be gathered from there being no arms of any sort found, either with the urns, or with the skeletons. For, I believe, it was the pretty constant custom in those days to bury their weapons with all such persons as, either in the former part of their lives, or at the time of their deaths, had been military people.

' [Mr. Faussett's observations are correct as re- to the earl)' Saxon cemeteries, he had not good

gards the Roman modes of sepulture : but he did opportunities for making comparisons between these

not discriminate between the Roman and Saxon and the Roman, or Romano-British. The urns with

graves at Crundale ; and, as before observed, from burnt bones, to which he here refers, are discussed

having confined his researches, almost exclusively, in the Introduction. — Ed.]

APPENDIX.

APPENDIX.

1.— LETTER FROM THOMAS GODFREY FAUSSETT, Esq., TO JOSEPH MAYER, Esq.

Heppington, August 5, 1854.

Dear Sir, — I have much pleasure in replying to your request, that I would send you some account of the collector and subsequent possessors of the museum which you have lately purchased.

Bryan Faussett, my great-grandfather, the collector of the remains, Avas the eldest son of Bryan and Mary Faussett, and was born October 30, 1720, at Heppington, near Canterbury ; his mother being the heiress of the family of Godfrey of Lydde and Heppington, of which places the latter had been, for the last few generations, their favourite residence. His father was the head of a West Kent family, but resided at Heppington after his marriage with Miss Godfrey. Kent well nigh lost her antiquary in his cradle : a mischievous monkey, which was a great pet of his mother, finding him one day alone, took the opportunity to indemnify itself for its beating by throwing the heir of the family on the fire ; fortunately the truant nurse returned just in time to prevent any serious result.

He acquired his earlier education, according to the old country fashion, at one of the grammar-schools of his native county ; I do not know which ; and was matriculated at the usual age at University College, Oxford. I have never heard* that he obtained much distinction as an undergraduate (unless that of being generally known as " the handsome commoner of University" is worth recording) ; but that he must have been a scholar of no inconsiderable taste and acquirements, his works, the library he collected, and the whole tenor of his life, sufficiently show. He graduated as B.A. in 1742; and as M.A. in 1745; and nearly at the same time was elected fellow of All Souls' College, as of kin to the founder. Archbishop Chicheley.

AVhile at this college, he became conspicuous, even in Tory Oxford, as a staunch Jacobite. Heir to estates considerably diminished by the vengeance of the Parliament on his ancestor Sir Thomas Godfrey, (for his fidelity to the cause of Charles the First, and his share as a leader, and a contributor of a troop of horse,

D D

202 INVENTORITJM SEPULCHRALE.

in the ill-fated " Kentish rising", so roughly handled by Fairfax,) and bred in the creed of successors who Avere proud of the loss, he seems to have given free vent to his political enthusiasm in the eventful years 1745-6. At this time, his father, in spite of a strict surveillance placed over his actions by government, was daily convening secret meetings of the neighbouring gentry at Heppington ; and dis- cussing, behind closed doors, the manner in which the men of Kent might most effectually welcome and assist Prince Charles Edward on his southward march ; their councils being aided by Brett, the prince's archbishop elect of Canterbury, who would on these occasions assume the insignia and ceremonies, which he was destined never to enjoy at higher and worthier meetings. And the son, not to be behind his family, was, with other fellows of All Souls', endeavouring to organize in Oxford a volunteer corps in aid of the same cause, and nightly, with every glass, toasting King James the Third on bared and bended knee. It is well known what effect their influence had upon their not unwilling contemporaries at the university ; and had the prince extended his march to Oxford, (as was indeed so faithfully expected, that a body of these partisans sat up the whole of one night to receive him, on the rumour of his immediate approach,) there is no doubt that it would have been seen how much, as in a former reign,

" That learned body wanted loyalty":

— at least to the dynasty in possession ; and possibly the king would have found it necessary to send to Oxford rather more than his predecessor's " troop of horse", commemorated in SirW. Browne's famous epigram.

In the year 1746, he was ordained, and continued to reside in Oxford for two years longer. An amusing anecdote is told of this period of his life. As he walked one Sunday to take a friend's duty near Oxford, he happened to see a squirrel leaping in a tree near his path, and flinging his walking-stick at it, brought it stunned to the ground. Probably with no more definite object than the careless indulgence of a collector's instinct, he put it into his pocket, and thinking no more about it, proceeded to church. In the course of his sermon, he was feeling for his handkerchief, but quickly withdrew his hand with the squirrel instead, which, having revived in the warmth of his pocket, was clinging to his finger with the firmest gripe of its sharp little teeth. The astonishment in the church must have been great, when with a loud exclamation of pain he succeeded at last in jerking off the animal amongst the heads of his congregation.

In 1748, he was presented by his college to the living of Abberbury, in Shropshire ; and shortly afterwards took ])lace his marriage to Miss Elizabeth Curtois, a lady of a Lincolnshire family. This living he resigned on the death of his father in 1750 ; from which time, in o]der to be near his mother, he resided till

APPENDIX. 203

her death in 1761 at Street-End House, a seat within a short distance of Heppington. He was now for a long time without preferment ; it was not till towards the close of liis life that his old friend Thomas Seeker, then Archbishop of Canterbury, gave him tlie neighbouring rectory of Monk's Horton, and the perpetual curacy of Nackington, the parish in which Heppington stands.

I think few persons of taste and education can pass any length of time in Kent without becoming antiquaries, at heart if not in pursuit ; and I have no doubt that the influence of the neighbourhood was strong upon my great-grandfather from an early age. On this corner of the island broke the first wave of all those successive tides of revolution and civilisation, which in the earlier periods of our history flowed into England ; whether in calm it floated Augustine to his peaceful and holy mission, or dashed ashore with storm and destruction the warriors of Caesar, of Hengist, and of "William. And storm and calm alike have in turn left their traces on its surface. Its noble and far-famed cromlech : its downs studded with barrows, or crowned with encampments : its many memorials of Roman might in fortresses, or of Roman luxury in villas : its less prominent, but no less speaking, evidences of Danish havoc : its castles and halls : cathedrals, abbeys, and churches, in Saxon, Norman, and each successive period of Gothic architecture ; — these, and such sights as these, meet the gaze at every step. Every village has its legend, or its remains illustrative of one period or another of our annals. Perhaps no portion of England is more suggestive of the past, or off'ers to the antiquary a richer field for his observation and research. I may instance his own particular case — one, perhaps, more than commonly favoured. Besides living in the neighbourhood which I have thus generally described, he could not walk a hundred yards in any direction from his father's house without crossing the ancient camp entrenchments with Avhich it is surrounded ; a Roman road, the well-known " Stone Street Causeway", ran through his property within half a mile of the house ; and immediately beyond it, he would arrive at a large and well preserved Roman camp in the underwood of Iffin. The manor-house, too, of Heppington, in which he passed his boyhood, — an old castellated mansion of the reign of Stephen, then lately reduced somewhat to Elizabethan comfort and shapeliness ; but retaining its lancet- windowed chapel, and architecture and ornaments of nearly every period of design, — was a fit home for an antiquarian mind. And he is said to have been immensely annoyed, though a boy of barely fifteen, when his father, being unfortunately overburdened with ready money, and caught with the epidemic mania for the new high-roofed, many- dormered, Dutch style, pulled down the old mansion and built the present one.

That all these familiar scenes and ideas aftected the bent of his mind, even in his childhood, I cannot doubt ; but I find no outward traces of his inclination till

204: INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

liis return into Kent in his thirtietlr year, when the absence of clerical duties seems to have turned him to archaeology for amusement and occupation.

Of his first success, and his thence gradually increasing ardour and diligence in the discovery of tumular relics, his work is, in fact, a journal ; but the cool, clear-lieaded narrative gives the reader no idea of the intense enthusiasm of the author. Tradition tells us of the state of almost boyish excitement in which he superintended the opening of his barrows ; of the eagerness with which he sifted every crumb of earth taken from them ; of his not unsuccessful endeavours to instil some of his own ardour into his labourers ; of his good humour when they worked well ; his anger when they flagged ; and liis rage and vexation when an unlucky pickaxe shattered a vase or a patera ; of his even animating his men by seizing spade and axe himself ; and, in spite of gout and infirmity, setting no mean example of activity. His good humour and good pay appear to have been more remembered than his occasional outbreaks of wrath ; and his cottagers always rejoiced when an interval freer than usual from gout gave the signal for another digging for " the Squire".

But these formed but a small part of his labours. He was a most minute and painstaking herald and genealogist ; and actually visited every church, and copied with his own hand every monument and armorial window in Kent ; his collections of which, as well as his transcripts of county visitations, and other miscellaneous papers on the same subject, were, after his death, of much service to Mr. Hasted in compiling his celebrated History of Kent. He amassed, too, a cabinet of more than five thousand Roman and British coins. However jirecious these may have been four generations ago, when the scarcity of the article in any state made the quality and preservation of less moment ; and though they contained many specimens considered fine and rare, and a few unique, even in the present day, the verdict of the public, under the auspices of Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson, has lately pronounced them more numerous than valuable. But some idea of his diligence at least, in this branch of science, may be gained from the fact, that these five thousand were but the select of his cabinet ; the remainder, chiefly duplicates, to the weight of one hundred and fifty pounds, he melted down into a bell, which still swings on the roof of Hejipington, and bears the following inscription : —

AVDI . QVID . TECVM . LOQVITVR . EOJtANA . VETVSTAS . EX . ^IRE . ROMANO . ME . CONFLARI . FECIT . B . F . A . S . S . 1766.

Every one of experience in archaeology knows how expensive an amusement it is, especially when carried to the length of engaging single-handed in excavations and collections extensive as his Avere ; and though we, his descendants, are justly proud of his labours and fame, we may perhaps be forgiven for feeling that there

APPENDIX. 205

is very little to show for the number of acres spent upon it ; and for wishing tliat he had spared more of that energy and practical wisdom which Ave trace in his works, to the management and preservation of his hereditary property.

Had his life been longer, or, while it lasted, less afflicted with disease and infirmity, the public would not have waited nearly a century for the account and results of his labours. During the last twenty of his fifty-five years, he suffered from attacks of gout, gradually increasing in frequency and severity, and visiting every part of his body, till they settled finally in his stomach. Those who may see his manuscripts, firm, clear, and regular as stereotype ; or observe, in print, the soundness of his arguments and the vigour of his style ; Avill scarcely believe tliat the greater part was written under the most severe and protracted bodily agony, and during the stages of a disease, which it is plain, from a curiously minute account of its progress which he has left, that he could not but know to be fatal.

We have the authority of Douglas for his having acquired from his contem- poraries the name of ^ the British Montfaucon"; though Douglas himself proceeds to confess that tlie title scarcely did justice to his character, as representing, it would appear, but one feature of it, — his more than ordinary share of that diligence and eagerness in investigating, collecting, and hoarding, which is the peculiar antiquarian trait, and which he applied especially to British, as Montfaucon did to French antiquities.

. And I think that the remarks in the Ncnla Britannica, to which I refer, confirm the impression left by his works, that he was principally distinguished from the antiquaries of his day — and, indeed, from many of a later date — by the care and skill with which he classified and applied what he had discovered, and by his clearer and more extended view of the then infant science of archaeology. That many of his theories, and even of their data, are, or can be, now exploded, is a necessary accident to a publication posthumous by so many years. His opinions and observations should, to do him justice, be compared witli those of his contemporaries ; his facts and discoveries will, I believe, bear comparison with any of the kind that liave happened either in earlier or later times.

His son, Henry Godfrey Faussett, was born at the vicarage of Abberbury in 1749, a short time only before the return of his family into Kent. Companion from his childhood in all his father's archocological rambles and researches, he may be said to have been born and bred an antiquary ; and it was his boast through life that he had himself discovered, as he superintended the opening of one of his father's barrows on Kingston Down, that famous fibula, which was the gem of his collection, as it still is, I believe, of all Anglo-Saxon tumular antiquities. The story of its discovery, by the way, will give some idea of the astonishment and prejudice

206 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

which antiquaries of that day had to encounter. On finding it, he carried it with great glee to his father, who was in his carriage hard by, suffering under an attack of his old enemy : his father drove off with it ; and next day a report was spread that the carriage had been so full of gold that the wheels Avould scarcely turn ; and the lord of the manor prohibited all further excavations on these downs.

In one point he did not follow in his predecessor's steps : instead of the elegant scholar at Oxford, he became the practical man of business at Lincoln's Inn, though never, that I am aware, called to the bar. His love of art, too, had a wider scope, and was by no means confined to the antique ; and a very fair collection of paintings which he formed remains a proof of his more universal taste.

The whole, however, of his father's archaeological mantle fell upon him, and, with the museum, he inherited the zeal and taste in the science. One superior advantage, too, he possessed, in being a most skilful and accurate draughtsman, as may be seen from tlie drawings in the manuscript now in your possession, all of which, with the exception of the original rude pen and ink sketches, were added later by him. Being moreover of less recluse habits and firmer health, he was better known to the world and the other antiquaries of his day than his father had been, and was especially the intimate, counsellor, and brother-labourer of Douglas and Hasted. Content, however, with making but small and occasional additions to the fine collection which he already possessed, and less given to committing his observations to writing, he is not so well or so directly known at the present day.

But it was neither as an antiquary nor as a man of taste that he was best known. His father's premature death placed him in early possession of his property, with Avhich, and its accompanying responsibilities, his more practical education taught him to occupy most of his time and attention. Foremost in all the duties of a country gentleman, he is still remembered with respect and afi'ection as the con- siderate landlord, the active kind-hearted magistrate, the zealous and successful promoter of agriculture and its interests, and for the many and various kind actions of a long life of energy and benevolence.

He was twice married ; and by his first wife, daughter of Richard Sandys, Esq. of Northbourne Court, in Kent, left a large family ; but had no issue by his second, the daughter of Fettiplace Nott, Esq., of a Staff"ordshire family.

My father, the late Godfrey Faussett, D.D., was his eldest son. His duties at Oxford, as canon of the cathedral and professor in the university, not allowing of his residence at Heppington more than half the year, or of sufficient leisure for indulging his hereditary tastes, he did little more than carefully preserve and keep together the collection. To all who desired to see it, it was, whenever he was at home, accessible ; and it will be remembered with what pleasure he exhibited it to

APPENDIX. 207

the members of the Archfcological Association, daring their inaugural meethig at Canterbury in 1844. At his decease, last year, it became the property of my eldest brother, Bryan Faussett,^ from whom it has recently passed to yourself.

Will you allow me, in conclusion, to express our gratification that the works of our ancestors should have fallen into such worthy hands ; and the great interest which we take in your public-spirited endeavours to give to the world what, I think, cannot fail to advance the cause of archceology as a science, and to contribute its mite to the general enlightenment of the covmtry.

Believe me, dear Sir, faithfully yours,

Thomas Godfrey Fadssett.

To Joseph Mayer, Esq., Lord Street, Liverpool.

2.— REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO EBENEZER MUSSELL, ESQ.^

Heppimjton, March 25, 17G.3.

