11 early closing event can we have that would be all right? , in talking with some of them down, in the lobby this morning, Qg others Mr. IMcLaiighlin, he rather suggested an early clos- event without naming the horses, and I would like to ask him 1 that horse should be named. How late? — say your early ng event closed the middle of May for one person, 1 per cent. tlie first time, then 1 per cent, at the regular time of closing, 1 should that entry be made? r. McLaughlin : I think at the time you name the closing. All stuff would be live stuff, eligible the first of May. Delegate : One of the things I want is a fair list of entries, next thing is something for the grandstand to see, and that is t I want to get at. Another thing, the horsemen talk to us Lt larger purses. Now, isn't it a fact, if you have a good horse w^ant larger pui*ses? If your horses are not very good you lot want such large purses. The fellow with a string of es that are not very good, a $300.00 purse is good enough for r. IMcLaughlin : You should encourage the local racers to in the game. le President: Gentlemen, it is getting late. AVe certainly 'eciate your attendance and your continued attention here, the program was very interesting. there is no objection we will stand adjourned until 6 :30 p. m., 1 we will assemble for the banquet. BANQUET, 6 :30 P. M. 'Ogram opened with a vocal solo by Ur. Gibson, le President: Gentlemen, most of you are aware that this moon a few self-styled gentlemen, — fine fellows, — hurried to re us that they, and they alone, furnished the entertainment ;he fair goers of Iowa. They ignored the fair secretaries and red us that to them belonged the credit of entertaining more . a million people in this state. They had their innings this •noon — good looking fellows, most of them — but the fair secre- ts and the fair officials, I judge, will have their innings this ing. In Chicago last week I heard some of the professors or ,_ ^A^r^xn^^i^ XT ,0^ FOURTEENTH ANNUAL Iowa Year Book of Agriculture Issued by the Iowa Department of Agriculture 1913 DES MOINES ROPERT HENDERSON, STATE PRINTER J . M. JAMJESON, STATE BINDER 1914 xr LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Office of Ioava State Department of Agriculture. Des Moines, Iowa, July 1, 1914. To His Excellency, George W . Clarke, Governor of Iowa: Sir. — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Fourteenth An- nual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for the year 1913. Arthur K. Corey, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. INTRODUCTORY The. 1913 Iowa Year Book of Agriculture is presented herewith. That agriculture in Iowa is marching steadily forward is evi- dent in the splendid crop yields, the growing of a greater variety of crops, the increase in dairying and the success of the live stock interests, all of which are shown in the statistics and in the reports of officers of agricultural organizations as given in the following- chapters. Drouth cut short the crops somewhat in some of the localities in southern Iowa in 1913 but throughout the state as a whole the yields were good and prices were high. The most serious loss to the agricultural interests in 1913 was the hog cholera loss. Statistics collected by this department show that low^a farmers lost 2,709,876 head of hogs in 1913 from hog cholera. The losses are shown by counties in Part XIII together with other live stock statistics. The crop statistics are also shown in Part XIII. Two additional parts have been included in the Year Book this year, Part III giving the proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Iowa County and District Fair Managers' Association, and Part XVI, which presents a digest of the laws relating to the Iowa Department of Agriculture. The manner of indexing has been changed from the former method of indexing the book by parts to that of indexing the book as a w^hole. The arrangement of the parts does not follow the same order as formerly. The statistics as to crops which have usually been in Parts II and III are to be found in Parts XII and XIII. Part I contains a synopsis of the proceedings of the State Board of Agriculture and committee meetings during the year 1913. All meetings of the Board and executive committee and special com- mittee meetings are presented. Part II contains the proceedings of the State Agricultural Con- Tj^ vention held at the State House, Des Moines, "Wednesday, Decem- 2^ ber 10. 1913. This includes the president's address and the re- .^ ports of the secretary and treasurer; the financial statement of -X) farmers ' institutes ; the financial statement and statistics of county K- O V INTRODUCTORY and district fairs and the complete report of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition for 191 3. It also gives an itemized statement of receipts and disbursements of the Iowa Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending November 30, 1913, including the premium warrants issued in payment of awards at the 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition and the expense warrants issued from December 1, 1912. to November 30, 1913. Part III gives the proceedings of the sixth annual meeting of the Iowa County and District Fair Managers' Association. Part IV gives the press reports of the Iowa State Fair and Ex- position for 1913 and also Ihe official report of awards in the live stock department. Part V gives the proceedings of the annual meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association. Part VI gives the proceedings of the annual meeting of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association. Part VII gives extracts from the report of W. B. Barney, State Dairy Commissioner. Part VIII gives the proceedings of the Thirty-seventh annual convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association. Part IX 'gives extracts t'l-oin llic annual report of Frank C. Pel- lett. State Bee Inspector. Part X gives pai)ers on live stock, agricultural and miscellaneous topics, bulletins, etc. Part XI contains the annual rej^ort of the Iowa AVeather and Crop Service for 1913. Part XII contains tiie statistical tabl(>s of Iowa's principal farm crops. Part XIII gives the crop and other statistics for the year ending December 31, 1913, as collected by township assessors. Part XIV contains a report of the agricultural conditions as giv- en by county and district agricultural societies in Iowa. Part XV contains a directory of associations and org^anizations representing agricultural intci-ests in Iowa. Part XVl givf'S tin' laws rclaling to the Iowa Deparlmcnt of Agriculture. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 1914 EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. Governor of State Des Moines President of loica State College Ames State Dairy Cominissioner Des Moines State Veterinarian Des Moines « OFFICERS. C. E. Camerox, President Alta O. A. Olson, Vice President Forest City A. R. Corey, Secretary Des Moines G. S. GiLBERTSON, Treasurer Des Moines DISTRICT MEMBERS. First District — C. H. Tribby Mount Pleasant Second District — C. W. Phillips Maquoketa Third District — Elmer M. Reeves Waverly Fourth District — E. J. Curtin Decorah Fifth District — Cyrus A. Tow Norway Sixth District — T. C. Legoe What Cheer Seventh District — Chas. P. Curtiss Ames Eighth District — Frank E. Sheldon Mount Ayr Ninth District — John F. Summers Malvern Tenth District^Jony P. Mullen Fonda Eleventh District — H. L. Pike Whiting The President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer are elected for one year. Terms of Directors from even-numbered Districts expire second Wednes- day in December, 1914. Terms of Directors from odd- numbered Districts expire second Wed- nesday in December, 1915. COMMITTEES YEAR 1914 EXECUTI\'E. C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY 0. A. OLSON. AUDITING. C. W. PHILLIPS J. p. MULLEN T. C. LEGOE. RESOLUTIONS. E. J. CURTIN F. E. SHELDON C. H. TRIBBY. POWERS AND DUTIES OF HOARD. C. E, CAMERON A. R. COREY O. A. OLSON. E. M. REEVES. C. F. CURTISS ADULTERATION OF FOODS. SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS. R. A. PEARSON W. B. BARNEY CYRUS A. TOW. NOXIOUS WEEDS. FUNGUS DISEASE IN GRAINS, GRASSES, PLANTS, ETC. E. M. REEVES JOHN P. MULLEN J. F. SUMMERS. DAIRYING AND DAIUY PRODUCTS. W. B. BARNEY J. F. SUMMERS C. F. CURTISS. ANIMAL INDUSTRY. C. F. CURTISS J. I. GIBSON H. L. PIKE. LEGISLATIVE. C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY 0. A. OLSON. J. P. MULLEN. E. J. CURTIN. REVISION (II |-|!I:M1I \l LIST. RULES AND UKGIT.ATIONS. C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY O. A. OLSON. T. C. LEGOE. C. F. CURTISS. H. L. PIKE. ILLUSTRATIONS An Iowa Holstein showing essential cliaracteristics of dairy cow.... 582 An Iowa Jersey — Mary Minsky 586 Ayrshire and Jersey Heifers 774 Bulls of each of the four leading dairy breeds 759 Champion Belgian Stallion 365 Champion Brown Swiss Cow 404 Champion Clydesdale Mare 359 Champion Clydesdale Stallion 358 Champion Hampshire Ram 425 Champion Percheron Futurity Filly 357 Champion Percheron Stallion 355 Champion Rambouillet Ram 423 Champion Shire Mare 362 Champion Shire Stallion 361 Champion Shropshire Ram 427 Champion Southdown Ram 429 Crop maps 894, 895, 896, 897. 898, 899, 900, 901, 902 Drawing, including floor plan of the Women and Children's Building, Iowa State Fair Grounds 214 Four pure bred Holstein cows 752 Flock of Canadian Geese, State Game Preserve. Iowa State Fair Grounds 294 Gilmpses of the Crowds at the 1913 Iowa State Fair 908 Grand Champion Aberdeen Angus Bull 391 Grand Champion Berkshire Herd 460 Grand Champion Berkshire Sow 417 Grand Champion Duroc Boar 412 Grand Champion Galloway Bull 393 Grand Champion Guernsey Cow 401 Grand Champion Hereford Bull 387 Grand Champion Holstein Bull 397 Grand Champion Poland China Boar 409 Grand Champion Short Horn Bull, Sultan Mine 383 Holstein cow, Geneseo Belle Polkadot 763 Individual Farm Exhibits. 1913 Iowa State Fair 73 Interior View of the Baby Health Contest Tent 79 Imp. Rouge IPs Son 756 Jersey Cow, low^a State College 772 Map showing routes of Ten Special Dairy Trains 579 Members of the Iowa State Fair Boys' Camp in 1913 G6 Maps, rainfall, etc 844-846 Map showing Counties w'here Foul Brood Existed 602 New Cooling Out Paddock 2 One Table in Horticultural Display 984 Plate I. Brood comb from colony affected with American foul brood. . 603 Plate II. Brood comb from colony affected with foul brood and wax moths 608 Prize Winning Chester White Sow 415 Rouge II of the Brickfield 755 Spraying the Cows 770 Two Prize Winning Holsteins 560 Total Precipitation, 1913 817 The Grand Champion Car Load of Steers at the 1913 International Live Stock Show '. 83 Winning Farm Teams 109 TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter of Transmittal. Introductory. State Board of Agriculture. Standing Committees. Index to Illustrations. PART I. Synopsis of proceedings of State Board of Agriculture and Com- mittee Meetings, 1913 1- 66 PART II. Proceedings of the State Agricultural Convention 67-214 PART III. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Iowa County and District Fair Managers" Association 215-294 PART IV. Iowa State Fair and Exposition Press Reports and Live Stock Awards 295-446 PART v. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, 1913 447-460 PART VI. Annual Meeting Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association 461-528 PART VII. Extracts from State Dairy Commissioner's Report of 1913 529-560 PART VIII. Proceedings of the Thirty-seventh Annual Convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association 561-594 PART IX. Extracts from the State Bee Inspector's Report 595-664 PART X. Papers on Live Stock, Agricultural and Miscellaneous Topics, Bul- letins, Etc 665-788 PART XI. Annual Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1913. . . .789-852 xii TARLE OF CONTENTS PART XII. Statistical Tables of Iowa's Principal Farm Crops 853-882 PART XIII. Crop and Other Statistics for the Year Ending December 31, 1913, Collected by Township Assessors 883-908 P^VRT XIV. Report of Agricultural Conditions by County and District Agri- cultural Societies in Iowa, 1913 909-984 PART XV. Directory of Associations and Organizations Representing Agri- cultural Interests in Iowa 985-994 PART XVI. Laws Relating to the Iowa Department of Agriculture 995-1016 IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 191^ COMPILED FOR THE IOWA YEAR BOOK OF AGRICULTURE FROM STATISTICS GATHERED UNDER THE IOWA STATISTICAL LAW. ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AVERAGE TIELiD AND VALUE PER ACRE AXD TOTAL VALUE OP lOlWA FARM PRODUCTS POR THE YEAR 1913. bii ca s o 3 n c p, 0! is SjCq < d 5 Total value Corn - - -. - - 9,180,774 5,205,978 525,616 276,390 458,743 74,59© 112,314 15,462 2,959,960 722,218 79,769 85,434 223,579 129,867 18,188 17,471 51,8.56 148,437 9,420,492 342,15S,425bu. 184,500,993 bu. 12,210,812 bu. 4,137,995 bu. 9,5.50,482 bu. 1,179,307 bu. 5,865,140 bu. 121,869 bu. 3,568,590 T. 794,142 T. 188.941 T. Estimated 877,583 bu. 152,820 bu. 525.942 bu. Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated 37.3 35.4 23.2 15.0 20.8 15.8 52.2 7.88 1.2 1.1 2.4 1 § .59 S •?•?.(») $ 201,873,470.75 62,730,337.62 9,402,325.24 Oats .34 .75 ..33 .59 .35 1.36 9.93 8.80 12.03 15.86 11.25 11.02 9.32 44.37 10.72 11.92 9.6S Winter ■\vlieat -- Spring wheat - -- 3,103,496.25 Barley . Rye --. — 695 789 00 Potatoes -.- - --___. 4,935,369.00 165,741.84 35,436,098.70 G 9SS 449 60 Flax seed Hay (tame) Hay (wild) Alfalfa 1,821,090.00 .*, 000,000.00 Miscellaneous crops Timothy seed 3,059,965.00 592,5-52.00 Clover rseed . Pop corn .- - 335,000.00 Sweet com 700', OOO. 00 Garden tiuck 1,000,000.00 7,000,000.00 83,000,000.00 2,156,000.00 Orchards -- .. .. Pasturage _ . Ensilage Total value farm crops $ 438,157,440.46 Wool 3,327,297 lbs. Estimated Estimated $ 1,500,000.00 5;3,530 790.00 Dairy products - — - - Poultry and eggs 33,000.000.00 Total val. farm product* S .531,188,230.46 NUMBER, AVERAGE VALUE AND TOTAL VALUE OF LIVE STOCK JANUARY 1, 1914. (Figures taken from United States Year Book of Agriculture, 1912.) 03 6 u 3 =8 ca 3 S3 > o Horses -.---._.... . . _ . 1,584,000 57,000 1,350,000 2,555,000 6.976,000 1,249,000 % 118.00 123. CO 60.50 39.20 12.60 5.30 % 136,912,080 7,011,000 81 675 OOO Mules Milch cow< - - Other cows — - . _ . . . _ __ ._ _ _ .. _. .. 100,156,000 87,393,000 6,620,000 Swine . - - Sheep .. Total .. % 470,272,000 IOWA FARM STATISTICS Land area of Iowa 35,575,040 Total acreage in farms 31,658,759 Total number of farms 194.598 Average size of farms, acres 162.7 Number of hogs lost from hog cholera, 1913 2,709,876 Total population, 1910 2,224,771 Rural population, 1910 1,544,717 Value of all farm property, 1910 $3,745,861,000 Value of land, 1910 $2,801,974,000 Value of buildings, 1910 $ 455,406,000 Value of implements and machinery, 1910 $ 95,478,000 Farms operated by owners and managers, 1910 134,929 Farms operated by tenants, 1910 82,115 Value of live stock $ 470,272,000 Value of farm crops and other products $ 531,188,230 Total value of live stock, farm crops and other products $1,001,460,230 Average value live stock, farm crops and other products per farm $ 5,146 PART I. Synopsis of Proceedings of State Board of Agriculture and Committee Meetings, 1913 A synopsis of the transactions of the Iowa State Board of Agri- culture during the year 1913 is given in this chapter. All meet- ings of the board, the executive committee and special committee meetings are presented. EXECUTIVE com:\iittee meeting. JANUARY 10-11, 1913. Committee met with all members present, also Director Curtiss. Sketches for the cattle and sheep barns were submitted by 0. 0. Smith, architect. It was deemed advisable to have Mr. Pike and ]\Ir. Summers, superintendents of the cattle and sheep depart- ments, meet with the executive committee on Thursday, January 16th, to again go over the plans before asking for estimates. The bill of Mrs. Mary T. Watts, superintendent of the Babies' Health Contest, for postage and envelopes for sending out score cards after the close of the fair, was approved. The secretary was instructed to write the secretary of the west- ern fairs relative to a meeting in Chicago on February 19-20, to consider night shows, attractions, etc., for the 1913 fairs. The plan for employing a publicity man for the department was discussed by the committee and Mr. Curtiss. ]\Ir. Curtiss was requested to get into communication with two or three parties the committee had in view and report at the next meeting of the committee. The proposition for carrying on farm contests was gone over by the committee and ^Mr. Curtiss. Mr. Curtiss was requested to for- mulate some plan for carrying on these contests and present same at the next meeting of tlie committee. Committee adjourned to meet Januarv 15, 1913. IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I COMMITTEES. President Cameron announced the appointment of the following standing committees: YEAR 1913. exeputivt:. C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY O. A. OLSON AUDITING. C. W. PHILLIPS T. C. LEGOE R. S. JOHNSTON RESOLUTIONS. E. M. WENTWORTH E. J. CURTIN F. E. SHELDON POWERS AND DUTIES OF BOARD. C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY O. A. OLSON E. M. REEVES C. F. CURTISS ADULTERATION CF FOODS, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS. R. A. PEARSON W. B. BARNEY E. M. WENTWORTH NOXIOUS WEEDS, FUNGUS DISEASES IN GRAINS, GRASSES, PLANTS, ETC. E. M. REEVES JOHN P. MULLEN J. F. SUMMERS DAIRYING AND DAIRY PRODUCTS. W. B. BARNEY J. F. SUMMERS C. F. CURTISS ANIMAL INDUSTRY. C. F. CURTISS J. L GIBSON H. L. PIKE LEGISLATIVE. C. E. CAMERON A. R. COREY J. P. MULLEN E. J. CURTIN O. A. OLSON REVISION OF PREJIIUM LIST, RULES AND REGULATIONS. C. E. CAMERON 0. A. OLSON A. R. COREY R, S. JOHNSTON C. F. CURTISS H. L. PIKE 4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING. JANUARY 15, 1913. Committee met with Messrs. Cameron, Olson, Corey, Pike, Sum- mers and Curtiss present. Architect Smith presented floor plans for the cattle and sheep bams for the approval of the committee. The committee approved of the plan of the cattle barn with a slight change in the arrangement of office and toilet rooms in main entrance. A number of changes were suggested in the plan for the sheep bam and the architect was requested to draft and submit a new plan in accordance with suggestions made by the committee. The architect Avas also requested to secure estimates on the above buildings as soon as sketches were completed. The executive committee and Mr. Curtiss heard Mr. Wiseman and Mr. Whitney, applicants for the position of publicity superin- tendent for the department created by resolution of the board on December 12, 1912, The committee after giving careful consider- ation decided that the previous occupations of Mr. Whitney were such that he would be better qualified for the work he would be asked to carry out, and he was therefore appointed. It was agreed that Mr. Whitney should start work February 1, 1913, at a salary of $2,000.00 per year, payable monthly from receipts of the de- partment. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JANUARY 16-17, 1913. Committee met with Messrs. Cameron, Olson and Corey present. In accordance with the resolution of the board the committee selected J. F. Summers to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of W. C. Brown on December 1611i as superintendent of the concession and privilege department. Mr. E. L. Beck of Des Moines Avas selected superintendent of the poultry department, and Mr. M. G. Thornburg of Ames super- intendent of the sheep department to fill the positions made vacant FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 5 by the appointment of Mr. Summers to the concessions and privi- lege department. The committee was informed that the bond of Secretary Corey for $10,000.00 signed by the American Surety Company was on file with the Secretary of State. Contract for printing 15,000 copies of the premium list for 1913 was let to the Purcell Printing Company at $5.25 per page, the paper to be of a whiter quality and similar to that used in the bulletins issued by the Iowa State College of Agriculture. The communication from the Chicago Live Stock World rela- tive to an appropriation by the department of $150.00 for three classes of under six months breeding pigs in the Poland China fu- turity was called to the attention of the committee. Secretary Corey was instructed to take the matter up with the superintend- ent of the swine department and get his opinion of the matter. The committee was of the opinion that the department should not further obligate itself on account of these Poland China futurities as the department is already pledged for $125.00 for the yearling classes at the 1913 show. The communication from J. R, Pfander, secretary of the Na- tional Duroc Jersey Association, relative to classes and appropria- tion for barrow classes at the 1913 fair, was brought to the atten- tion of the committee. The committee was of the opinion that it would not be advisable to add these classes and the secretary was requested to ask the National Duroc Jei^sey Association to offer their special money appropriated for these classes in classes that would conform to the regular Iowa classification in accordance with Rule 21, page 29, of the 1912 premium list. The committee considered a proposition presented by Mr. "Welcher of the Dynn Welcher Construction Company of Port- land, Oregon, to construct a roller coaster upon the fair grounds. Mr. Welcher left his written proposition with the committee for further consideration. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JANUARY 29, 1913. Committee met with Cameron, Olson and Corey present. The committee was given a hearing by the sub-committee ap- pointed by the chairman of the Agricultural Committee of the House on House File No. 24, by Powers, relative to changing the manner of electing members of the State Board of Agriculture. 6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The committee prepared the following bill relative to the salary of the secretary and arranged to have the same introduced in the House by Hutchins of Kossuth county : A BILL For an Act to amend Section Sixteen Hundred Fifty-seven-n (1657-n), Supplement to the Code, 1907, relative to the Compensation of the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture. Be It Enacted, by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa: Section 1. That section sixteen hundred fifty-seven-n (1657-n), Supple- ment to the Code, 1907, be and the same is hereby amended by striking out all of that part of said section following the period after the word "supplied" in the fifth (5th) line and substituting in lieu thereof the fol- lowing: The secretary shall receive as salary such compensation as may be fixed and allowed by the state board of agriculture from the funds derived from the state fair. Sec. 2. This act being deemed of immediate importance shall take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the Register and Leader and Des Moines Capital, newspapers published in the city of Des Moines, Iowa. Howard N. Whitney, superintendent of the publicity depart- ment, was authorized to attend the meeting of the Associated Ad Clubs at "Waterloo, Iowa, on February 5th-6th. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. FEBRUARY 5, 6, 7, 8, 1913. Committee met with all members present, also J. P. Mullen, member of the legislative committee. The minutes of the executive committee meetings on January 10 and 11, January 15, 17 and 29, were read and approved. Architect 0. 0. Smith submitted sketches and elevations of the sheep and cattle bams and the following estimates on same : CATTLE BARN. Fred Weitz, general contract $ 68,281.00 Des Moines Bridge & Iron Co., steel 28,800.00 Plumbing to be estimated $ 07,081.00 SHEEP BARN. Fred Weitz, general contract $ 22,230.00 Des Moines Bridge & Iron Co., steel 19,200.00 Plumbing to be estimated $ 41,430.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 7 Messrs. Cameron, Olson and Mullen appeared before the Agri- cultural Committee in the House on Thursday afternoon in sup- port of House File No. 223, by Hutchins, relative to the salary of the secretary of the department of agriculture. The following concurrent resolution by Senator Chase was passed by the House and the Senate on Thursday: Be It Resolved by the Senate, the House Concurring: That the Joint Committee on Retrenchmemt and Reform, under and by- virtue of joint resolution No. 9, is respectfully requested to "examine the receipts and expenditures of the Iowa State Fair for the past two years and submit a special report to this General Assembly with any recom- mendations they may deem proper, looking toward retrenchment and the reduction of expenses in the conduct of the State Fair, and to suggest any changes that will promote the economical administration of its af- fairs. Inasmuch as the above resolution did not call for any time for making such investigation, and whereas a delay in such investiga- tion would work an injustice to the department, the legislative com- mittee was responsible for having the following joint resolution in- troduced by Senator Doran and passed by both House and Senate : Be It Resolved hy the Senate, the House Concurring: That an immediate investigation be had and a prompt report made to the Senate and House of the findings of the committee having in charge the investigation of the Iowa State Fair, by virtue of a concurrent reso- lution offered by Senator Chase in this chamber yesterday and Senate joint resolution No. 9, to the end that the General Assembly may have the necessary information for prompt and intelligent action. The secretary was directed to notify Mr. M. G. Thornburg of Ames, Iowa, that he was formally appointed superintendent of the sheep department by the executive committee. The committee adjourned to meet at the Auditorium Hotel in Chicago on February 17-20, to attend the Great Western Circuit meeting, meeting of the American Trotting Association, the Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota Circuit meeting, and the meeting of western fairs to consider music and attractions for the 1913 fairs. The secretary was requested to notify Mr. J. F. Summers, super- intendent of concessions and privileges, to be present at the above meeting. 8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. FEBRUARY 12, 13, 14, 1913. Committee met with all members present, also member of the board J. F. Summers. In accordance with instructions of the board at their meeting on December 12th, and the estimates submitted by architect 0. 0. Smith, the committee prepared the following bill making appro- priation for buildings and additional land at the state fair grounds and the same was introduced in the House by Representative Brockway and in the Senate by Senator Doran : House File No. 371, by Brockway. Senate File No. 241, by Doran. A BILL For an Act making appropriations for additional improvements and land at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds. Be It Enacted "by the General Assembly of the State of loica: Section 1. There is hereby appropriated to the Iowa Department of Agriculture, out of money in the state treasury not otherwise appropri- ated, the sum of $192,000.00 for the following purposes: For the erection of sheep barn $ 45,000.00 For the erection of cattle barn 50,000.00 For the completion of building for exhibits of farm implements, machinery, vehicles, etc 85,000.00 For sanitary closets 5,000.00 For the purchase of additional land and lots 7,000.00 Sec. 2. All moneys appropriated by this act shall be drawn from the state treasurer upon warrants issued by the auditor of state upon the order of the state board of agriculture. Sec. 3. This act being deemed of immediate importance shall take ef- fect and be in force from and after its publication in the Register and Leader and Des Moines Capital, newspapers published at Des Moines, Iowa. Mr. Summers, superintendent of the privilege department, con- sulted with the committee and Mr. "W. C. Brown, the former super- intendent, regarding the conduct and details of that department. The following supplies were ordered for keeping records in the privilege department : 250 duplicate receipts, one 200 page ledger, and a 100 page cash book. Committoe adjounicd to meet at the Auditorium Hotel in Chi- cago as arranged at previous meeting. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 9 SPECIAL COMMITTEE MEETING. AUDITORIUM HOTEL, CHICAGO. FEBRUARY 17, 18, 19, 20, 1913. Messrs. Cameron and Curtin attended the meeting of the Great Western Circuit on February 17th and secured dates in said cir- cuit for the Iowa State Fair. On February 18th Messrs. Cameron and Curtin attended the meeting of the American Trotting Association at the office of the association. The purpose of the meeting was to consider and adopt rules governing racing over association tracks. On February 19th the executive committee and Mr. Curtin, superintendent of the speed department, attended the meeting of the Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota Circuit and agreed upon the following early closing entries: Two-year-old trot Purse $ 500.00 Three-year-old trot Purse 1,000.00 2 : 30 trot Purse 1,000.00 2 : 20 trot Purse 1,000.00 Two-year-old pace Purse 500.00 Three-year-old pace Purse 800.00 2:25 pace Purse 1,000.00 2:14 pace Purse 1,000.00 It was agreed that the 2:10 trot and the 2:09 pace should be raced under the plan of every heat a race. Closing dates for en- tries in the early closing events to be May 19th. Records made day entries close no bar. Entries in class races at the Iowa State Fair to close August 4th, Nebraska August 11th, South Dakota August 18th, and Sioux City August 25th. On February 10th and 20th the executive committee and Mr. Curtin and Mr. Summers met with the managers of the western fairs as per previous arrangements to consider music and attrac- tions offered said fairs by various individuals and booking asso- ciations. No contracts for bands or attractions were made at this time but were deferred until the committee could give the var- ious propositions submitted careful consideration. The committee agreed to accept the proposition of Herbert A. Kline for not less than ten first class Midway shows and Mr. Kline was instructed to forward contract for same ; the agreed di- vision of the gross receipts to be 30% to the fair and 70% to Kline. 10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL MEETING OF BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. FEBRUARY 21-22, 1913. As per request of the joint committee on retrenchment and re- form, all members of the board, except Mr. Sheldon, met at the rooms of the Department of Agriculture and the committee was notified that the board was in waiting. At the request of the committee each member of the board ap- peared before the committee and was questioned relative to the receipts and disbursements, the management, etc., of the fair. The following bill for per diem and mileage was filed with the request that same be approved by the committee on retrenchment and reform and that same be paid by state warrant inasmuch as the meeting was called at the request of said committee and no other business was transacted : Name Days Rate Amount Miles Amount Total C.E.Cameron 3 $4.00 $12.00 140 $14.00 $26.00 O.A.Olson 3 4.00 12.00 155 15.50 27.50 R.S.Johnston 3 4.00 12.00 158 15.80 27.80 C.W.Phillips 3 4.00 12.00 210 21.00 33.00 Elmer M. Reeves 3 4.00 12.00 123 12.30 24.30 E. J. Curtin 3 4.00 12.00 195 19.50 31.50 E. M. Wentworth 3 4.00 12.00 60 6.00 14.00 T. C. Legoe 3 4.00 12.00 85 8.50 20.50 C. F. Curtiss 1 4.00 4.00 37 3.70 7.70 J.F.Summers 3 4.00 12.00 160 16.00 28.00 J.P.Mullen 3 4.00 12.00 117 11.70 23.70 H.L.Pike 3 4.00 12.00 200 20.00 32.00 Total $296.00 EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. MARCH 4-8, 1913. Committee met with members Cameron, Olson, Mullen and Corey present. The minutes of the executive meeting on February 5-8, February 12-14, and special committee meeting in Chicago, February 17-20, were read and approved. The legislative committee was given a hearing on House File 182, by Blackford, before the agricultural committee. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 11 Mr. E. C. Bishop submitted revised copy for the premium list of the schools exhibits department, showing an increase of $98.00 over last year, or a total of $968.00. The committee allowed this increase and authorized the secretary to have 4,000 copies printed at once. The secretary was authorized to pay delinquent taxes for 1911 on lots 14 and 15, block A, Cotton Mills Addition to Grant Park, amounting to $12.85 and penalty. This was in accordance with agreement made by Mr. Harwood who purchased the lots for the State of Iowa from Georgia Wishman. The secretary was authorized to employ such additional clerical service as may be necessary to properly take care of the work in the stallion registration division and the department at salaries not to exceed $65.00 per month. The superintendent of grounds was authorized to employ addi- tional men and teams to haul cinders from the State House heat- ing plant to fair grounds at 90 cents per load. Committee adjourned to meet on Tuesday, March 11th, and the secretary was requested to notify E. J, Curtin to be in attendance at the next meeting. EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. MARCH 11-14, 1913. Committee met with members Cameron, Olson, Corey, Mullen and Curtin present. The executive committee and Mr. Curtin formulated and agreed upon the events for the 1913 speed program. The committee also called into consultation C. H. Gelo of the Horseman and Art J. Hinrichs of the Horse Review, relative to establishing a futurity for foals of 1913 to be raced at the 1916 Iowa State Fair. The committee after careful consideration agreed to add $1,000.00 to all entry fees for this event and agreed upon the conditions : The committee agreed upon the advertising budget for adver- tising the speed events for the 1913 fair and the Iowa State Fair futurity. One half the space in the Horse Review, Horseman, and Spirit of the West from March 26th to May 16th, to be used in 12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE advertising the futurity and the other half to be devoted to speed events. The executive committee closed contract with F. M. Barnes In- corporated, for the following professional acts for free attractions at the 1913 fair: Slayman All's Wild Moors $ 650.00 The Famous Florenz Troupe 550.00 McPhee & Hill 250.00 Lester Bros 175.00 Little Hip and Napoleon 500.00 The Three Buttons 650.00 Three Baltus Bros 350.00 Rollo The Limit 450.00 Total $3,575.00 The committee accepted the proposition of Sig. A. Liberati for his band of forty-two musicians including six (6) grand opera singers for a seven (7) day engagement at the Iowa State Fair for $2,450.00 and directed the secretary to draw up contract. Contract for printing 6,000 copies of the official catalog was made with Van Duyn & Lee's Advertising Agency, 701 Citizens Bank Building, Des Moines, Iowa. The catalog to be printed with- out cost to the department. Their compensation to be derived from the advertising therein and from sales at 10c each. A bond of five hundred dollars ($500.00) to guarantee carrying out con- tract and delivering catalog on time to be a part of contract. The committee considered propositions from the Addressograph Company and the Rapid Addressing Machine Company for an ad- dressing machine and equipment for the department. They decided to purchase the rapid addressing machine and the following equipment : Rapid addressing machine $ 150.00 Monarch typewriter with stencil attachment 85.00 1 cabinet for stencils 12.50 1 base 2.50 1 top 2.50 30 drawers metal, at 35c 10.50 10,000 stencils 60.00 200 index tabs 2.00 8 sets alphabetical tabs 6.00 1 lb. of ink 1.00 Total $ 332.00 The Des Moines Bridge and Iron Company was notified that the recent wind storm had blo\\Ta off about one-half of the roof on the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 13 street car entrance and they would be expected to replace same, which they agreed to do. The legislative committee, Mr. Geis Botsford, secretary of the Des Moines Commercial Club, and Mr. Thorne, railroad commis- sioner, appeared before the committee on railroads in the Senate in the interest of Senate File 327, by Boe. The bill having refer- ence to reduced rates to the Iowa State Fair. Minutes of March 4-8, March 11-14, 1913, read and approved. EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. MARCH 17, 22, 1913. Committee met with members Cameron, Olson, Corey, Mullen and Curtin present. Minutes of March 4-8, March 11-14, 1913, read and approved. The legislative committee, Mr. Botsford, secretary of the Des Moines Commercial Club, and Mr. Thorne, railroad commissioner, appeared before the railroads and transportation committee in the House in support of House File 433, by Huff, relative to rates for the state fair. The secretary was authorized to purchase $180.00 worth of post- age to be used in mailing out 3,000 additional copies of the re- port of the stallion registration division. EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. APRIL 1-5, 1913. Committee met with members Cameron, Olson, Corey, Curtin, Mullen and Pike present. The committee appeared before the appropriation committee in the House on Wednesday in the interest of House File 371, by Brockway, asking for appropriation for permanent improvements at the fair grounds. Mr. and Mrs. F. E. Garrison, Des Moines, Iowa, were granted the privilege of conducting an eating house for the speed men at the grounds until the first week of the fair. No charge to be made for the concession during the summer months but it shall be un- der the privilege department during the two weeks of the fair. 14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The committee authorized the superintendent of grounds to em- ploy a man and team at $3.50 per day; his time to be devoted to keeping the track in first class condition, hauling manure from speed barns and making repairs to barns; also such other work as might be assigned by the superintendent of grounds. The secretary was authorized to enter into contract for rental of not to exceed twenty acres of ground north of fair grounds and at not to exceed $9.00 per acre, to be cropped and used for plow- ing demonstrations during the 1913 fair. On Thursday M. G. Thornburg met with the committee