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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SPECIAL REPORT— No. 12.

INVESTIGATION

OF

DISEASES OF SWINE,

AKD

INFECTIOUS AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES

INCIDENT TO

OTHER CLASSES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

WASHINGTON:

GOVEKNMENT PKINTINO OFFICE.
1879.

FORTY-SIXTH COXGEESS, FIRST SESSION.

liesolvcd ly the House of liCjyreseidutives (the Senate coiteurring therein), That there be
printed 100,000 copies of Special Report Xo. 12 of the Commissioner of Agriculture,
containing the reports of the examiners apx^oiuted to investigate the diseases of swine
and contagious and infectious diseases incident to other chxsses of domesticated animals,
of -which 70,000 copies shall be printed for the use of members of the House, 25,000 for
the use of members of the Senate, and 5,000 copies for the use of the Commissioner of
Asrriculture, 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pftge.

Investigation of Swine-Plague — Introductory ,. 5

Report of Dr. Detmers 19

Eeport of Dr. Law 56

Report of Dr. Voylos 112

Eeport of Dr. Salmon 123

Eeport of Dr. Dunlap 135

Eeport of Dr. Dyer 156

Eeport of Dr. Payne 165

Eeport of Dr. McNutt 173

Eeport of Dr. Hines 177

Correspondence showing the prevalence of diseases among domesticated ani-
mals 186

Correspondence relating to tlie more common diseases affecting farm animals.. 211

Pleuro-pneumonia or contagious lung fever of cattle 219

A strange disease among cattle in North Carolina 253

Einderpest, or Cattle Plague 255

Glanders „ 257

9

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
SWTNE Plague. — Plate I. Riglit lung (halt-size) of experimental pig, No.

VII ^6

Plate II. Enlarged section of right lung of same pig 28

Plate III. Ulcerous tumors on mucous membrane of intes-
tines 30

Plate IV. The same, proj ecting above surface 'S2

Plate V. The same, showing concavity in center 34

Plate VI. The same, shoAving clift'erent view 3G

Plate VII. The same, showing diti'erent view 38

Plate VIII. Ulcerous tumors on mucous membrane of the

stomach 40

Chart, ilhistrating microscopical investigations 53

Plate IX. Fig. 1. Microscopic section through skin and
slouch. Fig. 2. Microscopic section of skin in

purple spot 60

Plate X. Microscopic section showing exudation in the

ciBcal mucous membrane beneath an ulcer 75

Microscopic section through skin, showing hair
follicle containing effused blood. The bristle

Tvas detached in mounting 75

Plate XI. Microscopic section of lung with exudate filling

the air-cells, and thickening the alveolar walls . 75
Microscopic section of congested gut, showing
villi with excess of granular matter, stained iu

hicmatoxylon. Detached round cells 75

Plate XU. Microscopic section of lung, showing thickened
walls of air-cells; blocked vessels ; exudate

into cell-walls, and a few of the cells 75

Microscopic section from ear, showing cartilage
and skin with broken surface, and crust-
entangling bristles 75

Plate XIII. Forms assumed iu rapid succession by bacterium ;

also head and tail of lung worm 64

Plate XIV. Ova, hooks, and head and tail of lung worms. .. 66
Plate XV. Fig. 1. Jlicroscopic section of diseased liver.
Fig. 2. Microscopic section of lung in cataiThal
pueimiouia. Fig 3. Microscopic section of in-
testine in "hog-cholera," showing healthy con-
dition 116

Glanders. — Plate I, Fig. L Development of glanders-cells of connective-tissue

corpuscles in the mucous membrane of the sep-
tum. Fig. II. Microscopic cut from gray-yellow-
ish glanders. Fig. III. Development of glanders-
cells of epithelium elements iu the pulmonal no-
dules •- 257

Plate II. Fig. IV. Lower end of the septimi with glanders-nodules
and ulcers (natural size). Fig. V. Transversal
cuts through the gray nodules in the nuicous
membrane of the septum (natural size). Fig. VI.
Piece of the lower border of a lung, cut surface
(natural size). Fig. VII. Also a piece of the lower
border of a lung, cut surface (natural size) 257

4

INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE.

INTRODUCTOEY.

Congress liaving previously appropriated the sum of $10,000 for de-
fraying the expenses of a commission to investigate and determine the
causes producing, and, if possible, discover remedies for, some of the
more contagious and destructive diseases incident to domesticated ani-
mals, early in August last the Commissioner of Agriculture appointed
examiners in the States of New York, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas,
Missouri, and North Carolina, to conduct such investigation. Still later
in the season, on receiving information that not only diseases among
swine were prevailing to an alarming extent in Virginia, but that a fatal
disease resembling j)leuro-pneumonia or contagious lung fever was de-
stroying a good many valuable dairy cattle in some localities of that
State, an additional examiner was appointed and instructed to investi-
gate and report upon all the facts connected with the condition of both
classes of animals in the infected districts of this State.

In the preliminary report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for
1877, on the subject of diseases of domesticated animals, a tabular state-
ment gives the total value of farm animals lost in the United States
during that year, principally from infectious and contagious diseases, at
$16,653,428. These losses were based upon as accurate returns as could
be obtained in the absence of an absolute census, but as they included
data from but eleven hundred and twenty-five counties (about one-half
the whole number of counties in the United States), the above sum
falls far below the aggregate losses for that year. About two-thirds of
this sum was occasioned by the loss of swine by diseases presumed to
be of an infectious and contagious character. Notwithstanding these
maladies had their origin near a quarter of a century ago, and had rap-
idly spread from one State and one county to another, there was great
diversity of opinion as to their contagious or non-contagious character.
Many intelligent farmers and stock-growers insisted that they were not
transmissible from one animal to another, while perhaps equally as
large a number contended that the diseases were of a highly infectious
and contagious nature. As this was regarded as one among the most
imi)ortant facts to be determined by the investigation, two of the exam-
iners devoted most of their time to exi^eriments looking to a solution of
this problem.

As the number and value of the annual losses among swine were
much heavier than among all other classes of domesticated animals com-

5

6 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

bincd, the Commissioner deemed it best to devote the greater portion of
the limited sum placed at his disposal to an investigation of the fatal
diseases affecting this class of farm animals.

The preliminary investigation instituted and conducted under the
supervision of this department, in the fall and winter of 1877-78, estab-
lished the fact that diseases prevail among these animals much more ex-
tensively during the late summer and early fall months than at other
seasons of the year, and for this reason the examiners selected to con-
duct the investigation were employed for periods ranging from one to
three months. It was assumed, and the subsequent history of the dis-
ease proved the assumi)tion to be well founded, that the reduced tem-
perature of the late fall and early winter months would cause an abate-
ment of the disease, and in a measure deprive the examiners of subjects
with which to continue their experiments. While, therefore, the very
severe weather of the past winter caused a great reduction in the num-
ber of anmials affected, the disease was not eradicated, nor did its
fatality seem to be lessened. The spread of the infection from one herd
to another was greatly diminished 5 but^ in infected herds, where the
malady was still prevailing when cold weather set in, there appeared
but little difference in the ra^^idity of the transmission of the disease,
from one animal to another, in the same herd. Dr. H. J. Detmers, Y.
S., of Chicago, who conducted his investigations and made his experi-
ments in one of the worst infected of the many large hog-growing dis-
tricts in Illinois, writing under date of January 7th last, spealcs as follows
of the effects of severe frosts on the spread of the disease:

Since my last letter the Tveatlier has continued extremely cold. Where I now am,
in Lee County, some live or six miles west of Dixon, the thennometer indicated at
seven o'cloclv on ihc morning of January 2, 28° below zero, and on the next morning
24° below zero. At present — to-day, yesterday and day before — tho weather is a
little milder. To-day it tried to snow a little : otherwise tho sky has been clear
every day. The wind is, and has been, west, except yestei-day afternoon, when it was
almost due south. Swine-plague during this cold weather does not seem to spread
either so readily or so rapidly from one farm to another as a few mouths ago ; but as to
its spreading from one animal to another in the same herd in which it i^reviously ex-
isted no difference can be observed. It seems to be just as fatal as in August, and its
course, on tho whole, is probably more acute, as severe affections of the lungs and of
the heart are more frequent, a fact easily explained in the habits of swine crowding
together and lying on top of each other in their sleeping places when the temperature
is very low.

Dr. James Law, of Ithaca, K. Y., whose investigations were solely
confined to experiments intended to further establish the contagious
and infectious character of the disease, the period of its incubation,
&c., confirms the statement of Dr. Detmers, i. c, that the severe frosts
of winter do not destroy the germs of the malady but simplj' retard
their conveyance from one herd to another. In a letter of recent date,
forwai"ded since his report was completed, Dr. Law says :

I have demonstrated that the freezing of the virulent matter does not destroy its ac-
tivity, and tliat tho virus loses nothing in potency by preservation for one or two

»

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 7

montlis closely packed iii dry bran. The same may bo inferred of all other situations
when it is closely packed and where the air has imperfect access. These two last
points are of immense importance as bearing on the question ofthe preservation of the
poison in infected -pens and yards alike in winter and in summer, to say nothing of
its possible conveyance in fodder, &c. The different modes in which the disease may
bo conveyed in the wet and dry condition, and in the bodies of rabbits, and probably
sheep and other animals, speak in the strongest terms against keeping Tip the pro-
duction of the poison by preserving sick animals, unless where they can be secluded
in thoroughly disinfected buildings in which even the air shall be constantly charged
with disinfectants.

In most of the States in wliicli investigations liave been made, the
examiners have found the symptoms and ])ost-mortcm appearances of
the disease the sauj^, and hence agree as to the propriety of desig-
nating the affection under the head of a general disorder, ^r. Detmers
has, therefore, given the tiisease the name of " Swine-i^lague," and Dr.
Law has named it ''Hog-fever." While either designation woidd seem
to be eminently proper, that of "Swine-plague" will no doubt be gen-
erally adopted.

As in almost, all general disorders, a certain variety of organs were
found affected and diseased. Marked changes and extravasations in
various parts of tlie body were observed, and inflammation of the lungs
and large intestines was usually present. The heart, the pleura, the
eyes, the epidermis, and many other important organs showed either'
slight or more serious affections, and in almost every case tested with
the thermometer the temperature was found to be above normal heat
before any other symiitom of the disease was in the least apparent. In
every herd where the disease had prevailed to any con^siderable extent,
no case was found where death had occurred from a local malady, but
all the lesions and appearances unmistakably indicated the existence of
the general disorder. In but few cases was death found to have resulted
from the affection of any single organ, but on the contrary seemed to
have been the result of the various organic changes observed.

Dr. Detmers says that the morbid process, although in all cases essen-
tially the same, is not restricted to a single jDart or organ, or to a set of
organs, but can have its seat almost anywhere — in the tissue of the
lungs ; in the plem^a and i^ericardium ; in the heart 5 in the lymphatic
system ; in the peritoneum ; in all mucous membranes, especially in
those of the intestines ; in the liver ; in the spleen, and even in the skin.
Only the i^ulmonal tissue and lymj)hatic glands are invariably affected.

The most constant and unvarying symptom of the disease is observed
in the increased temperature of the body. Indeed, one of the examiners
regards it as highly probable that a high temperature may exist several
weeks before other symptoms are manifested, and that the disease may
in some cases even be confined to and run its course in the blood with-
out a localization in any other organ or organs. A few isolated cases
are noted where this symptom was lacking, but it may have been pres-
ent in a mild form before other symptoms were observed. The external

8 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

symptoms of tlie disease, which were found to be ahnost identical in
all the widely-separated localities in which examinations were made,
were a dullness of the eyes, the lids of which are kept nearer closed than
in health, with an accumulation of secretion in the corners. There is
hanging of the head, with lopped ears, and an inclhiation to hide in the
litter and to lie on the helly and keep quiet. As the disease advances,
the animal manifests more or less thirst, some cough, and a pink blush
or rose-colored spots, and papidar eruption appears on the skin, particu-
larly along the belly, inside of the thighs and fore legs, and about the
ears. There is accelerated respiration and circulation, increased action
of the flanks in breathing, tucked-up abdomen, arched back, swelhng of
the vulva in the female as in heat ; occasionally, aHo, of the sheath of
the male, lo* of appetite, and tenderness of the abdomen, sometimes
persistent diarrhea, but generally obstinate constipation. In some
cases large abraded spots are observed at the projecting points of the
body, caused by separation and loss of the epidermis. In sucli cases
a slight blow or friction on the sldn is sufficient to produce such
abrasions. In many cases the eruption, blush, and spots are entirely
absent ; petechiae are formed in only about one-third of the cases. In
some cases there is considerable inflammation of and discharge from
the eyes. Some animals emit a very offensive odor even before death.
In large herds, where the disease prevails extensivelj*, this offensive
effluvia can be detected for a great distance to windward. In nearly aU
cases there is a weakness or partial paralysis of the posterior extremi-
ties, and occasionally this paralysis is so complete in the first stages of
the disease as to*iirevent walking or standing.

As symptoms of special diagnostic value, which are scarcelj' ever ab-
sent in any case, the following are mentioned : Drooping of the ears and
of the head; more or less coughing; dull look of the eyes; staring ap-
pearance of the coat of hair; partial or total want of appetite for food;
vitiated appetite for excrements; rapid emaciation; great debility;
weak and undecided, and frequently staggering, gait; great indifference
to surroundings; tendency to lie down in a dark corner, and to hide the
nose and even the whole head in the bedding; the specific offensive
smell, and the peculiar color of the excrements. This last s^nnptom is
always present, at least in an advanced stage of the disease, no matter
whether constipation or diarrhea is exisiting. Among other character-
istic symptoms, which are not present in every animal, may be mentioned
frequent sneezing; bleeding from the nose; swelling of the eyelids; ac-
cumulation of mucus in the imier canthi of the eyes; attempts to vomit,
or real vomiting; accelerated and difficult breathing; thumping or
spasmodic contraction of the abdominal muscles (flanks), and a pecu-
liar, faint, and hoarse voice in the last stages of the disease.

The duration of the disease varies according to the violence and seat
of the attack and the age and constitution of the patient. Where the
attack is violent, and its i)rincipal seat is located in one of the vital

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. »

org-aiis — such as the heart — the disease frequently terminates fatally in
a few days, and sometimes even within twenty-four hours j but when
the attack is of a mild character, and the heart is not seriously affected,
and the animal is naturally strong and vigorous, one or two weeks
usually intervene before death ensues. If the termination is not fatal,
convalescence requires an equal and not nnfrequently a much longer
time. A perfect recovery seldom occurs ; in most cases some lasting
disorder remains behind and more or less interferes with the growth
and fattening of the animal. Those that do recover make but very i^oor
returns for the food consumed ; hence from a jjecuniary standpoint it
makes but little difference to the owner whether the animal recovers or
not. The attack is always more violent and fatal when large numbers
of animals are closely confined together in small and dirty inclosures or
ill illy ventilated and filthy pens.

The disease can have its seat in many different organs or parts of the
body, and therefore iDroduces a great variety of morbid changes. This
accounts for its different aspect in different animals. In some cases the
principal seat of the disease may be in the organs of respiration and
circulation, and in others in the intestinal canal and organs of digestion.
Death may therefore be the result of different causes in different cases.
In some cases it results from a cessation of the functions of the heart,
the lungs, &c., and in others it is in consequence of the inability of
entirely different organs to perform their allotted functions. This being
the case, the i)ost-mortem appearances would necessarily greatly vary,
but in all animals similarly affected the lesions and morbid changes
were found identical.

Perhaps the most important point to be determmed by this investiga-
tion was the contagious or non-contagious character of the disease. In
order to do this a series of experiments were instituted and conducted
solely with this end in view, by Drs. Detmers and Law. These ex-
l)eriments resulted in determining the fact that the disease is both
infectious and contagious, and that it is not confined alone to swine, but
that other animals may contract it in a mild form and retransmit it to
Rwine in its most virulent and malignant character.

On the Gth day of September, Dr. Detmers fed a portion of the stom-
ach, the cajcum, and the spleen of a pig that had died on that day to two
healthy pigs. On the 19th of the same month they showed signs of ill-
ness, and the sj-mptoms continued to grow in intensity until the 23d,
when, finding that the animal must die in a few hours, one of them was
killed by bleeding. The other pig was found dead in the pen on the
morning of September 30. The symptoms and "post mortem appearances
were those of swine-plague, as they revealed the same lesions as those
observed in an examination of the pig from which the diseased products
had been taken for the purpose of infection. On the 24th day of Sep-
tember, the day following the death of the first pig, a healthy pig of

10 DISEASES OF SWTXE AXD OTHER ANIMALS.

mixed Polaud-Chiua and Berksldre vras couliued iu the same pen with the
sick pig that died on the 30th of that month. It showed no signs of
sickness until the 2d day of October, when the first symptoms of the
disease were observed. It continued to grow rapidly worse, and was
found dead iu its pen on the morning of the 11th, nine days after the first
symptoms were observed.

Exiierimcnts were made with a h^rge number of other animals to test
the infectious and contagious character of the plague. These experi-
ments included the confinement of healthy with sick annuals, and the
inoculation of healthy animals with the diseased products of those suffer-
ing with the fever. In almost every case, as will be seen from his de-
tailed re]^ort, Dr. Detmers was successful in transmitting the disease
from sick to healthy animals.

The microscopic investigations of Dr. Detmers also revealed some im-
portant facts. His discovery of a new order of hacierla or haciUns, which
he names baciUus siiis, as it is common only to this disease of swine, and
his failui'e to inoculate healthy animals with vinis from which these
germs had been removed by filtration and otherwise, would lead to the
conclusion that these microphytes are the true seeds of the hog fever.

Dr. Detmers invariably found these germs, in one form or another, in
all fluids. So constantly were they observed in the blood, urine, mucus,
fluid exudations, &€., and in the excrements and in all morbidly aftectcd
tissues of diseased animals, that he regards them as the true infectious
principle. They would seem to undergo several changes, and to requke
a certain length of time for further propagation ; therefore, if introduced
into the animal organism, a i)eriod of incubation or colonization must
elapse before the morbid symptoms make their appearance. These
germs were generally found iu immense numbers iu the fluids, but more
especially in the blood and in the exudations of the diseased animals.
With the proper temperature and the presence of a sufQcient amount of
oxygen they soon develop and grow lengthwise by a Idnd of budding
process. A globular germ, constantly observed imder the microscope, bud-
ded and grew under a temperatiu-e of 70° F. twice the original length in
exactly two hours, and changed gradually to rod-bacteria or bacilli. Under
favorable circumstances these hacilli continue to grow in length imtil,
when magnified 850 diameters, they appear fi'om one to six inches long. A
knee or angle is first formed where a separation is to take place, and
then a complete separation is effected by a swinging motion of both
ends. ^Vfter the division, which requires but a minute or two after this
swinging motion commences, the ends thus separated move apart in dif-
ferent directions. These long bacteria seem pregnant with new germs;
their external envelope disappears or is dissolved, and then the numer-
ous bacillus germs become free, and in this way effect propagation.
Some of the hacilli or rod-bacteria move very rapidly, while others are
apparently motionless. A certain degree of heat would seem to be nec-
essary for theii- propagation, as, under the microscope, ihe motion in-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 11

creases and becomes more lively if the rays of tlieliglit, tlirown upon the
slide by the mirror, are sufficiently concentrated to increase the temper-
ature of the object. Another change observed by Dr. Detmers, but the
cause of which he was not able to determine, was observed in the fact
that the globular bacteria or bacillus germs commence to bud or grow,
when, very suddenly, their further development ceases, and partially
developed hacilli and simple and budding germs congregate to colonies,
agglutinate to each other, and form larger or smaller irregularly-shaped
and apparently viscous clusters. These clusters are frequently found in
the blood and in other fluids, and invariably in the exudations of the lungs 5
and in the lymphatic glands in pulraonal exudation and in blood serum
this formation can be observed under the microscope if the object re-
mains uuchanged for an hour or two. In the ulcerous tumors on the in-
testinal mucous membrane but few of these clusters will be found, but
the fully-developed bacilli, many of which appear very lively, are always
exceedingly numerous. These tumors or morbid gTOwths in the intes-
tines seem to afford the most favorable conditions for the growth and
development of the hacilli and their germs. The presence of such im-
mense numbers of these microphytes and their germs in the excrements
and other morbid products of swine leads Dr. Detmers to regard them,
beyond doubt, as the i3rincipal disseminators of the plagiie. Whether
these colonies or viscous clusters are instrumental in bringing about the
extensive embolism of the lungs and other tissues by merely closing the
capillary vessels in a mechanical way, or whether the presence, growth,
development, and i)ropagation of the bacilH and their germs produce
peculiar chemical changes in the comx)osition of the blood, thereby dis-
qualifying it from passing with facility through the capillaries, or which
cause a clotting and retention of the same in the capillary system, Dr.
Detmers is not able positively to decide. He is of the opinion, however,
that these colonies or viscous clusters of bacillus germs and partially
develoiied bacilli cause sufficient obstruction of the capillaries to pro-
duce fatal embolism.

The vitality of the bacilli and bacillus -germs is not very great, except
where preserved in a substance or fluid not easily subject to decomposi-
tion ; for instance, in water which contains a slight admixture of organic
substances. Where contained in such a fluid and x)reserved in a vial
with a glass stopper, they will remain for at least live or six weeks in
nearly the same condition, or develop very slowly, according to the
amount of oxygen and degree of temperature maintained. In an open
vessel the development is a more rapid one. If oxygen is excluded, or
the amount available is exliausted, no further change takes place. In
the water of streamlets, brooks, ditches, ponds, &c., their vitality is re-
tained or preserved for some time. In fluids and substances subject to
putrefaction, they lose their vitality and are destroyed in a comparatively
brief period; at least they disappear as soon as those fluids and sub-
stances undergo decomijositiou. In the blood they disappear as soon

12 DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

as the blood-corpuscles commence to decompose or putrefy. They are
also destroyed if brought iu contact with or acted upon by alcohol, car-
bolic acid, thymol, iodine, &c. The destruction of these germs by de-
composition would seem to account for the harmless nature of thoroughly
putrid products when consumed by healthy animals. (See drawings,
hacilli and hacilhis-germs.)

Dr. Law also discovered bacteria iu the blood of pigs suffering with
the disease, and in one case, on the second day before death, he found the
blood swarming with them, all showing very active movements. (See
drawings, Plate xiii, Fig. 3.) The blood from another pig, which had
been inoculated from this one, showed the same living, actively-moving
germs in equal quantity. They were further found in the blood of a
rabbit and of a sheep inoculated from the first-mentioned pig. In an
abscess of a pux)py, which had also been inoculated, the germs were
abundant. In the examination of blood from healthy pigs the micro-
scope failed to reveal the presence of these organisms. Dr. Law states
that in his experiments the greatest precautions were taken to avoid
the introduction of extraneous germs. The caustic potash employed was
first fused, then placed with reboiled distilled water in a stoppered bot-
tle which had been heated to red heat. The glass slides and cover-
glasses were cleaned and burned, the skin of the animal cleaned and
incised with a knife that had just been heated in the flame of a lamp.
The caustic solution and the distilled water for the immersion-lens were
reboiled on each occasion before using, and finally the glass rods em-
ployed to lift the latter were superheated before being dipped in them.
On different occasions, when the animal was being killed, the blood
from the flowing vessels was received beneath the skin into a capillary
tube which had just been purified by burning in the flame of a lamp.
With these i)recautions he thinks it might have been possible for one or
two bacteria to get iu from the atmosphere, but tliis would not account
for the swarms found as soon as the blood was i>laced under the micro-
scope.

The most scrupulous care was observed by Dr. Law in his experi-
ments in inoculation. The isolated and non-infected locality where the
experiments were conducted offered special advantages for a series of
experiments of this character, as there were no large herds of diseased
and exposed swine, and, consequently, no danger of accidental infection
from other sources than the experimental pens. The number of animals
subjected to experiment was limited by the necessity for the most per-
fect isolation of the healthy and diseased, for the employment of sepa-
rate attendants for each, and for the disinfection of instruments used
for scientific observations, and of the persons and clothes of those neces-
sarily in attendance. The experimental pens were constructed on high
ground in an open field, with nothing to impede the free circulation of
air. They were large and roomy, with abundant ventilation fi'om back
and front, with perfectly close walls, floors, and roofs, and in cases

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 13

where; two or more existed iu the same buildiug, the intervening walls
were constructed of a double thickness of matched boards, with build-
ing pasteboard between, so that no communication could possibly take
l)lace except through the open air of the fields. When deemed neces-
sary', disinfectants were placed at the ventilating orifices. On showing
the first signs of illness, infected pigs were at once turned over to the
care of attendants delegated to take charge of these alone. The food,
utensils, &c., for the healthy and diseased animals were kept most care-
fully apart. When passing from one to the other for scientific observa-
tions, the healthy were first attended, and afterward the diseased, as
far as possible in the order of severity. Disinfection was then resorted
to, and no visit was paid to the healthy pigs until after a lapse of six or
eight hours, with free exposure to the air in the interval. In the pens
the most scrupulous cleanhness was maintained, and deodorizing agents
used in sufficient quantities to keep them j)erfectly sweet.

The exi^eriments of Dr. Law have shown the period of incubation to
vary greatly, though in a majority of cases it terminated in from three
to seven days after inoculation. One animal sickened and died on the
first day, three on the third, two on the fourth, one on the fifth, two on
the sixth, four on the seventh, and one each on the eighth and thirteenth
days respectively. Eeferring to experiments of others for determining
the period of incubation. Dr. Law says that Dr. Sutton, observiug the
result of contact alone in autumn, sets the period at from thirteen to
foui-teen days ; his own observations in Scotland, in summer, indicated
fi-om seven to fourteen days ; Professor Axe, in summer, in London, con-
cluded on from five to eight days ; Dr. Budd, iu summer, from four to
five days ; and Professor Osier, in autumn, at from four to six days.
Dr. Detmers gives the period of incubation from five to fifteen days, or
an average of about seven days. A comiiarison of these results would
seem to indicate that both extremes have been reached.

In experimenting in this direction. Dr. Law first sought to ascertain
the tenacity of life of the dried virus. Some years ago Professor Axe
had successfully inoculated a pig with virus that had remained dried
upon ivory points for twenty-six days. In order to carry this exi^eri-
ment still further. Dr. Law inoculated three pigs with virulent products
that had been dried on quills for one day, one with virus dried on a quill for
four days, one for five days, and one for six days. These quills had been
sent from North Carolina and New Jersey, wrapped in a simple paper
covering, and were in no way specially protected against the action of
tbe air. Of the six inoculations, foiu- took eflect. In the two exceptional
cases the quills had been treated Avith disinfectants before inoculation,
so that the failure was anticipated.

Three pigs were inoculated with diseased intestine which had been
dried for thi-ee and four days respectively. The intestine Avas dried in
the free air and sun, and the process was necessarily slower than in the
case of the quiQs, where the vii'us was in a very thin layer, hence there

14 DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

was more time allowed for septic cliauges. In all three cases the iuocn-
lation proved successful. Tkis experiment would prove that the morbid
products, even in comparatively thick layers, may dry spontaneously,
and retain their vitality sufficiently to transmit the disease to the most
distant States.

Another pig was inoculated with a portion of moist diseased intestine
sent from Illinois in a closely-corked bottle. The material had been three
days ti'om the pig, and smelt slightly puti'id. The disease developed ou
the sixth day. A second pig was inoculated with blood from a diseased
l)ig that had been kept for eleven days at 100° F. in an isolation appara-
tus, the outlets of which were plugged with cotton wool. lUness super-
vened in twenty-four hours.

A solitary exi^erkuent of Dr. Klein's having appeared to support the
idea that the blood was non-virulent, Dr. Law tested the matter by in-
oculating two pigs with the blood of one that had been sick for nine
days. They sickened ou the seventh and eighth days respectively, and
from one of these the disease was stiQ fiu'ther propagated by inoculating
with the blood three other animals. Notwithstanding the success of
these three experiments, Dr. Law is still doubtful of the blood being vir-
ulent at all stages of the disease.

But one or two experiments were instituted by Dr. Law to test the
question of infection through the air alone. A healthy pig placed iti a
pen between two infected ones, and with the ventilating orifices within
a foot of each other, fi-ont and back, had an elevated temperature on the
ninth, tenth, and eleventh days, ynth lameness in the right shoulder,
evidently of a rheumatic character. On the twenty-fourth day the tem-
perature rose two degrees, and remaitied 104° F. and upward for six
days, when it slowly declined to the natural standard.

A healthy pig was placed in a pen from which a sick one had been
removed thirteen days before. The pen had been simply swept out, but
subjected to no disinfection other than the free circulation of air, and as
the pig was placed in the pen on December 19th, all moist objects had been
fi'ozen diu-ing the time the apartment had stood empty. The pig died on
the fifteenth day thereafter, Avithout having sho^ATi any rise of tempera-
tui'e, but \yith post-mortem lesions that showed the operation of the poison.
Dr. Law refers to this case as an exami)le of the rapidly fatal action of
the disease, the poison having fallen with prosti-ating eflfect on ^ital
organs — the luugs and brain — and cut life short before there was time
for the full development of all the other lesions. It fully demonstrates
the preservation of the poison in a covered building at a temperature
below the freezing point.

Perhaps the most important experiments conducted by Dr. Law were
those relating to the inoculation of other animals than serine with the
virus and morbid products of pigs suffering with the plague, and the
trajismission of the disease from these animals back to healthy hogs.
A merino wether, a tame rabbit, and a Newfoundland puppy were in-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. ' 15

ociilated with blood aud ijleural fluid containiug' numerous actively
movLUg' bacteria, taken from the right ventricle and pleura) of a pig-
that had died of the fever the same morning. H^ext day the temperature
of all three was elevated. In the puppy it became normal on the third
day, but on the eighth day a large abscess formed in the seat of inoc-
ulation and biu-st. The rabbit had elevated temperature for eight days,
lost appetite, became weak and piu'ged, and its blood contained myriads
of the characteristic bacteria. The wether had his temperature raised
for an equal length of time, and had bacteria in his blood, though not
so abundantly as in that of the rabbit. The sheep and rabbit had each
been unsuccessfidly inocidated on two former occasions with the blood
of sick pigs, in which no moving bacteria had been detected. Subse-
quently, after two inoculations with questionable results, made with the
blood of sick pigs in which no microzymes had been observed. Dr. Law
succeeded in inoculating a rabbit with the pleural effusion of a pig that
had died the night before, and in which were nimierous actively moving
bacteria, jsext day the rabbit was very feverish and quite ill, and con-
tinued so for twenty-two days, when it was killed and showed lesions in
many respects resembling those of the sick pigs. The blood of the rab-
bit contained active microzymes like those of the pig. On the fourth
day of sickness the blood of the rabbit containing bacteria was inocu-
lated on a healthy -pig, but for fifteen days the pig showed no signs of
illness. It was then reinoculated, but this time with the discharge from
an open sore which had formed over an engorgement in the groin of the
rabbit. lUness set in on the third day thereafter and continued for ten
days, when the pig was destroyed and found to present the lesions of
the disease in a moderate degree. A second pig, inoculated with frozen
matter which had been taken from the open sore on the rabbit's gToin,
sickened on the thirteenth day thereafter, and remained ill for six days,
when an imminent death was anticipated by destroying the animal.
During life and after death it presented the phenomena of the plague in
a very violent form.

The results of these experiments have convinced Dr. Law, as they
must convince others, that the rabbit is itself a victim of this disease,
and that the poison can be reproduced and midtiplied in the body of
this rodent and conveyed back with undiminished vbulence to the pig.
Dr. Klein had previously demonstrated the susceptibihty of mice and
guinea pigs to the disease. The rabbit, aud still more the mouse, is a
frequent visitor of hog pens and yards. The latter eats from the same
feeding troughs with the pig, hides under the same litter, and runs con-
stant risk of infection. Once infected, they may carry the disease to
long distances. During the progress of severe attacks of the disease,
their weakness and inability to escape wiU make them an easy prey to
the omnivorous hog : and thus sick and dead alilvo will be devoured by
the doomed swine.

Dr. Law says that the infection of these rodents creates the strongest

16 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

presumption that other genera of the same family may also contract tbe
disease, and. by virtue of an even closer relation to the pigs, may succeed
in conveying the malady to distant herds. The rat is suggested as being
almost ubiquitous in i)iggeries, and more Ukely than any other rodent
to contract and transmit the disease to distant farms. In order to test
its susceptibility to the poison, Dr. Law inoculated a rat with the virus
from a sick pig, but unfortunately the subject tlied on the second day
thereafter. The body showed sUght suspicious lesions, such as congested
limgs with considerable interlobular exudation, congested small intes-
tines, dried-up contents of the large intestines, and sanguinous discolor-
ation of the tail from the seat of inoculation to the tip. With the fresh
congested small intestine of the rat he inoculated one pig, and with the
frozen intestine one day later he inoculated a second. The first showed
no rise of temperature, loss of ai)i5etite, or digestive disorder 5 but on
the sixth day pink and violet eruptions, the size of a loin's head and up-
wards, appeared on the teats and belly ; and on the tenth day there was
a manifest enlargement of the inguinal glands. In the second pig in-
oculated, the symptoms were too obscure to be of any real value. Dr.
Law will continue his experiments with this rodent.

In addition to the above, Dr. Law experimented on two sheep of dif-
ferent ages, an adult merino wether and a cross-breed lamb, and in both
cases succeeded in transmitting the disease. With the mucus from the
anus of the wether he inoculated a healthy pig, which showed a slight
elevation of temperature for five days, but without any other marked
symptoms of illness. Eleven days lat<jr it was reinoculated with scab
from the ear of the lamb, and again three days later with anal mucus
from the sheep. The day preceding the last inoculation it was noticed
that the inguinal glands were much enlarged, and in six days thereafter
the temperatiu'e was elevated and purple spots appeared on the belly.
At the time that Dr. Law closed his report this fever had lasted but a
few days, but he regards the symptoms, taken in connection with the
violent rash and the enlarged lymphatic glands, as satisfactory evidence
of the presence of the disease. It can, therefore, be affirmed of the
sheep as of the rabbit, that not only is it subject to this disease, but
that it can multii)ly the poison in its system and transmit it bade to the

pig-

Among the later experiments by Dr. Law was one inaugurated with

the view of testing the vitality of fi'ozeu products of the disease. This
point was briefly alluded to above, but it« importance would seem to
call for farther attention. In two cases healthy i)igs were inoculated
with virulent products which had been frozen hard for one and two days
respectively. In both instances the resulting disease was of a very vio-
lent tj'pe, and would have proved fatal had it been left to run its coiu-se.
The freezing had failed to impair the virulence of the i)roduct ; on the
contrary, it had only sealed it up to be opened and given free course on the
recurrence of warm weather. Once frozen no change could take i)lace

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 17

uutil it was again tbaAvod out, aud if it Avas preserved for one night uu-
clianged in its potency, it would be equally unatiected after the lapse of
many mouths, provided its liquids had remained in the same crystalline
condition throughout. It is in this way, no doubt, that the virus is often
preserved through the winter in i)ens and yards, as well as in cars and
other conveyances, to break out ancAV on returning spring. The import-
ance of this discovery, as applied to preventive measures, cannot be over-
estimated. Infected yards and other open and uncovered i)laces may
not bo considered safe until after two months' vacation in summer, aiul
not then if sufficient rain has not fallen during the interval to insure the
soaking and putrid decomposition of all organic matter near the surface.
This will be made more apparent by reference to an experiment which
resulted in the successful inoculation of pigs with virus that had been
kept for a month in dry wheat bran. In winter, on the other hand, the
yard or other open and infected place maj'^ prove non-infecting for weeks
and even months and yet retain the virus in readiness for a new and
deadly course as soon as mild weather sets in. Safety under such cir-
cumstances is contingent on a disuse of the premises so long as the frost
continues, and for at least one month or more thereafter. Even during
the continuance of fi-ost such places are dangerous, as the heat of the
animal's body or of the rays of the sun at midday may suffice to set the
vu'us free.

Several of the examiners treat at length of hygienic and sanitary
measures, and the attention of the reader is directed to their detailed re-
ports, which Avill be found below, without further comment.
3 SW

INVESTIGATION OF SWINE-PLAOUE.

EEPORT OF DE. H. J. DETMEES, V. S.

Hon. Wm. G. LeDuc,

Commissioner of Agriculture :

Sir : Having- been appointed by yon as one of the inspectors to make
an investigation of tlie diseases prevailing among swine, I forwarded to
5'on my written acceptance, immediately after I received my appoint-
ment, on July 29, 1878, and took at once the necessary steps to obtain
reliable information as to the localities where the disease of swine,
knoAvn to the farmers as "hog-cholera," was at that time prevailing. I
made also such other preparations as I deemed necessary to successful
investigation, and provided myself with a good Hartnack microscope,
divers chemicals and medicines, a clinical thermometer, &c. Among
all the places and localities at which the disease, as reported, Avas very
frequent, I selected Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois, as afford-
ing the greatest facilities for the intended investigation, or the most
suitable basis for my operations, and repaired to that place on the
second day of August. I found Avhat I expected, /. c, immerous cases
of disease in the vicinity of Champaign and Urbana, and offers of assist-
ance by F. AV. Prentice, M. D., and M. E. C. V. S., who is lecturer on vet-
erinary science in the Illinois Industrial University at Urbana, and of
Prof. T. J. Burriil, M. A., who is professor of botany and microscopist
in the same institution. Dr. Prentice had even the kindness of offering
to me, for experimental purposes, the free use of his veterinary intirmary
buildings. Thatoffer, of course, was accepted. Besides that. Dr. Prentice,
who is a very able and well-educated veterinary surgeon, has assisted
me otherwise very essentially in my work, and took chai-ge of my ex-
perimental animals w'henever I Avas obliged to be absent for a short
time. I am, therefore, very much indebted to him Ibr his valuable help
and kind assistance. Professor Burriil has assisted me in mj microscoi)-
ical examinations.

Arrived at Champaign I made my plans as to the manner in which to
proceed with my investigation. Knowing that an enemy can only be
conquered by being well known, I determined to ascertain first the "real
nature of tiie disease I had to deal with. That accomi^lished, 1 pro-
posed to direct my attention exclusively to investig'atiug and ascertain-
ing the causes, reasoning that, if the causes are knovvn, it cannot be
very difficult to devise proper and efficient means of prevention, and,
perhaps, remedies that Avill effect a cure. At any rate, a knowledge of
the causes of a disease affords not oulj a sound, but in fact the only
basis of successful prevention and rational treatment. This i)lan I have
executed as for as circumstances and the time granted have i)crniittcd
me to do.

Jn order to become thoroughly acquainted vrith the nature of the so-
called "hog-cholera," or more ax)propriately "sAvine-plaguc," called
also typhoid, pig-typhoid, enteric fever, pueumo-enteric fever, liog or
swine disease, &c., I have made during the time from August 2nd to

Id

20 DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Kovember 1, 54 visits to 2G difiereut lierds of diseased swine, aud 53
jyost-mortcm cxaminatious, aud liave examined microscopically the blood,
diverse other Huids, morbid products, and tissues of 42 sick or dead aui-
mals.

For the jiurpose of ascertaining- the cause or causes of the disease, I
have also made uumerous experunents, n, detailed account of most of
which will be found in this report. After having inquired into the
causes, I have made other experiments in regard to prevention and
treatment.

The following may be considered as the result of my in^•estigations:

1. DESCmPTION OF SAVINE -PLAGUE.

The disease, commonly known as "hog-cholera" to the. farmers, but
which may, more appropriately, be called swine-plague — a name which
I shall use exclusively hereafter — is a disease sid generis, peculiar to
swine, is neither cholera nor anthrax ; it somewhat resembles the enteric
fever, or dothiuenteria, of man, but is not identical with the same; is
communicated from one animal to another by direct and indh-ect infec-
tion; has usually a subacute coiu'se; is extremely fatal, especially
among young animals ; and exemi^ts neither sex, age, nor breed, but
seems to prefer, in its attacks, for reasons hereafter to be explained,
large herds, and is always most fatal in such sties, pens, and yards in
which many animals are crowded together. Some individual animals
seem to have more predisposition to the disease than others. The
morbid process, altliough in all cases essentially the same, is not re-
stricted to a single part or organ, or to a set of organs, but can have
its seat almost everywhere — in the tissue of the limgs, in the i)leura
aud pericardium, in the heart, in the lymphatic system, in the ])eritoneum,
in all mucous membranes, especially in those of the intestines, in the
liver, in the spleen, and even in the skin. Only the i)ulmoual tissue and
the lymphatic glands are invariably aiiected.

2. THE SYJIPTOMS.

The symptoms, although presenting certain characteristics, observed
more or less in the affected animals, vary considerably in different cases,
even in one and the same lierd, but still more so in different herds, and
in different seasons and localities. The causes of these differences will
hereafter be fully explained.

To convey a better idea of the features of swine-plague, as presented
in the living animal, I shall Urst give an outline of all the sjTuptoms ob-
served in a large number of hogs and pigs, and shall a])pend, in order
to show whiit combinations may occur in an individual animal, a de-
scription of the symptoms presented by some of my experimental pigs.

Swiue-plaguc announces its presence very often bj' a cold shivering,
lasting from a few minutes to several hours, frequent sneezing, and more
or less coughing. The symptoms of shivering and sneezing are gen-
erally noticed. At the beginning of the disease the tem]>erature of the
body seems to be increased. The thermometer indicated from 104° to
10()O F. Still, not much reliance can be placed on the temperature, as
indicated by the thermometer. In some cases it was found to be very
high — in one case as high as 111° F. — and in others below iiormal. It
was always more or less variable, and has been found decreasing at the
very height of the disease. I have conu', to the conclusion that in dis-
eases of swine thermometry is of a very doubtful practical value, be-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMvVLS. 21

cause to ascertain the temperature of a hog, tliat is not extremely low
or in a (lying condition, by introducing a tliermoineter into the rectum,
requires the use of force, because a hog or pig can very seldom be per-
suaded to submit to that operation without straggling and without being
held; and struggling, accordhig to my observation, increases the tem-
perature of such an irritable animal immediately. The general apx)ear-
ance of the animal, if correctly analyzed, is of much more diagnostic
and prognostic value than the differences of temperature as iiulicated
by the thermometer. In diseases of swine the latter is, at best, a nice
and interesting plaything in the hands of the inexperienced.

The iirst symptoms are usually followed within a short time by a
partial, and afterwards by a total loss of appetite ; a rough and some-
what staring appearance of the coat of hair; a drooping of the
ears (characteristic) ; loss of vivacity ; attempts to vomit (in some
cases) ; a tendency to root in the bedding, and to lie down in a dark
and quiet corner; a dull look of the eyes, Avhicli not seldom become dim
and injected ; swelling of the head (observed in several cases) ; erup-
tions on the ears and on other i)arts of the body (quite frequent) ; bleeding
from the nose (hi a few cases); swelling of the eyelids, and partial or
total blindness (in live or six cases); dizziness or apparent pressure
iipou the brain; accelerated and frequently laborious breathing; more
or less constipation, or, in some cases, diarrhea; a gaunt appearance of
the flanks; a pumping motion of the same at each breath; rapid ema-
ciation; a vitiated appetite for dung, dirt, and saline substances; in-
creased thirst (sometimes) ; accumulation of mucus in the canthi of
the eyes (very often at an early stage of the disease); more or less copi-
ous discharges from the nose, &c. The peculiar offensive and fetid
smell of the exhalations and of the excrements may be considered as
characteristic of the disease. This odor is so penetrating as to announce
the presence of the disease, especially if the herd of swine is a large
one, at a distance of half a mile or even farther, provided the wind is
favorable. If the animals are inclined to be costive,' the dung is usually
grayish or brownish black, and hard; if diarrhea is iiresent the feces
are semi-fuid, and of a grayish-green color, and contain, in some cases,
an admixture of blood. In a large number of cases the more tender
■ portions of the skin on the lower surface of the body, between the hind
legs, behind the ears, and even on the nose and on the iieck, exhibit
numerous larger or smaller red spots, or (sometimes) a uniform redness
(Red Soldier of the English). Toward a fatal termination of the dis-
ease this redness changes frequently to purple. A physical exploration
of the thorax reveals, if pleuritis is existing, frequently a plain rubbing
sound. As the morbid process progresses the movements of the sick
animal become weaker and slower; the gait becomes staggering and un-
decided ; the steps made are short, as if the animal was unable to ad-
vance its legs without pain ; sometimes lameness, especially in a hind
leg (not very often), and sometimes great weakness in the hind quarters,
or x^artial paralysis (oftener) make their appearance. The head, if the
animal is on its legs, seems to be too heavy to be carried, and is kept in
a drooping position with the nose almost touching the ground ; but as
a general rule the diseased animals are usually found lying down in a
dark and quiet corner with the nose hid in the bedding. " If a fatal ter-
mination is approaching, a very fetid diarrhea (usually one or two days
before death) takes the place of the previous costiveness ; the voice
becomes verj^ i^eculiar, grows very faint and hoarse ; the sick animal
manifests a great indifference to its surroundings, and to what is going
on ; emaciation and general debility increase very fiist ; the skin (es-

22 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

pecially if the disease lias been of long duration) becomes "vniuklcd,
hard, dry, parchment-like, and very unclean ; a cold clammy sweat
breaks out (observed several times, once as early as forty-eight hours
before death), and death ensues either under convulsions (compaiTitively
rare), or gradually and without any struggle. A peculiar symptom,
which, however, has been observed only once, in a litter of nine pigs,
about a week old, at the beginning, or in the first stage of the disease,
may here be mentioned. It consisted in a peculiar and constant twitch-
ing of all voluntary muscles. All nine pigs died, and I am sorry that
I had no opportunity to make unj post moricm examination.

In some cases numerous eruptions (ulcerous nodules) appeared on the
tender skin on the lower surface of the body between the legs and be-
hind the ears, and in a few cases whole pieces of skin (in one case as
large as a man's hand) were destroyed by the morbid process, sloughed
oft", and left behind a raw, ulcerous surface. In another case a i^nrt of
the lower lip, of the gums, and of the lower jaw-bone had undergone
ulcerous destruction.

Wherever pigs or hogs had been ringed, the wounds thus made showed
a great tendency to ulcerate. In several cases the morbid process had
caused sufficient ulcerous destruction to form an opening directly into
the nasal cavities large enough to enable the animal to breathe through,
instead of through the nostrils, which had become nearly closed by
swelling and by exudations and morbid products adhering to their
borders.

In those few cases in which the disease has not a fatal termination
the symptoms gradually disappear, coughing becomes more frequent and
easier ; the discharges from the nose, for a day or two, become copious,
but soon diminish, and finalh' cease altogether; appetite returns, and
becomes normal; the offensive smell of the excrements disappears;
sores or ulcers that may hapi)en to exist show a tendencj' to heal ; the
animal becomes more lively, and gains, though slowly, in flesh and
strength ; but some difficulty of breathing, and a short, somewhat hoarse,
hacking cough remains for a long tiine.

Symptoms of special cases. — Experimental pigs Kos. 5 and 0, both of
the same litter, and about fifteen ■s^•eeks old, were fed on the sixth day
of September with the stomach, cut in pieces, the ciiecum, and the spleen"
of experimental pig IsTo. 2, which had died the same day.

Septemher 7. — Pig 2n"o. 5 coughs a little, but eats well ; pig Xo. G has
a slight catarrh ; some yellow mucus in inner canthus of one eye.

Septemhcr S. — Both pigs the same as yesterday.

Scptcmher 0. — Both pigs have very good appetite.

September 10. — Both pigs seem to be as well as possible; consume all
their food greedily.

Scptemhcr 11. — Both pigs apparently healtliy ; neither one shows any
symptoms of disease.

September 12. — Both pigs evidently sick; they are tardy in their move-
ments ; their ears are drooping ; their appetite diminished. Pig Xo. 5
made attempts to vomit.

September 13. — Both pigs, but especially pig ]!Sro. 5, are very sick ; take
scarcely any food ; show a tendency to hide themselves in a corner ;
coat of hair looks rough and staring; flanks are thin ; accumulation of
mucus in the inner canthi of the eyes. IsTo. G has disclmrges from the
nose, especially from the right nostril.

September 14. — PigKo. 5, both eyes nearly closed ; is weak, though not
very ; emaciates rapidly ; appetite is poor. jSTo. C has its eyes yet open;
otherwise about the same as No. 5.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 23

September 15. — Pig ^o. 5, eyes closed ; is ^'cry loatli to move, and
shows plaiu symptoms of pneumonia. Pig 1:^0. C, too, sliows symptoms
of pneumonia, but they are less i^ronounced ; is "without appetite, and
just as much emaciated as IST o. 5. The skin of both animals is hard and
drj^; and their coat of hair rough and staring; their bowels are costive;
but little dung is voided. Both animals betray plain indications of pain
and suffering ; neither one seems to be very thirsty.

Septemher IG. — Pig jS^o. 5 very weak, breathes one hundred times per
minute; its flanks are working forcibly ; slight lameness in left hind leg.
Pig Xo. G is also very weak, but is yet able to run ; passed a large
quantity of luine of a bright yellow color. The appetite of both pigs
for food is reduced to nothing, but both exhibit a vitiated apx)etite, and
eat each other's dung, or their own, as soon almost as it drops. The
skin is very hard to the touch, parchmeut-lilve, and seems to stick to the
bones. In the evening pig ]!S'o. 5 is extremely weak ; is scarcely able to
move ; its breathing is difficult and distressing. Xo. G is about the same
as in the morning.

Septcmhcr 17. — Pig ISTo. 5 shows symptoms of dropsy in the chest, and
breathes with great difficulty, about one hundred times per minute. In
the evening the pumping motion of the flanks is increased, but the res-
piration is slower — about fifty-six breaths per minute. Pig IS'o. C is a
little more lively than IsTo. 5, but also very sick, and lias no appetite.
Both pigs failed to void any dimg from 8 o'clock a. m. to G o'clock p. m.

September 18. — Pig No. o exceedingly emaciated, some rattling noise
in the respiratorj' passages. Pig No. G about the same as yesterday.

September 19. — Pig No. 5 emaciated to the utmost, but otherwise ap-
parently not w^orse. Pig No. G shows apparent improvement ; is a little
livelier than before ; has some appetite; consumed one ear of corn dur-
ing the last twenty-four hours. In the evening pig No. 5 breathes with
the greatest difficulty, one hundred and four times per minute. No. 6
unchanged.

September 20. — Pig No. 5 very sick; breathes with great difficulty.
No. G apparently improving

September 21. — Pig No. 5 just alive. Both pigs have been lying nearly
all day in one corner of their sty, their noses buried in the bedding.
In the evening x)ig No. 5 is perspiring ; sweat cold and clammy.

September 22. — Pig No. 5 breathes sixty-four times per minute, with
jerking motions of the flanks, and so far has been more or less consti-
pated, but now has diarrhea ; feces grayish-green, semi-fluid, and ex-
ceedingly fetid. Pig No. G is less emaciated than No. 5, has no diarrhea,
and eats a little. Urine of No. 5, examined under the microscope, con-
tained iunumeralile bacillus-germs (micrococci of Hallier), and a few
hacilli suis.* (See drawing I, fig. 1.)

September 23. — Pig No. 5 a mere skeleton, and extremely weak;
breathes only forty-eight times per minute. Pig No. G not quite so low ;
breathes only thirty-six times per minute. In afternoon pig No. 5 too
weak to stand on its legs ; breathes fifty-two times per minute ; is sweat-
ing ; the sweat cold and clammy. Seeing that the animal could not
possibly live till next morning, and desiring to make the post-mortem
examination before putrefaction should set" in, I killed pig No. 5 by
bleeding at G o'clock p. m. (As to result oi post-mortem examination, see
chapter on Morbid Changes.)

September 24. — Pig No. G very sick; eats scarcely anything.

*I have cboseu the name '^haclUiis sins" because the hacilli, as Trill appear here-
after, seem to be peculiar to swiue-plague, aucl have not been before named as far as
I have been able to learn.

24 ])I.SEA.Si:« OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

September 25. — Pig jSTo. 0 sliows sliglitly increased appetite, and fully
as mucli, if not more, liveliness than on any day last Aveek. It almost
seems as if some real im])rovement is goini-; on, notwithstanding very
serious morbid changes must have taken place.

Septembet' 2(J. — Fig No. (> eats some in the morning, but does not seem
to care for any food at noon ; aj^pears to be a trilie bloated ; droops its
head, and holds its nose to the ground.

Scptemhcr 27. — Pig No. G decidedly worse ; breathes seventy-two times
per minute; head droopmg; nose to the ground; back arched; skin
very dry and hard to the touch ; no appetite whatever.

Septemher 28. — Pig Xo. (J, which was very low last night, has some-
what recuperated, and is moving again ; consumed some water, and also
a little food.

September 29. — Pig No. 0 exceedingly emaciated and very weak;
breathes thirty-eight times per minute ; holds its nose persistently to the
ground, and has no appetite Avhatever.

September 30. — Found pig No. G, at 7 o'clock a. m., lying dead in a
corner of its sty. (See chai>ter on IMorbid Changes as to result of _?;o.s^
mortem examination.)

It may be well to add a brief account of the symptoms and the prog-
ress of the disease, as observed in experunental pig B, a sow pig,
about fourteen weeks old, and of mixed Poland China and Berkshire
stock. Pig B was put in pen No. 3, together with pig No. C, on Sep-
tember 24. The same was and remained perfectly healtiiy until Octo-
ber 2, when the tirst symptoms of disease made their appearance. I
find in my diary the following notes :

October 2. — Pig B shows symptoms of sickness ; sneezes ; has an erup-
tion on both ears ; is not quite as lively as it used to be ; appetite is
diminished ; curl is out of its tail.

October 3. — Pig B has but little appetite ; is decidedly sick. In after-
noon shows nnmistakable s.^nnptoms of sickness ; ears are drooping ; no
appetite; great tendency to lie down in a corner; hides its nose in the
bedding.

October 4. — Pig B about the same as yesterday ; has eaten a little.

October 5. — Pig B hides its nose in the bedding ; has no appetite what-
ever ; emaciation has taken place. B, although a week ago a better and
heavier jDig than C, a full sister, and of the same litter, is now consid-
erably lighter.

October 7. — Pig B very sick ; still, seems to have a desire to eat, but
takes hold of an ear of corn so feeblj^ as to make it appear that it has
not sufficient strength in the jaws to shell the corn ; gave it, therefore,
shelled.

October 8. — Pig B very sick ; hides in its corner ; ears are cold ; other
parts of the body wann; no appetite; great indifterence to surround-
ings ; emaciation rapid.

October 1). — Pig B about the same as yesterdaj'.

October 10. — Pig B is getting worse ; does not eat anytliing.

October 11. — Pig I> found dead in its ]>en in the morning.

These three cases show that the symiitoms vary in difterent cases,
and that those which are constant can scarcely be considered as very
characteristic. Still, if the various symptoms presented by an indi-
vidual animal are taken as a wliole, a. diagnostic mistake is scarcely
possible.

The diagnosis is very easy, especially if swine-plague is known to be
prevailing in the neighborhood, or has already- made its appearance in
the herd, and if the anamnesis, and the fact that many animals are

DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER AXIMALS. 25

attacked at once, or ^vitliin a short time and in rapid succession, are
taken into consideration. As symptoms of special diagnostic value,
scarcely' ever absent in any case, may be mentioned tlio droopin.u" of
the ears and of tlie Lead; more or less coughing-; the dull look of the
eyes; the staring- appearance of the coat of liair; the partial or totel
\va]it of api)etitc for food; the vitiated appetite for excrements; the
rapid emaciation; the great debility; the weak and undecided, fre-
quently staggering, gait; tlie great indifterence to surroundings; the
tendency to lie down in a dark corner, and to hide the nose, or even
the whole head in the bedding, and particularly the specific, offensive
smell, and tlie peculiar color of the excrements. Tliis symi>tom is al-
ways present, at least in an advanced stage of the disease, no matter
whether constipation or diarrhea is existing*. As other characteristic
symptoms, though not present, in every animal, deserve to be men-
tioned: frequent sneezing-; bleeding- from the nose; swelling- of the
eyelids; accumulation of mucus in the inner canthi of the eyes; at-
tempts to vomit, or real vomiting- ; accelerated and difficult breathing;
thumping- or spasmodic contraction of the abdominal muscles (flanks)
at each breath, and a peculiar, faint and hoarse voice in the last stages
of the disease.

3. THE PROGNOSIS AND TEEIMIXATIOX.

The prognosis is decidedly unfavorable, but is the more so the younger
the animals or the larger the herd. Among pigs less than three months
old the mortality may be set down as from 90 to J 00 per cent.; among
animals from three to six or seven months old the same is from 75 to 90
per cent. ; while among older animals that have been well kept and p.re
in good condition, and naturally strong and vigorous, the mortality some-
times may not exceed 25 per cent., but may, on an average, reach 40 to
50 per cent. The prognosis is comparatively favorable only in those few
cases in which the morbid process is not very violent ; in which the seat
of the disease is confined to the respiratory organs and to the skin; in
which any thumping- or iiumping motion of the hanks is absent; and
in which the ijatient is, naturally, a strong-, vigorous animal, not too
young and in a good condition; fiulher, in wliich but a few, not
more than two or three, animals are kept in the same pen or sty, and
receive nothing- but clean uncontaminated food and pure water for drink-
ing-, and in which a frequent and thorough cleaning- of the sty or pen
prevents any consmni)tion of excrements.

The duration of the disease varies according to the violence and the
seat of the morbid process, the age and the constitution of the patient,
and the treatment and keeping in g'eneral. Where the morbid process
is violent, where its principal seat is in one of the most vital organs —
in the heart, for instance — where a large number of animals are kept
together in one sty or pen, where sties and ])ens are very dirty, or where
the sick animals are very young, the disease frequently becomes fatal in
a day or two, and sometimes even within twenty-four hours. On the
other hand, where the morbid process is not very violent or extensive,
where the heart, for instance, is not seriously atfected, and where the
patients are naturally strong and vigorous, and well kept in- every
respect, it usually takes from one to three weeks to cause death. If
the termination is not a fatal one, the convalescence, at any rate, re-
quires an equal and probablj^ a much longer time. A perfect recovery
seldom occurs ; in most cases some lasting disorders — morbid changes

2G DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

whicli can be repaired but slowly or not at all — remain behind, and inter-
fere more or less Tvith the growth and fatteninji' of the animal.

From a jiecnniary standpoiiit, it makes but little difterence to the
owner whet]ier a pig- affected witli this plague recovers or dies, because
those which do survive usually make very ])oor returns for tlie food
consumed, nnless tlie attack has been a very mild one.

4. MOIIBLD CHANGES.

The morbid i)rocess, although everywhere essentially the same (see
chapter on Contagion, Causes, and ISTature of IMorbid Process), can liave
its seat in many different organs or parts of tJie body, and ]n^oduces,
therefore, a great variety of morbid changes. Tlie disease, in conse-
quence, verj' often presents a somewhat different as]iect in different
animals. In some cases the principal seat of the morbid process is in
one organ or set of organs (organs of respiration and circulation, for
instance), and in others in entirely different parts (intestinal canal and
organs of digestion, &c.) Death, therefore, has very often a different
cause in different cases ; in some cases it results from a cessation of the
functions of the heart, the lungs, &:c., and in others it is in consequence
of the inability of entirely different organs to perform their functions,
— of the digestive apparatus, for instance.

But few morbid changes have ever been found entirely absent at any
of the fifty-three iwst-mortem examinations made since Angnst 2, and
may, therefore, be considered as a constant occurrence. All others Iiave
been found absent a larger or smaller number of times. These constant
morbid changes consist —

1. In a more or less perfect hepatization of a larger or smaller portion
of the lungs, or a more or less extensive accumulation of blood, blood-
serum and exudation in the pulmonal tissue. In some cases the morbid
changes (hepatization) found in the lungs are so extensive as to cause
the latter, if thrown into water, to sink like a rock, but in other cases
the hepatization is limited to about one-sixth or one-eighth of the whole
pulmonal tissue. In some cases, especially those in which the morbid
changes "were of a recent origin, no real hepatization, fully developed,
had yet been effected ; the lungs were merely gorged with exudation or
blood-serum ; the texture was not yet destroyed or seriously changed,
but innumerable small red spots or specks, indicating incipient embolism,
were plainly visible to the naked eye. (See photograph, Plate 1, liaif-sizo
lungs, right side of ex}KHimental pig No. VII, and photograph, Plate II,
enlarged section of same lungs.) In other cases a i)art of tlie exudation
had clianged, organized, or become a part of the tissue, and had caused
the latter to become more or less perfectly impermeable to air. In some
lungs hepatiza,tion Mas found only in certain insulated places, while in
others the hepatization extended uninterruptedly over whole portions.
In all these cases in which the hepatization was very limited, it was found
principally in the anterior lobes. In some animals (that is in those which
had been sick for some time), old or so-called gray, more recent or brown,
and very new or red hejiatization were frequently found side by side, or
in more or less distinctly limited patches, showing plainly that the morbid
changes had not been ]">roduced at once, but at several intervals. In
others, usually the up])er parts of the same lungs, the exudation or blood-
serum liad been recently deposited, and was yet in a- lluid condil ion. The
blood-serum, examined under the microscope, invariably contained, be-
sides blood-cor])uscles, numerous bacilli tniis, some moving and some with-
out motion, and innumerable bacillus -germs, of which some had budded,

26

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS,

wliicli can bo repaired but slowly or not at all — remain behind, and inter-
fere more or less with the gTowlli and fattening' of the animal.

From a ]iccuniary standpoint, it makes bnt little difference to the
owner whetiic" '^ r^'"' '^fy^oi^n Avifli this nlaffue recovers or dies, because
those which ■
consumed, uii

4. V ',

The morbi ' '
chapter on C

its seat in n ,ii. . . ,.

therefore, a ur( ..i Ajuutv
qiience, very oiten
animals. In som<'
one organ or set oi < r^Aiu
instance), aud in otlurs in <
organs of dk'-
cause in diff -
functions of
of the inabi
— of the dig

But few 1)
of the fifty-
may, therefc
been found
morbid chai •

1. In a nv •.■■*■/ h-
of the lung . <
serum and < > •
changes (Ik
the latter, i
the hepatiz
pulmonal t
changes wi
had yet be<
blood- serur
butinnunu
were plain]
lungs, righ
enlarged s
had chaug
the latter -
lungs he])
others tlu
In all thes
principalb
had been.' >
and very i
in more or
changes 1
others, usi
serum ha(
blood-sen
sides bloo
out motic

01 ]1!

■:it of tli

n\ iii:a cirvi
- (intestinal

, liiiA very oi ;

ilts from a ( ■
. iVc, iUid m others it is i
r'ut orc!,'ans; fn p'.'rform Li

■1\ Air

iTioct, hepatization of a larger or smallei (><»rtion

the sam

Hpport Conimi.ssioiiev of AdriciilluiM' foi' 1878.

Plate I,

A.UwiiJi ( al.illimansUc Ballluioi t

Hall' size of riglvt liuvg of experimental pig, ^oATT

DISEASES OF SWINE AXD OTHER AXIMALS. 27

some were budding', and otliers liad coiigioincratcd. (See drawing II,
ligfi. 3 and 4, and drawing" III, fig'. 1.)

2. The lymphatic and mesenteric glands were found invariably more
or less enlarged. In some cases they i)resented even a brownish or
blackish color, and contained not only deleterious matter, but even effu-
sions of blood in sufficient quantities to inisli aside the normal glandular
tissue. Whether neoplastic formations (a proliferous growth of cells)
had taken place I have not ascertained, but have not the least doiTbt
that it had. Under the microscope, particles of lymph and glandidar
substance, taken from the interior of the lympliatic gland, presented,
besides normal tissue and lympli-corpuscles, a few blood-corpuscles,
some granular detritus, and innumerable hacUIi and bacillus-germs. (Sec
drawings III and lY, tigs. 5 and 3.) As lympimtic glands alwaj'S most
conspicuously enlarged and morbidly changed, may be mentioned the
superficial and deep inguinal ami the axillary glands, the bronchial and
mediastinum glands in the chest, and the mesenteric, gastric, gastro-
epiploic, and hepatic glands in the abdominal cavity.

3. The trachea and the bronchial tubes contained in all cases more or
less of a frothy nnicus — in some cases the bronchial tubes were full of
it — which consisted, examined under the microscope, of broken-down
epithelium-cells, and contained a large number of bacillus-germs and
hacilli. (See drawing III, fig. 2.) The mucous membrane of the trachea
and- of the bronchial tubes appeared to be congested, and more or less
swelled in every case.

4.. The pulmonal and costal pleura, the mediastinum, and the pericar-
dium presented almost invariably some morbid changes ; only in a few
cases no ^'isible morbid changes could be found. In some animals those
membranes aj^peared to be smooth, but either the thoracic cavity or the
pericardium, usually botli, contained a smaller or larger quantity (from
one ounce to one pint or more) of straw-colored serum. In a gTcat
many cases one or more, and sometimes all, of those membranes were
coated to some extent with plastic exudation. In several cases a more
or less firm adhesion between costal and i)ulmonal pleura and inediasti-
num, between x>ulmonal pleura and diajjhragm, or between i^ulmonal
pleura and pericardiimi,had been efiected. hi <i few cases the whole
surface of the lungs appeared more .or less firmly united with the walls
of the tliorax. In one case the whole external surface of the heart was
firmly, and in another one partially, coalesced with the inner surface of
the pericardium. The pig (a fine animal about four months old), in
which the pericardium adhered with its whole interior surface firmly and
inseparably to the external surface of the heart, had severe convulsions
during life. It was killed in my preseucc by a professional butcher,
who stuclc it in the usual way and severed the trunk of the carotides ;
only a few drops of blood issued, but the pig died Immediately. The
other morbid changes consisted in hepatization in tlie lungs, enlargement
of the lymjihatic glands, and the presence of large and numerous mor-
bid growths in the caecum ;md colon.

5. In nearly every animal the heart itself has been found more or less
afiected in one Avay or another. In some animals it was flabby and
dilated, but in most cases it was more or less congested. The capillary
vessels, especially of the auricles, were, in a large number of cases,
gorged with blood to such an extent as to give them a brownish-bladk
appearance, almost similar to gangrene. On closer inspection, however,
it could be seen very plainly that the brownish-black color was caused
exclusively by an accumulation of blood in the capillary vessels.

6. In forty-eight cases out of fifty-three, characteristic morbid changes

28 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

liavG been foimd in the cipcuin and colon. Tiio same consist in peculiar
morbid growths oi- nlcei'ous tumors on the mucous membrane of those
intestines. Thej- arc of various sizes, nearly round or (sometimes) ir-
regular in sliai)e, more or less elevated above the surface of the mucous
membrane, and frequently, especially the older and larger ones, darlc-
pigmented on their surface. Their size varies from that of a i)in's head
(iucii)ient tumors or nodules) to that of a quarter of a dollar. The
smaller ones are usuallj- of an ocher color, and but slightly projecting
above the surface of the mucous membrane (see photograph, Plate 111),
but tlie larger ones are of a grayish-black-brown (see i)liotogra])h, IMate
lY,) or blackish color; project considerably above the surface of the
membrane, in some cases fully half an inch; have usually a slight con-
cavity in tlie center, and frequently a plain neck or thick i^edicle. (See
photographs. Plates Y, YI, and YII.) Under the microscope these mor-
Tjid growths or excrescences a]>pear to be composed, on their surface,
of a granidar detritus and morbid epithelium cells, and contain innu-
merable haciUi siiis, some of which have a very rapid motion. (See
drawing Y, hg. 1.) The stroma of these morbid growths consists mainly
of a dense connective tissue. In some cases these morbid growths, es-
pecially the smaller ones, or those of a recent origin (see photograph,
Plate ill), are situated merely on the surfiice of the mucous membrane,
and are easily scraped off with the back of the scalpel. Thus removed
they leave behind >.n uneven, excoriated surface, not dissimilar to gran-
ulation. The older and larger tumors, however, extend deeper into the
membranes of the intestine ; they usually penetrate the mucous mem-
brane, and extend into the muscular coat, and even penetrate the latter,
and extend into the external or serous membrane. In some cases all
three membranes of the c;T?cum or colon have been found degenerated
and destroyed beneath such a morbid growth, so as to show perforation
on the removal of the latter. The immediate surrouiuling of such a
deep-seated degeneration presented some, but not very nuich, inllamma-
tion. These morbid growths, usually, were found most developed near
the ileo-c.Tcal valve in the Civcum, but also in larger or smaller numbers,
and of various sizes, large and small, in all parts of the ca.'cum and
colon.

7. The same, or very similar morbid groAvths, occurred also, though
not so often, in other intestnies. In one case (experimental ]")ig No.
YII) .1 diftuse, decaying morbid growth coated the whole interior sur-
face of the jejunum for a length of several feet. Examined under the
microscope it was foiuul to consist of broken-down e])ithelium cells and
a granular detritus, and contained numerous haciUi and bacillus-germs.
(See drawing \I, lig. 1.)

In another case one ulcetous tumor was found on the mucous mem-
brane of the gall-bladder. In three cases the same, or at least very
similar morbid changes, jn-esented themselves on the nmcous membrane
of the stomach. (See ])]iotograi)h, Plate YIII.) In a few cases some
ulcerous tumors wore found in the duodenum, and in one case even in
the right horn of the uterus. In a few cases similar morbid changes —
small, knotty, tubercle-like, yellowish, or ocher-colored excrescences of
the size of a small i)ea — were found on the surface of the spleen. • in
one case similar small excrescences were also found on the external sur-
face of tlie vena cava posterior. In tvro cases the liver was found to be
degenerated by an hypertrophic condition of the coiniective tissue, a
jnorbid change Avhich may or may not constitute a product of the mor-
bid process of swine-])lague.

8. jMorbid changes in the serous membranes of the abdominal cavity.

28

DISEASES OF SWIXE AXD OTHE

Lave been found, in the cfeciim and colon. Tlu

morbid growths or ulcerous tumors on tlie mi

intestines. Thej' are of various sizes, nearly

regular in shape, more or less elevatod nhove t

me] br-v • olde

yiig ; rics

(iu( n q

smi IK

abo

but

IV,

mei

cav:

pho

bid

of a

mer;

dra\

of a

peci:

Plat

and

they

ulati

memi>.v

bran^

and

three

and (

on tl

deep-

tion.

the il

and (

colon

7. 'ih.
not so
VII)a .:■■
face oi 1 '
micro

usually pe

s\\'i X 10 i'M':\'i':i'»

l<(>|)orl Comniissioiicr of Aopic nil ui'i' Cop 1878.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 29

lu aoiiie cases the peritoneum and tlie serous membranes of the intes-
tines appeared to be perfectly smooth, but a larger or smaller quantity
of straTT-colored serum, from two ounces to one quart or more, was found
in the abdominal cavity. In others, adhesions between the intestines
and the peritoneum, between the intestines themselves, or with other
organs, had been ett'ected. More or less coalescence between ca^cimi
and colon, between caecum and ilium, or between the convolutes of the
colon, sometimes not separable except by means of the knife, presented
itself in almost every case, in Miiich the ulcerous tumors or morbid
growths in the c;T?cum and colon were extensive, large, and sufficiently
deeiD-seated to affect the serous membrane.

9. The contents of the gall-bladder in a large number of cases "were
found to consist of a semi-solid, granular, and dirty brownish-colored
substance. In most of those cases, however, the ductus choledochus
appeared to be thickened, and its membranes swelled ; and so it may
be that the semi-solid condition of the bile was due, to some extent, to
the partially or totally obstructed passage.

10. In one case a morbid enlargement or hypertrophj- of the pancreas
presented itself, and slight changes (congestion) were found in a few
cases in the kidneys.

U. 3Iorbid changes, similar in every respect to those occurring on the
mucous membrane of the crecum and colon, presented themselves in
two cases on the conjunctiva, or mucous membrane of the eye. But as
the conjunctiva is exposed more or less to the intluence of the atmosphere,
the morbid growth was not projecting in the same way as in the caecum
and colon al30ve the surface of the membrane ; the decay was more com-
plete, and, perhaps, more rapid, so that instead of an excessive growth
loss of tissue could be noticed. In both cases the eyes themselves
appeared congested, and the animals seemed to be perfectly blind.

12. In one case the gums of the lower jaw presented similar changes,
but in these, too, considerable loss of tissue had taken place. The mor-
bid process extended into the lower jaw-bone, and enough of it had been
decayed and destroyed to expose the roots of the incisors, and to cause
some of them to drop out.

13. Morbid changes, ulceration, and decay have been observed t"\nce
in one of the spermatic chords of pigs which had been castrated a short
time before the disease was contracted. In both pigs an abscess was
found in the scrotum, the only instance in which real matter or pus
was observed.

14. In nearly all those hogs and pigs which had been ringed to pre-
vent them fi'om rooting, the parts thus wounded presented more or less
decay, in about a dozen cases to such an extent as to cause a formation
of large holes directly from the superior surface of the nose into the nasal
cavities. These holes presented very ragged or corroded borders, coated
with a dirty-yellowish detritus, and Avere, in several instances, suffi-
ciently large to enable the animals to breathe through, instead of through
the nostrils.

15. Morbid changes in the skin, but of a different character, were
found to be of frequent occurrence. In three or four cases numerous
small morbid growths (eruptions) extending but slightly into the cutis,
but causing a complete degeneration of the epidermis, and leaving be-
hind, if removed, an uneven, ra\v, or excoriated surfa(;e, in appeamnce
not unlike granulation, were found on the comparatively line skin on
the lower surface of the body, between the legs and beliind the ears.
In two other cases whole pieces of degenerated and decayed skhi had
sloughed off and fallen out. The corroded borders and the bottom of

30 DISEASES OF SWIKE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

the iilccrw, l]ins produced, were coated uitli ;i dirty-yellovrish looking
granular detritus.

In a great many cases, tbat is, in nearly ball" of the whole luuiibcr
examined, red or ])ur])lc spots and patches, and even continuous or con-
fluent redness, of a ])urple hue, presented themselves in the skin on the
lower surface of the body, between the legs, behind the ears, &c. At the
autoi)sy the skin and the subcutaneous tissue appeared to be congested,
the capillary vessels were gorged vrith blood, and more or less exuda-
tion and small extraA'asations of blood were found to have taken place.
In one case a large piece of skin on tlic lower surface of the body was
mortiiied.

10. In tAvo cases quite extensive extravasations of blood presented
themselves in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines.

17. The blood presented some quantitative and qualitative changes in
every case. Its quantity appeared to be diminished in everj' animal,
in some cases to such an extent that not nwrc than, say, four or hve
ounces could have been collected if the animal had been killed by bleed-
ing. Still, the actual want of blood was never as great as it appeared
to be, because a considerable quantity was locked up in the tissues,
esi)ecially in the lungs, and had become stagnant in the capillary ves-
sels. The blood was dark-colored in all cases in which death had been
caused by extensive morbid changes in the lungs, or in which, on ac-
count of those changes, respiration had been very imperfect; but it
presented a normal color, and was perhaps a little lighter colored and
thinner or more watery than in a healthy hog, in all cases in which
death had been caused by other morbid changes, or in Avhich the affec-
tion of the lungs Avas comi^aratively unimportant. It invariably coag-
ulated as soon as it became exposed to the influence of the atmosphere,
to a loose and spongy clot, containing a considerable quantity of serum.
Hence, it must l)e sui)])osed that it Avas rich in tibrinogen, but j)robably
poor in fibrin, a condition due, unquestionably, to the fact that during
the disease the i)rocess of Avasto had been largely in excess of that of
repair.

Under the microscope the blood-corpuscles of fresh blood appeared
sometimes nearly all normal or round, and sometimes more or less angu-
lar and star-shai)ed, but after a while they all became more or less an-
gular and of an irregular shape, and showed more or less tendency to
congregate in lows and (blusters. The fresh blood contained numerous
bacillus-germs, nmny of them simple, snnill, rouiul bodies, some in pro-
cess of budding, others ])udded or double, and still others congregated
into, apparently, viscous clusters. (See drawing IT, tig. 1 ; drawing IV,
fig. I; (IraAvhig VII, tigs. 1 and 1; druAvings YIII, IX, and X, fig. 1.)
Ii\ a fcAV cases fully deA'elo])ed bacilli .svf/.v Avere found in the fresh blood,
but they Avero, companitively, few in nund)er. In blooil Avhich had been
kept twenty-four hours or longer in Avell-closed Aials, haeiIJi Averc always
more numerous, and sometimes Avere found in large numbers. As soon,
however, as putrefaction or decomposition had set in, the hriciUi disap-
peared. White blood-corpuscles, a fcAv in number, Averc found only in
three or four cases.

18. A raicroscopic examination of the blood-serum or exudations,
deposited in the ])ulmonal tissue, iuA'ariably reA'ealcd, besides some
angular red blood-corpuscles, an immense number of hacilU siiis, and of
bacillus-germs in all stages of dcA-elopment, single, budding, budded,
or double, and congregated into (blusters. (See draAving III, fig. 1, and
drawing IT, figs, o and I.)

That every one of these morbid changes does not occur in one and the

30 DiSEASUS OF > .

the ulcei-K, 1] ]
gramilar clet

III a great >. n is, iit i)< arly ' j

examined, rf- i.mm.I,' !; • •- i j

fluent redne? \
lower ^^u^t■ac'•
autopsy the

the capillar; I

tion and sm '

In one case .1 iT^c p:'^:v' 01 suiu oi' iu<.' = :

mortiiied. 1

10. In Uv 1

themselves '<

17. The b \
ever}' case. \
in some ca.>^ 1
ounces coul !
ing. Still, ]
to be, beca >
especiallv i |
sels. Tlie

caused by < ]

count of tl ]

presented 1 '

thinner or i

death had "

tiou of the ■
ulated as &

to a loose : j

Hence, it ] ;

j)oor iu fib i

the diseas< ^

repair. ;

Under t

sometimes 1 • . , I

lar and st: • •

gular and <
coDgrcgat

bacillus-g- ':

cess of bi '
into, appi
tio-.4;dr

In a fcAV < -

but they <

kept twe^ 1

more nuc • 1

however, ,

l)eared. '• j
three or

18. A

depositee I

angular 1

bacillus- ■ ■!' ;;:^ - , I

or double, and cuugregated int<^ ;

dravriug II, figs, o and 4.) I
That cverv one of these morbid changes does not occiu- iu one and the

Keport ( Oimnis.si oner, of A(>i-i( nil lire for 1878,

Plate Ul.

.Vllo.ii ftCiLWiocirstic llnltinime

Ulcerous tumors on mucous membiaiieof iiilosiin(>s.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 31

same animal, and that sometimes some and sometimes otliers are more
developed and constitnte the immediate cause of death, has already
been indicated, and does not need any further explanation. To convey,
however, a clearer idea of the morbid features and changes presented
after death, I will copy ii-om my notes the result of the post-mortem
examinations of a few of my experimental ])igs. Of pigs Nos. 5 and G
the s;>Tnptoms, observed during life, have already been noted.

Post-morfcm examination of pig Xo. 5. — On opening the chest, the ribs,
usually tough in a j'oung animal, broke very easily, and seemed to be
deticieut in organic substances. No serum in the chest ; pulmonal pleura
rough, partially coated with plastic exudation; lower half of both lobes
of lungs hepatized; no serum in the i)ericardium, but apex of heart
firmdy coalesced with the inner surface of the pericardium; thick, white,
and frothy mucus, but no stronf/ili paradoxi in trachea and bronchial
tubes. Cajcum and colon hrmly agglutinated to each other with their
external surfaces ; adhesion separable onlj- by means of the knife. Nu-
merous large and small ulcerous tumors or morbid growths in both
ctecum and colon. (See photograph, Plate Y, which shows the caecum,
and Plate VI, which shows the colon, natural size of pig No. 5.) Lym-
phatic and mesenteric glands enlarged. Ulcerous decay in mucous
membrane of the stomach. (See photograph, Plate VIII, which presents
the interior surface of the stomach of pig No. 5, natural size.) Besides
those essential changes mentioned, one large nematoid was found in the
ductus choledochus, extending from the duodenum through the chole-
dochus and the gall-bladder into an hepatic duct. Another worm of
the same kind was found in the caecum.

Autopsy of pig Xo. G. — An abscess in right side of the scrotum,
about seven-eighths of an inch in diameter, and connected with ulcera-
tion in right spermatic chord. Inguinal and axillary lymphatic glands
considerably enlarged. One-fourth of right and one-fifth of left lobe
of lungs hepatized; the rest gorged v^ith blood-serum or exudation.
Ca?cum and colon agglutinated to each other ; ca'cum also adhering to
licritoneum. Mesenteric glands verj' much enlarged ; right spermatic
chord ulcerated. (Pig had been castrated a few weeks before it con-
tracted the disease.) Extensive morbid growth, in process of decay, in
caecum, and also a large number in colon. Some exudation on lower
surface of spleen. Ulcerous decay in mucous membrane of anterior
portion of stomach, and Avinc-colored infiltration and extravasations of
blood in mucous membrane of pyloric portion of same intestine.

Autopsij of pig B. — Some redness between hind legs and on lower sur-
face of the body ; greenish mucus oozing from the nose ; axillarj'' and
inguinal glands very much enlarged ; ribs deficient in organic substances,
at any rate very brittle; both lungs spotted all over, indicating plainly
capillary embohsm in early stage of development ; hepatization limited,
iust commencing ; lymphatic glands in chest very much enlarged ; the
heart, but especially the auricles, very much congested ; auricles almost
black ; small quantity of stravr-colored serum (not exceeding twoomices)
in thoracic cavity, and still less in pericardium. In the abdominal cav-
ity mucous membrane of anterior part of stomach wine-colored ; some
difiuse morbid growth, in process of decay, in posterior (pyloric) portion
of same membrane. No food whatever in stomach and intestines; bile
thickened, serai-solid; no ulceration nor any morbid growth whatever
in CKCum, colon, or any other intestine.

liesults of post-mortem examination of experimental pig Xo. VI. — Decay-
ing blotches or nodules of the size of a five-cent piece and smaller on
skin of lower surface of body and between the legs ; right si)ermatic

32 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEK ANIMALS.

chord ulcerated, and an abscess the size of a lieu's egii' iu riglit side of
scrotum. Iiiterually ail lymphatic ami mesenteric i^ilands enlarged;
anterior portion of both lungs everywhere, ^vith their -whole external
surface, and posterior portion at some places adliering (coalesced) to the
costal pleura ; numerous smaller and larger embolic tubercles, present-
ing the appearance of incipient abscesses, in anterior portion of both
lobes of the lungs, but more numerous and more developed in right lobe
than in the left ; remainder — i)Osterior i)arts of both lobes — gorged M'ith
exudation: small quantity (*f straw-colored serum in the chest and in
the pericardium. In abdominal cavity, liver rather hard (sclerotic), its
connecti\e tissue ap})arently hypertrophied. One small tape-worm, not
over one and a half inches long, in jejunum, and numerous small, incip-
ient morbid growths or ocher-coloretl decaying nodules in crecum. (See
photograph, Plate III.) iSo other morbid changes.

Besides these numerous morbid changes, which must be looked upon
as products of the morbid lu'ocess of swine-plague, some species of en-
tozoa, a few of Avhich have already been mentioned, have occasionally
been met with; but as their presence is merely accidental, that is, has
nothing whatever to do with the disease in question, a brief mention of
this occiu'rence will be sufficient. JStrongiUts paradoxus has been found
in small niuubers iu the bronchial tubes of a few pigs in one herd only —
Mr. Bassett's. Trichocephalus croiatus (Avliip-worm) has been found in
small numbers in the bluid end of the Ciiicum of four animals, belonging
to two diHerent herds. A small tape-worm was once found in the
jejunum, as has been stated, and a few other entozoa (nematoids) were
found in foiu- or five instances in the choledochus, gall-bladder, and
hepatic ducts (in one case as many as twelve worms), aiul twice iu other
intestines.

What I have so far related was comparatively easily ascertained. Xu-
mcrous examinations of diseased animals, frequent visits to aii'ected herds,
and fifty-three post-moriem examinations revealed the facts, and ;dl that
was necessary was to observe and take iiotes. But the i)riucipal object
of the investigation was to devise means to prevent the immense losses
caused every year by that most fatal disease, swine-plague. (I have
adopted that name, because the disease, if anything, is a real plague ;
and the name is sufficiently comprehensive to cover the whole morbid
l)rocess, and so simple that I ha\e no doubt it will soon supercede, even
among farmers, that very improper name of hog cholera.)

To devise such means, a more reliable basis than a mere knoAvledge
of the various features of the disease had to be gained. The real nature
of the morbid process, and the true cause or causes, had to be ascertained.
Above all, it had to be decided as to whether swine-plague is a con-
tagious disease or not; and if contagious, the means by which the
contagion is conveyed from one i)lace and irom one animal to another;
the manner in Avhich it enters the animal organism, and, if possible,
the natiu-e of the same. This could not be done by simply visiting-
diseased herds and examining sick and dead animals ; it was necessary
to make experiments and to observe and to record the results. This
I haA'e done, and before I proceed any further it may be best to give,
first, a condensed account of the experiments which I have made for
the purpose of settling those points, so as to give others an opportu-
nity to form an oinnion as to the correctness of the conclusions i have
arrived at. I will mention again, that in making those experiments,
iu noting the results, and in making the necessaiy and very numerous
microscopical examinations, I have been ably assisted by my friends,
Dr. r. AV. Prentice and Prof. T. J. Burrill, of the Illinois Industrial
University. I commenced those experiments alter I Inul gained con-

1:

SW'I N l*: ^M':\'1^K

l{<>i)()i-i ('(>iiuiii.ssi<)M(>r of" Ayi'Kiillurc I'or 1H7K.

PI ale I\:

.\.ll..i-i,i(-(n,l.iUui<Hiisii, lidllnn

ri( ci'ous liimor.s oil luucous iiKMiilnaiic of iiitcsl incs. ])r()|(>( Inio iihovc surliicc

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 33

siderable inforraatiou as to the various features of the disease diu-iug
life aud after death, and as to the conditions and surroundings under
which the same makes its appearance. The first series of experiments
has been made for the purpose of settling the question as to the con-
tagiousness or non-coatagiousness of Swine-Plague. This was the more
necessary from the fact that those who had suliercd severe losses were
decidedly divided on that question.

FIRST SERIES OF EXPERIjVIENTS.

After encountering considerable difficulty in finding indubitably healthy
pigs, belonging to a perfectly healthy herd, which had never been in con-
tact with diseased animals, I succeeded finally, on the 20th of August, in
buying of Mr. Harris, south of Champaign, three Berkshire sow pigs
about three aud a half months old, perfectly healthy, and without any
lesions whatever. I designated them as pigs Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Dr,
Prentice, at the same time, had the kindness of placing at my disposi-
tion two box-stalls in his veterinary hospital, a new building which had
never been entered by any hog or pig. About one hundred and fifty
yards east of the veterinary hospital building, on a piece of ground
never trodden by hogs, as far as known, I built of new lumber a pen
eight feet square. This i)en I designated pen No. 1, and the box-stalls,
which are twelve feet square, as pens Nos. 2 and 3 respectively. Pig
Iso. 1 was put in pen No. 1, and pigs Nos. 2 and 3 together in pen No. 2.

It may be well to state here that pen No. 1 having no floor, but rest-
ing on the ground, was moved to another place (each time its own width)
every other day, usually at noon, in order to preserve cleanliness, and
pens Nos. 2 and 3 were cleaned and swept once a day, except where
stated otherwise in the following pages. The food of aU experimental
pigs was the same, and consisted of corn in the ear, and occasionally a
little green clover and purslane at noon or in the evening. The water
for drinking was drawn three times a day from a well.

1. Account of irig No. 1. — On August 21 1 j)rocured from Mr. Bassett,
four miles north of Champaign, a diseased Chester white pig, four months
old (pig No. 4), which I put with pig No. 1 in pen No. 1. This diseased
pig which arrived at 10.30 o'clock, a. m., exhibited plain and unmis-
takable symptoms of swine-plague 5 its temperature was 106^-° F., and
its skin, on lower surface of the body, between the legs, &c., was con-
siderably reddened. The temperature of pig No. 1, which objected
to being examined and struggled hard, was 104^° F.

Aiigust 22. — Pig No. 1 all right; has vigorous api^etite. Pig No. 4 at
8 o'clock a. m. very sick 5 has a peculiar, short, abrupt cough; at 1
o'clock, p. m., dead.

Post-mortem examination. — Cai^dlary redness in the skin on lower sur-
face of body and between the legs ; considerable enlargement of lym-
phatic glands ; more tha,n two-thii'ds of the lungs hepatized and gorged
with blood-serum; some straw-colored serum in thoracic cavity and
pericardium; and morbid growths in j)rocess of decay (ulcerous tumors),
in caecum and colon.

Eeceived at 1 o'clock, p. m., three more pigs, each about three months
old (cross of Berkshire and scrub), of Mr. Schumacher, a butcher in
Champaign, who had bought the same of a farmer ten miles southeast
of Champaign. I designated the same as pigs Nos. o, C, and 7. Pigs
Nos. 5 and G appeared to be perfectly healthy, and were put together in
pen No. 3. Pig No. 7 was apparently indisposed ; it had been tians-
ported ten miles, crowded together with twenty others, most of them
3 sw

34 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

larger and older, and exposed for several hours to the burning' rays of
the sun, in an open farm-wagon on a very hot day. It was panting for
breath, and showed symptoms of congestion of the lungs. It was put
in pen oSTo. 1 with i)ig ISTo. 1, before dead pig IsTo. 4 had been removed.

August 23. — Pig No. 1 perfectly healthly. Pig No. 7 very sick;
breathes ninety-two times per minute; shows ijlain symi)toms of pleu-
rites ; has no appetite, but is attentive and moves quickly when dis-
turbed. It died at 8 o-clock p. m. Fost-mortem examination revealed
pleimtes and pericarditis ; the whole surface of the lungs was loosely
agglutinated to costal pleura, and the substance of the same was gorged
with exudation. Xo other morhicl changes lohatcver. "VNTiether this was
a case of swine-plague or not, I leave to my readers to decide for them-
selves. I am decidedly of the opinion it was not, because none of the
other twenty pigs, except Nos. 5 and 6 (see accoimt of them) have, up
to date, contracted the disease, as I have learned from a reliable source.
It is true two other pigs of the same lot showed some indisposition on
the 24th, 25th, and 2Gth days of August, but were all right again the
next day, and are healthy j^et.

August 24. — Pig No. 1 perfectly healthy; vigorous appetite.

August 25. — No change.

August 26. — No change.

August 27. — No change.

August 28. — Weather very hot and sultry ; in afternoon severe thun-
der-storm and rain, which eli'ected a sudden cooling of the atmosphere.
Pig No. 1 in perfect health.

August 29. — Pig No. 1 coughed once ; being exposed in an open pen
to the changes of weather and tempcratiu'e, it has possibly taken cold.

August 30. — Pig No. 1 ijcrfectly healthy; is very lively, and has vigor-
ous appetite.

August 31. — The same.

September 1. — The same.

Sejjtember 2. — The same.

September 3. — The same.

September 4. — The same. At 6.30 o'clock, p. m., diseased experi-
mental pig No. 2 (see account of the same further down) was put in pen
No. 1 with pig No. 1.

September 5. — Pig No. 1 perfectly healthy. Pig No. 2 eats nothing ;
shows i)lain sjonptoms of pneumonia.

September 0. — Pig No. 1 perfectly healthy. Pig No. 2 died at 6 o'clock,
p. m. (For post-mortem examination, which was made immediately, see
account of pig No. 2.)

September 7. — Pig No. 1 perfectly healthy, and has remained so up to
date. Has always iirst-rate appetite, has never refused a meal, and is
to-day a strong, vigorous, and thriving i)ig. (Made use of the same for
another expcriincut on November 13.)

2. Account of pigs Kos. 2 and 3. — August 21. — Both pigs are perfectly
healthy ; ha\'e good appetite, and arc active and lively.

August 22, — Both i)igs perfectly healthy. Inoculated both in right
ear at 1.30 o'clock, p. m., with blood-serum fi-om the lungs of pig No. 4,
which had died at 1 o'clock, p. m. The operation was performed by
means of a small inoculation-needle, made for the piu-posc of inocu-
lating sheei) with the virus of sheeppox. Each pig received two slight
punctiu'cs .on the external surface of the ear; the serum inoculated
was less than one-fourth of a droj) per animal. The blood-serum used
was of a faint reddish color, and almost limpid. Examined under tho

Q'-

Report Commissioner of Agriculture for 1878.

Plate V

\

AJIoeiiS foJaDwHauutic Bdanwae

Ulcerous tumors on. nvucoxis meiabrane of intestines. sTio^an^ conca\'itv m center.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 35

microscope it contained a few red blood-corpuscles, numerous bacillus-
germs, and some developed hacllU siiis.

August 23. — Pigs Nos. 2 and 3 perfectly healthy. Ko visible reaction.

August 24. — Both pigs perfectly healthy ; have very good appetite.

August 25. — No change.

August 26. — No change.

August 27. — Pig No. 2 appears to be slightly indisposed. Pig No. 3
apparently healthy.

August 28. — Both seem to be healthy ; eat well.

August 29. — Pig No. 3 not quite as lively as a healthy pig ; does not
seem to have very good appetite. Pig No. 3 shows no symptoms of dis-
ease. Temperature of pig No. 2, 105.4° P., and of No. 3, 104-p F. Both
pigs struggled very much while being examined.

August 30. — Pig No. 2 not very lively, and shoAvs a tendency to lie
down; does not eat as well as formerly; temperature, 104-^° F. At
feeding time in the evening it did not arise, nor did it seem to care for
its food. Pig No. 3 apparently all right.

August 31. — Pig No. 2 shows plain symptoms of sickness ; arches its
back, and moves with short undecided steps. Pig No. 3 appears to be
less lively.

September 1. — Both pigs, Nos. 2 and 3, show plain symptoms of swine-
plague.

September 2. — Pig No. 3 seems to be worse than pig No. 2. In after-
noon the eyes of pig No. 3 appeared congested, and the conjunctiva in-
filtrated with blood. Appetite of both animals rather poor. Both are
thirsty.

September 3. — Pigs Nos. 2 and 3 do not eat anything ; arc evidently
very sick ; show great indiflference to surroundings, and do not like to
come out of their corner. Both are very weak, and look as if they si:iffer
from pressure upon the brain.

September 4. — Pigs Nos. 2 and 3 have not touched any food ; they
huddle together in their corner, lie down, and will not get up unless
compelled to do so. Both show increasing muscular weakness and
emaciation. At 6.30 o'clock, p. m., pig No. 2 was removed to pen No. 1.
(See account of pig No. 1.)

Sejptember 5. — Pig No. 2 (now in pen No. 1) eats nothing ; has plain
symptoms of pneiunonia. Pig No. 3 (in pen No. 3) is getting very weak;
at 7 o'clock, p. m., is lying flat, and in a dying condition.

September 6. — Pig No. 2 (in pen No. 1) very sick. Pig No. 3 (in pen
No. 2) dead in the morning, with well-marked rigor mortis.

Post-mortem examination. — Skin normal ; lymphatic glands enlarged ;
left lobe of lungs partially hepatized ; right lobe the same, but hepati-
zation more extensive ; no serum in thoracic cavity ; about two drachms
in pericardium ; heart normal; spleen enlarged; partially coalesced with
peritoneum of abdominal wall, which shows traces of inflammation ;
some small ulcerous tumors on surface of spleen, and adhesion between
the latter and the colon; mesenteric glands considerably enlarged;
morbid growths or ulcerous tumors, and a few worms {tricJioceplialus
crenatus), the latter partially embedded in the smaller caical mucous
membrane in ciecum ; blood extravasations, and capillary congestion in
mucous membrane of c«cum, colon, ilium, and stomach; liver somewhat
enlarged ; kidneys normal. The blood, examined under the microscope,
contained, besides red blood-corpuscles with ragged, ii-regular or star-
shaped outlines, a few white blood-corpuscles (from one to five in the
field), numerous bacillus-germs in various stages of development, and
a few developed bacilli suis.

36 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Pig No. 2 died at G o'clock, j). m. (See account of pig No. 1.)

Post-mortem examination. — Skiu normal; lungs partially liepatized;
hepatization most marked in anterior lobes ; small quantity of serum in
pericardium ; liver enlarged ; one nematoid in choledoclius ; abdominal
cavity free from serum; eccliymoses on tke external sui'face of colon
and caecum ; capillary lij'perajmia and swelling in csecal mucous mem-
brane ; several small ulcerous tumors in caecum, especially near the ilio-
caecal valve ; swelling, capillary congestion, and extravasations of blood
in mucous membrane of colon and ilium; kidneys normal; bladder
empty ; mucous membrane of stomach similar in appearance to that of
caecum, colon, and ilium.

Account of pigs Ifos. 5 a7id G. — Pigs Nos. 5 and G, which arrived, as
has been stated before, August 22, at 1 o'clock, p. m., were put in pen
No. 3, and at 1.30 o'clock, p. m., the colon, the heart, and a piece of the
diseased lungs of pig No. 4 were given to them. They, however,
touched neither colon, heart, nor i)iece of lung.

August 23. — Both pigs, Nos. 5 and 6, iu good health, and cat their
food greedily, but have not touched the colon, heart, and piece of lung.
The colon, having become very putrid, had to be removed ; heart and
piece of lung were thrown into the feed-trough.

August 24. — Both pigs healthy. Heart and piece of lung have dis-
appeared, but whether they have been consumed by the pigs or by rats
I am not able to decide.

August 25. — Both pigs healthy ; have good appetite, and eat greedily.

August 26. — The same.

August 27. — The same.

August 28. — The same. August 28th Avas a very hot day, but a severe
thunder-storm in the afternoon effected a sudden cooling of the atmos-
phere.

August 29. — Both pigs, Nos. 5 and G, seem to have a shght catarrh,
probably iu consequence of the sudden reduction of temperature and
change of weather. Both cough some.

August 30. — Both pigs, to all appearances, all right, except that occa-
sionally a slight cough can be heard. Both have first-rate appetites.

August 31. — Both i3igs apparently in perfect health ; appetite good.

September 1. — Both i)igs all right.

September 2. — The same.

September 3. — The same. Pig No. 5 coughed once or twice, but has
excellent appetite.

September 4. — Pig No. 5 coughs agata a few times, but is lively, and
has very good appetite. No. G is all right iu every respect.

September 5. — Both i)igs all right.

September G. — Both pigs have good appetite, are very lively, and seem
to enjoy good health. At 10.30 o'clock, a. m., the entne stomach, cut up
into five pieces, the caecum, and the spleen of pig No. 3 were given to
them, and consumed inmiediately in the i)resence of Dr. Prentice.

September 7. — Both pigs, Nos. 5 and G, have very good appetite. No.
5 has a slight cough, and a slight accumulation of mucus in the inner
canthi of the eyes. (For further particulars see the accounts given of
pigs Nos. 5 and G in the chapter on Symptoms and Morbid Changes.)

Having thus ascertained by experiments, just related, that swine-
plague is infectious, and can be communicated by inoculation, and also
through the digestive canal by a consumption of morbid tissues, I con-
sidered it to be of great importance to ascertaiu, if possible, the nature
of the iufectious principle ; that is, to decide by experiments whether it
consists in something corporeal, endowed with life and po^ver of propa-

me" u:

vi IWICC, OlU iiii.S

l-JepoTt Conimis.sioner of A^mrulUire for 1878.

Plate Vr.

-^^

# %

::\

p

(;).;

AHocnli-CoIathocBustir Baltunorc

Ulcerous tumors on mucous membrane of intestines, showing different view.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 37

gatiou, or in some invisible chemical ag'ency or mysterious fluid, per-
meating, as has been supposed, the whole animal organism, and con-
tained in, or clinging to, all those substances which possess infectious
properties, or constitute the bearers or vehicles of the contagion. As
all microscopical examinations of the blood, morbid tissues, and morbid
products of forty-two animals, which had been affected with swine-
l)lague and had died of that disease or been killed by bleeding, and
repeated microscopical examinations of the excretions (urine and excre-
ments) of diseased animals, have revealed in every case the presence of
numerous bacillus-germs (micrococci of Hallier) and developed hacilli
suis, I deemed it necessary to ascertain first, if possible, the relation
which these extremely small microscoi^ic bodies may have to the mor-
bid process and to the infectious principle. For that purpose I com-
menced another series of experiments, and bought again, on September
24th, three very nice, x>erfectly healthy pigs, each a little over three
months old, of Mr. Birrton, residing four miles southeast of Champaign.
I designated one of them, a nearly Ml-bred Berkshire barrow, as pig A j
another one, a Poland-China sow, as pig B ; and the third one, also a
Poland-China sow, as pig C.

Account of pigs A, B, and C. — The same arrived at 10 o'clock, a. m.
Pig A was x)ut in pen No. 1 with pig l!^o. 1 5 pig B in pen IsTo. 3 with pig
No. 6 ; and pig C by itself in the thoroughly cleaned and disinfected pen
No. 2, formerly occupied by i)igs Nos. 2 and 3. Pen No. 2 had been
clean and empty since September 6th, and was again disinfected with
carbolic acid before pig C was put in.

September 25. — All three pigs. A, B, and C, perfectly healthy.

September 26. — All three pigs perfectly healthy 5 have good appetite.

September 27. — The same ; inoculated pig 0 with cultivated bacilli
and bacillus-germs. On September 23d, Professor Burrill charged two
drachms of fi'esh cow-milk with a mere speck, smaller than a pin's head,
of a decaying morbid growth, or ulcerous tumor of the coecum of pig
No. 5, and kept the ^i.al well closed, at a temperature of 92° F. On
the evening of September 26th the milk was examined under the micro-
scope, and was found to contain numerous bacilli suis and bacillus-
germs (see drawing III, figs. 3 and 4), the same as found in the blood-
serum, or exudation of diseased lungs, and in the decaying substance
of the intestinal morbid growths. The inoculation with this milk was
executed in the same way as the inoculations of pigs Nos. 2 and 3 5 two
punctures were made on the external surface of the left ear.

Scptemher 28. — All three pigs perfectly healthy. The inoculation-
punctures on the ear of C slightly swelled.

September 29. — Pigs A, B, and C, all right.

September 30. — All three pigs perfectly healthy 5 no symptoms of
disease.

October 1. — The same.

October 2. — Pig A perfectly healthy 5 pig B shows symi3toms of sick-
ness, sneezes, has eruption on the ears, diminished appetite, and is not
as lively as formerly. As. a full account of pig B has already been given
in the chapter on symptoms and morbid changes, it will not be necessary
to repeat what has been said there, and pig B may be dropped. Pig G
apparently all right in the morning. At noon, pig C, too, commences to
sneeze ; sneezes a good deal, and shivers like a man suffering from ague,
but has good appetite.

October 3. — Pig A perfectly healthy. Pig C shows slightly diminished
appetite and other plain symptoms of indisposition ; is less lively, and
has a tendency to lie down ; the sneezing continues.

38 DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

October 4. — Pig: A in first-rate healtli. Pig C a little more lively ; lias
fair appetite, but is not as greedy as formerly.

October 5. — Pig A in fine condition, and all riglit in every respect.
Pig C shivers, and sneezes again a good deal, but does not show any
other perceptible symptoms of disease, except some eruptions behind
the ears, and on the external surface of the same.

October G. — Pig A all right in every respect. Pig C about the same as
preceding day.

October 7. — Pig A perfectly healthy. Pig C has good appetite, and
"with the exception of its coat of hair being a little rougher than usual,
does not show any plain symptoms of disease.

Made two 'post-mortem examinations of pigs which had died of swine-
plague at Mr. Hossact's place, five miles southwest of Champaign. In
the everring I examined microscopically the blood- serum or exudations
of the diseased lungs of one of Mr. Hossack's pigs, and found normal
red blood-cori)uscles, numerous bacillus-germs in all stages of develop-
ment— single, budding, budded or double, and aggregated into clus-
ters— and some developed bacilli suis.

October 8. — Pig A all right. Pig C shivering again. In the forenoon
I filtered some of the blood-serum of the diseased lungs of Mr. Hossack's
pig through eight filters — the very finest used in the chemical labora-
tory of the I. I. University — for the purpose of freeing the serum
from the bacilli and bacillus-germs ; but notwithstanding that I have
taken all possible precautions, the filtrate, which was almost limpid,
still contained, as examined under the microscope, a great many
bacillus-germs. I preserved it in a vial with a tight-fitting gTound-glass
stop.

October 9. — Pig A healthy. Pig C has fair appetite, but is not greedy.
I filtrated the filtrate once more through two filters, and obtained a
limpid fluid, which, however, at a microscopic examination, was found
to still contain some bacillus-germs. Preserved the filtrate again in a
clean vial, with a perfectly-fitting gi-ound-glass stop.

October 10.— Pig A healthy. Pig 0 eats its food, but is rather slow
at it.

October 11. — Pig A healthy. Pig C about the same as on preceding
day.

October 12. — Pig A healthy; pig C, no perceptible change.

October 13. — Pig A all right in every respect ; pig C does not show
any plain symptoms of disease in the morning, but is sneezing again in
the evening.

October 14:. — Pig A in perfect health; pig C sneezes a good deal, but
has fair appetite. Took up again the filtrated blood-serum, and find-
ing, on examination under the microscope, that the bacillus-germs had
changed to bacilli (see drawing XI, figs. 1 and 2), I filtrated the same
again through four ]iapers. Dr. Prentice and myself examiued the fil-
trate obtained under the microscope (850 diameters), and neither of us
being able to discover any bacillus-germs, I inoculated pig A on the left
ear with the filtrate in the same manner in .which the other pigs had
been inoculated. IMade two punctures, but used a needle a trifle larger
than the one used before.

October 15. — Pig A all right; no reaction whatever. Pig C sneezing,
but fair appetite.

October 10. — Pig A ])erfectly healthy, and has remained so up to date
(November 11th). It has never refused a meal, and has been always very
active and lively. It is now a very fine pig and in a first-rate condition.
(Made use of the same for another experiment on November 13th,) Pig

Hopori Coiniiiissioiier of Aoriciillurc for 1878.

Plate MI.

d/%

r

jiii^

r. if-wc;! I. -/.'rv-

a.

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Ulcerous lumor.soii mucoii.s mojiihraiio of inlcsUncs. showmo difrei-Dil view

•

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. B9

C sliows plain symptoms of disease; its appetite is poor, .and some
emaciation lias frradually taken place ; at least 0 has not improved like
A, and weiglis abont half as mucli as the latter, notwithstanding A is
in an open pen, exposed to the inclemencies of the weather, and O in a
good, new building, with a shingled roof, in wliich it is amply protected
against the changes of the weather.

October 17. — Pig C rather poor appetite; breathing a little accelerate'fl,
and coat of hau' somewhat rough and staring.

Octoher 18. — Pig 0 exhibits plain symptoms of swine-plague; its
breathing is accelerated; it sneezes a good deal, and its appetite is poor.
Eats some in the evening.

Octoher 19. — Pig 0 improving; has better appetite.

October 20. — Pig 0 much improved; eats its food again, but is not
greedy.

October 21. — ]!:To change.

October 22. — Pig C is lively again, and eats well — at nny rate, seemg
to care more for its food. The sores on the ears are healing and disap-
pearing.

October 23. — Pig C must be considered as fully recovered from its
slight attack.

Up to date pig C has presented the appearance of a i^erfectly healthy
pig. Its ears have healed, and are now (November 11th) perfectly smooth.
It is lively and greedy for its food, but has grown very little, and weighs
to-day about half as much as pig A. It can be seen very plainly that
pig 0 has been sick. When I received A, B, and C, A was slightly the
best pig. B came next, and C was the smallest, but the difference was
only a trifling one.

The experiments just related show that the bacilli and their germs
must have a causal connection with the morbid process of swine-plague,
because a'n inoculation with bacilli and bacillus-germs, cultivated in such
an innocent and harmless fluid as milk, produced the disease, while an
inoculation with blood-serum from diseased lungs — a highly infectious
fluid, if not deprived of its bacilli and bacillus-germs — remained without
the slightest effect after it had been freed from its bacilli and bacdlus-
germs. I know very well that the result obtained can hardly be consid-
ered as conclusive, and that some more experiments of the same kind are
needed to confirm the conclusions arrived at.

5. THE CONTAGION, THE CAUSES, AND THE NATURE OF THE B^ORBrD

PROCESS.

That swine-plague is an infectious disease, which can be communi-
cated to heathy animals, has been demonstrated by my experiments.
It has further been proven that an exceedingly small quantity of an
infectious or contagious substance (blood-serum or exudation, for in-
stance) if inoculated, or directly absorbed by the vascular system, is
sufdcieut to produce the disease. It has also been proven that morbid
tissues and morbid products, if consumed by healthy pigs, will cause
them to become affected with the plague. Consequently, two ways of
infection have been ascertained with certainty. Further, if the results
of the post-mortem examinations are inquired into more closely, it will
be found that the principal morbid changes have occurred in the digest-
ive canal, but especially in the ccecum and colon, in all those cases in
which the disease had been communicated by way of the digestive ap-
paratus; and that, -on the other hand, the principal seat of tbe morbid
process has been in the organs of respiration and circulation, or in the

40 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

organs sitiiated in the thorax if the contagion had been inocnlated or
been introduced into the system through -vrounds and absorbed by the
veins and lymphatics.

AMiether an inhahitiou of the contagious or infectious principle into
the respiratory passage or into the lungs is sufficient to produce the
disease is doubtful. One pig (pig No. 1), an animal free from any lesions
ot Tvounds whatever, has been exposed twice and has not contracted
the disease ; but vdiile exposed and immediately after its pen was moved
once a day, and as the pen was thus kept clean, and as dry earth is a
good disinfectant, it must be supposed that the animal was never obliged
to consimie the contagious principle clinging to the excrements of the
diseased animals, neither with its food nor with its water for drinking.
Its trough was cleaned three times a day, and always before fresh water
was ])oiu'ed in. Pig B, however, was exposed only once, by being kept
together with pig Xo. G, and contracted the disease in due time. But
the conditions were entirely different. Pen jSTo. 3, in which both pigs
were kept, contains a wooden floor : pig B was put in soon after pig No.
5 had died, and the pen, otherwise always cleaned once a day, had been
left dirty (imcleaned) on purpose. So it happened that the ears of corn,
thrown on the floor for food, became soiled, though perhaps only slightly,
with the dung and the urine of dead pig No. 5 and diseased pig No. 6.
Further, both pigs (B and No. C) tramped through the excrements and
soiled their feet, and, as pigs will do, went with their duty feet into the
trough which contained the waterfor drinking. Soitis but fair to suppose
that pig B contracted the disease, not by inhaling the contagion, but by
consummg the same with its food and water for drinking. Hence I have
come to the conclusion that swine-plague is probably not communicated
through the liuigs by an inhalation of the atmosphere surrounding the
diseased animals or by simple contact, but that, in order to effect a com-
munication of the disease, the contagion or infectious principle must be
introduced directly into a wound within the reach of the veins and lyni-
I)hatics, or be taken up by the digestive apparatus. This conclusion of
mine has been corroborated by several facts, some of which I had an
opportunity to observe myself, and some of which have been related to
me by reliable persons. To mention a few will suffice : Mr. Henry Yothy,
who lives four miles north of Urbana, informed me that his neighbor,
Mr. StickgTath, who lives only one hundred yards south of him, lost
every hog but one on his place; that he, Yothy, had nineteen head of
swine shut up in a yard, and has not lost a single animal, notwithstand-
ing StickgTath'S diseased animals have been running at large, have
tramped all around Yothy's pens, and come every day close to the
fence ; but that Ids, Yothy's, hogs have no lesions or wounds whatever,
and having remained separated from Stickgiath's hogs by a fence, had
no opportunity to consimie food or water soiled with the excrements or
urine of the latter, and to become infected in that way.

Mr. L. Harris, a few miles north of Champaigii, kept his shoats and pigs
separate from his older hogs. Among the former, swine plague made its
appearance, and proved to be very fatal. They were kept in a yard
west of the house, and had access to a pasture to the west and an orchard
to the south. The pecuhar, offensive smell emanating from that yard
was so marked that I perceived it several times very plainly when pass-
ing by, at a distance of half a mile or more, so it is to be supposed that
considerable contagion must have been floating in the air. The yard in
which Mr. Harris kept his old hogs (they were intended to be fattened
and were not allowed to run out into a pasture) was not over hfty yards
south or southeast of the yard occupied by the diseased and dying shoata

40 r>T>;r\srr nr kvtt'

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, sw'ix !•; 1'M':\'1':k

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AlI..-nXC..I,il).mMilsliiH.il

riccrous UiMKir.s on miK oiis Micmbr.iiK- oC llir sloiiuiih.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 41

and pigs, consequently the wind, usually in tlie sonth, carried the efflu-
via and the foul atmosphere of the former almost constantly into the
yard occupied by the old hogs. The latter, notwithstanding, remained
exempted. It may yet be stated that the old hogs were fed exclusively
with corn, and received nothing but well-water for drinking. On the other
hand, I have not been able to learn of any herd remaining exempted
after the disease had once made its appearance in the immediate neigh-
borhood, unless the animals constituting the herd were free from any ex-
ternal lesions, were watered from a well, fed with clean food, and shut up
during the night and in the morning till the dew had disai)peared from
the grass, either in a bare yard not containing any old straw-stacks, or in
sties or pens. Animals allowed to run out on a pasture or on grass, clover,
or stubble fields at all times of the day, and animals that had external
sores or wounds, contracted the disease sooner or later in every instance
where the plague made its appearance in the neighborhood. Further,
the plague, at least during the summer or while south wind was prevail-
ing, seemed to have a special tendency to spread from south to north. If
the history of swine-plague is inquired into it will probably be found
that that tendency has been prevaihng every year. This year, for
instance, the disease made its appearance, as I have been informed, for
the first time, in Wisconsin. These facts, of course, could not fail to be
suggestive. So I conceived the idea that the contagious or infectious
principle, abundant in the excretions of the diseased animals, might rise in
the air in daytime, be carried off a certain distance by winds, and come
down again during the night with the dew. That such might be the
case appeared to be possible, because the excrements of hogs, if exposed
to the influence of sunlight, heat, rain, and wind, are soon ground to
powder (partially at least), which is fine enough to be raised into the
air and to be carried off l3y winds. Moreover, as the bacillus-germs,
which, I have no doubt, must be looked upon as the infectious principle,
are so exceedingly small, it appears to be possible and even probable
that they are carried up into the air by the aqueous vapors arising from
evaporating urine and moisture contained in the excrements, and from
other evaporating fluids (small pools of water), which may have become
polluted with the excretions of sick hogs. To ascertain the facts, I col-
lected dew from the herbage of a hog-lot occupied by diseased animals,
and also from the grass of an adjoining pasture, and on examining the
same under the microscope I found the identical hacilli and bacillus-
germs invariably found in the blood, other fluids, and morbid tissues
of swine affected with the plague. (See drawing VII, fig. 5.) Conse-
quently I have come to the conclusion that the baciUus-germs rise into
the air during the day, are carried from one place to another by the
wind, and are introduced into the organism of the animal either by eat-
ing herbage (grass, clover, &c.), or old straw covered with dew, or by
entering wounds and being absorbed by the veins and lymphatics.
There is, however, still another way by which the contagious or infec-
tious principle is conveyed from one place to another. It is by means
of running water. It has been observed that wherever swine-plague
prevailed among hogs that had access to running water (as small
creeks, streamlets, &c.), that all the hogs and i)igs which had access
to the creek or streamlet below contracted the disease, usually within
a short time, while all the animals which had access above remamed
exempted, unless they became infected by other means. I could cite a
large number of instances, but as this observation has been made every-
where, probably nobody who is at aU acquainted with swine-plague wiU
ask for any further proofs

42 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS.

As to the distance Trhicli the infections principle can be conveyed
throngh the air, I cannot make any accnrate statements, bnt have rea-
sons to believe that svrine located a distance of one mile fi-om any dis-
eased herd "svillbe safe. To decide this point, Tvhich is of very great im-
portance, requires careful experiments.

Tlie nature of the infectious or contagiovs principle. — The experiments
with pigs A and C, though not conclusive and needing repetition, indi-
cate very strongly, as has already been mentioned, that the hacilH and
their germs found invariably in the blood, in the morbidly changed tis-
sues, and in the excretions of the diseased swine, must constitute the
infectious or contagious principle of swine-plague. I, for my part, am
convinced that such is the case. Still I should hesitate to express this
opinion if it was supported only by those experiments and not by other
facts, such as the peculiarities in the spreading of the disease, the man-
ner in which the infectious principle is acting and is communicated to
healthy animals, and the workings of the morbid process. (See next
chapter.) At any rate, if the bacilli and bacillus-germs constitute the
infectious principle, all the strange features of swine-plague find a satis-
factory explanation ; but if the infectious principle consists in an un-
known and mysterious chemical something, the peculiarities of the dis-
ease are, to say the least, enveloped in mystery and cannot be explained.
What Professor Beale calls bioplasm could not be discovered under the
microscope.

In want of a better name I have called the haciUl " bacilli .sja^," be-
cause the same, as far as I have been able to learn, are peculiar to and
characteristic of swine-plague. The bacillus-germs are small round
bodies of — as near as I can figure without the aid of a micrometer —
about 0.0007 millimeter diameter, and reflect the light very strongly.
The bacilli svis are small, almost straight, cvlindrical bodies of about
0.003 to 0.005 millimeter in length, and 0.0007 to 0.0008 milliuieter in
thickness, sometimes moving and sometimes without motion, and in cer-
tain stages of development slightly moniliform, but in others apparently
not, (See drawings.)

The causes. — Whether the disease is caused exclusively by infection —
by the bacilli and their germs being conveyed directly or indirectly from
diseased animals to healthy ones — or whether those bacilli 6;?n'« and their
germs can be produced independently from, and outside of, the organ-
ism of swine; whether, in other words, swine-plague is a piu'e contagion,
caused exclusively by means of the infectious or contagious principle,
or can develop spontaneously, is a very important question, which can
be solved only by protracted experiments, and may not be solved at all
until the question as to whether a ^^generatio equivoca"' is possible or
actually taking i^lace or not has found a definite solution. If the bacilli
suis and their germs constitute the sole cause of swine-plague, as they
undoubtedly do, the disease must be considered as a pure contagion,
like many other contagious or infectious diseases, not capable of a pro-
topathic or spontaneous development, as long as the possibility of a
^^generatio equivoca^^ is denied, but if the latter is admitted, or proved
to be taking jilace, a spontaneous development must be considered not
only as possible but also as very probable.

If the conclusions I have arrived at concerning the cause of the dis-
ease are coiTcct, and I have scarcely any doubt they are, the question
as to the causes has been solved. Still, as a positire knowledge of the
trae cause or causes is of the greatest importance, and as my experi-
ments are not numerous enough to be absolutely conclusive, further
investigations and more experiments of the same, or of similar kind, will

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 43

be very desirable, and, iudeed, necessary, in order to obtain ahsolute
certainty as to the true nature of the cause or causes.

One thing I am sure of, and that is that an exckisire corn diet, as has
been asserted by several agricultural wiiters, sallowing in dirt and
nastiness, starvation, in and in breeding, &c., althougli by no means
calculated to promote health or to invigorate the animal organism, can-
not constitute tlie cause and cannot produce a solitary case of S'^vine-
plague, unless the infectious principles (the hacilU and their germs) are
present. If they are, then, of coiu'se, dii-t and nastiness, consumption
of unclean food and of dirty water, facilitate an infection, and warmth
and moistiu-e, pregnant with organic substances, or organic substances
in a state of decay, are undoubtedly well calculated to preserve the
bacillus-germs and to develop the hacilli.

