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United States
Department of
#5} Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest
Research Station

Research Note
PNW-443
May 1986

Abstract

Introduction

Invertebrates of the 86 3278
H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest,
Western Cascades, Oregon:

lll. The Orthoptera (Grasshoppers
and Crickets)

David C. Lightfoot

An inventory of Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) at the H.J. Andrews Experimen-
tal Forest, near Blue River, Oregon, was conducted to determine the species present
and ecological relationships. A key for identification and an annotated list are presented.
From qualitative assessments of successional habitat relationships, generalized
species associations of forest Orthoptera are proposed, and their responses to forest
succession are predicted.

Keywords: Invertebrata, keys (invertebrata), checklists (invertebrata), Oregon (H.J.
Andrews Exp. For.).

Orthoptera are important primary consumers in many terrestrial ecosystems (Odum and
others 1962, Rodell 1977, Uvarov 1977). In temperate regions they are especially
prevalent in grassland and scrub formations (Barnum 1964, Campbell and others 1974,
Otte 1976). Relatively few Orthoptera occur in temperate forests of the Pacific Northwest
and little is known about species composition or about orthopteran community patterns
or processes.

This study was conducted to inventory the Orthoptera of the H.J. Andrews Experimental
Forest (HJA) (a long-term ecological research site of the National Science Foundation),
Willamette National Forest, near Blue River, Oregon, and to provide information about
and identify those species that occur there. Analysis of long-term ecological trends is of
primary concern at the HJA. To determine how orthopteran communities change over
time, patterns of habitat associations were qualitatively assessed for a series of sites at
different stages of vegetational succession. Consistent species assemblages were
found associated with generalized habitat types representing early and late seral plant
communities. Predictions can be made from these findings as to how populations and
species composition should respond to environmental changes resulting from natural
and anthropogenic disturbances and to subsequent vegetational succession.

At the time the research was done, DAVID C. LIGHTFOOT was a
graduate student at the Systematic Entomology Laboratory,
Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon 97331. He is currently a graduate student at the Depart-
ment of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New
Mexico 88003.

The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest is managed cooperatively
by the Pacific Northwest Research Station and the College of
Forestry, Oregon State University. This paper is one of a continu-
ing series that report on scientific studies in the

Forest.

Methods

Results

The HJA is located east of Eugene, Oregon, in the Willamette National Forest on the
west slope of the Cascade Range. A detailed description of the site may be found in
Franklin and Dyrness (1971). Franklin and Dyrness (1973) describe several elevational
forest zones in the coniferous forests of western Oregon and Washington, two of which
are represented at the HJA and will be referred to in this paper. The temperate Western
Hemlock Zone is found from 150 to 1 000 m elevation and covers most of the study area.
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) are the dominant canopy species. There are few natural
canopy openings in the zone. The cool-temperate Pacific Silver Fir Zone is found on
ridges and peaks from 1 000 to 1 500 m. The dominant canopy species are Pacific silver
fir (Abies amabilis Doug!. ex Forbes), noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.), Douglas-fir, and
western hemlock. Meadows and other natural openings are common.

Sampling was conducted in 1978, 1979, and 1980, primarily during late summer and
autumn when most species were in the adult stage. Sample sites were chosen to
represent a variety of habitat and successional vegetation types distributed throughout
the HJA. Orthopteran species composition and habitat characteristics at sample sites
were recorded. Voucher specimens were deposited in the H.J. Andrews Experimental
Forest special insect collection in the Systematic Entomology Laboratory at Oregon
State University, Corvallis.

Most species of Orthoptera occurring at the HJA were probably accounted for in this
study. A key to identification and an annotated list of the Orthoptera follows. The key is
for adult insects, and males and females will key together except as noted. Figures 1
through 3 are provided to illustrate the locations of some morphological characters used in
the key.

tegmen

hind wing
me

Ppronotum
ocelli

antenna ———_»>

Figure 1.—Generalized orthopte-
ran external morphology.

cercus

tegmen —> supraanal plate

furcula

hind wing —»

subgenital
plate

primary

anal veins Figure 3.—Apex of a male grass-

; , hopper abdomen.
Figure 2.—Grasshopper wings.

Key to the Orthoptera of the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest

1a. Hind tarsi have three or four segments (figs. 4, 5); if three segments, auditory organ
present on front tibiae (fig. 6). Antennae with more than 30 segments. (Suborder

Ensifera.) —-—-—-~----—-----------~---------~---~-~-—-------- 13
= 1 PAS} Gs!
PZ p= he
t 0 ges ~<S y
4

Figure 4.—Four tarsal segments. :
Figure 5.—Three tarsal segments.

Figure 6.—Auditory organ on
front tibia.