and made recommendations relative to the classification in the sheep department. Member Summers joined the committee on April 4th and 5th to assist in matters pending before the legislature and to attend to matters pertaining to the privilege department. SPECIAL MEETING STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. APRIL 7-8-9, 1913. As per call of the president the board met at the office of the Department of Agriculture on Tuesday evening at 7:30, April 8th, with members of the committee on retrenchment and reform, for the purpose of going over the report of the accountants who had been engaged to investigate the department. The following members were present: Johnston, Reeves, Curtin, "Wentworth, Curtiss, Summers, Mul- len, Pike, Cameron, Olson and Corey. The following brief was presented by the secretary in answer to certain charges and statements made by the accountants and printed in the House and Senate Journal of April 4th, as a sup- plement to the report of the committee on retrenchment and re- form: Referring to the report printed in the House Journal of April 4th, (pages 1935-1970) inclusive, by the efficiency engineers, Quail, Parker & Company, who were engaged by the Committee on Retrenchment and Reform to check up the department and make recommendations, we wish to take this report up item by item and make explanation of certain misstatements and unjust criticisms contained therein. The first item is relative to the expenditures of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service (page 1938). The law under which the Weather and Crop Service operates, insofar as the state appropriation is concerned, is found in section 1681, Supplement to the Code, and reads as follows: FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 15 "State Weather and Crop Service— Appropriation. There is hereby- appropriated, out of any money in the state treasury not otherwise ap- propriated, the sum of two thousand seven hundred dollars annually, to be drawn and expended upon the order of tfie president and secretary of the department of agriculture for such service. Including the salary of the director, which shall not exceed fifteen hundred dollars per annum. (Sec. 1681, Supp. 1907)." The following comment is made by the engineers: "The expenditures under these two appropriations are checked in this department and certified by the president and secretary before warrants are issued — the director of the state weather and crop service presenting an account monthly for his salary ($125.00), his stenographer ($60.00) and his incidental expenses — but no record thereof is made in the finan- cial books kept in this department." The appropriation for the support of the Weather and Crop Service Bureau is made specifically for that bureau and is not made to the De- partment of Agriculture. The salary of the director and clerk is fixed by statute and the director keeps an itemized account of the salaries and incidental expenses. An itemized account is also kept of these expendi- tures in the State Auditor's Office and in the office of the Executive Council. We see no reason why a fourth record of these expenditures should be made in this office and be confused with the finances of this department. Under the heading: "State Fair Financial Position," we find listed the present value of the land and all improvements on the grounds prior to 1901 at $100,000. The fair grounds contain approximately 300 acres and if any attempt whatever had been made to arrive at the true value of the land it would not be listed at less than $200,000, saying nothing about the buildings and improvements on the grounds prior to 1901. We should also like to know why the unexpended appropriation of $1,275.00 is listed with the assets and liabilities of the fair, when the law explicitly states this appropriation is made for the support of the Department of Agriculture, and it is so used. "The original contracts for the erection of the main buildings, to- gether with the architects' certificates supporting the payments therefor, have been submitted to us, and we are informed that, with one exception, no contract has been awarded, in connection with which, the proposals were not advertised and bids obtained in customary manner. The ex- ception referred to was in connection with the erection of the cross- section of the horse barn which was required at very short notice and for which the board had not the requisite amount of time wherein to ad- vertise the proposals in the usual way." The exception referred to was not the cross section of the horse barn which was built in 1912. Contract for this section of the barn was let to the lowest bidder and the original contract and contractor's bond are on file in this department. However, in 1908, after the entries closed in the horse department, August 1st, the management found they were short about 120 stalls and contract was let to J. B. McGorrisk to build brick horse barn No. 2, an exact duplicate of barn No. 1, which was built in 1907, for precisely the same amount. The contract was let on the 16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE night of August 5th and the next morning a gang of men were on the works. By August 20th, the opening day of the fair, the barn "was com- plete and occupied by the horse exhibit. To provide temporary barns for 120 head of horses it would have neces- sitated an expenditure of from $1,000.00 to $1,500.00, practically all of which would have been a loss at the close of the Fair. Furthermore the temporary quarters would have been unsatisfactory for exhibition pur- poses and would have resulted in the loss of exhibitors in the horse de- partment at succeeding fairs. I will leave this to the committee whether or not this was good business management. "During the twelve months ended November 30, 1912, amounts ag- gregating $1,861.16 were realized at an auction sale of certain lots and houses, and amounts aggregating $1,444.33 were realized on the sale of part of the power plant. A further amount of $1,066.47 was also realized on the sale of part of the power plant during the twelve months ended November 30, 1911. We are informed that the prices realized on the power plant sales were in accordance with the valuation made by a local appraiser. As the records do not disclose the cost of the specific lots, houses and power plant disposed of, no adjustment has been made for the difference between that amount and the sums realized as stated above. The power plant which we are informed, is no longer used, is represented in the permanent improvements as at November 30, 1912, at the sum of $14,748.70, but as no inventory has been made of the machinery, etc., remaining in or belonging to the power building, it is impossible to even estimate the loss arising through the dismantling of this property." Regarding the item of $1,861.16 realized at auction sale of houses and lots referred to above we wish to say no lots were sold by the depart- ment for the reason that the law does not permit the management of the Iowa State Fair, nor the Executive Council, to sell real estate after title to same has once been acquired by the state, without legislative action. Consequently I am at a loss to know where the engineers got their information as to lots sold by the department. The houses which were acquired with the lots purchased through our agent, and condemned by the Executive Council of the State of Iowa, for an addition to the state fair grounds were sold at public auction on May 31, 1912, after being duly advertised in all three Des Moines daily papers. The amount realized at the auction on each house is made a matter of record on page 87 of the minute book; in the record book showing receipts of the department, and by duplicate of receipts issued to the parties who pur- chased the houses. All of this evidence was submitted to the engineers for verification of these receipts. As I stated before the houses sold were on the lots purchased or condemned, and if there is any way to determine what the houses alone cost the State of Iowa we should be pleased to be enlightened. Regarding the dismantling of the light and power plant on the grounds and the sale of salvage derived therefrom we bog to advise that in 1910, or the last year the plant was in operation, the expense of producing the current for light and power amounted to $1,641.65. The amount of current produced was equal to approximately 2,500 16-candle power lamps, which was about one-half needed to furnish power and properly light FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 17 the grounds. The grounds were in total darkness one night during the 1910 fair, which necessitated a refund of all admissions for the stock pavilion show, amounting approximately to $500.00. A like loss was also sustained on the night show at the amphitheater. With this situation staring the management in the face it was evident that one of two things must be done; either double the capacity of the plant and make it more efficient at an expense of $10,000 or $15,000, or enter into contract with the Des Moines Electric Company to furnish all the current for lighting and power purposes on the grounds, and dis- mantle the old plant. (I wish to advise here that the management had been negotiating with the Des Moines Electric Company for a number of years, with a view of securing the current from their plant, but not until 1911, at which time they rebuilt their local plant, were they in a po- sition to furnish a sufficient amount of current for light and power at the grounds.) The management chose the latter plan and made a very desirable contract with the Des Moines Electric Company in 1911 and for that year the current furnished for light and power under this con- tract cost $782.64. The amount of current used was equal to approx- imately 5,000 16-candle power lamps. Thus you will see that current for light and power under this contract cost the management about 25 per cent of what it did to produce it with the old plant. I leave this also with the committee to determine whether this was a profitable change or whether great loss was sustained. We employed electrical engineers to appraise the equipment in the old plant and "ads" were run in electrical journal and in the Des Moines papers. The receipts set out above were the results of these sales. We found it a difficult matter to dispose of this second-hand equipment and some of it was sold for less than the amount set by the appraisers. Part of this equipment is still on hand and the management will have to use their best judgment in disposing of same. "Inventories. — No inventories have been taken of the lumber, hardware, forage or general supplies on hand at the fair grounds. In addition to the lumber and supplies obtained by purchase in the usual manner, large quantities of these materials have been salved from time to time from the wreckage of various buildings on the grounds, but no record has been made of the quantity or value of such materials and consequently it is a matter of impossibility to obtain any definite information as to whether the department has had the sole use or benefit of all such materials. We are informed that no large quantities of the above mentioned commodities are purchased except for specific purposes, but, as in the case of the salved materials, no systematic record is kept of the receipts and issues thereof." The system we have adopted in ordering lumber, hardware, and gen- eral supplies at the grounds is as follows: The superintendent of grounds issues a requisition indicating thereon the amount of lumber or supplies needed for the building or improvement for which they are to be used. This requisition is brought to this office, where an order is made up in triplicate; one copy is retained along with the requisition in this de- partment and two copies are sent to the firm where the supplies are to be purchased; one for their files and one to accompany the supplies when 3 18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE delivered to the grounds. The superintendent of grounds checks this order and if there is any discrepancy it is reported to this department and changes made on the order. Practically all supplies are ordered for a' specific purpose and for that reason none are left over to invoice at the close of the year. The management has learned that it is not ad- visable to furnish carpenter tools, shovels, forks, etc., to employes on the grounds as they are easily carried off and a considerable loss would result therefrom. Our superintendent of grounds has been instructed that all men must furnish their own tools and be responsible for same. Regarding inventories in the forage 'department at the close of the fair will say we make a contract with a milling firm, who furnish us with corn, oats, and mill feed, to the effect that their representative must be present at the close of the fair to invoice all unsold grain and mill feed and give us a credit memorandum for same, as the bill on file in this department clearly indicates. Only such quantities of hay and straw are delivered as can be disposed of during the fair so that practically none of this is left when the fair closes. What little that was left over after the last fair was disposed of to the parties who keep their speed horses on the grounds the entire year, all of which is duly accounted for and appears in receipt books of this department. We have never attempted to keep a record of the salvage from build- ings wrecked by the management and used for repair work on other buildings. If a system can be installed that would give us this informa- tion and would not be too cumbersome, or too expensive to carry out, it would be of value in determining the exact amount of improvements made on the various buildings at the grounds from materials from this source. "The charges in the horse department are $2.00 per single stall, $4.00 per box stall, and $1.00 per pony stall; in the cattle department, $2.00 per single stall; in the sheep department, $1.00 per pen; in the poultry department, $1.00 per coop, and — or 25c per bird; and in the swine de- partment, $1.00 per pen. The superintendent's individual departmental records, containing lists of the exhibitors and the amount of the rental collected therefrom for the twelve months ended November 30, 1912, and November 30, 1911, respectively for the above departments, were produced to us, and while the amounts stated to have been collected by each super- intendent for the rent set forth above were found to be in agreement with the aggregate income from such sources entered in the receipts book, it is a matter of impossibility to state whether the amounts so ac- counted for properly represent the income actually derived from these sources, owing to the total absence of proper accounting methods." The fees collected for coop rent in the poultry department and for pen rent in the swine department are all collected by the Secretary at the time entries are made and receipt is given for the proper amount, showing tlie number of coops and the number of pens reserved for each exhibitor. Duplicates of these receipts are retained and were checked by the effi- ciency engineers. A greater portion of the stall rent in the horse, cattle and sheep departments is also collected by the Secretary at the time entries are made and receipts are issued in the same manner as above described. The balance of the stall and pen rent in these departments is collected FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I ly by the superintendent of the respective departments during the fair. The superintendent of each of these departments keeps a committee book, showing the number of exhibitors, the number of head of stock exhibited, pen, stall, or coop rent collected. The pen, stall, or coop rent collected as shown by these committee books must correspond with the amount deposited with the treasurer and as shown by the secretary's books. In addition to this, we submitted the plats used by the horse, cattle and swine department superintendents, showing the location and number of every stall occupied and vacant, and the name and address of every exhibitor occupying such stalls. The price of these stalls is fixed by the board and published in the catalog. Receipts from the treasurer were submitted, showing the deposit of money for every stall occupied at the stipulated price published in the catalog. We know of no more complete or accurate method of keeping this record without employing some one to count and check the stalls occupied during the fair, and the same question might then arise as to the accuracy of his work. "Agriculture Exhibits: Dairy Exhibits: Fine Arts Exhibits, and Ma- chinery Exhibits: The rentals in these departments are based on the amount of superficial space occupied in the case of fine arts and machinery exhibits, 5 cents per square foot, and we have verified the correctness of the income accounted for on the records for these two departments. The du- plicate contracts for the space occupied by the individual exhibitors in the machinery department were not signed, however, on behalf of the lessees. We have been unable to verify the correctness of the income derived from the exhibits in the agricultural and dairy departments owing to the fact that no definite rule appears to have been enforced regarding the charges for space therein, this matter apparently having been left to the discre- tion of the respective superintendents. The total income entered in the superintendent's departmental records agrees in the aggregate with the amount entered in the receipts book, but our previous comments as to lack of proper accounting methods apply also to these departments." Space in Machinery Hall is rented at five cents per square foot and contracts for this space are made in duplicate. The duplicate is sent to the firm renting the space and the original is retained by the superin- tendent of the department; practically all of these contracts are made by mail and it would be an utter impossibility to have them signed. How- ever, the acknowledgment of the receipt of contract and a remittance of a part of all of the contract price makes it a valid contract, in our estimation. The booths in the fine art, dairy and agricultural departments are rented for so much per booth, depending entirely upon the size of the booth and the nature of the exhibit therein: For instance, a booth in the dairy building sold for the exhibition of dairy machinery should not be sold for so high rental as a similar booth in the same building rented for a drink and confectionery stand. This would also apply in the agri- cultural building. In the fine arts building the rental charged for various concession booths depends entirely upon the size of space and the nature of the concession for which the booth is rented. In fixing the prices on these booths the superintendent is called upon to exercise his best judg- ment and discretion. A uniform charge for these booths could not be made 20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE without overcharging some and undercharging others. Contracts are en- tered into in all of these departments and the superintendent's committee book sets forth the name of the concessionaire, nature of the concession and amount charged. The amount deposited with the treasurer is also verified with the total amount of collections shown by the superintendent's com- mittee book. "Dog Show — This feature was introduced for the 1912 fair through the medium of the Greater Des Moines Kennel Club and the income derived therefrom comprises the entry fees together with admission receipts ($1,222.95) by examination with the tickets issued and returned records, but we have been unable to verify the correctness of the entry fees ($274.75) and sundry receipts ($103.48) as the department does not possess any docu- mentary evidence of a satisfactory character." The Dog Show conducted at the 1912 Iowa State Fair was a conces- sion conducted under the auspices of the Des Moines Kennel Club. The contract we had with this club provided that the department was to re- ceive 75 per cent of the net receipts and the Kennel Club 25 per cent. At the close of the fair the secretary of the Des Moines Kennel Club submitted us a statement, which included his entry book, showing $274.75 had been collected as entry fees from the dog show exhibitors; also an attached statement which showed miscellaneous receipts to the amount of $103.48. This was approved by the executive committee and settlement was made on that basis, the result being that the department made a net profit on the dog show of $96.93. If you are familiar with kennel club rules you will understand that the local kerniel club controls this territory and no other show can be held in this territory without their consent, and it was for this reason and because the Des Moines Kennel Club could do much to promote the show that this contract was made. "Concessions and Privileges — The amounts turned over by the super- intendent of this department are in agreement with the entries in the receipts book, but the evidence placed at our disposal for the verification thereof has been of an unsatisfactory character, inasmuch as the amount called for by the individual contracts with certain of the concessionaries has not always been accounted for, and furthermore, in certain instances, the signature of the concessionaire has not been obtained to the contracts, thereby rendering these documents useless as a means of verification. We are informed that the discrepancies between the contract prices and the amounts turned over by the superintendent are due in some cases to the abandonment of the privileges by the concessionaires, and in other cases to reductions in the prices made by the superintendent acting within his discretionary power granted by the board. The individual amounts payable by the concessionaires under their contracts are fixed by the superintendent of this department, the board leaving the matter of the consideration pay- able thereunder entirely in his hands, and we are informed that it is im- practicable for the board to fix definite prices beforehand, at which the concessions and privileges are to be granted, owing to the peculiar condi- tions under which this department operates. We verified the income de- rived from the concessions granted to the Reiss Shows, which was fixed at 35 per cent of the admissions thereto for the year 1912, but we have been FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 21 unable to verify the income derived from the concessions granted to the Hatch Shows for the 1911 fair, as the unused admission tickets have been destroyed." Anyone who is at all familiar with the people who have concessions on state fair grounds knows that the financial standing of these parties is not listed in Dunn and Bradstreet. At the time contract is entered into a partial payment is made. On Tuesday of the second week of the fair the balance of these contracts is due and collected. In some cases a concessionaire will find he has selected his location on what a concessionaire designates as "chump row," or in other words, he has selected a poor location and finds he is not making good and at the time of settlement on Tuesday morning he either gets a reduction on his contract from the superintendent or he moves out, usually the latter. This accounts for the few instances where the full contract price was not accounted for. The few contracts that were not signed were cases where the transaction was carried on by mail. The acknowledgment of the receipt of the contract and partial pay- ment we hold makes this a valid contract whether signed or not. There is a uniform charge for the lots used by the lunch and confec- tionery stands on certain streets; for instance, on a street leading up from the street car station, where the lots have a fifteen-foot frontage and are twenty feet deep, the charge is $100 for corner lots and $75 for inside lots. On other streets this charge is more and others less, depending entirely upon the location on the grounds. It would be impossible to fix a uniform price on each of these lots. For example, we might have a case where a fifteen-foot lot was rented for a lunch stand for $75, a lot adjoining it and the same size might be rented to an exhibitor of foreign agricultural products for $300 or $400. Again it might be necessary to rent two or three lots for a riding device where the rental would amount to $700 or I think upon investigation you will find the fixing of a price for lots in the concession department is left to the discretion of the superintendent in charge by every state fair in America. It would be utterly impossible to fix a uniform price for rental of these lots until you know the nature of the concession that is to occupy the space. I note the efficiency engineers were unable to verify the income derived from the concession of the Hatch Shows at the 1911 fair, for the reason that the unused admission tickets had been destroyed. The tickets for the 1911 midway shows were handled the same as in 1912. The ticket auditor at the opening of the fair issues the superintendent of the con- cession department all side show tickets and takes his receipt therefor. In turn the superintendent issues these tickets to the ticket sellers for the various shows and employs ticket takers to take them up. At the close of each day the ticket sellers return their unsold tickets and a daily set- tlement is made on the basis of the difference between the number issued and the number returned unsold. At the close of the fair all unsold tickets are returned by the superintendent of the concession department to the ticket, auditor, who gives the superintendent of the concession depart- ment credit for the number returned. The difference between the value of the number of tickets issued and the value of the number returned repre- sents the number sold and the department shares 35 per cent of this amount. 22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Is it not strange that we did not anticipate this investigation and have the 1911 tickets on hand so that they might have been checlced by the efficiency engineers? "Sale of Forage — The amount included under this caption is derived from the sales of forage to exhibitors and others during the fair, but no satisfactory evidence has been produced to us in support of the amounts turned over to the treasurer by the superintendent. No record is kept of quantities purchased and sold, and no account of the sales is sub- mitted to the board. The matter of inventory of forage on hand at the conclusion of the fairs has already been referred to in an earlier part of this report." In the forage department we employ a competent superintendent, who looks after the receipts from the sale of forage. As these sales are practi- cally all cash sales they are all recorded on a cash register at the time the sale is made. At the close of each day's business the superintendent takes the reading from his cash register and deposits the amount called for by the register for that day's sales with the treasurer and takes his receipt therefor. The disbursement book carries a special column showing amount paid for all forage. The claims on file show the number of tons of hay and straw purchased. They also show the number of bushels of oats and corn purchased. At the close of the fair a statement is made up showing the exact number of pounds of hay and straw pur- chased; also the number of pounds of mill feed purchased. As I pre- viously explained, no inventory is made at the close of the fair, as prac- tically all of the forage is sold except that returned to the milling com- pany for which credit is received. "Dairy Department, Sales of Ice Cream, Etc. — The amount included under this caption represents the net proceeds of the sales of ice cream, etc., during the fair, and the only evidence in support of the receipts entered on the records are the statements of the sales and purchases and expenses, rendered by the superintendent of this department. We understand the daily takings are recorded on a cash register, but no effort is made by the board to verify the correctness of the statements as rendered by the su- perintendent." The ice cream stand in the dairy building is conducted by the manage- ment, with the superintendent of the dairy department in charge. The sales and collections are made the same as any other stand on the grounds and at the close of business each day the superintendent deposits his re- receipts with the treasurer and take a receipt therefor. Possibly we might figure out how many dishes of ice cream there are to the gallon and charge the superintendent in charge with that amount and hold him accountable. Even at that, he might give some of his patrons short measure and beat the department out of a few cents were he so inclined. However, as yet the management of the Iowa State Fair has not subscribed to their opinion that everyone is a thief until he proves himself otherwise. This particu- lar department is under the supervision of Mr. W. B. Barney, food and dairy commissioner, appointed by the governor of the state of Iowa and by virtue of his office is an ex-officio member of this board and is held accountable for the department over which he has supervision. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 23 "Ticket Sales: We found it impossible to verify the amount of the ticket sales for the year 1911, as the tickets issued but not sold have, we are informed, been destroyed. We are, however, also informed that an examination of the ticket sales for that year was made by the ticket audit committee, but no record of the result of such examination has been sub- mitted to us. We have made a thorough examination of the ticket sales for the year 1912 and find the following discrepancies in the number of tickets returned as unsold to the secretary. Day admissions, 50c each; 500 short; value $250.00 Children's admission, 25c; 10 short, value 2.50 Half-fare admission, 25c each; 10 short, value 2.50 Bleachers admission, 25c; 9 short, value 2.25 $257.25 Regarding the inability of the efficiency engineers to verify the amount of ticket sales for 1911 for the reason that the unsold tickets had been destroyed for that year, will say that if we had anticipated this investi- gation the tickets might well have been kept intact. However, we are of the opinion that when the ticket auditor counts the tickets returned unsold and gives the treasurer a receipt therefor, as far as the treasurer is concerned the transaction is closed. The records in the ticket auditor's book for 1911 clearly indicates the number of tickets turned over to the treasurer and the number returned unsold. I can see no reason for the accusation that this record is not complete in every particular. In regard to the tickets returned by the treasurer for the year 1912, the engineers would have you believe there was a shortage of $257.25 in accounting for the number of tickets returned unsold by the treasurer. Rules 41 and 42, published in our premium list, provide as follosw: "41. The superintendent of tickets shall issue to the treasurer all paid tickets of admission, taking his receipt therefor. He shall enter upon his book the number of tickets delivered and their amount, and credit him- self with what tickets are returned unsold. "42. The treasury department shall sell all paid admission tickets at such places and at such time as the board or executive committee may direct. He shall return all unsold tickets to the superintendent of tickets and take his receipt therefor, not later than noon of the day following the close of the fair." These rules have always been complied with to the letter. Last year I was present when the unsold tickets were counted and turned back to the auditor of tickets, and I veried the count and the ticket auditor issued a receipt therefor in my presence. As far as the responsibility of the treasurer is concerned for the number of tickets sold, it ceased the minute the ticket auditor signed this receipt and turned it over to him. A day or so after the close of the fair we instructed our superin- tendent of grounds to bring to the office all of the unsold admission tickets so that we could take out samples and have the balance destroyed. These tickets are always destroyed for fear they might fall into strange hands and an attempt be made to use them at succeeding fairs. As I stated before, the minute these unsold tickets have been counted back by the treasurer and audited by the superintendent of tickets, and the superin- tendent has given the treasurer a receipt therefor, this is accepted as 24 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE settlement with the treasurer. Do you think for a minute that the treasurer would accept a count of these tickets as found by these en- gineers, and after the tickets have laid around this office for six months with no more care or protection than so much waste paper? I might say also that the engineer who checked these tickets over exercised no care whatever. The tickets were spread over the table in the outer room for three or four days and who knows but he or some other party got away with some of them. For example: If you were to go into any bank in this city and cash a draft or check and the cashier counted out the money, and you counted it over in his presence and accepted it as correct, put the money in your pocket, and in the next week or so in counting it over you discovered that you were short $10, do you think for a minute if you v/ere to go back to the bank that the cashier would correct this supposed error? The ef- ficiency engineers were appraised of all of these facts, but they insisted on checking back the unsold tickets, for what reason I do not know, unless it was for the lack of other things to criticise or to give employment for three or four days to one or two of these $15 per day men. "The expenditure included hereunder for fair grounds department repre- sents the labor employed thereon, and the classification thereof is as per the records as derived from the actual pay rolls. The supervision and employment of all labor represented thereby comes within the duties of the superintendent of grounds, whose O. K. as to rate of pay and the amount of wages earned by the individual employes is accepted by the board, but we are informed that reports as to all labor requirements and conditions are submitted by the superintendent thereto. The pay rolls with accompanying vouchers have been produced to us, and we find that the 0. K. of the superintendent has not been made on the individual time tickets of the employes in certain cases. The amounts stated to have been earned by the employes as per the pay rolls are in agreement with the amounts paid therefor, but, other than the supervision exercised by the su- perintendent, no effort is made to ascertain if the department derives all the benefits which should accrue in this connection," The pay roll in the grounds department is handled as follows: The superintendent of grounds employs the laborers on the grounds, fixes their salary at an amount agreed upon by the executive committee. He furnishes the secretary with semi-monthly individual time slips for each man employed. This time slip shows the number of days and hours em- ployed and where employed; also rate of wages paid. These slips are O, K.'d by the superintendent and brought to this office and the pay roll is made up from them, showing the distribution and cost of the service for improvements made at the grounds. Pay roll checks are then issued and turned over to the superintendent or timekeeper and in turn handed out to the employes. The superintendent of grounds is employed for the explicit purpose of su- pervising the work on the grounds and to see that employes put in full time. We have had no reason to believe but what he has faithfully per- formed the duties entrusted to him. I wish to say that the executive committee keeps in close touch with all work done at the grounds, and it has been customary for the secretary FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 25 to stay nights at the grounds from June 1st until the close of the fair, which enables the office to keep in close touch with all the help employed on the grounds and with the improvements being made. The management resents the statement of the efficiency engineers that no effort other than the supervision exercised by the superintendent is made to ascertain if the department derives all the benefits which should accrue in this connection. "Collections — Use of grounds, which include stall and pasture rent; lum- ber sales; rental of grounds, who collects such items. The records do not provide any check upon the amounts so collected, and owing to the lack of a proper accounting system, it is impossible to state whether all col- lections have been properly accounted for." Referring to fair ground collections turned in to the treasurer by the superintendent of grounds, you would be led to believe by the report of these engineers that absolutely no record was made of these collections. The superintendent of grounds has numerous duties to perform and for that reason the records he is required to keep are made as simple as pos- sible. A stall and pasture book is kept by the superintendent showing the number of horses furnished stalls; also the number of cattle in pasture. These rentals are collected and deposited with the treasurer at stated periods. At the time collection is made a receipt is issued by the superin- tendent to the party making the payment and credit is given on the stall rent book. Similar receipts are also issued for cash received from sale of old lumber, kindling, etc. These receipts are numbered consecutively and are made in duplicate. At the close of the fiscal year the superintendent makes up a statement of all his collections on the grounds, showing the source from which the receipts were derived, and files it in this depart- ment along with the duplicate receipt issued for each individual collection. "The amount of the interest on the monthly balances has not been verified by us, as no monthly statements are issued to the department by the Iowa Trust and Savings Bank and the department accepts the amount accredited without question." Regarding interest on bank account, the department receives 2 per cent on the average daily balance, providing it is in excess of $5,000. At the end of each month interest is figured by the deputy treasurer of this de- partment and credited to the account