Whether the disease can be communicated to other animals besides
swine or not, is a question I am trying at present to decide. Some time
ago I had an occasion to throw away some morbid tissues (parts of dis-
eased lungs) of a diseased hog, which I had used for microscopical ex-
amination. I threw them— very carelessly, I admit^into an empty lot
full of rank weeds, across the road. About a week after several chickens
(four or five) died in the neighborhood, of so-caUed <' chicken-cholera."
Although there was no proof whatever that these chickens had con-
sumed the morbid tissues, there was a possibility that they had. I
bought two healthy chickens, kept them separate,' each in a coop, and
fed them with the morbidly changed colon of a diseased pig. They
consumed the same in my presence, but up to date (:N"ovember 12th) no
results have made their appearance. Further, as no case of an infection
of any other animals besides swine has come to mv knowledge, it would
seem that s^vine-plague is a disease peculiar to swine hke pleuro-pneu-
monia to cattle.

6. THE MORBID PROCESS.

Concerning the natiire of the morbid process, or the manner in which
the morbid changes are brought about, the microscope has made some
important revelations.

In all those post-mortem examinations (flftv-three in number) which I
have made since August 3rd, and in all those I had an opportunity of
making before that time, I found the lungs more or less affected. The
same were partially hepatized, and partiallv filled yet with fluid exuda-
tion or blood-serum. Besides that, where the morbid changes in the
lungs were of recent origin, innumerable small red specks, caused by
capillary hyiDeraemia, or, rather, a stagnation of the blood or embohsm
in the capillaries, could be observed. In several other cases— four or five
in number— where the morbid changes in the lungs were not of a recent
origin, or older than, say, two weeks, innumerable small, round, and
larger confluent tuberculous-looking centers of beginning suppuration or
decay (mcipient abscesses) presented themselves, especiaUy in the lower
and anterior portions of the lungs, and usually more pronounced in the
right lobe than in the left one. Mv friend. Dr. Prentice, who is not
only a veterinary surgeon, but also a practicing phvsician, pronounced
the lungs of Mr. Bassett's boar (two years old, and three weeks sick),
thus changed, sunilar or identical in appearance to the consumptive or
tuberculous lungs of a human being. Close investigation, however,
soon revealed the fact that all the morbid changes found in the lungs of
different anunals— innumerable small red specks, accumulation of blood-
serum or exudation, hepatization, red, brown, and gray, and incipient ab-
scesses—are the products or the consequences of extensive capillary em-

44 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

bolism. The other morbid changes, usually found in the thoracic cavity,
such as pleiu'itis, pericarditis, accumulation of straw-colored serum, and
the morbid changes found sometimes in the heart, but especially in the
aimcles, in "u-hich, in niunerous cases, the capillary vessels have been
found to be gorged with blood, tend also to show that embolism consti-
tutes the cause, or at least the main cause, of all those changes. The
microscope very fortunately has revealed how this emboUsm is effected.
The capillaries of the lungs, as is well known, are narrower than those
in other parts of the body. The blood of the diseased animals, and es-
l^ecially the blood-serum deposited in the affected pulmonal tissue, con-
tain invariably large numbers of bacillus-germs and hacilJi. These bacil-
lus-germs, as I have observed with the microscope, and as Hallier, who
calls them micrococci, nine years ago found, bud and develop to bacilli,
and show, at a certain period of their development, a great tendency to
agglutinate to each other, and to form in that way larger or smaller, ir-
regular-shaped, and apparently somewhat viscous clusters. (See draw-
ing n, fig. 1; drawing IX, fig. la.) These clusters, or some of them,
are large enough to close or to obstruct the finer capillaries, and to stop
in that way the capillary circulation. As a necessary consequence, the
serum of the blood transudes through the walls of the capillary vessels,
and is deposited in the tissue of the lungs, in the thoracic cavity, and in
the pericardium. In some cases, and at some places, the tender walls of
the finer capillaries yield to the pressure and rupture, and then extrava-
sations of blood, such as have been observed in several cases, are the con-
sequence. The capillary redness, and the red and piu-ple spots observed
in certain comparatively fine portions of the sldn, and in the subcu-
taneous tissues, I have no doubt, are also a product of the same process,
and are caused by capillary embolism. If the animals would only live
long enough, gangrene or mortification of parts of the sldn would be met
with quite often, but as other morbid changes cause death, and thus
terminate the morbid process usually before the stagnation of the blood
in the skin becomes perfect, gangrene or mortification has been foimd
only once in the skin on the lower surface of the body. Certain morbid
changes in the abdominal cavity, such as abdominal dropsy, and the
blood extravasations found repeatedly in various organs, such as stom-
ach and intestines, are due to the same cause. The clusters of bacillus-
germs also constitute probably the cause of the swelling of the lymphatic
glands. Microscopic examinations of the interior of those glands (see
drawing lY, fig. 3) revealed invariably, besides some lymph-corpuscles,
immense niunbers of bacilli and bacillus-germs in different stages of de-
velopment, some budding, some agglutinated to each other, and some
in process of agglutination, &c. These clusters of bacillus-germs, it
seems, not only close the capillary blood-vessels, but probably also the
finer lymphatics ramifying in the glands ; a swelling of the latter, there-
fore, is a natural consequence.

The production of the morbid growths (swine-plague tumors would be
a good name), which are found in nearly every case on the mucous mem-
brane of the c<^cum and colon, and sometimes, though not so often, on
the mu ^ous membrane of other intestines, such as ihum, jejuimm, duode-
num, stomach, gall-bladder, and uterus, and even on the conjunctiva and
the gTims, is not so easily explained. It seems that a prohferous process
is taking place; new epithelium-cells and connective-tissue corpuscles
are formed rapitUy, but decay before fully developed. " These new morbid
and rapidly decaying cells are imbedded in a stroma of a dense connec-
tive tissue which, too, is a morbid product, and formed rapidly. In the
older and larger morbid growths or tumors in the csecum and colon this

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 45

connective tissue is usually very abundant, especially in the frequently
pedicle-sliaped foot or basis. The proliferous morbid growths which
occur in the small intestines are almost destitute of it. If these morbid
growths or tumors are examined under the microscope, immense num-
bers of hacilli suis, some of them moving very rapidly and others at rest
(sometimes some other bacteria), and comparatively few bacUlus-germs
will be seen. (See drawing III, fig. 5; drawing VI, fig. 1; drawing V,
fig. 2; drawing IV, fig. 2; drawing VII, fig. 2, and drawing X, fig. 2.)
It appears to be probable that the excessive liroHferous growth of the
cpithehum-cells and connective-tissue coriDuscles is caused by a constant
irritation of the mucous membrane, or of the memhrana intermedia
(basement or limitary membrane, Fleming ) , iiroduced by the hacilli. This
is the more probable, as those morbid growtlis occur especially in such
parts of the alimentary canal in which the food is known to tarry the
longest, in the caecum and in the colon. The morbid changes (ulcera-
tions) found occasionally in the skin, where they sometimes cause whole
portions to become mortified or decayed and to slough off, occur, it seems,
(Hily in parts where a wound or lesion has been existing into which the
infectious principle, the hacilli or their germs, have been introduced ; so,
for instance, in the teats of brood-sows wounded by pigs, and in the nose
of hogs and pigs that have been ringed. These morbid changes in the
skin, it would seem, are produced in a similar way as the morbid growths
in the intestines, with only this difference, that instead of an excrescence
loss of substance makes its appearance. The skin is constantly exposed
to the atmospheric air, and to a much lower and more changeable tem-
perature than the mucous membrane of the intestines, and in consequence
the process of decay may become more rapid and may exceed the prob-
ably slower process of i)roduction.

7. PERIOD OF INCUBATION.

The period of incubation — perhaps more correctly "stage of coloniza-
tion," Klebs — or the time passing between an infection and the first out-
break of the disease, I have found to be from five to fifteen days, or on
an average of about seven days. Still, I have no doubt that in single
cases an outbreak may take place a day or two sooner, and in others,
though rarely, a day or two later.

8. MEASURES OF PREVENTION.

As swine-plague is a contagious or infectious disease, which spreads
everywhere by means of direct and indirect infection, and as a sponta-
neous development is problematic, or has not yet been proven, the prin-
cipal means of prevention must consist in preventing a dissemination of
the contagious or infectious principle, and in an immediate, promi^t, and
thorough destruction of the same wherever it may be found. To prevent
successfully a dissemination of the contagion and to secure a prompt
destruction of the same, stringent legislation will be found necessary.
As it is, the contagion or the infectious i)rinciple is, and has been,
disseminated through the whole country in a wholesale manner, as I
shall show immediatelj^ During the first month of my i)resence in
Champaign I stopped at the Doane House, a hotel belonging to the
Illinois Central Railroad Company, and constituting also the railroad
depot. Every night car-loads of diseased hogs destined for Chicago
passed my window. Only a very short time ago, on one of the last

46 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

days of October, a farmer, J. T. M., liviug near Tolono, sold sixty-seven
hogs (some, if not all of them, diseased and a few of them already in a
dying condition) for two cents a pound, to be shipped to Chicago. I
could cite numerous instances, but I think it is not necessary, because
these facts are known to every one where swine-plague is i)revaihng.
Besides, in nearly every little town in the neighborhood of which cases
of STvine-plague are of frequent occurrence, is a rendering establishment
to which dead hogs are brought. These establishments pay one cent a
pound, and the farmers haul their dead hogs, sometimes ten or fifteen
miles, in open wagons, past farms, barns, and hog-lots, and disseminate
thereby the germs of the disease through the whole country. The trans-
portation of dead hogs by, wagon, 1 admit, might be stopped by State
laws, but the latter prove usually to be ineffective where railroad com-
panies (inter-State and international traffic) are concerned. I include
international traffic, because swine-plague is or has been prevailing in
Europe. Besides that, there are other contagious diseases which spread
exclusively by means of their contagion — I will mention only glanders,
foot and mouth disease or aphtha?, and pleuro-pneumonia of cattle — and
can be stamped out and be prevented from spreading only by efficient
Congressional legislation. Pleuro-pneumonia particularly deserves spe-
cial attention. It has already gained a firm foothold in the East, and
would undoubtedly invade the West very soon, or would have done so
long ago, if the traffic in cattle were from East to West instead of from
West to East. It may, however, at any time be carried to the West by
shipments of blooded cattle from the East the same as it was imported
from Holland to New York, and having once entered any of the Western
States or Territories it will soon find ample means to spread toward the
East again and to sweep the whole country. If it comes to that it will
prove to be much more disastrous to the live-stock interest of the United
States than swine-plague or any other contagious disease.

If any transportation of, or traffic in, diseased and dead swine is ef-
fectually prohibited by proper laws, a spreading of the swine-plague on
a large scale will be impossible, and its ravages will remain limited to
localities where the disease-germs have not been destroyed, and been
preserved till the same find sufficient food again. In order to prevent
such a local spreading, two remedies may be resorted to. The one is a
radical one, and consists in destroying every sick hog or pig immediately,
wherever the disease makes its appearance, and in disinfecting the in-
fected premises by such means as are the most effective and the most
practicable. If this is done, and if healthy hogs are kept away from
such a locality, say for one month after the diseased animals have been
destroyed, and the sties, pens, &c., disinfected with chloride of lime or
carbolic acid, and the yards plowed, &c., the disease will be stamped
out. I know that this is a violent way of dealing with the plague, but
in the end it may prove to be by far the cheapest. The other remedy is
more of a palliati\ e character, and may be substituted if swino-plaguo,
as is now the case, is prevailing almost everywhere, or in cases in which
the radical measures are considered as too severe and too sweeping. It
consists in a perfect isolation of every diseased herd, not oidy during
the actual existence of the plague but for some time, say one month,
after the occurrence of the last cuso. of siclmess, and after the sties and
pons have been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with carbolic acid
or other disinfectants of equal efficiency, and the yards, &c., ploAAcd.
Old straw-stacks, &c., must be burned, or rapidly converted iuto ma-
nure. It is also very essential that diseased animals are not allowed any
access to running water, streamlets, or creeks accessible to other healthy

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 47

swine. Those healthy hogs and pigs which are within the possible inllu-
ence of the contagious or infectious principle, perhaps on the same farm
or in the immediate neighborhood of a diseased herd, must be pro-
tected by special means. For these, I think, it will be best to make
movabte pens, say eight feet square, of common fence-boards (eleven
feiice-boards will make a pen) ; put two animals in each pen ; place the
latter, if possible, on high and dry ground, but by no means in an old
hog-lot, on a manui-e-heap, or near a slough, and move each pen every
noon to a new place, until after all danger has passed. If this is done
the animals will not be compelled to eat their food soiled with excre-
ments, and as dry earth is a good disinfectant, an infection, very likely,
will not take place. Besides this, the troughs must always be cleaned
before water or food is put in, and the water for drinking must be fresh
and pure, or be drawn from a good well immediately before it is iDoured
into the troughs. Water from ponds, or that which has been exx)osed
in any way or manner to a contamination with the infectious principle,
must not be used. If all this is complied with, and the disease notwith-
standing should make its appearance and attack one or another of the
animals thus kept, very likely it wUl remain confined to that one pen,

K the hogs or pigs cannot be treated in that way, it will be advisable
to keep every one shut up in its pen, or in a bare yard, from sundown
until the dew next morning has disappeared from the gTass, and to allow
neither sick hogs nor pigs, nor other animals, nor even persons, who
have been near or in contact with animals affected with swine-plague, to
come near the animals intended to be protected. That good ventilation
and general cleanliness constitute valuable auxiliary measures of pre-
vention may not need any mentioning. The worst thing that possibly can
be done, if swine-plague is prevailing in the neighborhood, is to shelter
the hogs and pigs under or in an old straw or hay stack, because noth-
ing is more apt to absorb the contagious or infectious principle, and to
preserve it longer or more effectively than old straw, hay, or manure-
heaps composed mostly of hay or sfraw. It is even probable that the
contagion of swine-plague, like that of some other contagious diseases,
if absorbed by, or clinging to, old straw or hay, &c., will remain effective
and a source of spreading the disease for months, and maybe for a year.

Therapeutically but little can be done to prevent an outbreak of swine-
plague. Where it is sufficient to destroy the infectious principle outside
of the animal organism, carbolic acid is effective, and, therefore, a good
disinfectant ; but where the contagious or infectious principle has ah'eady
entered the animal organism its value is doubtful. Still, wherever there
is cause to suspect that the food or the water for drinking may have be-
come contaminated with the contagion of swine-plague, it will be advis-
able to give every morning and evening some carboHc acid, say about
ten di'ops for each animal weighing fi-om one hundi'ed and twenty to one
hundred and fifty pounds, in the water for drinking ; and wherever there
is reason to suspect that the infectious principle may be floating in the
air, it will be advisable to treat every wound or scratch a hog or pig may
happen to have immediately with diluted carbolic acid. During a time,
or in a neighborhood in which swine-plague is prevailing, care should be
taken neither to ring nor to castrate any hog or pig, because every
wound, no matter how small, is apt to become a i)ort of entry for the
infectious principle, and the very smallest amount of the latter is suffi-
cient to produce the disease.

Still, all these minor measures and precautions will avail but little
unless a dissemination of the infectious principle, or disease-germs, is
made impossible. 1. Any transportation of dead, sick, or infected swine,

48 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

and eveu of liogs or pigs that have been the least exposed to tlie con-
tagion, or may possibly constitute the bearers of the same, must be
effectively prohibited. 2. Every one Trho loses a hog or pig by swine-
plague must be compelled by law to biuy the same immediately, or as
soon as it is dead, at least four feet deep, or else to cremate the carcass
at once, so that the contagious or infectious principle may be thoroughly
destroyed, and not be carried by dogs, wolves, rats, crows, &c., to other
places.

Another thing may yet be mentioned, which, if properly executed,
will at least aid very materially in preventing the disease ; that is, to
give all food either in clean troughs, or if corn in the ear is fed, to throw
it on a wooden platform which can be swept clean before each feeding.

9. TREATMENT.

If the cause and the nature of the morbid process and the character
and the importance of the morbid changes are taken into proper con-
sideration, it cannot be expected that a therapeutic treatment will be of
much avail in a fully developed case of swine-plague. " Specific" reme-
dies, such as are advertised in column advertisements in certain news-
papers, and warranted to be infallible, or to cure every case, can do no
good whatever. They are a downright fraud, and serve only to draw
the money out of the pockets of the despairing farmer, who is ready to
catch at any straw. No cure has ever been found for glanders, anthrax,
and cattle-plague, diseases that have been known for more than two
thousand years, and that have been investigated again and again by
the most learned veterinarians and the best i)ractitioners of Europe,
and yet there is to-day not even a prospect that a treatment will ever be
discovered to which those diseases, once fully developed, will yield.
Ilfeither is there any prospect or probability that fully developed swine-
plague will ever yield to treatment. It is true that the hacilli suis and
their germs can be killed or destroyed if outside of the animal organism,
or within reach on the siu'face of the animal's body. .Almost any known
disinfectant — carbolic acid, thymic acid, chloride of lime, creosote, and
a great many others — wiU destroy them. But the hacilli and their germs
are not on the suiiace of the body, exce]^t in such parts of the skin and
accessible mucous membranes (conjunctiva and gums) that may hapi)en
to have become affected by the morbid process. They are inside of the
organism, and not only in every part and tissue morbidly affected, in
every morbid product, and in every lymphatic gland, but they are also in
every drop of blood and in every particle of a drop of blood circulating
in the whole organism. Who, I would like to ask, will have the audacity
to assert that he is able to destroj^ those hacilli and their germs without
disturbing the economj'^ of the animal organism to such an extent as to
cause the immediate death ot the animal ? But even if means should
be found by which these hacilli and their germs can be destroyed with-
out serious injury to the animal, a destruction of the same wiU not be
sufficient to effect a cure. Important morbid changes must be repaired;
extensive embolism is existing in some very vital organs ; a rapid, pro-
liferous growth of morbid cells has set in ; some of the intestines (cfB-
cum and colon) may have become perforated; exudations have been
deposited in the lungs, in the thoracic cavity, in the pericardium, and in
the abdominal cavity ; the heart itself may have been morbidly changed,
and every lymphatic gland in the whole organism become diseased.
How, I would like to know, will those quacks who advertise their "Sui-e
Cure" and their high-sounding " Specifics" to 8\vindle the farmer out of

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 49

bis hard-earned dollars aud cents — liow, I ask, will those quacks restore,
re])air, stop, aud reduce all those morbid changes ?

Still, I do not wish to say that a rational treatment can do no good;
on the contrary, it may in many cases avert the worst and most fatal
morbid changes, and may thereby aid nature considerably in effecting
a recovery in all those cases in which the disease presents itself in a mild
form, and in which very dangerous or irreparable morbid changes have
not yet taken place. A good dietetical treatment, however, including a
strict observation of sanitary principles, is of much more importance
than the use of medicines. In the first place, the side animals, if possi-
ble, should be kept one by one in separate pens. The latter, if mov-
able— movable ones, perhai)s six to eight feet square and without a
floor, are preferable — ought to be moved once a day, at noon, or after the
dew has disappeared from the grass ; if the pens are not movable, they
must be kept scrupulously clean, because a pig affected with swine-
plague has a vitiated appetite, and eats its own excrements and those
of others, and, as those excrements contain innumerable hacilli and their
germs, will add thereby fuel to the flame ; in other words, will increase
the extent and the malignancy of the morbid process by introducing-
into the organism more and more of the infectious j)rinciple. The food
given ought to be clean, of the very best quality aud easy of digestion,
and the water for drinking must be clean and fresh, be supplied three
times a day in a clean trough, and be drawn each, time, if possible, from a
deep well. Water trom ponds and water that has been standing in open
vessels, and that may possibly have become contaminated with the infec-
tious principle, should not be used. If the diseased animal has any
wounds or lesions, they must be washed or dressed from one to three
times a day with, diluted carbolic acid or other equally effective disin-
fectants.

Concerning a therapeutic treatment, I have made several experiments,
the principal ones of which. I will relate, not because they are illustra-
tive of success, as they are not, but because some interesting features
of the disease will be brought to light. A therapeutic treatment — that
is, as far as my experiments are able to show — has not been very success-
ful, but the facts will speak for themselves.

1. EXPEREMENTS AT MY EXPERIMENTAL STATION, THE VETERINARY
HOSPITAL OF THE ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY.

October 8. — At 5.30 o'clock, p. m., received from Mr. J. A. Hossack
eight diseased swine of various size and age for experimental treatment.
They were put in pen No. 3, which had been thoroughly cleaned, and
were fed three times a day with corn in the ear, and provided with clean
water for drinking. I had engaged and had comfortable room for only
three or four, but Mr. Hossack thought best to bring me every sick an-
imal he had at that time on his place. So it happened that five of the
pigs were in an almost dying condition when they arrived. I numbered
them I, II, III, IV, Y, VI, VII, and VIII. The therapeutic treatment
consisted in giving three times a day about ten drops of carbolic acid
in the water for drinking for each hundred pounds of live weight. In
deciding upon that amount, it was taken into consideration that some
of the water Avould remain unconsumed. The troughs were emptied
aud cleaned each time before fresh water was put in.

October 9. — Pig I, a small animal, dead. Fost-mortem examination was
made b}^ Dr. Prentice, and revealed the usual morbid changes — hepati-
4SW

50 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

zation, plemitis, serum in pericardium, aud morbid growths iu ctecuin
and colon.

October 10. — Pig II, a largo slioat from eight to ten months old, dead.
Post-mortem examination by Dr. Prentice. Nearly the same results.

October 11. — Pig III, a small animal, dead. It had probably died ou
the evenmg of tlie 10th ; at least it was very much decomposed in the
morning, and as pig B had died and had to be examined, no irost-morteni
examination was made.

October 12. — Pig IV, dead ; had died during the night. No. V, an old
sovr, and Nos. VI, VII, and VIII yet alive. No. VIII is the only one
that has any ai)petite. Pig VI is very low, and will soon die. Post-mor-
tem examination of No. IV. l^xternally : skin on lower siuface of the
body and between the legs purple. Internally : lymphatic glands en-
lai'ged; bronchial tubes filled with mucus ; both lobes of the lungs, but
the left one more than the right, hepatized — red, brown, and gray hepa-
tization ; two ounces of straw-colored serum in pericardium, and ]:>lastic
exudations on the surface of the heart. In abdominal cavity about one
pint of serum; spleen enlarged; kidneys normal; mesenteric glands
enlarged; intestines free from any morbid growths, and without any
lesions whatever ; interior of stomach shghtly covered with bile.

October 13. — Old sow No. V, and young sow No. VIII (eight months
old) have a little appetite. No. VI is very weak, and No. VII is dull ;
seems to have considerable pressure upon the brain. In the evening No.

VI is in a dying condition, and lies motionless in a corner. Sows Nos.
V and VIII have some appetite ; No. VII breathes with a throbbing
motion of the flanks ; seems to have headache, is very didl, and holds
its nose persistently to the floor.

October 14. — Sow VIII considerably improved ; sow V some appetite ;

VII very low ; and VI dead. For post-mortem examination of No. VI,
see account given in the chapter on Morbid Changes.

October 15. — Old sow No. V and sow No. VIII coughing a good deal ; VIII
has a good appetite ; V has not. No. VII, a sow pig about eight months
old, dead in the pen. Fost-mortcm examination of No. VII at 8.30 o'clock,
a. m. Externally : Skin on nose, neck, aud lower surface of body pur-
ple in spots and patches ; carcass not very much emaciated. Internally :
some adhesion between posterior part of right lobe of lungs aud dia-
phragm ; costal pleura and pericardium aflected ; surface of the lungs
exhibit numerous small red specks ; both lobes are partially hepatized,
and contain considerable exudation yet in a fluid condition. (See pho-
tographs. Plates I and II.) External coat of posterior vena csevsL
morbidly changed, inflamed, and coalesced with pulmonal pleui-a. In
abdominal cavity : numerous light-colored nodides or tubercles on the
surface of the spleen, some of the size of a millet seed, and others as
large as a small pea ; mesentric glands very much enlarged ; numerous
smaU ulcerous tumors or morbid growths on mucous membrane of cae-
cum and colon ; the w^hole interior surface of jejunum, for several feet
in length one interrupted layer of a morbid growth and subsequent de-
cay of epithelium cells, easily removed with the back of the scalpel, and
leaving behind, if thus removed, an uneven villous surface.

October IG. — Old sow No. V and sow No. VIII fair appetite ; both
cough a great deal. Old sow V discharged yesterday and to-day large
quantities of a glassy mucus exuding from the nose. Discovered two
ulcerating sores, one in the left middle teat and one in the right for-
ward teat. Her pigs had been weaned a short time before she con-
tracted the disease.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 51

Octohcr 17. — Sows Y aud VIII iinproviug, that is, arc less iuclifferent
to surroiin dings and have better appetite, but stiU cough a great deal.

Octohcr 18. — Sows V aud VIII improving; but especially VIII, which
has good appetite. In afternoon sow V had some diarrhea, probably
caused by feeding on now corn — old corn had been fed before.

October 19. — Old sow V has diarrhea ; feces green and semi-fluid.
Sow VIII seems to be improving, at least eats a good deal. Sow V is
perfectly blind.

October 20. — Sows V and VIII still coughing considerably, but are
otherwise improving.

October 21. — Sows V and VIII improving ; VIII is already in a littl©
better condition.

October 22. — Sows V and VIII improving.

October 23. — Sow V is still very slow in her movements, but her ap-
petite is much better. Sow VIII still shows difficulty of breathing, but
may otherwise be considered as recovered. The diarrhea of sow V has
disappeared.

October 21. — Sows V aud VIII imi^roving ; have good appetite, and are
not near so thirsty as formerly ; both cough some. Eecovery may be
considered certain.

October 25. — Sow V very much improved ; ulcer in forward teat is
healing rapidly (the ulcers have been treated with diluted carbolic acid).
Sow Vni shows no morbid symptoms, except some coughing and some
difficulty of breathing. She has very good appetite and is very lively.

October 26. — Sow V eats tolerably well, but is still weak. Sow VIII
eats and drinks well, and might be looked upon as perfectly healthy if
it were not for the yet existing difficulty of breathing. The excrements
have gradually lost their peculiar offensive smeU.

October 27. — Sow V fair, and sow VMI very good appetite. The lat-
ter is getting lively.

October 28. — Ko perceptible change.

October 29. — Sow V more active, but still partially blind. Sow VIII
is gaining in flesh.

October 30. — Both sows have good appetite and are visibly improving.

October 31. — Both improving steadily.

November 1. — Sows V and VIII keei) on improving. The ulcers of V
have healed, and her sight has been partially restored. The carbolic-
acid treatment has been continued to this day (November 1), but is now
discontinued.

November 6. — Both sows have been returned to their owners. Sow
VIII is like a perfectly healthy pig, but coughs some and also shows a
slight difficulty of breathing. Sow V has almost entirely recovered her
eyesight ; is not in as good condition as sow VIII, and coughs some,
but breathes iDcifectly easy.

October 2G.— Received of Mr. D. Burwash, at G o'clock, a. m., a Berk-
shire pig, about five months old, for experimental purposes ; it had been
sick two or three days. It proved to be very severely aftected, but was
in a good condition as to flesh. Treatment : about eight or nine drops
of carbolic acid in the water for drinking every morning, and about two
drams of bisulphite of soda and one dram of carbonate of soda every
evening. The pig was designated as No. IX, and put in pen No. 2.

October 27.— Pig No. IX worse; has plain symptoms of pneumonia;
died in the afternoon. Post-mortem examination three hours after death ;
four ounces of serum in chest, and also a like quantity in pericardium ;
trachea filled with mucus ; both lobes of lungs congested and gorged
with exudation ; capillary vessels of the auricles of the heart gorged

52 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

witli blood ; spleen enlarged, aud large numbers of tubercle-like excres*
ceuces on its lower surface ; cneciun and colon full of liardened feces ; a
few ulcerous tumors in caicum, and two large decaying morbid growths
in colon ; mesenteric glands enlarged ; other organs healthy.

Mimerous other experiments have been made, and quite a variety of
medicines have been tested at different places and in different herds.
Some of those experiments have been carried out under my personal
superintendence, and some by the owners of the diseased animals in ac-
cordance with my instructions. But as the results obtained with any
one of them are far from satisfactory, it will be sufficient to mention
only a few. The i)rincipal medicines tried were carbolic acid, bisulphite
of soda, thymol, salicylic acid, white hellebore or veratrum album, as an
emetic, alcohol, and sulphate of iron, and it has been found that neither
of them possesses any special curative value. In a few cases in which
most of the lesions were external, apphcations of very much diluted
thymol or thymic acid produced apparently good results ; the animals
recovered, but might have recovered at any rate. Diluted carbolic acid
has been used for the same purpose and with the same results. An
emetic of white hellebore or veratmm album Avas given to some shoats
(about eight or nine months old, and property of Dr. Hall, at Savoy),
in the first stage of the disease, and seemed to have arrested the morbid
process immediately, at least the shoats recovered. In other more de-
veloped cases it did no good whatever. Bisulphite of soda, salicylic
acid, and carbolic acid were used quite extensively, but no good results
plainly due to the influence of those drugs have been observed in
any case in which the disease had fully developed, neither by myself
nor by others. Sulphate of iron has proved to be decidedly injurious.
Mr. Bassett used it quite persistently for forty-five nice shoats. Forty-
three of them died, one recovered from a shght attack — it had external
lesions, which were treated with carbohc acid — and one remained ex-
empted. To bleed sick hogs, in some places a customary practice among
farmers against all ailments of swine, has had invariably the very worst
consequences, and accelerated a fatal termination. A great many farm-
ers in the neighborhood of Champaign have used several kinds of " spe-
cifics " and " sure cure " nostrums, but none of them are inclined to talk
about the results obtained, and so it must be supposed that the latter
have remained invisible. One case, which should have been related in
the chapter on " Prevention," deserves to be mentioned. Mr. Crews had
forty-odd hogs, of which he had lost ten or twelve, and was losing at
the rate of two to four a day. I advised him to separate those api^ar-
ently yet healthy, or but slightly affected, from the very sick ones ; to
])ut the former in a separate yard, not accessible to the others ; to feed
them clean ibod ; to water them three times a day from a well, and to
give to each arimal, two or three tunes a day, about ten drops of car-
bolic acid in their drinkuig water. He did so, and saved every one he
separated (foiu-teeu in nimibcr), while all others, with the exception of
two animals which died later, died within a short time.

KespectfuUy submitted.

H. J. DETMEKS, V. 8.

Chicago, III., November 15, 1878.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 53

SUPPLEMENTAL EEPORT.

Sir : Since the 15tli of November, the clay on -wliicli I forwarded to yoii my full re-
port, I have devoted my time principally to a Bolution of some of those questions
which had not been fully answered, and have succeeded in ascertaining some addi-
tional facts of practical importance. In addition to this the correctness of my conclu-
sions as to the nature of the infectious principle, and the manner in which swine-
plague is communicated, has been confirmed by further observations. The vitality of
the infectious principle has been tested by experiment ; several herds of diseased swine
and places where the disease had been prevailing, and where healthy pigs had been
introduced a few weeks after the occiurrence of the last case of swine-plague, have
been visited, and a few more post-mortem examinations have been made. In the fol-
lowing, which may be considered as a supplement to my report of the 15th of Novem-
ber, I have the honor of submitting to you, very respectfully, the results of my inves-
tigation.

1. THE BACILLI SIHS.

These are found invariably, either in one form or another, iu all fluids — such as blood,
urine, mucus, fluid exudations, «S:c. — in all morbidly aftected tissues, and in the ex-
crements of the diseased animals, and constitute, beyond a doubt, the infectious prin-
ciple, or produce the morbid process if transmitted, directly or indirectly, from a
diseased animal to a healthy one. These Vacilli undergo several changes, and require
a certain length of time for further propagation ; consequently, if introduced into
an animal organism, some time — a period of incubation, or a stage of colonization —
must pass before morbid symptoms can make their appearance. Three stages of de-
velopment (a germ or micrococcus stage, a bacillus or rod-bacterium stage, and a germ-
producing stage) can be discerned.

The micrococci, globular bacteria, or bacillus-germs, as I prefer to call them, are
found in immense numbers iu the fluids, but especially in the blood aud in the exuda-
tions of the diseased animals. If the temperature is not too low, and if sufficient oxy-
gen is present, they soon develop or grow lengthwise, by a kind of budding jirocess —
a globular bacteriiun, or bacillus-germ, constantly observed under the microscope,
budded, and grew to double its length in exactly two hours in a temperature of 70°
F, (see drawing) — and change gradually to rod-bacteria, or iaeilli. Some of the latter,
finally, after a day or two, if circumstances are favorable, commence to grow again in
length, until they appear, magnified 850 diameters, to be from one to six inches long.
At the same time, however, they become very brittle, and break into two or more
jiieces. Where a break or separation is to take place, at first a knee or angle is
formed, and then a complete break or separation is effected by a swinging motion of
both ends, which move to and fro, and alternately open and close, or stretch and bend
the Icnee or angle. After the division has become perfect, which takes only a minute
or two, both ends, thus separated, move apart in different directions. These long bao
teria, it seems, are pregnant with new germs ; their external envelop disappears or is
dissolved, and then the very numerous bacillus-germs become free. In this way a
propagation is effected.

Some of the hacilli or rod-bacteria move very rapidly, while others are apparently
motionless. The causes of this motion I have not been able to ascertain with cer-
tainty, but have observed repeatedly that no motion takes place if the temperature of
the fluid or substance which contains the bacteria is a low one, and that under the mi-
croscope the motion increases and becomes more lively if the rays of light, thrown
upon the slide by the mirror, are sufficiently concentrated to increase the temperature
of the object. So it seems that a certain degree of warmth is required; at any rate I
never saw any haciUi moving in a fluid or substance immediately after it had been
standing in a cold room.

There is, however, also another change taking place, caused probably by certain
conditions which I have not been able to ascertain. It is as follows : The globular
bacteria or bacillus germs commence to bud or grow in length, but on a sudden their
development, it seems, ceases, and partially-developed iaciUi and simj)le and budding
germs congregate to colonies, agglutinate to each other, and form larger or smaller irreg-
ularly-shaped and(apiiarently) viscous clusters. Such clusters are found very often in
the blood and in other fluids, and invariably in the exudations in the lungs ; and in
the lymph* tic gland iu pulmonal exudation, and in blood serum, this formation can
be observed under the microscope if the object remains unchanged for some time, say
for an ho'ur or two. In the ulcerous tmnors on the intestinal mucous membrane the
clusters are comparatively few, but the fully-developed 'baciUi, many of which move
very lively, are always exceedingly numerous. The tumors or morbid growths in the
intestines seem to atibrd the most favorable conditions for the growth and develop-
ment of the haciUi and their germs. That this must be the case is also suggested by
the presence of such immense numbers of baciUi and bacillus-gej-ms in the excrements,

SWINE PLAO

Microscopical bwesti^ations byD^H. J.Detmers.

3>*

1 I'l'in of exj)OiMmcntaI pioX9
X 500 •«. 9 ;8.

v^. A

'^

^==*=^

•-' Hoilfd milk.Il.-nniie h<-<-ii PXlios.d BO )i(
of !)2"*K xRbO SVM.Ti 9.7H

Same milk

8r>0 f!'°PM ','?.» 78.

ii^^

b :.

x850

4. Serum of the hinjis of
Mr. Ho.ssock.'s pig
9 PM. /.lO /8

'..Vo.-

<8r>0. 1. Se

xim U>e b.nds of
pxperinxoiital pi^-Nvr* moving rapicUy

x850.

brji vf" '
-BCBiinkiri'

0 <52

S.Tholli from l>ronclu('al lubes
of exp€TTmei\t.il p\^ ^9 5 -

|nqihrmlrai<i>i>i

U PM 2:i.9.78

*: {j>

D r

4'. Mutton broth, exjiosed Ou'
time as iuilkX<.'Llo9?°K.
,850 (J'-PM ?3.<) 78.

>C:^"==^

3. Haw milk.ohardcd \«t)i a small speck
of tJic detritus oi aji intestinal ulcex- .

9 PM. 26.9 78

■ .of UrHamiipij

b Same tiulUou brotK,expo8ed
to same tnniprratiiie /but rliaryrtL
at 8'"AM VI 9. 78.h'iUi less
thaji quarter of a drop of
biood ot* MvUfl iris's pi^"

'^-

4. AfewbntUh of the
e-T.'anined by x 850.

^U o ^^s= "^ ^ a rs "5 n/!« 7pm. :«»9.78

2. Matter from spe.miatic
chord of pi<| N**G.

».P. M .W 9 78

:i Serum of the h.ive's
of experiiufnlal piQ N9(i.
9P..M ;J09. 70.

I H.'.O

^5«:=-

9 P M ?7 9. 78.

£/ x8:«

balitittilooj

3. Blood-cells, lynijiK cells, mici

fivm the 'sntxe of a mesenteric jjland of Mi- Slc-ivails pi^.

9 PM 38 !) 78

I Kpilhehum cells of small
inleslin<- from Mr l}ur<h.\r(ls ]>i

■^ ^

3 Baolli ui differnil pi
!.I.I spt-nfii-st ? * i seen lOmimi
4-&41ond ones-diiyrothrix chjiin,
Uvelv V .1 5 a few niuiiite« lal*-!

^

'^

\

''"pitin-,'

mi

u AG lie:

Bacilli and Bacillus - Germ s .

/ibris ruj^ula ? and
iris serpens, iron* an »ilt
the sniall intestines of
..H.CBurcHards pi^.

^■a' fl^.^'y,?^ 1. Barilh and bBciUws gpriuKiii

i,;^;? V-'S^"'fi;p^| *li«" 'lin-.-reiU ulc-r.-.Kon on (hf

I'l /-Xft "'^>f^ll^;;s^-^y_^>Jfron. ,)ieN9 7. GAAilS.lO. 78
%3l^^^^-4 Pxsmiiied 9.RM.15.10.78.X850

^~^- — r'"^-' *■ _■ = broke n (Un\Ti f7)itlielnnncell(

v.y

V»/

In Teiy jin/ch
lUlul^rd

Acrtic Arid

X HOO.

^

2. Sanw-

l>1.)od trratp _

■^^^^Jl dihitpd acrHc acid. x850.
Barflli slioUtlv n^ov^nfi■

!f(

vir. r

<? ^'

ijjJi fi-oni lymphalif ^lanil.

\ ®

^ I. Blood fi-om
N^ axiQartH of

Mr Bass^tts pig .
x8r>0. 2?8.7fl.

f m

■J. Till' sam • ol>j<-.t 30 mimileslale

%^. X\

lilo(bvx8:)0

From an ulcer of the colon

18 8.78

Blood of Mr
, w.T.Moores pi^.
M 8.P.M 31 in 78
; 850

of Mr. HairriB's pitf .

3 Semm from Oie linxgs of
Mr. Uassflts pi^ ( X" IV. x 850 22.8.78.

earanuTipd two l\o\rr.s aftt^r deaUr.

1. BLood ofMr Hams s pid
X 8r)(). ;iO 8.78

1^

^ G^
V

Z^^--

4 Blood of Ml- BassKts pig.

^ f -^

2. BacUli oftlx- mleKtiual ulrers

of MrHari-iss pi^. xHSO !0 8 78.

\l

.v

linlhn*

\..^' @

XT.

i! 0

Dew of T)r Halls farm x 850

I. Bacilli aiid "bacilliis otrnis.fotrnd
inOir BlUated rxudatioii of tlielund.s
of Ml' Ilo.ssoclis pi^

0 HM 14.10 78.

\m..

1^

'8 of d«-velopn\eiil .
xXjer. 3.3 3 sfen ?Oimnirtes later
n almost inuiii'diately All ino\'iny
om ulcer of colon of Mr SteuMxls
8 PM. 28.9.78

/^-'^%\^

o

^

^ \V''7 "^ cxposrdfor .'il.oi.r.s (<> Wood Ixal .

8.PM'.'J10.78.

XIT. (7.^ ,?

I Blood of Mr. Biiscy's pi^ , x 850

i. blood corpitacules, 'i luicilli movind.
examined 3 lioin-s after death

%.

J ^-1 Pro<PSH of division

8 a

' ^ « ^ " .850

TVotli scraped from

■h.al ht1,es.
18 9 78

.VIliMii)tc...l,ii)H.(;mshc RilMiiwc

54

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

that tbc liitter, Leyoud a douLt, constitute tlie principal disseminator of tlio infective
principle. Wlictlicr the colonics or viscous clusters of hacillus-gei-ms and'partially
developed hacUli are iiistnimcntal in bringiii.iit ahout the extensive embolism in the
lungs and in other tissues, by merely closing tlie capillary vessels in a mechanical way,
or whether the presence, growth, development, and propagation of the haciUi and then-
germs produce peculiar chemical changes in the composition of the blood, which dis-
qualify the latter to pass with facility through the capillaries, or which cause a clot-
ting or retention of the same in the capillary system, is a question which I am not pre-
pared to decide. According to my own observations, it appears that the colonies or
viscous clusters of bacillus-germs and partially developed baciUi get stuck in the capil-
laries so as to obstruct the passage, and constitute in that way the principal, if not the
solo, cause of the embolism. Dr. Orth is of a dilierent opinion. He says: ''The prin-
cipal effect of the 'Schizomycetos' {hacicria, hacilU, &c.) is an indirect one, viz., by
producing a iioison (virus)." {ArcMv.fucr wisscnschafiliche unci prakiischc Thierheilkmide,
1877, pafje 1.) It is possible that the circulation of the blood in the capillary system
is interfered with by both mechanical obstruction and chemical changes. Still, it
seems to me that the observations of Dr. Orth and others apply more to'tho fully de-
veloped 'bacilli in the blood and in the lymjjh. The vitality of the bacillus-germs,
and especially of the bacilli, is not a very great one, except where the germs are con-
tained in a substance or a lluid not easily subject to decomposition; for instance, in
water which contains a slight admixture of organic substances. If such a fluid is kept
in a vial with a glass stoj), the germs remain for a long time (over six weeks) in nearly
the same condition, or dcveloj) very slowly, according to amount of oxygen and degree
of temperatui'c. In an open vessel the development is a more rapid one. If oxygen
is excluded, or the amount available exhausted, no further change seems to bo taking
place. In the water of streamlets, brooks, ditches, jionds, &c., the bacillus-germs are
not destroyed A^ery soon. How long they retain their vitality I have not been able to
ascertain. In fluids and substances subject to putrefaction, the bacilli and their germs
lose their vitality and are destroyed in a comparatively short time ; at least they dis-
appear as soon as those fluids (blood, for instance) and substances undergo decompo-
sition. In the blood they disappear as soon as the blood-corpuscles commence to
decompose. That such is the case has been ascertained not only by microscopical ob-
servation, but also by clinical experience. The hacilll and their germs are also destroyed
if brought in contact with, or il acted upon by, alcohol, carbolic acid, thymol, iodme,
&c.

2. CLI^^CAL ocservatioxs.

The exxDcrimental pigs, Nos. 1 and A, put in pen No. 2, on November 13th (together
with experimental pigC), in which pen pig No. IX had died of swine-plague on the
28th of October, remained perfectly healthy, notwithstanding pen No. 2, which was
thoroughly infected, had received only an ordinary cleaning, but had not been disin-
fected. Consequently, it must be sujjposed that the infectious principle (the baciUi
and their germs) contained in particles of excrement and in the urine clinging to the
floor and lodged in the cracks between the boards must have been destroyed, because
I observed repeatedly that the pigs, probably in search of saline substances, licked
those parts of the floor which had become saturated with urine.

Mr. Bassett, who had lost nearly his whole herd of swine — of one lot containing
originally forty -five animals only two survived — bought, about eighteen days after the
occurrence of the last death, two young, healthy ings, and allowed them to run at
large in his orchard, a pasture, and one of his swine-yards, the same premises on which
the lot of forty-five animals just mentioned had been kept. The few surviving hogs
of his old herd are kept in .another yard farther north. Seeing that those two fjiga
remained healthy, he thought ho might risk it and buy some more, and about two
weeks later he bought sixty-nine (not uinety-flve, as I believe I have .stated in my re-
port) healthy Berkshire shoals, from five to six months old, at the auction of the Hon.
James Scott, president of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture, and turned them out
on the same premises (hog-lot, orchard, and pasti;re). After these sixty-nine shoats
liad been there two days they discovered the burial iflaces of the forty-three dead
shoats, hogs, and pig.s, which, by the w.ay, had been buried only from* two to
three feet deep. These they couuuenced to exhume inuuediately, and soon consumed
all the decom^iosed carcasses. Mr. Bassett would have i)reventcd this had he discov-
ered them in time. Every shoat has rem.ained healthy up to date (November 2'Jth),
and as the jicriod of incubation (from live to flfteen days, or on an average seven
days) expired some time ago, it must be supposed that the infectious princi])le, the
bacilli and their germs, had been thoroughly destroyed by putrefaction. It nuist bo
mentioned that there are no straw-stacks, &e., on the swine-range, and that the
ehoats have no access to any streamlet, ditch, or ))ool of water.

Mr. Locke's herd of swine has been kept perfectly isolated in a pasture near the city
limits of Chamiiai"!!, and has remained exempt from swiuc-plagno till lately.
The hog-pasture is close to the Illinois Central Railroad track. Whether the infec-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 65

tious principle has bceu iutroduced into ilr. Locke's pasture Ly the car-loads of dis-
eased swine vrhich pass by every evening, and which souictiuies remain standing on
the tracks, at a distance of not uinch over forty rods from the hog-pasture, for half an
hour or longer ; whether the vicinity of the rendering establishment has been instru-
mental in bringing about an infection ; or whether the infectious principle has been
communicated by other moans, I have not been able to ascertain.

The herds of Mr. Clellaud (or ^McClelland), nine or ten miles northwest of Champaign,
and of Mr. Allen, six or seven miles northeast of Urbana, have remained exempt for a
long time, probably because neither of them has any close neighbors, but finally the
disease, spreading from farm to farm, has reached their herds.

Mr. Clay West, thi-ee and a half miles northwest from Champaign, living also some-
what isolated, expected that his swine (forty-seven head) would rcm.ain exempted.
Iklost of them (forty-two or forty-three) obtained their water for drinking from a run-
ning streamlet which, three-foui-ths of a mile above, passes through the hog-pasture
of another fann. On the latter swine-plague made its ajipearauce, and three weeks
later Mr. West's swine commenced to die. So it must be supposed that the infection
had been brought about by the water in the streamlet. Mr. West, as soon as he
found that his hogs commenced to die, sold twenty-seven head to be shipped to Chi-
cago.

3. MORBID CIIAXGES AFTER DEATH.

Since November 15th I have made some more imst-moriern cxamuiaiious, mostly for
the purpose of obtaining material for microscoi^ical investigation ; but have found
nothing not found before, or of any special importance, except in one case, of which,
therefore, a full account may not be superfluous. It was a pig of Mr. Clellan's (or
McClelland's), who had lost four head out of seventeen within a few days, or after
brief sickness. The pig in question, which was a little over four months old, had been
sick only two or three days. The post-mortem examination was made on November
S'id, about sixteen hours after the animal had died.

ExtcrnaUy. — Considerable capillary redness of a ^lurplo hue in the skin on the lower
surface of the body, between the legs, and behind the cars. Internally. — Lower and
anterior parts of both lobes of the lungs hcpatized (red hepatization) ; the rest of both
lobes gorged with blood-scrum or fluid exudation; pericardium coated with plastic exu-
dation : auricles of the heart congested, the capillary vessels tinged with dark-colored
blood; lymphatic glands, but especially those of the mcsentcrium, very much swelled;
liver, sclerotic ; serous membrane ofsomeofthe intestines (caicum and colon) coated with
exudation; ecchymoses and capillary redness in pyloric iiortiou of the stomach ; and
a few worms {Ti-iclwccphalus crenrtfHs) in caecum, hut no morbid growths or ulcerous
tumors whatever in any part of the digestive canal. This case is worth mentioning,
because no morbid growths or ulcerous tumors were found in the caecum and colon,
or in other parts of the intestinal canal ; it consequently shows once more that em-
bolism and subsequent exudation in the lungs and in other tissues arc more constant
and more characteristic of the morbid process of swine-plague than the peculiar morbid
growths or ulcerous tumors in the caecum and colon.

Whether those ulcerous tumors on the intestinal mucous membrane occur only in
cases in which the infectious principle has been introduced partly or wholly through
the digestive canal, and are absent in those cases in which the hacilll and their germs
have entered exclusively through wounds or lesions, or whether, finally, this presence
or absence depends upon other influences and conditions, is a question which I am
not fully prepared to answer. It has decidedly the appearance that the seat and the
character of the morbid changes depend, to a certain extent at least, upon the means
and parts by and through which the laciUi and their germs have entered the animal
organism.

My opinion, expressed in my report of the 15th ultimo, that an infection is brought
fibont either through the digestive canal or through wounds or lesions, and iirobably
not through the respiratory miicous membrane and through the skin, if no wounds
or lesions are existing, has been corroborated by an observation made at Mr. West's
place. I was there on November 20th. The disease had made its appearance on Novem-
ber 10th. Mr. West had lost five animals, had sold twenty-seven more or less diseased,
and still had fourteen or fifteen, including four or five older hogs kci^t in a separate
pen, about 12 by IG, which had a wooden floor, and was separated from the hog-lot or
hog-pasture only by a board fence. These older animals receive and have received
their water for drinking from a well, while all those kept in the hog-lot or hog-pasture,
originally forty-two in number, had access to the streamlet before mentioned. None
of the older animals, although breathing the same atmosphere as the rest, showed any
symptoms of disease, and are still healthy (November 29th), as far as I have been able
to learn.

In conclusion, I may say that swine-plague does not seem to be commimicable to
any other domesticated animals, and must be considered as a disease mi generis pe-
culiar to swine.

56 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMAI.S.

I intended to make fniihcr expeiimouts, by inocnlatiu<jjliealtby animals "^ith blood-
serum oi" puhnonal exudations, IVoed from haciUi and bacillus-germs liy repeated lil-
trations and ■with cultivated haciUi, but the time left me (sixteon days) was not suth-
cient to obtain reliable results. Besides, it appeared to bo desirable to use the pigs I
had on hand for the purpose of testing the vitality of the infections principle in such
a way as would give the test a direct ])ractical value.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Chicago, III , December 1, 187S.

H. J. DETMERS, V. S.

EEPOET OF DR. JAJMES LAW.

Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture :

Sm : I have the lionor to submit the following report of experiments
and observations on the prevailing fever in hogs.

As you are already aware, my attention has been directed mainly to
the pathology of the disease, the nature and vitality of the virus, and
its behavior when treated by different disinfectants. Distant as Ithaca
was from all infected districts, and seeing it was impossible here to ex-
periment on large herds of diseased and exposed swine, it seemed
preferable to leave to others all essays of treatment and prevention of
the illness by the use of disinfectants and other sanitary measures. This
isolated and noninfected locality offered special advantages for conduct-
ing that class of observations which I aimed at, as there was no danger
of accidental infection from other soiu'ces than the experimental pens.
At the same time the number of animals subjected to exj)eriment was
limited by the necessity for the most perfect isolation of the healthy and
diseased, for the employment of separate attendants for each, and for
the disinfection of instruments used for scientific observations, and of
the persons and clothes of those who conducted these.

The experimental pens were constructed in a high open field, with
nothing to impede the free circulation of air ; they were large and roomy,
with abundant ventilation from back and front, with perfectly close walls,
floors, and roofs, and in cases where two or more existed in the same
building the intervening walls were constructed of a double thickness of
matched boards with building pasteboard between, so that no com-
munication could possibly take place excepting through the open air of
the field. When it seemed needful disinfectants were placed at the ven-
tilating orifices. On the pigs showing the first signs of illness, infected
pigs were promptly tiu^ned over to the care of attendants delegated for
these alone, and the food utensils, &c., for the healthy and diseased were
kept most carefully apart. When passing from one to the other for
scientific observations, the healthy were first attended, and afterward the
diseased, as far as possible in the order of severity. Then disinfection
was resorted to, and no \isit was paid to the healthy x)igs until after the
lapse of six or eigbt hours, ^nth free exposm^e in the interval. In the
pens the most scrupulous cleanhness was maintained and deodorizing
agents used so as to keep them perfectly sweet.

I may be allowed to add that I have received most valuable assistance
from two of my students, Messrs. A. M. Farrington and A. G. Boyer, in
conducting the daily observations, as well as in making ]post moriein
examinations, and in the examination of diseased products.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 57

INCUBATION OF THE DISEASE.

Om* experiments have shown this to vary gTeatly, though in the great
majority of cases it terminated in from three to seven days after inocu-
lation. As shown in the table ax)pended, one sickened on the tirst day,
three on the third, two on the fourth, one on the fifth, two on the sixth,
four on the seventh, and one each on the eighth and thirteenth days
respectively. A comparison of these results with those obtained else-
where seems to show that we have reached the two extremes. Dr. Sut-
ton, observing the result of contact alone in autumn, sets the period at
from thirteen to fourteen days 5 my own observations in Scotland, in
summer, indicated seven to fourteen days ; Professor Axe, in London,
in summer, concluded on five to eight days ; Dr. Budd, in summer, four
to five days ; and Professor Osier, in autumn, four to six days.

SYMPTOMS.

The cases observed were of all degrees of severity, from a shght access
of fever, with some loss of appetite, irregularity of the bowels, and alter-
nations of heat and cold on the surface, to violent attacks, terminating
fatally after eleven days' illness.

Early symptoms. — In an average case, one of the earhest signs of ill-
ness was an elevated tempera tiu-e of the body, amounting to one or two
degrees above the former indications furnished by the same animal.
This qualification appears requisite, as the temperatirres of healthy pigs
were found to vary widely under diiferent conditions of life. After act-
ive exercise or excitement 104° F. is not unfrequent, while in a close
pen where they are quiet and still, 100° to 102° F. is quite as common.
On more than one occasion, when a pig got accidentally fixed in a nar-
row space where he had barely room to stand, the temiDcrature was re-
duced to OOc* and even 98^ F. The body heat was raised by a hearty
meal and lowered by abstinence. Generally a sudden rise of tempera-
ture and saturation of the atmosphere with moisture led to an elevation
of the body heat, in other cases a reduction of the temperature of the
air led to the same phenomenon. (See table of Meteorological Observa-
tions and Temperatures.) In connection with the rise of temperature
there was generally a diffuse redness of the skin, with increased warmth,
alternating with cold, especially in the ears, nose, tail, and limbs. The
pulse usually rose perceptibly, sometimes reaching 120 per minute, while
the breathing was little if at all affected. The snout was often drawn
back, giving a wrinkled or pinched appearance to the face ; the move-
ments were less active, sometimes decidedly stiff and slow ; there was
perceptible falling off in appetite, and the bowels were usually costive.

Disease at its height. — The temperature rose in most cases to 105^ F.,
and exceptionally only to 107° or 108° F. (Dr. Osier records 110° F.),
to be followed after a variable length of time (three to twenty days) by a
a descent to the natural standard, or even lower. The pulse also rose to
120-130, and the flushes of heat on the skin were much more frequent and
extreme. At the same time certain changes appeared in the skin, vary-
ing greatly in degree in different cases, but which may be described as
follows :

First. A pink or scarlet rash in spots averaging about one-tenth inch
in diameter, but often becoming confluent so as to form an extended
blush. Many such s]iots disappeared momentarily under pressure, show-
ing that the minute blood-vessels were not yet completely blocked, but
only dilated. Many, however, could not be even temporarily obliterated

68 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

by pressure, sliowing already existing einbolisni if not even rupture and
tie escape of the blood-elements into the tissue.

Second. In some, thougli by no means in all, tliere appeared black
spots on wliicli pressure Lad no effect. Tlie cuticle of sucli spots dried
up and sbriink, and if tlie pig survived long enough was linally de-
tached.

Third. In nearly all there were slight pointed elevations, mostly
around the roots of the bristles, which over the whole body had become
more erect, rough, and harsh.

Fourth. Scattered more or less abundantly over the surface were black
concretions, hardening in most cases into a scab, but in others, and i)ar-
ticularly on the inner side of the thighs, accumulating as a soft, greasy
inunction. A^Tiero this was not diffused as a uniform black incrusta-
tion, it showed as small black particles mostly at the roots of the bris-
tles, and was evidently a product of the diseased sebaceous glands.

Fifth. The skin showed at many points, and above aU on the pendent
margins of the ears, on the hocks and knees, on the rump and abdomen,
an unbroken blue or violet tint, which could not be effaced by pressure.
In bad cases this was associated with considerable swelling of the ears,
and in one with rupture of the integument and loss of blood.

Finally. A great accumulation of scurf took place along the back, and
with the tough, rigid state of the skin contributed much to the unthrifty
look of the subject.

The arching of the back, the drawing up of the flank, the advance of
the hind toward the fore feet, aind the stiff" inovements of the hind limbs
sufficiently attested abdominal suffering, Avhile the contractions of the
rectum resisting the introduction of the thermometer testified in most
cases to the irritability of the bowels, if not to the thickening and corru-
gation of their mucous membrane. The gait was stiff" and uncertain,
and the patient inclined to lie in its litter, by preference stretched on its
belly. The bowels at this stage were mostly irritable. In the milder
cases they A\'ere mostly costive, or if the dung was of natural consist-
ency it smelt strongly. In the worst cases, and in several of the milder
ones, they became relaxed with a semi-solid fetid discharge, or a yel-
lovrish white or slaty yellow watery flow, alternating with more confined
or costive conditions. Vomiting was noticed once or twice, but was al-
together exceptional. One patient ground its teeth, but one only. Sev-
eral had a cough, occurring in paroxysms, but the majority had none,
and this is the more remarkable that several of those that appeared to
show this immunity harbored numerous lung-worms. In most cases the
inguinal glands could be felt to be enlarged.

i^tage of sinling. — When patients were approaching death, the tem-
perature, after reaching its highest point, suddenly descended to below
the natural, the pulse increased to 130 or even IGO per minute, extreme
weakness supervened so that the animal could barely rise or drag itself
around ; in some cases the nervous powers were so dulled that the pig
lay ill a stujior, hardly disturbed when pricked to obtain a drop of blood
for examination, and in others there seemed to be active delirium, with
sudden starting and screaming. Nervous disorder was fiuther shown
by general tremors and nniscular jerking of the limbs or body. If for-
merly purging, the aiuis became relaxed, and the liquid feces escaping
involuntarily smeared the thiglis and bed. In two this state of things
lasted for two days before death snpervened. At this stage moving
bacteria Avere repeatedly detected in the blood.

Subsidence of fever. — In cases which seemed to promise recovery, in-
cluding a majority of the whole, the temperature declined gradually

DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 59

toward the natural standard, tlic bowels became more regular, Ibe ap-
petite improved, tlie skin cleared up, and all the bad symptoms steadily
diminished. As it was not our object to preser\'e them they were either
sacrificcfl or ag^ain inoculated, so that the too frequently tardy and im-
perfect or uncertain convalescence was not verilied in our pens.

pobt-mohtem lesions.

In cousideriug the morbid anatomy of the disease, the lesions of the
skin referred to above under the head of symptoms need, not be again
recorded. .

The ciiaracteristic lesions were found' especially in the digestive or-
gans, the lymphatic glands, and the lungs, though the serous mem-
branes and other tissues were by no means always exempt.

Digeative organs. — In four cases the tongue was the seat of spots of a
deep-blue color, ineffaceable by pressure, and in three cases it bore dis-
tinct ulcers, similar to those to be described later as existing in the
large intestine. Similar idcers appeared on the soft palate, in two
cases, and on the tonsils in one. In four cases the pharynx bore indeli-
ble blue spots of exti^avasation, but no distinct ulceration. In one in-
stance a white concretion in four minute lobes, like pins' heads, was
found on the mucous membrane on the back of one arytenoid cartilage,
consisting of rounded nucleated cells and gTanular matter. In one case
only did the gullet show i^atches of congestion. The stomach always
contained a fair amount of food, usually smelt intensely acid, the ex-
halation fuming with ammonia, and presented on the mucous membrane
of its great curvature a mottled, dark-brown discoloration, as is often
seen in pigs that have been starved for some time prior to slaughtering.
In four cases this membrane bore patches of thickening from J to 1
inch in diameter, of a deep-red color, from blood extravasation into and
beneath the mucosa. In two cases it bore a dirty yellowish-white pel-
licle of diphtheritic-lookiug false membrane, the microscopic characters
of which will be noted hereafter. In one case slight erosion of the mem-
brane had ensued, but without the formation of any slough.

Thesmall intestines constantly presented spots of congestion, and some-
times extended tracks of the same, with softening of the mucous mem-
brane and excessive production of mucus. The spots were easily over-
looked unless when the entire length of the gut was slit open and
carefully examined, but when closely examined they presented not only
the branching redness resulting from coagulation of blood in the capil-
lary blood-vessels, but also microscopic extravasations of the blood out
of thin natural currents. Another point which served to characterize
these limited congestions was a greater or less haemorrhagic reddening
of the mesenteric glands immediately adjacent to the congested spots.
In three cases only were distinct erosions found on the small intestines,
and in one, ulceration with the dirty- white central slough so common in
the large intestines. The edge of the ileo-caecal valve was twice the
seat of a sloughing ulcer, and in four subjects the glandular follicles of
Peyer's patch were enlarged at this point, a condition which is, however,
not uncommon in pigs killed in health.

In the large intestines the lesions were at once more constant and more
advanced. The ccecum was the seat of dark-red patches fi^om conges-
tion and extravasation in six cases, the colon in six, and the rectum in
five. Ulcers appeared on the cfecum in eight cases, on the colon in seven,
and on the rectum in three. In two cases the whole length of the large
intestine was the seat of great thickening of the mucous membrane,

60 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

"whicli was of a deep, dark-red color, and thrown into prominent trans-
verse folds, tliat considerably diminished its internal caliber. The large
intestine was more entirely free from slight congestion of the mucous
membrane, and in two cases only were no ulcers found on this part.

The variety of these ulcers deserves a passing notice. In a certain
number of cases the mucous membrane, though comparatively free from
congestion, showed a number of small conical swellings, with yellowish
depressed centers, and about the diameter of one-half a line. To the
naked eye these appear like enlarged solitary glands, but have been
shown l3y Dr. EQein, of London, to be enlarged and diseased mucous
crypts (follicles of Lieberkiihn.) Next, erosions of larger size were not
uncommon. In these, the surface layer of the mucous membrane was
destroyed, leaving a depressed, red, congested base, and swollen, slightly
congested, and reddened edges. Then there are the older ulcers in which,
with a more or less reddened base and margin, there is a central dirty-
white product, arranged in concentric layers, and usually projecting
above the line of the adjacent mucous membrane, and even overlapping
it. This appears like a slough, and though sometimes stained with
blood contains no pervious vessels. In one instance this slough, in
place of occurring in rounded isolated forms, extended transversely to
the direction of the intestine, occupying the limits of its morbid trans-
verse folds for half the circumference of the canal, or even more. These
bands were abundant in the caecum and colon, and at intervals two ad-
jacent ones would merge into each other at their widest parts. Finally,
in one case, a great part of the surface of the caecum and colon was cov-
ered by a yellowish- white dipthheritic-looking pellicle, in patches of
several inches in leng-th, and projecting above the surface of the mucous
membrane at its free border.

In one case only was there a blood-colored liquid effusion into the
peritoneum. In another, a transparent exudation between the folds of
the mesentery contained a microscoj)ic embryo worm ; but the most care-
fal search could detect no others at this point, nor in the coats of the
intestines. In one case, whitish concretions were found on the mesen-
tery, projecting from the surface and composed of grantdar cells like
those of the concretion on the larynx.

Liver. — Slight ecchymosis on the siu-face of the liver was common, but
extensive congestion, and above all softening, were virtually absent.
When congestion existed the acini were most deeply colored in the cen-
ter, showing the implication of the hepatic veins and intralobular flexus
rather than the portal system. In two cases this organ contained slight
caseous deposits, in one an acephalocyst, and several times hydatids.

The pancreas appeared to be uniformly healthy.

The spleen appeared unduly black and gorged with blood on two occa-
sions only, and in the worst of these the blood was alive with actively-
moving bacteria.

The lymphatic r/lands of the mesentery and of the abdomen generally
may be said to have been uniformly altered. Those in the vicinity of
congested or ulcerated patches of intestines were usually of a dark blood-
red, confined to the surface of the gland, or in the worst cases extending
through its entire substance. In cases where the disease had passed the
crisis, and the subject was advancing towards recovery, there was often
simply a grayish discoloration of the surface of the gland, where such
haemorrhagic discoloration would have been found in the earlier stages.
In all cases the glands appeared to be materially enlarged.

These remarks would equally apply to the lymphatic glands in the
chest, throat, or other parts where congestion and ecchymosis existed.

swi X ]-: i'M-:\'i': k

l?<')ii)ri ' 'onniii.s.sioiH-r of A<Jri( nil lire lor IS/^i

Plate I\'

Kig 1
Mi( lo.siopii sdiioii Ihroiifjli skin ,ii\(i .sloiio'li

Kicj:

\li(r()sc()|»i( sect ion ol'slvi II in piiipli

.pol

\.H(u-iiJiiol,.lli(..,.i,sii, H,,ihi„„i,-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 61

Respiratory organs. — Congestious and eccbymosis were commou on tlie
larynx, windpipe, and pleiu"ae. Though the kings never entirely escaped,
in one case only was an entire lung hepatized. Exudation and consoli-
dation of the lung-tissue were in a few instances contined to the anterior
lobes, but as a ride a few of the posterior lobulettes only were affected.
In some cases exudation was confined to the interlobular spaces, which
accordingly appeared as broad lines circumscribing the lighter-colored
lobes, with which they contrasted strongly iu color because of their dark
blood-stained exudate. Even when the lobules were also the seat of ex-
udation, they were mostly lighter than the interlobular spaces, in this
differing from the ordinary inflammation of the lungs, in which the latter
appear as yellow lines. The bronchia of the affected lobules were invari-
ably filled with a frothy mucus, while in eight subjects they contained
numerous lung-worms {Strongylus elongatus). It is worthy of notice that
in nearly all cases iu which lung- worms were found, the lobules into
which the exudate had taken i^lace were invariably connected with the
infested bronchia. In one case the windpipe presented along its whole
length a yellowish-white false membrane similar to that described as ex-
isting on the large intestine. In another instance a blocked bronchium
presented a small circular slough not unlike the commencing slough of
the intestinal mucous membrane. In no case did I meet with the caseous
blocking of the bronchia recorded by Klein.

In one case only was there extensive liquid effusion into the pleurse.
This was of a dark blood color, and, besides, the blood-globules contained
myriads of actively-mo^dng bacteria. False membranes of recent forma-
tion also connected the pulmonic to the phi-euic pleurae in this case.
The right lung was hepatized throughout. In the same subject the
pericardium was the seat of a similar exudate, and fibrinous coagula
connected the cardiac to the mediastinal layer. In three cases the lin-
ing membrane of the heart was the seat of spots of ecchymosis, by pref-
erence on the papillary muscles. The right heart usually contained a
clot of blood which showed a biiffy coat in three cases only. In two
cases there was a clear translucent exudation around the auriciile ventric-
ular fiuTow, which, under the microscope, showed fat ceUs and granules,
and a network of capillary vessels in which the blood-globules moved
£i"eely, and showed no tendency to adhere.

Brain. — In one case there were four haimorrhagic spots on the diu-a-
mater, averaging about one line in breadth.

MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS.

SMn. — Microscopic sections through the affected portions of skin
showed the various grades of congestion ; congestion with blocking of
the capillaries, and excess of lymphoid and large granular cells and
gTaniiles staining deeply with coloring agents ; and congestion, with ex-
travasation and the formation of necrotic spots. (See Plate IX, Fig. 1.)
With the earlier congestion there is more or less dropsy of the skin and
consequent separation of its intimate textures, while in the later or more
severe conditions a fribinous exudation takes place, and this may even
exude from the siu-face and concrete there in dark scabs. In no instance
did I meet with the formation of pus in the skin, and notwithstanding
the numerous minute extravasations into the true skin and cuticle, iu
one case only was there sufficient destruction of a superficial vessel to
lead to a temporary haemorrhage. One feature which I have not seen
mentioned by other observers is the implication of the bristle follicles.
It has been akeady stated that the pink papular eruption is mostly ol)-

62 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

served arouucl the roots of the bristles, and it may be added that the
bristles always stand erect and harsh. Moreover, in addition to the
, general nnthriftiness and scurfiness of the skin, it tends early to become
coated with greasy exndation, resulting nsually in the black concretion
already mentioned and soluble in ether. This is manifestly a product
of the hair follicles and their sebaceous glands, and accordingly a section
through one of these shows the deep congestion of the capillaiy plexus.
(See Plate IX, Fig. 3.)

Intestine. — Sections through those portions of the mucous membrane
which are merely congested and reddened, but withont idceration, shows
stagnation and blocking of the capillary vessels in the mucosa and snb-
mucosa, with tliickening and softening of the textures, and especially of
the epithelial layer. This last contains a great excess of granules and
aggregations of granules into cell forms (giiint cells of Klein), while the
epithelial cells themselves are reduced in size and contain enlarged
nuclei. As formerly pointed out by Klein, the degeneration is often
greatest around the openings of the crypts of Lieberkiihn, and in their
interior, while their cavities are not unfreqnently hlled with extra vasated
blood. Besides the above are found lymphoid and wandering blood
cells, crystals of ha^matine and closely aggregated masses of granides
staining deep piuple blue in haematoxyion and insoluble in caustic potass
— the micrococci of Klein. These last are especially abundant on the
surface, but extend into the deeper fibrous layers as well. In severe
cases the epitheUal layer may be raised from the mucosa by a consider-
able dark-red clot, though the escai^e of blood in large amount is more
frequent under the mucous membrane, so as to separate it from the mus-
cular coat.

The ulcers with a central slough present at theu- base the same char-
acters as the congested mucous membrane, as regards cellular and gran-
ular proliforation, blocking of vessels, exudation, and microscopic extra-
vasation. The slough may be shown to be made up mainly of small
nucleated cells and granules, but it retains under the microscope its close
laminated api^earance, caused by the gradual extension in depth and
breadth by the death of successive layers of the mucous membraue. It
contains numerous groups of the granular bacteria already referred to,
and extending down to its deepest strata.

Lymijliatic glands. — As regards the lymphatic glands, I need only
repeat the statement of Kleui, that the blocking of vessels and extrav-
asation of blood is most commonly into the outer or cortical portion
alone ; in the more severe forms in which the medullaiy part is also im-
plicated, the blood eftusion is often coniined to the lymjih-channels and
the connective tissue-partitions, while the glandular cyiinders escape.
It is in cases of longer standing that the cell changes are the most
marked. Then there may be found in the lymph-channels the giant
cells already mentioned, and the groups of granidar-looking micrococci,
similar to those found in the intestinal ulcers, as well as lymph-ceUs of
an abnormally dark granidar aspect.

Organs of respiration. — The characteristic lesion of the lungs is lobular
pneumonia, the exudation taking place most abundantly into the con-
nective tissue between the lobules, and there assiuning a dark color by
reason of the abundant escape of blood-globules. On making a micro-
scopic section across the smaller air tubes and air sacks, we find in the
connective tissues generally, and in the walls of the alveoli and around
the bronchia an exudation containing an excess of small round lym-
phoid cells and granules^ and in the air cells themselves accimuilations

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 63

of similar roimdcd cells (Klein's giant cells), granular matter, and clumps
of granular bacteria.

la one instance the wind-pipe from larynx to lung had its superior
wall cohered by a yellowish- white diptheritic-looking layer similar to that
which I fomid on another occasion throughout nearly the whole large
intestine. A section of this under the microscope showed mainly small
rounded granular cells, Klein's large granular uniocular cells, and clus-
ters of the granular masses of bacteria, stainiug deeply with hiiema-
toxylou. The liver sometimes showed congestion and blocking of its
intralobular capillaries and an escape of small rounded granular cells
(Ijinph) into the interlobidar spaces, the latter aflbrdiug a marked con-
trast to the redness in the center of the acini.

Kidneys. — These Avere, with one exception, ])ale in their cortical por-
tion, and a cloudy swelling existed in the walls of the tubules. Spots
of blood-staining were common on the papillae, and at those points the
capillaries were blocked by coagula to a greater or less extent.

Blood. — In most cases no alteration of the blood was detected. In
one pig, however, on the second day before death, the blood swarmed
with bacteria, showing very active movements. In the subjoined draw-
ings (Plate XIII, Fig. 3) may be seen the various forms presented by
one bacterium in a few minutes only. The blood of another pig, which
had been inoculated from this one showed the same living germs in
equal quantity. They were further found in the blood of a rabbit and
sheep inocidated from the first-mentioned pig. In an abscess of a pujDpy
which had also been inoculated the germs were abundant. The blood
was not examined. In the blood of healthy pigs no such organisms
were found. It may be added that the greatest precautions were taken
to avoid the introduction of extraneous germs. The caustic potass em-
ployed was first fused, then placed ^dth reboiled distilled water in a
stoppered bottle that had been heated to a red heat. The glass slides
and cover glasses were cleaned and burned, the skin of the animal
cleaned and incised with a knife that had just been heated in the flame
of a lamp, the caustic solution and the distilled water for the immersion
lens were reboiled on each occasion before using, and finally the glass
rods employed to lift the latter were superheated before being dipped in
them. On dilferent occasions when the animal was being killed I even
received the blood from the flowing vessels beneath the skin into a cap-
illary tube which had just been purified by burning in the flame of a
lamp. With these precautions it might have been possible for one or
two bacteria to get in from the atmosphere, but not for the swarms I
found as soon as the blood was i>laced under the microscope.

PARASITIC WORMS.

In view of the fact that the swine-fever has been repeatedly ascribed
to the ravages of worms, it may be well to notice specially those that
were found in the pigs subjected to experiment.

Strongylits clongatus (Dvy.), Paradoxus {Mehlis), Lung-icorm. — The first
eight pigs were piu'chased of a butcher, and had been fed on oft'al from
his slaughter-house. The lungs of all these contained these worms in
numbers varying from ten to forty full-grown specimens, and one pig
died, apparently from this cause, on the seventh day. The worms were
mostly found in the terminal part of thenmin broiichium in the posterior
lobe of one or both lungs. Others of the an-tubes were, however,
occasionally infested. The infested tubes were filled with a glairy
mucus, rendering them totally impervious to air, and containing the

64 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

wliito thread-like worms and myriads of microscopic eggs. lu every
case tlie lobules to wliicli such obstructed air-tubes led were red, con-
gested, and solid, or, as iu one or two instances, di'opsical, and of a
slightly translucent, grayish color. Sections of the diseased portion
showed the air-cells partially filled with an exudate in which small
rounded cell-forms predominated. The w^alls of the air-cells were the
seat of congested and blocked capillaries and granular cells, while in
most cases there were superadded the more specific characters of the
fever — the presence of the worms and their irritation having evidently
determined the lesions of the si^ecilic fever to the infested lobules.

The worms may be thus shortly described: Head slightly conical;
mouth terminal, small, cii'cular, with three papilhe ; body like a stout-
thread, white or brownish, skin nonstriated ; oesophagus short, 0.C3 mil-
limeters, enlarged posteriorly, club-shaped (Plate XIII, Fig. 4); intes-
tine sUghtly sinuous, and longer than the body; anus opening on a
papilla a little in front of the tail. Male, 8 to 9 lines in length ; tail
curved, fm-nished with a bilobed membranous pouch supported by fi.ve
rays, two of them double, and two long dehcate spiculai with transverse
markings (see Plate XIII, Pig. 5). Female, 1 to 1^]- inches long ; tail
turned to one side, narrowing suddenly to be prolonged as a short, cui'ved,
conical point ; genital orifice in the anterior half of the body, yet close
to the middle ; oviducts very much convoluted. The ova are slightly
ovoid 5^ inch in diameter, and appear as if they filled the entire body
of the adult female (see Plate XIV, Figs. G, 7, and 8).

Habits. — Like other strongyli, these worms attain sexual maturity in
the body of their host, and they lay their eggs in the bronchia, to be
carried out in aU probability and hatched in pools of water and moist
earth. It is worthy of note that though I foimd in the bronchia and air
cells eggs in all stages of segmentation, and those containing fully-formed
embryos, I did not find a single free embryo worm. The presumption
is that, like other closely related worms, they are only hatched out of
the body, and that the microscopic embryos live for a variable length of
time in water or moist earth, and on vegetables, to be taken in with
these in feeding and drinking.

That these worms are injurious there can be no doubt. Pigs infested
by them thrive badly, and many die, as diti the poorest of my first ex-
perimental lot. Like all parasites, they multiply rapidly wherever their
propagation is favored by the presence of large hei'ds of swine, and es-
pecially if these are kept on the same range and water season after sea-
son. In such circumstances they Avill produce a veritable plague, prov-
ing especially destructive to the younger pigs. There is little doubt
that many outbreaks of alleged hog-cholera, in which the limgs alone
are affected, are but instances of the ravages of these lung-worms, but
that they are the cause of the specific fever which we are investigating
is negatived by the complete absence of these worms in all of my sec-
ond experimental lot.

Tricoccphalus Dispai {Crepl'm) Wliip-Worm of Swine. — This I found
iu large numbers in the caicum and colon of the experimental pigs, and
especially of the first lot — those that had been fed on raw oftal. This
worm is characterized by a long, delicate, filiform anterior part of the
body, and a short, thick, posterior i^ortion. The narrow portion is 0.02
millimeters broad and exceedingly retractile; the posterior portion
may be almost 1 millimeter thick. The tegument is very finely striated
across, and has a longitudinal papillated baud. The oisophagus is very
wide and slightly tortuous. The male is about 1^ inches long but the thick
portion does not much exceed ^ inch, and is curved in a spiiaL Th^

sw'i X i-; i''i':\']": i

Hf'pori ( Oiiimissioiu'i' (>(' A<>ri( ull lire I'or 187K IM.lIC XTIl.

b'orins assumed in rapid s<i(( ossion b^• bad i-riiim ; ;ilso head iuid tail of hn\g" -vvoriii.

% ^ ^

^

Fip. 3. Foi-ms assumed m
rapid succrssioii liv a bactn-ium
lT«ni flip blood of a si<k pio x 1000

Fig'. 4. Head of Lung AV-oi-m
Strongylus Elongatus.

A

Alien* C.I.ilii.K-iMisU.ftJlji

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 65

spiculimi measyi-cs iibout 1 Hue, and is furnislied with a fuuuel-sliapcd
membranous slieath. Tha female is l.| to 2 inches in length, the thick
portion varying from i to i| of an inch. The posterior portion is brown-
ish, filled with eggs, and cuds in a blunt point. The ova are 0.052 mil-
limeters in diameter, with a transparent button-like prolongation at each
pole.

Like as with other round worms, the ova are laid in the body of the
host, but passing out arc hatched in water, &c., the young spending
their early life m pools, streams, &c., and gain access to the body in
ibod and drmk. The worm we are at present considering is especially
iujurious because of its infesting the human behig as well as the pig.
Living in the large intestine, it bores its head and much of its anterior
filiform body deeply (4- inch) into the mucous membrane and sucks the
blood. AVhen present in large numbers it determines active inflamma-
tion of the largo intestines, with costiveness or diarrhea, and a rapidly-
advancing bloodlessness. Inasmuch as the seat of its ravages, tho
caecum and colon, is specially obnoxious to the lesions of the true hog-
fever, epizootics caused by the undue prevalence of these worms are
very liable to be confounded with the latter disease. The worms are so
small that they are easily overlooked among the solid contents of the
viscera, imless special care is exercised in the search.

S(^erostomum dentatum (Diesing).— This is another small worm of the
caecmn and colon of pigs, found on one occasion only in my experimental
amihals. It varies from ^ to ^ inch in length and is about i line in thick-
ness, hence perhaps more easily overlooked than is the wiiip-worm, but
no less injurious. The body is of a dark gray, brown, or black, accord-
ing to its contents ; the tegument covered with very fine transverse stria3 •
head broad, mouth terminal, round, and furnished with six very sharp
horny teeth, with which to penetrate the mucous membrane. The gul-
let IS broad and club-shaped, and furnished with two salivary glands
opening by delicate canals into the mouth. Intestine wide and sinuous'
Male, i mch long, ^V inch in thickness ; tail furnished with a beU-shaped
membranous expansion, supported by three rays, but open on one side.
Testicle single and extended in a sinuous manner from near the gullet
to the tail. Two dehcate spiculte. Female, 4 to 5 lines in length tail
slowly narrowed and terminated abrup^rly with a sharp projecting point
Ovaries very tortuous, extend from near the gullet to the tail, ^Yhore
they end m a globular enlargement, beneath which, and close to the
point of the tail, is the vulva. The ovoid eggs are laid in the intestines,
and carried out with the dung, in which they wiU hatch, and give exit
to the embryo worms on the third day. Like aU this family of round-
mouthed worms, this fixes itself to the mucous membrane by its mouth
penetrates the tissues with its sharp teeth, and hves upon the blood If
present m large numbers it may estabhsh such a drain that the host
becomes pale and bloodless, rapidly loses condition, and perishes fi'om
ansemia. It will also, like the whip- worm, irritate the bowels and brin«-
on fatal inflammation, with constipation or diarrhea. In both cases
alike the lesion^ are m tho caecum and colon, the common seat of ulcera-
tion, <^:c. in the specific fever ; hence the epizootic is hable to be set
down as hog-cholera. It should be added that some members of the
tamily of Sclerostomata, and notably the Sclerostomum equinim (Scleros-
tomum o± the horse), pass a portion of their early life encysted in tho
mucous membrane and even in other mternal organs, and there is some
reason to suppose that the Sclerostomum of the pig has similar habits
which add uiateriaUy to the uTitation caused by its presence in large
numbers. The pigs m Virginia reputed as dying from hog-cholera, caused
5 sw

66 DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

by microscopic worms iu tlie walls of tJie bowels, were, in all ];)robability,
the victims of an epizootic of Sdcrostomata.

Tliat tlie genuine lio^'-fever is not caused by either of these worms is
best illustrated by the fact that in my second lot I found very few Avhip-
worms and no t^clcrostojnata, thoucch both were dihgeutly sought for.

Cysiicercua ZemkoUis. — This hydatid I found in considerable luimbers
in the abdominal cavity (in the omentum, peritoneum, liver, Iddneys,
&c.), in the pelvis, lun-uieum, and i)leurie of my hrst lot of pigs. It con-
sists of an ovoid bag of liquid ^ to 1 inch in length, with an o]")ening at
one end, through which the head" is drawn bach into the sack. The head
is supported on a very attenuated thiead-lilvC neck, whence the name.
The membrane of the sack is marked by fine transverse striip, and if
placed in tepitl water will often imdergo active contractions, diu-ing
which the head can be seen to rise and fall in the interior. The head
and neck contain an abundance of dark calcareous particles, soluble
with effervescence iu a strong acid.

Seventeen of these hydatids were fed to a Newfoundland puppy, fi-esh
from its mother, ten having been kept for some time in a solution of
common salt, while seven were fresh from a newly-killed pig. After
twenty-live days the puppy was sacrificed, and sc\-en tapeworms [Tcenia
Margiaata) were found attached by their hooked snouts to the mucous
membrane of the jejunum. Exposure to a strong solution of common
salt for less than a week in some cases had been sufficient to destroy the
first ten, while all the seven eysticerci, grown fresh; developed into tape-
worms. These had the globular head with four sucking disks and re-
tractile proboscis, surrounded by a double row of 3G booklets, having
the characteristic long posterior i)rocess as shown in the accompanying
lithograph (Plate XTV^, Figs. 9 and 10) ; also the calcareous markings iu
the head and neck already referred to.

It is well kno\^^l that when several ripe segments of this tapeworm are
given to a sheep or goat, the myriads of resulting embryo worms that
bore then' way into the liver and other organs will give rise to such de-
structive changes in them that death may ensue in ten days. But here
again we have the counter evidence in the entire absence of these para-
sites in my later lot of pigs, showing that they were in no way responsi-
ble for the specific hog-fever.

Other lyarasitic icorms of sicine. — It is needless to open up the question
of the causation of this disease by the other v.orms of swine. Many
years ago Dr. Fletcher called attention to the destructive efiects of the
lard icorm — Stephanurus Dcntatus — (misnamed ScJeroatoma Fingukula)
on the liver and other internal organs, and even attributed the hog-
cholera to its ravages. Doubtless he was dealing A^itli an epizootic of
this worm, but in many instances since, as iu my o\ni recent cases, this
worm has been sought for in vain.

So with the Trichina Spiralis, the Hoo]:-hcadcd Worm [Echinorhynchiis
Glfja^), the common measle hydatid {Cysticercus CcUulosa), and the liver
flnkes {Fasciola ITepatica, and Distomum Lauciolatum); however de-
structive they may be to pigs in infested locahties, thorn: entire absence
in my experimental pigs sufficiently excludes thorn from the causation
of the specific hog-fever.

EXrEROIEXTS ON THE PEOPAGATION OF TUB DISEASE BY INOCULA-
TION ANI) OTHERWISE.

Virulence of dried virus. — In experimentkig on the hogs it was sought,
first, to ascertain the tenacity of life of the' dried virus. This was indi-

vSWlXK tMs^VnOli.

Heport Coiniius.simior of A6i'i< iiltiir(> lor 1878.

Ova. Kooks, ciiidlioad ;v)id tail of liiii'j worms.

Plalc .MN'.

P'if.8. Head of Female Stron^'lus Elongatus.

Fig. 6. Tail of Female —Jit^
SlronjJ^-liis Elontfalii.s .' ^^^?^.

Fig- 7 Ova of
SU*onc5yl-us Kluji^alus

FiQlO Lony" aiid Short lioolts of
Taenia maroiiiala x ?4() /•• J

J'

Fid 9 Head of Taenia mai-e'inata x M.

A.HoealK'o.LillioiMirNin-.BaltiiiB)n'.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 67

cated tlu'ee years ago by Professor Axe, Avho succesyfully iuociiiated a
pig with virus tliat hacl remained dried npon ivory points for twenty-
six days. It seemed important to test this by fiuther experiment, as
npon this question depends the weighty one of arresting or putting an
end to the piaguc by the extinction of its poison.

Three pigs were inoculated with virulent (Uoduets that had been
di'ied on quills for one day, one with virus dried on tlie quill for four
DAYS, one for five days, and one for six days. The quills had been
sent from ISTew Jersey and Xorth Carolina, wrap])ed iu a sim])le paper
covering, and tJierefore not in any way specially protected against
the action of the air. Of the sLx inoculations, four took effect, and in
the t^yo exceptional cases the quills had been treated with disinfectants
before inocidation, so that the failure was to be expected.

Virulence of tJic dried intestine. — In the case of the quills, the virus
was dried quickly on account of the tenuity of , the layer, and no time
was allowed for decomposition. With the diseased intestuie the diying
in the free air and sun was necessarily slower, and more time was
allowed for septic changes. Three pigs were inoculated with diseased
intestine which had been diied for three and four days respectively.
In one case the diseased j)roduct was from jS^orth CaroUna. In aU three
cases the inoculation proved successful. The morbid x)roduct, therefore,
even in comparatively thick layers, may diy spontaneously, so as to be
the means of transmitting the disease to the most distant States.

Virulence of the moist morMd product if secluded from tlie air. — A pig
was inoculated with a portion of diseased intestine sent from Illinois in
a closely corked bottle. The inoculating material had been three days
from the pig and smelt slightly putrid. The disease developed on the
sixth day.

A second pig was inoculated with blood fi?om a diseased pig that had
been kept for eleven days at 100° Falirenheit in an isolation apparatus,
the outlets of which were plugged with cotton wool. Illness supervened
in twenty-foiu" hours.

The exclusion of ak, or more probably the prevention or retardation
of putrefaction, therefore, probably favors the longer preservation of
the poison.

Frohahle non-virulence of morbid products that have undergone putrefac-
tion.— Two pigs were inoculated in one day with the elements of an ulcer
from a i)ortion of intestine sent from New .Jersey in a box. The product
was TWO DAYS fi'om the pig and distinctly^ putrid. iN"either seemed to
suffer at any time.

A third pig was ijlaced iu a pen -with a portion of the same diseased
intestine, and some manure sent Mith it. The intestine disappeared
after the second day, and wa« probably eaten, but the pig showed no
evil effects.

It should be stated that each of these pigs had been formerly inocu-
lated, and two appeared to pass through a mild Ibrm of the tlisease,
while the third had showed an elevated temperature on three alternate
days only. It may therefore bo questioned whether they had not at-
tained to a certain degTee of insusceptibihty which insured the negative
results. In other cases, however, I have found a second inoculation to
take though the first had been successful, and Dr. Osier records cases
of the same Idnd. The results obtained in the three above-mentioned
ings would demand farther investigation in this direction, as they sug-
gest a probable explanation of any varying virulence of the disease in
wet and diy seasons, in sheds and in the fields.

K we can accept Br. Klein's theory of the baccdlar origin of the disease,

68 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

the harmless nature of thoroughly putrid products may be explained on
the ]aiowu principle that in preserved or cultivated products the prop-
agation of the septic bacteria leads to the disappearance of tlie infecting
ones.

Vindcncc of the hJoocl. — A solitary experiment of Dr. Klein's having
appeared to support the idea that the blood was non-vu*ulent, I tested
the matter bj^ inoculating t^vo i^igs with the blood of one that had been
sick for nine days. They sickened on the seventh and eighth days re-
spectively, iind from one of these the disease was still fiu-ther propa-
gated by inoculating the blood on three other animals as recorded below.
It may, however, stdl be questioned whether the blood is virident at
all stages, as in the animals infected in the above exi)criments it was
found to contain numerous actively moving bacteria, Avhich had not
been found in certain of the milder cases. .This subject demands further
inquiry.

Infection through the air. — Only one experiment was instituted on this
subject. A healthy pig i)laced in a pen between two infected ones, and
with the ventilating orihces withm a foot of each other front and back,
had an elevated temperature on the ninth, tenth, and eleventh daj's,
with lameness in the right shoulder, evidently rheumatic. On the
twenty-fourth day the temperature rose 2°, and remained 104° F. and
upward for six days, when it slowly declined to the natural standard.

Infection of sheep, rahhit, and dog. — A merino wether, a tame rabbit,
and a Newfoundland puj)py were inoculated with blood and pleural
fluid, containing numerous actively moving bacteria, taken from the
right ventricle and pleura of a pig that had died the same morning.
Next day the temperature of all three was elevated. In the puppj'- it
became normal on the third day, but on the eighth day a large abscess
formed in the seat of inoculation and burst. The rabbit had elevated
temperatiu'c for eight days, lost appetite, became Aveak, and purged,
and its blood contained myriads of the characteristic mo\"ing bacteria.
The wether had his temperature raised for an equal length of time, aiul
had bacteria in his blood, though not so abimdautly. He did not seem
to sulfer materially in appetite or general health. The sheep and rab-
bit had been each unsuccessfidly inoculated on two former occasions,
with the blood of sick pigs, in which no moving bacteria had been de-
tected. It remains to be seen whether the virus can be conveyed back
to the pig and with what effect. Slioidd further expci'iment show that
other domestic animals than swine are subject to a mild form of the dis-
ease, and capable of thus conveying it and transmitting it with fatal
effect to pigs at a distance, it will be a matter for the gravest consider-
ation in all attempts to Hmit the sftread of the malady or to secure its
extinction. (Since the above was written, I have noticed that Dr.
Klein has succeeded in transmitting the disease to rabbits, guinea-pigs,
and mice,)

Hesidts of disinfection and inoculation of diseased products. — Under
this head eight experiments were conducted with as many different dis-
infectants, the morbid products being in every case such as had i)roved
successful by direct inoculation on other swine. The object being to
test tu'st the most available and least expensive of the disinfectants,
the virulent matters were treated with -} i)er cent, solution of each of
the following agents : Bisulphite of soda, carbolic acid, sul])hate of iron,
chloride of zinc, and chloride of lime. The materials to be inoculated
were in the thinnest layers, in four cases upon quills and in two in tliin
sections to be inserted under the skin. They Avere kept in contact Avith
the disinfectants for iiA'o minutes, so that the Aindeut material was

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 69

tliorouglily moistened, softened, and partially dissolved in the five cases
in wbicli a solution was used. In the sixth case the thin slice was only
kept in the fumes of the burning sulphur for five minutes. In all cases
a portion of the disinfectant was necessarily introduced into the wound
along with the virulent agent. In four out of the six pigs the disease
developed and ran its course as shown in the table, the disinfectants
thus proving inefl'ectual being carbolic acid, sulphate of iron, sulphurous
acid, and chloride of lime.

The pig inoculated with virus, treated with bisulphite of soda, died on
the seventh day, evidently from lung-worms, and without any distinct
s^Tuptoms of the plague. There remains the possibility tliat had it lived
longer these would have appeared.

One agent only out of the six can be set down as having proved an
efficient disinfectant as used, namely, the chloride of zinc. The Adrus,
treated with this agent, produced no appreciable illness ; and though the
pig's temperature was raised on the fourth, sixth, and ninth days, this
was probably accidental, as it showed no tendency to become permanent.
Pinally, two pigs were subjected to a hypodermic injection of a few drops
of the blood of a diseased subject, mixed in a dram of a solution of
permanganate of potassa for the one, and of bromide of ammonium for
the other. Both inoculations took effect, and one of the pigs thus in-
fected furnished the blood which conveyed disease to the sheep, rabbit,
and dog, as recorded above.

NATURE OF THE HOG FEYEE.

Though long confounded with typhoid fever^ anthrax {malignant pus-
tule), erysipelas^ measles, scarlatina, &c., this malady is distinct from all
of them. In my report for 1875 I pointed out my reasons for declining
to recognize in it either of the above maladies, and "claiming it to be ^'a
disease sui generis^'-, and this position has been fully indorsed by the
recent researches of IDein, Osier, and others, as well as by my own ex.-
periments. This affection may be defined as a specific, contagious fever
of swine, characterized by a high but variable terdperature, by conges-
tion, exudation, ecchymosis, and ulceration of the intestinal mucous mem-
brane, especially that of the caecum and colon, and, to a less extent, of
the stomach ; by congestions and exudations in the lungs in the form of
lobular pneumonia; by general heat and redness of the skin, the latter
effaceable by pressure; by darker red and black spots unaffected by
pressure; by a i)apular eruption and abundant dark sebaceous exuda-
tion ; by ecchymosis on the mucous and serous membranes generally; by
swelling and ecchymosis of the lymphatic glands ; by irregularity of the
bowels, costiveness alternating with a fetid diarrhea ; and perhaps most
important of all, by the presence of colonies of minute globular micro-
cocci ifi the various seats of morbid change.

An experiment of Dr. Klein, in 1877, in which he cultivated the micro-
coccus for seven successive generations in the aqueous humor taken from
the eyes of rabbits, using only a speck on the point of a needle to inocu-
late every new portion of the humor, and finally inoculated the product
of the filth and seventh generations successfully on two pigs, seems to
establish that these microphytes are the ultimate cause of the disease.
My own experiment, in which the disease was conveyed by blood that
had been kept for eleven days in an incubator at the temperature of the
body, goes to support the same conclusion; but I hope still to subject
this question to a more crucial test. If we accept this hypothesis of the
pathogenic action of the bacteria, it would almost of necessity foEoiv

70 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEK ^VXBIALS.

that tlic blood, tlie cliannel tlirougli wliieli tliese must be carried to tlic
various or^aus in wliicli they are found, must prove virulent. One of
Dr. Klein's exi")eriments appears to negative this conclusion, whereas
three of mine go to support it. From what we know of the generation
of microphytes, it seems not improbable that at certain stages of its de-
velopment this specimen may fail to be injui"k)us, or more ])robably the
germs may be filtered fiom the blood, being arrested in the capillaries,
where they determine the morbid changes, and thus many spe(;imens of
blood may be obtained which are destitute of the morbid element, until
that is agaui produced in abundance by i)roliferation in the tissues. By
reference to my experiments, it will be seen that the blood with which
the successful inoculations were made was taken from pigs in the last
stage of the disease, or just after death. Tbat the blood is virulent at
certain stages is unquestionable, and in the nature of things this can
scarcely fail to be the case, even if we were to set aside experiments and
reach our decision liora the lesions alone.

CAUSES.

It has been no part of my piu"pose to investigate the causes of this
disease apart from the one specific cause of contagion. It was indeed
impossible to luirsue such a line of inquiry at a distance from any dis-
trict where hogs are largely raised, where the disease prevails exten-
sively, and where, presiunably, new generations of the poison are taking
place. One instance, however, of probable generation dc novo has been
brought imder my notice, and the attendant cu'cumstauces were such
that I think it important to publish the principal facts. In the end of
April, 1S71, Colonel Hoftmaun, of Horseheads, piu"chased a large herd
of swine to consume the buttermilk of his creamery. The swine were
supphed with sheds, the open range of an orchard, with plenty of shade
under the ti-ees, on a gravelly soil, rismg abraptly 10 to 15 ieet above
the general level of the valley, and were fed fresh buttcrmillc and com
meal. All went well until late in June or early in July, when the hogs
began to sicken and died in large numbers, with the general symptoms of
the hog fever. I have mentioned this mainly to negative the widespread
belief that the source of the trouble is in the exclusive feeding upon
com. Here we had a laxative and otherwise model diet, supplemented
only to a shght extent by corn. It may be well to state that in other
years, when he has purchased Western hog?, the diseavse has always
appeared within ten days or a fortnight after their arrival. "When Xew
York State hogs only liave been bought the pestilence has not broken
out.

In ^-iew of the strong assertions that pigs will not contract the disease
when fed in i^art on green food or on ^succnlent vegetables — turnips,
beets, potatoes, apples, «S:c. — I had some subjects of experiment freely
supphed v,-ith potatoes and apples, but whenever the poison was inti'o-
duced by inoculation I could detect no dilierence in the period of incir-
bation or the severity of the attack.

It may be added that all unwholesome coutlitions of feeding and man-
agement will favor the development of this as of other specific fevers,
by deranging the nutiition, distiu'bing the balance of wasfe and re-
pair, loading the bV^od and tissues with effete and abnormal products,
raising the body temperatiu'e, and on the whole brmging about a state
of the system extremely favorable to the propagation and grovv'th of
disease germs. But vrhile the importance of ail these may be recog-

DISEASr.S OF SWINE AND OTTIErt ANIMALS. 71

niTied as accessories, we must not allow tliein to witlidraw our attention
from the one conditiqn essential to tlic (levelo5;>mcnt and i)ropa<?ation of
the malady — the presence of the specific poison. To quote from my
report of iSTo, "The imi^ortant point is this: We Icnow this is a con-
tagious affection, to the propagation of which "all possible insalubrious
conditions contribute. So soon as we concentrate our attention on
this })oint we have (lie key to its prevention, if M^.ot to its entire extinc-
tion.'^

IS THE TREATMENT OF HOG FEYEK GOOD POLICY?

In taking" what I know to be an unpopular position on this subject, I
am led by the strongest convictions of duty. I well laiow how popular
would be an investigation into the curative? powers of dificrent systems,
and even nostrums, in this disease, and how many breeders and dealers
in s'u'ine will readily sx)end more than the value of the si(;k hog in the
purchase of boasted specifics, to say nothing of the cost of attendance,
and how they will rejoice over the wretched unthrifty annual wliose life
is at times presen*'ed. It is not that recovery is impossible. A certain
proportion, 20, 50, or even 80 per cent., Avill often survive.^ In my cx-
])erimental cases only 21 per cent, died and over 28 per cent, recovered
li'om tlie first attack, so that they were used, for further experiment, and
this without any attempt at medication or treatment further than whole-
some food, cleanliness, and disinfection of the pens. I am convinced
that a still better showing could be made in tlic majority of cases if the
sick animals "U'ere submitted to careful and intelligent medical treat-
ment.

Were the question of the preservation of the infected pig the only one
or the main one to bo considered, I woulcl strongly advocate medicinal
treatment. But the question is ratlier one of comparison between this
one sick hog or herd and. all the healthj' swine in the same town, county,
State, or nation. This is not a question of morality, but a i:)roblem in
political economy, and when dealt with by a government must be de-
cided on the groimd of what is best for the whole nation. If, then, the
preservation antl treatment of a single sick hog means the incessant and
incalculable increase in its body and secretions of a poison which is in
the last degree deadly to other hogs; if this poison can be dried and
preserved for a length of time, and carried meanwhile to a distance of a
thousand miles, and if not hogs alone but sheep, guinea-pigs, and even
wild animals like rabbits and mice, can contract the disease and convey
the poison to any distance in tlieir bodies, then the best interests of the
nation demand that the sick aniinal shall not be i^reserved, but promptly
sacrificed to the good of the conununity.

"This pomt is so important that I may be permitted to dwell on it a
little further. Some of my exj^erimental pigs were successfully inocu-
lated with quills that had been dipped in the morbid exudations of sick
pigs in New Jersey and North Carolina, and ha<l been dried and i)re-
served for from one to six days in this condition. Here we had the thin-
nest possible film, such as might have adhered to the clotliing of man,
the hair of an animal, the feet or bill of a bird, the legs or prehensile
organs of an insect, to a dried leaf, or even to a floating thistledown, and
might have been thus carried, in a great many different ways to infect
distant herds. What was actually conveyed some hundred males on a
dried quill, and preserved its virulence for six days in this condition, can
be as certainly i)reserved on any other dry object, and if brought by

72 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

accident in contact "witli a raw surface, will produce disease as surely as
did tlie quills in my inoculations. My own observations in this resi)ect
liavo been more than corroborated by one of Professor A^q, of the Eoyal
Veterinary College, London. He produced the disease by inoculating
from ivory x)oints on wliicb tlie cutaneous exudation bad been dried up
for the long i^eriod of twenty-six days.

That the poison can be preserved even in the liquid state when the
germs of putrefaction are excluded, may be inferred from my successful
inoculations with blood that had been kept in an isolation apparatus, at
the ordinary body temperature, for the period of eleven days. As directly
to the point is the cultivation of the poison in aqueous humor for seven
days, by EJein, and its subsequent successful inoculation. This experi-
ment of Klein is, however, possessed of vastly greater importance, inas-
much as by it it was first shown that the poison can be cidtivated and
indefinitely increased out of the animal body as well as in it. On seven
successive days he inoculated seven successive portions of aqueous humor
with as much of the inoculated liquid of the previous day as would ad-
hero to the point of a needle, the first having been similarly inoculated
from the sick pig. From the cultivations of the fifth and seventh days,
respectively, a drop was taken and two pigs were successfully inoculated
therewith. In the cultivation of each day were found myriads of hacilhts,
but no other organizatioil, and thus Klein was the first to show that tho
Jjacillus is the probable cause of the disease. Had there been no repro-
duction and increase of the poison, it must have been rendered incon-
ceivably dilute, an approximate ratio of the poison added to the first
day's cultivation, and that added to the last, being about as 1 is to
1,000,000,000,000,000,000. That such a dilution could be operative seems
utterly incredible, and as modern research shows that virulence resides
not in simple liquids, but in the solid particles contained in tliem, and
as the only definite organisms in the cultivation liquids were the bacilli,
it seems inevitable that these are the active cause of the disease. But
if so, they cannot only be preserved,but increased in suitable fluids out-
side the animal body. It is true they disappear when the active organ-
isms of ordinary putrefaction (bacterium termo) become numerous, but
tliey are not necessarily destroyed. From what we know of the life of
these mycroi)hytes it is to be feared that so far as the bacillus has ad-
vanced to the x^roduction of spores, it will be preserved in a dormant
state, like so many dried seeds, until conditions favorable to its growth
shall transpire. On the other hand it may be I'ecollected that my at-
tempts to propagate the disease from a initTefying bowel failed, so that
further observation is wanted before we can say that the bacillus or its
spores are preserved in a septic liquid. However that may be, the pos-
sibility of its increase in a non-septic normal fluid is an additional argu-
ment for the total destruction of all diseased pigs and morbid in-oducts.

In the case of high-priced pigs, where expense is no object, and where
the patients can be kept in thoroughly disinfected pens, under the most
rigid seclusion, treatment may sometimes be commendable; but in the
case of common herds, and as viewed from the standpoint of the great-
est good to the greatest number, there can be no question at all that the
treatment of the sick is the most ruinous policy, while the most stringent
measures for the extinction of the poison is the only economical one.
The universal experience of veterinarians supports this conclusion, and
nearly every European government has now reached the same conviction,
'and absolutely prevent the preservation and treatment of the victims of
those fatal contagious diseases which most threaten their flocks and
herds.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 73

JIEASUEES TO ARREST AND EXTIRPATE THE DISEASE.

To ])nt a stop to the ravages of the fever concerted measures are
essential. Oue farmer may easily eradicate it from his own herds; but
so long as his neighbors continue to harbor it his stock is daily subjected
to thedanger of renewed Infection. His personal sacrifice is all in vain,
so long as he is liable to have his herds infected by a chance visitor, a
wandering animal or bu'd, or even a favorable wind. What is true of
the individual farmer is equally true of the township, county, and State.
One may crush out the disease at a cost of immense effort and outlay
only to iind it reappearing the next day, as the result of carelessness on
the part of an adjoining or even distant State or district. In our East-
ern States this plague is almost invariably the result of importation, and
though from the lack of pigs it never gaias a wide prevalence, it suffi-
ciently illustrates how the disease is propagated in the West, where its
more extended ravages are liable to blind the eyes to the fact. To secure
a complete or even partial immunity active measures must be taken
over the entire land, and while this cannot be done by States, districts,
counties, or even towns, separately, it will be rendered the more effectual
in the precise ratio that it is inaugurated as a uniform system over the
entire country, and under one central controlling authority.

Without entering at this time into all the details of the necessary
restrictive measures, the following may be especially mentioned : 1st. The
appointment of a local authority and inspector to carry out the measures
for the suppression of the disease. 2d. The injunction on all having the
ownership or care of hogs, and upon all who may be called upon to
advise concerning the same, or to treat them, to make known to such
local authority all cases of real or suspected hog fever, under a penalty
tor every neglect of such injunction. 3d. The obhgation of the local
authority, under advice of a competent veterinary inspector, to see to
the destruction of aU pigs sufi'ering from the plague, their deep burial
in a secluded place, and the thorough disinfection of the premises, uten-
sils, and persons. 4th. The thorough seclusion of all domestic animals
that have been in contact with the sick pigs, and in the case of sheep
and rabbits the destruction of the sick when this shaU appear necessary.
5th. Unless, where all the pigs in the infected herd have been destroyed,
the remainder should be placed on a register and examined daily by the
inspector, so that the sick may be taken out and slaughtered on the
appearance of the first signs of illness. 6th. Sheep and rabbits that
have been in contact with the sick herd should also be registered, and
any removal of such should be prohibited until one month after the last
sick animal shall have been disposed of. 7th. All animals and birds,
wild and tame, and all persons except those employed in the work,
should be most carefully excluded from infected premises until these
have been disinfected and can be considered safe. 8th. The losses sus-
tained by the necessary slaughter of hogs should be made good to the
OAvner to the extent of not more than two-thirds of the real value as
assessed by competent and disinterested parties. 9th. Such reimburse-
ment should be forfeited when an owner fails to notify the proper
authorities of the existence of the disease, or to assist in carrying out
the measures necessary for its suppression. 10th. A register should be
drawn up of all i)igs present on tarms within a given area around the
infected herd — say, one mile — and no removal of such animals should be
allowed until the disease has been definitely suppressed, imless such
removal is made by special license granted by the local authority after
they have assured themselves by the examination of an expert that the

74 DISEASES* OF SWIXE AXD OTHER ANBIALS.

animals to be moved are sound and out of a Jiealtliy herd, lltli. Eail-
road and shipping- aj^^ents at adjoiuing- stations should be forbidden to
ship pigs, excepting ujider license of tlie local authority, until the plague
has been suppressed in the district. 12th. ^Yhen infected pigs have
been sent by rail, boat, or other mode of conveyance, measures should
be taken to insure the thorough disinfection of siich cars or conveyances,
as well as the banks, docks, yards, and other places in or on wliich the
diseased animals may have been turned.

Otlier measm-es would be essential in ]\irticiilar localities. Thus in
the raan.y places vrliere the hogs are turned out as street scavengers
and meet from all dilferent localities, such liberty sliould be put a stop
to whenever the disease appciirs in the district,\and all hogs found at
large should be rendered liable to summary seizure and destruction.

The great difficulty of putting in practice the means necessary to the
Gxtu^-iation of the disease will be found to consist in the lack of veterinary
experts. JS^o one but the accomplished veterinarian can be relied on to
distinguish between the dilferent communicable and destructive diseases
of swine, and to adopt the measures necessary to their suppression m the
different cases. In illustration I need only recall the numerous reports in
which what is supposed to be hog cholera has been found to depend on
lung worms, on any one of the foirr different kinds of intestinal rovnd
worms, on the lard-worm, on emhryo tajjc-worms, on malignant antJira.v,
on pneumonia, or on erijsijyelas. To class all these as one and apply to
all the same suppressive measures would be a simple waste of tlie pub-
lic money, but to distinguish them and apply the proper antidote to
each over a wide extent of territory Avould demand a number of experts
whom it would be no easy matter to find. This state of things is the
natural result of a persistent neglect of veterinary sanitary science and
medicine as a factor in the national WTll-being,\and must for a time
prove a heaA-y incubus on all concert<?d efforts to restrict and stamp out
our animal ]dagues. It will retard success under the best devised sys-
tem, and will sometimes lead to losses that might have been saved, yet
if an earnest and prolonged effort is made the obstacle should not be" an
insuperable one, and the United States should be purged not of this
plague only, but of all those animal pestilences which at present threaten
our future Avell-being.

EespectfuUy submitted.

JAi\IES LAW.
Ithaca, K. Y., January 2, 1S79.

B^VI:^s^K fk\^kr.

Hcport Coiiiimssioiier ot" AQrL( iilhirc I'or 1878

Plato.X

(MP" ^^

'&^^

^Iici'o.scopic sf'clion showiiiij czud.il loii in tlic ca'cal iiiucoiis incnibr.iiu-

hcliciilli i\l\ ulcer.

\ri(rosr(>i)i( sprtioii ihi-oiidh skin, slumiiio haiv [bllKlc coiiljuiuno (-nuscd blood,
live bristle was delaehed in mount me

.V.lioi-n K CnLLilliiM'iiiiMlir' Ballimni'i'

sw'i X i>: im:\'i«: w

Hfport ('oinimssioiior oC Aoi'i( nil iir(> I'oi' I87K.

Pl..l(> XI.

Mi( i'<)s< ojiir .s((li()n ol' liino wilh ("xikImIc lillmo the air cflls.
iiiul I hi( Iceninii tlic alveolar walls

Micn).s<oi)i< sertiou of c onoesU'd gul, slunvmg villi wit li excess of oramiiar matter,
slaiiied m ha-niatoxvlon T)ela( hed round cells

A Hu.-ii S (•<.Lil)n>.-«iisbi .BalliJii

sw'i X ]': ^M•:\'l^H.

Hcpovt CoimnissioiUT ol" Aoric ult iirc Cor 1878.

I'lale XU.

Mi(r<)S(0])i( sc(tu)ii of hme", shoAvine' tliickoncd walls of air-ccUs: \)l(Mkrd vessels,
exudalc ij\lo cell-walls, ajul a (Vnv of the celLs

Microscopu sedioji tVoiii eai-, sliowiiiQ caililaoe and skin miUi broken smTaro
and cnisl enlanijHns bristles.

.\ lliirulK'oI.lllwJll^ljr Uallimnrr

DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTREK AXnrALS.

75

APPENDIX.
Eecohd of Dr.. Law's Experi^iexts.— No. 1.

Male wliitcjnri, cifjJii monlhs otd; wo qjccial breed. FormerJij fed offaJ from a slauglder-hoiise.

♦ Date.

Hour.

Tcmper-ituro
of body.

Hemaiks.

Sppt.

30

3p.m

104. ~,:p f.

Hail osc.ipeil and ^.ns caught .ifter a good chase.

Oct.

1

9 a. m

103. 23

1

6p.in

103. r>

2

9. 30 a. m . .

102.5

3

9.30 a.m..

102

5

4p. m

102. 75

Inocnlalod from qnill rharacd -with dried liquid from infected
hTnc; matter from iSTortli Carolina, and five day.s old; qnill
dipped live minutes in solution of bisulphite of soda — : 1 :: 500.

6

5p.m

103.25

7

11 a. m

100

8

12 noon...

101. .'"i

9

11 a^ m

103. 5

10

5p. ni

101.25

11

10 a. m

102

12

4p.m

99

Was found spra-^ling tipou its belly nuaWo to stand ; breatliiiig sIoav, deen, pant-
ing, and labored ; snout hot, dry, and of a leaden color : ears and feet Avarm, bluisb,
but '^vitliout any rash, eruption, blotcbes, or extravasations. Blood appears at tbo
arms. An hour later this pig died.

Fost-mortem examination thirty-six hours after death. — Bod}/ in excellent preservation ;
condition low; skin scurfy along tbe back; snout li^-id blue, but vritbont petecliia).

Digestive organs: Tongue has papillaj, at its base reddened ; a similar blush appears
on the fauces and pharynx.

Stomach and bowels normal.

Liver firm and sound. Kidneys and bladder sound.

Urethra (intrapelvic) deeply congested, almost black,, but without any obstruction.

Parasites in abdomen : A few tricoccj^hali (ichi^-ivorms) in the large intestines ; a hydatid
in the pelvio fa«cia.

Chest: Pleura normal ; pericardium healthy, with a small quantity of serum.

Bight heart : Auricle and ventricle filled with dark clotted blood.

Left heart : Auricle contains a small clot of l:^lack blood ; ventricle empty.

Lungs : A great part of these is in a condition of carnification or infarction. This is
confined to definite lobules or groups of lobules, the collapsed, red, fleshy aspect of
which is in marked contrast with the full form and pale pinkish-white color of the
remainder.

The air jyassagcs (bronchi and bronchia) contain small portions of the contents of the*,
stomach whicli have been vomited up and drawn into the lungs in the last violent
efforts to breathe. The air-passages leading to the collapsed lobules contain large
quantities of a watery mucus and pellets of'wonns (strougijlus clongatus) which com-
pletely block them. The obstructed terminal bronchia are dil.ated, and have their
mucous membrane variously reddened and congested. Around these bronchia the
connective tissue is strongly congested and filled with extravasatcd lymph, by which
the vessels jiassing to and fi'om the lobuletts are compressed and obstructed. In view
of this state of things, the explanation of the process of infarction in the lobules is
easy ; the irritation and congestion causctP by the worms in the infested air-tubes ex-
tended to the surroimding connective tissue and the sheaths of the accompanying
blood-A'cssels ; the exudation of lymph compressed and ob,structed the vessels, inducing
stagnation, congestion, and exudation in the whole substance of the lobule or lobuletts
to which these led. Hence the invariable connection of the iufarcted lobule, and the
blocked, congested, and wonn-infested tube that led to it.

76 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

EXPEEIMEXT No. 2.

White male pUj, ehjlil icccl^s old, smallest of litter. Formerly fed ojfal at a slaiKjMcr-lwuse.

Date.

Temperature
of body.

Nov.

°F.

Item arks.

11 a. m...

.'■> p. in

10 a. m...
4 p. m

12 noon . .

4p. m

10 a. m...
....do....
....do ....
....do....
....do....
,...do....

101.
103. 2.5

101. ."■)
105. 2.')
102. 75
104.
102.5
102.5
104.

102. r.
10,3. 3
103.

102.

102.5

102. 75

10,3.

101.

102. 75

101.

102. 25

103.

100.5

102.5

101.75

101. 25

102.
101.

100. 5
103.
100.9
100.5
103.5
102.9
103.
102.5
102.2
102.8
102.5
102.
100.5
103.
102.
102.

101. 75
100. 5
100. 5

97.5
98.

Has jnst come one niilo in a \ragon.

Bowels quite locse ; rain.

Inoctdatod from quill dipped in liquids of diseased Innfjs forty-

eifjbt hours ago in New Jersey ; quill treated with chloride of

zinc before inoculating.

Sconrinjc; placed in pen -with semi-pntricl ulcerated intestina
and manure ot diseased pig.

^Inoculated vritli quill charged -witli liquid from.lungs of pigs
having no hoTvel lesions ; sent from Indiana. •-

Pining; gets lighter daily.
■VTasting, but lively.

'tVcry -n-oak and exhausted; surface cold ;'•< breathing "slow .ind
rattling; left its bed, but was unable to get back without as-
sistance. An hour later breathing seemed to have ceased, but
when removed for dissection it returned in a gasping manner;
killed by bleeding.

Post-mortem examination. — Shin: iPale, "bloodless, -svitliered, and inelastic,. covered
almost universally witli black concretions or uidiealtliy -looking and tiiick, dirty,
■white scurf. Snout bencaili tlio nostrils blue, but not eccbymoscd.

Digestive orgavs: Tonfjno liealtliy ; beneatk the ligiit ton.sil is a considerable collec-
tion of dirty, grayisli-yeilow, clieesy matter, consisting of pus-cells and nnich gr.anular
HI at tor.

Stomaeh: Moderately full, contents fetid and slightly acid, firmly adherent to the
mucous membrane, and bringing olf part of the epitheiium when detached. The mu-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

77

cous membraue ou tlio great curvaturo is congested, and bears several iiatches of deep,
blood-red extravasation.

Small intestines : Red and congested tbrougbout. TLe contents arc small in quantity
and dry, being collected in dry masses at considerable intervals, and partly frothy.
The duodenum and lirst lialf of the jejunum contains twenty-two ascarides {A. Suillu),
one extending to 11 inches in length. At different points tho bowel is completely
blocked bj'- the rolls of these worms.

Lar(je intestine : llio-ca;cal valve normal. Caicum and colon, like tho small iutestine,
congested throughout nearly its whole extent, with patches of extravasation and ero-
sion at intervals, but none of tho characteristic sloughs nor ulcers, with thick indu-
rated base. Tho ciecuni and upjicr jiortion of the colon contains thirteen whip-worms
(fricocephalns crcnaiiis), their heads iirmly imbedded in tho mucous membrane, and
requii-ing considerable force to withdraAv them.

Liver: Small and of healthy aspect. Gall-bladder full of a dark-green, tenacious
bile. Spleen small, black, and somewhat soft. Pancreas normal. Mesenteric glands
apparently little altered. Some were slightly congested.

Kidneys : Normal. In the preiiuse is a slight, ferid, concretion-like false membrane.

On the omentum are two hudaiicls.

Hcspiratori/ ovjans : The whole interior of the larynx is of a dull brpwnish-red, ex-
cepting where covered by an extensive false membrane. Along the upper wall of tho
windpipe, Avhcre the ends of the cartilages overlap, is a false membrane about athii'd
of an inch in breadth, and extending from the larynx as far as the lungs. This has a
firm consistency, and a dirty yellowish -white color, tinged with green, and stands out
prominently from the adjacent mucous membrane by an abrupt margin on each side.
Under the microscope it is seen to consist of large quantities of granular matter, gran-
ule cells, epithelial and piis corpuscles, blood globules, and numerous crystals. It also
contains eggs of the lung-worm beneath this morbid product.

Lungs : Whole anterior lobe of the right Imig camified, of a deep-red color, and sinks
in water. The special bronchus for this lobe, and its divisions, are filled with a tena-
cious mucus, but contain no woitus. Several lobulettes in the anterior lobe of the
left lung are in a similar condition. On the posterior border of each lung several lob-
ulettes are consolidated, being of a dirty-gray color and semi-transparent. They pre-
sent, in short, the appearance of pulmonary oedema. The bronchia leading to these
lobulettes are completely filled with a thick mucus and numerous worms {strongylus
elonf/atus) and their eggs.

The hrancMal lymphatic glands appear normal.

Blood : The blood is very black, coagulates slowly but firmly, and without bufiy
coat, and has its globules full-sized and rounded. The right side of the heart beat,
when touched, for nearly five hoiu-s after the death of the animal, and of its removal
from the body.

EXPEKIMEXr No. 3.

White ing, eight ivecks old; no special Ireed. Has been fed on raw offal at a slaughter-house.

Date.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Kemarks.

Sept. 30

3p. m

103. 5° r.

Has just come a mile in'a box-wagon-

Oct. 1

9 a. m

103

1

Cp.m

102. .5

2

9 a. m

101.5

3

.-..do

101

4

5

4p.in

102.3

Blood taken from sa])hena vein for cultivation experiment ; then
inoculated with quill-point charged witli liquid from diseased
lunjr, five days old, fi-om Korth Carolina.