1b. Hind tarsi have three segments, no auditory organ on front tibiae; auditory organ on
first abdominal segments (fig. 7). Antennae with less than 30 segments. (Suborder
Caelifera) —-—-—-—-——--—-—----—-—~-----—-—---—-~--—-~------------.- 2

2a. Pronotum greatly extended posteriorly, often to apex of abdomen (fig. 8). Tegmina
much smaller than hind wings. Front and middle tarsi have two segments, hind tarsi have
three segments, arolium (lobe) absent between tarsal claws (not as in fig. 10). Black to
various shades of brown and gray. Very small, length 5 to 10 mm. (Pygmy locusts; family
Tetrigidae; subfamily Tetriginae.) -—- -—-— -—-—-—-—-—-—-—-—-—--- Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus)

Figure 8.—Posteriorly extended
pronotum of a tetrigid grass-
hopper.

Figure 7.—Auditory organ on first
abdominal segment.

2b. Pronotum not greatly extended posteriorly (fig. 9). Tegmina equal to or longer than
hind wings. All tarsi have three segments, arolium present (fig. 10). Size medium to large,
length 20 to 45 mm. (Short-horned grasshoppers; family Acrididae.) - -————-———-— 3

3a. Prosternum with median spine or tubercle (fig. 11). Wings long, at least to tip of
abdomen, short, or absent; when present, hind wings clear. (Spur-throated grasshoppers;
subfamily Melanoplinae.) ——————-——-——-—-————-——-—-——~—-—~—-~-------- 5

3b. Prosternum without median spine or tubercle. Wings present and long, hind wings
colored or clear. Antennal segments round or flattened. ——~————————————-—— 4

4a. Face rounded, median ridge of pronotum elevated and cut by one or more
transverse grooves on prozona (fig. 12). Posterior margin of metazona produced to a
point at intersection of median ridge, prozona shorter in length than metazona (fig. 13).
Wings long, hind wing disc yellowish or red with a black band, tegmina often mottled.
Antennal segments round. (Band-winged grasshoppers; subfamily Oedipodinae.) ——— 10

4b. Face slanted back ventrally, median ridge of pronotum low and cut by one
transverse groove, prozona greater in length than metazona (fig. 14), posterior margin
of metazona not produced to a point (fig. 15). Antennal segments flattened, especially
those at base. Wings variable, often reaching apex of abdomen in males, short of apex in
females. Hind femora surpassing apex of abdomen and wings. Hind wings clear, body
brown to olive green, lateral ridges of pronotum lightly marked, forming a faint “X” when
viewed from above. Length 14 to 25 mm. (Slant-faced grasshoppers; subfamily
Gomphocerinae.) ————-—-—--——-—-—-—--—--—---- Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris)

5a. Wings present, either fully developed or reduced to small tegminal pads (figs. 16,
1) 6

5b. Wings absent. Male cerci as in figure 18. Brownish to olive green, two dark lateral
bands running the length of the body, ventral surface yellow. Hind tibiae reddish brown.
Length 19 to 24 mm. —-—-—----—--—--—-—--—-—--- Boonacris alticola Rehn and Randell

6a. Wings long or reduced to small pads. If reduced, tegminal pads nearly oval in
shape, touching dorsally, or separated by a distance less than half the width of one pad.

6b. Wings never long, reduced to small tegminal pads. Wing pads elongate and widely
separated by at least a distance equal to half the width of one pad (fig. 19). --—— 7

7a. Tegminal pads very narrow (fig. 20). Posterior margin of metazona slightly notched at
intersection of median ridge (fig. 21). Make cerci as in figure 22. Brownish or olive green
and brown, broad yellowish dorsal band running the length of the abdomen bordered by
dark lateral bands, ventral surface yellow, hind tibiae yellowish brown. Length 16 to

24 mm, —————--——--—--—-—-—-—-—--—-—~—----- Prumnacris rainierensis Caudell

Figure 9.—Typical grasshopper
pronotum. 1 0)

Figure 10.—Arolium present 11
between tarsal claws.

Figure 11.—Prosternal process of
a spur-throated grasshopper.

c
ae

!

Figure 12.—Head and pronotum 13
of a band-winged grasshopper.

Prozona metazona

Figure 13.—Dorsal view of a
band-winged grasshopper pro- Figure 14.—Head and pronotum
notum. of a slant-faced grasshopper.

15 Figure 16.—Long-winged, spur- —_— Figure 17.—Short-winged, spur-
Figure 15.—Dorsal view of a throated grasshopper. throated grasshopper.
slant-faced grasshopper pro-

1mm

—. Yo
ST

20

Figure 20.—Tegminal pad of
Prumnacris rainierensis.

Figure 18.—Male cercus of
Boonacris alticola.

Figure 19.—Wing pads of a Pe
short-winged, spur-throated

ere grasshopper.
22

%\ Figure 22.—Male cercus of
2 1 Prumnacris rainierensis.

Figure 21.—Pronotum of
Prumnacris rainierensis.

7b. Tegminal pads almost oval (fig. 23). Posterior margin of metazona straight across at
intersection of median ridge (fig. 24). Male cerci as in figure 25. Same general color as P
rainierensis except that dorsal surface of abdomen is greenish rather than yellow.