Good Sir, — In return for the favours and civilities I received at Bethnal Green, I have taken the liberty to beg your acceptance of a fibula vestiaria, and some beads, all dug up by myself, about a year ago, at Ash, in this county. If you think they deserve a place in your very valuable and curious collection of antiquities, I shall think myself happy ; as, indeed, I shall ever do, if, in consequence of my future searches, I shall be enabled to contribute anything else worthy of your notice.^

The only merit these remains pretend to, is their being undoubtedly Roman, and truly genuine ; which circumstance, however, makes me prefer them to every-

' [Since deceased. — Eu.] placed them in front of a building adjacent to his ^ Illustrations of the Literary History of the I8th own house, where they still (1822) remain ; and a Century: by John Nichols, F.S.A.; vol. v, p. 432. good engraving of them, as they now stand, was ' [There is a letter from Mr. Mussell to Bryan given by Mr. Malcolm in his Views round London. Faussett in Mr. Mayer's collection. It is dated Aug. Mr. Mussell was elected F.S.A. in 1760; and mar- 1763, and mentions, among other presents sent to ried, Sept. 9, 1761, Mrs. Sarah Scriven, of Canter- Mr. Faussett, "a brass Lar on a pedestal, dug up bury. I know not the exact time of his death; but at Canterbury". Mr. Nichols observes: " Mr. Mus- his 'curiosities' were sold in 1765, and his library, sell was a skilful collector of books and other curio- in a marked catalogue, by Mr. Robson, 1782." I sities. He was, in 1721, a considerable purchaser find mention of Mr. Mussell in Boys's CoWech'on.syb/' at the sale of John Kemp's famous Museum of An- a/t History of Sandwich, p. 868. After describing a tiquities ; and added largely to his collection from structure discovered at the foot of the bank, a little the sales of the Earl of 0,'iford and Dr. Mead. He to the north of the castrum at Richborough, Boys resided near Aldgate, and had also a house on Beth- adds: "Mr. Ebenezer Mussell, of Bethnel Green, nel Green. On the demolition of the old City gates, near London, purchased all the bricks or tiles, and having purchased the materials of Aldgate, he re- employed them in paving a courtyard and part of moved them to his residence at Bethnel Green, and his house there."' — Ed.]

208 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

thing else in my otherwise trifling collection ; and, indeed, these I can hardly look upon with pleasure, since I saw your inestimable museum.

I have also presumed to throw my mite into your Dactylotheca. It is a ring, with a small head of the old Pretender ; it is reckoned to be very like, and well done ; it has been many years in my family. A little picture of Charles II, which, I suppose, was also formerly set in a ring, bears it company ; as also a coin, which I look upon to be very curious, and fell into my hands but yesterday. It is an halfpenny of the old gentleman above-mentioned, struck in the year 1719, a year before the death of James II. It was found in the pocket of one of the rebels who fell at the battle of Cillloden.

If, when you come to put your little room on the top of the stairs to rights, }ou meet wdth anything wliich you may think unworthy of a place amongst the many great curiosities it contains, I shall think myself greatly obliged to you for it ; as I shall also for any duplicates or refuse coins which may chance to come to your hands ; and I shall be glad to purchase of you any such as are more valuable, of which you may happen to have duplicates.

I am sincerely glad to find, by Mr. Gretton, that you are so much better ; and hope that the course of physic which you are now in, and the return of warm weather, will perfectly restore your health. I shall think it long till I have the pleasure of seeing you in Kent, and hope you will give me as much of your company at Heppington as you can spare.

The four uppermost beads in the box are of amber, and on that account are the more rare. I think it proper to mention to you that they are very brittle, that you may handle them accordingly.

Mrs. Faussett joins me in compliments, best wishes, etc.

I am. Sir, your obliged humble servant,

Bryan Faussett.

3.— FROM THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.''

Heppington, July 16, 1764.

Good Sir, — I received your favours of the 30th past, and am sorry to find by it (for I did not thoroughly know it before), that it is not in my power to congratulate you on your promotion to some of the good things vacated by Sir

^ [A medal, or copper piece, the size of a half- - Illustrations of the Literary History o/ the \%th

penny, struck by order of the Pretender, or some of Century: by John Nichols, F.S.A.; vol. iii, pp. 556- his partisans. — Ed.] 560.

APPENDIX. 209

Edward Sympson's death.' But, I dare say, you will be no loser in the end, being happy in the patronage of a man who is both able and willing to do you service. E contra, here sit I ! My good friend, I am most sincerely sorry that I ever took orders ; — nay, could I decently leave them, I declare to you that I certainly would do it ; for, thank God, I can live without them, — else, God help me ! You know I had great hopes of getting Ripple in exchange for my dirty vicarage : those hopes are vanished, for Rogers is now determined to stay in Kent. And, what yet adds to ray comfort, I am again threatened with a prosecution for non-residence. Indeed, these threats are annual : nor have 1 much regarded them whilst my friend Lyster was well, for he always stood in the gap. But he, poor man, is going ! Not that I need regard even the being deprived of the living ; for, as I showed you by my papers, which I received whilst you were here, it did not bring me £20 last year, which by no means makes me amends for the continual labour and trouble I have with it. I had, indeed, resigned it long ago, but for the two following reasons : namely, that I might possibly make an exchange ; and that, after so much money laid out on my education, I might have it to say that I was not quite without preferment. But I am heartily weary of such nominal honour ! — But I beg your pardon for troubling you with my paltry affairs.

I have, as you desired, spoken to Mr. Smith the bookseller. He tells me tliat the numbers of the Magna Britannia are to be had at Mr. Marshall's, in St. Clement's Churchyard ; and that he has not yet been able to procure you Lewis's map of tlie Diocese, nor knows where they can be had, being very scarce. I may possibly meet with one ; if I do, you shall have it.

I have received the antiquities from Colonel Sawbridge, and am greatly pleased with them. They consist of a great variety of keys, fibula?, and matrices of seals, etc., etc. The seals are very fine, and as sharp as when first cut. Among these there is one with the following legend, " Sigillum OfRcialitatis de AVengham". I suppose AVingham. There is also an ancient (1 make no doubt, Roman) speculum. It consists of a round piece of copper, about five inches broad, finely plated with a hard metal, much resembling silver, very highly polished. It is a little convex : the convexity shows the objects as distinctly and clearly as possible. This curiosity had been regarded as no more than the bottom of some old copper vessel, and had been long flung by as old metal. Indeed, it had no better appearance ; and it met with the same disrespect from me, till I happened to perceive the silvering by its cropped edge, occasioned by my flinging it into a box of old copper. It was all over rust on

' Sir Kdw.u-d Sympson held tlie offices of Official Principal of the Arches ('ourt of Canterbury; Judge of the Cinque Ports, etc.

EE

210 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

both sides, but cleaned pretty easily ; though there are several spots in it, which, I fear, I shall not be able to get out, being occasioned by the copper having rusted through the silvering. Besides these are many securiculse, or celtes, of variety of shapes and sizes, which serve to confirm me in the opinion I ever had of these instruments, namely, that they are no more nor less than carpenters' chissels : one of them is hollow, like a gouge, "^^"ith them are two punches, for making holes in any hard matter ; they would even now serve well for that purpose. These being all of cast copper, I make no doubt of their being of British workmanship. There are also several copper heads of spears and darts, which I take to be British also. A beautiful face of the horned Bacchus. A Cupid playing on a harp, in relievo, on the handle of a brass jug, or simpulum. The blade of a British sword ; it is of brass, gilded, and about two feet long. A beautiful sepulcliral lamp. A stylus. Two tessenc signatorice, very perfect. Two lachrymatories; and a small glass urn, etc., etc., etc. ; and about forty pateras, urns, etc., chiefly of the fine red earth, and impressed with the potters' name. These things, added to my own collection, make some figure, I will assure you ; and the owner of tlicm wishes for nothmg so much as to give Dr. Ducarel a sight of them.

I have as yet seen neither Mr. Hasted nor his friend, whom he promised to bring hither to take my farm. I expect to see Jacob every day, having just heard that his wife was brought to bed of a brave boy two days ago. I have told Mr. Beaur voir of what you mentioned in your last. Mrs. Faussett joins in best wishes, etc., etc., to yourself and Mrs. Ducarel, with, dear Sir,

Your most obliged, humble servant,

Br. Faussett.

4._FR0M THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.

Canterbury, Sept. 13, 1764.

Dear Sir, — Having been in daily expectation of seeing you and your friends at Hcppington, I deferred answering your last ; but, as August is now past and gone, my hopes of your company are vanished with it. I therefore no longer deny myself the pleasure of paying my respects to you, though I am not worth a frank for their conveyance.

Coming here this morning, the first thing I heard of was poor Mr. Forster's

APPENDIX. 211

death. He had, for some time past, been much better ; and his friends hoped he would feirly recover. But he was taken yesterday afternoon with a sleeping fit, from which he could not be entirely roused, and died this morning about six. The bell is now going for him ; and, as I have known him long, and am no stranger to his virtues, and the goodness of his heart, affects me more than 1 could have imagined, considering I had not the happiness of an intimate acquaintance with him ; which, however, I think I was, as it were, deterred from by an awe impressed on my young clay (pardon the coxcombical expression) on hearing his Catechetical Lectures at University College many years ago ; and which I never could, somehow, erase enough to persuade myself but that he was something very much my superior, though by his calling on me now and then in his rides, he seemed, as it were, to invite me to be less reserved. So strong is a prejudice of this kind early received ! But, my dear friend, I grow grave, so will say no more on this subject, lest I should insensibly be more so.

I have lately added greatly to my collection by the acquisition of a very fine mummy (a present from my friend Mussell), and an almost alto-relievo of Canute the Dane, lately found, with its face downward, and covered with mortar, in the middle of a very thick wall belonging to the building where your office is kept, in the Mint yard. This building was the Aula Hosj^itum, or place for the entertainment of strangers, before the dissolution of the monastery ; and is certainly (as you well know) a piece of Norman architecture. You will therefore, I hope, agree with me in looking upon this piece of carving as a valuable piece of antiquity. Mr. Mussell also brought me down about six hundred copper Roman, etc., coins. But, as my collection is now grown pretty large, I shall not be able to find among them many worth laying by, except about a score of very fine Greek medals, among which is a fine African Gordian. He has also brought me six Saxon sticas ; but these I have not yet seen, they being sent with his baggage to Ramsgatc.

I am just going to eat venison with some of my friends (such as they are) here. The best sauce to it that I can possibly expect will be some hodge-podge disquisition on horses, dogs, hunting, shooting, etc.; but as it is my misfortune not to be a sportsman, it is odds that it will not be cooked to my palate. But I must bear with it, or live alone. But why do I snarl ] You, my friend, are a cynic ! I shall certainly di'ink your health.

I hope to be in town in about a month, when I will give myself the pleasure of waiting on vou. In the mean time I rest

Your much obliged, hum.ble servant,

Br. Faussett.

212 IKVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

5. -FROM THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.

Heppington, Octoler 2, 1764,

Dear Sir, — I had your last, and only waited for a friend's going to London, whom I would have gotten to carry my letter, otherwise I would have answered it sooner. But as his journey is deferred, I should count myself inexcusable if I longer deferred paying my respects to you.

I most heartily and sincerely congratulate you on your new preferment ; which T had, however, not heard a single word of till I received your last favour. Mr. Beauvoir never mentioned it to me ; I imagine he did not think of it when we have met, en passant ; and I think I have not been in company with him since you were here.

The traders^ are safely reserved for you against your coming, which I shall impatiently expect, and hope you will bring at least one of your learned colleagues with you.

I have not seen Mr. Hasted since ; nor have I heard from that friend of his, who he was so sure would hire Street-End. However, if I could be sure of the pleasure of your company, and know the time of your visitation, I would desire him to meet you at Philippi.

I am, dear Sir, with much respect.

Your obliged humble servant, etc.

Br. Faussett.

Mrs. Byrch is ill of the measles. Sir Thomas Hales has made me a present of some curious copies, in glass, of antique seals.

6.— FROM THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.

Heppington, Jan 18, 1765.

Dear Sir, — I am much obliged to you for your kind present of very fine oysters, which, together with your last favour, I had acknowledged the receipt of before now, but for the following reasons.

On the day I wrote last to you, I waited (as I thought myself obliged to do)

' Tradesmen's tokens, which Dr. Ducarel collected largely.

APPENDIX. 213

on the archdeacon, who read to me the contents of the archbishop's letters, so far as concerned me, and put a much more favourable construction on them than I even now think they will bear, namely, " that he only wanted to be informed whether I would do the duty myself, or keep a curate"; desired my answer, which he would send to the archbishop that day, and advised me to write to him myself I did so ; but neither the archdeacon nor myself have had any answer as yet.

I have also been in treaty with Mr. Cowland for my land ; and imagined we should have come to an agreement, very advantageous and convenient for us both ; but, I fear, we are now as far off as ever, on account of the rent of my own farm at home. The result of both these matters I wished to have been able to have informed you of; and has been the occasion of my silence, which had other- wise been inexcusable.

I thank you for your information wath regard to Mr. Mussell's sales, and must depend on you only for early notice of them, as soon as the times are fixed ; as also for a catalogue as soon as they come out. For, please God I am well, I intend to be in town, at the time of the sale of the coins at least.

I am very glad to find by yours that you are recovered from your inflamma- tion in your eyes. I thank God I am well. Mrs. Faussett and sister join me in compliments and best wishes.

I am, Sir, your much obliged humble servant,

Br. Faussett.

Please to accept the underwritten solution of the Colchester inscription, till I can furnish you with a better. If you will send me any others, you will much oblige me.

" Numinibus

August! Et Mercurio Deo,

Andescocius Vovicola, Miles II. Cohortis ^Eliae Severi

Plinii Libertus, Aram, Opere

Marmore De suo dedit." '

' [I have been unable to ascertain the fate of this Society of Antiquaries of London by Monuit, who

inscribed stone, an inspection of which is indispens- briefly states that the marble stone was found at

able to a satisfactory interpretation of the fourth, Colchester, Nov. 14th, 17G4. — Ed.] fifth, and sixth lines. A copy was given to the

214 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

7.— FROM THE REV. BRYAN FAUSSETT TO DR. DUCAREL.

Heppiiigton, Nov. 13, 1767.

Dear Sir, — I received your favour last night ; and, by my son (whom Mrs. Faussett and myself are going to accompany this afternoon as far as Ospringc), have sent you as many rockets as I can well spare, they being off-sets from the only fine roots I have in my garden, having lost many by the wetness of this unaccountable year. I wish you much happiness in your new dwelling, where I will not fail to wait on you when I come to town. I have had the good luck to save three out of the eight strawberry roots ; one of them has now fruit upon it. I have lately dug up some very fine glass urns ; a fine fibula set with garnets ; a cnjstal ball ; two pair of amethyst ear-rings ; many heads ; a Roman lady's equipage, or etui (con- sisting of an ear-jncker, tooth-picker, etc., all of silver, and strung upon a little silver chain); a large and curious ivorg comb ; many silver rings, etc., etc.; having opened, in all, fifty-four tumuli for them. I had almost forgot to mention four coins, namely, one of Gallienus, one of Probus, and two of Constantine the Great. I have not yet done with this spot (which is on Barham Down) ; but, please God I live, will at it again in the spring. You know this is my hobby-horse ! I congratulate you also on your new acquisition of modern medals. I am for the ancient ones ; " cum nova tot qua^runt, non nisi prisca peto." I write, as you may see, in much haste. Jacob and I will drink your health to night at Henfreys. So, adieu !