6

5P-ni

103

Sli-^htly costive.

7

11 a. m

100. 75

Bowels natural.

8

12 noon

102.5

9

11 a. m

102.5

10

5 p. m

10,1

11

lua. m

103

^

12

4p. m

104

13

12 uoim

103

Dung very fetid.

14

4 p. m

104. 25

15

10 a. m

102. 25

16

....do

101.5

17

--..do

103. 25

18

....do

103

19

....do

102. 75

20

103

Inoculated with putrid iutestinal ulcer from diseased pig in
Xcw Jersey. I'cd a portion of same.

21

-...da

100

o<)

■-..do

101. 5

23

....do

102. 25

78

DISEASES OF S^YIXE AND OTHER ANBIALS.
ExPERiMEXT Is'o. 3 — Continued.

Date.

Hour.

Temperature
ol' body.

Eemarks.

Oct. 24

lOa-ni

101° F.

Appears to suStr fiom inti'oduction of thennoaioter.

25

do

102.5

26

9a. m

100.5

27

--.do

101

28

10 a. m

101.5

29

9.30 a. in

100. 75

30

2ii.m

102. 25

31

Oa. m

102.5

Xov. 1

10 a. m

101.5

O

3

9a. ju

100.25

Inoculated ^Titll dried diseased intestine sent from JTortli Caro-
lina. Dried ia sun and air.

4

....do

101

5

9.30 a. ni

101.75

C

10 a. m

101. 75

7

do

103

8

...-do........

102

9

...-do

100.5

10

--.do

104.5

11

....do

102.5

12

....do

102. 5

13

..-.do

103

14

.-.do

103. C

15

....do

103

16
17

18

....do

.-..do

....do

103.5

Limited pink papular eruption on akin.

103

19

....do

103

20

....do

102.5

21

....do

101

22

....do

102.5

23

....do

102

24

.-..do

101.5

25

..-.do

102

26

..-do

103

27

....do

1KH

28

....do

104

29

..-.do

101. 75

30

Killed Ity lileed'cg.

Post-mortem cxamhiaiion. — Shin : Tlio scat of some papular eruption aud black incras-
tations, but "witliout any patclios of puri^le.

Digestive orgaiib- : Mouth and tliroar sound.

Stomach: Is mottled, of a dark biovm along the great curvature, but without any
extravasations or erosions.

Small intestints : Has several limited patches of slight congestion, but no erosions.
It consains twenty ascaridcs.

Large intestines: Shows some slight congestions, but no slough, erosion, or ulcer.
A dozen whip-wor»Js are present in the cieeimi and colon.

Mesenteric himphatic glands: Generally healthy, but a few were unusually red and
congested near to the congested patches of the small intestines.

Hydatids: The abdomeu contains eight of these.

Lirer : Firm and of nearly a natural appearance.

Spleen and pancreas: Sound.

Kidnegs : Have cortical substance blanched, but are fijin and apparently sound.

Lungs : Have some lobulettes solidified red, impervious to air, and sinking in waicr-
Inthe main termhial bronchia towards the posterior part of the lungs are numerous
vcoTiiis (strongglnn elongattis), though not always in the aLi--tubcd leading to the con-
solidated lobulettes.

Heart: Sound.

Brain : Sound.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER AlflMALS.

79

^ Exi'ERi5n:>;r No. 4.

JfliUe female 2}ig, eight weeks old ; no sjwcial breed. Former I y fed on raw offal at aslaitghter-

house.

Dale.

Hour.

Temperatuie
of body.

llcmaiks.

Sopt. 30

3p.m

103. 75 ° F.

Just, come one mile in a ■n-aijon.

Oct. 1

9a. m

102. 75

1

6p.m

104

2

9.30 a. m

102

3

....do

100.5

5

4 p. in

102.

6

5 p.m

101

7

11 a.m

103

I5owcl3 quite locso.

8

12 noon

101.5

Inoculated with riiiill charged with lung-fluids of a pi;r that had
died sutldenlj' ia Zsew Jersey. A'iius one day on quill.

9

11 a. m

102. 5

10

5p.m

104

11

10 a. m

102. 75

12

4 p. m

104.5

13

12 noou

103

14

4p.m

105. 75

15

10 a. m

105

16

....do

104.5

17

....do

107

18

-..do

lOG

19

....do

104.25

ScoutLdk. Cold north trale, rain and frost.

20

....do

105

Do.

21

....do

305.25

22

....do

104

Skin covered with purple and black spots with red areola. The
cuticle or black spots is dead and easily sepai'ated.

23

....do

105. 25

24

.-.do.-.

105. 75

Extensive purple blotches on ears, flanks, and abdomen, and a
pink rash one to tv.o linos in diameter ; appetite poor.

24

5p.m

105

25

10 a. m

IOC

Killed to-day by bleeding.

Post-mortem examinat'ion. — Has been purging ; feces fetid and bright yellow.

Skin : Nearly covered with, black" si)ots of from one to two lines in diameter, and
evidently formed by sloughs or small necrotic patches of cuticle, infiltrated Tvith blood
and dried up. The median lino of the belly betv.een the rows of teats is almost de-
void of these sp'»ts.

A piirplo rash in spots averaging oiie line across exists in diftereut-parts of the body,
but is most abmidant on snout, cars, buttocks, root of tail, and limbs, especially on
the lower parts and inner sides. At certain points, as on the pendant half of the cars,
on the hocks, in the region of the arms, r\i\'\ on part of the snout, there is a urufomi
leaden discoloration. The inner sides of ilio arms have similar but more cu'cumscribed
patches.

Digestive organs: A deep purple blush rxtend? along the line of papilla; on the right
boitier of the tongue. Similar spots exi.st in %]\•^ posterior iiares. Salivary glands are
pale and normal. The guttural ly^>ipLatic glands have spots of congestion on their
siu-face, but not extending into their interior.

AMomen : No eil'usion. Three hgdatids arc found attached respectively to the
posterior surface of the stomach, to the back of tlie Liver, and to tlio mesocolon.

Sto7nacji : Full of undigested food, j^ellow at pylorus. No marked congestion nor
softening. No parasites.

Small intestine : Duodenum without extra vascularity; its epitheliimi gjay, pig-
mented, and easily detached. Jejunum and ilium had cucumscribed spots of conges-
tion one-half inch in diameter on an average, anel iu one case slightly eroded.

Large intestine : Caicum presents three ulcers, each one-fourth inch "in diameter, hav-
ing a circular elevated mass of dirty-white deiDosit, apparently non-vascular, and a
very slightly reddened base. The matter on the surface of the ulcer consisted of cells,
rouud, angiilar, and of other forms, much granular matter and myriads of round and
linear moving bacteria. None of these ulcers aj)pear to be situated on the solitary
glands. The same remark applies to the congestions and erosions of the small intes-
tines. Colon andiectum natural.

Farasiles: The small intestines contain tln-ee ascaridcs (A. Sitilhi). The colon con-
tains a youug whip-Avorm (iriroec2)halt<s crenatns). The coats of the intestines at the
pomts of congestion aud elsewhere were carefully examined for parasites, but without
result. The muscular tissue of the diaphragm was also examined iu vain.

Liver : Two small cysts, cacji one-half line in leugth, exist on the middle lobe. They
had thick fibrous walls and liquid contents in whicli the microscope detected cell forms.

1B^

80

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Tlio general siibstauce of the liver is Urm and natm-al, a few acini only isolated and
in groups, being congested. The color predominates in the center of the acinus. The
liver cells are granular.

Gall-Madder : Is full, but not to excess, with bright yellow bile. The bile-ducts in
the liver are also full.

Pancreas : Normal, pink. Pancreatic lymphatic gland blotched; deep red on the sur-
face.

Kidneys : Normal, uidcss it be in extra pallor of the cortical substance.

Chest: Heart, right auricle and ventricle contain clots showing a bully coat. Left
auricle and ventricle empty. A few petechia exist on the septum ventriculorum.

Lunf]s: Petechia exist on the jdeiu-a. A niunber of lobulettes are soiiditied or in-
farcted, and of a deep red flesh color. The bronchia leading to such lobulettes are
blocked by numerous Avorms (sironf/jjhts elongatus) and their eggs, embedded in an
abundant tenacious transparent mucus. In some cases the bronchia appear dilated,
the mucous membrane coryested, and the epithelium degenerating, round and ovi(l
graniUar cells iiredominatiug in its structure. There is no visible stasis (coagulation)
of blood in the capillaries of the bronchia. The worms are conhned to the smaller
bronchia, and are only exceptionally found in the otherwise sound portions of the
lungs.

Blood : That from the gluteal veLu contains no bacteria nor fiee hsematine so far aa
can be detected. Ked globules are crenated and shrunken.

Experiment No. 5.

Fenmle white pig, eight weeks old, no special hreed. Formerly Icepi on raw offal at a slaughter-
house.

Date.

■■■*"■■
Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Sept 30-

Sp. m.

103. 75° F.

Oct 1

9 a. m.

103. 75

1

6 p. m.

103

2

9 a. m.

102

3

9 a. m.

101.5

5

4 p. m.

102. 25

U

5 p. m.

102

7

11 a. m.

103

8

12 noon.

103.5

9

11 a. m.

103. 75

10

5 p. m.

104

11

10 a. m.

105

11

5 p. m.

105

12

4 p. m.

103. 75

13

12 noon.

104. 3

14

4 p. m.

102. 25

15

10 a. m.

104

16

....do

105

17

....do

104

18

....do

104. 25

19

....do

103. 75

20

....do

103

21

do

102. 75

22

....do

103. 25

23

....do

103. 75

24

.-..do

103

25

....do

102. 25

26

9 a. ni.

101

27

-..do

102

28

10 a. m.

103

29

9.30 a. in.

102. 75

30

2 p. m.

103

31

9 a. m.

103. 75

Nov. 1

10 a. m.

101.5

3

9 a. ui.

102

4

....do

100. 75

5

9.30 a. ni.

101.5

C

10 a.m.

101

7

....do

103. 25

8

..-.do

102.5

0

....do

101

10

....do

104.75

11

....do

103.8

12

..-.do

102. 75

13

....do

104

Eemarks.

Just brought cue mile in a wagon.

Inoculated with a quill dipped in liquids of diseased limg (five
days old). Ucforo the inoculation, quill was dipped trai secnnds
in solution of caibolic acid : 1 : : 500.

Bowels natni-al. Lively
Lively. Hiyigry.

Coughs.

Bowels loose. I'eces fetid.
Scouring.

Inoculated with substance of a firm intestinal nicer, sent from
New Jersey, and slightly j)utrid.

A slight pink rash on skin.

Inoculated with intestuial mucus and ulcer from Illinois, very
slightly putrid.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTIIEK ANiMALS.
ExPKUiMEXT No. 5— Continued.

81

Date.

Hour.

Nov. 14

15
16
17
]8
19
20
21
22
23
24

I Temporatiu-e
I of body.

Dec.

10 a. m.
...do....
...do....
..do....
..do....
-.do....
..do....
..do....
..do....
..do....
..do....

..do

.-do

..do

..do

..do

..do

-.do

..do

..do....:

lot

103.

103.

104

104

104

103.

103.

103

102.

103.

103.

104

103.

104

102

103.

102

103.

102.

Kemarks.

r..^ ^- I SheddinR Llack scales, leavinsj rod conical papules.

lo I A Imnd.mt. pmk papubir eruption, excessive betrreen the thighs.

Killedby blecdiag.

PosUnorteni examination.-S7dn : Presents many papules or sliglitlv pink conical etb.
LiS'J'JntoTwirn"?? .*«^,?fft.^y thefinVerfalBo blacg coStoSSe ptl
week ago ^ ^'^ ^^""^ '''^' ^^ ''' ^«^«^er, much cleaner tlian it wa^a

pS'l^df"'-' ^^'''*^ '''™'^^' ^"^'" *^" 1^^"^^' l'^^^' ^^d adjacent Ijm-

oufr^rextiS^s^^^^^^^

T^^^I^-^^iiZ '^°*^ ^' ^^"°^^*^^°' '^* *^^^« ^- -^ circumscribed.
r>£!!!T "'l^f'««- With few and slight patches of congestion. No enlargement of

Lympliatic glands of the mesentery are mostly frrav on the ontsirlA frnm v>,--..^„ +
fo'Sblt^ rr^' ^\*^^^ ^*^"^^- ^^« Pilme'SfoiTs e^d nti?reSl?S^
Tl^hWi^ 1 •*''^''^'^^'°"' ^^ '.^ '^ constantly seen in the earlier stages of the disease
S^^oSscenc"^' "'**'' "^'"^^"^""^ '^'^ ^^^^^ pigment, 1.s' a concotftS

p|poK/SL?^Sn^

They are covered by a reticulated membrane, and are nrobablv tb« rpn7,?n^t !v^

S".''EiSr«il'«f " T '■°'^''." <"*'™' I""^^ ">'■"» peritoneum.
Mean . ivigat sule normal ; contaius a small clot.

■"If^-Si^sriTtre^CeSy^rs^^^^^^

Lymi)liatic glands of chest ahnost unchanged. ''
Bram: Healthv. "

caX^eTS'l^lTorexwL^a^^^^^^^^
■Jong kiowna^Eaiieyf cysts ' example of the ciuious ovoid parasites

G sw

82

DISEASES OF S^YINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

EXPERIJIENT No. 6.
Malcwldlc iny, cUjht wci'lcs old; i\o sj)ccial hrced; has Iccii Inthcr'o fed rate ojfalui a slaugJder-

llOUtiC.

»V ' ■■

D^te.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Kemarks.

■lr-'-4 •

•.*.

Sept. 30

3p.m

103° r.

lias just como one luilo iu a -wagon.

Oct 1

9 a. m

103. 25

1

6p. m

103.5

2

9.30 a. m . .

101. 75

3

....do

101.5

5

4p.m

102. 25

6

5p.m

100

7

11 a. m

103. 25

8

12 noon ...

102. 25

Inoculated with quill dipped in pulmonary exudation of a pipe that
had been sick lor a week or two. Int'ccted quill scut from New
Jersey.

9

11 a. m —

101.5

Eectuni very red, and bleeds easily.

10

5p.ni

103. 75

11

10 a. m

102

12

4p.m

102.5

13

12 noon . . .

102

14

4p.m

104

15

10 a. m

103

16

..-.do

103

17

....do

101. 75

18

....do

103

19

....do

102

20

....do

102.5

21

....do

103.5

22

....do

105

23

....do

103.5

24

....do

104

Shows extensive blue patches on ears, flanks, and belly ; also a
pink rash, spots one to two lines in diameter. Appetite im-
paired.

24

5p. m

105

25

10 a. m

105. 25

25

6p. m

105. 75

26

9a. m

105

Off feed, but active ; cars partly purjilo ; feces dark but moder-
ately firm ; struggles when the thermometer is used.

26

p. ni6

104. 75

27

9 a. m

105

Ears cold, livid in their outer lialf ; pulse 120 per miuuto ; breath-
ing: natural ; is bright and feeds when up, but is inclint'd to lie,
and shows much weakness ; has always resented handling, but
to-day, when caught, throw itself on its side and lay to have its
temperature taken.

28

10 a. m

103.5

Costive ; dung in firm round balls, but of good color, and not spe-
cially oflensive ; nins aroimd readily, but is weak ; discoloration
mainly on ears.

29

9. 30 a. m . .

104.3

Still costive ; ears cold .and very blue.

30

2p.m

lOG

"Weak on limbs ; ears very dai'k purple ; legs, tail, and rump badly
blotclicd ; bowels costive ; dung m yellow balls.

31

9 a. m

103. 75

Skin extensively blotched with dark piirplc ; bowels costive ; weak

on limbs, especially the hirid.
Very weak; disinclined to move ; sways on its hind limbs when

Nov. J

10 a.^ ....

103. 75

up ; bowels quite soft.

3

9 a. m

90.75

Very dull ; weali; evidently sinking; pulse 132 per minute; grits
its teot h continually whei\ up ; breat hiug slow ; nervous tremors
and .jerking constant.

3

Op. m

9D.5

Evidoiilly dc'liiious; screams when its door is opened, or when
ai)pn)a( liod or touclied ; stands with diliiculty, li.aving its hind

feet drawn forwiird to the level of the lore, or in front of them ;

muscular jerking constant, and pn^vcuts us from taking the

pulse ; no gi-indiug of teeth ; has not eaten since moraing.

4

Found dead.

Posl-viorkmcxaininaUon, Xo)'cmT)cr i. — Skin : Aknost universally wcarlcf, p.assingtodark
ptirple on ears, belly, and liocks. Inucr sides of the fore-arms and tliighs have the skin
Avhite, but blotched with indelible piiri^lo spots one-half to one line in breadth. Many
of these spots have a dark red or purple areola, Avilh a fii'm black ccutnil scab or
slough, evidently resulting from extravasation into the cuticle and superficial laycra
of the true skm. A section made jierpendicularly to the surface shows nuich redness
from blocked brandling blood-vessels, especially around the hair follicles, and numer-
ous minute spots of blood extravasations.

Tlio snout is of nnifbrm dark red, but with deeper purple spots ineffaceable by
prcssiu-e.

Margin of ilie arma deep pui-ple, almost black.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

83

Biocstive organs : Tongue, left border has an extensive sloiigli near the tip. Riglit
border has a number offh-m elevated points, witb piirplo areola and yellow centers.

Sof I palate : Lower or buccal surface has its follicles deeply stained witli blood and
siuTounded -witb purple areola ; some follicles are filled with a yellov/ish material.

Higltt tonsil : Is swollen and lias its ducts distended witli a thick, tenacious, trans-
pareui mucus, containing great numbers of rounded granular cells.

Throat: Einglottis bears spots of congestion ineH'aceable by pressure.

GiiUet : Ilealthj.

Siomacli': Moderately full; acid. The mucous membrane on the great curvature
presents patches of extravasation and erosion, the latter varying from one to three
lines in diameter. Contains a worm (ascaris Suilla).

Small intestine: Contains twelve a^caridts, one as much as ten and one-eighth inches
in length. The mucous membrane presents along its whole course patches of redfijfec!,
congestion, and softening, which are especially numerous and extensive towards its
lower portion.

riio-ccecal valve : Bears a sloughing ulcer completely encircling it.

Coecuni : Contains a niunber of ulcers with white sloughs, many of them confluent,
and forming bands or belts tending to encircle the gut, being situated on the snmmita
of the transverse folds.

Colon : The anterior portion is much ulcerated, some of the ulcers being confluent
and tending to form transverse bands as in the cajcum, while others are mere circular
masses, two or three lines in diameter, with white necrotic center, and very little
vascularity around the margin.

Eectum : Has patches of congestion and extravasation one line and upwards in
breadth ; in the case of one, advanced to the formation of a firm white slough and
nicer as in the ctecum. Close to the anus the entire mvicous membrane is very deeply
congested and thickened by exudation and extravasation.

I'arasite: The caecum contained one whipworm {Tricocephaltts crenatus).

Parasites in the peritoneum : In the ca\'ity of the abdomen were found twelve hydatids
in connection with the liver, stomach, omentum, mesentery, meso-colon, and x)clvic
fascia. Three others were lodged in the perineum near the urethra.

Kidneys : Softened slightly and of an unusual pallor in their cortical portion.

Bladder sound. Intrapelvic urethra deep red, almost black, from petechial extra-
vasation.

Urine about two ounces, turbid, strongly acid, albuininoiis ; density, 102D; urea,
2 iier cent.

Chest : Heart has a gelatinoid material filling the auricula-ventricular groove simi-
lar to that seen in No. — .

Eight heart has a considerable huffy clot in both auricle and ventricle. Left auricle
contains a small clot, almost the entire substance of which is pale orbuiiy. It further
contains some very dai'k fluid blood.

Lungs: A few lobulettes only are infarcted or consolidated. In all cases the bron-
chia leading to the consolidated lobulettes are blocked by worms (S. elongatus). The
other bronchia are clear of worms excepting in the immediate vicinity of the infarcted
lobulettes. The great bulk of the lung is healthy, and of a soft white color, slightly
tinged with pink,

Faraaitcs : Attached to the i)leura were two hydatids,

EXPEHIMEMT No. 7.

Female pig, eight weeks old, no special breed. Fm-mcrly fed raw offal at a slaughter-house.

Date.

Hour.

Temporatnre
of body.

Keniarks.

Sept 30

3p.m

103. 75° r.

Has ju3t come one mile in a -^vagon.

Oct. 1

9 a. m

103.3

1

6p.m

103

2

9.30 a. m ..

102

3

....do

100. 73

5

4 p. m

102.2

6

5p. m

103

Inoculated -^rith qioill charged ^rtth matter from diseased lung
from Kew Jersey, sis days old ; quill treated witii solution ol
copperas : 1 : : 500.

7

11 a. m

104

8

12 noon . . .

103. 25

9

11a. m

104.20

10

5p.m

103. 25

11

10 a. m

105. 75

11

5p. m

105. 75

12

4p.m

104

13

12 noon ...

104

14

4p.ni

103.75

84

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.
ExPERuniNT No. 7— Continued.

Date.

Hoar.

Tempera tare
of body.

Kemarks.

Oct 15

11 a. m

107° F.

Lively ; good appetite.

16

10 a. ni

10.-). 7.'>

17

....do

102.25

18

....do

1C4. 25

19

....do

103

20

....do

103. 75

ScOTU-ing.

21

..-.do

104. 75

22

....do

104. 25

23

....do

10.5. 50

24

....do

105

Slio-ws Llue patches on the rump and flank, and a red lasli on
beUy.

24

5p. m

105.5

25

10 a. m

106.5

Pulse 108 per minute. Will scarcely move from bod.

25

Cp. m

104. 75

Very dull ; skin hot.

26

9 a. m

103

Dull; lies much; does not struggle when handled; ears deep
pni^ple ; ^lowels loose ; dirng fetid ; skin cool.

26

6p.m

105. 3

Dull, very hot skin.

27

9 a. m

107

Skin very hot, hijis stained with feces. Defecations semi-fluiil,
dark greenish, with clayey aspect, and fetid. Pulse 100 per
minute. Breathing 28 'per minute; deep, rather Labored;
wheezing inspiration, terminated by a snore. Can scarcely be
roused, and crouches in the litter at once when released.

28

10 a. m

104.5

Scotvrinii. Feces oflensive. Lies constantly on belly. When
lifted hangs helpless with no attempt at struggling. ' Discolor-
ation is very marked on ears, snout, beUy, amfthighs.

29

9.30 a. m . .

102. 75

Pan from bed" to avoid being caught, but hangs helpless in hands
when lifted. Feces very soft"; fetid. Skin more deeply col-
ored than before, but cool.

30

2p.m

99.75

Very sick ; stupid ; stands constantly with fore limbs drawn
back and hind advanced, so that all fotir feet meet. Flanks
hollow. Skin on discolorations very deep purple, almost black
on rump. Bowels loose. Fetid.

31

9 a. m

94.5

Lies in stupor, with limbs and body jerking every instant.
Breathing slow, si^ihing, rattling. Feces and ttrine clischarged
involuntarily, and have soaked the left (lower) thigh, which.

in consequence, shows a much brighter red than the other

parts of the body. The general surface, excepting some white
{)atches inside the arms and thighs, was of a dai-k puri)le, al-

•

most black on the ears, snout, median line of the abdomen,

rump, and hocks. Killed by bleeding.

Post-mortem examination. — Blood: Scanty; that from axiDary vein is neutral or
slightly alkaline. Red gloLulcs deei)ly crenated and shrunken very disproportion-
ately to the white globules, -vN-hich are large and rounded, but appear deficient in
numbers : 1 t: 80.

Skin : Section of the blue skin of the car shovrs cutis, cuticle, and bristle follicles
deeply congested, most of the capillaries being blocked by coagulated blood, and
microscopic extravasations appearing at short intervals. The red globules in this
part are full, roimded, and of the usual size.

Digestive orfjans : Tongue has a series of white sloughs along its tip and right margin,
resembling those of the intestines, being yellowish-white, laminated,- non-rascular,
and with very shght congestion and redness around them. Microscopically these
sloughs are composed of epithelial cells with much granular matter. In one a central
red spot iircseuts stagnation and coagula in the capillaries and mieroscoi)ic extravasa-
tions. It is manifest these form in the same manner with the sloughs in the intestines.
Circumscribed spots of the mucous membrane become the seat of congestion, resulting
in coagulation of the blood in the capillaries and exudation and extravasation alike
into the epithelial and sub-epithelial layers, leading to thickening and induration of
the dee^ier strata, and death of the more sui)erficial ones.

Soft palate : The buccal or lower surface bears a similar slottgh, while many- of its
follicles are red, swollen, and tilled with a yellowish-white (cheesy?) matter.

Throat : The lar;v-ngcal surface of the epiglottis is congested, the redness being iu-
efiaceable by pre.'<sm-e. The mucous membrane on the back of the right arytenoid
cartilage beare a four-lobed warty looking excrescence like a small pin's head, which,
under the microscope, discloses only round granular cells and free granules.

Abdomen, Stomach : This contains a few ownccs of half-digested food. This, together
with the lower portion of the gullet, is of a deep yellow hue, apparently from regur-
gitated bile. No marked congestion of the nmcous membrane.

Small intestine: Shows circimiscribed spots and patches of congestion and small
petechia, but no erosions.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEP ANIMALS.

85

Large intestine: One sloughiug ulcer on the ilio-c;pcal valve, tliree on tlio csecum, and
a consiclerablo number in t£o colon. The colon and rectiun also bore numerous patches
of extravasation one to two lines in diameter. The last inch of the rectum is of an
uniformly deep dark red. The mucosa and sub-mucosa are alilco gorged with blood,
and at one point a bleeding pile projects into the passage.

Liver, pancreas, and sjyieen are firm and seemingly healthy.

Kkinetfs : Firm and a])parently sound; corT,ical x)art rather pale.

Bladder: Sound; modera,tely full.

Urhic: Strongly acid; density, 1026; albuminous; urea, 3)Vo P^r cent.

Faranilcs in abdomen : Attached to the peritoneum of stomach, liver, and siileen are
seven hi/dalids.

Chest: Right heart contains clots ; left heart empty. Auricixlo-ventricnlar furrow
filled with a gelatinoid material, which, under the mi(!roscope, appears as a loose lil)roua
stroma, its open meshes lilled with a nearly homogeneous material, together with a
few fat cells, granule cells, and abundant capillary net-Avork filled with un coagulated
blood. The white corpuscles are more abundant in these than in the axillary vein.
No parasites nor ova could be found in tliis gelatinoid material.

Lnnps: Mostly healthy. Isolated lobules and at certain points a few adjacent ones
are iniarcted and solid, and all such have their bronchia filled with worms {Strongylns
elongatus) and a thick mucous. The })lugged bronchia are mostly dilated, and on the
mucous membrane of one such is a white i)atch about a line in diameter, resembling
the sloughs on the intestines, but not so thick.

EXPERIME^^T No, 8.

Wlikepig, eight weeTis old ; common treed. Formerly fed raio offal.

Date.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Eemarks.

Sept. 30

3p.m

9 h. m

104° F.

Just come a mile in a wagon.

Oct. 1

103

1

G p. m

103

2

9.30 a. m

101.5

3

9 a. m

101

4-

(*)

(*)

5

4 p. ni

98.75

Pigs in next two pens inoculated. Was fonncl between dooT
and bars, where it conld not move.

6

5 p. m

99

Again between door and bars.

7

11 a. m

99

Costive.

8

12 noon

101

9

11 a.m

104.5

Still very costive.

10

5 p. ra

102. 75

EoWcls natiir.al.

11

10 a. m

102. 5

12

4 p. m

103. 25

13

12 noon

103

Peces fetid.

14

4p.m

104

15

10 a. m

105

Lame in right fore limb.

10

....do

104. 25

17

..-.do

103. 5

18

....do

101. 5

Scorn's. Feces fetid.

19

....do

102.5

20

....do

103. 75

Pigs in adjacent pens reinoculated.

21

....do

104. 25

22

....do

103.5

23

....do

103. 75

24

..^.do

103

23

....do

103

Placed in new pen, with infected pen on each side.

20

....do

103

27

9 a. m

103

28

10 a. m

103

29

9..Wa. m

105.3

Slight cutaneous rash

30

2p.m

104

Lively.

31

9 a. ni

104.2

K o skin eruption.

Nov. 1

10 a. la

105. 75

Still looks well.

3

9 a. m

104.8

Stiif in hind limbs.

3

6p. m

104

4

9 a. in. -.«...

103

Placed in pen just vacated by dead pig.

5

9.30 a. m

101

C

10 a. m

103.5

7

....do

102. 75

8

....do

102. G

Dull ; no appetite ; skin covered witli black spots one-third to
one lino m diameter, llight cr.r has pui-i)lo spots. Killed by

bleeding.

•^ Xo observation.

Post-mortem examination. — Slcin : Nearly covered with black spots from one-third to one
line in diameter, consisting of minute sloughs of e])idermis, infiltrated and discolored
with blood. In a number of tiheso the subjacent layers of true skin are congested,

86

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER AMMALS.

and even the scat of microscopic extraviisations of blood, while in some cases the
black necrotic cuticle is covered by a dried crust of exuded lymph of a dark bro\m
color.

The right ear is of a deep purple color, and purple patches of various sizes are found
inside forearms and thighs, on (he hocks, and beneath the chest. In these purple jjatches
till' true skin is the S''.Ai. of extensive congestion ■'.vith stagnation and coagulation of
til!' blood in mauy of the capillaries, and numerous microscopic clots of extra vasated
blood, while al' the tissues are stair-d with h;T?matine.

Blood : That from the jugular i:i very dark and frrms slowly a soft diffluent clot;
red globules round and large. That from the carotid is crimson, and clots quickly and
firmly ; red globules crenate, small and shrunken. Blood fiom both vessels is slightly
alkaline.

Tongue: On the posterior third of the right border is a purple spot one-half line in
diameter, v, hich cannot be etfaced by pressure. Under the microscope this shows the
same congestion and microscopic extravasations with the spots on the skin. The
conical papilla) on the ui)per surface of the organ near its baoe have their tips of a
vei-y deep inmilish red.

Larynx : There is purple punctiform discoloration on the posterior surface of the
epiglottisj which cannot be removed by pressure.

Lympluitic glands: Those aroiuid the throat are deeply stained with blood, some only
supertic'ally and some throughout. This is true also of the glands of the chest, groin,
and abdomen, but especially of the mesentery. In several cases the glands appear to
be enlarged. Microsccpicaliy, they present congested cipillaries filled with coagulated
blood, minute extravasations, and a profusion of granules and granular cells.

Abdomen — -paraftlti's in lymtoneum : Two hydatids were foimd respectively in the omen-
tum and mesentery.

Stomach : Well filled ; great curvature of a deep dark red ; contents strongly acid.

Small intestine: Congested in some parts, b 'it with no observed extravasation nor
deep discoloration; contents not abundant, but at intervals stained of a deep biliary
yellow, and with excess of mucus throughout.

llio-ca:cal valve: With Peyer's follicles dilated, and contents in some slightly yel-
lowish.

Ccecnm-: Close to the ilio'csecal valve a considerable erosion, with raised center and
margin, but no excess of vascularity.

Colon : Six inches from the ca?cum is a sloughing nicer, on« and one-half lines in
diameter, raised above the adjacent membrane, the superficial layers being of a dirty
white color in the center, and non- vascular, while around the margin of the ulcer is
no marked redness.

Liver, colon, and rectum: Several extravasation patched averaging one line in diam-
eter, bright red, and evidently qnite recent.

No intestinal parasites.

Liver: Firm; solid; considerable portions are of a deep purple hue, the deep color-
ation being mostly confined to the center of the acini.

Kidneys: Cortical portion soft and of a very light brown, almost parboiled, appear-
ance. Papillae and medullary parts of a very deep red.

Muscles: Contained no parasites.

Brain: Normal.

[ExPEUnrE^rr No. 9,

Female x>ig, eight tce^ks old ; breed, Cliesfer White.

Date.

Not.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

9.30 a. in....! 103. 75^ F.

10 a. m i 103.75

...ao ! 103.75

...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
...do
....do

100. 75

101

10-1

105

105

104

103.8

104. C

104. 75

104

105

105

105

106

KemarliS.

Inoculated -with p.irt of smalt intestine of pis that died Novem-
ber 4, the Tirulent product having tirst been brought for five
niinu/.es in cont-act with a solution of chloride of lime (: 1 :: 500).

Costive.
Bo\rela loose.

ScOUTfi.

Skin. hot. .
Killed by bleeding

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

87

Post-mortem examiuaiioii, Novemhcr 21, 11 a. in. — Body in good condition.

Skin: Almost devoid of eruption. The oars alone prrsnnt increased vascnlarity,
vritli a moderate Llnsli and excess of scnrf.

Digestive organs : Natural above the stomach. Guttural lymphatic glands in part
congested and the seat of microscopic blood extravasations. Stomach mottled of a
deep brown for a span of two and one-half in(;hes by three inches along the raucous
membrane, coverin;^ its greater curvature. Contents abundant, intensely acid, and
fumes with ammonia.

Duodenum: Bears a small ci'osion near the pylonis. ,

Jejunum and ilium : Have patches of congestion and microscopic extravasation at
intervals.

Ilio-ca'cal valve: Has its edges thickened and of a dark bluisL gray. Many follicles
in Peyer's patch covering the valve are distended with a yellowish-white product, but
there is no extra vascularity nor erosion.

Ccecum, colon, and rectum: Bear at intervals' patches of congestion and microscopic
extravasation in the mucous and submucous layers, over which the epithelial layer is
softened and easily detached. No ulcers are found.

Liver: Discolored in parts by blue punctiform spots involving individual acini or
several adjacent ones. Toward the lower margin of the gland the deep redness is
mostly confined to the center of the acini.

Spleen : Seems large, but not unduly gorged with blood nor softened.

Fancreas : Healthy.

Kidneys: Pale in tlieir cortical i)art, present punctiform petechijE on the medullary
portion and papillae.

Bladder: Emj)ty and normal. Ovaries and womb sound.

The mesenteric, suhlumhar, and inguinal lymphatic glands appeared enlarged and more
or less stained, of a deep blood-red color.

Parasites in the abdomen: Two ascarides in the small intestine; one tricocephalns ia
the csicum.

Ltings : Present numerous congested lobules varying in color from brownish pink to
a dark purple (almost black). The broncMa leading to these lobules are pervious and
without parasites. The congested lobules seem less solid than when worms have been
present.

Heart and pericardium: Normal.

Brain: Sound. Dura mater bears four patches of extravasation on the right side
near the vertex. The average breadth of these is one line.

Spinal cord: Sound; subarachnoid fluid, about two drachms.

Experiment No. 10.
White male pig, eight weeks old ; hreed, Chester White ; condition, fine.

Date.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Eemarks.

f Tnocnlated -with mucns and congested and .softened mucons

5

9.30 a. m ....

104. 75° F.

< membrane of the small intestines ol Ko. — , iound dead this
( morning.

G

10 a. m

103. 75

7

....do

103.8

8

....do

103. 75

9

--..do

102.5

10

....do

104. 5

11

....do

103.5

12

....do

104

Ear.s red.

13

....do

104.5

14

....do

105

15

....do

105.1

Losing condit.un. The skin shows tho custom.ary black necrotic
spots of epidermis. Ears bine at edges.

15

3p.in

103.5

Respiiation 3C. Killed by bleeding.

Post-mortem examination. — Skin: Slight eniption on tho cars and blnencss on the
margins.

Digestive organs : No lesions in the month or pharynx.

Pharyngeal lyviphatie glands: Stained of a deep blood-red color.

Stomach: AVoll filled with food. Contents strongly acid. On the great curvature a
space of two and one-half inches square has a brownish mottled discoloration, and
numerous deeper brownish markings, as if from altered hannatine.

Sinall intestine: Epithelium is thick, soft, and easily detached. Contrcnts liquid,
•with a great excess of mucus. Tho bowel is reddened and congested around its entire

88

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

peripliery, and for a considerable distance at intervals, tlie congested portions being
mostly empty and contracted.

IHo-cci'cal valve: Peyer's patch, which passes over the valve, has many of its follicles
filled up Yrith a yellowish-white matter. The whole patch is swollen, but not very
vascular to the naked eye.

Ccecum and colon bear petechia} : Many solitary glands in the colon are unusually large ;
some excessively dilated, filled with yellowish matter, and apparently commencing to
form ulcers. Si^ots of congestion scattered over the miicous membrane show minxite
extravasations when placed under the microscope.

Mesenteric glands : Some unchanged ; some stained of a deep blood color. Inguinal
glands large.

Kidneys : Normal.

Liver : Is firm and solid. Bears nimaerous punctiform petechiae on the posterior sur-
face of its right lobe, and a large dark-purple patch on the posterior aspect of its mid-
dle lobe.

Gall hladder: Moderately filled with a straw-colored, glutinous bile. Membranes of
the bladder unchanged.

Pancreas and spleen : Nonnal.

Chest — heart: Left ventricle contains petechite. Right auricle just above the auri-
culo-ventricular valve presents a brownish-red spot which, under the microscope, is
seen to contain much granular matter in the sub-serous connective tissue.

Lnngs: The right has two dark, blood-colored spots on its posterior part. The left
shows similar colorations, mostly in lines along the inter-lobular spaces. The bronchia
leading to such points contained no parasites nor exudation.

Bronchial hjmpliaiic glands : Normal.

Brain: Normal.

ExPERIJtfENT No. 11.

White male pig

, eight weeks old; treed, Chester White.

Date.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Eemarks.

Nov. 5

9.39 a. m

102. 75° F.

6

10 a. m

103

7

.--.do

102

inoculated -witli small intestine of pig that died November 4
the gut having been fumigated five minutes with sulphuroos
acid.

8

....do

100.5

9

..-.do

100. 75

10

..-.do

101. 75

11

....do

104.5

12

.--.do

102. 5

13

.--.do

103.5

14

.--.do

103. 5

15

....do

103. 25

IG

---.do

104. 75

17

....do

102. 75

Scouring.

18

.--.do

104. 5

Fetid scouring. "

19

.--.do

104.5

20

....do

105

Feces still soft ; unusually fetid ; jsldn hot

21

....do

105

22

.--.do

103

23

....do

103. 75

24

....do

103.3

25

.--.do

104

2G

..-.do

104. 25

27

..-.do

103

28

.--.do

104

•

29

..-.do

103.5

30

....do

103

Dec. 1

..-.do

102. 5

Red ears ; dull ; thriftless.

2

..-.do

103.2

3

..-.do

102.25

4

..-.do

100. 75

Scours.

4

5p.m

102

5

asoa. m....

102. 25

6

.--.do

102.5

Killed by bleeding.

Post-mortem examination. — SJcin : In great part covered by the usual black concretion.
Has patches of pui'ple on ears and logs.

Digestive organs: Some deposit exists on the lower surface of the tongue, to the left
of the frenum, composed of gv:nular matter and cells having more than one nucleus;
evidently the remnant of a small abscess. On the fauces, to the right side, is a pur-
ple patch not removed by jiressuro, extending to an inch in length and a quarter of an
inch La breadth.

Pharijux and larynx : Normal.

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

89

Stomach : Full ; coutents moderately acid. Sliows tlie usual brownisli discoloration
of the mucous membrane covering tlie great curvature.

Small intestines : Show only a few patches of congestion. The follicles of Peyer's
patch just above the ilio-ca^cal valve are considerably enlarged.

Lanje intestines : Show a great many enlarged solitary glands, yet but little conges-
tion. The rectum is much congested and presents two ulcers : one with raised edges
and raw, depressed center ; the other, with a firm, dirty-white slough in the center.

Mesenteric lymphatic ffJands : Enlarged and thicldy streaked with gray. Those near
the iho-caical valve, and those above the rectum, are congested and deeply reddened.

Inguinal glands: Are also greatly enlarged and streaked dark-gray with iiigment.

Liver: Of normal consistency and color, excepting some few patches of deep purple.
Gall-bladder moderately filled with a yellowish-green, viscid bile.

Pancreas: Healthy.

Spleen: A portion* very dark colored (nearly black) extending its whole length and
about half its breadth ; is evidently gorged with blood ; but is not raised above the
level of the remaining j)art.

Kidneys: One contains an acephalocyst in itspelYis. The cortical substance of both
is pallid, but no other change is noticeable.

The lungs, heart, and brain appeared healthy.

ExrERIMENT No. 12.
Male pig, eight toeelcs old ; breed, Chester White.

Date.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Remarks. •

Nov. 19

10 a. m

104. 5° F.

Costive. Inoculated ivith 'blood of sick pig (No. 1) after treat-
ing the same with a solution of bromide of ammonia: 1 : : 500.

20

....do

104. 75

21

....do

104.2

22

.-..do

104. 75

23

....do

104.2

24

....do

103.8

25

....do

104

26

....do

104.3

27

....do

105. 75

28

....do

105. 75

29

....do

105. 75

30

....do

106

Dec. 1

... do.....

106.2

Edpes of ears purple. Purple spots on scrotum.

2

....do

106

Eight ear a deep pui-ple, bleeding at the point -where exudation
had formed a black scab.

3

....do

105

4

....do .....

105

Ears blue ; skin has purple blotches only partially effaceable by
pressure. Feces liquid ; yellowish white.

4

5p. m

105

5

10 a. m

105

C

....do

101

Very prostrate ; can barely rise.
Found dead in pen this morning.

7

do .....

Post-mortem examination. — Skin: Of ears, throat, breast, belly, and legs, of a nnifonn
dark purple ; white patches remain inside the forearm and thigh, and along the back,
which is covered by a very thick scurf. The discoloration which is due to congestion
of capillary vessels, the coagulation of blood within them, and numerous minute ex-
travasations, is confined to the integument. The skin is also abundantly covered
with the iTsual black concretions.

Digestive organs : Tongue blue, but with no abrasions.

Tonsils, fauces, and pharynx: The seat of general congestion and discoloration.
(Esophagus has some spots of slight congestion.

Stomach : Distended with solid food ; not so strongly acid as in many other cases.
Its great curvature has the mucous membrane covered with patches of blood extra-
vasation, such patches standing out in greater part as dark-red clots.

Small intestine : Exceedingly contracted, almost empty, and congested throughout
in varying degree, from a simple branching redness, with softening of the mucous
membrane and excessive production of mucus, to distinct circumscribed extravasa-
tions with decided thickening ; in several instances the redness and the tliickening
is most marked on Peyer's patches. The duodenum contains three ascarides. Several
smaU ulcers exist ,i ust above the ino-cajcal valve.

Large intestine: Ciiecum remarkably small and contracted. Neither crocnm nor colon
contains much ingesta. The mucous membrane along the whole largo intestine is in-
flamed, greatly thickened by exudation, and thrown into prominent circular folds.
Its general color is of a dark brownish rod, in many points verging upon black. At
different points it shows the charactevistic ulcers with a lirm, dirty, white slough in
the center of each, but these have in no case attained a large size, nor any marked
tliickening nor induration of their base, and without special care in the examination

90

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

might l)e easily overlooked. The rectum contains nmnerons blood extraTasations and
Bome considerable ulcers -^vitli the central whitish necrosed portions.

Mesenteric fjJands : Almost universally enlarged and of a deep red, from congestion
and extravasation.

Liver : Of a very deep purinish brown, gorged with blood, but not materially soft-
ened nor modeniTely friable. It is especially dark near the margin of the lobes.

GaU-hladder : Moderately full, bile dark green and viscid.

Pancreas : Sound.

Spleen : Enlarged, gorged with blood, and almost black.

Kidneys : Nearly nonnal as examined externally. Corticle substance of a darker
red than in most of t]ie diseased pigs, and the papillre bear black extravasations,
punctiform and uj) to half a line in breadth. The right kidney contains a small cyst
in its pelvis.

Left supra-renal capsule is enlarged to about one-third the size of the kidney, and
has a cloL of blood and a collection of cheesy matter superposed in its anterior end.

Lungs : Nearly normal; some congestion in the posterior lobes is evidently quite re-
cent, and the cut surface ireely exudes a frothy liqiiid.

Heart : Eight ventricle slightly discolored by punctiform petechia beneath the endo-
cardium. The great aorta contains a very firm clot, partly bufl'ed.

Blood under a No. 10 Hartnack immersion shows no moving bacteria, but a great
excess of granular matter.

Experiment No. 13.

Willie female pig, eight weels old ; Ireed, Chester Wliite.

Date.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Eemarts.

Nov. 19

10 a. in

105. 5° F.

Inoculated with the blood of sick pic Xo. — , five drops being
mixed -with n drachm of a watery solution of potassium per-
manganate ( : 1 : : 500) and injected.

20

....do

104

21

.-.do

103. 25

23

....do

103

23

....do

104. 75

24

....do

103. 25

25

....do

104

2G

.-..do

104.8

27

....do

104.75

28

....do

104.5

29

....do

104. 75

30

....do

l'C>. 3

Dec. 1

....do

103

Deep-red ears ; black concretions on skin.

2

....do

105.3

3

....do

104. 25

4

....do

104. 5

Stiff, unsteady gait ; humped back ; blue ears ; costive.

4

5p.m

103.5

5

10 a. m

103.5

6

....do

105

7

....do

102. 5

8

....do

105

8

6 p. m

104

9

9.30 a. m

104

10

....do

105

10

4.30 p. m

104.5

11

9.30 a. m

104

Very dull and quiet.

11

5.30 p. m

103. 5

12

10 a. m

107. 75

Very languid and prostrate.

12

5p.m

107. 7.-'

Does not rise when handled ; breafliins 2.S per minute.

13

11 a. m

107

Feces soft, fetid, yellowish. Pig very pTostr.ite, oats nothing,
and scarcely moves when pricked to obtain a drop of blood.

Blood contains moving bacteria.

13

5p. m

107

Pig found dead on the morning of December 14.

Post-mortem examination. — Sl^in : Blue spots on the belly, legs, ruuip. pci inctun, and
ears. Free i)ortious of the ears of a dark puri^le. Pink papillary eruption, and black
concretions on the ears.

Digestive organs : Tongue h'^a an ulcer, with slough a little to the left of the tip —
size one and a half lines in diameter.

Tonsils and soft palate: The Seat of a uniform bluish congestion. Submaxillary
lymi)hatic glands in ])art reddened and congested.

Gullet : Contaius clots of a stringy, fibrinous material.

Stomach : Near the left cul de sac is a dirty, ycl]owi.sh-white false membrane of about
one inch square. Tlie great curvature is of a dark-brownish red, with some brighter
red spots of more recent blood extravasation.

Small intestines ; Neaiiy empty, though at Latervals were round, hard pellets of in-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

91

gRsta. The coats of this howel were more or less congested, Tritli softeuing of the
membrane at different points.

A larce ulcer is forming on the edge of the ilio-cnscal valve, in which the outline of
the follicles can still be seen of a yellowish color.

Lar(]c intestines: Cascum and colon congested throughout, hut much more at some
points than at others. In the upper part of the colon are extensive deposits of lalse
membrane of a dirty yellowish-white color, in places in spots of small size, and in
others in extended patches of several inches in length. The Ciccum has smaller spots
of the same kind. The rectum is very much thickened and of a deep red throughout,
the thickening existing mainly in the mucous membrane. It presents, further, nine
small ulcers, with the characteristic dirty sloughs in the centers.

Parasites : The cfccum contains one whip- worm.

Liver: In the main firm, but contains bluish patches.

Pancreas: Apparently unchanged.

iSpIce7i : Black, full of blood, but not apparently enlarged.

Mesenteric and suUumMr lympliatic glands: Are almost imiversally of a dark red,
almost black color.

The left lidne;/ : Has a cyst one-half inch in diameter in the anteriorpart of its pelvis.
In common with the right kidney, it also presents numerous black petechia on the
medullary portions and papilhe.

Chest and respiratory organs : Larynx shows considerable congestion, especially on
the epiglottis and on the arytenoid cartilages.

PleurcB : Contained an abundant blood-colored liquid exudation, especially in the
right sac, where the lung had contracted extensive adhesions by newly-formed false
membranes. The liquid effusion contained numerous white and i"ed blood lobules and
actively-moving bacteria, which assumed the most varied forms in rapid succession.
A loose coagulum forms in the exposed fluid.

Bronchia : Filled with froth having a perceptibly pink tint.

Left lung : Anterior lobes congested and consohdated by recent exudation. Posterior
layer lobe sound.

Might Woe : Consolidated throughout ; sinks in water ; hut has not yet hccome firm,
granular, nor fiiahle. The color of this lung varies from a light brick-red to a deep
red, approaching black, the darker shades mostly occupying the spaces of connective
tissue between tlie lobiiJes, these spaces being often stretched by the exudation to the
breadth of a line or more. On making a sectian of the lung a considerable pidraonary
vein was found to contain a friable granular grayish clot which had evidently existed
for some time before death.

Pericardiurii : Contains a large amount of blood-colored effusion, in which blood-
globules and moving bacteria abound. The parietal and visceral layers were con-
nected by loose false membranes. Loose dark clots and some fluid blood existed in
the right side of the heart, and spots of extravasation on the walls of the left ventricle. .

Lywphatic glands : In the region of the throat are of a very deep red. The same
remark applies to the bronchial and subdorsal glands.

Tahle shcoing the duration of incuhation in different cases.

No.

o
o

"3

a
■5*

.•g-9

§•2 .

p

Percentage on
dili'ercnt days.

Eemark.s.

1

2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Nov. 19

Oct. 6
Oct. 6
Nov. 7
Oct. 8
Nov. 7
Oct. 5
Oct. 8
Nov. 4
Nov. 3
... do....

Nov. 20

Oct. 9
Oct. 9
Nov. 10
Oct. 12
Nov. 11
Oct. 10
Oct. 14
Nov. 10
... do....
.. do...

1

3
3
3

4
4
5
6
6
7
7
7

8
13

C.G"

'lo'""

|l3.3

C.6

jl3.3

1 26. 6

6.6
6.6

Tnociilated with, old blood that liad bceu kept eleven days
in an incubator.

Temperature raised for tlirce days only.

1'^

... do....

... do ...

13
14
15

Nov. 19
Nov. 19
Oct. 8

Nov. 26
Nov. 27
Oct. 21

92

DISEASES OF SWINE AXD OTHER ANIMALS.

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DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

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DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

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DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

95

EXPEKUIEXT No. 20.

Experiment undertaken as a test of the propagation of the disease-poison through the air.

October 5. — A pig was j)lacccT in a pen between two infected ones, and separated from
eacli only by an iini)ervious double wall of matched boards, with bnildiug-paper be-
tween. The only means of communication was through tho open air by means of
ventilators at the front and back of each pen, and the openings of which in adjacent
pens were less than a foot apart. On tho ninth, tenth, and eleventh days the pig had
an elevated temperature and was lame in the right shoulder, the illness being evi-
dently rheumatic.

On'October 29th, the twenty-fourth day, the temperature rose 2° and remained at 104°
F. and upward for six days (till Koveiabt-r 3ril). It then showed a daily diminution,
and by November 8th, having attained the natur.al standard, the pig was destroyed.

Experiments on sheep, rdbhit, and dog. Inoculation with fresh virulent pig's hlood, coviaining

moving bacteria.

Subject.

o

o .

p

o

|i

r

o

2 "S
eJ a

p-3

Duration of
illuesa.

Eemarks.

Dec. 14
Dec. 14
Dec. 14

Dec. 14

Dec. 15
Dec. 15
Dec. 15

1

1
1

""i"

Newfoundliind puppy, seven

■weeks old.
Female pig, twelve -vreeks old-

Temperature rose 2.25°, but -waa nor-
mal on the second daj-.
Piugcd actively for tliree davs. TVhen

inoculated the pig -was in 'advanced
non-febviie stage of the fever, and
the temperature did not rise above
the noi-mal.

Inoculation with fresh virulent Hood in which no moving bacteria had been observed.

Subject.

6

o .

•s§
SI
p

Eemarks.

Nov. 21

Dec. 7
Nov. 21
Dec. 7

Scouring and rise of temperature 1° on fourth and sixth days

only.
No appreciable effect.

Do

Do

Temperature rose 1° on the flist day only.

96

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

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DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

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7 CT'V

98 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

DK. LAWS SUrPLEMEXTAL REPORT.

As an atUlendum lo luy ibnner report, I Avould respectfully subuiit Ibo ibllowing
fturther observations on tbc fever of swine, commonly knovrn as bog cbolera:

KXrKKIMKXTS IX rEEDING THE VIUULEXT JIATTEK.

A liealtby j)ig was fed tbc siibstauce of an intestinal ulcer ami a little manure from
the same bowel, but sbowed no evil results for fourteen days, wlicu it was i)ut to
other uses. It sboiild be added tbat tlie ulcer fed to tbis pig was partially putrid,
and was inoculated on two other swine without success.

A second pig was fed a iiortion of dried intestine and its contents, both of Avbich had
remained packed in wbeat-bran for a month. Notwithstanding this, the .animal re-
tained good health for seventeen days, when it, too, was put to other uses. The
material fed to this j)ig acted with fatal eft'ect on two other pigs on which it was in-
oculated.

These experiments can only be taken as showing that a small quantity of i)oison
may pass through tho intestinal canal with impunity, bixt they would not waiTant
the conclusion that similar materials would be equally harmless when taken in larger
qu.antities and with every meal, as invariably happens when swine are fed in the ordi-
nary manner and plunge their lilthy feet and noses fresh from the pestiferous manure
into the feeding-trough. Dr. Osier has succeeded in developing the disease by feeding
the diseased intestine, but as the feeding was accomphshed by force there is just tho
possibility of abrasion and direct inoculation. Abrasions are indeed so common in the
mouth from injmies by the teeth and by hard objects masticated and derangements of
the eiiitheli;il covcrhig of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, arc
so fretiuent in connection with slight gastro-iutestinal disorders, that it is needless to
calculate on an immunity which can only bo scciu'ed by tho entire absence of such
lesions. If to secure immunity in feeding we must provide that not even a worm shall
bite the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestine, any guarantee rests on an ex-
ceedingly slender basis and had best be rejected at once.

SUCCESSFUL IXOCULATION WITH FKOZEX TKODUCTS OF THE DISEASE.

In two cases I have successfully inoculated virulent products wbich had been frozen
hard for one and two days respectively. In both instances the resulting disease was
of a very violent type, and would assuredly have jiroved fatal if left to rmi its course.
Tho li'cezing had certainly failed to impair the virulence ; it had rather sealed it up to
be opened and given free course on tho occurrence of a thaw; for, once it is frozen,
it is manifest that no further change could take place until it was again thawed out,
and if it was preserved for one night vmcbanged in its potency, it woidd be equally
unaffected after the lapse of many months, provided its licjuids had remained in the
same crystalline condition throughout. In this way undoubtedly the vims is often
preserved through the winter in pens and yards, as well as in cars and other touvey-
ances, to break forth anew Avith retuiiiing spring. This is precisely what wo liud to
be the case with the other fatal animal plagues, the virus of rinderpest, lung fever,
anthi-ax, and aphthous fever, being often boimd up through the winter with frozen
manure to reappear with undiminished power on the access of warmer weather. This
is a matter of no small moment inasmuch as the long-continued frosts of our Northern
States prevent any such destruction of the poison as takes place so ivadily in sr.mmer
in connection with the alternate wetting and drying and the resulting putrefaction.

I have had instances brought under my notice in which, after the prevalence of the
fever in a herd in early summer, new swine were introduced into the open yard a
month or two after all trace of the disease had disappeared and had continued to pre-
serve the most perfect health. This is quite in keeping, too, with my failure in the
attempts to convey the disease by feeding and inoculating with a semi-putrid intestine.
It serves, moreover, to explain my failure, as the exposure and wet at a moderately
high temperature would lead in both cases alike to decomposition and destruction.

The bearing of this upon the prevention of the disease is self-evident. Infected yards
and other ojieu and imcovered i)laces may be considered safe after two mouths' vaca-
tion in simimer, provided that sufficient rain has fallen in the interval to insure the
soaking and putrid decomposition of all organic matter near the surface, and that
there are no great accunnilations of manure, straw^, hay, or other uiatorial in which
the Airnsmay be preserved dry and infecting. In winter, on the other baud, the yard
or other open infected place may prove non-infecting for weeks and months, and yet
retain tho virus in readiness for a new and deadly cai'eer as soon as a thaw sets in.
Safety in such circumstances is contingent on a disuse of the iiremises so long as the
frost continues and for at least one month thereafter. Even during tho continuance
of Irost £.iicli j)laces are daugcroxis, as tho heat of the anjonals' botlies or of the rays of

DISEASES OF SWINE AND O'^HER ANIMALS. 09

»

f.he sun at mid-dav may suffice to set tho virus free. Again, wliiie tlioy are cs-pecially
dangeroiiy on i lie'accession of warmer wcatlier, yet, wheu once tho tempcraturo has
risen porniauontly above the freezing point, wo may count upon tlie rapid ])utrcfaction
that ensues in all organic bodies that have been frozen and on a disinfection almost aa
speedy, and it maybe ;vt tinu^sevou more speedy than in the extreme heat of summer.
I'he course of safety is to hold all places that have been infected in late autumn or
during -winter as still infected until one or two months after tho frost lias gone out of
tho ground in spi^ng.

This, of course, has litth) hearing upon the question of covered pens, barns, cars, &c,,
in which tho poison may bo preserved dry, active, and accessible hi winter and summer
alike. On this question of infection through pens in winter I instituted tho following
experiment :

CONTAGION FUOM AN INl'JXTEl) I'EN.

A healthy pig was placed in a pen from whi>;h a sick one had been removed thirteen
days before. Tho pen had been swept out, but subjected to no disinfection other than
the free circulation of air; and as tho pig was placed in tho pen on December 19, all
moist objects had been frozen during the time tho apartment had stood empty. Tho
j»ig died on. tho fifieonth day without having shown any rise of temperature, hut with
posl'morlrm lesions that showed tho operation of the poison. This case was an exam-
ple of tho rapiiUy fatal action of the disease, the poison having fallen with i^rostrating
etiect on vital organs — tho lungs and brain — and cut life short before there was timo
for the full development of all the other lesions. It sufficiently demonstrates the presr
ervatiou of the poison in covered buildings at a temperature helow the freezing 'point.

SUCCESSFUL INOCULATION OF PIGS WITH VIKUS THAT ILVD LKiiN KEPT FOR A MONTH

IN DKY WIIEAT-BRAN.

Appended will bo found the daily record of two pigs infected by inoculation with
bowel ingesta and mucous membrane that had been preserved for a month in dry
wheat-bran. In both cases the disease followed tho inoculations i^romptly and ran a
severe course, one case proving fatal, while in the other death was anticipated by kill-
ing tho animal. At tho autopsies the usual characteristic lesions were found.

Here, as in tho case of the virus preserved on quiU-tips, we find the poison pre-
served without tho slightest impairment of its potency. Thus two series of iuoculor
tious with ch'ied virus show how careful and thorough must be the disinfection in diy
seasons, and indoors in all seasons,' and the import auce of the destruction by fire, or
in other certain manner, of all dry fodder and litter in which the poison may have
been secreted.

COHABITATION WITH SICK PIGS IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE DISEASE.

A healthy pig Avas inclosed in a pen with a sick one which had been inoculated with
virulent blood on two occasions ; the first thirty days and tho last five days before.
After the fii'st inoculation tho pig had sutt'ered from a slight fever and the charactcristio
phenomena of tho disease. Before the second inoculation the temperature had been
normal for eight days, and it was not materially aficctcd by the operation. In short,
tho disease had manifestly spent itself in the system of the pig, though it had left it
a most shrunken, emaciated, and wretched spectacle.

The two i)igs occupied the same pen, lay on the same bed, and fed from the same
trough for sixteen days, during Avhich no unequivocal sign of disease was manifested
in tho healthy pig. It seemed indeed to have successfully resisted the contagion.

It was now removed to another pen and placed in company with a pig in Avhich the
disease h^jd just reached its height. On the tweUth day thereafter its tempcr:ituro
permanently rose, and it passed tbrough a sharp attack from which it is now recoAcr-
ing.

This seems to show that the poison is much less vu'ulent after the febrile stage of
the malady has passed, and that the danger from the recuperating animal decreases
with advancing convalescence. At the same time it must not be too hastily concluded
that a mild form of the disease did not exist in tliis pig during the occupancy of ; lie
• first pen. It appears unquestiouablo that tho poison may be'present in the sy:itom,
and yet give rise to so little disorder that the most careful observer would i\vA i o
detect anything amiss. •

OCCULT FORMS OF TUB MSEASi:.

On posl-mortem sections I have found the characteristic lesions of the bov,-c]s and
lymphatic glands, in cases Avhere no cutaneous rash or discoloration, uo rise of tem-
perature, no loathing of food, nor constitutional disorder had betrayed its presence
during life. The occurrence of such slight and occult forms of the disease must present

100 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMAI.S.

a serious obstacle to all attempts to stamp it out. In most of tlie plagues of animals,
and notably in lung fever, in aphthous fever, and in rinderpest out of its native
Lome, the rise of the body temperatiu'e precedes all outward manifestations of the dis-
ease. In these aifcctions the indications of the thermometer alone enable us to sep-
arate the sick and healthy before the disease has attained to a stage of material danger
to their fellows. But in the pig fever the earliest symptoms will vary according to
the vagaries of the poison and its primary seat of election. Perhaps the most common
initial symptom is the enlargement of the inguinal glands, but it may bo some derange-
ment of the digestive organs, or it may bo the elevation of the body temperature, or it
may be the appearance of red spots or blotches on the skin, or finally the poison may
1)0 operating in the system in tlae absence of all external manifestations. It is notice-
able that since the access of extremely cold weather the cutaneous discoloration has
been much less extensive than during the warmer season. Even when the tempera-
ture has been abnormally raised it will rise and fall in such an irregular manner that
no single observation wiU bo always successful in detecting the disease. To detect
such cases the investigation must be conducted from day to day, and in view of all
possible manifestations of the disease, to be successful. Then again the temperature,
even in health, varies widely in dilierent swine and under different conditions of life,
BO that a knowledge of the body heat of the individual in the existing environment
is essential to the drawing of sound deductions from thermometric indications.

INFECTION OF OTHER ANIMAI.S THAN SWINE.

I consider the most important part of my researches to be that whicli demonstrates
the susceptibility of other animals than swine to the fever we are investigating. Dr.
Kline of Loudon, England, claimed, nearly a, year ago, that he had conveyed the dis-
ease ''with difficulty" to rabbits. Guinea-pigs, and mice, but he gives no hint as to
whether he had subjected the question to the crucial test of reinocnlation from these
animals back upon the pig. This test it seemed very important to apply, so that the
identity or otherwise of the two diseases might be determined. I have accordingly iu-
stituted experiments on a rabbit, two sheej), a rat, and a puppy, the three former ot
which have turned out successfully.

INFECTION OF A RABBIT FROM A SICK PIG.

After two inoculatious with questionable results, made with the blood of sick pigs,
in which microzymes had been observed, a rabbit was once more inoculated, this time
with the pleural effusion of a pig that had died during the previous night, and in
which were numerous actively moving bacteria. Next day the rabbit was very fever-
ish and iU, and continued so for twenty-two days, when it was killed and showed
lesions in many respects resembling those of the sick pigs. The blood of the sick rab-
bit contained active microzymes like those of the pig.

SUCCESSFUL INOCULATIONS FROM THE SICK RABBIT.

On the fourth day of sickness the blood of the rabbit containing bacteria was inocti-
lated on a healthy pig, but for fifteen days the pig showed no signs of illness. It was
then reinoculated, but this time with the discharge of an open sore which had formed
over an engorgement in the groin of a rabbit. Illness set in on the third day and
continued for ten days, when the pig was destroyed and found to present the lesions
of the fever in a moderate degree.

A second pig, inoculated with the frozen matter which had been taken from the
©lien sore in the rabbit's groin, sickened on the thirteenth day and remained ill for
six days, when an iumiinent death was anticipated by destroying the animal. Dur-
ing life and after death it presented the phenomena of the plague in a very -vdolent form.

It can no longer be doubted, therefore, thattherabbitisitself a "sictim of this disease,
and that the poison can be reproduced and multiplied in the body of tliis rodent and con-
veyed back with imdiminished virulence to the pig. We may follow Dr. Klino in
according a similar sad capacity to the other rodents, mice and Giliuea-pigs. The
rabbit, and still more the mouse, is a frequent visitant of the hog-iiens and yards,
■where it eats from the same feeding-troughs with the pig, hides -under the same litter,
and runs constant risk of infection. Once infected they may carry the disease as
widely as their wild wanderings may lead them, and communicate it to other herds at
a considerable distance. Their weakness and inability to escape, in severe attacks of
the disease, will make them an easy prey to the omnivorous hog, and thus sick and
dead alike will be devoured by the doomed swine.

PROBABLE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OTHER RODENTS.

The infection of these rodents creates the strongest presumption that other genera
of the same family may also-contract the disease, and by virtue of an oven closer rola-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 101

tion to tlie pigs may succeed iu conveying tlio malady to distant herds. Tlie rafc is
at once suggested to the mind as being almost nhiquitous iu luggeries, as feeding in
common v/ilh the swine, as liable to bo devoured by the hog when sick or dead, as
given to -wandering from place to place, and as possessed of a vicious habit of gnaw-
ing the feet and other jjarts of his porcine companion, and thus unconsciously inocu-
lating him.

I have up to the present time had the opportunity of inoculating but one rat with the
liog-poison. Unfortunately my subject tUed on the second day thereafter, the body
showing some suspicious lesions, namely, congested lungs w4th considerable iuter-
lobuhirexudation, congested small intestines, di'ied-up contents of the large intes-
tines, and sauguinous discoloration of the tail from the seat of inoculation to the tip.

IXOCULATIOXS FROM THE RAT.

With the fresh congested small intestine of the rat I inoculated one pig, and with
the frozen intestine one day later I inoculated a second. The first had no appreciable
rise of temperature, loss of appetite, nor digestive disorder, but on the sixth day pink
and violet eruptions, the size of a pin's head and upward, appeared ou teats and belly,
and on the tenth day there was a manifest enlargement of the inguinal glands. From
what I had seen of the occult forms of the disease I was led to the opinion that this
was one of them. Unfortunately, I had at the time no healthy iiig available for the
crucial test of reinoculation.

In the second pig, inoculated with the frozen intestine, the symptoms were too
obscure to be of any real value. As soon as I obtain a supi)ly of rats I i)ropose to sub-
ject this question to a further investigation.

SUCCESSFTTL INOCULATION OP SHEEP.

Less significant than the infection of rats, yet of immense practical importance, is
the susceptibility of sheep to the hog-fever. I have experimented on two sheep of
different ages, an adult merino wether and a cross-breed lamb, and in both cases have
succeeded in transmitting the disease.

INFECTIOX OF THE MERIXO.

This sheep was inoculated by hypodermic injections of one and a half drachms of
blood from a pig just killed. On the foui'th day he had elevated temperatiu-e, and on
the sixth scouring and snuffling breathing, but the symptoms rapidly subsided . On
the fourteenth day he had an injection of two drachms more of blood from a sick pig,
and ou the twenty-iirst day of one drachm of blood and pleural fluid containing mul-
titudes of bacteria. Next day the temperature was raised and the snufiiing breathing
reappeared, both symptoms continuing for- some time. On the sixth day his blood
was found to contain moving bacteria similar to those present in the injected blood.
On the twenty-third day from the last inoculation he was reinoculatcd, this time with
the scurf from the ear of a sick pig. This was followed by no rise of temperature, but
there existed much irritation of the bowels with redness and swelling of the anus,
occasional diarrhea, and the passage of an excess of mucus, sometimes stained with
blood. Seventeen days after the last inoculation he had another hypodermic injection
of one drachm of blood and pleural fluid from a pig just killed. As before, this led to
an extensive rise of temiierature while the intestinal catarrh contiuued.

INFECTION OF THE LAMB.

The lamb -was first injected with a saline solution of the scurf and cutaneous exuda-
tion from the ear of a sick pig. There followed a slight rise of temperature, a sciu-fy
erujJtion on the ears and oozing of blood from different points on theii' smface, so as to
form dark red scales.

On the sixth day following it was reinoculatcd by the hypodermic injection of one
drachm of j)leural fluid from a pig just kiUed, the fluid containing an abundance of
moving bacteria. Next day there was extreme rise of temperature, "some dullness and
swelling in the right axilla, but appetite and rumination were not altogether lost nor
suspended. "On the filth day there was tenderness and imusual contraction of the
rectum with- the passage of bloody mucus, and on the eighth day profuse diarrhea
with the passage of much mucus.

SUCCESSFUL IXOCULATION OP A TIG FROM THE SICK SHEEP.

A healthy pig was inoculated with mucus from the anus of the wether, and showed
a slight elevation of temperatiu-c for five days, but without any other marked symp-

102 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

\

torn of illness. Eleven days later it -^as reinociilatecl with scab from the ear of the
lamb, and again three days later with anal mnciis from the sheep. The day before
this last inoculation it was noted that the inguinal glands were much enlarged, and
six days after the temperature was elevated, and pui-ple spots appeared on the belly.
Tliis fever temperature has lasted but a few days up to the present time, but, taken
along wilh the violent rash and the enlarged lymphatic glands, it furnishes satis-
factory evidence of the disease. We can therefore affirm of the sheep as of the rabbit
that not only is it subject to this disease, but that it can multiply the poison in its sys-
tem and transmit it back to the pig.

Two other pigs have been inoculated from the lamb, but during the few days that
have elapsed they have shown no oiitward symptoms.

UXSrCCESSFXJI- IXOCUIATIOX OF A. PUPPY.

A drachm of blood and pleural fluid containing bacteria, from a pig just dead, was
injected hyiiodermically on the side of a Newibuudland puppy. Next day she was
very dull and careless of food, while her temperature was abnormally high. The third
day the heat of the bodj' was natural, and a fair amount of liveliness had returned. A
few days later a large abscess appeared on the seat of inoculation, discharged and
healed, and from this time the health seemed to be re-established.

SIGXIFICAXCE OF THE EJECTION OF RODENTS AXD SHEEP.

Many will, no doubt, be startled at the above developments, and inquire, half incred-
ulously, How is it that the susceptibility of these animals to this aftection has never
been noticed before? It may even be suspected that we have been mistaken as to
the identity of the disease, and that we may be dealing with the malirjnant anilirax
(hlooclii min-raht) rather than the specific fevei- of swine. But a slight attention to the
phenomena and post-mortem lesions of our cases will speedily dispel the doubt. MaUg-
nant anthrax is more fatal to sheep and rabbits than to the other domestic animals,
whereas in my sheep the disease was so mild that its very existence would almost cer-
tainly have been overlooked in the ordinary management of a flock, and it was only
detected in these cases by the careful thermometric and other observations made day
by day on the inoculated animals. In the rabbit the disease was more severe, and
would undoubtedly have proved fatal if left to itself, yet even in this animal there
was no indication of the rapid course and speedy desti'uction which characterize the
7nartrinant anthrax. Again, although in both diseases alike, the lymphatic glands are
the seat of morbid enlargement, yet the increase and engorjjement of the spleen which
are so constant and so characteristic m malUjnant anthrax were altogether absent in
my pigs infected from the rabbit. Moreover the disease in the pigs ran the usual
comparatively slow course of the pig-fever, rather than the si^ecdily fatal one of the
anthrax afiection. In the inoculated pigs, too, the combined lesions of the skin,
lungs, bowels, and l>nuphatic glands are unquestionably those of the swme-plague,
and not those of malijinaitt anthrax.

It is not surprising that the disease should have been hitherto unrecognized in the
sheep and rabbit. The most obvious symiitoms in pigs — the pink, purjjle, violet, or
black spots and patches of the skin — were never observed in these animals; unless we
can consider the eruption on the cars of the lamb as of this nature. In the sheep, to
which alone much attention would be i)aid, the constitutional distiu'ljanco was so
slight as to be easily overlooked, the appetite even, and rumination scarcely suffering
for a day.

Again, the failure to recognize the identity of a disease in two different genera of
animals is familiar to all who have made a stiuly of comparative pathology. Cow-pox
and hoi'se-i)ox have existed in all historic ages, but it remained for the immortal
Jenner to recognize and show their identity in the last ceutnry. Malifjnant anthrax
has prevailed fi'om the time of Moses, yet inVU the older vetcrinaiy works wo find its
dill'erent forms described as independent diseases — Vlaln, quarter evil, piilrid sore throat,
&c. Even to the present day many cases of this disease ofcumng in the human sub-
ject (malignant pustule) are mistaken for erysipelas (black eiysipclas). Glanders in
horses seems to have been known to Aristotle, and was familiar to the ancient Greek
Zooiatres and lloman Veterinarii, but its identity with the same disease in man was
only shown in 1810 by Waldinger, of Vienna. Asiatic cholera has prevailed iu the East
from time immemorial, but it is only in the present centmy that its identity with
cholera in animals has been shown by Indian and European observers.

It is no wonder, therefore, that the mildness of the hog-fever in the sheep should
have masked its true nature, and that the universal disregard of the disease of the
small rodents should have led us to ignore it in these as well. Now, however, that
the truth is forced uiion us, we must recognize it in all further attempts to ariest the
course of the disease or to exterminate it. The destruction and burial of infected
pigs, and the disinfection of the premises where they have been, can no longer be con-
sidered a suflicicnt safeguard. The extermination of I'abbits, wild and tame, of
Guinea-pigs, of mice, and probably also of rats, within the infected area, will be
equaUy essential. Sheep must be rigidly excluded from the hog Enclosures, and it

I

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

fhcy havo gained adraitlauco tliey must cither bo destroyed witli the pigs, if few and
vahieless, or they mvist bo shnt np in a seclnded place, or sent to a saic (listance from
all hof^s until they can bo certified as healthy, Avhen they may be disinfocted and re-
leased. No danger of a fatal extension among sheep is to bo apprehended; the dis-
ease appears to bo as harmless to the sheep as the fatal glanders is to the dog, yet the
infected sheep is evidently dangerous to the hog, and mnst be carefully secluded in
all measures for the suppression of the jilaguo.

Eecord of De. Law's kxpekimekts— No. 1.
Pig of common race, eight wcelcs old.

Date.

Hour.

Body temper-
ature.

Eemarks.

Nov. 19

10 .1. m

104° F.

Costive. Inoculated -vritli Wood of pig killed November 8, and
kept in iiioculator in isolation apparatus, communicating
witli tlio air oulv throujih plu^s of cotton-wool. The blood

smells stale, not "putrid ; its cells have di3api>eared.

20

...-do

101.5

21

....do

104. 5

22

....do

105.2

23

....do

104. 75

24

....do

104

25

....do

104

26

....do

104. 75

27

....do

104.5

28

....do

105

29

..-.do

104. 75

30

..-.do

104. 75

Dec. 1

..-.do

103. 5

Quito dull. Pnrple spoft and bl&ck concretions on the sMn.

2

-...do

104. 75

lied and black spots on the skin.

3

-...do

104. 25

4

....do

102.5

Scours. Ears blue and cold.

4

5 p. m

104

Do.

o

9.U0 a.m

104

Do.

C

....do

105

Do.

7

....do

103. 5

• 8

..-.do

103.5

8

6 p. m

104

9

9.30 a. m

103

BoTvels continue loose.

10

....do

103.5

10

4.30 p. ra

104

11

9.30 a. m

103

11

6p. m

103

12

10 a. m

102. 25

Feces fluid and of a btigbt J-clloTv color.

12

5p.m

102. 75

13

9.30 a. m ....

102. 75

Quiet; ears deep red; extensive pjiJpular cmption and greasy
exudation on the skin ; scouring.

13

5p.m

102.5

14

9 a. m

100.5

Hypodermic injection of one dram of blood and pleural fluid
from pig just dead. Inoculation liquid contains numerous
actively movinjj bacteria.

15

....do

102.75

Dull ; has not eaten supjper of last night.

15

5 p.iti

102. 75

Scours.

10

10 a. m

102. 25

Do.

16

5p.ra

102.5

17

10 a. m

102

17

4 p. m

103.25

Slightly costive.

18

10 a. m

101

Sebaceous secretion excessive on tlie inner sides of thighs and
forearms, &c. Has a blackish-brown coloi-, and disagreeablo
but not putrid odor.

18

4 p. m

103. 2

19

10 a. m

30.3.5

20

....do

102. 5

Improving; regaining appetite and liveliness.

21

....do

103. 25

21

5 p. ra

103

22

9 a. m

102.5

22

4.30 p. in

102

23

9 a. in

103

24

....do

103. 25

25

..-.do

103. 75

2C

.-..do

104

27

.--.do

102.5

28

.--.do

103

29

.--.do

104

30

..-.do

103

31

.--.do

. 102. 75

J.in. 1

..-.do

102. 5

2

.--.do

103

3

....do

103

4

do

102.5

e-y

.--.do

101.5

-

c

.--.do

103

7

.--.do

102. 75

Killed by bleeding.

104

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Post-mortem examination at once. — SMn: Covered almost universally by a blackisli
exudation in great jiart dried into crnsts. On the ears are some remnants of the
former exudations and extravasations ; half an inch of the tip of one ear is necrotic.

Digestive oi-gans: Mouth healthy. GutturalJijmphatic (jlands greatly enlarged and
gray from pigmentation.

Stomach: Full; contents dry and acid; has reddish, discoloration as from blood
extravasations and broad lines along its great curvature. The mucous membrane at
this point is peeUiig oil*.

Small intestine: Contents abundant and liquid. Spots of congestion of about one
line in diameter ; no ulcers nor erosions ; six ascarides.

Large intestine : Presents little abnormal. One or two depressed spots like cicatrices.

Mesenteric glands : Greatly enlarged and mostly grayish from pigmentary deposit.
Inguinal glands also much enlarged and gray.

Thoracic duct : Is filled with a milky fluid.

Liver: Firm patches of purple. The lower margin very pale ; ahnost transparent.

Spleen: Small, rigid, twisted as if from binding organizing lymph. Its surface is
unusually white and fibrous-looking, but there is a deep black line along its anterior
border.

Pancreas: Sound.

I£cart: Kight ventricle marked with bluish discoloration, evidently from former
ecchymosis. One flap of the tricuspid valve has a round, blackish nodule beneath the
endocardium. Left ventricle with, similar bluish surface, and bicuspid valve with a
translucent thickening.

Eespiratory organs : Larynx and right bronchus have each a dark red ecchymosis.
Lungs have black spots of ecchymosis and slight reddening of certain lobules.

Bronchial glands: Enlarged and pigmented.

Suhdorsal glands : Enlarged and of a very deep red.

Brain : Generally unchanged.

Experiment No. 2.
Poland-China pig, ninfi xveeJcs old.

"^-*'-"-

- — •■

. , .^..^ ^

Date.

Hour.

*

temperature
of body.

Kemarks.

Deo. 19

10 a. m

103. 5 o F.

Fed infected feces and intestinal mucous membrane preserved for
a month in dry bran.

20

.-.do

104.25

20

5 p.m."*

103. 5

21

10 a. m

103. 25

21

5p.m

104

22

9a. m

103.5

22

4.30 p. m

103. 5

23

9a. m

102. 75

24

....do

102

25

....do

101.75

20

....do

103.5

27

....do

102

28

....do

100. 75

2D

....do

102

ao

....do

101

.

31

....do

101

Jan. 1

....do

102.5

2

....do

102

3

....do

103

>

4

....do

102. 75

5

.-..do

103

Inocnlatcd -with intestine of pijr trhicli died yesterday. The in.
testiuo had been frozen over "night.

G

....do

103

7

....do

104. 75

8

....do

105

9

....do

104

10

....do

103

11

....do

105

12

....do

104

13

....do

105. 25

Purple spots on e.ars and rump; greasy exudation from skin.
JJuhirged inguinal glands.

14

....do

105

15

.-..do

100.5

Sconrs: a bright-yellow liquid feces.

16

....do

105

Do.

17

....do

105

Do.

18

....do

105.5

Scours.

19

....do

105.5

Do. •

20

....do

105. 5

Do.

21

....do

103

Do.

22

....do

107

Great prostration ; will not rise for food nor to have temperature
taken. I'uriilo blotches are especially abundant on oars and
snout, and to a less extent on the head, generally tlie toats,
nuup, and hips. When lifted scarcely made a struggle. Killed
by bleeding.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

105

Post-mortem examination. — Blood: Dark colored: contained moving bacteria.

Digestive organs: Tongne sound- Tonsils nnusually red in their openings.

Suhmaxillary and guttural lymphatic glands : Of a dark red, merging to a dirty yello-w.

Feritoneum : With consideraljle reddisli-brown eftiision and bands of recently formed
false membrane. The liquid coagulates on exposure. Under the microscoiie (No. 10
Hartnack) it is seen to contain ntimerous moving bacteria, also others less active, and
two or four segmented chain-like.

Stomach : Full ; sour. Great cm-vatnre mottled red and brovni.

Small intestines : Has considerable tracks of deep congestion. It contains much mu-
cus, and ten ascarides. One ascaris extended into the gall-duct and as far as the
center of the right lobe of the liver; a second extended into the middle hepatic lobe.
The pressure of these had led to a considerable dilatation of the bile-duct just above
its junction with the cystic duct.

lUo-ccecal valve : Very black, -with its follicles enlarged and filled "with a yellowish
product. The whole length of the large intestine is black from deej) pigmentation of
its mucous membrane, which is, besides, greatly thickened and puckered. Both con-
ditions imply former active inflammation.

The rectum : Of a dai'k grayish red ; had several caseous deposits under its mucous
membrane.

The mesentery : Contains a yellowish caseous deposit as large as a pea.

All the lymphatic glands of the abdomen are greatly enlarged, pigmented, and in many
cases reddened from recent blood-staining. The inguinal lymphatic glands and those
of the flank are in a similar condition.

Liver : Has patches of deeper purple discoloration, especially deep in the center of
the acini. Pancreas sound.

Spleen : Shrunken with puckered edges, and whitish thickening of its proper capsule.

Kidneys: Vascular, congested and softened; corticle part dull brownish yellow.
Medullary, more or less purple, with deeper shades in lines radiating from the papillae.

Respiratory organs : Margin of epiglottis bears a blue patch, surrounded by ramified
redness. Bronchi and bronchia sound.

Lungs : Of varying shades of light pink in the lobules, excepting one or two,
which are of a dark red. The interlobular spaces are of a deep blood-red color,
giving a dark marbling over the entire surface. Eight pleura contains a little efiusion
with thread-like false membranes, and the same bacteria named as existing in the
peritoneum.

The axillary prepectoral, internal pectoral, bronchial, and sub-dorsal lymphatic glands
were enlarged, pigmented, and in some cases blood-stained.

The heart bore some purple discolored spots on the internal lining.

EXPERIINIENT No. 3.

Poland China pig, nine weeks old.

-.*«.•''

Date.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Kemarlvs.

Dec. 19

10 a. m

102. 5 o F.

Placed in»mfected pen from which a siclc pig had been lemoved
December 6.

20

....do

102. 75

21

....do

103. 75

21

3p.m

103

22

9 a. m

102.8

22

4.30 p. m

102

23

9a. m

101

24

..-.do

102. 75

25

....do

101.5

26

....do

102

27

..-do

102. 75

28

....do

101.75

29

.-..do

98.8

30

..-.do

101

31

....do

101.5

Jan. 1

....do

100

2

..-.do

101

3

....do

101

4

....do

90.5

Eves very red and i^roiniuent. Scarcely able to stand. Screams

when tonched. (Evident phrenitis.) Died at 2. p. m.

Post-mortem examination the same afternoon. — Slcin : Presented little change.

Digestive organs : Mouth sound, fauces and pharynx of a deej) blue color, irremova-
ble by pressure.

Stomach : A portion of about an inch square of a deep red, ami with an abundant
gelatiniform exudation under the mucoits membrane.

106

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Small itifcKlines : Empty, much congested, and containing ton nscarides.

Larc/e hiiesthics : Has its mucous membranes congested, reddened, andthiciconod. At
intervals are circumcscribed spots of bloody extravasation, covered by a clot of blood
on tlie free surface. Tliese vary from one to two lines in diameter. " In a great por-
tion of the colon the contents are very dry and blood-stained. Between the layers of
the mesentery, among the convolutions of the large intestines, arc translucent gela-
tinoid exudations.

Liver : Gorged with blood, softened, and somewhat friable.

Spleen and pancreas : Normal.

Mesenteric {/lands : Small, but in some instances partially discolored by blood.

Lunffs : Congested throughout, of a brick-red, Avith circumscribed black spots of
extravasation.

Bronchia : Filled with frothy liquid, but without worms.

Heart : The right cavities were gorged with an intensely black clot. The left cav-
ities contained a smaller clot. No ecdiymosis was observed.

Experiment No. 4.
Poland China pig, nineHcecls old.

Date.

Ilonr.

Tempera tiu-e
of body.

Bemat-ks.

Dec. 19

20

10 a. m

do

103. 75° F.
104 2

Inoctflatfid wltli virtis preserved one month in wheat bran.

20

5 p. m

104.5

21

10 a. in

104

21

5 p. m ^

105

22

9 a. m^

104

22

4.30 p.m....

104. 75

23

9 a. m

103.5

24

....do

104

25

....do

102. 25

26

....do

101. 75

27

....do

103. 75

Passes bloody mncus from the bowels.

28

....do

102. 75

29

-...do

102

30

....do

101

31

....do

105

Jan. 1

....do

106

2

....do

103

3

....do

102

4

....do

101

5

....do

101

6

....do:

98.75

i

Very low; can scarcely stnnd. Died duriSg Uio following ni

5ht.

Post-mortem examination January 7. — Shin : Extensively covered with purple macula?
and patches. Snout deeply blood-stained, some of the spots extending over the lips
into the mouth. The greater part of the skin being black, congestions and extravasa-
tions into it are only clearly made out when it is cut into.

Digestive organs : Tongue sound. Pharynx has pellets of food accumulated in front
of the epiglottis. Submaxillary and guttural lymphatic glands enlarged and stained
of a blood red.

Stomach : Not one-third filled ; odor faint, mawkish, not soxir. Bears red patches of
congestion and ecchymosis on its great curvature.

Small intestines : Congested ahuost throughout. Peyer's patch just above the ilio-
CKcal valve has some black ecchymosis. On the lower "siu'faco of the valve the follicles
arc enlarged and tilled Avith a yellowish deposit. •

Caxtim and, to a still greater extent the colon and rectum, are deeply congested, and
ofa dark red; the mucous membrane is much thickened and thrown into prominent
folds and wrinkles.

Two ascarides were found in the small intestine.

Live)- : Extensively discolored of a puriilo hue, thestaming being deepest in the cen-
ter of the acini.

Spleen : Large, gorged with blood. Pancreas unchanged.

2'hc hjmphaiic j/Zr/Jicfe of the liver, stomach, intestines, sublmnbar region, pelvis, groin,
and flank are much enlarged and of a very deep red, in many cases almost black.

Kindcijs: Cortical substance pale; medullary deep red, with spots of eceliymosis.
The anterior part of the left kidney contained a cyst as large as a bean. The right
contained two cysts, one in the pelvis, the other in "the anterior part.

Respirator!/ organs .••The epiglottishore on its posterior surface some congest ion and red-
ness, partly ramified and jDartly diffuse and intdaceable by pressure.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

107

TJie hinfja liave a few Mack spots of eccliymosis and blootl-colored exiravasation in
ll<o coniuH'tive tissue Lotwcen tlio lobules. TI10 lobules tbomselvos are only very
bliglitly congested. The left main bronchus present a spot of eccliymosis.

Heart : ICinpty, presents slight sanguineous discoloration through the lining mem-
brane.

Experiment No. 5.

I'oland Chinapig, nine icccl's old.

Date.

Hour.

Temperature
of body.

Eemarks.

Dec. 19

10 a. TO

104° F.

Inocnlated with ingosta fi'om tbe larjre intestine ;
of the mucous membrauo, both baving been pr
bran for a mouth.

also a portion
cserved in dry

20

....(to

104. .'-.

21

....do

103. 75

21

5p. m

104

22

9 a. ni

103

22

4.30 p.m..

104

23

9 a. m

101

24

....do

103.5

25

....do

103

2G

....do

102. 5

27

....do

102. 5

28

....do

102. 75

29

... .do

101

30

....do

102

31

....do

105

Jan. 1

....do

100. 75

Rump and tips of ears purjile.

2

....do

104. 75

3

....do

102

Scours.

4

....do

102

5

....do

102

C

....do

103

7

....do

101. 25

8

.-..do

102.5

Scours; feces fetid.

9

....do

101

Very -weak ; eats little ; fetid diarrhea.

10

....do

100.9

11

....do

100

12

....do

98.5

13

....do

102.5

14

....do

100. 5

15

-...do

104.5

Killed by bleeding.

Fost-mortem examination at once. — Slin : Ears of a deep purple and thickly covered
"with concretions. Eemainder of the skin has similar concretions, but no ecchymosis is
observable. The snout jiresents scarcely a spot of discoloration.

Digestive organs : Extensive induration and ulcer on the left side of its median part
and extending over its border. A similar but smaller ulcer exists on the right margin
directly opposite. Small ulcers exist on the dorsum near the hip ; also a diphtheritic-
looking deposit extending over the margin on to the lower surface. Tonsils, palate,
and pharynx sound. Submaxillary and guttcral lymphatic glands are enlarged and
congested.

Stomach : Has its mucous membrane thick, iiigoso, and as if vrater-soaked along its
great cur\-ature.

Small intestine : With mucous membrane thickened and ptickered throughout ; the
duodenum deeply congested.

lUo-cwcalvalve : Thickened ; its follicles enlarged and filled with a yellowish deposit.

Mucous membrane of cwcum and colon deeply pigmented and of a dark gray aspect.
Some parts of the colon are still red in patches. licctum pigmented, presents several
'small ulcers and a caseous deposit beneath the mucous membrane.

Liver: Bears blue patches of v.arious sizes; gall-bladder contains a little bile of a
bright yellow color, with greenish flakes. '

S2)leen : Small and puckered, so that its borders turn inward.

Fancreas sound.

Abdominal hfmphatic glands: Hepatic, gastric, splenic, pancreatic, mesenteric, subl urn-
bar, and pelvic, as well as the iliac, are enlarged, pigmented, and partially congested.

Kidneijs: Corticle substances pale yellowish, slightly softened ; in the "case of one,
reddened to the depth of one-third line. Medullary jioVtion deeply colored.

Fiespiraiory organs: Larynx and trachea sound ; right lung with almost the normal
pale ijink hue externally, but seems to bo congested internally when cut into ; left
lung nearly normal ; heart and pericardium normal.

108

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

EXI'ERIIMENT No. 6.

Poland China pig, eiglit luceks old.

Date.

Hour.

Body temper-
ature.

EemarlvS.

Dec. 19

10 a. m....

104° F.

Placed in pen witli pii;' partially anivnlcscent.

20

....do

103

21

....do

103. 75

21

5 p. ni

304.5

22

9 a. m

]();!.75

22

4. 30 p.m..

104

23

9 a. m

104.25

2t

....do

10L'.75

25

....do

103.75

26

....do

105

27

....do

103

23

....do

104

29

....do

104

30

....do

103

31

....do

102.5

Jan. 1

....do

102

2

....do

103

3

.-.do

103. 25

4

..-.do

103

Placed ill pen witli anotlior pig iu heigbt of tbe disease.

5

..-.do

103

6

.--.do

101

7

....do

102. 75

8

....do

103.5

9

-.-.do

103

10

....do

10?,

11

....do

103. 25

12

....do

104

13

.-..do

101.25

14

....do

103.5

15

....do

10<i

16

....do

105

17

.-..do

105. 5

Feces coated -with film of blood.

18

....do

104.8

19

....do

104. 5

Bloody feces.

20

..-.do

104. 25

Do.

21

.-..do

105

Do.

22

....do

103

Do.

23

..-.do

103

Do.

24

.-..do

103

Bloody feces. Inguinal lympliatic glands enlarged.

25

....do

101

20

....do

104. 75

27

....do

104

28

....do

103

Appetite improving.

29

....do

102

30

.-..do

102

31

..-.do

103

Experiment No. 7.
Female rahhif.

Date.

Hour.

Body temper-
ature.

Hcmarlcs.

ITov 21

Inoculated hypodermically ■u ith one drarlim of the
.sick pig just killed.

blood of ii

22

9 a. m

104° F.

23

....do

104

24

....do

104. 1

25

..-.do

104.5

^

26

..-.do

104. 5

27

....do

]04

28

.--.do

104.5

29

....do

1C4

30

....do

104

Dec. 1

....do

104

2

.-..do

• 104

3

....do

1U4

5

do

104

7

Ilvpodprmic iniection of one draolun of blood of pig

wbicb dioil

dui'ing last uigbt.

8

9 a. TO

105

9

....do

104. 75

10

....do

103.75

11

....do

103.75

A finu ovoid nodule in the seat of inoculation.

12

....do

104.5

13

....do

103

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

109

Experiment No. 7 — Continued.

Date.

Hour.

Body temper-
ature.

Kemarks.

Dec, 14

9 a. m

103. 5° r.

Hypodermic inject iou of one draclim of blood of pig found dead
this morning. Blood swarming ■with actively-moving bacteria.

15

....do

105.5

Has not eateu supper.

15

5p. m

105.5

Eats nothing.

16

10 a.m

lOG. 25

IG

5p.in

106. 75

(

17

10 a. m

105.5

17

4p.m

103

18

10a.m

105. 75

18

4p.ni

105.5

19

10a.m

104

Blood showed niuuorous moving bacteria as in the pig. ludiu'a-
tion in the right iliac region..

20

....do

104. 75

21

....do

103.5

21

5p.ia

104.5

22

9jum

103. 5

22

4.30 p. m

104. 25

23

9a.m

103.5

24

....do

104

25

....do

104

26

....do

104. 75

27

....do

104.75

.

28

....do

105

Abscess has burst to the right of vulva. A white fibrous ex-
travascular mass exposed.

29

....do

104

30

....do

105

31

....do

105

Jan. 1

....do

104

2

....do

104

3

....do

103

4

....do

103

5

....do

.103

6

....do

102.5

Is very low and has eaten little for some days.

7

....do

...

Sore still open. Killed by bleeding.

Post-mortem examination at once. — Connected with the raw soro in the groin was an
immense mass of whitish, fibrous material, infiltrated with pus, and extending from
the lumbar vertebrto above to the median line below. The mesenteric glands were en-
larged and blood-stained. Two had been transformed with yellow, cheesy-looking
masses. The stomach and bowels appeared healthy ; also the liver and spleen, heart
and lungs.

, Experiment No. 8.

Poland China 2ng, eight weelcs old.

Date.

Hour.

Body temper-
ature.

Eemarks.

Dec. 18
19

4p.m

102. 75° F.

Inoculated with blood of sick rabbit bypodermicaDy.

20

21

22

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

J.an. 1

2

3

4

5

G

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

4p. m

9a. m

4.30 p.m....

9a. m

....do

....do

....do

.---do

....do

...-do

....do

....do

..-.do

....do

....do

....do

.--.do

....do

..-.do

.-..do

-...do

....do

....do

--.do

.--.do

.-..do

...do

103.5

101.5

103. 75

100. 75

101

101

101.5

101

101

100

100

102

102. 75

102

101.5

102

103.5

104. 5

104.75

104. 5

104. 25

103

103

102. 5

103

104. 75

105

Skin hot. Hides under the litter.
Scours.

Inoculated with matter from open sore of sick rabbit.
Feces fetid.

Fetid diarrhoea.
Killed by bleeding.

110

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEJi ANIMALS,

Posl-mortoii examination. — Skin: Naturally black; no i^iirulo nor cougcstcd spots
Been.

IJifji'siirc orfjnnn: Moulli and tln-oat liealthy.

Guiluml Ujmphaiic (jlands: Enlarged and somewhat congested.

Stomach: Moderately full ; of a deep brownisli red along its great curvature.

Small inteMuc : Slightly congested in i)atches; contains twelve ascaridcs.

Lnr{/G intestine : Nearly normal.

McDcnicric himpliaiic (jtands : Enlarged and slightly congested. Their surface presents
clear, glistening, rounded n:asses like pins' heads. Inrjainal rjlanda have the same
character.

Luncj: Isolated lohulettes are dark red and solid; at sonic poijils the inlerlubular
connective tissues is distended hy a dark-red iniiltration.

In the bronchia of the left lung were twelve strongyli.

Experiment No. "J.
Common xchitc pig, ten ivcclcs old.

Date.

Hour.

€

Body tempcr-
iilurc.

Itemarks.

Jau. 7

10 a. in

101° F.

.Inoculated -witli fi^zeii wliite product £iom the gioiu
ini'ectcd rabbit.

of the

8

....do

10-2. 5

0

....do

103

10

....do

103

11

....do

101. 75

12

....do

102

^

13

....do

103

14

....do

103

15

2 p. m

101

16

10.1. m

102. 25

17

....do

103. 25

18

..-do

103.8

19

....do

103

20

....do

105. 25

21

....do

105. 3

22

....do

104.5

Purple spots on rump. Eats littjp.

23

....do

105

Blue cars.

24

....do

102.5

Scours, brigbt-ycUow liquid feces. Inappptence.

25

....do

105

Do.

26

....do

98.75

Do.

27

....do

07

Does not rise when temperature is taken; is stretcbed
side witb muscular jerking. Killed by bleeding.

on its

Post-mortem examination. — Slcin : Margin of snout for one-half lino deep of a dark
brown, and api^arently Avithout vascularity or life. Beneath this is a red congested
line.

Ears : Deeply blotched with dark red and purple maculap, each about one-half inch
in diameter, but to a great extent confluent, so as to form extended lines and patches.
Stump of tail maculated. Perineum and adjacent parts of hip of a deep puiplc.

Digestive organs: Tongue with a whitish fur. On the center of its dorsal surface is
a dark spot about two lines in diameter, which is found to cover a considerable ex-
travasation and clot on the muscular substance. Glandular follicles on tho lower sur-
face of the soft palate filled with a soft yellowish piu'iforin mass.

SuhmaxiUiary hjmpUntic glands: Greatly enlarged and of a deep imrple. Guiinral
glands also blood-stained and moderately enlarged.

Stomach : Full, very fetid, not sour. Great cui'vature has its mucous membrane much
congested with niunerous black spots of extravasation i>rqjcctiug beyond the general
surface. In the left cul de sac the ingesta next the mucous membrane is of a dark
baked apj)earance and iirmly adherent to the nuicous menibrano, tho epithelial layer ■
of which comes oft' with it. It has evidently been adherent for some time.

Small intestines : Have large tracts of congestion, and in tho duodenum and commence-
ment of the jejunum are ten asearides. Seven ascaridcs have made iheir way into the
gall duct and tho ditierent lobes of the liver, but none in the ej-stic duct u(U' gall-
bladder. Tho biliary duct is greatly distended and coated with a layer of yellowish-
green biliary coloring matter.

T/te ilio-cwcal valve: Has its margin of a deep grayish-black and its follicles en-
larged.

27ie large intestines : Are throughout black fi-om pigmentary deposit, the blackness
being especially marked on the agminatcd gland, extending from tho ilio-e;ecal valve
on the colon. Many round blackish elevations are scattered over the; length of the
colon, appearing like enlarged solitary glands. On some jiarts of the colon tho dark

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Ill

color is moditicd by tbo deep red of a rcceut coDgcslion. Tbroiigli tbc wbole leugtb
of tbe large iutestiue tbo mucous mcmbrauo is considerably tbickeued and puckered.
Near tbc auus are some caseous deposits bcneatb tbc mucous membrane, but communi-
cating wirb the surface by open oribccs.

The liirr : Has great patcbes of a deep purple, deepest iu tbe center of tbe ascini.

Tlic f/all bladder : Is full of dark di'cen, tliick, very viscid bile.

The ingnhtui, anhhtinhar, mcscnterie, mcsocoUc, gaslric, and hej)atic lymphatic glands : Are
greatly onlai'gcd and deeply blood-stained.

The kidiie>j.f : Somewhat softened, are of a dull yello\yish brown in tbe cortical por-
tion and of a purple hue, with darker radiating lines in the medullary.

Ilespiratory orrjans : Larynx sound. Lungs sound, excejiting some slight congestion
iu particular lobes, and the tilling of the bronchia and air-cells •with blood evidently
di'awn in in dying. No pleural cilusion.

Heart and ptrieardiuin : Sound.

ExrEKiJiEXT No. 10.
Merino slieep.

-*

«

.. - - . ,

Date.

Hoiu'.

Body-temper-
alure.

Kemai'ks.

Nov. 21

2 p. m

103° F.

H>-podemiic injection of ono ami a liaLf iiacluud. Eloodfrora
sick pig just killed.

O^r

10 a. m

102.5

'

23

....do

103. 75

24

....do

103

25

--.do

104.5

26

....do

103. 25

27

....do

104.5

Scou^yig aud snuffliBg

28

....do

103. 75

29

....do

102

30

....do

102. 5

Dec. 1

....do

103. 75

o

,...do

102.5

3

....do

103. 25

5

..-.do^

102.5

7

H\'podermic injection of two draclim# blood from pig Vflurli

diftd daring tJie nigbt previons.

8

....do

103. 75

9

.-.do

, 103. 3

10

.-.do

103. 75

11

..-.do

100. 25

12

..-.do

102

13

....do

103

14

....do

103

Hypodermic injection of one drachm blood aud pleui'al fluid of
pig -whicli died dming the preceding night. Fluids foil of
actively moving bacteria.

15

....do

10.i5

Snuffling.

15

5 p. m

105

16

10 a. m

104.5

16

5p.m

104.5

17

10 a. m

105.5

17

4p. m

103.5

18

10 a. m

103. 75

18

4p.m

105

19

10 a. m

103. 25

20

.-..do

105.2

Blood shows moving bacteria, bnt less numerous than in the

20

rabbit.

21

10 a. m

102. 25

21

4 p. m

104

\

22

9 a. m

104

22

4.30 p. in

105. 25

23

9a. m

103. 25

24

....do

102

25

....do

103

26

....do

104

27

..-.do

103. 75

28

....do

103.2

29

...-do

103.5

30

-...do

102. 75

31

.....do

104

Jan. 1

.-.-do

103

2

--..do

103. 75

3

....do

103

4

.-..do

102

5

..-.do

103

6

..-.do

103

Inoci4atcd ^vith scnrf from the ear of a sick pig.

7

-...do

102

8

..^.do

102. 75

Scours.

9

-...do ,

103.8

Do.

112

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Experiment 'No. 10 — Continued.

Merino sheep — Continued.

p - f -'- -^ ■ — -

Date.

Hour.

Body-temper-
atui-e.

Eemarks.^

Jaa. 10

....do

103° r.

Scours. Ajius red and sore. Strongly objects to tlie thermom-
eter. Has passed bloody mucus.

11

....do

103

12

....do

102

13

....do

102.5

14

....do

103.5

Anus still red and pufl'y "svitli abundant mucaa.

15

....do

103

16

....do

103. 5

17

....do

103.5

Scours.

18

.--.do

103

Do.

19

.-..do

104

20

....do

102. 75

.

21

....do

103

22

..-.do

102. 5

Anus still red and swollen.

23

10 a.m.

102

Same al'tcmoou injected one drachm of blood and pleural fluid
Irom pic; just killed, riuids contained active bacteria.

24

....do

104

Slight sabciitaneous swelling in the right axilla. Tenderness
6i the skin of the abdomen.'

25

....do

104.5

26

....do

104

26

4.30 p. m

, 105

27

12m

105

28

10a.m

103

28

5p.m

104

20

lOa.m

■ 105

30

....do

104

EXPEKIMENT No. 11.

Long ivooled (cross-Vreed) lamb.

Date.

Hour.

Body-temper-
ature.

llemarks.

Jan. 17

10a.m

104. 25° F.

Injected hypodcrmically in the axilla matter from the ears of
two sick pigs, also anal mucus from one of them.

18

.--.do

104.25

19

.--.do

103.8

20

.-..do

105. 25

21

....do

103.5

Ears with scurfy eruption.

22

....do

lOG. 5

Bleeding spots on ears.

no

5 p. m

304.75

23

lOa.m

104. 5

Injected hypodcrmically one drachm pleural fluid containing
actively moving bacteria from jtig iust killed.

24

.--.do

108

Hai'd engorgement two inches in diameter in right axilla.

25

..-.<lo

107

Axillary swelling more dclincd ; like a hazel-nut.

26

.-..do

104

26

4.30 p. m

108

27

12m

108

28

10 a. m

105. 25

llrctura contracted and tender; thermometer covered with
bloody mucus.

28

5 p. m

106

29

10a.m

lOG

30

....do

104

ITIIACA, N. T., Fehruary 5, 1879.

JAMES LAAY.

EEPOET OF DR. D. W. YOYLES.

Hon. Wm. G-. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture :

Sir : 111 coudincting an examination of the diseases of swine, as pre-
vailing tbrougliont the State of Indianar during the present season, the
following plan was pursued, viz :

A tour of observation and inspection was made through the counties
of Floyd, Harrison, AVasliiiigton, Greene, Morgan, Monroe, Oavcu, Put-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 113

nam, and BartliolomeTV. Some of the most intelligent and leading stock
men of each county "were sought, and all the information obtained which
they had upon the subject of the disease, both in regard to its present
manifestation and past history. Speculators in live hogs and large
feeders were closely interrogated upon every feature of tlie disease as
coming within the range of their experience and observation. Diseased
herds were %'isited, and in each case the farm minutely inspected in all
its bearings upon the health of animals ; the methods of breeding, feed-
ing, and general management of swine diligently inquired into ; dead
animals, where not too far advanced in decomposition, dissected, and
livLQg ones, having the disease, were slaughtered for examination, and
the pathological indications carefully noted. The month of September
was entirely devoted to this branch of the investigation.

The object of this method of inquiry was to ascertain whether the
disease, as i^revailing throughout these several districts, was uniform in
its character, diiferiug only in such modification in type as may be due
to local influences ; or whether these were to be foimd separate and dis-
tinct diseases in different localities, due to entirely different causes for
their production ; and if uniformity was found to exist in the character
of the disease as now prevailing, to learn from practical and intelligent
observers in each district whether, in any essential particular, it differs
from the disease that has prevailed in other years.

PREVAIiENCE OF THE DISEASE.

The several districts visited were all more or less affected by the dis-
ease, but to a much less extent than during former years, except, per-
haps, in the county of Putnam, where it was prevailing for the first time
as a general and wide-spread epidemic, the loss being estimated at from
fifty to sixty thousand dollars. In this county the surface is sufficiently
undulating to produce good drainage ; the sod is red clay on limestone.
Springs of pure limestone water are abundant, and woodlawns beauti-
fully swarded with blue grass are seen upon almost every farm. Feed-
ing swine has been an extensive and profitable branch of farm industry
in this county, and the herds are, therefore, quite large for a grass-grow-
ing section. During the summer months hogs in this county run upon
blue grass and clover, and are fed some corn. We found the corn so
fed often unfit for use, because of a very reprehensible practice of haul-
ing to the field for convenience in feeding and throwing it in an open
rail pen, where, by exposure to heat and moistiire, it soon becomes
moldy. The mean temperatiire in this county during the summer was
slightly above, and the rain-fall considerably below, the average seasons.

The counties of Floyd, Harrison, and Washington possess much the
same kind of soU, and are abundantly supplied vnth running springs of
limestone water ; but blue gi-ass and clover are not so extensively or
generally grown. In these three counties hog-raising is not a branch of
farm industry sufficiently remunerative to induce the farmers to gener-
ally engage in it, and the herds are, therefore, usually smaU and the
animals very imperfectly cared for.

The observations made in the counties of Greene, Owen, Monroe, Mor-
gan, and Bartholomew were on a line with the White Eiver Valley.
This and the Wabash Valley constitute pre-eminently the hog-gTOwing
sections of Indiana. It is in ttiis part of the State that the disease has
l)revailed to the greatest extent. Hog-raising being the leading busi-
ness industry, the herds are ordinarily quite large.

'^o observations were made in the Wabash coimtry. In the White
Ssw

114 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Eiver Valley tlie disease lias prevailed dimng- the present season to
inucli less extent than for several years past. This is due in jmrt to the
fact that there are not so many hogs here as formerly — great loss ha^^ng
greatly discouraged hog-raising, a branch ot agricultural industry here-
tofore paramount to every other interest.

The less prevalence of the disease is also due in i^art to the increased
facilities for selling to summer packers ; the approacli of the complaint
in any given locality being the signal for the solhng of c^-e^y marketable
aaimal.

In these hog-growing districts, the surface of the country is quite ilat,
attording very imperfect natui-al drainage, and as a consequeuce much
stagnant water i^revails. The soil is a mixture of clay and sand. The
food is mauily corn, with some clover duiiiig the suramer mouths, the
aniutals often subsisting upon corn alone from the time of birth to that
of slaughter.

In the county of Bartholomew there are several " grease factories,"
where they render dead animals, and it is estimated that diu-ing the
year 1876 there were rendered at these several factories no less than one
hundred thousand animals that died of the disease in that and adja-
cent counties.

It is the conciu-rent testimony of the leading and most intelligent ob-
servers, whose experience and observation have been most extensive,
that while the disorder prevails more or less at all seasons of the year,
it prevails to the greatest extent and with most fatal effect dming the
dry months of the fall season, and again durijig the last winter and first
months of spring — February and INIarch.

SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE.

A greater degree of imiformity was found to exist in the symptoms
and character of the disease than was anticipated at the beginning of
the iavestigation. The first symi)toms that usually attract the atten-
tion of the farmer, intlicating approaching tlisease, is a wheezing cough,
coupled with a disposition to mope. Duiing this period the animal
stands about as if in a "brown study," with its ears dropped and its
eyes inclined to water or matter.

Following in the usual succession of symi)toms comes a failure in the
appetite, with Qccasional vomiting and diarrhea, although the two last-
named symptoms constitute an exception, to which constipation is the
rule.

A complete failure in the appetite, intense thirst, with increased tem-
perature of the body, indicates the supervention of the febrile and in-
flammatory stage of the disease. Duruig this stage tlie temperature
not infrequently rises as high as 107° F., as indicated by the introduc-
tion of the thermometer into the rectum of the animal. The cough in-
creases ; the breathing becomes more accelerated and laborious ; the
respiratory movements are scarcely observable in the walls of the chest,
but become conspicuous at the flank, and range from 30 to GO inspira-
tions to the minute ; the arterial circulation is increased in frequency
and diminished in volume. Petechial eruption is often observed on the
skin and is most distinctly observable on white animals. This is duo to
extravasated blood from the capillaries into the tissues, which, on under-
going decomposition, produces ulceration of the skin in the futirre
course of the disease, particularly if the animal becomes convalescent.

In the last stage the animal becomes very weak; staggers in gait, if
jible to rise at all ; refuses both food and drink ,• falls in temj)eratiue,

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTIIEE ANIMALS. 115

sometimes as low as 6(P F. ; seeks the sunshine or a covering of litter,
and speedily dies. Emaciation is a rapidly progressive symptom through-
out the entire course of the disease.

DURATION OF THE DISEASE.

The disorder is by no means uniform in its duration, varying from a
few houni to many days and even weeks. When death occuis only a
few hours after the attack a complication of heart disease is usually the
cause of the rapid termination of the case. Early fatality may occur
also from rapid congestion of the lungs, producing hepatization of a
large portion of that organ. The average duration of the disease can
be, therefore, scarcely approximated. Perhaps live days would include'
the length of time consumed in most fatrd cases, whereas a much greater
length of time is required in cases that recover. In its most violent
epidemic form a much less time than live days would include the course
of the di-sease in all fatal cases.

PATHOLOGY OF THE DISEASE.

As before stated, all dead animals not too far advanced in decomposi-
tion were examined, and one or more sick animals were selected from
each diseased herd, and after a careful study of their symptoms, as com-
pared with the other sick stock of the herd, were slaughtered for exam-
ination.

Memoranda iiom thii'ty dissections made from, fifteen separate and
distinct herds fairly representing the disease as observed under all the
varied cu'cimistances as to food, soil, water, and general management,
show the following results :

In every case, without excei)tion, disease of the lungs was present,
varying in degree fi'om shght congestion to complete softening from
suppuration and inflammation. In two cases the lung disease was
tuberculous in character. In eight cases adhesion occm'ied between
the costal plem-a and lung. In six cases ch-curascribed spots of inflam-
mation were foiuid on the walls of the heart and its investment, with
an efi'usion in the peric^irdial sack. In six cases were small patches of
ulceration of mucous lining of large intestine. In six eases were conges-
tion of mucous lining of the stomach. In aU cases the Uver presented a
darker hue than natiu-al, in fom' cases slightly, and in one greatly en-
larged j but in all other cases in size and general appearance would
compare favorably with that organ as asuaUy obserAcd in animals re-
garded somid and healthy. The spleen was in all cases discolored, as
in case of the liver. In few cases there was shght congestion of the
kidneys. In one case there was evidence of fatty degeneration, and in
all others the organ iudicated a healthy condition. The blood was
always dark-colored, the muscles pale and relaxed.

The disease of the lungs was in all cases the leading patliological con-
dition, to which all other diseased appearances were sectmdary in ira-
X)ortance, constituting complications only.

A section of the lung of an animal slauglitered dmiug the active
inflammatory state of the disease shows, under the microscope, a com-
plete solidification of lung-tissue, the air-cells beiug filled with epithelial
exudation, no extra vasated blood appeariug. A section of the liver of the
same animal shows a thickening of the septro acini by a prohferution of
epithelial cells, tending to or constituting fatty degeneration; other
acini in the same section exhibit a perfectly healthy condition. A se<;-

116 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

tion of intestine from same animal shows a liealtLy condition. These
three sections are transmitted with this rejiort for verification. (See
microscopic sections, Plate XV, Figs. 1, 2, and 3.)

The contents of the stomach and intestiaes were liquid in six cases,
and dry, hard, and very dark colored in aU others.

The gall-bladder usually contained a small quantity of thin, greenish
fluid.

The trachea, and bronchial tubes contained a large quantity of matter
apparently consisting of mucus and broken-down epithelium.

DIAGNOSIS OP THE DISEASE.

Judging fiom the visible causes that appear most active in its develop-
ment— the symptoms and pathology of the disease — we feel warranted
in pronouncing it, in its milder manifestations, hronchial catarrh, and, in
its most active and fatal form, catarrhal pneumonia.

There is no symptom uniformly present in the disease,. as we have
observed it, that bears any analogy to the symptoms of cholera as affect-
ing the human subject, and the term "hog-cholera" is therefore a mis-
nomer; and although there is, ordinarily, little or nothing in a name,
in this instance the misnaming of the disease has been a source of incal-
culable loss, by suggesting a line of treatment irrationally administered
and calculated to aggravate rather than cure it.

ITS CAUSE.

It is when seeking the cause of this wide-spread epidemic disease that
the field of investigation takes widest range. As already stated, it pre-
vails more or less at all seasons of the year, and under almost every con-
ceivable condition and combination of conditions as to soil, food, water,
locality, and general management; but the difference in its prevalence
under certain circiunstances is so marked and uniform that from these
facts we may deri^'e some definite information as to the causes most active
in development.

The past history of the disease would indicate that it originated in this
country at a time when the condition of swine was visibly altered from
a comparative state of nature to one of more perfect domestication.
When the country was new, affording almost unlimited range, the hogs
bred, grew up, and roamed in the forest until maturity. Being allowed
the free use of their noses, and being omnivorous in natui-e, they fed on
worms, roots, mast, and such other food as was provided and gi\'en them
by their owners ; they exercised as their inclination or necessities in-
clined them; had free access to numerous spruigs and streams of run-
ning water; slept in storm-sheltered thickets on beds of clean leaves,
and enjoyed under these circumstances a vigor of constitution and an
immunity from disease unlcnown to the modern swine-breeders of the
country. As the country became inore densely populated, rendering it
necessary to clear up and inclose the land for agricultiu?al purposes, the
lank, active, long-nosed animal of the pioneer age began to disappear
in order to give place to a new and more advanced civilization in the
history of his race. A close business calculation demonstrated that a
hog fed to profit on food produced by manual labor must have an inbred
tendency to take on flesh, and that tendency encouraged by close con-
finement and high feeding.

The hog of to-day is the result of persistent in-breeding for an obese
habit, encouraged by want of exercise and over-feeding. An animal

s;w I X !•: \'i: \']-: i ^

l{('l)()ii ( nimnissioiiiM- ol' A'^M'K ill I ui'i' I'orliSrS

IM.ilc W

Mu rosi ())ii( scilmii dI' ilisi'.isfd li\cr
in"H()9 Cholera "

I'lo ■_>.

MlcroscopH si'cl iDiiol' liiii'j

111 ( al arihal piicmiioiiia

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 117

quite comely in shape^ early in maturity, of strongly-developed fattening
tendencies, and of enfeebled constitution, is the intelligent and natural
result. An animal thus deprived in part of the constitutional vigor of
its ancestors, forced to give iu part the instinctive habits of its race in
obedience to the regulations of modern farming, must necessarily have
acquired a diseased tendency. If, under these circumstances in the era
of modem swine-breeding, the animal is more exposed to causes produc-
ing disease, a general i>revalence of disease must be the result. Do
iSuch causes generally prevail, which, operating upon well-known x^rin-
ciples in animal physiology, are calculated to produce the disease as we
have observed it? K not, we are forced, in the absence of visible and
rational causes, to indulge in hypothesis, and seek some hidden poison
which, operating to produce the disease, may, therefore, propagate it by
contagion.

TVe have assumed that the animal of the present period is one of
impaired constitution, and that its habits, as imposed by the will of the
farmer, as to food, water, cleanliness, exercise, and rest, do not approach
so nearly a strict observance of the laws of health as do the instinctive
habits of the animal in an unrestrained state of nature. The habits in
the latter state have been briefly alluded to already. What are" the
altered conditions that conflict with the laws of health as imposed by
the former state ?

FOOD.

In considering this branch of the inquiry we wiU examine briefly the
subject of food. The hog is an omnivorous animal; he eats both animal
and vegetable food ; his instinct demands and his health requires it. In
his native state he obtains the animal food required by the industrious
use of his nose in digging for worms and insects; but the most improved
methods of modem swine-breeding have proclaimed the nose of the hog
a useless appendage, and bred it to the smallest possible size — a thing
of beauty to adorn a ring. The animal, thus deprived of the natural
means of obtaining a supply of animal food, is forced to subsist almost
exclusively upon vegetable diet, consisting almost wholly of corn. That
this style of feeding long pursued is not conducive to the highest state
of health would seem self-evident. In the hog-growing districts, com
alone is often the only food fed to swine from birth to slaughtering,
and it is in these districts that the disease is most prevalent and fatal.
On the contrary, hogs fed the offal from milk and cheese factories, or
from city and hotel garbage, are always most free from disease. In the
city of Xew Albany, Indiana, there are more swine to the square mile
than elsewhere in the State ; their rights are somewhat sacred ; they
run in every street, sleep in every alley, and break into almost every
yard; as scavengers they constitute a sort of independent body of health
IJolice, auxiliary to the board of health ; the average councilman regards
them in some sense as his constituency, and the people, therefore, have
vainly prayed for hog-ordinances and hog-cholera, and still the animal
feeds upon our bounty, multiplies his race, and almost defies disease.

WATER.

During the dry months of the fall season it seldom happens that hogs
have a proper supply of good pure water, even in well-watered districts
of country. In all the herds examined where the disease prevailed, in
but one instance was a proper supply of pure water observed; in a large
numjjer of cases there was positively no water, only thin mud at the

118 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

watering place. At the farm of Mr. Quinn, near Hartsvilie, Indiana,
where the disease was prevailing, twelve head of sick animals were run-
niug in an inclosm-e, and when the proprietor was asked about the sup-
ply of water, he said, " There was plenty — a good spring." On personal
examination the spring was found to issue from a hill-side, with but lit-
tle inchne; from the place where it issued to the point where it disap-
peared from exhaustion — a distance ot some 40 feet — there was a long
bed of thin mud, and no visible appearance of running water at any
point. lie was asked on our return when he last inspected the
watering place, and answered, " This morning." He was then asked if
he thought the supply of water at that sijring would supply a few horses
or cattle with water, if the hogs were taken out, and he replied promptly
in the negative, and when asked by what process of reasoning he came
to the conclusion that water of acknowledged unfitness for anything else
was quite good enough for hogs, and sick ones at that, he replied, in sub-
stance, that hogs would not use water until they rendered it unfit for
any other kind of stock !