Length 18 to 25 mm. -—-—---—--—--------------- Podisma hesperus (Hebard)

8a. Wings reduced to small, oval tegminal pads (fig. 26). Male cerci as in figure 27.
General color dark brown, hind tibiae red. Length 20 to 26 mm.
SS Melanoplus validus Scudder

8b. Wings fully developed, reaching or surpassing the apex of the abdomen. —-—— 9

9a. Apex of male subgenital plate slightly notched (fig. 28) (also refer to fig. 3). Male
supraanal plate broad at base, becoming narrow at apex (fig. 29). Male cerci as in figure
30. Brownish to yellowish with dark spots on tegmina, hind tibiae red to bluish gray.
Length 20 to 24 mm. ——--—--—--—-—-—-—-—-—-—-—---—---— Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.)

9b. Apex of male subgenital plate broadly notched (fig. 31). Male supraanal plate
constricted midway to apex (fig. 32). Male cerci as in figure 33. Brownish, yellowish, or
reddish, hind tibiae red. Length 18 to 24 mm. ——-— Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer)

10a. Hind wing disc yellow or greenish yellow with black band. Median ridge of
pronotum elevated more so on prozona than metazona, and cut by two grooves on
prozona (fig. 34). —---—-—--—----------------—---—-~---—----=-=-= 11

10b. Hind wing disc red with black band (fig. 35). Median ridge of pronotum well
elevated throughout and cut by one groove approximately midway (fig. 36). Gray to
brownish gray, hind tibiae blue. Length 24 to 28 mm. -—-—-— Arphia conspersa Scudder

11a. Primary anal veins one, two, and three of hind wings slightly enlarged and thickened
(see fig. 2 for position of wing veins), wing disc yellow, black band indistinct and broken
(fig. 37). Tegmina mottled, no distinct bands. Light gray, mottled with dark and light spots,
hind tibiae blue. Length 30 to 36 mm. —--—-—-—-—-—---— Circotettix shastanus Bruner

11b. Anal veins of hind wing all equal in size, wing disc yellow to greenish yellow, black
band of: hind ‘wing disc entire, ——=.2- 222 eS eee See 12

Figure 23.—Tegminal pad of
Podisma hesperus.

ae
_ZZ==£-—
Sy

26

Figure 26.—Tegminal pad of
Melanoplus validus.

Figure 29.—Male supraanal plate
of Melanoplus sanguinipes.

Figure 32.—Male supraanal plate
of Melanoplus femurrubrum.

Figure 35.—Left wings of Arphia
conspersa.

S
24

Figure 24.—Pronotum of Podisma
hesperus.

Q

27

Figure 27.—Male cercus of
Melanoplus validus.

Q

30

Figure 30.—Male cercus of
Melanoplus sanguinipes.

—

33

Figure 33.—Male cercus of
Melanoplus femurrubrum.

=n
oo =
o

Figure 36.—Pronotal crest cut by
one groove.

25

Figure 25.—Male cercus of
Podisma hesperus.

28

Figure 28.—Male subgenital plate
of Melanoplus sanguinipes.

31

Figure 31.—Male subgenital plate
of Melanoplus femurrubrum.

t |

SSS

34

Figure 34.—Pronotal crest cut by
two grooves.

Figure 37.—Left wings of
Circotettix shastanus.

12a. Tegmen banded with three dark bands. Hind wing disc greenish yellow, black
band narrow and faint, spur short (fig. 38). Dark brown or gray, mottled darker, hind tibiae
blue. Length 20 to 34 mm. —————-—-—-—--—-————--— Trimerotropis fontana Thomas

12b. Tegmen not banded. Hind wing disc yellow, black band broad, and suffuse to apex
of wing, spur long (fig. 39). Dark gray, mottled darker. Hind tibiae blue. Length
28 to 38mm. —------------------- —— Trimerotropis suffusa Scudder

13a. Tarsi have four segments, ovipositor flattened, swordlike (fig. 40). Wings present
or absent. -------------------------------------—- 14

13b. Tarsi have three segments, second segment very small, ovipositor cylindrical, not
flattened. Wings present. (Crickets; family Gryllidae.) ——————-———-—-—-—--—-— 15

14a. Auditory organ located at base of front tibiae (fig. 41). Wings present, as small pads,
or they are long. --=--—----—---—--=-———-—-—-—_—_____ {~~ >= 21

14b. No auditory organ present. Wings absent. Body rounded or humped dorsally,
pronotum indistinct, not extending posteriorly over mesonotum. (Camel crickets; family
Gryllacriddidae; subfamily Raphidiophorinae.) ————————-——-———-——-—-—--—-— 18

15a. Ocelli absent. Hind tibiae armed with minute teeth between spines (fig. 42).
Pronotum usually longer than wide. Head small, barely deeper than pronotum when
viewed laterally (fig. 43). Wings long, usually extending past apex of abdomen. Form
slender, color green or yellowish. (Tree crickets; subfamily Oecanthinae.) —-—- 17

15b. Ocelli present (fig. 44). Hind tibiae without small teeth between spines. Head large,
much deeper than pronotum when viewed from side (fig. 44). Wings short or long. Form
robust, color black or dark brown) = 16

16a. Spines of hind tibiae long and movable (fig. 45). Dark brown, wing length variable
(specimens from the HJA have long wings extending past the apex of the abdomen).
Small, less than 15 mm long. (Ground crickets; subfamily Nemobiinae.)