of G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer. This is handled by the bank in exactly the same manner as savings and other accounts of individual depositors. We have the privilege, and have taken occasion to verify the interest several months when the account was large, and have always found the proper amount credited to the account. In our dealings with bankers we have found them to be honorable gen- tlemen, as well as experts at figuring interest, and we are not much con- cerned about any discrepancies from this source. "Per Diem and Mileage Charges — In Appendix III we present a state- ment of the department for out-of-state meetings during the periods under review, and in all cases the actual charges are less than the amounts allow- able by law. In Appendix IV we present a statement of the amounts paid to members of the board, officials of the department and the depart- ment superintendents at the State Fair; and the amounts included therein 26 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE comprise the whole of the per diem and mileage payments for the twelve months ended November 30, 1912, and November 30, 1911." Under this heading I wish to advise that we furnished the engineers with a detailed statement setting out the expense account of the various members of the board for attending meetings at points other than at Des Moines and the amount they would be allowed under the law. The aggregate amount allowed by law, which is $4 per day and mileage five cents per mile each way, in excess of the amount charged by members lu 1911, was $411.80; in 1912, $350.81. However, we failed to find anything in the above paragraph setting forth the amount saved the state through the generosity of the members of the board. "Conclusions and Recommendations — The Board of Agriculture is re- sponsible and presumably accountable for assets of approximately $800,000 in value, and also for the administration of the State Fair funds, which now amount to nearly $200,000 annually; yet, as this report demonstrates, when called upon to render an account of its stewardship, it is a matter of impossibility to prepare a true and correct statement of the financial position without recourse to an appraisal and inventory, and in addition the records of the administration of the State Fair are of such a nature as to preclude any satisfactory verication thereof." With reference to the inventory, I am frank to say there has never been an inventory or appraisal of the grounds and buildings, and for that reason we have never attempted to show on our accounts the assets and liabilities of the State Fair. The engineers would have you believe that we absolutely had no idea of the cost of the permanent buildings or any- thing else at the grounds; yet, under Schedule "1" on page 1956 they have used the exact figures from our ledger account to show the total value of grounds and permanent improvements up to November 30, 1912. One of the first things I told the engineers when they came into the office was that I hoped they would recommend that the board employ some one to appraise the value of the grounds and also the permanent buildings, in order that we might show each year the exact assets of the department. Regarding the statement: "the records of the administration of the State Fair are of such a nature as to preclude any satisfactory verification thereof" I wish to say that this is simply a broadside, malicious state- ment, without anything submitted to back it up. We found it difficult to produce evidence that was satisfactory to these gentlemen in a number of cases; for instance, they have stated previously in their report, under the head of stall and pen rent collected, that the receipts were not properly vouched, when we produced copies of the receipts issued to the parties paying for pens, a committee book of the superintendent of the respective department showing the number of stalls or pens occupied by the exhibitor, and duplicate receipts from the treasury showing the deposit had been made, all of which corresponded as to the amount. If this is not satisfac- tory evidence to verify the collection in these departments possibly they have grounds for making this sort of statement. We find the following statement regarding the accounting methods in this department: "The accounting methods are of the crudest description and no com- mercial concern could continue to exist under similar conditions. The only FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 27 attempt at bookkeeping is comprised in chronological records of receipts and payments. No ledger accounts are kept of the assets created by the expenditures on permanent improvements, and prior to 1910 (see Schedule '2") no distribution of material and labor, expended by the board itself under this caption, has been made in the records. "Speaking generally the records kept in the department fail entirely to provide the necessary data and information whereby the due accounting of all income can be properly assured; and also whereby the consideration, which is presumably obtained for all disbursements, can safely be said to have been enjoyed solely thereby." I think I am safe in saying that you will not find one out of ten business houses in the state of Iowa that keeps a more accurate account of the receipts and disbursements than are shown by the books in this department. It is very peculiar that if the plan under which we operate has been so slack that the fair has been successful and enjoyed the healthy growth it has from year to year. It is also strange that the leading agri- cultural papers of America hold up the Iowa State Fair as a model for others to pattern after. It is also peculiar that state fair managers from practically every state fair in the Union have visited the Iowa State Fair to take home our methods of doing business and conducting a state fair so that they might make their fair greater and more successful. The engineers fail to comprehend that the account for the receipts and disbursements for the State Fair is the most important point to be looked after. No one is going to run away with the grounds or with the build- ings thereon, and if we have close supervision over the receipts and dis- bursements of the fair there is not going to be a very great loss from other sources. Referring to the tabulation of disbursements with reference to salaries, supplies, printing and binding furnished the department by the state of Iowa we find the following comment: "None of the above disbursements are entered in the records kept in the department. Therefore, while a net income of some $40,000.00 is being realized annually the state is at the same time subsidizing the depart- ment to the extent of $14,500.00 per annum." I wish to say regarding the records of these accounts that they are kept in a book designed and furnished by the Secretary of the Executive Council and in accordance with his wishes. All of which the examiners had access to. Therefore we see no reason for the statement: "None of the above accounts are entered in the records of the de- partment." I note the engineers have listed in this statement $13,430.00 aid due farmers' institutes and short courses. The department of agriculture receives absolutely no benefit from the amount of state aid paid the farmers' institutes and short courses. The only duties we have in con- nection therewith are to audit the reports of these organizations and certify the same to the auditor of state, who issues state warrant and forwards it to the county treasurer in the county in which the organiza- tion is located. I see no reason why the engineers should not have added in this statement the amount appropriated to county and district fairs, which amounts to $40,000 for the biennial period, as the reports are 28 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE taken care of in the same manner by this department, and made the statement that the state was subsidizing the department of agriculture to the extent of $34,500.00 per annum instead of $14,500.00. I have prepared a statement showing amount of salaries and amount paid by the State of Iowa for printing, binding, and supplies used by the department of agriculture for a period of six years. I find this varies very little each year and the average for six years is $7,144.00 per annum instead of $14,500.00 as the efficiency engineers would have you believe. We also find the following valuable advice given the members of the House and Senate: "The department of agriculture is a revenue producer, owing prin- cipally to the state fair and the division of horse breeding fees, and it Is therefore a question to be decided by the House and Senate, whether or not it is entitled to annual appropriations for salaries or for any other purpose." The gentleman who wrote this report admitted to me that he had never been on a state fair grounds but one-half day in his life and that was a rainy day; also that he had never checked a set of fair books until he came to this department. Yet, after six weeks spent in this office, delving into the records, he comes forth with this invaluable advice to the legis- lature. If the gentleman had seen fit to invesitgate the amount appro- priated for other state fairs he would have found that every state fair in America that is really on the map has been subsidized by state ap- propriations ranging from $350,000.00 to $2,000,000.00, the latter amount being appropriated some six years ago to entirely rebuild the New York State Fair Grounds. I wish to quote you the opinion of a state fair manager who has been in the business some twenty years, and who is now recognized as the best authority on these matters of any man in America, and who at the last meeting of the American Association of Fairs and Expositions was honored by being elected President of said association: "The State Fair is not an institute peculiar to the State of Iowa, any more than is its university, normal or farm schools; for state fairs, like the other institutions mentioned, are now maintained as a part of the educational system in practically all of the leading agricultural states. Therefore, Iowa is only keeping in the van of progress with its State Fair. "The continued success or failure of the State Fair to fulfill its pur- pose and mission will depend largely upon the consideration given it at the hands of this and future legislatures, for no matter how capable and efficient your board of managers may be, or how hard they may work to direct the affairs of the institution along right lines, they will be able to accomplish only such good as they can with the tools and equipment provided them. To illustrate: They can hardly be expected to build up a great annual livestock show without adequate and proper equipment for housing and showing; nor can they be expected to get the best exhibits and results from any one of the several exhibit divisions of the fair unless they have the buildings to properly display these ex- hibits. Neither can the greatest financial results be obtained without suitable accommodations to properly care for those who attend. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 29 "We believe in the policy of the legislature looking well after her in- stitutions, and commend the work of the legislatures in the past for their liberality shown towards them. But we cannot conceive how any right thinking men or set of men can deal with other state institutions and consider carefully their. needs, and leave the one institution that is closer to the people than any other without providing funds for its betterment. We are often told that the State Fair should be self-supporting; that state funds should not be required for its improvements and up-keep. Why not ask the same of the state university and farm schools? The fact remains that the State Fair, insofar as the actual expense of the fair is concerned, is self-supporting, and more than so, having for years re- turned a net profit that has been put back into improvements and bet- terments of the State Fair grounds property. In this respect alone, if by no other, it differs from the other state educational institutions as the others contribute little, if any, to their own support or betterment." I leave you to draw your conclusions whether the advice of the former or the latter is the most valuable and reliable. "The only specific information published in reference to the opera- tions of the department is contained in the printed annual financial statement, which is necessarily misleading as it is compiled from the receipts and payments of the particular period, irrespective of whether they are properly applicable thereto; and is also erroneous in several respects — no distinction being made between disbursements for repairs and disbursements for permanent improvements, and in addition receipts In respect of the sale of assets are included as income, thus unduly in- flating the net income for the fiscal year." It is rather a hard matter to answer the accusations made in the above paragraph for the reason that the engineers simply say the financial statements published by this department are misleading. They do not attempt to point out any specific instances but make a broadside state- ment to this effect. They also say the statements are erroneous in several respects. We are not aware that errors are on our books and they did not point them out to us. We are at a loss to know why such ac- cusations should be made and printed in a public document without sul> stantiating same with a few facts. The engineers also state no dis- tinction is made between disbursements for repairs and disbursements for permanent improvements; yet on page 1965, under schedule "7" they have copied the statement from our balance book in 1912 for the itemized account for money spent for maintenance and repairs to grounds and buildings; they also state the receipts from the sale of assets are included as income, thus unduly inflating the income for the fiscal year. The receipts received from old lumber are carried in the accounts for "receipts other than fair" and in no way enter into the accounts which determine the profit or loss of the fair. Regarding the recommendations of the efficiency engineers the Com- mittee on Retrenchment and Reform have saved us the trouble of mak- ing any comment on recommendation No. 1, for in accordance with their report they have already placed it in the discard. However, it might be well to comment on this as it exemplifies the judgment of these gentle- men on fair matters. They recommend that the Board be reduced to seven 30 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE members, thus reducing expense and curtailing per diem and mileage. To do this it would disenfranchise four districts of the State and leave them without representation on the Board. Each member of the Board has supervision over a department of the fair and his compensation is $4.00 per day and mileage. If we would attempt to hire superintendents it would be utterly impossible to hire men who would take the interest in the department that is now shown by the directors; on the other hand instead of curtailing the expense it would more than double it; for in- stance, when Mr. Brown was vice-president of the board and superin- tendent of concessions he was paid $4.00 per day for his services, which cost the department $275.00 for the year 1910. When he went off the board and the management hired him to superintend that department they were obliged to pay him for his services and it cost them in the neighbor- hood of $600.00. At that the board felt they were fortunate in securing his services at this figure. I also wish to add that in 1910 Mr. Brown served as Superintendent of Concessions of the Oklahoma State Fair and for thirty days' services he received $500.00 and expenses. The total receipts of the concessions department at the Oklahoma Fair were about $12,000, while at Iowa the receipts last year were in excess of $24,000. He also served in the same capacity at the Denver fair and received $500.00 and expenses for his services. MEETING STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. APRIL 9, 1913. The board convened at 2 :00 p. m. with the following members present: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Reeves, Ciirtin, Went- worth. Summers, Mullen and Pike. The secretary presented the following revision of the premium list for the approval of the board; these revisions having been made in accordance with action taken by the board at the annual meeting in December and by recommendations of the superin- tendents of the various departments. HOESE DEPARTMENT. Mare and foal — Percherons $25 $15 $10 $5 $55 Mare and foal — Clydesdale 25 15 10 5 55 Mare and foal— Shire 25 15 10 5 55 Mare and foal— Belgian 25 15 10 5 55 Mare and foal— Standard Bred 15 10 5 3 33 $253 Stallion, mare or gelding any age, three gaited-combincd harness and saddle horse, $50, $35, $25, $15, $10 $ 135.00 Hunters and high jumpers (New class) 575.00 Military horses (New class) 105.00 Increase $ 1068.00 Decrease in mule classification 25.00 Net increase in horse department $ 1043.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 31 CATTLE DEPARTMENT. Dairy short horns — to duplicate money offered by the Short Horn Association $ 200.00 Hereford — to duplicate increase offered by Hereford Association 200.00 Dutch Belted — new classification, associations to offer $200.... 547.00 Galloway 92.00 Ayrshire 110.00 Brown Swiss 110.00 Total increase $ 1259.00 Decrease in fat cattle section 4.00 Net increase $ 1255.00 SWINE DEPARTMENT. Authorize the appropriation of $125.00 for Poland China Futurity for yearling pigs as per agreement of the board with the Chicago Daily Live Stock World last year $ 125.00 Also add $150.00 for Polajnd China Futurity for spring pigs and litters, providing the Poland China Association and the Live Stock World add a sufficient amount to the spring pig futurity to make the amount offered equal to that offered for yearlings at this year's show 150.00 Total increase $ 150.00 SHEEP DEPARTMENT. Cut classification for Leicesters $64.00 and add that amount to Lincolns. Offer two cups, value $20.00 each, one for best ram any age bred by Iowa exhibitor and one for best ewe any age bred by Iowa exhibitor. Total increase $ 40.00 ** POULTRY DEPARTMENT Classes for Barred Plymouth Rock, pullet bred and cockerel bred$ 42.00 Eight cups for best cockerel and best pullet in four breeds 80.00. $ 122.00 Premiums reduced on ducks 10.00 Total increase $ 112.00 AGRICUXTURAL DEPARTMENT. Potatoes $ 25.00 Field or stock vegetables 78.00 Increase $ 103.00 Cut out of classes for vegetables 12.00 Total increase .- $ 91.00 HONEY AND BEES, ETC. Increase in classification $ 116.00 32 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FRUIT DEPAETMENT. Increase on plate exhibit $ 320.00 Increase in ornamental design in fruits 25.00 Total increase $ 345.00 FLORICtTLTUEAL DEPARTMENT. Classification increased $ 191.00 SUMMARY OF TOTAL PREMIUMS OFFERED AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION 1913, SHOWING INCREASES OVER THOSE OFFERED IN 1912. Offered by Offered by Increase Department Department by 1913 1912 Department Horses $ 15,286.00 $ 14,243.00 $ 1,043.00 Speed 15,700.00 15,250.00 450.00 Cattle 12,512.00 11,257.00 1,255.00 Swine 4,305.00 4,155.00 150.00 Sheep 2,788.00 2,748.00 40.00 Poultry 2,101.00 1,989.00 112.00 Agriculture 4,201.00 4,110.00 91.00 Pantry and kitchen 828.50 828.50 Apiary 411.00 295.00 116.00 Dairy 657.00 657.00 Horticulture 1,827.75 1,482.75 345.00 Floriculture 1,470.00 1,279.00 191.00 Fine Arts 1,862.50 1,862.50 Work of children 170.50 170.50 School exhibits 968.00 867.00 101.00 Dog show 1,000.00 1,000.00 Babies' Health Contest 280.00 280.00 Scholarships 650.00 650.00 College exhibit 800.00 800.00 $ 67,818.25 $ 63,924.25 $ 3,894.00 Mr. Wentwortli moved that the revision of the premium list as read by the secretary be approved. Motion seconded by Mullen and carried unanimously. The president appointed Messrs. Johnston, Pike and Reeves as committee on per diem and mileage. April 8-9, 1913. Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to report as follows : FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 33 No. 10237 No. 1023S No. 10239 No. 10240 No. 10241 No. 10242 No. 10243 No. 10244 No. 10245 No. 10246 Name C. E. Cameron.. O. A. Olson R. S. Johnston.. Elmer M. Reeves E. J. Curtin E. M. Wentworth Chas. F. Curtlss. J. F. Summers.. Jno. P. Mullen. . . H. L. Pike Mr. Reeves moved that and mileage be adopted carried. Days Rate Amount Miles Amount Total 3 $4.00 $12.00 140 $14.00 $25.00 3 4.00 12.00 155 15.50 27.50 3 4.00 12.00 158 15.80 27.80 3 4.00 12.00 113 12.30 24.30 3 4.00 12.00 195 19.50 31.50 3 4.00 12.00 60 6.00 18.00 2 4.00 8.00 37 3.70 11.70 3 4.00 12.00 160 16.00 28.00 3 4.00 12.00 117 11.70 23.70 3 4.00 12.00 206 20.60 32.60 Respectfully submitted, R. S. Johnston, H. L. Pike, E. M. Reeves. the report of the committee on per diem Motion seconded by Wentworth and LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. APRIL 10-18, 1913. Members present on April 9 and 10 : Cameron, Olson, Corey, Mullen and Curtin. Members present on April 11-12-13: Cameron, Corey, Curtin. Members present April 14-18 : Cameron, Olson, Corey, Curtin. Member Mullen joined the committee on April 15, 17 and 18. The purpose of this meeting was to look after legislation pertain- ing to the department, railroad rates for the state fair, and ap- propriation bills pending before the legislature. The executive committee decided to accept the offer of Fischer's Burlington band (25 musicians) for a six day engagement at ten hundred and fifty dollars ($1,050.00) and the secretary was in- structed to draw up contract. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. APRIL 25, 26, 27, 28, 1913. Committee met April 26th with Cameron, Olson and Corey pres- ent. The purpose of the meeting was to work out plans for the women and children's building and to decide upon the location for same. 3 34 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The location for the building was not decided upon until April 27th, when member Curtiss joined the committee. It was decided to locate the building on the present site of Rest Cottage, extend- ing across Capitol avenue, with main entrance facing west. The location to be approved by the board at a later date. The preliminary sketch was gone over by the committee and architect and a number of changes were made. The architect was instructed to proceed with the plans and get them out at the earli- est possible date. The committee visited the grounds on Saturday in company with Mr. Cooper and Mr. Howard, who are in charge of laying the game preserve. The committee decided to include in this pre- serve the meadow east of timber and extending to south line of fair grounds and as far east as the jog in the east and west line fence, and north to road leading through camp grounds. The ground set aside for this preserve to consist of approximately twenty acres. The committee agreed to move the old vice president's office to a location on the hill within this preserve designated by the com- mittee and to have the same sided and lathed and plastered; also to provide a cellar under same. Also tap water mains at point on hill in camp grounds and bring water to fish pools and to game keeper's quarters. The fish and game department to furnish all material to construct a seven-foot fence around the entire pre- serve, and to furnish all material and pay all the expense of con- structing feed house, breeding pens, hatching coops, fish pools, etc., in connection with preserve. The fence along south and east line fence to be set in 32 feet to allow for driveway outside of same. The secretary was instructed to employ an engineer to stake out the women and children's building in accordance with loca- tion selected and to have the ground cross-section for the pur- pose of determining the amount of dirt to be moved in preparing site and making excavation for building; also have street extend- ing along in front of the agricultural building, and south back of cattle barns staked preparatory to having same put to grade this year. The secretary was also iiistrncled 1o make arrangements with Wesley Greene for ])lanting j)lants and flowers again this year. Flower beds to be added near street car entrance and block south FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 35 of administration l)iiilding. About $350.00 to be spent for plants and bulbs in addition to services of Mr. Greene. Propositions for bands, orchestras, and for the Philharmonic choir were considered. The committee accepted the proposition of Henry and His Band, consisting of 40 musicians, including vocal soloist, Virginia Rankin, at $1,550.00, the engagement to be for seven days, three concerts daily, and to furnish string accompani- ment for choir Sunday evening, August 24th. The committee also accepted the proposition for Graham's or- chestra for sixteen pieces, two concerts daily, for six days at $436.00. Also the proposition made by Dr. J. I. Gibson and Fred- erick Vance Evans for the Philharmonic choir, to consist of 150 voices and soloists, to give a concert in the stock pavilion on Sun- day evening, August 24th, for the sum of $525.00. The secretary was directed to execute contracts for the above organizations. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. MAY 7, 1913. Committee met with members Cameron, Olson and Corey present. In accordance with previous arrangements the executive com- mittee met with the committee on retrenchment and reform to dis- cuss the matter of issuing free tickets to the state fair. After the matter had been thoroughly discussed the committee on retrenchment and reform adopted the following resolution regu- lating the issuance of free tickets : Be It Resolved by the committee on retrenchment and reform that the State Board of Agriculture be instructed not to issue any free passes during the state fair except that the board in its dis- cretion and under strict and proper regulation, may issue free admission to the following persons: The officers and members of the State Board of Agriculture and employes of the state fair, including those actually employed for attraction and entertainment. Exhibitors who pay $2.00 for exhibitor's ticket, and their actual employes and helpers. Concessionaires and their actual employes and helpers. Weather and crop observers appointed by the director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service Bureau. 36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Officers of other state fairs and the president and secretary of the county and district fairs in Iowa that receive state aid. Newspaper publishers and reporters actually engaged in report- ing the fair. Old soldiers for one day during the fair. Children under 15 years of age for one day during the fair, but nothing herein shall be construed to prohibit the free admis- sion of children under 8 years of age, or the granting of reduced rates to children under such rules as the board shall prescribe. Pioneers for one day during the fair. The secretary presented the bill for per diem and mileage of the board members who attended the meeting called by the commit- tee on retrenchment and reform on February 22, 1913, with the request that the same be paid by state warrant. The committee stated they had no funds from which these witness fees could be paid and that the same should be paid from state fair receipts. The claims were ordered paid by the executive committee. The committee in company with the superintendent of grounds visited the grounds and agreed upon the following locations for old buildings to be moved this year. Move three old office buildings back of agricultural buildings and old building used for fruit stand across street from stock pavilion to location on hill north of road leading through camp grounds and east of plat of ground occupied by Seick Tent and Awning Company. ]\Iove hospital to location just south of weather and crop build- ing. Move post office to location between telephone building and U. S. Gypsum Company building. Move check stand to location in camp grounds to be used for storage of straw and forage for campers. Move old Rest Cottage to location west of college building where art hall stood at one time and use same for art hall or school ex- hibits, to be decided later. The Superintendent of Grounds was instructed to purchase a set of trucks and proceed to moving above buildings. In case superintendent is unable to buy a second hand set of trucks pur- chase three trucks from the LaPlant Tool Company, Marshalltown, Iowa, including bolster at $250.00. The superintendent was also instructed to take down old green house and dispose of glass salved from same. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 37 The superintendent was instructed to have the following roofs painted: brick horse barn, stock pavilion, swine pavilion, and street car station. The president appointed Mrs. Mary T. Watts, Superintendent of Babies' Health Contest for 1913 fair. The recommendation of the secretary to send Mr. Whitney out on the Commercial Club Excursion, May 13-14-15 was approved. Expense of trip to be $37.50. The communication from D. 0. Lively, Chief of the Department of Live Stock, Panama-Paeitic Exposition, relative to tent space at the 1913 fair was brought to the attention of the committee. The request was granted. The application of The Jenkins Company for use of track for Motor Cycle races the latter part of May was brought to the at- tion of the committee. Application not granted. MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. MAY 16-17, 1913. Meeting was called to order with President C. E. Cameron in the chair, May 16, at 10:30 a. m. Roll call showed the following members present: Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Reeves, Cur- tin, Wentworth, Sheldon, Pike. Minutes of board meetings on December 12-13 and April 8-9, and all executive committee meetings were read. On motion of Mr. Pike, seconded by Mr. Sheldon, the minutes were approved as read. The Secretary presented the following resolution adopted by the Committee on Retrenchment and Reform : Be it Resolved hy the Committee on Retrenchment and Reform, That the State Board of Agriculture be instructed not to issue any free passes during the State Fair, except that the board in its discretion, and under strict proper regulation, may issue free admission to the following persons: The officers and members of the state board of agriculture and employes of the state fair, including those actually employed for attraction and en- tertainment. Exhibitors who pay $2.00 for exhibitor's ticket, and their actual em- ployes and helpers. Concessionaires and their actual employes and helpers. Weather and crop observers appointed by the director of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service Bureau. 38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Officers of other state fairs and the president and secretary of the county and district fairs in Iowa that receive state aid. Newspaper publishers and reporters actually engaged in reporting the fair. Old soldiers for one day during the fair. Children under 15 years of age for one day during the fair, but nothing herein shall be construed to prohibit the free admission of children under 8 years of age, or the granting of reduced rates to children under such rules as the board shall prescribe. Pioneers for one day during the fair. The Secretary presented the following: STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF THE IOWA DE- PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE PERIOD FROM DECEMBER 1, 1912, TO APRIL 25, 1913, INCLUSIVE. RECEIPTS. Cash balance Dec. 1, 1912 $ 615.63 Receipts from sources other than Fair: Fees, division of horse breeding $ 7,302.00 Collections by Supt. of Grounds 566.18 Balance on house sold 1912 19.00 Miscellaneous collections by Secretary 28.80 Light plant salvage 51.00 Receipts on account 1912 fair 6.00 Rent for use of poultry cooping 150.00 Bills payable 3,000.00 Total receipts from sources other than fair 11,122.98 Receipts of Fair: Privilege department $ 200.00 Suspensions, speed department 32.10 232.10 $ 11,970.71 DISBURSEMENTS. Disbursements other than Fair or Improvements: Clerical help, division of horse breeding $ 1,485.75 Expense on account of 1912 Fair 253.74 Expense annual meeting and state agricultural convention 484.00 Insurance premiums 150.00 Drayage on cooping rented 32.00 Salaries and expense publicity department 629.97 Miscellaneous expense 68.25 Crops — rented ground 6.00 Total disbursements other than Fair or im- provements $ 3,109.71 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 39 Expense of Fair: Executive committee meetings $ 633.00 Special committee meetings 898.78 Express, telegraph and telephone 20.95 Postage 170.00 Printing 2.00 Advertising 50.00 Supplies, stationery, etc 118.50 Salaries charged to fair 765.00 Board meetings charged to Fair 251.10 Expense privilege department 28.00 Miscellaneous expense on account of Fair 4.00 Plants and flowers 9.10 Total expense of fair 2,950.43 Improvements: Cinders for streets 434.25 Cement for walks 4.40 Miscellaneous improvements, balance on 1912 lumber bill 465.72 Horse barn (on contract) 2,000.00 Expense on account of additional land 63.47 Administration building 30.00 Miscellaneous grading 27.82 Trees and shrubs 12.00 Game preserve .60 3,038.26 Maintenance of Grounds and Buildings: Supt. and assistant, salary $ 569.53 Track work 164.80 Fence repairs 4.50 Repairs to water system 4.32 Water 13.29 Hauling manure from speed barns 57.50 Keeping of mule and horse teams 47.94 Implement and harness repairs 2.00 Streets, dragging 8.65 Repairs to drains 20.75 Miscellaneous maintenance 98.39 Total maintenance 991.67 Total disbursements $ 10,090.07 Balance on hand April 30, 1913 1,880.64 To balance $ 11,970.71 Balance on hand April 30, 1913 $ 1,880.64 Secretary presented the following statement of estimated re- ceipts and disbursements other than fair: 40 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Fees, division of horse breeding $ 9,500.00 Collections by Superintendent of Grounds 1,500.00 Use of poultry cooping 150.00 Receipts account of 1912 fair 253.00 State appropriation for insurance 1,000.00 Miscellaneous receipts 327.00 Total receipts other than fair $ 12,730.00 Estimated expense other than maintenance or improvements to No- vember 30, 1913: Clerical help, division of horse breeding $ 2,100.00 Printing 1912 report and miscellaneous expense... 400.00 2,500.00 Expense Publicity Department other than for Pair: H. N. Whitney, six months salary $ 1,000.00 Stenographer, six months salary 450.00 Printing six editions "Greater Iowa," 7,500 each.. 485.00 Postage on six editions "Greater Iowa" 32.00 Cuts and electros 50.00 Postage on 20 news letters of 400 each 80.00 Miscellaneous printing and pamphlets 303.00 Total publicity department $ 2,400.00 Expense on account of 1912 fair $ 250.00 Expense annual meeting and state agricultural con- vention 484.00 Expense board meeting with Committee on Re- trenchment and Refonn 296.00 Insurance premiums paid and due before close of year 2,300.00 Miscellaneous expense 500.00 Total expense $ 8,730.00 Balance available for improvements 4,000.00 Mr. Johnston moved that the secretary's salary be fixed at $2,200.00 per annum, effective from April 23, 1913, in accordance with House File No. 223, Acts of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, Motion was seconded by Mr. Sheldon and unanimously carried. The secretary presented the following resolution adopted by the Des Moines Automobile Dealers' Association: Des Moines, Iowa, May 13, 1913. Pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Des Moines Automobile Deal- ers' Association at its meeting held May 8th, 1913, we, the undersigned, agree and bind ourselves not to exhibit, either singly or collectively, at the Iowa State Fair of 1913, unless released by the committee, composed of Schooler and Van Vliet, who are authorized to intercede for and in behalf of the automobile exhibitors. This is to insure us, as probable FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 4l exhibitors, from the excessive rates charged by the Iowa State Fair Board for space used for automobile exhibitors. (Signed by 32 dealers.) Mr. Reeves moved that tlie rental of space under the grand stand for antomolMle exhibit be fixed at twenty cents (20c) per square foot for the 1913 fair. Motion seconded by Mr. Curtin and unan- imousl}^ carried. The secretary presented a copy of Senate File No. 212 making appropriation for a women and children's building on the state fair ground as follows: S. F. NO. 212. An Act to provide for the erection of a women and children's building on the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds, and to make ap- propriation therefor. Be It Enacted hy the General Assembly of the State of loica: Section 1. The state board of agriculture is hereby authorized, em- powered and directed to cause to be erected on the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds a women and children's building at such loca- tion on said grounds as the said board of agriculture may select. Sec. 2. There is hereby appropriated to the Iowa Department of Agri- culture out of any money in the state treasury, not otherwise appropri- ated, for the purpose of erecting and furnishing said women and chil- dren's building the sum of seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000.00). All moneys appropriated by this act shall be drawn from the state treas- ury upon warrants issued by the state auditor upon the order of the state board of agriculture. Sec. 3. This act being deemed of immediate importance shall take effect and be enforced from and after its passage and publication in the Register and Leader and Des Moines Capital, newspapers published in Des Moines, Iowa. Approved April 18, 1913. The board adjourned to the fair grounds to inspect location of the women and children's building and to go over the list of im- provements to be made from fair receipts. MAY 17th. Board met at 10 o'clock a. m. with President Cameron in the chair and the following members present : Cameron, Olson, Johns- ton, Reeves, Wentworth, Curtiss, Sheldon, Mullen, Pike and Corey. Mr. Johnston moved that the executive committee be authorized to expend not to exceed $25,000.00 on improvements and main- tenance of grounds and buildings out of anticipated receipts of the 1918 fair. Seconded by Mr. Wentworth. On roll call the vote wm a§ follows: Ayes 10, noes 0. Motion prevailed. 