I am yours, etc., most sincerely,

Br. Faussett.

P.S. — I had like to have forgotten to tell you that, about ten days ago, an ancient stone cross (such as you have seen on the gable-heads of churches) was discovered in a garden near St. Martin's church in Canterbury. On one side is exculpt a word which we cannot yet make out, but is, no doubt, the name of a man. On the other side is insculpt four words, which, like the former, being made up of barbarous monkish letters, of no particular alphabet, puzzled me out of my patience ; but, at length, our friend Beauvoir unriddled them ; and they are no more nor less than " and Alys liis wife". Say nothing. Our president is to try if he can make them out.

8.— EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM THE REV. DR. OSMUND BEAUVOIR TO ARCHBISHOP WAKE.'

Ciinterhunj, Jan. 20, 1767.

Mr. Faussett is better, though still confined. I have not been able yet

to go and see him ; our snow lies deep, but nothing in comparison to what it is in

' Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century. B}' John Nichols. Vol. ix, p. 355. 1815.

APPENDIX. 215

the south of France, as a gentleman just come from thence told us yesterday, who in some places was obliged to use six horses and four oxen to get along. Charles Norris, vicar of Braborne and curate of Nouington, really and truly died yesterday : the latter would suit Faussett, and oblige him much ; but I was told yesterday, that some one has very kindly represented him to his grace as a man subject to passion, and to utter at such times very unclerical language. He has an enemy who might not scruple saying whatever he thought proper, if he had opportunity. —

Os. Beauvoir.

9.— EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM MR. E. HASTED TO DR. DUCAREL.'

Aug. 2, 1780.

There have been many more Roman remains lately dug up at the Lines

at Brompton, near Chatham, which I have had a relation of from the engineer. Captain Douglas, who is just entered on the study of antiquity, and is as complete an enthusiast as I ever met with in my life : — he seems beginning where he should leave off, and talks much of criticising on the conjectures of our late friend Bryan Faussett, who was, I do think, as capable and learned a man in that way as tliis country ever had, or will produce.

10.— LETTER FROM CAPTAIN DOUGLAS, AFTERWARDS THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS, TO

MR. HENRY GODFREY FAUSSETT.^

Chatham, 2nd April, 1781.

Dear Sir, — The object of my letter is to request your answer to the following particulars ; at the same time apologising for the trouble I have given you, should the proposals be in the least degree foreign to your inclination.

A gentleman high up in the estimation of the antiquarian world, and who has himself a great and valuable collection of antiquities, has delegated me to treat for your cabinet, should you have any desire to part with it. I am, therefore, to request of you the sum which you would get upon it, provided you would listen to a negociation from me. You will acquiesce with me in supposing that antiquarians do not scruple in making bargains for antique rust ; therefore, any delicacy on this subject would be ridiculous ; however, if you have any inclination to listen to proposals, I make no doubt, but that I shall be able to introduce your cabinet of hasta\ itmhones, fihulce, etc., to a good antiquarian market.

I very much respect your hint as to the tumulus you pointed out to mc. I have explored it much to my satisfaction.

1 Nichols's Illustrations of the Literary History ^ This and the following unpublished letters are of the Eighteenth Century, vol iv, p. 648. in the possession of Mr. Joseph Mayer.

216 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHRALE.

On the receipt of your letter, and if you consent, I will enter into particulars, on the score of which I am sure you will find no scruples.

I have taken a house in the College-yard, Rochester, Avhere I shall be extremely happy to see you and your lady, if a trajet to this place should enter your mind ; or to make use of it as an inn in your road to the capital.

Mrs. Douglas joins with me in compliments to Mrs. Faucit, and

I have the honour to be, dear Sir,

Your faithful and obedient servant,

J. Douglas. Please to direct your letter to the Office of Ordnance, Chatham Lines: I sa\T3 postage by this means : my letters are franked. J. D.

— Faucit, Esq., Eppington, near Canterbury, Kent.

11.— FKOM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO MR. HENRY GODFREY FAUSSETT.

CoUeye-Yard, Rochester, Mi May, 1782.

Dear Sir, — I should have no manner of objection of treating with you con- cerning your collection of things found in barrows, etc., if the value you set on them is compatible with reason, and the scarcity of money in general ; indeed I should say, with the poverty of the times. Permit me now to tell you, I am empowered to negotiate with you for the purchase ; but also not to exceed a certain price : the person is not a very monied man ; yet, if you conclude on disposing of them, he will remit you their value on the immediate conclusion of the bargain. Whatever transpires with me, I give you my honour, shall remain a secret ; but, indeed, I see no reason why you should have the least reluctance to make your intention public of disposing of them, since it happens every day that the first families in the kingdom are selling their collections of pictures, gems, antiquities, horses, etc. I believe I could enumerate many families tliat do tliis, not through distress ; but merely owing to their fancy changing, or other matters. I find Dr. Jacob has sold his collection of medals, etc., which he has been much disappointed in ; they fetched a mere trifle indeed.

I apprehend you have no objection to permit your manuscripts, that is, your father's, to go with the things. You know it would be extremely awkward to have the collection without them.

In expectation of your letter signifying your price, and which I hope you will not be unreasonable in,

I have the honour of remaining with much sincerity, dear Sir,

Your faithful obedient servant, — Faucet, Esq., Hcppington, near Canterbury. jAJItS UOUGLAS.

APPENDIX. 217

12.— FROM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO II. G. FAUSSETT, Esq.

Rochester, \St/i June, 1782.

Dear Sir, — I had the pleasure of your favour, setting forth your intention not to part with your collection unless the medals Avere to accompany it. As the person who is willing to purchase the cabinet (and who, by the bye, is well acquainted with the particulars), only collects barrow curiosities, he will not therefore accept of coins, etc. As the matter thus stands, I apprehend he must abide by your decision, and, consequently, drop all further thoughts of having your barrow treasures detached from the medals. So much of this : now to my own proposal. I have very nearly completed a general history of the funeral customs of the ancients ; having, for that purpose, made acquisition of a profusion of materials, and spared no hxbour to accomplish a rational and concise system to ascertain the history of barrows, kistvaens, cromlechs, etc. I have made drawings of the most material part of my small researches, besides of an addition which I have made to it from various quarters. These drawings will be published in the aqua tinta to the number of near a hundred. The plan is too diffuse to explain the particulars by letter ; but when I have the pleasure of seeing you, or should you journey to my part of the world, I will communicate the whole to you, and show you my papers, etc. My proposal is to request the assistance of your collection, which, as it will ornament my work to a great degree, I have not the least doubt of its making it known to the world ; and as I shall have an indubitable proof of appreciating their value by an elaborate description of their justly to be admired antique estimation, so I think you will have an easy opportunity of communicating the discoveries to the world : you Avill at the same time ensure yourself a channel of making their value known.

My object is not to benefit by the undertaking : the getting up of the work will give me pleasure, and greatly amuse me in my leisure hours. I shall hope to refund myself in the expense of printing, which will be very great. This is all I flatter myself with, and all that I can possibly expect from a work of this nature. I mean to print my work the size of the Arcliwohgia, for the sake of grouping in a library. The communication of any particulars, Avhich your long experience in the study of antiquity must have rendered you well versed in, would prove extremely beneficial to me, and will be gratefully received and marked in my work accordingly.

When I have completed some of my urjua tinta, I shall have the pleasure of transmitting you some of these plates for your opinion of: they only print a certain

F F

218 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHEALE.

number, consequently they -will limit the copies of my work to a certain numler. The great plan I have in view will be, to draw a line between all speculative fancies in antiquities and an hypothesis founded on reason and practical observations.

We recover by degrees from this pestilential malaria in our parts. The garrison at Chatham has reduced their dead from eight of a niglit to four.

Mrs. Douglas presents her compliments to your good family; and I have the pleasure of subscribing myself most heartily, dear Sir,

Your sincere humble servant,

Js. Douglas.

H. G. Faussett, Esq., Heppington, near Canteibuiy, Kent.

13.— LETTER FROM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO MR. H. G. FAUSSETT.

Dear Sir, — I hope by this you have received the second and third numbers of the Ncnia. As your letter was forwarded to me in town, where I have been for a few days on business with my printer, etc., I had an opportunity of calling on Mr. Nichols and giving orders for the numbers in question, with good impressions, to be forwarded to you.

Be assured the passage Avhich you have referred to^ can by no means apply to a perusal of your father's manusfcript] : it was what I have cautiously avoided. I wished to make the remark as strong as possible ; and which, in a future passage of the work, will be made more explanatory. If you remember, it was your assurance that you had no recollection that heads were ever found under the cir- cumstances that Dr, Stukeley had described. Your words and the inspection of your cabinet were my vouchers ; and I thought I had explained myself accordingly. However, be assured, for I have since appealed to a judge for the sense which the sentence may convey ; and I am acquitted of any hint as to the perusal of a manuscript. I knew you was tender in the permission of the perusal of the man[uscript] : but do not call to mind your reasons : but if you think any hints of this nature would injure the disposal of your collection, the same shall be studiously avoided ; but give me leave to assure you, that the publication of your relics, whatever you are pleased to transmit to me, and Avhich may conform to my arrangement, will assuredly add to their value ; for every amateur will allow that

Nenia Briiannica, p. 6, note.

APPEKDIX. 219

such ancient remains are always enhanced in value when they have been engraved ; and I trust, as it is only the assemblage which I covet, as being sedulous to arrive at truth in these studies, so you will not find it incompatible with your views to transmit an answer to a query which refers to the position of reUcs in the tumuli.***

Tell me how you like the second and third numbers of my work. I have reserved the mention of your relics for this number (the fourth) ; but really I am at a loss how to conduct myself with propriety. I am sure you think with me, that on a topic of literary matters, truth being the great desideratum, an author is happy to find it ; and if he can procure it by analogy, or by comparing one fact with another, all the learned wovdd conspire to assist him in it : believe me, dear sir, no one will readily attempt such a work as the one I am engaged in. It is, in one sense, fortunate that I execute the plates myself, as the expense of publication would, in these works, be scarcely balanced : trust me, I shall rejoice when I have acquitted myself of the bounden duty I am under to publish my Nenia ; and shall be cautious of a like undertaking, unless I have, in respect to the engraving, some assistance. It is too much for one person to perform with satisfaction to himself; and especially at the distance which I am from the press.

Favour me with a line at your leisure ; and tell me how far you wish me to go in respect to your cabinet. Mrs. Douglas joins me in compliments to Mrs. Faussett ; and believe me to be,

Yours sincerely,

Jas. Douglas.

Chklinyfold, 2nd Oct. 1786.

14.— LETTER FROM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO MR. H. G. FAUSSETT.

Dear Faussett, — I hope your great affliction has, from this interval, been somewhat lessened, and that your health is not materially injured by your heavy loss. I have had you often in my mind, as you may naturally suppose, from the nature of my engagements ; and when this has been the case, I may venture to say, with the greatest sincerity, that both Mrs. D. and myself have felt a sympathy on the melancholy occasion.

Have you had any time or spirits to peruse my last number of the Nenia, which I hope has reached you % My plates are finished for the succeeding one, the eighth, and are now forwarded for the press. They contain the coins, urns, or rather, funeral vessels, plans of the groups of barrows, and some few miscellaneous relics.

220 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

This number will detail more elaborate matter on the history of the barrows ; some corrections of past errors, or rather, hasty stringing together of remarks from my common-place book ; and I rather flatter myself I shall be, on the whole, persuasive in making you a complete convert as to their real history. I have said complete, to raise your expectations ; and also with a view, by speaking boldly and decidedly, to be called to order for any human fallibility, which, if in your power, I hope you will, mthout any ceremony, not fail to do. When I say in your power, I mean if you are in possession of any facts which controvert my assertions, or, more modestly speaking, conjectures, I beg you will not scruple to let me hear from you.

From the trouble, time, and expense, with little or no profit, attendant on these kind of publications, I think I may venture to foretel, that you will not sit down to arrange your collection for the public : as such, I trust you Avill permit me to ask, whether you have any desire to introduce any of your remarks 1 If so, I will very readily accept them, and faithfully assign them to the writer. I have made this suggestion at this time, because in the ensuing number to this, I mean to dismiss the matter which relates to the small barrows in clusters ; and proceed to the Roman and British, for the completion of which I have some very rich materials.

A few months back, I opened an uncommon curious paved barrow of the first rate kind : ^ the contents, an urn, skeleton, and some fragments of undefined brass relics, too much corroded even for conjecture. The barrow was curious from its apparent high antiquity and its situation.

I think you once told me that you found urns with ashes in the campaniform clusters of barrows where the bodies were also interred ; but you did not say whether this was evident in any on Barham Down or Sibertswold Down. Chartham contained some, as by Dr. Mortimer's manuscript ; but he does not say positively that ashes were found in them. This circumstance is very material as to the dating of their exact era ; and if this occurs to your memory, or in your notes, I shall esteem it a favour if you will acquaint me with the fact.

I shall be extremely happy to hear that you preserve your health ; and that the anxieties of life have not turned your thoughts entirely from the rust of old times.

I beg, when you see Sir William and Mrs. Fagg, you will not fail to present my best remembrance.

I am, with great regard, your sincere friend and servant,

Jas. Douglas.

Chidingfold, \9ih Feb. 1791. ^ [At Gorstead, in the parish of Chidingfold, Surrey. See Nenia Britannica, p, 162. — Ed.]

APPENDIX. 221

15.— EXTRACT OP A LETTER FROM THE REV. JAMES DOUGLAS TO MR. H. G. FAUSSETT.'

Many places of early Saxon burial are constantly presenting themselves

before me : many in Sussex, my neighbouring county. Were you to give me your company this spring or summer, I really think I should be tempted to undertake an exploratory excursion with you. Were you to take a circuitous tour on the Kentish coast, and through Brighton to Chichester, I would give you a meeting. I would meet you at Brighton, and take the coach to a place called Findon, celebrated for a very ancient camp called Cisbury. The downs are scattered with tumuli. I have a friend at Findon who would be glad to receive us, as also in most of our track to my domicilium. This I propose from a supposition that your inclination leads you to the plan of touring about, than which nothing can be more delightful and cheering to the mind, as also wonderfully instructive. Should you embrace the proposition, I Avill then reserve my thoughts on the subject of the hints I dropped concerning your collection.

Jas. Douglas.

Chidingfold, Ath Feb. 1794.

16.— VOTE OF THANKS TO THE REV. GODFREY FAUSSETT, D.D., BY THE BRITISH AR0H.a;OLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

" C. Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A., in moving the vote of ' thanks to the Rev. Godfrey Faussett, D.D., Margaret Professor of Divinity, Oxford, for his great courtesy and kindness, in receiving the members of the British ArchBCological Association to inspect his most interesting collection of antiquities', said, that the visit to Heppington had been one of the most important and interesting achieve- ments of the meeting. By the kindness and liberality of Dr. Faussett, they had been permitted free access to a museum of local antiquities, which he (Mr. S.) considered was unrivalled in the value of the objects themselves, as works of ancient art of a particular epoch, and in the admirable manner in which they were arranged, classified, and illustrated by the doctor's ancestor, the Rev. Bryan Faussett. Not

' [The letters numbered 11 to 15 are from the originals in the collection of Mr. Joseph Mayer. — Ed.]