SPSS SSS eS SSeS Ss Seeaer= Eunemobius carolinus neomexicanus Scudder

16b. Spines of hind tibiae short and immovable (fig. 46). Black, wings reduced. Size
medium, over 15 mm long. (Field crickets; subfamily Gryllinae.)
—------------------------- Gryllus veletis (Alexander and Bigelow)

17a. First and second basal antennal segments marked with two linear black marks as
in figure 47, or unmarked. Yellowish brown. Length 16 to 24 mm.
SSS SSS SSS SS SS SS SS SSS SS SSS SS SS Oecanthus californicus Sauss

17b. First and second basal antennal segments marked with two black spots as in
figure 48. Pale green. Length 16 to 22 mm. —-—-—-—---—--— Oecanthus fultoni Walker

Figure 38.—Left wings of
Trimerotropis fontana.

Figure 41.—Auditory organ on
front tibia.

Figure 44.—Head and pronotum

of a field or ground cricket.

47

Figure 47.—Basal antennal
segments of Oecanthus
californicus.

Figure 39.—Left wings of
Trimerotropis suffusa.

42

Figure 42.—Hind tibia of a tree

cricket.

Figure 45.—Hind tibia of a ground
cricket.

40

Figure 40.—Laterally flattened
ovipositor.

43

Figure 43.—Head and pronotum
of a tree cricket.

46

Figure 46.—Hind tibia of a field
cricket.

0
48

Figure 48.—Basal antennal
segments of Oecanthus fultoni.

10

18a. All tibiae square in cross-section, ridges of all four angles armed with rows of small
overlapping spines running the length of the tibiae. Appendages very long in proportion
to body, combined length of front tibia and tarsi longer than length of body. Uniform dark
reddish brown. Body length 15 to 30 mm, maximum size with appendages spread, over
200 mm. —--—--—-—-—--—----—--~-~------- Tropidischia xanthostoma (Scudder)

18b. Tibiae rounded below with a row of spurs dorsally on each side. Appendages not
excessively long in proportion to body, combined length of front tibia and tarsi much
less than length of body. Various shades of gray and brown. ——-—————-——-—-— us)

19a. Male cerci evenly incurved from base, with long, segmented, apical appendage
(fig. 49). Ovipositor as in figure 50, apical portion of lower valve with more than nine
crenulations on ventral surface. Dorsal surface of male abdomen armed with low, blunt
tubercles. Light gray brown, lightly mottled darker with indistinct light band on dorsal
surface. Length 12 to17mm. —-—-—-—--—---- Pristoceuthophilus celatus Scudder

19b. Male cerci elongate, almost straight to apex, then incurved, with short,
segmented, apical appendage (fig. 51). Ovipositor as in figure 52, apical portion of lower
valve with nine or fewer crenulations on ventral surface. ————-——-————-—-—-— 20

20a. Dorsal abdominal segments of male armed with numerous blunt tubercles and
long, conical spines, segment five bearing a large sclerotized structure (Hubbell’s organ)
extending over segments three through six. Dark brown, light cream-yellow central band
on dorsal surface distinct. Length 12 to 15 mm. — Pristoceuthophilus sargentae Gurney

20b. Dorsal abdominal segments one through eight of male almost smooth, or with very
low, blunt tubercles; Hubbell’s organ absent. Coloration as above. Length 12 to 17 mm.
Hae Pristoceuthophilus cercalis Caudell

21a. Hind legs stout, not more than 1.2 times longer than middle or fore legs. Hind tibiae
armed with eight or fewer spines in each of two dorsal rows. Lateral ridges of pronotum
indistinct. Tegmina of male enlarged and rugose, extending half the distance to the apex
of the abdomen. Female wings and ovipositor much reduced. Gray, mottled with black,
brown, and pink. Length 28 to 40 mm. (Hump-winged crickets; family Prophalangops-
idae.) ——-—————————-————-—~—~~~~-~---_ Cyphoderris monstrosa Uhler

21b. Hind legs slender, hind tibia at least two times longer than middle or fore tibiae.
Hind tibiae armed with more than eight spines in each of two dorsal rows. Lateral ridges
of pronotum distinct. Wings reduced to tegminal pads or fully developed, reaching well
past apex of abdomen. Green, brown, or gray. (Long-horned grasshoppers; family
Nettigoniidac)) le 22

22a. Lateral groove present on first two tarsal segments (fig. 53). Ovipositor long and
SWOMG IK Cis 23

22b. First two tarsal segments smooth, not grooved laterally (fig. 54). Ovipositor short,
strongly curving upward. Fully winged and leaflike, usually green. Length 38 to 42 mm.
(Bush katydids; subfamily Phaneropterinae.) — —--—-—-—-—— Scudderia furcata Brunner

50
Figure 50.—Ovipositor of
Pristoceuthophilus celatus.
49
Figure 49.—Male cerci of 51
Pristoceuthophilus celatus. Figure 51.—Male cerci of
Pristoceuthophilus cercalis or P.
— sargentae.
i
53 :
~
Figure 53.—Lateral grooves on
\ tarsal segments.
52 54
Figure 52.—Ovipositor of Figure 54.—No lateral grooves on
Pristoceuthophilus cercalis or P. tarsal segments.
sargentae.