42 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Reeves moved that the executive committee be instructed to follow as closely as possible the list of improvements outlined in the following budget presented to the board and agreed upon dur- ing inspection of the grounds and buildings on May 16 ; the com- mittee to use th3ir best judgment in making improvements as authorized in the following budget and in accordance with the resolution offered by Mr. Johnston limiting expenditures for main- tenance and improvements to $25,000.00. Seconded by Mr. Mullen, Motion prevailed. ESTIMATE OF IMPROVEMENTS, 1913. Expended from Dec. 1 to May 1 for improvements.? 3,038.00 Bills on file chargeable to improvements 811.00 $ 3,849.00 Less cinder hauling charged to streets 434.00 Total carried out $ 3,415.00 To complete three sections of street car station: Steel for additional 80 feet $ 1,400.00 Cement floor and walks 400.00 Miscellaneous labor putting in division fence, etc 150.00 Making fill 100.00 Two new turnstiles 250.00 Total 2,300.00 For constructing 4-foot storm sewer from south side of Machinery Hall to south fence; 960 ft. at $3.50 per foot 3,300.00 For installation of two batteries of closets in rooms provided in horse barn: 840 ft. of cement floor at 7c $ 60.00 Installing 18 stools in each room, lavatories, urinals, etc 1,750.00 Two cesspools 150.00 Total closets 1,960.00 Cement walks: From street car station to Rock Island Ave. on south side of street 840 ft. — continuation of brick walk on north side of same street to Rock Island Ave., 510 ft. Total, 1,350 lineal feet, 12 ft. wide, 16,200 sq. ft., at .09c 1,458.00 600 ft. of 12 ft. walk along east side of new street back of stock pavilion and leading up to the Women and Children's Building, 72,000 sq. ft. at .09c 648,00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 43 Place all four chimneys in Administration Building on outside of building Moving Rest Cottage to new location, putting in foundation, remodeling for Art Exhibit or School Exhibits Building. (If used for art exhibit, turn over old art building to school exhibits department for manual training exhibit) Moving hospital to new location, putting in founda- tion and cesspool Moving three old cottages now located back of agri- cultural building to new location east of poultry- building Moving old vice president's office and remodeling same for game keepers' lodge Extending water supply to game preserve Moving closet south of Machinery Building to camp grounds, putting in vault, etc Moving dry closet near horse barn to camp grounds, putting in foundation, vault, etc Moving band stand to lo.cation south of Adminis- tration Building Moving old street car entrance and rebuilding and fitting up same for dining hall Remodel old Christian Church dining hall — take off old shed on east and put in more windows, paint outside and use same for floricultural exhibit One hundred new lawn seats at $1.90 each Street improvements: Cinders hauled during winter Opening street to game preserve and street back of stock pavilion and cattle barns 10,000 gallons of road oil Other street improvements One Studebaker street sprinkler for track Poultry cooping: 28— Sec. style G. 7 ft. 4 in.— 205 ft. at $1.05.... ? 4— Sec. special 4 ft. S in.— 19 ft. at $1.05 Freight and installing Total poultry cooping Painting farm house and barn i Painting roof of brick horse barns Painting roof of stock pavilion Painting roof of swine pavilion '. . Painting roof of street car station Total painting 325.00 75.00 434.00 500.00 550.00 350.00 215.00 19.95 15.00 150.00 200.00 110.00 65.00 50.00 200.00 300.00 100.00 60.00 400.00 75.00 200.00 25.00 500.00 350.00 190.00 1,834.00 400.00 350.00 575.00 44 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous improvements by Supt. of Grounds not enumerated above 1,500.00 Estimated cost of improvements $20,200.00 Estimated cost of maintenance of grounds and buildings 3,600.00 Total estimated cost of improvements and maintenance $ 23,800.00 Mr. Reeves offered the following resolution and moved its adop- tion ; seconded by Mr. Mullen : Resolved, That the state board of agriculture approve the location for women and childrcin's building east of agricultural hall on present site of rest cottage and as indicated by corner posts located by the board on the 16th. of May; and be it further Resolved, That the board approve the plans for the women and chil- dren's building as submitted by 0. O. Smith, architect; and be it further Resolved, That the executive committee be and they are hereby au- thorized and instructed to advertise for bids as per plans submitted and in the manner agreed upon by the board for the erection of the women and children's building from the state appropriation of $75,000.00, as pro- vided by Senate File No. 212, Acts of the 35th G. A.; and be it further Resolved, That the executive committee be and they are hereby au- thorized to award contract or contracts for the erection and furnishing the women and children's building to the lowest responsible and ad- vantageous bidder or bidders, limiting the total cost, including architect's and engineer's fees and furnishings, to the appropriation of $75,000.00; and be it further Resolved, That the appropriation of $75,000.00, as provided in Senate File No. 212, shall be drawn upon orders of the state board of agriculture, signed by the president and secretary at such times and in such amounts as may be needed in payment of the work and material specified. The above resolution was unanimously adopted. Mr. "Wentworth moved that the executive committee be author- ized to make application for railway rates for the 1913 state fair and if same are not granted by the railroads the committee be authorized to make application to the Railroad Commission for same, and to take such further action as they may deem advisable ; seconded by Mr. Johnston. Motion carried. Mr. Johnston moved that the executive committee be authorized to represent the Iowa State Fair at the date conference to be held at St. Paul on May 21st to discuss dates for 1914 fairs. Motion prevailed. Secretary presented the resignation of Edw. N. Wentworth as Superintendent of the boys' judging contest. Mr. Wentworth moved that the resignation be accepted and the selection of his FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 45 successor be left to the executive committee. Seconded by Mr. Pike. Motion carried. Mr. Wentworth moved that the advertising budget of $11,500.00 for the 1913 fair as presented by the secretary be approved; sec- onded by Mr. Curtiss. Motion carried. EXPENSE OF ADVERTISING 1912 FAIR AND ADVERTISING BUDGET FOR 1913 FAIR. 1912. Country weekly papers, 1912, 464 $ 2,680.62 Country weekly papers, 1913, 500 Plate for weekly papers, 464 pgs., cuts and proofs.. 597.03 Plate for weekly papers, 500 pgs., cuts and proofs Daily papers outside of Des Moines Miscellaneous papers and magazines Des Moines daily papers Agricultural and live stock papers Horse papers, advertising speed events $ 6,465.24 Publicity Department: Ora Williams $ 550.00 Pay roll at grounds 83.50 633.50 H. N. Whitney, 4 months 666.66 Stenographer, 2 months 150.00 Pay roll at grounds 100.00 Greater Iowa: 1 issue 8,000 — 8 pages, 1 issue 5,000 — 8 pages, 3 issues 5,000—4 pages 242.80 Postage on Greater Iowa 232.50 475.30 5 issues 7,500—8 pages 404.00 Postage on Greater Iowa 200.00 Miscellaneous hangers and window cards 446.37 Monthly calendar cards 60.00 125 M-2 color 8 pg. heralds 269.00 7,000 outdoor signs 174.50 Distribution of advertising matter 743.00 Billboard service 899.05 Cuts and electros 120.03 Photos 242.00 Miscellaneous advertising items 207.06 1913. 2,900.00 700.00 207.23 400.00 165.36 100.00 1,093.08 1,200.00 1,152.00 1,200.00 569.92 787.00 $ 7,287.00 916.00 604.00 500.00 91.00 300.00 175.00 750.00 300.00 150.00 200.00 227.00 $ 10,741.05 $ 11,500.00 46 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Mr. Curtiss moved that 0. 0. Smith be allowed $750.00 as part payment for architectural work on women and children's build- ing. Motion prevailed. Orders for state warrants were signed by the president and secretary for $2,000.00 to cover preliminary expense on women's building, $1,000.00 for insurance and repairs and $255.00 balance of state appropriation for support of department of agriculture. Secretary was instructed to insert advertisements in the daily papers for bids on the erection of the women and children's build- ing to be opened June 17th ; also advertisements for bids for the construction of 960 feet of 4 foot storm sewer and 16,000 square feet of 4 inch cement walk, to be opened May 30th. The president appointed as committee on per diem and mileage Messrs. Wentworth, Pike and Mullen, who made the following report : Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to re- port as follows: Name. Days. Rate. Amount. Miles. Amount. Total. C. E. Cameron 3 $4.00 $12.00 140 $14.00 $ 26.00 0. A. Olson 3 4.00 12.00 155 15.50 27.50 R. S. Johnston 3 4.00 12.00 158 15.80 27.80 E.M.Reeves 3 4.00 12.00 123 12.30 24.30 E. J. Curtin 3 4.00 12.00 195 19.50 31.50 E, M. Wentworth 3 4.00 12.00 60 6.00 18.00 C. F. Curtiss 2 4.00 8.00 37 3.70 11.70 F. E. Sheldon 3 4.00 12.00 123 12.30 24.30 J, P. Mullein 3 4.00 12.00 117 11.70 23.70 H. L. Pike 3 4.00 12.00 206 20.60 32.60 $247.40 Respectfully submitted, E. M. Wentworth, H. L. Pike, J. P. Mullen, Committee^ (Warrants No. 10316-10325 inc.) On motion of Mr. Johnston, seconded by Mr. Reeves, the report of the committee was adopted. Mr. Mullen moved that the board adjourn to meet at the call of the president. Motion seconded by Mr. Pike and carried. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 47 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JUNE 3, 1913. Committee met with members Cameron and Corey present. The committee visited the grounds to ascertain the cause and conditions by which Mr. L. D. Bruner, 2335 East Walnut St., Des Moines, met death. The accident which caused his death oc- curred about 9 :30 a. m., June 3rd. Mr. Bruner had been assist- ing Henry Deets in moving several small buildings at the grounds this spring. At the time of the accident they were unloading the frame closet which had been moved from a point south of Ma- chinery Hall to the camp grounds. The building was about 18x30 ft. without floor. The closet partitions remained in place while the building was moved. Blocking was placed under the rear end of the heavy timbers on which the building was carried and the trucks were removed. Jack screws were placed under the front end of the timbers and the trucks had just been removed. Mr. Deets was working at one of these jack screws from the out- side of the building and Mr. Bruner was placing another jack screw under the timber on the opposite side of the building and thought it more convenient to set his jack farther under the build- ing so it would not require so much digging to place the jack, and for that reason was working from the inside of the building. Mr. Deets stated that he cautioned Mr. Bruner to keep on the outside of the building and away from under the heavy timbers. It ap- pears that he assumed a cramped position under the heavy timber and when the jack screws settled into the soft ground and the building caved over he was unable to free himself and get away, with the result that he was caught in such position that his neck was broken and death was instantaneous. Dr. Ryan was called at once but death had taken place before he arrived. The coroner was called and took charge of the body; he turned the remains over to the undertaking firm of Selover & Knight. JUNE 4, 1913. Committee met with members Cameron, Olson and Corey present. The following application was filed with the Board of Railroad Commissioners for rates to the 1913 fair, and date for hearing was set for 9 o'clock a. m., June 28th: June 3, 1913. Board of Railroad Commissioners, Des Moines, Iowa. Gentlemen — We wish to make application for passenger rates to the Iowa State Fair and Exposition, August 20th to 29th, inclusive, as pro- 48 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE vided by Section 2077 of the Supplement to the Code, 1907, as amended by- Senate File 327, Acts of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly. We desire this rate over all lines operated in Iowa. We are attaching herewith certificate showing the bona fide paid admis- sions at the Iowa State Fair, August 22nd to 30th, inclusive, 1912. Trusting this matter will have your immediate attention, we remain, Yours very truly, State Board of Agriculture, Per Secretary. State of Iowa ) County of Polk \ ^• I, A. R. Corey, Secretary of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition, being first duly sworn, on oath depose and say that the paid attendance at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition August 22-30, 1912, was one hundred and ninety-six thousand three hundred and ninety-two (196,392), A. R. Corey, Secretary Iowa State Fair and Exposition. Subscribed and sworn to before me this 3rd day of June, 1913. H. L. Bosquet, Notary Public in and for Polk County, Iowa. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JUNE 10-11, 1913. Committee met with members Cameron, Olson and Corey present. Committee visited the fair grounds to determine the grade for sidewalk from street car entrance to Rock Island Avenue, and to look after other improvements under way. Committee decided to move the old street car entrance to a loca- tion on Grand Avenue immediately east of the Shaver Carriage Company building and to remodel same for a dining hall by build- ing on a kitchen, store room and serving room and putting in cement floor, etc. The proposition of H. M. Kinsell to move Rest Cottage to the new location, move the toilet near the horse barns to camp grounds, and the old street car station to the new location, for $400.00 was accepted. The following bids were on file at 11 o'clock a. m., June 11th, for excavating and grading site for the Women and Children's building. The proposition called for .... cents per cubic yard and for earth placed within a radius of 500 ft. and .... cents per cubic yard for earth moved over 500 ft. and not to exceed 2,000 ft., figured by the section of earth removed. 500 ft. Over 500 ft. Horrabin & .lones, Des Moines, Iowa 25c 40c J. M. Stewart & Co., Des Moines, Iowa 39c 39c FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 49 Horrabin & Jones having the lowest bid were awarded the con- tract and the secretary was instructed to draw up contract and bond in accordance with plans and specifications. The secretary was instructed to have plans and specifications made for two batteries of closets in the horse barns and for three additional sections to the street car entrance, and if possible to have plans ready and have bids on file by June 27th. The time having arrived for opening bids on sewer and side- walks, the committee proceeded to open the bids, which were as follows : Walks Sewer , . per per sq. ft. lineal ft. Geo. W. Koss Construction Co., Des Moines, Iowa 09.8c $3.57 Potts Bros., Des Moines, Iowa 09c 3.25 Lewis J. Johnson, Des Moines, Iowa 10i4c James Horrabin & Co., Des Moines, Iowa (a) 5.92 J. W. Turner Improvement Co., Des Moines, Iowa (b) 4.50 Akin & Flutter, Des Moines, Iowa 09c (a) Figured six (6) inches of concrete in place of five (5) inches as specified. (b) Figured sewer 3i,^ft.x3i/4 ft. with reinforcement, in place of 4 ft. round sewer as specified. Potts Bros., Des Moines, Iowa, being the lowest bidders on the storm sewer, and their bid on the walk being the same as Akin & Flutter, they were awarded both contracts and the secretary was instructed to draw up contract in accordance with plans and specifications. The secretary was directed to advertise for bids for excavating and grading the site for the Women and Children's Building, to be on file by 11 o'clock a. m., June 11, 1913. The following special days were decided upon for the 1913 fair : Wednesday, Aug. 20, Preparation Day. Thursday, Aug. 21, Preparation Day. Friday, Aug. 22, Children's Day. Saturday, Aug. 23, Des Moines Day. Sunday, Aug. 24, Music Day. Monday, Aug. 25, Implement Dealers' Day. Tuesday, Aug. 26, Soldiers' and Pioneers' Day. Wednesday, Aug. 27, State Day. Thursday, Aug. 28, Live Stock Parade Day. 4 50 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JUNE 17-18, 1913. Committee met with Cameron, Olson and Corey present. The purpose of the meeting was to receive and open bids on the Women and Children's Building. Bids were received on two propositions as follow: PROPOSAL NO. 1. We will complete the foundation, including the sub-floor of the first story, and clear away all rubbish and loose materials on or before the 20th of August next, and finish the entire building on or before the 1st day of January, 1914, for the sum of dollars. PROPOSAL NO. 2. We will enclose the entire building, including the roof, windov/s, doors and stairs, by the 20th of August, clear away all rubbish and material, permit the use of the building during the fair and complete it on or before November 1, 1913, for the sum of dollars. The bids were as follow: Contractor's name and address. Proposition Proposition No. 1. No. 2. Arthur H. Neumann & Co., Des Moines, Iowa $ 99,222.00 J. E. Tusant & Sons Co., Des Moines, Iowa 109,000.00 J. B. McGorrisk, Des Moines, Iowa 110,500.00 Benson & Marxer, Des Moines, Iowa 98,97.5.00 100,000.00 J. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines, Iowa 96,700.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons, Des Moines, Iowa 96,200.00 The committee figured as follows: Lowest bid, Chas. Weitz' Sons 96,200.00 Furnishings 5,000.00 Plumbing 5,000.00 Grading 1,500.00 Architect's fees 3,300.00 Total $111,000.00 The bids being so far in excess of the appropriation of $75,000.00, the committee decided to reject all bids and instruct the architect to revise plans and specifications so that it will come within the appropriation and to submit proposition to bidders at a later date. The committee decided that inasmuch as Jones & Horrabin had not complied with the proposition to do the grading for site, and had failed to sign contract, furnish bond and start work, that their proposition be rejected and thesfiecretary was instructed to return their certified check. The secretary was authorized to place an order for six Quick Feeder wagons manufactured by the Bushnell Tank Works, size of FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 51 box 3x3x6, at $25.00 each, to be used in cleaning horse and cattle barns. Secretary was also authorized to place an order for one Stude- baker sprinkler for track. The committee carefully went over the order for tickets and decided to reserve box seats in the amphitheater at 75c and bal- ance of stand at 50c ; also decided upon the number and kinds of helpers' and employes' and free tickets to be ordered printed. Secretary was instructed to get quotations and order 15,000 gal- lons of No. 2 road oil. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JULY 3, 4, 5, 1913. The committee met with the following members present: Cam- eron, Olson and Corey ; also member of the Board J. P. Mullen. On the morning of the 3rd, at ten o'clock, the committee ap- peared before the Railroad Commission to be present at the hear- ing set by said Commission to hear evidence on the application of the Iowa Department of Agriculture for reduced rates on all rail- roads for the State Fair and Exposition, August 20-28, 1913. Evi- dence was submitted showing that the bona fide attendance at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition August 24-30, 1912, was 179,436. Evidence was also submitted to show that the 58th annual exhibi- tion had been held. After this evidence had been submitted the railroad attorneys present were given the privilege of question- ing the ■s\atnesses ; they also filed a "v\Titten statement relative to their attitude in the case. At the close of the hearing the Com- mission announced that their decision w^ould be forthcoming at an early date. The executive committee adopted the following resolution: Whereas, Mr. Clifford Thorne, Railroad Commissioner for the State of Iowa, is thoroughly conversant with the law enacted by the 35th General Assembly giving the commission authority to order reduced rates on all railroads to fairs asad expositions where the bona fide paid admission the previous year was in excess of 75,000, and Whereas, He is in possession of a large amount of other information relative to passenger rates, and Whereas, He is in a position to render the Iowa Department of Agri- culture valuable service in event the case now pending before the commis- sion is taken into the courts; be it Resolved, That he be retained by the executive committee to repre- sent the Iowa Department of Agriculture as legal counsel in any case 52 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE that may come out of the application for reduced rates now on file with the Railroad Commission. The following quotations were received on road oil to be used on the streets at the fair grounds : Standard Oil Company, .0398c per gallon, f. o. b. cars fair grounds. Manhatton Oil Company, .0380c per gallon, f. o. b. cars fair grounds. On these quotations the secretary was authorized to place an order for 16,000 gallons No. 4 road oil with the Manhattan Oil Company. Secretary was instructed to place an order for three tons of calcium chloride to be used on the homestretch of the race track to keep down the dust. Secretary was instructed to place an order with the Des Moines Park Swing Company for 100 lawn seats similar to those pur- chased of the Central Iron Works in 1912 at $1.90 each. Secretary w^as authorized to place an order with the Studebaker Company for one 600 gallon track sprinkler as per specifications on file at $392.50 f. o. b. ears South Bend, Indiana. Secretary was authorized to place an order for 25 tons of spent tan bark to be used in the poultry building and floral hall. Secretary was authorized to place an order with the Empire Cooping Company for additional poultry cooping at the poultry building as per their quotations on file. The committee selected the Madrid Concert Band, to consist of twenty first class musicians, to play an engagement in the agricul- tural building, and secretary was instructed to draw up contract. The committee approved the contract for a one page advertise- ment in the Implement Trade Journal, to be used in 'advertising Implement Dealers' Day at the Iowa State Fair in conjunction with Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Minnesota State Fairs. Secretary was authorized to negotiate with the West Disinfectant Company of Chicago with a view of furnishing space on which to locate a tent and advertise their equipment and disinfectants in exchange for disinfecting all flush closets on the grounds during fair week. The committee authorized the employment of George Brown as assistant superintendent of the Privilege Department from June 28tli to the opening of the fair, pay not to exceed $4.00 per day. The committee instructed the superintendent of grounds to widen to seven feet the door between the kitchen and pantry in FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 53 the private dining room in the administration building. Also to cover the four brick chimneys extending through the offices and the sleeping rooms in the administration building with metal lath and plaster same, so as to form a vacuum and prevent excessive heat in the rooms. The committee received the following bids for the completion of the street car station : The 'Shorthill Company, Des Moines, Iowa $ 2,600.00 Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Des Moines, Iowa 2,290.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons, Des Moines, Iowa 1,798.00 Des Moines Structural Steel Worlds, Des Moines, Iowa 1,625.00 • The Des Moines Structural Steel Works having the lowest bid, contract was awarded said firm and the secretary and architect 0. 0. Smith were instructed to draw up contract, the structure to be completed on or before August 5, 1913. The committee received a proposition from Cressy & Wingate to decorate the following buildings in accordance with specifications on file for the sum of $600.00; stock pavilion, agricultural build- ing, machinery hall, rest cottage, exposition building, poultry building, dining room in .administration building, carriage and pony section of the horse barns, automobile show room, and floricul- tural building. The proposition was accepted and secretary was authorized to sign contract. The committee fixed the salary of Miss Minnie Truax, ste- nographer and general clerk in the Department of Agriculture, at $75.00 per month commencing July 1st. Secretary was authorized to communicate with Secretary Simp- son of the Minnesota State Fair and agree on an amount to be offered Mr. George A. Heyl of Washington, 111., for his six-in-hand pony team as an attraction at the Iowa and Minnesota State Fairs. The committee was informed that the bidders on the closets to be installed at the fair grounds would be unable to have their bids on file until Tuesday, July 8th. The committee therefore directed the secretary and architect 0. 0. Smith to open said bids and let contract to the lowest bidder, if in their opinion the low bid was reasonable. IN VACATION. In accordance with instructions of the executive committee, the secretary and architect 0. 0. Smith proceeded to open bids for the installation of closets. The following bids were received: 54 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co., Des Moines $ 3,000.00 Wallace & Liunane, Des Moines, Iowa 2,888.00 Pray & Comerford, Des Moines, Iowa 2,857.00 VanDyke Heating & Plumbing Co., Des Moines, Iowa 2,000.00 Capital City Plumbing Company, Des Moines, Iowa 1,800.00 The Capital City Pliiinbing Company having submitted the low- est bid in accordance with the specifications, was awarded the con- tract. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. July 21, 22, 23, 24, 1913. Committee met with all members present. Committee spent July 22nd on the state fair ground going over improvements and repairs to be made by the superintendent of grounds prior to the opening of the fair. Superintendent was instructed to make the following improvements : Repair stalls along the west end of the brick horse barn by making all partitions two feet longer. Put road to grade leading up to game preserve. Put on a cheap rubberoid roofing on all sheep barns. Fix up the outside horse show ring by skinning off the sod and making fill over sand at the south end of the ring. Put a ten or twelve-foot fence around the corner by Weaver's drug store. Also close up all holes in the fence near the street car station and go over and repair all outside fence. Paint front end of cattle barn No. 4. Repair and paint ticket booths on inside of street car station and move three ticket booths south of street car station about five feet farther wesi. Put pass gate at north end of street car station entrance; also put in a table about thirty inches wide and twelve feet long on which to sign statistical checks. Replace all broken lights in the poultry building. Put in turn stile at west end of bleachers to admit horsemen and others to paddock. Put in two new turnstiles in place of two broken ones at Rock Island avenue entrance. Order awning for south and west side of street car entrance. Change all drinking fountai'ns to a sanitary type. Remove show cases from booth in exposition building occupied 1 y the library commission to balcony of agricultural building. Make arrangement for street car registers at all team gates. Put up a street light outside of Grand avenue entrance. Put in slat floor in shower bath room under seats in swine pavilion. Paint all skylights in agricultural l)uilding. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 55 Place strip around balcony in agricultural buildms; to keep dust from falling down on exhibits ou lower floor. Order fifty galvanized iron garbage cans. Build addition to barn for police and marshals' horses that will stall fourteen to sixteen head. Put In one additional wash stand in the court of swine barn. Put up band stand east of stock pavilion for Sunday concerts and for Fisher's band during the week. Put in sidewalk from southwest corner of machinery hall to Machinery avenue. Also a north aind south walk through the block east of the street car entrance. Screen in the north and west porches of the Rest Cottage for a day nursery. Put up two additional flag poles on the horse barn. Order 17 5 boxes from O'Dea Hardware Company in accordance with their bid of 50c each in which to exhibit small grain. WEDNESDAY, JULY 23. The committee in company with Railroad Commissioner Thorne and other representatives of the railroad commission and commerce counsel, and Attorney General Cosson. attended the hearing be- fore the U. S. District Court at Council Bluffs relative to granting the railroads a temporary injunction restraining the railroad com- mission from putting in reduced rates to the Iowa State Fair. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. JULY 28, 29, 30, 1913. Committee met with all members present. The purpose of the meeting w^as to open bids for general contract and plumbing for the women and children's building to be erected on the Iowa State Fair grounds. Bids were received on the following proposal and opened at two o'clock July 29th. PROPOSAL. I will furnish all materials and do all the labor as required by the plans and specifications, (as revised July 1, 1913), for the new Women and Children's Building to be located at the Iowa State Fair Grounds, for the sum of $ If the tile of the Niagara pattern are used on the main roof, deduct If 5 to 2-in. cedar shingles, stained with a coat of oil stain, are used on the main roof in place of tile, deduct $ 56 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE If the manual training and the exhibition rooms of the basement are not excavated, all outside openings and stair leading to these rooms are omitted, with the wall and pier footings resting only two feet below the present grade and the area walls about the N. W. windows are omitted, deduct $ If the porches are made 4 ft. 0 in. narrower, the cross beams made 2 in. narrower and each dimension of cross section, the roof made of 5 to 2-in. cedar shingles stained with oil stain, the columns built up rectangular 8-in.xl8in. and the railings made of two l^-in. gas pipe, deduct $ The time for completing the work to be July 1, 1914. The following bids were received on general contract and for in- stallation of plumbing : Bldg. Deduct Deduct Deduct Deduct Contractor Com- for Niagara cedar excavating ]6 ft. plete tile shingles omitted porchis .1. E. Lovejoy, Des Moines, Iowa $65,.550.00 $310.00 $2,500.00 $1,500.00 $2,000.00 Weitz' Sons, Des Moines 67,832.00 200.00 1,717.00 1,636.00 1,353.00 Benson & Marxer, Des Moines 73,850.00 375.00 2,200.00 1,260.00 Eilenburger & Co. Chicago, 111 79,650.00 300.00 2,000.00 J. E. Tusant & Son, Des Moines 79,000.00 328.00 1,156.00 1 ,500.00 2,000.00 J. C. Mardis & Co. Des Moines 66,95,0.00 350.00 1,650.00 1,055.00 1,200.00 James Main & Son, Des Moines 76,950.00 328.00 1,900.00 800.00 1,104.00 PLUMBING. McCawley Plumbing Company, Des Moines $4,950.00 Bailey-Pepperd Co., Des Moines 4,065.00 Capital City Plumbing Company, Des Moines 4,045.00 Wallace-Linnane, Des Moines 3,987.00 Pray & Comerford, Des Moines 4,000.00 Van Dyck Plumbing and Heating Company, Des Moines 3,480.00 Mr. Lovejoy being the low bidder on the general contract was awarded the contract for $65,190.00, the committee taking advan- tage of the deduction of $310.00 for Niagara tile in place of Eng- lish pattern. The Van Dyck Plumbing & Heating Company being the low bidder on the installation of plumbing, was awarded the contract for $3,480.00. Both Mr. Lovejoy and Mr. Van Dyck signed contract and fur- nished surety bond to the amount of 40 per cent of the contract to insure the faithful performance of their contract. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 57 JULY 30th. The secretary was authorized to make contract with Siester Bros, for taking care of the manure during fair week for $275.00. See contract on file. Th3 committee authorized the Iowa Pioneers' Association to ex- pend not to exceed $135.00 in promoting and advertising Pioneer Day at the Iowa State Fair. Secretary was authorized to order tents and supplies for the boys' camp; also to order necessary assembly tent and tents to be used for the babies' health contest. The following bills on account of the funeral expenses of Mr. L. D. Bruner who was killed while laboring on the fair grounds were presented. Secretary was authorized to issue warrants in payment of same. Webster & Smith, Osceola, Iowa $ '''•00 Arden Jones, Osceola, Iowa 22.50 Selover & Knight, Des Moines, Iowa 99.09 The Des Moines Carpenters' Union was granted the use of the grand stand and race track on Labor Day, September 1st. v.ith- out charge, providing they charged no admission at the grand stand or gates. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. AUGUST 8, 9, 10, 11, 1913. Committee met with all members present, also Mr. E. J. Curtin. On motion the Des Moines Motor Cycle Assn. was granted the use of the track for motor cycle races on Labor Day, September 1st, at the usual rental of $100.00 per day. The committee accepted the proposition of Fred Ilethershaw to put in the grain decorations and transform the band stand in the agricultural building into a corn and alfalfa palace for the sum of $400.00. The 2 :10 trot and the team race for free-for-all pacers having failed to fill, the committee and I\Ir. Curtin, superintendent of the speed department, deemed it advisable to reopen these two events, to close August 22d. The committee instructed Mr. Curtin to go to the race meeting at Peoria, 111., on Tuesday and Wednesday of the following week to solicit entries for the 2 :10 trot and the team race for free-for-all pacers. 58 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE On August 8 and 9 Mr. H. L. Pike, superintendent of the cattle department, assigned the stalls in that department. On August 9, 10 and 11, Mr. J. P. Mullen, superintendent of the machinery department, was at the grounds laying out the ground, assigning space and making contracts for that department. Numerous other matters pertaining to the coming fair received the attention of the committee. IN VACATION. AUGUST 14, 1913. C. F. Curtiss, superintendent of the horse department, checked stall assignments which had been made by Mr. Chas. Rhinehart and the secretary on the 9th inst., and also prepared program for the horse show in the stock pavilion each evening during the fair. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. AUGUST 16-29," INCLUSIVE, 1913. The committee aproved the action of Secretary Corey whereby he advanced $1,000.00 to Herbert A. Kline for payment on freight on Midway shows from Edmonton, Canada, to Des Moines. The committee had no regular meetings during the period of the fair but disposed of such matters as were brought to their at- tention. MEETING OP STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. AUGUST 29, 1913. The board met at nine o'clock a. m. in the board room of the administration building with the following members present : Cameron, Olson, Corey, Johnston, Phillips, Reeves, Curtin, Went- worth, Legoe, Curtiss, Sheldon, Summers, Mullen, Pike and Gil- bertson. On motion the reading of the minules of the executive commit- tee and the last board meeting was poslponed until the annual meeting in December. On motion of Mr. Wentworth, the secretary was instructed to acknowledge receipt of letter from Mr. Wadswortli and })etitioners in the sheep and poulti-y departments. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 59 Mr. Legce moved that the superintendents of the poultry and sheep departm?nts be allowed $100.00 each for their services. Mr. Wentworth moved to amend by making the rate $4.00 per day for twenty-five days. Motion as amended seconded and carried. Secretary was authorized to issue warrant in payment of bill of N. H. Gentry for judging in swine department, this in addition to the swine department pay roll. ]\Ir. Olson moved that Treasurer Gilbertson and Secretary Corey be allowed $25.00 each for expenses during the fair. Motion car- ried, and warrants ordered drawn. 10596 A. R. Corey, extra services and expense $ 25.00 10597 G. S. Gilbertson, extra services and expense 25.00 The following pay rolls were presented by the superintendents of the various departments, and en motion of Mr. Reeves, seconded by Mr. Gilbert- son, the pay rolls as presented were approved and warrants ordered drawn for the amounts and deposited with Iowa Trust and Savings Bank to credit of superintendent's pay roll accounts: 10824 A. R. Corey, secy, pay roll. Publicity Dept $ 98.15 10625 A. R. Corey, secy, pay roll. Forage Dept 526.50 10626 A. R. Corey, secy, pay roll, secy's office 556.75 10627 E. M. Wentworth, supt. pay roll. Trans. & Public Safety Dept 4,238.45 10628 E. L. Beck, supt. pay roll, Poultry Dept 298.00 10529 M. G. Thornburg, supt. pay roll. Sheep Dept 180.00 10530 J. F. Summers, supt. pay roll, ticket takers, conces- sion shows 644.50 10331 J. F. Summers, supt. pay roll, Concession Dept 312.00 10532 0. A. Olson, supt. pay roll. Admissions Dept 2,612.50 10533 C. E. Cranerson, pres. pay roll, janitors, Administration Bldg 468.50 10634 E. M. Reeves, supt. pay roll, Horticultural Dept 196.77 10G35 G. S. Gilbertsca, treas. pay roll, Treas. Dept 1,434.20 10G36 J. P. Mullen, supt. pay roll. Machinery Dept 533.50 10637 F. E. Sheldon, supt. pay roll. Agricultural Dept 404.50 10638 T. C. Legoe, supt. pay roll. Fine Arts Dept 472.00 10639 C. F. Curtiss, supt. pay roll. Horse Dept 1,386.50 10640 R. S. Johnston, supt. pay roll. Swine Dept 359.00 10641 E. J. Curtin, supt. pay roll. Speed Dept 728.35 10642 C. W. Phillips, supt. pay roll, Ticket Auditing Dept 368.13 10643 H. L. Pike, supt. pay roll. Cattle Dept 1,095.14 10644 Wesley Greene, supt. pay roll, Horticultural Dept 91.50 The president appointed as committee on per diem and mileage, Messrs. Johnston, Pike and Legoe. Mr. Curtin moved that the Secretary have necessary warrant drawn in payment of pay roll for school exhibits department. 