222 INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

only had Dr. Faussett, at considerable trouble and inconvenience, made arrange- ments to ensure to all who attended an examination of the antiquities, but he also procured for their inspection, and arranged in his museum, the collection of Sir John Fagg. And furthermore. Dr. Faussett had intimated that if, at any future time, the Association should feel disposed to publish the manuscripts of his grand- father, illustrative of the collection, every facility should be afforded towards effecting this object, which he (Mr. S.) considered most desirable."^

' " A Report of the Proceedings of the British ing, held at Canterbury in the month of September Archaeological Association at the First General Meet- 1844", edited by J. A. Dunkin: p. 362.

THE END.

INDEX.

GILTON.

(one hundred and six graves) pp. 1 to 34.

Amber beads, Nos. 4,i 19, 20, 31, 32, 47, 59, 60, 62, 81,

92. Amethyst bead, No. 41. Armilla, No. 89. Arrow heads, Nos. 4, 46, 65, 80.

Beads, of various kinds ; in twenty-five graves.

Bit, of a bridle, No. 83.

Blades of knives ; in eighty-four graves.

Bone-urns, Nos. 2, 16, 17, 24, 30, 43, 50, 80.

Bones, burnt, Nos. 16, 50, 80.

Boxes, Nos. 86, 94.

Bracelet, No. 89.

Bridle bit. No. 83.

Bucket, or pail. No. 28.

Buckles ; in thirty six graves.

Chains, Nos. 19, 27, 41, 42, 52, 76, 81, 83, 87. Children's graves, Nos. 4, 13, 15, 20, 31, 32, 33, 59, 60, 92. Cloth, Nos. 12, 23, 28, 50, 66. Coins, Nos. 3, 31, 40, 41, 50, 66, 83. Coffins, as supposed : fifty-two.

Daggers, Nos. 12, 40, 56, 65, 79.

Darts (jacula), heads of; in thirty-four graves.

Dice, No. 11.

Drop of ear-ring, No. 41.

Fibulso (circular), Nos. 19, 27, 41, 42, 48, 62, 67, 69, 70,

76, 81, 87. Fork-like instrument (girdle-tag). No. 94.

Glass vessels, Nos. 19, 27, 41, 45, 52, 65, 70, 83. Gold, objects in, Nos. 23, 27, 41, 42.

Hair-pins, Nos. 8, 19.

Heads of spears, Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 22, 23, 28, 34,

38, 39, 40, 48, 50, 56, 66, 71, 82, 89, 93. Hinges, pair of. No. 94.

Kettles, or basins, Nos. 8, 19.

Keys, Nos. 15, 42, 52, 76, 94.

Knives, see Blades of.

Knots, sliding, to rings, Nos. 27, 32, 41, 76, 81.

Lead, Nos. 23, 56, 66. Links of chains. See Chains.

Mirror, No. 94.

Nails ; in thirty-one graves. Neck, pendants for, Nos. 27, 31.

Ornament, of silver gilt. No. 48. Ossuaries. See Bone-urns.

Pail, No. 28.

Pans, brass. See Kettles.

Patera, No. 60.

Pins, Nos. 8, 19, 27, 41, 76, 81, 87.

Pommels of swords, Nos. 23, 56, 66, 89.

Ringles, Nos. 15, 27, 51, 52, 60, 75, 79, 80, 86, 94, 97,

101. Rings, Nos. 27, 32, 41, 76, 81, 94.

Scabbards of swords, Nos. 48, 89.

Scales and weights. No. 66

Shears, No. 47.

Shields, umboes, etc., of, Nos. 5, 6, 10, 21, 22, 23, 34, 38,

39, 40, 48, 50, 56, 61, 66, 71, 77, 82, 83, 89. Speculum, No. 94. Spear heads, Nos. 1, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 21, 22, 23, 30, 34, 38,

39, 40, 45, 48, 50, 56, 66, 71, 82, 89, 93. Swords, Nos. 10, 23, 48, 66, 89. Surgeons' instruments, so supposed. No. 98.

Toilette implements, Nos. 27, 41, 76, 81, 87. Touchstone, No. 66. Trivets, Nos. 8, 19. Tweezers, No. 50, 80.

Umboes. See Shields.

Urns, Nos. 2, 16, 17, 23, 24, 30, 32, 33, 40, 43, 50, 80, 91, 101.

Weights and scales, No. 66.

Women's graves, Nos. 3, 8, 15, 19, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49, 52, 67, 69, 70, 76, 81, 87, 94.

' The numbers refer to those of the srraves.

224

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHKALE.

KINGSTON.

(three hundred and eight graves) pp. 35 to 94.

BiSHOPSBOURNE (nINE GRAVEs) pp. 95 TO 100.

Agate pendant, No. 92.

Amber beads, Nos. 46, 265.

Amethystine pendants, Nos. 6, 46, 59, 96, 103, 121, 142,

ICl, 177, 235, 246, 253, 267, 299. Animals, bones of, Nos. 242, 282 ; Bishopsbourne, No. 8. Armilla.^ Nos. 15, 20, 121, 142, 173, 177, 222, 269, 299. Arrow-heads? Nos. 3, 94, 105, 111, 113, 178, 180, 213.

Ball, in crystal. No. 6. Beads ; in fifty-one graves.

of silver. No. 241.

Bells, Nos. 222, 299.

Blades of knives ; in one hundred and seventy-six graves :

Bishopsbourne, Nos. 5, 7. Boar's tusk, No. 242. Bodkins, Nos, 18.5,211 Boxes, Nos. 26, 121, 142, 169, 185, 205, 222, 299.

small bronze, Nos. 96, 222.

Buckles ; in fifty-nine graves.

Chains, Nos. 5, 7, 26, 45, 46, 50, 53, 59, 121, 142, 156, 168, 183, 20.5, 219, 222, 262, 298, 299, 302.

Children's graves ; forty-four.

Children's toys ? Nos. 92, 94, 105.

Clasps, of boxes, Nos. 121, 142, 185, 205, 302.

Cofiins, as supposed ; one hundred and eighty : at Bishops- bourne, three.

Coins, Nos. 21, 24, 25, 102, 299.

Combs, Nos. 53, 121, 142, 299, 302.

Cowry shells, Nos. 142, 299.

Cross-shaped pendants, Nos. 96, 142.

Daggers, No. 76, 106.

Darts (jacula); in thirty graves.

Ear-picks, Nos. 7, 142.

Ear-rings, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 46, 59, 71, 96, 103, 121, 142, 161, 177, 241, 260, 297, 298, 305.

Fibulfc, Nos. 15, 161, 205, 299.

Glass vessels, Nos. 6, 9, 35, 46, 119, 130, 146, 205. Gold, objects in, Nos. 96, 142, 205, 235, 253, 299.

Ivory, objects in, Nos. 7, 1.5, 16, 20, 53, 76, 121, 142, 161, 177, 185, 297, 299, 302.

Kettles, or basins, in bronze, Nos. 76, 205.

Keys, in bronze. No. 222 ; in iron, Nos. 54, 142, 169, 205,

223, 297, 299. Knives ; in one hundred and fifty-four graves.

Lead, objects in, Nos. 8, 244.

Leather, objects in, Nos. 129, 173, 299.

Linen cloth. No. 222.

Nails ; in one hundred and thirty-six-graves. Neck-ornaments, Nos. 46, 59, 96, 103, 110, 142, 156, 177,

205, 235, 241, 253, 297, 298, 299. Needle-case, No. 222. Nippers, Nos. 16, 25.

Ossuaries, or bone-urns, Nos. 1, 4, 23.

Padlock, No. 299, pi. 10, fig. 9.

Pans, in bronze, Nos. 76, 205.

Patera, Roman, No. 178.

Pins, Nos. 6, 7, 72, 89,119, 142, 156, 161, 171, 183, 185,

211, 222, 232. Pommel of sword, No. 76.

Rings, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 15, 46,"53, 59, 71, 72, 92, 96, 121, 142,

161, 171, 211, 223, 234, 250, 260, 262, 297, 298, 305.

Ringles, Nos. 7, 35, 45, 54, 84, 105, 110, 142, 177, 183, 262.

Scabbard of sword, remains of, No. 16.

Shears, Nos. 142, 235, 246, 253, 299, 305.

Sheath of knife. No. 142.

Shields, Nos. 2, 16, 124, 127, 129, 130, 140, 163, 164,

167, 200, 208. Shells, Nos. 142, 242, 299 ; Bishopsbourne, Nos. 5, 8. Spear-heads, Nos. 2, 16, 111, 124, 125, 129, 132, 140, 176,

179, 200, 208. Spindle-whii-ls, No. 92, 262, 299. Swords, Nos. 16, 208; chape of. No. 16.

Toilette implements, suspended from the girdle, Nos. 7,

13, 50, 53, 142, 205, 222. Touchstone, No. 50. Trivets, Nos. 83, 205.

Urns ; in twenty-eight graves. Bishopsbourne, Nos. 1, 3.

Wire, bronze, Bishopsbourne, No. 2. Women's graves, as decided by ornaments, etc., thirty- three; Bishopsbourne, two.

IIs^DEX.

225

SIBERTSWOLD.

(one hundred and eighty-one graves) p. 101 to p. 134.

Amber beads, Nos. 131, 151, 163. Amethysts, Nos. 18, 56, 71, 86, 101, 151, 172. Armilla, No. 138. Arrow-heads, Kos. 98, 128.

Bead, silver. No. 31.

Beads, various ; in thirty-eight graves.

Blades of knives ; in one hundred and five graves.

Bones, burnt, Nos. 164, 169.

Bone-urns, Nos. 164, 169.

Bowls, wooden. No. 69.

Box, in bronze, No. 60.

Boxes, in wood, Nos. 10, 24, 42, 52, 56, 57, 60, 69, 100,

138, 151, 180. Buckles ; in forty graves.

Chains, links of ; in twenty graves.

Chape, of sword, No. 58.

Children's graves ; twenty-eight.

Cloth, traces of, Nos. 29, 47, 54, 58, 60, 100, 125, 133, 151.

Coffins, as supposed ; in one hundred and eleven graves.

Coins, No. 172.

Combs, Nos. 54, 124, 178, 180.

Cup, in wood. No. 69.

Dagger, No. 177.

Darts (jacula); in twenty graves.

Ear-rings, No. 10, 11, 16, 30, 83, 86, 178.

Fibula, No. 101.

Glass vessels, Nos. 7, 151, 157. Gold, object in, or gilt, No. 172. Graves of children, twenty-eight. women, thirty-eight.

Hair found in a bronze box, No. 60.

pins, Nos. 13, 18, 31, 39, 60, 103, 138, 180.

Ivory (or bone?), objects in, Nos. 30, 54, 101, 124, 144, 172, 178, 180.

Knives, blades of; in one hundred and five graves.

Leather, Nos. 177, 180.

Lock, of box. No. 180.

Links of chains, in iron ; in twenty graves.

Nails ; in fourteen graves.

Neck-ornaments, Nos. 18, 29, 86, 93, 94, 124, 129, 159,

172. Nippers, No. 45.

Ossuaries. See Bone-urns. Ox, bones of. No. 119. Oyster-shells, Nos. 162, 164, 166.

Padlocks, Nos. 24, 151.

Pincers, or Clippers, No. 115. See Shears.

Pendants. See Neck- ornaments.

Pins, Nos. 13, 24, 31, 39, 60, 10.3, 172.

Pommel of sword, No. 177.

Ringles, Nos. 39, 45, 54, 58, 93, 100, 101, 103, 110, 151,

152, 158, 177. Rings, Nos. 10, 11, 16, 30, 32, 60, 67, 83, 86, 125, 163,

178, 180.

Shears, Nos. 2, 18, 133. See Pincers.

Shields, Nos. 81, 82, 87, 97, 99, 102, 108, 109, 111, 112,

115, 117, 118, 126, 132, 177. Shell, cowry. No. 180.

mussel, Nos. 162, 164.

Silk, No. 60.

Silver bead. No. 31.

Spear-heads, Nos. 58, 59, 64, 74, 81, 62, 88, 92, 97, 102,

106, 108, 112, 113, 115, 118, 122, 123, 126, 127, 132,

176. Spindle-whirls, Nos. 83, 156, 170, 172, 175. Spoons, Nos. 60, 164. Swords, Nos. 58, 98, 102, 117, 140, 177.

Thread, No. 31.

Toys, supposed, Nos. 25, 83, 156.

Tweezers, No. 45.

Urns, Nos. 27, 29, 32, 33, 37, 54, 117, 151, 153, 157, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 176.

G G

226

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

BARFRISTON. (forty-eight graves) p. 135 to p. 143.

Amethysts, Nos. 6, 13, 48. Armilla, No. 6. Arrow-head, No. 25.

Beads, Nos. 6, 13, 34, 38, 42, 48.

on rings. No. 6.

Blades of knives ; in twenty-six graves. Bones, burnt, Nos. 27, 44. Bone-urns, Nos. 27, 44. Boxes, remains of. No. 45. Buckles; in fourteen graves.

Cloth, No. 47. Coffins ; in six graves. Coins, No. 25.

Darts ; in nine graves.

Ear-ring, No. 34.

Feathers, a lump of, No. 47. Fibula, No. 6.

Glass vessels, Nos. 25, 28, 34, 48 ; pieces of. No. 6. Gold, objects in, Nos. 34, 48. Graves of children ; seven. of women, ascertained ; six.

Hair-pin, No. 48.

Ivory, objects in, Nos. 6, 27.

Knives, blades of ; in twenty-six graves.

Links of chains, in iron, Nos. 38, 42.

Neck ornaments, Nos. 34, 48.

Ossuaries, Nos. 27, 44. Oyster-shells, No. 27.

Patera, Roman, fragment of. No. 39. Pendants for the neck, Nos. 34, 48.

Ring, No. 34.

Rings with beads. No. 6.

Shears, No. 6.

Shield, No. 47.

Spears, remains of, Nos. 30, 33.

Swords, Nos. 27, 47.

Umbo, supposed. No. 35.

Urns, Nos. 10, 11, 12, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 39, 43, 44, 48.

BEAKESBOURNE.

(forty-five graves) p. 144 to p. 159

Ashes, wood, etc., Nos. 20, 21, 41, 42, 44, 45.

Beads, Nos. 29, 40.

Blades of knives ; in fourteen graves.

Bones of animals, Nos. 7, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 41, 42, 43,

44. Bone-urns, Nos. 14, 16, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45. Buckles, Nos. 6, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38.

Chains, etc., Nos. 29, 32.

Clay, grave filled with it, No. 25.

Coins, Nos. 30, 35.

Coffins, traces of ; in twenty-seven graves.

Dart, head of, No. 28.

Flints, tumuli composed of, Nos. 41, 42.

Grave, cross-shaped. No. 16.

Graves of children, Nos. 11, 12, 17, 30, 33, 41.

Graves of women, Nos. 29, 32, 40.

Hair-pins, No. 29.

Keys, in iron, Nos. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32.