Figure 56.—Lateral view of a
meadow katydid.

Figure 55.—Lateral view of a
shield-backed katydid.

23a. One or more spines present on dorsal surface of front tibiae. Anterior vertex of
head not produced forward, pronotum usually extended posteriorly over entire thorax
(fig. 55). Wings reduced to small pads, partially covered by pronotum. All legs
conspicuously spined. (Shield-backed katydids; subfamily Tettigoniinae.) — ———— 24

23b. No spines present on dorsal surface of fore tibiae. Anterior vertex of head
produced forward to rounded point, pronotum not extended posteriorly over entire thorax
(fig. 56). Green with a black stripe running from the vertex of the head to the posterior
margin of the pronotum. Wings long (a brownish, short-winged form is known from
western Oregon, but has not been found at the HJA). Length 18 to 22 mm. (Meadow
katydids; subfamily Conocephalinae.) ——-— Conocephalus fasciatus vicinus (Morse)

11

58

Figure 58.—Male cerci and

57

Figure 57.—Pronotum of Neduba _ pseudocerci of Neduba convexa.
convexa.

59

Figure 59.—Pronotum of 60

Steiroxys strepens. Figure 60.—Male cerci of

Steiroxys strepens.

24a. Pronotum much larger posteriorly than anteriorly when viewed from above

(fig. 57). Male cerci conical with no teeth, pseudocerci present (fig. 58). Female
ovipositor with teeth near apex. Brown, gray, reddish, or yellowish, never green. Length
20 to 26mm. ———--——-—----—-+-—---—--—------— Neduba convexa Caudell

24b. Pronotum uniform throughout when viewed from above (fig. 59). Male cerci curved
inward at apex with a large internal tooth (fig. 60). Female ovipositor without teeth.
Green, brown, or gray, often with dorsal yellow stripes. Length 22 to 24 mm.

SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SSS Steiroxys strepens (Fulton)

Annotated List

ORDER Orthoptera

SUBORDER Caelifera

SUPERFAMILY Acridoidea
Famicy Tetrigidae
SUBFAMILY Tetriginae (pygmy locusts)

Tetrix subulata (Linnaeus)
1837. Gryllus subulatus Linneaus, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 4:251.
Distribution: Throughout most of the Neartic and Palearctic regions.

Habitat: Primarily riparian or occurring in low, damp areas. At the HJA: seeps and
along streambanks in the Western Hemlock Zone.

References: Rehn and Grant (1961), Strohecker and others (1968).
Famicy Acrididae
SUBFAMILY Melanoplinae (spur-throated grasshoppers)

Boonacris alticola Rehn and Randell

1962. Boonacris alticola Rehn and Randell, Transactions of the American Entomological
Society, 88: 152.

Distribution: Cascade Range and Coast Range of Oregon.

Habitat: Low, herbaceous growth in meadows, forest margins, and in open woodland
areas. At the HJA: mostly in the Silver Fir Zone, often in association with western
brackenfern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn).

References: Rehn and Randell (1962).

Melanoplus femurrubrum (DeGeer)

1773. Acrydium femurrubrum DeGeer, Mémoires Pour Servir a la Histoire Des Insects,
3: 493.

Distribution: Throughout the United States and across southern Canada.

Habitat: Grasses in meadows, along roads, and in open woods. At the HJA: uncommon
throughout the area at all elevations.

References: Helfer (1963), Strohecker and others (1968).

Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)

1798. Gryllus sanguinipes Fabricius, Supplementum Entomologiae Systamaticae,
ps 195.

Distribution: Throughout the United States and across southern Canada.

Habitat: Grasses in meadows, along roads, and in open woods. At the HJA: throughout
the area, especially in the Western Hemlock Zone.

References: Helfer (1963), Strohecker and others (1968).

13

14

Melanoplus validus Scudder

1879. Melanoplus validus Scudder, Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural
Sciences, 7: 197.

Distribution: Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada, from Washington to northern
California.

Habitat: Grasses in subalpine meadows. At the HJA: meadows and open woods in the
Silver Fir Zone.

References: Gurney and Buxton (1968).

Podisma hesperus (Hebard)

1936. Dendrotettix hesperus Hebard, Transactions of the American Entomological
Society, 62: 182.

Distribution: Known to occur only in the Cascade Range of central Oregon.

Habitat: Low, herbaceous growth in meadows, forest margins, and open woodlands. At
the HJA: meadows and open woodlands in the Silver Fir Zone.