60 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The committee on per diem and mileage made the following re- port, which was adopted and the secretary instructed to issue warrants for the respective amounts: Mr. President: Your committee on per diem and mileage beg to report as follows: Name. Days. Rate. Amoiiint. Miles. Amount. Total. C.E.Cameron 21 $4.00 $84.00 140 $14.00 $ 98.00 O.A.Olson 21 4.00 84.00 155 15.50 99.50 R. S. Johnston 21 4.00 84.00 158 15.80 99.80 C. W. Phillips 21 4.00 84.00 210 21.00 105.00 E. M. Reeves 21 4.00 84.00 123 12.30 96.30 E. J. Curtin 23 4.00 92.00 195 19.50 111.50 E. M. Wentworth 25 4.00 100.00 60 6.00 106.00 T. C. Legoe 21 4.00 84.00 85 8.50 92.5^0 C. F. Curtiss 21 4.00 84.00 37 3.70 87.70 F.E.Sheldon 21 4.00 84.00 123 12.30 96.30 J. F. Summers 31 4.00 124.00 160 16.00 140.00 J. P. Mullen 21 4.00 84.00 117 11.70 95.70 H. L. Pike 21 4.00 84.00 206 20.60 104.60 $ 1332.90 Respectfully submitted, R. S. Johnston, H. L. Pike, T. C. Legoe, Committee. Warrants Nos. 10583 to 10595 were drawn to cover per diem and mileage for members of the board in accordance with the report of the per diem and mileage committee. On motion of Mr. Olson, the board adjourned. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. AUGUST 29, 1913. The executive committee directed the superintendent of grounds to complete the drain on the north side of Grand avenue to the brick dining halls. Also, to have Potts Bros, put in storm sewer between Grand avenue bridge and the machinery building; and the superiutendeut was directed to fill in the lagoon with rubbish and dirt from the women and children's building excavation. The superintendent was also directed to clean the grounds thor- oughly immediately after the fair, remove the cinders from the street in front of the administration building, and fill the same with dirt from the women and children's building excavation. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 61 The superintendent was also directed to complete the excava- tion for the women and children's building by day labor, on ac- count of the dirt being used to fill in in and around the building which made it difficult to let a contract for that class of excavating. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. SEPTEMBER 25-26, 1913. Committee met with all members present. The purpose of the meeting was to go over all bills which had been paid by the secre- tary since the close of the fair and approve the payment of all unpaid bills on file. The following settlement was made with Potts Bros, for cement work done in accordance with contract on file. Final settlement of all cement work done under contract with Potts Bros., Des Moines, Iowa, at the following prices: Four foot storm sewer $3.25 per lineal ft. Four inch sidewalks 09c per sq. ft. Three inch floor in buildings 06c per sq. ft. To 4 ft. cement sewer from Grand avenue bridge to brige near race track, 26614 ft. at $3.25 $ 865.31 To 4 ft. cement sewer from Machinery Bldg. to south fence, 979.8 ft. at $3.25 3,184.35 To 4 ft. cement sewer from Grand avenue bridge to Machinery Bldg., 55% ft. at $3.50 195.12 On 4 ft. sewer from Grand avenue to Machinery Bldg, 25c per ft, additional was allowed on account of two approaches. Total 4 ft. storm sewer, 1,301.80 ft $ 4,244.78 To 4 in. sidewalk in front of street car station.. 607.2 sq. ft. South side of street from street car station to Rock Island avenue 9134.4 sq. ft. North side of street in front of horse barn.... 5500.8 sq. ft. Approaches to horse barns 1444.2 sq. ft. Patches in walk, north side of Grand avenue.... 108. sq.ft. Walk in front of mew dining hall 454.4 sq. ft. Total 4 in. walks at .09c 17249.0 sq. ft. $1,552.41 To 3 in. floor in new dining hall, 5392.5 sq. ft. at .06c. .$ 319.77 To 3 in. floor in two toilet rooms in horse barn, 877.10 sq. ft. at 06c 52.63 To 3 in. floor— patch in agricultural building, 208 sq. ft. at .06c 12.48 One wash stand at swine pavilion, 144 sq. ft. at .10c per ft 14.40 Total $ 399.28 Total $ 6,196.47 62 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The committee approved the pay roll of the school exhibits de- partment and allowed E. C. Bishop fifteen days at $4.00 per day for his services as superintendent of that department. The committee also allowed W. B. Barney fifteen days at $4.00 per day as superintendent of the dairy department. The committee authorized the secretary to make contract with the Iowa Poultry and Pet Stock Association for use of the poul- try cooping November 22-28, inclusive, for staging poultry show in the Auditorium in the city of Des Moines. Also similar contract with the Iowa Poultry Association for staging the Iowa State Poultry Show in the Coliseum in Des Moines January 1-7, inclusive. The rental in each case to be $150.00. The committee agreed upoil a rental charge of $15.00 for the use of the swine pavilion on Friday, September 26, 1913, for a swine sale conducted by J. A. Cope of Carlisle, Iowa. Committee witnessed the moving pictures taken at the Iowa State Fair by the Superior Film Company and accepted 1,200 feet of film at 35c per foot as per contract, and 330 additional feet at 25c per foot. The committee,, accompanied by 0. 0. Smith, architect, visited the fair grounds to determine what progress was being made with the women and children's building; also to determine location of the street leading up to this building. The committee took up the matter of renewing insurance expir- ing September 6th and 30th, 1913, and new insurance on build- ings that had not heretofore been insured. The committee agreed upon the following general form insur- ance and instructed the secretary to have same renewed and $10,- 200.00 additional written: 1. $10,000 On Exposition Building. On dry closet located east of brick dining halls. On Power Hall, Machinery Exhibits Building. O'n Poultry Building. On Iowa State College Building. On Sanitary dry closet east of Exposition Building. On six (6) frame horse barns, Nos. 1 to 6 inc. ($700 each). On double sheep barn — east of frame cattle barns. On fourteen (14) frame cattle barns ($450 each), known as cattle barns 4 to 17 inclusive. On frame barn known as cattle barn No. 3. On seven (7) speed barns, known as speed barns Nos. 1 to 7 inclusive. ($700 on each.) 2. 1,000 3. 2,000 4. 5,000 5. 4,000 6. 1,000 7. 4,200 8. 500 9. 6,300 10. 2,000 11. 4,900 12. 2,500 13. 1,500 14. 400 15. 500 16. 400 *17. 1,000 *18. 2,000 *19. 2,000 *20. 3,000 *21. 1,000 22. 2,000 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 63 On five (5) speed barns, known as speed barns Nos. 8 to 12 inclusive. ($500 on each.) On Floral Hall Building, south of Women and Children's Building. On Police Headquarters. On Forage Barn, north Swine Pavilion. On Emergency Hospital, east Agricultural Building. On frame building formerly Rest Cottage, east of Women and Children's Building. On enclosed bleachers east of Grand Stand. On enclosed bleachers west of Grand Stand. On Dining Hall west of Grand Stand on Grand ^.venue. On dry closet in camp grounds, s. e. Poultry Building. On Amphitheater chairs stored in cattle barns Nos. 1 and 2 and in brick horse barn, the insurance on this item to apply on chairs in each building in such proportion as the value stored in each building bears to the aggre- gate value of the property insured. ♦Buildings added to general form insurance. The committee instructed the secretary to renew the $15,000 tor- nado insurance on swine pavilion and barn expiring September 26, 1913. Renew $1,500 fire and tornado insurance on farm house, $500 fire and tornado on farm barn. Renew $5,000 tornado and have $5,000 additional tornado writ- ten on brick horse barn ; allow $5,000 fire on brick barn to elapse. The total insurance on brick horse barn to be $14,500 fire and $24,500 tornado. Renew $3,000 fire and tornado on brick cattle barn No. 2 ex- piring September 26th. Reduce the insurance from $4,000 fire and tornado on power house to $1,000 fire and tornado on building and $1,000 fire on contents, and designate the building as transformer station. Write $2,000 tornado on new street car station. Cancel $1,500 fire and tornado insurance on closet in camp grounds expiring August 1, 1914, and $1,500 fire and tornado on old street car entrance, both of which were added to general form insurance. The secretary was also instructed to place $10,000 tornado in- surance on grand stand providing companies will write insurance for this amount at the usual rate. 64 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP .AGRICULTURE AUDITING COMMITTEE MEETING. OCTOBER 2, 3, 4, 1913. Bills were audited and aproved by C. W.. Phillips September 17, 18, 19, and by R. S. Johnston on October 2, 3 and 4. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. OCTOBER 22, 23, 24, 25, 1913. Executive committee met with all members present, for the pur- pose of appraising the value of all the frame buildings on the Iowa State Fair grounds, and to transact such other business as might be brought before the attention of the committee. The committee, assisted by Oliver 0. Smith, architect, and James H. Deemer, superintendent of the fair grounds, on October 22, 23 and 24, made a careful examination of all the frame buildings upon the fair gi-ounds and appraised their present value, as shown by the inventory book on file in this department. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. NOVEMBER 11, 12, 13, 1913. Committee met, with all members present, for the purpose of assisting the committee from the Des Moines Realty Exchange, con- sisting of W. H. Harwood, B. S. "Walker and L. A. Jester, selected to appraise the value of the real estate owned by the State of Iowa and devoted to the use of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition grounds. The value of the real estate as fixed by this committee is set forth in the following report: To the Board of Directors of the Iowa Department of Agriculture : Gentlemen: The undersigned as requested have made a careful ex- amination and appraisal of the lands owned by the State of Iowa and un- der the control of the Iowa Department of Agriculture, known as the Iowa State Fair Grounds and situated in the city of Des Moines, and herewith submit our estimate of the value of said lands as follows: In our judgment the lands owned by the State of Iowa and controlled by the Iowa State Board of Agriculture, embracing 283 34-100 acres, Is of the total value of $375,070.00. In arriving at the value of these lands, we have taken into considera- tion the special advantages of the location and topography, which, in our judgment, are ideal for the purposes to which they are devoted, being ad- jacent to the city of Des Moines and easily accessible therefrom by the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 65 various lines of transportation leading thereto, and having trackage facilities from all the railway lines centering in the city of Des Moines. We found the west 120 acres approximately having a general level sur- face, especially favorable to its use for exliibition buildings and race track. Adjoining this tract of ground to the east is approximately 30 acres of the more elev^ed ground, making it especially adapted to the use of the Fine Arts Building, Horticultural Building, and other buildings of similar character, being perfectly drained and nicely shaded. Adjoining this tract on the north are approximately 12 acres of ground which are adapted to exposition buildings. To the east of these two tracts we found approxi- mately 35 acres well wooded and. gently undulating adapted not only to buildings but also highly suitable for camping purposes. To the east of this tract the next 61 acres are especially adapted for ornamentation as a park and for camping purposes. The remainder of this tract, containing about 60 acres, is nicely wooded and the topography ad- mits of the laying out of rides and drives, and for use as a park or for camping purposes. Your appraisers also took into consideration the fact that it has been quite definitely determined that probably the entire tract is underlaid with coal, which materially adds to its value. Your committee has estimated the value of the different portions or subdivisions of the property in accordance with the plat furnished us, and which conforms to the description heretofore given as follows: The west 85 acres and the south 30 acres of the 42 acres, adjoin- ing the 85 acres on the east at $2,000.00 per acre .$230,000.00 The north 12 acres of the 42 acres at $500.00 per acre. . .■ 18,000.00 The 35 acres adjoining the 42 acres on the east at $1,200.00 per acre ' 42,000.00 The next 61 acres at $900.00 i)er acre 54,900.00 The 'next 60 34-100 acres at $500.00 per acre 30,170.00 $375,070.00 Des Moines, Iowa, November 11, 1913. Respectfully submitted, W. H. Harwood, B. S. Walker, L. A. Jester, Committee. PART II. Proceedings of the State Agricultural Convention WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1913. The convention was called to order at ten o'clock a. m. in the agricultural rooms at the state house, by the President of the State Board of Agriculture, C. E. Cameron. Vice-President 0. A. Olson presided while Mr. Cameron delivered the following address : PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. C. A. CAMERON. Again we meet in annual convention to go over the work of the last year and to prepare for the year to come. We in Iowa should congrat- ulate ourselves for the many blessings we have received in the last year as compared with those of some of our sister states. While the total yield of our crops has not come up to that of former years — or the general average of the state — in dollars we are away above the average in the total value of farm products, showing that no state can accommodate it- self to weather conditions and still raise a crop like the grand old State of Iowa. And the people have come to realize this, for there never was a time in the history of the state when so many people are anxious to own some of this never failing soil. They talk about the increase in the price of land in other states, but in my opinion there is no state in the Union whose land values have advanced so rapidly as right here in Iowa. I know of land in my own community that ten or twelve years ago could have been bought for $50.00 per acre and today is selling at $200.00 per acre, or an average yearly advance of almost $15.00 per acre, and still advancing. I recently paid a visit to my old home in northeastern Ohio and in talking with a number of farmers and business men the general expression was "We take off our hats to Iowa; it is a great state." I admit, gentlemen, that I stepped a little higher when I heard all these nice things about the state we so much admire. Not only have we been blessed with our crops in the past year, but the State Fair, in which we are all so much interested, was the most successful in its history, with the largest attendance and the balance on the right side of the ledger. In Chicago last week was held the largest and most interesting meeting of the association known as the 68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Amei'ican Association of Fairs and Expositions. Fifty-five members of this association were present, from every part of the United States and from four associations from our neighbor on the north, Canada, and they all reported great interest along fair lines. People have come to realize that these institutes have become the great educational institutions ot our states by giving practical demonstrations to those who are unable to attend our agricultural colleges and showing what can be accomplished by scientific methods upon our farms. The increased interest in state fairs the past year is shown by the attendance reported by the fifty-five members present. The total attendance for the year was something over thirty millions of people — over one third of our population — and this does not include county and district fairs. I will not take up any of your time by giving you the details of the last Iowa State Fair, as Mr. Corey, the Secretary, has a very com- plete report for you, but there are a few things that I want to call at- tention to, and one that you should be especially interested in, for I think the future success of our fairs depends upon good roads. Take for example the State Fair this year; in one day we had something like three thousand automobiles on our grounds, or rather, that passed through our gates, for a great many on the grounds were owned by campers and were not counted. But we will take the count as they came through the gates — three thousand — and make an average of four persons to each auto. That would make twelve thousand people, or al- most one-fifth of the largest attendance we had on our grounds in any one day. And I am sure the proportion at the county and district fairs would be much larger than this; I would put it at not less than fifty per cent, and I believe this will increase from year to year. Now the question is, "What would we be up against if we had bad roads?" I can only judge the results by a comparison of the town I live in. As in every other town, when the roads are good everyone comes to town Saturday afternoon and evening in their autos; and I think I am safe in saying that seventy-five per cent of our farmers have automobiles. Last Saturday the roads were not in very good condition for autos but the farmers would not take the trouble to hitch up their teams, and there was not one-third of the people in town. I am giving this as an illustration as to what would happen to our fairs if the roads were in this condition. It seems to me that everyone interested in the future success of our fairs must be a good roads booster. Iowa has more county fairs than any state in the Union and she should have the best roads of any state in the Union, for she can afford to build them. I have been much interested in the report of agricultural conditions in Great Britain and Ireland as made by Hon. .lames Wilson and Uncle Henry Wallace and printed in Greater Iowa, a publication issued by the Iowa Department of Agriculture. I am sure a great many of the things they do in those countries would be a benefit to our land if we followed their example in the future. Because of the increasing value of our land we must encourage more intensive farming. I have also been in- terested in the report of Hon. D. P. Hogan, whom Governor Clarke ap- ])ointod as a member of the committco to study the foreign system of I FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 69 rural credits. This report is also published in Greater Iowa and is worthy of your consideration. Governor Clarke also appointed a com- mittee composed of John Cownie, Eugene Secor and F. D. Steen to report on the needs of agriculture in the State of Iowa. I don't know where you would find three more representative men or men who know more about the needs of the farmers of Iowa. You will also find their re- port in the last issue of Greater Iowa. Hog cholera this year was the most fatal in the history of the state. Science has not fully demonstrated the ability to handle this dreaded disease, but I am satisfied a good start has been made and in due time it will be handled with very little loss. Notwithstanding the great loss Iowa has suffered from this disease, she will still be the leading swine producing state of the Union. I sometimes think if it were not for the hog cholera we would have an over-production. While it falls heavy upon those who lose their hogs, those who do not are the gainers; just like our other farm crops — a smaller output but increased prices. The legislature at the commencement of the session last winter seemed to have gained a wrong impression in regard to the working and manner of conducting the State Fair, presumably from misinformed persons who had not taken the time or pains to look into its affairs, and a resolution that the State Fair be investigated was offered and passed. The manage- ment of the fair certainly had no objections, and really courted the in- vestigation. The only thing the management objected to and thought unfair was the accusations made at the time the resolution was pre- sented. But after a thorough investigation by the efficiency engineers hired by the state to go over the books (and I am sure they made a rigid examination for they spent almost two months on it) they made a re- port to the Committee on Retrenchment and Reform, who in turn made their report to the legislature, and in this report they found everything in good shape, the receipts and expenditures fully accounted for, and the committee was pleased to report that in their opinion Iowa had the best managed fair and the greatest fair in the United States. I am sure the members of the legislature coincided with this report for they made an appropriation of seventy-five thousand dollars for a women and chil- dren's building to be erected on the fair grounds; and I am sure when you see this building in full working order next year you will be proud of it. The Iowa State Fair, as I have said before, is looked upon as a model state fair. The President appointed the following committees: COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS. J. P. ]\Iiillen. Pocahontas county; W. W. Morrow, Union county ; James Xowak, Poweshiek county. COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.' John AV. Palm, Henry county ; L. H. Pickard, Shelby county ; J. Q. Lauer, Bremer county. 70 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, A. R. Corey, made the following report to the convention : SECRETARY'S REPORT. A. K. COREY. In preparing a report to this convention I have endeavored to out- line briefly the vfor'k accomplished by the three divisions of the Depart- ment of Agriculture during the past year; viz., The Publicity Department, Stallion Registration Division and the Iowa State Pair and Exposition. I shall not attempt to go into details concerning each division for the detailed reports will be set forth in pamphlets now being prepared by the department; in the report of the Stallion Registration Division, and the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, copy for which will be prepared immediately after the first of the year. STALLION BKGISTRATION DIVISION. During the period from January 1st to December 1st, 1913, the de- partment issued 5,941 certificates for pure bred stallions and 2,550 cer- tificates of soundness for grade stallions; 102 certificates for pure bred jacks and 598 certificates of soundness for grade jacks. These figures show that 70% of the stallions offered for public service in the state of Iowa are of pure breeding. This is a larger percentage of pure bred stallions in service than any other state in the Union. Illinois comes nearest to these figures with 59% pure bred as shown by the 1912 report of the Illinois Stallion Registration Board. The stallion law as amended by the thirty-fifth General Assembly is a marked improvement over the law enacted at the previous session of the legislature. Stating it briefiy the amendments provided that all stallions must pass a veterinary examination for soundness before state certificate may be issued. Under the old law owners had the privilege of making an affidavit as to the soundness of their stallions, which was one of the weak points. The unsoundness known as ringbone was transferred to the class which disqualifies a stallion for public service and bog spavin was transferred from the disqualifying class to the class of unsoundness that must be mentioned in the state certificate and in all advertising. Provision was made for issuing state certificate for blind stallions where an examination by three veterinarians proved the blindness to be caused by accident or disease not transmissible. Under the old law a number of valuable stallions were disqualified on account of blindness caused by accident or from disease known not to be transmissible. The amended law provides for a permanent state certificate of sound- ness for stallions six years old or over, ])roviding they have successfully passed veterinary examination for soundness for two consecutive years. There is also a provision that all stallions imported from other states must be accompanied by a certificate of soundness showing the stallions to be free from all diseases and unsoundness mentioned in Section Three of the law. ' FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 71 We found less difficulty in enforcing the law during the past year than in previous years. The owners of the better class of stallions seem to have come to the conclusion that the law is a benefit to them and it is gradually eliminating the grade stallions and unworthy sires. There is one thing every breeder should bear in mind when purchasing a stallion for public service, and that is to demand a state certificate properly transferred. We have found there are still in existence a number of stallions register- ed in the so called "fake associations" and have in the past year been transferred with the understanding that they were of pure breeding. A number of these cases have been adjusted by the department by re- quiring the original owner to take back the stallion and refund the purchase price; other cases have been adjusted in the courts, with the assistance of the department, by securing damages for the innocent pur- chaser. The certificates issued by the American Percheron Registry As- sociation of LaGrange, Illinois, seem to be most common and cause the greatest amount of trouble. According to the articles of incorporation of this association "The object for which it is formed is to keep stud book for recording the breeding of stallions and mares having three or more top crosses of pure bred sires; to issue certificates of pedigree; to publish year book of such animals recorded, and to encourage the breeding of Percheron horses." Therefore, stallions registered in this association do not necessarily have to be of pure breeding in order to secure a certificate of pedigree, but these certificates are not recognized by stallion registration boards and consequently these stallions must be enrolled and stand as grades. PUBLICITY DEPARTMENT. The Publicity Department was organized the first of February, 191'o, with Howard N. Whitney in charge, and is for the purpose of keeping before the people of Iowa the many natural advantages they enjoy; to disseminate information pertaining particularly to opportunities offered on Iowa farms; to publish pamphlets concerning agricultural problems, crop and farm statistics, etc. The official organ of this department is the publication known as "Greater Iowa," issued monthly and entered at the post office at Des Moines as second class matter. The subscription is free to all students and boosters. Beginning with the issue of the first of March the Publicity Depart- ment has published ten issues of "Greater Iowa" with an average cir- culation of 8,500 copies per issue. The paper goes to each newspaper in the state, commercial clubs, real estate dealers, bankers, officers of institutes, short course associations, district and county fairs, managers of state fairs, exhibitors and others within the state of Iowa. Outside of Iowa it goes to the United States Government Immigration officers, real estate dealers in Illinois handling Iowa land, and a few copies to newspaper and magazine writers and students of agriculture in this coun- try and foreign lands. To a list of 343 newpapers and farm papers special publicity news let- ters have been forwarded from time to time. This is the same class 72 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE of reading matter that Canada is sending out and for whicli she is pay- ing advertising rates. Our Iowa newspapers and farm papers, liow- ever, realizing the value of advertising Iowa's opportunities and ad- vantages have quite generally published not only articles from "Greater Iowa" but also the special news letters and they have in this manner re- ceived wide circulation. Five thousand copies of the Wilson-Wallace report on "Agricultural Conditions in Great Britain and Ireland" have been published in pam- phlet form and are being distributed by this department. The report of the Iowa Commission selected by Governor Clarke to re- port on "The Needs of Agriculture of the State of Iowa" was furnished to a number of Iowa newspapers including the leading dailies of the state by means of galley proofs of the article as it appeared in the De- cember first issue of Greater Iowa. farmers' institutes. From the reports of the farmers' institutes held during the period from July 1, 1912, to June 30, 1913, we find eighty-six counties held 112 institutes. The total attendance of all institutes was 182,018, or an average at- tendance of 1,625 each. They held 892 sessions with an average attendance of 204 each session. The state aid paid towards the support of these institutes amounted to $6,384.21. In addition to this there was contributed by subscription, miscellaneous receipts, etc., $23,440.98 for the general support of these institutes. The expense in conducting these institutes is divided as follows: For premiums on live stock, agricultural products, domestic science, etc., $13,241.48; speakers, judges and instructors, $5,468.00; printing, ad- vertising, hall rent and miscellaneous expense, $11,078.97. The following table sets forth the receipts and disbursements, attend- ance, number of sessions, etc., for each institute held in the state. 74 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY FOR FISCAL YEAR JULY 1, 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 •20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 SO 31 Counties 303 03 a Adair--. Allamak€e-. Appanoose- Benton Boone Black Hawk-. Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista- Butler Calhoun- CaiTOlL- Cass Cedar Cterro Gordo- Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinton Dallas Davis Decatur Delaware-. - Des Moines Dickinson.- ©ubuquc--- Emmet. Fayette- - Floyd Fremont- 32 Grundy- 33 \Guthrie- Hamiltori-- Hancock-- Hardin Harrison- - Henry Howard- — Humboliit- Ida— Iowa. Jackson-. Jasper vTefferson. Johnson.. Keokuk-. Kossuth- 1,700 3,3 75.00 55.. W 608.75 315. (X) 61.40 54 75.00 55 75.00 149.00 'W? 75.00 52.97 t7 48.30 t8 75.00 44.12 27.84 •23.34 18.17 193.57 1S3.96 48. €0 24.;;g 1.35.12 223.06 25. -iS 33.10 51. h5 50.63 39.65 53.75 34.05 27.94 77.00 23.00 22.00 81.27 30.21 46.48 35.10 49.73 70.26 64.81 4.12 59 75.00 148.15 193.30 19.20 fin 75. CO 8.72 61 74. 9t) fi-> 75.00 33.00 1,233.29 loo.ai 108.. 50 102.75 1,7.58.61 124.77 131.70 5CO.O0 236.. 50 105.. 50 43.50 183.43 74.75 63.86 63 75.00 CA 75. CO 24.64 158.11 30.61 632.92 121.63 79.00 153.39 65 7'5.CO 66 75. CO (>7 75.00 75.00 75.00 """5.45' 68 69 70 75.00 75.00 71 7-7 ■75.00 48.22 73 75.00 4.44 122.29 41.51 74 75.00 76.00 75 76 75.00 15.70 T5.0O 75.05 37. TO 296.00 203.00 176.00 73.00 58.75 78 75.00 2.00 7''"> 75.00 40.35 363.48 71.77 154.18 so 75.00 81 75.00 S-'' 75.00 S3 75.00 84 75.00 75.00 194.65 47.18 85 i? C,3S4.21 $36,487.25 $ 5,463.00 ?13,241.48 $11,078.97 $29,788.46 ^6,969.16 $ 270.26 78 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE SHORT COL'RSE ASSOCIATIONS. There were a number of short courses held throughout the state through the co-operation of local associations and the Extension De- partment at Ames. However, the department is not in a position to present the complete data for these associations for the reason that only the short courses receiving state aid make a report to the department. The $200.00 state aid for county and district fairs is available for short courses in counties where no county or district fair is held and the $75.00 for institutes is available for short courses in counties where no in- stitutes are held. The department received reports from eight short courses that were entitled to the state aid; four drawing the amount appropriated for county fairs and four the amount for institutes. These short courses held a total of 172 sessions, or an average of 21 each. The total attendance was 27,842, or an average of 3,480 each. The amount raised to finance these courses was $10,890.59, of which amount the state contributed $1,175. The disbursements were as follows: Premiums paid, $2,973.20; ex- pense of speakers, judges and instructors, $1,515.81; printing, advertis- ing and miscellaneous expense, $5,710.34. The following table sets forth the above information for each county: 80 IOWA DEPARTMENT- OF AGRICULTURE FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF SHORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING COUNTIES li 3 to o a 12 1,150 ] ,!:i35 1,(,()0 (i',l--7 1 ,Tm 3,300 S,50O 4,000 $ 1,069.03 676 65 •> Chickasaw _ s Crawford Dallas 876.98 4 916 47 fi Plymouth - - _. .- — . 2 690 60 6 Washington Winnebago - -- - - *_. $ 12.79 605.65 1,026.10 1,716.55 124.71 S Wright .. Total 172 27,842 $ 018.44 $ 9,097.15 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 81 COURSE ASSOCIATIONS OF IOWA JUNE 30, 1913. ceipts State Aid Disbursements Premiums Miscellan- eous Expenses a . ^ 'OS t-i ll ^ == s (D E o > H o o ^5 200.00 T5.00 75.00 -200.00 200.00 276.00 75.00 T5. OO $ 1,175.00 1,269.09 751.65 951.98 1,116.47 2,890.60 1,313.89 2,397.20 199. n $10,890.59 265.68 144.70 •25. CO 146.37 350.75 50.00 498.31 35.00 « 1,515.81 354.30 10.00 603.50 1,240.00 516.19 193.00 56.21 § 2,973.20 &56.23 583.43 9*26. 9S 2W.6(' 1,. 551. OS 662.02 1,157.53 33.50 if 5,710.34 $ 1,176.21 $ 92.88 60.50 1 691.15 951.98 3 1,016.47 3,141.78 lOO.W $'•251.18 4 1,248.21 65.68 548.36 75.00 (^ 1,848.84 124.71 s $10,19i9.3S $ 942.42 $251.18 82 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE /' COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS. There was a total of ninety-one county and district fairs lield in the state during the year 1913, or four less than was held last year. These fairs received $20,170.63 state aid. There is presented herewith three tables covering the receipts and disbursements, number of exhibitors and amount paid in premiums in the live stock and other departments, and the admission fees charged at the various fairs in the state. Table No. I sets forth the amount of state aid received and the total receipts. The disbursements for speed events, premiums in all other de- partments and total disbursements. The balance on hand and over-drafts November 1, 1913. Table No. II gives the total number of exhibitors in all departments. The number of horses, cattle, swine, sheep and poultry on exhibit and the amount of premiums paid in each division. The amount paid in premiums for agricultural products, pantry and kitchen products, fine arts and miscellaneous departments. Table No. Ill gives the total attendance, total paid admissions and the admission fees charged at the outside gates, grandstand and quarter stretch. The following nine fairs paid premiums, other than for speed con- tests, in excess of $1,500.00 each and were paid the maximum amount of state aid, $300.00, appropriated for a county or district fair: Interstate Live Stock Fair Sioux City $ 8,019.70 The Dairy Cattle Congress Waterloo 5,708.00 Marshall County Fair Association. . . Marshalltown 2,878.05 North Iowa Fair Mason City 2,875.69 Bremer County Fair Association. . . .Waverly 2,270.95 Union District Agricultural Society. .West Liberty 2,147.50 Henry County Agricultural Society. .Mt. Pleasant 1,751.00 Clinton County Agricultural Society . De Witt ] ,524.80 Warren County Agricultural Society .Indianola 1,524.75 84 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. 1—1913 FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COUNTY AND County or District City or Town Receipts a a Total lAdams Allamakee Audubon Benton Black Hawk - Boone Boone Bremer Buchanan Buena Vista .. Butler 12 Calhoun l.j Calhoun 14 I Carroll 15 i Cass .. 16 I Cass 17 I Cedar 18 j Cerro Gordo 19 I Chickasaw Chickasaw Clayton Clayton Clayton Clinton Crawford Davis Delaware Dickinson Fayette Franklin iGreene Grundy Guthrie Hancock Hardin Harrison Henry Henry Humboldt Iowa Iowa Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Jones Jones Keokuk Kossuth Lee I^e Linn Linn Louisa Lyon Mahaska Marion Marshall ...* Marshall Mills Mitchell Corning Wuukon Audubou Vinton Waterloo Ogdcn Boone Waverly Independence Alta Allison Rockwell City Manson Carroll Atlantic Massena Tipton Mason City New Hampton Nashua National Strawberry Point . Elkader De Witt Arion Bloomfield Manchester Spirit Lake West Union Hampton Jefferson Grundy Center Guthrie Center Britt Eldora Missouri Valley ._. Mt. Pleasant Winfield Humboldt Marengo Victor Williamsburg' Maquoketa Newton Fairfield Iowa City Monticello Anamosa What Cheer _. u Algona ... Donnellson West Point Central City Marion Columbus Junction Rock Rapids New Sharon Pella .- Rhodes Marshalltown Malvern Gsago ? 116.22 187.17 189.04 26.57 41 185.82 38.14 11.07 828.80 645.79 536.47 20.31 258.30 ,144.41 .309.34 176.87 35.00 15.09 415. -24 56.50 400.70 582.69 '"s'oo 3.39 703.57 4.45 ^' 394.36 240.64 297.35 83.27 101.39 245.50 765.89 25 341.36 16.03 26.55 218.50 30.81 301.90 1,695.81 87.90 466.34 1,948.30 3,965.28 3,983.95 5,559.92 14,151.78 2,000.80 3,499.58 16,583.18 5. 754. CI 6,579.92 2,842.72 6,319.56 4,200.62 4,997.89 7,377.58 1,493.20 4,562.6? 11,700.39 3,623.13 4,201.83 1,442.20 5,184.14 4,422.71 8,281.06 2,342.05 4,083.80 2,050.00 2,445.74 8,488.15 4,054.40 5,591.12 3,511.06 3,524.15 5,451.00 6,874.03 2,131.86 9,568.80 4,536.55 4*,00O.0O 4,122.19 2,266.03 1,320.86 5,087.75 4,021.96 3,795.58 4,795.31 5,007.05 6,801.77 4,057.94 6,974.87 2,395.51 3,071.13 3,525.23 2,968.24 6,769.95 11, 968. .33 2,764.84 2.133.20 1,042.30 13,923.70 8,. '504. 45 2,390.40 204.82 211.67 227.47 218.87 300.00 200.40 207.54 300.00 240.67 248.29 211.02 217.31 214.25 142.00 294.70 149.80 287.47 300.00 111.10 252.30 223.25 209.47 206.19 300.00 207.14 251.90 190.50 173.26 225.35 234.29 262.83 205.65 221.15 196.02 282.46 228.02 .300.00 224.22 223.76 120.26 152.52 204.01 249.52 261.89 155.16 222.15 138.56 219.85 231.25 270.00 164.44 227.31 248.62 257.68 283.77 256.72 215.04 216.92 194.40 .•iOO.OO 226.02 229.67 ,269.34 .176.95 ,920.22 ,965.96 ,640.82 ,201.20 ,733.69 ,924.95 ,181.10 ,886.35 ,064.81 ,536.87 ,444.87 ,139.89 ,672.28 ,471.80 ,495.89 ,000.39 ,270.70 ,474.44 ,665.45 ,651.91 ,628.90 ,725.47 ,858.53 ,512.57 ,275.50 ,634.09 ,15!>.74 ,345.19 ,254.65 ,299.42 ,745.30 ,652.11 ,156.49 ,363.27 ,572.37 ,766.22 ,223.76 ,242.45 ,812.91 .765.51 ,634.62 ,3<)7.12 .052.13 ,262.96 .911.50 ,047.42 .289.19 ,586.23 .575.98 ,324.99 ,992.35 ,256.73 ,355.62 ,920.86 ,067.78 .350.12 ,236.70 ,680.04 ,730.47 .626.07 ) FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 85 DISTRICT FAIRS IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID 1913. Disbursements CD'S o S C OJ o =3 sa _ o c o; p, ft Total Profit and Loss "O CO I- ^ Assets and Liabilities 1,421.07 $ 300.00 ? :i, 436.il 827.40 •2, -293. 