Lead, No. 30. Leather, Nos. 30, 38.

Neck ornaments, Nos. 30, 40.

Paterae, Roman, Nos. 16, 35. Pendants for the neck, Nos. 30, 40. Pius, Nos. 29, 45.

Shears, Nos. 29, 30, 32, 44. Spear-head, No. 44. Spindle-whirls, No. 29, 30, 32.

Urns,Nos. 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 27, 29, 30, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45.

INDEX.

227

C H A R T H A M.

TUMULI OPENED BY D R. MORTIMER, AB 0 UT TWENTY-SIX. BY THE REV. B. FAUSSETT, FIFTY'-THREE. TOTAL, SEVENTY'-NINE : p. 160 to p. 176

Key, in bronze, No. 16.

Amethyst beads, pp. 165, 168; No. 14. Armillre, No. 16. Arrow-heads, p. 167 ; No. 39 ?

Ball, of crystal, p. 164

Basin, of bronze (supposed a helmet), p. 165.

Beads, pp. 167, 168; Nos. 8, 9, 14, 44.

Belt.s, pp. 166, 168.

Blades of knives, p. 167; Nos. 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 15, 18,

20, 26, 29, 34, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47. Bones, of animals, p. 166 ; Nos. 15, 20, 23. Bone-urns, p. 165; No. 51. Boxes, pp. 166, 167, note 1. Buckles,pp.l66,lG7,168;No3. 1,11,15, 25,26,41,43,47.

Cloth, linen, p. 168; Nos. 4, 2.5, 43.

Coffins, traces of ; in twenty-seven graves.

Cross-shaped pendant, No. 9.

Cup, of wood, with silver-gilt ornaments. No. 48.

Darts, or javelins, p. 167; No. 39.

Fibulae, pp. 163, 168.

Glass vessels, p. 164.

Horses, bones of, p. 166. Hooks and chain, No. 34.

Leather, p. 166; Nos. 10, 26.

Locks of boxes, p. 167, note 2; No. 44.

Nails, p. 166.

Ossuaries. See Bone-urns.

Padlock, No. 44.

Pendants, pp. 164, 165; No. 14, 44.

Pins, pp. 164, 165, 167; Nos. 4, 17, 44.

Rings, Nos. 9, 14, 34.

Shears, p. 167. Shields, p. 167. Spears, p. 167. Stylus, No. 34.

Toilette implements, hung to the girdle, pp. 165, 166.

Umboes of shields, p. 167. Urns, p. 165; Nos. 4, 46, 51.

Women's graves, pp. 163, 164, 165, 166; Nos. 9, 16, 44,

50. Wooden cup. No. 48.

CR

(twenty-seven

Animals, bones of, Nos. 4, 9, 12.

Beads, Nos. 18, 24.

Bone-urns, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 21, 24.

Bones, a heap of. No. 8.

Bronze, objects in. No. 8, 9, 18, 24.

Buckle, in iron, No. 18.

Chain, links of, No. 24. Clasps and nails in iron, No. II. Coffins, Nos. 11, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 24. Coin, No. 24.

Fibulaj, Nos. 5, 9.

Frinsbury, Roman remains found at, p. 193, note.

Glass vessels, Nos. 1, 5.

Hair-pin. No. 18.

U N D A L E.

graves) p. 177 to p. 200.

Implements hung to the girdle. No. 24. Ivory, objects in, Nos. 5, 24.

Knives, blades of, Nos. 9, 13, 18, 22, 23.

Nails, Nos. 11, 14, 20, 24, 25.

Ossuaries. See Bone-urns. Oyster shells. No. 11.

Patera, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,

21. Potters' names, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11.

Skeletons, Nos. 11, 1.3, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Urns and other vessels in clay, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25.

228

INVENTORIUM SEPULCHRALE.

INDEX TO THE PLATES.

PERSONAL ORNAMENTS.

PLATE I.

1. Gold jewelled fibula, Kingston, No. 205: i beneath it is a side view ; and below that, a view of the reverse or under side of the fibula, showing the peculiar setting of the acus: see note, p. 78. — 2 and 3. Pendant and Ro- man fibulte, from the same grave, p. 78. Actual size.

PLATE II.

1. Kingston, No. 299.— 2. Kingston, No. 15.— 3. Post- ling, 17731— 4. Gilton, No. 42.— 5. Not identified.^— 6. Sibertswold, No. 101.-7. Gilton, No. 4.-8. Kingston, No. 299. Actual size.

PLATE III.

1. Gilton, No. 19.-2. Barfriston, No. 6.-3. Gilton, No. 76.-4. Gilton, No. 81.— 5. Gilton, No. 69.-6. Gil- ton, No. 62.-7. Gilton, No. 27.-8. Gilton, No. 67.—

9. Kingston, No. 161. Actual size.

PLATE IV.

1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 17. Sibertswold, No. 172.— 3, 4, 5, 15, 19. Barfriston, No. 48.-6, 21. Kingston, No. 142.—

10. Kingston, No. 235.-11. Kingston, No. 96.-12. Kingston, No. 253.-14. Barfriston, No. 42.-18. Bar- friston, No. 34.-20. Kingston, No. 110.-22. Siberts- wold, No. 86. — 23. Gilton, No. 27.-24. Sibertswold, No. 124; also, No. 18. Actual size.

1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. From Sibertswold and Barfriston. —

2, 3. Gilton. — 4. Beakesbourne. — 10. From Sibertswold and Barfriston. — The unnumbered group, chiefly from Gilton. Actual size.

PLATE VI.

Is composed of beads from Gilton and Kingston. En- graved the full size.

PLATE VII.

1. Sibertswold, No. 11.-2, 4. Kingston, No. 103.—

3. Chartham, No. 44. — 5. Kingston, No. 305. — 6. Kings- ton, No. 7—7, 9. Barfriston, No. 48.-8. Chartham, No. 14. — 10. Kingston, No. 6. — 11. Barfriston, No. 34.-12,

16, 17. Chartham, No. 14.— 13. Sibertswold, No. 16.— 14. Kingston, No. 121. — 15. Sibertswold, No. 86.— 18. Sibertswold, No. 178. Actual size.

PLATE VIII.

1, 10. Sibertswold, No. 95.— 2,4 «, 5, 5, 8. Gilton, No. 24.-3,6. Gilton, No. 48.— 7. Gilton, No. 41.— 9. Siberts- wold, No. 35.-11. Gilton, No. 89.— 12. Gilton, No. 12.— 13. Gilton, No. 88.— 14. Postling,^ a.d.1773. Actual size.

PLATE IS.

1. Kingston, No. 163.— 2. Sibertswold, No. 142.— 3. Gilton, No. 23 (with figs. 2, 4, and 5, pi. viii). — 4. Kings- ton, No. 244.-5. Gilton, No. 10.-6, 10. Gilton, No. 40. —7. Kingston, No. 300.-8. Sibertswold, No. 150.-9. Gilton, No. 38.— 11. Sibertswold, No. 143.— 12. Siberts- wold, No. 131.— 13. Sibertswold, No. 176.-14. Barfris- ton, No. 10. — 15. Kingston, No. 127. Actual size.

PLATE X.

1. Sibertswold, No. 144. — 2. Kingston, No. 179.-3. Barfriston, No. 27. — i. Gilton, No. 88.-5. Barfriston, No. 23. — 6. Kingston, No. 76. — 7. Barfriston, No. 38. — 8, 1.3. Sibertswold, No. 151.-9. Chartham, No. 44.— 10. Kingston, No. 299.-11, 14. Kingston, No. 178.— 12. Kingston, No. 131. — 15. Gilton, No. 87.— 16. Gilton, No. 70.— 17. Kingston, No. 222.-18. Gilton, No. 18.— 19. Kingston, No. 142.-20. Gilton, No. 8.-21. Kings- ton, No. 299. The actual size; except Nos. 13, 18, 20, which are one-third less than the originals.

PLATE XI.

1, 3. Sibertswold, No. 172.-2. Gilton, No. 41.— 4. Kingston, No. 241. — 5. Kingston? — 6. Sibertswold, No. 3l._7. Sibertswold, No. 94.— 8. Sibertswold, No. 163.— 9. Kingston, No. 177. — 10. Kingston,No.92. — 11. Siberts- wold, No. 125. — 12. Kingston, No. 297. — 13. Kingston, No. 250. — 14. Kingston, No. 262. — 16, 20. Kingston. — 16, 23. Kingston, No. 7. — 17. Chartham, No. 9. — 18. Sibertswold, No. 30.-19. Kingston, No. 142.— 21. Chart- ham, No. 9.-22. Kingston, No. 161.-23. Kingston, No. 7. Actual size.

1 The Nos. denote the numbers of the graves under the various divisions.

- It is marked "Ash", but is not mentioned in the Inventorium. This is the case with one or two other

objects in the plates, as, for instance, two marked " Post- ling".

3 It does not appear under what circumstances these were discovered.- — Ed.

INDEX TO THE PLATES.

229

IMPLEMENTS OF THE TOILETTE, ETC.

PLATE XII.

1. Kingston, No. 7. — 2. Kingston, No. 50. — 3,4. Kings- ton, No. 142.— 5, a, Gilton, No. 76.-5, b. Gilton, No. 19.— G. Gilton, No. 27.-7. Kingston, No. 13.-8. Chart- ham, No. 26.-9. Sibertswold, No. 18.-10. Sibertswold, No. 60.— 11. Sibertswold, No. 164.— 12. Kingston, No. 222.— 13. Sibertswold, No. 45.-14, 15. Gilton, No. 98. 16. Sibertswold, Nos. 31, 172.-17. Kingston, No. 183.— 18. Chartham, No. 44.— 19. Sibertswold, No. 18.-20. Sibertswold, No. 180.-21. Sibertswold, No. 39.-22. Si- bertswold, No. 13. — 23. Kingston, No. 161. — 24. Barfris-

ton, No, 43?— 25. Sibertswold, No. 101. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 1.5, are two-thirds the actual size : the remainder are of the full size.

PLATE XIII.

1. Kingston, No. 302.— 2. Kingston, No. 142.-3. Kingston, No. 53. — 4. Kingston, No. 299. — 5. Siberts- wold, No. 179.— 6. Sibertswold, No. 180.— 7,9, 10. Kings- ton, No. 222.-8. Sibertswold, No. 60.-11. Kingston, No. 96.-12. Gilton, No. 94.

WEAPONS.

PLATE XIV.

1. Sibertswold, No. 59.-2, 3. Kingston, No. 2.-4. Sibertswold, No. 98.-5. Gilton, No. 23.— -6. Gilton, No. 56.-7. Gilton, No. 10.-8. Kingston, No. 173.-9, 10, 11. Gilton and Kingston. — 12. Gilton, No. 1. — 13. Kingston i— 14. Gilton, No. 28.— 15. Gilton, No. 10.— 16. Sibertswold, No. 58.— 17. Sibertswold, No. 128.—

18. Kingston, No. 16.- fourth the actual size.

-19. Sibertswold, No. 28. One-

Owing to the decomposed state of most of the weapons, it is impossible to identify some of them sufficiently to refer them with certainty to the graves from which they were taken.

WEAPONS, KNIVES, UMBOES, AND MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.

PLATE XV.

1 to 12. Daggers and knives, from Gilton, Kingston, and Sibertswold. — 13. Sibertswold, No. 81. — 14 a. Gil- ton, No. 5.-14 h. Gilton, No. 22.-15. Sibertswold, No. 87.— 16. Kingston, No. 124.-17. Kingston, No. 2.-18. Kingston, No. 140. — 19. Kingston, No. 129. — 20. Kings- ton, No.l42.— 21. Beakesbourne, No. 29. — 22. Chartham, No. 34.-23. Kingston, No. 302.-24. Kingston, No. 8,

and Beakesbourne, No. 4. — 25. Kingston, No. 299, and Sibertswold, No. 178.-26. Kingston, No. 305.-27. Si- bertswold, No. 103 (9 inches in length) ; and No. 180 (4| inches).— 28. Kingston, No. 142?— 29. Sibertswold, No. 115. One-fourth the actual size; except, No. 20, 6^ inches in length ; No. 21, 9 inches ; No. 24, 4 inches ; No. 25, 3f inches and 2| inches ; No. 26, 4i inches ; No. 27, 9 inches ; No. 29, 9 inches.

DOMESTIC UTENSILS, AND ARMILLjE.

PLATE XVI.

1, 2. Gilton, No. 8.-3. Gilton, No. 18.— 4, 5, 5 a. Kingston, No. 76.— 6 a, 8 S. Kingston, No. 205.-7. Chartham, No. 48.-9. Gilton, No. 89.-10. Kingston, No.299.— 11, 1.3. Chartham, No. 16.— 12. Kingston, No.

177.— 14. Kingston, No. 209.- 15. Sibertswold, No. 138. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, one-fifth the actual size ; figs. 6, 8, one-third ; figs. 9 to 15, one-half ; figs. 5 a, Q a, 7, and 8 a. full size.

SCALES AND WEIGHTS. PLATE XVII.

Gilton, No. 60. All the actual size.

GLASS.

PLATE XVIII.

1. Kingston, No. 6.— 2. Gilton, No. 82.— 3. Barfriston, No. 28.-4. Kingston, No. 146.-5. Gilton, No. 52.-6. Kingston, No. 46. Half the actual size.

PLATE XIX.

1. Kingston, No. 205.— 2. Sibertswold, No. 7.— 3. Bar- friston, No. 34. — 1, 5. Barfriston, No. 48.-6. Kingston, Nos. 6, 9. — 7. Sibertswold, No. 157. Half the actual size.

230 INVENTOEIUM SEPULCHEALE.

POTTERY.

PLATE XX. I wold, No. 117.— (i. Kiiigstou, No. 20a.— 7. Sibertswold,

1. Barfrlston, No. 43. — 2. Kingston, No. 183. — 3,3 a. 1 No. 37.— 8. Charthaui, No. 46.-9. Barfriston, No. 23. Kingston, No. 11. — 4, 4n. Kingston, No. 10. — 5. Siberts- | One-fourth the actual size; 3«, -ia, the full size.

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SUBSCRIBEES.

Abergavenny, the Rt. Hon. the Earl of, Birling

Manor, Kent Acton, Mrs. Stackhouse, Acton Scott, Salop Akerman, J. Yonge, Esq., Sec. Soc. Ant. Lond.,

Somerset House St. Alban's Architectural and Archgeological Society

(The) Antiquities, the Department of, British Museum Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

(The) Archer, Thomas Coates, Esq., Chelmsford Armistead, the Rev. Charles John, F.S.A., West- well, Ashford, Kent Ashmolean Museum (The), Oxford Ashpitel, Arthur, Esq., F.S.A., Poets' Corner Athenaeum Library (The), Liverpool Atherley, George, Esq., Southampton. Deceased

Buccleuch, His Grace the Duke of, Dalkeith House Babington, Charles C, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., St.