References: Rehn and Randell (1963).

Note: Rehn and Rehn (1939) transferred the species from Dendrotettix to Podisma and
noted close affinities to Podisma sapporensis Shiraka, which has since been placed in
the genus Parapodisma. |t now appears that Podisma hesperus may also belong to the
genus Parapodisma (Rehn and Randell 1963). Also see Fontana and Vickery (1976).
Prumnacris rainierensis Caudell

1907. Prumnacris rainierensis Caudell, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
Washington, 8: 134.

Distribution: Cascade Range of Washington and northern Oregon.

Habitat: Meadows, sparsely vegetated slopes, and open forests at high elevations. At
the HJA: open woodlands in the Silver Fir Zone.

References: Helfer (1963).

SUBFAMILY Gomophocerinae (slant-faced grasshoppers)

Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris)

1841. Chorthippus curtipennis Harris, Report on the Insects of Massachusetts Injurious
to Vegetation, p. 149.

Distribution: Throughout the United States and southern Canada.

Habitat: Grasses in meadows, along roads, and in open woods. At the HJA: throughout
the area at all elevations.

References: Otte (1981), Strohecker and others (1968).

SUBFAMILY Oedipodinae (band-winged grasshoppers)

Arphia conspersa Scudder

1874. Arphia conspersa Scudder, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,
Nee SNA;

Distribution: Western North America from Alaska to Mexico, east to the Rocky
Mountains.

Habitat: Bare soil in fields and along roads. At the HJA: along dirt roads and in recent
clearcuts in the Western Hemlock Zone.

References: Otte (1984), Strohecker and others (1968).

Circotettix shastanus Bruner
1890. Circotettix shastanus Bruner, Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 12: 76.

Distribution: Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada, and Siskiyou Mountains of southern
Oregon and northern California.

Habitat: Bare, rocky ridges at high elevations. At the HJA: rock outcroppings and talus
slopes in the Silver Fir Zone.

References: Helfer (1963), Otte (1984), Strohecker and others (1968).

Trimerotropis fontana Thomas

1876. Trimerotropis fontana Thomas, Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of
Sciences, 1: 255.

Distribution: Western North America from British Columbia to northern Baja California,
east to the Rocky Mountains.

Habitat: Bare soil in fields, open woodlands, and rocky hillsides. At the HJA: along dirt
roads and in recent clearcuts and bare spots in meadows, at all elevations throughout
the area.

References: Helfer (1963), Otte (1984), Strohecker and others (1968).

Trimeroptropis suffusa Scudder

1876. Trimeroptropis suffusa Scudder, Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Territorial Survey,
2: 265.

Distribution: Western North America from British Columbia to northern Arizona, New
Mexico, and California, east to the Rocky Mountains.

Habitat: Bare soil in open woodlands. At the HJA: along dirt roads, in recent clearcuts,
and in open areas in the forest at all elevations.

References: Helfer (1963), Otte (1984), Strohecker and others (1968).

16

SUBORDER Ensifera
SUPERFAMILY Tettigonioidea
Famity Prophalangopsidae (hump-winged crickets)
Cyphoderris monstrosa Uhler

1864. Cyphoderris monstrosa Uhler, Peet of the Entomological Society of
Philadelphia, 2: 552.

Distribution: Western North America, Rocky Mountains from Colorado to Alberta, west
to British Columbia and south through Cascade Range to southern Oregon.

Habitat: High-elevation coniferous forests.
References: Helfer (1963).

Note: Cyphoderris has not been found at the HJA, but is common at high elevations in
the Cascade Range in Oregon. These katydids are likely to occur in the Silver Fir Zone
at the HJA.

FAMILY Tettigoniidae
SUBFAMILY Phaneropterinae (bush katydids)
Scudderia furcata Brunner
1878. Scudderia furcata Brunner, Monographien der Phaneropteriden, p. 239.
Distribution: Throughout the United States and southern Canada.

Habitat: Shrubs and small deciduous trees. At the HJA: shrubs along roads, in clearcut
areas, and in open woods in the Western Hemlock Zone.

References: Helfer (1963).

SuBFAMILy Conocephalinae (meadow katydids)
Conocephalus fasciata vicinus (Morse)
1901. Xiphidium vicinum Morse, Canadian Entomologist, 33: 203.

Distribution: Western North America from British Columbia to California, and east to the
Rocky Mountains.

Habitat: Grasses in fields and meadows. At the HJA: clearcuts and other open, grassy
areas in the Western Hemlock Zone.

References: Helfer (1963).

SUBFAMILY Tettigoniinae (shield-backed katydids)

Neduba convexa Caudell

1907. Neduba carniata variety convexa Caudell, Proceedings of the U.S. National
Museum, 32: 300.

Distribution: Western North America from western Washington south through western
Oregon and into northwestern California.

Habitat: Forest floor and understory vegetation in deciduous and coniferous forests. At
the HJA: understory vegetation particularly in second-growth forests in the Western
Hemlock Zone.

References: Rentz and Birchim (1968).