We mention this case in detail because it fairly represents the views
of the average farmer upon the subject of water for swine — " any water
is good enough for a hog."

CLEANLINESS. *

The domesticated animal does not approximate the habits of his
pioneer ancestor in point of cleanhness. It is the iastinctive habit of
the animal to bathe in water and wallow in mud to counteract heat and
as a protection agauist flies ; but in a state of nature, when the mud has
served its purpose, the animal cleanses himself by friction with the
nearest tree ; the filthy bed which the domestic animal becomes satisfied
to occupy in a state of confinement is never occupied by animals run-
ning in the forest, and given opportunity to make and change their
sleeping places at will — in short, when allowed to provide for his own
existence, he exercises a more intelligent regard for his wants than is
ordinarily exercised for him by his owTier, who attempts to supersede in-
stinct by reason.

The frequent allusions made to the native hog may provoke the in-
quiry, Are we to return to the ill-shapen and ungainly animal of forty
years ago ? Certainly not. In this age of high-priced corn, such an an-
imal is unworthy of an existence. The only thing to be admired of him
is his health and constitution ; the only useful lesson to be derived from
allusion to his liistory is the means by which these were acquired and
maintained. Food, faulty in character and wanting in variety ; water,
deficient in quantity and ])urity ; quarters, too Umited in space and filthy
in condition, are the three leading factors in the production of disease of
swine.

Special attention was given to the examination of the surface land oc-
cupied by diseased animals, and while there were exceptional cases, in
quite a large majority of instances they were running in fields producing
quite a luxuriant growth of weeds which, during that season, were shed-
ding their seed, bloom, and leaves. The earth was exceedingly dry and
dusty. In traveling through the fields the animals created a dust from
the earth and from the weeds also, which, together, were talcen into the
air-passages and lungs with the air breathed, constituting an active
source of irritation. AVhile pursuing this branch of the inquii y we were
informed b.y some intelligent observers that they had noticed that ani-
mals running in such fields, particularly wheat and rye stubble, over-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. J 1 9

grown Tvith weeds, were the most imhealthy ; and under these circum-
stances the greatest amount of disease was observed. It is at this
particukir season of the year that hogs are most neglected. Having been
turned out during the summer months to take care of themselves, whUe
the grass is green and filled with nutritious qualities, they thiwe and
do well ; butj at the approach of the dry season, green grass gives place
to that which is matiu-e and dry, in which state it is indigestible and
constipating. The water at this particular season fails. It is also at
this season that swine keep their skin clothed with mud as a protection
against flies, seriously interfering with its healthy functions as auxiliary
to the lungs and other depurating organs of the body. This is the
season when the cold nights precipitate heavy dews, and while run-
ning through the grass and weeds, during the nights and early morn-
ing hours, the animals become wet and cold, to be dried off and scorched
in heat and dust at the returning noonday. During the nights they
are chilled, sending the blood from the surface to the internal organs
of the body, and breathe a damp, cold atmosphere; during the day
they are overcome with enervating heat, and breathe a dry atmosphere,
loaded with dust and dry particles of decaying vegetation. Is not this
an array of existing circumstances well calculated to excite catarrhal
affections, and are not these conditions as universally present over a
large area of country as the disease itself ? It may be objected that the
disease sometimes prevails where the conditions mentioned are wanting.
That it does prevail in some instances where there is no visible cause
for its production is true, but the instances are of rare occurrence. As
before stated, it prevails again in an active and fatal form during
the months of February and IMarch. This is the season when bronchial
and lung diseases prevail among the human family, due to the atmos-
pherical changes, and exposure to the damp earth then in a state of
alternate freezing and thawing. Swine are similarly affected during
that period of the year from the same cause ; and being more generally
exposed to these causes than the human family, are more liable to such
diseases in their epidemic form. The principal objection to this rational
theory of the cause of the disease is that it is found to exist at other
seasons of the year than those mentioned, and under circumstances
where almost all the conditions named are wanting. In a few instances
we observed it where there was no visible want of first-class care in the
management of the swine as to food, water, cleanliness, and shelter, and
when they were running on clean blue-grass pastures well shaded and
watered; but the prevalence of the disease under such cucumstances
was exceedingly rare. It is the general opinion among farmers that the
disease is due to some specific poison, and is contagious in character.
This opinion was generally entertained by the farmers of Putnam
county, where the disease prevailed this season for the first time as a
general and widespread epidemic. Many claimed that the disease was
communicated by a lot of diseased swine driven through that coxmty
from the county of Boone ; but many cases occurred on farms entirely
off the route traveled by the diseased animals, and entirely isolated
from public highways, and upon which no new or strange animals had
been introduced by purchase or otherwise. A toll-gate keeper Uving
near the village of Bainbridge, in that county, had a few swine running
at large, and coming in close contact with all the animals driven over
the road, and stiU. they had escaped the disease ; while those occupying
inclosm^es by the roadside generally had it. Numerous instances were
reported by reliable and intelligent men, where the disease prevailed
upon one farm with but a partition fence separating the sick animals

120 DISEASES or SWmE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

from tliose of a neiglibor, in an adjoining field, and the latter not be
affected by it. No case of this kiiid was reported, ■vrhere a stream of
water led irom the diseased herd to the opposite lot of animals, in which
the latter escaped ; which circumstance would indicate that while the
disease may not be strictly contagious it becomes infectious, and can be
transmitted by contact with diseased matter. Experimental operations
conducted with a view to ascertain this fact were wanting, because of
the lack of absolute knowledge that the animals operated upon would
not have had disease without the introduction of diseased matter by
inoculation 5 barring this doubt, the introduction of diseased matter into
the system of a well animal produces the disease in four out of five
cases. It is a safe practice to separate the sick from the well animals at
the very first indication of approaching disease. The eating of the fliesh
of the dead animals, dying of the disease, by those surviving, is a very
reprehensible practice, and should under no circumstance be allowed.
The dead should be speedily removed and buried or cremated. Some
farmers, however, claim that where they allowed the sick to eat the dead
the animals seemed to recover faster by the practice — an observation, if
correctly made, only demonstrating that the herd was suffering from
want of animal food to such an extent that that furnished them in a dis-
eased condition did them more good than harm. Those holding to the
theory of contagion generally agree in the period of incubation as rang-
ing from ten to twelve days.

jMr. William B. Taylor, of Martinsville, Ind., a gentleman of long
experience as a feeder and packer, and an intelligent observer of the
disease, states that when a herd of diseased animals were turned in a
field with others not previously exposed, that the disease would almost
invariably run through the entire diseased herd before attacking the
others ; and Mr. Joseph Goss, of Gosport, Ind., a feeder and packer of
forty years' experience, and a most careful and intelligent observer, cor-
roborates the statement of Mr. Taylor.

THE DISEASE AS AFFECTIIfG DIFFERENT BREEDS.

This branch of the inquiry was forced upon our attention by certain
parties who claimed in behalf of certain breeds of swine a partial or
complete immunity from the disease. Unfortunately oiu' field for obser-
vation in this regard was not good, since all the animals observed were
grades in which the Poland-China and Berkshire blood largely pre-
dominated. The best information gained upon the subject was to the
effect that the breeds for which such immunity was claimed were those
not in general use, .and that the absence of loss from such breeds is due
to the small number of such animals existing in the diseased districts.
Such claims were made in behalf of the Chester Whites and Jersey Eeds.
We saw none of either of these breeds in our travels, either sick or well.
The latter breed may have a partial immunity from these considerations.
It is an Eastern bred animal, developed in a section where in-breeding,
close confinement, and over-feeding and monotonous diet are not so gen-
erally practiced as in the West, and that breed has, therefore, possibly
a better constitution with which to resist diseased tendency.

BECHRKENCE OP THE DISEASE.

All experienced feeders agree in the opinion that animals having the
disease and recovering from it seldom have a second attack, and state
that in purchasing animals to feed preference is always given to those

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 121

that have gone through with the disease. We are inclined to accept
this opinion as of little consequence, for the reason that such as are fed
for pork do not afford a sufficient lapse of time to clearly demonstrate
this point; and, on the contrary, among breeding animals that are
allowed to live olcjer, in which timely opportunity is given, our informa-
tion is that a second attack is not an unusual occurrence.

HEREDITARY EFFECT OF THE DISEASE.

Females having the disease when breeding almost invariably cast
their young. If they escape that accident, the offspring usually die
very soon after birth. Subsequent litters from the animal, after com-
pletely recovering from the disorder, do not ai^pear to be wanting in
vigor, and do not exhibit a greater aptitude for the disease than other
animals.

PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE.

The widespread prevalence of the disease, its rapid course and dread-
ful fatality, warrant the opinion that measures of prevention, if discov-
ered and applied, will be much more beneficial in result than the discovery
of a successful line of treatment for the disease, unless that treatment
shall consist of some specific remedy, a practical use of which can be
made by the farmers in aU stages of the complaint. That such a remedy
will be discovered, we are of opinion, is not within the range of proba-
bility. The measures necessary to prevent disease in domestic animals
embrace within their range a careful study of their natural habits and
wants, and a strict observance of the laws of health that govern all
animal life, the principles of which are the same in their application to
the inferior animals as to man. Those errors alluded to when considering
the cause of the disease, as, in our opinion, largely contributing to, if
not whoUy the cause of, its development, must be corrected. The idea
that swine are exempt from the ordtaary laws governing health, and
will thrive under any and all circumstances, must be abandoned. Forced
to keep pace in his superior development with the civihzation of the age
in which he lives, he requires additional care in his management in
order to ward off the numerous ills to which he is liable, many of which
were unknown to his race in its unimproved state of nature. The food
of the animal should, at aU times, consist of the greatest possible
variety; the water drank should be strictly pure; too many animals
should not be herded together; the young animals should be kept to
themselves ; frequent change of locahty, by shifttag from one field to
another; the frequent plowing up or burning over of the lots usually
denoted as hog-lots in order to disinfect them; frequent change of
sleepiQg-places, and the removal and destruction of old, filthy bedding-
material. During the dry fall months, when the swine are running at
large, they should be daUy inspected, and at the approach of that period
when the succulent grass is giving place to the mature and dry, laxative
food, such as bran-mash or oil-cake ; or aperient medicine, as linseed-oil
or Glauber salts, given to counteract the constipating effect of the dry
gi-ass; the watering-places daily inspected; if running in open fields
with high weeds and grass, they should be taken out at night and kept
from the cold, wet grass, and turned into woods, if there is such a place
available; they should be kept from weedy and stubble fields during the
dry dusty period of the fall season, both day and night. When confined
in close pens, these pens should be cleaned daily, and disinfected when
there is stench, by the use of copperas, chlorinated lime, or with dry,

122 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

fresli dirt. The cpiuion tliat corn, almost alone, is sufficient food for
swine, and contains all that is necessary for the growth and develop-
ment of the animal, will not be abandoned by the average farmer until
after many costly lessons from experience, while attempting to freight
their corn crops to market through this uncertain niigdium of transpor-
tation. A judicious and intelligent system of in-breeding cannot be
abandoned without a rapid reversion to the ill-shapen animal of forty
years ago, and we do not insist that in-breeding, when judiciously and
Intelligently practiced, is materially deteriorating in its influence upon
the health and constitution of swine; it is only by couphng animals near
related, that have a constitutional defect or a diseased tendency, and
where these defects and tendencies are duplicated, that such a course
becomes positively injiuious. In the natural state of swine, wlien run-
ning at large and growing up without man's intervention, in-breeding
frequently occurs; and the bad tendencies are warded off by the more
vigorous males lighting off or destroying the feeble ones and becoming
the sires of the race. Thus nature provides for a "survival of the
fittest." In artificial breeding, the selections made for breeding purposes
are too often made with special reference to shape and beauty, and too
little consideration is given to vigor and constitution. There is no prac-
tical test made in the prize-ring between the most comely, male and his
less handsome brother, as to which is by nature best entitled to become
the sire ; but the breeder makes the choice from other considerations
than "might makes right." Good feeding is the counterpart of good
breeding ; but there is a marked difference between good feeding and
overfeeding or stuffing. Good feeding consists in gi^ang an amount of
good healthy food in sufficient variety to provide for the waste of the
body, and in quantity only sufficient to develop the futui-e growth of the
animal. Overfeeding or stuffing consists in pushing the amount of food
to the full assimilative capacity of the animal, with a view to the greatest
possible amount of excessive flesh. The first is essential to good breed-
ing; the other is deteriorating to the constitutional vigor of the animal.

TREATIMENT OF THE DISEASE.

This branch of the subject we might sum up in these few words: Xo
remedy was discovered having any marked beneficial effect upon the
disease when once fully estabhshed ; no farmer was found wlio ever in
his own experience tried any remedy or remedies that seemed to exert
any well marked curative effect upon the disease. Many isolated cases
were reported ; one animal recovered by having the tip end of its tail
cut off; two, by being saturated with coal-oil, and a few others of like
absurdity.

The announcement of the names of the individual members of the
commission appointed to conduct this examuiation brought to our notice
by letter a large number of so-called hog " cholera cures," which their
several proprietors asked us to test, or allow them to test in our pres-
ence. As the requests were coupled with the expressed or understood
condition that in case said remecUes proved efficient cures their i)roprie-
tor should have the benefit, for his private use and gain, of an official
indorsement of the remedy, we did not think the investigation of such
remedies for such purpose came within the range of duties propeily
devolving upon a commission appointed to make an investigation at the
public expense for the public good, and therefore declined to ansv/cr all
communications relating to such subjects. What valuable discoveries
left in temporary obscurity by our course in the matter time alone must

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 123

disclose. We must say tliat in tliis matter wc were not influenced by
a strict regard to the observance of a liigli-toned professional code of
medical ethics, but eutircly from a sense of the proper dischai-ge of a
public duty. The sick herd of JNIr. Quinn, previously alluded to, was
taken as one offering a fair opportunity for treatment. The sick animals
were all in the formative stage of the disease, and surrounding circum-
stances seemed favorable to their cure. They were confined to proper
limits, in a pen well situated as to health and comfort, and were given
a dose of purgative medicine as a starting point, consisting of Glauber
salts. It was observed by all with whom we conversed that a larger per
cent, of recoveries occuiTcd from among those animals that at the com-
mencemeut of the disease had vomiting and diarrhea than from others.
The dry and hard condition of the fecal matter found in the animals dis-
sected leads to the belief that pm^gatives at the commencement of disease
would always be a judicious course. Bromide of ammonia was then
given in solution in doses of 30 grains every six hours. This remedy we
tested at the suggestion of the Agricultural Department, at the instance
of a gentleman who insisted that inasmuch as it exerted a salutary effect
in the disease of cholera as affecting the human subject, it might prove
equally beneficial in such disease in swine. So it might, but we did not
find that an analogous disease, and therefore the remedy having no
properties calculated to meet the character of the disease that we did
find, proved of no practical benefit in its treatment, the animals dying
in about the same proportion as when not subjected to any plan of treat-
ment, but left entirely to themselves. Mr. Stadda's herd, in the same
county, was subjected to the same plan of treatment with the same re-
sidts. The herd of Mr. Thomas, in Harrison county, was treated under
our direction by giving a mUd i)urgative at the commencement of the
disease, and during the acute inflammatory state of the complaint ad-
ministered antimonials as a sedative to the circulation, and in the sec-
ond stage tonics and nutritious food of milk, mill-feed, and vegetables,
but the per cent, of deaths remained much the same as when not treated.
Other isolated cases occurred under circumstances where extra care and
effort was made in trying to effect a cure by several different lines of
treatment, but candor compels the admission that as far as relates to the
discovery of any plan of treatment proving sufficiently efficient to enti-
tle it to respectable consideration, our efforts were without good results.
And, lest orn? specidations and theories as to the proper line of treatment
may be wrong, and present further obstacles in the way of the discovery
of a successful remedy, we will refrain from giving them, preferring to
present such points only as we fully beheve will be of practical value.
I remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

D. W. VOYLES, M. D.
New Albany, Ind., November 23, 1878.

REPORT OF D. E. SALMON, V. S.

Hon. William G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture :
^ Sir : In my investigations of the contagious hog-fever as it exists in
North CaroUna, it has been my endeavor to decide those points which
it was indispensable for me to know before adopting preventive meas-
ures, rather than others which might be equall.y intercoting from a scien-
tific standpoint. What is the percentage of loss from swine disease in

124 DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

this State 'i Is it one and tlie same disease from which the hogs are
dying in the different parts of it 1 If but one, what are its symptoms,
post-mortem appearances, nature, and cause f And what are the means
by which such losses may be diminished or entirely prevented ? These
are the questions which it seemed most important tv answer ; they are
those to which my time has been entirely devoted.

It was found very difficult to obtain information of localities in which
the disease existed ; for although requests were made through our news-
papers for such information, and although, as I have since learned, swine
were dying largely in every section of the State, I received during the
whole time but three letters naming such localities. If to this we add
that a large part of this State is without railroads ; that the farms are
large, and, consequently, the country is thinly settled ; that usually but
few hogs are kept on. each place, it is seen that a great part of the time
must have been spent in unproductive work in searching out infected
localities, and, when these were found, in traveling from farm to farm to
find herds suitable for experiment, or dead animals for examination.
These facts must explain the small number of experiments which I was
able to carry out.

To give a connected view of the subject, and one convenient for refer-
ence, the report is presented under the following headings :

I.

THE*LOSSES»OF-^SWmE.

a. Extent of disease, number and percentage of deaths.

d. Are the great bulk of these losses caused by one disease, or are
they more equally distributed among all those to which these animals
are subject ?

II.

THE CONTAGIOUS HOa-F*!EVER.

a. Symptoms.

h. Post-mortem appearances.

e. Nature.
d. Cause.

III.

MEANS OF PREVENTION.

a. Hygienic and medical treatment.
/;. Sanitary regulations.

EXTENT OF DISEASE, NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS.

North Carolina is a State with a great diversity of soil and climate.
In the western or mountainous part the summers are not excessively
hot nor the winters extremely cold, and, with the excei^tion of river bot-
toms which are of comparatively small extent, the soil is rolling and
naturally well drained ; the water is good ; there is no malaria, and the
country is rightfully considered a very healthy one. Extending from
the mountains for two hundred miles eastward is a strip of country much
of which is not suflflciently rolling for good drainage through the com-
pact subsoil, and in a large part of which intermittent fever prevails t©

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

125

a considerable extent among people. Still farther east is a strip of
sandy and swampy coimtiy, extremely malarious, and very subject to
intermittent fever and other diseases of malarial origin.

]S"ow, if our hogs were dying of unhealthy surroundings ; if their dis-
ease or diseases originate to any extent from malarious emanations, it
is certainly in this eastern belt that we should expect to find by far the
largest percentage of losses. We should not be disappointed in finding
a few in the central belt, but in the healthy, elevated west, where the
hogs roam in vast mountain forests, we should certainly expect an un-
usual freedom from disease, especially in summer. Viewing the matter
from this standpoint, I visited the western and central sections, and
would have gone to the seaboard if my ow^n health had not failed me
at this point.

Fortimately statistics have been collected of the mmiber of deaths
among swine in the different jiarts of the State for the year ending April
1, 1878, and these, as tar as can be obtained (twenty-three counties only
out of ninety -four), are as follows :

Counties.

Bertie

Buncombe .

Burk

Camden

Chatham ...
Cherokee. ..

Clay

Craven

Cumberland
Citrritnck . .
Franklin . . .

Guilford

Hyde

Total number

j5f umber of

of s^v^ne.

deaths.

22, 28G

5, 151

12, 076

3,194

0,341

1,940

5, 586

2,158

27,858

9,103

5, 183

538

4,998

1,286

11, 446

3,493

13, 466

2,006

7,064

2,451

16, 045

6,359

22, 392

1,041

8,358

888

1

Counties.

Lenoir

McDowell .

Martin

Mitchell.. .

Pender

Person

Kichmond .
Kobeson. ..

Kowan

Wake

Total

Tolal number
of s^vine.

16 604
6,011
12, 755
8, 972
14,964
12, 789
10, 030
27, 411
14,409
17, 448

304, 492

Number of
deaths.

3,853
2,363
3,670
1,380
1,977
3,084
1,192
3,764
1,943
4,112

66, 946

That is to say, hqgs have died to an alarming extent from Cherokee,
Mitchell, and Buncombe counties in the mountains, to Camden, Currituck,
and Craven on the seaboard. Nor was the year above reported an ex-
ceptional one, as these losses are now being repeated in Haywood and
Yancy in the west, and from thence in localities eastward to the sea.
Speaking in round numbers we have reports here from one-fourth of the
counties in the State, and these counties in 1870 contained about one-
fourth of the hogs in the State, and contain now very nearly the same
number as then. We may, therefore, estimate the losses in the entire
State at four times the nrnnber in these counties, say 260,000. Taking
the counties mentioned, the loss amounts to 21^ ijer cent. €f the whole
stock, and ranges from 38J per cent, in Camden to only 4J per cent, in
Guilford.

AKE THESE LOSSES THE RESULT OF A SINGLE DISEASE?

This question has been raised again and again, whenever any measiu-e
has been proposed for diminishing the death-rate of these animals, and
notwithstanding investigators in widely different locahties have observed
similar symptoms and similar post-mortem appearances, the great ob-
jection to sanitary laws has always been the uncertainty in regard to the
affection or affections from which death occurred. It, therefore, seemed
advisable to visit a large part of the State in order to decide this ques-
tion of primary importance. The disease was seen by the Avriter in
Haywood, Buncombe, and McDowell counties, in the mountain district,

126 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

in Kowan, Mecklonbm^g, Lincoln, Gaston, and Alamance, in the central
belt, and particular inquiries -vvore made of tliosc tvIio liad observed it
in tiie counties bordering on tlie coast. Several counties not eiuunera-
ted above vrere visited, but I ^v'as not successful m finding- infected
localities. My greatest regret is that I was not able to make personal
observations in every jxirt of the State.

In each of the counties mentioned a considerable number of herds
were visited and examined, and without exception the liviug animals
presented sijnilar sj^mptoms, and the dead ones showed similar changes
in the different organs of the body. Slight variations were of course
observed, as is always the cj-e m any disease, but these were as great
between diiferent indi\'iduals of the same herd, sick at the same time,
as between diti'ereut herds, even in diiferent coimties. And, what is of
great importance, 1 did not find a single case in which it could possibly
be supposed that death residted from a local disease ; but in every
case a variety of organs, belonging to different apparatus, were found
diseased ; the blood often showed marked changes ; there were extrava-
sations in various parts of the body, and always inflammation of the
limgs and large intestines, generally, also, of the heai't, and often of the
eyes 5 the sldn, too, was often plainly affected, and the temperature was
found to be increased before any other symptoms of disease were in the
least ai)parent.

Considering all these facts, there can be no doubt that these animals
all died of a general disease — a ilisease not caused by changes in any
single organ 5 but, on the contrary, a disease which caused the various
organic changes observed. Again, from the similarity of symptoms in
all these cases which I saw, and in those reported to me fiorn other
parts of the State, and from the correspondence in post-mortem appear-
ances, there can scarcely i^emain a shadow of doubt that the great mass
of the hogs dying in iSTorth Carolina are affected by one and the same
disease.

SYMPTOMS.

An increase of temperatiu'c precedes for an undetermined and prob-
ably variable length of time the appearance of all other s;sTuptoms.
In one lot of seven ten-months-old pigs, only one of which showed symj)-
toms of disease, the six remaining had a temperatm-e varying from
103.0° F. to IO60 F., and this temperatiu-e was preserved unaltered for
six days, with no other changes in the condition of the animals than
increased didlness of the eyes, a general imthiifty condition and a disin-
clination to search for food, although the appetite was still good. The
pig first affected died about this time, and a post-mortem examination
left no doubt of the disease.

In another lot of ten three-months-old pigs, but one of which was
plainly sick, six had a temi)erature ranging from 10Ii° F. to 107° F. ;
with one this was 103.}° F., with two 101° F. and 102° respectively, while
with the sick one it reached 107.4° F.

In a herd of twelve, fi-om which one had just died, and one was plainly
sick, four others showed a teuiperatm-e from 103^° F. to 107° F.

In a lot of fourteen animals, one had died, one was plainly sick, and
three others had a temperature from 103° F. to 101° F.

Of five pigs, one had just died, three had a temperature or 105° F. to
100° F., and the remaining one 103° F.

Of eleven hogs, two had died, one was plainly sick, and five had a
teinpeiuitiu-e ranging from 103° F. to 100° F.

From these and similar cases it has seemed probable that a high tem-

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 127

peratui-e may exist several weeks before other symptoms are manifested
or even tliat the disease may in some cases be confined to, and run its course
in, the blood, without a localization in any organ or organs. Such a
view is also sustained by the often-observed fact that when the cholera
exists m a herd, animals, which show no positive signs of sickness, arc
found m an unhealthy condition, and cannot be made to thrive and
tatten. This point, however, remains to be cleared up by future inves-
tigations. An objection may be brought to the lower temperature here
recorded, that according to other observers it is common to find a
temperature of 103° F. to 104° F. in healthy animals. This, however,
does not agree with the observations which I have been able to make.
Intone herd of ten, the last of a much larger number which had been
reduced by this disease, all of which appeared healthy and thriving, not
one showed a temperature by my thermometer as iiigh as 103o F. In
several other herds of healthy animals which I examined, but notes of
which were not preserved, the temperature was found to range from
960 F. to 102|o F, ju nearly aU these cases the animals were called up
from fields where they were running at liberty, and were immediately
ezammed. So that, although there may be diflerences in thermometers,
I ihmk there can be httle doubt fr-om these observations that an incre?se
of tempcratlue precedes other symptoms by a number of daj'S.

The first symptoms apparent externaUy are a dullness of the eyes, the
Ms of which are kept nearer closed than in health, with an accumula-
tion of secretion m the corners ; there is hanging of the head with lopped
ears, an inclination to hide in the litter, to he on the beUy, and keep
quiet; as the disease advances there is considerable thfrst, more or less
cough, a pmk blush, rose-colored spots, and papular eruption on the
skin, particularly along the beUy, inside of thighs and fore-lees, and
about the ears. There is accelerated respiration and circulation, increased
action of the flanks m breathing, tucked-up abdomen, arched back
swellmg of the ^iilva in the female, as if in heat ; sometimes, also, of the
sheath in the male; loss of appetite, and tenderness of the abdomen-
occasionally there was persistent diarrhea, but generaUy obstmate con-
stipation. In some cases large abraded spots are observed at the pro-
jecting parts of the body, caused by separation and loss of the epidermis •
m these cases a shght blow or friction on the skin is sufficient to produce
such abrasions. In many cases the eruption, blush, and spots are entfrelv
absent; petechias were formed in about one- third of the cases; in one
outbreak, chiefly confined to pigs in which the eruption was remarkably
plam, there was considerable inflammation of and discharge fr^om the
eyes. Some animals have a very disagreeable odor even before death.
In nearly all cases there is weakness or partial paralvsis of the posterior
extremities, and occasionally this paralysis is so complete in the first
stages of the disease as to prevent walking or standing.

The percentage of animals affected and the violence of the symptoms
vary greatly, according to the time the disease has existed in a locahty
In the early part of an outbreak from 70 to 90 per cent, die, and most of
these m the first stages of the disease, from deterioration of the blood or
apoplex-y. In one case there was a loss of 102 out of 107 head ; in other
cases whole herds of 30 or 40 succumbed; later, many of the animals
Imger for weeks, and finally die from persistent lesions of the lungs or
bowels. In some instances a considerable number of those afiected— 20
to 20 per cent.— recover ; many of these lose aU their hair, and often the
epidermis as well. Of those recovering, a very few fatten rapidly and
xT'^-Il "^^* ^^^' ^^^' *^® greater part cannot be fattened, and are always
unthrifty and profitless animals.

128 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES.

In about one-tliird of tlie cases petecliise and larger blood extravasa-
tions are seen on the thinner parts of the skin; in a somewhat larger
proportion of cases the abraded spots, already mentioned, are present;
making a section through these, the skin appears thickened and of a
very high color, but the sub-cutaneous tissue is not appreciably altered.
In one or two cases there was no effusion in the abdomen, but in all the
rest this cavity contained a variable quantity of liquid — sometimes of a
bright yellow color and clear, sometimes of a straw color, and very
often turbid and mixed with the coloring matter of the blood. In every
case the colon and caecum were plainly affected, reddened externally,
and internally showed changes varying from simx)ly a deep coloration to
inflammation and great thickening; in some cases they were studded
with petechia), in others there were none; ulcers of various sizes were
frequently found, and also thickened fibrous, concentric patches, occu-
pying sometimes nearly the entire walls of these organs. In one case
there were large blood extravasations in the walls of both colon and
caecum, distending them to a tliickness of half to tliree-fourtlis of an
inch; on section, these spots had the appearance of a clot of black blood ;
they were firm and tough and did not yield to scraping with a knife.
Bound, firm nodules, one-half inch in diameter, were frequently found
in the waUs of these bowels, which, on section, were of a grayish-white
color, and api)eared to be composed of compact fibrous tissue, with tlie
exception of one case in which they were less firm, and presented the
appearances of the extravasated-blood patches already described. With
the exception of petechias the small intestine was nearly always normal;
in one case there were two or three patches of inflammation one to two
inches in diameter. The rectum was congested or inflamed in spots
only ; there were occasionally the nodular masses mentioned above, but
in a majority of cases this part of the intestine showed little or no change.
The stomach in one-third of the cases was unchanged ; in the remain-
der there were patches of inflammation from the size of the pahn of the
hand to the involving of half of the surface of this organ. Sometimes
this was confined to" the mucous coat, but often imphcated the whole
thickness of the walls.

The cavity of the tliorax in every case contained a considerable quan-
tity of a turbid, bloody liquid, in some cases nearly black in color ; the
pleurae were generally thickened and covered with false membranes ;
the lungs were constantly found inflamed, occasionally in a few small
spots only, but generally the greater part of the lung tissue was in-
volved. Often these organs were greatly congested throughout, and
would break down under the slightest pressure. The bronchial tubes
w^ere also found congested or inflamed, and contained considerable fi'othy
mucus, which in some cases entirely fiUed them. The pericardium was
in nearly every case distended mtli a turbid, blood-colored liquid, but
no false membranes were discovered, and only in one case a piece of
coagulated lymph the size of a hen's egg was found floating in this
liquid. The heart seemed to be congested throughout in most of the
cases, and had patches of a deeper hue than the rest on its external
surface. These patches were very suggestive of inflammation, but in the
absence of coagulated l;yTnph this may be considered doubtful. This
organ at times contained clots of blood of different consistency, and
always of dark color, and at other times all the cavities would bo found
empty. In all cases the blood was very dark, and generally formed an
imperfect (jlot, and the lymphatic glands were enlarged and greatly con-

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 129

gestetl. The lar\iix aud pharynx T\'ere fouud uormal in all the jW6'i-
mortem examinations, hut in some of the living* cases there was consid-
erable s\YelUng about the larynx and ulcers on the posterior part of the
tongue. The liver Avas generally as in health, though in some cases it was
congested, spotted, and softened, and once was fouud smaller and more
dense than natural. The bile was at times A^ery thick and dark, and
again verj" thin and of a bright yellow color. The spleen was normal in
two-thirds of the cases ; in the remainder it was slightly enlarged and
softened. In two cases the interior was almost of a lluid consistency,
w-hile in one the organ Avas smaller and firmer than in health. The
bladder was generally normal, but in two or three cases was inflamed
and coA'cred A\ith blood extravasations about the neck, and contained in
these cases bloody or very turbid urine. The kidneys were seldom more
than slightly hypenemic, but in a few cases there Avas considerable ex-
traA'asated blood in the tissues about the hilum, and on section the sub-
stance about the peh'is was fouud infiltrated Avith perfectly black blood.
We have here a considerable A'ariety of pathological changes, the
only constant ones being congestion and inflammation of the lungs,
colon, and civcum, and congestion of the lymj)hatic glands. To mention
any single i)eculiarities of these lesions as characteristic of this disease
would not be possible from this iuA^estigation. jSTeither the thickened
fibrous patches, the ulcerations, gray elcA^ations of the intestines, the
cuticular eruption, nor petechias were constant.

NATUKE OF THE DISEASE.

In studying the nature of an unclassified disease the fiist question
that occurs to us is : Is the aflection a general or a local one "? In other
AA^ords, does the disease originate from functional or organic disorder of
any particular organ or api)aratus, or are the anatomical lesions dcA'el-
oped secondarily as the consequence of a general affection f And this
question, as regards the disease under consideration, can now be an-
swered in a definite and satisfactory manner. Indeed, when we consider
that the first symi^ton, and one preceding all others hj several days at
least, is an increase of temi)erature ; that Avhen localized a great variety
of organs belonging to different systems and apparatus are involved, as,
for instance, the nervous system, as shoAvn by occasional paralysis and
apoplexy, the lungs, pleura, bronchial tubes, heart, liver, stomach, in-
testines, spleen, kidneys, bladder, and skin ; that there are considerable
changes in the blood, as shoAvn by imj)erfect coagulation, solution of the
coloring matter, and blood extravasations, there can scarcely remain a
shadoAV of doubt that the trouble is not a local but a general one.

The next question in logical succession relates to the contagiousness
of the disease. Is its extension due to a principle which is multiplied in
the bodies of sick animals, and which is of itself sufficient to cause the
disease in healthy ones 1 In answering this question I will merely men-
tion the experiments of Professors Axe, Klein, and Osier, which prove
that the disease may be inoculated vrithout detailing then- facts ; and I
Avill only aUude in like manner to the instances already recorded by Dr.
Sutton, Professor Axe, and others, which seem to prove its highlj' con-
tagious character. Most of these facts haA'e been published in recent
reports of the Department of Ag-riculture, and there is no need of repeat-
ing them. In my OAvn im-estigations I have met with facts which en-
tirely confirm the opinion of these observers in regard to this latter
l)oint. Thus I have found the disease to start at some point and spread
sloAvly in different directions — not rapidly, as though depending on at-
mospheric conditions — and the rai)idity of this extension depends to a
very great degree on AA^hether tlicse iinimals are allowed entire liberty
'.) rw

130 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

or -^lietlier tliey are kept on the preiaises of the o^nler. In Mecklenbiu'g
county no stock is allowed to nui at large, and the disease existed dur-
ing the present year, in some localities, fiom early in the summer, and up
to October first by far the greater part of the country Avas free from it ;
while in Alamance county, where no restraint is put on the animals, the
disease spread from one extremity of the county to the opposite in a few
weeks. In each of these outbreaks, and, indeed, in every one I have
obserA'ed, it is no difficult matter to find one locality where the hogs
have nearly ail died and the disease has finished its work some Aveeks or
even months before, while in almost exerx direction, at a distance of
five, ten, or fifteen miles, these animals are just taldng the affection ;
that is, the disease has extended and is extending, and it has required
this length of time to travel this short distance. Can it be possible that
an atmospheric or climatic change would travel no faster than this ?
Again, if dependent on such conditions, whj' do we find one township
devastated by it and another not many miles distant entirely free from
it i Such instances are very apparent in Haywood, Mecklenburg, Lin-
coln, and Gaston counties at this writing, and were not less so in Bun-
combe county in 1877. If it is claimed that this depends on the condi-
tion of the soil, it is only neccessary to reply that in the outbreak just
mentioned, in Buncombe county, there are no facts to justify such a
theory. In Swannanoa tOAvnshii), which is high, rolling land, with
very few bottoms, no swamps or malaria, and Avhich cannot be surpassed
for healthfuhiess, the loss Avas GO per cent, of the whole stock ; Avhile in
Upper Hominy, Avhich has no adA'autage OA'er Swannanoa in healthfid
location, but which is more remote from thoroughfares traA'eled by west-
ern droves, the loss was only 2 per cent. It was probably entirely free
fi'om this disease.

A large number of instances could be produced of outbreaks in this
State, particularly in the Avestern part of it, clearly traceable to infected
droA'es, and this is, aboA'c all, the case AAith the fii'st introduction of the
disease. It is difficidt to establish exact dates, but all accui-ato testi-
mony points to 1859 as the first appearance of this trouble. Some think
the earhcst outbreaks might have been a fcAv years before that date, but
of this I haA'e been able to get no evidence. Mr. ^Morris, of Polk county,
remembers that a droA'c stopped at his place in lSo9 ; that some of the
hogs died there of the disease, and that soon afterwai"d this malady
spread among most of the hogs in that locahty. This was the fiist ap-
peai-ance of the trouble in that county. Mrs. DaA'idson, of Bimcombe
county, remembers that diuing the life of her father, Avho Avas a lai-ge
hog-raiser, and who lived on the route followed by the droAcs, no hogs
were lost by this disease, but that about the time of his death (1858)
droves came through with sick animals, and that this was the first ap-
pearance of the disease in that locality. Many other people who can-
not remember dates are ])ositive in the opinion that the disease Avas in-
troduced by droAX'S from Tennessee and Kentucky. One man remem-
bers that he was emploj'ed by the drovers to kill the animals that Avere
sick and cure the meat. He also remembers that these animals had
diseased lungs, and such a bad odor that they could scarcely be dressed.
This Avas his first experience Avith the disease known as '' hog-cholera."
Colonel Polk, our i)reseut commissioner of agriculture, informs me that
the first appearance of this disease in Anson county Avas in 1850 ; that
itAvas undoubtedly brought there by Avestern droves, and that these ani-
mals died to such an extent that the ikovers took them secretly to the
woods and buried them under brush and rails to conceal them. A drover
AAho sold his hogs in Georgia at that time iuformed me that the disease
was first introduced in that State in 1859, and that he had no doubt it

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 131

was carried tliere l?y the droves. ludeed, I have found but one oi)inion
among those best informed on this matter, and that is, that the disease
was never known in this section till introduced by animals driven
from AYestern States ; and in some sections of this State, a part of Ala-
mance county for instance, the disease never existed till the present
year.

Judging from all these facts, therefore, we cannot escape the conclu-
sions that this disease is a contagious fever.

In this connection there is one more question that is generally raised
by those discussing the nature of this fever, and that is, does the disease
always originate ii'om pre-existing contagious germs, o» is it often or
generally developed de novo as a result of improper hygienic surround-
ings ? In the consideration of this question I shall confine myself to
the facts brought out by the investigation in this State, simply premising
that most of these facts are as ti'ue of the Middle States and proba-
bly of most of the Southern States as of ^N'orth Carohna. The first point
that attracts attention is the fact that this State was free from the
disease till about 1859, certainly till it was introduced by droves from
other States, whatever the date may be ; hogs had been kept in this
State fi-om the time of its first settlement undoubtedly under similar
hygienic conditions, and yet the disease had not appeared up to that
time, when it was brought by imported animals, just as England was
free fr^om contagious i>leui'0-pneumonia up to 1842 , when it was imported
with animals from the Continent. It is claimed that in the west the dis-
ease is produced by overcrowding and filth, but I doubt if these animals
are crowded any more now than forty years ago ; indeed, I was sur-
prised at the results of my investigations on this point, for, in all the
time I have been visiting infected localities, I have not found a case of
overcrowding, and not more than two or three where there was any-
thing like filthy surroundings. In the western part of the State most of
the hogs are kept in the large mountain forests, or are at least allowed the
run of the highways and commons ; in the east they either run in the
highways and old fields or have ample pastures. If it originates from
restricted range and unheathful chmatic conditions, it is certaiuly in the
east that we should expect to hear of its originating and proving most
disastrous ; but it was known tu the mountains as early as in the other
parts of the State. And if we examine the list of counties which I have
given above, we shall find it as fatal in the elevated and heath ful west,
with its immense mountain ranges, as in the malarious east. I append
some conspicuous examples of this :

Loss in eastern counties. Loss in xcestcvn counties.

Por cent. Per cent.

Camdeu 38 McDowell 37

Lenoir 24 Buncombe 25^

Robeson 14 Mitchell 15|

Hyde 10^ Cherokee lOJ

We find here, then, just as large losses in the west as in the east, and
just as small ones iu the east as in the west; in other words, the
disease rages irrespective of these climatic and hygienic extremes ; and
this becomes stiU plainer when we add that in"^ Swanuauoa townsliip
of Buncombe county the loss reached GO per cent.

Of course, at the present time, as with all contagious diseases ATuich
have existed for several years iu a country, there are some outbreaks
which it is impossible to trace to their source; and it seems ])robable
that the contagion may be preserved over winter in manure, straw, litter,
or in the remains of unburied animals which died the preceding year.
There are some outbreaks that cannot well be explained otherwise,' and,
indeed, there is no reason to doubt that this maybe the case; contagious

132

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

germs may also midoubtedly be carried a considerable distance by other
animals or birds, and it is for this reason that many farmers have con-
cluded that pasturing- hogs on wheat-lields produces the disease; but
hogs ^vere pastured on -syheat-tields as well thirty years ago as now; Avhy
did not the same result follow then ?

I have concluded, therefore, after a careful study of these facts, that
this contagious disease does not originate clc novo in Xorth Carolina; and
that if the coutagious germs now in the State can be destroyed and their
importation j^jrevented, we shall be as free from it in the future as we
were before its first imi)ortation, about the year 1859.

HYGIEr^C AND LEEDICAL TKEATIMENT AS PRE^VT^NTIVES.

It was one object of this investigation to determiue if the best hygienic
conditions, clover pasture, large range, and variety of food have any
preservative influence against this contagion; and while a large num-
ber of cases where these conditions seemed perfect could not be collected,
the few that Avere observed prove that these alone are absolutely power-
less to keep off the disease. Thus, Mr. AVadsAvorth, of Charlotte, lost 117
annuals, nearly his whole stock, Avhich had the run of a clover pasture
and large wood lot, Avhich had in addition slops from the city hotels, and
grain. In this case disinfectants were freely used. Mr. Davidson, of
Hopewell, lost 50 per cent, of his herd imder similar conditions. A herd
Jvcpt at a slaughter-house, in Charlotte, Avhich had other food as well as
the refuse, was the first to take the disease, and suffered to the same ex-
tent as others. Indeed I met with huudi-eds of cases where animals had
large pastiu'cs and other food in addition daily, where such popular pre-
ventives as salt and ashes, sulphm-, tar, oil of tui-pentine, charcoal, and
copperas were freely and regTilsirly given, Avhere the majority of the ani-
mals Avere neither too fat to be A'igorous nor so poor as to be wanting in
this respect, and yet from 50 to 90 per cent, succumbed to this alfectiou.
In one case where I had the tincture of chloride of iron giAcn regularly
as a preventiAc, commencing before any of the animals shoAved even au
elevation of temperature, and where they were in a large pasture at a
considerable distance from any others, the disease has appeared; tAvo
haA-e died and others will i^robably follow.

Some experiments were made AA'ith bisulphite of soda, salycilic acid,
bichromate of potassa, and bromide of ammonia to determine if these
haAC any power to arrest the disease Avhen giA^en before any symptom but
increased temperjiture had appeared; the results of these were as follows:

Agents.

o

Begiiminj: of tem-
perature.

Dose per day.

Q ■

Final tempera-
tuie.

Bisulphite of soda.

Expcrimeut Xo. 1

Exporiiuout Xo. 2

Experiment X^o. 3

0

4

ion. Goto 106° F. ..
103JO tolOT^ y...
1U35 to 104° V...

4 drachms

1 ounce

1 to i ounce

Days.

I
7

90° to 99° F.
10i'i° to 10,->° F.
103° to 100° F.

Salycilic add.

Experiment No. 1

Experiment X'o. 2

4

8

1041° to 107° F...
103° tolOG°F...

30 gi-aius

4 J grains

7
0

100° to 101° F.
103° to 105° F.

Bichromate of potassa.

3

103i° to 107° F...

7

103° to 105° F.

Bromide of ainmoniu.

4

103° to 100° F...

23 grains

7

103° to 106° F.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 133

These experiments show that none of these aji'ents can be depended
on to stop the changes soing- on in the blood as a conseqnence of this
disease. Althongh both bisulphite of soda and salycilic acid in one ex-
periment each appeared to accomplish this, they failed in other cases
where given in larger doses for an equal length of time 5 and when we
consider that in no contagious fever has a remedy been discovered
capable of arresting the course of the malady, the doubt in regard to
the efficacy of these agents in this disease must increase.

SANITARY REGULATIONS.

"We are finally brought to the irresistible conclusion that sanitary
regulations properly framed and enforced are the only means at our
command for checking the ravages of this disease and relieving our
farmers from the enormous losses at present occasioned by it. We can-
not expect, however, that this desirable object will be accomi)lished
without considerable expense, especially in the lirst years of the attempt.
We must expect outbreaks in all parts of the country where the disease
has i)reviously existed, caused by contagious germs which have been
preserved in some of the ways already mentioned; but we should be
encouraged by the fact that in most parts of the country, at least, these
germs, unless especially preserved in straw, manure, remains of dead
animals, &c., are entirely destroyed during winter. Thus, in Swannanoa
township, where GO per cent, of the hogs died in 1877, there has been
no outbreak up to October 30, 1878. Above all must we realize the
necessity of thoroughly destroying every particle of contagion wherever
it appears. Although this would undoubtedly be very expensive, it
would certainly be a great saving, even at the start, on the great losses
which we are now annually experiencing; and if the work is thoroughly
done we may expect that this expense will be reduced to a compara-
tively small item in the course of a few years. At the worst such ex-
pense woidd be much less than the use of a specific by individual farm-
ers, even if such a remedy were discovered. In regard to such regula-
tions I would suggest the following x^oints as necessary according to
what is now known of the disease :

1. The regulations should go into effect in winter or early spring
when fewest animals are affected, or when, as my experience indicates,
the disease is entu-ely extinct.

2. People living in localities where the disease has prevailed within
two years shoidd keep their hogs in an inclosure free from accumula-
tions of manure, straw, litter of any kind, or remains of dead animals
in which the contagion might possibly be preserved, and in which there
were no sick hogs the preceding year.

3. That in such localities, i. e., where the disease has existed within
two years, it should be made obligatory for persons owning hogs to re-
port each and every death occurring in their herds promptly (within
forty-eight hours if but one, or twenty-four hours if more than one, or
if others are sick), to a designated person to be located in every town-
ship or county, unless such deaths were plainly caused by mechanical
injuries, drowning, maternity, &c. And that there should be districts
established of convenient size, in each of which a competent veterina-
rian (or physician in case the veterinarian could not be obtained),
should be appointed, to whom the above township or comity ofiicer
should report whenever two or more such deaths have occurred in the
same herd within a fortnight; whenever an unusual number of deaths
have occurred in any locality, or whenever there is any reason to sus-
pect the presence of this disease.

134 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

4. Ou receipt of such report tlie veterinarian sliould Aisit the locality
and make a careiul investigation into the nature of the disease, using
the cliuical thermometer and making ^)osf-5??orton examinations.

5. If the contagious fever is indicated the whole herd should be
slaughtered, tlie animals deeply buried, the place thoroughly disin-
fected, an.d no more hogs allowed there till after a succeeding winter.

6. When the disease exists to an 3' considerable extent in a locality,
those owning hogs in adjoining townships or even counties, according
to the extent of the outbreak, sliould be required to keep them in small
inclosures or pens, at a distance from roads or streams of water coming
from infected localities. This is necessary to lessen the danger of in-
fection and to allow more thorough disinfection in case the disease ap-
IJiears.

7. A certain compensation should be allowed for slaughtered ani-
mals— say 25 per cent, on a fair valuation for those plamly sick, 50 jier
cent, for those which simply show a rise of temperature above 103^° F.,
and full value for the healtliy ones.

8. In case a hog-owner fails to comply with above regulations a pen-
alty might be fixed, or at least such a person should receive no compen-
sation lor slaughtered animals.

These are the regulations that seem to me most necessary, but there
may undoubtedly be circumstances in which these may be advantageously
modified. Thus in case of a herd of several hundred animals, in which
but few are affected and the remainder show a healthy temperature, it
might be adAisable to simply kill and bury the affected ones, to thoroughly
disinfect the premises and to kill others as soon as a high temperatiure!
becomes apparent. Or in case all were killed the meat of the healthy
ones might be preserved and marketed. It is also possible that, through
negligence in making reports or an improper diagnosis of the disease,
such a large territory may become infected as to make it ad"sdsable to
establish a sanitary cordon, isolating the locality as much as possible;
and leave the disease to run its natural course. In such cases no live
bogs should be allowed to leave the infected section till after a succeed-
ing winter, nor any carcasses of hogs till after freezing weather ; people
lining within this district should be jn^ohibited from going near swine
outside of it, nor should drovers or others from outside be allowed to
visit the infected swine. All dead animals should be promptly and
deeply buried, and disinfectants freely used. All hogs in sucli district,
and for twenty miles distance from it in all directions, should be kept in
small inclosures at a distance from roads, in order to lessen the chances
of extension and to allow thorougli disinfection.

If such regulr.tions are thoronglily earned out there can be no doubt
that the ravages of the disease will be greatly diminished at once, and
in a few years many States which now suffer terribly from it will be
completely exempt ; while in those where it now proves most disastrous
there is reason to believe it would never cause serious losses. Sanitary
regulations similar to those are the only means that have ever been suc-
cessful in combating the contagious diseases of animals, and while we
would not be understood as discouraging the search for specific remedies
we cannot disguise our opinion that it is extremely irrational and absurd
to delay action in this disease till such specitic shall have been discovered ;
in other words to neglect those measures which have alone succeeded and
cling to those which have always failed.

Respectfullv submitted.

D. E. SALMON, F. S,

SwAJSTNANOA, ]S'. C, I^oi'cmher 15, 1878.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 135

EEPOET OF DR. ALBERT DUNLAP.

Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture :

Sir: On the last day of July, 1878, 1 received from you a "commission
to act for tbe Department of Agriculture in tlie examination of diseased
animals," accompanied -witli printed instructions directing me to par-
ticularly examine into causes of the disease known as " hog cholera."
I interpreted my instructions as follows : Find out what disease or dis-
eases are destroying the swine and the symptoms of the same ; the causes,
both predisposing and exciting; the stage of incubation, morbid anat-
omy, &c., and to discover how far attention to liygienic care will prevent
the spread of the disease in infected herds and its inception in healthy
droves ; and in addition to test the value of various medicinal remedies
for curing the sick and preventing the spread of the disease. Recog-
nizing the primal fact that the hog is an animal of short life, low vitality,
and of comparatively little pecuniary value, singly, as compared with
other domestic animals, and that they are kept in large droves by most
Western farmers, I considered it of little profit to attempt to meet each
special symptom with its appropriate remedy ; but rather, after having
fully diagnosed the disease or diseases, their nature, causes and lesions,
and the predisposing causes which had assisted in the spread of the
same, to try and devise a system of treatment, both hygienic and medici-
nal, which could be used in the treatment of large droves already infected,
and reduce the liability of healthy droves contracting the disease. I do
not claim for this report any degree of perfection. The limited time
allowed only permitted the examination of the disease under certain
climatic influences, and not through the various seasons of the year. I
am, therefore, only able to report on the diseases which came directly
under my own observation in this State (Iowa) during the two months
of investigation, briefly referring to cases of diphtheria which I carefully
observed last winter, and of which I have seen no cases during this inves-
tigation.

The medical literature upon the subject of the diseases of swine was
very limited, and I could find no strictly scientific work treating upon
the topic. I was, therefore, forced to fall back ui^on my knowledge of
the diseases of man as a foundation, and after having fully examined the
symptoms and morbid lesions in a series of cases selected out of an
infected drove, I compared those symptoms and lesions with Mke symp-
toms and lesions found in man, and thus arrived, I think, at correct con-
clusions as to the proper name of the diseases under consideration. I
was thus materially assisted in tracing out both the predisposing and
exciting causes of these ailments. To the casual observer it may seem
absurd to form conclusions in regard to diseases of swine from a previous
knowledge of the diseases of man, but when we consider that the hog
resembles his two-footed brother in many respects, has a similar alimen-
tary canal, like viscera, the same system of blood-vessels and nervous
structure, is also omnivorous, and tliat the diseases under consideration
are caused by specific blood poisons, which act in like manner on man
and brute througli the process of inflammation, we can but conclude that
if we find a set of certain classified symiDtoms in a hog with a distinctly
marked uniform set of pathological lesions, and a similar set of symptoms
in man with like morbid lesions, that these two are one and the same
disease, and should bear the same title, especially when we can trace
the cause m both cases to the same exciting agent. I have been forced

lo6 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

to depend entirely upon my own observations for tlie material of this
essay, and I will say in defense of the position or theories I advance,
that they are my conclusions after inspecting over three hundred herds
of diseased swine in various counties of this State, and after a careful
dissection of nearly one hundred diseased animals. In justice to the
farmers of Iowa, it is my duty to state that I received much valuable
assistauce from their hands. During the progress of my investigations
prominent symptoms were pointed out by farmers who had made the
disease a study, and I am oidy sorry that I cannot give each one credit
for his particular contribution. I made my " headquarters in the field,"
and strived to obtain a thorough knowledge of the subject in all its
details. I was forced to abandon the use of the microscope after a few
days' trial.

HOG-CHOLERA.

Definition. — Any contagious or infectious disease attacking swine with
usually fatal residts. This definition will include all fatal diseases that
are contracted by one hog from another, either by direct contact or by
contact with the discharges or exhalation of any diseased animal, or the
gases arising from any contaminated matter. Under this head can be
properly included the three diseases I have discovered during my investiga-
tion, viz., di])htheria^ typJms, and typhoid fever. The definition will exclude
worms, lung-fever, pneumonia, j>leurisy, or any special inflammation of
internal viscera which are the results of climatic influences, vicissitudes of
weather, or improper food. I am led thus accurately to define the disease
and draw the line of distinction, because I have repeatedly found droves of
swine suffering with so-called hog-cholera, when, in reality, there was no
contagious disease whatever prevailing, but they were sick and dying
because the rules of common sense had not been observed in their care.
Because a number of hogs in a drove are taken sick at one time and with
like symptons, it does not follow that they are suffering from any conta-
gious disease, and the sooner the fact is impressed upon the farmers the
better it will be for their pockets. Often it is not medicine that is needed
but a change of food. I will give a few cases which will best illus-
trate the ideas I wish to convey. Mr. I>. kei)t his swine in a lot of one
acre, more or less, where they had but little exercise, regular food, and
sheltered bed. After gathering his corn he turned his entire drove into
the field to glean. Tliey also had the range of a forty-acre wood lot.
Two days after he found a number of his shoats side, five of which soon
died. The disease was pneumonia or lung-fever. jNIorbid anatomy in
each case showed at least one lung hopatizedand inflammation of pleura.

Cavse. — The hogs were jweviously confined Avithout exercise and had
regular food and sheltered bed. They Avere then turned out in large
range, exercised fully (especially the slioats), slept on bare ground at a
time when the weather changed suddenly colder, and the lesult was
lung-fever and death. No medication was needed to prevent the healthy
shoats contracting the disease, and a little care ancl simple medication
woidd have probably cured the sick.

Mr. M. ke])t his hogs on a clover aiul grass range. They had stag-
nant water for drinking, and sour, fermented swill was fed freely twice
a day. The land was flat river bottom, with black soil; ringers were
used to prevent rooting ; no roots, vegetables, or corn were giAcn. The
natural result of such errors in diet was sickness, emaciaticm, and death.
First, the young pigs pined away ; sudamina appeared ui)()n the eye-
lids, nose, and ears, and one animal after another was attacked with
convulsions and died. The brood sows and stock hogs soon followed iu

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 137

the same way, and when I visited the farm fifty out of eighty head had
been cut off in this useless and iTuprofitable way. Three sick hogs were
killed and dissected. The lungs were white, but showed no signs of or-
ganic disease. The kidneys were light colored and showed some irrita-
tion in tubules ; all internal viscera without organic disease. There was
a lack of red corpuscles in muscular tissue, which appeared almost white.
The disease, in this case, was simply starvation. As yet no contagious
disease has appeared in the herd, but the hogs were in such a condition
that if exposed to the slightest miasma they would ine^^tably contract
any contagious disease, and, with the debiUtated blood to begin with,
would rapidly succumb to it. Now, I assert that although the drove
■was supi)lied with abundance of food in kind, yet it was not the nour-
ishment demanded. There was an excess of certain constituents and
absence of others necessary to health. Every article of food furnished
this drove contained acid. This was the case with the clover, grass,
and slops given them. The water was poisonous also, and they were
deprived of the alkaline salts necessary to life. The small quantity
they might have obtained from the ground was made inaccessible by
the rings in their noses.

In this drove the tongues of the hogs were large, white, and flabby,
indicating plainly the need of change of diet. There are many other
errors in diet which will be alluded to when we come to speak of the
predisposing causes — errors which do not cause death, but which render
the hog pecuharly liable to contract contagious diseases, and also in-
crease the expense of feeding.

I will now give an illustration of a case where too much care, misdi-
rected, caused disease and death : Mr. C. builds a so-called model pig-
pen. It is low and tight } the sun and air are excluded ; the floor is of
boards, and is raised above the ground. To prevent dampness, straw is
furnished liberally to keep the hogs warm. The feed-lot is exposed to
the north and west winds. The hogs, sleeping in this damp place, with
cold boards under them, pack closely together in the damp straw, for, no
matter how dry the straw may be when put in, in the course of a few
hoiu-s it will be wet and loaded witli ammonia. Mark the results. At
reveille they come from their sheltered house wet and heated, pass into
the feed-lot exposed to the bleak north wind or cold rain from the west,
and the natural consequence is coughs, colds, bronchitis, pleurisy, lung-
fever, inflammation or irritation of some internal viscera from the sud-
den check given to perspiration, or sudden -change of temperature by
the inhaled atmosphere. If the exposure is not suflicient to cause a
fatal inflammation, it will cause a bronchial initation, as shown by
cough. The system is vitiated, and any contagious disease prevailing
in the vicinity is liable to attack the drove. The owner reports the
cough as existing for one or two months as the first symptoms. In this
case the cough was caused by errors in care, and was but a symptom
telling the farmer tliat his swine had contracted a cold, and that this
disorder of the system would debilitate and render them more liable to
contract any contagious disease to w'hich they were exposed.

We will now take up in their order the three diseases which come
properly under the title of ''hog-cholera," that is the diseases which an-
swer to the definition we have given of hog-cholera. AVe do not claim
that these are the only contagious diseases which are known to cause
deatli. There may have been others in i)ast years, or even in this year,
but They did not come under my observation, and having accurate
reports from many prominent and intelligent stockmen in all the West-
ern States, detailing- the symptoms in their infected hogs, I can but con-

138 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

elude that these three tliseases are the only contagious diseases "which
have attacked hogs in the last two years. xVlter describing each dis-
ease, its s;\'mptonis, course, stage of incubation, pathological lesions,
causes of death, and exciting causes, we shall take up the subject of
predisposing causes toward the contraction of these diseases. Then we
shall point out the best plan of treatment, both hygienic and medical,
for culling the sick and iirerenting the spread of any contagious disease
among healthy animals.

TYPHUS FETES.

Definition. — A specific continued fever, attended with increased tem-
perature, usually above 105^ F. : stupor ; congestion of brain ; swelling
of forehead 5 stiffness of joints: excessive soreness of all tissues: a pro-
fuse eruption on the belly and inside of thighs, with costive bowels dur-
ing the first few days, and usually terminating in death within fourteen
days.

Symptoms. — Headache, as shown by wrinkled forehead: i^artially shut
eyes ; nose held near the ground ; loss of appetite ; stupor; indisposition
to move : excessive soreness of all tissues, the slightest pressiu^e causing
excessive pain ; swelling of forehead between the eyes ; tongue gener-
ally large, white, and tiabby, esj^ecially if the disease is complicated
with malarial poisoning. There is also great restlessness, shortness of
breath, and cough. The sick hogs are frequently lame in one limb, and
cannot even put it to the ground. The heat of the body is excessive,
the temperature rarely ranging below 105° F.. and generally reaching
as high as 108° to 109° F. ; and if the hog is not carried off from the
fifth to the seventh day a copious eruption appears on the bowels and
on the inside of the thighs and other soft parts. The bowels are
almost always costive during the first week and the discharges hard and
dark colored. Thirst is excessive, and the hog will oiten drink until
it falls OA'er dead. During the second week we have increase in the
severity of symptoms. Sordes collect in mouth ; small watery i^imples
appear on nose, eyelids, and ears : there is great prostration of strength,
with staggering gait when forced to walk. Costiveness may now give
place to diarrhea ; urine is passed while l\"ing down, and convulsions or
fatal stupor intervenes : enlargement of glandular structure, especially
in the neck, is a common symptom, but in no case have I found abscess
with healthy pus, but rather thin sanious fiuid. A common symptom
during the second week is thumps, and I have ncAer known a case to
recover when this symptom was present. The thumps a])pear to be
nothing more than a spasmodic action of the nerves, like Idccough in
man, and denotes great prostration and approacliing death. In advanced
stages of the fever these are the main s^^nptoms. and this alone is a
common course of the disease, as I have observed it. But there are
many exceptional cases. Many hogs, especially those debilitated by
errors in food or from the effects of malaria, will succumb to the infiuence
of accumulated poison acting on the brain and nervous system, and die
within twenty-four hours. This is of Ireqnent occiuTcnce, especially in
young pigs and shoats. Others will die from obstinate constipation, the
impacted feces causing ulceration and rupture of descenduig colon and
rectum. In some herds convulsions, from congestion of the brain, occur
diuing the first day, and unless relieved the case tenninates in death in
a few hoiu's. Tubercular deposit in the lungs and in the mesenteric
glands is very common. In this disease, as also in typhoid fever, the
smouJdering spark of scrofula is fanned into a fiame l)y the fever, and the
tubercular matter is deposited in the lungs and glands, and the patient

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 139

tiiat miglit have recovered from the fever is carried off with consump-
tion. The odors of the exhalations are pecuhar, and will at once diag-
nose the disease from any other. To describe this peculiar smell would
be impossible in words.

Duration. — The diuation of the disease is variable. Many animals die
within a few hours, but if the bowels are emptied by saline cathartics
or injections, the animal generally lingers into the second or third week
before the crisis will occur. The prognosis is verj' unfavorable, especially
in large droves, where little can be done to relieve symptoms. Our ad-
vice is, in all large herds where this disease obtains access, to destroy
at once the side animals, burn or bmy the carcasses of the dead, and
labor to check the progress of the disease by prompt hygienic measures.
In small droves, or where the stock is of peculiar value, an effort may be
made by the use of medicinal agents and care to relieve the symptoms
and gTiide the case to health. But in large herds this effort will be found
unprofitable. When we remember that in man, with all the advantages
of a thorough knowledge of the disease, with skilled physicians and
competent nurses to care for the sick, many of those attacked in crowded
armies succumb to the influence of the disease, we certainly cannot ad-
vise farmers ha\ing large herds to attempt remedial measures. Another
argument against attempting to cm^e those having well-marked symp-
toms of the disease is that, if there is the slightest taint of the scrofu-
lous diathesis in the blood, the spark will almost certainly be fanned into
a flame, and the patient, reacting from the specific fever, will be carried
off" by deposit of tubercular matter in the lungs or mesenteric glands.
Now, we know that the hog is an annual of low vitality, and, in a major-
ity of cases, of scrofulous habits, hence we need not be surj)rised to
find consumption a very frequent sequence in this disease.

Pathological lesions. — During the first three days after the appearance
of the outward symptoms of the disease dissection will show but little,
if any, change in the viscera. The bowels will be found loaded with
hard fecal matter, and careful examination will disclose some thickness
of the inner coat of caecum and ascending colon. A hog which has been
sick a week or ten days will still disclose no disorganization of internal
organs sufficient to account for the severe outward symptoms. The blood
is blacker and less coagulable than in health ; a general irritated condi-
tion of all mucous membranes will be noticed. The limgs will show no
organic change, unless tubercular matter has already been deposited.
In a majority of cases dissected, I have found the liver, kidneys, and
spleen healthy — at least showing no signs of disorganization. I have
never, in this disease, found abscess of any internal viscera, but have
frequently found a low form of inflammation in the glands of the neck,
which discharged a thin, sanious matter, but not true pus. In all cases
examined I have found certain uniform morbid lesions, invariable thick-
ening, and deposit in certain portions of alimentary canal, particularly
at opening of small bowels into large bowel. This increase of tissue
may take place in stomach or in any portion of alimentary canal, but
will always be found in the caecum around the ilio-caecal valve. In a
large number of cases I have fouixl at this point that " peculiar bearded
appearance ■' spoken of by Flint. But these black specks were only
found during the first few days of the disease. At a later stage there
was invariably great increase of tissue, thickening, and hard deposit.
During the investigation I dissected over fifty hogs, all presenting the
peculiar symptoms of t^T^hus fever, and in every case I found thicken-
ing or deposit around the ilio-caical valve ; in several cases where the
disease was recent I found the minute black specks, and my own opinion

140 DISEASES OF S^YmE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

is that the bearded ap])earance or black specks are the commencing: les-
ions of the disease, and that this is followed by thickening or deposit.
Anomalous lesions -were found in many cases. In one the entire mass of
bowels were found ;ig\i^lutiuated. In several others were found enormous
thickenin.G: or de])0sit in coat of stomach ; but in all cases, as before men-
tioned, there was one lesion always present, a deposit or thickening
around the ilio-ciiecal valve where the solitary glands of caicum are sit-
uated.

The cause. — The exciting cause of this disease is a specific poison in
the blood, an infectious, miasmatic poison, aud the disease cannot be
generated by any excess of filth, by want of care, or any errors in food.
The specific poison must be there. The hog, to contract the disease,
must be exposed to the specific miasma arising from another animal suf-
fering from the disease. This disease is very contagious, and if it once
obtains access to a drove of swine, prompt measures only can i^revent
its spread to the entire lot. The rapidity of its spread depends upon
the condition of the drove and the A'entilation. ^^^len the hogs are
allowed an extensive range, and are not crowded together, it will spread
slowly ; but where they are cooped up in a contracted pen it will spread
very rapidly. Although, as I have before said, this is the most conta-
gious and fatal of any disease that has attacked swine, yet it has one
redeeming feature, it is more easy to prevent its access to a drove, as
the miasm cannot be carried as long distances by Avind and other meth-
ods of conveyance as can the poisons,of diphtheria and typhoid fever.

It may be well for me to exi)lain the statement that filth cannot gene-
rate the disease. Ko amount of filth, no confinement in close quarters,
no errors in food can produce the disease, but filth, want of ventilation,
and improper food can deprave the system, disorder tlie stomach and
render the animal more liable to the inception of the malady. Hence
the disease often obtains access to a drove by means of one or two ani-
mals whose systems are disordered, and having once obtained a foot-
hold spreads to the healthy ones, the contagious iniiuence being now
nearer and stronger.

Incvbation. — From the few cases wliere tlu> stage of incubation could
be accurately determined, that is, the period of time elapsing from the
time of exposure until the outward manifestations of the disease, I
would place the period of incubation at fourteen days. I have but two
instances to report where the time of exposure could be exactly deter-
mined. To verify this statement, in each of these cases the exact time
of ex])osure (by amval of strange hogs suftering from the disease.) and
the first outward symptoms of the disease were noted, and in each case
it was fourteen days from time of exposure luitil the sym])toms of dis-
ease appeared. [See notes on Homestead (Anmna Society) Colony.]
We shall speak of the ]>redisi)Osing causes wIumi we come to consider
the three diseases collectively, as the same causes Avill i)romote the
spread of either one of them, but in different ratio.

Typlioid fever — Definition. — A specific continued fever, ntt(Mided witli
great prostration of strength, stupor, tym])anites, diarrliea, shoAving
specific anatomical lesions, namely, ulceration of tlie solitary glands of
cfccum and colon. The disease, Avhen uncomi)licated, runs its course
in nine days. During the first month of my investigation I made no
separate classification of those two diseases— ty]>hus and typhoid fever.
jMy course was as follows : From each infected drove insj^ected, I selec-
ted from two to five diseased hogs of various ages and at <lilferent stages
of the disease. After carefully noting the age, history, and morbid symp-
toms in each case, the animal was killed, and exact notes taken of the

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 141

conditiou of the blood, and also of each of the internal organs. From
the start I noticed that the sjTnptoms varied greatly in different droves,
particularly in condition of bowels, the amoimt of eruption on skin
and the duration of the disease and its fatality. I also noticed the mor-
bid lesions varied greatly in different droves. On my return to my office,
after three weeks' inspection, I made a careful review of my notes taken
in the held, and found I could separate the symptoms into two distinct
classes, only resembluig each other in the one peculiarity of being low
or typhoid in then* character. I also found that the pathological lesions
could be separated into two distinct classes, and that each of the two
classes of symptoms were accompanied with one of the two classes of
lesions. I was also impressed with the results obtained from treatment
by those whose swine presented the peculiar symptoms and lesions which
I noA7 call ty])hoid fever, who reported that the disease had been promptly
checked in their droves and a large part of the sick hogs ciu^ed by fol-
lowing my instructions in regard to hygienic care and medical treatment.
Those whose hogs i^resented the typhus symptoms and lesions almost
invariably reported that all the sick had died, and in most cases the
disease was still continuing its ravages. I had also noticed that the
peculiar odor spoken of was present in some di-oves and absent in others,
and on examining my notes found that this odor was confined to the
typhus cases. There was, of course, more or less smell wherever there
was any disease among the swine, but the odor in the typhus form had
a certain difference that could be noticed by any one. Thus finding I
bad two distinct diseases to deal with, the one resembling very nearly
typhoid in man, the other presenting symptoms and lesions with which
I was not particularly familiar, I turned to my medical Library for in-
formation, and found a disease described as occurring in man with symp-
toms and lesions exactly resembUng those I had classified in swine. I,
therefore, called this second disease typhus fever. I placed typhus first
in my list, because I found it the most, frequent and most fatal of the
three, and the one which has caused the greatest pecuniary loss to the
farmers.

Typhoid fever symptoms. — Loss of appetite ; headache ; avoidance of
light ; standing with its head in a fence corner, or lying in such a posi-
tion as to keep the hght from its face ; mil only move when urged, and
then but a short distance to resume its former attitude ; a hot, dry skin ;
high fever ; thermometer often showing 105° to 109° F. ; increased urine ;
diarrhea 5 tympanitis; cough; shortness of breath, or quick breathing ;
stiffness of hind quarters. The hog moves his back from side to side
as he moves his hind legs. Bleeding at the nose is a conmion symptom.
These symptoms continue with remarkable uniformity during the nine
days. There is an entire loathing of food, and as the disease progresses
great weakness is manifest. The hog cannot be forced up, but lies for
hours in a semi-stui^id condition, but still restless and showing signs of
nervous excitement. If the case is of a severe type -the symptoms will
be aggravated. The bowels will be enormously distended ; urine scanty
and high colored ; fecal matter will be i>assed while lying down, and
the urine will pass every time the hog is moved ; more or less petecchia;
will be found on the abdomen, but in limited numbers. The first sign
of improvement is inclination for food and disposition to move around,
and in this disease this is the most critical period. Improper or over-
abundance of food is liable to cause rupture of bowels and death, and
it is at this time that many swine which have passed through the disease
to the crisis are killed by incautious feeding. The nose bleeding is sel-
dom severe, but hardly ever absent. The cough is of no importance avS

142 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS

a symptom, as it is present in all inflammatory diseases depending upon
a specific blood poison. Many farmers point to a cough lasting ii-om
one to three montlis as a preceding symptom of the disease, hut this is
a mistake, as the cough is due to the climatic changes or sudden ex-
posiu'e as set forth in another part of my report, and has no connection
■with the specific fever. This preceding cough should have told the
farmer that there was some ei»ror in his management, which, unless
corrected, woidd render his drove more liable to contract any infectious
disease if exposed to its influence. The tympanitis is a prominent sjinp-
tom in this disease, and if the hog is lying down a gentle tap on its
distended flanks will show the presence of wind. Thumps or hiccough
occurring during the second week is a fatal symptom. During con-
valesence small abscesses or boils often appear, and also sloughing of
ears ; in many cases the entire ears rot off. This condition is due to
depraved blood, and demands tonics. Tubercidar disease in lungs often
makes its appearance during convalesence, and the hog is carried oti" by
what is known as galloping consumption. Malarial complications often
render the dangers of the disease more diflicult, and have a material in-
fluence upon the rate of mortality. In most cases the malarial debiUty
or fever is the primary disease, and the typhoid fever the secondary.
The causes which lead to this fever we shall speak of under the head of
predisposing causes of the specific fever. Enlargement of the glands
of the neck does not often occm- in typhoid fever. The duration of the
disease may be set down at from nine to fourteen days vv'hen uncomph-
cated. I have no data from which I can give any information on the
period of incubation.

Morbid anatomy. — I can best illustrate the lesions by quoting a few
cases from my field-notes : Visited the fann of G. W. Davis, near Frank
Pierce post-ofiice, Johnson county, Iowa; breed of hogs, Poland-China;
range, rolling prairie with clay subsoil; about ten acres in lot; lot
covered with grass and brush ; hogs also had a run of rye stubble ;
water running thi'ough lot ; feed, raw sound corn and sour slop regularlj-.
There Avas no disease in vicinity, and could trace cause to no contagious
influence ; disease had appeai^ed two weeks previously, and nine head
had died, three large animals and six shoats. There were twelve ani-
mals sick, five large brood-sows and seven shoats. This man complained,
like many others, of losing his pigs. Symptoms, loss of appetite, high
fever, diarrhea, emaciation, general stupor.

Dissection, Ko. 1. — Shoat three months old, sick one day ; lungs white
and showing no organic disease ; some inflammation of stomach ; liver and
bowels appeared health5% Thermometer showed 10G° F.

iV^o. 2. — Shoat two months old, sick one week ; heat 107"^ F. ; hepati-
zation of one lung ; liver, spleen, and kidneys appeared normal ; some
inflammation of inner coat of stomach. On opening the ca3cum there were
found deep idcers scattered aroimd the ilio-cnecal valve. These ulcers
had only the peritoneal coat for a floor, and were in position of solitary
glands.

iTo. 3. — Age two months, sick twelve days; thermometer showed 102°
r. ; lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys showed no organic disease ; lungs
lighter colored than normal ; considerable enlargement and inflammation
of mesenteric glands ; ulceration of solitary glands, but ulcers small and
evidently healing.

Here we have an illustration of the disease in three diflerent stages.
In the first case ulceration had not yet commenced in the bowels. In
the sccoud it had eaten through all the coats of the bowels except the
I)eritoneal. In the thuxl case the ulcers were healing, and in a lew days

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 143

the pig would liave been well again. In some cases I have found small
abscesses of sohtary glands, each oue discharging matter on pressure,
and I think this will usually be found the primarj^ stage of the ulcer.
Whatever other morbid lesions may be found, the farmer should carefully
inspect the inner coat of the bowels and determine the nature of the
lesions of the ilio-ciBcal valve in order that he may accurately diagnose
the disease. I would impress this particularly, because in several in-
stances I opened swine and found no morbid appearances v/hatever to
account for the severe symptoms until the bowels were examined and
the inner coat exposed. In one case a farmer in Hamilton county, who
had made a specialty of doctoring hog cholera, after making what he
called a thorough examination, declared that a diseased hog was healthy,
but I opened the bowels and showed the signs of specific disease on the
inner coat. Although we find the lesions in both typhus and typhoid
fever at this point, we can only look upon it as an effect of a certain
poison in the blood, but why it uniformly develops morbid lesions at
this one point has not yet been determined, even in man.

Biplithena. — A specific septic blood-poison, contagious in its character,
with intlammation of mucous membrane of pharynx (throat), and exuda-
tion of lymph ; inflammation and abscess of kidneys ; constipation and
fever. Symptoms : Loss of appetite ; fever ; swelling of glands of neck ;
discharge of blood and matter from nose and mouth ; weakness ; the
bowels are casually constipated ; the urine is at first increased in quan-
titj", but afterwards decreases in amount. The hog may try to eat, but
there seems to be a difficulty in swallowing the food. As the disease
advances all the symi)toms are aggravated. The hog becomes stupid,
and only moves when forced to do so. The glands of the neck are enor-
mously enlarged, the urine diminished, and is at last entirely suppressed.
The animal strains to evacuate its bowels every time it gets up, but
jjasses only a few hard lumps, and, unless relieved, it dies within from
two to five days from suffocation, caused by swellmg of the throat or
accumulated ])oison in the blood acting on the brain. The primary dis-
ease may be either constitutional or local, but in either case both gene-
ral and local effects are soon manifest. This disease is a contagious blood-
poison received into the blood, and passing through the stage of incuba-
tion, manifests its presence fii'st when the system strives to rid itself of
the poison through the four great waste-gates of the body — the lungs,
kidneys, bowels, and skin. The expired air, loaded with the poisonous
excretion, passes from the lungs, and as it obtains exit from the wind-
pipe, is thrown with force against the posterior fauces. There the poison
is deposited, and diphtheritic inflammation and exudation is the result.
The kidneys, also, strive to eject the foreign matter and are at first stim-
ulated to increased work ; hence the increased flow of urine ; but as the
labor increases the kidneys become irritated from overwork, then in-
flamed, and the septic poison, instead of being eliminated, is deposited
in the kidneys, and abscess in the same is the result. If the free egress
of air from the lungs is prevented, either by swelling of glands externally,
or swcUiug and exudation internally, either in fauces or wind-pipe, the
poison cannot be thrown oft' as freely as it passes into the lungs, and ab-
scess of the lungs is the result. In fact, wherever this poison is de])osited
an abscess at once forms. The skin is hot and dry, and there is often an
eruption or rash apparent on the surface. Abscess of the liver is also a
common sequence of this disease if it has continued for any length of
time. The bowels are invariably costive, and, uidess relieved by injec-
tion or brisk cathartics, the hog will die, either in convulsions or coma,
from the united depressing intiuence of the septic and uriumic poisons

144 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

acting on the brain, as the costive bowels causes increased labor for the
kidneys and hastens inflammation of those organs, resulting in abscess.
The duration of this disease is from one to six days. Death is caused
either by sutibcation or from accumidated poison acting on the brain.
I saw no case of this disease while making my investigation for the de-
partment, and my account of it is taken from my record of the disease as it
appeared during the A^inter of 1877-'78. At that time it spread rapidly,
and I had no means of testing the period of incubation. Dissection
showed the following morbid lesions : In the first stage, inflammation
of throat with diphtheritic exudations on fauces, and inflammation of
all internal viscera. In the second stage, aU pathological apj^earances
were more i:)ositive. The glands of the neck were enlarged, and often
contained pus ; throat often a mass of ulceration, with diphtheritic mem-
brane extending to windpipe ; lungs inflamed and kidneys containing
extravasated blood, and showing signs of commencing abscesses. In
every case where the symptoms were severe and had continued for several
daj's, abscesses of lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen were observed, and
putrefaction set in very rapidly, rendering examinations veiy dangerous.
The specific cause of the disease, as stated in definition, is a septic poison,
specific in type, and veiy contagious. It spreads more rapidly than
either of the other fevers, and usually ■within two weeks after it obtains
access to a drove it s^jreads to the entii'e herd, unless prompt and
thorough means are adopted to check its progress. Although, probably,
the most contagious of the specific fevers, it yields more rapidly to treat-
ment and care, but if neglected it is more rapidly fatal, few that are at-
tacked escaping with life.

Having treated of the three diseases I have found in swine, I will now
glance at the symptoms and lesions which assist us in a diagnosis of
the disease. In typhoid we have diarrhea, t;y'mpanitis (wind in bowels),
very little eruption, and entire loathing of food. There is seldom much
sweUing about the neck, but there is ulceration of the bowels and loss
of substance. In typhus we find costive bowels and lank flanks, except
when filled out with solid feces ; profuse eruption ; except in few cases,
considerable swelling of glands of neck, but not containing true pus.
Dissection shows increase of tissue and deposit, frequently in coats of
stomach and invariably around the ilio-cnecal valve ; also accumulation
of feces in bowels if they haxe not been relieved by purgatives before
death. In either disease there is seldom much disorganization of internal
viscera, unless in advanced stages, when tubercular deposits maj be
found in the lungs. In diphtheria we found consti])ation. There may
be eruption, but this is not a uniform symptom ; discharge of matter
and blood from the nose and mouth, swelliug of glands of neck, appetite
not entirely absent, but, although the hog tries to eat, soon turns away
from food. Dissection shows ulceration of throat, exudation and inflam-
mation of lungs and kidnej'S, and in advanced cases inflammation, disor-
ganization of kidneys, lungs, liver, and spleen. In diphtheria also the
disease spreads jnore rapidly and is of shorter duration, except in cases
of constipation in tji)hus, Avhere death often occurs in a few hours. In
all three diseases we have cough, rapidity of breathing, and fever.

Predisposing causes. — Included uiuler this head are any causes which ,
have a tendency to reduce the vital strength of the hog, disorder the
stomach, or deprave the blood. in any Avay. These causes are foul air,
food improper in quantity or quality, bad water, filth, malaria, atmos-
jiheric influences, scrofulous diathesis, unusual exercise and over-suckling.
All of these causes combined cannot generate the disease, but any one
of them, by reducing the vitality or disordering the system in some Avay,

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 145

may be the cause of the disease obtaining access to the drove. We will
consider each cause and how it can be avoided. One of the common
causes of disease among swine is confinement in a i)en where the air
does not circulate freely enough to carry off the carbonic acid expelled by
the hog. The result is that from dark to daylight the hogs are forced to
breathe an impulse atmospliere. Many farmers build luxurious pens, tight
and warm, and with an abundant ventilation only above, and abundance
of straw below, forgetting that in such a house there is no ventilation,
that, in fact, the breath, loaded with exhalation from the hog, is heavier
than the air and sinks to the bottom of the pen. Even if, by reason of
increased heat, the expii-ed air attempts to rise, the cold au' from above
congeals the moistiu-e and it falls as minute rain or snow. Other farm-
ers build tight pens without any thought of ventilation and let the hogs
pack in as they choose. In this case the air becomes very foul before
morning with noxious gases, and if the owner would but put bis hand
within he would hardly find the air with sufficient power to sustain life.
Now, it follows that we must have the pens so constructed that the swine
can have pure air, at the same time the intense cold of our northern
winters must be avoided, and either artificial heat must be provided or
the heat of the hog utilized to increase the temperature where the sur-
rounding atmosphere is below zero. We must remember that the nat-
ural haunts of the species in a wild state are in the torrid zone, and that
swine are never found in a northern cUmate in a wild state except where
they have escaped from domestication and become wild — that they are
not provided with fur to protect them from extreme cold. Now, com-
mon sense teaches that when attempting to domesticate any wild ani-
mal his natural habits — food, climate, and mode of life — should be care-
fully studied. Again, effort has been made by careful breeding and feed
to change the natural form and development of the hog — to raise a breed
of swine with small bone, little muscle, and capacity for taking on fat
while young, and these changes have been made at the expense of nat-
ural strength and endurance. It is a common remark amon^ farmers
that wild hogs do not have cholera, and acting upon this idea many
farmers keep their hogs in large timber lots without shelter, and are dis-
appointed to find disease appear and carry oft" a large proportion of the
drove. In these cases, where the hog is not confined and forced to
breathe foul air, but is exposed to. the vicissitudes of weather, with loss
of vital force by so-caUed improvement of breed, he becomes weakened
and succiunbs. I have noticed this particularly in regard to diphtheria ;
several large droves were almost swept away in a few days, although
they had large range, pure water, and good food. This is true of diph-
theria poison, but I have never known the other fevers to attack any iso-
lated drove having pure au% clay soil in range, and good food, unless hogs
having the disease were allowed in the same lot. The confinement of
swine in close pens has another danger. The animal, heated by the con-
fined atmosphere and damp straw bed, goes out at feed-call on a cold or
rainy morning with its skin and hau^ damp from the accumulation of the
gases which have congealed during the night. The cold, frosty air is a
sudden change from the heated atmosphere of the pen, and bronchial
lung irritation is the result. It is also wet, and this moistiu'e, if it is a
very cold day, is congealed, and the skin is chilled ; and thus, from this
error in care, the animal is exposed to a double danger. To avoid these
dangers the pen should be so constructed that free ventilation can take
place at the top, as it is absolutely necessary in a cold climate to utilize
the natural heat of the hog to keep the pen at a moderate temperature.
It will not do in winter to have any openings belo"^^ to admit cold air,
10 sw

146 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

hence we must use some absorbent for the poisonous gases constantly
being exhaled by the hog, and the best and cheapest yet known to man
is dry clay, which will take up a large amount of gas in proportion to its
bulk. The dry clny will also assist in keepiug the hog dry and clean,
and with reasonable ventilation above the air will remain quite pure.
The plan for a pig-pen annexed I have furnished to many prominent
stock men, and all have united in stating that it is the most perfect plan
they have seen. (See drawing of pig-pen.)

The lot should, if' possible, have a clay soil surface, and the feeding floor
should have a slope of two inches to carry off the rain that falls upon it.
By having the floor open to sun, rain, and wind it is kept clean and
pure 5 by having the lot sloping away from the pen, the rain will assist
in keeping it clean by removing refuse matter from the surface. In this
way nature assists the farmer in keeping his pens clean and healthy.
Ko straw or other litter should be allowed in sleeping rooms, as it will
accumulate moisture and give forth noxious air at all times. Straw
should not be allowed in the lot, as it will absorb any poisonous vapors
passing over, and birds coming from herds infected Avith septic disease
will bring the matter on their feet, and it will retain its life in the straw.
But on dry ground, even if it finds lodgment, it wiU soon be disinfected.
The hogs should be furnished with pui-e fresh water in abundance, not
only because it is necessary to health, but because water assists mate-
rially in producing fat. On the subject of food supply there has been
much difference of opinion, and I can only give my own views and the
scientific reasons for them. The prime object in feeding swine is to ac-
cumulate fat as rapidly as possible on those intended for market, to keep
stock hogs in healthy growing condition, and to have brood-sows in the
best condition for bearing and suckling young. Of course, to accomplish
these objects the stomach must be kept in healthy condition and not
overloaded; the food must be of due variety and in suitable quantities,
and its character and quahty must be considered. For stock hogs, ot
course, green food is absolutely necessary. The hog cannot thrive upon
an exclusive diet of dry corn and water ; but the green food must not
be the exclusive diet any more than dry com. If the hogs are kept on
a clover lot, sour fermented slop should not be fed at the same time, but
rather roots and vegetables, as potatoes, turnips, rutabagas, and beets,
which contain large quantities of the soda salts, which the clover lacks.
Hogs fed or corn may have sour slop to advantage, as this will assist
digestion, and in this case prevent an undue acid condition of the
stomach and blood. The hog's natural instinct wiU lead him to seek just
what his system demands, and he will root in the ground not for the mere
pleasure oi' destroying tlie clover-field, but to find certain salts necessary
to health that cannot be obtained except from the ground. Then if you
deprive him of the means nature has furnished for obtaining these neces-
saries of life, you nuwt furnish him with them in some other way.

Observing farmers have learned by experience that sickness in swine
shows error in feed, and at once change to the opposite extreme. If
feeding clover they change to dry corn, and if dry corn to clover. This
rule has saved many droves from being swept off' by infectious diseases.
But; 1 Avill give a rule which I have adopted in my investigations which
is simple, l)ut which at once tells the larmer what general course to pur-
sue. If the herd is not doing well, if they do not eat well and ai)pear
less active than usual, at once examine the tongues of a few and notice
the color; if the tongues are red and contracted give sour slop or turn
them on clover pasture or on green food, and they will at once imi)rove.
If their tongues are large, pale, and flabby, give corn, corn-meal, cooked

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

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148 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

root vegetables, and add soda to tlie feed, or soda and milk, but give no
sour slop. The large, "svbite, pale tongue shows that the stomach and
blood are in acid condition and need alkalies ; the contracted red tong-ue
shows a subacid condition, and that acids or sour remedies are needed.
For years the farmers' journals have lauded clover-fields and advised
keeping swine upon a clover range during the entii'e summer, on the score
of economy of feed and health. As far as it goes this is good advice,
and yet following this advice has been the chief cause of the spread
of the contagious diseases among swine. When the clover range is on
clay soil, or the hogs have access to claj banks, and the use of rings is
avoided, all will go well, but if rings are used in the nose, or the soil is
exclusively black loam and no other food is furnished but the grass and
■water, or, perhaps what is worse, sour slop in addition, an acid condi-
tion of the blood is engendered. The hog becomes debihtated and
peculiarly liable to any contagious disease which may appear in the
vicinity. Of coiu-se farmers must keep their swine on gra^s and clover,
and, as a matter of economy, must use rmgs to prevent the clover from
being rooted up when the range is limited, but they must at the same
time study the natural habits and food of the species and supply that
food or its constituent elements in some form. The natui'al food of this
class is not a vegetable diet, but they were designed by the Almighty
so that they could obtain those roots from the ground. When, there-
fore, they cannot obtain them, they should be furnished in kind. As a
rule, the constituents of all grasses and annual plants are acid — have an
acid reaction. Especially is this the case with clover. Boot vegetables
have an aLkaline reaction, and are composed largely of phosphates and
soda salts. In clay soils the hogs can probably supply themselves from
the ground with phosphates, but when confined to a black, loamy soil
they can obtain but little of these necessary salts from the earth. A
noticeable fact is, that no matter how wide the range the swine will
select the bare points to root in rather than the soft loam. Where root
vegetables cannot be obtained and hogs are kept on clover range, soda
and lime or sulphate of uon should be given regTdarly. Dry corn as
an exclusive diet is not a natural food for hogs, and some additions
should be made to the bill of fare. Turnips, potatoes, or some other
cheap vegetable must be added to iasui-e good health. I know there is
a bitter feehug among many fiU'mers against cooking or grinding corn
for food, on the score of extra expense and trouble, but I have never yet
known a farmer abandon the practice when once thoroughly tried. It
will pay any farmer to grind and cook the corn fed to liis hogs, even if
that staple is worth but 13 cents per bushel. Practical farmers, who
have made the profitable feeding of hogs a study, report that one pound
of cooked corn-meal is equal to one and o]ie-half pounds of raw meal,
and to three of whole corn, in fat -producing power. One advantage in
feeding cooked feed is that root vegetables can be combined with corn-
meal and cooked at the same time. ^Miere raw corn is used as a steady
diet soiu' slop wiU assist in its digestion, and shoidd be given regailarly
to prevent as far as possible the evil results of error in diet. The use
of coal, charcoal, ashes, and rotten logs in the pen assists in keei)ing the
hogs in health by supplying certain chemicals needed by the animals.
I have been thus particular in spealdng of errors in diet because I be-
lieve that this cause more than any other has helped to spread the fatal
diseases among swine. A single hog with diseased stomach may be
the cause of iiiiparting the malady toa herd, and having thus obtained
a foothold it may, unless prompt measures are taken, spread to the well

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 149

hogs, which would, if it had not been for the one or two unhealthy ones,
have escaped infection.

The water should be clean, pure, running water, and should be within
reach of the hogs at all times. Stagnant water, covered with green
scum and loaded with organic impurities, is unfit for hogs to drink, yet
many farmers furnish only such to their swine. Foul air, by vitiating
the blood, is one of the common x)redisposing causes of disease. I have
already spoken of the influence of heated air on the health of swine, and
the evil effects of sudden changes, but I did not mention the depressing
influence of the foul air itself upon the animals. Swine breathing air
loaded with carbonic acid and ammoniacal gas for half of each day can-
not remain healthy any more than man can, and the same natural results
will follow — impure blood, disease of lungs, and other viscera.. A pen
erected on the plan set forth in diagram will remove this cause of dis-
ease. The dry clay is the best and cheapest disinfectant yet discovered,
and win absorb the poisonous gases and render the air pure. Even
though a large number of hogs are confined in a limited space, by open-
ing the large doors on the south side on a clear day the sun's rays wiU
dry the clay and renew its absorbing powers.

Scrofula is another common predisposing cause, and one of the principal
causes of the large mortality in diseases of swine. The two chief causes
of the scrofulous diathesis are breeding young sows and in-breediag. In
order to avoid these causes sows should not be allowed to become preg-
nant until one year old. By that time she has matured and is fitted to bear
young. Before that time she is growing and is immature. Not only the
mother may be injured by early breeding, but the progeny will iniierit
disease. In-breeding has been largely practiced in the Western States,
and whenever practiced it is easy to pick out the young resulting from
this management. They were the first of the pigs attacked, and the
post-mortem examinations disclosed tubercular disease in every case.
Before the close of the iavestigation I became so thoroughly convinced
on this subject, that, whenever I detected tubercular disease in lungs or
mesentery, I sought out parentage of the pig. In several droves where
a portion of the diseased swiae were the offspring of in-bred sows and
part cross-breed, the tubercular disease was found in the former and not
in the latter. In-breeding is often practiced through the effort to obtain
a perfectly pure breed of any particular species. With but few excep-
tions, and those among the imported stock, the pedigree does not extend
back more than one or two generations, and often unwittingly the same
blood is infused into a drove of sows, although the male may have come
from a distance. To avoid this grave error, I would advise crossing
breeds, selecting carefully the male from some special breed, as Poland-
China, and crossing with an opposite breed in shape and habits, as the
Essex. The finest drove I saw this year was the result of such a cross.
Mr. Pendroy, of Monroe, Jasper county, bred two years to Essex boar
and two to Poland-China, making a special effort to obtain as dif^rent
blood as possible from that in his own herd. The herd of nearly three
hundred head were in fine health, except some brood-sows which had
been suckled down and were poor. These sows contracted the disease,
but it was promptly checked by proper measures, and did not spread to
any extent in his drove.

And this illustrates another very frequent cause of the contagious
diseases obtaining a foothold in a herd of animals. The brood-sows be-
come worn down with oversuckling and want of suitable food during
pig-bearing and nursing, and with systems thus disordered are very lia-
able to contract any disease in the vicinity. See that brood-sows have

1^0 ^DISEASES OF SWINE AOT) OTHER AM:^!!!."^.

root-regetables and milk, aud that soda is farnislied them liberally ■^itli
grocn food, and they will not become so emaciated and debilitated.

i\Ialarial influences can afit'ect swine as well as man, and is one of the
most troublesome and fatal of complications in infectious fevers in their
6rst stagres. The low sloughs, covered with green mold and suiTOunded
with rank vegetation, are not the most healthy resting i)laces for swine
or any animal, biped or quadruped, especially between tlie hours of sun-
set and sunrise. The plantvS are giving off carbonic acid gas during the
night, and the wet ground, loaded ^ith organic matter, is giving oif
malaria. If the hogs are allowed to breathe this poisonous air their
blood becomes vitiated and health is impaired, as in man. Typhus and
typhoid fever find a favorable location for incubation here. To avoid
these two causes combined, impure water and malaria, let the diove be
gathered in at sundown hito a large pen on high ground with sloping
surface prepared, and kept there until the morning sun has dispelled
the perceptible mists. If the day is inclement the drove rsiay be allowed
to range two hours after the hour for sunrise. Thev should be fui-uished
pure watei' to drink bel'ore leaving, if thej are to be coutiued in a range
with stagnant water. Many will say that all this trouble wiU entail in-
creased expense; but it has not been found more expensive where tried.
Swtae, like any other domesticated animal, can be trained to regular
habits, and a drove can be trained to return to its sleeping i)lace, if a
smaU quantity of food is furnished them each night until the habit is
formed.

Unusual exercise, which debilitates the hog and weakens his vital
force, is another cause of the inception of contagious diseases. In sev-
eral cases which have come under my observation, choice hogs for breed-
ing purposes were purchased from apparently healthy herds, taken on
cars and wagons a considerable distance, and after their arrival showed
signs of disease and eventually died. In a few days others in the herd
to which they had been taken were affected, and thus the disease was
spread from a new focus to a large number of droves. I, of course,
could not state w^here these hogs contracted the disease. AMien they
started from their first home they were probably in perfect health, but
confined in a close box and jolted around in a wagon, or confined in cars
with irregular or unusual feed, and nervous excitement as additional
causes, brought on a gastric iiTitation, and durimg these travels they
were exposed to a contagious illness more or less intense, and their sys-
tem being in a condition to recei^'e and take up the poison, it found a
lodgment, and after a stage of incubation showed itself by outward
symptoms. Hogs brought from strange droves should invariably be
kept in strict quaratine for at least fourteen days, no matter how per-
fect the bill of health they bring from their former owners. Keglect of
this precaution has been the cause of the spread of the disease from
new points, and many counties could trace the disease which had car-
ried (^ thousands of hogs to a single imported animal. In one county
visited in Western Iowa, which had previously had no svrine disease, an
estimated loss of over $100,000 worth of hogs was claimed to have been
sustained duiing the past year, and this disease started from a central
point — a single imported hog. (I use the term imported as meaning
from a distant county, or another State.) The disease spread to the
drove in which it was placed, and from that drove to adjoining herds.
Several expensive lawsuits for damages and much iU-feehng between
stock-men might have been avoided by attention to this point.

We will now take up the subject of treatment, which naturally divides
itself under two heads — Preventive and Curative. Each of these can be

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 151

divided into two classes, hygienic and medicinal. The whole secret of
success in preventing the inception of contagious diseases by hygienic
care, as has been already pointed out, can be included under two rules,
viz., keep the system of the animal in a healthy state, and avoid expos-
ing it to poisonous, contagious inliuences. We have already shown how
the first rule can be followed with success — by fresh, uncontaminated
air, suitable food, fresh water, seasonable exercise, and avoidance of
low, damp places for sleeping quarters ; also avoidance of those causes
in breeding which are known to engender the scrofulous diathesis. The
second requires that all dead organic matter, such as straw, hay, litter,
and other matU^r, which is liable to catch the poisonous fungi floating in
the air or carried along by the wind, should be kept away from the
animal. All strange hogs must be kept in quarimtine for fourteen days
before being allowed to niu with healthy heids. If there is any disease
in the vicinity, especial care must be taken that no man, vehicle, or
animal from uifected localities be allowed to pass over meadows where
healthy hogs are allowed to range; and if any stream passes through
your range from an infected district, the stock must be kept from the
water, as water will hold the poison and keep it alive for a considerable
time. The yards and pens where the swine stay at night must be kept
clean of col3S or other organic matter, so that the rains can w^ash the
surface clean. All swine, either brood-sows, shoats, or pigs, not in gen-
eral health, or showing evidences of debility, should be kept away fi'omthe
drove and carefully treated, the causes of sickness removed and effects
remedied. iS"o medical treatment can be positively recommended as a
preventive for contagious diseases. Eemedies may be used to correct
any derangements of system, as has already been recommended — soda,
if the tongue is broad, flabby, and i)ale ; acids, if the tongue is narrow,
red, and contracted. In sows worn down with nursing, nothing can have
a better effect and improve their condition more rax)idly than soda and
sweet milk or buttermilk. If the bowels are constipated, Glauber salts
may be given in doses of one-half to one ounce to each hog, or one pound
to every thirty hogs, once a day, until the bowels are acted upon. Salt
should be furnished to all swine, in small quantities, every day. If any
contagious disease is in the near vicinity, hyi)0sidphite of soda in milk
or fresh slop, given every morning on an empty stomach, offers the most
reasonable hope as a preventive, and if the disease is diphtheria or
typhoid, belladonna should be added. There is much difference of
opinion in regard to the power of belladonna to prevent the spread of
the septic diseases, diphtheria and scarlet fever. From my own obser-
vation I base the belief that it is a positive preventive or prophylactic,
and on that account I extend its use to swine, and have recommended
its regidai' use in small doses whenever diphtheria or typhoid was prevail-
ing. As a preventive, the following would be a good formula for general
use : Satui'ated solution of hyposulphite of soda, one gallon ; tinctui'e of
belladonna, one fluid ounce. Of this mixture, give one gill to every twenty
hogs in slop every morning on an empty stomach. Believing that all the
contagious diseases are received into the system through the mucous mem-
brane, and that any agent having power to destroy these minute fungi
before their absorption will prevent the disease, I have for years recom-
mended the use of cldorate of potash or sulphate of soda as preventives
when persons are exposed to any contagious diseases. As tj^jhoid has
but a limited power of contagion, I cannot say positively that the remedy
has prevented the spread of that disease ; but I have never had a second
case occur in a fiimily where the remedies I recommended were used
regularly. I would therefore recommend this formula to be used once

152 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

a day wliere coutajiions diseases are in the near vicinity to diuiinisli tlie
chances to the lowest point. If the tongue is pale and broad, bicarbon-
ate of soda must be added to neutralize the acid in the stomach, also
sulphate of ii-on in doses of five grains will be found useful.

The curative treatment like the preventive must be both hygienic and
medical. If disease has appeared in a herd i)rompt measures must be
at once taken to prevent its spread. The sick must be immediately sep-
arated from the -well. All organic matter, such as hay, straw, and litter,
to which the hogs have access, must be burned, the lots cleaned up, and
every possible effort made to destroy contagion. The weU hogs, if pos-
sible, should be at once placed upon fresh gTound ; that is, on ground
over which the sick hogs have not passed since a heavy rata cleansed
the surface. Any disorder of stomach or general system should be at
once corrected, and at least once a day the remedy before mentioned
should be given in slop. Each day all hogs in well herds showing symp-
toms of disease should be at once separated from the others. Where the
season will permit, especially in cases of typhoid fever, keep the entire
drove on plowed ground, and have the gi'ound harrowed every day to
insure thorough mixture of fecal matter with the soil. Keep the sick
hogs on a dry clay floor, with free ventilation, and protected from cold
wind and rain ; feed nothing but cooked slop and milk, and these only in
limited quantities, adding the medicines recommended with the slop. In
typhus and diphtheria the important point is to reheve the bowels as
speedily as possible, and for this purpose castor-od or sahne cathartics
must be freely given until the object is accomplished. In tyi)hoid, diar-
rhea is a prominent symptom, and cathartics should be avoided. When
the animal is a valuable one and will repay the trouble, injections of
warm soft water into the bowels will be found the best plan for mov-
ing the same. The injections should be repeated untd the bowels are
weU acted upon. In diphtheria the important point is to neutralize the
poison as rapidly as possible, and eliminate it from the system. This
can be effected with the suljihite and belladonna. The following will
be found a useful formula, viz : Saturated solution of sidphite or hjTDOSul-
phite of soda, one quart; fluid extract belladonna, three drachms; fluid
extract aconite, two drachms. Of this mixture give one gill to every
sixteen hogs five times a day, in a limited amount of milk or cooked
slop. If the glands of neck are swoUen to such an extent as to threaten
danger from sufibcation, oil of turpentine and sweet-oil may be freely
applied externally. By following these dkections in treatment few, if
any, of the hogs suffering from diphtheria wiU die, and recovery will be
rapid and permanent. "When a good article of the powdered herbs can
be obtained, the following will be found preferable to the tinctures and
fluid extracts : Sulphite or hyposulphite of soda, five jwunds; sulphur,
two pounds; powdered belladonna leaves, four ounces ; powdered aconite
root, two ounces; powdered elecampane, a half-i)ound; powdered ginger,
two ounces, and mix thoroughly. On one poiuicl of the powder pour three
quarts of water (boihng) ; add a quart of molasses, stir and cover. Of
this mixture give one gill to every fifteen hogs, or one tablespoonfid to
every hog, in a little milk, four or five times a day. The medicine should
be kept in a stone crock or wooden bucket — not in a tin vessel. In
typhoid fever the condition of tongue is oiir principal giiide to determine
treatment. The sick will, as a rule, utterly refuse food, and very httle
medicine will be needed. Carbolic acid in milk, in doses of two to
five drops in one pint of milk, as often as the hog will drink, or three
times a day if given by force, will accomplish a good purpose if added
to medicine, and oil of turpentine may be added as a useful adjunct. If

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. ' 153

the tongue is red, mmlatic acid, diluted in doses of ten drops in a little
slop, can be given as often as the hog will drink, or the water may be
acidulated with the acid. "Where there is a large number of liogs sick
it will be impossible to attend each one. I would therefore advise the
use of these remedies to all the sick, not attempting to treat special
symptoms in each case. If the disease is promptly treated as above, the
first symptoms of typhoid may be destroyed, and the hog will improve
at once, but if treatment is delayed the case must run at least a nine
days' course. Great care must be exercised in returning to solid food,
as this error may render a hog worthless that might have entirely
recovered from the effects of the disease.

Under the above course of treatment I have succeeded in checking
the spread of the disease, and a large majority of the sick hogs have re-
covered.

Treatment of typhus fever. — I must confess I have not had any very
flattering success in the treatment of this disease, and can only give my
views and recommendations and the reasons therefor, hoping that some
of my colleagues may have been more successful. As mentioned before,
the bowels must be relieved either by saline purgatives or by injections.
This is an important point, as impacted fecal matter is a frequent cause
of death. Another important point is to keep the hogs on a large range,
scattered as much as possible, as crowding together only increases the
intensity of the poison. Internally give as follows : Bromide of potas-
sium, ^ ounce ; bromide of ammonia, J ounce ; gelseminum (fluid ex.),
2 ounces ; aconite (fluid ex.), 2 ounces ; capsicum (tr.), ^ ounce ; water
sufficient to make 4 ounces. Of this mixture give one teaspoonful to
each hog three to six times a day, in milk or slops. After the bowels
have been freely moved the amount of podophylhn (may-apple)' must be
reduced. The same remedies can be obtained in powdered form and
given in infusions : Bromide of potassium and ammonia, of each one-
half ounce ; powdered gelsemini and powdered aconite root each one-
half ounce j powdered capsicum (cayenne), two drachms; powdered ele-
campane, one-half ounce ; powdered podophyllin, two to four drachms.
Upon this powder pour one quart of boilyig water, stir and cover, and
give a tablespoonful to each hog twice a day, or oftener, in a little slop.
The same medicine may be given to the well animals as soon as they
are separated from the sick. It should be given on an empty stomach
every morning. The great difficulty in obtaining powdered drugs is
that most of the powdered vegetable drugs have been kept so long in
stock that the medicinal properties are lost, and are perfectly inert. I
would, therefore, advise the use of fluid extracts in preference to pow-
dered medicines, unless a rehable article can be procured.

The following may be considered the best general treatment for a drove
of hogs attacked with contagious disease : Separate the sick from the
weU animals ; keep the sick on bare and fresh ground, not having been
passed over by diseased hogs siace a heavy rain. If constipated, see
that the bowels are moved either by using salts, oil, or injections. Pro-
tect them from inclement weather, and give internally, if the tongues
are large, white, and flabby, soda, hyposulphite and bicarbonate, each
one-half drachm, sulphite iron five grains, belladonna leaves two quarts,
powdered aconite root two grains, elecampane (powdered), twenty
grains, once a day to well and three times a day to sick hogs, in milk or
fresh, rich slop. If tongues are red and contracted, give water and slop
acidulated with muriatic acid to all, and to sick hogs give bromide, gel-
seminum, and mandrake, in regular and free doses. I would particularly
caution the farmer not to rely upon medical treatment to the exclusion

154 • DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

of hygienic care, but ratlier to follow carefully tlie directions set forth for
the case of swine, and make the medical treatment an auxiliary.

A few words mn-y be proper in regard to worms in alimentary canal.
I have found no species of worms which could be strictly included under
the head of contagious diseases, or could in any way be caUed a cause
of the disease to which s\\'ine are subject. I have seldom examined a
hog in any stage of the disease without finding worms in some form.
The long, round worm in the stomach, and frequently the small thread-
worm in the caecum, have been found. These worms are natural to the
swine and to all domestic animals. They may increase in numbers and
cau-^e trouble, but they are not the disease or the cause of the disease,
but rather an efiect of the condition of weakened mucous membrane
which has increased the parasite. Oil of turpentine, in milk or slop,
given once a day (preferably on an empty stomach), will expel those
worms when so numerous as to affect health. I have received many
letters from farmers and proprietors claiming that the worms were the
specific cause, in fact the disease itself, and approving remetlies to meet
their single indications. 1 will therefore state emphatically that, in the
dissections I have luade, numbering over one hundred, I have found no
form of worms which are not frequent in health, and have found no for-
eign parasites of any kind that could be detected with the naked eye
that could possibly be a cause of the disease of swine. A careful exam-
ination of the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys with a powerful micro-
scope may disclose some minute animalcula or parasite (as I said before,
I found I could make no practical use of the microscope in field) ; but
even these minute objects are but an effect, and the poison germ lies be-
hind as the cause of the depraved system which has permitted the par-
asite to find a home. There is one disease known as kidney-worm, of
which I have heard almost every farmer speak, but I have not seen a
specimen of the parasites, although I have dissected a number of hogs
which farmers claimed were suffering with this affection. I invariably
found inflammation of kidneys, but no worm visible to the naked eye.

There seems to be a general belief among farmers that rings are a
strong predisposing cause of disease, and, instead of meeting the oppo-
sition to this theory which I expected, I fimd that careful observers are
willing to admit the truth of the statement, and either abandon the
rings or furnish the food which is cut off' by their use. In Jasper county,
which has a rolling, clay soil, and the hogs generally have extensive
ranges, I particularly noticed the fact that, in a ride of fifteen miles
through a thickly-settled country, the droves in which rings were used
were invariably sick, and in those in which they were not used there were
no sick animals. In one drove only the brood-sows were rung, and these
alone were attacked at the time of my ^dsit. Although this is but one
isolated county, yet it furnishes food for reflection. I do not claim that
clover does not contain potash and soda (sodium) in a neutral form.
The claim I set forth is that this food has an acid reaction in a green
state; that it contains an excess of vegetable acid; and that confine-
ment to this diet will induce flatulency and dyspepsia in any omnivor-
ous animal. It is the natural food of horses, cattle, sheep, deer, and
buffaloes, but not of swine ; and the anatomy of the hog proves the
statement. My claim is that no omnivorous animal can remain in health
on an exclusive diet of green clover. I append the following notes from
my daily journal: John Nimick, near Washington, Iowa, had a breed
ofChestei? Whites, ndxed with Berkshire. Pens, filthy ; range, timber,
with clay soil and grass; food, soaked oats after they had been taken
sick; good water. Had ninety -four head; sixty-seven died and seven

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 155

recovered ; seven now sick. Symptoms : diarrhea, prostration of strengtli,
tympanitis. Dissection of one hog one year old showed gTeat emacia-
tion, tympanitis, little change in liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys.
Bowels were expanded with gas, and there were a number of ulcers sit-
uated at seat of solii ary glands. The disease was tyi^hoid fever. No
treatment was attempted, as the man refused to follow instructions ; hut
the slowTiess of progress under the rather unfavorable circumstances
showed the slight contagion there is in typhoid, as merely tui-ning the
drove out on a different pasture had alone checked the rapid progress
of the disease, although sick and well remained together.

John V. Anderson, Washington, Iowa. Poland-China herd ; on gTass
and away fi^om straw or manure when attacked. Soil, black loam ; wa-
ter, open ditch ; intense heat, 99° F., at time of attack in July ; disease
in near vicinity, and had been in this herd three weeks. The owner had
lost seventeen hogs, fifty-eight shoats and pigs, and had remaining
thirty-eight hogs and three pigs. The disease had spread gradually, and
was killing two or tkree per day. The symptoms were the same as in
last drove — i)ale, lai-ge, and tlabby tongue ; diairhea ; tympanitis. All
sick. I ordered milk and lime-water, and ground cooked feed made into
slop, and limitid quantities of soda bicarbonate and hy^^osulphite (each
five pouuds), sulphite iron (one pound), given at the rate of one pound
to drove of thirty -eight hogs twice a day. Mr. Anderson reported that
all the sick animals recovered except three pigs, two of which were sac-
rificed in the cause of science. This man did not allow in-breeding ; no
scrofulous taint was detected in dissection ; he did, however, use rings,
which I consider were the predisposing cause of the disease in this herd.

W. J. Hamilton, Washington, Iowa. Breed, Poland-China; feed,
growing rje and dry whole corn, with slough water for drinking. Pens
clean, large range, but soil black loam, and rings used in nose. The
disease had continued ten days, during which time ten had died and
thirty-five had been attacked. Dissection of a few of the sick showed
tubercular disease, and the gentleman stated that he had been in-breed-
ing for some time. The same treatment was adopted as in the last case,
but report showed no beneficial results when used with sick hogs, or in
preventing the spread of disease.

Amana Colony, Homestesid, Iowa county, Iowa. Breed, Poland-
China ; pens in poor order ; feed, corn and sloj). No disease had been
known in the colony for twelve years. In July the agent purchased in
Iowa City five boar pigs, and they were liauled to depot and forwarded
on cars to Homestead when it was intensely warm. On arrival one of
the pigs refused to eat, and was put in a small pen in breeding-house,
where it died a few days afterward. On the fourteenth day the hogs in
pens on each side of the one occupied by infected hog were taken sick
and died, and the disease gradually extended until over two hundred
had died. Two of the five boars were sent to the North Amana Colony,
and iu five days refused food, sickened, and died ; and in nineteen days
from their arrival the pigs in pens on each side of the one containing
sick boars were taken sick and over five hundred died in a few months.
In each of these cases the disease appeared first only in the pens imme-
diately adjoining the infected pen, and afterwards spread to the other
pens. The other boars were carried to the other colonies of the society,
remained well, and no disease appisared in any of the seven settlements
except the two mentioned. I visited the man from whom the boars were
purchased, but could elicit but very little information. He stated that
his " hogs had cough, as all hogs had, and that he had lost about thirty-
five head by the intense heat, they being very fat, but that no disease

156 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

had appeared in his drove ; and, further, that he lost no hogs for some
weeks after selling those to the colony." It may have been that these
hogs had the poison germ in their system before starting from liome, and
niight have succeeded in throwing off the poison if they had been re-
tained at home; but worry, fatigue, and coniinement during excessively
hot weather, in a close box in a tight car, was enough of itself to reduce
the animal vitality to a low ebb, and give the most favorable encourage-
ment for the disease.
EespectfuLly submitted.

lowA City, Iowa, Decemher 3, 1878.

ALBERT DimLAP, M. D.

EEPORT OF EEUBEN F. DYER, M. D.

Hon. WiLLiAJii G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture :

Sm: Having been appoiated by you to iuTestigate the diseases of
swine in this locahty, I entered upon that duty August 1st, which duty
was to extend over a period of two months. Having performed that
duty to the best of my abihty, I now proceed to make a detailed report
of my investigations.

Having carefully noted the origin and spread of the epidemic among
swine in this county, which first made its appearance on the farm of
Mr. William O'Mera in May, 1877, the report I am now to make will
commence at the time when, from that starting point, the disease has
become quite universal in this locality.

In order to thoroughly understand the cause of the disease, I wiU
commence at Mr. O'Mera's farm. He is situated on the bottom-lands of
the Illinois River, close to the bluff, which rises some CO or 70 feet. His
hog-yard, which comprises about one acre, is close to the Chicago, Rock
Island and Pacific Railroad, so that his herd was exposed to any conta-
gion that might be transmitted by moving stock-trains. An instance of
this kind occurred in the case of Mr. A. Holderman's herd, which was
attacked about one month ago. There was no diseased herd within sev-
eral miles of his place, but the same railroad passes through his farm.

The same condition is seen again in this town near the stock-yards of this
railroad. Pigs confined in pens near the stock-yards have been infected
in the same manner. Also on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail-
road, where the railroad crosses the Illinois and Michigan Canal, a Mr.
Loudergrau had some pigs confined in a pen close to the railroad. The
trains stopped directly opposite his pen to take in water, and his pigs
became diseased. As it is a well-known fact that these roads have been
shipping diseased hogs, it appears quite evident that these points be-
came infected by disease transmitted by the railroads, and also by wag-
ons transporting hogs to market.

Owners of hogs, as soon as the disease attack their herds, and some-
times before, sell all fat animals, hauling them to market in wagons.
All along the road thus traveled herds will take the disease, and it is
probable that the herd so attacked is infected by hogs thiis transported.
This is evidenced in the manner in which it is distributed, as one herd
will take it, and then it may pass two or three farms before another one
is infected, and this pecuharity of attack is only observed on roads over
which diseased as well as dead hogs are hauled. When not canied in

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 157

this or some similar manner, but left to its own natural course, as a rule
it moves steadily along, taking in each farm in turn. There are but few
exceptions to this rule.

In the northern part of this county it is particularly observed on roads
over which dead hogs have been transported that hundreds of animals
are suffering all along the line of these roads with the same peculiarity
of attack as is witnessed by the live diseased hogs passing. In view of
these facts, it is fair to presume that Mr. O'Mera's herd contracted the
disease from the stock-trains on the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific
Eailroad. From this herd it began to spread to the adjoining farms,
going up the blufts to herds on farms situated along the bluff.

In June, 1877, it struck Mr. A. Strawn's herd, and he lost very heavily.
West of Mr. Stra-wn's it attacked Mrs. Hardy's herd, and she lost nearly
all. The next farm west, which was only separated by a common board
fence, on each side of which hogs were contined, it did not attack, and
the owner attributed his immunity to adding sulphur to the swill fed his
hogs ; but it went east, taking several l^rms, and was only arrested for
want of material to prey upon.

From Mr. O'Mera's it crossed the lUinois and Michigan Canal, and
extended east and west up and down the Illinois Eiver.

Mr. J. Delbridge had a herd of young hogs, which he sold late in the
fall at an auction sale. At the time of sale it was not supposed that his
herd was affected, but the heard adjoining his had been dying for some
time. The sale was made, and different parties purchased the pigs, took
them home, and placed them with their own hogs. In a few days after
it was noticed that these pigs were diseased, and every herd in which
they were placed, without a single exception, was attacked by the dis-
ease in question. In the herds thus contammated the disease lingered
until the spring, but it did not spread much until warm weather, and
since the growth of vegetation became rank it has spread all over the
southern part of the county, destroying not less than $50,000 to $70,000
worth of hogs up to this time, and it is still raging. One great source
of spreading the disease is observed by the small pigs wanclering to the
herds of adjoining farms, and thus importing the malady. Farmers
usuaEy confine their hogs in lots only sufficiently fenced to keep in the
large ones, hence the small pigs readily escape and gain access to other
herds. Many farmers teU me that when their herds are sick they do not
know what becomes of the small pigs, as they all disappear and seldom
return. When asked if they know how their herd contracted the dis-
ease, they very frequently answer, "Well, one morning I noticed a
strange pig in my herd which was sick, and in about ten days or two
weeks mine began to die." Another instance proving thaf the disease
is transmitted by those infected occurred only a few days ago. Mr.
Dunlavy, who bves north of the Illinois Eiver, in Ottawa township,
purchased live pigs from a Mr. Poundstone, who lives in the infected
district south of the river. Soon after ]\Ir. Dunlavy placed those pigs
in his herd he noticed they were sick. Two of them soon died, and this
morning he teUs me he has lost seventy of the remainder of his herd
and all his small pigs ; also lost eleven of his fat hogs. He had one
hundred and ten head, aU told. jNIr. Poundstone tells me he has lost
his own since selling those to Mr. Dunlavy.

The same rule holds true by placing well i)igs in a diseased herd. In
March last three well pigs were placed m a diseased herd, and in a short
time they v^ere taken sick. This shows that the disease retained' suffi-
cient vitality through the winter to impart itself in the spring. I care-
fully examined three of these cases, and found the disease g, tyi)ical case,

158 DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER AJSTIMALS.

Only one of them had then died. I might go on and illusti-ate by a good
many examples to prove the contagiousness of the so-called hog-cholera.

The mycetic theory, which is now so popular among scientific men, and
which ascribes the disease to parasites of the lowest form and smallest
size, would seemingly olfer the only explanation for this disease. It can-
not be a toxic poison, as no one has ever been able to demonstrate a a
organized poison as a cause of any contagious disease. The lowest forms
of organisms live in the air and in water as well as when attached to solid
bodies. A specific germ, a favorable medium of develoi>ment, and con-
tact with the animal to be infected are fundamental conditions for the
development of the disease and its diffusion ; and every purtui-bation,
every solution of continuity in the chain of these factors of development
may prevent or lessen its destructive action.