John's, Cambridge Backhouse, John Church, Esq., Blackwall, Dar- lington Baily, Thomas Farmer, Esq., Hall Place, Tunbridge Bank of England Library and Literary Association Banning, John J., Esq., Devonshire Road, Birken- head Barnard, John, Esq., F.S.A., Sawbridgeworth Barrow, Benjamin, Esq., M.D., Clifton House,

Ryde, Isle of Wight Bartlett, the Rev. J. Pemberton, Exbury Parsonage,

near Southampton Bateman, Thomas, Esq., Youlgrave, Bakewell

Bathurst, Charles, Esq., The Park, Lydney,

Gloucestershire Battam, Thomas, Jun., Esq., 6, Lansdowne Villas,

Kensington Park Bedfordshire Archaeological Society (The) Bell, Matthew, Esq., Bourne Park, Canterbury Bell, Robert, Esq., The Nook, Irthington, near

Carlisle Benn, Edward, Esq., Vauxhall Road, Liverpool Bennett, William, Esq., Shaw Street, Liverpool Betts, Edward Ladd, Esq., Preston Hall, Maidstone Biddulph, Mrs. Emma, Swansea Blackmore, William, Esq., Sutton, Cheshire Bland, William, Esq., Hartlip Place, Sittingbourne.

Two Copies Bliss, the Rev. Philip, D.C.L., F.S.A., Principal of

St. Mary's Hall, Oxen Bloxam, Mathew Holbeche, Esq., Rugby Boileau, Sir John, Bart, F.S. A., Ketteringham Park,

Norfolk Bonstetten, Baron Gustave de, EichenbiJhl, near

Thune, Switzerland Boreham, AVilliam W., Esq., F.R.A.S., Haverhill Botfield, Beriah, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Norton

Hall, Daventry Boyle, Mrs., Seabridge Hall, Staffordshire Brackstone, R. H., Esq., Lyncombe Hill, Bath Bradbury, Charles, Esq., 23, Crescent, Salford Bridger, Edward Kjmaston, Esq., 4, Prince's Place,

Kennington Road Brown, John, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.R.S.N.A., 3, New- castle Place, Clerkenwell Brooke, Richard, Esq., F.S. A., Canning Street,

Liverpool

SUBSCRIBERS.

Bruce, the Rev. J. Collingwood, LL.D., F.S.A.,

etc., Newcastle-upon-Tyne Brushfield, Thomas N., Esq., Cheshire Asylum,

Chester Bullen, the Rev. J., Bartlow, Linton Burlington, the Earl of, Holkar Hall, Milnthorpe Bury, Edward, Esq., F.R.S., Croft Lodge, Winder- mere

Cadogan, the Earl of, 39, Chesham Place

Cambridge University Library

Canterbury, the Mayor and Town Council of

Canterbury, the Chapter Library of

Carruthers, James, Esq., 4, Glenfield Place, Belfast

Carthew, George Alfred, Esq., East Dereham,

Norfolk Castle Society, Library of the, Colche ster Chaffers, William, Jun.,Esq., F.S. A., M. Num. Soc,

14, Grafton Street. Two Copies Chambers, Robt., Esq., 339, High Street, Edinburgh Charlton, Edward, Esq., M.D., Newcastle-upon-Tyne Chester Architectural and Archaeological Society

(The) Chichester Literary Society and Mechanics' In- stitute (The) Clarke, Joseph, Esq., F.S. A., The Roos, Saffron

Walden Clayton, John, Esq., The Chesters, Hexham Clayton, William, Esq., Dover Cobb, W. Wise, Esq., Bredgar House, Sittingbourne Cocks, Thos. Somers, Jun., Esq., M.P., 15, Hereford

Street, Oxford Street Combs, William Addison, Esq., 1, Holland Road,

Kensington Coulthart, John Ross, Esq., F.S. A. Scot., Mayor of

the manor of Ashton-under-Lyne, Croft House,

Ashton-under-Lyne Crafter, William, Esq., 46, Parrock Street, Gravesend Craig, Jas. Gibson, Esq., 24, York Place, Edinburgh.

Large Paper Cutts, the Rev. Edward L., B. A., Coggeshall, Essex

David's, the Lord Bishop of St., Abergwili Palace, Carmarthen

Dashwood, the Rev. G. H., F.S. A., Stow Bardolph,

Downham Market Davies, R., Esq., Stoke-upon-Trcnt Davis, J. Barnard, Esq., F.S. A., Shelton, Stafford- shire Dawson, Henry, Esq., St. James's Terrace, Liverpool Dawson, Jas., Esq., M.D., Wray Castle, Ambleside Deane, the Rev. J. Bathurst, F.S. A., Sion Place,

Bath Dickinson, Francis Henry, Esq., F.S. A., Kingweston,

Somerton Dickinson, Joseph, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. , Great George

Square, Liverpool Dobson, Miss, Liverpool Dodge, Thomas, Esq., Liverpool Dover, The Proprietary Library Dryden, Sir Henry E. L., Bart., Canons Ashby,

Daventry Duke, the Rev. Rashleigh, B.A., F.S. A., Church

Eaton, Stafford.shire Dunn, John, Esq., Paisley Durden, Henry, Esq., Blandford, Dorset

Ellesmere, the Earl of, Hatchford, Cobham Eady, Thomas William, Esq., Hornsey Earle, the Rev. J., M.A., Oriel College, Oxford Elsted, W. P., Esq., Dover

Evans, John, Esq., F.S. A., Hon. Sec. Num. Soc, Hemel Hempsted

Fairholt, Frederick William, Esq., F.S. A., 11, Montpelier Square, Brompton

Falcke, Beare, Esq., Birmingham

Falcke, Isaac, Esq., 35, Rochester Road, Kentish Town

Faulkner, Thomas, Esq., F.S. A., Shide Hill House, Isle of Wight

Faussett, Mrs., Great Marlow, Bucks

Faussett, Godfrey Trevelyan, Esq., Heppington, Kent

Faussett, the Rev. Godfrey, Magdalen Coll., Oxford

Faussett, the Rev. Henry Godfrey, Littleton, Wor- cestershire

Faussett, Major, 44th Regiment, Sebastopol

SUBSCRIBERS.

Faussett, Robert, Esq., Christ Church, Oxford Faussett, Thomas Godfrey, Esq., Christ Ch., Oxford Faussett, John Toke, Esq., Christ Church, Oxford Fenton, James, Jun., Esq., M.A., Barrister at Law,

Bamford Hall, Rochdale Ffarington, Miss, Worden Hall, Preston Field, the Rev. Walter, M.A , F.S.A., Streatham,

Surrey Fielden, John, Esq., MoUington Hall, near Chester Fitch, Robert, Esq., F.G.S., Norwich. Fitch, W. S., Esq., Ipswich. Larye Paper Forman, W. W., Esq., Union Club Franks, Augustus WoUaston, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.,

British Museum French, Gilbert J., Esq., Cor. Mem. S.A.S.,

Thornydikes, Bolton

Garden, Miss, Redisham Hall, Beccles, Suffolk Garner, Mrs. James, Queen Street, London Garrett, the Rev. Thos., Vicarage, Martock, Somerset Grazebrook, George, Esq., Liverpool Gibson, John William, Esq., Scone, Perthshire;

and Orange Court, Liverpool. Large Paper Gibson, George J., Esq., Sandgatc Lodge, Stonington,

Steyning, Sussex Gibson, W. G., Esq., Saffron Walden Gill, Charles, Esq., Wellingborough Glover, John Hulbert, Esq., F.S.A., Royal Mews,

Pimlico Gomonde, W. H., Esq. The Guildhall Library, City, London Gunner, the Rev. W. H., Winchester Gurne)', Miss Anna, Cromer, Norfolk Gurney, Daniel, Esq., F.R.S., North Runckton,

Norfolk Gurne)', Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Keswick,

Norwich Gurney, John Henry, Esq., M.P., Catton Hall,

Norwich Guyton, Joseph, Esq., 10, Bridson Street, Liverpool Gwilt, George, Esq., F.S.A., Union Street, South-

wark

Harrowby, the Earl of, Sandon Hall, Staffordshire

Hailstone, the Rev. John, M. A., Bottisham Vicarage,

near Newmarket Hailstone, Edward, Esq., F. S.A.Scot., Horton Hall,

Bradford, Yorkshire Hall, Charles, Esq., Ansty, Bhmdford, Dorset Haggard, W. Debonnaire, Esq., F.S.A., Bank of

England Harris, John D., 5, Southgate Street, Bath Harrison, Wm., Esq., Galligreaves House, Blackburn Harrison, Mrs., Cheshire Hartley, James S., Esq., East Parade, Colne,

Lancashire Hartley, John Bernard, Esq., Dock Surveyor,

Liverpool Hawkins, Edward, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.S.A., British

Museum Hawkins, Walter, Esq., F.S.A., 5, Leonard Place,

Kensington Hcarn, John Henry, Esq., Mayor of Newport, Isle

of Wight Henderson, Gilbert, Esq., Recorder of Liverpool,

24, Hyde Park Square, London Hesleden, W. S., Esq., Barton-upon-Humber.

Deceased Henslow, the Rev. Professor, Hitcham, Hadleigh,

Suffolk Herrick, William Perry, Esq., Beau Manor Park,

Loughborough, Leicestershire Hewitt, Thomas, Esq., Summerhill House, Cork Heywood, Samuel, Esq., Walshaw Hall, Lancashire Hingeston, Charles Hilton, Esq., 30, Wood Street,

Cheapside Hillier, George, Esq., 3, Crescent Place, Mornington

Crescent Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Saint

George's Hall, Liverpool Hobler, Francis, Esq., Canonbury Square Holdforth, J. D., Esq., Burley, near Leeds Holt, George, Esq., Rake Lane, Liverpool Holt, George, Jun., Esq., Edge Lane, Liverpool Hugo, the Rev. Thomas, M.A., F.S.A., Bishopsgate

Street Within Hume, the Rev. A., D.C.L., LL.D., Clarence Street,

Everton, Liverpool Hunt, William Powell, Esq., Ipswich Husscy, the Rev. Arthur,M. A. ,Rottingdean, Brighton

SUBSCKIBEES.

Hussey, the Rev. Robert, B.D., Regius Professor of

Eccles. History, Oxford Hutchison, Robt., Esq., Tower Chambers, Liverpool

Jarman, Edward, Esq., Brenley House, Faversham Jenkins, the Rev. Henry, Stanway Rectory, Col- chester James, James, Esq., F.S.A., Aylesbury Jemmett, George Elwik, Esq., 1, Eccleston Street,

Eccleston Square Jones, Pitman, Esq., St. Loyes, Heavitree Jessop, the Rev. Thomas, D.D., Bilton Hall, York Jones, James Cove, Esq., F.S.A., Loxley, "Welles- bourne, Warwick

Kell, the Rev. Edmund, F.S.A., Portswood Lawn,

Southampton Kemp, Dr. A., Esq., Birmingham Kendrick, James, M.D., Warrington Kenrick, Miss, Stone House, Canterbury Kent, J. H., Esq., Stanton, Bury St. Edmund's.

Deceased

Londesborough, the Rt. Hon. the Lord, K.C.H.,

F.R.S., F.S.A., Grimston, Tadcaster Lace, AV. H., Esq., Liverpool Larking, the Rev. L. B., Ryarsh, Maidstone Lawton, George, Esq., Nunthorpe, York Lecointre-Dupont, Monsieur, Poitiers Lee, John Edward, Esq., The Prior}', Caerleon Leicester Literary Society (The) Lewis, the Rev. Thomas Taylor, M.A., Bridstow,

Ross Lincoln Library (The) Lister, James, Esq., Green Bank, Liverpool Litchfield, Edward, Esq., Cambridge Liverpool Library (The) Lloyd, John B., Esq., Mayor of Liverpool London, the Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of (Alderman

Salomons) London Institution (The), Finsbury Circus Long, Henry Lawes, Esq., Hampton Lodge, Farn-

ham, Surrey

Longton, John, Esq., Rumford Street, Liverpool Lyon, Thomas, Esq., Appleton Hall, Warrington

Mackenzie, John Whiteford, Esq., F. S.A.Scot.,

16, Royal Circus, Edinburgh Mackeson, H. B., Esq., F.G.S., Hythe, Kent McViccar, Duncan, Esq., Liverpool Manning, the Rev. Charles R., Hon. Sec, Norfolk

and Norwich Archeeological Society, Diss,

Norwich McGowan, Miss Agnes, Dumfries Markland, J. H., Esq.,D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Bath Martin, the Rev. Joseph W., Keston, Bromley,

Kent Mather, Miss Jane, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool Mather, John, Esq., Mount Pleasant, Liverpool Mathews, Miss Letitia, The Hollins, Whitehaven Mawdslay, James, Esq., 11, Canning St. Liverpool Mayer, Miss Jane, Thistleberry House, Stafford- shire Mayer, Jos., Esq., Brown Hills, Burslem Mayer, Samuel, Esq., Newcastle-under-Lyne Mayer, Thomas, Esq., Dale Hall, Staffordshire.

Deceased Mayer, John, Esq., Statten Island, New York Middleton, Captain James, F.S.A., Rumford Place,

Liverpool Miles, William, Esq., Dixfield, Exeter Mitchell, F. J., Esq., 1, Commercial Street, Newport,

Monmouthshire Mitchell, Samuel, Esq., The Mount, Sheffield Mole, John, Esq., Birmingham Morgan, C. Octavius S., Esq , M.P., M.A., F.R.S.,

The Friars, Newport, Monmouthshire Mosley, Sir Oswald, Bart., RoUeston Hall, Burton-

upon-Trent Moss, the Rev. John James, Otterspool, Liverpool Museum of Practical Geology (The), Jermyn Street,

London

Norfolk, His Grace the Duke of, Arundel Castle.

Deceased Northumberland, His Grace the Duke of, Alnwick

Castle

SUBSCRIBERS.

Neale, Mr. John, Birmingham

Nelson, the Rev. G. M., Bodicote Grange, Banbury

Neville, the Hon. R. Cornwallis, F.S.A., Audley

End, Essex Newcastle-upon-Tyne, The Society of Antiquaries of Nicholson, George S., Esq., Doctors' Commons.