32 1,572.20 .•i, 745. 1-2 1,475.35 7,769.78 728.40 1,245.00 1,789.91 1,187.00 10,399.98 1,591.54 6,251.97 365.19 3,263.16 2,303.75 1,908.65 834.89 3,532.15 2,245.00 2,014.22 SOI. 00 .-), 118.40 1,316.95 3,738.17 2,023.45 1,226.03 219.00 3.487.75 330.00 5,147.93 2,850.50 3,684.57 3,144.27 246.00 1,826.25 150.00 4,118.87 695.45 2.868.42 858.00 G.054.56 2,100.00 1,615.25 525.00 1,903.63 1,450.00 742.00 342.00 793.24 1,350.00 T), 723. 56 1,018.00 2,902.67 650.00 3,959.05 2,030.00 1,719.78 849.00 1,282.19 1,571.00 3,070.10 1,834.00 3,599.61 1,995.00 1,366.99 130.00 3,171.37 3,450.00 2.369.47 1,650.00 3,250.00 480.00 2,414.75 1,220.00 1,439.09 840.00 1,110.86 2,635.04 1,581.90 2,224.23 1,496.00 2.106.98 1,285.00 2.850.72 1,735.00 2,662.88 1,225.36 4,318.51 1,215.00 1,466.07 1,500.00 2,208.82 1,200.00 884.15 1.010.00 1,375.14 1,150.00 3,162.98 1,093.79 988.58 4.438.87 2,190.00 5,914.97 3,572.50 1,271.75 609.30 1,. 369. 34 156.00 750.70 7.719.03 1,902.25 3,736.64 2,517.65 1,800.00 125.00 548.22 616.75 774.70 688.75 5,708.00 504.00 575.40 2,270.95 906.69 982.90 610.25 673.15 942.50 355.00 1,447.00 374.50 1,374.70 2,875.69 277.75 1,023.00 732.50 594.75 561.95 1,524.80 571.43 1,019.00 476.25 433.15 753.50 842.95 1,128.30 556.54 711.50 490.05 1,324.60 780.25 1,751.00 742.25 737.65 300.65 381.30 540.10 995.25 1,118.88 387.90 721.50 346.40 698.50 812.50 1,200.00 411.10 773.10 986.25 1,076.76 1,337.70 1,067.25 650.45 669.25 486.00 2,878.05 760.25 796.70 2,269.29 4. 880.56 4,&40.22 5,909.22 13,477.78 2,477.40 3,552.31 14.262.47 7,523.85 6,549.81 3,353.79 6,450.30 3,757.72 6,790.35 7,208.62 1,819.63 5,192.45 10,874.12 3,962.32 4,413.27 2,708.75 5,409.07 4,283.37 9,679.36 2,711.68 4,372.63 1,560.25 2.576.39 7,495.06 4,395.62 7.117.35 3,125.32 3,564.69 5,394.15 6,919.21 2,277.24 8,372.37 4,761.72 4,467.65 3,935.40 2,660.39 1,660.96 5,212.19 4,839.11 3,779.85 5,307.22 4,234.64 6,232.01 3,778.57 4,608.82 2,305.26 3,298.24 4,149.23 3,159.13 7,966.57 10,554.72 2,531.50 2,193.59 1,236.70 12,499.33 7,014.54 2,721.70 56 1,163 $ 703.61 181. 2,662. 316. "S6. 463. 652, 303, 1,126, 308, 61, 242 345 46 146 139, 715, 57, 1,663 1,174, 180 •257, 237. 86, 2,200. 3, 307, 152, 114, 422, 272.25 1,676, 815, 510, 2,977, 270, 26, 3,366, 536, 156, 2,190.71 1,715.93 276.20 1,342.75 288.98 1,043.30 50.43 862.70 243.89 471. 610.95 $ 10,000.00 1 8,000.00 ? 698.53 2 8,000.00 3 8,000.00 2. 500.00 4 25,000.00 14,700.00 5 9,250.00 4,500.00 6 9,000.00 2.200.00 7 18,000.00 8 10,000.00 2,783.42 9 10,000.00 2,500.00 10 3,500.00 750.00 11 12,000.00 1,500.00 12 7.875.00 1,700.00 13 10,600.00 3,391.00 14 25,OIX).00 5,000.00 15 2,000.00 16 11,000.00 17 25,000.00 7,000.00 IS 5,000.00 1<» 7,500.00 3,000.00 20 5.0O0.0O 1,425.00 21 7,000.00 1,700.00 22 6,500.00 4. 980.00 23 9,000.00 '>4 2,068.15 ?5 16,000.00 1,525.00 26 7,600.00 4,000.00 27 7,500.00 5,500.00 28 16,500.00 29 6,500.00 3,900.00 30 6,000.00 6.600.00 31 8,000.00 3'^ 7.600.00 1.500.00 33 5,000.00 2,000.00 34 9.000.00 450.00 35 10,000.00 800.00 36 24,000.00 37 10,000.00 2,000.00 38 3,500.00 350.00 39 5,000.00 2,500.00 40 4,500.00 1,000.00 41 7,800.00 2.262.34 42 7.800.00 3,360.00 43 16,000.00 3,000.00 44 12,000.00 1,700.00 45 20,000.00 6,600.00 46 4,000.00 47 10,000.00 4,000.00 48 10,000.00 4<1 20,000.00 3,900.00 50 2,000.00 500.00 51 5,700.00 2,500.00 52 10,000.00 2,909.00 53 14,000.00 7,000.00 54 10,000.00 3,500.00 56 26,000.00 R« 8,000.00 57 8,000.00 2,300.00 58 2,500.00 85.70 59 20,000.00 60 13,000.00 9,660.76 61 6,000.00 lOO.OO 62 86 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. I— County or District Monona Monroe Muscatine Muscatine O'Brien O'Brien Page Page Pocaliontas --- Pottawattamie Poweshiek Poweshiek Sac Shelby Sioux Story Tama Taylor Van Buren Wapello "Warren Wayne Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury Worth Wright 91 Fairs, Total, 1913. 94 Fairs, for compari- son, 1912 City or Town Onawa Albia West Liberty Wilton Sutherland -. Sheldon Clarinda Shenandoah .. Fonda Avoca Malcom Grinnell Sac City Harlan Orange City . Ames Toledo Bedford Milton Eldon Indianola Clio Sewal Fort Dodge _. Forest City _. Decorah Sioux City -._ Xorthwood -. Clarion Receipts 61.60 626.32 943.12 30.52 45.27 437.46 2,375.92 12.85 SCO. 80 204.00 720. S' 43.97 13.74 23.00 'l9.86 70.04 13.66 53.83 311.00 521 ,751.27 $29,453.66 — 9 2,607.00 6,411.55 6,841.16' 3,373.55 3,140.16 7,811.30 3,320.15 8,5l'8.43 6,535.27 7,202.61 2,705.80 4,234.62 6,560.78 5,914.65 2,045.50 3,582.45 3,977.08 4,034.00 2,206.98 3,119.30 4,719.75 251.55 868.54 3,839.80 2,9S0.15 3,596.82 40,349.14 1,760.65 3,0Sa.24 $ 468,375.37 217.00 270.00 300.00 212.67 220.83 236.29 286.34 277.02 225.50 229.01 200.75 228.29 237.22 249.30 182.60 256.85 235.57 94.28 204.10 176.00 SuO.OO 34.54 76.10 205.77 157.30 201.58 300.00 201.43 204.93 $20,205.17 $ 461,571.27.$20,860.32 Total 2,885.60 6,681.55 7,767.48 4,529.34 3,391.51 8,092.86 4,043.95 8,805.45 9,136.69 7,431.62 2,919.40 4,663.71 7,002.00 6,890.77 2,272.07 3,553.04 4,212.65 4,151.28 2,413.08 3,345.16 5,019.75 286.09 1,014.68 4,045.57 3,137.45 3,812.06 40,702.97 2,276.08 3,806.74 $ 508,331.81 I 511,885.25 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 87 Continued Disbursements 3 O 0) « a o (U o. o, 1,998 2,066.55 3.012.93 2,245.67 1,899.1'? 3,635.96 3,833.81 4,574.12 4,695.28 4.647.97 1,228.15 2,235.06 2.315.30 2,997.49 1,011.54 2.571.86 2,086.25 1,603.14 1,060.96 1,700.65 1,461.50 82.66 265.43 1,600.00 3,093.75 3,160.26 20,165.32 949.67 1,909.21 $ 269,501.29 167.50 3,000.00 1,970.00 1,500.00 643.75 3,200.00 2,731.97 3,420.00 1,567.861 1,160.00 1,098.61 3,455.00 2,675.00 458.30 885.62 2,505.00 1,125.00 1,139.90 1,725.00 355.00 1,950.00 136.00 7,287.49 475.00 1,226.00 $ 118,233.21 670.00 1,200.00 2,147.50 626.70 708.30 862.90 1,363.45 1,270.25 755.00 790.14 507.50 782.88 872.20 993.00 456.50 1,068.50 855.70 235.70 541.00 440.00 1,524.75 86.35 190.25, 557.70 393.25 515.80 8,019.70 544.31 549.30 Total Profit and Loss 2,835.53 6,266.55 7,130.43 4,372.37 3,251.22 7,698.86 5,197.26 8,576.34 8,870.28 7,005.97 2,895.65 4,116.57 6,642.50 6,665.49 1,926.34 3,640.36 3,827.57 4,343.84 2,726.96 3,280.55 4,711.25 169.01 810.68 4,107.70 3,487.00 3,812.06 35,472.51 1,968.98 3,684.51 $ 88,186.79$ 475,921.29 $ 302,753.87 $ 108,188.56 $ 86,697.06 $ 497.639.49 60.07 415.00 637.05' 156.97 140.29 394.00 Assets and Liabilities 5,000.00 3,000.00 600.00 229.11 . 266.41 425.65; 23.751 547. I4I 359. 50i 225.281 345.73 1,153.31 385.08 64.61 308.. 50 117.08 204.00 5,230.46 307.10 122.23 $42,411.30 $24,777.33 87.32 192. 56| 313.88 6,000 6,000 10,000 3,000 25,000 10,000 6,000 7,5C0 10,000 16,000 15,000 5,000 1,800 15,000 6,000 5,000 6,200 00 2,200.00 00 00 00 5,459.52 00 2,900.00 200.00 4,950.00' 600.00 300.00 8,970.00 4,343.84 2,900.00 3,200.00 62.13- 349.55: 20,000.00: 15,000.00 10,000.00 2,500.00 5,000.00..- -. 200,000.00 4,000.00 5,000.001 2,000.00 $10,000.78 $10,531.57 $ 1,031,593.15$ 204,954.11 $ 950,115.88,$ 174,699.74 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 "Grounds leased. 38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE •sqclap jaqjo piBd stuntiuajj 9nij piBd Buinioiajj •?d8p uaijojiji pnB AjjaBfi piBd siuniuiajjj •}d9p iBjnjinouSv^ piBd siunioigjd piBd suinimgjj pajiqjqxa -o^i PIBJ SUini[UD.lJ pajiqtqxa -ON piBd sainitnojcj paijqiqxa 'ON P!Bd sranimajj S8 S8:ggSSPSi2SS8^S ?:iS 8S ^ S ^^^ 8{2g S8 g^ 8 8 8 Kg 8 Ift C^ ■* CO 8 * § I-H Oi S J^ T— 1 j^ in t- lO CO rH ?-l •* O C-J lO l^ ■* qS ee- 8SSt28 8SS ss O 05 S ss 8!8 tS {2 8 lo 88 8 lo lo in© Oll>t- CO ) <>J '^ CQ iO • c-i -o c^i o c^Mo c> lo c^I '^ c^i !•- iS u^ ic lo -^ c; I- o c^ o ira f>i o lo io COt— l-t.,— iCOt^t^-rJiT— ll-C^ 1 CO (M lO rH r-t I-H '<**io ■*(;^1 CNi-liH tHi-(CO iHr-1 88888 188 1S8888S8S888S88 8' 88888815 CD O CO O cp -^ CO Oi -T< Ci O CO C-J > CO 00 ira 3 rH rH >(Mi-t(MCMi-IC0C0rHC0C0O5joo^'^oocodocjcooo CO >OOrHcb0i(MCDl0i-lO00C0C't>0iC^00m05rHC> ® (M -<»* CO CO ira t-n i-h ira '^n (n » oo co lo '^t* t^ co t|« SSS88SSS8SSS8888S88S8S888SSS CO »-' J COCOOOfMC-ICOCbi^O rHiHr-lTji COCO (Mi-t rHCOr-lr-ti-Hr-i OO-tfOllOSlftOit-OOCO^C^COC^lOOCOi^OOCOOOt^lAO 00 ■* lO O 5l Ml « ao 1-1 CO I-H i-l 00 >-l ■* N IM CO K Ml "* CO •sjdap 3100JS aAji sjojiqiqxa }o jaqran^j ijojiqtqxa jo jaqmn>i CO C-l § gis 5S5S^^ S8 S§ 50I-I 10 8 0 00 in SB2 rH lO N»< CO 8 ?5S lO 8 I-H 05 OC Ml « 5! 0 S M 8S a?, CO tH 10 ^i in 10 11^^ if>i ^5 rH rH I o d ^ o tit S jO ansa a\:.-^2 o -»; ° «1 « „ ~ 05 CS-C □ . a 2 (-S' g !a o •^ o q S o o Jj c 03 'r' MWfqcq P O " C^ C t-" ° a ti «3v •- a OS oW 3 s -^ a a 3 3S 000 « « a *- p o c3 i;;.'="o .- ■SI-' t; H aJx:.-' ]s_-^^^lsiflp : c3 53 i QJ X3 ^ . )UOOOOOC Pi: oatc :; ;r^ u. ^ oj ■" ^ ^V O Ci fl Ci FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 89 •sjdap jamo piBCI sianiuiajd •jaap SUV anij piBd smniuiajj ■Jdap uaqDji^ poB ij}nBd 'piBd smniniojj 'jdap iBjtninou3v piBd sianiaiajj piBd sLunituojj pajiqiqxa 'oji ptBd stnnimaiti pa^iqiqxa -on piBd -iiuniiuajj )^c5OOC?^2Si g8SE^S8f^SSS5S38^§? >o O Ol 1 U5 r-l O I T-1 in -n i-H u IN 1-4 82S?81 8S88Sc^t-S8Sii3Sb-ir*'<*<»oSSSSSSSoo§8oi>S«8Sc^ Q t^lV'^' tH O CO C^I IQ O CO ift O CO Cs O C> "5 ^^ O 1-H -^ M lA M M I— ii— irH r-i I— if— 1i— 1 CvlrH>o in m o o c> i Wt> >i>.0ii^t*os<:?50iooo"' ) CQ ■'S' -"J* '^ ' 1 -^ (j> -^ji ^ c oi^oooooooiooinoininooiooooooinor-iioLniniQinoo ^^(^5l-HQ'cpooCi'*^-lnCO-^'aoco';C'0^■2'05co^:^cClC>"i^ (?^OOr-l-^'^00-Vl:^C-lCQCOC^C>»n (MCniw C^'"liCOCi'«*in(?^00r-l' 61.76 50.55 52.80 38. 4S 29.25 10.25 44.50 58.50 182.50 171.75 29.50 16.50 15.00 84.00 42.50 85.25 15.00 lO in o Q^ t- OO CO 'M '^ 22.00 3S.0O 21.00 33.50 55.75 26.28 229.00 32.00 35.00 44.50 19.50 166.65 45.25 SSx^g »00 CI IM r-l f-i CO C3 ft t- o to S58 g 04 CO Ci' ■^COr-ir-iC^CO-^COr-iCJ •^i-tt^inoo^-rrcOOOO 8 in o O O O O • 00 O f' in o O CO CO I 1-1 88S8S88S OO la »n -l* i-t C.^ rH CO C-1 i©ooo>oioe> OQ *© ©O © Q 0< pajiqiqxa "0^ ■* C4 -^ -^ 05 CO I-H C^ 00 CO I o i OT C^CJ -* * ©?OcO©oqtOr->00 piBd sninrinaj^ SSSfr8S88888S8SS88S8gS8S8S8888g8SS ^CSf-1.n'OlOCWC"J'-l^'M05Miir3Q000OCiOCCOO'S<^lOi-IX^i-H r^ (M 1-1 r-l i-l 1-1 1-1 •n' T-l I-H 1-1 (M r-l r-l 1^4 r-l rH IM I>4 CO r-l i-l lO i-l pajjqiqxa -o^f rHOOr-lCOeO-*CO«0©-*0000©lO(yCMlNO©IMrH5HlMe^©lA<3s.l3]4 piBd suininiajd pajiqiqxa -o^ 8^^^88^888S8S8S888SSSl288SSSgSSS88 ^^coO^Ci-*OO'-''^00>SOL'ti^'*C0C5^00Ci0it-"^'M'**i'*iS00trt^00 «)CO«P*Olbt-5-JI-«3"-OiOI.~r-lI-COCOr-10r-IOlOI>J i=;r-lSr.l CO0■acOr^r-l rHCvlC^ CO r-lrHIM c-lS^C-lCOCMINC^r-llOCO c^ ©" oTiJ 00r-i^ir-^r-!©i-i©^rJCO5O«pc0© oo"©© r-i©©©'>i«5P©(Nco ooSc5cooON©iO&ii5i33U3r-S rH r-i # rH r-l •sjdap jfoo^s aAij sio^iqiqxa }o laqranfj rH©COOO©©OI:^»nCOOCOlA^TjlTjiOOCOt.-iQ©-^-^COlOOC5COC5lA»f3CDC t^ ^ t* r-l -* C^j CO IM »0 W -* r-t rH Ci < > m 00 t' M' rH C5 Cy 1 >2«3Sa'?SS&:.-5'rr< .i; a a o H a 1 >>.2 : ax3 2 HJ « C '"' r-; £ ids = 00 ti_i r-l r-l S' - 1 S c a (-1 c3 03 H ■ H ii C ■-' "-I S c3 c3 c3 .^; ;KcSc;gg2^g:S'S 5 W K W a W M ° ° 2 ►? > o S as ra w Q QJ _,.1 O C ip lO lO lO > lO O Oi i-H i> t^ JrHOcDOlAQ-^ClT-H (NiO] I-H rH i-H rji t- cq C^ Ci • O ub S i ) CO tM I-H CO <>] '^ 1 CO CO lO i> lO 888Sg CO CO t^ C- CO - O lO J l~- i-^ LO c-i o lO lO C^J lO O t^ Oi CJ iSS CO t^ O -+ t-i <: I> '^ Oi C5 t^ • CO ift CO Qi 1— I 00 u:^ I iS88S8 'OOiOifSOiOioOO i^ lO CO -* CO CO 1-H r-i CO r- 1^ -"ji ii::i J:^jiot-ioi - ;0 CO Ci t^J CO CO vgcOiftOipt-(>)rHiniQcOooC>005 O t* CO OiOO lO 8 §8888 888828 882888 C3-i^QcCiLfi»O'^00C0I>OC5CDO"g^»'^Q0^ COlO'iOlftOJL*iCOOO^C^'*i-iOCOOCOIOOO O^lOOOQCOOrH'^^OCD-^'^t-OCOCpC COi-lCO^(NCOC^lCi0^r-l00i-IX>- ^t-(CQ( S8S8 Cj i-l lA CO 888S888S888 aJ>COlCiOi-HiftCO'tOOO I^ Ml CO O CO Oi C^l CO CD C^l C0i-1i-l-^ i-Hi-Hi-lf-li-lr-( COC?coiftOc I-H CO I-H CO 1 rH00"«HC0CO'Ttii-HC0 ) Oi CO 1-1 CO 00 Ol CO I— I 'n; lO ' ;88gS8 ) O i>^ 00 ci -^ > I-H CO -r CO CO Oi 00 CO O GO I-H SS8Sg8 ( COCscoift I i-t -^ lO ift 888S88SSSSg8SSSS88Sg88g8S888^! C''Mi-H'M0i5coC:t^ci0l:^Oi"*Oi00c^lO5i-HMi(N00r^OiO0ATii(Na)©iftOQ©QrH"^tz"5''-'°o'>Jt:-ooia 1-1 I-H lA I-H ■« CO (N ■* cy3 lO lO oa (M i(£i020oe>55i-Hi-i-^iH55-*2fi«>»53i-i<»o©oio-*c^ 03 □ O o w^ ra^ aS a a o Is i .S - -— « !-, (- O O B •« 22 ro 60 6J) a ■" . " c n o o o a Sa a, a; o .„ .„ uj != P= O ■OS -Q 4_, r-j ^ O ° 03 « n 60 cc cc E-i b 1^ 7T^ a ^ !>> a«, O M '- w M 1^ o 3 b. a - t- W H QQ *^ -J^ E= .2 o . g « I 5j" Qj" IV X3 a a — £«S o "=" o o t:; yi£H fe:t: .. .. ^ o o 'E FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 91 TABLE NO. Ill— TOTAL ATTENDANCE, TOTAL PAID ADMISSIONS AND ADMISSION FEES CHARGED AT COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS IN IOWA FOR 1913. County ■:=S Outside Gate Admissions Quarter Stretch Adams, Corning Allamakee, Waukon lAudubon, Audubon Benton, Vinton Black Hawk, Waterloo .. . Boone, Ogden Boone, Boone Bremer, Waverly .. Buchanan, Independence Buena Vista, Alta Butler, Allison Calhoun, Rockwell City — Calhoun, Manson Carroll, Carroll Cass, Atlantic Cass, Massena Cedar, Tipton Cerro Gordo, Mason City... Chickasaw, Nashua Chickasaw, New Hampton . Clayton, Elkader Clayton, National Clayton, Strawberry Point Clinton, DeWitt Crawford, Arion Davis, Bloomfield Delaware, Manchester Dickinson, Spirit Lake Fayette, West Union Franklin, Hampton Greene, Jefferson Grundy, Grundy Center Guthrie, Guthrie Center ._. Hancock, Britt Hardin, Eldora Harrison, Missouri Valley . Henry, Mount Pleasant _.. Henry, Winfield Humboldt, Humboldt Iowa, Marengo Iowa, Victor Iowa, Williamsburg Jackson, Maquoketa Jasper, Newton Jefferson, Fairfield Johnson, Iowa City Jones, Monticello Jones, Anamosa Keokuk, What Cheer Kossuth, Algona Lee, I>onnellson Lee, West Point Linn, Central City Linn, Marion Louisa, Columbus Junction Lyon, Rock Rapids Mahaska, New Sharon Marion. Pella Marshall, Rhodes Marshall, Marshalltown — 5,000 12,000 9.00O 12,000 27,500 3,000 7,000 46,000 8,943 12,000 7,500 10,000 10,004 10,311 20,000 2,500 11,000 32,609 10,000 9,000 8,100 s,ooo 10,000 16,000 4,720 18,000 5,000 4,000 25,000 8,6-:o 16,087 8,991 8,000 10,000 15,000 6,000 20,000 5,443 15,000 5,800 4,000 2,600 17,000 6,000 6,000 7,000 9,000 15,000 8,500 18,000 5,000 4,500 12,000 5,500 15,000 22,000 10,000 5,500 7,000 37,255 4,200 11,000 7,500 10,321 14,966 2,800 6,473 34,672 8,427 7,000 5,000 9,000 9,816 7,711 15,000 2,400 8,532 20,809 6,700 8,500 7,500 2,500 9,500 15,000 4,470 16,000 4,5C0 3,586 20,000 8,000 14,087 8,611 7,500 9,000 12,626 5,608 18,000 4,784 7,500 4,948 3,450 2,560 10,000 5,500 4,391 6.0OO 8,299 12,000 7,696 13,152 4,800 3,524 11,500 4,826 10,000 17,202 6,500 4,380 2,&50 35,000 15 35 25 25 ... 92 U)\VA DF.rAKTMKXT OF AGrvUTLTrRl;] County Mills, Malvern Mitolioll. Osago - — Monona, Onawa Monroe. Albia Muscatine. West Liberty Muscatine, Wilton O'Brien, Suthtrland O'Brien, Shelilon Page, Clarinda Pagt", Sliennndoah Pocahontas. Fonda Pottawattamie. Avoca Poweshiek, Mnlconi Poweshiek, Grinnell Sac, Sac Citv Shelby, Harlan Sioux, Orange Gity... Story, i.\nies Tama, Toledo Taylor. Bedford Van Buren, Milton , ■Wapello, Kldon Warren, Indinnoln Wayne, Sewal Webster, Fort Podge Winnebago, Forest City Winneshiek, TK^'orah Woodbury, Sioux City Worth, Xorthwood Wright, Clarion -- Total attendance 1.00S,ol4 000 05-1 650 (XH) WO vKKl 500 000 i:^ 000 oOO 500 oco (XXI 0-25 000 500 .000 000 (XX) (XX» 500 5(X) 000 (XX) 000 WO osa 0(X) 500 •0.2 Outside Gate Admissions 9,0(X) 5,054 4.40(3 S.TSo 11, (XX) 7, (XX) 7,100 7,3(!0 C.OOO ];>,ooo 7,1-28 0.025 4.r26 0,118 41.075 fi.954 4.250 3,929 7,5(X) 5,950 5,(X10 5,01ti 11,000 t 4,732 5,500 10,500 50.953 4,293 6. (XX) 35 25 35 25 85 25 25 35 25 35 35 35 35 50 25 So 25 35 25 805,503 50 15 Quarter Stretch 0) m a o o s £ u 9i > PL) 25 25 25 15 20 20 15 15 — - 15 25 25 25 25 S5 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 « 25 Is' "Is 25 10 10 10 25 25 10 1 "is 15 1 •None admitted. tNo outside gate admission. THE FOLLOWING IS A SUMMARY OF THE ABOVE TABLE. Admission Fees Paid 50 centF 35 cents 25 cents 20 cents 15 cents 10 1 No cents Ch'ge Cieneral A 14 11 19 7 16 9 48 8 33 993 Ui 972 The exhibit in the cattle division consisted of 591 head of beef cat- tle and 366 head of dairy cattle. This was an increase of 44 head in the dairy division and a decrease of 47 head in the beef classes. The total number entered in both divisions was 957 head, or about the same as last year with a slight falling off in the number of exhibitors. We were short a few eastern show herds in the short-horn class on ac- count of the show at Cleveland, Ohio, coming the same week. We were also short a few Red Polled herds from Nebraska on account of the drouth in that section this year. The following tabulation gives the number of cattle exhibitors and number of cattle entered in each class as compared with 1912: Breed Short-horns Herefords Aberdeen Angus . Galloway Polled Durham . Red Polled Holstein-Friesian Jersey Guernsey Ayrshire Brown Swiss. . . . Dutch Belted . . Total . . . 1913 Fair 1912 Fair No . of No. of No. of No. of Exhibito] I's Cattle Exhibitors Cattle Entered Entered 19 160 26 185 12 168 13 157 14 126 7 70 4 57 4 49 o 29 .5 44 3 51 9 133 8 104 4 91 5 79 9 117 5 94 3 50 2 35 1 20 2 42 9 44 1 12 74 957 84 960 96 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The swine exhibit was made by 117 exhibitors who entered 1,590 head of swine. This is about 60 % of the usual sliowing of swine at the Iowa state fair. The decrease was due to the prevalence of hog cholera through- out the state and by reason of the rule adopted by the Animal Health Commission requiring that all swine be vaccinated before exhibiting at county, district or state fairs. This rule would, if it were properly en- forced and it was possible to comply with it, have its effect in preventing the spread of hog cholera. However, it worked an injustice to swine ex- hibitors last year for the reason that the State Serum Laboratory was just organizing and was not in a position to furnish the required amount of serum and exhibitors were unable to procure serum with which to vac- cinate their swine; consequently they were prevented from showing. On the other hand we found a number of exhibitors who were not in- clined to vaccinate. This not only reduced the swine show at the state fair but practically eliminated the swine exhibit at county and district fairs. The following tabulation gives the number of swine exhibitors and number of swine entered in each class compared with 1912: 1913 Fair 1912 Fair No . of No. of No. of No. of Exhibito rs Swine Exhibitors Swine B ntered Entered 40 483 60 759 34 3S4 62 725 24 376 23 401 11 208 15 297 5 51 7 118 4 72 2 63 1 16 1 21 Duroc .Tersey Poland China Chester White Hampshire Berkshire Yorkshire Tamworth Total 117 1,590 173 2,384 The sheep exhibit was made by 24 exhibitors who entered 647 head of sheep, or approximately the same number as shown last year. There was a good feeling among the exhibitors notwithstanding the fact that they were obliged to occupy the old pens again this year. Before the management can hope to greatly increase the sheep exhibit new quarters must be provided. The poultry exhibit was made by 117 exhibitors who showed 1,636 birds, an increase of twenty exhibitors and 126 birds over last year. The educational exhibit, and the demonstration in poultry dressing at stated periods in the Poultry building, by the Extension department of Ames proved to be a valuable and attractive feature. The exhibit of agricultural products was superior to exhibits in for- mer years. The individual farm exhibits were especially good and pre- sented the excellence and variety of Iowa's farm products in an at- tractive and educational exhibit. The exhibit of sheaf grains and grasses and the samples of threshed grain was much larger than last year. A competent judge, who has had consideral)le experience at national sliows. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 97 made the statement that if he were allowed to pick samples from the various exhibits he would be willing to compete at any show in the world where quality of exhibits alone was taken into consideration. There will be a recommendation made to the board at the annual meeting for a classification for county exhibits to be put up by the county advisors working under the Extension department and the United States government. This classification should insure twelve or fifteen excel- lent county exhibits which would greatly increase the variety and quantity of our agricultural exhibit another year. The entire south end of the Agricultural building was devoted to the Horticultural exhibit this year. Something like 6,000 plates of fruit were on exhibition. This was supplemented by an exhibit of apples in commercial packages banked around the southwest corner of the build- ing. The dairy exhibit consisting of dairy apparatus and equipment, the win- ning samples of creamery butter, dairy butter and cheese, was educa- tional and attractive. The time is not far off when this important in- dustry will demand a separate exhibit building with many added features which the present space will not permit. At the booth of the Food and Dairy Commission information was dispensed pertaining to the modern methods of dairying and it also contained an exhibit of misbranded food stuffs of interest to the public. In the refrigerator was an exhibit con- trasting the production of the average Iowa dairy cow with that of the world's champion. The block of butter representing the production of the average Iowa cow weighed 140 pounds with a value of $42.00, the huge block representing the production of the champion weighed 1,270 pounds, value $381.00. Such a contrast should be impressive and should encour- age improvement of our dairy cattle. The machinery exhibit was made by 341 exhibitors this year and it is safe to say that it was the largest and best arranged exhibit ever on the Iowa State Fair Grounds. The exhibitors seemed to take special in- terest this year in making their exhibit educational and attractive. The management found it impossible to accommodate all of the exhibitors with space in the lower part of the grounds and the overflow exhibits were obliged to occupy ground space east of the race track. It is hoped that the completion of the Machinery building may be realized at an early date, which will permit assembling this important exhibit all in one por- tion of the grounds. At the State College building was staged a most interesting and in- structive exhibit supplemented by a carefully prepared program of lec- tures and demonstrations. The subjects presented were: "Poultry Keep- ing;" "Domestic Science;" "Alfalfa Growing in Iowa;" "Pedigreed Seed Grain;" "Soils of Iowa and their Management;" "Hog Cholera;" and dem- onstrations showing the proper method of administering the serum treat- ment. Among the many other interesting features was the state game farm, occupying about fifteen acres south of the camp grounds. The exhibit consisted of 2,500 of the several species of pheasants, wild ducks, geese. 98 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE turkeys, and also an aquarium containing the several species of fish native to Iowa waters. The Babies Health Contest, where 350 babies were entered and given scientific health tests proved to be one of the interesting and educational features of the fair. The Boys' Camp consisted of 100 of Iowa's bright farm boys, one from each county in the state and one at large. Selection was made by a com- petitive essay contest written on the subject: "Farming in Iowa as an Occupation — Its Possibilities as Compared with other Vocations." These boys were brought to the fair, housed, fed, instructed and entertained at the expense of the fair. In return they assisted in the collection of tickets in the morning round-up and ushered at the amphitheater and live stock pavilion. At the close of the fair the boys submitted essays on "What I Saw and Learned at the Iowa State Fair." These essays are convincing proof that the Iowa State Fair should be classed as one of Iowa's great edu- cational institutions. The lessons gained by the boys from practical dem- onstrations and object lessons will, no doubt, stay with them through life. The amusement features provided — and which are necessary for the success of any well managed fair — were the best the management could secure. Four bands and one orchestra played seventeen concerts daily in the buildings and stands about the grounds. The total attendance at the amphitheater in the afternoon was 44,180 and at night 54,821. These figures are surely an evidence that patrons of the Iowa State Fair appreciate the high class entertainment furnished. They also substantiate the contention of the fair managers in general that the patrons of the state fair demand a period for relaxation and rest of mind and body after spending several hours going about the grounds and studying the exhibits. IMPKOVEMEXTS MADE DURING 1913. The improvements made during the year 1913 were paid for from the anticipated receipts of the 1913 fair with the exception of the Women and Children's building which was not started until after the close of the fair. The total amount expended for permanent improvements from fair receipts amounted to $22,578.96. The principal items were $4,295.33 for taking care of the unsightly creek passing through the main portion of the grounds with a four foot cement storm sewer; $2,312.79 balance on 1912 contract for cross section of brick horse barn; $2,018.29 for installing two sets of sanitary toilets in the horse barn; $1,998.99 for new cement walks; $1,723.33 for moving and remodeling the old street car station for a permanent dining hall. The remodeling included an addition 16x80 feet for kitchen and serving rooms, cement floor throughout, steam boiler and cookers, large refrigerating room and other conveniences that make it the largest and most sanitary dining hall on the grounds. The capacity is approximately 450 people at one sitting. The other items for permanent improvements are itemized in the attached statement. WOMEN AND CHILDREN'S milLDING. The Women and Children's building now in process of construction upon the fair grounds and for which the 35th general assembly made an appropriation of $75,000, will be completed by .July 1, 1914. The ))uilding FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 99 will be permanent In construction and a beautiful piece of architecture. The materials used are hard burned matt face brick with white stone trimmings and a red tile roof. In addition to the ladies' rest rooms the building makes provisions for many other features of an educational nature. A room 40x80 feet is set aside for the exhibit of oil paintings. This room will be absolutely fire proof and should be the means, with a proper revision of our premium list, of bringing out an excellent art ex- hibit another year. Other exhibit rooms are provided for, such as child welfare exhibit, etc. A model school room with proper entrances, cloak rooms, light and ventilation, and equipment is another feature. There is also an auditorium with a seating capacity of 500 for lecture purposes. Commodious quarters are provided for the Babies' Health Contest with an auditorium seating 300 for those who wish to witness the tests and examinations. The room in which the examinations take place is well lighted and ventilated and is set off by a glass partition from the audi- torium. One wing will be devoted to the day nursery and a sand floor play room for the older children. Opening off from the play room will be a modern equipped play ground for the little folks. Provision is made for a sanitary, well equipped' dining room in the basement. Surrounding the whole building, including the open court, will be a twenty foot porch which will provide an excellent resting place and will afford a beautiful view of the grounds. In working out the plans for this building it was the purpose of the management to not only provide a resting place w'ith all the necessaries for women and children but to provide features that will be attractive and educational to both. VALUE OF FAIR GKOUNUS PROPERTY. In accordance with a resolution of the State Board of Agriculture calling for an , inventory and valuation of the state's property under the control of the board, the Executive Committee, with the assistance of the architect employed by the board, made a careful inventory of all the frame buildings on the grounds and appraised their value. The committee also employed — or rather a committee from the Des Moines Real Estate Exchange very generously donated their services — to appraise the value of the real estate. The value of the permanent buildings built since 1902 is shown by the records of the department and from this the committee arrived at the present value of these buildings. An invoice of all the loose tools and equipment w'as made by the Superintendent of Grounds. This work has not been entirely completed so that we can present an itemized inventory at this time. We found it an endless amount of work to make an accurate inventory and to ar- rive at accurate values on the frame structures and especially the loose tools and equipment. The committee also found it quite difficult to ar- rive at an annual depreciation on the various buildings and equipment. However, when the inventory is completed in accordance with the present plan it will give a complete record and appraised value of all the property 100 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE under the control of the board, and the percentage of depreciation to be deducted from each building and the equipment annually. Each year to the value of the buildings will be added any outlay for additions or repairs of a permanent nature and from this an annual de- preciation will be deducted. This will enable the department to publish as a part of the financial statement, the assets and liabilities, and the present worth of the fair ground property. To give this convention some idea of the value of the state fair plant I present the following: The committee that appraised the value of the real estate — 283 1-3 acres — placed it at $375,070. The buildings and other property already placed upon the books as assets amount to $672,853. To this must be added $75,000 for the Women and Children's building now in process of con- struction and provided for by state appropriation, making the total val- uation of the plant $1,122,923, which is approximately correct but may vary one way or the other when the inventory is complete. "The present investment of the state of Iowa in the fair grounds prop- erty, including the original appropriation of $50,000, for the first frame buildings and the appropriations since 1902 for permanent buildings and additional ground total $475,111. The surplus or profit to the state on account of the investment amounts to $647,812." In other words each dol- lar invested by the state is represented by $2.40 worth of property. This surplus or profit is accounted for by the thousands of dollars invested annually in permanent improvements from the profits of the fair and from the increased value of the real estate. FINANCES. The total receipts of the 1913 fair were $188,832.10, an increase of $4,130,- 89 over the 1912 fair. The receipts of fair from sources other than ticket sales amounted to $57,967.35, a decrease of $1,978.11 from the receipts from the same source of the 1912 fair. The receipts from ticket sales were $130,864.75, an increase of $5,109.00 over the sales of the 1912 fair. The total disbursements of the 1913 fair were $146,740.02, or an in- crease of $2,771.13 over the 1912 fair. The net profit on the 1913 fair amounted to $42,092.08, a slight increase over the profit on the 1912 fair. The largest item of expense was for cash premiums paid, amounting to $61,069.90, an increase of $2,930.75 over amount paid in premiums at the 1912 fair. Other items of expense are set out in detail in the attached statement of receipts and disbursements. ITEMIZED STATEMENT OP RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF THE IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOVEMBER 30, 1913. RECEIPTS. Cash balance December 1, 1912 $ 615.63 Receipts from sources other than fair: Division of horse breeding fees $ 9,765.00 Fair ground collections: Stall rent speed barns 644.14 Pasture rent 266.30 Kindling sold 40.50 Old lumber sold 6.55 Light plant salvage 1,013.85 Rent poultry cooping 150.00 Rent, race track on Labor day 100.00 Rent, race track for July race meeting 130.00 Rent, swine pavilion for swine sale 15.00 Rent, building for storage purposes 24.00 Miscellaneous sales and collections 22.15 Collections on account of 1912 stall and pas- ture rent bill 119.83 Bills payable 3,000.00 State Appropriation for insurance 1,000.00 State Appropriation for Women and Children's Building 28,531.81 State Appropriation, support of Department of Agriculture 1,255.00 Insurance, damage to Exposition building 50.35 Refund of money advanced for attractions 1,012.70 Receipts on account of 1912 fair 298.17 Balance on house sold at auction 19.00 Mailing list of stallions 28.80 Accounts payable (score card account) 283.90 Duplicate collection from At Last Washer Co... 15.50 Interest on bank account 206.12 Total receipts other than fair or ticket sales $ 47,998.67 Receipts of fair: Stall rent, horse department $ 1,751.00 Stall rent, cattle department 970.00 Pen rent, swine department 784.00 Pen rent, sheep department 118.00 Pen rent, poultry department 379.25 Space rental, poultry department 311.80 102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Space rent, Machinery Department: Floor space, Machinery Building. $ 3,490.00 Floor space, Power Hall 396.00 Floor space, Automobile Show. . . 1,121.40 Outside Ground contracts 177.00 5,184.40 Space rental, Agricultural Building 2,115.00 Space rental, Dairy Department 452.50 From sale of ice cream 1,227.00 Space rental. Exposition Building 2,665.00 Concession and Privilege Department: Concessions and Privileges $19,979.75 Midway shows, percentage 4,396.51 Grand Stand and Stock Pavilion 1,125.85 Score card privilege 334.05 25,836.16 Entry fees. Speed department 4,453.80 Forage sold 5,043.84 Breeding Association, special premiums 5,535.49 Advertising in premium list 799.00 Telephone collections 258.56 Boy's judging contest, entry fees 51.50 Collections, Public Safety Department .29.05 Miscellaneous receipts 2.00 Total receipts of fair other than ticket sales. $ 57,967.35 Ticket sales: Exhibitors tickets (sold by Sec'y)...$ 2,704.00 Outside gates 86,891.25 Day Amphitheater 18,228.50 Night Amphitheater 19,537.25 Live Stock and Hippodrome Show... 3,503.75 Total ticket sales $130,864.75 Total receipts of fair $188,832.10 Grand total receipts $237,446.40 DISEURSEMEIS^TS. Expense other than for Fair or Improvements: Publicity Department: H. N. Whitney, salary 5 months. $ 833.30 Minnie Truax, salary 1% months. 131.25 Printing 45M "Greater Iowa"... 509.70 Postage on "Greater Iowa" 58.24 Folding and enclosing "Greater Iowa" 11.15 Cuts and electros 33.22 Printing, miscellaneous 62.49 Miscellaneous expense 8.99 $ 1,648.34 Division of Horse Breeding: Salaries and clerical hire $ 2,208.75 Printing report 312 00 Postage on report 1 5U.0U Stallion examinations 55.21 Year books 7.00 Rent, typewriter 3.00 $ 2,735.96 ^ FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 103 Expense account 1912 fair 273.74 Annual meeting and State Agricultural Conven- tion 517.60 Office furniture and fixtures 269.00 Insurance premiums 2,445.09 Exposition Bldg. repairs (covered by insurance) 50.33 Misc. expense other than fair 197.51 Refund At Last Washer Company collection 15.50 Accounts payable (Score card account) 283.90 Hauling poultry cooping to city 32.00 Tilling rented ground 31.95 Freight and drayage on light plant salvage 109.75 July race meeting 131.29 Money advanced on attractions 1,012.70 Expense account death L. D. Bruner 133.50 Bills payable and interest 3,130.00 Futurity 1913 257.88 Expense account 1914 fair 500.00 Total expense other than fair or improve- ments $ 13,776.04 Expense of fair other than premiums: Executive committee meetings $ 1,166.50 Special committee meetings 1,453.43 Express, Telegraph and Telephone 351.94 Postage 1,126.00 Printing: Tickets for admission at all gates and side shows $ 679.20 Programs (horse show, etc.).... 68.25 Boys' camp circulars 57.50 Greater Iowa envelopes 65.75 Boys' judging contest folders and tabs 36.05 Contracts and receipts books, all departments 50.95 Entry blanks, all departments. . . 72.50 Ring, stall, poultry and camp ground numbers ■. 133.20 Premium list and advance sheets. 1,244.00 Envelopes for board members. . . . 38.80 Premium list, school exhibit dpt. 45.00 Loose leaf sheets for judges books 35.45 Blank books 45.70 Entry and premium tags 63.90 Speed entry lists 42.00 Babies' health contest, circulars, entry cards, etc 25.20 Ground and building plats 15.50 Multigraph letters 9.45 Premium and expense warrants. 25.00 Miscellaneous printing 145.40 $ 2,898.80 104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Advertising: 481 country weekly papers $ 2,916.18 Plates for weekly papers 760.33 Daily papers outside Des Moines 226.05 Misc. papers and magazines 168.25 D'es Moines daily papers 1,339.18 Agricultural and Live Stock papers 1,178.45 Horse papers, adv. speed program 627.17 H. N. Whitney, 5 months salary. 833.30 Minnie Truax, 4 months salary.. 290.00 Extra reporters during fair, pay- roll 5.15 Printing 45M 8 page "Greater Iowa" 364 40 Postage' on same and lOM heralds 114.79 Folding and enclosing "Greater lo^'a" 46 55 8,200 hangers and window cards 505.00 11,400 monthly calendars and post cards 136.10 125M 2 color 8 page heralds 275.00 8,125 outdoor signs and cloth ban- kers 157 50 Distribution, advertising matter 788.90 Billboard service and date sheets 335.70 Street car advertising 87.15 Photos of 1912 and 1913 fairs... 291.50 Cuts and electros 119.52 Large daily and band concert pro- S^ams 8150 Trip on jobbers train 37. 50 25M gummed stickers (dates).. 