From numerous observations I am convinced that the moving of dead
animals does not import the disease as readily as do the Uve ones. I am
led to believe that putrefaction diminishes the capacity for infection, and
that the bacteria of decomposition is destructive to the germs of the dis-
ease. It is a well-known fact that one low form of organism is destruc-
tive to another low form. Climatic influences have but little control. I
think that warm weather acts more favorably to the formation of the
infecting germ. Along belts of timber it readily spreads ; it also ex-
tends out on the prairie where the growth of vegetation is luxuriant.
Contact of diseased with weU animals imports it under all circumstances,
climate having no influence to prevent its spread. As to diet and care,
it matters not how well or how poorly fed, or how cleanly kept, if such
weU-fed hogs come in contact with the disease, they are as sure to con-
tract it as those that have no care. Where not caused by other means,
the prevailing wind gives the direction or march of the disease. The
greatest distance that it has been carried by the wind, in any well-au-
thenticated case that has come under my observation, is two miles. As
a rule, a greater or less number of animals in every herd will escape the
disease, or have it so hghtly as not to interfere with their doing weU.

It appears that quantity as well as quahty of the germ, and aptitude
of the animal to receive it, are the concbtions which influence contagion.
Some animals possess an absolute power of resistance. Trousseau says
that "there are individuals who pass unharmed through every kind of
an epidemic, be it influenza or cholera, scarlet fever or measles, small-
pox or typhoid fever. There are indi\iduals whom it is impossible to
affect with the vaccine viiiis ; inoculate them twenty times, and you will
obtain no result. If I may use the expression, 'the soil is barren,' and
in it the seed cannot germinate. There are others again in whom the
power of resistance is only temporary. It is in general difficult to find
out the condition upon which this power of resistance depends. It is
known that the abihty to resist contagion varies with the age of the in-
dividual. There is less power of resistance in the youth than in the old
man. One attack of a contagious disease generally confers complete
immunity from any subsequent contamination. Occasionally it may be
repeated, but these exceptional cases do not at all invahdate the general
rule."

The same writer still further says : " It would appear that virus or
morbific- matter, upon its entering the economy for the first time, puts in
motion all therein that is fermentable, and so thoroughly destroys it
that the leaven — the contagion — when introduced again, finds nothing
whereupon to exert its action."

Wilson says: "That in every epidemic there is always a great variety
in the gravity of the disease, some cases being very serious, others very

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHEE ANIMALS. 159

gliglit, without any apparent cause for such difference. Sometimes an
epidemic begins "with moderation and closes with severity, and vice versaP

Trousseau holds : "'That every contagcous disease must have a spon-
taneous development, as contagion necessarily implies the presence of
two individuals, one the giver, the other the receiver, of the morbific
germ." This remark he follows by another which modifies it: " While
there is every reason to believe," he says, "that at present there are
some diseases, such as syphilis, smaU-pos, and measles, that are always
reproduced by contagion, there are other maladies which we see arise
spontaneously."

I believe it is now generally conceded that all diseases that pass
through a regular period of incubation are contagious or infectious, and
that they depend upon a morbific germ for their development. In sev-
eral of the contagious diseases the morbific germ has been discovered
by the microscope, and in aU probabihty the morbific germ in aU conta-
gious diseases will yet be discovered, as has already been the case ia
the measles, small-pox, whooping-cough, scarlatina, typhus and typhoid
fevers.

Lubermeister, in his introductory remarks on acute infectious diseases,
says " that a peculiarity of infectious diseases, which they have in com-
mon with the poisons proper, or intoxications, but by which they also
differ in the most marked manner from aU other diseases in their spe-
cificness, which shows itself in the fact that always and under all cir-
cumstances a given kind of disease is solely due to a given kind of
'morbid agent or cause. There is no such constancy between cause and
manifestations in other diseases. Exposure to different degrees of cold
will produce different afiections. ♦ * * On the other hand, vaccina-
tion with the virus of variola only produces variola, if any disease at
all is produced by it ; vaccination with the vaccine matter only produces
vaccinia ; the infection from a patient with measles only produces mea-
sles, and never anything else, and vice versa. Whoever, therefore, is
affected with small-pox, measles, syphilis, &c., is certain that he has
taken the disease by becoming infected with smaU-pox, measles, syph-
ilis, &c., and of no other disease. In infectious diseases the predis-
posing cause, which in most other diseases plays a more important part
than the exciting cause, is to be considered only in so far as it may de-
termine the severity of the disease. The kind of disease is entirely in-
dependent of it. Various physiological conditions may induce other
pre-existing affections, and are infiuential in so far as they may increase
or diminish the susceptibility, but the kind of disease wiQ not be de-
termined by it.

"Through the longest series of generations diseases preserve their spe-
cific character with the utmost persistency, and if at times some of these
characteristics are not brought into complete maturity, owing to an un-
favorable field for their development, they assume them again as soon
as they are planted in favorable soil. The weather, the period of the
year, the cUmate, the conditions of the soil, &c., conduce to, or prevent
the spread of, an infectious disease, but they never change the nature
of the disease. The kind of diet and all other physio-chemical influences
act indifferently with regard to the nature of tlie affection, and one in-
fectious disease is never changed into another. The doctrine of specific-
ness would arise, as a necessary consequence, from the hypothesis of a
contagion vivum, even if it were not akeady proved by the facts. From
the specificness of infectious diseases we naturally conclude that they
never arise spontaneously, but are dependent upon a transmission or
continued propagation of the diseased person."

160 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

When a hog is attacked by the disease in question, the first thing that
is usually uoticed by the owner will be that it has refused its food ; it
walks slowly along with its nose to the ground. The attack may or may
not be preceded by a cough, but a cough is usually noticed in starting
the animal from its resting place. It is inclined to hide itself in its bed-
ding. Sometimes a distinct chill Avill be noticed, the animal shivering
or shaking hke one with ague. There may be bleeding at the nose, also
bloody lu'ine. The bowels may be loose or costive. Usually in small
pigs a diarrhea will be observed, sometimes quite severe and producing
pains. Vomiting is often present, and many cases, especially among old
hogs, where this is the case, they recover, while others in the same herd
that do not vomit or have diarrhea die. In many herds quite a per-
centage of all that have an active diarrhea recover, while in other herds
that are not thus affected, nearly aU die. A swelling of the face, ears,
watering of the ej'es, increased sahva, and also increased discharge from
the nose, are all symptoms of the disease. The genitals in sows will be
frequently swoUen; an eruption over the enthe body; in some cases
quite red, in others dark discolored spots appear. Some Ump off as if
lame in all the feet ; others only in one foot. Some are attacked by
convulsions. The fever runs high for four or five days, if the animal is
not sooner destroyed. In fact, all the tissues of the animal suffer more
or less as though the poison affects aU. The mouth and throat often
have a diphtheritic appearance, and bronchitis and inflammation of the
lungs supervene with pleurisy. On post-mortem examination during the
period of incubation you will notice the capOlaries of the lungs aheady
inflamed and bursting. Later, a circumscribed interlobidar inflammation ;
still later, gangrene "of the lungs. The hver may be inflamed, also the
mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. The kidneys some-
times present traces of inflammation ; in some the peritoneum with sUght
effusion into the abdominal cavity. The temperature during the fever
often runs very high, from 107° to 108° F., but some time before death
it decreases. The same or nearly the same temperature wiU be observed
morning and evening. There are exceptional cases that have come under
my observation.

Among the aftections of the nervous system is an inflammation of the
meninges with rigidity of Umbs, spinal meningitis, muscular paralysis,
and convidsions with eclampsia.

Among inflammations may be mentioned that of the pericardiimi, gan-
grene of "the lungs, interlobular inflammation of lungs, abscess of lungs,
peritonitis and inflammation of mucous membrane of the stomach and in-
testines, liver, and spleen. The inflammation of the stomach and intes-
tines is of a catarrhal character, sometimes moderate and sometimes
severe ; diarrhea with intense pain ; bleeding fi'om the kidneys ; abor-
tions by sows with pig ; also abscesses in subcutaneous tissue. A hem-
orrhagic condition manifests itself by bleeding about the ears ; inflamma-
tion of pleura with adliesions of a fibrinous character, but no effusion into
the pleural cavitj'.

Aggregating a large number of cases in the same herd, you will find
all tile tissues tliseased, but more particidarly the lung tissues and the
mucous membrane of the intestines.

I saw one case that had survived the acute attack that in two months
terminated by tuberculosis and ascite ; gangrene of tissues in hams and
about the fiice ; inflammation of fetlock or ankle joints, invohing hga-
ment and bone. In observing a diseased herd of several hundred head,
you are impressed Avith the fact that the infectious poison invades all
the tissues to a greater or less extent. In one hog it will be noticed

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 161

that the brain or spinal cord is the point most severely attacked ; in an-
other, the muscular and ligamentous tissues sulier 5 another, the bowels
receive the attack, but all ending alike, "with a destruction of lung tis-
sue. The whole course of the attack very much resembles the effect pro-
duced by an eindemic of measles, and quite similar to typhus fever in
mou.

The first herd that I visited after receiving my appointment was Mr.
J. Follct's, of Deer Park. Mr. Follet had a herd of six hundred head,
largo a.Tid small. They had been dying for three weeks. He had been
giving kerosene and lime in their drinking-water. The herd was a
mixed breed of Berkshires, Poland-Chinas, and Chester Whites. Two
years ago he lost nearly his whole herd. His pasture was woodland
prairie, traversed by ravines, so that every rain washed the ground, es-
pecially his feeding-ground. The water to drink was from a spring,
l)umi)ed into a trough by a windmill, and the trough w^as so constructed
that they could not get their feet into the water. This herd was well
sheltered from storms and sun, and their sleeping places were scatter-
ing out-buildings, so that there was no crowding together.

I advised him to continue lime in watsr, and to disinfect thoroughly
with carbohc acid and chloride of lime, and to give sulphur, soda, bi-
carbonate, and salt, which he did ; also turpentine in swilL The ani-
mals soon ceased to die, and he saved nearly all of his older hogs which
he had wintered over and a few of this year's pigs. One hog, whenever
it found a dead pig, would at once eat into its entrails and devour the
whole internal viscera. This hog thrived finely.

Joseph Watts, who had a large herd, lost a great many hogs. They
had been dying for about the same length of time. I advised the same
course as with Mr. Pollet's, but I cannot say that any very satisfactory
results followed. His herd nearly all died, and out of one hundred and
fifty head he saved only thii'tj' .

Mr. Henry Green's herd had, since May, been running on a timothy
and clover pasture, through which ran a creek. They had no corn.
His year-old hogs began to die first, then the breeding sows, and lastly
the pigs. He disinfected very thoroughly with carbolic acid, chloride
of lime, and lime. As he had a very choice lot of Poland-China hogs, he
was very anxious to save them. He sold what pigs would do to go to
market, but with all his care by changing lots, turning into his corn-
fields, &c., he saved only four or five head.

In this herd I separated a few sick ones and placed them by themselves
and gave fluid extract aconite to control the fever ; but the results were un-
favorable, as those thus treated finally died. A few others I gave a physic
of mandrake Avith bke results, losing all or nearlj^ all the small pigs. I
wUl here remark that but few of the farmers that have large herds know
anywhere near how many small pigs they have, as they only count the
larger hogs. Mr. AVatts thinks he has lost a hundred small pigs.

Mr. Eockwood's herd is confined on an adjoining fiirm to Mr. Green.
He also had a very choice herd of Poland China hogs, numbering one
hundred and sixty-five, ninety large ones, seventy-five spring pigs. He
sold twenty-two large ones after his herd was taken sick, lost thirty
large animals, and has only five or six small pigs and thirty-eight large
ones left. He used soda, turpentine, sulphur, and kerosene after the
herd was taken sick. Fumigated once with sulphur, and regrets he did
not repeat this process, as, he says, "after doing that they appeared so
much more lively." I made seYeral post-mortem examinations in all these
herds with like results.

Tahnan and Ed. Libby's herds were in a woodland pasture, with
n 52 w

162 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

plenty of good water. Previous to turumg out to pasture this spring lie
fed salt, sulplinr, and wood-aslies combined. As soon as lie discovered
tlie lierd ^vas sick he took them from the ^voodland pasture and divided
np the herd, placing some in a yard and some in an orchard, and others
in an open field "with straw stacks in it, and upon my advice gave salt,
sulphur, soda, and turpentine, disinfecting with carbolic acid.

On the 0th of October I visited his herd and ibund lie had only lost a
few of his hogs, and these were mostly small pigs. He said he "never
had hogs do any better than they are now doing.'' He continues the
sulphur treatment.

Michael Eyan's herd consisted of only six shoats, which he had win-
tered. Tliey were running in a pasture of timothy and clover ; grass
tall ; clear stream of water ; hedge fence for shelter. WTien I visited
the lot I found them lying in tall grass, and all sick. His farm adjoins
that of Mr. Kockwood. One half died. IsTo treatment.

Mrs. David Strawn has a largo herd, which she fed sulphiu", cop])eras,
and salt up to thi-ee months ago. She has commenced this treatment
again. This herd lost heavily. The siuTOimdings in the way of sleeping-
places were rather bad, being old straw stacks and dirty sheds; but
they had a good pasture with plenty of spring- water for drinking. Mrs.
Strawn's hogs being in very fan- condition, she ship])ed all that were not
sick. She lost most of her small pigs. Just in this neighborhood the
disease appeared to be more fatal than in any other locality in this sec-
tion.

John Craig Morr's herd consisted of thuty large and twenty small
animals, and were confined in woodland pasture. He lost three large
and six small hogs. He gave sulphiu", copperas, and wood-ashes.

Isaac Keed's herd was confined in an orchard and open-lot pastiu-e.
He had five old hogs and seventeen young pigs. Once a week he gave
fine soft coal, wood-ashes, and salt, with occasionally a little sulphur.
He lost both large and small animals; has only two left.

John Goss had a herd of seventeen and lost twelve; the remamder
had the tl«ease, but got well. He bought seven more and i)ut them in
the pen two months after, and they did not take the disease.

Joseph Black's herd is situated just across the road south of Mr.
Henry Green's. Mr. 13. put sulphur and asafetida in his swill-barrel,
and disinfected with chloride of lime, and sa^"ed a large niunber of his
pigs and nearly all the older hogs, while Mr. CJrecn lost severely, and
the only difference in care and situation consisted in Mr. Black com-
mencing treatment before his herd was taken sick. I saw no reason why
Mr. Black should not have lost as many as Green or Eocliwood luider
the same conditions.

Mr. Black's herd was in a timber and prairie pasture, cut up by raviues.
He had seventj-five head, and lost five old and half his young i>igs.
He gave lune, sidphiu-, and wood-ashes.

Eichard Smith, living on the south blufi' of Illmois Eiver, had seven-
teen hogs, a year old, and thirty young pigs. An old animal and a
young pig were the first to die. The pig weighed from 75 to 100 pounds.
The old animal was a sow with sucking pigs. All the i>igs died, and
in ten days more other pigs began to die. ^Vlter he had lost lour he g;i\e
one soAv nitrate potash in water and she recovered. I advised asafetida,
sulphiu-, and soda, with tiu'pentine, in swdl. After he commenced this
treatment he lost no more hogs. Mr. Smith says, '-Every time 1 give
turpentine I can see that that cough gets better."

Mr. Gentlemen's herd was treated with a secret remedy by a 3Ir. Sut-
ton. Mr. Sutton claimed specific treatment. He also treated some of

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 163

Mr. Watts's and E. 0. Lewis's herd, but they report no xmrticular success.
Mr. Dunlavy also employed a patent-iuedicinc man to treat some of liis
hogs, but he says " His mcdichie does not amount to a row of pins, if
the government did give him a patent."

Mr. NewclFs herd, at Deer Park, was treated with bi-sulphito soda,
but without success. He then changed to sulphur in swill, and there
was marked impro\'ement. On October 11th Mr. ISTewcll reported that
this last treatment succeeded well. In all cases where carbolic acid has
been used for disinfcctnig purposes, parties so using it have added some
to the SY^-ill in trough. One litter of i)igs Avhich I treated entirely with
carbolic acid passed tlic acute attack, but Ihially -wasted away and died.
On ])ost mortem examination. I coidd not discern any immediate cause of
death.

OonicUus Sulli\^an, living in the outskirts of the city of Ottawa, had
three lai-ge and six small pigs taken with the disease. At the time I
saw^ the lot he had lost two large and one small one. I gave him bro-
mide ammonium, but haAC not yet heard how it acted after the second
day of administration. He said then that he could see no diiierence. I
gave the same I'cmedy to IMr. Thomas Toombs and a Mv. John Hickey,
but have not yet received any report from them.

Mr. Hunt tried a remedy administered by Dr. Dunlap, of Iowa. At
last accounts they were still dying, but he says he thinks it helped them
some.

Many have used tar as a preventive quite freely with more or less
apparent advantage. While nothing gives entire immunity, yet herds
in which this disinfectant has been used do not suffer so severely as
others not so treated.

Abncr Strawn had a very fine herd of Berkshires. Ho is largely
engaged in raising line stock, and is fitted up with every convenience
for feeding and sheltering it. Still he lost very heavily. The widow
Hardy directly west of hhn lost all but one or two of her hogs, but in the
next herd west of widow Hardy-s, owned by Mr. Dufty, which was only
separated by a common board fence, not one died. He fed sulphur
mixed in sv»ill. This was in the summer of 1877. This year the disease
is not in that locality, and Avhat few animals Mr. Strawn had left have
done well, and he has raised some very fine pigs from a sow and boar
that had the disease last year. A Mv. Degaii has also raised a fine htter
of pigs from a sow and boar that came very near dying last year. I
have seen several instances where those that had passed through the
disease and were used for breeding purposes have done well. I met-
with one case, that of Mr. Goss, who says that he did not succeed in
raising pigs from parents that had been affected, but the cause may have
been in the boar, as he made no further test.

Peter Donlavy, situated north of the Illinois Elver, imported five
sows and introduced them into his herd the latter part of August. He
purchased of a Mr. Poundstone, whose herd it has shice been proven was
infected at the time, as they subsequently died. As Mr. Donlavy was
situated in a neighborhood where there was no disease pending, I desired
to make an effort to quarantine the disease and confine it to his herd.
Now, at the present writing (October 8th) it has not spread to any ad-
joining farms. His nearest neighbor is eighty rods away. Mr. D. has
disinfected thoroughly and continuously with a solution of crude car-
bohc acid, a tea-cupful to a pail of water, using a sprinkling pot to sprinkle
his hogs and yards, sleeping and feeding places.

If it can be established that the disease can be quarantined, then I
think we have made a move in the oidy dkection vrich which I have any

164 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIiyiALS.

Ivnowledge by wMcli we can i^revent its spread, unless the government
■will do as England did with the cattle plague, kill every infected hog
and pay the owners a part of the loss, and thus stamp it out. Certain
it is that some stringent measure should be used to prevent trans-
porting diseased animals. As long as railroads are allowed to ship,
or owners to sell, diseased animals, just so long will we have the disease
spreading over the country. The loss, starting from one contaminated spot
in this coimtry by transportation by rail of diseased hogs, has cost this
county this year already not less than seventy-five to one hundred
thousand dollars. Some i)lace the figures much higher. The loss is not
only to the owners immediately, but in the future. AYhen it shall become
universally known that diseased animals are being continually slaughtered
and packed for shipment, when Europe shall learn that we ara sending
them cholera hog-meat to eat, then one of the greatest sources of rev-
enue to this country will be seriously damaged. It is a notorious fact
that the stock-yards in Chicago are full of diseased animals. Commis-
sion men say that they are selling that class of hogs for slaughter-
ing and packing, and think nothing of it. I know that in the yards in
this town hogs die from this disease, and as well hogs are put into the
yards preparatory for shipment, they will, of necessity, contract the mal-
ady. They are sent to market, and about the time they should be
slaughtered are taken sick. I know this is not a very pleasant pictiu^e
for those that like a steak of ham with eggs, but it is a true one, and
when Congress can only appropriate the paltry sum of ten thousand dol-
lars to aid in tryiag to stop this annual loss of twenty or thirty millions
of dollars' worth of property, I want every CongTCSsman to just reflect
that almost everything he eats has a little lard in it, and that every time
he calls for ham he may be eating a piece of cholera hog. I do not feel
competent to present this subject in the light it ought and deserves to
be presented. If we wish to preserve this industry the matter must be
grappled with vigorously and with no stinted hand, and prosecuted
until the last vestige of this disease is swept from this country.

I have used by way of experiment nearly all the articles recommended
in your cu-cular, but the time of observation is so limited I cannot yet
report results that would be of any practical information to the govern-
ment. Owners of hogs were willing to pay the expense of medicines
themselves, and I have to thank those gentlemen who have kindly and
earnestly seconded my efforts to arrest the disease, and at the same time
try to obtain information in regard to this terrible scourge. In simi-
ming up I do not deem it necessary to give a history of each individual
herd that I have seen, as those mentioned are types of them all.

As to treatment, I am led to the conclusion that the use of disinfect-
ants offers the best field for success. The use of turpentine for the cough
acts better than anything I have tried, and when given early, I thinly,
very much mitigates the severity of the disease. A mild laxative like
sulphur also acts well; besides, it has the additional advantage of being
destructive to low forms of organisms. Alkahes during the attack are
certainly beneficial. Frequent changing of the location of the herd and
stamping out every sick pig will, in the end, save money to the owners.

I hope, now a beginning has been made, that Congressmen will see the
importance and real necessity of following up this small beginning until
it is thoroughly ascertained What must be done. If it proves, like most
contagious diseases, largely uncontrollable after the animal has once
been attacked, and must have its own run, then we must tiu^n our at-
tention to eradicating the plague by more expensive and radical means.

Such legislation in regard to transporting diseased animals, or the

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 165

sale of them bj^ owners, or tlie Icilling of all animals tliat have been ex-
posed to the disease, must be enacted as will effectually put a stop to
the spread of it over this country.

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

EEUBEN F. DYER, M. D.
Ottawa, III., October 1, 1878.

EEPOET OF DE. ALBxiN S. PAYNE.

Hon. Wj\i. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture :

Sir : My description of this disease (so-called hog-cholera) will be con-
fined to its history as it invaded that beautiful section of country lying
between the Blue Eidge and the Catoctin chain of mountains, in Vir-
ginia, during the summers of 1869-'77-'78.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON CONTAGION.

Before speaking of the endemic and epidemic disease under considera-
tion, generally known as liog-cholera, although a palpable misnomer, I
will offer a few remarks upon the subject of contagion. This is always
a question of paramount importance, not only to the investigator of dis-
eases, but to the peox)le at large. One great difficulty in arriving at a
definite conclusion as to the contagion or non-contagion of a disease, I
am persuaded, arises from the too great latitude given to the definition
of the word contagion by the older and more systematic writers. In the
sense in which this term is used at the present time it strikes my
mind as being too vague and indefinite. The same objection may
be urged against the term infection. For if you mean to signify
by the term contagion a disease that transmits disease from one
subject to another by direct contact, without the assistance of any
susceptibility or predisposing cause on the part of the patient,
I should then contend that very few epidemic or endemic diseases were
so, strictly speaking. But if you mean by contagion to signify a disease
from which exhalations or emanations may arise during its progress,
capable of exciting a similar disease in those exposed to the influence of
the noxious exhalations, or rather deoxygenizing emanations, then I
will say that most of these epidemic and endemic diseases to which man
and the domesticated animals are equally liable are more or less conta-
gious. For here you have an exciting cause furnished by a foul deoxy-
genized atmosphere and a predisposing cause furnished by a weakened,
impoverished system from improper food, bad water, or from the want
of proper protection from inclement weather, or from sudden climatic
alternations, causes sufficient of themselves, under certain circumstances
(which we call epidemic influences), to produce disease in man or domes-
tic animals. Infection is as unfortunate and indefinite a term 5 nor
are the terms "specific" contagion and "contingent" contagion, as
defined at the present day, by any means explicit. In my humble opin-
ion fevers are a unit, varied in their character by surrounding circum-
stances ; that is, in a temperate climate a remittent bilious fever becomes
yellow fever in a hot climate when the temperature of the atmosphere is
at its acme of power. The theories of ozone, " disease germs," micro-
cocci, &c., are very plausible in theory, but they have yet to be proven.

166 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Coutagious diseases arc produced eitlier by a virus cai>al)le of causing
tlicm by iuoculatio]!, as in small-pox, or by miasma proceeding from the
sick, as in the plague, measles, and scarlet fever. ]^o two physicians
agree as to which diseases arc contagious and which are not. The con-
tagia of the plague and typhus, especially the latter, is denied by many.
It seems probable that a disease may be contagious under certain cir-
cumstances and not so under others. That is, a (;ase of ephemeral fever,
fever of acclimation, the mildest form of fever Icnown to the medical
profession, arising from cold sui)crinduced by sudden and decided
climatic alternations, may, if the patient is kept in a close, foul condi-
tion, be converted into a disease capable of iiroducing emanations which
will reproduce a similar disease in those exposed to them, and with
great virulence. Ephemeral or camp fever is almost sure to manifest
itself in cases where large bodies of healthy men are brought into cami3
from different sections of the country. This is equally apt to be the
case when you bring together healthy young animals from different
parts of a country, even if froni different parts of the same county. We
know this much; but how much this materia morhi weighs, what its
color is, how it smells, are to us secrets yet hidden from our view. We
know that if a man has fever and it intermits he becomes cold and
shakes; we say he has "intermittent fever," "chills and fever," "ague
and fever," and we know if lie lias a long continuance of this kind, of
fever, one of the organs of his system (the spleen) is apt to become
enlarged, and this is about all we really do know as yet, because no one
has seen, weighed, or smellcd tJie peculiar miasma which causes inter-
mittent fever.

I noticed two facts which threw importaiit light upon this subject of
hog-cholera in this Piedmont country, viz., that recently the larger por-
tion of the sick hogs were under twelve months of age (shoats), and the
larger portion of tliem were taken side while eating tlie corn after cattle
which were being fattened for market. The popular name given this
disease is, as I have before said, a palpable misnomer. If I am correct
in my diagnosis — and I thinlc I am — it is Bothchi, or Dutch measles, and
should beclassed with the exanthemata, along with erythema, erysipe-
las, rubeola (measles), roseola, scarlatina, nettle-rash, and the artifi-
cial exanthemata. The young hogs being mostly the ones affected,
strengthens the hypothesis of its being an eruptive fever. As far back
as 1852 1 recordedthe fact that I considered epidemic tonsihtis (Eotheln)
as the most frequent epidemic disease to wliich Piedmont, Va., was lia-
ble, and that this arose from the moist and variable character of the
climate. I have since seen nothing to make me chango this opinion,
but much to strengthen and conlirm me in this theory. Horses, hogs,
cattle, and slieep are as susce})tible to disease from exposure to cold,
rainy weather, and to suddenclimaticalternations, as the human family;
probably more so. Tliey suffer from exposiu'e to cold as easily, and are
as much given to catarrh or cold as tlie human race.

A disease peculiarly liable to be felt by the young of both the hunian
and animal race, yet no ago, sex, or color affords any certain protection
from this epidemic disease, called Potheln, or German measles. In my
opinion, then, tliis so-called cholera, is no cljolera at all — has not a single
choleroid symjitom, as the bow(^ls are invariably constipated until moved
by medicines, or give way under llie last throes of speedy dissolution;
but that it is rather a fever ])rc\'ailing in an endemic and e]>idemic Ibrm,
subject to all the natural laws governing fevers, from its ince]->tion to
its termination, in restoration or in death, and more ck>sely resembling
scarlatina and scarlet fever than any other of the varieties of the anginose

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 167

exantliemata, and is now known to some of the medical profession as
Eotbeln, or German measles.

I will now proceed to give you a short history of the so-called hog-
cholera as it appeared in tbat section of country known as Piedmont, Vir-
ginia, during the fall of 1877 and during the spring of 1878. In the fall
of 1877 hog-cholera, so called, made its apppearaiice in that section of
country lying south and east of the Bull llun Mountains, and the losses
by death reached an aggregate of 85 per cent., mostly young animals, as
I learned itom Messrs. John and Ludwell Hutchison, intelligent farmers
living near the old Braddock road, four miles below the village of Aldie.
The people were much divided in opinion, some believing the improved
stock of hogs most liable to the disease, others that they x)roved to be
more exempt from its fearful ravages. The care which a farmer took
with his hogs, I presume, had more to do with lessening the bill of mor-
tality than the dih'erence in breeds. Hogs feeding after cattle, and young
hogs, were generally the first to show symptoms of the disease. No
remedy so far as they knew seemed to be of any benefit. Dr. Ewell re-
commended calomel, and some i^ersons thought it of service. So far as
I could learn no case occurred north or west of Catoctin Mountains until
October of 1877. The section of country where it occurred as early as
February, 1877, is at an average altitude of 400 feet above tide-water.
On the 13th day of October, 1877, J. MUton McVeigh first noticed that
one of his hogs, feeding after his fat cattle, api)eared stupid, dull, droopy,
mopy. He very soon noticed others appearing to be affected in the same
way. This farm is located just above the little village of Aldie (^the
William Berkley farm), at an average altitude of 550 feet above tide-
water. He had on his farm at this time fifteen home-raised hogs, but
having some large cattle that he thought would justify him in corn-feed-
ing he determined to purchase some hogs to follow after the cattle and
eat up the waste corn. Accordingly he bought, about the 1st of August,
1878, of Mr. Cox twenty-two fine, healthy shoats, of Mr. C. B. Eogers
twenty healthy shoats, and of Jack Simpson ten more. These fifty-two
animals were turned into a field to ran after his cattle. The field was
high and dry, rolhng, and at an altitude of COO feet above tide-water.
The hogs had good, comfortable, dry, warm shelter to go to, and in the
field there was an abundance of fresh running water from a large, fine
mountain-sprin g. About the middle of November the disease commenced
in earnest, first with shoats purchased of Mr. Cox, then with those bought
of Mr. Eogers, and lastly with those procured from Mr. Simpson. He
lost fifteen head between the middle of November and the 1st of De-
cember. One or two would be taken at a time and die, and about
the time he would flatter himself that the disease haci subsided, one or
two more would be taken. This continued until the 1st of February,
1878, and during this time he lost thirty-nine out of the fifty-two shoats.
After this, no other cases occurred. None of his home-raised hogs took
the disease until he had sold liis cattle and disposed of the remaining
shoats, when, supposing the disease killed out by frosts and the cold
weather, he turned a fine large sow and eleven pigs into this field where
the sick shoats had run. The sow escaped the disease, but the pigs soon
became sick, and he lost seven out of eleven of them. About the 1st of
January IV^llovring, the remainder of these shoats liaving become fat, and
being ajiparently healthy, he killed five, and after dressing them he found
the skin purplish, red to pale black; little pustules or pimples covered the
shoulders, and by pressure p'js would spin out. The throat gave unmis-
takable evidence of disease, and the lungs were in a condition of decay.
The lower bowel's were ftill of black, hard, dry balls (scybal«) the color

168 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

of tar, and very dry and hard. These animals had never been in the
barn-yard, and there were no marshy places in the field in which they
ranged. This history, as it occurred on Mr. McVeigh's place, militates
strongly towards the theory of ephemeral fever (fever of acclimation) as the
exciting cause. The Aveather was rainy, warm, alternating with damp,
raw, chilly weather. The hogs of his neighbors, John Carl, William Tif-
fany, and Samuel Simpson, living in a southeasterly direction, were dying
at the same time. They gave signs of great thirst, would eat mud and
soft soap avariciously. As a general thing they had a cough, and occas-
ionally A'omiting ; appearance of eye not noticed. E. C. Brown's hogs,
of Middleburg, began to show signs of disease ; would mope about and
look dull and stupid. About the 20th of June, 1878, all his hogs had a
cough ; bowels very much constipated ; discharges from calomel sticky
and tarry, black as tar itself; great thh-st; would eat mud, soft soap,
and their own excrements. All had more or less eruption upon the
skin ; skin had scarlet blush. Hogs had plenty of good feed, grass,
grain, slop. He tried every remedy, almost everything ; thought calo-
mel the only thing of service that was tried ; lost about 50 per cent, of
h is hogs . Shoats proved to be most hable to the disease. The hogs of Mr.
A. B. Moore, proprietor of Aldie Mills, commenced to show symptoms of
disease about the middle of June, 1878. The disease was not as fatal with
his hogs as it generally was with those of his neighbors. Attributed this
fact to good clean shelters, good food, mill-feed, apples, and slop. Gave
no medicines. Altitude of his place 400 feet above tide-water. About this
time, advancing from the northeast and traveling south (in direction of pre-
vailing winds and fog), it began to be felt at all the farm-houses along the
road leading from IMiddleburg, in Loudoun county, to Salem, in Fauquier
county, playing sad havoc with the young hogs of A. B. Eector, Mr. Hath-
oway, John Middleton, Howell Brothers, Maj. T. B. Hutchison, &c. Mr.
A. B. Eector thought the plant known in some neighborhoods as barrow-
root, in others as burvine, in strong infusion, was beneficial. This region
of country is mostly GOO feet above tide-water. Hero also the hogs run-
ning after cattle were those most affected. About this time the disease
passed up the pike leading from Aldie to Upperville and Paris, never
halting until it reached near to the summit of the Blue Eidge, above the
village of Paris, in Eauquier county, at an altitude of 1,100 feet above
tide- water. From Salem it passed up the main road, leading from Salem
to Markham, Mr. T. A Eector's hogs being among the first affected.
His nearest neighbor, Mr. Wilford Utterback, living between Mr. Eector
and Salem, was imusually fortunate with his hogs. He did not lose
many ; thinks they need good attention ; knows of no remedy. Altitude
of Mr. Eector's and Mr.IJtterback's farms, 550 feet above tide- water.
E. W. Maddox, proprietor of Oak Hill farm, lost about one hundred hogs.
Mr. diaries Brown lost all he had, except five shoats. The disease was
very fatal at Maj. S. B. Barley's farm, near Delaplane Station. At A.
J. Chunn's, John E. Strother's and others, on the west side of the Little
Cobbler Mountain, the disease was very fatal. These farms all lie at
an average altitude of GOO feet above tide- water. jSTo remedy seemed o*
any avail in stopping its ravages on any of these farms. Above Mark-
ham, at Mr. George Strother's, Mr. Conner's, and Mr. Charles Trussel's, the
disease was quite fatal. At IMrs. Palmer's, above Petersburg, at an altitude
of 1,150 feet, it prevailed Avith violence. The altitude at Mr. Strother's,
Mr. Trussel's, and Mr. A. Conner's is about 550 feet above tide-water.
Mr. Trussel's hogs were led u])oii mill-stuff", corn, and slop. He lost six-
teen out of twenty. Mr. A. Conner lost eighteen head out of twenty.
Young hogs were the ones that suffered most. Mr. Charles Trussel

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 169

thought his hogs bad some kind of a fever. He tried no remedies. I think
I can safelj^ set down the loss by disease this season in hogs in this rich
l)rodnctive country at 75 per cent. In my travels through this section
of the State I saw many hogs, partially recovered, but still in a low
state of health, that had lost their hair and their hoofs. The tegTunent-
ary tissue (skin) looked as if it came off in iine bran patches, instead of
coming off in large flakes. This I considered unmistakable evidence of
tegTimentary excitement. The internal mucous membrane being a con-
tinuation of the external tegumentary tissue (skin), we may reasonably
expect to find the internal mucous membrane likewise in a state of
phlegmhymenitis. Add to this symptom the significant fact of such
great thirst, and we raise a strong i)resumption that the disease is a fever,
and one of the eruptive fevers, beyond peradventure. The instinct of
the hog tells him what is cooling to him, therefore you find him eating
mud, soft soap, his own excrements, rotten wood, ashes, and the like.
I met no intelligent man who did not believe that either the hog's lungs
or his throat were affected.

Mrs. Simpson's hogs, running in the common just below the village of
Aldie, within fifty yards of Ish's tan-yard, were among the first to take
the disease. Ish's hogs ran regularly in the common, yet none of them
took the disease, while almost every one of Mrs. Simpson's hogs died.
Ish gave his hogs chamber-lye in their slop. Mrs. Simpson did not use
this remedy with her hogs. J. IMilton McVeigh tried the same remedy,
but without apparent effect. B. F. Carter, sr., gave his hogs coal-oil,
, and lost none. B. F. Carter, jr., gave his hogs the oil in same quantity
and lost all. D. Mount and Daniel Lee used asafetida one year, with
supposed good effect ; another year it had no effect at all. Thomas A.
Eector gave his hogs soap-suds and soda in their slop one year, accord-
ing to advice of the writer, with marked success ; persuaded by others
to give turpentine and sulphur in the present epidemic, his loss was
large. I foimd many i)ersons who had come to the conclusion that dur-
ing some period of the disease the hog's throat was sore, and that the
disease was the putrid sore throat, which was so fatal to swine some
forty years ago in this Piedmont region of Yirgiaia. I find most of
them agTce that there is swelling about the face and eyes, eruption on
the skin, gTeat thirst, often cough, occasional vomiting, constipated
bowels, a thumping in the side or sides, lower bowels full of hard, dry
balls of fecal matter, with a rapid loss of flesh. Other farmers seem to
notice sequelie of the disease more, and speak of swelling of the fore-
legs ; that they shed their hair and hoofs ; skui peels ofi", and new skin
becomes scurfy.

I gave for publication a short history of the so-called hog-cholera as
it prevailed in this section of Yirgiaia in 1868 or 1869. I have no notes
left, and I am not morally certain in which year the disease prevailed.
I remember, however, to have remarked that the first indication of sick-
ness in the hog noticed by me was closing the eye in the bright sunshine
of morning. ISTow, this symptom may have been from swelling of the
face, but I then attributed it to contraction of the pupil of the eye and
from intolerance of light. The next one had a ticking in the side, and
then a rapid loss of flesh, so much so that a large fat hog would become
so thin in a few days that you could almost read a newspaper through
him. I will remark that the only symptom at all like cholera is this
rapid loss of flesh. But then there is no purging, no loss of fluid by
urination, but it seems rather that the heat in the internal organs of the
hog is so intense that all the fluids in his system are dried up. To sat-
isfy myself on this point I placed them in pens, with clean, dry plank
for flooring, overnight, and in the morning the large hogs would be

170 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

almost living skeletons; but you never could discern any urinary or
other discliarjics on tlie clean dry floor of tlieir pens. I made some
post-mortem examinations, and g:enerally found inllammation in various
stages in the i)ostorior portion of the lungs, and the glands and tliroat
in a gangrenous condition — hlood thick and black as tar and disinclined
to tiovr; indeed, in some cases it was black, hard, and as dry as a chip.
Any one \vlio carefully reads the reports of the Department of Agricul-
tm-e for 1877 -will i)erceivc that some of the "writers describe the disease
as attended by a fever; others, agaui, speak of the ])eculiar eruption
attending it. Now, I submit that if there is a fever accompanying hog-
cholera, and an eruption also, it is jirima-facie e\idcnce that it is a dis-
ease "Which rightfully belongs to that class of maladies known as erup-
tive fevers, and it only remains for us to establish to which species of the
exanthemata it belongs for us to place its treatment on solid and well-
estabhshed gTOunds.

The description I gave in 1872 and the account given by Dr. Gillespie
in 1877, goes very far to identify rotheln with the hog disease that pre-
vailed in Piedmont region of Yirginiain 1877-'78. Fortunately the remedy
I shall recommend as a preventive, as well as a curative, agent during
its prevalence is equally beneficial m scarlet fever, diphtheria, and ery-
sipelas in some forms. It is a trite saying but a true one that an ounce
of ;prevention is worth a pound of cure. If this is true in regard to dis-
eases in the human family, it becomes eminently more so in the diseases
Incident to domestic animals.

Etiology. — The causes of disease are, unfortunately, frequently obscure,
although they are sometimes evident enough. The causes of disease
resolve into several varieties. As writers divide them difit'erently, a short
explanation may not be out of place. As a general thing the predis-
posing and occasional causes are the only ones on which much stress is
laid by medical writers. Causes accessory are those which have only a
secondary influence in the production of disease, as the want of proper
shelter for domestic animals in inclement weather may be indirectly the
means of j)roducing tlisease among them. Accidental causes are those
which act only on certain given conditions and which do not always
produce the same disease. Cold may be an accidental cause of acute
pneumonia, inflammatory rheumatism, &c. Proximate cause is the dis-
ease itself; superabundance of blood is the cause of plethora, &c.; exter-
nal causes are such as act externally to the patient, as cold, &.c. ; these
causes are such as determine the form of the disease ; internal causes
are those which arise within the body; mechanical causes are tliose
which act mechanically upon the windpipe in producing sui'ibcation;
negative causes comprise all those things the ]irivation of which may
derange the functions, as want of food, water, tK:c. They are opposed
to positive causes which of themselves directly induce disease, as the
use of crude, rotten, indigestible food, <S:c; occasional or exciting
causes (actual causes) are those which immediately produce the disease.
Occult, hidden, or obscure causes, any causes with which we are unac-
quainted; also certain inappreciable conditions of th.e atmospli.ere —
if I may use such a word, " distemperature"' — which we l>elieve gives
rise to endemic and epidemic diseases. Physiological causes are those
which act only on living matter, as narcotics; prodisi)ORing or remote
causes are those which render the body liable to disease, as previous
low, depressed condition of system, bad health, &c. ; principal causes
are those which exert the chief influence in the production of disease as
distinguished from the accessory causes ; specific or asserted causes are
those which always produce a determinate disease, contagia, for ex
ample.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 171

The deaths, in many instances, in this hog-disease arose from a me-
chanical cause. Throwing him down on his back to " drench him" with
some remedy produced suffocation, the wind-pipe or the swollen tonsds
were tilted back by pressure upon the epiglottis, and the glottis being
thus mechanically closed no air could i)enctratc the lungs, and the re-
sult was death. When" drenching is resorted to, the animal should be
made to stand up on its hind feet, and sudden deaths will not so often
occur from the administration of such remedies. The treatment of
rothcin and epidemic diseases generally resolves itself into i^rophylac-
tic ( j)reventive) and curative. Amou g the most valuable remedial agents
to prevent epidemic diseases among domestic animals, especially the
hog, may be enimierated a good, clean, dry bed of leaves or straw often
renewed, protected by a good shelter and with a j)lankfloor5 a good
supply of pure running water to drink 5 plenty of good, strong, gener-
ous food, made up of corn, buckwheat, or oats, vegetables, fruits, and
slop. Give them regularly a little dry salt, all the " soapsuds " you can,
and let theni have a bank of hickory ashes to run to. By this means
the hog would be better able to withstand the sudden climatic alter-
nations of from heat to cold, for these chmatic alternations are, in my
opinion, the most prolific som'ce of all epidemic diseases to which the
human race as well as domestic animals are liable. It is an admitted
fact, I belie^'e, that domestic animals, in fact all animals, breathe more
through the pores of the skin than the human family do. By this the
internal organs are relieved of a considerable burden. Hence arises the
importance of keeping the pores of the skin open and in a healthy work-
ing condition. To effectually do this you must provide your hogs with
frequent new beds ; burn up the old ones, which, when worn down to
dust, become moistened and the whole tegumentary tissue of the hog is
agglutinated, as it were, by a paste-like substance, and is rendered
totally unfit to perform the functions necessary in the animal economy.
We can see why this should strongly predispose to disease. To further
l^revent this undesirable condition of the hog's skin, I would recommend
washing with strong soapsuds and then scrubbing them dry with a
clean corn-cob until their skin presented a red, healthy glow. See that
the ]iores in the fore legs are open {the little safety-valves) ; give them
plenty of chlorate of-iDotash of the strength of two drams to a pint of
water, and the chances of disease will be greatly lessened. Timothy,
orchard, and other grasses incline them to constipation, which cannot be
reheved except by the strongest remedial agents. Green plantain and
purslane are good for hogs.

For a long time a gTcat many German physicians, and a number of
the profession in our own country to-day, believe that the extract of
belladonna (deadly nightshade) given beforehand will prevent children
from catching scarlet fever. Now, as rotJwln is a Idndred eruptive
fever, might not some herb be found that would prove a preventive in
this disease ? I am more inclined to recommend Vcrairum viride (Ameri-
can hellebore) as a prophylactic in this disease, because I am satisfied
that venesection (bleeding) in the early stages of the malady is demand-
ed. I remember that all hogs not castrated, and those castrated early
in the disease of 1808 or 18G9, recovered, and not only recovered, but mad
good recoveries. So did all the hogs I saw in those years early enough
to get blood from them. After the first and second stage of the disease
in those years the blood was very dark, black, thick, and could not be
made to How. From this condition of the blood, and from the low tem-
perature I found in many hogs, I suspected congestive chills, or more
probably dumb chills, of a very severe character. I am stOl disposed to
chug to this opinion. In all those cases where the hog is mopy and

172 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

chilly looking, I would, after the first stage of lowering the pulse has
passed, recommeud a teacupful of a strong infusion of the leaves of dog-
wood or the same quantity of a stTong cold infosion of boneset. In
either case add a teaspoonful of i^owdei^ed ginger or thirty drops of the
oil of black pepper, to be given morning, noon, and night regularly.
Chlorate of potash, two drams to a pint of water, for diink at will.

I think the hog is peculiarly susceptible to the influence of malaria,
therefore they had better be kept in the woods, or in a i)en, or on high
and diy places where there is not much grass, and fed on corn, oats, and
buckwheat, with a proportionate admixture of fruits, vegetables, and
slops. Soapsuds, all the loreparations of potash, hickory ashes, soda,
saleratus, &c., are anti-febrile, and will be found very beneficial when
given in slops. In my opinion the throat and the adjacent parts, the
upper and the posterior portions of the lungs, are the only really vul-
nerable portions in the animal economy of the hog. Protect these and
you thereby protect the whole hog. I have no doubt that in one epi-
demic in. this hog disease you may have it so dressed in the livery of
pneumonia that the most accurate observer might diagnose the disease
to be primarily pneumonia. lu another case you may have an exudation
of membrane, thereby simulating very closely diphtheria. Again, you
may have rotheln, but the disease spreading to the parenchymatus por-
tion of the lung aiid on to the pleura, producing rotheln complicated with
pleuro-pneumonia, and so on. To show that the stomach of the hog is
not very susceptible to the action of poison, I will state a fact known to
almost every one in this region of country, that the hog can feed simip-
tuously on the rattlesnake, moccasin, and the poisonous copperhead with
perfect impunity. Again, unless the snake bites the hog about the
throat, and on the jugular vein and carotid artery, there is no harm done,
but if over either of these blood-vessels the bite is speedily fatal. The
internal remedy upon which I most rely, both as a preventive and cura-
tive agent, is that invaluable remedial agent, chlorate of potash. Dr.
L. P. Dodge, in Georgia Medical Companion, December number, 1872,
page 717, says :

The therapeutical effects of this a_<>ent are obtained by direct application and by
absorption. AYhen taken into the stomach it imparts a cooling sensation to the month
and throat ; the circulation is somewhat depressed. Hence it has been classed by au-
thors as refi-igerant, and from increased action of kidneys diiu'ctic. By some it
has been supposed to exert hepatic action. Without doubt it does, but to what ex-
tent we are not prepared to state. When applied locally to ulcerated surfaces of the
mucous membrane, as in ulcerated stromatitis and many other diseases of the mucous
membrane, and also to ulcers of the integuments, it has a stimulating action, as shown
by increased sensation of the i^arts and excited vascular action, which becomes alter-
ative, and, therefore, salutary. Its most decided effects are obtained when taken into
the system. Cliloi'ate of iiotash, we think, has a specific action on the mucous mem-
brane— the glandular and cutaneous systems. In scarlatina it is universally recog-
nized as the best remedy. In diseases of the mouth and throat, whether ulcex-ative
or inflammatory, chlorate of potash has a salutary effect. In diphtheria it is one of the
most reliable remedies for lesions of the throat. In no disease is its alterative action
better shown. Given to an adult in tablespoonful doses of the saturated solution
every hour for twenty-four houi-s, and tliere will be a marked change in the general
appearance of the diseased parts. The exudation will be diminished, the fever re-
moved, the surface paler, the swelling diminished, the vascular action less, the sensa-
tion ameliorated ; the skin becomes cool, the iiulse less ti'equent ; in fact, a large per
cent, of the incipient form of diphtheria requires no other remedy.

You can, then, safely give the hog one good dose of calomel in this
disease, and then rely with an abiding confidence on the cldorate of
potash.

EespectfuUy submitted.

ALBAN S. PAYNE, M. D.

Markham, Va., November 25, 1878.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 173

EE^OET OF DE. J. N. Mci^^UTT.

Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture :

Sir : I have the honor to report that, in obedience to instructions from
your department, I have devoted the past two months to the investiga-
tion of diseases of swine. Though my hibor has been confined to one
county (Jefferson), I had abundance of material, and have examined
several hundred diseased hogs, and made thirty post mortem examina-
tions.

While the results of my experiments and examinations may not be as
satisfactory as could be wished, I am con\inced, first, of the natm-e of
the disease, and, secondly, that if it cannot be cured in all cases, it can
by proper hygienic measures be with much certainty prevented.

I have aimed to have the results of my examinations as practical as
possible, and will endeavor to i)resent them devoid of any scientific
theories.

The disease has, in this county, as in other portions of the State, pre-
vailed in different localities for a number of years. It usually begins
in early spring, and increases in extent and severity until the late sum-
mer and fall months, disai)pearing toward the approach of winter, only
to apiDear in another locaUty with the return of spring. Although in
different seasons and localities it presents different symptoms, it is evi-
dently the same fatal enemy to the pig raiser, only in another garb.
Unfortunately, as the name of a disease should convey some idea of its
nature, this di-eaded scourge is called " hog-cholera," why we know not,
unless from its rapid and almost certain fatality.

While the pathological conditions found in my examinations were
many and varied, yet the main lesions pointed to the intestinal mucous
membrane and lungs, with sufficient uniformity to clearly indicate the
nature of the disease ; and as it is clearly shown that the disease, while
contagious, is not communicable to other animals nor to man, it is evi-
dently a specific contagious disease sui generis — typhoid fever of swine.
The disease occasionally begins suddenly with symptoms of a chill, the
pig standing drawn up and shivering on the sunny side Of a barn or fence.
But the disease generally begins more insidiously, and the first thing
noticed is, in a previously healthy pig, a dull appearance with a wrinkled,
drawn look about the head and neck. It stands with back humped,
head and shoulders drooping, eyes listless and watery ; loss of appetite,
or j)erhaps eats for a few moments and then stands over its food with
an appearance of loathing ; sometimes it show a disposition to nausea,
great and constant thirst, increased temperature, first about breast and
belly, and after one or two days extending over body and limbs. Fever
at first of a remittent character ; temperature in rectum 1020-104° F.,
in morning 5 in the evening rises to 106°-109° F. Has hacking cough,
which is increased on exertion ; sometimes attended with frothy (white
or yellowish) and in last stage offensive discharge from the nose.
Breathing rapid and labored, with drawing in of the flanks ; panting.
Bowels usually, at first, constipated ; in some continue so 5 in others
become lax after a few days, to be frequently followed, especially in pro-
tracted cases, by very dark fetid diarrhea. Kidneys usually act well,
though lu-ine is generally scanty and high colored. In very malignant
cases it is suppressed. As the disease progresses the patient shows a
disposition to get away from the herd ; lies on its belly under straw,
brush, or any place for a shade ; is stirred up with difficulty ; walks with

174 DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

a staggering, painful gait. Some, if tlicy attempt to run, go sidewise,
and carry tlieii" liead to one side. In -svhite bogs, rose-colored spots ap-
l^ear on belly and inside of arms and breast, eliaceable by pressiu^e, but
retiu-n immediately. On dark hogs, the spots are of a petechia or hemor-
rhagic character, -with elevation of the cuticle, especially behind the
shoulders and on the neck and back of the ears. In one case, sick three
weeks, I found sloug^hs one inch or more in diameter, tliickly scattered
over belly, neck, and snout. Large abscesses are occasionally seen in
parotid glands (behind the eai's), and in a fe^v mahgnant cases the legs
swell until the skin bursts, discharging a thick, yellow serum. In some
cases the hoofs fall oii'. If the case does not end fatally, as it often does
in a few days, the s;N'niptoms increase in severity. The animals rapidly
lose llesh, get lousy, reliise to eat or take note of their surroundings;
if possible to arouse them, they immediately relapse into a stu])or.
Some j)ass olf in this way; in others, convulsions close the scene.
AVhen one occasionally gets weU, it is after a very protracted convales-
cence. Abscesses, ulcers, &c., form on different parts of the body. The
hair all falls off, and it seldom makes much hog anyway.

My subjects for post mortem examinations were taken, some of them
a few hoiu'S after death, and others were kiUed during various stages of
the disease, from the lu'st day to the third, and in the fourth week, by-
bleeding. The subjects that had died were usually very much emaciated,
lousy, offensive; snout and ears a dark i^urple; eyes shrunken, some-
times idcerated, and body covered with dark spots of extravasated
blood.

The principal lesions found were in the alimentary mucous membrane
and in the organs of the chest. The tongue I seldom found coated, though
usually red and often ulcerated, especially towards the base, extending
into throat and down the cesophagus. The stomach was usually found
distended with undigested acid, and sometimes offensive iugesta and
flatus. The ileum (small bowel) and colon (large bowel) tilled with hard
dry feces or with dark liquid, fetid discharges, and distended with gas.
The mucous membrane of stomach and intestines, differing with the stage
of the disease at Avhich death had occmTed, presented the various stages
of inflammation and its sequela, fi"om a faint pink blush to a dark red
thickened condition. This was the case with the whole surface of the
stomach and of the ileum or colon, or more or less extensive portions of
each. In some cases the dark thickened membrane could be easily
stripi^ed from the sub-mucous coat. Ulcers in the glands of the small
intestine and caecum were li-equent. Peyer's glands in two or thi-ee
cases were AX'r\' much enlarged and thickened, and covered with hard,
dark scabs. In several cases the ileum was so contracted in several
places that they looked as if they had been scorched.

The peritoneum was generally more or less inflamed, and in two cases
I found in one two and in the other foiu" quarts of straw-colored serum
in the abdominal ca\-it3- ; a portion of which, in the largest, was coagu-
lated, apparently bv the great heat of the bowels. (The tcmperatiu-e
was 109^ F.)

The lungs I foimd, with two exceptions, in different degrees of inflam-
mation, varying with the period of the disease, which constitute pneu-
monia. This was the case either in the flrst stage (that of congestion),
the second stage, (no hepatization), or third stage (gray hepatization) ;
though, as is usual in diseases of a lovr and feebie character, these
stages were not always well marked, but often presented more the con-
dition called splenization, caused by the blood not yielding suflicieut
plastic matter to form the firm, resistiug character of hepatizatioiL

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 175

Tlie auiouut of lung involved, of course, varies in eacli case ; in some one
lobe, nsually tlie upper if the left lung, and lower if the right; in others,
agiiin, all of one lung, and in one case I found the whole of both lungs
invob. ed, the left in the third and right in the second stage. In young
l)igs i found what is Imown as lobular pneumonia, that is, diseased lob-
ules, of which each lobe is comi)oscd, were mixed indiscriminately with
healthy lobules, giving this lung a mottled appearance. In one case I
found the disease in the upper lobe of the right lung. The inflammation
was conlined to the air vesicles, and constituted " vesicular pneumonia."
In this case I found tubercles scattered through the diseased lung-, and
in one the upper lobe of the left lung was one mass of tubercles. All of
the cases were complicated, to a greater or less extent, either Avith
iniiaiinnation of the i)leura (the covering of the lung), or of the bronchi
(air-])assages). In some cases the bronchial tubes were inflamed and
Idled with a frothy and occasionally a bloody mucus, in others ulcerated
and secreting a yellow, offensive pus; the ulceration often extending
into the larynx, and even into the nasal i^assages. In six or eight cases
the lileura, especially the right, presented more or less extensive patches
of inflammation, with adhesions between the i)ulmonary and the costal
l^ortions, that is, between the i)ortion of the pleura and that lining the
chest.

The heart was, in protracted cases, pale and soft, and in one case in-
flammation of the jiericardium (covering of the heart) with effusion into
the pericardial sack was observed.

The liver was, in most cases, more or less congested, and in one case
very much enlarged and filled with patches of inflammation. The gall-
bladder was usually filled, sometimes distended, with dark-green, thick
bile.

The i)leura was in aU cases enlarged, and in one case very dark, almost
black, and so friable that it would not sustain its own weight. The kid-
neys were usually pale and sometimes soft, and in the two cases where
there Avas so much oedema of the lungs and snpi)ression of the urine;
the malpighian bodies were of a dark-red color, and the lining of the
l)elvis (inside of kidney) was very much inflamed and covered with
extra vasated blood.

With a few exceptions the mesenteric, inguinal, and other lymphatic
glands, especially bronchial and cervical, were in various stages of in-
flammation and enlargement, and in some cases of a peculiar dark-red
color.

The brain proper and the spinal cord I found usually in a normal con-
dition. In one case there was effusion into the ventricles. The men-
inges of the brain and spine were, in protracted cases, congested or
inflamed, and in two cases the dura mater (lining of the skull) was thick-
ened and easily separated from the skull.

The cause of the disease has been variously ascribed to feeding, crowd-
ing, overdriving, filthy pens, ringing, &c. From information obtained
from hog-raisers, from our own observation, and reasoning from analogy,
I am satisfied that the real cause of the disease is the present manner
of breeding, raising, and feeding the pigs, and as a result of my obser-
vation and treatment I found the same remedies as used in remittents in
the human subject as the most effectual. I am satisfied tliat the disease
is at least developed by malaria, and relieved, if at all, by the same
treatment as malarial diseases in man. Instead of raising i>igs from a
sow eight or ten months old, and cramming them Avith slops and dry
corn in order to make three-hundred-pouud porkers of theni in twelve
months, select good healthy sows from eighteen to twenty -four months

176 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

old ; allow them to liave but one litter each year ; let the pigs grow up
naturally ; feed them but little, and give them no dry corn ; let them
have plenty of water and clay to drink and bathe in, and give them
a chance to root for a living, and to that end furnish them good
pasturage on soft, moist, and, if possible, shady soil, where various roots
are plenty; in fact, let them "root, hog, or die," and wallow to their
hearts' content. The roots they may get are their natm^al food, and by
frequent bathing in muddy pools they keep the skin in a lively, healthy
condition, free from dandruff and vermin. A hog looks filthy enough
when he first comes out of his cool bath in a mud-hole ; but see him after
he has dried the clay in the sim and rubbed it off on some convenient
stump or fence-corner, and he is a nice, clean, and very presentable ani-
mal. After he has attained his natural growth in this manner, say from
eighteen months to two years, he can be fattened on corn, if you will,
without fear of disease. That the disease once started is easily communi-
cated by contagion and infection I have easily found by tracing its rav-
ages in regions of my inquiries. Starting from a diseased hog brought
into the neighborhood, it next showed itself in the herd of the only
neighbor who let his hogs run at large, and whose hogs visited an in-
fected farm. Thence it was conveyed by the hogs of the second party
dying alongside of a large pasture filled with well-fed, well-watered hogs.
Then other neighbors' hogs broke into this])asture and mingled with the
sick hogs, and soon went home to die of the disease and infect others.
Others, again, separated by a large creek, crossed to the infected neigh-
borhood and were soon numbered with the dead. During a dry, south
wind, lasting several days, hogs one mile to the north, separated by the
same creek, developed the disease. Thence it was traced in the same
manner, carried either by straying hogs or dry winds, and in the case of
winds always in the direction of the wind, and then often jumping two
or three farms for favorable material.

Treatment. — Under this head I will necessarily be very brief, for unless
the case is taken early in the disease, i. e., unless the pig-raiser under-
stands the early symptoms of the disease and adopts what might be
called the heroic treatment at once, little, if anything, can be done by
medication.

After fully satisfying myself as to the nature of the disease, I found
by taking the case in its incipiency and giving a good cathartic (calomel
5 to 20 grains, and podophyllin ^ to 2 grains, according to age) in boiled
potatoes at night, to be followed each morning for two or three days by
suli)hate cinchoneidia 10 to 40 grains, according to age, in slops, and after
and diu"ing this treatment give spirits turpentine (5 to 20 drops), or car-
bolic acid in slops (1 to 3 drops) every four hours, resulted in a cure in
80 to 90 per cent, of cases treated. In addition I would follow sugges-
tions recommended in prevention of the disease, viz., isolate the sick ;
keep them in i^astures with free access to water and clay. Clay is one
of our best antiseptics, and the hog knows it, and will when thirsty, if
he can, mix it with the water before he drinks. Give them but little, if
anything, to eat, and, if any, such vegetables as turnips, parsnips,
artichokes, and other food of this class. By no means feed corn, espe-
cially dry corn. I really think that if the suggestions as to the manner
of breeding, feeding, and caring for the pig here offered Avero followed
out there Avould be but little, if any, need for treatment.

Before closing I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Maj. James
S. Mellen, of Saint Louis, for many and valuable suggestions.
I am yours, very respectfully, &c.,

J. i^. McKUTT, If. D.

PFA^^T,v. 1\ro.. Qo+r^her M. 1^78.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 177

REPOET OF DR. C. M. HINES.

Hon. Wm. G. LeDuc,

Commissioner of Agriculture : ■

SiE : Having been honored with an appointment as an inspector of
diseases of domesticated animals, under the direction of the Department
of Agriculture, I accepted the same on the first day of August, and at
once took the necessary steps to find a field for an investigation, which
had reference more particularly to the diseases of swine.

After diligent inquiry I found the disease was not sufficiently exten-
sive in the State of Kansas for any extended inquiry into the cause
and remedy for " hog-cho^era," or the infectious fever of hogs. Under
instructions from the department I therefore proceeded to Cass county,
Nebraska, where it was said to prevail as an epidemic in the neighbor-
hood of Eight-Mile Grove.

Upon my arrival at Plattsmouth, the county seat of Cass county, I
was informed that no "hog-cholera" had prevailed in that region for
nearly three months prior to my arrival.

After a detention of several days in the vain effort of finding a proper
conveyance into the country, I at last succeeded, being aided by Mr.
James Hall, of Eight-Mile Grove. I was assured that I would find but
little of the disease, as I was too early in the season, it being more
prevalent in cold weather.

As the time for investigation was limited, I determined to make as
much of it as possible. Passing through Cass county I found several
small herds under treatment by a veterinary surgeon, and in nearly
every case I found they were being "doctored" by the owner, or some
one professing to cure the disease. Also, other owners, rejecting all
interference, were apathetic, and seemed to consider it something beyond
human ken, and as one expressed it, left them to " worry through." In-
deed, one farmer said that he intended as soon as he was sure the disease
was in the herd, to "ship all those large enough for the market" — an
example followed by many others, making widespread havoc. From
Cass county I proceeded through Otoe, to the borders of Johnson
county, passing over a large portion of both counties, returning again
to Plattsmouth when the time for the investigation had nearly expired.

In arriving at the conclusions to be found in this article, I must be
permitted the privilege of argument, in order to show my reasons for the
same, and, first, I would observe that the disease known as "hog
cholera," or " infectious fever of hogs," is not, as I think, so difficult of
solution, nor has it a protean character. I consider it one disease from
two causes having tivo effects.

The hog is said to be improved by "crossing," and persons ignorant
scientifically of its effects, and how far it may be carried with propriety,
write and speak learnedly of the matter. They attempt to improve upon
nature, and it has been carried to such an extent as to almost obliterate
all traces of original breeds. They attempt also to make a distinct,
separate, and, as they suppose, permanent stock that will reproduce
itself. Although all hogs may belong to the one great family, there is
a law in nature that, where a great divergence has taken place from any
parent stock, a tendency to revert must i)revail, or the creature must
sufier from the lex talionis naturw. " So true is it that nature has
caprices which art cannot imitate."

Persons, otherwise good farmers, wli,o have im.pi:ov^d their ^ock, n^
12 SW

178 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

they suppose, by crossing or continual breeding in the same stock, do so
until they are really ig-norant of how close they are breeding, and of its
evil effects, for (as in the human being) the penalty for this violation of
the law of nature is loss of vitality, less power of resisting diseases, and
scrofulous degeneracy.

I have seen pigs not a month old which were totally blind, \7it\1 large
sores on the jaws, and hogs of eight or ten months with great sloughing
sores on the bod3', and I have been told by rehable gentlemen that some
lose the tiesh from the jaws, leavuig the bone exposed. In the older
hog this ajiection may, i)erhaps, be brought about by feeding exclusively
upon old corn that had been exposed to the elements, but time did not
allow for proof of this.

Cholera in Kansas and Kebraska seems to attack preferably the Berk-
shire, and the Berkshire crossed by the Poland-China, which appear to
be the kinds preferred in those States. The " common stock," and those
not bred so close, are not so hable to the disease as where they have
been continually crossed and called '• fine-blooded." I have been told by
gentlemen who are largely engaged in hog-raising that the common stock
and those of piu'C breed are less Mable to the disease — that they have
been in adjoining ranges to those diseased, and have escaped the infec-
tion. I have no doubt of this fact.

TREATMENT OP THE HOG, HIS FOOD, QUAETEES, ETC.

Of food. — As Dr. Detmers, of Missouri, in a report upon this same
subject says, '' Because he is a hog, must he be treated hoggishly ? " Poor
hog! Man seems to think he "has no stomach that he need respect."
With what do they not dose him (in heu of what he would find for him-
self, were he at liberty f) Stone coal, cJiarcoal, ashes, concentrated lye!
Give him sour food, and afterward an alkaU to correct acidity of stom-
ach ! All very good when intelligently administered, no doubt. But,
does not the hog need an acid sometimes as well I

The almost universal food for swine in these States is com, nothing
hut corn. If, perchance, they get any green food it is green com cut
and thrown to them.

Corn is raised in such abundance and the price is so low, in order that
there may be a return for the labor of the farmer it must be converted
into either beef or pork ; and as, according to general behef and practice,
a hog requires less care than other domestic animals, and can stand any-
thing, he is the favorite instrument through which to reahze gaia, and
every farmer has his herd of hogs, large or small.

Of quarters. — The laws of the States of Kansas and Nebraska prohibit
the running at large of domestic animals, and, as a consequence, the hog
is confinedin quarters of various kinds and dimensions, dependent upon
the abihty, inclination, or industry of the farmer. Thus we find that in
a prairie country where fencing is expensive they are not apt to have
too much range.

In that part of the State of Nebraska to which my observations ex-
tended nearly all the farms were located on water-courses of variable
size, and for convenience the hog-peus were on the banks of the streams,
in many cases at an inchnation of from 15=^ to 25°. The inclosures were
full of manure of perhaps years' standiug, mixed with earth of the kind
known as the loess deposits, into which the hogs rooted, wallowed, and
when sick they would eat, in a vain eftbrt to relieve their suflerings.
(In many cases scarcely anything else was foimd in the alimentary canal.)

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 179

They liad at pleasure the privilege of indulgiug in a bath of or drinkiiig
the semi-fluid matter in the streams passing through their inclosures,
com]iosed of old and recent maniu-e, with an admixture of the black soil
and material of a like character conveyed to them from sties fifty or a
hundred miles above. They might also at their pleasm-e, after such
recreation, bask themselves in the sunshine (with the mercury in the
nineties) on the hill-side the livelong day.

Fed with corn that had beeii exposed to the snows and rains of one
and sometimes tico years; heated by the sun in summer, cooled by the
snows of ^^-inter, washed by the rains of spring, and fanned at pleasure
by rude Boreas, is it to be wondered at that anijnals so treated, and
fi-om which so much is expected, should l)ecome diseased and die, and
that, following the example of ibe farmer who said that he would " ship
his hogs as soon as he was satisfied disease was in his herd," the " hog-
cholera" should continue, being spread by rail over a great extent of
country, di-op]jing some here and some there ? True, all are not so treated,
and where they are treated in a rational manner few are lost.

If the same attention was given the hog that is bestowed on other
domestic animals there would be less cause for complaint, and it is use-
less to attempt to remedy the matter except by a radical change in the
treatment of the animal.

Many farmers keep their corn in cribs without covering, and one who
was losing hogs every day told me that he had been feeding them on
corn that had been exposed to the elements for two years. I have found
that in proportion to the care taken so was the ratio of health and dis-
ease, all other things being equal.

The causes, then, in mj^ opinion, which develop the disease known as
"hog-cholera" are of two kinds. First, continual close breeding, which
has a tendency to lessen vitality, produce a scrofulous condition of body,
with less power of resisting disease ; second, want of proper treatment,
which includes food, quarters, and general management.

SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE AND MODES OF ATTACK.

First mode of attack. — Generally the hog is sick a considerable time
before it is noticed, and he is not cut off as suddenly as many suppose.

The hog's external depurating apparatus is said to be fixed in the
posterior portion of the fore leg and the nose. When the disease sets
in the discharge from these parts ceases, and often (especially in young
pigs) a swelling of the fore leg may be noticed, extending to the shoul-
der. The nose becomes dry, and the hog now has the fever. His bowels
become constipated, and when moved by the administration of a cathartic
his discharges are of scybala, coated with mucous or epithelium. His
appetite fails, and he eats what is unusual for him in a state of health,
such as dirt and herbage, that, when weU, he would pass by. He lies
down, or leans against the side of the inclosure, and when started up
moves weardy. Two moist streaks may be seen, one from each eye;
holds his head down, and his ears faU ; when lying down rises up and
falls down ; stumbles along as though he had rheumatism ; is weak in
the fore legs ; becomes lousy, and if he does not die by the disease which
fix:es itself upon the brain and spinal cord, he may recover, but is often
left entirely blind. If recovery or death does not take place in this
first mode of attack, he passes into the condition of those under the
second mode of attack, and the force of the disease is exerted upon the

180 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

mucous membranes of tlie alimentary canal. In this first mode of attack
the disease is seated in the serous membranes.

Second mode of attack. — Begins with fever, as in the first mode, but,
although the brain is affected, the force of the disease is exerted more
directly upon the stomach, bowels, and lungs (upon the mucous mem-
branes). The hog loses his appetite, grows rapidly thin, and instead of
the discharge from the eyes it is from the bowels. He lurches from side
to side as he moves along, is weak in the loins, has diarrhea, often vom-
its, and worms are sometimes discharged from both stomach and bowels.
The discharge from the bowels is of a yellow color, seemingly mixed
with pus. In this mode of attack aU the parasites that infest the hog,
of whatever character, seem roused to unusual activity, and the hog,
unable to partake of a sufficient amount of nourishment, these parasites,
flying themselves in many parts of the body, prey upon its vitals until
it succumbs.

Cough is a prominent symptom, sometimes from the first ; is of a spas-
modic character, and apparently due to some extent to nervous irritation.
In some cases, at every fit of coughing there would be a discharge from
the bowels.

CJiaracter of the disease. — As before stated, it attacks first the serous,
secondly the mucous membranes, or it may be confined to either.

In the first mode of attack the fever is of a sthenic character, and
presents many of the characteristics of measles in the human being.
There is fever, discharges from the eyes, sometimes a discharge from the
nostrils, and discoloration of the skin. Cough, which is an attendant
upon measles in man, is generally absent in the hog in the beginning of
this disease. I prefer to consider it a fever developed in the same man-
ner as typhus or typhoid fever is in man ; that there is " blood poison-
ing," and that the disease germs are intangible ; that it has no symptom
in common with cholera in man, save the diarrhea. The action of the
infection upon the blood is quite the opposite to that of cholera, for in
the disease in question there is a lack of fibrin and of haematin; it is pale,
deficient in red corpuscles, and does not " cup." I do not beUeve that
it is dependent upon any particular condition of the atmosphere, except
thatportion immediately surrounding the diseased animals. I think there
can be no doubt that it may be communicated to other hogs, and more
readily to those of a like breed, and living under like conditions. Being (as
I think) not primarily of a typhoid character, I cannot see any reason why
this term should be applied to the disease. The truth is, I believe, that
the hog is sick some time before it is generally noticed, and that a Uttle
attention given him at the commencement will stop it. Is this, then, of
a typhoid character ? In confirmation of this I will state a little circum-
stance related to me by a gentleman in tliis neighborhood. A colored
barber called upon him at his farm one day, and while looking at a fine
hog, which the owner said would eat but little, and appeared to be sick,
the barber said : " Your hog has the cholera. I wiU ciu-e him"; and im-
mediately, to the great amusement of the gentleman, caught the hog,
opened his mouth, made two incisions in the papilljB at the root of the
tongue, and then began rubbing the fore-legs of the animal with a com
cob. TeUing the gentlemen to give the hog a dose of some purgative
medicine, he went his way. In a few hours the hog began to eat and
recovered in a short time.

Of infection. — Hogs of the same class, and placed under hke circum-
stances, are more liable to convey the infection to each other than to
those differently situated. I met with a farmer in Nebraska who was

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 181

purchasing diseased hogs at a low figure, and taking them on his farm,
for treatment, -without fear of communicating the disease to his own
herd. He had some knowledge of the disease, and had treated his own
herd.

Professor Law says, as quoted by the commissioner of agriculture of
the State of Virginia, ^' contagion is the main cause of the disease." We
are satisfied that we understand the circumstances under which one may
contract the chills or intermittent fever, but I presume no medical man
will say that he can touch the " disease germs," as they are termed. Con-
tagion cannot cause it, but may aid in spreading it.

Prevention of the disease. — In my opinion the surest means of preven-
tion are those of a hygienic character. Do not breed close, give the
animal a variety of food, keep his range clean, and protect him from
extremes of heat and cold. In a prairie country, where domesticated
animals are not allowed to run at large, I would recommend that ranges
for the hog should be inclosed by portable fences in sections. Posts
should be placed at the i^roper distances (they might be of iron and
driven) and the sections wired together or fastenings might be attached
to each section so as to unite at once. Constructed in this manner the
range may be changed to another location in a few hours. This should
be done once or twice a year at least, and preferably in the spring and
the beginning of winter. Eaise vegetables especially for them. If pos-
sible sow oats, and let them have the range of the field. Give them
fresh water to drink, which may be raised by a windmill and conveyed
through pipes to the range. Instead of having hogs to "follow" the
cattle, as a matter of economy, I would feed them separately, and have
the com for the cattle ground in a horse-power miQ.

Eradication of the disease. — This might be effected partly through
State laws prohibiting the transportation through the States of hogs
showing evidence of disease, attention to hygienic laws, and a greater
admixture of the breeds known as " common stock," gradually brought
about.

Treatment of the disease. — This is very simple if attended to in time,
and very few need be lost. Simply a transfer to a new range and a
change of food at the beginning of the disease will save a great many.
Give the hog a purgative of soft soap, raw Unseed-oil, or any simple
purgative ; afterward warm mashes and comfortable dry quarters. Very
often this is all that is necessary to arrest the disease. As soon as his
nose becomes moist and the secretion is restored in his fore-legs, you
may count upon his recovery. A farmer told me that his herd had the
"cholera," and that he fed the living with the carcasses of those that
died, and his hogs recovered. Another that, having more fresh beef
than he wanted, fed the surplus to his herd, and they recovered. This
food, being unusual, acted upon their bowels, hence their recovery.

In investigating this disease I had many obstacles to contend with.
There were no herds to be found within a reasonable distance (nor be-
yond that I was aware of) which had not been dosed with something,
and none so isolated as to be entirely free from contact in some way with
other herds. As a consequence I made no use of the clinical thermom-
eter, which would have given no perfect data to discourse upon.

The first herd of hogs treated numbered forty-five head, situated on
high and dry land; but the range was dirty from the accumulations of
old manure, they having been fed on com from crib exposed to the ele-
ments for a considerable period. Were drinking water from a well. All
sick. No other hog had been near the range except a boar, and he was
said to be well; neither had. any been away from the herd. The breed

182 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIilALS.

Tras Berkshire, crossed with Poland China. Owing to the inland situa-
tion and want of necessary articles at tlie place the trong^hs were not
made with circular holes, but were constructed in the following manner:

The trough was di-
Tided longitudinally
by a board on edge so
that the hogs could
feed on either side
without permitting
the admission of the
feet, thus: They were
graded 1, 2, 3, 4, according to age and condition. The herd was suffer-
ing from both modes of attack, as heretofore described. They were
moved from their range and placed on new ground. As a general thing
the younger hogs suffered the most.

Pen No. 1 contained the oldest hogs, fifteen in number, from one to
three years old.

Pen No. 2 contained fourteen head, from eight months to one year
old.
Pen No. 3 contained eleven head, from five to eight months old.
Pen No. 4 contained five head, from five to twelve months old, and
was the dead pen.

No food was allowed for the space of twelve hours. Nos. 1 and 2
were given salt and water, which they were compelled to drink, being
without food or water. This had the effect of causing vomiting and
purging. In several cases worms were discharged from the stomach
and bowels ; principally from those suffering from the second mode of
attack. Some had to be pressed forward and urged to drink. After the
action of the salt the tincture chloride of iron was adm'inistered in water in
doses of twenty drops every four hours, for the older, and fifteen for the
younger hogs. A mash of bran was made (which was always fed while fresh
and sweet), and they were allowed to partake moderately of the iron half
an hour after the first dose. They were fed at intervals between the doses
of iron, and no other food was given until convalescence began, when they
were allowed some com in connection with the mash. In those suffering
from the disease in the first mode, there was constipation of the bowels,
dry noses, and watery discharges from the eyes. When the bowels were
moved (and in some instances they were very torpid), the passages would
be stercoraceous, and covered with a white substance (apparently epi-
thelium), were very hard, and upon examination appeared to be com-
posed almost entirely of earth. These began to improve on the third,
and were so much improved on the sixth day that they were allowed a
more liberal supply of food. They were not considered out of danger
until the eighth or tenth day. It was not necessary to give any other
purgative, and gradually the discharges from the bowels became of a
proper consistency.

No. 3. Most of these had diarrhea. Some had a cough, and whenever
a fit of coughing came on there would be a profuse discharge fi'om the
bowels, thin and of a yellow color. OccasionaUy there would be vomiting
also, sho win g the great irritability of the pneumo-gastric nerves. Worms
would also, at times, be ejected from the stomach or bowels. To these
were administered from one and a half to two fluid ounces of raw linseed-
oil, according to the age of the animal. After the action of the oil the
discharges were not so frequent, and the animals seemed more lively.
Twenty drops of carbolic acid were then administered to the older, and
fifteen to the younger hogs e\'ery four horns.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 183

Tlie action of this remedy not meeting my expectations, I liad recourse
on the third day to the tincture chloride of iron, as in the cases of ]!!^os.
1 and 2. Fifteen drops were given to the older and twelve drops to the
younger every four hours with marked improvement. The food given
was the same in all cases. Convalescence in this class was slower than
in iS^os. 1 and 2, it beginning a day or two later, and the recovery was
more protracted, with the prospect, in some cases, that a month or longer
must elapse before they would be of any value.

Ko. 4. — The dead-pen. — In this pen were five hogs of different ages,
ranging from five months to a year old. They were selected for this pen,
as there was but little hope of saving them. Two were sick after the
first mode of attack, and three after the second mode. Linseed-oil
was administered in corn-meal and water. They had to be urged and
brought up to drink. One utterly refused, and was too far gone to under-
go treatment. He died in a few hours in convulsions, as in the first mode.
The morning after two more were found dead, and the next day another
died. These latter were after the second mode. One after the first mode
recovered. The tincture chloride of iron was administered to these also.
As they began to improve, which was in from six to ten days from be-
ginning of treatment, they were fed more liberally according to their
condition. The pens were kept clean, the man ure being removed at once.
Chloride of lime was used as a disinfectant.

The loss was four out of forty-five hogs. Together with the foregoing
treatment, the following was administered every four hours, between the
doses of iron: Powdered alum, ^iss; sulphur sub., liij; powdered
saltpeter, ^iss; flaxseed-meal, ^ix. These were mixed, and two i)ound3
of the mixture was added to every barrel of mash in which it was given.

The second herd treated numbered originally 123 head ; several had
died, reducing it to 114. The breed was Berkshire crossed with Poland-
China. They had been bred very close. This was a bad lot to treat, as
they had been dosed with "condition powders," "concentrated lye,"
and several other articles. They had been fed on corn exclusively.
Their range was located on a hill-side, and a stream of water passed
through it. It was covered to a considerable dei)th with old and recent
manure, exposed to the sim, and without shelter for the hogs. The
stream was thick with mud and manm-e, where the hogs could wallow at
pleasure and bask in the sun all day. There were other ranges above
and below 5 the number I have no idea of, but presume that every farm
located near this stream had its range on it, as it was common so to do
for convenience. 'So other hogs had been brought there, and none taken
away and returned.

The herd was moved to new ground in the shade, and graded accord-
ing to size and condition. They were divided into five classes.

First class. — This consisted of eighteen hogs, the ages ranging from one
to three years. They were suffering with symptoms belonging to the
first mode of attack; had no cough. The bowels of some had been
moved by remedies, others not. Could partake of some food, but not
heartily. They were treated together.

Second class. — This consisted of twenty-one hogs, ranging from one to
two years, and were suffering from a.n attack after the second mode.
They had cough and diarrhea.

Third class. — This consisted of thirty -nine hogs, ranging from five
months to one year old, suffering from an attack after the first mode.

Fourth class. — This consisted of twenty-six hogs, ranging from five
months to one year old, suffering from an attack after the second mode.

Fifth class; — dead-j^en. — This consisted of ten hogs of different ages.

184 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Three were after the first mode and seven after the second mode of at-
tack.

Believing that the theory of hlood-poisoning was correct, I did not see
any reason for a change of treatment from that followed in the case of
the first herd. Those snfiering from the disease by the first mode of at-
tack were first given salt and water and afterward the iron, as in the case
of the first herd. Those snfiering from an attack in the second mode
received a dose of linseed-oil, and afterward the iron and powder as de-
tailed in the case of the first herd. Many had to be urged and forced to
drink. Some refused altogether to partake of anything. I sum up the
deaths by class :

Of class 1 None.

Of class 2 2

Of class 3 3

Of class 4 .f)

Of class 5 8

Total number of deaths 18

Mne had di^d before treatment, making twenty-seven in all.

Post-mortem examinations. — In vn^limg post-mortem examinations, I was
afforded opportunities in Nebraska (besides those under my own obser-
vation), by Mr. A. J. Eainey, a veterinary surgeon, who had a large
number of animals under treatment. Also, by a IMr. Dudly, an enter-
prising farmer residing in the neighborhood of Syracuse, who gave me
pennission to examine his herd, in any manner I saw fit, in furtherance
of my object.

In my description of appearances after death, I shall confine myself
to one or trsvo dying under each mode of attack.

Hog six months old. — TJie hlopd. — This had the appearance of water
colored yellow. Fibrin broken up, and a want of hematin. Excess of
serum and salt. Poured upon the ground it was absorbed, leaving
scarcely a perceptible stain.

The brain. — Effusion of serum in cavity of skull, and softening of the
brain. Effusion in the membrane of the eye.

The lungs. — Effusion of serum in pleural cavity. Base of lungs some-
what congested, apparently of a passive character.

The heart. — Normal condition, but pale.

The stomach. — Normal condition, the spleen enlarged.

The liver. — There was but little bile in the gall-bladder ; the organ
was darker in color, with petechial spots. Kidneys pale. No ulceration
of intestines. This hog died from the first mode of attack.

Hog six months old. — This hog had recovered from an attack in the
first mode. Was left blind, and had an ulcer on one of his feet. He
was killed. Was apparently free of disease ; the blood, was of the
I)roper consistency and color, and coagulated. Blindness was the effect
of the disease.

Examination of those dying from second mode of attaclc. — Hog six months
old. — This hog was very thin, nearly all the fat having been absorbed.
Could detect no disease of the brain. In this case there was the usual
tliarrhea, cough, &c., belonging to this class. Heart normal in structure,
but pale. No effusion in i^deural cavity.

Lungs. — These presented the appearance mentioned by writers on this
disease as gray hepatization.

Stomach. — This presented evidences of disease. Two ulcerated patches
were found, nearly healed, circular in form, and eight or ten inches in
diameter. The dead mucous membrane was still adherent, but was
easily removed.

DISEASES OF S\VlNE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

185

The liver was discolored ; dark j)atclies were diffused over its surface.
One large worm {Ascaris lumbricoides) was found in the duodenum.
There was a large ulcer, about an inch in diameter, in the ascending
colon, plainly seen on the external surface of the intestine. Its edges
were very hard, and the inflammation extended some distance beyond.
There were other ulcerations in different parts of the intestines, but less
extensive.

The spleen was of natural size, but darker in color.

The kidneys presented a grayish appearance, very pale, and having an
appearance as though there had been a deposit of black pigment in their
substance. They were easily broken \\p, the internal portion or belly
showing evidences of suppuration.

The bladder. — This organ was intensely inflamed, so much so as to
diminish its capacity to one fluid ounce. All the organs in the course of
the alimentary canal had more or less petechial spots on them.

Sag five months old. — Killed him. He was very much emaciated.
Was apparently recovering from the disease, but very slow and doubt-
ful. Pound three large worms in the stomach and one in the duodenum.
The one in the duodenum had his head inserted in the gall duct up
to the gall bladder. There was some chronic inflammation at the upper
portion of the duodenum where the worm had fixed himself. The stom-
ach of the hog was full of grass. It seemed that this hog would have
to die of inanition, the presence of the parasite interfering with the flow
of bile into the alimentary canal.

Geology of the district of country where these examinations were
made : The soil is of what is termed the " Loess deposits,'^ and by analy-
sis by Samuel Aughey, Ph. D., contains —

Sodqi

Organic matter.

Moist^ire

Loss in analysis

15

07
09
59

100. 00

Insoluble (siliceous matter) 81. 28

Ferric oxide 3.86

Alumnia .75

Lime, carbonate 6. 07

Lime, pliospbate 3.58

Magnesia, carbonate 1.29

Potassa 27

Parasites. — Of the entozoa that infest the hog I have seen but three
kinds. Two of those are familiar to most persons, and are found in man.
The third is a smaller parasite, and is often found in the stomach of the
hog, and which is said at times to destroy the pyloric orifice of the
stomach. I have seen but one of this species ; it was white, and from
eight lines to an inch in length.

I append a statement by some farmers in Kansas, who are successful
hog-raisers, as to their treatment of hogs. Mr. Jacob Allen, of Neosho
county, says: "Last year my hogs had the fever, or 'hog-cholera.'
They would eat dirt ; dirt was found in lumps in their stomachs ; but
few worms, and those in intestines and kidneys. No trichina under
microscope. Were constipated. I lost some ; cured the others by the
use of senna and jalap."

Eev. John Schoemakers, of Osage Mission: "Has been a resident
here for thirty years, and states that he is of opinion that the disease
comes of want of proper management, forcing them with com, and want
of a variety of food." He states that they have a large number of hogs
on the IMission farm, but that they lose none by cholera. They are let
run in a large field that has been under cultivation. Does not confine
them to pens.

Mr. David Bloomer, of Neosho co-unty, feeds his older hogs corn in
the winter and spring. Sows oats for them in two separate fields, and
at diflerent times. When the oats are four inches high he turns them

186 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

into tlie field first sowed, and afterwards into tlie second field, so as to
keep them nntil corn is " out of tlie milk," when he cuts and feeds them
corn. Feeds his pigs on oats and shorts dming the winter. Lets the
sows wean tlie pigs. Breeds his sows twice a year ; first litter to come
ahout the 20th of February, next litter the 20Lh September. After the
green oats are gone he turns them into a pasture of 120 acres. They
have access ito clear running water and to shade in summer. Has cover
for pigs m winter, but none for old hogs. Does not " shuck" his com,
and keeps it always under cover. Breed, iiure Berkshire, not bred close.
Loses no hogs by cholera.

In conclusion I have to state that of other diseases affecting animals
in the States of Kansas and Nebraska, there were an unusually small
number, and only of those familiar to nearly every one.

In giving a name to the disease known as " hog-cholera," I have no
hesitation in saying that the disease in the latter stages has all the
characteristics of gastro-enteric fever in man.
Yeiy respectfullv, vour obedient servant,

C. M. HIXES, M. B.

Osage Mission, Kans., October 29, 1878.

PBEYALEKCE OF DISEASES AM015TG DOMESTICATED AXE-

MALS.

By a perusal of the subjoined correspondence of the department, it
will be seen that there has been no abatement of diseases among domesti-
cated animals during the cuiTcnt year. Those incident to swine seem
to have been quite as prevalent and almost as fatal and destructive to
the animals attacked as they were during the year 1877. The per cent,
of deaths for the last-named year was given at 58.9-1, while this year it
is given at 52.75. Now that the disease which has been so destructive to
this class of farm animals has been shown by recent investigations to be
highly infectious and contagious, proper care and vigilance on the part
of farmers and stock-growers will lessen the spread of the plague, and
confine it to such limits as to greatly reduce the heavy annual losses of
the past few years.

Many diseases of a malignant and contagious character have pre-
vailed among other classes of farm animals the past year, which will
receive the attention of the department during the coming season.

AI.ABAMA.

Bihh Couniif. — Tlio losses from cholera among liogs are annually very lieavy. At
least 40 per cent, of all the hogs in the county suffer from this disease, and 75 per cent,
of those attacked die. Cholera is also prevalent among fowls, and large numbers of
them die.

Clarke— A few horses annually die in this county of farcy, a fatal contagious disease,
and n few from want of care and proper attention, the latter mostly owned by negroes.
There seems to be no disease among stock-cattle. Both hogs and chickens die of
cholera.

Ciilhnan. — There is some murrain among cattle, and considerable cholera among the
hogs and chickens in this county. There is but little stock raised in the county.

i:8camhi a. —Tha only class of farm stock affected by contagious diseases in this county
is that of swine. These diseases have been a great di-awl)ack to liog-raising.

./^r'/r"'-''o».— Hor.ses suffer severely from distemper. Cattle are occasionally affected
with black tongne and murrain,'but at this time are unusually healthy. Hogs are
seriously affected with cholera, quinsy, and other unknown diseases. The losses have
been very hea^'y this season. Cholera and roupe i^revail among fowls.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 187

Lauderdale. — We have h.-vd no infectious or contagions diseases among horses or cattle
in this connty. They suffer t(;rribly, however, dui'iug the winter for lack of food and
prorper attention. At least five hundred horses and mules, and a greater number of
cabtio, are annually lost from this cause. Hog-cholera j)Tevail3 here every year, and
the hie.se9 are sometimes enormous. I estimate that between 7,000 and 8,000 head
have been lost during the past year. The condition of farm stock generally is low —
worse than at any time since the war.

Madison. — ^No infectious or contagious diseases prevail among farm animals in this
connty. Hogs frequently die of so-called cholera. Fowls are afflicted with the same
malady. The general condition of farm animals as compared with previous years is
good.

Monroe. — A few hogs only have been lost by disease in this county this year.

Saint Clair. — Stock in tliis county is in very good health and condition. I hear of
no infectious or contagious diseases.

Walker. — Horses are seriously affected and frequently die of epizootic distemper. A
good many cattle are lost by murrain and black tongue, and many hogs die of cholera.
Fowls die of cholera and a disease which aflects their throats. There are but few
sheep raised in this connty; but this industry is on the increase.

ARKANSAS.

Baxter Countff. — ^The graded calves of this county have this year suffered severly by a
disease called black-leg. The first symptom is a lameness, and they usually die within
from twenty-four to thirty-six hoiu's. No remedy has been found. About one-fifth of
the calves have been attacked, and nine-tenths of those attacked have died.

Boone. — The only diseases of any moment that have prevailed among farm animals
the past year are those incident to swine. The losses have not been very heavy.

Bradley. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are free from disease. About 10 per cent, of all
the hogs in the county have died diiring the past year from eating cotton-seeds and
lying in the dust. Cotton is the only product that is raised here for the market.

Fulton. — Hogs in a few localities of this county have been fatally affected with
cholera.

Grant. — Chicken-cholera is prevailing here to an alarming extent. The hog-cholera
has somewhat abated. There are no diseases existing among horses, sheep, or cattle,
of a serious nature.

Marion. — Horses and sheep are very healthy, and cattle moderately so. Many of
the latter have died this season of black-leg. Many fowls are annually lost by a dis-
ease commonly known as cholera. A great many hogs have been lost this season in
this county by an unknown disease. It is not cholera, but more resembles yellow fever
in man.

Monroe. — Cholera among hogs and fowls prevails here every year, and usually
proves very fatal. All other kinds of farm stock are healthy this year.

Montgomery. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are proverbially healthy, at least the excep-
tion is so small that it is not worthy of note. Until this summer hogs have been
healthy, but cholera is prevailing extensively among them at this time.

Perry. — The health and condition of farm animals is generally good. Diseases
among hogs continue to prevail at irregular intervals.

Fope. — Occasionaly a horse dies here from bots and blind staggers, and sometimes
from bad treatment. Fine cattle brought here from other States firequently die of
murrain. Hogs sufler terribly from what is called cholera. In some localities it kills
almost every animal. Fowls also suft'er fr-om cholera. Sheep die of rot and bad man-
agement.

Scvier.—AU classes of farm stock are healthy save that of swine, and a good many of
these animals are dying in the northern jiart of the county of cholera.

Saint Francis. — Anew disease has appeared in this neighborhood among cattle; it
first appeared among sucking calves, but has lately carried off several grown cattle.
The symptoms are a trembling appearance and gradual prostration, which ends in
death in from three to seven days.

Stone. — All classes of farm animals have been unusually healthy during the past
year in this county.

White.— At least one-thii-d of the hogs in this county have been afflicted with disease
during the past year, and of this niunber eighty -five per cent, have died.

CALIFORNIA.

Calaveras County. — We have never had any infectious or contagious diseases among
any class of farm animals. Every year we lose a greater or less number of animals by
starvation. Last winter probably ten per cent, of all the cattle and sheep in this
county died from this cause alone. In 1662 fully three-fourths of all the cattle died for
the want of feed.

188 DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Contra Cosia. — Hogs liere are subject to cholera and pneumonia. These diseasea are
brought on by lack of proper care and attention.

Lassen. — There are no infectious or contagious diseasea prevalent among domesti-
cated animals in tliis county.

San Bernardino. — This portion of California has always been remarkably healthy for
all classes of farm animals. No contagious disease has ever prevailed here except
scab among sheep, and this disease never destroys the animals.

San Diego. — The only disease existing among cattle is murrain ; this disease is very
fatal, especially in dry seasons. Ilog-cholera is not known here. A good many sheep
are killed by eating poison- weed after out spring grasses are dried up. We lose a good
many fowls from a disease known as swelled head.

Shasla. — Horses in this district are annually afflicted with an epizootic distemper; if
properly cared for but few of them die. Cattle and hogs are healthy. Sheep are
affected with scab, but when washed and properly treated but few are lost. Our State
is turning some attention to the Angora goat. I think the raising of these animals
■will eventually make the best business of the State. California contains a vast extent
of country adapted to the roving of this animal which is fit for nothing else. It sub-
sists entirely on brash, and seldom, if ever, grazes.

Tuolumne. — Farm animals of all kinds are in a healthy condition. The weather is
mild, and feed is starting.

Tuba. — A kind of epizootic disease is seriously affecting horses in this county. Dis-
eases among cattle are generally caused by want of proper care in winter. Cholera
prevails among hogs and fowls. Sheep become diseased for want of proper care, and
keeping too many together.

COLORADO.

Bent County. — Neither horses nor cattle are affected with infectious or contagious
diseases here. Cattle-raisers estimate their annual losses at about 5 per cent. A few
sheep are lost by a disease known as scab. Stock is in extraordinary good condition
at this writing.

Gunnison. — This is a new county, and there are not over one thousand horses in it.
About half of these have sufiered this year with epizootic distemper, but none have
died. There are no hogs or sheep in this county. There are a few fowls, but they are
entirely free from disease.

San Juan. — There are no domestic animals raised in this county, and none are win-
tered here. Duriug the early summer there are quite a number of animals poisoned
by eating a weed which the Mexicans call " Loco." The botanic name of this weed
is unknown to the writer.

DAKOTA TERRITORY.

Brule County. — There is but little stock in this county. No disease of a serious
character prevails.

Lake. — A few horses have died of distemper this year, and a few calves and cattle
have been lost by the disease known as black-leg. Fowls are affected with rough,
scabby legs, and perhaps 10 per cent, of them die from this disease very suddenly and
while in good condition.

Pemhina. — This is a very new county, and contains but a few farmers and little stock.
What little we have is healthy, and free from all infectious or contagious diseases.

Traill. — A contagious but not very fatal distemper exists among horses in this county.
The symptoms are a discharge from the nostrils, and swelling of the throat to such
an extent as to prevent even the swallowing of water for three or four days at a time.
Pants when driven severely, and his tongue hangs out of his mouth.

DELAWARE.

Neiv Castle County. — Chicken cholera prevails this season. The best preventive is a
tea made Af smartweed, and placed easy of access to the fowls. Condition of farm
animals, "good and improving." We believe the best stock and the best care will
insure most satisfactory and jirofitable results.

Calhoun Connhj. — Cattle are generally affected with black tongue, hollow horn, and
murrain. Horses suffer to a considerable extent with staggers and scurvy ; and many
hogs are annually lost by cholera and staggers.

Volumhia. — Native horses are generally much more healthy than those brought in
from Northern States. Cattle have been generally healthy, except in a few localities,
and in these the losses have been quite heavy. About one-third of the hogs in the
county have died from cholera, and the thiunps; the greatest fatality ever known has
occurred among fowls this year.

DISEASES OP SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 189

Duval. — There ia no disease of any kind existing among farm animals here, except a
disease known as salt sickness, wliich aflects cattle only. Diseases affecting fowls are
attributable to lice, and are contagious because they are infected by contact. They
receive no care. The breed is wild ; they are rarely fed, and the only wonder is that
they do not all die.

Lafayette. — There are but few horses in this county, perhaps not o"^»er fifty head, and
but Uttle attention is paid to raising or caring for them. There are about 3,000 cattle
in the county. They depend entirely on wood range for subsistence, and are generally
in bad condition. Hogs subsist on mast, and do very well. No sheep are raised here.
During the summer fowls are af9.icted with cholera.

Levy. — Staggers among horses is very fatal, especially among young animals. Epi-
zootic distemper is the most fatal infectious disease among this class of animals. Cattle
are affected with what is known as "salts" ; called this, perhaps, for want of a better
name. Hogs are subject to cholera, sheep to black tongue, and fowls to "sore-head."

Madison. — Distemper and glanders are the only contagious diseases prevailing among
horses in this county. Cholera has been very destructive among hogs. A few cases
of thumps have been reported among the same class of animals. Many fowls have
died of cholera and sore-head.

Folk. — The losses of cattle in this county, from various causes, amount to about 5
per cent, of the whole number. But few horses are raised here, and sheep are just
being introduced. Fowls do not do well ; the climate seems to be too warm for them.

Saint John's. — ^No sort of attention is paid to the raising of hogs or sheep in this
county. I have not learned of a single person having an improved breed of pigs. All
depend on the "razor-back" or "land pike." But little disease prevails among any
class of stock.

Santa Sosa. — Very few cattle die from disease here, but a great many die from want
of proper care in the winter, and food in the spring. Some few sheep die of rot or grub.
Hogs are sometimes afl^cted with fatal diseases.

Sumter. — Piak root or foot disease is quite common among white hogs, but does not
affect black ones. Salt-sick is a disease common among cattle. We have no remedy,
but some recover.

Suwannee. — Out of 60 head of horses recently brought here from Texas, 36 died, with
no apparent well marked symptoms of disease. No other horses were so affected.
Hogs are afflicted with so-called cholera, and chickens ^yitb. what is here known as
sore-head. The head of the fowl becomes very sore, and so much swollen that the
tongue hangs out of the mouth, the eyes swell shut, and they soon die.

Volusia. — Horses and mules are seldom attacked by any disease except blind stag-
gers and sand disease. About 60 per cent, of the first and 20 per cent, of the latter,
attacked by these diseases, die. Cattle are affected with salt-sick and hollow-horn.
The greater loss is fi'om the former. Hogs and chickens are sometimes affected with
cholera and other diseases.

Wakulla. — Horses, colts, and mules die of staggers, grubs, and colic ; cattle of hol-
low-horn and hollow-tail, and hogs of thumps and cholera. Chickens also die of
cholera.

GEORGIA.

Charlton County, — During the past twelve months hogs have died in greater num-
bers than was ever known before. We have no improved breeds, our hogs all being
"laud pikes." We have no remedy for the diseases which carry them off in sucS
numbers.

Coffee. — Hoi-ses in this county are seldom attacked by contagious diseases. A few
are affected with epizootic distemper, and a good many die of staggers. Occasionally
one dies with coUc or sand disease. Cattle are only affected with diseases brought on
by poverty in the winter season. Cholera among hogs is the most di'eadful and fatal
disease we have to contend with. Sheep are sometimes aflected with staggers and
sore-head, but rarely die except fiom old age or poverty.

De Kali. — The value of horses lost by disease in this county during the past year
will reach $5,000, and that of hogs $8,000 or more. Immense numbers of chickens
have also died of cholera.

Fannin. — Stock of all kinds have been remarkably free from infectious and con-
tagious diseases in this county. Stock here is raised only for domestic purposes.

Forsyth. — Horses are affected with bots and staggers, and a good many cattle die of
distemper and mvu-raiu, and hogs of cholera.

Hart. — The losses in this county from diseases among farm stock are generally very
light.

Jones. — The only disease among cattle here is hollow-horn, and that, as a general
rule, is produced by neglect in bad weather. Hogs and fowls have suffered severely
with cholera the past two seasons.

Laurens. — We have no infectious or contagious disease among horses, cattle, or sheep.
Disease jirevails more or less among hogs every year. The general condition of farm
stock ijs good.

190 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Lincoln. — Farm animals this year have generally been exempt from infectious and
contagious diseases. In a few localities chicken cholera prevails with more or less
fatality.

Marion. — A few horses have died during the past year of epizootic and lung fever.
Cattle and sheep are healthy. Cholera is quite prevalent and very fatal among both
hogs and chickens.

Murray. — About 5 per cent, of the hogs and sheep of this county are annually lost
by disease. Perhaps "2 per cent, of the cattle aie lost by muiTaiu.

Pulaski. — We have no contagious diseases among horses except distemper, and that
rarely kills. Cattle are healthy, but hogs are more or less subject to cholera every
year. The only disease aft'ecting sheep is rot. Fowls have more or less cholera every
year, which is generally very fatal.

Randolph. — The most fatal disease among horses which has prevailed here during
the iiast year is staggers. Cattle are subject to a good many maladies, some of which
are quite fatal. Cholera and big-shoulder sweep olf a great many hogs annually. In
some localities almost all the fowls have been destroyed by cholera.

Rockdale. — No diseases of a very destructive character have visited our farm stock
during the past year.

Schley. — There aie no diseases of any character prevailing among farm stock in this
comity. This section is most prosperous to the farmer, as there is a full crop of all
products and good health throughout to both man and I'cast.

Screven. — The most prevalent disease here, and the most distressing one to the farm-
ers, is colic Ln mules. It is very fatal, and generally kills within from five to ten
hours. At least five out of every seven of those attacked die. It seems to be caused
by an accumulation of wind in the body, and not in the intestines. The body swells
to the greatest dimensions, and the most excratiating pains follow and continue until
death.

Spalding. — The losses among farm stock in this county from the various diseases in-
cidiut to the same will probably reach as high as §16,000 for the current year.

Tattnall. — Staggers is the most fatal disease among horses in this county, and black-
tongue among cattle, although more of each class die of poverty than from the effects
of disease. Cholera is very fatal among hogs and fowls.

Towne. — There are no diseases prevailing among farm animals in this county except
bots and distemper among horses and milk-sick among cattle ; also, cholera among
hogs.

Union. — We have no contagious disease among any class of farm stock, but a good
many animals are lost eveiy year from common and well-known diseases.

Waslnngton. — Muirain among cattle and cholera among hogs and chickens are dis-
eases that are proving vei\v fatal here. Neai-ly all the animals and fowls attacked by
these diseases die, as we have no remedies. Yoiuig ardmals and those being fattened
seem the most hable to attack. Farm animals in this cotmty are now in a better con-
dition than ever before at this season of the year. One reason for this is that a large
number of planters do their cotton-ginning by steam and water-power instead of with
animals.

Wilcox. — A greater or smaller number of hogs die every year of a disease called chol-
era. All other classes of farm stock are measurably healthy.

Wilkes. — Hogs die annually in some localities in this cotmty of a disease called chol-
era. Some years this disease is much more destructive than in others.

IDAHO TERRITORY.

Bear Lake Coinifi/.— Horses are occasionally subject to a distemper which is regarded
as contagious. The symptoms are heavy discharges from the nostrils.

Idaho. — This climate is very favorable to farm stock. All classes subsist on the
abundant bunch-grass of the range during the winter, and disease is rarely known
among them.

UXINOIS.

Adams County. — A good many horses have died diu-ing the past year of distemper.
As usual, the so-called hog-cholera has prevailed extensively, apd has carried off stock
to the value of $25,000 or ^30,000.

Carroll— Xl\ farm animals have been remarkably free from contagious diseases
except hogs. Never before has there been so great a mortality among swine in this
county. With pigs and shoats the disease has been most fatal. No remedies seem to
bo of anv benefit, and no sanitary condition is a safeguard against attack. They are
affected in a great variety of ways and apparently by different diseases.

Clark. — A mild form of epizootic distemper prevails among horses in the Boutheastern
part of the county, and there have been some deaths. Hog-cholera prevails in a very
fatal form in the' eastern part of the county, and many hogs are dying. Chickeu-
cholera is also very prevalent and fatal.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANBIALS. 191

Clinton.^— A good many horses are every yeax attacked by an ei)izootic distemper,
and about 5 per cent, of those attacked die.

Crawforil. — Hogs frequently die of a disease commonly known as cholera. A great
many chickens are annually lost by a disease of like character.

De Kalh. — Diseases among swine have prevailed to a most fearful and destructive
extent among the hogs in this county during the past season. The losses are esti-
mated at §50,000 and upwards.

Ford. — Hog-cholera is about the only disease of consequence that prevails in this
locality. It is sometimes very fatal and destructive.

G^ruiuhj. — At present hog-cholera is prevailing in one or two townships of this county,
and many hogs are dying. A Mr. Ely has lost 160 out of a herd of 260 head, and the
disease is still raging.

Hancock. — The value of hogs lost in this county during the past year will amount to
over P5,000.

Hardin. — Horses in this county are more free from disease at this time than they
have been for three years past. Distemper in a rather bad form is the worst disease
now affecting this animal. Cattle are also unusually healthy. Hogs are less affected
with cholera than for many years past. Poke-root slop is the best preventive we have
yet found, in addition to the burning of the dead carcasses. A law should be passed
for the ffne and imprisonment of any jierstm who neglects this latter precaution.

Henderson. — The mortality among hogs for this year is greater than for any pre\-ious
year. The losses up to this rime wiD exceed $80,000. I feel confident that injudicious
feeding, in connection with insufficient shelter, are the predisposing causes of disease
among swine.

Iroquois. — Diumig the past few months the number of hogs lost in this coimty by
disease has been immense. Several breeders of fine Berkshires have lost their entire
herds.

Jacks&n. — Hog-cholera is the only disease that has seriously affected any class of farm
animals in this county.

Johnson. — Hog-cholera has prevailed to a limited extent this season, therefore the
losses have not been very heavy.

Kankakee. — A large number of hogs have died of disease during the present year.
Perhaps the aggregate of these losses would amount to §15,000 in this county. About
1 per cent, of all the fowls die every year from diseases incident to them.

Kendall. — Hogs have been seriously affected with cholera. Other classes of farm
stock have had the usua^ affections.

Knox. — With the exception of swine all other classes of farm animals have remained
in good health during the past season. The mortality among hogs has been very
great.

Lee. — Domesticated animals in this county have been remarkably healthy for the
last year with tiie exception of hogs, which have died in great numbers. "My own
opinion is that the predisposing cause has been too close in-breeding, and a consequent
weakening of the constitution and loss of vitality.

Livingston. — No infectious or contagious disease prevails among horses, cattle, or
sheep. Diseases incident to swine and poultry are quite prevalent and fatal. I pre-
sume the diseases affecting swine are similar to those existing elsewhere.

McDonoiujh. — The loss among hogs in this county during the past year has been very
heavy — perhaps $100,000 weuld not cover it. Other classes of farm stock have remained
in their usual health.

McHenry. — Hogs in this county are seriously afflicted with infectious or contagious
diseases. Some 2,500 have died from the plague. About nine-tenths of those attacked
die, and the aggregate losses thus far will reach §15,000. Other classes of farm stock
are healthy, and their general condition above an average.

Macoupin. — Hogs and fowls are annually affected with cholera, and great numbers
of each die of this disease.

Madison. — No infectious or contagious diseases have recently prevailed among
horses and cattle in this county. Among hogs the cholera is quite prevalent and very
fatal, reducing the number at a rapid rate. A great many fowls die from the so-called
chicken-cholera and ixom gapes.

Monroe. — We have had a great deal of hog-cholera in this county. I thinlc the
disease is mostly caused by malaria, the result of filthy keeping and careless feeding.
We also have chicken-cholera, for which we have no remedy.

Offle. — Ho^-cholera, or disease among swine, still prevails to a limited extent in
some localities in this county, but is not so severe or so fatal as last year.

Piaff.— There is no infectious or contagious disease prevaiUug among any class of
fann animals except among swine. Eecently a malarial fever broke out among some
imported stallions in our county, owned by ilr. Harvey E. Benson, and they all died.
There were eight or ten of them in number.

Fike. — Hogs are generally seriously affected here with cholera at two periods of their
existence, viz., in Jnly, before they are old enough to wean, or between milk and

192 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

grass, and again just before they are old enough or large enough to fatten. Some die
at all stages and every season of the year from the eftects of this baneful and destruc-
tive disease.

Pope. — The only disease of any moment prevalent among farm stock in this county
is cholera among hogs and chickens. The annual losses among both classes are very
heavy.

Pulaski. — But few farm animals are raised in this county, and the losses from
disease have been light during the past year.

Randolph. — What is known here as hog-cholera has prevailed in several parts of the
county, but has generally been most destructive where large numbers were herded
together. Cases are reported of several droves, numbering one hundred or more, where
but ten or iifteen head, in all, recovered.

Sangamon . — Horses, cattle, and sheep have been healthy during the past year. There
has been the iisual loss among hogs and fowls, but the aggregate cannot be given in
the absence of reliable data.

Schuyler. — Hogs are the only farm animals that have been affected with infectious
or contagious diseases in this county during the past season. Great numbers of turkeys
and chickens have also died of cholera, but I can give no idea as to nvmabers that have
been lost.

Shelby. — During the past year hogs have died in great numbers in this county of
cholera and lung diseases. The aggregate loss will amount to over $60,000. A few
horses have died of distemper, and a good many cattle of dry murrain.

Stark. — The hog-cholera has been very severe on some farms this fall, a good majiy
farmers having lost nearly all their stock hogs and some of their fattening stock.

Stephenson. — The losses of swine in this county have been fearful. The class now
dying are mostly shoats — last spring's pigs — and they are dying so rapidly in some
localities that it is impossible for the farmers to hunt them up and bury or burn them,
consequently the air is tainted with their carcasses.

Tazewell. — Immense numbers of hogs have died in this county during the past year
of the various diseases which alflict them. No cure has been discovered for these
maladies.

Wabash. — Cholera among swine seems to be the only disease affecting any class of
our farm animals. About one-half of all the hogs in the county annually die of this
disease.

Washington. — The usual diseases have prevailed among farm animals in this county
during the past year, and the losses among all classes will reach $8,000 or $10,000 in
value.

INDIANA.

Adams County. — The only class of farm animals affected by disease in oirr county is
the hog. The disease seems to be epidemic and contagious, and has occasioned heavy
losses among hog-raisers.

Brown. — The only disease of any consequence that has prevailed among farm ani-
mals in this county during the past year is cholera among swine.

Carroll. — Cholera has been very destructive among swine during the present year.
The losses in this county will amount to $38,000 or $40,000. The sjTnptoms are various
and seem to defy anything like successfiil treatment.

Clay. — I doubt if this county at any time during the past eighteen years has been
clear of the hog-cholera. In most herds it has been very fatal.

Clinton. — The losses in this county during the present year from diseases among
swine will amount to over $20,000.

Crawford. — The general condition of farm animals in this county at this time will
compare favorably with previous years, and is fully up to an average, if not above.

Dearborn. — There has been but very little hog-cholera in this county during the
present year.

Decatur. — All classes of farm animals in this county are healthy except that of hogs.
These animals are affected with the usual maladies, and the losses have been very
heavy during the last year.

Creene. — With the exception of hogs and fowls all classes of farm stock have been
measurably healthy during the past season. Perhaps five thousand hogs have been
lost during the year by the usual diseases.

Hancock. — The value of the hogs lost in this county during this past year from the
various diseases affecting them will amoxint to over $60,000.

Hendricks. — Our horses, cattle, and sheep are comparatively exempt from disease,
but hogs and poultry are seriously affected. The losses among hogs particularly are
very heavy.

Jay. — The only farm animals affected with disease in this county are hogs, and they
die by the thousands. The disease affecting them is known as hog-cholera. About
one-half of those attacked die. I think the disease is contagions.

Kosciusko. — Nearly 50 per cent, of the hogs in this county have died this season.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 193

Some farmers have lost as higli as 80 per cent. Some die of a disease resembling lung
fever, some of cholera, while others are literally eaten up with worms. The ilesh of
the hogs fairly swarms with these worms.

Marion. — Hog-cholera is the only disease of any consequence prevailing in this county.
The losses have been heavy.

2Iiavii. — The losses to the farmers of this county from diseases among swine will
amount to over $20,000 for the present year. Cholera has been very destructive among
fowls.

Ohio. — But few losses have been sustained during the past year from diseases among
horses and cattle. Cholera jirevails amoug hogs, and is frequently very fatal. Those
fed on soap-suds and kept out of the dust seem to be exempt from disease. Plenty of
lime, sand, and pure water will prevent cholera among fowls.

Shclbij. — Horses, cattle, and sheep in this county are measurably clear of disease.
Hogs and fowls, however, are reported as largely afflicted with cholera, from which
many of them die. No remedy seems to prove effectual.

Stark. — The disease among hogs in this county is commonly known as cholera,
although the symptoms are varied. The disease has not been very destructive this
season.

Switzerland. — Some distemper exists among horses, but the losses have been compara-
tively small. Cattle are healthy and free from all contagious diseases. Hog cholera is
prevalent, but not sufficiently general to discourage hog-raising. The losses from this
disease will perhaps amount to one per cent. There is some chicken- cholera prevalent,
but not sufficient to impede the business.

Tippecanoe. — ^For this and for several years past it would be safe to say that 50 per
cent, of all the swine pigged in this county have died of what is usually termed hog-
cholera. This year nearly all the farmers in this region have been afraid to feed their
hogs, and have shipped them as soon as shippers could handle them at the summer
packing-houses. The fine heavy hogs that the Wabash Valley used to produce are
things of the past. All other kinds of farm stock are healthy.

Tipton. — Hog-cholera has prevailed to an alarming extent during the past year and
has been very destructive. The disease is of varied symptoms. Some die very sud-
denly, while others linger for a few days or weeks.

INDIAX TERRITORY.

Cherokee Nation. — It will be several years, under the most favorable circumstances,
before our people can hope to be as abundantly supplied with farm stock as they were
before the late war ; but it is encouraging to know that our people, by their vigilance
and industry, have increased the number of thefr cattle, horses, hogs, &c., and now
have not only sufficient for home supply but a small surplus to ship each year to dis-
tant markets. Among cattle the most serious and fatal disease we have to contend
with is murrain. Hogs are afflicted with various diseases which are classed under
the general name of cholera. The principal disease among horses is distemper, though
they are occasionally afflicted with blindness and big-head.

IOWA.

Adair County. — Diseases are prevailing among horses and swine in this county. The
losses in hogs have been heavy.

Buchanan. — The only epidemic that has prevailed among any class of farm animals
during the past year has prevailed among hogs. The mortality among this class of
animals has been very heavy.

Crawford. — Hogs in this county have been largely affected by cholera, and but few
attacked by the disease recover. The greatest destruction has occurred among pigs.
The losses are estimated at $40,000 for the year.

Bcs Moines. — A few horses and sheep and a great many hogs have been lost in this
county during the past season by disease.

Emmett. — A few colts have died here with a disease known as distemper. No dis-
ease among other classes of farm animals.

Pfli/e«e.— Perhaps $3,000 would cover all the losses of farm animals in this county
for the past year from purely contagious diseases, but the losses from all other causes
would no doubt sweU the aggregate loss to twice or three times this amount.

Franklin.— RogB have remained healthy imtil within a few weeks past. Recently a
number of fat hogs and shoats have been lost in this locality.

GwiAnc— Distemper is the most common disease among horses, and black-leg among
cattle. The latter is more prevalent and fatal among calves than among grown cat-
tle. Cholera and quinsy prevail among hogs, and these diseases are quite destructive.
Chickens have cholera, and I never knew one attacked by the disease to get well.
Sheep are healthy.

13 SW

194 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Harrison. — Hogs arc annually attacked with a disease known hero as ckolcra, and a
groat many of them die. The past year has proven as disastrous as former seasons.

Humholdt. — This county has been remarkably free from all infections and coata-
gious diseases among farm animals. There has been some cholera and roup among
chickens. The largest loss of hogs that I have heard of was live out of a herd of over
one hundred head.

Ida. — Hogs are dying in this localitj- this year of inflammation of the lungs. About
one-half the herds affected die. The animals die in about one week after tho lirst
symptoms are noticed. Those that recover from tho disease do not amoimt to much.
This is the first year that hogs have died of any disease in this county.

loica. — Among horses the only contagious disease prevailing seems to bo a very
serious disteuiper. It affects young horses to a greater extent than old animals.
Quinsy and cholera have prevailed among hogs this year, but to a less extent than
usual. The losses will amount to $18,1)00 or $-20,000.

Jaclsou. — Cattle have been remarkal)ly healthy, and so have hogs until Avithin tliree
or four mouths past. From information recently received I am inclined to behove
that the losses will be heavy — heavier, perhaps, than ever before.

Jefferson. — Horses and cattle are healthy in this locality. Ilog-cholera prevails in
some sections of the county, but not in as malignant a form as iisual. Still the losses
have been quite heavy. Fatal diseases prevail among fowls, for which wo have no
remedy. The general condition of farm stock is al)Ove the average.

Johnson. — No disease has prevailed this year among either horses, cattle, or sheep in
this county. Tho losses, therefore, are merely nominal. The loss of hogs is not so
gi'eat as last year. Tho largest number of those that have died were young hogs, and
therefore were of less market value. The disease, in all cases, was supxioscd to be
cholera.

Lyon. — Until the past summer all classes of domestic animals have been extremely
healthy in this county. Diu-ing the past summer some herds on the Little Rock Avere
affected with a disease claimed" to be black-leg, which I doubt, but of which quite a
number died. I notice that all animals well cared for through last winter have es-
caped. We have never had a case of hog-cholera iu the county. I hear of no diseases
among fowls.

Marion. — Hogs and sheep are less affected by disease than usual at this season of tho
year. No infectious or contagious disease exists among horses and cattle. Some
seasons a great many fowls die of disease.

Marshall. — Hogs have suffered to a greater extent from disease the past season than
ever before. The losses have been heaviest among pigs and shoats. Tho lo.sses are
estimated at from $85,000 to $90,000.

Monona. — Lung fever has caused some heavy .losses among horses in this county
during the past year. There have been some losses among cattle from black-leg and
other "diseases. Plog-cholera prevails, and the losses, as usnal, have beeu very heavy.
Almost all those attacked die. The few that recover arc worthless.

O'Brien. — Cholera or influenza kill a good many hogs in this county every year,
although the disease has never appeared as an epidemic.