Large Paper Norman, George Warde, Esq., Bromley, Kent Norman, Hemy, Esq., F.S.A., 31, Eaton Square North, Alfred, Esq., 33, Huskisson Street, Liverpool Norwich, The Chapter Library

Olfers, Dr. Von, Berlin

Ormston, Robert, Esq., Newcastle-upon-Tyne Ouvry, Frederick, Esq., Treas. S.A., 29, Upper Gower Street

Paris, Thomas J., Esq., Toxteth Park, Liverpool Pease, Thomas, Esq., Henbury Hill, Bristol Peckover, William, Esq., F.S.A., Wisbeach Peat, Thomas, Esq., Union Bank, Manchester Pelham, James, Esq., Everton, Liverpool Pepper, M., Esq., Romsey, Hants. Perkins, Frederick, Esq., F.S.A., Chipstead Park,

Sevenoaks, Kent Phillips, Edward, Esq., F.S.A., Whitmore Park,

Coventry Piggott, Horatio, Esq., Chelmsford Pitt, Thomas, Esq., Huddersfield. Deceased Pretty, Edward, Esq., Abington Street, Northampton Purland, Theodosius, Esq., Mortimer St., Cavendish

Square Purnell, B. Purnell, Esq., Stancombe Park, Dursley

Rackbease, J. C, Esq., Blackwell, Darlington Rankin, the Rev. Thomas, Huggate, Yorkshire Rathbone, William, Esq., Green Bank, Liverpool Reay, Thomas, Esq., Church Street, Liverpool Rhind, A. Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Sibster, near Wick,

Caithness Richards, John, Esq., F.S.A., 20, Charterhouse

Square Richardson, Samuel, Esq., 4, Berkeley Street,

Liverjiool

Roach, Frederick, Esq., Arreton Manor, Isle of

Wight Robin, John, Jun., Esq., West Kirby, Cheshire Rogers, William Harry, Esq., Wimbledon Rolfe, William Henry, Esq., Sandwich. Two Copies Roots, Geo., Esq., F.S.A., 1, Tanfield Court, Temple Ross, Thomas, Esq., Clermont, Hastings Rosson, John, Esq., Moor Hall, Ormskirk Royal Library (The), Buckingham Palace. Large

Paper Rugg, Robert, Esq., Sumner Place, Maidstone

Stanhope, the Earl, Pres. S.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.,

Chevening, Kent Stafford, the Right Hon. the Lord, Cossey Park,

Norwich Sanders, John, Esq., Villa Terrace, Nottingham Sandys, the Rev. E. Lumsdaine, Upper Hardras,

Canterbury Saull, W. D., Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S., Aldersgate

Street. Deceased Scarborough, The Philosophical and Archaeological

Society of Scott, the Rev. F. P., M.A., Sibertswold Vicarage,

Kent Seynnour, H. Danby, Esq , M.P., 39, Upper Gros-

venor Street Sharp, John, Esq., The Hermitage, near Lancaster Simon, Sir John, Bart., Swainston, Isle of

Wight Smith, Miss, 5, Liverpool Street, City. Two Copies W Smith, Mr. John Russell, Soho Square. Two Copies Solly, S. R., Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., Serge Hill,

King's Langley Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society

(The), Taunton Sotheby and Wilkinson, Messrs., Wellington Street,

Strand Staniforth, the Rev. Thomas, Storrs Hall, Winder- mere Stillingfleet, the Rev. E. W., Hotham, Brough,

East Yorkshire Stringer, Stringer, Esq., Goudhurst, Kent Surrey Archaeological Society (The), 6, Southampton

Street, Covent Garden

SUBSCRIBERS.

Sussex Archaeological Society, (The), Lewes, Sussex Sykes, Colonel, F.R.S., India House

Talbot de Malahide, the Lord, F.S.A., Pres. Arch.

Institute, Malahide Castle, Dublin Talbot, the Hon. Mrs. John, New Falconhurst,

Eden Bridge, Kent Tattock, Mrs., Plas Clough, Denbigh Thompson, Mrs. G. 15., Eton Lodge, Wavertree,

Liverpool Thurston, Thomas, Esq., Ashford, Kent Tipping, John, Esq., Liverpool Tite, William, Esq., M.P., F.S.A., St. Helen's

Place Tobin, Sir Thomas, Knt., D.L., F.S.A., F.R.S.N.A.,

Ballincollig, Cork Traherne, theRev.J.M.,F.R,S.,F.S.A.,Coedriglan,

Cardiff Trevelyan, Sir Walter C, Bart., F.S.A., Nettlecombe Trollope, the Rev. Edward, F.S.A., Leasingham,

Sleaford Tucker, Charles, Esq., F.S.A., Hon. Secretary

of the Archceological Institute, Marlands,

Exeter Turner, !Miss Jane Wyatt, Rugeley, Staffordshire Turner, Dawson, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., M.R.I.A.,

F.S.A., Acad. Cscs. Nat. Cur. et Reg. Sc. Holm.

Socius, Lee Cottage, Old Brompton Turner, Edward, Esq., Newcastle-under-Lyne Tweedy, W. M., Esq., Alverton, Truro Twopen)', William, Esq., 48, Upper Grosvenor St.

Vernon, William Frederick, Esq., Hilton Park, Wolverhampton

Wakeman, Thomas, Esq., Graig, Monmouth Walmsley, Joshua, Esq., Lord Street, Liverpool

Wardell, James, Esq.; Leeds

Warne, Charles, Esq., F.S.A., 42, Upper Seymour

Street, Portman Square Warren, Mr. Joseph, Ixworth, Suffolk Watcrton, Edmund, Esq., F.S.A., Walton Hall,

Yorkshire Way, Albert, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Wonham Manor,

Reigate. Two Copies Whitley, George, Esq , Clayton Square, Liverpool Wickham, Humphrey, Esq., Strood, Kent Willis, the Rev. C. F., Oxford Wills, William, Esq., Edgbaston, Birmingham Wilkinson, Henry, Esq., Endcliffe House, Sheffield Wilson, Sir Thomas Maryon, Bart., Charlton House,

Blackheath Wilson, Henry, Esq., Stow Langtoft-hill, Suffolk Wodderspoon, Jno., Esq., The Lower Close, Norwich Wood, John, Esq., 22, Watling Street, City Woodhouse, J. G., Esq., Bronte House, Liverpool Woodman, AVilliam, Esq., Town Clerk, Morpeth Woods, the Rev G. H., Shopwykc House, Chi- chester Wright, Thomas, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Cor. Mem.

of the Institute of France, 14, Sydney Street,

Brompton Wyatt, the Rev. C. F., Forest Hill, Wheatley, Oxon Wylie, W. Michael, Esq., F.S.A., Blackwater, Hants

Yates, James, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Lauderdale

House, Highgate Yates, Joseph Brooks, Esq., F.A.S., etc., Liverpool.

Deceased Yorkshire Philosophical Society (The), York Young, Sir Charles George, F.S.A., Garter, College

of Arms

Zeenwsch Geenootochai) der Wertenschappen in Zirikzee, Holland

R03M LONDON.

c-OC-gj 0^^

^S|^E.. C. ROACH SMITH is now engaged in preparing for the press the «eiajjj results of discoveries made on the site of Roman London. The extensive excavations carried on during the last thirty years throughout the City and in Southwark, and the operations consequent on the construction of the New London Bridge, have afforded a mass of antiquities, very many of which yet remain unpublished; and others, which have been engraved and published, are mostly in periodical works extending over many years, and not generally accessible. It is proposed to collect these scattered materials and unite them to those which have resulted from more recent investigations, or which have never yet been made public. The personal researches of the author will be made available to their fullest extent ; and no source of information which can add to the usefulness of the undertaking will be neglected.

No work exclusively devoted to the Roman Antiquities of the metropolis of England has yet been published ; but, notwithstanding the wholesale and indiscriminate destruction of its monuments, which has been tolerated for ages down to the present day, London can still supply memorials highly valuable in illustrating the condition of the city and its population under the Roman domination, — that important, but comparatively little understood, epoch in the history of this country. The astounding fact that in such a city no provision has ever been made for its antiquities, should excite sympathy for those remains which have survived the general wreck, and which are made the more precious, as their number is yearly decreasing. London, too, the

heart of a great kingdom, is preeminently worthy of having its historical monuments respected, preserved, and made known ; and if commercial pursuits, and aU-absorbing devotion to worldly ends of the present, have deprived the citizens of London of a knowledge of, and relish for, the past, there must be, it is calculated, beyond the precincts of the City, tastes and feelings which are not wholly regulated by selfish and sensual concerns. It is, therefore, to all who really respect the antiquity, the municipal institutions, the prominent position of the metropolis in the great events of the past — to all, in short, who can estimate the value of the history of London, the author appeals for support to a work which aims at a further elucidation of that history ; a work which must, necessarily, incur a heavy outlay, particularly from the numerous illustrations which are indispensable.

It is proposed to print the Volume (for Subscribers only), in Quarto, at Two Guineas per copy. But this low sum can only be binding on the author for six months after the date of this circular : in no instance will a copy be issued to a Non-Subscriber; and, in justice to the prompt supporters of the enterprise, the amount of copies printed will be regulated by the number of Subscribers.

The Illustrations, executed by Mr. Fairholt and Mr. AValler, will comprise. Architectural Remains, with a view of the Rohan Wall at Tower Hill, exposed for a short time a few years since : Sepulchral .4nd Monumental Remains : Sculpture: Inscriptions: Bronzes, including the colossal head of the emperor Hadrian, the Apollo, Mercury, Atys, etc., and the Harpocrates (in silver), from the Thames ; the Archer, now in the Museum of Lord Londesborough : Tessellated Pavements discovered in Leadenhall Street, in Threadneedle Street, in Bishopsgate Street, on the site of the Excise Office, etc. : Wall Paintings (to be printed, as well as the Pavements, in colours) : Glass : Pqttert : Coins : Ornaments : Sandals, and other leather-work : Implements and Utensils : and numerous miscellaneous objects.

The Council of the Society of Antiquaries of London have tindly granted the author the use of the plates which illustrate his papers in the Archceologia ; and the following have tendered their support as Subscribers : —

The Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Belles Lettres

of Caen, Normandy The Society of Antiquaries of Normandy The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne The Imperial Society of Emulation of Abbeville Lord Londesborough, K.C.H., F.E.S., F.S.A., Grim-

ston, Tadcaster Monsieur A. Charma, President of the Academy of

Sciences, Arts, and Belles Lettres of Caen Monsieur J. Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes,

President of the Imperial Society of Emulation

of Abbeville John Hodgson Hinde, Esq., Vice-President of the

Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne John Clayton, Esq., Vice-President of the Society of

Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne John Fenwicli, Esq., F.S.A., Treasurer of the Society

of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne The Eev. J. Collingwood Bruce, LL.D., F.S.A.,

Hon. Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of

Newcastle-upon-Tyne William Kell, Esq., F.S.A., Member of Council of the

Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Dawson Turner, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Acadd. Caes.

Nat. Cur. et Reg. Sc. Holm. Socius, Old

Brompton Albert Way, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Hon. Secretary of

the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain

and Ireland Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Member of the

Institut of France The Piev. Beale Poste, Bydews, Maidstone Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A., F.E.S.N..'i., Liverpool Stewart Macnaghten, Esq., Bittern Manor, South- ampton George Atherley, Esq., Southampton William Henry Eolfe, Esq., Sandwich Mrs. Locke, Tring Hall, Docking, Norfolk John Britton, Esq., Burton Cottage, Burton Crescent John Buchanan, Esq., F.S.A.Scot., Glasgow R. Plant, Esq., Canonbury Park Thomas Faulkner, Esq., F.S.A., Shide Hill House,

Isle of Wight Thomas Dashwood, Jun., Esq., Newport, Isle of

Wight

Edward Pretty, Esq., Northampton

William Newton, Esq., 42, Queen Square

John Dunn, Esq., Paisley

Robert Bell, Esq., Irthington, Cumberland

J. B. Scott, Esq., Chelsea

Robert Fi'tch, Esq., F.G.S., Norwich

John Wodderspoon, Esq., Norwich

Edward H. Bunbury, Esq., Jermyn Street

Augustus Wollaston Franks, Esq., F.S.A., 55,

Upper Seymour Street The Bank of England Library and Literary In- stitution Miss H. Walne, Norwich Charles Wame, Esq., F.S.A., 42, Upper Seymour

Street Charles Hall, Esq., Ansty, Blandford Major Sheppard, Kingston-upon Thames Major Smith, R.M., Guernsey Humphry Wickham, Esq., Strood, Kent Joseph Clarke, Esq., F.S.A., Saifron Waldeu John Hams, Esq., Beech Street, Barbican George Richard Corner, Esq., F.S.A., Southwark Miss Meteyard, .31, Grafton Road, Kentish Town Mrs. John Charles, Gravesend George Warde Norman, Esq., Bromley, Kent Apsley Pellatt, Esq., M.P., Staines Walter Hawkins, Esq., F.S..4., Kensington (2 copies) . James Cove Jones, Esq., F.S.A., Lesley, Warwick Colonel Sykes, F.E.S., etc., India House The Lord Talbot de Malahide, F.S.A., President of

the Archa;ological Institute A. J. Beresford Hope, Esq., F.S.A., Ashlow House,

Connaught Place Thomas Hewitt, Esq., Summerhill House, Cork Professor Thomas Bell, V.P.E.S., Pr.L.S., 17, New

Broad Street Charles Wykeham Martin, Esq., F.S.A., Leeds Castle,

Kent Colonel the Hon. M. E. Onslow, Woodbridge House,

Guildford W. M. Wylie, Esq., F.S.A., Blackwater, Hants William Allen, Esq., Wanstead John Brown, Esq., F.G.S., Clerkenwell John Mather, Esq., Mount Pleasant, Liverpool Mrs. Moncreiff, Pitcaithly House, Perth

The Sandwich Book Society

John May, Esq., Hyde Lane, Battersea

John Wickham Flower, Esq., Park Hill, Croydon

The Eev. G. H. Dashwood, E.S.A., Stow Baidolph,

Norfolk The Society of Antiquaries of Picardy, Amiens The Eev. Thomas Hugo, M.A., F.S.A., Bishopsgate

Street Within John Barrow, Esq., F.E.S., F.S.A., 7, New Street,

Spring Gardens Frederick Eoach, Esq., Arreton Manor, Isle of

Wight. Mrs. Culverwell, Argyll Place, Regent Street Francis Bennoch, Esq., F.S.A., M.E.S.L., Blackheath

Park The Eev. Canon Eogers, Exeter Lord Overstone, Overstone Park, Northampton (2

copies) John Jolliffe, Esq., Surgeon E.N., H.M.S. Pandora,

New Zealand The Eev. Professor Henslow, Hitcham, Bildeston Keith Milnes, Esq., 3C, South Audley Street William Wills, Esq., Edgbaston, Birmingham Llewellynn Jewitt, Esq., F.S.A., Derby Dr. Lister, F.G.S., Sandown, Isle of TVight John Adkins Barton, Esq., Newport, Isle of Wight Benjamin Bond Cabbell, Esq., M.P., F.E.S., F.S.A.,

Portland Place Joseph Arden, Esq., F.S.A., 27, Cavendish Square J. G. Breach, Esq., Pavilion, Folkstone His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, Clumber His Grace the Duke of Northumberland, Alnwick

Castle George Gwilt, Esq., F.S..\., Union Street, Southwark The Earl of Burlington, Holkar, Kendal Colonel Francis Vernon Harcourt, M.P., Eyde, Isle

of Wight

Thomas Bateman, Esq., Youlgrave, Bakewell

Richard Weekes, Esq., F.R.C.S., Hampton Lodge, Hurstpierpoint

Mrs. Hannington, St. George's, Hurstpierpoint.