30.17 Misc. advertising items lO.oo $ 11 818 34 Music and Attractions: Liberati's Band ^ 2,450.00 Henry and His Band 1,550.00 Fischer's Burlington Band l!o50.00 Madrid Concert Band 480.00 Graham's Orchestra 412.50 Philharmonic Choir 525.00 Pain's "Old Mexico" and fireworks 7,500.00 Aeroplane flights 800.00 Eight vaudeville acts 3,575.00 Carver's High Diving Horses 1,000.00 Expense account high diving act. 77.6O Six-in-Hand pony team 100.00 Property men 87.60 $ 19,607.70 Light and power (current) 639 97 Light system (labor) 754.72 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 105 Water for month of August 633.95 Supplies, stationery, etc 588.02 Forage purchased 4,632.50 Salaries, secretary and clerical help 4,064.99 Board meetings 547.10 Assistants and foremen 926.94 Scavenger work, closets, etc 863.63 Track work 364.54 Oiling and work on streets 896.76 Misc. work during fair 227.20 Preparing and cleaning grounds for fair 1,277.05 Preparing and cleaning buildings for fair 796.20 Refund for stall rent, tickets, premiums, etc.... 477.00 Payroll, President's Department 566.50 Payroll, Secretary's Department 581.75 Payroll, Treasurer's Department 1,604.20 Payroll, Concession Department 1,507.50 Payroll, Speed Department 909.95 Payroll, Horse Department 1,502.20 Payroll, Cattle Department 1,236.34 Payroll, Swine Department 539.70 Payroll, Sheep Department 369.25 Payroll, Poultry Department 385.05 Payroll, Machinery Department 653.90 Payroll, Agricultural Department 600.80 Payroll, Dairy Department 821.54 Payroll, Horticultural Department 293.07 Payroll, Floricultural Department 91.50 Payroll, Fine Arts Department 564.50 Payroll, School Exhibits 284.65 Payroll, Admission Department 2,789.00 Payroll, Police Department 4,627.54 Payroll, Ticket Audit Department 495.63 One-half expense State College Exhibit 796.18 Expense Boys' judging contest 69.80 Payroll and expense, Women's Rest Cottage 57.90 Expense, Boys' Encampment 1,447.91 Payroll and expense. Babies' health contest 292.45 Pioneer Day expense 149.00 Girls' Canning Club expense ■ 60.60 Misc. expense account of fair 1,104.35 Plants and flowers 637.83 Fences, closing holes 24.75 Tanbark and sawdust 190.15 Freight and drayage 93.15 Outside show ring 31.50 Locks, turnstiles and registers ■. . . 24.00 Placing and removing amphitheater chairs 135.45 Water distribution system 195.71 Hauling manure 299.00 106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Temporary horse barn 100.00 Decorating buildings 900.00 Closing buildings 165.00 Ground supplies 371.25 Rental tents, cots, bedding, etc 972.63 Premium ribbons and badges 847.87 Telephone exchange 165.79 Total expense of fair other than premiums $ 85,670.12 CASH PREMIUMS PAID. Horses $ 1 5,612.50 Cattle 12,623.00 Swine 4,404.00 Sheep 2,317.00 Poultry 1,172.50 Agriculture 4,173.00 Pantry and kitchen 1,215.00 Dairy 602.00 Fruits 1,614.00 Plants and flowers 1,439.40 Fine Arts 1,658.50 School exhibits 665.00 Babies' health contest 304.00 Scholarships Iowa State College 650.00 Speed premiums 12,620.00 Total premiums paid $ 61 ,069.90 Total expense of fair $146,740.02 PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. Streets, grading and cinders $ 1,000.50 Walks and curbing 1,998.99 Tools and implements 683.41 Women and Children's building 28,531.89 New closet, horse barn 2,018.29 Storm sewer 4,295.33 Misc. improvements 224.73 Horse barn, balance on 1912 contract 2,312.79 Additional land 80.57 Administration building improvements 111.61 Miscellaneous grading 845.27 Trees and shrubs (planting) 68.60 Game preserve, cottage and improvements 602.93 Floricultural building and green house 505.98 Water distribution system extensions 267.72 Telephone exchange 1911-12-13 extensions 559.44 Light system, extensions 379.38 Awnings for band stand and street car station. 185.27 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 107 Transforming old street car station into dining hall and additions 1,723.33 Post office building improvements 109.88 Agricultural building, booths, tables, etc 233.13 Police barn addition 79.00 Ticket booths, rebuilding 59.17 Drainage, extensions 698.73 Sheep shed (new roofs) 406.55 Farm house and barn 173.46 Rest cottage improvements 73.15 Band stand improvements • 37.20 Fire station improvements 26.85 Hospital improvements 20.77 New turnstiles and registers 254.25 Bleachers and improvements 13.25 Drinking fountains (bubbling cups and re- building) 103.25 Swine pavilion (shower bath rooms) 36.41 Cattle barn No. 4, improvements 8.13 Speed office, improvements 7.50 Fair ground equipment 131.47 Plates, vases, etc. for Horticultural Department. 45.83 Garbage cans (50 new) 125.00 Lawn seats (100 new) 190.00 Speed office furnishings 25.00 Administration building furnishings 190.61 Fly traps 37.50 Carbon lamps 222.32 Poultry building, cooping 211.70 Hospital, furnishings 28.30 South fence 28.90 Grain boxes for Agricultural building 102.50 Gas lights for camp grounds •. 108.00 Paint in stock room 36.14 Lumber in yard 890.87 Total permanent improvements $ 51,110.85 MAINTENANCE OP GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS. Superintendent of grounds and assist's, salaries. $ 1,359.45 Track work, except during fair 435.45 Water distribution system 67.20 Water except for August 316.30 Hauling manure 315.45 Painting metal roofs 584.12 Mowing grass and weeds 487.45 Keep of mule and horse teams '. . 156.64 Implement and harness repairs 216.59 Street dragging, etc 65.50 Sheet metal work, misc. buildings 136.58 108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Glass and putty for replacing broken glass 103.66 Lumber for patch work 91.31 Nails and hardware, patch work 81.04 Misc. maintenance grounds and buildings 518.62 Drainage repairs 43.20 Fence repairs 88.75 Cleaning grounds 120.60 Cleaning buildings 41.02 Moving and repairing misc. buildings 1,243.72 Light system repairing 178.41 Locks and turnstiles (repairs) 78.80 Telephone system repairing 80.39 Closets, repairing 288.02 Walks, repairing 71.80 Boiler repairing 143.60 Total maintenance of grounds and buildings $ 7,313.67 Grand total disbursements $218,940.58 SUMMARY OF RECEIPTS AXD DISCrRSEMEXTS AND RECOXCILIATIOX OF ACCOUNT WITH TRE.;\.SURER. Receipts: Cash balance December 1, 1912 $ 615.63 Receipts from sources other than fair 47,998.67 Receipts of fair other than ticket sales $ 57,967.35 Receipts from ticket sales 130,864.75 Total receipts of fair 188,832.10 Grand total receipts $2«7,446.40 Disbursements: Disbursements other than fair or im- provements $ 13,776.04 Expense of fair other than premiums. $85, 670. 12 Premiums paid 61,069.90 Total cost of fair 146,740.02 Permanent improvements 51,110.85 Maintenance of grounds and buildings 7,313.67 Total disbursements 218.940.58 Balance on hand Nov. 30, 1913.. $ 18,505.82 Warrants outstanding 253.50 Cash balance in treasury Nov. 30, 1913 $ 18,759.32 110 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT Showing Receipts and Disbursements of Iowa State Fair and Other Sources Repairs, etc., and Net Profit of YEAR 1896 .... l£Oi .... 1902 1£0« 1904 19a-. uos 1907 ig'!)8 i9:,'9 1910 1911 1912 1913 Receipts O C3 Si 03 I 116.79 28,01(3.5.3 34,244.93 30,. 372. 25 •28,963.11 29,657.23 £9,976.34 50,294.87 35,327.90 25,328.73 4,ses.a5 7,283.44 18,036.99 615.63 $ 36,622.10 5't,712.91 63.084.71 59,838.56 66,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 104,336.75 138,764.66 137,307.40 157,259.77 1791,549.67 185,701.21 lJ8,a32.10 •? 7,000.00 1,000.00 38,030.00 1,000.00 48,000. CO i,o;x).oo 1,000.00 76,000.00 1,000.00 lOl.O'OO.OO 1,000. CO 78,000.00 8,000.00 30,786.81 ! 6,710.22 2,753.82 3,0.37.06 3,140.79 2,622.08 2,840.92 3,717.16 5,452.34 3,262.95 5,257.42 14,658.30 5,275.72 14,579.82 17,211.86 .2 o 01 ii 50,332.32 54,466.73 104,121.77 63,979.35 116,722.39 8S!,627.17 115,647.01 185,908.00 143,027.61 243,564.82 171,918.07 262,825.39 208,281.03 236,8iS0..77 i $ 50,449.11 83,083.58 138,363.70 94,351.60 14S,6SS.50 118,284.49 155,623.35 230,103.96 178,356.51 268,893.55 176,903.32 270,108.83 226,318.02' 237,446.40 i 16,404.29 19,203.83 21,736.31 23,813.13 24,601.68 28,730.59 31,703.94 35,504.79 38,744.56 42,262.76 49,717.50 66,264.35 68,130.15 61,069.90 $ 15,351.06 13,925.87 20,073.34 21,989.56 28,485.42 34,408.62 40,315.60 43,647.20 55,848.65 66,663.12 80,513.68 81,603.16 85,829.74 85,670.12 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 111 OF AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 1896 AND 1901 to 1913, INCLUSIVE, and Expenditures, together with Amount Expended for Improvements, Fair for Each of the Years Named. Disbursements Profits of Fair ag. = T3 0) a 0 c3 ^_ .5 2-3 Disbursements other than for fair Total for year Cash on hand Previous year's business or outstanding warrants Grand total Total receipts of fair C ft oo m £ ft $ 7,471.95 13,378.73 63 4.517.12 $ 14,019. S8 2,313.44 2,608.69 ■1,704.83 3,195.43 3,345.27 3,385.87 5,043.03 4,975.50 4,379.91 14,740.26 4,429.29 4,101.43 13,776.04 I 53,247.28 48,821.87 107,875.48 65,363.29 116,013.64 78,447.87 105,440.74 200,654.07 153,2.31.98 263,814.37 169,332.42 252,071.84 225,702.39 213,940.53 .? 152.84 34,244.93 30,372.25 28,C63.11 29,657.23 39,976.34 50,294.8r 35,327.30 25,328.73 4,985.25 7,283.44 18,036.99 615.65 18,505.82 $ 16.48 118.99 25.20 14.63 139.81 112.26 176.19 381. :» £32.39 2S7.46 •:09.85 533.84 253.50 $ 53,400.12 83,083.28 138,366.70 94,351.00 145,635.50 118,281.40 155,623.35 236,103.96 178,356.51 268,893.55 176,903.32 270,108.83 226,318.02 237,446.40 § 36,622.10 50,712.91 63,084.71 59,838.56 65,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 104,356.75 133,764.66 137,307.40 157,250.77 179,549.67 155,701.21 183,832.10 $ 31,807.35 33,129.70 41,809.65 46,808.09 53,177.10 63,139.51 72,459.39 79,151.99 94,593.21 109,225.88 130,2^.18 137,867.51 143,968.89' 146,740.02 ? 4,814.75 17,583.21 21,275.06 17,855.77 .59,641.11 14,035.87 12,823.26 11,963.09 21,646.74 ;»,oe5.33 16,469.05 38,470.46 25,204.76 5:^,663.69 150,208.58 44,171.45 28,081.52 24,360.^ 27,028.59 100,775.04 41,682.16 71,056.56 51,110.85 $ 6,575.51 7,313.67 41,732.32 42,092.08 112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The following report of the Treasurer was read to the con- vention by the Secretary : REPORT OP TREASURER. G. S. GILEERTSON. Gentlemen: I present herewith report of Receipts and Disbursements for the year ending November 30, 1913, as follows: RECEIPTS. Balance on hand November 30, 1912 | 1,179.47 Received from sale of tickets as follows: General admissions (day) $ 79,635.50 General admissions (evening after 5 p. m.) 4,167.75 Campers' tickets .' 3,088.00 Day paddock and bleachers 3,803.50 Day amphitheater (reserved at 50 cents) 12,475.00 Day amphitheater (reserved at 75 cents) 1,332.75 Evening paddock and bleachers 7,509.75 Evening amphitheater (reserved at 50 cents) .... 10,904.00 Evening amphitheater (reserved at 75 cents) .... 1,123.50 Quarter stretch tickets 617.25 Live stock pavilion (reserved ) 2,956.00 Live stock pavilion (standing) 547.75 Exhibitors' tickets 2,704.00 Total ticket sales $130,864. 75> $130,864.75 Received from Superintendents of Departments, as follows: Fair Grounds $ 2,532.32 Fine Arts 2,665.00 Machinery 5,184.40 Dairy 1,679.50 Agriculture and Horticulture 2,115.00 Horses 1,751.00 Cattle 970.00 Swine 784.00 Sheep 118.00 Poultry 691.05 Concessions and Privileges 25,836.16 Appropriations 30,786.81 Speed 4,453.80 Forage 5,043.84 Special Association Premiums 5,535.49 Horse Breeding 9,765.00 Police 29.05 Advertising in Premium Lists 799.00 Bills payable 3,000.00 Secretary Miscellaneous 2,020.48 Interest 206.12 Total receipts other than ticket sales $105,966.02 $105,966.02 Grand total receipts $238,010.24 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 113 DISBURSEMEXTS. Paid Expense Warrants $158,096.92 Paid Premium Warrants 61,154.00 Balance on hand, November 30, 1913 18,759.32 Total $238,010.24 $238,010.24 Balance on hand $ 18,759.32 Respectfully submitted this 9th day of December, 1913. G. S. GILBERTSON, Treasurer. Des Moines, Iowa, December 8, 1913. To the Directors of the State Board of Agriculture, City: Gentlemen: This is to certify that there was on deposit in the Iowa Trust and Savings Bank on November 30, 1913, to the credit of G. S. Gil- bertson. Treasurer of the Iowa Department of Agriculture, the sum of eighteen thousand seven hundred fifty-nine dollars and thirty-two cents ($18,759.32). Yours very truly, A. 0. HAUGB, Vice President. 114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PREMIUM WARRANTS ISSUED IN PAYMENT OF AWARDS AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION AUGUST 20-28, 1913. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug, Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 22, 1913 10782 J. W. Koontz $100.00 22,1913 10783 J. H. McGowan 225.00 22,1913 19784 A. C. Johnson 25.00 22,1913 10785 W. A. Adams 25.00 22, 1913 10786 R. C. Dunton 50.00 22,1913 10787 F. Marmet 75.00 22, 1913 10788 D. Brant 15.00 22,1913 10789 George McKain 37.50 22,1913 10790 H. D. Talbot 22.50 23, 1913 10791 F. Chapman 75.00 23, 1913 10792 Wm. Vanderheyden 25.00 23, 1913 10793 J. C. Dawson 22.50 23, 1913 10794 Mike Bowen 37.50 23, 1913 10795 A. F. Eberly 225.00 23, 1913 10796 S. A. Potter 100.00 23. 1913 10797 Geo. A. Wilson 50.00 23, 1913 10798 C. I. Furness 160.00 23, 1913 10799 Fred Robare 360.00 23, 1913 10800 John Seeley 110.00 23, 1913 10801 Fred Robare 100.00 23, 1913 10802 Ralph O. Childs 80.00 23, 1913 10803 W. B. Taylor 227.50 23, 1913 10804 Luteer Wilier 227.50 23, 1913 10805 Y. Barnett 120.00 23, 1913 10806 J. F. Patterson 30.00 23, 1913 10807 Geo. McKain 22.50 25, 1913 10808 E. S. Phillpot 15.00 25, 1913 10809 W. M. Anderson 52.50 25, 1913 10810 J. A. Griswold 70.00 25, 1913 10811 Robt. McNeil 35.00 25, 1913 10812 Sam Watkins 360.00 25, 1913 10813 John M. Singleton .• 150.00 25,1913 10814 C. W. Reeder 25.00 25, 1913 10815 J. C. Dawson 75.00 25, 1913 10816 J. W. Thomas 45.00 25, 1913 10817 H. D. Talbot 75.00 25, 1913 10818 Mrs. M. Brown 37.50 26, 1913 10819 J. D. Nelson 450.00 26, 1913 19820 C. B. Clark 200.00 26, 1913 10821 Chas. Hardy 275.00 26, 1913 10822 H. J. Chandler 100.00 26, 1913 10823 C. B. Dillenbeck 270.00 26, 1913 10824 F. S. Jenkins 225.00 26, 1913 10825 Wm. Vanderheyden 25.00 26, 1913 10826 E. Biezley 120.00 26, 1913 10827 Ed Farnsworth 25.00 26,1913 10828 ChetKelley 50.00 26, 1913 10829 Chet Kelley 400.00 26,1913 10830 A. Helgeson 22.50 26,1913 10831 James Leavitt 22.50 26, 1913 10832 Mrs. T. H. Jones 13.00 26, 1913 10833 E. Wagner 30.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II lit 26, 26, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, 27, Date Ko. To Whom Issued Amt. 26, 1913 10834 A. Johnston 60.00 1913 10835 F. Chapman 15.00 1913 10836 Geo. McKain 60.00 1913 10837 Stanley Starr 50.00 1913 19838 C. E. Agler 100.00 1913 10839 Neary McVey 225.00 1913 10840 W. M. Anderson 15.00 1913 10841 F. Reynolds 50.00 1913 10842 G. H. Narigon 75.00 1913 10843 L. G. Pierce 75.00 1913 10844 Geo. Anderson 110.00 1913 10845 J. W. Bums 37.50 1913 10846 A. C. Wisecorn 100.00 1913 10847 Roy Owen 75.00 1913 10848 Dick McMahon 60.00 1913 10849 O. J. Mooers 25.00 1913 10850 R. R. Johnston 45.00 1913 10851 M. Mclnemey 50.00 1913 10852 John Carson 140.00 1913 10853 M. J. McKiefer 3.00 1913 10854 Mrs. T. H. Jones 22.50 1913 10855 H. D. Talbot 37.50 1913 10856 I. Ross Thompson 25.00 27,1913 10857 M. J. Brennan 70.00 27, 1913 10858 C. E. Cameron 100.00 1913 10859 J. W. Scott 75.00 27, 1913 10860 T. Chapman 75.00 1913 10861 H. McCroy 15.00 1013 10862 R. Spicer 15.00 28, 1913 10863 Reeves Rros 100.00 28, 1913 10864 L. N. Miller 100.00 28, 1913 10865 Jas. Leavitt 22.50 28, 1913 10866 Geo. McKain 37.50 28, 1913 10867 W. S. Corsa 75.00 28, 1913 10868 G. M. Younglove 235.00 28, 1913 10869 Joe McLaughlin 450.00 28, 1913 10870 Oscar Ames 315.00 28, 1913 10871 W. H. Smallinger 450.00 28, 1913 10872 Geo. Wuef 200.00 28, 1913 10873 Geo. Anderson 450.00 28, 1913 10874 Wallace Estill & Son 100.00 28,1913 10875 Bert Harmon 50.00 28, 1913 10876 A. L. Thomas 210.00 1913 10877 Omer Amundson 90.00 28, 1913 10878 TV". B. Taylor 475.00 28, 1913 10879 Dick McMahon 490.00 28, 1913 10880 C. E. Aigler 70.00 28, 1913 10881 H. W. Brown 40.00 28, 1913 10882 B. G. Bohanan 360.00 28, 1913 10883 John McQuaig 300.00 28, 1913 10844 C. A. Spencer 120.00 29, 1913 10885 Jos. C. Brunk 170.00 29, 1913 10886 Thos. Bass 559.00 29,1913 10887 Thos. Bass 36.00 29, 1913 10888 G. K. Barton 20.00 29, 1913 10889 Chas. Calamese . 10.00 29, 1913 10890 Hugh O. Cassidy 25.00 29, 1913 10891 D. C. Cameron " 788.00 29, 1913 10892 F. W. Akers 16.00 29, 1913 10893 A. W. Arnold 440.00 29, 1913 10894 Anoka Farm.«! 268.00 29,1913 10895 J. B. Ashby 54.00 116 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. Aug. 29, 1913 10896 Aug. 29, 1913 10897 Aug. 29, 1913 10898 Aug. 29, 1913 10899 Aug. 29, 1913 10900 Aug. 29, 1913 10901 Aug. 29, 1913 10902 Aug. 29, 1913 10903 Aug. 29, 1913 10904 Aug. 29, 1913 10905 Aug. 29, 1913 10906 Aug. 29, 1913 10907 Aug. 29, 1913 10908 Aug. 29, 1913 10909 Aug. 29, 1913 10910 Aug. 29, 1913 10911 Aug. 29, 1913 10912 Aug. 29, 1913 10913 Aug. 29, 1913 10914 Aug. 29, 1913 10915 Aug. 29, 1913 10916 Aug. 29, 1913 10917 Aug. 29, 1913 10918 Aug. 29, 1913 10919 Aug. 29, 1913 10920 Aug. 29, 1913 10921 Aug. 29, 1913 10922 Aug. 29, 1913 10923 Aug. 29, 1913 10924 Aug. 29, 1913 10925 Aug. 29, 1913 10926 Aug. 29, 1913 10927 Aug. 29, 1913 10928 Aug. 29, 1913 10929 Aug. 29, 1913 10930 Aug. 29, 1913 10931 Aug. 29, 1913 10932 Aug. 29, 1913 10933 Aug. 29, 1913 10934 Aug. 29. 1913 10935 Aug. 29, 1913 10936 Aug. 29, 1913 10937 Aug. 29, 1913 10938 Aug. 29, 1913 10939 Aug. 29, 1913 10940 Aug. 29, 1913 10941 Aug. 29, 1913 10942 Aug. 29, 1913 10943 Aug. 29, 1913 10944 Aug. 29, 1913 10945 Aug. 29, 1913 10946 Aug. 29, 1913 10947 Aug. 29, 1913 10948 Aug. 29, 1913 10949 Aug. 29, 1913 10950 Aug. 29, 1913 10951 Aug. 29, 1913 10952 Aug. 29, 1913 10953 Aug. 29, 1913 10954 Aug. 29, 1913 10955 To Whom Issued Amt. Achenbach Bros 215.00 H. W. Ayers 203.00 H. W. Ayers 20.00 Allynhurst Farm 376.00 Anderson & Sons 272.00 Alden Anderson 121.00 Ashby, Hockett & Gardner 33.00 John Alexander 108.00 Horace L. Anderson 95.00 Otto V. Battles 325.00 G. H. Burge 173.00 W. J. Brinager & Son 111.00 J. M. Brown 10.00 Geo. Baker 50.00 Raymond E. Brown 40.00 T. B. Bowman & Son.-- 28.00 R. R. Blake 30.00 F. M. Buck 84.00 H. E. Browning 191.00 J. E. Beckendorf 22.00 John E. Buswell 205.00 John A. Ballou 13.00 Chas. Bachman 13.00 E. L. Bltterman 102.00 E. F. Brown 5.00 E. S. Barker 265.00 J. Hill Barnes 15.00 C. A. Brook 37.00 A. C. Binnie 137.00 A. J. Banks 2.00 Crawford & Griffin ' : 105.00 C. C. Croxen 176.00 W. S. Consa 583.00 E. M. Cassady 150.00 J. P. Cudahy 309.00 J. M. Curtice 191.00 C. D. and E. F. Caldwell 201.00 Francis Culbertson 3.00 Wm. Crownover 4 63.00 Carpenter & Carpenter 205.00 S. M. Croft & Sons 181.00 Capital View Ranche 193.60 Capital View Ranche 35.40 J. K. Bering 315.00 C. W. Cook 180.00 G. A. Chaffee 259.00 Geo. J. C. Copestake 105.95 Geo. J. C. Copestake 9.05 Ed Crawford 40.00 J. L. Dickerson 4.00 W. H. Dunbar 7.00 W. F. Desenberg 14.00 Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro 86.00 Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro ,14.00 John Dunbar 99.00 H. C. Davis. '. 112.00 C. B. Dannen & Son 86.00 Dunhams 160.00 W; L. DeClow 18.00 Deierling & Otto 130.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 11^ Date No. 29, 1913 10956 29, 1913 10957 29, 1913 10958 29, 1913 10959 29, 1913 10960 29, 1913 10961 29, 1913 10962 29, 1913 10963 29, 1913 10964 29, 1913 10965 29, 1913 10966 29, 1913 10967 29, 1913 10968 29, 1913 10969 29, 1913 10970 29, 1913 10971 29, 1913 10972 29, 1913 10973 29, 1913 10974 29, 1913 10975 29, 1913 10976 29, 1913 10977 29, liTl^ 10978 29. 1913 10979 29, 1913 10980 29, 1913 10981 29, 1913 10982 29, 1913 10983 29, 1913 10984 29, 1913 10985 29, 1913 10986 29, 1913 10987 29, 1913 10988 29, 1913 10989 29, 1913 10990 29, 1913 10991 29, 1913 10992 29, 1913 10993 29, 1913 10994 29, 1913 10995 29, 1913 10996 29, 1913 10997 29, 1913 10998 29, 1913 10999 29, 1913 11000 29, 1913 11001 29, 1913 11002 29, 1913 11003 29, 1913 11004 29, 1913 11005 29, 1913 11006 29. 1913 11007 29, 1913 11008 29, 1913 11009 29, 1913 11010 29, 1913 11011 29 1913 11012 29 1913 11013 29 1913 11014 29 1913 11015 29 1913 11016 To Whom Issued Amt. B. F. Davidson 92.00 Jacob K. Eshelman 10.00 Jesse Engle & Sons 36.00 W. C. Estes 210.00 G. L. Emmert & Sons 22.00 Geo. Eggert 143.00 F. H. Ehlers 132.00 Chas. Escher, Jr 199.00 Harry Eddingfield 156.00 C. H. Eversole 20.00 Ethelwood Farms 230.00 M. R. Evans 25.00 M. R. Evans 16.00 H. Harris Ford 240.00 R. F. French 110.00 A. W. and F. E. Fox 185.00 R. F. Fantz 87.00 R. M. Fantz & Sons 14.00 A. G. Forsbeck 94.00 J. S. Fawcett & Sons 129.00 W. S. Fox 65.00 Nell Fabyan 209.00 Roy E. Fischer 28.00 O. S. Gibbons & Son 257.00 W. B. Graham 30.00 C. G. Good 43.00 John Graham & Son 150.00 C. B. Grimes 111.00 G. W. Grigsby 63.00 George Gawley 24.00 Wm. Galloway Farms 75.15 Wm. Galloway Farms 36.85 O. Harris 397.00 "U^m. Herkelmaii 246.00 Chester A. Hanes 45.00 W. S. Hill 340.00 Haussler Bros 305.00 C. S. Hechtnei- 300.15 C. S. Hechtner 36.85 Frank E. Huston 155.00 Hanks & Bishop 2 6.00 R. G. Harding 20.00 Hendricks & Robinson 78.00 Mrs. Emile Hunt 4.00 F. L. Hutson & Son 285.00 Hildebrand Bros 20.00 ^V. V. Hixson 434.00 Luther Huston 15.00 lowana Farms 18.00 lowana Farms 244.00 lowana Farms 254.00 Chas. Irvine 357.00 Iowa State College 55.90 Iowa State College 4.10 C. F. Jones 15.00 J. T. Judge 50.00 E. H. Jackson 10.00 D. M. Johnston ' 30.00 Orlando Jacobs 8.00 E. L. Karr 42.00 F S. King Bros. Co 132.00 118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. Aug. 29 1913 11017 Aug. 29 1913 11018 Aug. 29 1913 11019 Aug. 29 1913 11020 Aug. 29 , 1913 11021 Aug. 29 1913 11022 Aug. 29 1913 11023 Aug. 29 1913 11024 Aug. 29 1913 11025 Aug. 29 , 1913 11026 Aug. 29 1913 11027 Aug. 29 1913 11028 Aug. 29 1913 11029 Aug. 29 1913 11030 Aug. 29 1913 11031 Aug. 29 1913 11032 Aug. 29 1913 11033 Aug. 29 1913 11034 Aug. 29 1913 11035 Aug. 29 1913 11036 Aug. 29 1913 11037 Aug. 29 1913 11038 Aug. 29 1913 11039 Aug. 29 1913 11040 Aug. 29 1913 11041 Aug. 29 1913 11042 Aug. 29 1913 11043 Aug. 29 1913 11044 Aug. 29 1913 11045 Aug. 20 1913 11046 Aug. 29 1913 11047 Aug. 29 1913 11048 Aug. 29 1913 11049 Aug. 29 1913 11050 Aug. 29 1913 11051 Aug. 29 1913 11052 Aug. 29 1913 11053 Aug. 29 1913 11054 Aug. 29 1913 11055 Aug. 29 1913 11056 Aug. 29 1913 11057 Aug. 29 1913 11058 Aug. 29 1913 11059 Aug. 29 1913 11060 Aug. 29 1913 11061 Aug. 29, 1913 11062 Aug. 29 1913 11063 Aug. 29 1913 11064 Aug. 29 1913 11065 Aug. 29 1913 11066 Aug. 29 1913 11067 Aug. 29 1913 11068 Aug. 29 1913 11069 Aug. 29 1913 11070 Aug. 29, 1913 11071 Aug. 29 1913 11072 Aug. 29, 1913 11073 Aug. 29 1913 11074 Aug. 29 1913 11075 Aug. 29 1913 11076 Aug. 29 1913 11077 To Whom Issued Amt. E. R. Kindred 10.00 B. F. Kunkle 195.00 John KrambecK 10.00 Thos. F. Kent 127.00 Economy Stock Farm 18.00 Joe Kramer 19.00 J. W. i^arabee 195.00 Grant L,5^nn 2.00 J. H. Lachmiller 10.00 Leemon Stock Farm 172.00 Leemon Stock Farm 4.00 Henry Lefebure 160.00 W. W. Marsh 352.00 J. B. Mackoy 222.00 Morris Bros 65.00 Morgan Horse Farm 100.00 Will Michael 3.00 J. H. Miller 315.00 J. E. Meharry 330.00 J. A. Mason 111.00 P. W. Moffatt 180.00 Clayton Messenger 160.00 T. I. Manley 57.00 W. J. Miller 129.00 L. H. Manley 58.00 W. A. McHenry 320.00 Geo. McKerrow & Sons 283.00 C. W. McDennott 75.00 R. G. McDuff 3.00 H. G. McMillan & Sons 496.00 TVarren T. McCray 291.00 C. L. McClellan 47.00 E. L. Nagle & Son 88.00 M. J. Nelson 23.00 J. H. Nissen 34.00 D. Nauman 20.00 C. A. Nels6n 274.00 L. C. Olaff 137.00 C. W. Overton 12.00 Isaac OVerton 22.00 O. E. O-sborn 10.00 Chas. E. Perkins 40.00 R. and W. Postle 123.00 R, and W. Postle 3.00 Ben Phillips 10.00 Jas. Pedley 40.00 D. H. Paul 120.00 Ed Person 3.00 Geot A. Phillipi 65.00 F. G. Paul 118.00 Carl A. Rosenfeld 283.00 S. Rail & Sons 115.00 W. T. Roberts & Son 33.00 H. L. Russell 24.00 J. L. Risley 6.00 H. II. Reed 20.00 John Rensink 8.00 Archibald Smith 90.00 G. W. Smith 63.00 Carl Sparboe 13.00 Chas. and V. A. Summers 79.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 119 Da te Xo. 29 1913 11078 29 1913 11079 29 1913 llOSO 29 1913 11081 29 1913 11082 29 1913 11083 29 1913 11084 29 1913 11085 29 1913 11086 29 1913 11087 29 1913 11088 29 1913 11089 29 1913 11090 29 1913 11091 29 1913 11092 29 1913 11093 29 1913 11094 29 1913 11095 29 1913 11096 29 1913 11097 29 1913 11098 29 1913 11099 29 1913 11100 29 1913 11101 29 1913 11102 29 1913 11103 29 1913 11104 29 1913 11105 29 1913 11106 29 1913 11107 29 1913 11108 29 1913 11109 29 1913 11110 29 1913 11111 29 1913 11112 29 1913 11113 29 1913 11114 29 1913 11115 29 1913 11116 29 1913 11117 20 1913 11118 29 1913 11119 29 1913 11120 29 1913 11121 29 1913 11122 29 1913 11123 29 1913 11124 29 1913 11125 29 1913 11126 29 , 1913 11127 29 1913 11128 29 1913 11129 29 1913 11130 29 1913 11131 29 1913 11132 29 1913 11133 29 1913 11134 2? 1913 11135 29 1913 11136 29 1913 11137 29 1913 11138 To Whom Issued Amt. Adam Seitz 437.00 W. Z. Swallow 55.00 Mrs. A. Stirling 90.00 L. N. and O. B. Sizer 460.80 L. N. and O. B. Sizer 29.20 Arthur Spear 44.00 Chas. J. Shepard 2.00 Seward Brothers 20.00 0. G. Soderberg 432.00 C. F. Stewart 10.00 Frank M. Shaw 50.00 V. J. Smith 15.00 R. W. Smith 5.00 Chas. Seibert 15.00 Allen L. Smith '. 20.00 C. A. Saunders 564.00 H. B. Smith 105.00 A. B. Somerville 73.00 J. M. Stewart 36.00 1. J. Swain & Sons 113.00 V^L W. Seeley 25.00 M. Shivers 18.00 0. R. Stevens 52.00 Saltone Stock Farm 207.00 Frank Reed Sanders 380.00 P. H. Sheridan 3.00 Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm 443.00 W. A. Taylor & Son 93.00 Cyrus A. Tow 672.00 1. Ross Thompson 50.00 J. W. Thompson 95.00 John Thompson 6.00 W. W. Vaughn 33.00 John Vought 18.00 John W. Vigars 4.00 W. W, Weston & Sons 143.50 Whiting Farm 65.00 TVilkinson Bros 200.00 F. J. Waltman 156.00 John H. "Williams 135.00 E. C. Wilson 106.00 F. F. and V. G. Warner 54.00 Bert B. Welty 85.00 Waltemeyer Bros. 191.00 Hozea Wilson 10.00 J. G. Westrope 20.00 W. A. Wickersham 70.00 Wilcox & Stubbs 152.00 R. J. Wallace & Sons 45.00 Russell Yates 15.00 P. W. Young 68.00 D. C. Cameron 22.00 E. B. Dodson 25.00 Wallace Estill & Son 246.00 "W^allace Estill & Son 14.00 E. A. Elliott 55.00 Hanson's Poultry Farm 50.00 C. E. Cameron 200.00 Ira Hall 50.00 Geo. A. Heyl & Son 437.00 Hamilton Bros 310.00 120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. Aug. 29 , 1913 11139 Aug. 29 , 1913 11140 Aug. 29 , 1913 11141 Aug. 29 , 1913 11142 Aug. 29 , 1913 11143 Aug. 29 , 1913 11144 Aug. 29 , 1913 11145 Aug. 29 , 1913 11146 Aug. 29 , 1913 11147 Aug. 29 , 1913 11148 Aug. 29 , 1913 11149 Aug. 29 , 1913 11150 Aug. 29 1913 11151 Sept. 3 1913 11152 Sept. 6, 1913 11153 Sept. 12, 1913 11154 Sept. 13 1913 11155 Sept. 13 1913 11156 Sept. 13, 1913 11157 Sept. 13 1913 11158 Sept. 13, 1913 11159 Sept. 13 1913 11160 Sept. 13, 1913 11161 Sept. 13, 1913 11162 Sept. 13, 1913 11163 Sept. 13, 1913 11164 Sept. 13, 1913 11165 Sept. 13, 1913 11166 Sept. 13 1913 11167 Sept. 13, 1913 11168 Sept. 13, 1913 11169 Sept. 13 1913 11170 Sept. 13, 1913 11171 Sept. 13 1913 11172 Sept. 13, 1913 11173 Sept. 13, 1913 11174 Sept. 13, 1913 11175 Sept. 13, 1913 11176 Sept. 13, 1913 11177 Sept. 13, 1913 11178 Sept. 13 1913 11179 Sept. 13 1913 11180 Sept. 13. 1919 11181 Sept. 13 1913 11182 Sept. 13, 1913 11183 Sept. 13, 1913 11184 Sept. 13, 1913 11185 Sept. 13 1913 11186 Sept. 13, 1913 11187 Sept. 13 1913 11188 Sept. 13, 1913 11189 Sept. 13 1913 11190 Sept. 13 1913 11191 Sept. 13 1913 11192 Sept. 13 1913 11193 Sept. 13, 1913 11194 Sept. 13, 1913 11195 Sept. 13 1913 11196 Sept. 13 1913 11197 Sept. 13 1913 11198 Sept. 13 1913 11199 To Whom Issued Amt. J. A. Knott 45.00 C. E. Monahan 60.00 O. J. Mooers 789.00 O. J. Mooers 28.00 O. J. Mooers 18.00 H. H. Polk 75.00 J. R. Peak & Son 815.00 Pabst Stock Farm 645.00 Bruce Robinson 45.00 B. F. Redmon 40.00 H. Rasmussen 265.00 C. R. C. Wells 30.00 Wild Rose Farm 715.00 Chas. Lowder 35.00 Bruce Robinson 10.00 Ruth Pickell 13.00 Marjorie Page 60.00 Homer Howell 60.00 John Leroy Brown 10.00 Keith Wolf Cooper 5.00 Eugene Allen 2.00 Franz Harvey 10.00 Dale Leroy Kane 5.00 Leslie Everndon 2.00 Charlotte Holmes 10.00 Laverne Luther 5.00 Olive Louis Graham 2.00 Myrnell Knauer 10.00 Helen Utter 5.00 Marie Harris 2.00 Gerald Edwin Geite 10.00 Conrad Lillie 5.00 Reveer Elliott 2.00 Jesse Wiseman 10.00 Frank W. Stewart 5.00 Chas. Simpson 2.00 Meredith Thomas 10.00 Helen Irwin . .^ 5.00 Marjorie Kline 2.00 Josephine Buckman 5.00 Mary Reed 2.00 Phillip Clow Wistrum 10.00 Edward Krudimeir 5.00 Harvison Holland 2.00 Gerald Moffet 5.00 Paul Hummell 2.00 Marian Jacobson 10.00 Virginia Johnston 5.00 Gretchen Yoder 2.00 Jeanne Frink 10.00 Mary Elizabeth Erwin 5.00 Judith Evans 2.00 Hilda Anderson 4.00 Alden Anderson 3.00 M. Anderson 2.94 Mrs. N. B. Ashby 19.00 Verne E. Agro 9.50 J. C. Ash 8.00 A. L. Anderson 29.00 H. U. Arthur & Sons 4.00 D. E. Ackoss 50 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 121 To Whom Issued Amt. Jesse Alexander & Co 37.00 Wm. Ambrose 2.94 W. H. Anderson 14.72 Mrs. J. H. Abernathy 7.00 Mary Anderson 1-00 Frances C. Adams -50 Florence Alexander 6.00 Mrs. Jesse Alexander 22.00 Mrs. Lew Arntz 2.00 E. O. Ballman 6.87 Raymond E. Brown 2.00 Mrs. M. Bredimus 66.00 C. F. Bollig 6.87 Gertrude Brereton 16.50 Joel Blomster 8.84 John A. Bettahauser 1-96 J. W. Bittcnbender 101.00 E. J. Butterfield 7.00 Aug. Beck 3.00 L. W. Bell 8.50 Mrs. O. C. Bierma 3.00 L. Bartlett 7.00 Mrs. H. I. Branson 2.00 J. M. Brown 2.00 A. & J. W. Boyt 7.00 A. A. Bennett 18.00 Armien Bruns 78.34 Matt Baker 5.00 Mrs. C. M. Bushay 20.00 G. B. Black 24.00 Brown Poultry Co 5.00 Mrs. W. S. Beatty 7.00 C. A. Barquist 7.00 E. B. Benson 3.00 Francis Blanchard 21.50 Dick Bnms 6.00 W. R. Bittcnbender 25.00 W. B. Barnes 5.00 Mrs. W. B. Barnes 3.50 Mrs. O. O. Brewbaker 12.55 J. J, Brunner 10.80 F. W. Bremer 9.81 Mrs. M. A. Bishop 17.00 J. H. Burgy 2.00 Annie Bishard 7.50 Vera I. Betts 4.00 Mrs. J. L. Betts 2.00 Hazell M. Betts 3.50 M. L. Bevan 9-00 A. H. Bakehouse 169.32 John Blake 5.00 A. W. Barrickman 8.00 Ellsworth H. Bates 5.00 Mrs. G. H. Botsford 6.00 Elizabeth Blackman 5.00 Warren E. Beebe 28.00 Mrs. Mary Berrier ■. 8.50 J. M. Bechtel 14.50 Ida Bradshaw 3.50 F. C. Colby 14.00 Erve O. Cole 10-80 Date No. Sept. 13, 1913 11200 Sept. 13, 1913 11201 Sept. 13, 1913 11202 Sept. 13, 1913 11203 Sept. 13, 1913 11204 Sept. 13, 1913 11205 Sept. 13, 1913 11206 Sept. 13, 1913 11207 Sept. 13, 1913 11208 Sept. 13, 1913 11209 Sept. 13, 1913 11210 Sept. 13, 1913 11211 Sept. 13, 1913 11212 Sept. 13, 1913 11213 Sept. 13, 1913 11214 Sept. 13, 1913 11215 Sept. 13, 1913 11216 Sept. 13, 1913 11217 Sept. 13, 1913 11218 Sept. 13, 1913 11219 Sept. 13, 1913 11220 Sept. 13, 1913 11221 Sept. 13, 1913 11222 Sept. 13, 1913 11223 Sept. 13, 1913 11224 Sept. 13, 1913 11225 Sept. 13, 1913 11226 Sept. 13, 1913 11227 Sept. 13, 1913 11228 Sept. 13, 1913 11229 .Sept. 13, 1913 11230 Sept. 13, 1913 11231 Sept. 13, 1913 11232 Sept. 13, 1913 11233 Sept. 13, 1913 11234 Sept. 13, 1913 11235 Sept. 13, 1913 11236 Sept. 13, 1913 11237 Sept. 13, 1913 11238 Sept. 13, 1913 11239 Sept. 13, 1913 11240 Sept. 13, 1913 11241 Sept. 13, lf>13 11242 Sept. 13, 1913 11243 Sept. 13, 1913 11244 Sept. 13, 1913 11245 Sept. 13, 1913 11246 Sept. 13, 1913 11247 Sept. 13, 1913 11248 Sept. 13, 1913 11249 Sept. 13, 1913 11250 Sept. 13, 1913 11251 Sept. 13, 1913 11252 Sept. 13, 1913 11253 Sept. 13, 1913 11254 Sept. 13, , 1913 11255 Sept. 13, , 1913 11256 Sept. 13, , 1913 11257 Sept. 13, , 1913 11258 Sept. 13, , 1913 11259 Sept. 13 , 1913 11260 122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Date No. Sept. 13 1913 11261 Sept. 13 1913 11262 Sept. 13 1913 11263 Sept. 13 1913 11264 Sept. 13 1913 11265 Sept. 13 1913 11266 Sept. 13 1913 11267 Sept. 13 1913 11268 Sept. 13 1913 11269 Sept. 13 1913 11270 Sept. 13 1913 11271 Sept. 13 1913 11272 Sept. 13 1913 11273 Sept. 13 1913 11274 Sept. 13 1913 11275 Sept. 13 1913 11276 Sept. 13 1913 11277 Sept. 13 1913 11278 Sept. 13 1913 11279 Sept. 13 1913 11280 Sept. 13 1913 11281 Sept. 13 1913 11282 Sept. 13 1913 11283 Sept. 13 1913 11284 Sept. 13 1913 11285 Sept. 13 1913 11286 Sept. 13 1913 11287 Sept. 13 1913 11288 Sept. 13 1913 11289 Sept. 13 19.13 11290 Sept. 13 1913 31291 Sept. 13 1913 11292 Sept. 13 1913 11293 Sept. 13 1913 11294 Sept. 13 1913 11295 Sept. 13 1913 11296 Sept. 13 1913 11297 Sept. 13 1913 11298 Sept. 13 1913 11299 Sept. 13 1913 11300 Sept. 13 1913 11301 Sept. 13 1913 11302 Sept. 13 1913 11303 Sept. 13 1913 11304 Sept. 13 1913 11305 Sept. 13 1913 11306 Sept. 13 1913 11307 Sept. 13 1913 11308 Sept. 13 1913 11309 Sept. 13 1913 11310 Sept. 13 1913 11311 Sept. 13 1913 11312 Sept. 13 1913 11313 Sept. 13 1913 11314 Sept. 13 1913 11315 Sept. 13 1913 11316 Sept. 13 1913 11317 Sept. 13 1913 11318 Sept. 13 1913 11319 Sept. 13 1913 11320 Sept. 13 1913 11321 To Whom Issued Amt. Ida M. Chubb 27.25 J. E. Cornwell 31.85 Wib F. Clements 4.00 R. E. demons 8.84 L. M. Collins 50 Frank Chalupeh 6.00 Dr. L. D. Carpenter 13.00 Mrs. Robt. Carlile 3.00 W. E. Cowan 7.00 Mrs. E. A. Crapsey 3.50 Marie Coppock 4.00 Marion Coppock 6.00 Mrs. L.. H. Curran 64.50 June Collins 12.50 May Chamberlain 9.00 Mrs. W. O. Coffee 1.00 Mrs. M. A. Currough 3.00 Mrs. B. M. Comins 3.00 Clark Bros 13.00 Miss M. Christson 3.00 J. E. Cundy 2.00 Velma Downing 22.00 Arthur Dearinger 8.00 M. J. Duncan 1.00 Joe F. Denberger 5.00 M. B. Denny 2.00 Helen A. Deets 59.00 Mrs. E. F. Davis 1.00 Wm. Danner 10.00 J. M. Dillow 5.00 Pearl Denny 9.00 Mrs. N. Deheck 1.00 B. Dunlap 2.00 Ardath Davis .50 Mrs. John Davis 1.00 Harry Eddingfleld 9.00 B. A. Elliott 15.00 S. H. Ellis 16.00 E. A. Edwards 6.00 Sophia J. Edmundson 1.00 Mrs. A. C. Eichenlaub 15.00 Theckla Eichenlaub 13.50 Minnie Eichenlaub 1.00 Mrs. J. C. Elliott 2.00 Martin Erickson 12.50 Miss Agnes Ellis 2.00 Josie Elder 2.00 Marjorie Ellis 5.00 R. P. Fantz 4.00 J. S. Fawcett & Son 4.00 Helen Finch 21.25 Farmers Co-operative Creamery Co 8.84 H. W. Falk 6.00 Alex Foggy 18.00 Fairholme Poultry Farm 10.00 Frank Fortman 1.50 P. A. Fosselman 4.00 S. Li. Farlow 4.00 Mrs. T. J. Flora 58.00 Geo. B. Ferris 18.00 E. M. Frederickson 1.96 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YHIAR BOOK— PART II 123 To Whom Issued Amt. Mrs. M. S. Friend 10.50 Mrs. G. B. Frost 41.00 Farmers Co-operative Creamery Co 5.89 H. L. Felter 55.50 J. W. Fager 3.00 Mrs. Edith Felter 7.00 Mrs. S. P. Fitzgerald 2.00 Mrs. Myrtle Fuson 5.00 John Finnegan 46.00 H. A. Griese 6.87 Chas. F. George 11.78 G. J. Gudknecht 1-96 Geo. Gude 1.96 D. B. Greubel 63.00 J. C. Gingery 5.00 A. E. Goodman 2.00 Mary J. Gaylor 13.50 Mrs. M. R. Good 1.00 Mrs. H. F. Gross 11.00 Nelle C. Greaney 13.50 O. M. Garrett 9.00 Mrs. Geo. M. Grinstead 27.00 Maizie Grinstead 42.00 Alna Grinstead 23.00 Theodore Grouna 20.00 Esther Green 5.00 Harry Groves 23.00 Clara Gates 2.00 Mrs. C. L. Gray 2.00 Mrs. Elizabeth Gilmore 4.00 Mrs. M. P. Gerard 2.00 Mrs. Jas. M. Grinstead, Jr 10.00 A. D. Hayes 9.00 F. P. Heffelfinger 1.00 Mrs. W. H. Harwood 36.50 Carl Haviland 5.89 W. A. Hook 17.00 W. P. Hughes 4.91 Lenis Haggland 2.00 F. H. Harmes 10.80 Henry Hanson 6.87 Jas. Hethershaw 177.00 J. F. Harsh 15.00 M. J. Harris 22.00 W^. Harvey 20.00 Katherine Hegna 2.00 Wm. Helgason 8.84 Hanson's Poultry Farm 39.50 C. W. Howell 1.00 Frank Harris 2.00 Mrs. Frank Harris 1.50 Weir Hart 28.00 T. H. Hall 3.00 Chas. E. Hines 1-00 C. E. Hiatt 12.00 Harry Hilton 2.00 R. M. Howard 2.00 W. C. Hengen - 13.00 I. E. Hubler & Sons 18.00 E. H«ydon 31.00 C. ^V. Reeder 9-50 S. O. Rusley 9-81 Date No. Sept. 13, 1913 11322 Sept. 13, 1913 11323 Sept. 13, 1913 11324 Sept. 13, 1913 11325 Sept. 13, 1913 11326 Sept. 13, 1913 11327 Sept. 13, 1913 11328 Sept. 13, 1913 11329 Sept. 13, 1913 11330 Sept. 13, 1913 11331 Sept. 13, 1913 11332 Sept. 13, 1913 11333 Sept. 13, 1913 11334 Sept. 13, 1913 11335 Sept. 13, 1913 11336 Sept. 13, 1913 11337 Sept. 13, 1913 11338 Sept. 13, 1913 11339 Sept. 13, 1913 11340 Sept. 13, 1913 11341 Sept. 13, 1913 11342 Sept. 13, 1913 11343 Sept. 13, 1913 11344 Sept. 13, 1913 11345 Sept. 13, 1913 11346 Sept. 13, 1913 11347 Sept. 13, 1913 11348 Sept. 13, 1913 11349 Sept. 13, 1913 11350 Sept. 13, 1913 11351 Sept. 13, 1913 11352 Sept. 13, 1913 11353 Sept. 13, 1913 11354 Sept. 13, 1913 11355 Sept. 13, 1913 11356 Sept. 13, 1913 11357 Sept. 13, 1913 11358 Sept. 13, 1913 11359 Sept. 13, 1913 11360 Sept. 13, 1913 11361 Sept. 13, 1913 11362 Sept. 13, 1913 11363 Sept. 13, 1913 11364 Sept. 13, 1913 11365 Sept. 13, 1913 11366 Sept. 13, 1913 11367 Sept. 13, 1913 11368 Sept. 13, 1913 11369 Sept. 13, 1913 11370 Sept. 13, 1913 11371 Sept. 13, 1913 11372 Sept. 13, 1913 11373 Sept. 13, 1913 11374 Sept. 13, 1913 11375 Sept. 13, 1913 11376 Sept. 13, 1913 11377 Sept. 13, 1913 11378 Sept. 13, 1913 11379 Sept. 13, . 1913 11380 Sept. 13, 1913 11381 Sept. 13, , 1913 11382 Sept. 13, , 1913 11383 124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. Sept. 13 1913 11384 Sept. 13 1913 11385 Sept. 13 1913 11386 Sept. 13 1913 11387 Sept. 13 1913 11388 Sept. 13 1913 11389 Sept. 13 1913 11390 Sept. 13 1913 11391 Sept. 13 1913 11392 Sept. 13 1913 11393 Sept. 13 1913 11394 Sept. 13 1913 11395 Sept. 13 1913 11396 Sept. 13 1913 11397 Sept. 13 1913 11398 Sept. 13 1913 11399 Sept. 13 1913 11400 Sept. 13 1913 11401 Sept. 13 1913 11402 Sept. 13 1913 11403 Sept. 13 1913 11404 Sept. 13 1913 11405 Sept. 13 1913 11406 Sept. 13 1913 11407 Sept. 13 1913 11408 Sept. 13 1913 11409 Sept. 13 1913 11410 Sept. 13 1913 11411 Sept. 13 1913 11412 Sept. 13 1913 11413 Sept. 13 1913 11414 Sept. 13 1913 11415 Sept. 13 1913 11416 Sept. 13 1913 11417 Sept. 13 1913 11418 Sept. 13 1914 11419 Sept. 13 1913 11420 Sept. 13 1913 11421 Sept. 13 1913 11422 Sept. 13 1913 11423 Sept. 13 1913 11424 Sept. 13 1913 11425 Sept. 13 1913 11426 Sept. 13 1913 11427 Sept. 13 1913 11428 Sept. 13 1913 11429 Sept. 13 1913 11430 Sept. 13 1913 11431 Sept. 13 1913 11432 Sept. 13 1913 11433 Sept. 13 1913 11434 Sept. 13 1913 11435 Sept. 13 1913 11436 Sept. 13 1913 11437 Sept. 13 1913 11438 Sept. 13 1913 11439 Sept. 13 1913 11440 Sept. 13 1913 11441 Sept. 13 1913 11442 Sept. 13 1913 11443 Sept. 13 1913 11444 Sept. 13 1913 11445 To Whom Issued Amt. W. A. Rizer 5.89 John Paulson Ring 4.91 J. D. Reid 9.00 R. B. Rowe 26.00 F. L. Rehihard & Son 56.50 J. F. Robinson 3.00 Georgia Ruffcorn 16.00 Beatrice Richey 33.50 Mrs. Homer Ross 3.00 Oscar Rustad 6.00 Chester Reeves 26.50 Ray Redfern 10.00 Mrs. M. A. Rood 4.50 Mrs. Mary Ross 47.00 Anna Redhead 23.00 Augusta Reese 1.00 Chas. & V. A. Summers 2.00 Mrs. A. Stirling 8.95 Arthur Spear 3.0.0 S. A. Shetterley -174.91 H. C. Stendel 179.81 Myrta Steers 16.00 Thos. E. Sadler 12.76 C. G. Seiberling 10.00 Sam Savereid 7.86 R. D. Sweet 5.89 A. "W. Snyder 4.91 Watson Shick 3.93 V. F. Schultz 1.96 Roy Scholes 8.84 H. Soballe 14.23 Mrs. J. W. Seevers 2.00 lowana Farms 22.00 A. A. Simons 27.50 Anton Smith 10.80 O. B. Sterling 3.93 State Center Farmers Co-op. Cry. Co 5.89 W. Shetterly 8.00 Frank Szerlong 7.86 Phillip Souers 6.00 J. C. Sandmeir 5.00 Sestier Bros 90.00 Mrs. F. C. Sheldon 7.00 Julius Sinn 14.00 Howard Shane 3.00 Li. J. Schuster 21.00 Mrs. Louise M. Smith 13.00 Mrs. C. O. Seaman 1.00 Sclvis H. Stamm 4.00 B. D. Smith 19.50 Florence H. Stevens 2.00 Armenia Sampey 45.00 Mabel Shepard 3.00 J. F. Seiberling 3.00 Mrs. S. Stut.sman 9.00 Mrs. C. S. Smith 11.00 G. Stuessi 10.80 Caroline Stelndler 35.00 Hazel Snyder 1 6.50 Mr.s. Mary A. Soules 2.00 Miss Eunice Stuart 1.00 Edith Smith 5.