Palo Alio. — The only contagions disease known among horses here is glanders or
nasal gleet. Our young cattle are sometimes attacked with black-leg. I have never
known farm animals to be in a more thrifty and healthy condition than they are this
year.

Fou-eahicl-. — Horses are afflicted with an epizootic distemper, which has caused many
deaths. The mortality among hogs, from a disease supposed to be some kind of fever,
has been terrible. The losses the present vear, in swine alone, will aggregate from
$36,000 to $40,000.

Sioiix. — This is a new county, and but few farm animals are raised. The few we
have are in good health and condition.

5/ori/.— Hog-cholera has prevailed extensively, and has been mbst virulent and de-
structive during tho past season. About one-half the hogs in tho county have beeu
attacked, and 99 per cent, of those attacked have died. The losses will amount to
over $30,000.

Woodhunj. — The assessors' returns showed 9,982 hogs in this county this year. Ton
per cent, of these were attacked by a disease known as cholera, and about all those
affected died. I believe the disease to be au affection of tho lungs. Horses are trou-
bled to some extent with lung diseases, but other classes of farm stock are healthy
and in good condition.

TVashin(jl!)ii. — Xo diseases of consequence have recently prevailed among farm animals
in this county, aside from those incident to swine. Diseases among these animals
seem to be most destructive where corn is tho onlv diet. The losses during the year
will reach $40,000.

Wri(/ht. — During the last two years we have been greatly troubled with hog-cholera
in this couuty. It is about the only disease of couse(iuence among oiu- farm animals

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 195

that we have to coutcnd against. It has been Aery destructive to swme. Wo lose a
few young cattle every year with a disease called black-leg.

Alien County. — Cholera and congestion of the lungs carry oil" a good many hogs iu
this county every year. Scab in sheep and cholera among fowls also iirovail to some
extent.

Brown. — Hog-cholera is the only disease that has prevailed to any considerable
extent in this county during the present year. The losses have been quite heavy.

Chaniauqua. — A few horses, perhaps 200 head, have been lost in this county by an
unkuowu fever. Grown cattle are affected with murrain and young ones with black-
leg. Cholera and pneumonic fever are prevailing among hogs, and these diseases are
liroviug quite fatal. A good many fowls are dying of a tlisease called cholera.

Clay. — Our stock is annually visited by one kind of disease and another, and some-
times our losses are very heavy. This year our losses among all classes of animals
will aggregate from $12,000 to 115,000.

Cloud. — The only disease of an infectious or contagious character is that prevailing
among swine, and generally known as hog-cholera. It is not so prevalent this year
as formerly. The condition of all kinds of farm animals is from 25 to 50 per cent,
better than in any previous years.

Crawford. — The principal disease among horses is lung fever, brought on for want
of shelter and proper attention. Cholera pi-evails very extensively among fowls.

Davis. — Cattle are occasionally fatally affected with black-leg, and cholera prevails
to a limited extent among hogs where many are ke^it together.

Elk. — Horses and cattle suffer from various diseases, and the losses will this year
perhaps amount to .$7,000 or $8,000. No epidemic has prevailed among hogs during
the year, but a great many fowls have been lost by the iisual disease.

Ford. — A disease called Texas fever prevails here amou^ cattle. It hardly ever
proves fatal to cattle brought from Texas, but when it attacks native cattle it is very
severe, and generally fatal. A disease like cholera affects chickens, and seems to be
contagious.

Franklin. — There are no diseases of any kind prevailing among farm stock in this
county. Stock-raising of every kind is greatly on the increase here.

Jackson. — The prevailing disease among cattle is black-leg, and that is confined
principally to calves and yearlings. Hogs are afflicted with cholera, but the disease
is not so prevalent this season as usual. Chicken-cholera annuaUy destroys a great
many fowls. The condition of farm animals is fully an average.

Kingman. — Cattle are afflicted with Avolf-tail and hollow-horn. Four out of every
ten horses that are brought here from the East die before they become acclimated.
Hogs and sheep are healthy.

Labette. — Spanish fever has prevailed among some cattle infected by stock brought
in from Texas and the Indian Nation. Cholera has also ijrevailed to a limited extent
among hogs.

Leavenworth. — Horses are rarely sick, but when they are attacked by disease they
usually die. Hogs are afflicted Avith A'arious diseases, and they nearly all die that are
taken sick, as nobody tries to doctor them. Fowls also die rapidly.

Lincoln. — All classes of farm animals in this county haA^e been exceedingly healthy
diuiug the past year. Stock is in A-ery good condition.

Miami. — The only disease reported among farm animals is that existing among
swine. This disease was A'ery destructi\-e last year.

Mitchell. — Murrain, black-leg, and lung-fever haA'c preA'ailed to some extent among
cattle during the past season, and cholera, quinsy, thumps, and fever among swiue.
A lamentable ignorance seems to prevail iu regard to the nature and cause of disease
among swine.

Nemaha. — No disease of consequence has prcA-ailed among our stock this season.
There has been some hog disease, and a greater loss than usual li^om diseases among
fowls. In soiuo instances parties haA'e lost all they had.

Reno. — A number of horses in this locality have been sick Avith blind-staggers and
glanders, and some have had a mild form of the epizootic. The lirst two diseases
prove quite fatal, one of my neighbors having lost fiA^e animals, another three, and so
on. Cattle are usually healthy. A fcAv cases of black-leg, or something like it, have
occurred. A disease is prevalent among hogs, which causes them to lose the use of
their hind parts, and from which they die in about six weeks. Sheep are A'cry healthy.
Fowls are frequently seriously affected in the fall with cholera.

KENTUCKY.

Breathitt County. — A good many hogs have been lost this year by cholera, and many
sheep Avith foot-rot. Horses are suffering with distemper, and cattle are frequently
attacked with mun-ain.

196 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Bullitt. — Cholera prevails to a considerable extent among hogs in this county. It
seems to be more fatal among pigs and shoats than among older hogs.

Calloway. — Distemper prevails among horses, cholera among hogs and fovrls, and
rot among sheep. Cattle are healthy.

Carroll. — The disease known as hog-cholera is not so prevalent this year as usual.
Many of our swine, however, have a delicate and unhealthy look, and do not improve
fast even with the best treatment. This we regard as an evidence that the disease is
hereditary.

Clay. — The so-called cholera among hogs has proved very disastrous to the farmers
of this county during the past year.

Cumherland. — A few horses have died of distemper. in this county. There are no in-
fectious or contagious diseases prevalent among cattle. Hogs are afflicted with chol-
era, and a great many have died.

J^still. — The only diseases of consequence prevailing among cattle are hoUow-hom
and murrain. Horses are aflBlicted with distemper, and occasionally die of some kind
of lung-fever. Hogs are badly athicted with cholera. I should say from 80 to 90 per
cent, of those attacked with the disease die. A good many hogs also suffer from
thumps, and about two-thirds of them die. Cholera also prevails among fowls.

Fleming. — Horses are afflicted with distemper and lung diseases, from which about
one in twenty die. The most destructive disease we have to contend with is cholera
among hogs. At least one-fifth of all the hogs in this county annually die from this
disease. Two years ago I lost one hundred and seven head, and this fall I have already
lost sixty head more.

Hart. — Hogs, in some portions of the county, are more or less affected every year
with cholera, but the loss this season is small compared with other years. Horses and
cattle are free from all contagious diseases. Chickens sufier from various diseases.

Kenton. — There is but little stock raised in this county, and the only disease that
has caused material loss to farmers is that among hogs.

Knox. — Hogs in this county have been seriously afflicted with cholera and blind-
staggers. Murrain has also prevailed extensively among cattle, and distemper among
horses.

Lewis. — This is one of the largest poultry-raising districts in the State. The loss by
disease runs into the thousands. The shipments from this post are about one thousand
chickens per week.

Martin. — The most prevalent and destructive disease among any class of farm ani-
mals is that of cholera among hogs. This disease is very fatal, and makes its appear-
ance semi-aunually. We have no remedy. Fowls also suffer with a disease generally
known as cholera.

Ohio. — Hogs, as well as fowls, are still afflicted with cholera. The mortality among
the former has been very large.

Oldham. — Distemper is the only disease afflictinf' cattle in this locality. Hog cholera
prevails more or less all the time. Sheep are affected with various diseases, among
others those of rot and scab. Fowls are suffering from cholera and roup. Wo have
been unusually free from diseases of all kinds this year.

Pendleton. — Hog-cholera has not been so destructive this season as in previous years.
The losses this year will, perhaps, not amount to over $16,000 or $18,000.

Howan. — Hogs die in great numbers from cholera. There is no other infectious or
contagious disease prevalent among the farm animals in this county. Fowls also die
in great numbers from a disease generally called cholera.

liusscll, — The disease commonly called hog-cholera has prevailed to a fearful extent
in some portions of this county. The losses have been at least 75 per cent, of those
attacked. Out of a herd of 75 head I lost 55. I hardly think the disease is contagious.
So fearful has been the ravages of the disease that there Avill not be enough pork
raised iu the county to supply the home demand. Other classes of farm stock are in
good health.

Shelby. — But few horses are raised in the county. The assessors report 9,588 head of
cattle in the county. Owing to the ravages of hog-cholera there has been a falling off
in the number of swine. Sheep husbanchy is largely on the increase, and aggregates
nearly double that of any previous year. At least 45,000 head have been placed on
the farms of the county this fall for breeding purposes. No diseases of consequence,
except hog-cholera, are prevalent.

Warren. — The losses have been quite heavy from diseases among hogs. Other classes
of farm stock are healthy.

Whitley. — Distemper is q»iite prevalent among horses, and occasionally we have a
case of murrain among cattle. Hog-cholera frequently jirevails, and is often very
fatal.

LOUISIANA.

Bienville County. — Horses here are subject to bots, colic, distemper, and blind-stag-
gers. Perhaps 50 per cent, of the losses are occasioned by bots. The most common

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 197

disease among cattle is known as screw-worm or " wolf" (iu the ttack), liollow-lioni,
and, occasionally, murrain. Hogs are subject to cholera and mange. The former is
mtJcli Iho more fatal.

Claiboi-nc. — Cholera among hogs is the most destructive disease now prevailing in.
this comity. Domestic fowls are also dying rapidly from the effects of the same dis-
ease. We have recently lost some fine cattle, hogs, and mules by hydrophobia. They
were bitten by mad dogs.

De Soto. — The only destructive disease among farm animals that we have to contend
with here is a disease among swine, which kills about one-half of those attacked.

Jackson. — Horses frequently die here of blind-staggers and bots, and cattle of hollow-
horn or head disease. A good many hogs are annually lost by cholera and thumps,
and sheep with scab. •

JVeit Feliciana. — Charbon, which has prevailed in a mild form among horses and mules,
and distemper among sheep, are the only affections among any class of farm animals.
A few deaths have occurred among horses and mules, and many sheep have died of
distemper.

MAINE.

Piscataquis County. — No infectious or contagious diseases prevail among farm stock
in this county. About 10 per cent, of the fowls are annually carried off by disease.

Waldo. — The only contagious disease we have to contend with here is an epizootic
distemper among horses, and this is fatal in but few cases.

York. — The usual number of diseases have prevailed among farm animals in this
county during the jiast year, and the losses will amount to from $10,000 to |12,000.

MAKYLAND.

Alleghany County. — Hogs have what we call cholera, and but few of those attacked
recover. Fowls also have what we term cholera, and nearly all that are affected die.

Baltimore. — Lung fever has prevailed among cattle in the vicinity of Baltimore for
the past twelve or fifteen years, and the losses have been considerable. Hog- cholera
prevails in a few localities in the county, and a number of animals have died. The
losses in fowls seem to be less than in former years.

Dorchester. — Hog-cholera prevails to a limited extent in this county.

Hoicard. — Some seasons the losses from hog-cholera are very heavy, and perhaps
amount to as high as $5,000. The annual losses from chicken-cholera will amount to
that sum.

MICHIGAN.

Alpena County. — As this is a lumbering county a large number of horses and cattle
(oxen) are used, but very few of them are raised here. A few milch cows and a few
stock bulls, however, have been raised in the county. No disease has prevailed since
the epizootic in horses.

Cass.— Distemper has prevailed among horses, milch fever among cattle, and so-called
cholera among swine and fowls.

Chippeiva. — This is a new county and we have but little stock as yet, and it is en-
tirely healthy. Grass is grand for dairy cattle. It is always green and nutritious.
All animals that run at large in the summer are rolling fat in the fall.

Clinton. — Farm animals in this locality are free from all infectious or contagious
diseases.

Delta. — This is comj)aratively a new county, and what little stock it contains is in
a healthy and thriving condition.

Emmett. — A few horses have been affectftd with colds and a discharge from the nose,
but none have died.

Roughton. — Diseases among hogs have prevailed here for three years. Some have
died suddenly when iu apparent health and iu good condition. A number of cattle
are affected with cancer or worm in the tail.

5^«roj?.— Distemper prevails among hors»s, but the disease seldom proves fatal. All
other farm animals are free from infectious and contagious diseases.

Kalamazoo. — ^No disease has prevailed this year among fann animals except cholera
among swine. This disease has prevailed to a limited extent this fall.

Kent. — There have been no infectious or contagious diseases prevalent among farm
animals during the past year.

Manistee.— The general condition of farm animals in this county is good, and rather
above the average.

Muskegon.— The proportion of farm animals that are attacked and die with infec-
tious and contagious diseases in this county is very small. Of horses perhaps 1 per
cent, are lost; of sheep, one-half of 1 per cent. I hear of no losses among cattle and
hogs. Of fowls perhaps 5 per cent, die annually of disease.

Oakland. — One year ago the disease known as hog-cholera created a good deal of un-

198 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

easiness, but the low price of poilc has caused the "thimiiiig out" to such an extent
that we now liear but little complaint. The losses this year will jjcrhaps amoimt to
$9,000 or ;=ilO,000.

Otsefio. — Several hogs haA'e been lost by the farmers in this county durinf; tiic past
year from some disease thought to be contagious. All other classes of stock are
healthy.

Prcsqne Idle. — Horses, hogs, and fowls in this locality are measurably healthy, but
calves seem to bo afi'ected with a contagious disease.

Sari'maw. — About 1 per cent, of the cattle and hogs raised in this county annually
die of disease. As a rule all our stock is housed in the winter and comfortably cared
for.

Saint Clair. — Seveual horses have died in this county during the present year of con-
tagious diseases. Cholera prevails among swine in one locality, but has not ap-
peared in a very maUgnaut fomi.

MINKESOTA.

Beltrami Co^niit/. — The only disease prevalent among any class of farm animals is
distemper among horses. This is an Indian agency, and there are but few animals in
the county.

Faribault. — A few cattle die annually in this county of a disease known as black-
leg, and a few sheep Avith the scab. Other classes of farm stock are healthy.

Houston. — The only disease among our stock that wo have had to contend with the
past season has been the so-called cholera among hogs.

Isanti. — Cattle in this coimty are frequently attacked with black murrain, and a dis-
ease that causes a rising and running sore on the head. There is no remedy known
for the latter disease, and Avhen an animal is attacked by it, it is generally killed.
Hogs are subject to cholera and a disease called staggers, both of which are very fatal.

Lac-qui-parlc. — Black-leg is quite prevalent among cattle, but is i>riucipally con-
fined to young animals. All die that are attacked with the disease. The general
condition of farm animals is above the average.

Martin. — A few horses die annually in this county from epizootic, and perhaps 5 per
cent, of the cattle from black-leg. Stock generally is in good health and condition.

Nicollet. — Glanders prevails among horses in this county, and is the only contagious
disease with Avhich these animals are afflicted. Quite a number of cattle died of
black-leg during the past spring, and about one hundred more from the eliects of eat-
ing smutted corn.

Olmsted. — No diseases prevail among any classes of fai-m animals in this county that
I am aware of. In some localities cholera exists among chickens.

Pope. — Ej)izootic has prevailed among horses, of late, with some fatal cases. Cattle
have been sufiering more or less with black-leg, which is fatal, with but few exceptions.
Hogs and sheep have been healthy, so far as I can learn.

Rice. — All classes of domesticated animals in this county are in good health. I have
not heard of the prevalence of any infectious or contagious diseases during the year.

iioc/i. — There has never been a marked case of any infections or contagious disease
among farm stock in this county. There yet lingers some traces of epizootic distemper
in horses, but few, if any, deaths have occurred from that cause this year.

Saint Louis. — Our farm animals are remarkably free from all infectious or contagions
diseases. The diseases iieculiar to fowls are roup, &c., much of which is due to in-
breeding.

Scott. — Recently there has appeared among horses here an epidemic or endemic
disease somewhat akin to the epizootic of some years ago. The first symptom is a
mucus discharge iiom the nose, culminating in ten or twelve days in an affection of
the kidneys. AlYcr having reached this stage the disease generally jiroves fatal. If
taken in time the patient can be cured.

Swiff. — The only disease of a serious character that has Aisited any of Ihe fann
animals in this county, during the past year, is black-leg among cattle.

Yellow Medicine. — A few horses in this county liave been alilicted wilh distemper,
but none have died. No other contagious disease is prevalent, and all classes of farm
stock are healthy.

MISSISSIPPI.

Calhoun Count)/. — In this county, hor.ses and cattle are rarely if ever affected with
infectious and contagious diseases. Hogs are frequently afflicted with cholera, and
the estimate given (iif7,.'j00) is hardly high enough during a year of its general preva-
lence. Sheep are hardly ever afflicted with any disease save rot. Fowls of every breed
occasionally have cholera, and when it attacks a llock it generally kills thein all.

Choctaw. — Cattle suffer with charbon, horn-ail, and muiTain, and hogs frequently
die of cholera or swine-pox. Sometimes a farmer loses nearly all his hoga by these
maladies.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 199

Covlnr/fon. — Owing to llie extremely hot vreatlier during the snmmer wo lost at least
20 per cent, of our larnL, horses by'staggers. All ages were affected alike. At this
time all classes of farm animals ai*c in fmc condition.

Franlliu. — The number of hogs affected Avith diseases dnriug the past summer was
gi-eator than usual, and at least 50 per cent, of those affected died. Other animals
have remained healthy.

Holmes. — A good many colts die in this county every year from distemper. Hogs
die iu gi-eat numbers of cholera, lung fever, and quinsy. Fowls are subject to cholera
and roup, and fi-equentiy one-half of them are lost by these diseases.

Leale. — From the most reliable information I am able to obtain, I am led to believe
that about 8,000 hogs were lost in this county during the past season, a large majority
of which died of cholera.

Lcc. — A very destructive disease prevails among fowls iu this locality. It made its
aj)pearance here four or five years ago, and has continued with more or less virulence
ever since. It frequently sweeps off whole flocks. I myself have this year lost 300
game fowls. It is not cholera, but a disease more resembling i^aralysis. They are
taken very suddenly, lose the use of their limbs, fall down and flutter until they die,
which is generally within from twelve to forty-eight hoius. If they linger beyoncl
that length of time they arc apt to recover. The disease is singularly sudden and
fatal, and causes a licaA-V' loss to the people of tliis locality.

Lowndes. — Since the prevalence of the epizootic some years ago no contagious disease
has prevailed among horses in this locality. Mun-ain is the most fatal disease we have
among cattle, and it annually proves very destructive. The losses among hogs from a
disease called cholera are very heavj'. Fowls also die oftener of cholera than of any
other disease.

Marshall. — The usual diseases prevail among all classes of farm animals, and the
aggregate losses this year will perhaps amount to from $8,000 to $10,000.

Aoxuhee. — All classes of farm animals, with the exception of hogs, have been free
from disease this year. The losses among swine have been very heavy, and will x^er-
haps aggregate $10,000. Pastures were quite good throughout the summer, but very
little cattle feed has been housed, and a spring report will no doubt tell a tale of star-
vation, «&c.

Frentiss. — A few cases of hog-cholera have been reported in the county, but the dis-
ease has not been very destructive.

Eanlcin. — Charbon and blind-staggers occasionally prevail among horses, and various
fatal diseases among hogs.

Scott. — The only diseases of any consequence that have occurred among farm ani-
mals in this county during the past year have been among swine. Between one and
two thousand head have died.

Tippali. — Last year a number of hogs died here from a swelling of the head. The
head would swell until the sldn would break, and the hog would bleed to death in a
few hours. I cured a cow recently of murrain by giving her kerosene oil, lard oil, and
epsom salts, in doses a few hours apart.

Tis/iominj/o.— Diseases of a mild type have prevailed among all classes of farm ani-
mals during the past year. The losses have been light.

Wilkinson. — Ho^s in this county frequently suffer and die of j)neumonia and con-
gested liver, as do also foAvls.

Tazoo. — A great many horses die annually in this county from a disease called big-
head or big-jaw— an enlargement and softemng of the bones. It is caused by feeding
com exclusively. Hogs annually suffer severely with cholera.

■ MISSOURI.

A7idreiv County. — This year has been remarkably favorable to all kinds of farm stock.
I have heard of no infectious or contagious diseases among any class except hogs.

Barton. — The losses among horses, cattle, and hogs from disease will probably amount
to $10,000 or $12,000 for the present year. Diseases have not been so prevalent among
farm animals during the past season as usual.

Benton. — All classes of farm animals, with the exception of hogs, have remained
healthy during the past year.

Buchanan. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are free from serious diseases, but cholera ex-
ists among both hogs aud fowls. With my own hogs I noticed that all those that had
diarrhea recovered. The most of these afilicted were costive and had high fever.
Cattle are frequently attaclctd wi(h hoven, caused by eating white clover.

Clay. — Heavy losses ha^e been sustained by the farmers of this county during the
past year in the loss of hogs, sheep, and fowls by various contagious and malignant
diseases. Horses and cattle have remained healthy.

FranJdin. — The so-called hog-cholera has not been so i>revalent and wide-spread in
this county the past season as during previous years.

Henry. — No epidemic has prevailed among horses here for several years past. Texas

200 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS

fever among cattle lias iwevailed to a limited extent, but only vrhen parties here
violated quarantine la-^s regarding it. Hog-cholera has prevailed extensively, and the
estimated loss is put at lowest figures $20,000 annually.

Hickory. — Hog-cholera has prevailed to some extent in this county diuing the past
year, but the losses have not been as heavy as usual.

Jasper. — Hogs and fowls are aflijcted with cholera, and cattle with a disease gen-
erally known as murrain.

Lawrence. — Black-leg prevails to a considerable extent, and is very fatal among
calves and yearlings. There is also some murrain among older cattle. Cholera (so
called) is quite prevalent among hogs, but the greatest fatahty seems to be among
pigs and shoats. I do not think one hog out of a thousand, however, dies of cholera.
The disease is more like lung fever or congestion of the lungs, and has been very
destructive the past year, especially among young stock.

Lewis. — I have heard of no infectious or contagious diseases among domesticated
animals in this county, except among hogs. The diseases which affect hogs are mani-
fested by various symptoms. The annual losses are very heavy. Wo have no remedy,
but generally separate Ithe sick from the well hogs immediately on discovering that
they are sick.

Marion. — The disease prevailing among swine and poultry in this locality is com-
monly called cholera, and that among horses and sheep is designated as distemper.

Miller. — Hogs and fowls in this county are dying at a rapid rate of a disease com-
monly known as cholera. All other kinds of farm stock are healthy.

Mississijypi. — A few cases of blind-staggers among horses and nuirrain among cattle
have occiured. Cholera jirevails among swine, but it is impossible to give the amount
of annual losses.

New Madrid. — The diseases most prevalent here among farm stock are cholera among
hogs and fowls, distemper among horses and mules, murrain and hollow-horn among
cattle, and rot among sheep.

Xodaivay. — A contagious distemper prevails among horses, but it is not of a very
fatal character. Black-leg and Texas fever have been very destructive to cattle.
Hog-cholera also prevails and seems to be much more fatal to pigs than to older ani-
mals. Sheep are to a limited extent aiiiicted with scab and grub in the head.

Fettis. — Cholera and lung diseases have prevailed among hogs during the past year,
and have been very fatal. Fowls have also suffered considerably with what we term
cholera.

Phelps. — A few horses have died of distemper, and some cattle of Texas fever and
murrain. A heavy loss has been sustained by the farmers of the county from diseases
among swine.

Pike. — Hog-cholera is the only disease that has prevailed among any class of farm
animals in this county during the i)ast year. The losses will amount to from $12,000
to $15,000.

Platte. — There is but little demand for horses here, hence stock-raisers have turned
their attention to raising cattle. They find them more profitable and less liable to
disease, and ready for market at a much earlier age. When cattle are well cared for
we lose but few by disease. The most skilKul farmer, with the assistance of our best
physicians, have completely failed to find a remedy for diseases of hogs. All die that
are attacked, and the same can be said of fowls that are attacked by disease. But
few sheep are raised in this county.

Polk. — Cattle are affected to a limited extent with Texas fever and black-leg. Other
classes of fann stock are healthy, with the exception of hogs, and a good many of
these have been lost by the various diseases incident to them.

Putnam. — The class of animals mostly affected with disease in this county is hogs, a
great many of which die of a disease generally known as cholera. The remedies used,
as a rule, I do not think amount to much. The general condition of farm animals is
better than last year.

Shell)!/. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are very healthy, but our hogs die at a fearful
rate with a disease commonly called cholera. It prevails at almost all seasons of the
year, but with more virulence during some months than in others. Sometimes it will
kill nine-tenths of all the hogs in a herd, at others perhaps one-half, and at still others
but a few will die. Wo do not know what causes the disease, nor have we a remedy
for it. Chicken-cholera also prevails to a fearful extent, and sometimes carries off' as
high as nine-tenths of the crop. The general condition of farm stock, aside from hogs,
is good.

Stoddard. — Our principal losses are from cholera among swine and fowls. Horses,
cattle, and sheep are moderately free from diseases.

Stone. — The so-called hog-cholera is more fatal this season than usual. The losses
up to this time are estimated at from $40,000 to $50,000.

Worth. — All farm animals except hogs are free from disease. These animals are
afflicted with cholera. Chickens also occasionally suffer from cholera.

Wrifjltt. — No disease of any moment exists among farm stock in this county. Last
year about one-thii-d the hogs in this county tlied of cholera.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANBIALS. 201

JIOXTANA TERRITORY.

Leivis and Clarle Coiuify. — Stock of all kinds in this county are comparatively healthy.
A few sheej) introduced from Oregon show the scab to some extent.

NEBRASKA,

Cass Countif. — The only diseases among farm animals in this county are confined to
swine. The losses are not very heavy.

Cedar. — Many cattle die iu this county during the month of November from a disease
contracted by feeding on corn-stallvs, but the disease does not seem to bo infectious or
contagious.

Clay. — Deaths frequently occur among horses from colic, fevers, and inflammatory
affections. Cattle are affected with muiTain and black-leg. There is no cholera at
present among hogs, but there has been a loss of about 600 head of sheep in the county
during the past year from diseases incident to this class of stock. Many fowls, espe-
cially young chicks, die of roupo and gapes.

Cuming. — There are a few cases of epizootic and distemper among horses, but the
diseases are of a mild tyi)e, and but few animals have been lost. Black-leg is about
the only malady among cattle. Hog-cholera prevails to a greater or less extent every
year.

Dakota. — From ten to fifty head of horses annually die in this county, supposed to
be from the effects of alkali. About one hundred yearling calves die annually of a
disease called black-leg. We occasionally lose hogs by cholera, but the disease is not
prevalent this year. Fowls also frequently die of cholera.

Furnas. — We have a new disease among cattle here that has killed a great many in
the past two weeks. They are attacked by a twitching and jerking of the nerves of
the whole body, bloat a little, are in great pain and agony, and die within from six
to fifteen hours. I examined four animals to-day, and found two with the galls bursted,
another very large, and a fourth blood-shotten. The cattle thus attacked have been
running in corn-fields after the corn had been harvested. The disease is new to us, and
we do not understand it.

Greeley. — A good many horses die annually in this county, but in almost every case
the loss can be traced to exposure and ill treatment.

Knox. — Black-leg prevails extensively among calves and is very fatal. There are
no diseases prevalent among other classes of farm animals.

Merrtcl: — But little disease prevails among domesticated animals in this county.
Perhaps $3,000 or .$4,000 will cover the annual losses for all classes.

Xuckolls. — A very bad distemper prevails among horses in this county. There is
also prevalent a mild form of epizootic which few horses escape. Cholera also pre-
vails among hogs.

Paicnee. — Cholera has prevailed to a fearful extent among hogs in this county dur-
in^the past season, and the losses, in value, will exceed $10,000.

Platte. — Young cattle frequently die within a few hours after being attacked with
a disease supposed to be caused by eating smut found on the stalks of corn. A good
many hogs have died from that pest of the farmer, the cholera, but at j)resent the
disease seems to be confined to one locality in the county.

Red Willow. — While this is a remarkably healthy climate for farm stock, a good
many cattle and sheep annually die from diseases incident to these animals.

Richardson. — The disease commonly known as cholera has carried oft" a great many
hogs in this locality during the past season.

Saline. — This is a new county, and what few farm animals we have are in a very
healthy condition.

Sarpy.— Blae]z-leg is quite prevalent and destructive among calves. There seems
to be more cases this fall than usual. Hogs are aftected with a lung disease, which
made its appearance here last yoar. The disease is chiefly confined to pigs from three
to six months old. At least 10 per cent, of those attacked die.

Saiinders. — The only diseases prevalent among horses are glanders and distemper, or
quinsy. Some six head of horses have died of these diseases. The increase in the pro-
duction of hogs is 7,543. Of this number 33 per cent, were affected with cholera, and
one-third of them died. The only disease among sheep is foot-rot.

Valley. — This is a new cx)anty, and what little stock we have is healthy, and free
from all infectious and contagious diseases.

Wayne. — No disease of any consequence has prevailed among farm animals iu this
county since the epizootic some years ago.

Webster. — The farm animals in this county are entirely free from all diseases of an
infectious and miasmatic character.

Tori: — Some hog-cholera prevails in this county, also cholera among chickens.
Horses and cattle are healthy.

202 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Xye Coitni}/. — All kinds of stock raugo our inonutaius and plains, and arc only
gathered in once a year to corral. No diseases of an infectious or contagious charac-
ter prevail among them at present. All losses occur from starvation and exposure in
winter.

XEW JERSEY.

BurVmgton County. — The prevailing disease among cattle in this county is pleuro-
pneumonia. It is very fatal, and the losses in this class of animals have been very
heavy. Hog-cholera is prevailing extensively and in a very fatal form. The same
might he said of diseases among fowls. The losses among all classes of farm animals
will annually amount to over $100,000.

Camden. — There are no diseases prevalent among horses, except those peculiar to
colts and young horses. These are generally of a inild character. Hog-cholera pre-
vails to so'me extent ; so does cholera among fowls.

Cape May. — During the past year horses have suffered severely from a disease called
blind staggers. A good many animals have been lost. Hog-cholera prevails to a
limited extent.

Middlesex. — A contagious lung fever prevails among cattle in this county, but it has
not as yet appeared in a very malignant form.

NEW HIEXICO TEKRITOUY.

Colfax Coiof/!/.— Scarcely any disease is prevalent among domesticated animals in
this county save scab among sheep. The losses among this class of stock perhaps
amount to 1 per cent, of the whole number raised. There is scarcely any infectious
or contagious disease among our larger farm animals.

Dona Ana, — A few flocks of sheep, of improved variety, have scab in a mild form.
Hogs and fowls are free from cholera. Occasionally a cow is lost by hoven, brought
on by eatiug green alfalfa; and I lost two merino rams the past summer from the same
cause. I also lost two Angora bucks from an unknown disease.

San Micjucl. — There are about 100,000 sheep annually raised in this county, and about
1 per cent, of them die of an aflection of the milt.

Taos. — Horses are generally affected with epizootic distemper and cattle with Texas
fever. A great many die iu"^ the spring of the year from the effects of eating poison-
weed. Hogs, sheep, and fowls are generally healthy.

XEW YORK.

Allegany County. — Oiu- horses are frequently attacked with strangles or distemper,
a disease which is believed to be contagious. A few cows are annually lost from milk
fever, and a limited number of calves che of murrain. Sheep are affected with foot-rot,
and many fowls die of cholera.

Chenango. — I have heard of a few calves dying of worm in the lungs, which seems to
be a new disease in this county. A farmer who lost three examined the lungs and
found large quantities of worms about an inch lou^ and the size of an ordinary thread.
I lost a few calves by the disease known as black-leg, and on oiiening the lungs found
a few Avorms.

Fulton. — Owing to abundant feed, stock of all kinds is in fine condition this fall.

Genesee. — The value of farm stock lost by various diseases during the past year in
this county will amount to from $20,000 to |:i5,000. The heaviest losses have occun-ed
among horses and swine.

Montgomery. — A great many cows suffer annually from abortion; and the loss by
accident and the various inflammatory and congestive diseases will average one cow
for every dairy of thirty-fivo cows. No contagious disease prevails in any of our flocks
or herds.

Niagara. — Light diseases, with but few fatal results, have prevailed among swine
during the past season. Other classes of stock have remained healthy.

Seneca. — All classes of farm animals in this county have been unusually healthy dur-
ing the past year.

XOP.Tir CAROLIXA.

Alleghany County. — Wo have no diseases among either horses, cattle, or hogs. Sheep
occasionally die from distemper and a disease called rot. Young chicks frequently die
of gapes.

Srunswicl: — On consultation with the best informed persons in the county I do not
find that any diseases have prevailed among farm animals during the i)ast year.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 203

Large uxitnljcrs of fowls have died, but it is impossible to estimate the number or give
any uamo to the disease.

Cha-olxTc. — There are no diseases of a contagious character prevalent among the farm
animals of this county. There have been some losses of young chickens and turkeys
by gapes, but I do not think this disease is contagious.

Cumberland. — The less of hogs from the various diseases to which they are incident,
but all of which are called cholera, has been very great. A great many fowls have
also died from a disease generally known as cholera.

Currituck. — The only disease of any consequence that we have had to contend Avith
among the farm stock in this county has been that commonly known as cholera among
swine. The loss so far has been quite heavy.

Halifax. — All classes of farm stock have been more free from disease this year than
any year during the past ten.

Mayirood. — Hog-cholera prevails to a greater or less extent every year and kills a
great many animals of all sizes, but is more fatal among pigs. Chicken-cholera is also
quite prevalent and fatal. Stock generally is in better condition.

Henderson. — A large number of both cattle and hogs have been lost during the past
year; perhapsthe aggregate for these two classes alone will amount to $18,000 or §20,000.

Hertford. — Horses and mules are affected with but one contagious disease — that of
glanders or farcy. All that are attacked die. Thousands of hogs die annually of dis-
ease, but whether it is contagious or not we have not determined. Cholera is gener-
ally prevalent and very destructive among fowls.

Jaclcaon. — Infectious and contagious diseases among horses, cattle, and sheep are
almost unknown in this county. Last year nearly all the hogs in the county died
of disease, but during the previous five years but few were attacked.

Madison. — The only class of animals all'eeted by disease during the past year has
been that of swine. Cholera has been quite prevalent and fatal among fowls in some
localities.

MitcheU. — Large numbers of hogs and fowls arc annually lost in this county by a
disease commonly called cholera.

Orange. — Some four or five thousand hogs have been lost by disease in this county
during the current year. A few horses and cattle have also tiled from diseases peculiar
to these classes of farm animals.

Pamlico. — The most prevalent and fatal disease we have to contend with is that of
cholera among hogs and fowls. The disease annually carries ofi' numbers of both hogs
and domestic fowls. The condition and quality of farm animals is better than for years
past and is gradually and siu'ely improving.

Pcrquimons. — Hogs are much diseased in this county and are very cheap. Young
pigs attacked with cholera seldom recover.

Person. — The prevailing disease among farm animals hero is that of cholera among
hogs, which is very destructive. Trichinae destroy many of the jjigs and shoats.
Sheei) are healthy, but a great many fowls die of cholera. The goose and peafowl are
the only species of domestic fowls that do not snftcr with it.

Pobeson. — Hogs in this county are more aft'ected by disease than any other class of
animals. Cholera is the prevailing disease among them, and for which wo have no
remedy. The general condition of farm animals is 50 per cent, better than for pre-
vious years.

Sampson. — No epidemic has visited horses, mules, cattle, or sheep so far as I have
becii able to learn. At least one-third of the hogs of the county die every year from
a disease known as cholera. If any recover they arc of no value, as the disease either
leaves them deaf, blind, or afflicted in some other way. Fowls die in about the same
proportion from a disease of like character.

'Iransijlvania. — We have no contagious diseases among cattle. Our losses are occa-
sioned by exposure and want of feed during winter. No unusual disease is prevalent
among any class of farm animals.

71 a Ac. — Horses, cattle, and sheep are free from infectious and contagious diseases.
Hogs suffer a good deal from cholera and lung diseases. When these diseases api^ear
iu a herd there seems to be no cessation luitirthe last animal is destroyed. Fowls are
subject to all sorts of diseases, and frequently the mortality among them is very great.
llilkes. — We have some distemper among cattle, but are at a loss to know what
causes it. It seems to prevail mostly where the people have the typhoid fever.
Cholera is the prevailing disease among hogs and chickens. It has been very de-
structive during the past summer.

Yadkin. — Hog and chicken cholera has prevailed here for several years past. When
the disease gets among a class of fowls it kills nearly all of them.

Yancey. — Distemper prevails among horses and sheep, and unirrain and hollow-horn
among cattle. Hogs have been seriously afiected with cholera and some kiud of fever ;
a good many fowls are also lost by cholera. The comUtion of all kinds of farm stock
is better than usual at this season of the year.

204 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Ashland County. — T\'e hare no infectious or contagious diseases among domesticated
animals in this coiauty. There are a few sporadic cases of disease and death, but The
aggregate loss is very small. About one farmer out of every twenty-fivo loses his
chickens every year by cholera.

Athens. — The so-called cholera prevails among hogs and fowls in this county. I
believe the greatest number of deaths among cattle have occuiTed among cows, which
have died of milk fever. The disease shows itself from the first to the third day after
calving, and generally attacks the animal after the fourth calving. Select breeds and
good milkers, and those in good condition, are generally the ones that suffer. The
symptoms are loss of appetite, staggering gait, wild look, and cessation of rumination ;
they fall down and cannot rise ; the brain seems to be allected ; the animal will dash
about, striking her head and horns against the ground, when she soon dies. We have
no remedy.

Auglaize. — Hogs seem to be the only farm ai\imals seriously affected with dis-
ease. They sufi'cr with the disease generally known as cholera. The losses so far
this year will amount in value to from §*25,00d to $30,000.

Brown. — A few colts are lost in this county by flistemper, and a good many hogs
and fowls anniially die of a disease commonly called cholera. Sheep die of grub in
the head and of neglect while young.

JErie. — Theie is no special disease prevailing among the faiTU animals in this county,

Fairfield. — With the exception of swine the live stock of this county has been com-
paratively free from disease during the past year. Swine have suffered with cholera,
though not so extensively as in former years.

Fi-anllin. — Large numbers of hogs and fowls have died in this county during tho
past year of the varioxis diseases common to them.

Gallia. — Hog-cholera prevails to some extent in this county, but in a rather mild
form this season. Chicken- cholera is quite prevalent and malignant, and the losses
axe heavy.

Geauga. — No disease of consequence exists among any class of farm animals in this
coimty. The general condition of farm stock is good.

Guemseij. — The prevalent diseases among horses are those affecting the lungs, prin-
cipally lung-fevers. Hogs are affected with cholera and cattle with murrain.

Hardin. — Hog-cholera has prevailed to a limited extent in the northern part of the
county, but in this locality we have not suffered from the disease this year.

Jefferson. — No diseases of a malignant character have prevailed among farm animals
in this county during the past year. Owing to abundant pasturage farm stock is in
very high condition.

Knox. — There is no disease among farm animals here. Chicken-cholera prevails
every year and canies off a gi'eat many fowls.

Meigs. — There have been few, if any, deaths among farm animals in this county
during the present year, except from natural causes. During the past eight or ten
years chicken-cholera has prevailed from time to time, and is prevalent in some locali-
ties at this writing.

Mereer. — The so-called cholera still prevails among hogs in some localities in this
county. Cholera among fowls is also prevalent, but the disease is not so fatal as
fonuerly.

Aliami. — But little disease exists among farm animals in this county aside from the
60-called cholera among hogs. The loss among this class of animals is, in some years,
very heavy.

Monroe. — No infectious or contagious disease has prevailed among farm animals in
in this county during the past year.

Montgomery — Chicken cholera has prevailed as an epidemic during the past season,
and many fowls have been lost. Cholera among hogs has also been very destructive.

Ottawa. — The only disease prevailing among any class of farm animals is a disease
among hogs, and this is confined to two townships of the coimty. The animals have a
diarrhea, vomit, and wheeze as one afflicted with asthma. They die very suddenly.

Paulding. — The mortality among horses has been uuusally large in this county during
the past year. The same can be said of cattle. During the two years hog-cholera has
been very extensive and latal. Fowls are also subject to cholera.

Bichland. — It is estimated that the product of chickens in this county will aggregate
150,000 per amium, and that 25 per cent, of these die of cholera. Several diseases an-
nually prevail among farm animals, and frequently the losses are very heavy.

Summit. — Several fatal diseases are prevalent among horses, among others inflamma-
tion of the lungs and bowels, and distemper or epizootic. Cattle are afflicted with
hollow-horn and murrain. The prevalent diseases among hogs are cholera and blind
staggers. But few of these annuals recover. Consumption carries off a good many
sheep, and cholera is very destructive among fowls.

Trumbull. — The production of farm animals in this county has decreased in the past

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 205

four or five years, but stock of all kinds has improved in quality. No infectious or
contagious diseases are prevailing.

Tuscarawas. ^1^0 epidemic disease has recently prevailed among farm animals in this
county, but a good many domesticated animals have been lost duriug the year by the
various maladies incident to this class of property.

Wood. — Horses and cattle have been free from infectious and contagious diseases dur-
ing the past year. Hogs and cliickens have suii'ered severely from a disease commonly
known as hogand chicken cholera. The losses among hogs have heavy been very, as
some farmers bave lost entire herds. Sheep have healthy.

Wyandot. — Cholera has prevailed among hogs to a limited extent in this county the
past season. Cholera has seriously aftected the fowls, in some cases sweeping off
whole flocks.

OREGON.

Clackamas County. — No disease among horses. A good many cattle die annually for
want of proper attention. A few hogs die every year from liver-disease.

iinn.-^Horses here are suffering to a limited extent with contagious distemper; cat-
tle are healthy, but sheep are subject to scab and other diseases.

Polk. — Cattle, hogs, sheep, and fowls are afflicted with the usual diseases, though
the losses are never very heavy.

Tillamook. — There are no diseases of a contagious nature prevailing among the farm
animals in this county.

PENKSYLVANIA.

Armstrong County.— Cholera, prevails to some extent among hogs in the eastern part
of the county. One man recently lost twenty head by this disease. Chicken-cholera
also prevails, and is fatal in most cases. A good many sheep annually die of foot-rot
and gTub in the head.

Blair. — Distemper and lung-fever prevail among horses, and cholera among hogs
and chickens. Foot-rot also seriously affects sheep where not properly treated and
cared for.

Erie. — No special diseases have prevailed among farm animals in this locality for
some years, and hence the losses have been comparatively light.

Lycoming. — There have been no infectious or contagious diseases among farm ani-
mals in this county the past year.

McKcan. — The condition of farm animals is good compared with previous years.
Horses are overworked in the oil regions, and many die from abuse and lack of proper
attention.

Northampton. — There has been no contagious diseases among farm animals in this
county so far as I have been able to ascertaiii.

Ferry. — Losses among horses and cattle from various diseases will perhaps reach
$3,000 annually in this county. Losses among hogs, when no epidemic disease jire-
vails, will probably amount to $800 or |1,000 per annum. Some years cholera is very
destructive among chickens, so much so as to kill about all in some localities.

Wayne. — But few horses are lost here by contagious diseases. A good many young
piga and chickens die of cholera.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Barnwell County. — The only disease known among horses in this couaty is staggers
or blind staggers. Wo know nothing about the pathology of the disease and have no
remedy. Ninety-nine animals out of a hundred that are afflicted Avith the disease die.
Occasionally our hogs are afflicted with cholera. Sometimes one farmer will lose two-
thirds of his entire stock of hogs while his next-door neighbor will lose none. FoAvls
die by the hundreds when closely confined in coops that have remained on the same
•ground for a number of years.

Colleton. — aiany hogs are annually lost in this county by a disease generally known
as hog-cholera. Great numbers of fowls also die of a disease called cholera.

Lexington. — Hogs have suffered less this than last year from cholera. The losses last
year were frigbtful. Fowls have this year suffered beyond all precedent from so-called
cholera. I had a fine lot of 100 Bramahs, from which I had 150 dozen eggs during the
early spring. As warm weather came on they were attacked and nearly all died —
only one of those attacked survived. Unless something can be done to prevent the
annual recurrence of this fatal epidemic, we will have to stop trying to raise fowls.

Oconee. — We have no infectious or contagious diseases among either horses, cattle,
or sheep. In a few localities of the county hogs have suffered from cholera. There
are a few localities along the Blue Ridge range of mountains where the cattle greatly
sulfor from milk sickness. An appropriation by Congress for the discovery of the cause
of this disease would be eminently proper.

206 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Orangchurfih. — Hog-cholera lias prevailed thi^ year iu some localities in this county.

Pickens. — The diseases common to cattle are tUstemper, murrain, and milk-sick.
Distemper is regarded as contagious, and a similar disease prevails among horses.
The prevailing diseases among hogs is commonly called cholera, and it nearly always
pro^'os fatal.

TENNESSEE.

Bedford Coiinly. — There is uo disease here among cattle except nmrrain, Avhich was
brought in from other States and seems to he contagious. The most fatal disease
among hogs is cholera, for which we have no remedy.

Benton. — Horses, cattle, sheep, and foAvls arc affected with the usual diseases. Wo
have had no liog-cholera this year. This disease usually kills nearly all the hogs in
this section about once iu every three or four years.

Bradlcij. — All kinds of domestic animals are exceedingly healthy in this county.

Blount. — Horses and mules suffer from distemper, epizootic, and ghmders; cattle
from murrain and sore tongue ; hogs from cholera and quinsy; sheep from rot; and
fowls from cholera. These diseases prove fatal in many cases.

Bijcr. — Horses, cattle, and sheep in this county suffer very little from disease of any
kind. Hogs and chickens frequently suffer terribly from the ravages of cholera. The
disease seems to be infectious or contagious with both classes, and is A'ery fatal, as
but few of cither class recover. The malady is not at all understood, and no remedy
that amounts to much has as yet been discovered.

Fentress. — There arc but few horses in this mountainous county, but cattle are plen-
tiful. Hogs could be raised hero iu great abundance were it not for the ravages of
the disease known as cholera. Fowls frequently die of gapes.

Hamblen. — Several horses ha^-o died during the past season with blind staggers or
brain fever. The condition of farm auimalsis better than usual.

Hardeman. — There were some losses of horses and cattle last spring from starvation
and bad treatment. Wo have sutlered greater losses, however, from diseases among
hogs than of any other class of farm animals. Tho disease is called cholera by some,
and by others red mange, and by still others measles. TIio hog at iirst presents a
mangy appearance ; afterwards it breaks out in pimples or sores, and soon dies. A
black'hog of mine which recovered from tho disease is now gray.

Hardin. — Milch-cows and oxen have suffered severelj' during tho past season from
murrain. Cholera prevails among swine of all ages.

Henderson. — Blind staggers is about the only disease that proves destructive among
horses. Every disease incident to tho hog is called cholera, and diseases are more
prevalent among swine than among any other class of animals. Ivot prevails among
sheep, and cholera among fowls.

Jaekson. — The great bulk of the annual losses of hogs in this county occurs from a
disease known as cholera. Fowls die of a similar disease.

Maeon. — Cholera is the only disease that affects hogs in this county. Tho disease
has been quite prevalent and fatal during the year. Chickens also die of cholera.

Marion. — Horses are subject to distemper and blind staggers, from which many of
them die. Cholera prevails among our hogs, and lias ]>roved very fatal. Diu'iug some
years almost all the fowls die of cholera. All kinds of stock suffer for want. of proi)er
attention.

Monroe. — There are from two to tluree thousand liorses annually raised in this county.
There is but little disease among this class of animals — nothing worse than common
distemper, and an occasional case of hots or colic. About live thousand cattle aro
annually raised, and they are seldom affected with disease. Formerly hog.cholera
prevailed extensively, and the fatality was very great, but of late yeara the disease
has been very mild and has not prevailed as an epidemic. But little interest is taken
in sheep. Fowls are raised by almost every family, and have become an inq^ortant
matter of trade among the ladies of the county in buying little items in stores.

Morgan. — Diseases in A'arious forms have i)revailed extensively amoug our hogs anc\
fowls for years jjast. They have not been tso prevalent during the past year.

06(OH.— Horses, cattle, and sheep aro remarkably healthy. Cholera exists among
hogs, and a good many animals have been lost, but tho disease is not very extensive
this season. Cholera also i^revails amoug fowls in some localities.

Overton. — Our cattle do not often suffer fi'om contagious diseases, but many of them
die for Avant of proper care and attention. Hogs and fowls sufil^r from cholera, and
sheep from rot.

Ferry. — The loss of hogs from cholera in this county during the past year will
amount to not less than $12,000. Sheep have been affected with rot, and a good many
fowls have died with cholera.

Sequatchie. — Swine are affected with what seems to be diseases of a local character.
Many of these diseases are no doubt brought on by careless treatment.

Sevier. — But little disease has prevailed amoug farm animals in this county during

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 207

the past year. A good raauy liogs have been lost, but the diseases among tbem liave
not been so widespread as in former years.

I'lin Biircn. — The disease among hogs in this county is generally called cholera,
although it manifests varied sjTnptoms. Chickens arc also allected by a disease des-
ignated as cholt-ra.

Wcaldoj. — With the exception of slight affections among hogs and chickens, all
classes of farm animals have been unusually healthy during the past yeai\

TEXAS.

Ansiln County. — The losses of horses by infectious and contagious diseases varies
greatly, but for the last two years they have been uniisually large. The losses have
been heaviest among stock horses on the i>raiiie, and the disease affecting them seems
to be a distcmijcr or kind of croup. A strange disease has been prevailing among cat-
tle in the northern part of the county, and every animal attacked has died. The dis-
eases among hogs are cholera, lung affections, measles, inflammations of the throat,
«fec. Most of the animals attacked die. Cholera jirevails among chickens, and losses
have been A'cry heavy.

Bandera. — Ail classes of domesticated animals have been luausually £i-co from dis-
ease during the past year. Fowls are afflicted with various diseases, some of Avhich
are A-ery fatal.

Bexar. — A few diseases annually prevail among domesticated animals in this county,
and the annual losses among all classes will probably aggregate from §8,000 to
§10,000.

Camp. — Stock generally is in good condition in this county. I have heard of no dis-
eases prevailing among any class of farm animals.

Comal. — The only disease among horses consists in a swelling of the glands of the
throat, frequently ending in ulceration. The disease prevails more extensively in
spring Avhen the weather is cold and wet. The majority of the animals that die are
colts. The affection seems to be an epidemic, produced by scanty pasturage and
rough weather. There are no contagious diseases j)revalent among cattle, hogs, or
sheeii,

De Witt. — Horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep are generally healthy and iu good condi-
tion in this county. The losses are so small as to attract but little or no attention.
Fowls frc([uently die of a disease known as cholera.

Eaailand. — A good many horses die in this county of blind staggers and big head,
caused princiiially by feeding unsound corn. Diseases among cattle are not so fatal
this season as thej- were last year. Wo have no special diseases among hogs, but a
great many of them have died this year for lack of feed. Foot-rot and scab prevail
among sheep. Fowls die of A-arious maladies.

Harrison. — A fewer number of horses have died from disease in this county during
the luist twelve mouths than for several years i^ast. Our hogs die in considerable num-
bers fi-om a wheezing disease caused, no doubt, by eating cotton-seed, picking them up
from about our gin-houses, or where they have been drojiped by cattle. Our chickens
and tiu'keys have died by the thousands with a disease we call the cliolera.

Hays. — Our farm animals are in remarkably good health and condition. We have
been free from all contagious diseases for three years past.

Hill. — A disease heretofore nnknoAvn has been quite troublesome to horses in this
neighborhood. Ouj.- stockmeu generally designate it as ''loin distemper." Cholera
among hogs and fowls is freqtiently quite prevalent and fatal.

^oj>Ai;(s.— Horses ui this locality are affected with glanders, aud cattle with bloody
murrain. Hogs arc affected with cholera, and a disease which causes Avheezing and
choking, as of a hard lump iu the throat. These diseases generally follow an acorn
crop. Sheep die with scab, and a great many fowls are lost by cholera.
^ Jasper. — Farm animals are in much better condition than fer several years past.
No contagious disease prevails except among hogs, ajid the losses are quite small, as
Ave raise but few hogs in this county.

Kerr.— I have never knoAvn an infectious or contagious disease to prevail among
horses and mules in this county. Fifty-four cattle have died during the present year
of dry murrain. A largo number of goats and sheep have died of foot-rot and scab.
A great mauy hogs have died of a disease termed sore eyes, and mauv fowls have died
of cholera. So destructive has been the latter disease that many farmers are entirely
without chickens. The condition of all farm animals, however, is a little better than
the average.

Lavaca. — Ticks kill a good mauy colts in this county every spring. Wo have some
distemper among horses, but it has rarely been fatal. Until this year hogs have
always been healthy, but for several months past cholera has prevailed among them,
aud in some neighborhoods all have died. The disease seems to be contagious, and I
thiuk Avas introduced by the importation of fine breeds.

X?a«o.— Owing to depredations by Indians, but few horses are raised in this county.

208 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Cattle are moderately licaltliy, aud hogs entirely so. Sheep have scab occasionally,
but the disease is cured by dipping. Fowls are subject to cholera, and I never knew
one to recover from an attack of this disease.

Marion. — We have had, aud still have, hog and chicken cholera in several localities
in this county. It is very destructive during some seasons.

Matngorda. — Cattle in this locality have been healthy this year with the exception
of an epidemic of opthalmia, which seemed to be atmospheric in its origin ; or, in
other words, it was caused by excessive heat aud moisture. A good many horses have
died from the efl'ects of bites and stings of insects, which were never so bad before.
Ticks, screw-worm, aud the largo horse or cow fly haA'o destroyed many animals.
Measles x)revail among young pigs and shoats, and a good many of those attacked die.
This disease is both contagious aud infectious.

Maverick. — There are no hogs raised in this county. Horses and cattle are healthy.
There is some scab among sheep, biit nmcli less than in former years.

Menard. — The disease called scab prevails among sheep, yet I believe a greater
number die from careless management than from this or any other disease. Other
classes of stock are healthy and in good condition,

Montague. — Cholera among hogs jirevails to some extent this season, but the disease
is not so general as in former years. The general condition of farm stock is good.

Navarro. — The losses among hogs in this county from cholera aud other diseases
will aggregate for the past year not less than $15,000 in value. Chickens also die of
cholera, and sheep from liver-rot and scab. Horses aud cattle are healthy.

EiisJc. — Hogs and chickens are suffering with a disease called cholera, which seems
to visit some portions of the county annually. Various preventives are used, but no
specific has as yet been found for it.

San Patricio. — There are no diseases affecting any class of farm animals in this
county. I have resided here twenty-seven years, and this is the first year within that
time that any important disease has prevailed among fowls. About nine-tenths of
them have died in this town and surrounding localities of cholera, at least the disease
was so pronounced by those who know the symptoms.

jSomerville. — Stock of all kinds in this county have been unusually healthy this year.

Titus. — Infectious and contagious diseases affecting horses are not so fatal as hereto-
fore, though gjanders and distemper kill a great many. A large number, however,
are lost by staggers and bots. Cattle are affected with murrain and black tongue,
and nearly all die that are attacked by these diseases. Many also die from feeding on
acoms. A great many hogs are annually lost by cholera and red mange or measles,
thumps, and staggers. Scab, rot, glanders, and black tongue produce fearful ravages
among sheep. We have no remedy for these diseases.

JJpshiir. — A good many cattle and hogs have died in this county during the past
year of diseases peculiar to these classes of farm animals.

Uvalde. — Horses die of bUnd staggers and a kind of lung fever, and cattle of lung
fever and spinal diseases. The principal disease among hogs is cholera. Sheep die
of scab and lung fever, and chickens of cholera. Wo have no successful remedies for
any of these maladies.

Victoria. — This has been a very disastrous year for sheep, owing to the great amount
of wet weather. There is no disease among native cattle, but about one-third of those
imported die of Si:)anish fever. Horses, and especially colts, die of distemper.

Williamson. — The principal disease among horses is distemper. The disease prevails
to a greater or less extent every fall, and principally among colts. The losses among
cattle are generally occasioned by the same disease. AVe occasionally have hog and
chicken cholera, but the losses are not very heavy from this disease. A few sheep are
annually lost by scab, but not so many as in former years.

Young. — All kinds of stock and poultry have been unexceptionablj' free from disease
. during the i)ast year.

UTAH TERRITORY.

San Pete County. — Contagious diseases have prevailed among cattle in this county
during the i^resent year. A few cases of bloody mim-ain have also occurred.

TVasatch. — There is no malignant disease prevailing among farm animals in tihis
county. Fowls are subject to croup, of which a good many die.

%rERMONT.

Addison County. — Horses arc afflicted with a distemper which is regarded as conta-
gious. Cattle have what is called murrain or black-leg, a disease which seems to be
epidemic aud contagious, but is confined mostly to calves. ^Murrain never attacks lean
cattle. Many deaths occur among cows in early summer from milk fever. Cattle gen-
erally are in fine condition.

Caledonia. — No infectious or contagious diseases of a serious nature have prevailed
among farm animals in this county duriug the past year. The season has been favor-
able, aud stock generally is in good conditiou.

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 209

Chittenden.— The nujiibcT of cows have iuci-eased iu this county since the last cen-
6.18, nearly one-sixth. Horses and swine remain about the same. Sieephive fallen
off materially, say three-fourths. At present there is a lively intereS in fowls esne

hogs are ahnost entirely free from disease. I ascribe such exemi^Sis lo th^ Lff.^

VIRGINIA.

Accomac Count)/ —The annual losses from disease among all classes of farm anim-,!.,
in this county will amount to from $12,000 to $15 000 animals

^,fj-'T'^'''.''--^^^J^f^ of 100 head of cattle have died in this county during the nast
year, prmcipally of pleuro-pneumouia. The oricrin of the disease bn^ w^ +vn! ^i +

S-'SntrT- 'i* «^?--n.^^* ^°^«^S «^«1« the^^aW twoTear^^^^^^^ SS^e

gradually traveled down the river to a distance of about 25 miles It has not L v^t
extended over 2 mUes from the river toward the interior ' ^ *'

^ofeiojfr^.— There has been no infectious disease among horses in thiscountv fnrsr^v
eral years past. The cUsease affecting cattle seems to be°confiSd to thosH^der one
year old, and is known as bloody muirain. Those that are best kept are n^reliaWo
to the disease than those poorly cared for. Floiu- of sulnlmr <Wx3L+if ^^I
day for three days is the iJest rJrnedy known heS. K$^Zell]Z''o%"SlZlf
fectmg swme, is less malignant than iu former vears Tbolpro t. wi o i . i
cessfully treated by placin°g. iron in the wa^rVSis g^vettSJm folink' "^'^^ '""

I}run8wic]c.—Ca.ttle sometimes die in large numbers from a disease rnlW rr.,,^o-

Dmmddw.—A good many horses, cattle, hogs, and fowls have died this season from
hogsTrscoS? "'"="''="'""*'"'"'• CMeSWevailsmoroorleievtryerSmon"^
o.airfEin'SSs''xceptSe""' «r contagions diseases prevailing a^ongany

^?h'^°aSSs°i?lheaS; ™'^ ""^^ "^'"'^= »"-" i»"lio,n a"sTofch1le^r Tu

in?s«7S^iSgjs-:sVL'Lr''fe'^-^^^^^^^^^^

hoS;?Snl^tSato^T4Tanl;rc&^^^ »- ^^'«-P- -»8

oTSC- :,'^ ^^*« a successful preveXef 1 gXn""m'nit'sa^'; fpouSou?
CI sulplim- 2 ounces saltpeter and 2 ounces conni^ns niccr^i^^^ +1. • I'uuua uour

thf hi'raffe^t'e^dtat'S "^"^ """^ ''""" ^""^ ^''^""^ *^*^ P-* -^-- ^^-^^ ^^^

and tadltTl^er rfiS^^f^^Jf '""f ' ^"^r^ ^^'.^'^ ^™ ^""S fever, distemper, diaixhca
Cies?rc?&als"ha?;eh:fei'a'''"' ^""-"^ ""^' ^^^s are afflicted litii cholera.

oftrer^'SaTS^ofelw^e^^'R^^^^ ix ^distemper, the results, no doubt

01 lormer attacks ot epizootic. Hogs are afflicted with cholera and mango. In cases oi
L4 SW

210 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

cholera a change of both pasture and food is recommended. Ra"^ turnips fed on alternate
days are thought to bo a preventive.

Fage. — Perhaps $5,000 or $6,000 will cover the loss among all classes of domestic
animals by disease iu this county diu'ing the past year. Farm stock is in much better
condition than usual.

Patrick. — There have been some losses of horses in this couuti-y by distemper and
cattle by murrain. Hogs, as usual, have been seriously afflicted with cholera.

Pittsylvania. — The principal disease among horses in this county, duriug the past
year, has been pneimionia or luug-feA'er, -which is not considered contagious. Cattle
are afflicted with murrain, and hogs with various diseases.

Mappahannock. — The number of horses and cattle aliected with contagious diseases
in this locality is small. Some few hogs die of cholera. Sheep are healthy.

Boanoke. — No diseases have prevailed among farm animals in this county during the
past year. There has been some cholera among chickens, but the disease has not pre-
vailed as an epidemic.

Rocklridge. — Black-leg is the only disease that affects cattle fatally in this county.
I do not think it contagious, though all the animals attacked by it die. Hogs and
fowls are sometimes fatally aflected by cholera.

Smyth. — Distemper has prevailed to some extent among the horses in this county,
but it has proved fatal in but few iustances.

Spottsylvania.— No diseases of a malignant character have prevailed among farm
stock iu this county during the past year.

Sussex. — Cholera' has, and still is prevailing to a considerable extent among hogs
and fowls in this locality. The losses have been quite heavy.

Washington. — Distemper and miu-rain prevail amoug horses and cattle, and cholera
among hogs. A disease similar to murrain also prevails among sheep. Fowls are
annually lost in great numbers by a disease called cholera.

Wise. — Diseases have prevailed to a considerable extent among hogs in this county
adring the past season. All other classes of farm animals are healthy.

WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

King County. — ^There are no infectious or contagious diseases among horses, cattle, or
hogs. Sheep, however, are afflicted with scab, and fowls more or less troubled with
vermin.

San Juan. — No infectious or contagious diseases exist among either horses, cattle,
hogs, or sheep in this locality. There are frequently losses among all classes of farm
stock from accident or lack of proper attention.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Boone County. — Epizootic distemper prevails among horses, murrain among cattle,
and cholera among hogs. Fowls are siibject to both cholera and gapes.

Doddridge. — Distemper is the only contagious flisease prevalent among horses and
that of foot-rot amoug sheep. Murrain also exists among cattle. All of these diseases
are destructive, but uoue of them so much so as cholera among hogs. Many persons
regard this disease as contagious.

Gilmer. — No diseases of any consequence are prevailing among farm stock iu this
county. Occasionally a horse is affected with distemper, but I have never heaVd of a
case of lung-fever. Cattle are sometimes affected with foot-evil, which is the only
disease I ever hear of as affecting this class of animals. I have heard of a few cases
of cholera among hogs.

Grant.— I have made diligent inquiry, but can hear of no infectious or contagious
diseases existing among the farm stock in this county.

Greenbrier. — There are no infectious or contagious diseases prevailing among farm
animals iu this county. About 13,000 chickens and other domestic fowls are annually
lost by the people of this county from disease.

Harrison. — The only disease we have amoug horses is an infectious disease, which,
for the want of a better uame, we call "distemper." Horses that have it, generally
recover. Among young cattle we have a disease called "black leg," which annually
kills a number of cattle, and generally those iu high condition. Our losses are some-
times very heavy from this cause. We also have a disease amoug cattle which affects
their feet, and which we call "foot-evil." This disease does not kill cattle, but hin-
ders them in their growth and deteriorates them iu value. If :\ simple aud sure
remedy could be found for this disease it would save om- peojjle a considerable annual
loss. We occasioually have a case of hog-cholera, aud those attacked usually die, but,
as.a general thing, hogs are very healthy in this county. Chickens, iu some locahties,
haVe suffered with cholera, and the ffocks attacked generally all die.

Leivis.—'Ko diseases of any consequence have affected the farm animals of this county
duriug the past year. Pastiu-age is very abimdaut, and cattle are generally in good

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 211

condition. Hogs are in good health, tvMcIi "we attribute to their consumption of bitu-
minous coal.

Logan. — Horses here are much given to distemper. Sometimes the disease proves
fatal ; but the greatest loss occurs from colic and bots. Cattle sometimes have a dis-
temper much like that of horses, but this seldom occurs. Diseases are prcval ent among
hogs, and tbey often die quite suddenly. Sheep and fowls are in jirctty good condi-
tiou. Sometimes the former are aiflicted with rot.

Morgan. — The luunbcr of hogs and chickens that have died in this county during
the past year of cholera has been very large. Other classes of farm stock have been
healthy.

^^SC0NS1N.

Door County. — No infectioua or contagious diseases prevail among any class of farm
animals in this county.

Dunn. — Last winter horses in. this county were seriously affected Avith distemper;
but it disappeared in April and has not since made its appearance. Several animals
were lost. Cattle and hogs are healthy, and are in very good condition.

Ch'cen. — The so-called cholera has j)revailed among the hogs in this county for the
first time during the present year. A great many have died. Cholera jirevails exten-
sively among fowls also, and many thousands have died.

Iowa. — Diseases among swine have been very i^revalent diu-ing the past year, and
the losses to the faraiers of this county have, consequently, been very heavy, as the
maladies have been of a fatal character. Other classes of stock haA'e been healthy.

Jackson. — There are no diseases whatever of a destructive natiuo prevalent among
farm animals in this county.

Juneau. — Distemper and inflammation of the lungs, or lung fever, are the only dis-
eases of a serious character prevailing among horses. Other classes of stock are
healthy.

Kewaunee. — Aside from a few horses afflicted with glanders, all classes of farm ani-
mals are in good health.

Monroe. — All classes of farm animals are in good condition and measurably healthy.

Ozaukee. — Witb the exception of a few cases of hog-cholera, I have heard of no other
disease among farm animals in this county.

Portage. — Domestic animals in this county are exemj^t from contagious diseases to a
remarkable degree. Indeed, I hear of but few farm animals dying of any disease,
except sheep and hogs — sheep from grub, and hogs from black vomit, or something
like it.

WYOMING TERRITORY.

Laramie County. — There are no diseases whatever among farm animals in this county.
The losses among cattle, caused by eating the poisonous loco weed, will perhaps not
exceed 1 per cent. About 300,000 head of cattle come into the Territory annually from
Texas, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, and Nevada.

COERESPOIsT)ENCE EELATING TO THE MOEE COIVBIOK DIS-
EASES OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

AT.ATSATVTA.

Mr. Eobert Wardland, Tuscumbia, Colbert comity, Alabama, says:

Not having had much experience with farm animals, I will confine my remarks to
fowls and the ailments to which they are subject. I grow them for my own table, and
not for market or fancy purposes. Long yeaFS ago I devoted cousidcrable attention
to fowls, and soon became satisfied that the majority of the diseases incident to them
were induced by carelessness and inattention to their sanitary condition. I have found
that prevention is much better than cure, and now, if I desire a sick chicken to expe-
riment, I am compelled to go to some of my neighbors for the subject. In cases of
what is known as cholera, the liver of the chicken is found very pale, much enlarged,
and literally rotten. The whole internal viscera is more or less deranged. With such
cases it is the veriest quackery to attempt a cure. A can^ful examinaiion of the dis-
ease known as gapes has convinced me that it has its origin in parasites. These, and
that other great pest, hce, produce many of the diseases wldch result so fatally to
fowlij.

My treatment of fowls, which has proved very successful, is very simple. I give
them a well ventilated yet cheap house, pro\^ded with plenty of roosts, nests, «fcc,

212 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

Next, I have none but healthy birds to breed from, and am very j>articnlar to keep
their quarters perfectly clean. I have my hen-house cleaned once a "week during
simimer, and ouce in every ten days 'during the •winter season. I remove the contents
and have them stored under cover for use as a fertilizer for my crops. I use quick-
lime and -wood-ashes as disinfectants, and charcoal as an absorbent. The result is
clean houses and healthy fowls.

I pay close attention to their food. Too much com makes them fat and indolent.
Ouce or t-wice a day is as often as they should have grain. They should be provided
"with grass lots for grazing, as the amount of this kind of food they Avill consume "VN'ould
astonish any one "who has not given the subject attention. Pure "water ami plenty of
it is indispensable. Sick birds should at once be separated from the well ones, but
the best plan is to cut oif their heads and bury them.

I am partial to dark-colored fo"wls, as I am of the opinion that they are more hardy
than the light-colored ones. I am careful not to overstock my flock, and breed only
from those that are peaceable, and as a result have no games or ill-natuied fo"n'ls.

]\Ir. Y. C. Lavmore, Yalley Head, De Kalb coitntT, says :

My observations and experience "with farm stock extends to a period of near forty
years. In the care of horses I am particular to give them good grazing and soimd
feed. In winter I give them good shelter and feed both hay and grain. I also give
them salt and ashes, slaked lime, and cox^peras or saltpeter. Diu-ing the summer
months I keep the nits cleanly scraped off fi'om their limbs and bodies. I practice
about the same treatment "with cattle, and in addition use sulphur, rosin, and turpen-
tine in the summer and fall to keep off the ticks. I use the same preparation to re-
move lice from my hogs. AVhen disease is in the neighborhood I give them salt and
ashes, and sometimes turpentine. My hogs have been visited but once with cholera,
and then they had it very bad. I tried everything I could hear of, but to no purpose
until I separated them into three different lots. I put the well ones into a field by
themselves, those that looked feeble into another, and the sick ones I turned into
a meadow through which a stream passed. I drove them through this creek once
or twice a day. I burned all the dead carcasses, old beds, and even the woods where
they had been running in the mast. I had about two hundred head, and many of
them died, but they commenced to improve soon after I commenced this treatment,
and soon the disease disappeared.

. Mr. E. Tucker, Marion, Perry county, says :

Hog-cholera seems to prevail throughout the United States, and perhaps more hogs
die from the effects of this disease than from all other causes combined. I have been
using preventives for years, and when I attend strictly to this duty I hardly over lose
a hog by cholera or any other disease. I use copperas, lime, ashes, charcoal, suli)hiu',
and tar. The most of these articles are good for worms and keep the hog in a healthy
condition. Cholera makes its appearance in various forms, and in many cases, I
think, what we call cholera is caused principally by worms.

In this latitude we have a disease called murrain among cattle, which, perhaps, is
more destructive than any other to this class of domestic animals. It usually makes
its appearance in the spring of the year. Wo have what is known as both the dry
and bloody murrain. As preventives we use salt and sulphur freely, and keep tar in
the feeding-trough<». "When a severe case makes its appearance it is hard to cure,
though soap and oil have been used in cases of diy murrain with some success.

Blind staggers seem to be the prevailing disease among horses and mules. A horse
properly fed on sound com and hay, with Ume, wood-ashes, tax, and sulphur constantly
in their troughs, will never have the blind staggers. Eots and colic also kill a good
many norses. Oil and chloroform will generally effect a speedy cure in such cases.

Dr. George T. McWhorter, Chickasaw, Colbert county, says :

In connection with my report of the hog-disease, which prevailed so fatally hero
during the past season, I desire to call your attention to reports from Van Wert and
Preble counties, Ohio, Iroquois coimty, Ohio, and Lauderdale county, Alabama,
found in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1876, page 108. I am con-
vinced that the "new disease" mentioned by correspondents from these counties is
the same that prevailed here, and that it is caused by the worm, specimens of which
I sent you. You will observe that all call attention to the limg trouble, some stating
that the liuigs were the only parts affected. By careful examination I found, as stated
in my report, the lungs, liver, stomach, and bowels infested by these worms, but in
every case the lung tissue had suffered most, in some cases being eutircly broken down.

I suspect also that much of the pneumonia (page 109, same report) reported from
Kentucky, Illinois, Ohie, lufliaua, and Kansas is due to tlie same cause. The trouble
is so much more patent in the lungs than elsewhere that it might reasonably be over-
looked in other situations. You Avill remember that the worms taken li-om the lungs
"Wero much larger than those from the bowels. I attribute this to the inferred fact;

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 213

that tho lungs afford better conditions for their development than the other organs.
The fact that their jiresenco iu the hiugs is so much more deleterious to the health of
the animal, and manifests itself by such decided symptoms, is perhaps the reason that
some have supposed that they alone were affected. I am still of the opinion that the
alimentary canal is the nidus in which the egg is hatched, and from which the yonng
worm starts, producing violent and noticeable symptoms when the lungs are reached
and perforated.

AUKANSAS.

Mr. Williain B. Turman, Waldron, Scott county, says :

As hogs are the only class of farm animals affected by disease in this locality, I will
confine my remarks to the malady generally known as hog-cholera. The symptoms
are a cough, followed by constrained breathing, producing, in many cases, a movement
similar to thumps in horses. The animal refuses food. After awhile great tliirst pre-
vails, and scarlet red spots, from the size of a pin's head to that of a man's hand, ap-
pear on the surface of the body. At this sta^e of the disease they refuse to leave their
beds. In some cases death ensues within a tew hours, while in others the animal may
linger for several days. Perhaps one hog iu ten survives a mild attack. An exami-
nation after death reveals the lungs, to all appearances, greatly affected, and in many
cases much decomposed. In some cases the blood is also found coagulated in and
around the kidneys, and tho entire flesh in a more or less putrid condition.

I am informed by Mr. W. M. Johnson that for the last twenty years he has kept his
hogs healthy by giving them, with their food, common pine tai", occasionally smear-
ing some on the hair of his hogs. He has not lost a single hog by this very common
disease.

Mr. Dearman keeps his hogs healthy by giving them soap, pine tar, and sxdphur.
Mr. A. J. Gentz keeps his in good condition by mixing boiled garget or poke root with
their feed. Mr. A. H. Hooper gives sulphate of iron and salt, which has proven an
excellent preventive with him.

Mr. W. "W. Hugliey, Warren, Bradley county, says :

There has been no disease in this immediate vicinity that has seriously affected
swine since 1873. During that year fully three-fourths of the hogs in the county died
of what is commonly known as hog-cholera. The first symptom of the disease was a
refusal to eat, followed by a dull, stupid appearance. Frequently eruptions about the
size of a pea would appear on the body, and death would then ensue in from five to
twelve hours. In a few hours after death the carcass would swell to such an extent
as to break the skin in many places, from which a yellowish water would run.

About the 20th of December last, a similar disease made its appearance in the west-
em j)art of the county, which is proving quite fatal to grown and fatted hogs. Not
more than one in five of those attacked recover. We expect it to spread throughout
the county by the first of May, as it did on its former visit. Hogs are not raised here
for market, yet most farmers endeavor to raise a sufficient number to provide them-
selves with their own meat.

Mr. J. K. Deaderick, Wittsburg, Cross county, says :

The most fatal diseases we have among horses here are staggers, Spanish fever, and
charbon. In sleepy staggers a disposition is shown to move around in a circle The
general treatment is blistering over the brain and profuse bleeding from the nose.
The disease lasts from one to two days, and the fatality among those attacked is about
90 per cent.

In Spanish fever the symptoms are extreme languor, stupor, and high fever. The
duration of this disease is from five to fifteen days, and the per cent, of deaths about
the same as in staggers.

Charbon first makes its appearance by a small hard lump, somewhat resembling
that caused by the sting of a wasp. This lump grows and spreads very rapidly, and
frequently chokes the animal to death in a few hours. The remedy generally used is
to paint with iodine.

Cattle are affected with murrain, Spanish fever, and charbon, and occasionally a
disease resembling dropsy in the human system. When attacked Avith the latter
disease they generally drop dead without a struggle, and on tapping them, very often
as much as a barrel of water will exude from the incision. The fatality in miirrain is
about 95 per cent., and in dropsy all die.

Hogs are affected with cholera, quinsy, and mange. The symptoms of cholera are
varied. In the most violent cases there are discharges from the bowels, bladder, and
lungs. In other cases a loss of appetite is occasioned, and there is a disposition to
bed up during the night ; and during the hottest weather, if driven from their beds, they
will shiver as though suffering with a hard chill. The loss is about 75 per cent, of all
attacked. A great many remedies are used, but with little success. I value soft soap

214 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

more than anything else. Pine tar is a good remedy for quinsy. Mange or scab is very
fatal to young pigs. It appears as ulcers in the mouth, throat, and in the body. Car-
bolic acid, sulphur, and turpentine are used with considerable success. The fatality
in this disease is about 50 per cent, of those attacked.

Sheep are sometimes affected with rot, a disease somewhat resembling Spanish fever
or dry murrain in cattle. The fatality is about 50 per cent.

Chickens are liable to cholera, and often drop dead from their roosts without warn-
ing. Others have copious disch.nrges of filthy, green matter, their combs and gills
become very pale, and after lingering a week or two die in a very emaciated condition.
It frequently happens that some farmers will lose their entire flocks by this disease,
while others living near by will not lose any. There seems to be no remedy, and about
all die that are attacked by the disease.

FLOIIIDA.

Mr. T. K. Collins, Mikesville, Columbia county, says :

A disease commonly called "thumps" is perhaps the most fatal disease that affects
hogs in this part of Florida — more fatal from the fact that no remedy has ever been
found for it, at least to my knowledge. I have resided here seventeen years, and dur-
ing that time have not known a single case cured, notwithstanding 8 per cent, of our
hogs die of it annually. The first symptoms of the disease are a cough, shortness of,
breath, thumping or bellows-like motion of the sides, with loss of appetite, and ulti-
mately, like in cases of consumption in man, waste away and die a mere skeleton.
The diu-ation of the disease is from one to three months. I can offer no remedy for
this disease, or oven suggest its cause. Some old stock-raisers say that this disease is
always worse after a heavy pine mast, which my own experience confirms.

Staggers is also a common disease among hogs here, but it is seldom fatal. Cutting
the ears or scarifying the head generally gives relief, but cold apphcations or sun-
stroke treatment, when applicable, is considered better.

Cholera made its appearance among swine here this season, and cut our meat crop
short. Most of those attacked died suddenly, many of them even before they were
known to be sick. This disease is new to us, and as yet we have found no remedy for
it. These are about the only diseases that attack swine in this locality.

Mr. Chester S. Coe, Coe's Mills, Liberty county, says :

With the exception of cholera among hogs we have but few other diseases among
any class of farm stock. As regards this disease we have never been satisfied as to its
origin, as hogs take it at any time and under all circumstances, those running at large
in the range as well as those kept in inclosed pastiires. During many years' experi-
ence I have noticed that those which we term yard hogs — i. e., that are fed on dish-
water and kitchen slops — seldom or never take the cholera, and that if those that take
it in the range are confined in pens and fed on kitchen slops, with the addition of a
little copperas and sulphvir, they generally get well. As for a preventive, we have
never found a positive one, though I am of the opinion that if hogs are frequently fed
on slops seasoned as above stated they will seldom take the cholera.

In an every-day exijcrience of over sixty years in the use of horses and mules I have
never lost but one, and that one I lost by blind staggers. Good care in feeding, water-
ing, and driving, with an occasional handful of salt mixed with a little lime or strong
ashes, has always kept my stock in health and good order.

I have had no disease among my fowls for thirty years. We keep a supply of nux
vomica on liaud, and twice or thrice a week mix it with their feed, giving from a
fourth to a teaspoon level full, according to the inimber to be fed. This has kept them
free from all disease ; and more than that, if a hawk over takes one he will never come
back for another. There is no perceptible difference caused in the taste of the meat.
The drug may be used by bruising tAvoor three buttons and steeping them in hot water.
Then add a few spoonfuls in mixing up their feed.

INDIANA.

Mr. D. C. Smith, Yincennes, Knox county, says :

The disease known as hog-cholera is caused by worms. There are two kinds of wonns.
One works upon the kidneys, liver, heart, and lungs, and is more dangerous when it is
in the region of the h(!art. It looks like a kidney-worm, but is somewhat smaller.
It penetrates to all parts of the body. I have found it between the loaf-lard and the
intestines, and between the shoulder and the ribs. The other worm works upon the
stomach and small intestines, an<l causes the diarrhea. When they are in the liver
they cause a dry, hacking cough ; when in the lungs the cough is more severe, and

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 215

the hog Tvill bleed at the nose, and a Lloody foam -^ill run from its mouth. The
Hymptoms of the disease may be seen in the hair of the hog standing up straight, and
tie discoloration of the skin' behind the ears, which sometimes turns yellow and at
others assumes a bluish cast. The hog -vrill walk very slowly, and when it stops will
drop its head and look as though it were standing on its nose. Some will become
lame in their fore legs. "When the worm is in the stomach the hog will purge and
vomit.

I have taken as high :;s ten woims out of the liver of one hog.

I have a remedy for these diseases, which I have used with great success for ten
years. Since using it I have never lost any hogs by cholera. The remedy is as fol-
lows : iVIix two tablesi^oonfuls of spirits of tiiqjentine in a half-barrel of slop, stir
well, and feed three times a week every other week. Give this amount to fifteen or
twenty head. While they are eating pour a tablespoonful of coal-oil across the back
and shoulders of each hog. This will penetrate the skin and drive the worms in-
wardly, when the turpentine will kill and expel them.

Tlie folloTving are extracts from a letter froui ]\Ir. Lewis Bollman, of
Bloomiiigton, dated August 26, 1878 :

I see that you have appointed a commission to investigate the hog-cholera. I hope
that it may' result in some greater practical utility than prior commissions have
effected. Allow me to add to this communication the little I know about it.

I have always understood -that the disease originated at Aurora, in this State, a town
on the Ohio Eiver, in Dearborn county. A large distillery is there, and years ago it
fed about 4,000 hogs on the distillery slops. This excessive crowding and unnatural
feeding generated the disease, and from there it slowly but steadily spread over the
West.

While a farmer here years ago, I raised from 50 to 75 hogs annually, and for three
years my neighbors lost many hogs with this disease. One year my adjoining neigh-
bor lost about 70 head ; there being between our hogs the common rail-fence only. I
never had a hog sick from the cholera, and I attribute this exemption to my practice
of salting my hogs with a mixture of salt and pulverized brimstone and copperas. Of
three parts, two salt ; of the remaining part, two parts brimstone and one part cop-
peras. I adopted this salting to destroy intestinal worms and lice. I strictly adhered
to this practice twice a week in summer and about every ten days in winter.

A farmer here told me the other day that he lost hogs one year only from the disease,
but having adopted this feeding with sulphur and copperas he never since had any oi
his hogs sick with it.

Whether this salting is really a preventive I cannot certainly say. I but state
my experience. In its modes of infection the hog-cholera is much like the rinderpest
when in Great Britain. If well animals crossed the track of diseased ones they caught
the disease, as with cholera. If I remember rightly British authorities were forced to
confine their cattle to the farms of their owners and to prohibit the sales of unfattened
cattle at fairs where such are generally purchased by those purposing to fatten.

So far as my observation extends I believe this moving of our hogs, and allowing
them to run outside of their owner's inclosure, is the cause of the continued existence
of the disease.

A farmer here recently rented an out-field to hog down, located about a mile from
his home. The first thing he knew was that that field emitted a stench from his dead
hogs. About §300 worth'died in a few days, nearly all that he had. So I learn that
many have died around this place in consequence of their running at large. The
greatest fatality exists on our river bottoms where the hogs are collected by purchase
and driven on the extensive corn-field to hog down the com.

I suggest to your consideration a careful examination into the consequences of this
mode of moving stock hogs in order to fatten them, and if found to be a common and
fruitful source of the spread and continuation of the disease that the exclusion resorted
to in Great Britain be enforced here. It is a quarantine regulation such as is now
sought to be enforced in our Western cities to stay the spread of the yellow fever.

Believing tliat lie had made an error in attributing the cause of the
disease in this herd to the fact of its removal to another farm, Mr. Boll-
man writes as follows under date of September 2, 1878 :

A few days ago I wrote you a letter, chiefly on the topic of hog-cholera, mentioning
a recent case of^a farmer here who had lost about .^300 worth of hogs by that disease.
I attributed the loss to moving the hogs to another farm. I saw him since writing,
and learn that it is probable the hogs were liable to the disease before their removal.
He has raised hogs very extensively, and heretofore has lost heavily from the cholera.
His recent loss, I am now satisfied, was the result of overcrowding his farm with hogs —
an error so certain to this result that I now again write that the attention of your
commission may be directed to it.

216 DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

One of the greatest difficulties a farmer lias to encounter arises from having a large
number of certain kinds of stock, which cannot safely be cro'^ded, no matter how
complete may be his arrangements to gro-^- them, or any one of them.

Hogs, sheep, foT^ls, the silk-worm, &,c., cannot be raised in large numbers together
-without soon exhibiting a liability to epidemical and other diseases. The diseased
condition of the sheep at the close of the war obliged farmers to sell their flocks at the
lowest prices. All attempts to raise chickens in large numbers, or the silk-woiTQ, have
failed from large losses by epidemical diseases. And so with the human race. An
army generates camp-fever, measles, and other diseases, no matter how strictly every
sanitary regulation may be enforced.

As a fai-mer, I foiuid it was easy to raise twelve or fifteen hogs, but difficult when
the number was increased to fifty or eighty. I mentioned my exemption from hog-
cholera, as I suppose from the regular salting with copperas, but I am satisfied that
as long as any farmer, from year to year, grows many hogs together, the hog-cholera
cannot be eradicated. Few farmers understand this tendency to fatal diseases from
too great numbers, and I hope the commission may give it a thorough examination.

ILLINOIS.

Dr. Joseph Sybertz, Y. S., Bellville, Saint Clair county, 111., contributes
the following paper on the disease commonly known as "hog-cholera":

We must regard this affection of pi^s as a disease peculiar to this species of the
family suida, having close affinities with the scarlet fever of man, yet essentially dis-
tinct. Few diseases are designated with a greater number of names than this one.
For instance, it is called enteric fever, typhus, pig distemper, epizootic influenza of
swine, measles, scarlatina, gastro-enteritis, anthrax, &c. Some authorities advocate
the theory that the afi"ection known as hog-cholera is in reality typhoid fever (abdom-
inal typhus). Veterinary authorities agree that it is a form of anthrax or carbun-
cular fever. But there is an essential difierence between anthrax and typhoid fever.

In the first-mentioned disease, the presence of bacteria in the blood is invariable,
these parasites, indeed, being considered the cause of the aftection. In typhoid fever,
bacteria have never been discovered, either in the blood of the patient or in the char-
acteristic lesions of the disease, the determining symptoms in this aftection being
ulceration of the glands of Peyer, as shown in jiost-inwtem examinations. Now, in all
forms of anthrax this ulceration is never seen, although mycosis (fungus) of the
intestines is frequently noticed.

The line of demarkation between these affections is, then, sufficiently broad ; but to
which of them does hog-cholera belong ?

Hog-cholera is a disease iieculiar to pigs of this part of the country ; the virus is not
conunxinicable to other domestic animals, so far as is ascertained up to this time by
the veterinary surgeons of this country.

For the sake of brevity, I will, in dealing with the disease, call it by the conven-
tional or rather common name of hog-cholera.

Hog-cholera is a contagious, febrile, and exanthematous disease, and embraces
scarlatina in degrees of virulence in all stages.

Course of the disease. — a, stage of incubation ; h, stage of florescence; c, stage of des-
quamation (scaling off).

The contagion poisons the blood, and produces local inflammation and ulceration in
various parts of the system, though more frequently in some portions than in others.
The action of this contagion possesses the peculiarity that it aftects chiefly the skin
and the throat, and origmates in both a diii'use inflammation.

Symptoms iti general. — First stage : Fever with a full and frequent piilse ; the pharynx
presents an exanthematous flush, but there is no effusion ; general debility; appetite
smaller than in health; thirst increased; skin hot and dry; sometimes a profuse
diarrhea, and in single subjects delirum or spasm. The urine remains of its natural
color.

Second stage : More intense fever ; elevation of the temperature of the rectum to 35°
40° Lelsius; tremulous motions of the cervical muscles; pharynx inflamed; deglutition
difficult ; the amygdalae swollen ; the mucous membrane presents a -savid red appearance.
There is occasionally vomiting or diarrhea, usually constipation. A dry, hard cough
is one of the symptoms in early stages, and continues to the last ; quick and vibrating
pulse, and occasionally epistaxis (the state of bleeding from the nose). Increased
heat and redness of the skin; the eruption is not so generally distributed as in the
former affection ; it disappears often suddenly, and returns after an uncertain period
of time. By the eft'usion of the red points, the disease passes on to the —

Third stage : The symptoms are of a graver type, even in the first accession. In
fatal cases the patient is, in fact, by an elevation of tlie temperature to 43° Lelsius,
stricken dead, by the poison in a few hours, before any eruption or local symptoins
come on. The eruption does not present scarlet appearance, hut is more of a livid

DISEASES OF SWINE AND OTHER ANIMALS. 217

hue, and frequently interspersed witli jietecliife. In young animals convulsions and
coma are frequent concomitants ; in grown, delirium and deafness, sometimes great
restlessness, running round towards one side, until at length the patient breaks down
and lies helpless and insensible, or in a muttering delirium, till at length death ap-
proaches silently, and life ends without a struggle. The temperatiu-o is high until
death approaches and bloody urine flows, when it very perceptibly diminishes.

The sequelas of the disease are: Anasarca (eifusion of serum iu the cellular svib-
stance) ; ophthalmia (inflammation of the membranes or coats of the eye or eyeball) ;
otitis (inflammation of the ear) ; enteritis (inflammation of the intestines) ; and cynanche
parotidia (inflammation of the salivary glands), causing difiiculty of breathing and
swallowing ; in grown hogs, alfection of the sub-maxillary (mandibular) and inguinal
gland, the last mentioned causing the staggering gait in young animals.

A secondary stage frequently follows, mostly caused by catching cold or by a dis-
turbed crisis ; then metastasis (a sudden and complete removal of the disease from one
part to another) often occurs. This would seem to account for the fact that medical
experts found so many difterent lesions by post-moricin examinations.

The next cause of the disease is an atmospherical contagion, which is always trans-
ferable. The infection is therefore double, atmospherical and individual.

Only constant lesion (and it is questionable whether it can be considered entirely
characteristic) is the want of coagulability of the blood and the petechial eruiJtion;
all other lesions may be considered incidental ; sometimes scarcely one organ of the
body is found that is not the seat of some anatomical lesion.

If we consider the hog-cholera as an independent disease, and the malignant throat
disease as a partial symiitom of it, or the latter disease as an independent typhus dis-
ease, an infection of the blood, and the first as a partial symptom of it, has been up
to this time, so far as I know, not ascertained, and the process of this epidemic is still
a mystery, as in other epidemics.

In single cases and in epidemics it has sometimes the character of a local affection
(malignant throat disease) ; in others, more the character of a general illness (infec-
tion) ; or it may be distinguished by this, that it occurs in all forms intermixed.

I have seen in different hygienic conditions swine aftected with the disease, but, by
perfect cleanliness, which necessitates the separation of the sound from diseased, and
the free use of disinfectants, the poison, even generated or introduced, will be virtually
starved out. In neglected hygienic conditions, I saw patients without care and treat-
ment recovering, and on the contrary, the best rules and remedies designated for the
prevention and most careful treatment could not prevent them from dying. These are
sporadical cases. If the epidemic has existed for a length of time, the disease will
seem to become more mild, and a much larger proportion will recover, while the first
cases that occur will be very severe and will nearly all prove fatal.

In my practice as a veterinary surgeon I have tried many recommended remedies,
but without much success.

I have adojjted the following rules: As a preventive, disinfection of the atmosphere
and the surrounding objects, and disinfectants for the free use of the airimal. Protect
them from the hot-bed of manure and close sleeping-places, where they are huddled
together in great numbers; supply them with sufficient fresh straw for bedding in
dinerent places, as far as possible i'rom each other. Sujiply them with fresh water and
a succulent diet.

When the disease exists the sick should be placed by themselves, and the healthy-
ones taken to a fresh and disinfected place. Very sick hogs, without any hope of re-
covering, should be instantaneously taken from the herd, killed, the carcasses inten-ed
very deep, and with quick-lime and sulphate of iron overstrewed, so that no noxious
emanation takes place.

For disinfection of fecal matters of stables, pens, or other places giving rise to nox-
ious emanations, fill uj) a bucket with a. strong milk of lime, add about one-half pownd
of sulphate of iron before separately dissolved in water, and sj>rinklo it upon the
places which you intend to disinfect.

For disinfection of suri'ounding objects, as stable-walls, troughs, pen-rails, &c., take
a strong solution of chloride of lime (1 pound to 12 ijounds water), and whitewash
the objects. This operation develops much chlorine, which destroys the contagion
and purifies the surrounding air.

A specific remedy in general neverwill be found; disinfectant, diaphoretic, sedative,
refriger^ant, astringent, saline, cathartic, antiseptic, and antizymotic agents, one or
more of them, according to the demand of each form and stage of the disease, are bene-
ficial.

Of greater importance, and more useful than the medical treatment, is the preven-
tion of it. From the peculiar construction of the larynx in hogs it is sometimes not
possible to give metlicine in form of a drench without" their vomiting a part of it, or
dying from suffocation ; beside, this is not practicable with a great nuinberof animals,
and would hardly compensate for the trouble and expense necessary to secure the life

218 DISEASES OF SWIXE AND OTHER ANIMALS.

of diseased hogs. For this reason the best Tvay is to select such remedies as the ani-
mals are apt to use willingly. The medicine should be given in a fonn suitable to
their small appetite, and in a vray that they may get an approximately full dose of it,
according to their age.

IOWA.

Mr. George T. Gibbs, College Springs, Page comity, says :

As I have been broken up by the so-called liog-cholera, I have come to the conclu-
sion to give you my theory in regard to the disease. I believe the whole difficulty
lies in the manner of breeding which has been practiced for the last fifteen or twenty
years. We hold to the maxim that like produces like, and pay high prices for short-
horns to improve our cattle and large sums for fine hogs to improve our swine, and
then give the lie to our theory by our practice. The practice by most hog-raisers, and
especially by those that have been supplying the country with fine stock, has been to
breed their sows at the age of from six to eight months, then fatten them and breed
from the jiigs at the same age. I claim that this has been kept up until the constitu-
tion of the hog has been ruined, and any little thing will bring on disease, which
sometimes becomes epidemic and appears to be contagious. If you breed from animals
whose bodies are immature and constitutions already weakened, if like produces like,
you are getting an animal weakened from infancy. The old way of breeding was to
allow stock hogs to make a little bone and muscle as well as fat, to mature their bodies
before allowing them to breed, and when you once got a good breeder to keep her as
long as she would bear pigs. In those days we never heard of hog-cholera, and wo
could raise eight, ten, and twelve pigs from one sow. My father kept one sow for
several years, which raised ten pigs every litter. He sold the pigs all over the county
for breeders. They were not hazel-splitters either. I have helped to butcher some of
this breed that dressed 250 pounds at six to eight months old, and some that were kept
until four years of age weighed 800 pounds. Now hog-raisers get two or three pigs
from a sow, sometimes only one. A great many object to fine stock on this account;
but we can raise eight or ten pigs at a litter from thoroughbred Poland-China, Berk-
shire, or Chester Whites, if we treat them properly.

I expect to be laughed at by the wise and scientific, but I have watched this mat-
ter closely for the last five years, and I am satisfied I have found the true solution of
the difficulty.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Dr. 0. J. Faust, Graham's, S. C, writes under recent date as follows :

I see much written in regard to hog-cholera, as it is termed in the Northwest and in
our own Southern country. So far as my own observation goes I am inclined to think
that Dr. J. M. Johnson, of Locksburg, Ark., is correct iu regard to its symptoms, cause,
treatment, and pathology. Last winter I lost ten or twelve head myself out of a herd
of twenty-four. They were aU in fine order.

We also had an epidemic of staggers among horses and mules in our neighborhood,
which [»roved fatal to a great many animals. The disease generally lasts from six to
forty-eight hours. Aji animaJ attacked with it rarely recovers. I lost seven head of
horses myself last winter, which cost me §1,200, and many of my neighbors lost a
greater or less number. The disease kno^^^l as staggers, however, was not the cause of
the death of all of them. The animal, when first attacked, seems to be stifl" in his fore
legs, is very dull in riding, and when touched with the whip springs off very suddenly
for the moment ; but this is soon over. The nervous sensation seems to be very acute,
and when allowed to run on au hour or so the animal does not seem to have power to lift
his feet high enough to keep him from hitting them against the smallest rise on the
surface of the earth or any small object in his way. Ho soon commences to go around
in a circle, say SO or 100 feet in diameter, and when once broken oft'fr'om this cii'cle ho
will go over anything in his course, and will even i)lunge into a dwelling. He becomes
dangerous to those around him, and will go on until he is thrown down by running
over some large object, when he soon dies in great agony. Our treatment has been
full blood-lcttiug, even to fixinring, and copious dj-enching with a free purgative, com-
posed of oOO grains of aloes, 150 grains jalap, and 80 grains of calomel, made into a
bolus. This is placed upon a long paddle, two and one-half inches in width, and the
paddle put down the horse's throat as far as it will go. The bolus rolls ofi' without
trouble and the animal swallows it. It soon acts thoi'oughly on the bowels. If this
treatment should have the desired efiVct the horse should not be allowed to eat any-
thing for two d.ays, and then only bran mashes and a little green food. This should be
continued for several days, when the horse will begin to .slowly and gradually recover.

CONTAGIOUS LUKG FEVEE OF CATTLE. 219

YTRGINIA.
Mr. Charles M. Keyser, Cedar Point, Page county, says :

Haring had some experience -witli the disease commonly called hog-cholera, I Tvill
try and relate the result of my investigations made recently. The disease was close
to mo and there were some cases in my immediate vicinity. ALor.t October 10th last
I penned my hogs to fatten in their usual health, as I thought. About the 1st of De-
cember I found that they began to refuse some of their food, so I butchered them, and,
upon examination, I found their lungs and livers in a very bad condition. The lungs
•were very much darkened and decayed, and the pores or small tubes were filled with
worms about the size of a hair ; they varied from one to three inches in length, and
seemed to completely choke the hog. In color they resembled that of the kidney-
worm, though they were not so large. I had no microscope and could not make a
close examination. The liver was full of boils, and seemed to be in a perfectly torpid
condition. The bowels seemed to be in a healthy condition.

My former experience concerning the disease' is that the lungs and liver are the
points most afiected. The symptoms of the disease were manifested in a dull and
drooping condition of the animal, coughing, and a heaving of the flanks — a beating
and working like a bellows. In some instances the animals would turn quite a com-
plete somersault and fall over dead. In other cases they would die quite easy.

I do not think there is any cure for the disease after it gets a fair hold on the animal.
It seems that hogs that run at large — roam through the woods and fields — are more
liable to the disease than those that are kept in clean, comfortable pens and are well
cared for. The use of tar in the troughs and wood-ashes (hickory preferable) spread
on the ground where they are fed, in a dry time or in a dry place, is a very good pre-
ventive, if not a cure, in some cases. They will eat some and inhale a little, which haa
a good effect on the animal.

PLEUKO-PNEIBIOXEA OE Lima PEYEE OP CATTLE.

The following letter, addressed by the Commissioner of Agriculture
to Hon. A. S. Paddock, chairman of the Senate Committee on Agricul-
ture, on the 14th day of February last, gives all the facts in regard to
the prevalence of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in this country, so far
as they "were then kno"«Ti to this department :

Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of
recent date, asking for such information as may be in my possession re-
lating to the subject of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle. The subject is
one that is attracting great attention in this country at present; hence
information is rapidly accumulating in this department, the more impor-
tant portion of which I herewith transmit for the information of your
committee. I shall first give a brief statement of the action of the de-
partment in the matter, and then submit such letters, telegTams, and
other information of an important character bearing upon the subject as
have recently come into my possession.

Lq August, 1877, within one month after my accession to the position
of Commissioner of Agriculture, I instituted a preUminary examination
of diseases of domesticated animals. For years I have been cognizant
of the loss of immense numbers of swine and other farm animals by dis-
ease, supposed to be of an infectious and contagious character ; and, with
the very limited means at my disposal, I opened a correspondence with
leading farmers and stock-gTowers in almost every county in the United
States for the purpose of eliciting definite information in regard to these
maladies, and the probable annual losses occasioned thereby. The re-
sult of this correspondence was the accumulation of a vast amount of
Important information on the subject under consideration, which, by
request of the Senate, was communicated to that body on the 27th day

220 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

of February, 1878, and was afterward publislied as Senate Ex. Doc.
Ko. 35.

In order tliat a thorougli examination might be made into some of tlio
more destructive diseases affecting- farm animals, and such remedial and
sanitary measures instituted as would iirevent the spread of such mal-
adies as were well known to be both infectious and contagious, an appro-
priation of $30,000 was asked, and the sum of 810,000 was granted. In
my letter of transmissal to the Senate in February, 1878, the following
language is used :

Oiir -n-ide extent of country and its great diversity of temperature and variation of
climate, the severity of frosts in some sections, and the intensity of heat in other lo-
calites, render farm stock liable to the attacks and ravages of almost every disease
known in the history of domestic animals. So general and fatal have many of these
maladies grown that stock breeding and rearing has, to some extent, become a pre-
carious calling instead of the profitable business of foixQcr years. This would seem
especially true as it relates to swine. Year by year new diseases, heretofore unknown
in our country, make their appearance among this class of fann animals, while older
ones become permanently localized and much more fatal in their results. Farmers, aa
a rule, are neglectful of their stock, and pay but little attention to sporadic cases of
sickness among their flocks and herds. It is only when diseases become general, and
consequently of an epidemic and contagious character, that active measiu'es are taken
for the relief of the afflicted animals. It is then generally too late, as remedies have
ceased to have their usual beneficial effects, and the disease is only stayed when It
has no more victims to prey upon.

This interest is too great to be longer neglected by the general government. Not
only the health of its citizens, but one of the greatest sources of our wealth, demands
that it should furnish the means for a most searching and thorough investigation into
the causes of all diseases affecting live stock.

At the time this communication was made it was not known that the
destructive disease known as contagious or malignant pleuro-pneumonia
among cattle was prevalent to any considerable extent in any section of
the country. There may have been, and no doubt were, isolated cases
of the disease, but they were not suflBlcient ia number to attract atten-
tion or cause alarm. Dui-ing the past summer and faU my attention was
caUed to the prevalence of the disease in several localities widely sep-
arated from each other. Among other letters addressed to me on the
subject, I cite the following.

J. Elwood Hancock, of Burlington County, !N^ew Jersey, writes :

The prevailing disease among cattle in this county is plenro-pneumorMa. The dis-
ease is very fatal, and the losses among this class of "animals from this malady have
been very heavy.

Mr. J. E. Hancock, of Columbus, Burlington County, New Jersey,
states that the disease has been prevalent in that county for some years.
He says :

I have had some experience with pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, having lost one-
third of my herd from its ravages in 18G1, when I succeeded in eradicating the disease
after a duration of about six months. I had a second visitation of the malady in my
herd in the early part of 1866, when I lost 6 head from a herd of 23. Of the animals
affected I am satisfied that not more than one-third will recover.

N. W. Pierson, Alexandria, Ya., writes as follows, under date of Oc-
tober 12, 1878 :

The principal disease among cattle in this locality is pleuro-pneumonia. The dis-
ease started from Georgetown, D. C, two yeai-s ago, and has gradually spread down
the Potomac for a distance of about 25 miles, extending back from the river not more
than 2 miles.

B. A. Murrill, Campbell County, Virginia, writes, about the same date :

An unknown disease has prevailed this fall among cattle in the immediate vicinity
of Lynchburg, but has not spread elsewhere. [This disease was pronounced pleuro-
pneumonia by competent authority. ]

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 221

E. L. Eagland, Halifax County, Vii-ginia, -vn-ites that tlie cattle in
tliat county are affected witli a contagious distemper whicli i^ supposed
to be pleuro-pneumonia.

C. Gingrich, Eeistertown, Baltimore County, Maryland, says :

Luug fever (pleiiro-pne\iuionia) lias prevailed among cattle iu the vicinity of Balti-
more for the past twelve or fifteen years, and the losses from the same have been quite
hca\'y.

A report from William S. Yansant, veterinary surgeon, contained in
the report of the New Jersey State board of agriculture for 187G, shows
that nineteen different herds of cattle suffered from this disease in Bur-
lington County of that State during the year above named. It would
seem that while the disease has been almost constantly x>resent in ISTew
Jersey for many years past, no organized effort on the part of the State
has been made for its suppression and extirpation.

With no means at my command for the suppression of the malady,
in Xovember last I caused an examination to be made of some of the
afflicted cattle in the vicinity of Alexandria, Va. The investigation was
conducted by Dr. Alban S. Payne, of Fauquier County, Virginia, who,
as will be seen by his report below, pronounced the disease a contagious
type of pleui'o-pneumonia. The results of his investigation are thus
given in the following brief extract from his report :

I visited Mr. Eoberts's mill, one mile south of the city of Alexandria, Va., Avith as
little delay, under existing circumstances, as possible. I found ilr. Roberts, in con-
nection with his other business operations, carrying on a dairy. On his faiin were
sixty -two milch cows, and of these forty have liad pleuro-pneumonia. Twenty-two
have not as yet taken the disease. I also found almost in the heart of Alexandria City
two cows sick with the disease. One of these cows belonged to Iklr. Townsend Bag-
gott and the other to Colonel Suttle. I also examined about the suburbs of Washing-
ton City some sick cows. All the cases I saw were, without doubt, cases of pleuro-
pneumonia of the non-maUgnant variety.

Kjiowing the insidious and destructive character of this disease, and
that it was liable to assume a contagious form and cause the destruction
of millions of dollars' worth of property, and interrupt and perhaps
destroy one of our greatest commercial interests and sources of income,
I called the attention of Congress to the existence of this fatal malady
in my preliminary report, bearing date of November last, and asked the
immediate intervention of the government by the enactment of measures
for its suppression and extirpation. The following is a brief extract
from this report:

One of the most dreaded contagions diseases known among cattle is that of pleuro-
pneumonia, or lung fever. It was brought to thia countiy as early as the year 1843,
and has since prcA'ailed to a greater or less extent iu several of the Eastern and a few
of the Southern States. It made its api^earauce about a century ago iu Central Eu-
rope, and has since spread to most European countries. With the exception of rinder-
pest, it is the most di'caded and destructive disease known among cattle. Unlike Texas
cattle fever, which is controlled iu our northern latitudes by the appearance of frost,
this disease " knows no limitation by winter or summer, cold or heat, rain or drought,
high or low latitude." It is the most insidious of all i^lagues, for the poison may be
retained in the system for a period of one or two months, and even for a longer period,
iu a latent form, and the infected animal in the mean time may be transported from
one end of the continent to the other in apparent good health, yet all the while carry-
iu" and scattering the seecLs of tliis dreaded pestilence.

Since the ai)pcarauce of this afi'ection ou our shores it has prevailed at different times
in the States of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Dela-
Avarc, Virginia, and iu the District of Columbia. It has recently shown itself at two
points iu Virginia (Alexandi'ia and Lynchburg), where it was recently prevailing iu a
virulent fonu.

At present the disease seems to be circumscribed by narrow limits, and could be ex-
tirpated with but little cost in comparison with the sum that would bo required should
the plague be communicated to the countless herds west of the AUcghany Mountains,

222 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVEE OF CATTLE.

This disease is of such a destructive nature as to have called forth for its immediate
extixiiatiou the assistance of every European government in which it has appeared,
many of them having found it necessary toesiicnd millions of dollars in its suppression.
The interests involved in this case ai'e of so vast a character and of such overshad-
owing importance, both to the farming and commercial interests of the country, as to
require the active intervention of the Federal Government for their protection, and
for this reason the considerate attention of Congress is respectfully asked to this im-
portant matter.

Prof. F. S. Billings, V. S., temporarily residing in Germany, writes
under recent date as follows :

Berlin, January 16, 1879,
14 Louiscn Street.

My Deah Sir : I intended in my last to have mentioned some ideas for your consid-
eration upon the so-called contagious pi euro-pneumonia of cattle in the United States.
I have given the subject a long-continued consideration, and it seems" to me the views
which now appear conformable to our case will find their approval with you. The
disease is one which is rather a new thing to us, and while we find cases coming to
pass in many sections, still we cannot say it has acquii'ed any devastating extension.
I truly believe that by using what means we have at command, and by fixing two or
at the most three points by which cattle can be imported from Canada, and by further-
more exacting that such cattle be accompanied by attested health certificates of com-
petent men, and furthermore that all such cattle, except when destined for immediate
slaughter, be compelled to undergo twenty days of quarantine at point of entry when
unaccompanied by such certificates, like rules applied to sea-ports — if we can make
and enforce such regulations, then in one year at the most we can stamp the disease
out of the United States and keep it out. For us the inoculation should be absolutely
forbidden and severely punished. It is only of value in localities where the disease
has become almost domesticated, and where of the two evils the lesser must be chosen,
and that is, as is being attempted in Saxony, to inoculate every animal, and produce
as soon as possible the artificial disease ; all newly -introduced animals to be by law at
once inoculated.

This renders the losses less severe to such a community, probably not over 25 to 30
percent., if as much; statistics as yet are unreliable. But it is self-evident this is
also the way by which the disease is rendered a constancy — it becomes domiciled, a
thing we do not desire. Hence I recommend to your consideration the absolute killing
of every infected and exposed animal, or, perhaps, utter quarantiuinjj — isolation of
the latter under rigid inspectiou. The slaughtered animals to be paid tor at full mar-
ket price, real, not fancy, by the respective State governments, or, better, by the gen-
eral government; for, if we are to have a general law, then the general government
must take care of it. I earnestly recommend yoiu- bringing this to the attention of
Congress, and you yourself must see the recommendation is logical and true to the
country's interest. The first cost might be a httle startling, but the final results
equally fortunate. The rinderpest was at last reports limited and decreasing.
Your obedient servant,

F. S. BILLINGS.

To Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commissionei' of Agriculture, JVasMnglon, D. C.

Professor Gadsden, of Philadelphia, who recently made an examina-
tion of infected and diseased cattle on Long Island, Nvi'ites as follows:

. 134 North Tenth Street,
Philadelphia, January 2i), 1879.

Sir: I consider it my duty to report to you that the contagions disease known as
"pleuro-pncunionia" exists to a frightful extent among the cows ncarl5rooklyn, Long
Island. On the return of Professor McEachrau, the cattle-inspector of Canada, from
Washington, he asked me to acconq)any him to New York State, and find out for oup
selves if the rci)ort was true that a contagious disease existed. We found it too true,
as at a distillery at Williamsburg we found a large byre, or cow-house, containing
about eiglit hundred cows, with very many of them in the last stages of "contagious
pleuro-]mcumonia." Others had this disease in a milder form. The place was very
dirty, the cows very much crowded, ceiling low, and everything favorable for the rapid
spread of this disease.

Tlie cows belong to a number of milkmen, who keep thom there very cheap on hot
swill (from the distillery) and hay, which increases the milk very niTujh. This place
is a regular pest-house for the disease. We were informed, on good authority, that
just before tbe cows die they are killed and dressed, then sent into the New York
market as beef, where we are tol<l that they bring a good price because they are ten-
der and not too fat. Others are sold, when the milk diies up, to farmers on Long Island.

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 223

This disease is very prevalent within a few miles of Brooklyn, and has been for some
time. Cannot you, sir, try and stamp it out? as I am afraid if it spreads from there
the English Government will not receive any cattle from onr ports, as they have a law
ready to put in force as Koon as they are satisfied this or any contagions disease exists
in cattle. I have made inquiry fi-om several veterinary surgeons in this State ; they
all answer there are no contagions diseases in cattle in their district. I have no reason
to believe there is any in Pennsylvania or in the Western States; so I do hope this
disease on Long Island will not interfere with the sending of live cattle from Phila-
delphia to England, as I know they are making great preparations for this spring's
trade.

Eespectfully, &c.,

J. W. GADSDEN, V. S.
Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

On tlie mormiig- of the SOtli of January, 1879, the following telegrams
appeared in the metropolitan journals :

Toronto, Ontario, January 30.

Intelligence of the slaughtering of cattle lately shipped to Liverpool on a steam-
ship creates an anxious feeling among dealers here. On or about the 14th instant the
steamship Ontario sailed from Portland for England with a cargo of cattle, the ship-
pers being Messrs. T. Crawford & Co., of this city. The cattle nxmibered 265 head,
and were, according to Mr. Crawford's statement, in sound condition, having been ex-
amined by competent men at both Montreal and Portland. The Ontario reached Liv-
erpool on Sunday last, and on the following day Messrs. Crawford & Co. received a
cable dispatch fiom their agent there that the cattle had been detained for inspection
by order of the British Government. This inspection was evidently attended with
unsatisfactoi-y results, for on Tuesday the agent cabled that the cattle had been con-
demned on account of disease and were to be slaughtered. The disease was said to
be pleiu'O-pneumonia. The Toronto Exportation Company and Messrs. Crawford &
Co., the two firms that do the largest shipping business in their line in the city, were
instructed by their agents to ship no more. The first named have a cargo of 170 head
on the steamship State of Alabama, which it is anticipated will arrive at Liverpool
on Friday next. What will become of these remains to be seen. The general feehng
is that it is not at all likely that a trade which was rapidly becoming a necessity for
England will be allowed to suffer interruption for any great length of time without a
good cause for the embargo being adduced.

Ottawa, Ontario, January 30.

Information having been received that the British Government has totally prohib-
ited the importation of cattle from the United States, the cabinet met last evening to
consider the situation. The result of the meeting was the adoption of a resolution
that steps would be taken to prevent any injury being done to Canada.

Montreal, Quebec, Jamiary 30.
Considerable anxiety exists in regard to th e order from the imperial government
prohibiting the importation of Canadian cattle into England. It is said if the order
is continued cattle will be slaughtered here and the meat will be taken across in
refrigerators.

The following letter from the president of the American Yeterinary
College will explain itself:

American VETEraNARV College,

Nexv York, February 1, 1879.

Sir : In returning fi-om Washington, where he had the honor of seeing you. Pro-
fessor McEachrau, of Canada, asked mo if pleuro-pneumonia was to be found in New
York State. I took him to Long Island, and there had the opportunity to show him
a bam where a large niunber of cows (some 600) are kept, and where we found our-
selves in the ditiicult task, not to detect diseased animals, but to discover healthy
cows. Post mortcms confirmed our diagnosis, so that no doubt can be had of its cor-
rectness.

The milk and the carcasses of these diseased subjects find their way to our market
in New York City. Our boards of health have no veterinarian to detect the disease
and enforce the laws! Our market meat-inspectors are deficient in detecting diseased
from healthy meat! Our cattle are exposed to the spreading of that fearfiil disease!
Our exportation is now impeded to such extent that to-day I am told animals exported
to France even must have a clean bill of health, and England is threatening closing
her ports to our stock!

May I respectfully be allowed to call your attention to this state of affairs, and to

224 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

place myself at your orders for whatever professional assistance I may be able to gire
your department in overcoming tMs great danger to our European cattle trade and to
our own live stock.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

A. LIAUTARD.
Hon. ^Y. G. Le Due,

Commissiona' of Agriculture.

On the 4th instant I received the following telegram from Mr. J. B.
Sherman, superintendent of the Chicago Union Stock- Yards:

Union Stock-Yakds, Chicago, III, February i, 1879.
The Commissioner of Agriculture:

The most important blow struck at the interest of this city. State, and Northwest is
the report in circulation in reference to the prevalence of cattle disease in the West,
aEd these reports are absolutely false. I have sent a telegram to the Secretary of
State, on whom I wish you would at once call.

This business of the export of live cattle to England has developed immense propor-
tions in the last year, and we must not, cannot, remain quiet and see it destroyed. It
is worth milUons to the countrv, and aflects directly every farmer in the Northwest,
while the whole country feels the cfiect of this large increase in its exports. The
action of the British and Canadian Governments is based on a misconception of the
facts, and we need such final investigation as will put the matter at rest.

J. B. SHERJIAN,

^Superintendent.

To which the annexed reply was at once forwarded :

Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C, February 4,1^9.
J. B. Sherjian,

Superintendent Union Stock-Yai'ds, Chicago, III. :

The disease to which your telegram refers appeared in this coimtiy as early as 1843,
and there is no more reason for the present action of the British Government in this
matter than has existed for years past. Pleuro-pnenmonia has never troubled the cat-
tle-breeders of the West, from whence alone cattle for exportation are derived, but the
existence of the disease on our eastern coast at all is a constant threat to the cattle-
raising country beyond the Alleghany Mountains, for the extermination of which
I have asked authority of Congress. I hope and expect that action will be taken
that will speedily remove all excuse for the objectionable orders of the British Govern-
ment.

WM. G. Le DUC,
Commissioner of Agriculture.

On the recommendation of gentlemen largely interested in the live-
stock trade, I at once made the following appointment of an examiner
■for the port of New York:

Departjuent of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C, Fchruary 5, 1879.
Sir: You are hereby appointed an examiner, and directed to make as thorough in-
quiry and examination as the owners and shippers of stock will i^ermit into the con-
dition of the live stock sent, or about to bo sent, from your port, and certify daily to
this department the health of each particular shipment, so far as possible, examining
particularly as to pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, and noting the presence or absence of
this disease in each case. You are authorized to give a copy of your certiticate for the
department to the shippers, if desired.

WM. G. Le DUC,.
Commissioner of Agriculture.
Dr. John J. Craven^

Jersey City, IS.J.

I also forwarded a like appointment by telegraph to n. J. Detmers,
V^. S., Chicago, 111., and received prompt replies from both accepting the
positions tendered.

These examiners were also directed to furnish a certificate of health to
such shippers of live stock as might desire it, a copy of Avhich is here-
with appended:

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 225

INSPECTION OF CATTLE FROM THE PORT OF , AUTHORIZED BY THE UNITED

STATES GOVERNMENT, AND UNDER THE IMMEDIATE DIRECTION OF THE COMMIS-
SIONER OF AGRICULTURE.

Tins is to certify tli.at I have this day inspected beef cattle, owned by Messrs.

to be shipped by them upon sailing February — , for the

port of Livei-pool, England, and found the animals sound.
Dated February — , 1879.

(Signed) ,

I)is2)ector.

These letters were promptly followed by the following, addressed to
the Secretary of the Treasury, informing him of the action taken by this
department:

Department of Agriculture,

Washington, Fcbruarxj 5, 1879.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose for your information a copy of a letter this day ad-
dressed to Dr. John J. Craven, of Jersey City, N. J. I have also telegraphed to Dr.
Detmers, of Chicago, substantially the same instructions as are noted in Dr. Craven'8
letter.

So far as the limited funds at the command of the department will permit, the pro-
posed examinations will be continued, with the view of fm-nishing shippers inlbrma-
tion relative to the health of the stock, and thus prevent the shipment of any that
are diseased; and the certificate of the veterinary surgeon of this department making
the examination will be in the nature of a " bill of health," and should go far towards
allaying any apprehensions, real or fancied, which may bo entertained by persons who
receive the stock.

This department is ready to second any efforts made by the Treasury Department
to quiet the unnecessary excitement now apparent in Europe and in our own country
on this subject.

Respectfully, your obedient servant,

WM. G. Le dug.