Charles Baily, Esq., F.S.A., 73, Gracechurch Street

The Baron de Bonstetten, Eichenbiihl, near Thoune, Switzerland

Mrs. Goreham, Cakeham, West Wittering, Susse.v

The Eev. J. N. Coleman, Ventnor, Isle of Wight

James Wyatt, Esq., Bedford

Edward Litchfield, Esq., Cambridge

Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson, Wellington Street, Strand

John Disney, Esq., LL.D., D.C.L., F.S.A., The Hyde, Ingatestone

William Proctor, Esq., M.E.C.S., York

Thomas Battan, Esq., F.S.A., 5, Aubrey Villas, Net- ting Hill

C. Wentworth Dilke, Esq., 76, Sloane Street

The Eev. Professor Christmas, M.A., F.E.S., F.S.A., 30, Manor Street, Clapham

Eichard Gibbs, Esq., Cedar Lodge, Stockwell Park

James Anderton, Esq., 20, New Bridge Street

Henry Norris, Esq., F.R.C.S., South Petherton

The Lord Southampton, WhitUebury, Towcester

Wilham Hargrove, Esq., Author of " The History of York," York

Benjamin Barrow, Esq., M.E.C.S., Eyde, Isle of Wight

W. Stevenson Fitch, Esq., Ipswich

W. H. Brockett, Esq., Gateshead

Monsieur I'Abbe Cochet, Dieppe

tlev. Daniel Williams, D.C.L., Warden of New Col- lege, Oxford

Mr. Charles GiU, Chestei-field

John Bell, Esq., Gateshead

E. Kynaston Bridger, Esq., Prince's Place, Newington

The Names ivill be finally arranged in Alphabetical order.

Subscribers' Names are received by the Author, at 5, Liverpool Street, City. The present Subscription Price is Two Guineas ; at the close of Six Months after the present date no new Subscriber's Name will be taken under Three Guineas.

March Ut, 1856.

JUST PUBLISHED, In one handsome Volume, Demy Quarto, half morocco, Price £3.

REMAINS

OP

PAGAN SAXONDOM,

PRINCIPALLY FROM

ANGLO-SAXON TUMULI AND CEMETERIES IN ENGLAND,

DESCRIBED AND ILLTJSTEATED BY

JOHN YONGE AKERMAN,

FELLOW AND SECRKTAHJ OF TUE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUAKIES OF LONDON.

This Work contains rorty Coloured Engravings of the following Objects, in most cases of the actual sizes of

the Originals :

1. Gold Ornaments set with Garnets, found in a

Tumulus on Roundway Down, near Devizes, Wilts.

2. Gold Buckle, set with a slab of Garnet, found at

Ixioorth, Suffolk.

3. Singular Glass Vase, found at Recuher, Kent.

4. Sepulchral Urn, in the Towneley Collection of the

British Museum.

5. Beautiful Circular Fibula, from a Grave near

Abingdon, Berk-ildre, in the Collection of the British Mnseum.

6. Beads of Amethystine Quartz and Gold Bulla,

from a Tumulus on Breach Boicn, Kent.

7. Remarkable Glass Vases, found at Cuddesden,

Oxfordshire.

8. Bronze Fibula, found at Tairford, Gloucestershire.

9. Fibulae, etc. found at Driffield, Yorkshire.

10. Umbo of Shield and Weapons, found at Driffield.

11. Bronze Patera, from a Cemetery at TVingham, Kent.

12. Fibula and Bull^, from Cemeteries in Kent.

13. Fibula, Beads, etc. found near Stamford.

14. Fibula, found near Billesdon, Leicestenhire.

15. Fragments, from a Tumulus at Caenby, Lincolnshire.

16. Portion of a Fibula, of unusually large size, from a

Tumulus at Ingarshy, Leicestershire.

17. Glass Vessels, from Cemeteries in Kent.

18. Fibulae, found in Warwickshire.

19. Fibula, from a Cemetery at Fairford.

20. FiBULiE, found in Warwickshire and Leicestershire. 31. Beads, found in Lincolnshire, Gloucestershire, and

Waricickshire.

22. Urn and its Contents, found at Eye, Suffolk.

23. War Axes, or " TajDcr Axes."

24. Sword-hilts, from Graves in East Kent.

2.5. Drinking Glasses, found in Suffolk and Kent.

26. Glass Drinking Cup, found in a Grave at Coombe,

Kent.

27. Bucket, from a Cemetery at Linton Heath, Cam-

bridgeshire.

28. Keys and Buckles, found in Kent.

29. Circular and Quoit-shaped Fibulae.

30. FiBUL.E and Jewelled Buckles, found in Kent.

31. Circular FiBULiE, found in Gloucestershire, Wiltshire,

Sussex, etc.

32. Combs, from Cemeteries in Kent.

33. Jewelled Fibula, found in Leicestershire.

34. Jewelled Clasps, found in Ilampshire.

35. Jewelled Spoon, from a Barrow at Chatham, Kent.

36. FlBUL.E, found in Norfolk, Wilts, and Kent.

37. Pins, Eings, Toilet Implements, etc, found in

Suffolk, Wilts, and Kent.

38. Fork, Amber, and Spindle-whirls, from Graves

in Wilts and Kent.

39. Eemarkable Fibula, from a Cemetery- on Linton

Heath.

40. Various Objects, from a Cemetery at West Stoic

Heath, Suffolk,

41. Large Dish-shaped Fibulae, found in Buckingham-

shire.

42. Fibulae, Hair-pins, and Necklace.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 3G, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.

" We look upon Mr. A.kerman's work as a boon to the English Archfeologist. He brings together from a great number of different quarters, objects whose full interest can only be duly appreciated when they are compared and studied

together The selection is such, as not only to be of service in a scientific view, but also to present a very

interesting and ornamental representation of the household implements and jewellery of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers.

Mr. Akerman has prefixed to his work a short Introduction, written in a very just and sound spirit, and which

will be read with pleasure and interest even by the layman, with profit even by the professed antiquary." — Mk. J. M. Kemble, in the Journal of the Archceological Institute, Vol. XII, p. 297.

" There are few archaeologists of the present day whose labours have a more practical bearing than those of Mr. Akerman. With a mind divested of prejudice, and with an extraordinary diligence in his pursuit after truth, he brings to any task he may undertake in the examination of the past, a capability of elucidating difficulties, and of developing facts of the utmost value to one whose aim is true history. His object, as an antiquary, is not that contemptible peddling with disjointed remains, which, justly enough, has brought upon the science of Archaeology the jeers and scoflTs of the reasonable ; but, by the combination and scientific an'angement of certain ascertained facts — by comparative analysis, aided by close and constant observation, he is able to fill up a hiatus in the page of history, to throw light upon the dark places of the past, and to dissipate those vague and dreamy ideas which ever suiTound persons and places of whose character we have but traditional knowledge

" The letter-press is clear and practical, abundantly illustrated with notes from sources which may suggest a new thread of inquiry. Above all things, however, we must commend the care with which the numerous objects are figured and coloured." — Morning Post, October 2i(h, 1855.

" Pagan Saxondom. — Mr. Akerman's publication, of the Remains of Pagan Saxondom, is now complete, and offers to us the finest examples, beautifully executed in colours, of the interesting antiquities of this class with which we are acquainted. No one could be better qualified to display this subject than the zealous secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, who has long devoted himself to making minute inquiries into the antiquarian treasures of the earth

contained in the barrows so numerously scattered throughout this country It is but justice to Mr. Akerman

to state that the first systematic explorations, since the days of Faussett, were made by him on the South Downs; and

some years afterwards at Harnham Hill, where he was present at the opening of about seventy graves The

plates, forty-two in number, representing nearly two hundred objects, are all coloured after the originals, and, in most cases, figured of their natural size; and, independently of these, there are some well-executed wood-cuts." — Journal of the British Archceological Association, March, 1856.

ARCHy€OLOGICAL WORKS BY JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F.S.A.

PUBLISHED BY JOHN EUSSELL SillTH, 36, SOHO SQUAEE, LONDON.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF RARE AND UNEDITED ROMAN COINS.

Two Vols. 8wo, numerous Plates, 30«.

COINS OF THE ROMANS RELATING TO BRITAIN.

1 Vol. Svo, Second Edition, with an entirely new set of Plates, Price 10«. M. "Votre commission, Messieurs, vous projjose done de decerner le prix fondc par JI. AUier d'Hauteroclie a I'archeologue zelc qui, depuis dix annt'es, pub lie le Journal Numismatique de Londres, auquel I'Angleterre doit un bon Manuel de Numismatique, et qui vient entreprendre la publication d'un Kecueil de toutes les Medailles des peuples, villes et rois de I'antiquite." — Address of the Commission appointed to report to the " Institut de France" on the works ient in by Candidates for the Numismatic Prize. Sess. 1845.

ANCIENT COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES,

Geographically Arranged and Described, containing the Coins of Eispania, Gallia, and Britannia, with Plates of several

hundred examples. 1 Vol. 8 to. Price 18s.

NUMISMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE NARRATIVE PORTIONS OF

THE NEW TESTAMENT.

FINE PAPER, NUMEEOUS WOODCUTS FROM THE ORIGINAL COINS IN VARIOUS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLECTIONS.

1 Vol. Svo, Price 5s.

" Archseology ia under a peculiar obligation to Mr. Akerman. To him more than to any other living man, is due the praise of having converted multitudes to the love of antiquarian research.

To him we all owe the pleasant debt of an instructive acquaint- ance, not only with the beautiful money of Ancient Greece and Rome, but with the once barbarous, though not less interesting coins of our earliest history. And to him now especially, the cause of religion can bring its tribute of commendation for light

thrown upon Holy Writ, through the medium of ' the unrighteous Mammon.' The New Testament has, it appears, in the compass, of the Gospels and Acts, no less than 32 allusions to the coinage of Greece, Rome, and Judsea; and these, beautifully engraved and learnedly described, give Mr. Akerman an opportunity of serving the good cause of truth in the way of his peculiar avoca- tion."— Church of England Journal.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ANCIENT AND MODERN COINS.

In 1 Vol.fcap. Svo, with numerous TFood Ungravings from the Original Coins, Price 6s. 6d. Cloth.

Contents : —

Section 1.— Origin of Coinage. — Greek Regal Coins. 2. — Greek Civic Coins. 3. — Greek Imperial Coins. 4. — Origin of Roman Coinage. — Consular Coins. &. — Roman Imperial Coins. 6. — Roman British Coins. 7. — Ancient British Coinage. 8. — Anglo-Saxon Coinage. 9. — English Coinage from the Conquest. 10. — Scotch Coinage. 11. — Coinage of Ireland. 13. — Anglo-Gallic Coins. 13. — Continental Money in the Middle Ages. 14. — Various representatives of Coinage. 15. — Forgeries in Ancient and Modern Times. 16. — Table of Prices of English Coins realised at Public Sales.

TRADESMEN'S TOKENS,

STRUCK IN LONDON AND ITS VICINITY, PROM THE YEAR 1648 TO 1672 INCLUSIVE,

DESCRIBED FROM THE ORIGINALS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM, ETC.

1 Vol. Svo, Cloth, 15«. A few copies printed on Large Paper, ito, £1. Is.

This work comprises a list of nearly three thousand Tokens, and contains occasional illustrative topographical and antiquarian notes on persons, places, streets, old tavern and coffee-house signs, &c. &c. ; with an introductory account of the causes which led to the adoption of such a currency.

A GLOSSARY OF PROVINCIAL WORDS & PHRASES IN USE IN WILTSHIRE.

12mo, cloth, 3s.

ARCH/EOLOGICAL WORKS BY JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F.S.A.

PUBLISHED BY JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.

AN ARCH^OLOGICAL INDEX

TO REMAINS OF AJ^TIQUITY OF THE CELTIC, ROMANO-BRITISH, AND ANGLO-SAXON PERIODS.

1 Vol. 8»o, Trice las. Cloth, lUudrated by numerous Engravings, comprising upwards of Five Hundred Ohjects.

This woik, though intended as an introduction and a guide to the study of our early antiquities, will, it is hoped, prove of service, as a book of reference, to tlie practised Archoeologist. The contents are as follows : —

Part I. Celtic Period. — Tumuli, or Barrows and Caiins. — Cromlechs. — Sepulchral Caves. — Eocking Stones. — Stone Circles, etc. etc. — Objects discovered in Celtic Sepulchres. — Urns. — Beads. — Weapons. — Implements, etc. Part II. Romano-British Period. — Tumuli of the Eoman-British Period. — Burial Places of the Romans. — Pavements. — Camps. — Villas. — Sepulchral Monuments. — Sepulchral Inscriptions. — Dedicatory Inscriptions. — Commemorative luscriptions.^Altars. — Urns. — Glass Vessels. — Fibulas. — Arraillas. — Coins. — Coin Bloulds, etc. etc. Part III. Anglo-Saxon Period. — Tumuli. — Detailed List of Objects discovered.- — Anglo-Saxon Barrows. — Urns. — Swords. — Spears. — Knives. — Umbones of Shields. — Buckles. — -Fibuiie. — Bullae. ^Hair Pins. — Beads, etc. etc. etc. etc.

The Itinerary of Antoninus (as far as relates to Britain). The Geographical Tables of Ptolemy, the Notitia, and the Itinerary of Richard of Cirencester, together with a classified Index of the contents of the Arch^ologia (Vols. i. to xxxi.), are given in an Appendix.

" No one can doubt the Author's qualifications : Mr. Aker- luan's chief reputation is as a numismatist, but in the work before us lie has shown that his Archteological acquii'emeuts have a much wider range." — Athenceum.

" One of tlie first wants of an incipient Antiquary is the facility of comparison, and liere it is furnished him at one glance. The plates, indeed, form the most valuable part of the book, botli by their number and the judicious selection of types and examples which they contain. It is a book which we can, on this account, safely and warmly recommend to all who are inter- ested in the antiquities of their native land." — Literary Gazette.

" A book of such utility — so concise, so clear, so well con- densed from such varied and voluminous sources — cannot fail to be generally acceptable." — Art Union.

" A useful book to the student of Archoeology, and not without interest to tlie tourist witli a taste for antiquities. The text is fully illustrated by plates, which present to the eye the objects numbered and sought to be described by the pen." — Spectator.

" As an introduction and guide to the study of our early anti- quities we consider this 'Index' invaluable." — Norfolk Chronicle.

" A valuable aid to the study of Arcliseology." — Britannia.

" This richly Olustrated volume will be a standard work of reference for young Antiquaries. The Author has chosen to call it an ' Archfeological Index,' but it will be more favourably made known as at once a concise, yet comprehensive introduction to early British Archajology." — Atlas.

A NUMISMATIC MANUAL.

One Vol. %vo. Price One Guinea.

*ijf* The Plates which illustrate this Volume are upon a novel plan, and will, at a glance, convey more information regarding tlie types of Greek, Roman, and English Coins, than can be obtained by many hours' careful reading. In- stead of a facsimile Engraving being given of that which is already an enigma to the tyro, the most striking and characteristic features of the Coin are dissected and placed by tliemselves, so that the eye soon becomes familiar with them.

THE NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, & JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,

Edited by John Yonge Akerman, F.S A., is published Quarterly by John Russell Smith, Soho Square, London, to whom all communications for the Editor should be addressed. Perfect sets of the first four volumes have for some time been out of Print, but a few copies of the last six volumes may be had by early application. The number printed for the future will be proportioned to the present list of Subscribers, and on this account the Publisher cannot pledge himself to supply the work after the lapse of twelve months. Subscribers may avoid disappointment by sending their names direct to the Publisher, and those who possess imperfect volumes may possibly get them completed, by applying at ouce as above.

PREPARING FOR PUBLICATION.

A WORD-BOOK OF ENGLISH DIALECTS,

One Vol. 12mo. This volume, the result of many years' attention and practical study of the suhject, will contain every Provincial Word in

use in the various districts of England at the present day.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE.

GETTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

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