Steiroxys strepens Fulton

1930. Steiroxys strepens Fulton, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23:
611-641.

Distribution: Central Coast and Cascade Ranges of Oregon.

Habitat: Open, grassy areas in subalpine meadows. At the HJA: natural meadows in the
Silver Fir Zone.

References: Fulton (1930), Rentz and Birchim (1968).
Famicy Gryllacrididae
SuBFAMILy Rhaphidophorinae (camel crickets)
Pristoceuthophilus celatus (Scudder)

1894. Ceuthophilus celatus Scudder, Proceedings of the American Academy of Science
and Arts, 30: 97.

Distribution: Western North America from British Columbia to northern California west
of the Cascade Range.

Habitat: Moist, dark areas, usually on the forest floor of woodland areas. At the HJA:
under bark and objects on the ground in old-growth forests, mainly in the Western
Hemlock Zone.

References: Helfer (1963).

Pristoceuthophilus cercalis Caudell

1916. Pristoceuthophilus cercalis Caudell, Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum,
49: 673.

Distribution: Western Oregon and Washington, east to the Rocky Mountains.

Habitat: Moist, dark sites, usually on the forest floor of woodland areas. At the HJA:
under bark and objects on the ground in old-growth forests in both zones.

References: Helfer (1963).

18

Pristoceuthophilus sargentae Gurney

1947. Pristoceuthophilus sargentae Gurney, Journal of the Washington Academy of
Sciences, 37(12): 430.

Distribution: Known only to occur in the Three Sisters-McKenzie Pass area of the
Cascade Range in central Oregon.

Habitat: Usually under loose bark of trees or under objects on the ground in old-growth
forests above 1 200 m elevation. At the HJA: old-growth forests in the Silver Fir Zone.
Specimens have been found more than 35 m above ground level on the trunks of
conifers.

References: Gurney (1947), Helfer (1963).

Tropidischia xanthostoma (Scudder)

1861. Rhaphidophora xanthostoma Scudder, Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History, 8: 12.

Distribution: Coastal mountains and west side of the Cascade Range, from central
California to British Columbia.

Habitat: Dark, moist sites, such as under logs and in riparian areas in old-growth forests.
At the HJA: near streams in old-growth forests in the Western Hemlock Zone.

References: Helfer (1963).

FAMILY Gryllidae
SUBFAMILY Gryllinae (field crickets)
Gryllus veletis (Alexander and Bigelow)
1960. Acheta veletis Alexander and Bigelow, Evolution, 14: 335.

Distribution: Throughout much of North America, in the West from Washington to central
California.

Habitat: Holes and cracks in the ground in open fields, along roads, or other similar sites.
At the HJA: on the ground in recent clearcuts and along roadsides in the Western
Hemlock Zone.

References: Weissman and others (1980).

SUBFAMILY Nemobiinae (ground crickets)

Eunemobius carolinus neomexicanus Scudder

1896. Nemobius carolinus neomexicanus Scudder, Journal of the New York
Entomological Society, 4(3): 99.

Distribution: Western United States from southern Washington to Mexico.

Habitat: Grasses in fields and meadows. At the HJA: open, grassy areas, mainly in the
Western Hemlock Zone.

References: Helfer (1963), Vickery and Johnstone (1973).

Discussion

SuBFAMILY Oecanthinae (tree crickets)

Oecanthus californicus Saussure
1874. Oecanthus californicus Saussure, Imprimere Imperriale:Paris, 3: 293.
Distribution: Western United States, east to the western Great Plains.

Habitat: Brush thickets in grasslands and open forests. At the HJA: in clearcuts and
along roads in the Western Hemlock Zone.

References: Walker (1962, 1963).

Oecanthus fultoni Walker

1962. Oecanthus fultoni Walker, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55(3):
309.

Distribution: Throughout much of the United States and southern Canada.

Habitat: Usually on deciduous trees, occasionally on smaller shrubs. At the HJA: on
deciduous trees in the Western Hemlock Zone.

References: Walker (1962, 1963).

The Orthoptera of the HJA were found to occupy a variety of plant communities or
habitats of three generalized types based on vegetational structure and successional
status. Of the 25 species of Orthoptera from the HJA, 12 were found primarily in early
seral sites, 7 in natural meadows or on associated rock outcroppings, and 5 in late seral
or mature forests. On the basis of these generalized relationships to habitats and to each
other, the Orthoptera of the HJA may be classified into three major forest orthopteran
species associations: early seral, meadow, and forest associates (table 1). Species

Table 1—Major forest orthopteran species associations at the H.J. Andrews
Experimental Forest

Early seral associates Meadow associates Forest associates

Arphia conspersa Boonacris alticola Cyphoderris monstrosa

Conocephalus fasciatus vicinus Chorthippus curtipennis Neduba convexa/

Gryllus veletis Circotettix shastanus2/ _ Pristoceuthophilus
celatus

Melanoplus femurrubrum Melanoplus validus Pristoceuthophilus
cercalis

Eunemobius carolinus Podisma hesperus Pristoceuthophilus

neomexicanus sargentae

Oecanthus californicus Prumnacris rainierensis Tropidischia
xanthostoma

Oecanthus fultoni Steiroxys strepens

Scudderia furcata

Tetrix subulata2/

Trimerotropis fontana

Trimerotropis suffusa

Y Forest margins.
2/ Rock outcroppings.
3/ Temporary pools, seeps, and riparian areas.