Commissioner,
Hon. John Sherman,

Secretary of the Treasury,

To which the following reply has been received :

Treasury Department,

Office op the Secretary,
Washivgton, D. C, February 7, 1879.
Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of the 5th instant, inclosing a copy of one ad-
dressed by you to Dr. John J. Craven, of Jersey City, N. J., authorizing him to make
inquiries into the condition of live stock about ta be sent from that port to foreign
countries, and to certify daily to your department the health of each particular ship-
ment as far as possible.

I inclose herewith for your information twelve copies of a circular issued by this
department, under date of the 1st instant, requiring as a condition precedent to the
shipment of live cattle abroad an examination thereof by the customs-officers with
reference to their freedom from disease, and the issuance of a certificate by the col-
lector that they are free fi-om such disease, if the facts shall be found to Avarrant it.

Doubtless Dr. Craven, and any other person appointed by your department for the
purpose named, could give valuable aid to the collectors of the ports from which such
shipments are made, and this department would be pleased if you would instruct the
experts selected by you to afford aid to the customs-officers in this respect as far as
possible.

You will see that the circular requires that the officers of the customs shall also fur-
nish this department from time to time such information upon the subject as they may
be able to procure, and I would be pleased if you will also forward such information
as you receive it.

This department has furnished the State Department with copies of the circulars
before mentioned, and the Secretary of State has doubtless furnished them to the
proper representative of the British Government.

This department perceives the importance of protecting its export trade in live ani-
mals as far as possible, and will do all in its power to attain the desired object.
Very respectfully,

JOHN SHERMAN,
Secretary of the Treasury.
Hon. Wm. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture.
35 RW

226 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

The following i^ a copy of the circular inclosed by the Secretary of the
Treasury:

[Circular.]

INFOEMxVTION IN REGARD TO CATTLE DISEASE.

Tkeasuky Department,
Washington, D. C, February 1, 1879.
To collectors of customs and others:

By dcpartuieut's cii'cular of December 18, 1878, it was dii-ected that live cattle
sliipped from the various ports of tLie United States miglit be examined witb reference
to the question whether they were free from contagious diseases, and that, if found to
bo free from such diseases, a certificate to that cfiect should be given.

By that circular such inspection was not made compulsory, but the certificate was
to be issued only upon the application of parties interested.

As the export trade in live cattle from the United States is of vital importance to
large interests, every precaution should be taken to guard against the shipment of
diseased animals abroad, and such a guarantee given as will satisfy foreign countries,
especially Great Britain, that no risk will ensue from such shipments of communicat-
ing conta|jious or infectious diseases to the animals in foreign countries by shipments
from the United States.

Collectors of customs are, therefore, instructed that in no case will live animals be
permitted to be shipped from theii" respective ports until after an inspection of the
animals with reference to their freedom li'om disease, and the issuance of a certificate
showing that they are free from the class of diseases mentioned.

Notice of rejected cattle should be promptly given to this department.

In order that this department may be fully informed in regard to such diseases in
any part of the United States, collectors of customs are requested to promptly forward
to this department any information which they may be able to obtain of the presence
of contagious or infections diseases prevailing among live animals in their vicinity.

It is probable that if the disease prevails to any considerable extent it will be no-
ticed in the local press, and collectors are requested to send copies of any such notices
to this department for its information.

JOHN SHERMAN,

Sea-etary.

The following letter has been received from Prof. James Law, who, it
will be seen, has been ordered to the port of Kew York by the governor
of that State :

AsTOR House, New Yorlc, Fciruary 8, 1879.
Dear Sir : I came do^vn here last night in accordance with instructions fi'om the
governor of New York to ascertain and report as to the existence of the lung fever in
cattle. From what I have seen to-day I have no doubt of its existence in Kings and
Queens Counties, but I hope very soon to be able to report on the post-mortein lesiona
as well as the ante-mortem symptoms.

I hear that the malady exists in Watertown, Conn., perhaps at Ratonah, Westches-
ter County, New York, and around Newark, N. J. The two first places I expect to
visit in the interest of New York, and I shall find out what I can about Wxa vicinity
of the shipping yards for the stock exported to Great Britain. Would it be well for
me to visit Newark also before returning?

I strongly commend the position von have taken in this matter, as the only just and
tenable one. If wo should ever suffer from a temporary suspension of the foreign trade
in cattle, it will be well expended if it should lead to a thorough extinction of the
luog plague in the United States.
Youi's, very truly,

JAMES LAW.
Hon. W.M. G. Le Due,

Commissioner of Agriculture.

The following late telegrams, showing the action of the British Gov.
ernment, are appended:

THE AMERIC.VN CATTLE TRADE — NO FURTHER INTERFERENCE EXPECTED.

London, February 8.

A committee of the Cattle Trade Association at Liveri^ool, in order to avoid inter-
ruption to the trade, have oflcred to erect the necessary lairngc and abattoirs to com-
ply with the requirements of the Privy Council. It is believed, however, that, in
consequence of the growing importance of the trade to LiA'erpool, either the authori-

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 227

ties or the corporation or the dock board will undertake the work. All aiTivals of
cattlo from America since the steamer Ontario's cargo have been found entirely free
from disease. The severity of the weather, therefore, it is believed caused the out-
break in that instance. The British Government Ls, imder the circumstances, not in-
clined to interfere with the importation of cattle from America, pi'ovided there is
adequate inspection before shipment and provision of the required lairago at Liver-
pool to put them in position to meet such cases as the Ontario's. It is not believed
that slaitghtei" on the quays will be enforced where no disease exists. Persons in the
trade say that uiader these conditions American shippers need not fear any interference
with the business.

LoxDOX, February 9.
In regard to the importation of cattle from America, no action of thePri\"y Council
has been made known since the notice read in the Liverpool town council on Febru-
ary 5, that cattle cannot bo landed at the Liverpool docks after March 1, unless pro-
vision is made for slaughter on the quay.

THE CATTLE EXPOKT TKADE— EFFECT OF THE BRITISn ORDER IN COUNCIL.

Liverpool, Feiruart/ 11.
The order of the Privy Council adopted yesterday revoking after March 3, 1879,
article 13 of the foreign animals order so far as it relates to the United States was a
great surprise to the trade here. All cattle from the United States after March 3 will
have to be slaughtered in abattoirs now being prepared on the dock estates of Birken-
head and Liverpool within ten days after landing.

I also forward you articles on the subject of pleiu'o-pueumonia, clipped
from the Xational Live Stock Journal of March, 1878, and ^November,
1878, from the pen of Dr. James Law. They were inclosed to me and
my attention directed to them by Mr. J. H. Sanders, the able editor of
that Journal.

[lYom the ZSTational Live Stock Journal of March, 1878.]

TEE GREATEST DANGER TO OUR STOCK— THE LUNG FEVER— CONTAGIOUS PLEUEO-

PN'EXniONIA.

The Journal has frequently called attention to the great dangers that beset our live
stock fr'om imported plagues of foreign origin. During the past year the sttdden in-
vasion of Western Europe and England by the rinderpest roused the agricultural com-
munity from their dream of safety, and called forth from the Treasury an order remark-
able alike for its promiititudc and good intentions, and for the fatal blunders which
rendered it worse than a dead letter. Once more there seems a prospect of a renewal
of these apprehensions, the Russo-Tui-kish war having led to an extension of this cat-
tle plague into Himgary, from wliich the Atlantic coast and Great Britain may be any
day infected, owing to the activity of the stock trade. Should this unfortunately take
place, it will find us no better jircpared than we were a year ago, and our Treasury
order, now in force, will freely invito the disease to enter, provided it makes its advent
respectably — in the systems of hloodcd stock, and not in poor cross-bred animals, which
it would be ruinous to import, even if sound. A similar welcome is extended, by im-

Elication, to all those ruminants which are devoted more particularly to luxury, and
ave not been degraded to such vulgar utilitarian objects as the production of meat
or wool. Yet all ruminants are subject to rinderpest, and this malady was carried to
France, in 1866, by two gazelles, as other i)laguc3 have often been carried to new
countries by the privileged blooded stock.

But we started out to notice a danger wliich is no longer separated from us by the
broad barrier of the Atlantic, and whose malign presence is not to be dismissed by any
onoof ten thousand contingencies, as is the case with the possible advent of the rinder-
pest. This danger stands in oitr midst, and is steadily gaining in force as it encroaches
ftirther and further, shovring how certain it is, if uncheclced,"to lay thcAvhole country
under contribution, and inflict ruost disastrous and permanent losses. The limg fever
of cattle, imported into Brooklyn, L. I., forthelirst time, in 1643, in a Dtttch cow, has
never since been at any time entirely absent from our soil. From this center it has
slowly and irregularly extended over a portion of New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania, Maryland, Delawave, and Virginia, besides having repeatedly invaded Con-
necticut. The slowness of its extension has begotten a false sense of seciuity, and no
real apprehensions of serious consequences remain from an animal jjoison which haa
been for over a third of a centitry hidden away in the near vicinity of the Atlantic
coast.
To disturb this comfortable and restful condition of the pubKc mind is an unpleasant

228 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

task, which nothing but the imperative sense of duty would compel us to undertake.
But this disease has a history, which wo cau only ignore at our peril ; and as its records
can now be drawn from all quarters of the globe, we can have before us an unequivo-
cal testimony as to what will inevitably happen under given conditions of cliinate,
BuiTOundings, and treatment.

England imported the lung fever of cattle in 1842, just one year before we did, was
soon very generally infected, and has continued so to the present time. Up to 1869, it
is estimated that Enojland had lost, almost exclusively from this disease, 5,549,780 head
of cattle, worth £83,bl6,854 (say $400,000,000). For the succeeding nine years, up to
1878, the losses have been, in the main, as extensive, so that wo may set them down as
now reaching at least $500,000,000 iu deaths alone, without counting all the contin-
gent expenses, of deteriorated health, loss of markets, progeny, crops, manxu'e, &c.,
disinfection, quarantine, &c. With us no attempts have been made to estimate the
losses, but they cannot exceed an inconsiderable fi'action of those above named ; and
thus we have slejit on in a pleasant dream of immunity.

It is even alleged that the disease has, in a ^Tcat measure, been shorn of its virulent
power, by being transplanted to the shores ot the Now World, and that we may com-
fort ourselves with this, and continue to ignore its presence. If, on the other hand, it
can be shown that the difference is in no material respect affected by climate, but
altogether determined by the surroundings, it will be well for us to attend to the facts
of the case, and face the real danger. The lung fever, which had really entered Eng-
land, by a special importation, some time before the tiee trade act of 1842, was, by
virtue of this act, thrown upon her in cotistantly accumulating accessions. The ports
at which the continental cattle were landed, and the markets in which they were sold
— London (Smithfield Market), Southampton, Dover, Harwich, Hull, Newcastle, Edin-
biu'gh, &c. — insured the mingling of the imi^orted stock, week by week, with the
native store cattle. Then, if they failed to find a profitable sale, they were sent by
cars to other and inland markets, where they were again and again brought into con-
tact with numerous herds of store cattle, by which the germs of the disease were taken
in, and carried all over the country.

With us, on the other hand, the disease was long confined to the dairies of Brooklyn
and New York, where the cows were kept until they died, or Avcre fattened for the
butcher. A few doubtless found their way to the country, and by these the disease
was carried to diflerent farms, which were thus constituted centers of contagion from
which the adjacent country became infected. But any such movement from the city
dairies was necessarily of the most restricted kind, and it never took place to any great
distance. It would have beeni'olly to move a common milch cow, Avorth $40 to $70,
to the West, where she could be bought for one-half or one-third of that sum. The
same deterrent condition existed in the case of the farms on which the diseased city
cows had been brought. Sales were no doubt occasionally made from iufected herds,
to secure the apparent value of an animal which the owner had good reason to believe
to be doomed, and as such animals would, for obvious reasons, be sent as far from
home as possible, this became a principal means of the formation of more distant cen-
ters of contagion and the wider diiiusion of the malady. But with us the disease has
hitherto had to fight against the heaviest obstacles — the current of cattle trafiic hav-
ing been almost without exception from the cheaply-raised herds of the West to tho
profitable markets of the East. The exceptions have only been in the case of thorough-
bred stock, and hitherto our Western stock has escaped contamination by this means.

The wonder is not so much that the plague has failed to reach the West, but that in
the face of such tremendous obstacles it has succeeded in invading all of the six or seven
States that are now infected. In Great Britain, where some would have us believe
that the disease is more virulent, we can point to a more satisfactory record. There
the great body of the country has been infected for thirty-five years, but the greater
part of the highlands, exclusively devoted to the raising of cattle and sheep, has en-
joyed the most perfect immunity. Hero, under nearly all possible predisposing causes
of limg disease — altitude, exposure, cold, chilling rains, and fogs, the piercing blasts
of the Atlantic and German Oceans— this contagions lung disease has never penetrated,
though severely ravaging the lowlands immediately adjacent. Tho explanation is,
that these hills support none but the native black cattle, and other breeds are never
introduced. In spite of the alleged virulence of the disease in England, it has proved
powerless to enter this magic circle from which all but the native stock is excluded.
The same holds true concerning some parts of Normandy, Brittany, the Channel
Islands, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, «fec.

The fact that the disease has maintained a foothold among us for thirty-four years,
and in spite of all obstacles has made a slow but constant extension, is sufficient
groimd for the gravest apprehensions. A disease-poison which shows such an obsti-
nate vitality and such persistent aggressiveness cannot be allowed to exist among us
without the certainty of futiure losses which will eclipse those of Great Britain by a8
much as our herds of cattle exceed those of that nation. A recent outbreak in Clin-
ton, N. J., caused by a cow brought from Ohio, suggests the possibility of the disease

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 229

having already reached the latter State ; an occurrence which was inevitable soonoi
or later, but the actual existence of -which must enormously increase our dangers.
With every such step westward there is the introduction of more diseased and infected
cattle into"^the natural current of the trafQc, and the earlier probability of the general
infection of all parts to the east of such ultimate centers of disease. There is, further,
the infection of more cattle cars, which, carried West, may be the means of securing a
rapid extension of the plague to our most distant States and Territories.

REI^VTIVE DANGERS OF THE POISONS OF LUNG FEVEK AND OTHER PLAGUES.

The persistent vitality of the lung-fever poison, in comparison with that of any other
animal j)lagues, is noteworthy. It has held a tenacious grasp on the United States
for over a third of a century, though forbidden by circumstances to make a wide ex-
tension. Aphthous fever (foot and "mouth disease), on the other hand, though twice
imported into Canada within the last ten years, and on one occasion widely spre.id in
New York and New England, was on each occasion easily and early extinguished, and
with little or no eftbrt on the part of the States. It might indeed almost be said to
have died out of itself. Even the dreaded rinderpest has its poison early destroyed by
free exposure to the air, in thin layers, at the ordinary summer temperature. Numer-
ous experiments on hides hung up and freely exposed in warm weather have shown
that the infecting i)ower is lost as soon as they are quite dried. But the poison of
lung fever maintains its virulence for months in the dry state in buildings, and we
have known parks, with sheds, that proved regularly infecting year after year to all
cattle turned into them. In other eases we have known the virus carried for miles on
the clothes of attendants, and thus introduced into new herds.

A far greater danger lies in the lengthened period during which the poison of lung
fever remains dormant in the system. This averages about three weeks or a month,
but may extend, in exceptional cases, to not less than two months. An ox or a cow
which has been exposed to the contagion may, therefore, be carried from one extremity
of the continent to the other, may be exposed in a succession of markets, and may
change hands an indefinite number of times, and be all the while in the best apparent
health, though infallibly approaching the manifestation of the disease, and for the
latter portion of the time spreading the germs of the malady to others. There is here
an opx)ortunity for the unscrupulous to sell off exposed and infected animals without
the purchaser having the least suspicion of foul play. There is also the strong proba-
bility of animals that have contracted the disease by accident, in cars or otherwise, in
passiug to a new home, mingling with the herd of the new owner and infecting them
extensively before there is a suspicion that anything is amiss. This long period of
incubation after the animal is infected, aud the equally long period of latency of the
malady in animals he has infected, one or two of which only will be attacked at inter-
vals of a month, lull suspicion as to the presence of contagion, and it is too often only
after great damage has been done that the truth dawns on the mind.

In aphthous fever and rinderpest, on the other hand, the disease shows itself in
from one to four days after infection, and the surroxinding animals are so rapidly at-
tacked after the coming of the infected stranger, that there is no room for hesitancy
as to the existence of contagion. Nor can the victims of these diseases be carried far
from the point where they have been infected and disposed of as sound animals ; so
that in the very vigor and promptitude of their action we have an excellent basis for
their restriction and control.

DANGER OF INFECTION IN OUR UNFENCED STOCK RANGES,

It is needful to note the above-named insidious progress and stealthy invasions of
the lung fever, and to contrast them with the more prompt and open manifestations of
the other animal plagues, in order to show the great peril to which we are subjected
by the presence in our midst of aj pestilence which literally icalketh in darlcness. Let us
now consider the prospective infection of oirr great stock ranges. That this is inevi-
table, though slow, at the present rate of progress of the plague, has been sufficiently
shown. That it might occm- any day by an animal infected in an Eastern farm or
stock-yard, or in a railroad car in which it was sent for the improvement of the West-
em herds, must be abundantly evident to every one who has read this article. If we
now add the- fact that more than one thoroughbred Ayrshire and Jersey herd has been
infected with this disease during the past year, we are at once confronted with a strong
probability of an early Western infection. Let us remember that thoroughbreds alone
are carried West for improvement of native herds, and that a buU of the Ayrshire,
Jersey, Holstein, or short-horn breed, taken from a herd now or recently infected, may
be carried to any of our Western Territories and mingle for a month with the native
herds betbre his own infection is so much as suspected, and we can conceive how im-
aoinent is the danger when the infection has reached our Eastern thoroughbred cattle.

To illustrate the result of the infection of our unfenced stock ranges, I must quote

230 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

another page from the liistory of this disease in other countries. The instance of Ans-
tralia is the most recent as "well as the most striking. The hmg fever vras introduced
into Melbourne in 1858, by a short-liom English cow, which died soon after landing.
Having been confined to an inclosed place, there is every reason to believe that with
her the disease would have ended, had not a teamster turned his yoke of oxen into
the infected park under cover of the night. These oxen working on the streets infected
others, the disease soon spread to the open country, and the mortality increased at an
alarming rate. Vigorous measures for its suppj-ession were adopted, thousands of in-
fected and diseased cattle were slaughtered, but all proved of no avail. Not only
were the free, roaming herds infected, but so many places were contaminated that it
was soon jierceived that help fi-om this source was not to be expected. Destroy a
whole infected herd, and you still left the infection in the station from which, in its
unfenced state, other herds could not be excluded, and where they were certain to
take in the germs of the malady. After enormous losses had been sustained by the
combined operations of the i)est and the pole-ax, it was concluded that the remedy
was worse than the disease, and the colonists reluctantly fell back on the expedient
of inoculation. This is based on the fact that the disease is rarely contracted a sec-
ond time by the same animal, and it can bo practiced on all calves with losses at the
rate of from two to five per cent, only, so that the mortality is insignificant as com-
pared with the thirty to fifty per cent, which perish where the afiection is contracted
in the ordinary way. The great objection to inoculation is, that it can only be prac-
ticed at the expense of a universal diftusion of the poison, and of its maintenance in a
state of constant activity and growth. With such a universal diftusion of the virus,
the stock owners are virtually debarred from introducing any new stock for improving
the native breeds, or iniusiug new vigor or stamina, inasmuch as such new arrivals
would almost certainly fall early victims to the plague. Australia, therefore, now
suffers from the permanent incubus of the lung plague, and can only import high-class
cattle at great risk.

This is an occurrence of yesterday, but it is only a repetition of the immemorial ex-
perience of the steppes of Eussia. There we find the same conditions of great herds
roaming free over immense uninclosed tracts, and all the facilities for an easy and
wide ditfusion of animal poisons. There, accordingly, wo find the home, in all ages,
of the animal plagues of the Old World. To these endless steppes Europe and Euro-
pean colonists owe their frequent invasions of lung fever, rinderpest, a2)hthous fever, and
sheep-pox. To these are to be charged the losses, to be estimated only by many thou-
sands of millions, which have repeatedly fallen on the other civilized countries of the
world. From these steppes the disease'has spread over the continent on the occasion
of every great European war, dating from the expulsion of the Goths from Hungary
by Attila and his Huns, in A. D. 370, down to the present Turkish war, which has se-
cured the extension of the rinderpest to Hungary at least. On these steppes, too, the
Russian veterinarians believe the rinderpest, at least, to be an imported disease
derlrod from Eastern and Central Asia, yet all their eliorts to crush out this or the
lung fever, though receiving the freest support from the Russian Government, have
failed. The same conditions exist, to a large extent, at the Cape of Good Hope ; and
there, too, the lung fever, imported in 1854, has acquired a permanent residence.

PREVENTIV.E MEASURES DEMANDED.

Such is tlic history. Now comes the question pregnant with weal or woo to our
future stock, agricultural, and national interests : Shall we learn from the disastroiia
exY)erience of others and extirpate the lung plague from the United States while it is
still possible, or shall wo sit quietly by with folded hands and await the inevitable,
early or late, infection of our open Western stock ranges, and then repeat, for the
benefit of other nations, the already twice-told tale of a desperate and extravagant
but fruitless attempt to suppress a plague which we have criminally allowed to pass
beyond our control? With or without a prodigal but vain efi'ort to cmsh out the
poison, the results maybe thus summed up: The infection of stock-yards, loading-
banks, cars, and markets, and a general diffusionof the plague over the Eastern States.
This would imply a national loss, by cattle disease, like that of England, but ranch
more extensive in ratio with our great numbers of stock. Thus England, with her
6,000,000 head of cattle, has lost in deaths alone from lung fever in the course of forty
years over $500,000,000. We, therefore, with our 28,000,000, should lose not less than
$2,000,000,000 in the same length of time, allowing still a AAnde margin for the lower
average value per head in Ainerica. And this terrible drain is for tleaths nlone, with-
out counting all the ex])euse8 of d(>tcriornted health in the survivors, of j)roduco lost,
of loss of progeny, of loss of fodder no longer safe to feed to cattle, of diminished
harvests for lack of cultivation and manure, of quarantine and separate attendants
whenever new stock is brouglit on a farm, of cleansing and disinfection of sheds and
buildings, &c., which beconie absolutely essential in the circumst:inces.

We do not include the expense of supervising the trade, examining and quarantin-

CONTAGIOUS LUXG FEVER OF CATTLE. 231

ing the stock at the frontier of every State, and of tlio disinfection of cars, loading-
banlc8, stock-yards, and markets. If such were resorted to, after an extensive infection
of our Western herds by hmg fever, the cattle trade would be virtually stopped. Thus
a safe quarantine for store cattle could not be less than three weeks, and a registra-
tion and supervision for live weeks moro on the farms to which they are taken, would
bo absolutely essential. Thus tho quarantine yards and sheds would be continual
centers of infection, and would require to bo very extensive, thoroughly isolated from
each other, and constantly and perfectly disinfected, the air as well as the solids, to
prevent the infection of newiy-arrived slock. Such an incubus upon the trade would
amount to a virtual prohibition. In riudei-pest, sheep-pox, and aphthous fever, quar-
antine is a comparatively simjjlo and available expedient, as tho disease shows itself
within a week ; but, in inng fever, with the germs lying iinsuspected in tho system
for one or two mouths, a protective quarantine is practically impossible wherever an
active cattle trade is carried on. Hence in the countries of Central and Western
Europe, through which the active traffic from the East is canied on, a complete con-
trol is usually maintained over rinderpest and sheep-pox, while the peoples have
resigned themselves to the prevalence of lung fever as an unavoidable infliction. The
same holds in Great Britain. Twice within eleven years has she crushed out invasions
of rinderpest, and repeatedly has the same thing been accomplished for sheep-pox;
but the lung fever is accepted as a necessary evil, between which and her large im-
portations of continental cattle she must make a deliberate choice.

Happily, in these United States we are as yet under no such compulsion. The lung
fever on American soil is still confined to the Eastern States and to inclosed farms,
from which it is quite possible to eradicate it thoroughly. Of this possibility we have
abundant evidence, alike in the Old World and the New. In several countries of
Western Eiu-ope, through which there is no continuous cattle traffic between nations
on opposite sides, this disease has been killed out and permanently excluded by an in-
telligent veterinary sanitary supervision. Sweden imported tho disease in Ayrshire
stock in 1847, but at once circitmscribed the infected herds and places, slaughtered the
chseased, disiufected all with which they had come in contact, and promptly extin-
guished the outbreak. Denmark, invaded the same year from a similar source, and
on several subsequent occasions ftom Holland and England, as often quenched the
poison by analogous measures. Oldenbirrg, Schleswig, and Norway, successively in-
vaded by the importation of infected Ayrshires, in 185S, 1859, and iS60, respectively,
enjoyed a similar happy riddance, through the application of the same system of sup-
pression. Switzerland, long slandered as the native home of the limf^ plague, has at
last awoke to the truth of the statement of the inunortal Haller, made more than a
century ago, that this disease only occurs " when an animal has been brought from an
infected district " ; and, by the judicious use of suppressive measures, has permanently
rid the country of the pestilence, and demonstrated that their Alpine air is as clear
and wholesome for beast as for man.

In America, Massachusetts and Connecticut have furnished examples equally strik-
ing. The former imported the disease in Dutch cattle in May, 1859. In April, 1860,
when it had gained nearly a year's headway, an act was passed, and a commission
appointed, with full power to extirpate it. After the slaughter of 932 cattle, it was
believed that this had been achieved; but new centers of infection were discovered in
the two succeeiling years, and it Avas not until 1865 that the commonwealth was
purged of the poison. Since that year the lung fever has been unknown in MaSsachn-
setts. Connecticut has had a similar experience. Her proximity to Now York City
and Long Island has brought upon her a series of invasions; but, profiting by the ex-
perience of her neighbor, she has, on each occasion, grappled succeasfully with tho
enemy, and driven him from her midst.

What has been done by the Scandinavian nations, by Oldeubnrg .ind Switzerland,
by Massachusetts and Connecticut, can bo done by all of our Eastern States. On this
point the teaching of history is as unequivocal as on the certainty of the ii-reparable
results if our open Western stock ranges were infected. The one indispensable pre-
requisite to success is the vigorous and simultaneous action of the various infected
States, and its persistent maintenance until the last infected beast has disappeared
and the last contaminated place or thing has been purified. It matters little whether
controlled by State or national government, if vigor and unifonnity of action can be
secured; but, as such combined and unflagging work is necessary, it could be best con-
trolled by an intelligent central authority. The United St.atcs Govcjiiment is as much
called upon to defend her possessions against an enemy like this — so imi^ilocable, so
relentless, and so certain, if not repelled, to lay us under an incubtis which will in-
crease with the coming centuries, and dwarf tho prosperity to which we are entitled —
aa against the less insidious one who attacks us openly with fire and sword. Let the
national Congress consider this matter well. Let every stock-owner press it iipon his
Kepresentative as a matter that cannot be safely ignored even for a single day. Let
boards of agriculture, farmers' clubs and conventions, granges, and all citizens who
value the future well-being of the nation, unite in a strong representation on the sub-

232 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

iect, Tlio danger threatens all classes alike, tliougli the first snii'erers Avill be the stock-
owners; for eveiy tax upon production necessarily enhances the value of the product ;
and, as agricultural progress must he seriously retarded, the tax will not fall ijpon meat
alone, but upon every product of the farm. Nothing can excuse a continued neglect
of this subject, the dangers suiTOunding which increase fi'om day to day, and the final
results of which, if once it reaches our Western and Southern States and Territoi!.<x>.
can only be computed by the jirospective increase of our population and our herds of
cattle. For this is not like an evil preying on our currency, banking, trade, or manu-
factures, the full extent of which may be, in a great measure, seen from the begimiing,
and the repair of which may be at any time inaugurated by legislative enactment.
The animal plague only increases its devastations as we increase the numbers of our
herds, and threatens soon to acquii'e an extension to which no legislation can oppose
a check, and a prevalence in the face of which the most desperate efforts of the nation
will prove of no avail. Thus our cattle are increasing at the rate of 13,500,000 e^erj
ten years, so that by the end of this century they may be exactly doubled, with a
prospective loss, if our Western and Southern ranges are infected, of $130,000,000
yearly in deaths alone.

The choice is now in our power. So far as we know, our stock-raising States and
Territories are still unaffected. We can still successfully meet and expel the invader;
next year it may be too late.

[Froni the Natioual Live Stock Journal of November, 1878.]

OUR GOVERNMENT AND THE ENGLISH CONTAGIOUS DISEASES ACT.

By an Associated Press dispatch from Washington we learn that "The Secretary of
State has been officially notified of the passage of an act by the British Parliament
entitled ' The Contagious Diseases (Animal) Act, 1878,' under which, except in the case
of countries specially exempted by the Privy Council, in whole or in part, from the
operations of the act, all animals landed from abroad in any part of the United King-
dom will, after the 1st of January next, be slaughtered at the port of debarkation.
The British Government has also notified Secretary Evarts that, in case the United
States desire to be exempted from the operations of the act, the lords will require a
statement of the laws which regulate the importation of animals into this country,
and the method adopted to prevent the epreading of any contagious disease when it
exists in any part of the United States. Secretary Evarts has sent a copy of the act
of the British Parliament to the Secretary of the Treasury, in order that he may fur-
nish the desired information preliminary to any action being taken to have the animals
shipped from the United States into the United Kingdom exemjDted."

We think it will puzzle the Secretary of the Treasury to find any methods that have
been adopted by our general government " to prevent the spreading of any contagioias
disease when it exists in any x)art of the United States " ; and if he will take the trouble
to investigate the matter pretty thoroughly, he will find that all the regulations that
have from time to time been ordered by his department to prevent the introduction of
contagious and infectious diseases into the United States from foreign countries are
practically worthless. When this fact comes to be reported to the British Govern-
ment, it is not unlikely that the exemption which the United States now enjoys from
the operation of the act will be revoked, notwithstanding our present comparative
freedom fi-on^ any diseases likely to be transmitted by oxi)ortation to England. When
this condition of things is brought about, and the business of exporting fat cattle,
sheep, and swine from this country to England — which has, within the past few years,
grown to such enormous projiortions and exercised so powerful an influence upon
:irices in this country — comes to a sudden halt, we shall expect such a pressure to be

rought to bear upon Congiess as will compel the passage of some such act as that
introduced into the House last May by Hon. J. S. Jones, of Ohio, to which reference
was made in these columns in June last.

But is it wise in us to await unfavorable action on the part of the British Govern-
ment before taking such steps as will iireclude all probability of this country being
included in the prohibition? Clearly, the interest is too large, and the efi'ect of ad-
verse action on the part of the Government of Great Britain upon our farming com-
munity would be too disastrous, to justify us in taking any chances in the matter.
The regulations now provided by law against the importation of plagues and infectious
diseases from abroad are confessedly worthless ; and as for the stamping out of such
diseases when they do make their appearance, Ave have absolutely no law that is gen-
eral in its operation. A few of the States have attempted it on their own account,
but most of them have no laws at all upon the subject, and none can be eiiectual
without the sanction of our general government ; for Congress alone has the jiower to
regulate comilierce with foreign nations and between the several States.

It is imperative that early and efficient action be taken by oiu- Congress upon thia
matter, if we would not have our present lucrative trade in fat cattle and sheep with

I

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 233

England seriously crippled. Members of Congress axe novr at liome among the people,
and siicli a pressure ouglit to be brought to bear upon them as will compel them t»
act upon this question as soon as they reassemble at Washington.

In addition to the foregoing, I inclose you copies of tlie laws passed
by the legislatures of Massachusetts and Isew York for the suppres-
sion and extirpation of the disease during its prevalence in those States,
and the rules adopted and enforced by the British Government for the
extirpation of this and other contagious diseases among farm animals
in its Indian possessions. *
All of Tvliich is respectfully submitted.

W3I. G. LeDUC,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
Hon. A. S. Paddock,

Chairman Senate Committee on Agriculture, Washington, B. G.

Since the publication of the above letter (Senate Mis. Doc. No. 71,
Forty-fifth Congress, third session), many additional facts in relation to
the prevalence of this disease, and the measiu^es taken to suppress, and,
if possible, eradicate it in the various localities in which it has been found
to exist, have come into the possession of the department. To the in-
formation contained in the following letter from the pen of Dr. James
Law, which appeared in the New York Tribune of February 25, is due
in part the active measures instituted by the authorities of that State
for the supi^ression of this destructive malady :

A REVIEW OF THE DISEASE.

To the Editor of The. Tribune :

Sir : The excitement about the cattle disease has had its proverbial course of nine
days, and there are already signs of reaction. From every side Ave begin to hear state-
ments that the danger has been exaggerated, that the disease only exists in tliree or
four herds, that it is seen only sporadically — not epidemically ; that the English live-
stock trade must be speedily re-established ; and that, in short, the whole thing has
been a gigantic mistake. Should this spirit prevail so as to prevent a uniform and
concerted action by the different infected States to crush out this baneful exotic, it
will rob the country of her best, and perhaps her only chance, of securing and main-
taining the European live-stock market.

If the object of this Jaissei- faire argument is to soothe the minds of our European
cousins, and persuade them that this disease is less dangerous than that of Europe,
they may as well save their labor. Europe has learned by centuries of sad experience
the true nature of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle. Europeans now reahze
that wherever there is one animal suifering from this disease, there is a standing men-
ace to the whole cattle of the coimtry. They know that where they allow the disease
to exist at all it decimates their herds yearly. They know that wherever they have
boldly grappled with the enemy, crushed out every remnant of the malady and its vi-
ms, and jealously guarded their frontiers against its further importation, they have
permanently cleared their folds of a disastrous pestDence. They see that wherever
the disease has appeared in Western Europe, or in the western or southern hemi-
spheres, it has only been where a diseased animal or its virulent products have carried
the seeds into such a land. They know that so long as they allow the free importa-
tion of cattle from an infected country, all their efforts to crush it out of their home
stock will be absolutely futile.

Turning to England, which has been the main agent in drawing public attention to
the matter, she was absolutely ignorant of this disease imtil forty years ago, and in
Youatt's and other veterinary works published prior to this date we find the most un-
satisfactory accounts of this and other plagues known only on the continent. But from
1839, when it was first, in the present century, broiTght to the British Isles, and above
all since 1842, which brought the free-trade act andthe free importation of continental
stock, Great Britain has suffered more firom this than from all other animal plagues
put together. It was estimated that in the first quarter of a century after its intro-
duction this plague cost England §450,000,000 in deaths alone. The additional losses
firom deterioration and lack of live stock, and from the infection of forage, &c., which

* For these acts and the rules alluded to in this paragraph, see appendix.

234 CONTAGIOUS LUNa FEVER OF CATTLE.

could no longer bo pxiii to their most prolitablo uses, liavo never been computed, but
must euomiously swell tho sum total,

England bad a bard lesson 1o learn, and sho lias been forty years in lnai'nin<2j it, but
we may dex)end upon it she has now learned it most thoroughly, and can no more
forget it nor treat it with indifference while the present generation survives. Many
years ago I was engaged, with other veterinarians who had acquainted themselves
with the continental experience and literature, in enforcing on Great Ih'itain the trutli
that to deal with this disease economically they must hill out the poison within their
own borders, and exclude all stock from infected countries. Then, as now, we foiuid
many alleging that the disease was native to tho soil, and occurred sporadically, not
epidemically. Then, as now, we found men bearing the name of veterinarians^ who
had fallen so fax behind the age as to support these allegations, being either criminally
ignorant, or so morally oblique that they preferred tho wrong because tho popular side-
So long as it can be shown that this disease never invades a new country, but as im-
ported in the animal body or in some of its products, so long will all claims for its
.spontaneous generation, its sporadic appearance, or its development from certain local
conditions, like swill-feeding, bo put out of court.

THE DISEASE PROrAGATED BY CONTAGION.

• The history of tho malady in all time, and in all countries and hemispheres, east,
west, north, and south, tostities with one voice that out of the steppcf? of Eastern
Europe and Asia it is propagated by contagion alone. The unreasoning andmisleading
talk about "no epidemic" is, therefore, in the highest degree reprehensible. The aifec-
tion is not an epidemic in the sense of being due to some generally diffused influence,
which acts alike upon all the stock of tho country, and strikes them down indiscrimi-
nately, and without regard to proximity or contact. Were this the case, our cftbrts to
permanently extirpate it were vain. But its spread is always and only proportionate
to the facilities for contagion and infection. And the present comparative immunity
of America is only due to the fact that the plague reached here at that seaport toward
wliich the greater part of the cattle traffic of "the country tends, and fi'om which few
animals are removed inland. Given in the United States'tho same free movement of
cattle from our iufected points to all points inland as was till recently seen in Great
Britain, and there would speedily follow the same general infection of tho country.
This is sufficiently illustrated in our past American experience. Massachusetts im-
ported the disease from Europe, and although it was met by repressive measures as
soon as recognized, it cost the commonwealth two years and $70,000 to extirpate it.
It was imported into Brookljjn, and though it had to fight its way against tho uniform
current of cattle traffic eastward and northward, it has extended to Now Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia.

My recent observations in this neighborhood are in perfect harmony with tho above.
The stables at Blissville, holding 800 to 900 cattle, fatting and milking, tho property
of different owners, who could purchase when theychoso in the surrounding infected
locality, could not fail to become a prominent hot-bed of the disease. Had such sta-
bles, with all their drawbacks of overcrowding, filth, and swill-feed, been thoroughly
disinfected, filled with healthy Western stock and sedulously secluded from all neigh-
boring cattle and visitors, they would not have become infected with contagious plou-
ro-pneumonia. Again, at Fifteenth street, Brooklyn, I found that all, or nearly all,
tho dauies in the vicinity had recently suffered from the disease, and that this infected
center was within two blocks of Prospect Park, where the herd of Jerseys had beeu
subjected to its ravages in August and September. At New Lots, Kings County, where
I found seven infected herds in a very limited area, the testimony of tho owners was
to tho effect that the disease only appeared and spread through their herds as they
bought new cows from jobbers. At Koslyn, Queens County, I found tNvo infected herds ;
the first contaminated by two cows bought from a New York jobber, and the second by
two cows bought from the first. In Now York City I found one infected herd, caused
by a cow purchased from tlie same jobber whose cows took tho disease to.Koslyn. The
Connecticut herd which I examined at Morrisania was infected by two cows ])urchased
from a New York jobber, and the same man, according to his own sworn testimony,
was proceeding to resell members of the same infected herd into other dairies when his
career was cut short by tho action of the metropolitan board of health. Nor were the
results in such cases but tho infection of one or two in a herd; where ihotliscased cow
was introduced a general infection was the usual consequence. All that I could learn
about tho progress of the disease in this and former years was to the same effect. The
malady never appeared apart from tho introduction of strange animals, and when in-
troduced the general infection of tho herd was the consequence.

KAPID SPREAD OP THE PLAGUE.

The disease is not widely prevalent, because it extends its ravages ordy by contagion
and infection, and the conditions of tho American cattle trade have been strongly op-

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEYEE OF CATTLE. 235

posed to tliis. But tlie disease has not ouly laeld its own for tliirty-six years, but has
slowly gained against every obstacle until it numbers its victims iu six different States.
It is not wanting in vrralence, but will, when it has a fair opportunity, sweep with
ren^orscless force over tho entire land. To this it is daily tending. From Brooklyn it
hns laboriously crept onward as far as IMaryland and A'irginia,, and unless extirpated
it will continue its baleful course until, reaching our open pasturages of the West and
South, it will poison the sources of our cattle trade, descend upon our Eastern States
with every cattle-train, infect the rolling stock on all our great railroad trunks, and
bid defiance to all control. Wherever it has met with similar conditions it has proved
thus intractable. In the steppes of Eastern Europe it has held perennial sway despite
the best directed etTorts of the Russian Government, and on the open pastures of Aus-
tralia it still prevails, notwithstandmg the most persistent and almost ruinous efforts
for its extermination. So will it prove should we neglect the present opportunity and
allow it to spread until it reaches our tmfenced ranges of Texas, Kansas, Colorado,
Wyoming, &c.

We are advised to employ inoculation. But what is inoculation? If successful, the
production of the disease artificially, with its prominent lesions, in a less vital organ.
In every stable where cattle are successfully ifioculated the poison is produced in
unlimited quantity. It is diffused through the air. It lodges in the dry parts of the
building, in the fodder, etc., and is preserved for months and years. Unless these
buildings are subsequently disinfected, they are deadly to the first susceptible animal
that enters them. Finally, the immunity obtained by inoculation is not permanent,
but lasts at the most for about two years. Inoculation, therefore, is a ruinous recourse,
unless a country is ali-eady generally infected. It is itself a prolific means of spread-
ing the poison. It cannot be effectual, unless the whole boviue race of the country
are operated on and all the calves as soon as dropped; and so long as it is practiced,
the stables muet be considered infected, and the stock coming from such infected cen-
ters must be held to be dangerous to the animals. No country in Europe has practiced
inoculation to so great an extent as Holland, and no country in Europe is to-day more
extensively ravaged by this disease. England has tried inoculation to a very large
extent, and England has been reluctantly compelled to abandon it. Australia has
fallen back upon it as a dernier resort, and she has found that it only lessens the losses,
while it has failed to exterminate the disease.

THE rNTECTION MUST BE STASMVED OUT.

The day may come when we, too, may wisely follow Australia in adopting a general
inoculation as a palliative of the disease. But this can only be if we criminally neg-
lect the plague luitil it reaches oui- Western stock-ranges and bids defiance to aU
efforts at its extinction. To follow such a coiu-se at the present time would be ruinous,
indeed, and those who counsel it cannot understand the problem we have to deal with.
As already remarked, England, engaged in extiqiating the disease fi'om her own herds,
will never ofter us an unrestricted trade in cattle so long as we harbor this insidious
enemy. A maintenance of infection by continued inoculation of our herds assuredly
means the indefinite suspension of our foreign live-cattle trade ; and nothing will se-
cure the resumption of i:hi9 trade short of the entire extermination of the malady.

Certificates of soundness of the cattle shipped are not worth the paper they are writ-
ten on. No one would knowingly export sick animals to Euroiie, and no one is capa-
ble of detecting the existence of this disease during its lengthened period of incuba-
tion. We need not shut our eyes to this fact, for assuredly the English, who have had
a far longer and harder experience of the disease, will not. Those who, knowing the
character of the malady, counsel any measiircs short of its speedy and absolute ex-
tinction, are the true enemies of the live-stock interests and of the country. If their
words should prevail, the future generations of Americans, seeing their country more
ravaged than even the States of Europe, and by plagues exotic to her soil, will look •
back with regret to the time when it had been possible for their fathers to have averted
such a baleful legacy.

It is still })ossible for us as a nation to do what has been done by Norw.iy, Sweden,
Denmark, Holstein, Oldenburg, Switzerland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and
what is now being attempted in England, to stamp out this plague, which as an
exotic should never have gained a footing on our shores. If the governors and legis-
latures of the States now infected and if Congress do their duty, they will follow the
lead of Governor Robinson, of New York, and spare no effort nor expense until this
plague has been banished to the Old World, whence it came. And if every citizen
will do his duty he will cause such power to be exerted on these State and national
authorities as will forbid any further neglect of this matter. No one having a full
acquaintance with the subject can aftbrd to remain silent in face of the existing facts,
and this feeling alone has impelled me to pen the above remarks. New York may act
alone, but, if so, she must either establish a lotig quarantine at her border or she will
Boon again import the disease from New Jersey. New Jersey may act independently,

236 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

but she must be left in constant danger of infection from Pennsylvania ami Maryland.
So witb the other States. The only path of safety is to •wage a war of extermination
simultaneously in all the infected States ; and should the State legislatures and Con-
gress fail to meet the need, they will prove recreant to their trust, and entail a great
evil upon this continent.
Youi-s, &c.,

JAMES LAW.
Ithaca, N. Y., February 21, 1879.

In pursuance of the provisions of an act passed by the legislature of
New York in the year 1878, entitled ''An act in relation to infectious and
contagious diseases of animals," on the 12th day of February last Gover-
nor Eobinson appointed General Marsena E. Patrick his assistant, and
directed him to take active measures for the suppression and extirpation
of the disease in Kings and Queens Counties of that State. The follow-
ing instructions were issued to General Patrick by the governor :

It has been made known to me that the infectious and contagious disease among
neat cattle, called pleuro-pneumonia, has been bi'ought into and exists in various
places in the counties of Kings and Queens of this State. You are therefore directed,
as such assistant, to prohibit the movement of cattle within said counties, except on
license from yourself after skilled examination under your direction. Y'ou are also
directed to compel all owners of cattle, their agents, employes, or servants, and all
veterinary surgeons, to rejiort forthwith to you all cases of disease by them suspected
to be contagioiis. When such notification is received, you are directed to have the
cases examined, and to cause all such animals as are found to be infected with the said
disease destroyed and buried with slashed hides. Y'ou are directed, further, to quaran-
tine all cattle which have been exposed to the infection of said disease, or are located
in an infected place ; but you may, in your discretion, permit such animals to be
slaughtered on the premises and the carcasses to be disposed of as meat if, upon ex-
amination, they shall be foimd fit for such use. Y'ou will forbid and prevent all per-
sons not employed in the care of the cattle there kept from entering any infected
premises. You will likewise prevent all animals and fowls from entering such
premises. Y'ou will prevent all persons so employed in the care of animals from going
into stables, or yards, or jiremises where cattle are kept, other than those in which
they are employed. You will cause the clothing of all persons engaged in the care,
slaughter, or rendering of diseased or exposed cattle, or in any employment which
brings them in contact with such diseased animals, to be disinfected before they leave
the premises where such animals are. You will prevent the manure, forage, and litter
upon infected premises fi'ora being removed therefrom ; and you will cause such dis-
position to be made thereof as will, in yonr judgment, best prevent the spread of in-
fection. Y'ou will cause all buildings, yards, and premises in which said disease
exists, or has existed, to be thoroughly disinfected.

Y'ou are further directed, whenever the slaughter of diseased or infected animals is
found necessary, to certify the value of the animal or animals so slaughtered at the time
of slaughter, taking account of their condition and circumstances, and to deliver to
their owner or owners, when requested, a duplicate of such certificate. Whenever
any owner of such cattle, or his agent or servant, has willfully or knowingly withheld,
or allowed to be withheld, notice of the existence of disease ujion his premises or
among his cattle, you will not make such certificate. Y'ou are further directed to
take such measures as you deem necessary to disinfect all cars, or vehicles, or movable
articles by which contagion is liable to be transmitted. Y'ou are also to take such
measures as will secure a registry of cattle introduced into any premises in which dis-
ease has existed, and to keep such cattle under supervision for the period of three
months after the removal of the last diseased animal and the subsequent disinfection
of such premises. Y'ou are further authorized and empowered to incur such expenses
in carrying out the provisions of the foregoing order as may, in your judgment, be
necessary, and to see to it that the bills for such expenses be transmitted to this de-
partment only through yourself, after you have examined and approved them, in
writing.

L. KOBmSON.

By the governor.

General Patrick at once established his headquarters at the Brooklyn
board of health, and called to his assistance Professor Law and many
other eminent veterinarians. Active measures were immediately insti-
tuted for a suppression of the disease, which will no doubt be continued
with the same energy until it is extirpated.

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 237

Further legislation having been found necessary for the speedy and
complete eradication of this malady, an additional act was promptly
passed by the legislature of Xew York, on the 15th day of April. (For
provisions of this act, see appendix.)

During the latter part of February last, and shortly after the com-
mencement of this investigation of the condition of the dairy stock in
the vicinity of Brookl>Ti, Dr. Law was summoned before the Senate
Committee on Agricidture, which was then engaged in taking testimony
in regard to the prevalence of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle in this
country. At the request of this committee he submitted the following
written statement :

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. IN NEW YORK AND ELSEWHERE.

Statement of Dr. James Law.

infection and infected places around new york.

Up to the time of my leaving New York we liad found in tliat neighborhood thir
teen centers of the contagious ijleuro-pneumonia, embracing over twenty separate
herds, and more than one thousand animals. Atone place alone (Bhssville), we are
now kilhng the sick at the rate of twenty head and upward per day. We are further
doing all we can to encourage the slaughter under our own supervision of the ani-
mals that are in such infected stables, but which do not yet show signs of illness.
These are being disposed of at the rate of from thirty to seventy per diem.

Healthy animals slaughtered in this way are sold as human food and their hides dis-
infected. All infected places are placarded as such, and placed m quarantine, within
which neither man, beast, nor bird is allowed to enter or pass out, save the necessary
attendants, who are disinfected and forbidden to go near other cattle.

In the infected counties no movement of cattle is allowed save under special per-
mit given after examination. All are compelled, \mder penalty, to report to General
Patrick the existence of cases of contagious disease as well as all suspicious cases.
Finally, all sick cattle killed to stay the progress of the malady are paid for by the
State, according to appraisement, which shall in no case exceed one-half the original
value of the animal. This point I consider all essential to encourage the owners of
sick stock to report them, and at the same time to avoid the risk of artificial or care-
less infection of unmarketable animals for the purpose of selling them to the State.

The minor details of our action I need not record.

CATTLE KEPT AT THE BLISS%1LLE SWILL-STABLES.

It having been testified before the committee that the cows in the stables of Gaff,
Fleischmann & Co. were there for dairy purposes only, I think it requisite to correct
the statement. The stables were filled not only with cows, but also steers and bulls.
The stock belonged to many diflerent parties, but mostly to dealers and butchers who
hired their board. The owners of the stock had on their part, as a rule, no interest
in the milk, which went to third parties as payment for the care-taking of the ani-
mals. The healthy cattle fattened rapidly and were sold for beef, and as there was a
constant change of stock the contagion had an ample field among the newly-come and
susceptible animals, and had a chance of extension to other places and herds with
every beast removed, fat or otherwise.

I have had testimony that the fat stock frequently went out of Long Island, but
have no personal knowledge of this. Now any such movement is prevented, and the
consequent danger is at an end.

NATURE OF THE CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

When speaking of this disease we should strike out of our vocabulary such words
as epidemic and sporadic. Out of Eastern Europe or Asia the malady is absolutely un-
Jcnoicn, save as iwopagated hy contagion or infection.

Wherever, out of these regions, it has made an inroad, it can always be traced to
the importation of a sick or convalescent animal, or of some product of such an ani-
mal. Many such instances could be drawn from the records of its existence on the
continent of Europe, but, manifestly, those cases are more satisfactory which refer to
the extension of the disease to distant islands and continents. During the Eiu'opean
wars at the beginning of the century, this malady, like the rinderpest, prevailed all
over Europe, wherever the armies marched, and the eastern or steppe cattle were

238 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

dravrn for their support. But the British Isles remaiucd perfectly exempt until 1839,
when the pleuro-pneumonia reached Ii'eland by some cattle sent by the British consul
at the Hague.

It spread from this center, reached England some time in 1641, and since the passage
of the free-trade act of 1842 has been kept up by continual arrivals of infected conti-
nental stock.

Yet it only reached where the railroads penetrated, and seemed to respect the High-
lands of Scotland, where the native black cattle only are bred, and into which outside
stock are neA'er brought.

The United States knew no such contagious disease until the importation of an
infected Dutch cow in Brooklyn, in 1843, and this, together with one or two other im-
portations, have fiu'uished the material for its extension over seven different States.

Australia, with her thousands of herds, was respected until 1858, when an English
cow conveyed the poison which has since ravaged her herds without intermission.

The CajJc of Good Hope remained clear untiri8o4, when an English cow carried the
infection which still prevails in the cape herds.

The same truth is shown negatively by the fact that every country and State that
has vigorously stamped out the lirst arrivals of disease, and taken measures to prevent
further importation, has rid its territory of the pestilence. Among them may bo named
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Schleswig, Oldenburg, Switzerland, Massachusetts, and
Connecticut. Some of the countries have been again infected in connection with the
Danish and Franco-German wars, which, for the time, destroyed all safeguards, but
until such a contingency arrived their herds were xireserved in health.

The fact that in our country and in "Western Europe this disease is propagated only
by contagion, is the grand central truth round which all our thoughts of the malady
should revolve, and upon which we should base every measure ado^ited for its extinc-
tion. If the affection could arise spontaneously, from any faulty conditions of hygiene
in our own land, then farewell to all hope of permanently ridding our herds of the
plague. But all history testifies to the contrary, and we can foretell with as much
conlideuce as avo can the rising of to-morrow's sun, that if we could once extinguish
the products of the imported poison, wo need fear no more contagious pleuro-pneu-
monia until it is again imported from an infected land.

There is no such thing as a sporadic case of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and no
epidemic case in the sense that it is due to some condition of life apart from the pres-
ence of the virus in the country. Every case in this country, as in Western Eui'ope,
the Cape of Good Hope, and Australia, is the result of direct or indirect contagion, and
of that alone.

It is true that affections of the chest will occur in all futui'e time as they occur in
other animals, and in man himself, and as they occurred in cattle before the importa-
tion of the contagious germ, but such cases have not been in the past and will not be
in the futiue the cause of the projiagation of the disease from animal to animal, or in
otner words of the development of a contagium.

Extirpate fiom the country this exotic contagium and wo can supply unassailable
beef to the world.

DANGER TO THE COUNTRY OF THE POSSIBLE IXFECTIOX OF AVESTERN HERDS.

For ten years I have been publicly warning the country of the danger of allowing
this disease to extend to our Western States and Territories. (See especially Nationiu
Live Stock Journal, March, 1878, and Transactions of New York State Agricultural
Society, 1877-'78.) Infection of the Western herds means speedy infection of all the
cattle cars of the railways, yards, loading-banks, &c., and the starting of a constant
stream of infected animals towards our Eastern States and markets.

This means a imiform infection of the country and losses of thousands of millions
of dollars in a short space of time.

Worse than this, should the malady extend to our unfenced cattle-ranges it will be
practically unmanageable. Such has been the experience on the open steppes of Rus-
sia and the cattle-ranges of Australia, where the most costly efforts at the extinction
of the disease have proved futile and the poor palliation of inoculation has been estab-
lished. (See National Live Stock Joui-nal, March, 1878.)

DAXGER OF INOCULATION.

The public advocacy of inoculation demands a word on this subject.

Successful inoculation in favorable conditions leads to the loss of but two or three
per cent, of animals operated on. The survivors are protected from contaf^ious
l^leuro-pneumonia for a variable period averaging two years. But every inoculated
animal is infected, the places where inoculated animals are kept are infected, all their
products are infected, and there must be the most thorough system of disinfection for
all such j)laces and things before immunity can be gained. Every new animal intro-

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OP CATTLE. 239

duced aufl every calf bom must be inoculated. It becomes evident, therefore, that
to the stock of the country at large inoculation produces all the dangers of an equal
extension of the disease in the ordinary way.

Inoculation, therefore, is ruinous to any attempt at extinguishing the poison. It
has been tried in Holland more extensively than in any country in Europe, and Hol-
land is to-day the juost plague-ravaged country on the continent. It has been fol-
lowed extensively in Great Britain, but she has been reluctantly compelled to abandon
it in favor of a system of absolute extinction. It has been practiced widely around
New York, yet lliis district is probably now the most prolific center of the disease in
America.

Australia has fallen back upon it as a dernier resort, after a fruitless attempt to expel
the malady froav the open pastures. We, too, must one day come to this wretched
palliation, if wo neglect to stajup out tlio disease while still confined to our eastern
and inclosed larms, and allow it to reach our western open prairies.

DA^•GE]^ OF MEDICINAL TREATMENT.

As with inoculation, so with the maintenance of sick animals alive for treatment.
The production and dilfusion of the poison is in exact ratio to the period during which
the animal is allowed to survive after illness has been detected. To treat the sick,
therefore, is almost equivalent to propagating the disease, because on a large scale
and in all sorts of stables it is impossible to keep up a constant disinfection of the aii"
and other diseased products.

Wherever extinction of the poison is attempted, treatment of the disease must be
forbidden under heavy penalties.

IMrORTAXCE OF UNITED STATES ACTION.

The isolated action by individual States is eminently unsatisfactory. In New York
we ai-o working at the extermination of the disease, but after we have accomplished
this we can only preserve our immunity by subjecting all New Jersey cattle to a
quarantine of one or two months at our frontier. If New Jersey on her part kills it
out, she umst quarantine against Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania against Maryland and
Vii'ginia, and so on as far as the disease is found to extend. Isolated action will be
incomparably more expensive, tardy, and uncertain than a unilbrm movement under
one central head, and everything ought to give way to secure such a desirable result.
The question ivvolves tens of millions of dollars of our foreign commerce annually,
and the trade has been steadily increasing, so that it is surely a matter in which the
central government can properly act.-

SUGGESTION OF MEASURES FOR THE EXTINCTION OF THE DISEASE.

Ist. Appoint a veterinary sanitary staff to act with the Commissioner of Agriculture
in stamping out the contagion.

2d. Make it incumbent on all stock-owners and their representatives, and on all
veterinarians, to report all suspicious cases to the Commissioner under a penalty.

3d. Let the sanitary staff promptly investigate all such cases and take measures
accordingly.

4th. Let every infected county be proclaimed and placarded, and let all movements
of cattle within such county be forbidden excepting bj' special license.

5th. Let all sick animals in an infected herd be at once slaughtered, their hides
slashed, and the carcasses deeply buried; and in case the owner has not withheld
notice of the existence of the disease let him obtain an order on the treasury for a
suitable indcmui ty, which should in no case exceed one-half the value of the animals ;
failure to notify should ent.iil loss of the indemnity.

6th. Let all cattle found in infected places be likewise slaughtered, their hides dis-
infected, and their beef allowed to pass into consumption as food, if fit for this pur-
pose. For such animals, indemnity should be allowed to the extent of not more than
two-thirds of the vnlue, after deducting salvage obtained from meat and hides.

7th. Let all infected stables, all manure, and all movable objects that have come in
contact with diseased cattle, be subjected to an exhaustive disinfection, and let all
cattle afterward placed in such buildings be sequestered in quarantine rmdcr the
supervision of the veterinary^ sanitary authorities until at least thi'ee months after
the removal of the last sick animal and the disinfection of the premises.

8th. Let all railroad cars, shii)S, boats, wagons, and other movable objects that
have become infected be clea;nsed and disinfected under the direction of the veterinary
sanitary stall' before they are again itsed for the transportation of cattle.

The advice to slaughter the exposed as well as the sick cattle I think very import-
OiUt, as it enables us to stamj) out the disease quickly and to disinfect once for all, and

240 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

obviates the necessity fbr a long-continued and. expensive supervision in the case of
every infected herd. If such exposed animals are placed in quarantine, as vre are still
compelled to do by a defeat of the law in New York, we find that every three weeks
or a month a new case develops, necessitating continued \'isitation, professional ex-
amination, and slaughter, and repeated and expensive disinfection, without taking
into account the enormously enhanced danger of the extension of the disease to other
herds.

One other question will not brook an hoiir's delay. The testimony concerning the
two ship-loads of cattle slaughtered at Liverpool may be misleading, but unless a
gigantic blunder has been committed it imphes that the disease has already reached one
or more isolated spots in the West. This was inevitable sooner or later if the disease
was not crushed out in the East', and I have constantly uttered warnings on the sub-
ject. K it has already taken place it should be treated at once, for the evidence im-
plies that not only has the malady gained a footing in the West, but that the owners
of the infected stock are acting untairly by the country, and selling off their infected
stock to make what salvage they can. There are, then, not only of infected cars, stock-
yards, &c., but of the sale of lean stock to different localities in the West, whence we
shall have new sti'eams of infection, imtil our unfenced ranges suffer. No delay should
occur in ascertaining the facts of the ease. If there has been a mistake it will relieve
the country to know it, whereas if there is even one center of infection in the West it
should be stamped out promptly at any cost.

REPORT ON THE STOCK-YARDS AT THE PORT OF XEW YORK.

In investigating the existence and status of lung fever in the cattle of Long Island
and Manhattan Island, I met with several outbreaks in which the disease was traced
to cows sold into the herds in question by Patrick McCabe, a New York jobber. Three
such instances may be named: First, ^Ir. Wheelock, farmer, at Eoslyn, Queens County,
purchased two cows of McCabe in August, which communicated the disease to the
whole herd of eighteen head, and to that of a farm about two mUes diitant, to which
two of his (Wheelock's) cows were taken. Second, Sir. Brazzel, Eighty-first street.
New York, got a cow from McCabe the week after Christmas which conveyed the dis-
ease to his herd. Third, Mrs. Stur, Fiftieth sti-eet, New York, had a cow from McCabe
about ten days ago on trial. This cow had been sick ever since her arrival, and when
I saw her on Saturday was in a condition of advanced pleuro-pneumonia. I had fur-
ther information, from a man in the trade who has a high reputation for honor, that
the cattle that had passed through the hands of this McCabe had been for two years
the most prolific source of disease in the dairies of Brooklyn and Long Island.

Accordingly on Saturday last, in company with Dr. Lautard, I went to examine his
(McCabe's) premises and stock, when we were much surprised to find that he kept
them in the New York public stock-yards at Sixtieth street, and I could not discover
that he had any other place. The clerk found in charge of the office at the yards as-
sured us that he constantly kept his cows there, and only removed them as he found
purchasers. He did not think he could have any other xilace for keeping cows.

At the time of our visit he had a number of cowa in the yards. At these yards the
cows of all the dealers are usually placed in the sheep-house for warmth, but this is
immediately adjacent to the iuclosures for the other stock, and all alike must enter
and leave by the same roads and gates or wharves. Further, when the sheep-house is
crowded the cows are turned out into the open cattle iuclosures in the yard. Cows
are received in these yards indiscriminately from near as well as remote places, in-
cluding among the foriner Westchester, Eockiand, and Orange Coimties, which, accord-
ing to the best evidence I can obtain, are infected. (I have not yet verified the last
fact by personal observation.) No precaution is taken to prevent the proximity or
contact of these cows with the other stock.

There seems, therefore, no alternative ; we must consider the New York stock-yards
at Sixtieth street as infected, and that stock shipped from these yards to Eiu-ope will
be liable to develop the disease after landing if kept aUve long enough to allow of
the completion of the period of incubation. That the evil results have been seen
mainly in the cows is explained by the fact that they are allowed time after leaving
the yards for the completion of the period of incubation (one to two months), whereas
the fat cattle even if" sent to Europe are slaughtered before this time has elapsed.

JERSHY CITY STOCK- YARDS.

In these as in the New York stock-yards there is the entire absence of any means of
separating cows brought from near and infected neighborhoods and stock brought fi'om
the West or other uninfected localities. The cow-stable is at the north side of the yards
and can only be reached by cattle that have passed through among the inclosuies for
the other stock. The stable itself is furnished with open gates, not doors, facing the

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 241

inclosures for other stock and separated from them only by a uarrrow wagon road,
perhaps lifteeu feet wide.

Mr. Fowler, whom I found in charge of the yard, was violently denunciatory of the
mere idea that this disease existed anywhere, and of all who would mention such a
subject, and could with difficulty be persuaded to give any information regarding tho
yards, the stock, its proximity in tho inclosures, and its disposal. He admitted, how-
ever, that they got four or five cows per week, and on rare occasions one or two car-
loads; that they mostly came from Eastern Pennsylvania, and that they remained in
the yards until they were sold to parties in New York City, Brooklyn, Jersey City,
Staten Island, &c. I may here state that on the occasion of my visit, late on Satur-
day night, the cow-stable contained eighteen cows and eight calves waiting for sale ;
60 that, according to Mr. Fowler, I must have hit uj)on the very exceiitional case of
an arrival of two car-loads.

I further drew from Mr. Fowler that the fat stock for exportation were taken from
any part of the yards, wherever suitable animals could be found, and carried by boats
to the ocean-going steamers. There was no attempt made to keep such animals apart
from such as might possibly come from infected districts in New Jersey and adjacent
States, nor from the inclosures where such cattle had formerly been, as indeed why
should there he, seeing the whole story of the disease was afahrication?

As bearing on the question of the probable infection of these yards, I shall add that
the malady is well known to exist in Alexandria, Va. I have had the most circum-
stantial reports of its existence around Washington. According to Dr. Corliss, it pre-
vails to some extent around Newark, N. J. Last year it made havoc in the town of
Clinton, and the year before near Burlington, N. J. Further, in making inquiry among
the farmers at New Lots, Kings County, New York, whose herds are now infected, I
found that they had repeatedly traced the disease to Jersey cows brought into their
herds. There is, therefore, the strongest circumstantial evidence that both the Jersey
and New York stock-yards, the two points from which cattle are shipped to Europe,
are infected places, and that the apparent absence of disease in American cattle when
landed in England is due to the fact that they have not yet had time to pass through
the long incubation jieriod of the disease.

ABStJRDITY OF A CERTIFICATE OF S0UXDNES3.

The professional examination at tho yards of animals destined for exportation can
never be better than a farce. The most accomplished veterinarian has no means of
detecting the presence of the specific poison until the period of incubation has passed,
and as this lasts for fi'om three weeks to two months, the evidence of infection con-
tracted in the New York stock-yards cannot possibly be recognized until long after
the animals have landed in England. Tho great mass of our Western cattlo is sound
so far as the contagious pleuro-i^neumonia is concerned, and if infected, it is presuma-
bly only after they have been sent East. The disease, therefore, can only be in the
incubation stage so long as they remain on our shores, and in this stage no man can
recognize it, though it only wants time for its development. Any examination in
such a case must be tho most empty of forms, and must be prejudicial rather than
beneficial, inasmuch as it leads to the certifying of the soundness of animals that may
be, and often probably are, infected. It is quite manifest that in the case of cattle
that may have been infected in the New York or New Jersey stock yards, an examina-
tion a fortnight later on their landing in Liverpool would be almost as great a farce
as the examination prior to shipment at New York. Hence the soundness of the Eng-
lish position in ordering the slaughter at the quays of all cattle from an infected
country.

THE COL'RSE OF SAFETY.

If we can bo assured that there is not yet an infected center in the great stock-
raising regions of the West, the cattle from there might be safely shipped to England
under the following regulations:

1st. Let tho Western cattle-trains bo made iip of cars that have never been used for
the local cattle traffic in the eastern parts of the Atlantic States or of such as have been
thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before use.

2d. Let all such trains be from the West through, and let these take on board no
live nor dead cattle, uor other Tinmanufactured products of cattle, east of given points
on tho respective lines, such points to be designated as soon as we know conclusively
how far the pleuro-pneumonia has extended westward. Let such trains pass to des-
ignated stock-yards on the quays at least one-fourth of a mile ai)art from all other
stock-yards, or cattle stables, or pastures.

3d. Let siich yards be rigidly closed against all visitors, no one being admitted ex-
cept the necessary attendants, and no one being employed as such who has recently
been in charge of other cattlo in the East.

4th. Should it bo necessary to sell any such stock for home consumption, they must
ICSW

242 COXTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

De driven by their attendants to other yards or pastures at a distance, or to the other
stock-yards, ^herc buyers may see them. The attendants on the foreign stoch-yards
may drive such animals into the common stock-yards, but must not, on any account,
enter themselves.

5th. The cattle intended for export miLst be transfeiTcd to the ocean-going ships
diiTct, or carried to them on boats that have never been used for conveying other
cattle, or tliat have been subjected to the most thorough disinfection subsequent to
such use.

6th. It should be shown that the ocean-going vessels, iu -which the export cattle are
Bhipped, have not carried, and do not now carry, any hides or other unmanufactured
products of cattle; or, if they have previously carried such articles, that they have
been thoroughly disinfected since.

PLEITIO -PNEUMONIA — THE LirN'G PLAGITE — CONTAGIOUS LUNG DISEASE

OF CATTLE.

Plearo-pueiimonia is a malignant contagious fever to •svliich, as far as
known, cattle only are liable, and in them is accompanied by inflamma-
tion and other diseased conditions of the lungs and their membranes,
together with great prostration of the entire system.

It proceeds from a poisoned condition of the blood. How, when, or
where this poison was first generated it is impossible to tell. Xor is it
less difficidt to determine its specific nature. So far as reliable informa-
tion has yet reached, it is never generated spontaneou.sly, but depends
entirely on the introduction of a virus or contagion into the system of a
healthy animal. A single animal so infected infects the herd : the herd,
subdivided and scattered, infects other herds until in time large areas
of country have been Aisited and devastated by the fearful scourge.

Beginning, as we have reason to believe, iu the far-olf East, and at a
remote date, its course has been westward until, crossing the Atlantic
in the system of stock imported from European states, it Jias at length
found lodgment here.

The earliest symptoms of the disease are not always easily detected,
there being no intensity of inflammation at first, and the ix^riod of in-
cubation varying often from eight or nine days to three or four months.
The knowledge of the existence of the disease in adjoining States or
farms, or even m remote sections from which cattle haxe been intro-
duced, should serve to put every one on guard and lead to frequent
thermometric trials even with cattle apparently in perfect health.
While such trials woidd not, perhaps, in every case determine infallibly
the existence or non-existence of the disease, yet iu a very large ma-
jority of cases — possibly in nine out of ten, and particularly if other
symptoms were present — thej' would lead to a right conclusion. The
trial is made by inserting the thermometer in the rectimi. If a rise of
temperature to 103^-100^ Fahrenheit is observed we may be reasonably
sure that the disease exists, at least in an incipient state.

Its further development is indicated by fits of shivering, ofteu so shght
and transient as to escape the notice of all save the practiced eye ; by a
dull^ staring coat, with (frequently) a rigid skin; by a har.sh, dry cough,
the more apparent when the animal is made to move briskly ; by irreg-
ular chewing of the cud; constipated bowels; excrement dry; urine
diminished, but ^ith high color; and, in the case of cows, b}* a falling
oil' iu the (juantity of milk.

At an early stage of pleuro-pneumonia there is a har.sh sound or roar
produced by the ])assage of ;nr through the Avind-pipe and its subdivis-
ions, which may .sometimes be heard at some distance from the sick ani-
mal. Occasionally the air rushing through the bronchial tube (made
rigid by a mass of hardened lung) produces a very decided whistling-
noise. A somewhat watery discharge from the nose, increased in the

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVEE OF CATTLE. 243

act of cougliiug, is noticed early in the disease, and driving sick cattle
in the earliest stage produces much thirst, and tliere is sometimes a ropy
saliva discharged from the mouth, Avhile the muzzle is hot and dry.

As the malady progresses the pulse rises to seventy, eighty, and even
a hundred beats permmute; the respiratious to thirty-live and forty
per minute, and are labored and audible, while each expiration is ac-
companied in most cases by a short distinctive gnmt or groan, the more
marked whenever pressure is applied to the ribs over the lungs.

At this stage the cough increases, the gait becomes more languid, the
eyes more prominent and fixed ; the coimtenance assumes an uneasy,
pained exi:)ression, and a disposition is manilested by the sick to sepa-
rate from the well. When the animal stands the elbows are turned out,
the fore hmbs extended, the hind feet drawn forward under the body,
the head and neck stretched out, and the back arched, while the nostrils
are more or less convulsively expanded at each inspiration. When lying,
to which there is a tendency, the animal rests, especially in the latter
stages of the disease, on its brisket, or on the affected side, leavuig the
ribs on the healthy side as much freedoui of motion as possible.

With a still further advance in the disease, the pulse becomes more
frequent (often rising to 120 per minute) and the heart-beats, at lirst
subdued, are now marked and i)alpitating ; the tongue becomes foul and
covered with fur, and the breath has a nauseous smell. Listlessness,
grunting, grinding of the teeth, diminished secretions, and weakness
rapidly increase ; the breathing is more frequent and labored ; the animal
gasps for breath; the spasmodic action of the nostrils is more marked,
the groan more audible ; the temperature is irregular, the tendency being
to coldness of the horns and extremities. These conditions are followed
by a mattery or watery discharge from the eyes and nose, rapid loss of
flesh, hide bound, and either obstinate constipation or else a violent
watery diarrhoea of foetid matter associated often with a considerable
discharge of clear-colored urine.

Percussion over the lungs will, in the beginning, often reveal the dis-
ease when not otherwise apparent. With some practice and a little care
almost any one can distinguish the sick from healthy cattle by listening
to the sides of the chest. In the earUer stages of the disease percussion
gives out a clear or resonant sound, followed, as the malady increases,
by a dull, heavy one, easily distinguished from the sound caused by
the lungs in health.

Where one lung oidy is affected, partial, sometimes complete, restora-
tion may result ; but acute pleuro-pneumouia, in which both lungs are
affected, we may safely assert is never terminated except by death.

As stated above, the period of incubation of this disease varies from
eight 01' nine days to thi-ee or four months ; the usual average period
being from twenty-live to forty days. The acute stage of the disorder
varies from seven to twenty-one days. Convalescence extends over a
period of from one to three months, during the greater part of which
time the convalescent animal is often capable of infecting healthy cattle.

As a rule, in mild outbreaks, the mortality attains twenty-live per
cent, and in severe epidemics sixty, seventy, or even one hundred per
cent.

In England, the lung disease has more than doubled the ordinary
mortality of the country, entaiMng a loss of many millions of dollars.

While various remedies for this insidious disease have from time to
time been recommended and tried, not one of them, nor all of them com-
bined, have proved a specihc against its destructive effects ; and as a
means to be relied on for the protection of the stock of the coimtry, they

244 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

are worse thau useless. As a rule, the malady baffles the skill of the
most learned veterinary practitioners, frequently attaining its greatest
mortality where most they have combated it.

Nevertheless, as there may be circimistances under which partial re-
lief might be afforded by timely remedial agents, it is deemed expedi-
ent to give in this place the treatment which, in general, has been found
most efficacious.

The com^se most obviously to be pursued, when the slightest symptom
of the disease is observed, or where the slightest cause for suspicion ex-
ists, is to apply the thermometer, to separate at once every suspected
animal from the rest, to use disinfectants, to adopt a low diet, and to
watch carefully for further developments. The weight of testimony is
against bleeding. If constipation is detected it should be removed
by a moderate dose of salts. Slight diarrhcea need not be checked;
but when violent use a mixture of gallic acid (or its equivalent) and
gruel, one-half ounce of the former to one-half pint of the latter; or else,
one-half ounce jjowdered alum to one qiiart of milk. Sometimes there
is considerable swelling or bloating of the stomach, which may be re-
moved by carbonate of ammonia — one ounce in a moderate quantity of
gruel, repeated if necessary. To lower the temperature and ease the
breathing give acid sulphite of soda, one ounce, twice a day. In an ad-
vanced stage of the disease administer one or two ounces of whiskey or
of oil of turpentine every three or four hours. If no relief is observed
employ copious warm-water injections, and give two or three times a
day an ounce of carbonate of ammonia in a quart of linseed-tea. Al-
though out of place in the acute stage of the disease, blisters, setons,
rowels, and cauterization may be appUed in some cases to advantage
after the fever has abated. Several preparations of carbolic acid have
been tried with more or less success. Perhaps the best is —

Pure carbolic acid, 1 diachm ;
Water, 1 pint;

given at a dose, three times a day.

Convalescence begun, restoration to health will be hastened by giving
a teaspoonful of sulphate of iron in the food at each meal. The herd
itself from which the sick have been removed shoidd be placed, as a
possibly preventive measure, on daily doses of the same preparation,
(sulphate of iron,) alloAving about half a drachm to a drachm j;cr ca^nta^
mixed with an equal amount of coriander seeds, given in meal or bran,
the better to disguise the iron.

A post-mortem examination of the chest generally reveals layers of
yellowish, friable, false membrane (covering-skin) sti-etching across and
around the sack containing the heart. With them is found a yellowish,
clotted liuid, highly charged with albumen and shreds of solid deposit.
Diseased portions of one or both lungs are found adhering to the mem-
brane of the ribs and diapliragm, from which there is more or less diffi-
culty in detaching them. The membrane covering the lung, usually
smooth and glistening, is rough and mottled with a nimiber of more or
less marked pimj^les or Avarts.

The fluid around one or both lungs varies from a few ounces to sev-
eral gallons. At times it is tolerably clear when warm, and gelatinizes
on cooling; at others it is difficult to separate it from the shreds of
lymph and ialse membranes in which it is held. Pus-cells often abound
in it, and it assumes in some cases the character of pus, from Avhich an
intolerable stench sometimes i)roceeds.

On removing the lungs the essential appearances of the disease in all

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 245

cases will be found quite uniform, altliougli difleriug considerably in
extent.

In recent and mild cases in wliicli only one lung is affected, the sur-
face of the lung may be smooth ; parts of it collapsed, as in health, with
the normal pink color preserved. The afiected part is swollen, hard,
and mottled. On cutting into this, the older diseased portions present a
very peculiar marbled api)earance. The substance of the lobules is solid
and of a dark red color, and the tissue between the lobules is of a yel-
lowish-red, more or less spotted with red points, but sometimes of al-
most pm-e yellowish-white color. The more recent deposits are dis-
tinguished mainly by a lighter red color of the thickened lobules.

At a more advanced stage of the disease the lung will be found harder
and of darker color, its tissues having lost a portion of the marbled ap-
pearance, the blood-vessels obstructed, and showing how nourishment
had been cut oft' from the lungs, while the older, darker, and more solid
portion of the latter have become detached, so that they remam as for-
eign bodies imbedded in tlie cavities of the diseased tissue. The admis-
sion of air into these cavities, by dissolution of the lung tissue, produces
the cavernous sounds which the ear can detect in the living animal.

On taking a warm diseased lung, severing the still healthy portions,
making incisions into the parts solidified, and suspending them so that
they may drain, a large amount of yellowish serum, of a translucent
character, and varying greatly in weight, is obtained. The quantity of
this serum, and of the solidified deposit in a diseased lung, is so large
that, from a normal weight of four or Hve pounds, a lung attains ten,
twenty, forty, or even fifty pounds.

The contlition of the air-passages will be found to vary from one of
perfect freedom in the healthy portions of the luiigs to a state in which
the mucous surface is coated with false membrane, or sohd exudations
of lymph in the diseased parts. These passages are sometimes found
nearly filled, throughout their whole extent, with a dei^osit similar to
that usually found on the surface of the diseased lung.

The heart's sack is sometimes found to be thiclEened by deposits
around it, and not unfrequently to contain an excess of seriun. The
heart itself is contracted and pale, containing a little dark blood.

The organs of digestion at different stages manifest a state of dryness.
The third stomach, which is so constantly packed with dry food in fe-
brile diseases, is in the same condition in pleuropneumonia. In ad-
vanced cases there is found a more or less diffuse redness, and even
efiusion of blood in the large intestines, with fluid, fetid, and sometimes
slightly blood-stained excrement, such as is discharged in life.

Such briefly, and in language free from technicalities, are the descrip-
tion, cause, symptoms, treatment, and post-mortem appearances of
pleuro-pneumonia as gathered from previous publications of this De-
partment and other recognized authorities.

246 coi?*rAGious lung fever of cattle.

APPENDIX.

MASSACHUSETTS.

LTJNG- FEVER OR PLELTIO-PI^UMOOTA OF CATTLE.

Tlie following act, for the suppression and extirpation of the disease
called pleuro-puenmonia among cattle, "^as passed by the Massachusetts
legislatiu'e Ai)ril 4, 18G0 :

AX ACT to provide for the estivpaliou of tlic disease called i>leuro-pueumoiii;T among cattle.

Be it enacted, ijr., as foUows :

Section 1. Tlic govcniov is hereby axitliovized to appoint three coinmissioners, who
shall visit -without delay the several i^laces in this common-wealth -where the disease
among- cattle called plenro-imeumouia may he kno-wu or suspected to exist, and shall
have fiill po-\Ycr to cause all cattle belonging to the herds in which the disease has ap-
peared, or may appear, or -which havo belonged to such herds since the disease may
behno-wn to havo existed therein, to be forthwith killed and l)uried, and the premises
where siich cattle have been kept cleansed and liurified; and to make such oixler in
relation to the further use and occupation of such premises as may seem to them to be
necessary to prevent the extension of the disease.

Sec. 2. The commissioners shall cause all cattle in the aforesaid herds not appear-
ing to be aft'ected by the disease to be appraised before being killed at what would
have been their fair market value if the disease ha<l not existed ; and the value of the
cattle thus appraised shall be allowed and paid out of the treasury of the common-
wealth to the owner or owners thereof.

Sec. 3. Any iierson who shall Icnowingly disregard any lawful order or direction of
said commissioners, or who shall sell or otherwise dispose of an animal which he knows,
or has good reason to suspect, has been exposed to the aforesaid disease, shall forfeit
a sum not exceding five hundi-ed dollars.

Sec. 4. The commissioners shall make a full report to the secretary of the board of
agriculture of their iiroceedings and of the result of their observations and inquiries
relative to the nature and character of the disease.

Sec. 5. The commissioners shall duly certify all allowances made under the second
section of this act, and other expenses incuned by them, or Tinder their direction, in
the execution of their service, to the governor and council ; and the governor is here-
by authorized to draw his warrant therefor upon the treasury.

Sec. 0. This act shall take eifect from its liassage, and continue in force for the term
of one year thereafter, and no longer.

[Apx)roved April 4, 18G0.]

On the 12th of June, 18G0, the following additional acts were passed:

AN ACT concerning contagious disease among cattle.

Sectiox 1. The selectmen of towns, and the mayor and aldennen of cities, in case
of the existence in this commonwealth of the disease called pleuro-pucumonia, or any
other contagious disease among cattle, shall cause the cattle in their respective towns
and cities which are infected, or which have been exi^osed to infection, to l)e secured
or collected in some suitable place or places within such city or town, and kept iso-
lated ; and, when taken from the possession of their owners, to be maintained, one-
fifth of the expense thereof to be paid by the to-wn or city wherein the animal is kept,
and four-llfths at the expense of the conimonwealth, such isolation to continue so long
as the existence of such disease or other circumstances renders the same necessaiy.

Sec. 2. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen, when any such animal is adjudged
by veterinary surgeon, or physician l:)y them selected, to be infected with tlic^ disease
called ]>leuro-p]ieumonia, or any other contagious disease, may, in llieir discretion,
order such diseased animal to bo forthwith killed and buried at the expense of such
town or city.

Sec. 3. Such selectmon and mayor and aldermen shall cause all cattle which they
shall so order to be killed to be appraised by three competent and disinterested men,
imder oath, at the value thereof at the time of the appraisal, and the amount of the
apjtraisal shall be paid as jirovided iu the first section.

CONTAGIOUS Lima FEVER OF CATTLE. 247

Sec. 4. Said selectmen aud mayor aud aldermou are hereby autliori/:cd to prohibit
the departure of cattle from any iiiclosnre or to exclude cattle tberefrom.

Sec. 5. Said selectmen aud mayor and aldermeu may malce regulalious in writing
to regulate or jnoliibit the passage from, to, or through their respective cities or towns,
or from place to place -within the same, of any neat cattle, and may arrest and detain,
at the cost of the owners thereof, all cattle found ])assing in violation of such regvila-
tions, aud may take all other necessary measures for the enforcement of such prohibi-
tion, and also for preventing the spread of any such disease among the cattle in their
i-c.spective towns and cities and the immediate vicinity thereof.

Sec. 0. The regulations made by selectmen and mayor and aldermen in pursuance
of the foregoing section shall be recorded ujoon the records of their towns and cities
respectively, and shall be published in such towns and cities in such manner as may
be iirovided in such regulations.

Sec. 7. Said selectmen and mayor and aldermen are authorized to cause all cattle
infected with such disease, or which have been exxjosed thereto, to be forthwith
branded upon the rumj) with the letter P, so as to distinguish the animal from other
cattle ; and no cattle so branded shall be sold or disposed of excei)t with the knowledge
and consent of such selectmen aud mayor and aldermen. Any person, without such
knowledge aud consent, selling and disposing of an anin-.al known to be efiected with
such disease, or known to have been exiiosed thereto within one year from such sale
or disposal, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hunched dollars, or by im-
prisonment not exceeding one year.

Sec. 8. Any person disobeying the order's of the selectmen or mayor and aldermen,
made in conformity with the foiu'th section, or driviug or transporting any neat cattle
contrary to the regulations made, recorded, and liublished as aforesaid, shall be piui-
ished by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imi)risonment not exceeding
one year.

Sec. 9. "Whoever knows, or has reason to suspect, the existence of any such disease
among the cattle in his possession or under his care, shall forthwith give notice to the
selectmen of the town or mayor and aldenuen of the city where such cattle may be
kept, and for failure so to do shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred
dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Sec. 10. Any town or citj' whose officers shall neglect or refuse to caiTy into effect
the provisions of section one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven, shall forfeit a sum
not exceeding five hundred dollars for each day's neglect.

Sec. 11. All appraisals made under the provisions of this act shall be in writing,
and signed by the appraisers, and the same shall be certified to the governor and
council, and to the treasurer of the several towns and cities wherein the cattle appraised
belong, by the selectmen and mayors and aldermen resiiectively.

Sec. 12. The selectmen of the towns and mayor and aldermen of the cities are here-
by authorized, when in their judgment it shall be necessary to carry into etl'ect the
purposes of this act, to take and hold possession, for a term not exceeding one year,
within their respective towns and cities, of any lands, without buildings other than
barns thereon, upon which it may be necessary to enclose and isolate any cattle, and
they shall cause the damages sustained by the owners in consequence of such taking
and holding to be appraised by the assessors of the town or city Avherein the lands so
taken are situated, and they shall further cause a description of such land, setting
forth the boundaries thereof, aud the area as nearly as may be estimated, together
with said appraisal by the assessors, to be entered upon the records of the tov.Ti or city.
The amount of said appraisal shall be paid as provided in the first sectiou, in such sums
and at such times as the selectmen or mayor and aldermen respectively may order.
If the owner of any land so taken shall be dissatisfied with the appraisal of said as-
sessors, he may, hj actiou of contract, recover of the town or city wherein the lands
lie, a fair compensation for the damages sustained by him ; but no cost shall be taxed
nnless the damages recovered in such action, exclusive of interest, exceed the appraisal
of the assessors. Aud the commonwealth shall reimburse any town or city four-fifths
of any sum recovered of such town or city in any such action.

AX ACT iu addition to an act concerning contagious diseases among cattle.

Section 1. In addition to the commissioners appointed under the pix)visions of
chapter one hundred and ninety-two of the acts of the year one thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty, the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the council, is
hereby authorized to appoint two additional persons to constitute, with those now in
office, a boai'd of conmiissioner3 upon the subject of ijleuro-iineumonia, or any other
coutagious disease now existing among the cattle of the commonwealth.

Sec. 2. When said commissioners shall make and publish any regulations concern-
ing tbi^. extirpation, cure, or treatment of cattle infected with, or which have been ex-
posed to the disease of i^leuro-pueumonia, or other contagious disease, such regulations
shall sr.i^ersede the regulations made by selectmen of towns and mayors and aldermen
of cities, upon the same subject-matter, and the operation of the regulations made by
such selectmen and mayors and aldermeu shall be suspended diu-ing the time those

248 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

made by the commissiouers as aforesaid shall he in force. And said selectmen and
mayors and aldermen shall carry out and enforce all orders and directions of said com-
missioners, to them directed, as they shall from time to time issue.

Sec. 3. In addition to the power and authority conferred on the selectmen of to'wus
and mayors and aldermen of cities, hy the act to which this is in addition, and which
are herein confeiTed upon said commissioners, the same commissioners shall have power
to provide for the establishment of a hospital or quarantine in some suitable place or
places, Avith proper accommodations of buildings, land, &c., wherein may be detained
any cattle by them selected, so that said cattle so infected and exposed may be there
treated by such scieutitic j)raetitioners of the healing art as may be there appointed
to treat the same. And for this purpose said commissioners may take any lands and
buildings in the manner provided in the twelfth section of the act to which this is an
addition.

Sec. 4. The governor, by and Avith the advice and consent of the council, is hereby
authorized to appoint three competent persons to be a board of examiners to examine
into the disease called pleuro-pneuuionia, and who shall attend at the hospital at quar-
antine established by the commissioners mentioned in the foregoing section, and there
treat and experiment upon such number of cattle, both sound and infected, as will
enal)le them to study the symptoms and laws of the disease, and ascertain, so far as
they can, the best mode of treating cattle in view of the prevention and cure of the
tiiscase, and who shall keep a full record of their proceedings, and make a report thereon
to the governor and council, Avhen their iuA'estigation shall IiaA'e been concluded:
Provided, That the exjiense of said board of examiners shall not exceed ten thousand,
dollars.

Sec. 5. The selectmen of the scA-eral towns, and the mayors and aldermen of the
seA-^eral cities, shall, Avithin twenty-four hours after they shall have notice that any
cattle in their respectiAO towns and cities are infected Avith, or haA'e been exposed to,
any such disease, giA^e notice in writing to said commissioners of the same.

Sec. 6. The commissioners are authorized to make all necessary regulations for the
treatment, cure, and extirpation of said disease, and may direct the selectmen of towns
and mayors and aldermen of cities to enforce and cany into effect all such regulations
as may, from time to tijne, be made for that end ; and any such oflicer refusing orneg-
lecting to enforce and carry out any regulation of the commissioneis, shall be punished
by fine not exceeding Aac hundred dollars for every such oftense.

Sec. 7. The commissioners maj', Avhen in their j udgment the public good shall require
it, cause to be killed and biuied any cattle which are infected with, or Avhich haA'O
been exposed to said disease, and said commissioners shall cause said cattle to be ap-
praised in the same manner provided in the act to which this is an addition ; and the
appraised Aalue of such cattle shall be paid, one-fifth by the towns in which said cattle
are kept, and the remainder by the commouAvealth.

Sec. 8. \MioeA'er shall tliiA'eor transport any cattle from any portion of the common-
wealth east of the Connecticut EiA'er to any part west of said riA cr before the first day
of April next without consent of the commissioners, shall be piuiished by fine not ex-
ceeding fiA^e hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one
year.

Sec. 9. WhoeA'e?- shall driA'e or transport any cattle from any portion of the com-
mouAvealth into any other State before tlie first day of April next, Avithout the consent
of the commissioners, shall be jiunished by fine not exceeding live hundred dollars, or .
by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year.

Sec. 10. If any person fails to comply with any regulations made, or with any order
given, by the commissioners, he shall be punished by fine not exceeding liA'e hundred
dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Sec. 11. Prosecutions imder the two preceding sections may be prosecuted in any
county in this commonwealth.

Sec. 12. All appraisals made under this act shall be in writing and signed by the
appraisers and certified by the conuuissioners, and shall be by them transmitted to
the governuor and council, and to the treasurers of the scAeral cities and toAvns
wherein th(i cattle appraised Avere kept.

Sec. 13. The ])roAisions of cliapter one hundred ami ninety-two of the acts of ona
thousand eight huiulred atul sixty [except so far as they authorize the appointment
of commissioners] are hereby rejjealed, but this repeal shall not affect the A'ahdity of
the proceedings heretofore lawfully had under the proAisions of said chapter.

Sec. 14. The comuussioners and examiners shall keep a full record of their doings,
and make report of the same to the next legislature, on or before the 10th day of Jan-
uary next, unless sooner required by the goAernor ; and the said record, or an abstract
of the same, shall be printed in the annual A-olume of Transactions of the State Board
of Agriculture.

Sec. 15. The goA-enior, with the advice and consent of the council, shall have power
to terminate the commission and board of examiners whenever, in his judgment, the
pubUc safety may permit.

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE. 249

STATE OF NEW YORK.

AN ACT to prevent tbo iiitrodiicHon aud spread of tlio disease kno-wn aa rinderpest, and for the pro-
tection of the Hocks and lierds of sheep and cattle iu the State of New York from this and other in-
fectious and contagious diseases. Passed April 20, 186G.

Be it enacted hif the senate and assemhiy of Xciv Yorlc:

Sectiox 1. It sliall be the duty of tlie health officer of the port of New York, in
acTditioii to the duties now impostd ou him hy existing law, to cxamiuo and inquire
whether any animals are brought in any vessels arriving at said port in violation of
any regulation of law passed by the Congress of the United States prohibiting the im-
portation of such animals.

2. Whenever any aiiimal is brought as a ship's cow, with no intention of landing the
same or of violating any such law or regulation of Congress as aforesaid, the same
shall be carefully examined and kept in quarantine for the space of at least twenty-
one days, and if any sjTnptoms of the infection or incubation of the disease commonly
known as the rinderiiest or any other infectious or contagious disease shall jiresent
themselves, it shall bo the duty of the said health officer immediately to cause the
said animal or auimals to be slaughtered, and their remains boxed with a sufficient
quantity of quicklime, sulphate of iron, or other disinfectant, and with sufficient
■weights placed in said box to prevent the same from floating, and to be cast into the
waters of the said port. It shall also be his duty to cleanse and disinfect by stiitable
agencies the berth or section of the ship in which said animal or animals were lying
or slaughtered, and also to cause the clothing and persons of all taking care of the
same or engaged in slaughter a-nd burial to be cleansed and disinfected.

3. William Kelloy, of Dutchess County, Marsena R. Patrick, of Ontario County,
and Lewis F. Allen, of Erie County, are laereby aj)pointed as commissioners imder
this act, and with powers and duties as hereinafter enumerated.

4. In the event of any such disease as the rinderpest or infectious disease of cattle
or sheep breaking out or being suspected to exist in any locality in this State, it shall
be the duty of all persons owning or having any interest whatever in the said cattle,
immediately to notify the said coimnissiouers or any one of them of the existence of
such disease; whereupon the said commissioners shall establish a sanitary cordon
around such locality. And thereuiiou it shall be the duty of the said commissioners
to ai)i)oint an assistant commissioner for such district with all powers conferred by
this act on the said commissioners or their agents or appointees, which said assistant
commissioner shall immediately proceed to the place or iilaces where such disease is
reported to exist, and cause the said animal or animals to be separated from all con-
nection or jiroximity with or to all other animals of the ruminant order, and take
such other precautionary measures as shall be deemed necessary ; and if in his opinion
the said disease shall be incurable or threaten to spread to other animals, to cause the
same immediately to bo slaughtered, their remains to be deeply buried, and all jjlaces
in which the said animals have been confined or kept to be cleansed and disinfected
by any of the agencies above mentioned ; and also to cause the same to be carefully
locked or barred so as to prevent all access to the same by any animals of a like kind
for a period of at least one month. Any animal thus slaughtered shall be appraised
luider the supervision of said commissioners, and one-half of the value of said animal
shall be paid by the State to the oAvuer thereof.

5. It shall be the duty of the said assistant commissioner, immediately on his being
notified of his appointment, or at any time thereafter of the breaking out of the said
disease in any place contiguous to the same and within the county in which he resides,
to give public notices of the same in at least one newspai^er priuted or published in the
said coitnty, and to cause notice to be posted up in at least five conspicuous places in
said neighborhood, and it shall bo his duty t» enjoin, in said notice and otherwise, all
persons concerned in the care or supervision of neat cattle or sheep not to come within
one hundred feet of the said locality without the special permission of the said assist-
ant commissioner.

G. It shall be the duty of the commissioners appointed under this act, whenever
they are advised that any such disease has made its appearance within the limits of
the State, to publish in the State paper and in at least one pai^er i>ublished in any
(!ottnty Avhere such disease exists, a statement of the methods approved by the New
York AgricTiltural Society for the treatment of cattle affected therewith, for the isola-
tion of the same, for the disinfection of the j)remises or building in which said cattle
are found affected as aforesaid, and for the prevention of the spread of the same
through any agencies of whatever kind.

7. The commissioners aforesaid, and all such assistants as they may appoint, when-
ever in their judgment or discretion it shall appear in any case 'that the disease is not
likely to yield to any remedial treatment, or whenever it shall seem that the cost or
worth of any such remedial treatment shall be greater than the value of any animal
or animals so affected, or whenever in any case such disease shall assume such form of
malignity as shall threaten its spread to premises, either contagious or infectious or

250 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

otlierwise, are licreby ompovrored to cause tlio said auimals to bo slatiglitcrcd fortli-
Avith and Irnried, as above iirovided, and to do all such things as arc mentioned in tho
fourth section of this act.

8. The said commissioners or their assistants are hereby emjiowered to enter npou
and take possession of all in-eniises or parts thereof -where cattle so affected as afore-
said are found, and to cause the said cattle to be confined in suitable inclosures or
buildings for any time requisite in the judgment of the said commissioners or their
assistants, and prior to the slaughter and burial of the said animals and the full and
complete disinfecting and cleansing of such prertiises ; and all persons, -^vhether
owners of or interested in such cattle or otherwise, who shall resist, impede, or hinder
the said commissioners or their assistants in the execution of their duties under this
act shall be deemed guilty, and on conviction of the same, of a misdemeanor, and shall
be punishable with fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not ex-
ceeding the term of six months, or of both, in the discretion of tho court before which
thej' shall bo adjudged guilty as aforesaid.

9. Tho commissioners shall have power toestoblish all such qnarantine or other reg-
ulations as they may deem necessary to jirevent the spread of the disease, or its transit
in railroad cars, by vessels, or by driving along the public highways; and it shall be
lirojier for the governor of tho State, by ]niblic x>roclamatiou as aforesaid, to enjoin all
persons concerned or engaged in tho traftic or transit of cattle or sheep, not to enter
upon any such places, or take therefrom any such animal, or to pass through any such
locality, and within such distances from the same as in the said proclamation may be
prescribed.

10. The sum of one thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is
hereby appropriated to pay to the said commissioners for their services, while actually
engaged in the duties enjoined upon them in this act, at tho rate of five dollars per day
to each, and such further sums as may cause them aetiial expenditures in traveling to and
from the places they may be called upon to inspect or visit, and in the printing or pub-
lishing of all regulations or notices mentioned in this act. And tho further sum of
fifteen thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may bo necessary, is hereby appropri-
ated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to pay for animals
slaughtered by the ijrovisions of this act, and the comptroller is hereby directed to pay
for the same on the warrant of the said commissioners.

11. The assistant commissioners aro to receive for each and every day while actually
engaged in duties provided by this act tho sura of three dollars per day, and all actual
expenses and disbursements paid or incurred in the discharge of their duties as afore-
said, which'said sums shall be a charge upon tho county for whicli ho is appointed,
and shall, when duly audited by the board of supervisors of the said county, bo paid
by the county treasurer.

12. The slaughtering of animals for beef after having been exposed to the contagion,
or sux:)posed to have been so exposed, may be permitted by the commissioners, or j)ro-
Mbitcd by them, as they may judge proper.

13. This act shall take efltlect immediately, and shall continue in force for one year.

AN ACT in relation to infections and contagious diseases of animals. Passed April 15, 1878; Uiree-

lil'tbs being present.

2hepco2)lc of the Sfatc of Xew York, 7'q}rcsented In iltc senate and aosemyiy, do enact as
foil on- s :

Sf.ction 1. ^^^lenever any infectious or contagious disease affecting domestic ani-
mals shall be brought into or shall break out in this State, it .shall be the duty of tho
governor to take measmres to suppress the same promptly, and to prevent the same
from spreadin"^.

$ 2. For such purpose tho governor shall have power —

To issue his proclamation, stating that infectious or contagious disease exists in any
coimty or counties of the State, and warning all persons to seclude aU animals in their
possession that are affected witJi such disease or have been exposed to the infection or
contagion thereof, and ordering all persons to take such precautious against the
spreading of such disease as the nature tliereof may in his judgment render necessary
or expedient.

To order that any premises, farm or fiirms where such disease exists or has existed
be put in c|uarantine, so that no domestic animal be removed from or brought to tho
premises or places so quarantined, and to jncscribo such regulations as he may judge
necessary or exiiedient to prevent infection or contagion being communicated in any
way from the places so quarantined.

To call u])on all .'^herUfs and deputy sheriffs to cany out and enforce the provisions
of such proclamations, orders, and regulations; and it shall bo the duty of all sheriiis
and deputy sheriiis to obey and observe all orders and instructions which they may
receive from the govcjmor in the ]n'emises.

To employ such and so many medical and veterinary practitioners and such other

CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF <:!ATTLE. 251

persons as ho may from time to time deem necessary to assist liim in performing Ills
duty as set forth in the first section of this act, and to fix their compensation.

To order all or any animals coming into the State to be detained at any place or
placcn for the purpose of inspection and examination.

To jirescrihc regulations for the destruction of animals affected with infectious or
contagious dis-ease, and for the ])roper disposition of their hides and carcasses, and of
all objects which might convey infection or contagion, provided that no animal shall
be destroyed unless lirst examined by a medical or veterinaiy practitioner in the em-
ploy of tiie governor, as aforesaid.

To presci-ibe regulations for the disinfection of all premises, l)ui]dings, and railway
cars, and of all objects from or by which infection or contagion may take j)lace or be
conve.ycd.

To alter and modify from time to time, as he may deem expedient, the terms of all
such proclamations, orders, and regulations, and to cancel or withdi'aw the same at
any time.

§ 3. Any person transgressing the terms of any proclamation, order or regulation
issued or prescribed by the governor nmder authority of this act shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor.

$ 4. All expenses incurred by the governor in carrying out the provisions of this act
and in performing the duty hereby devolved upon him, shall bo audited by the comp-
troller as extraordinary expenses of the executive department, and shall be paid out
of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.

THE IMPORTATION OF CATTLE PROHIBITED.

The following is an official copy of tlie act passed by Congress to
prohibit the importation of cattle in 18G5 :

AN ACT to prevent the spread of foreign diseases among the cattle of the United States.

Be it enacted ty the Senate and House of lieprescniafives of the United States of America
in Congress assemhled, That the importation of cattle be, and hereby is, prohibited.
And it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to make such regulations as
will give this law full and immediate effect, and to send copies of them to the proper
oflB.cers in this country and to all officers or agents of the United States in foreign
countries.

Section 2. And l)e it further enacted, That when the President shall give thirty days'
notice by proclamation that no further danger is to be apprehended from the s]>read
of foreign infectious or contagious diseases among cattle, this law shall be of no force,
and cattle may be imported in the same way as before its passage.

Passed the House of Representatives December 11, 1865.

Attest:

EDWARD Mcpherson, curi-.

THE BEITISH GOVERISIIE^T.

The folloTring is an abstract of the rules and regulations adopted by
the British Government to prevent the spread of the rinderpest and
pleuro-pneumonia among cattle, and foot and mouth disease among
sheep in its Indian possessions :

1. When cattle or sheep are purchased at a fair, they should always l)e treated as
having been probably exposed to contagion.

2. When cattle or sheep are beiag removed from one locality to another, they should
not be allowed to mix with other cattle or sheep en route, and should never be kept
overnight in or near quarters previously occui)ied, as such quarters are often contami-
nated by having recently been occupied by diseased animals.

3. When cattle or sheep are purchased in a fair or elsewhere, thkj should, on being
brought to the purchaser's premises, be kept by themselves, and not allowed to mix
with the old cattle of the farm, at pasture, or wateriag time, or any other time.
They should be kept by themselves in complete isolation for one month or six weeks,
in order to have proof afforded whether they are affected with a contagious disease or
not.

4. When cattle are traveling, or are moved from one district to another, they are

252 CONTAGIOUS LUNG FEVER OF CATTLE.

liable to bo exposed to coutaigiou and contract disease ; therefore, on their arrival at
home, they should be carefnlly inspected, and if they have passed thi-ougli an infected
district, they should be kept by themselves for some time. (See Rules 20 and 21.)

5. When disea'S^es of a contagions nature, or supposed to be of a contagious nature,
appear among cattle, the lirst important dutj^ is to separate the sick from the healthy
animals.

G. Carefully inspect all the animals, and remove to the hospital any showing the
slightest symptoms of disease.

7. Divide the healthy cattle into several lots, making each lot as small in number
as space will permit. JPicket the cattle in such lots a good distance apart and to
windward of the sick cattle. Frequently inspect each lot, and remove at once any
animal in the least unwell. By steadily adopting this plan, the disease will be found
in a few days to exist only among one or two lots, and by at once removing to the
hospital any becoming sick, the disease will speedily bo arrested in spreading tlu-ongh
the herd. Each lot should be kept isolated from other cattle for a period from four
to six weeks.

8. The hospital to contain the diseased cattle should be inclosed by a strong fence
and isolated. The attendants and the sick cattle must not be permitted to leave the
isolated area. Food and water may be taken to the attendants and cattle, but no
forage, water, litter, clothing, or anything else should be taken from the hospital.
Dogs should not be allowed to go to and from the hospital, as they may carry con-
tagium to places where healthy stock may be.

9. The dry litter, &c., of the hosj)ital should bo burnt inside the hospital area, and
the moist dung and tlischarges, &c., slionld be frequently removed from the stalls and
buried in pits dug in the hospital premises. These jiits should be six feet or more
deep, and should be filled with the wet litter, dung, &c., of the hospital up to within
two feet of tho surrounding ground surfa-ce, and then quicklime and good fresh earth
should be used to fill np the remaining two feet.

10. The stalls, walls, &c., and ground of the hospital should be scrupulously cleaned
by frequent sweepings and Avashings, and after every cleansing disinfectants, lime,
ashes, or even dry earth, should be plentifully scattered over the floors and ground,
and the wood-work and walls should be first washed and then whitewashed.

11. The hospital should be well ventilated; sulj)hur fumigation should be daily
carried out for an hour or so in tho hospital building, and at this time the doors and
■windows may be closed and the ventilators only kept partly open.

12. The constant burning of sufficient litter, opposite the doors or tho windward
side of the building, at seasons when flies are numerous and troublesome to cattle.

13. The sick cattle should be kept scrupulously clean, and have thin gruel and
fresh green grass in its season for diet. The healthy cattle should also bo kept on
laxative food, as cattle fed on hard dry food have tho disease in a more severe form
than those fed on laxative fodder.

14. When these contagious diseases have prevailed among cattle or sheep, they
should not be allowed to pasture, or to be kept with vmafFectcd herds, until a month
or six weeks have expired after the last case of disease occurring among tho affected
lot.

15. Animals that recover should be well washed with warm water and soap prior
to being removed from the hospital, and, if obtainable, carbolic acid should be added
to the warm water in the proportion of one wineglassful of the acid to a gallon of warm
water.

16. Carcasses of stock that die of rinderpest, black-quarter, and other forms of an-
tlu-ax fever, and pleuro-jjueumonia, should bo buried and covered with at least four
feet of earth.

17. The hides of cattle that die of these contagious diseases should be either well
scored or slashed with a knife, thxis destroying their value, and should be then buried
with the carcasses.

18. The surface of earth floors of stalls and ground on which cattle affected with
contagious diseases have been kept should be removed and buried, and the earth
below should be well dug up and turned over, and tho floor remade with fresh earth.
Brick and stone floors may be scraped, washed, and disinfected with (piicklimo or
carbolic acid.

19. Poles of carts and haniess, or saddlery, &c., used by animals affected with con-
tagious diseases, should bo washed and disinfected.

20. The j)eriods of incubation of rinderpest, black-quarter, and other forms of an-
thrax fever all believed to bo within twenty-eight days ; so a month has been named
as the time for an animal supposed to have been exposed to the contagiuiri of those
diseases to be kept isolated.

21. The period of incubation of pleuro-pneumonia varies from two to six weeks, but
has been found, as a rule, to bo about forty days; so, when cattle have been exposed
to tho contagium of this disease, they should bo kei)t isolated for forty-five days.

A STRANGE CATTLE DISEASE. 253

A STEANGE CATTLE DISEASE.

Mr. W. W. Lenoii', of Sliuirs Mills, Watauga County, North Carolina,
gives tlie follovring account of a strange disease -wliich lias prevailed
among cattle in that State for several years past :

Sir: Your letter, dii-ectecl to my former residence in Haywood county, North Caro-
lina, reached me after long delay, but ought to have been answered soonci*. I retained
no copy of the letter written by mo in 1872, to which you refer, in relation to the
8trange disease among cattle Avhich has been of late years in the Northwest and North,
incoiTectly called theTexas fever, but which was known throughout a large portion
of the South for many years before the independence and annexation of Texas by the
""ague name of the distemper, and is still so named.

It evidently prevailed first near the coast, and a dim outline of its history and prog-
ress, and of the imperfect knowledge and erroneous theories which prevailed con-
cerning it, can be traced in this State, and probably iu other Southern States, in the
legislation concerning it.

In North Carolina atc have a broad belt of land adjoining the coast, stretching
entirely across the State from Virginia to South Carolina, which is almost a level plain,
and which extends far enough inland to include many counties and jsarts of counties.
This belt is composed of large bodies of exceedingly rich alhuial swamp-lands, which
are rarely diy enough for cultivation without ai'tihcial di'aiuage, and which lie along .
the streams, aud are separated from each other by bodies of Iwvel, sandy, dry land
■which foiTQ the remainder of this level belt.

These swamp-lands are covered with dense forests of cypress, juniper, oak, and quite
a variety of other kinds of trees, many of them of immense size. The dry sandy lands
between the swamps are covered ahnost exclusively with forests of pine trees.

Above this level belt lies another broad belt, Avhich also sweeps entirely across the
State, and is called the sand hills. The alluvial lands along the streams extend
through and above the sand hills, and have a similar forest growth, but are narrower,
and form sometimes swamps and sometimes rich allxivial bottoms dry enough for culti-
vation in grain w ithout ditching. The uplands of the sand-hill region are composed of
innumerable hillocks, and low llat ridges, and naiTow plains of very sandy land, the
forest growth of which is almost exclusively pine.

Above the sand-hills aud extending from them to the Piedmont region, another
broad belt runs across the. State, which may be called the midland belt of North Car-
olina. This is an undulating region, composed of clay upland, interspersed with fine
alluvial bottoms along the streams. This belt is almost destitute of pine, except in the
old fields, of which there are far too many — ^lands which have been once in cultivation,
and have now grown up in thickets of what are called old-field pines. The principal
native forest growth of this belt of the State is oak, with an abundant mixture, how-
ever, of hickory, poidar, 'nalnut, dogwood, sourwood, gum, and a variety of other
trees.

Above this midland belt of the State comes the Piedmont region, extending to the
foot-hills and lower portions of the southeastern slopes of the Blue Eidge, and includ-
ing the secondary ranges southeast of the Blue Eidge, called Lauratown, Brushy, and
South Mountains, &c. ; and the fine Piedmont valleys of the Dan, Yadkin, Catawba,
Broad, and other rivers ; which lie between the smaller mountain ranges and the Blue
Eidge.

The Piedmont region is marked by a surface becoming by degrees more and more
undulatory, broken, and at length mountainous ; by the presence stiU of alluvial bot-
toms along the streams ; by a greater variety of soil as avcU as surface of the uplands,
portions of which arc here found to be somewhat sandy ; by a greater variety of forest
trees, and by the partial reappearance of pines, Avhich are now found scattered over
the uplands among the other trees, not in excess, but in ample abundance.

Finally, we have the mountain region, including the summit of the Blue Eidge,
which in North Carolina forms the water-shed between the Atlantic and Mississippi
waters, and extending from it to the Alleghany range, vrhich forms the State line be-
tween North Carolina and Tennessee. This highly elevated mountain belt has a cool,
moist, temjjerate, healthful climate, and a delightfully varied surface of lovely val-
leys and rich mountain sides. Its agricultural 'resources are wonderfully varied and
extensive. It is a land eminently suitable for permanent pastures aud meadows ; and
when its immense forests are subdued and its lines of transportation opened uii, it will
soon become the finest graziug. stock-raising, and dairymg laud in the United States.
Please excuse this slight outline of the State, Avhich is interesting in itself and has
somp bearing on the subject.

An early statute on the subject of the '' distemper," enacted in North Carolina many
years ago, prohibited the driving of cattle from the pine lands iu the eastern portion

254 A STEANGE CATTLE DISEASE.

of tlio State to tlie oaklands in the middle pertion of tlie State. This marked the prog-
ress the disease -was making at that date, and indicated the belief that its cause ex-
isted in and was coutined to the pine lands in the eastern jiortion of the State. But
the disease has slo-wly crept across the midland belt and into and nearly across the
Piedmont belt of this State. A recent North Carolina statute, passed I think in 1876-
'77, prohibits the driving of cattle from below the Blue Eidge into "Watauga county,
which is on and west of the Blue Eidge, in the mountain region of the State.

I regret that I have not the means, in this secluded locality, of giving you exact
dates and fuller references. I think that when I wrote the letter in 187x;,'to which
you refer, the ''distemper" had just reached Morganton, in Biu-ke couuty. North
Carolina, within a few miles of the foot-hills of the Blue Eidge. I am glad to be able
to state that its progress, as it approaches the Blue Eidge and reaches higher eleva-
tion, seems to be slower ; and strengthens the belief generally held here, that it will
not get a i^crmanent foot-hold in the cool clunato of our mountains west of the Blue
Eidge.

Some of the facts connected with the progress and contagious character of thi^j dis-
ease are so .strange as to challenge crcdulty; and yet so important and so easily veri-
fied, that it is still more strange that they are so little kiiown, and have been sub-
jected to so little carefitl and sy.stcmatic investigation.

The progress of the disease over the i-egion which it infests may be compared to that
of the disease called ringworm on a surface of the human body. Tliere is a slowly ad-
vancing angry external border around the infected region, in which border the disease
is violently active, killing a large iiroportion of the cattle where it first makes its ap-
pearance, on many of the farms all, or nearly all. This angry border advances at an
iiTcgular rate, and ])rcsents an irregular outline, pausing in places for several years ;
and then perhaps advancing suddenly and destructively several miles in a siuglo sea-
son. I think I have observed in Caldwell and Burke counties, North Carolina, and it
is probably the case elsewhere, tbat it sometimes makes more rapid i)rogress along the
deep valleys than above tliein. I have not observed that it advances along the lead-
ing thoroughfares of travel and traffic, except as they conform with sucL valley.s. In
Wilkes county. North Carolina, it has made a long pause on the south bank of the
Yadlilu Eiver. But I fear it is about to get a permanent foothold on the north bank.
James Gwyu, Elkin, Surry county, North Carolina, who lives on the north bank of
the Yadkin in Wilkes county, has lost cattle twice from it, and can inform j-ou of its
progress, in his neighborhood.

But though thus irregular in its outline and progress, this angry border which sur-
rounds the infected region has, at all times, a tolerably detinite location, and is desig-
nated among us as the " distemper" line. The region within, over whicli the disease
has already passed, is said to be within or below the "distemper " line. The region be-
yond it to which the flistemi>er has not permanently reached, is .said to be above or
without the "distemper" line.

The disease is most fatal in autunm, disappears after white frost, and does not reap-
jiear until warm weather in the late spriug or summer.

The country below the distemper line, like the sm-face within the border of the ring-
worm, seems to be comparatively free from the disease. The cattle have become
acclimated, and there are only occasional cases of the "distemper." But Avhenever
cattle from above the distemper line are driven below it after wanii weather is weD
advanced, or in wintei", and suffered to remain there till then, there is a strong proba-
bility that they will take the '•'distemper" and die of it.

When cattle from below the distemper line are diiven above it in Avinter, they may
remain there permanently without any probability that tliey will suffer from or prop-
agate the disease. And if cattle liom below the "distemper" line, and accUmated
there, are driven above the distemper line after warm weather has set in, they will
thrive and fatten, and show no outward appearance of the disease. But they impart
the disease in its most destructive charactei", especially when they have been heated
by hard driving or work, to the healthy cattle around them. Cattle only ])assing over
the road which they have traveled, it may be several days before, if it has not rained
in the mean time, will take the disease and die. As cattle are very apt to smell the
dung of other cattle in passing over it, it seems probable that in such cases the germs
of the disease are inhaled from the dung.

StiU more wonderful than this, when taken in connection with it, is tlie fact that
the cattle thus taking the disease from apparently healthy cattle, and dying of it in
its acute form, may die surrounded by healthy cattle of their own neighborhood to
which they will not impart the disease. However violent such accidental outbreaks
of the disease may be at the time, it never gains a permanent foothold when carried
in this waj'' far above the slowly advancing " distemper" line.

I am not skiUed nor well-read in the diseases of cattle, or in other diseases. In the
only book I have which treats of the diseases of cattle, a slip-shod American rehash
and abridgment of a standard English work, the disease called in England red waiei
resembles oiu- so-called "distemper" more than any other disease described in it.

EINDERPEST OR CATTLE PLAGUE. 255

Tlio organized aud widely extended inquiries of your dep.irtment might determine
some very interesting and important questions concerning this disease. Has it canses
T.'hich give it a spontaneous origin in certain localities in the Southern States? Can
those canses he remo^■ed ? What are tho hest methods of i)roventiug the spread of it
hoyond those localities, and of suppressing it T\'here it has akeady a permanent foot-
hold beyond them ? What is tho hest treatment of the animals attacked by it, &c.

A ^Yidesp^ead belief exists that it is caused by ticks. I am sure that this is an
error. Bat it is Avorth investigating for the sake of exploding it. The ticks Avhich
often prey in disgusting numbers on the cattle at the South, both above and below tho
" distemper line," aud may -well aggravate the distemper, or any other disease, arc
vrorth iuA'estigating on their OAvn account. Cattle may be kept free from them bj^ tho
regular addition of brimstone to their food or salt.

"Hoping that this very meager and imperfect statement may aid you in directing a
more minute and accurate investigation of this disease, which has been so fatal to
Southern cattle and has so depressed their value,
I am, very respectfully, yoius,

W. W. LENOIR.

Hon. AVm. G. Le Due,

Commissioner o£ Agriculhtre.

ei:n^deepest ok cattle plague.

The followiug letter, addressed to the Commissioner of Agriculture,
gives the symptoms and 2J0st mortem ajipearances of the destructive dis-
ease known as rinderpest or cattle plague :

Sir: At your request I will give as fully as possible tho symptoms and j^ost mortem
appearances of a fatal disease in cattle, known as rinderpest or cattle plague.

The disease I allude to made only one great invasion in Great Britain during the
present century (in the years 1865 and 1866), and swept away many thousands of cat-
tle, tho money loss from its ravages being between ten and twelve million poimds
sterling. At that time (1865 and 1866) I was in practice in a large agricultural dis-
trict of England (Berkshire), aud as soon as the disease visited that county I was ap-
pointed by the government one of the cattle-plague inspectors, and therefore had
ample opportunities of examining large numbers of animals afl'octed with tho disease,
and availed myself of tho chance of making inanj post moriems.

The disease is purely contagious, and therefore preventable. It is a specific, malig-
nant fever, indigenous to the Asiatic steppes of Russia, runs a definite course, and
generally terminates fatally. It is essentially a disease of the bovine family, but may
be communicated to tho sheep, goat, deer, &c. It has a period of iucubation varying
from four to ten days ; during this period the animal gives no indication of being
atfected.

Symptoms. — Primary fcA'er, as indicated by a rise in the temperature ; a remarkably
dull and dispirited condition of the animal, which will stand with its head hanging
down, ears drawn back, and coat staring, refusing all food or even water. Riunina-
tiou is suspended; if made to move it shows great prostration of strength, and fre-
quently staggers as if about to fall. The skin is hot in places, and remarkably so
betwceu tho limbs ; an eruption on, and a peculiar appearance and condition of, the
mucous meml)rane of the mouth is seen ; it is red and furred, presenting raw-looking
spots, especially on the inner side of the upper lip and along the roof. "The breath is
fetid, and the mucous membrane of the vagina alters to a dark -red color. These
signs are rarely absent. Tears early trickle from the eyes, which are red and express-
ive of sufi'eriug, aud a watery discharge flows from the nostrils. There is a continu-
ous increase of these secretions, which become more or less purulent in the advanced
stage of the malady ; rigors and twitching of the superficial muscles, failing jmlse,
oppressed breathing, sores on tho skin, with discharges from the same. Em])hysema
of the tissues of the neck aud back ; the extremities are cold at the commencement of
the disease, aud iu the latter stages the increased heat of the body gives place to a re-
markable coldness along the comso of the spine. Secretion of milk is aiTcsted very
suddenly, the animal grinds its teeth, arches the back, moans, aud shows signs of great
uneasiness.

At first the bowels are constiiiated, but soon violent purging commences, leading to
dysentery, the evacuations being slimy, liquid, and sometimes of a dirty-yellow color,
tinged with blood, of a fetid character, witli much straining. The urine is scanty and
dark iu color. The buccal membrane becomes covered with a yellowish-white mate-
rial, -sAhich can be easily stripped off, showing au ulcerated surface under it. The aui-

256 KINDEEPEST OR CATTLE PLAGUE.

mal now stands witli great difficulty, gets quite drowsy and unconscious ; the breath-
ing short, quick, and more painful.