20

within each of these three assemblages may be assumed to share similar ecological
attributes because they consistently occur together under similar environmental
conditions. These associations are generalized concepts. Individual species are not
necessarily limited to a particular association or habitat type but predominate in one of
the three.

Early seral associates comprise the largest assemblage of Orthoptera and occur in sites
characterized by plant communities in early seral stages of forest succession. Such
communities are found in clearcuts or along roadsides and are dominated by low,
herbaceous vegetation. Early seral associates probably occur in such habitats because
of the physical characteristics of the environment, the availability of palatable food
plants, and the dispersal capabilities of the insects.

Structural attributes of vegetation may influence the distribution and abundance of
grasshoppers by modifying abiotic environmental conditions (Anderson 1964, Joern
1982, Scoggan and Brusven 1973). Vegetational structure of early seral sites at the HJA
may provide appropriate temperature and moisture conditions as a result of higher
levels of insolation than can be found under the forest canopy. Relatively warm, dry
conditions are important for the development of many temperate grasshoppers (Uvarov
1977). Plant species composition may influence the distribution of early seral associates
as food resources. Several of these grasshoppers are known to be diet generalists
(Banfill and Brusven 1973, Mulkern and others 1964). Diet generalist herbivores should
theoretically be associated with unpredictable plants of early seral communities (Cates
and Orians 1975, Rhoades and Cates 1976).

Early seral associates are mobile insects readily capable of dispersing to new locations.
These species have broad distributions; all range across western North America and
five range across the entire continent, thereby encompassing a wide spectrum of
environmental conditions and food resources. As mobile generalists, these species are
probably well adapted to dispersing rapidly and colonizing temporary habitats, such as
the early seral plant communities at the HJA. Scoggan and Brusven (1973) conclude
that environmental alterations, such as logging, increase the distribution and abundance
of ecologically equivalent species in Idaho forests. As succession proceeds and
vegetation cover increases at any given site, populations of early seral associates
should decline.

Meadow associates occur at the HJA primarily in natural mesic and subalpine meadows
in the Pacific Silver Fir Zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1973) but are seldom found in early
seral plant communities. Like early seral associates, meadow associates occur in plant
communities that are characterized by low, herbaceous vegetation and by high levels of
insolation. Meadow associates, however, occur in plant communities with relatively
stable plant species compositions. Meadow associates may have more specialized
diets for predictable host plants that utilize different antiherbivore defenses than do
unpredictable plants of early seral communities (Rhoades and Cates 1976).

Most meadow associates are flightless and limited in distribution to the coastal and
Cascade-Sierra Nevada mountain ranges. At the HJA and throughout the western
Oregon Cascades, meadow associates are generally restricted to widely scattered
meadow communities, which results in patchy distribution patterns. Limited dispersal
capabilities and possible host-plant interactions may restrict meadow associates from
colonizing temporarily disturbed sites.

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

English Equivalents

Literature Cited

Only a few species of Orthoptera actually occur within the forest at the HJA. Forest
associates, unlike early seral and meadow associates, are represented by nocturnal
species that apparently do not require high levels of insolation. These species are
probably omnivores and are not associated with any particular host plants but are
associated with structural characteristics of forest communities. Forest associates are
flightless, have low dispersal potential, and are limited in distribution to forests of the
Pacific Northwest that are west of the Cascade Range. With the exception of those
species restricted to the Pacific Silver Fir Zone, forest associates appear to be
widespread throughout the forested areas of the HJA. Like meadow associates, these
species occur in a relatively stable habitat where populations should remain stable until
the habitat is altered.

The Orthoptera of the HJA exhibit close relationships to successional plant communities.
Consideration of species associations or ecological groups, rather than individual
species, may be more practical for making generalizations about ecological characteris-
tics for these insects. At the HJA, the Orthoptera can be classified into the following
major associations on the basis of distributional relationships to each other and to
generalized successional plant communities: early seral, meadow, and mature forest
associates. From a knowledge of the successional patterns of these plant communities,
the following predictions for associated Orthoptera can be made: early seral associates
colonize disturbed sites, but populations decline as forest succession proceeds; and
meadow and forest associates form relatively stable populations over long periods of
time in their respective habitats until catastrophic disturbances change those
environments.

| am grateful to John D. Lattin for support and advice on many aspects of this project.
Special thanks to Theodore J. Cohn, Daniel Otte, and David B. Weissman for reviewing
the manuscript. Work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grant BSR
821539 to John D. Lattin.

1 meter (m) = 3.3 feet
1 millimeter (mm) = 0.04 inches

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21

22

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23

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