The animal will sometimes sink as early as twelve hours from the commencement of
the attack, but in many cases the disease will be jirotractcd to the lifth or sixth, and
occasionally to the eighth or ninth day. As death approaches the mucous membranes
acquire a leaden hue, witli dark-colored spots on their surface. Tympanitis sets in,
and the discharges from the bowels are in%'oluntary.

The mortality in Great Britain Avas very great. The disease is highly contagious,
and will not yield to medical treatment. Vaccination and inoculation were tried,
but all seemed only to spread the pestilence.

Post vioricm appearances will differ according to the part of the organism chiefly
affected, and especially according to the time of duration of tlic malady. In many-
cases, the roof of the month will be found covered with a dirty-yellow exudation upon
an ulcerated surface, the lining of the larynx, pharynx, and all the mucous membranes
of the mouth is of a deoj) red color, and often covered witli a layer partaking of the
characters of lymph and pus combined, varying Irom the linest iilm to a quarter of an
inch in substance. The lungs are often covered with a soft membranous exudation ;
emphysema of them is also very commonly found, but not always. On opening the
abdominal cavity, the omentum is frequently found to x)resent patches of redn(>ss ; the
intestines are altered in color, from the condition of the mucous membrane being par-
tially seen tlu'ough their walls. On cutting the rumen (or paunch) a quantity of un-
digested food is generally found, but nothing more than a tinge of redness in patches
can be found here. The reticulum (honey-comb) does not show ;iuy signs of the dis-
ease; the omasum (manifolds) affords, in themr..jority of cases, very characteristic in-
dications of the effects of the malady, its folds being inflamed in patches, or ulcerated
in patches, even showing largo perforations from sloughing, with claret-colored edges.
The contents of this stomach are dry and caked.

The fourth, or true digestive stomach, the abomasuni (rennet) is inflamed and shows
specific lesions of the disease. The contents are nearly always fluid, and often mixed
with blood ; the mucous membrane is not only intensely red, but is studded with
superficial erosions ; the membrane can bo easily removed from the submucous tissues,
in some cases showuig deep sloughs or ulcers. This condition is more marked near the
pyloric region, being of a claret color.

The intestines show similar morbid changes, particularly the jejunum and the ileum,
also the cyccum, Avhich shows a peculiar mottled appearance from the accumulations,
in the follicles, of a dirty-white or yellowish secretion. Th(>, liver is mostly unaffected,
but the gall-bladder is remarkably full. The lining membrane of the vagina is of a
dark red color and semi-detached condition.

I have given above all the early symptoms of this disease, together with the post
mortem appearances, and I am sure you will agree with me that it differs materially
from any other disease of the cow or sheep.

Sheep will take the disease from cattle; in order to test this, experiments were tried
at the Royal Veterinary College, London. Sheej) took the disease from cattle and
died, showing the same post-mortem appearances. Cattle also took it from the sheep
and died. Afterward Professor Simonds found a large number of sheexi in England
affected, from having been in comjiany with or near diseased cattle.

Professor Law, of Cornell University, says: "Treatment of this plague should bo
legally jirohibited under all circumstances, all the attempts of the difierent schools of
medicine, and of empiricism have only increased its ravages; while nations and dis-
tricts that have -vigorously stamped iit out, and excluded it, have saved their prop-
erty."

I trust we have no cases of this terrible scourge in this country, and that the re-
ports in some of the Philadelphia newspapers of the past week, of its prevalence in
the vicinity of Washington, may prove to be unfomided, as I have cause to believe
they are. But if over introduced into this coimtry, tlio victims and all other cattle
with which they had been in contact, should be promptly destroyed and buried deeply,
and the places and things with which they have come in contact bo disinfected in the
most perfect manner.

I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant,

JOHN W. GADSDEN,
M. B. C. V. S., England.

Pjulabelphia, October 26, 1878,

GLANDERS.

EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

[These illustrations are photographic coi)ies of the plates accompanyiug Professor
Gerlach's treatise on glanders, piibUshed in the Jahreshcrkh t der Koeniglichen Thier-
arzneischule zu Hannover, 1868. The same illustrate the morbid anatomy of glanders.]

Plate I. — Fig. I. Development of glanders-cells of connective-tissue corpuscles in
the mucous membrane of the septum. Enlargement 300.

1. Spindle-shaped cells, vrith a large oval nucleus.

2. The same, more swelled ; imcleus larger ; a second nucleus developing.

3. Cells like No. 2, but with ends bliuited ; more granulated and approaching decay.

4. Roimd cells of different size, with a large nucleus ; the largest ones have a dark,
granulated nucleus; beneath free nuclei and granulated detritus.

Fig. II. Microscopic cut from gray-yellowish glanders ; nodules of the mucous mem-
brane of the septum, in which (cut) can be seen spindle-shaped cells in different
stages of development to round cells with a fibrous intercellular substance. Enlarge-
ment 300. At a the spindle-shaped cells and at & the round cells i>revailing.

Fig. III. Development of glanders-cells of epithelium elements in the pulmonal
nodules. Enlargement 300.

1. Normal cylinder-cell with a nucleus.

2. Cylinder-cell with a second nucleus developing.

3. Cylinder-cell with two and three developed nuclei.

4. Bag-shaped rudiments of cylinder-cells tilled with young round cells.

5. Giant-cells with young round cells.

6. Small and large round cells with a large, dark, and granulated nucleus.

Plate II. — Fig. IV. Lower end of the septum with glanders-nodules and ulcers.
(Natiu-al size.)

1. Various gray glanders-nodules.

2. A group of glanders-nodules with a round hole in the middle. (Incipient
glanders-ulcers. )

3. A solitary glanders-ulcer.

4. Confluent glanders-ulcers with elevated borders and dirty bpttom.

Fig. V. Transversal cuts throiigh the gray nodules in the mucous membrane of the
septum. (Natural size.)

a. Gray nodule in the midst of the tissue of the mucous membrane ; the upper layer
of the mucous membrane raised.

/;. Gray nodule in the upper layer of the mucous membrane, visible on the surface.

Fig. VI. A j)iece of the lower border of a lung, cut surface. (Natural size.)

1. Miliary tubercles.

2. Tubercle of the size of a pea.

3. A largo glanders-uodulc developing.

Fig. VII. Also a piece of the lower border of a lung, cut surface. (Natural size.)

1. Miliary nodules surrounded bj' a red crust.

2. Large gray glanders-nodule (glanders excrescence) growing yet in one direction.

arj^j^is^jjKi^&

lir^port Coiiinii.s.sionrr ofWoiTrultiiro for 1878.

Fio.I

Plate I

^sr^m^

?^

Fig. I

Dovolopiiimt of ^laiulcrs-cells oJ'coTnieclivc-tissiie c'<)rj)uscles in ll»p nmcoirs

inonibraiif of llic ycphnn

Fig.ir.

\n. .V . nil :i^ir

#

Fig. II.
^licToscopic rirt from ciivvv-vrLloAvisli olaiulers.

i^Q-in.

M/ PI

/

5^1i^ (J)

FigMII.
DeAclopmoiit of ^InndcLscells of ei)Uhf.lum\ olcmeiits in tlu> i)iflmonril nofbrles.

( WyAX 1 ) 10 W S

)M < ninui is.sioiiiT oi \'>i']i iilliiiT I'dr IM/cS

I'l.ilc 11

^*|^!f^^

i!'^^^...

()\\(-i' Ciul ol llic sc|(l uin Willi 'jLiikIci's nodules and ui( crs ( n.il iiivil si/c)

l''i«j \'
Tivuisvcrsiil nils lliri)U'Jli lln- 'jiii\ nodules m ihe nuHous iiieuihi/uu

( nal uivd si/.c).

)!' I he sc])! inn.

■■■■fill ..■"■lii

I'lo \'l

I'lece of I he lower border of a limy < \il surface ( naluial size ).

Also a |)ic< (- ol'llu' lowei' Uoi'der oi' a liiny, eiil surliuc ( nal ural size ) .

.\.ii...-ii(;.c.,i.iih.)-,.usii. li.-.

GLANDERS.

Bt Dr. H. J. Detmeks, V. S,, Chicago, lU.

Defestition. — Glanders is a contagious disease sui generis of animals
belonging to the genus equus. It lias usually a chronic course, can be
communicated by means of its contagion to several other species of ani-
mals and to human beings, and must be considered incurable if fully
developed. The principal seat of the morbid process is usually in the
mucous membrane of the nasal cavities. Three main symptoms, viz.,
discharges from the nose, swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands,
and particularly ulcers of a peculiar, chancrous character in the mucous
membrane of the septum of the nose, characterize glanders, and are,
therefore, of the greatest diagnostic value. Wherever these three
symptoms, or only two of them, are present and fully developed, there
the diagnosis is secured. But unfortunately this is not always the case j
sometimes two, and even all three, principal symptoms may be wanting,
and still the horse may be affected with glanders. In such a case the
seat of the morbid process is not in the nasal cavities, but farther on in
the respiratory passages, or even in the lungs. Several such cases have
come to my observation, and have also been described by others, espe-
cially by Professor Gerlach. In still other cases, in which the disease
might be called "external glanders," but is better known by the name
of ^^farci/,''^ the morbid process has its principal, or even its exclusive,
seat in the subcutaneous connective tissue and in the skin or cutis. The
late Professor Gerlach, in his treatise on Glanders, published in the
'•'■ Jaliresbericlit der Koeniglichen Thierarzneischule zu Hannover ^ 1868,
discriminates, in consequence of these differences, three distinct forms :
Nasal or common glanders, pulmonal glanders, and farcy. As such a
division of glanders proper into nasal and pulmonal glanders — farcy is
described by every author under a separate head — facilitates considera-
bly the diagnosis, and explains also at once why just those symptoms
which are usually looked upon as most characteristic remain sometimes
imperfectly developed, or entirely unobserved, it will be convenient to
adopt Gerlach's classihcatiou.

1. Nasal Glandees. — This form is that which is most common, best
known, and characterized by the three principal symptoms which have
been mentioned.

(«.) The discharge from the nose, although the most conspicuous of those
three symptoms, is really the one which is the least characteristic, or of
the least diagnostic value, because several other diseases of the respira-
tory organs are also attended with disc^harges from the nose, which are
more or less similar. It is true, the discharge in glanders possesses some
properties which, if considered as a total, are characteristic and are not
found combined in any other disease ; but the difficulty is one or another
of these qualities is not always sufficiently developed. Consequently, if
the other two principal sjTuptoms, the sweUing of the lymphatic glands
and the ulcers in the nose, are absent or not observed, the discharges

17 SW 257

258 GLANDERS AND PARCY.

from the nose arc seldom cliaracteristic enougli to servo as tlie sole basis
of a reliable diagnosis. The same are frcqueiiily one-sided, and, accord-
ing to most antbors, oftencr from the left than from the right nostril.
According to my experience they are nearly, if not quite, as often from
the right as from the left nasal cavity, and, at any rate, just as often
from both nostrils as from one only, but always more abundant from one,
either right or left, than from the other. At the beginning the dis-
charges are usually thin, almost watery, frequently greenish, or some-
what similar in color to grass juice ; afterward the same appear to be
composed of two difterent iluids, one yellowisli and water3" and the other
whitish and mucous. Still later the dischai'ges become thicker, more
sticky, exhibit frequently a mixture of different colors, are sometimes
greenish, sometimes dirty white or grayish, contain not seldom streaks
of blood, and, in advanced stages especially, particles of bone or cartil-
age. They have a great tendency to adhere to the borders of the nos-
trils and to dry there to dirty jollow-brownish crusts. As to quantity,
the nasal discharges in glanders are seidoui verj' copious, at least not
as copious as in many other discuses — strangles, for instance. The quan-
tity, however, varies. Sometimes, especially v/hen the weather is warm
and dry, the discharges may be very insignificant or be absent altogether,
and, at other times, particularly if the weather is rougb, wet, and cold,
will increase in quantity and become comparatively abundant. Several
authors have attached special importance to one or another of the vari-
ous i)roperties as something characteristic, by which the nasal discharges
in glanders can be distinguished from those of other disei.ises, but, in re-
ality, none of those properties are constant enough, or belong exclusively
to glanders, to be alone of great diagnostic value. Solleysel and Kersl-
ing considered the stickiness as such a characteristic, but the discharges
in strangles ai"e frequently just as sticky. Pinter and Vit6t relied upon
the specific gravity j they found that the nasal discharges of glanders,
which consist partly of matter and partly of inucus, sink to a certain
extent in water, wlnle the mucus discharges of distemper swim on the
surface. This test is of some value, but is not decisive, because matter
is sometimes admixed also to the nasal discharges of other diseases.
Others have laid stress upon the one-sidedness of the discharge, but the
latter is just as often from both nostrils as only from one, and a one-sided
discharge belongs also to some other diseases ; is, for instance, observed
in a catarrhal inliammation of one of the frontal or maxillary sinuses,
if caries in one of the three last molars of the ui^per javv-- has efiected a
fistulous opening into the maxillary sinus, if a polypus has developed
in one of the nasal cavities, &c. Professor Gerlach considers the green-
ish color as a very important characteristic, but that, too, is not reliable,
because it is not constant, is usually observed only at the beginning,
and belongs frequently, also, to the nasal discharg'^s of catarrh, strangles,
and influenza, if the patients are kept on green food or in a pasture. The
nasal discharge constitutes a characteristic sj^mptom of glanders only, if
all its essential properties are present (sufticiently developed), and are
considered as a whole. If the other principal symptoms (swelling of the
lymphatic glands and ulcers in the nasal cavity) are absent or remain
unobserved, some minor symptoms, wliich may happen to be present,
and the absence of all such symptoms which are peculiar to other dis-
eases, make li'equentiy a diagnosis possible.

(h.) A dlsilncilif limited swclUtuj of the submaxillari/ Jf/mphatic f/lands
constitutes the second essential symptom, vrhicli is more characteristic
of glanders, and of greater diagnostic value than the discharge from the
nose. The sv^'olhng corresponils to the discharge ; that is, if the latter

GLANDERS AND FARCY. 259

is one-sided, for instance, firom the left nostril only, the glands of the

correspondiiig- left side of the head are affected, and if the discharge is
from both nostrils the ghmds of both sides are swelled, but always those
of that side the most on which the discharge is most copious. The
swelling does not exhibit any conspicuous sign of inflammation, and is
nsnallynot painful, except at the beginning or after a sudden increase
of the morbid process. It is always distinctly limited, and the swelled
gland is always hard and usually of the shai^e and size of a peanut ;
may occasionally, however, be found as large as a hen's egg. Large in-
flammatory swellicgs without distinct limits do not belong to glanders.
At iii"st the swelled glands are more or less movable beneath the skin,
but afterwards, in an advanced stage of the disease, the same frequently
api)ear to be attached more or less firmly to the bone and are immova-
ble. The sweiliug, u.nless irritated hy external causes, never dissolves
in suppuration like the inflammatory swellings common in distemper,
and is absent only if the l^'mphatic glands have been extirpated, if the
lymphatics have become obliterated, or if the morbid process in the
mncmis mcDibrane of the respiratory jiassages is situated too high to be
within the province of those lymphatics which are connected with the
snbmaxiUary glands, for the sweUiiig is caused solely by a deposit of
deleterious matter which has been absorbed by the lymphatics. Pro-
fessor Gerlach looks upon every horse as i)robabiy affected with glan-
ders which shows a distinctly limited, hard, knotty, and painless swell-
ing of the submaxillary lymphatic glands. I will not contradict a man
of his experience and learning, and admit that such a swelhng consti-
tutes a very suspicious and characteristic indication of glanders, espe-
cially if some other symptoms of that disease are also present ; but I
am obhged to remark that I have seen horses not affected with glanders
in which those glands were swelled to the size of a peanut, and were
hard, without pain, and movable.

(c.) Ulcers of a peculiar, cliancrous character on the mucous mem-
brane of the nose, and especially of the septum or cartilaginous i)artition
hetween the nasal cavities, constitute by far the most characteristic
symptom, and, in fact, the only one which makes the diagnosis a certainty,
even if all other symptoms should be absent or imperfectly developed.
Still, such is never the case ; if there are ulcers in the nose, then there
is also a discharge of matter mixed ^\'ith mucus from the corresponding
nostril. In some cases these ulcers are i^resent, but are sititated too
high to be seen unless the horse is examined ui bright simlight and the
rays of the sun are reflected by a mhror into the cavity of the nose. Tlio
seat of the ulcers is usually on the septum and near the nasal bone,
Their size and shape vary (Fig. lY). Some ulcers are small, isolated,
almost roimd ; others are large, of an irregular shape, and of uneven
depth. All produce matter, have elevated, corroded borders, a dirty,
steatomatous-looking bottom, and are never covered with a scab. At
first small gray specks or elevated gray spots (glanders-nodules), vary-
ing in size from that of a pin's head to that of a pea, make their a]ipear-
ance (Fig. IV, 1 and 2, and Fig. V, a and h). These nodules soon decay
and form ulcers. Gradually the ulcers increase in size and deiitli (Fig.
IV, 3) ; then- borders become more elevated and corroded ; the i^rocess
of decay goes on ; and if two or more small ulcers are close together,
they become confluent, unite, and constitute one large, hTegularly-shaped
ulcer (Fig. IV, 4), which continues to increase in size and depth." Decay
and destruction work thek way deeper and deeper, even into the car-
tilage, and if ulcers happen to be existing in both cavities, or on both
sides of the septum, it occiu-s not seldom that the latter becomes per-

260 GLANDERS AND FAECY.

forated. I observed several sucli cases, one especially in Lee Centre,
Lee connty, Illinois, in 1866, in "svhicli the hole in the lower or anterior
j^art of the septum vras fully as large as a silver half-dollar. The borders
of the same appeared Irregular, corroded, much swelled or elevated over
the surface of the septum, and coated with a dirty-looking, discolored,
and blood-streaked glanders-matter. The disease, in that case, was far
advanced, and the animal about ready to die.

Sometimes it happens that a glanders-ulcer shows a tendency to heal;
it loses its chancrous character ; granulation makes its ai)pearance ; a
scurf or scab Is formed ; a healing takes place, and a fibrous, whitish-
colored, somewhat puckered or star-shaped scar is left behind.

Some authors have attached considerable diagnostic importance to a
bluish or lead-gray color of the nasal mucous membrane, and to bluish
or lead-gray spots, which usually make their appearance before it
comes to ulceration. Such a bluish color, however, is not a constant
symptom — in some cases only small red specks can be seen on an other-
wise rather pale mucous membrane, and is not characteristic either, be-
cause it is observed also in catarrhal diseases, and in horses driven
against the wind in cold weather.

{(l.) Minor symptoms. — The three principal symptoms just described
are usually accompanied by some others of minor diagnostic value, but
under certain circumstances very important, especiallj' if one or another
of the i)rincipal symptoms should happen to be imperfectly developed.
As such minor symptoms, may be mentioned, first, an accumulation of
a glassy, whitish-gray mucus in the inner canthus or corner of the eye
of the diseased side of the head. It is a symptom which usually makes
its appearance at the beginniQg of the disease; second, a lusterless,
dry, and dirty-looking, or so-called "dead" coat of hair; third, more or
less diflficidty in breathing; fourth, a peculiar short and dry cough,
somewhat similar to the well-known cough of a horse affected with
heaves. These last three symptoms, of which the cough is the most
characteristic, make their appearance onlj^ after the morbid process has
made considerable progress. In some cases the plain outbreak of the
disease, or the appearance of plain and unmistakable symptoms, is pre-
ceded by a swelhng of the inguinal, the axillary, and other lymphatic
glands.

The difacultj' of breathing, and the peculiar and somewhat character-
istic cough, though only minor sj^mptoms in common or nasal glanders,
rise to great diagnostic importance if the morbid process has its princi-
pal seat in the lungs instead of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavi-
ties—if, in other words, the animal is affected with that form of the
disease which Professor Gerlach has called '■'puhnonal glanders.'^

It happens sometimes that a horse is affected Avith glanders and com-
municates the disease to other healthy animals, but does not itself show
any of the three principal symptoms characteristic of that disease ; has
110 discharge from the nose, no swelled glands, and no ulcers in the nasal
ca\ities. The late Professor Spinola, in his lectures on veterinary pa-
thology at Berlin, related such a case to his students, which will serve as
an illustration. It is substantially as follows: In a village near Berhn
glanders broke out in a stable in which several horses were kept. A
veteruiary surgeon was called, who made an investigation and con-
demned every horse that showed any symptoms of the disease, and
every animal condemned was immediately kdled. The horses appa-
rently not affected were kept for several weeks under pohce control,
and from tune to time inspected, but finally" released. Among them was
one old sorrel horse which had the heaves, and which had been brought

GLANDERS AND FARCY. ' 261

into tlie stable a sliort time before tlie first case of glanders made its ap-
pearance. This sorrel liorse soon after was sold to a man in another
village, and came into a stable containing also quite a number of horses.
In that stable, too, glanders broke out. A veterinary surgeon (another
one) was called, and every horse vshowing symptoms of glanders was
condemned and immediately destroyed. The old sorrel horse, however,
which was known to have " the heaves," was again released after some
length of time, together with those which had remained exempted, and
was sold once more, this tune to a man who kept over 30 horses (I have
forgotten the exact number) in his stable a few miles from the city. In
this last stable glanders likewise made its appearance after some lapse
of time, but in that case Professor Spinola was called. He, too, after a
carefiQ investigation, condemned every horse that showed any symptom
of glanders, and insisted upon condemning also the old sorrel horse,
whose history was then unknown to him, notwithstanding that no symp-
toms of disease, except such as are usual attendants of heaves, could be
observed. The owner hesitated to consent to the loss of a horse appa-
rently not affected with glanders, but Spinola insisted upon the con-
demnation. The post mortem examination revealed that the old horse,
which had the "heaves," was affected with pulmonal glanders in a very
high degree ; and Spinola, after learning the history of the old sorrel,
was convinced that the latter had caused the outbreak of the disease in
all three stables. Professor Gerlach, in his valuable treatise, cites sev-
eral cases, which to relate would lead too far. Some cases, though not
so strking as that related above, have also come under my own observa-
tion. In pulmonal glanders the morbid process has its principal seat in
the lungs, and may remain hmited to the latter for months, and even
for one or two years ; and during that time, or as long as the morbid
process is confined to the lungs, no prominent symptoms may make their
appearance except such as are usual attendants upon heaves — some dif-
ficulty of breathing, and a x)eculiar short, weak, and dull cough, which
must be heard, but is not easily described. Finally, however, but not
before the disease has made considerable progress, the difficulty of
breathing increases, more or less discharge from the nose makes its ap-
pearance, emaciation sets in, the natural glossiness of the coat of hair
disappears and becomes rough, stands on end, and exhibits a so-called
dead and dirty-looking appearance. The skin, too, loses some of its
natural elasticitj^, and the animal becomes "hide-bound."

The morbid changes are revealed only 2it the, post mortem examination.
Smaller and larger glanders-nodules (usually called tubercles) present
themselves in different stages of development and subsequent decay in the
tissue of the lungs. Some of them present themselves as formations rich
in glanders-cells (see illustrations), and others, especially if the disease is
of long standing, as decayed, cheesy, dried, and shrunk substances and
glanders-tumors of a sarcomatous and fibroid character. In some of
the oldest ones even a deposit of lime-salts may have taken place. I
remember one case, which occurred in Germany, a few miles from my
residence, about twenty years ago, when I first commenced to practice.
I was called to examine a horse suffering from some j)ulmonal disorder.
The symptoms were those of pulmonal glanders in an advanced stage of
development ; even nasal discharges had made their appearance. I diag-
nosticated glanders, but being young and without much experience, de-
clined to take the responsibility of condemning the horse, because the
laws of Germany are very strict in that respect, and i)rovide that every
horse affected with glanders be destroyed immediately. I therefore
reported the case, not to the proper executive authorities, but to the

262 GLANDERS AND FARCY.

veterinary surii:cou-g'eneral, -wlio, at my solicitation, came immediately
and examined tlie animal. He did not pronounce it a clear case of glan-
ders, but doubted, at least liesitated. The owner, liowevcr, consented
voluntarily to liavc the borse killed. Tbe post 7nortcm examination re-
vealed pulmonal glanders in a very advanced stage. A similar case, of
which I shall have to give a brief account in another chapter, I had an
opportunity to observe in 18GG, near Dixon, Lee county, Illinois.

As the principfiil symptoms of pulmonal glanders are essentially, for
some length of time at least, only such as are also observed in common
cases of heaves (one of the most frequent disorders of horses), the diag-
nosis must frequently be based, as a lawyer would say, uj)on circumstan-
tial evidence.

A horse must be suspected of being affected with glanders, first, if the
pecidiar, weak, and dry cough constitutes, compared with the difficulty
of breathing, the predominating s^^^nptom ; if the animal becomes more
and more emaciated and hide-bound, and if the appearance of the coat
of hair is sucli as to indicate the presence of a cachectic disease. Sec-
ond, if it is known that the animal in question has been exposed to the
contagion. Third, if other horses have become affected with glanders
or farcy, after having been together with the animal that shows those
symptoms. Fourth, if a horse apparently affected with heaves has pre-
viously exhibited other symptoms, more or less characteristic or suspi-
cious, of glanders. Fifth, if other symptoms, such as are observed in
so-called " nasal gleet," or incipient nasal glanders, make their appear-
ance.

3. FARCY, OR EXTERNAL GLANDERS.

The name "farcy" is given to such cases of glanders in which the
morbid process has its seat in, and immediately beneath, the skin, and in
which nodules, boils (glanders-buboes), and ulcers of a very infectious
and chancrous character make their appearance in the subcutaneoiTS
tissue, and in the skin itself. Glanders-nodules and lenticular ulcers in
the tissue of the skin, boils beneath the skin, smaller and larger open
ulcers lienetrating the same, a strand-shaped swelling of the subcuta-
neous lymphatics, swelled lymphatic glands, and oedemata, the latter
especially in the legs and on the head, constitute the most essential
symptoms.

Professor Gerlach discriminates two forms : Subcutaneous glanders
or common farcy, and exanthematous glanders or skin farcy.

(«.) Suhcvtancoiis glanders or common farcy. — The morbid process in
this rather frequent disease has its ])riuci]ial seat in the subcutaneous
connective tissue, and in the lymphatic system of the skin and be-
tween the skin and the muscles, but especially on the inner side of the
hind legs, en the lips, on the neck, between the fore legs, and on all such
places where the skin is thin and line. At first distinctly limited swell-
ings of nn inflam.matory character (incipient boils or glanders-buboes)
make their appearance in the subcutaneous tissue. These swellings or
boils soon commence to dissolve, or to decay, from within ; the ulcera-
tion begins in the center, but the matter, being very corrosive, soon
worlcs its way into the skin, the boil finally oi)ens, and presents a
farcy-ulcer with a steatomatous bottom, and elevated, corroded, and in-
llamed l)orders. At the same time, or even before the formation of the
first ul(;er has become completed, deleterious matter is absorbed by the
nearest lymj^hatics, and deposited in ihc lym])liatic glands. The Ibr-
mer, in consequence, swell to hard and i)lainly visible cords or strands, and
the latter to painful and distinctly limited tumors. The partial or total

GLANDERS AND FARCY. ^6B

closing of the lymphatic vessels and glands thus effected interferes
xvith, and even prevents, a performance of their functions, or stops
the absoriition of lymph, and a?der.iatous swellings, more or less ex-
tensive, are the necessary consequence. Tlie same nmke their ap-
pearance especially if the seat of the morlnd process is on the inside
of a leg, and if either the inguinal or axillary glands are swelled and
closed by a deposit of deleterious matter. The more extensive and com-
plete the sv.'elling and closing of the lymphatic vessels and glands, or
the more lymphatics are afiected, the more extensiA'C is also the cedema.
Lameness, usually caused by such an adema, is also a frequent at-
tendant.

The roiindish boils or tumors increase in size from that of a hazel-nut
to that of a hen's egg. At first, when such a boil is making its appear-
ance, it is not fastened to the skin ; the latter can yet be moved a little
in every direction over the boil, but soon the neoplastic process and the
subsequent decay will extend to the tissue of the skin, and boil and skin
will become firmly united before the ulcer breaks and discharges its ex-
tremely infectious and corrosive contents, consisting of decaying glan-
ders-cells or matter, and lymph.

(b.) Exanthematoiis glanders or slin farcy. — In this form of glanders
or farcy the principal seat of the morbid process is in the tissue and
in the lymphatics of the skin or cutis. It is a rare form in horses, but
the only one in which external glanders or farcy makes its apj)earance
in a human being. Distinctly limited swellings (nodules and tumors) of
the size of a pea to that of a hazel-nut, either isolated, or united and re-
sembling a string of beads, make their ai^pearance in the tissue of the
skin. These swellings soon break, and then i)resent romul ulcers with
elevated and corroded borders. The discharge consists of a mixture of
matter, comi)osed mainly of decayed glanders-cells and lymph. In
other, though rather rare cases, the swellings are veiy small and numerous,
and i^resent themselves as small nodules, some of which are so small as
to be scarcely visible, while others are about as large as common i)eas.
These small swelhngs, too, are soon changed to ulcers, which are usually
flat, lenticular, and constantly suppitrating. If close together the same
become frequently coniiuent. Only one case of skin-farcy has ever come
under my observation. It was about five j'ears ago, at Manhattan^
Kans. ]S^umerous^ small ulcers were crowded closely together on the
nose and the muzzle of the horse, which was also affected with nasal
glanders.

On the human skin, not being covered with hair, the whole process
can be observed much better than on the skin of a horse. Professor
Virchow's description of skin-farcy in men may, therefore, find a i)lace.
Virchow says :

At fn-st these spots are mticli rcdcTciicd, but verj- small, almost like flea-bites; tlien
papular swellings are formed : the surface of those swellings rises gradually rather in
the shape of a round and solid elevation than of a pxistnle, and assumes a yellowish
color, Avhich gives it a pustulous appearance. If the epidermis is removed li'om such
a flat or roundish jjaiiule or nodule, which is not depressed in the ceuter, hut sur-
rounded by a swelled and reddened court, a puriform, moderately consistent yellowish
fluid is formed, which coiitains but feAv organized coustituents, and consists mainly of
the decayed elements of the formerly solid nodule. The fluid, therefore, is not lodged
in a pustulous elevation of the epidci'mis, but in a small hole in the corium, which
penetrates the latter as if it had been made with a punch. After some time tlie fluid
(matter) becomes colored by hemorrhagic admixtures: stilllater its color is changed to
bluish red, and finally small brown or blackish crusts or scabs are formed. Such erup-
tions appear sometimes in enormous numbers on the whole body. — (Gcrlach's Treatise.)

N'asal gleet — This is a name which I have accepted only with great re-
luctance, because it signifies no definite disease, and is used frequently,

264 GLANDERS AND FARCY.

as I shall hereafter have an opportunity to sliow, to cover ignorance,
fraud, and crime. It can be retained only if applied exclusively to such
cases of disease (usually occult or incipient glanders) in which the horse
has a suspicious-looking discharge from the nose, but shows no other
characteristic symptoms sufficiently developed to base upon them a sure
diagnosis. So, for instance, it may happen that a horse has a chronic
discharge of matter and mucus from one or both nostrils, and, perhaps,
also a distinctly limited swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands,
and yet neither the discharge nor the swelling may be sufficiently charac-
teristic to justify the decision that the horse in question is affected with
glanders, because the latter is a disease which, for obvious reasons, de-
mands a correct and positive diagnosis. To declare that a Tiorse has
glanders is equal to condemning the same to be killed. The term " nasal
gleet," therefore, is convenient and admissible, if used exclusively to
signiiy a disorder of the respiratory organs attended with suspicious
discharges from the nose, and other symptoms common in glanders, but
not yet fully enough developed or sufficiently characteristic, one way or
another, to make the existence or absence of glanders a certainty. Such
a disorder, of course, must be considered as incipient or occult glanders
till every doubt has been removed.

Chronic and acute glanders. — Glanders, as a rule, is a chronic disease.
The morbid changes develop slowly. Of the various forms in which the
disease is able to make its appearance, pulmonal glanders, unless com-
plicated with one of the other forms, or with other inflammatory or
feverish diseases, is the most chronic, or takes the longest time to pro-
duce conspicuous symptoms and to become iatal. It takes frequently
two or three years before the animal succumbs. Nasal glanders is usu-
ally not quite so slow in its progress ; still it also very often takes half
a year or longer before the morbid process makes sufficient headway to
produce plain, unmistakable symptoms, or before the chancrous ulcers,
characteristic of glanders, make their appearance in the mucous mem-
brane of the septum of the nose. Farcy, or external glanders, is usually
the least chronic (comes the soonest to a termination) of the various
(uncombined) forms of glanders. Plain and unmistakable symptoms
(veritable farcy-ulcers) make their appearance almost always within
three months and frequently within a week or two after the infection
has taken place. In mules and asses, however, the various forms of
glanders are usually less chronic, make a more rapid progress, are more
destructive, and come sooner to a termination than in horses. The prog-
ress of the morbid process depends also to a great extent Tipon the con-
stitution and the organization of the animal and the mode and manner
in which it is kept. Weather and temperature, too, have considerable
influence 5 warm and dry weather usually retards, and cold, wet, and
stormy or inclement w^eather usually accelerates and spreads tlie morbid
process. Most authors discriminate between acute and a chronic form
of glanders. From a practical standpoint such a distinction is perfectly
admissible, but to separate acute and chronic glanders as two diflereut
diseases, as has been done by some (French) authors, must lead, and
lias led, to very dangerous mistakes and to great confusion. Every
form of glanders, as I have said before, is natui^allj' — co ipso — more or
less chronic in its coui'se, but may become acute, either from the first
beginning or at any stage of its development, and sometimes very sud-
denly, under any of the following conditions :

1. If a complication takes place either with one of the other forms of
glanders or with another disease or disorder. Sometimes even a small

GLANDERS AND FAKCY. 265

wound is sufficient to inaugurate the acut« course or a rapid progress of
the morbid process.

2. If ghiuders has been communicated by a direct introduction of
glanders-matter into a wound, or a direct contact of the contagion with
the blood. The greater the quantity of glanders-matter introduced the
more concentrated the contagion inoculated, or the larger the wound
the more acute or rai)idly progressing and spreading is usually the
morbid process of the communicated disease.

3. If the constitution of the animal has been weakened, or if the
vitahty of its organism has been seriously impaked either by glanders
Itself or by any other disease, the course of glanders, although natu-
rally slow or chronic from the beginning, is usually changed to an acute
one as soon as the morbid changes have become sufficiently imiDortant
and extensive to weaken essentially the constitution of the animal, and
to cause a profuse infection or spreading of the contagion through the
lymphatics in the animal organism. Toward its fatal termination
glanders, therefore, always changes its course from chronic to acute.
Unlike most other diseases it commences chronic and ends acute.

4. Exposure to wet, cold, and inclement weather, catching cold, hard
work, close, dirty, and ill-ventilated stables, unhealthy food, «S:c. — in
short, everytMng that is calculated to produce an injurious influence
ujDon the organism, or is calculated to impair the health of the animal,
has a tendency to accelerate the morbid process, to change the chronic
course of glanders to an acute one, and to hasten the outbreak after an
infection has taken place.

The morbid process of glanders is accelerated and caused to spread
more rapidly if the latter becomes complicated with an inflammation,
or with any very feverish or very typhoid disease. The morbid pro-
cesses of glanders and inflammation increase each other reciprocally.
The inflammatory i)rocess adopts, to a great extent, the nature and
characteristics of glanders, and the morbid process of the latter disease
becomes blended with the former, and assumes the attributes of an in-
flammation. In either case all the symptoms become very violent, and
the morbid process progresses and spreads very rapidly, particularly
in those tissues which are in a state of inflammation. IJlceration, too,
becomes extensive in a short time, and the lymphatics, by absorbing
the deleterious matter, seem to spread the contagion and the elements
of glanders rapidly through the whole system. If the original disease
is glanders, farcy will also make its appearance within a short time ;
and. rice versa, existing farcy will soon be complicated with nasal and
pulmonal glanders of an inflammatory character. The exudations pro-
duced by an inflammation which has assumed the nature of glanders
are always very deleterious and corrosive and destroy like a caustic the
tissues with which they come in contact. The morbid changes efiected
by such an inflammation resemble those of a malignant diphtheria. In
extreme cases the morbid process may become so violent as to cause
the neoplastic process, characteristic of glanders, to be superseded
by immediate destruction and mortification. In such a case profuse,
diphtheritic ulceration and destruction of tissue take the place of the
neoplastic production of glanders-cells and their subsequent decay.
The glanders-cells are destroyed (decay or i)erish) before their forma-
tion has been completed, consequently are absent.

That a direct and abundant introduction of glanders-matter into a
woimd, or a direct contact of the contagion with the blood, is well cal-
culated to produce an acute form of glanders, or sufficient to inaugurate
a rapid progress of the morbid process, is probably best illustrated by a

266 GLANDERS AOT) FARCY.

case wliicli occurred: about eleven years ago, near Dixon, Loe county,
Illinois, where I was then practicing. A farmer, Mr. B., cnnie to my
office witli a horse which he had recently bought, and wliich was appar-
ently sullering from some pnlmonal disorder. Tlio animal was in a mod-
erately good condition and free from fever. The morbid symptoms ob-
served consisted in a slightly laborious breathing, a short, dull, but
somewhat loose (not dry) cough, some discharge from one nostril, and a
slight swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands of the same side
of the head. The symptoms, consequently, were the same as are usually
observed in pnlmonal glanders ; but as none of them were sufficiently
developed or presented sufficiently characteristic properties to indicate
■with certainty the presence of glanders, and as no ulcers — the most im-
portant diagnostic symx)tom of glandervS, — couhl be discovered in the
nose, I hesitated to malce a detinite diagnosis, but informed the owner of
my susjucion, and advised liim to put the horse, if convenient, to hard
work for the purpose of accelerating thereby the morbid process (if
glanders), and to return the animal for further examination within a
week or so. A few days afterwards the same farmer came again to my
office with another horse with a badly torn eyelid and an inllamed eye
for treatment. This latter horse, which I will call horse No. 2, had been
bitten in the eyelid and had the same torn by the horse with the sus]^i-
cious symptoms, which I had seen before, and wdiich I will call horse No.
1. In examining the wound, which probably had been made diuiug the
night, I found the borders very nuich swelled, and the wound and the
conjunctiva of the eye in a condition which strengthened my suspicions
of horse No. 1 being affected with glanders. StiU, by means of a few
stitches, I united the margins of the wound as well as circumstances
permitted. After I had performed the operation I examined the horse
as to his general health, but especially as to symptoms of glanders.
With the exception of some feverish acceleration of the pulse and the
very inflamed condition of the torn eyelid and the conjunctiva, no morbid
symptoms could be found. The horse a])peared to be in good liealth
and free from any respiratory disorder. The next day I saw Ijoth horses,
Nos. 2 and 1, on B.'s farm, a few miles from Dixon. Horse No. 2 had
high fever ; the wound in the eyelid presented Considerable swelling
and had suppurated; some of the stitches had been toni out; and a
lump of grayish and glassy mucus had accumulated in the inner cor-
ner or canthus of the eye. These symptoms, though comparatively in-
significant under other circumstances, convinced me still more that the
torn eyelid would not heal and that horse No. 1 was affected with glan-
ders, and had communicated the contagion to horse No. 2. In the con-
dition of horse No. 1 no essential changes had taken i>lace, except per-
haps a slight increase in the discharges from the nose. About a week
later horse No. 2 presented plain and innuistakable s^nnptoms of glan-
ders, consisting of lameness, swelling of the inguinal glands, copious
discharges from the nose, SAvelling of the submaxillary glands, and
diphtheritic ulceration on the septum. The condition of horse No. 1 was
almost unchanged. Both horses were killed tlie next day. The post
mortem examination of horse No. 1 revealed, besides the characteristic
morbid changes in the lungs, indicative of pnlmonal glanders of long
standing, only a few small ulcers high ui> on the septum, wliile horse No.
2 showed all the essential symptoms of i'ullj'-developed acute nasal glan-
ders and of incipient farcy, but scarcely any morbid changes in the
lungs. Whether the inoculation with glanders-contagion effected by the
biting and tearing of the eyelid constituted the fii'st connnunication of
the contagion to horse No. 2 by horse No. 1, or whether a previous in-

GLAis'DERS AND FARCY. 267

fection had taken place (both horses had been worked together, and had
been kept in the saice stable a week or two before the eyelid was torn),
I was imable to decide, but hold myself convinced that the direct intro-
duction of a comparatively large qnantity of the contagion into a fresh
wonnd, and the immediate contact of the same with the blood, consti-
tuted the cause of the acute course of the disease, inaugurated by the
inflammation in the wound of the eyelid. There can be no doubt of the
disease having been communicated by horse iJso. 1 to horse jSTo. 2, because
subsequent inquiries elicited the fact that horse No. 1 had become in-
fected with glanders several months before he came into the possession
of Mr. B., by another horse to which the disease had been communicated
by a condemned United States Army horse affected with glanders and
sold by the government to a farmer, in whose possession he died.

Another case, perhaps not less illustrative, occurred in the same year,
also not far from Dixon. I was called upon to examine a mule which,
showed suspicious sym.i)toms, indicating the presence of glanders, but as
no ulcers could be discovered in the nose a delinite diagnosis could not be
made. This, however, was the more necessary and desirable, as the mule
in question had come from another State (Indiana), and had been bought
only a few days before. To get out of the difficulty and to force a decis-
ion, I inoculated the mule with his own nasal discharges under the
sternum behind the fore legs. In a fcAv days a nice farcy-idcer had
developed, the symptoms of glanders proper, too, had made considerable
progress, and the chronic course of the disease had been changed to an
acute one.

Wherever glanders i:)resents itself as an acute disease, either an uncom-
monlj^ large quantity of the contagion has been introduced at once and
brought in direct contact with the blood, or a complication of some sort
has been effected.

The nature of (jlanders. — The hypothesis in regard to the nature of
glanders, and the theories concerning the morbid changes and their
relative imx)ortance, have differed very widely, and have recently under-
gone great changes. Although modern investigations have x^roved
beyond a reasonable doubt that all the old hypotheses are erroneous,
some of them seem yet to have their adherents.

At the end of the last and the beginning of this present century
most veterinarians looked upon glanders as a blood disease. Bourgelat
(1779), Kersting (1784), and Coleman (1839), supposed ttat glanders pro-
ceeds from a morbid, corrupt, or defective composition of the blood and
looked upon that as the immediate cause of the disease.

Later veterinarians advanced different opinions. Dupuy (1819) called
glanders an affection tnberculense, considered it, together Avith strangles
or distemper, grease-heal, &c., as a tuberculous disease, and denied, like
most French veterinarians, the existence of a contagion. Marel (1825)
looked upon glanders as the natural consequence of a chronic inliamm.a-
tion of the nasal mucous membranes. Dance and Cruveilhier connected
glanders with an iniiammation of the lyrciihatics. Loiset found throm-
bosis in the Ij'mphatics of the mucous membrane of the nose, aral after
that a tendency prevailed to consider glanders as a pytemic disease.
This new doctrine culminated in the hypothesis of Tessier, who denied
the absorption of matter, substituted a formation of matter (pus) in the
blood, and pronounced glanders as one of many diseases in Avhich a ten-
dency to produce matter is primarily existing in the blood. Finally
clinical observations were made in France which removed (?) every
doubt as to the pytemic nature of glanders. Eenault {Recueil de med.
veter., 1835, p. 396) published observations, according to which glanders

268 GLANDERS AND FARCY. |

proceeded from a fistule on tlie withers, from bruising of the upper eye-
lid, and from a fistule of the spermatic cord. Dupuy {Bulletin dc
V Academic de med., 183G, p. 481) observed that glanders proceeded from a
seton on the shoulder. Eiss {Ueciieil de med. veter., 1837, ]). 002) observed
several cases of glanders which were caused by severe contusions of the
nose. Key observed that glanders made its appearance after a fracture
of the nasal and maxillary bones. Afterwards Eeuault and Bouley
{Recneil de vied, veter., 1840, p. 257) endeavored to corroborate or to affirm
these observations by direct experiments. They injected matter into the
veins of horses, and claimed to have produced glanders-ulcers in the
nose of a horse by such an injection of innocent matter. Eey (Eecueil
de med. reter., 1807, j). 417) looks upon the experiment of Eenault and
Bouley as a singular case, but Professor Hering in Stuttgart {Eepertorium,
1808, p. 30) does not find it singular at all, and says that he made the
same experiments a long time ago, and had succeeded in j^roducing in
some cases glanders, in other cases suppm-ation (in the lungs), and in
others no result whatever. Such statements are, to say the least, exceed-
ingly queer, particularly if made by such a learned and experienced
man and otherwise so rehable an authority as Professor Hering, because
such observations are, and must be, based upon a mistake either one
way or another. There are three i^ossibilities : Either the matter injected
into the veins must have been taken from a horse affected with glanders
or farcy, the animals experunented on must have been previously
infected with the disease, or exposed in some way to the contagion, or
the disease produced was no glanders at all. A previous infection must
be considered as the most probable solution, because the horses sub-
jected to such experiments are usually old or condemned animals bought
for anatomical purposes at from two to four dollars a head. A great
many experiments with injections of matter (pus) into the veins of
horses — probably the most that ever have been undertaken — have been
made at about the same time, but independently and at different places,
by Professor Guenther in Hanover {N^hel u. Yix Zeitschrift, 2. B.) and
Professor Spinola in Berhn {TJeber das Vorhommen der Eiterknoten in den
lAingen, 1839). The same were afterwards repeated at various times by
Professor Gerlach, the late director of the Eoyal Veterinary School in
Berhn, who died in 1877. l!<reither of these three very rehable investi-
gators nor anybody else, except Bouley and Hering, has ever succeeded
in producing (f)' glanders in a horse by an injection of innocent matter
(pus) into the veins. j

All those h5T[)otheses and theories, notwithstanding some of them ||
were only short-lived, contributed a great deal in creating the confu-
sion in regard to the contagiousness or non-contagiousness of glanders
(la morve), which, until recently, has been prevaihng among the French
veterinarians. Bouley separated acute glanders and chronic glanders as
two distinct or entirely different diseases, and considered chronic gland-
ers as non-contagious, and acute glanders and farcy as contagious and
loyremic diseases. Godine {Elcmcns d^Hygiene retcrinaire., suivis de rc-
cfierchcs sur la morrc, etc., 1815), went still further, and denied the con-
tagiousness of glanders altogether. Bouley, however, finally admitted
that contagious acute glanders might, under certain cu-cumstauces, be
developed from non-contagious chronic glanders. These fallacious doc-
trines of the professors of the Alfort veterinary school, not only caused
great confusion in regard to diagnosis (glanders not being considered as
a disease sni generis^ was frequently confounded with other diseases),
but also great losses, amounting to millions of dolhirs, to the people ot"
France, by preventing a strict condemnation of glandered horses, and
allowing thereby an unUmited spreading of the disease.

id

GLANDERS AND FARCY. 269

The veterinarians of Belgium, too, became infected with the French or
rather Alfort confusion, otherwise they never would have stated in their
oiEcial reports {Bulletin dit conseil superteur cVagriculture dn royaume de
BelgiquG Armc, 1858, Bruxelles, 1860), that of 810 glandered horses, 136
had been cm-ed. The veterinary school of Lyons, France, has always
kept aloof from the errors of the Alfort institution in regard to glanders,
and has never denied the contagiousness of that disease.

The German veterinarians, though difiering at times considerably in
opinion as to the nature of glanders, have never doubted its contagious-
ness ; and German governments have always been very strict in taking
the most effective measures against the spreading of that terrible enemy
of the equine race by requiring a prompt destruction of every horse re-
ported by a veterinary surgeon as being affected with the disease. As
a consequence, glanders has become a rare disease in Germany, and
the annual losses are very insignificant.

Most of the older German veterinarians looked npon glanders as a
dyscratic disease. Some believed they had found the immediate cause
in a qualitative change of the animal albumen ; others, in a morbid in-
crease of fibrin. As to the morbid changes, some thought they had dis-
covered something characteristic in a stagnation of lymph in the lym-
phatics, others in a formation of tubercles, and still others considered
glanders as a product of scrofulosis. A few went even so far as to hold
glanders to be identical -with tuberculosis and scrofulosis. The tuber-
culosis doctrine originated in France, and gained a good many adherents
willing to look uj)on glanders as an equine tuberculosis. The scrofu-
losis doctrine was based npon the erroneous supposition that glanders
£)roceeds or develops from strangles or distemper, and that the latter
is a scrofulous disease. Erdt (in his Botzdyscrasie und Hire vencand-
ten Kranliliciten) declared glanders, as recently as 1863, to be a dyscratic
disease, and discriminated a scrofulosis, blennorrhceic, septicamic,
carcinomatous, s;^T)hylitic, and other forms of glanders, but considered
scrofulosis glanders as the generic form. Professor Gerlach, in his
valuable treatise from which several of the notes just given have been
taken, refutes the theories of Erdt by the following statement, for the
correctness of which I can vouch from my own knowledge of the facts :

The lireed of the milk-white (white-born) horses of the royal stahles of the lato
Kings of Hanover was kept pure by continuous in-and-in breeding. As a consequence
more than half of the number of colts born perished every year of scrofulous diseases.
At the post-mortem examinations the mesenterial glands -presented every stage of scrof-
ulosis fi-om simple swelling to a cheesy degeneration. Still, never a case of gland-
ers occurred, neither among the colts nor among the grown horses. This Tiroves that
scrofulosis really makes its appearance in colts in exactly the same form as in chil-
<lrcu, and it is therefore not justifiable to attribute an entirely different disease of
horses to scrofulosis.

For our present better knowledge of the nature and the morbid anatomy
of glanders we are indebted especially to the thorough, unbiased, and sci-
entific researches and investigations of Professors Vrrchow {Rand-
buck der speciellen PatJiologie, Bd. 2, and Die Icrankliaften Geschiinielste,
Bd. 2) ; Leisering {Bericht uebcr das Vetcrinairiceoen im Koenigrcicli
Sachseuj 1862 und 1867) ; Ea^dtsch ( Virchoiv^s ArcJdv, Bd. 23); Eolofi",
{Magazin von Gurlt und Rertwig Bd. 30), and Gerlach {Jaliresbcricht der
Koenigl. Thierarzneisclmle zu Rannovcr, 1868).

THE MORBID PROCESS.

Glanders commences as a neoplastic process — new morbid formations
(glanders-cells) are produced. The mucous membrane of the respira-

270 GLANDERS AND FARCY.

tory passage, tlie lungs, the subcutaneous tissue and tlie cutis, and, oc-
casionally, some of the connective tissues of other parts of the body,
constitute the primary seat of the morbid changes. Tlie lymphatic
vessels and glands become secondarily aliected. The neoplastic pro-
cess, howe\'er, does not in everj- case of glanders occur in all those tis-
sues named; its seat in a certain tissue determines the form of the dis-
ease. In common or nasal glanders the morbid changes have their
main seat in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavities, and of the
maxillary sinuses ; in pulmoual glanders the same make their appear-
ance principally in the lungs ; and in farcy the neoplastic process is
taking place either in the subcutaneous connective tissue (common farcy),
or in the cutis itself (skin-farcy). In other tissues, morbid changes, as
a general rule, occur oidy if glanders has become complicated "s\ith
another disease — an inflammatory process, for instance. The products
of the neoplastic process consist of round cells, and of spindle-shaped
cells. The latter, usually, undergo further changes ; some of them de-
velop to round cells, and others serve as the elements of excessive or
morbid growths of connective tissue, which, however, do not present
anything characteristic, and must be considered as subordinate products
of the neoplastic process. The roimd cells are in shape and form simi-
lar to granulation-cells and matter-corpuscles, but vary in size from that
of the latter to two, three, four, five, and in some cases even ten times
as large. The youngest round-cells, or those latest produced, present
rather deMcate outlines, and are the smallest ; the oldest ones, which
are tlistinguished by their granulated contents and their dark color, are
the largest, and sometimes very large. All have large nuclei, which
grow in the same proportion as the cells, and present in the older ones
a dark, granulated a])pearance. (Fig. I, Xo. 4, and Fig. Ill, ~So. G.)

The formation of these cells constitutes the real formation of all the
morbid changes in glanders, and may, therefore, be considered as some-
thing characteristic of the disease, and the cells themselves are appro-
priately' designated as glauder-cells. These glander-celis have two dif-
fvrent sources; they proceed from connective-tissue corpuscles, and also
from epitlielium-cells.

i. Development of fjIanders-ccUs from connective-tissue corimscles. — The
latter become proliferous and swell ; the nucleus of each cell or corxnis-
cle gTpws larger; a second and a third nucleus are produced within the
walls of the cell, but not by a division of the first one. The other con-
tents of Mie cell gradually granulate, the iippendages or extensions drop
off; finaliy the Avhole body of the cell decays. The nuclei become Iree;
the nucleus-envelope or membrane expands, and becomes distinct from
the interior, and the metamorphosis of a nucleus into a nucleated cell is
thus completed. tSu(;h a new cell presents at first a ^■ery delicate con-
tour and a large and bright nucleus, but, un<ler linorable circumstances,
will soon becouL^ firmer aiul grow larger. Under unlVuorable conditions
no further development will take place. (Fig. I, Xos. 1 and -1.)

2. Development of (ilanderH-celh from cvitJiclium-ctlh. — A process of
l^roliferatiou makes its ap])earance in tbe tesselated and cylindrical
epithelium-cells, is plainest, however, in the larter. At first the oval
nucleus increases in .size; then a second, and finally a third nucleus are
formed at a little distance from the upper obtuse end of the first, which
is not divided. The fcrmation ami growth of these nuclei cause the
cylindrical cell to increaS3 in size, or to swell, and to change its original
shape till it is transibrme;! to a mere bag filled Avith nuclei and small
round cells. Finally the hag or the old cell-membrane decays and
breaks, and the nuclei and voung cells are liberated. (Fig. Ill, ;N"os. 1

\

GLANDEES AND FARCY. 271

and 4.) Sucli a production or development of glanders-cells just de-
scribed can take place in young- or undeveloped and incipient epithe-
lium-cells, because round giant-cells lilled ^Yitll nuclei and small round
cells are formed frequently in the deeper or youngest strata of tlic epi-
thelium, (l-ig. Ill, Xo. o.)

AVherever such a neoplastic growth is making its appearance the pro-
cess is always essentially the same. The original luiclei of the primary
epitheliuui-cells and connective tissue-cor]mscles increase in size, and
new luiclei are formed within the external membrane, or envelope, of
the primary cells. These nuclei are transformed into small round cells,
which are liberated by the decay of the old mother or brood-cells, and
constitute what is called daughter-cells, and grow larger. This growth
and development constitutes a characteristic peculiarity of the large
round glanders-cells, which distinguishes the same from otherwise simi-
lar granulation-cells, matter-corpuscles, and tubercle-cells, because the
latter, during their whole e?:istence, remain unchanged at their first
stages of development. Although young glanders-cells are small, and
large ones old, the difference in size does not depend exclusively upon
the age of the cells. Other growth-promoting and growth-retarding in-
fluences must be existing, because some cells grow faster than others,
and some do not seem to grow at all. Under certain circumstances only
small cells can be found, which are not different from common matter
corpuscles, and in other cases a great many large ones, sometimes of an
extraordinary size, present theuiselves. If the morbid process is a vio-
lent or a \evj rapid one, the glanders-cells are always small; rapid
development and a fluid intercellular substance constitute the agencies
which deprive the cells of their ability to grow, or cause them to remain
small, and of a somewhat uniform size. Consecpiently, in all those cases
in which the morbid process of glanders is blended from the beginning
with more or less inflammation and exudation, the glanders-cells will be
small and numerous ; and as the imflammatory exudations destroy and
dissolve the intercellular substance, the latter and the exudations them-
selves will constitute a fluid in which the glanders-cells are kept sus-
pended. The glanders-matter thus formed does not present, under the
microscope, any chara(;teristic differences from any other matter or pus.
A production of glanders-matter and of munerous small glanders-cells
is common if the neoplastic process has its seat in the subcutaneous and
intermuscular connective tissues consequent in farcy. In all those cases,
however, in which glanders presents itself as a chronic disease, free from
any comi)lications with inilammatory processes, &c., whatever, in which
the formation of the glanders-cells is a gradual and slow one, and in
which the intercellular substance is not destroyed and dissolved, the
glanders-cells will grow to a certain size, and young cells with delicate
contours and large, bright nuclei, older and larger ones, and very large
ones with d;irk-colored nuclei and granulated contents, will present them-
selves.

The vitality of the neoplastic products ot glanders is limited, but dif-
fers considerably according to circumstances. The small, rapidly pro-
duced, and therefore numerous, cells, suspended in a dissolved intercel-
lular tissue and exudations, are similar in every respect to matter-
corpuscles ; the same not only do not grovr, but shrink and decay very
soon. If the intercellular substance does not decay, but retains its
original connective properties, the glanders-cells not only grow larger,
but also a great deal older, than matter-cori)nscies or tubercle-eel Is. This
vitality will be the greater the larger the sp,ace or tiie greater the anu)unt
of the connective intercellidar substance between the single cells. Their

272 GLANDERS AND FARCY.

age, however, probably never exceeds a year or several inontlis, not-
Avithstanding that some glanders-iiodules, tubercles, and tumors may
exist, apparently unchanged, a much longer time, because the constitu-
ents of the latter, the glanders-cells, change. Old ones decay, and new
ones take their place even if the whole tubercle or tumor remains essen-
tially as it is. It is to be supposed that such a change is taking place,
because every old glanders-tubercle or tumor contains always old and
new cells in different stages of development.

The retrogressive metamorphosis may be called a fatty necrobiosis.
At first small granules (fat granules) make their appearance in the
nuclei; the latter swell or increase iu size, and grow darker; gran-
ules appear also within the cells, but outside of the nuclei ; finally the
envelopes or external membranes of the cells decay and fall to pieces,
and a granulated detritus is left behind. Therefore, after a regressive
metamorphosis has set in, the glanders-nodules or tubercles and tu-
mors are found to contain a granulated detritus, small and large
granulated cells, and free granulated nuclei, if examiucd under the
microscope. The glanders-cells may thus i^erish or be destroyed
without any simultaneous decay of the intercellular substance. In
such a case the further changes which are going on in the tissues, in
which the glanders-cells are imbedded, diifer according to circum-
stances. If the glanders-cells are but few, and rather far apart, the
granulated detritus is removed by absorption, and the morbid process
comes to a termination by local healing. In other cases new glanders-
cells are produced, and take the place of the old ones, and the morbid
growth (tubercle or tumor) continues to exist. If the decaying glan-
ders-cells are numerous and lodged close together, the retrogressive
metamorphosis is usually attended with a morbid or excessive growth
or xiroduction of intercelhilar connective tissue; and the absorption of
the detritus in such a case is attended with, and makes room for, a some-
what extensive production of new fibrous (scar) tissue; linear and some-
what prominent, white stripes, usually uniting in a common center, cor-
responding to the center of the former neoplastic process, make their
appearance and constitute a star-shaped, whitish scar or cicatrix. In
chronic glanders such cicatrices occiu* very often iu the mucous mem-
brane of the septum ; the hard, fibroid, aud callous swellings, which
are sometimes found in the mucous membrane of the nose, and the
fibroid tumors which occur iu the lungs, and which are easilj^ distin-
guished from the more pulpy glanders-nodules and timiors, are pro-
duced in the same way.

Frequently, however, that is, iu all such tubercles and tumors in
which the glanders-cells are numerous and separated only by very little
intercellular tissue, the decay or retrogressive metamorphosis of the
glanders-cells involves and causes a simultaneous decay and destruction
of the intercellular substance, and of the tissue in which the morbid
products are imbedded. The continuity is destroyed, and an abscess is
formed. The decay usually, though not necessarily, begins in the cen-
ter of the nidus of cells, and it seems that certain external influences
are able to change or to accelerate the whole process. So, for instance,
a general decay, or a formation of ulcers or abscesses, does not usually
take place in the mucous membrane of the maxillary cavities, but almost
invariably, or, at any rate, a great deal earlier in such parts of the nasal
mucous inembraue, which are exposed to the current of air passing
through the nose at each breath. The irritation caused by the passage
of air probably constitutes the cause of the more fi-equeut occurrence of
glanders-ulcers in the mucous membrane of the septimi than iu any

GLANDERS AND FARCY. 273

other part of the nasal mucous membrane. If glanders has become
complicated with inflammation, the whole process, as has already been
mentioned, is entirely different. In farcy, too, in which the morbid
changes have their seat in the loose subcutaneous connective tissue, the
abscesses are formed in a somewhat different way.

The infectiousness of the neoplastic products of glanders constitutes
a specific and pathognomonic attribute of the same, which excludes
identification with any other otherwise similar neoplastic or morbid
products. The same specific agency, or the same \arus, which is instru-
mental in communicating the disease from one animal to another, consti-
tutes also the cause which spreads the morbid process within the organ-
ism of the affected animal. The efficiency does not seem to be dependent
upon any particular shape or form of the morbid products, but to be
inherent in the material, because not only the live glanders-ceUs, but
also the dead or decayed ones, the granulated and cheesy detritus, and
the watery transudations are infectious. The immediate changes pro-
duced by a local infection within the tissue, or the creeping of the morbid
process from cell to cell, can be seen only under the microscope. If the
glanders-process is not comphcated, that is, if no other disease is exist-
ing, the spreading of the morbid process, or the progress of the local
infection, is a very slow one, but is accelerated or becomes rapid if a com-
plication sets in. The morbid process, however, spreads not only by
means of a direct infection from ceU to cell, but also by means of the
lymphatics, which absorb infectious elements and deposit the same in
the nearest lymphatic glands. That this is the case becomes evident if
an animal is inoculated with glanders-virus. The lymphatics proceed-
ing from the inoculation wound soon commence to swell like strands or
chords, and undergo not seldom ulcerous decay. The lymphatic glands,
too, commence to swell to solid and painful tiTmors which afterwards
become harder and firmer, but less paioful. A morbid production of
connective tissue causes the firmness of the swelling, and usually ren-
ders such a diseased gland impervious to a further passage of the con-
tents (lymph and infectious glanders elements) of the lymphatics, and
prevents, therefore, a further spreading of the infection. If, however,
a lymphatic gland, thus degenerated, becomes finally itself a seat of the
neoplastic glanders process, or of the production of glanders-ceUs, the
lymphatics which -pass from that gland to another one will also absorb
infectious material, and cause thereby a further spreading of the infec-
tion and of the morbid process. In nasal glanders, a swelling of the
submaxillary lymphatic glands (which receive du-ectly through the
lymphatic vessels the lymph from the seat of the morbid process), un-
attended with any affection whatever of the lymphatics beyond them, is
a very frequent occurrence. Hence the spreading of the morbid process
by means of the lymphatics is also usually a slow one in chronic gland-
ers; several months may elapse before a new soiu'ce of infection is
formed. The spreading, however, will be a comparatively rapid one in
all cases of glanders in which a complication with another destructive
or acute disease, as an inflammatory process, has taken jflace. The
morbid process is also apt to spread more rapidly through the lymphat-
ics in common farcy, in which loose connective tissue constitutes the
seat of the disease. The morbid process of glanders, therefore, is in-
fectious ; a spreading of the same is not only eflected within the tissue
by a propagation of the gianders-ceUs, but also by means of the lym-
phatics which absorb the virus and carry the same to the nearest
lymphatic glands, where the progress of the morbid process stops, if
the latter are degenerated by an excessive production of connective
18 sw

274 GLANDERS AND FARCY.

tissue, but proceeds further if those glands become the seat of a
neoplastic production of glanders-cells, as is usually the case in farcy,
and always if glanders is complicated Avith inflammation. It is evident
that by such a spreading of the virus and absorption of deleterious
glanders-matter some infectious elements, whatever their natui'c may
be, will finally pass into the blood, and cause in that way a general dis-
order, or a general dyscratic condition usually called " glanders-dyscrasy."
That virus or infectious elements pass over into the blood, and pervade
the whole animal organism, becomes apparent by the fact that the blood
and the various animal secretions, the sweat for instance, possess con-
tagious properties already at an eai-lj'- stage of the disease, or before the
morbid process has spread much beyond its original seat, and are able
to communicate the giandeis from one animal to another. It may ap-
pear to be somewhat strange that the early infectiousness of the blood
and of .the various secretions does not eli'ect a general outbreak of the
glanders-process in every suitable part (umcous membranes and con-
nective tissues) of the animal body, and that, notwithstanding the facihty
with which the glanders-contagion communicates the disease from one
animal to another, the morbid process remains usually for a long time
confined to certain j^arts of the organism. It is, however, not any more
surprising than a healing, or a cessation of the morbid process, of other
equally contagious diseases — pleuro-pneumonia of cattle for instance —
while the organism is yet replete with the contagion, which, in very
small quantities, is able to communicate the morbid process to other
animals. The truth is, oiu* knowledge concerning the true nature of the
contagious principle of the various contagious diseases is yet too lim-
ited. K the theories of HalUer and others, based upon the discovery
of micrococci, &c., in the blood and in the secretions of animals aliected
with contagious diseases should prove to be correct ; if, in other words,
those micrococci — in glanders Malleomyces cquestris, H. — do constitute
the infectious elements, and the real, immediate cause of the morbid
changes, aU those strange phenomena may yet find a satisfactory ex-
planation. If, however, those micrococci should not constitute the con-
tagion, and shoidd not be the cause of the morbid process, but the
product of the same, or if their presence should proAC to be a merely
accidental one, it will be difiicidt to reconcile those facts. Professor
Geiiach, who discards those theories as unfounded, hints at an ex-
haustion of i)redisposition as affording a possible explanation.

The anatomical, changes. — The morbid products of the glanders-
process make their appearance usually in more or less distinctly limited
nests, or in shape of nodules or tubercles and tumors, which vary con-
siderably in size. Some of them are as small as the size of a pin's Jjead,
and are called miliary tubercles; others are larger, of the size of a pea;
and still others are quite large, and constitute tumors or glanders-ex-
crescences. Practically, therefore, a discrimination between glanders-
tubercles or small nests of glanders-cells, and tumors or large ones,
is admissible. The former, however, must not be looked upon as
identical A\ith genuine tubercles as occurring in tuberculosis. A
glanders-tubercle is a different thing altogether, only the name has
become too convenient to be abohshed. Glanders-tubercles occur — 1,
in the substance and in the subserous tissue of the lungs; 2, in the
mucous membrane of the nasal cavities and of the maxillary sinuses,
but especially in the mucous membrane of the septum ; 3, in the sa\ eUed
and indiu-ated submaxillary glands; and, 4, ui the cutis. Some au-
thors have considered the presence of small mihary tubercles in the
lungs as the criterion of the presence of glanders, but others haA^c

GLANDERS AND FARCY. 275

found that glanders may exist and still no tubercles may be found in
the luiij;s. Professor Eoell, in Vienna, found miliary tubercles in only
about Gii per cent, of all cases that came under his obser\ation, and Pro-
fessor Leisering-, in I^resden, and Professor Gerlach, in Berlin, searched
for them frequently in vain. Glanders-tubercles make their appearance
in the lungs only if the morbid i^rocess, which has its principal seat
usually — I would hke to say, normally — in the mucous membrane of the
nose, extends to the lungs; or if original nasal glanders has become
complicated with puhuonal glanders, which, in the course of time, is a
common occurrence. In thooc cases in which such a complication is ex-
isting ii'om the beginning, or in which pulmonal glanders constitutes
the xnimary disease and nasal glanders the complication, mihary tuber-
cles ai'e found in the lungs fi'equently ^vithin a short time after an in-
fection has taken place, sometunes within from one to three weeks. The
same are imbedded in the liealthy pulmonal tissue, are surrounded by a
court of tui'gid blood-vessels (Pig. VII, iTo. 1 ), have each a small blood-
vessel of their own, are at first grayish- white and rather soft, consist of
more or less uniform and rather small round cells, with nuclei, con-
nected v.ith each other by a delicate interceUulary tissue, and become,
when older, enveloped by a fine tissue of connective fibers. The court of
turgid or congested vessels around the tubercles disappears after some
time, the blood-vessel which enters the tubercle becomes obliterated, and
the substance of the latter, recei\dng no more nutriment, undergoes decay.
A necrobiotic j)rocess commences, the round cells shrink, the interceUu-
lary substance decays, and the interior of the tubercle is changed to a
cheesy substance, in which finally liDie-salts are deposited. The whole
process is the same as that which is taking place in a true tubercle in
tuberculosis, therefore every difference disappears after the letrogi'essive
process has set in. Hence, glanders-tubercles have fi'equently been iden-
tified with veritable or tubercidosis tubercles, and glanders itself has, at
times, been looked u])on as a tuberculosis of horses, which assumes pe-
culiar forms, difierent from tuberculosis of other animals ; but as real
common tuberculosis occurs in horses as an independent disease, the
same as in other animals, as the ceUs of a glanders-tubercle are usually
somewhat larger than those of a genuine (tuberculosis) tubercle, and as,
finally, each glanders-tubercle possesses a full interceUulary substance,
and has a blood-vessel of its own, either of which is wanting in the veri-
table (tuberculosis) tubercle, there can be no doubt as to glanders and
tuberculosis of horses being entnely diHerent diseases. Besides that,
in tuberculosis of horses, the single tubercles are usuaUy a great deal
larger than the nuliary tubercles of glanders, and only the smallest ones
(those of the size of a pea) present some similarity to the larger glanders-
tubercles. The retrogressive process does not present anything charac-
teristic.

In the mucous membrane of the nose the glanders-tubercles or nodules
are always plainest on the septum (Fig. IV, ]SI"os. 1 and 2). They, too,
vary in size from that of a pin's head to that of a pea, and project but
Uttle over the surface of the membrane, and are therefore sometimes'
scarcely visible. At a 2)ost mortcvii examination, however, the same can
be seen and felt more piainlj-, because then the mucx)us membrane is less
succident and swelled. Either singly or in groui)s they are imbedded in
the mucous membrane, usually in the ui)per layer, and are distinguished
from the reddened membrane by their gray, grayish-white, or grayish-
yellow color. Sometimes these tubercles, or glanders-nodules, are situ-
ated deeper, in the middle or lower la^'er of the mucosa, aud thereioi'e
less distiuctly circuniscribed, and iudicated only by a slight elevation

276 GLANDERS AND FARCY,

above tlie surface of the membrane, but not by any distinct color. On
a cut, however, the same can be seen very plainly (Fig. V, a and h).
The substance of the glanders-nodules in the nose is more or less soft,
and consists of round cells, free nuclei, spindle-shaped cells, and a fine
connective intercellular substance. The spindle-shaped cells are lodged
mostly side by side ; some of them, the younger ones, are rather thin,
and others are swelled in the middle, and are ripe and near breaking.
The nodules or glanders-tubercles present usually a gray-yellowish color,
if composed principally of round cells, and their color is somewhat in-
distinct if spindle-shaped cells constitute the prevailing element. The
retrogressive metamorphosis consists in a decaying to a fatty or cheesy
substance. A real shrinking and exsiccation and a deposit of lime-salts
do not occur. Glanders nodules or tubercles in the cutis are a comjjar-
atively rare occurrence in horses, but are observed very often in human
beings aifected with glanders. As the skin of horses is coated with hair,
only the larger tubercles or nodules will be noticed ; the very small ones
usually escape observation till the regressive process has been completed,
and has changed them to small lenticular ulcers. Otherwise the morbid
changes are the same as in the mucous membrane.

Miliary tubercles, finally, can also frequently be found imbedded in the
morbidly increased connective tissue of the indurated submaxillary and
other lymphatic glands. On a cut the same can often be pressed out
of the surrounding tissue as small knots or nodules. An exsiccation
is a frequent occurrence, but a deposit of lime-salts has not yet been
observed.

Glanders-tumors, or very large nests of glanders-cells, can be fotmd
fully developed only in the lungs, but are even there not as frequent as
the tubercles. They have their seat usually immediately beneath the
pulmonal pleura, especially toward the lower sharp border of the lungs.
In some cases, however, the same are also found imbedded in the pul-
monal tissue, and are then not seldom numerous. The tumors, or gland-
ers growths, are either distinctly limited, and varying in size irom that
of a cherry to that of an apple, or the same are more or less diffuse.
The large tumors seem to be composed of two or more smaller ones which
have increased in size till they have come in contact with each other
and have united. The intermediate pulmonal tissue in such a case has
disappeared. Large tumors thus produced are frequently of an irregu-
lar shape. The pulmonal tissue surroimding the gray or grayish-yel-
low tumors is at first hyperfemic, and the outlines of the latter are more
or less indistinct, but afterwards the same become more defined. On a
cut these tumors present an appearance somewhat similar to bacon. In
some cases the same are more or less firm and soHd, like a fibroid growth,
and in others of the consistency of a sarcoma. (Fig. VII, No. 2, pre-
sents the grayish-yellow cut-siu-face of a glanders-tumor in natural size,
for the most part distinctly limited from the hyperaemic puhnonal tissue,
but at one end yet encroaching upon the latter, and not yet presenting
a distinct demarcation. Fig. VI, No. 3, is a smaller glanders-tumor in
natural size, presenting yet visible, small, round, primary nodules and
some remnants of pulmonal tissue, indicating plainly that the growth
takes place, not from one but from several centers, and is not effected
by peripheric apposition.) Under the microscope the constituents are
found to be essentially the same as those of the smaller nodules or tu-
bercles. The round cells, however, vary much more in size. Some are
very large and distinguished by their dark and granulated nuclei.
Numerous epithelial mother-cells, contaicing nuclei and incipient cells,
spindle-shaped ceUs in dilierent stages of development, some, maybe,

GLANDEES AND FARCY. 277

very mucli swelled or just breaking, and others decayed and discliarg-
ino- their granulated contents and large nuclei, and a connective inter-
cellular substance which gives the whole tumor its continuity and a cer-
tain degree of solidity, constitute the principal components. The softer
glanders-tumors, similar in consistency to a sarcoma, are composed
mainly of round cells, while the firmer or more solid ones consist prin-
cipally of spindle-shaped cells, and contain comparatively few round
cells imbedded in the intercellular substance, which latter is here and
there fibrous and solid, and thereby the cause of the greater firmness.
The presence of both kinds of cells, spindle-shaped and large, round
ones, proves that connective-tissue corpuscles, as well as epithelium ele-
ments, contribute to the formation of pulmonal glanders-tumors. The
retrogressive metamorphosis proceeds, according to the observations of
Gerlach, in two different ways. Sometimes all components of the glanders-
tumor, the intercellular substance as well as the glanders-cells, undergo a
process of decay which iDroceeds either from one center — if the tumor is a
simple one — or from several centers simultaneously, if the tumor is a compli-
cated one. In the former case the whole tumor is changed to one cavity with
cheesy contents, but in the latter two or more larger or smaller cavities,
corresponding to the number of the original tubercles or tumors, are
produced. The contents of the same present also a cheesy appearance.
Sometimes, however, the whole process is different. The round-cells
decay and are absorbed, and an excessive growth or production of con-
nective tissue is taking place. The tumor becomes harder and firmer,
and assumes finally the characteristics of a fibroid growth, which con-
tains interspersed in its tissue a few round-cells, and may not undergo
any further changes for a long time. Such fibroid tumors correspond
to the fibroid cicatrices which occur frequently in the mucous membrane
of the septum, and are found not seldom if the morbid process has been
a very slow or chronic one. If glanders is acute or complicated with
other morbid processes which accelerate its progress, such hard and
firm fibroid tumors or cicatrices are never formed. On the contrary,
the glanders-tumors decay rapidly, often before the same have had time
to assume definite shape and form.

Glanders-ulcers or abscesses are produced if the intercellular sub-
stance of the tubercles undergoes dissolution. Dissolved intercellular
substance and decayed and decaying glanders-cells constitute the matter.
The process is about as follows :

Farcy-ulcers in the suhcutaneous connective tissue. — The development
or the growth of a farcy-tumor is always attended with some local in-
flammation in the surrounding tissues. A violent proliferation begins
in the center of the tumor, and numerous small round-cells which can
scarcely be discriminated from matter-corpuscles are i)roduced. The
inflammatory process furnishes a sufficient quantity of exudation to
loosen and to envelope the round-cells almost immediately after the
same have been produced. Some white blood-corpuscles may become
mtermixed, but the same must be regarded as strangers, because a very
large majority of the cells suspended in the fluid exudation are the pro-
duct of the proliferous process. So it may happen that a farcy boil or
tumor shows fluctuation, and contains matter within a few days, or is
changed to an abscess much sooner than a common boil. The matter
of a farcy-ulcer does not exhibit any distinctive difference from other
pus except in so far as it possesses infectious qualities, xilmost as soon
as a farcy-boil has been changed to an abscess, or contains matter, the
nearest subcutaneous lymphatics commence to swell to plainly visible
chords or strands, and in their course not seldom new boils are formed,

278 GLANDERS AND FARCY.

wliich also undergo tlie same metamorpliosis as the first one. Hence
it happens reiy freqnently that farcy boils and nlcers malcc their ap-
pearance in ro'^s somewhat resemblin.o: strings of beads, which consti-
tntes one of the characteristics of the disease. A little later the nearest
lymphatic glands, too, commence to swell and to be changed to hard
and more or less painful farcy-bnboes. The circnlation or the current of
lymph in the I^^nl)hatics of such a swelled gland or glands becomes
interrupted, and in consequence o^demiatous swellings make their ap-
pearance in the parts in which snch an interruption has been effected,
usually in a leg. The swelling of the lymphatics and of the lymphatic
glands, the lymphatic abscesses, and the appearance of oedemata have
led to mistakes ; an inflammation of the lymphatics has been supposed
to constitute the primary and the production of farcy-nlcers a second-
ary morbid process. Sometimes, it is true, it is rather difficult to find
the primary boils or ulcers from which the morbid process lias spread.
The comparatively rapid dissemination of the glanders-Tirus through
the lymphatics in the loose subcutaneous connective tissue explains why
farcy nsnally spreads sooner over the whole body, and becomes fatal
in much less time than either pulmonal or nasal glanders.

The products of the glanders-process, however, do not always present
themselves as distinctly limited growths in form of nodules, tubercles,
tumors, and boils. The morbid products in certain cases, especially in
such in which an inflammatory exudation is taking place in the same
parts in which the glanders-process has its seat, become difiiise, and the
glanders-cells almost as soon as produced are carried off by the exuda-
tion. Gerlach discriminates two forms of difiuse glanders, viz., glan-
ders-catarrh and diffuse production of glanders-cells in the mucous
membranes.

1. Glandcrs-catarrJi. — If the glanders-process makes its appearance in
a mucous membrane, the first morbid changes and symptoms are always
those of glanders, blended with a catarrhal affection. Consequently the
first stage of nasal glanders mnj appropriatelj'^ be called a " glanders-
catarrh," and may under favorable circumstances exist almost unchanged
for a long time without being attended by any other characteristic symp-
toms except perhaps some swelling of the submaxillary Ijinphatic glands
(so-called nasal gleet). Afterward, in a more advanced stage of the dis-
ease, more charaeteristic morbid changes make their appearance, but the
catarrhal discharge from the nose remains. In glanders-catarrh the se-
cretions of the nasal mucous membrane differ only in so far from those
observed in a common catarrh as they present frequently a greenish or
green -yellowish color, and contain very soon epithelium-scales and smaU,
round glanders- cells similar to matter-corpuscles. With the appearance
of the epithelium debrw, however, the somewhat characteristic greenish
color nsually disappears. The glanders-cells have their source in the
epithelium-producing layer of the mucosa, and develop from epithelinm-
cells, but are carried off" or washed away by the fluid exudations. Still
the discharge itself, although containing glanders-cells, offers no charac-
teristic of great diagnostic value except its infectiousness, which exists
from the very beginning. The microscope reveals no essential differ-
ences, neither between the nasal discharges in glanders and in catarrh
nor between fiircy matter and common pus.

2. Diffuse 'prodnctwn of <jlandcrs-ccUs in flie mvcoKS membrane. — The
glanders-cells are not produced in certain bmitcd spots or nests, but in
ditiusion over large ])arts of the mucous membrane. The latter appears
swelled and loosened in its tissue, and contains larger or smalloi' num-
bers of round glanders-cells of different size. Afterwards an exuberant

GLANDERS AND PARCY. ^79

morbid growth of coiineotivc tissue makes its appearance, which causes
the mucous membrane to become more or less thick and callous. If the
glanders-process extends to tlie fi'ontal and maxillary cavities, the nat-
urally fine mucous membrane, especially of the latter, is usually found
coated with a muco-pm-ulent secretion, and presents more or less uneven
swelling and degeneration, caused by an exuberant neoplastic produc-
tion of connective tissue elements. In the nasal cavity, but especially
on the septum, the diffuse glanders-process penetrates not seldom the
whole mucous membrane, and extends to the submucosa. Callous swell-
ings are fonned by an exuberant production of neoplastic elements of
connective tissue, and within these swellings appear diffuse center-sta-
tions, or nests of round cells, which (latter) gradually undergo decay and
are absorbed. Fibrous or scar-tissue, which afterwards shrinlcs or con-
tracts to a scar or cicatrix, takes their place. So it may happen that
scars or cicati'ices make their appearance without any ulceration ha-ving
preceded. These scars or cicatrices usually contain a center, from which
several whitish strands of fibrous tissue, produced by the same process,
are radiating in different directions. Still not every scar or cicatrix
found on the nuicous membrane of the septum has been produced in the
same way, without any preceding ulceration. Under favorable circum-
stances a healing even of a glanders-ulcer will novf and then be effected,
but in such a case the scar left behind is usually less prominent or con-
spicuous, and is destitute of such long radiatkig strands of fibrous tissue.

GlamJers-nlccrs. — The same, if present, constitute the most character-
istic and unmistakable morbid change of the whole morbid process, and
are found usually in the mucous membrane of the septum, especially
toward the nasal bones, but also in the mucous membrane of the con-
ch.ne, the nasal ducts, the larynx, and the windi)ipe, and, in rare cases,
in the cutis. Professor Gerlach says he has found ulcers in the mucosa
of the throat and windpipe only in acute glanders. I remember one of
chronic glanders that occurred in 1869 in Quiucy, 111., in which, at the
post-mortem examination, numerous ulcers presented themselves in the
nasal ducts and in the mucous membrane of the larynx and windpipe,
but none on the septum. In that horse the only observable symptom
consisted, for a long time, in difficulty of breathing, resembling a kind
of roaring when exercised. The post-mortem examination, made by
myself, revealed glanders in a very advanced stage of development, not-
withstanding that the horse, a fine black roadster, was not suspected of
being affected with glanders up to within two weeks before he was
killed.

Glanders-ulcers are always preceded by glanders-nodules or tubercles
in the mucous membrane or skin, respectively, and are the product of a
decay of the glanders-cells and a dissolution of the intercellular sub-
stance of those nodules or tubercles. The process, however, by which
these ulcers are developed is not always the same, but varies somewhat
according to the size and situation of the tul)ercles. If the latter are
large, of the size of a pea, and extend deep into the mucous membrane,
a depression, which soon changes to a small hole, at first not larger than
a pin's head, jnakes its appearance in the middle of the external surface.
This hole, however, soon grows larger (Fig. IV, jSTo. 2), and constitutes
within a few days an ulcer corresponding in size to that of the former
tubercle (Fig. IV, ISTo. 3). The deeper the latter extends into the mucosa
or submucosa, the deeper will also be the ulcer.

If the glanders-tubercles are very small and superficial, or, as it some-
times ha])pens, visible only as gray specks or dots, the i)roceeding is a
little dilfereut. At first the epithelium is cast off j a smaU, scarcely

280 GLANDERS AND FARCY.

visible loss of substance takes place, wMcli gives the iacipient iilcer the
appearance of a small erosion. In other cases the decayed, superficial
part of the tubercle presents itself as a yellowish-gTay mass, which
remains for a short time coated with epithehum. The decaying tubercle,
in such a case, has the appearance of a small pustule. In both cases,
finally, smaU, flat, lenticular ulcers are formed, which, if numerous and
close together, as frequently happens (glanders-tubercles, if very small,
are usually situated close together in gToups), become soon confluent,
and present then one large, flat ulcer with an uneven bottom. A few
days ago I had an opportunity to observe small lenticular, and one
medium-sized confluent ulcer, on the right side of the septum of the nose
of a former circus-horse that had been aflected with glanders — had had
discharges from the nose — ^^for over eight months.

A glanders-ulcer once formed grows in depth and circumference as
follows : At the bottom and on the borders of the ulcer, and also in the
immediate neighborhood of the same, appear again gray specks and
nodules (nests of round cells), which also undergo decay, become con-
fluent with the ulcer, and increase thereby the size and depth of the
latter. The bottom of a glanders-ulcer presents a grayish-yellow (bacon-
like) appearance, marked with red blotches, and is composed mainly of
round gianders-ceUs, the decay of which adds to the depths of the ulcer.
Consequently, as after each decay new round cells make their appear-
ance, a glanders-ulcer is not only able to work its way through the
mucous membrane and its connective tissue, but also into and even
through the cartilagenous septum and the osseous conchae. This, how-
ever, takes place only in a very advanced stage of the disease, and un-
der the influence of a comphcation with an iniiammatory process. The
bottom of a deep ulcer presents usually a dirty appearance, caused by
decay or decomposition of tissue and blood (Fig. IV, No. 4). Growth of
a glanders-ulcer in circumference is a very common occurrence. The
process is usually a rapid one, if the ulcer is composed originally of
small lenticular ulcers, so-caUed erosions, with corroded gray or inflamed
and red borders. If two or more of such compound ulcers happen
to be in close proximity of each other, the same very often become con-
fluent in a comparatively short time, and present then one large ulcer-
ating surface. In the cutis the ulceration process is exactly the same,
and is invariably preceded by a formation of glanders-tubercles. The
latter have their seat usually in the skin of the lips and nostrils, seldom
in the skin of the legs and of other i)arts of the body. In the cutis, too,
deep ulcers, and flat and lenticular ones, can be discriminated. In some
cases the cutis-ulcers have a special tendency to increase in depth — if
the preceding tubercles have been large — while in others a tendency to
grow in circumference is prevailing. The latter is the case especially if
the tubercles have been small and close together. Both kinds of ulcers,
however, like those in the mucous membrane, produce abundant exuda-
tion and matter, a peculiarity by which deep glanders-ulcers situated
ill the skin are easily discriminated from farcy-ulcers or glanders-
abscesses. Besides that, the latter are always kettle-shaped, have red
and elevated borders, and are situated in the subcutaneous connective
tissue, while the former have their seat in the skin.

THE CAUSES AND ORIGIN OF GLANDill^S.

As to the causes and origin of glanders, opinions, especially informer
times, have diflered very widely. A great many veterinarians, particu-
larly in France, and there until quite recently, either denied its conta-

GLANDERS AND FARCY. 281

giousness altogether (La Fosse, sen. and jun., Fromage Defeugre, and
Dupuy barely admitted the possibility of an infection ; Coleman (English),
Smith (English), andEodet considered only acute glanders as a contagious
disease, as did Hutrel d'Arboval and many others), or expressed doubt as
to the existence of a contagion. — Dutz. Consequently a spontaneous de-
velopment or the possibility of the same was not questioned except by a few
decided contagionists, such as Volpi in Italy, White in England, and, in
modern times, Gerlach in Germany. Nearly all German, most of the
English, and a great many French veterinarians (it is but just to men-
tion among the latter SoUeysel (1669), De Saunier (1734), Bourgelat
(1765), Garsault (1770), Vitet (1783), Gohier (1813), Delwart, and Le-
blanc) admitted that most cases of glanders owe their origin to infection,
but did not doubt the possibility of a protopathic, and even of a deutropa-
thic development. Even at the present day an auchtochthonous and a
deuteropathic development, too, are looked upon as something possible,
or even self-evident and of frequent occurrence, not only by non-profes-
sional men, hut also by a great many veterinarians of high standing. As
causes of auchtochthonous glanders, aU i)0ssible injurious agencies have
been accused, the same as in all other contagious diseases, such as pleuro-
pneumonia of cattle, for instance, which latter, as is now more generally
admitted, spreads, and is caused exclusively by infection or by means
of the contagion. As principal causes of glanders have been consid-
ered spoiled, decayed, and insufiicient food, or food of a bad quality or
unsuitable composition ; dirty, crowded, and ill-ventUated stables ; over-
work, hardships, and exposure of any kind or description ; in short,
nearly everything that is calculated to have an injurious effect upon the
animal organism. A gTeat many horses in every country and in every
clime are exposed to some or to all of the injurious influences just enu-
merated, and there is not the least doubt that these influences are well
able to weaken the constitution of an animal, to produce emaciation and
debility, and to cause a whole army of more or less dangerous and fre-
quently fatal diseases, but still glanders is not any more frequent among
horses thus exposed and suffering than among others, which are well
iiept and weU treated in every respect. In every country and in every
clime a larger or smaller number of horses are exposed to all those in-
juries mentioned, are worked to death, starved to death, suffocated to
death in foul stable-air, poisoned to death with spoUed food and with
impure, stagnant water, and stUl there are countries in which glanders
is an unknown, or, at least, an exceedingly rare disease, while in other
countries in which horses, on an average, are not kept any worse, or,
may be, are kept much better, glanders is a very frequent disease, and
causes annually great losses. As a general rule, which, however, suffers
apparent exceptions as I shall show hereafter, glanders is frequent in all
those countries in which a great many horses are imported, and rare in
all those countries in which more horses are raised than needed, or from
which horses are exported. Besides that, nobody has ever succeeded in
producing glanders by merely exposing or subjecting a horse that has
never been exposed to the influence of glanders-contagion to any or to
all the injurious agencies and influences which have been mentioned as
being accused as the causes of protopathic glanders. In the West,
where I have lived and practiced during the last thirteen years, gland-
ers, as I have been informed by reliable persons, used to be an almost
unknown disease before the civil war, but has been spread by condemned
army horses during and immediately after the war, and is now frequent
and can be found everywhere.
Among asses and mules glanders is comparatively not as frequent a

^82 GLANDERS AND FARCY.

disease as among liorses, notwitlistanding that tlie former linve more
predisposition, are easier and sooner infected, and . snccumli quicker.
If a protopatliic development were i)ossible, or frequently taking place,
one slionld suppose that it would occur especially in those animals (asses
and mules) which possess the greatest predisposition, or, in which, if af-
fected, the morbid process is always the most rapid and the most violent.
Besides that, asses and mules particularly, are, as a general rule, more
exposed to bad treatment and to all those calamities which have been
looked upon as probable causes of glanders, than horses. That glanders
is not so frequent among asses and mules as among horses, is simply due
to the fact that the former are less numerous and usually less exposed
to the contagion, because less used on the road and for traveling xuir-
poses, than horses. An excei^tion, perhaps, may be made with the Amer-
ican army, or with any other army in which mules are extensively em-
ployed, and in them, I su]>pose, cases of glanders are just as frequent,
and perhaps more frequent among the mides than among the horses.

In modern times, most veterinary writers, it seems, have abandoned
the possibility of an autochthonous or idiopathic origin of glanders,
but the deuteropathic development is yet ujiheld by a great many. The
diseases supposed to tenninate in glanders are esj^ecially strangles or
distemi)er, inilueuza, catarrhal affections of the respii'atory mucous mem-
branes, and ulceration in various parts of the animal body. To enumer-
ate all the cases recorded in the veterinary literature in which glanders
is said or believed to have developed from other diseases, or been pro-
duced by an absorption of matter, would lead too far, for the same are
very numerous. As to the different theories that have been advanced,
I have to refer to what has been said in the tirst ]iart of this treatise.
To show, however, now easily mistakes may be made, I may ))e allowed
to relate a case that occurred last suiumer in Chicago. Several horses,
constituting the stock of a bankrupt circus, all animals in a very line
condition, were put up for keeping by the authorities in charge, ia a cer-
tain liverj'- and boarding stable. In the same stable influenza prevailed,
and nearly every liorse, excepting those circus-horses, became affected
with influenza in its so-caUed catarrhal rheumatic form. Deaths did not
occur, but some horses became affected severely. After the circus-horses
had been in the livery-stable for several weeks they were sold by the
United States marshal, and the day after the sale it was found that one
of them, a fine black gelding, was affected with plainly developed nasal
glanders, and had communicated the disease already to his stall-mate,
which exhibited sufllcient symptoms, a slight discharge from the right
nostril and a characterivStic swelling of the right submaxillary l>nnphatic
gland, to warrant the diagnostication of glanders. After the discovery
had been made, it leaked out that thft black gelding had been "running
from tlie nose" for over eight months. When the sale took ])lace, some
of the livery and boarding horses had not yet fully recovered from their
influenza. jSTow, if one or more of tlie same should have become infected
with glanders, and if the merely accidental discovery of the existence of
that disease in one of the circus-horses had not been made, the cry would
have been raised immediately that glanders had developed from influ-
enza. Further comments, I think, are unnecessary. It may suffice to
suggest that a gTeat many apparent developments of glanders from other
diseases may have taken place in a similar way. Tiiere also can be no
doubt that a great many cases of occult glanders (so-called nasnl gleet)
have been looked upon and treated as distemper, catarrh, influenza, &c.,
and afterwards, when ])lain symptou^s of glanders made their appearance,
it wa« more convenient all aroimd to suppose that glanders had pro-

Glanders and farcy. 283

ceeded from tho disease first diao-nosticated, than to admit a diagnostic
mistalce. So with farcy. It undoubtedly lias liappened a great ma^iy
times that the first symptoms of farcy ha.ve been mistaken for an inflam-
mation of the lymphatics, and as farcy in its further course becomes fre-'
quently complicated with glanders, it is easy to conclude that an inflamma-
tion of the lymphatics constitutes a primary disease of glanders. Under
certain circumstances I admit it is rather difficult to discriminate at once
an inflammation of the lymphatics and subsequent ulceration or formation
of abscesses from genuine farcy, and so mistakes, undonbteclly, have
occun-ed.

Besides all that, the diseases looked upon as the possible progenitors
of glanders are similar to the latter only in regard to a few external
symptoms but entirely different as far as the morbid process is con-
cerned. They lack altogether, during their whole course, from first be-
ginning to their final termination, the specific characteristics of gland-
ers, and a conrersion of any one of them into the latter disease must
be looked upon as just as impossible as it is to change a cow to a horse,
or a goat to a hog. Still, this does not exclude the possibility of an
animal affected with one of those disorders, or with any other disease,
becoming infected with glanders or farcy. On the contrary, a' diseased
condition of the respiratory mucous membranes seems to facilitate an in-
fection, if an exposure to glanders contagion is taking place. At any
rate, the morbid process of glanders is always much more riolent, and
makes a more rapid progress in a diseased organism, than in one that is
otherwise perfectly healthy. To get at the bottom of the facts and to
guard against mistakes, it will be necessary never to lose sight of the
specific characteristics of the glanders process.

]S"otwithstanding all those cases of apparent deuteropathic develop-
ment of glanders, which can be found in the veterinary literature of
nearlj' every country, I am not afraid to say I do not believe that a
case of reai deuteropathic glanders, one that can stand a thorough and
unbiased investigation, has ever occurred. Gerlach, in his treatise, re-
peatedly mentioned, says, on page 115, "A genuine development (pro-
topathic and deuteropathic) must be considered as not proved."

Glanders, as well as pleuropneumonia, Eussian cattle-plague, and
scab and mange, will cease to exist if a propagation by means of infection
is made impossible. If, for instance, within the limits of the United States
all animals affected with glanders were destroyed at once, and at the
same time every place where glanders-contagion may be existing were
thoroughly disinfected, and if any importation of glandered horses or of
the contagion were successfully prohibited or prevented, glanders would
at once become extinct, and would never make its appearance again
within the limits of the United States, imless imported again from other
countries. It is a disease that can be eradicated.

I said before tha.t glanders is raoSt frequent in those countries in which
numerous horses are imported from other countries. This is an undeni-
able fact, except in regard to those com.mon wealths in which good veter-
inary schools provide a sufficient number of thoroughly educated vet-
erinary surgeons, and in which stringent laws enforce the immediate
destruction of every animal affected with glanders, i^rohibit veterinary
quackery, and do not allow anybody to keep or to treat a glandered
animal unless he is a qualified veterinary surgeon, and gives sulficieat
bonds to pay possible damages.

I know very well that I shall be contradicted, but mere denials, or
questions a<?king where glanders originally comes from, if a spontane-
ous development does not take place, will not do. Such questions, of

284 GLANDERS AND FAECY.

course, I cannot answer. When Gerlach first pronounced pleuro-pneu-
monia of cattle a pure contagion, that is, a disease propagated exchi-
sively by means of infection, Professor Spinola asked pertly if Gerlach
had imported pleuro-pneumonia from the moon, but failed utterly — and
everybody else, too — to show a solitary case of an unmistakable and well-
authenticated spontaneous development. If any one can show me a
case of spontaneous glanders, not caused by infection, or give satisfac-
tory and unmistakable proof that a protopathic or deuteropathic develop-
ment of glanders has occurred, I will take back what I have said, but
not before.

The contagion. — The contagion must be considered as the exclusive
cause of glanders. When I lived in Dixon, Lee county, Illinois, from
the fall of 1865 to September, 1868, 1 had an opportunity of observing
numerous cases of glanders. A friend of mine, D. W. McKinney, dealer
in horses and proprietor of a livery-stable, knew nearly every horse in the
whole county, and taking special interest in those cases of glanders,
assisted me in inquiring into the history of every horse affected. As a
result, every case, without exception, was traced back to an infection by
condemned United States army horses that had been sold to the farmers.

The contagious principle is developed during the very first stages of
the disease, and even before plain symptoms have made their appear-
ance. It exists most concentrated in the immediate products of the
morbid process, but especially in the discharges irom the nose, and in
the contents of the glanders and farcy ulcers. It is present also in aU the
secretions and excretions of the affected animals, as has been proved by
numerous direct exjieriments. Professor Gerlach, in order to ascertain
if the contagion is contained not only in the fluid animal humors and
excretions, and in the fluid and solid products of the morbid process,
but also in the pulmonal exhalation and in the perspiration, has made
several interesting experiments, and has found that an inoculation of
a healthy horse with artificially condensed exhalation and perspiration
of a glandered animal produces the disease. He has, however, not suc-
ceeded in communicating glanders by injecting detibrinated blood of
glandered horses (100 and 200 grams respectively) into the veins of
healthy animals. Still, the contagiousness of the blood has been estab-
lished long ago by Abildgardt and Viborg in Copenhagen.

The experiments of Gerlach and of others, and numerous cJinical
observations, too, have proved beyond a doubt that the contagion con-
tained in the exhalation and perspiration clings, though only in small
quantities, to the aqueous vapors exhaled by the respiratory organs and
I>erspired by the skin. The contagious principle, therefore, is volatile
only in a limited degree, and to produce an infection by means of the
exhalation and perspiration at a distance of several feet requires usually
some length of time. So it happens very often that a horse occupying
with a glandered horse the same stable, but not the same stall, remains ex-
empted. The more forcible and accelerated the breathing, and the more
abundant the i3erspiration of the horse afiected with glanders, the
greater, it seems, is the danger of an infection of healthy horses that
are near, or occupy the same stable.

Another question not easily answered, and yet an object for investi-
gation, may be asked ; that is, Do organic forms constitute the conta-
gion ; is the contagious principle bound on, or inseparable from, organic
forms ; or is its action merely a chemical one ? On this question the
opinions of the best authorities differ. Professor Gerlach, in his suc-
cessful experiments with condensed exhalation and perspkation, found
no organic forms whatever in the perfectly limpid drops j further, he

GLANDERS AND FARCY. 285

found no organic forms in the very infectious caseous substances taken
from the mucous membrane of a horse aflectecl with diphtheritic gland-
ers. He, therefore, has come to the conclusion that the glanders-con-
tagion does not consist in, nor is bound on, organic forms, and that the
action of the contagious principle must be a chemical one. On the other
hand Hallier and others have found organic gTOwth (micrococci) in the
humors of glandered horses and in the products of the morbid process
of glanders, and are inchned to consider those micrococci as the agency
which causes the disease, produces the morbid changes, and effects a
communication of the glandered i)rocess to other healthy animals. If
HaUier and others are right, a great many mysterious phenomena ob-
served in glanders find an explanation, but if Gerlach's observations are
correct, HaUier's theories necessarily fall to the gTOund. Gerlach says :
" Hallier finds everywhere fungi, and Chauveau finds everywhere cells."
Still, notwithstanding my high regard for Gerlach and the thoroughness
of his investigations, I think the finds of HaUier and of other investiga-
tors cannot be discarded ; positive evidence is always of more value than
negative proof. Haeckel (History of Creation, vol. 1, Protista.) and
Klebs {Archiv fuer experimental-Patliologie^ 1873), separate the micro-
scopic organisms found in glanders and in other contagious diseases
from the class "fungus," and consider them as a separate class, belong-
ing neither to the animal nor to the vegetable kingdom. Whatever
may be the truth as to the real nature of the contagious principle, future
investigations must reveal. I myself have had no opportunity' to make
thorough microscopical investigations of the morbid products of gland-
ers, and can, therefore, not advance any definite opinion of my own.
Mere speculations cannot bring any facts to light ; thorough and patient
observations are necessary.

The glanders-contagion, whatever its nature may be, communicates
glanders and farcy not only to the animals belonging to the genus equus,
but also to other animals and to man. Numerous cases are reported
every year in the periodical veterinary hterature. The only domesti-
cated animal that seems to be exempted, or to be destitute of any pre-
disposition is the ox.

Glandered horses, as soon as the disease has been diagnosticated, are
usually removed to the cow-stable, or to pens or places where cattle are
kept, and stiU no case, as far as I have been able to learn, is on record
in which an ox or a cow has contracted the disease. Sheep are easily
infected. Goats, too, possess sufficient predisposition. Ercolani described
a case in " 11 medico veterinarian''^ 1861, and Wirth succeeded in commu-
nicatiag glanders to a male goat by means of inoculation {Arcliiv fuer
Thierheillcunde, Bd. 0, Heft 1, 1814). Hogs seem to possess but little
predisposition, and cases of dogs becomiag infected and dying of gland-
ers have been communicated by is'ordstroem {Tidskrift for Veterinairer,
etc., 1862) and Langeron {Eevue I'eterinaire, etc., Toulouse, serie 1, 1876).
Several cases are on record in which wild animals, hons especially, have
become infected with glanders by being fed witli meat of glandered
horses. According to the experiments of Yiborg and Eingheim, the flesh
of a horse affected with glanders can be eaten without danger of infec-
tion if properly cooked or Med.

One important phenomenon must be mentioned, and that is, that gland-
ers always becomes a frequent disease after any great war. Such was
the case in our own country after the great civil war, as I have mentioned
before, and also in Germany and France, bui especially in the latter
country, after the war of 1870-'71. Cases of glanders will also be fre-
quent duriQg the next few years in the Turkish Empire, and in those

286 GLANDEES AND FARCY.

Turkish pro;\-iiices wliicli liave become independent, or separated from
the Ottoman territories. The cause of this frequency is an obvious one.
It consists in the abundant 0])portumty of infection. One horse affected
with (occult) glanders in either of the hostile armies can, for obvious
reasons, communicate the disease with the greatest facility to a large
number of animals. The fact of glanders becoming frequent after each
large war has been used very frequently as an argument in favor of a
protopathic development, but if it is looked upon in a proper hght it
proves, if an^-thing, the exclusive si^reading of the disease by means of
the contagion.

Prereiiiion and treatment. — As to a medical treatment, there is scarcely
a remedy knov/n in the whole materia medica that has not been used
against glanders, but, so far at least, with very poor success. It is true
a great many iwetended cui'es are on record. But if the slow or chronic
progress of the morbid process, its frequent remissions m warm and dry
weather, exacerbations in rough, cold, and inclement weather and in a
foul atmosphere, and the great confusion that has prevailed in regard to
the true nature of glanders are taken into consideration, it is no wonder
that mistakes and decei)tions have occuiTed. Some of the cases that
are said to have been cured have been no glanders at all, and in others
the pretended cui'es have been only temporary — a mere remission. Con-
firmed (/landers must he considered as incurahle ; and it would, therefore,
be for the benetit of every one if our general government (Congress)
would enact a law which should make it a criminal offense to keep and
to use a horse, or any other animal, kno\ni to be affected with glanders.
Any attempt to cure shoidd also be strictly forbidden, because a prompt
and immediate destruction of every animal affected with glanders, a
disease which spreads only by means of its contagion, constitutes the
best, surest, and cheapest, and in fact the only prevention.

A case of recent occurrence will serve to illustrate how glanders
spreads, and how nuich cheaper it is to destroy a glandered horse at
once than to i)ermit the same to communicate the disease to healthy
animals. It will also show the necessity of a stringent law making the
sale of an animal known to be affected with a contagious disease a crim-
inal offense.

Last fall ]Mr. George T , Pottawatomie county, Kansas, bought

a horse of a Mr. Ch. . . , Manlmttan, Kiley county, Kansas, and pas-
tui'ed and stabled the same with his other horses, about twenty-fom or
twenty-fi-ve in number. The horse in question, when bought, had souie
discharge from the nose, which, of course, was pronounced to be nothing
but the product of catarrh — in common parlance, a cold. In the course
of the winter several of Islv. T 's horses commenced to have dis-
charges fi'om the nose. Mr. T became alarmed, and brought the

new horse, whose nasal discharges had mcreased, and who showed other
sj'mptoms of disease, such as a staring coat, emaciation, etc., to me for
examination. I found the symptoms to be those of an advanced stage
of glanders. Subsequent inquiries revealed some of the previous history
of the animal. Mr. Ch. . . had bought the horse from another man,
whose name 1 do not remember, onl>' a few days before he sold the same

to Mr. T , and had kept the annual, Avhile in his possession, strictly

separated from his other liorses, because he knew that the same had a
chi'onic discharge froiii the nose, and had had it for about two yeiu-s.
Is not such a transaction cnmiual 'i iViid still, in the case mentioned,

there is no redress to be had. Mr, T is a comparatively poor man;

his farm is mortgaged, and all the property he may call his own consists
in his stock, but especially in his horses. As I moAcd away fi'om Kansas

GLANDERS AND FARCY. 287

early in tlie spring, I have not learned liow many of liis horses have be-
come affected, but several had contracted the disease before I left.
Besides that, his horses had been together quite often with those of his
neighbors, on the prairie, before he knew them to be affected with gland-
ers. It is possible that he has lost, or will lose, nearly every animal lie
has. Mr. Oh. . . does not own auything; all his property is in his

wife's name; consequently Mr. T , if he sues for damages, will

have to pay lawyers' fees and costs, but cannot recover anything. If
there were a United States law which made it a criminal offense to sell
animals affected with contagious diseases, or to own and to keep ani-
mals which exhibit symptoms of contagious diseases, and to neglect to
advise the proper authorities of the fact, such cases as the one related

would not occur. K Mr.' T were not an honest man, he would

undoubtedly have kept still, and would ha\'e sold his glandered horses
to other innocent i^arties, and contributed in that way in spreading the
disease. I could relate numerous similar cases, but think this one will
suffice, especially as this article is akeady too long.

A successful prevention of glanders is possible only if the contagion —
which, even if it should not constitute the sole and only cause of the
disease, causes at least nine hundred and ninety-nine cases of one thou-
sand— is thoroughly destioyed w^herever it may exist or where\Tsr it may
be found. Consequently eveiy animal affected with glanders should be
killed as soon as the nature of the disease becomes known, and be buried
suflicieutly deep or be cremated. But as the contagion adheres fre-
quently also to the stables — manger, floor, partition, &c. — that have
been occupied, the stable utensils — brush, curry-comb, &c., and the
harness, blankets, halters, bridles, saddles, &c. — that have been used or
been in contact with glandered horses, it is of great importance to know
what will best and most effectually destroy the contagion. Professor
Gerlach has made very interesting and valuable experiments, to relate
which, however, would lead too far. I will therefore only state the results
arrived at. The discharges from the nose, glanders-matter, &c., lose their
infectiousness if perfectly dried by being exposed to currents of air or to
the rays of the sun ; but kept moist, for instance in a damp cellar, wrapi^ed
up in a moist rag, or adhering to the corners of the manger, to a damp
wall or floor, or to the bedding or the manure, &c., the contagion seems to
possess great vitahty, and may remain effective for half a year or longer.
Putrefaction does not destroy the contagious principle. Chlorine de-
stroys the contagion, and is theretore a very efficient disinfectant, x)ro-
vided the chlorides used come in actual contact with the contagion. A
brief exposure of the infectious substances, nasal discharges, glanders-
matter, &c., to the influence of chlorine in a gaseous state, mixed with
the atmosphere, is ineffective. As a remedy to be given internally,
chlorine, in shape of chlorine-water, for obvious reasons cannot be
used; chemical combinations will be effected before an absorption can
taloj place. The best and surest destroyer of the glanders-contagion is
carbohc acid. It may be used not only as a disinfectant or for the pur-
pose of destroying the contagion chngiug to the wood-work of the
stable &c., but also in incipient cases of farcy, and in cases in w-hich an
infection with glanders-matter has just taken place in a wound, for
instance, as a local remedy. If applied to the glanders-ulcers on the
septum, or to farcy -idcers, a tendency to heal will make its appearance.
As a disinfectant, a solution of carbohc acid in glycerine or alcohol and
Waaler (1:1 or 2:20) is perfectly strong enough to be effective. Old straw,
hay, and bedding must be burned, and blankets, &c., are best disinfected

288 GLANDERS AND FARCY.

by exposing" the same for some time to a temperature of 212° F., or
higher, either in an oven or in boiling- hot water.

As to a therapeutic treatment only a few words Avill be necessary. Some
of the most heroic medicines hare been used with very doubtful results.
So, for instance, Professor Ercolani, in Tiu-iu, claims to have had good
success with arsenate of strychnine, but others who have made the
same experiments have had no success whatever. Lacaze {Bevite Veter.,
tfcc, Toulouse, 1876), asserts to have been successful with large doses of
alcohol, but he discriminates contagious and noncontagious glanders,
and so no comment will be necessary. In former times cantharides were
considered as a remedy, but later investigations have proved them to be
perfectly worthless. That every kind of mercurial combination and a
great many sure-cure nostrums have been used and been advertised, as
specific remedies, as in every other incurable disease, is too self-evident
to need any further mentioning.

The only rational treatment of a horse or other animal, affected with
glanders, consists in a proper and effective apphcation, in the right place,
of either half an ounce of lead or five inches of steel ; and until such
treatment is invariably adopted, or made compulsory, there will be no
prospect whatever of freeing this country from this loathsome disease,
dangerous even to man, in whom, if once infected, it is just as incurable
as in horses.

INDEX.

Page.

Alabama, diseases of farm animals in 186,211

Appropriations for investigating diseases of farm animals 5, 220

Arkansas, diseases of farm animals in 187, 213

Autopsies in swine disease 31, 33, 49, 55, 59, 103, 128, 142, 174, 184

Bacillus suis 10,11,13,41,42,43,44,45,53

Berkshires and their crosses peculiarly li able to disease 178

British Government rules for treating pleuro-pneumonia and rinderpest 251

British orders in council concerning cattle imports 227

California, diseases of farm animals in 187

Cattle export trade, British orders in council 227

Chicago stock-yards full of diseased animals 164

Colorado, diseases of farm animals in 188

Comn^issioner's letter to Hon. A. S. Paddock on pleuro-pneumonia 219

Commission to investigate diseases of farm animals in 5

Congressional action necessary to aixest cattle disease 221

Contagion in swine disease 9,39, 165

glanders 268,273,284

Cysiiccrcus cellulosa 66

C. Zemicollia 66

Dakota, disease of farm animals in , 188

Deaths of swine, number and j)ercentage of 124

Delaware, diseases of farm animals in 188

Detmers, Dr. J. H. , paper on glanders 257

Different breeds of hogs as affected by the disease 120

Diphtheria in hogs 143

predisposing causes 144

Diseased hogs butchered and packed for market 164

Diseases retarded by extreme cold 6

Disinfectants in hog disease 164

Examiners appointed 5

Experiments in hog disease 19,33,49,56,66,75,98, 103

Farcy, common (subcutaneous glanders) 262

or external glanders 262

skin (exanthematous glanders) 263

in the human system 263

Farm animals, diseases of, in the different States 186

total losses by disease 5

Florida, diseases of farm animals in 188, 214

Germs, morbific, in hog diseases 10, 41, 42, 44, 53, 63, 64, 65, 66, 158, 185

Ascaris lunthrlcoidea , 185

Jiavillus 8ui8 10,41,42,44,53

Cysiicercus cellulosa 66

C. Zemicollia 66

Selerostomuin den latum 65

Stongylus elongatua 63

Tricoctphalus dispai 64

Georgia, diseases of farm animals in 189

Glanders, anatomical changes 274

catarrh 278

causes and origin 280

cells, developed from epithelium cells 270

connective tissue corpuscles 270

in the mucous membrane 278

chronic and acute 264

contagion 284

definition 257

external, or farcy 262

literature of 269

morbid process in , 269

nasal 207

prevention of 286

289

290 INDEX.

Page.

Glanders, eymptons 260, 264

post-mortem indications 2151

pulmoual 260

treatment of 2d6

ulcers 279

Hog-cholera a misnomer; sliould be classed with exanthemata 165

detinitiuu 136

has all the characters of gastro-enteric fever in man 186

Hog disease, action of Congress invoked 164

afi'ecting dilierent breeds of hogs 120

other animals 9, 14, 15, 100, 101, 102

blood-poisoning 184

can it be eli'ectually quarantined f 163

causes .' 39, 42,70,136,166,175,178

hogs eating grain left by fattening cattle 178

too close breeding 178

character 180

cleanliness 118

climate and food, influence of 158

clinical observations 54

cohabitation of healthy hogs with sick ones 99

communicated by passing car and wagon loads of infected hogs. . 156

contagion 9,39,99,139,165

description 20

destruction in many cases the only remedy 139

diagnosis 116

dithculties of quarantining 164

disinfectants ltJ4

duration 8, 115

efiectiveness of dried and frozen virus 6, 13, 16, 98, 99

etiology 170

eiiieriments 19, 33, 49, 56, 66, 75, 98. 103

food, etfect of 117, 158

incubation 57

infection of a pig with virus from a sheep 101

in IlUuois 19, 156

Indiana 112

Iowa 135

Missouri 173

Kebraska 177

North Carolina 123

Virginia 165, 167

largely preventable by hygienic measures 173

majority of cases under 12 months of age 166

malaria 172

modes of attack, first mode 179

second mode 1^0

morbific germs 10, 41, 42, 44, 53, 64, 65, 66, 158

more fatal in summer and fall C

measures of arrest and extirpation 71, 139, 161

prevention 45, 121, 132, 171, 181

microscopic obserrations 61

morbid process 7, 23, 39, 43

mycetic theory 158

nature of the disease 42, 69, 127

infectious jmnciple 42

occult forms 99

pathological conditions 115, 173

per cent, of fatal cases 1^6

policy of remedial treatment 71

j.ost-mortem indications 31, 33, 49, 55, 59, 103, 128, 142, 160, 170, 174, 184

prevalence 113

prognosis and termination -. 5i5

jiropagation through inhalation doubtful 40

recurrence of attack 1-0

sanitary regulations 133

symptoms 7,8,20,22,57,69,114,126,160,160,173,179

synonyms 19

treatment 48,52,122,169,172,176,181

INDEX. 291

Page.

Hog disease, tumors 11,44

typhoid character 173

visits to herds infected 161

vims, dried or frozen, effectiveness of 6, 13, 16, 98, 99

water, inlijience of 117

Hogs in health, treatment, food, and quarters 178

losses from disease 5, 124

Idaho, diseases of farm animals in 190

Illinois, diseases of farm animals in 190, 216

swine in 19, 156

Indiana, diseases of farm animals in 192

swine in 112

Indian Territory, diseases of farm animals in 193

Iowa, diseases of farm animals in 193, 218

swine in 135

Jersey City stock -yards, pleuro-pneumonia reported in 240

Kansas, diseases of farm animals in 195

Kentucky, diseases of farm animals in 195

Letter of Commissioner to Hon. A. S. Paddock, on pleuro-pneumonia 219

Losses of farm animals by disease 5

swine by disease 5

Louisiana, diseases of farm animals in 196

Maine^ diseases of farm animals in 197

Malaria in hog disease 172

Maryland, diseases of farm animals in 197

Massachusetts, legislation on pleuro-pneumonia 246

Michigan, diseases of fai-m animals in * 197

Minnesota, diseases of farm animals in 198

Mississippi , diseases of farm animals in 198

Missouri, diseases of farm animals in 199

swine in 173

Montana, scab in sheep ^ 201

Mycetic theory of swine disease 158

Nasal gleet, 263

Nebraska, diseases of farm animals in 201

swine in 177

Nevada, diseases of farm animals in 202

New Jersey, diseases of farm animals in 202, 220, 240

New Mexico, diseases of farm animals in 202

New York, diseases of farm animals in 202

City, pleuro-pneumonia in 237, 240

stock-yards 240

legislation on pleuro-pneumonia 249

North Carolina, a strange cattle disease in 253

diseases of farm animals in 202

swine in 123

losses of swine in 124

Ohio, diseases of farm animals in 204

Oregon, diseases of farm animals in ^ . . 205

Other animals infected by hog disease 9, 14, 15, 100, 156

Pennsylvania, diseases of farm animals in 205

Pleuro-pneumonia, affected animals should bo promptly killed 239

in and around New York City 237, 240

certificates of soundness absiird 241

circul ar of the Secretary of the Treasury 226

contagion 234

correspondence of Commissioner with Secretary of the

Treasury 225

daiiger of infecting our ui.fenced stock-ranges 229, 238

inoculation 238

trying to cure infected animals 239

English "contagious diseases" act » 232

gradual extension westward 228

history, nature, symptoms, and treatment 242

imported into England in 1842 228

United States in 1843 228

in Canada 223

Massachusetts, legislation 246

New Jersey 220,221,240

202 INDEX.

Page.

Pleuropneumonia in Xew York, ffovemoi^s instructiona 236

legislation 237, 249

letter of Professor Gadsden 2"J2

the Xorth^est 2'<J4

Virginia 220

letter of President Liantard 223

Professor Billings 222

Professor Law 225

may be carried West by blooded cattle 229

measures for its extinction 230, 239

must be stamped out 235

post-mortem indications 244

Professor Law's review of the disease 23.3

rapid spread of the malady 23i

niles of the British Government against 2ol

sale of infected animals 223

the general government must act 239

the great danger of our stock interests 227

vitality of the virus 2-'9

Quarantining against hog diseases, difiQculties of 1(J4

Rinderpest, British Government iiiles against lo4

letter to the Commissioner iiom Professor Gadsden 235

Sclerostomum denfatum C5

Secretary of the Treasury, correspondence of Commissioner 'nith 225

circular of 226

Selling diseased animals 15(5, 228

Sheep disease in ^lontana 201

AVashington 210

South Carolina, diseases of farm animals in 205, 218

Strongyhts elongatus 63

Tennessee, diseases of farm animals in 206

Texas, diseases of farm animals in 207

Tricocephalus disimi G4

Typhoid fever in hogs, definition. liO

morbid anatomy 142

symptoms 141

Typhus fever in hogs, cause 1 iO

definition 138

duration 139

incubation 1 iO

pathological lesions 139

symptoms 138

treatment 153

Utah, diseases of farm animals in 208

Vermont, diseases of farm animals iu 208

Virginia, diseases of farm animals iu 209, 219, 220

swine in H'5, 167

Virus, continued vitality of virulent products of swine disease. 13, lb, u3, dS, 90, 101, 158,

easy destruction of swine infection by putrefaction 67

"Washington Territory, diseases of farm animals in 210

West Virginia, diseases of fai^m animals in 210

Wisconsin, diseases of farm animals in 211

Wyoming, diseases of farm aninuils in 211