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 125 Bate No. 13 1913 1144G 13 1013 11447 13 1913 11448 13 1913 11449 13 1913 11450 13 1913 11451 13 1913 11452 13 1913 11453 13 1913 11454 13, 1913 11455 13 1913 11456 13 1913 11457 13 1913 1145S 13 1913 11459 13 1913 11460 13 1913 11461 13 1913 11462 13 1913 11463 13 1913 11464 13 1913 11465 13 1913 11466 13 1913 11467 13 1913 114GS 13 1913 11469 13 1913 11470 13 1913 11471 13 1913 11472 13 1913 11473 13 1913 11474 13 1913 11475 13 1913 11476 13 1913 11477 13 1913 11478 13 1913 11479 13 1913 114S0 13 1913 114S1 13 1913 114S2 13 1913 11483 13 1913 11484 13 1913 11485 13 1913 11486 13 1913 11487 13 1913 11488 13 1913 11489 13 1913 11490 13 1913 11491 13 1913 11492 13 1913 11493 13 1913 11494 13 1913 11495 13 , 1913 11496 13 1913 11497 13 1913 11498 13 , 1913 11499 13 1913 11500 13 , 1913 11501 13 , 1913 11502 13 1913 11503 13 , 1913 11504 13 , 1913 11505 13 , 1913 11506 13 1913 11507 To "VThom Issued Amt. Mrs. E. C. Sturman 1.50 ]\rrs. O. R. Sheets 3.00 S. I. Stocker 2.00 Mrs. C. N. Smith 7.00 Mrs. Elinor Selleck 4.00 Louise Sprague 8.00 L. C. Shivvers 30.00 Alice Seymour 79.50 Helen Secor 1.50 Johanna Schiewe 4.00 Dr. C. O. Seaman 1.00 Rudolph Schmidt 6.00 J. H. Sprague 21.50 Mrs. Sarah Smithson 4.00 Mrs. F. D. Shivers ". 8.95 W. A. Taylor & Sons. . . . : 3.00 C. H. True 106.00 Trio Poultry Farm 14.00 Taylor Bros 11.00 Mi?s Lillian M. Thornton 23.00 E. R. Trites 31.00 J. L. Trites 17.00 TiTrs. E. L. Thompson 15.00 Miss R. Thompson 20.50 Lillie Taylor 4.00 J. L. Todd 90.50 Margaret E. Tomlinson 10.00 B. Dorothea Tomlinson 12.00 M. J. Thomas 9.50 Id.a A. Towne 3.00 Ella M. Trowbridge 23.00 Lettie M. Thornton 23.00 Mrs. E. W. Toland 1.00 'W. Trillow 216.00 Minta Tenney 16.00 Mack Utterback 45.00 Wix Utterback 12.00 W. E. Utterback 150.55 C. and C. T. Van Lint 6.00 J. F. Vandermeir 1.96 Edith Vensil 11.00 Helga Vald 2.00 F. F. and V. G. Warner 62.00 F. D. Warner 8.84 J. S. Wilson Floral Co 382.00 J. M. Williamson 24.00 Edna A. Wheeler 19.00 Wm. Winneke 30.00 Mrs. Lydia "Welsh 22.00 Wm. Walker 1.00 Mrs. A. M. Walrath 7.00 Mrs. J. N. Walker 3.00 Logan Earl Wing 10.00 "W. F. Wallace 1.00 J. S. Wright 15.00 R. E. West 113.50 Zoe Williams 2.00 Mrs. Bertha Walter ' .50 Mrs. Leander Williams 3.00 Miss Minnie West 5.50 Kenneth West 4.00 T. E. "Ward 2.00 126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE No. To Whom Issued Amt. 11508 Geo. S. Woodruff ig.OO 11509 J. F. Warner 6.00 11510 Robt. Wagner ... 9. si 11511 Mrs. W. D, Woods 4. 00 11512 Mrs. S. G. Weaver 2.00 11513 Gertrude B. Wilkinson 2.00 11514 H. H. Wiiiting 3.92 11515 Mrs. M. J. Whaite 4.00 11516 W. J. Weisbrod..." 6.00 11517 Mrs. Mary Walz 8.00 11518 Sarah A. Watlcins 3.00 11519 M. J. Worth 115.50 11520 L. L. Zbornilv 5.89 11521 F. M. Zell 4.91 11522 Bessie Zacharia 8.50 1152.3 TS^illard Zeller 44.00 11524 O. A. Declcer 18.05 11525 "W. W. Gwinn 32.55 11526 Chas. O. Garrett 258.90 11527 Geo. M. Grinstead 68.90 11528 Mrs. J. C. Hoi 25.45 11529 Cyrus B. Harvey 28.50 11530 C. E. Malone 201.23 11531 Mrs. B. A. Mathews 73.35 11532 C. E. Mincer 163.60 11533 B. Stuart 101.95 11534 J. F. Wellons 66.40 11535 M. J. Wragg 23.20 11536 E. O. Worth 109.85 10607 M. E. Hinckley 1.50 10608 Mrs. G. B. Hippee 85.00 10609 Ellsworth Harker 22.00 10610 Frank Harker 26.00 10611 Frank Hood 7.00 10612 Carl Holden 84.00 10613 F. C. Hinze 9.81 10614 W. F. Harms 2.94 10615 Mrs. S. H. Hazard 13.00 1 0616 Mrs. Bertha Hoover 10.00 10617 Mrs. Robert Home 3.00 10618 Henry George 23.00 10619 H. V. Hethershaw 8.00 10620 Mrs. Cyrus E. Harvey 6.50 10621 Ada Harvey 4.00 10622 Mary Hoepner 2.00 10623 Mrs. Jacob Harpel 2.50 10624 Mrs. Charles Howard 1.00 10625 Mrs. B. H. Hanks 2.00 10626 Evelyn Hawks 6.00 10627 Mrs. K. Hegna 3.00 10628 Mrs. J. W. Hurd 1.00 10629 F. O. Harrington 64.50 10630 Iowa Seed Company 398.00 10631 Mary J. Isenian 2.00 10632 A. B. Jordan 1.00 10633 Carl Jorgensen 5.89 10634 E. A. Jensen 6.87 10635 H. H. Jensen 10.80 10636 M. P. Junker 9.81 10637 R. S. Jackson 15.00 10638 Frank Johnson 14.00 10639 James Jensen 23.00 Sept. l>at 13, ;e 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, r913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13. 1913 Sent. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 Sept. 13, 1913 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 127 Date Xo. Sept. 13, 1913 10640 Sept. 13 1913 10641 Sept. 13 1913 10642 Sept. 13 1913 10643 Sept. 13 1913 10644 Sept. 13 1913 10645 Sept. 13 1913 10646 Sept. 13 1913 10647 Sept. 13 1913 10648 Sept. 13 1913 10649 Sept. 13 1913 10650 Sept. 13 1913 10651 Sept. 13 1913 10652 Sept. 13 1913 10653 Sept. 13 1913 10654 Sept. 13 1913 10655 Sept. 13 1913 10656 Sept. 13 1913 10657 Sept. 13 1913 10658 Sept. 13 1913 10659 Sept. 13 1913 10660 Sept. 13 1913 10661 Sept. 13 1913 10662 Sept. 13 1913 10663 Sept. 13 1913 10664 Sept. 13 1913 10665 Sept. 13 1913 10666 Sept. 13 1913 10667 Sept. 13 1913 10668 Sept. 13 1913 10669 Sept. 13 1913 10670 Sept. 13 1913 10671 Sept. 13 1913 10672 Sept. 13 1913 10673 Sept. 13 1913 10674 Sept. 13 1913 10675 Sept. 13 1913 10676 Sept. 13 1913 10677 Sept. 13 1913 10678 Sept. 13 1913 10679 Sept. 13 1913 10680 Sept. 13 1913 10681 Sept. 13 1913 10682 Sept. 13 1913 10683 Sept. 13 1913 10684 Sept. 13 1913 10685 Sept. 13 1913 10686 Sept. 13 1913 10687 Sept. 13 1913 10688 Sept. 13 1913 10689 Sept. 13 1913 10690 Sept. 13 1913 10691 Sept. 13 1913 10692 Sept. 13 1913 10693 Sept. 13 1913 10694 Sept. 13 1913 10695 Sept. 13 1913 10696 Sept. 13 1913 10697 Sept. 13 1913 10698 Sept. 13 1913 10699 Sept. 13 , 1913 10700 Sept. 13 , 1913 10701 To Whom Issued Amt. John Justice 136.95 NieLs P. Jorgensen 6.87 R. Jorgensen 6.87 Chris B. Jen.sen 5.89 M. S. Jones 16.50 Frank Justice 2.00 Isaac Johnston 182.00 Mrs. C. H. Johnston 1-00 Joe Kramer 40.00 John M. Kott 5.00 C. T. Knutson 4.91 Kriger Bros 28.00 Carl Koenigsberger 7.00 Francis Keffer 57.50 Mrs. M. Kastberg 52.50 Mrs. Clara Kaup 3.50 H. E. Klllmer 9.00 Kellogg & Kellogg 4.00 Fanny M. Kllnck 217.72 Ella Koch 34.00 P. H. Kelling 9.81 Mary Kegley 3.00 W. O. Knapp 38.00 Mrs. Charlotte Kinney 2.00 Henry Langstrat 66.00 H. C. Ladage 6.87 Chris Lundhay 4.91 L. H. Larson 6.87 E. E. Lucas 30.00 Fred Lehman 2.94 R. A. Lundberg 5.00 Wm. J. Lockhart 19.00 Martha Leuty 14.00 Jennie Leuty 7.00 R. H. Longworth 135.00 Harral A. Longworth 108.00 Mrs. R. H. Longworth 8.00 Mai-y J. Latta 50.00 Sarah J. Latta 16.00 W. F. Lyon 133.55 O. O. Lomen 46.00 Mrs. O. O. Lomen 51.73 G. F. Langquist 5.89 N. M. Leonard 22.00 Mrs. Frances Lingenfelter 11.00 Minnie B. Lewis 12.00 Lozier, The Florist 6.00 Mrs. R. A. Lewis 71.00 J. F. Larenson 4.91 J. A. Mason 17.00 Wm. Matters 7.86 Harriet Macey 96.50 L. H. Manley 4.00 Thos. L. Morlan 5.00 W. E. Mittelstadt 8.84 Mrs. L. G. Miller 18.50 Carl Meier 7.86 Mrs. E. F. Morris 7.00 E. E. Mittelstadt 12.27 Dr. R. B. Munn 12.00 J. C. Mawdsley 22.00 E. R. Mawdsley 23.00 128 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE No. Sept. !•", 1913 10702 Sept. 13, 1913 10703 Sept. 13, 1913 10704 Sept. 13, 1913 10705 Sept. 13, 1913 10706 Sept. 13, 1913 10707 Sept. 13, 1913 10708 Sept. 13, 1913 10709 Sept. 13, 1913 10710 Sept. 13, 1913 10711 Sept. 13, 1913 10712 Sept. 13, 1913 10713 Sept. 13, 1913 10714 Sept. 13, 1913 10715 Sept. 13, 1913 10716 Sept. 13, 1913 10717 Sept. 13, 1913 10718 Sept. 13 1913 10719 Sept. 13, 1913 10720 Sept. 13 1913 10721 Sept. 13 1913 10722 Sept. 13 1913 10723 Sept. 13 1913 10724 Sept. 13 1913 10725 Sept. 13 1913 10726 Sept. 13 1913 10727 Sept. .13 1913 10728 Sept. 13 1913 10729 Sept. 13 1913 10730 Sept. 13 1913 10731 Sept. 13 1913 10732 Sept. 13 1913 10733 Sept. 13 1913 10734 Sept. 13 1913 10735 Sept. 13 1913 10736 Sept. 13 1913 10737 Sept. 13 1913 10738 Sept. 13 1913 10739 Sept. 13 1913 10740 Sept. 13 1913 10741 Sept. 13 1913 10742 Sept. 13 1913 10743 Sept. 13 1913 10744 Sept. 13 1913 10745 Sept. 13 1913 1074G Sept. 13 1913 10747 Sept. 13 1913 10748 Sept. 13 , 1913 10749 Sept. 13 1913 10750 Sept. 13 1913 10751 Sept. 13 1913 10752 Sept. 13 , 1913 10753 Sept. 13 1913 10754 Sept. 13 , 1913 10755 Sept. 13 , 1913 1075G Sept. 13 , 1913 10757 Sept. 13 . 1913 10758 Sept. 13 , 1913 10759 Sept. 13 , 1913 107C0 Sept. 13 , 1913 107G1 Sept. 13 , 1913 107C2 Sept. 13 , 1913 10703 To 'rniom Issued Amt. Chris Ilorck 11.78 Mr. and Mrs. A. L. IMoore 8.00 Ernest Massey 5.00 Clarence Mej-er 15.00 Mrs. Richard Manning 33.00 Maplehurst Gardens 63.00 George Madison 5.00 H. R. Malone 200.70 Lucy V. IMorrison 3.00 A. L. Merriam 3.00 Anne INI. Meyer 22.50 Mabel Miller 21.50 Fern B. Miller 12.00 Mrs. J. S. Murrow 4.00 Forest B. Meyers 2.00 Catherine N. McCartney 65.50 Fritz D. Mathis 3.00 G. O. Miller 10.80 D. W. Mohler 7.86 Mrs. A. S. Marquis 2.00 Mrs. M. J. Mansager 3.93 Fred McCulloch 140.17 Ed B. McPherrin 2.00 Wm. McMichael 2.00 Dora McLain 10.00 Geo. T. McCannon 42.00 Flora A. McLennan 2.00 H. J. McCullom 34.00 F. E. McCall 34.00 Beulah McAdoo 1.00 Cecil McMahin 14.00 C. R. McClean 1.00 Ada B. Newquist 24.50 G. Nesland 8.00 Miller S. Nelson 183.79 Mrs. L. M. Nelson , 1.00 O. Osborne 12.00 E. B. Olds 8.84 Mrs. Lafe Owens 3.50 N. Overgaard 6.87 O'Donnell Poultry Farm 1.50 W. F. Otcheck 205.54 Mrs. H. E. Olson 3.50 P. M. Parsons 6.00 P. W. Peterson 7.86 Mrs. J. A. Peters 20.22 F. G. Paul 5.00 Mary E. I'eck 16.00 A. L. Pluinmer 91.75 Luther R. Pike 2.00 Walter H. Plows 143.43 K. L. Price 13.00 Elliott Purmort 3.00 E. L. Pearson 36.00 J. V. Pfander & Son 7.00 P. W. Pitt 5.00 Edna M. Patsig 27.00 Emanuel Peterson 9.00 Beryl I'arks 13.00 John Peterson 12.00 J. J. Proudfit 68.00 Mrs. W. O. Plummer 16.50 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 129 Date No. Sept. 13. 1913 107G4 Sept. 13, 1913 1076.'5 Sept. 13, 1913 10766 Sept. 13, 1913 10767 Sept. 13, 1913 10768 Sept. 13, 1913 10769 Sept. 13, 1913 10770 Sept. 13, 1913 10771 Sept. 13, 1913 10772 Sept. 13, 1913 10773 Sept. 13, 1913 10774 Sept. 13, 1913 10775 Sept. 13, 1913 10776 Sept. 13, 1913 10777 Sept. 13, 1913 10778 Sept. 13, 1913 10779 Sept. 13, 1913 10780 Sept. 13, 1913 10781 Sept. 19, 1913 11537 Sept. 19, 1913 11538 Sept. 20, 1913 11539 Sept. 23, 1913 11540 Sept. 24, 1913 11541 Sept. 24, 1913 11542 Sept. 24, 1913 11543 Sept. 24, 1913 11544 Sept. 24, 1913 11545 Sept. 24, 1913 11546 Sept. 24, 1913 11547 Sept. 24, 1913 11548 Sept. 24, 1913 11549 Sept. 24, 1913 11550 Sept. 24, 1913 11551 Sept. 24, 1913 11552 Sept. 24, 1913 11553 Sept. 24, 1913 11554 Sept. 24, 1913 11555 Sept. 27, 1913 11556 Sept. 27, 1913 11557 Oct. 4, 1913 11558 Oct. 14, 1913 11559 Nov. 19, 1913 11560 Nov. 19, 1913 11561 To "Wliom Issued Amt. Vesta Plummer 20.00 Hazel Plummer 14.00 3.00 27.00 2.00 50 3.00 9.00 8.00 2.00 Mrs. E. H. Pickering- 24.00 Mrs. Anna Parr . . Tillie M. Peterson Neota A. Plummer W. A. Pickering . , Mrs. Milt Person . . J. E. Proudflt . . . . C. A. Patterson . . Twila Potter P. M. Peterson 27.00 Chas. M. Pink 4 3.00 Mrs. Berl Parks 2.00 R. Harrold Reed 1 5.00 Elmer Reed 60.00 Mrs. John A. Ryan 62.00 Henry RoUinson 136.00 Hazel Betts 2.00 Dr. M. W. Downing and Bro 7.00 Stock Yards Harness and Saddle Co 100.00 Helen A. Deets 1.00 Bessie Hart, Co. Supt 4.00 Kate R. Logan 28.00 Carolyn E. Forgrave, Co. Supt 85.00 June Chidester 81.00 Zina Fessenden 3.00 Myrtle A. Dungan 15.00 Clara D. Cowgill 40.00 Carrie B. Ludlow 18.00 Sarah Huftalen SO. 00 Pearl De Jarnette .' 74.00 Z. C. Thornburg 123.00 Maude "Wakefield .52.00 Jno. R. Slacks 1 8.00 Minnie Connor 15.00 L. C. tiTown ■ 29.00 Sarah A. Watkins 3.00 Leo Ahart 50.00 Iowa State College 600.00 Cyrus E. Harvey 3.00 W. C. Estes 15.00 Chas. Irvine 35.00 Total $61,069.90 130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXPENSE WARRANTS ISSUED DURING THE PERIOD FROM DECEM- BER 1st, 1912, to NOVEMBER 30th, 1913. l^ote. — The expense warrants issued in the name of A. R. Corey, Secre- tary Grounds Department, are deposited with the Iowa Trust and Savings Bank to the credit of the grounds department payroll account. Payroll checks are then issued by the secretary agaimst this account so that the department may have a receipted voucher for the payment of all claims for labor in the grounds department. This same method is employed in paying off all help under the de- partment superintendents at the close of the fair. After the payroll of each superintendent is approved by the board the secretary is instructed to issue an expense warrant covering the amount of each payroll and de- posit the same in the bank to the credit of the superintendent's pay roll account. The superintendent then issues checks against this account in payment of help employed. Date Ko. To Whom Issued Amt. 12-13 1U092 R. S. Johnston, expenses attending meetings, American Assn. Fairs and Expositions, Chicago.. $ IS. 65 12-13 10093 O. A. Olson, expenses attending meetings, Ameri- can Assn. Fairs and Expositions, Chicago 43.52 12-13 10094 H. L. Pike, expenses attending meetings, Ameri- can Assn. Fairs and Expositions, Chicago 32.80 12-13 10095 E. M. Wentworth, expenses attending meeting American Assn. Fairs and Expositions, Chicago. . 17.25 12-13 10096 E. J. Curtin, expenses attending meeting Ameri- can Assn. Fairs and Expositions, Chicago 35.60 12-13 10097 J. F. Summers, expenses attending meeting Ameri- can Assn. Fairs and Expositions, Chicago 33.60 12-13 10098 C. E. Cameron, expenses attending meeting Ameri- can Assn. Fairs aiid Exposition, Chicago 32.91 12-13 10099 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage annual meet- ing 38.00 12-13 10100 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage annual meeting.... 39.50 12-13 10101 R. y. Johnston, jjei' diem and mileage annual meet- ing 39.80 12-13 10102 C. W. I'hillips, per diem and mileage annual meet- ing 45.00 12-13 10103 E. M. Reeves, per diem and mileage annual meeting 36.30 12-13 10104 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage annual meeting 39.50 12-13 10105 E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage annual meeting .- 30.00 12-13 10106 T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage annual meeting 28.50 12-13 10107 C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage annual meeting 23.70 12-13 10108 F. E. Sheldon, per diem and mileage annual meeting 36.30 12-13 10109 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage annual meet- ing 40.00 12-13 10110 Jno. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage annual meet- ing : 35.70 12-13 10111 II. L. Pike, per diem and mileage annual meeting 44.00 12-16 .10112 Audubon County Journal, expense advertising 1912 fair 5.2S Date Xo. 12-16 101 i:i 12-lfi 10114 12-16 10115 12-18 10116 12-18 10117 12-18 10118 12-18 10119 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 131 To Whom Issued Amt. American Surety Co., premium secretary's bond 1913 25.00 A. V. Storm, expenses superintendent school ex- hibits 1912 fair 25.08 Anna V. Day, expenses judge school exhibits de- partment 1912 fair 18.75 J. E. Lovejoy, payment on contract for horse barn built 1912 2,000.00 J. H. Queal & Co.. balance lumber bill, 1912 539.31 Jno. T. Christie & Co., insurance on buildings 150.00 A. R. Corey, expense special committee work, ac- count Greater Des Moines Committee 4.00 12-18 10120 A. R. Corey, expenses attending- meeting of Ameri- can Assn. of Fairs and Expositions, Chicago.... 38.10 12-18 10121 Alta Dickens, premium on account 1912 fair.... 2.00 12-20 10122 American Laundry, laundry bills, dining hall 1912 fair 2.99 12-21 10123 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 1 (grounds) November 18, December 14, inclusive: A. H. Weihn, labor on race track, 11 days @ $2.00 5 22.00 A. H. Weihn, labor on race track, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 M. Burnett, labor on race track, 4 days @ $2.00 8.00 S. B. Brown, labor on race track, Yz day @ $4.00 2.00 56.00 12-30 10124 Frank E. McColl, expense accounts box apple exhibit, 1912 fair 6.75 12-31 10125 C. A. Nash, salary December, 1912 125.00 12-31 10126 Elsie Colton, salary December, 1912 100.00 12-31 10127 J. H. Deemer, salary December, 1912 100.00 12-31 10128 Edith K. Smith, additional salary, December, 1912 10.00 12-31 10129 Minnie Anderson, salary extra clerk, December, 1912 65.00 12-31 10130 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 2 (grounds) December 16-28 inclusive: A. H. Weihn, labor on grounds, lOi^ days @ $2.00 $21.00 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 43.00 1- 3 10131 Mrs. F. S. Watts, expense account speaker annual meeting 5.80 1- 3 10132 American Assn. Farmers' Institutes, dues 1912.... 5.00 1-7 10133 A. R. Corey, secretar>% pay roll No. 3 (grounds), December 23- January 4, inclusive: Dan Daughenbaugh, hauling cinders, 29 loads @ 90c $ 26.10 Dan Daughenbaugh. labor on grounds, 3 days @ $4.00 12.00 Leo Paul, hauling cinders, 20 loads @ 90c. . 18.00 Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 3 days @ $4.00 12.00 68.10 1- 8 10134 W. H. Brereton, 6,600 brick 49.50 1-11 10135 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage Executive Committee Meeting - 26.00 1-11 10136 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage Executive Com- mittee Meeting 27.50 1-11 10137 C. E. Cameron, expense attending meeting, Ameri- can Trotting Assn., Chicago 30.46 28.00 132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date Xo. To Whom Issued Amt. 1-11 10138 C. F. Curtiss, special committee work, Publicity Department '''•'''0 1-13 10139 Mary T. Watts, expense account Babies' Health Contest, 1912 fair 4.35 1-15 10140 Iowa Assn. County and District Fairs, annual dues and prorata expense annual meeting 15.25 1-17 10141 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage Executive Com- mittee meeting 31.50 1-17 10142 C. E. Cameron, per diem and milea.s^e Executive Committee meeting 30.00 1-17 10143 Jno. F. Summers, special committee work on plan for proposed sheep barn 1-17 10144 H. L. Pike, special committee work on plans for proposed cattle barn 32.0(t 1-17 10145 C. F. Curtiss, special meeting publicity department 11.70 1-18 10146 Jno. Potts, hauling 56 loads cinders @ 90c 50.4ii 1-lS 10147 L. S. Casner, 52 bushels of corn, mule and horse teams, grounds 19.24 1-18 10148 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 4 (grounds) A. H. Weihn, hauling cinders, 7 days @ $2.00.$ 14.00 A. H. Weihn, shoveling snow, 5 days @ $2.00. 10.00 Dan Daughenbaugh, hauling cinders, 22 loads @ 90c 1^-80 Dan Daughenbaugh, hauling cinders, 5 loads & 45c 2.25 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.00 . 18.00 64.05 1-28 101 40 E. M. Wentworth, correction on error in deposit by Public Safety Department, 1912 fair 10.35 1-29 10150 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage Executive Committee Meeting 26.00 1-29 10151 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage Executive Com- inittee Meeting 27.50 1-31 10152 C. A. Nash, salary, January, 1913 125.00 1-31 10153 Elsie Colton, salary, January, 1913 100.00 1-31 10154 J. H. Deemer, salary, January, 1913 100.00 1-31 10155 Edith K. Smith, additional salary, January, 1913.. 10.00 1-31 10156 Minnie Anderson, salary extra, clerk, January, 1913 65.00 1-31 10157 Martha Coffin, extra clerk, 14 days, January, 1913 35.00 2- 1 10158 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 5 (grounds): A. H. Weihn, hauling cinders, 18 days @ $2.00 $38.00 36.00 2- 3 10159 R. O. Patton, settlement of claim on account of cabbage privilege, 1912 fair 20.00 2- 3 10160 Billboard Pub. Co., subscription February 4, 1912, to February 4, 1913 4.00 2- 3 10161 K. L. Polk & Co., 1912 city directory 7.00 2- 7 10162 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage. Executive Committee meeting :!0.oo 2- 7 10163 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 31.50 2- 7 10164 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage legislative com- mittee meeting 27.70 2- 8 10165 Iowa Telephone Co., toll charges Ames station... .30 2-10 10166 J. M. Stewart, balance grading contract, speed barns, 1909 27.82 2-10 10167 Kock Bros., two premium ribbons, French Draft Division. Horse Department, 1912 fair 4.00 2-10 10168 J. F. Griffin, sheriff Polk county, fees for certified copy land condemnation proceedings 15.10 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 133 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 2-10 10169 Chas. A. Guth, recorder Polk county, recording fees land condemnation proceedings 15.85 2-13 10170 Louis Kurtz, postmaster, postage 80.00 2-18 10171 F. W. Beckman, expense account speaker annual meeting l-^'J 2-21 10172 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage. Executive Committee meeting 26.00 2-21 10173 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 27.50 2-21 10174 J. F. Summers, committee work privilege depart- ment 28.00 2-22 10175 O. A. Olson, expense attending attraction meeting, Cliicago 28.70 2-22 10176 C. E. Cameron, expense attending attraction meeting, Chicago 31.7.1 2-24 10177 A. R. Corey, expense attending attraction meeting, Chicago 24.75 2-28 10178 H. N. Whitney, salary, February. 1!)13 166.66 2-28 10179 C. A. Nash, salary, February, 1913 125.00 2-28 10180 Elsie Colton, salary, February. 1913 100.00 2-28 10181 J. H. Deemer, salary, February, 1913 100.00 2-28 10182 Edith K. Smith, additional salary, February, 1913.. 10.00 2-28 10183 Minnie Anderson, salary extra clerk, February. 1913 65.00 2-28 10184 Emma Daniels, salary extra clerk, 5 days, Febru- ary. 1913 12.50 2-28 10185 Martha Coffin, salary extra clerk, 2 days, February, 1913 5.00 2-28 10186 H. N. Whitney, expense attending Iowa Assn. of Ad Club. Waterloo 6.99 2-28 10187 Louis Kurtz, postmaster, postage 2,200 Greater Iowa 22.00 3- 1 10188 A. H. Weihn, cinder hauling, grounds, 231/2 days @ $2.00 47.00 3- 1 10189 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 2,600 Greater Iowa 26.00 3- 3 10190 J. F. Summers, expense attending attraction meet- ing, Chicago 26.80 3- 4 10191 E. J. Curtin, expense attending attraction meeting, Chicago 32.80 3- 4 10192 E. J. Curtin, expense attending meeting American Trotting Assn., Chicago 24.10 3- 7 10193 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage. Executive Com- mittee meeting 31.50 3- 7 10194 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, legislative com- mittee meeting 23.70 3- 8 10195 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, Executive Committee meeting 34.00 3- 8 10196 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 40.00 3-11 10197 Adams Express Co., express bills, October, 1913- January, 1913 1.80 3-11 10198 American Express Co., express bills, October and December, 1912, January and February. 1913... 5.05 3-11 10199 W. S. Barnard, advertising Clark county 1912 fair. . . 10.00 3-11 10200 Robert F. Hildebrand, panorama view, stock parade 1912 fair 40.00 3-11 10201 Iowa Machinery and Supply Co., 4 check valves.... 4.32 3-11 10202 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills, Oct., Nov., Dec, 1912, Jan., 1913 .- 3.55 3-11 10203 S. G. McFadden, est. refund swine pen rent, 1912 fair ■'■'•00 134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Pate Xo. To Wliom Issued Amt. 3-11 10204 U. S. Express Co., express bills, September, 1912, January and February, 1913 >5-"5 3-11 10205 Wells Fargo & Co., express bills, September and November, 1912, January, 1913 5.45 :?-ll 1O206 Western Union Tele.s:raph Co., messages, October and December, 1912 1C5 3-13 10207 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage. Executive and Legislative Committee meeting 30.00 3-13 10208 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage. Executive and Legislative Committee meeting 31.50 3-13 10209 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage, legislative com- mittee meeting 35.50 3-13 10210 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, legislative Committee meeting 27.70 3-21 10211 H. B. Erase, auditor Polk county, back taxes year 1911, lots 14 and 15, Cotton Mill Addition to Grant Park 13.02 3-24 10212 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage. Executive Committee meeting 38.00 3-24 10213 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage. Executive Com- mittee meeting 39.50 3-24 10214 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, legislative com- mittee meeting 31.70 3-24 10215 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage. Legislative Com- mittee meeting 30.00 3-24 10216 Billboard Publishing Co., pro rata share advertising Chicago attraction meeting 6.00 3-25 10217 L. H. Kurtz, po.stmaster, postage 2,500 stallion bul- letins 150.00 Jno. Potts, hauling 20 loads cinders @ 90c 18.00 H. N. Whitney, salary, March. 1913 166.66 C. A. Nash, salary, March, 1913 125.00 Elsie Colton, salary, March. 1913 100.00 J. H. Deemer, salary, March, 1913 100.00 Edith K. Smith, salary, March, 1913 85.00 Minnie Anderson, salary extra clerk, March. 1913. . . 65. 00 Emma Daniels, salary extra clerk, March, 1913.... 65.00 Martha Coffin, salary extra clerk, March, 1913 65.00 Lenora Lennington, salary extra clerk, March. 1913 32.50 Nan Liljiquist, salary extra clerk, 5 days, March, 1913 12.50 4- 4 10229 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 6 (grounds) March 3-29, inclusive: Dan Daughenbaugh, hauling cinders, 54 loads @ 90c $48.60 Hoyt Woodward, hauling cinders, 51 loads @ 90c 45.90 A. H. Weihn, labor on grounds, 24 days @ $2.00 48.00 E. A. Snow, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $3.00 3.00 Leo Paul, hauling cinders, 22 loads @ 90c. . 19.80 Geo. Whitney, foreman. 12 days @ $2.25 27.00 192.30 4- 4 10230 Void. 4- 4 10231 A. R. Corey, Secretary, payi-oll folding Greater Iowa, April issue, 1913: Gaile Stowell. % day (A day (» $1.00 50 Robt. McKee. 1 V4 days (g) $1.00 1.50 6.00 3- 27 1021S 4- 1 10219 4- 2 10220 4- 2 10221 4- 2 10222 4- 2 10223 -2 10224 4- 2 10225 4- 2 10226 4- 2 10227 4- 2 10228 FOURTEENTH ANXUAI. YEAR BOOK— PART II 13;", Date No. To Wliom Issued Anit. 4- 4 10232 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, Executive Committee meeting 30.00 4- 4 10233 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 31.50 4- 4 10234 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage, legislative committee meeting 39.50 4- 4 10235 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, legislative committee meeting 27.70 4- 4 10236 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, committee work, premium list revision 36.00 4- 9 10237 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage board meeting 26.00 4- 9 10238 O. A. OLson, per diem and mileage board meeting 27.50 4- 9 10239 R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage board meet- ing 27.80 4- 9 10240 E. M. Reeves, per diem and mileage board meeting 24.30 4- 9 10241 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage board meeting. 31.50 4- 9 10242 E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage, board meeting 18.00 4- 9 10243 C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage, board meeting 11.70 4- 9 10244 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage, board meet- ing 28.00 4- 9 10245 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, board meeting 23.70 4- 9 10246 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 32.60 4-10 10247 M. G. Thornburg, committee Tvork, revising pre- mium list, sheep department 2.91 4-11 10248 American Trotting Register Assn., Year Book, Vol. 28 4.00 4-11 10249 Bureau of Advertising, 3 forms multigraph letters 6.50 4-11 10250 G. W. Dietz, cement for walks, street car entrance 4.40 4-11 10251 Des Moines Water Co., water bills, November, December, 1912, and Januarj-, February, March, 1913 13.29 4-11 10252 S. Joseph & Sons, 2 watches, diary premiums and engraving cups and express on same, 1912 fair 53.32 4-11 10253 Hawkeye Machine and Brass Works, pointing and sharpening plow, grounds 2.00 4-11 10254 Iowa Press Clipping Bureau, clipping service — October 11, 1912, to March 11, 1913 20.00 4-11 10255 Iowa Lithographing Co., printing two forms di- plomas, premiums dairy department 13.50 4-11 10256 J. M. Jamieson, binding 1912 award books 7.00 4-11 10257 Percheron Society of America, stud book, vol. 14.. 3.00 4-11 10258 Stoner Wall Paper Co., papering farm house, grounds 6.84 4-11 10259 IMoon Engraving Company, 16,500 letter heads, for board 105.00 4-11 10260 The Wapello Republican, expense advertising 1912 fair 5.28 4-11 10261 O. A. Olson, per diem, Executive Committee meet- 4-11 10262 J. P. IMullen, per diem, legislative committee meet- ing 4-16 10263 A. R. Corey, Secretary, payroll No. 7 (grounds) March 30-April 12, inclusive: A. H. Weihn, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 $ 22.00 James Beck, 3 days 2 hours, labor on grounds @ $2.00 6.40 E. A. Snow, labor on grounds, 3 days, 3 hours @ $3.00 9.90 I. J. Whitmore, labor on grounds, 4 days 2 hours @ $2.00 8.40 12.00 12.00 136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date Xo. To Whom Issued Amt. Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 4 days 2 hours @ $2.50 10.50 Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 4 days, @ $2.00 8.40 George Whitney, foreman, 6 days 9 hours @ $2.25 15.53 Leo Paul, hauling cinders, 12 loads @ 90c 10.80 Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 2 hours @ $4.00 .80 Dan Daughenbaugh, hauling cinders, 4 loads @ 90c 3.60 Dan Daughenbaugh, labor on grrunds, 3 days 2 hours @ $4,00 12.80 Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, 4 days 2 hours @ $4.00 16.80 125.93 4-17 10264 Joe Head, shoeing mule team, grounds .* 6.50 4-17 10265 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage legislative com- mittee meeting 32.00 4-17 10266 C. E. Cameron, per diem Executive Committee meet- ing 36.00 4-17 10267 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage Executive Committee meeting 35.50 4-17 10268 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage legislative com- mittee meeting 27.70 4-19 10269 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 50.00 4-29 10270 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 8 (grounds), April 13-April 26, inclusive: M. Bennett, labor on grounds, 4 days at $2.00. .$ 8.00 S. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 4 days 7 hours at $4.00 18.80 Chas. Morrison, labor on . grounds, 2 days 1 hour at $3.50 7.35 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 12 days at $2.25 27.00 Dan Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, 10 days 7 hours at $4.00 42.80 Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, 2 days at $4.00 8.00 Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 12 days at $2.00 24.00 Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 10 days at $2.50 25.00 A. H. Weihn, labor on grounds, 12 days at $2.00 24.00 I. J. Whitmer, hiI)or on grounds, 12 days at $2.00 24.00 E. A. Snow, labor on grounds, one-half day at $3.00 1.50 210.45 4-29 10271 L. S. Casner, 52 6-7 bushels corn, mule and horse teams, grounds 22.20 4-30 10272 H. N. Whitney, salary, April, 1913 166.66 4-30 10273 C. A. Nash, salary, April, 1913 125.00 4-30 10274 Elsie Colton, salary, April, 1913 100.00 4-30 10275 J. H. Deemer, salary, April, 1913 100.00 4-30 10276 Minnie Anderson, salary, extra clerk, April, 1913 65.00 4-30 10277 Emma Daniels, salary, extra clerk, April. 1913 65.00 4-30 10278 Martha Coffin, salary, extra clerk, April, 1913 65.00 4-30 10279 Lenora Lennington, salary, extra clerk, April, 1913. .. . 65.00 4-30 10280 Mrs. E. W. Stone, salary, 251/2 days, extra clerk, April, 1913 63.75 4-30 10281 Carrie Walton, salary, extra clerk, 10 days, April, 1913 25.00 4-30 10282 Nan Liljiquist, salary, extra clerk, 7 days, April, 1913. . 17.50 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 137 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 5- 1 10283 Lawrence Burke, extra clerk, 5 days, April, 1913 9.00 5- 3 10284 Void. 5- 5 10285 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll folding Greater Iowa, May issue, 1913 : Claude Adams, 1 day at $1.00 $ 1.00 Havel Cox, 1 day at $1.00 1.00 Clarence Johnson, 1 day at $1.00 1.00 Ruben Bergstron, 1 day at $1.00 1.00 Lawrence Burke, 1 day at $1.50 1.50 5.50 5- 5 102S6 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 65.00 5- 5 10287 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage. Executive Com- mittee meeting 30.00 5- 5 102S8 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 31.50 5- 5 10289 C. F. Curtiss, special committee work, Women and Children'.s building 7.70 5- 5 10290 Joe Head, blacksmith work, grounds 3.95 5- 7 10291 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 26.00 5- 7 10292 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage Executive Com- mittee meeting 27.50 5- 9 10293 Dps Moines Commercial Club, reservation Jobbers* Excursion, May 13-15 37.50 5- 9 10294 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 26.00 5- 9 10295 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 27.50 5- 9 10296 R. S. Johnson, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 27.80 5- 9 10297 C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 33.00 5- 9 10298 Elmer M. Reeves, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 24.30 5- 9 10299 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 31.50 5- 9 10300 E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 14.00 5-9 10301 T. C. Legoe. per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 20.50 5- 9 10302 C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 7.70 5- 9 10303 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 28.00 5- 9 10304 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage board meeting, Februar>' 22, 1913 23.70 5-9 10305 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage board meeting, February 22, 1913 32.00 5-10 10306 C. L. Dahlberg & Co., reporting annual meeting, 3 days. 62 pages transcript 33.60 5-10 10307 Dale Taxicab Ser\'ice, auto, representatives Winnipeg Fair, city to grounds and return 3.00 5-10 10308 Press Auto Livery, auto, legislative committee, 35th G. A. city to grounds and return 5.00 5-10 10309 Iowa Telephone Company, toll bills, February. March, April, 1913 ; exchange service grounds, November, 1912, to April, 1913, inclusive 25.75 138 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 5-13 10310 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 9 (grounds), April 27-May 10, inclusive: Chas. Eberhart, labor on grounds, 4 days at ?2.00 $ 8.00 Geo. Stafferton, labor on grounds, 4 days at $2.00 8.00 H. F. Deets, labor on grounds, 2 days 5 hours at $3.00 7.50 I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 12 days 3 hours at $4.00 49.20 S. T. "Wilson, labor on grounds, 4 days 5 hours at $2.00 9.00 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 4 days at $2.00.. 8.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 12 days at $3.50 42.00 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 12 days at $2.25 27.00 Dan Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, 8 days 5 hours at $4.00 . . 34.00 Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 9 days 2i/^ hours at $2.00 18.50 Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 9 days 5 hours at $2.50 23.75 A. H. "Weihn, labor on grounds, 10 days at $2.00 20.00 E. A. Snow, labor on grounds, 1 day 9 hours at $3.00 5.70 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 10 days 5 hours at $2.00 21.00 Carl Heggen, labor on grounds, 6 days at $3.00. 18.00 I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, one-half day at $2.00 1.00 Geo. Brookover, labor on grounds, 6 days at $2.00 12.00 Floyd Terrill, labor on grounds, 5 days 5 hours at $2.00 11.00 L. D. Bruner, labor on grounds, 5 days 5 hours at $2.00 11.00 Alex. Digh, labor on grounds, one-half day at $2.00 1.00 Frank Maricle, labor on grounds, 5 days 5 hours at $2.00 11.00 346.65 5-14 10311 U. S. Mote, mower repairs, grounds 4.00 5-14 10312 Louis Kurtz, postmaster, postage 60.00 5-15 10313 Lenora Lennington, one-half month salary, extra clerk, May, 1913 32.50 5-15 10314 Mrs. E. "W. Stone, one-half month salary, extra clerk. May, 1913 32.50 Carrie Walton, 11 days, extra clerk. May, 1913 27.50 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 26.00 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . . . 27.50 R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 27.80 Elmer M. Reeves, per diem and mileage, board meeting 24.30 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 31.50 E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage, board meeting 18.00 C. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 11.70 F. E. Sheldon, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 24.30 Jno. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, board meeting 23.70 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . . . 32.60 O. O. Smitli, first payment architect fees, Women and Children's building 750.00 5-21 10327 A. R. Corey, salary as secretary, April 23-30, inclusive 48.89 5 -15 10315 5 -17 10316 5 -17 10317 5 ■17 10318 5 ■ 17 10319 5 -17 10320 5 -17 10321 5 -17 10322 r -17 10323 5 -17 10324 5 -17 10325 5 -17 10326 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 139 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 5-21 10328 C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage, auditing com- mittee work 33.00 5-22 10329 Spirit of the West, advertising speed program, 1913 Futurity 112.50 5-24 10330 A. Olson, shingles game keeper's lodge, game preserve, grounds 11.88 5-31 10331 J. M. Brown, plastering game keeper's lodge, game pre- serve, grounds 33.36 5-31 10332 H. N. Whitney, salary. May, 1913 166.66 5-31 10333 A. R. Corey, salary, May, 1913 183.33 5-31 10334 C. A. Nash, salary. May, 1913 125.00 5-31 10335 Emma Daniels, salary, extra clerk, 15 days, May, 1913 32.50 5-31 10336 Elsie Colton, salary, May, 1913 100.00 5-31 10337 J. H. Deemer, salary, May, 1913 100.00 5-31 10338 Martha Coffin, salary, extra clerk, May, 1913 65.00 5-31 10339 Minnie Truax, salary, 24 days, extra clerk. May, 1913.. 60.00 5-31 10340 Mrs. E. W. Stone, salary, extra clerk, 11 days. May 19-28, inclusive 22.50 5-31 10341 Perry Ridenour, salary, office boy, 141/2 days. May 1913 18.02 6- 2 10342 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 10 (grounds), May 11-24, inclusive: Jas. Fredrigill, labor on grounds, 9 days ZVs hours at $4.00 $ 37.40 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 9 days ^Vz hours at $2.00 19.90 Frank Maricle, labor on grounds, 9 days 9V2 hours at $2.00 19.90 L. L). Bruner, labor on grounds, 9 days 9 hours at $2.00 19.80 Carl Heggen, labor on grounds, 10 days IV2 hours at $3.00 32.25 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 10 days SVz iiuurs (y- $2.00 20.70 A. H. Weihn, labor on grounds, 12 aays at $2.00. 24.00 henry Granugeorge, laoor on grounds, 11 days 6 hours at $2.50 29.00 Chas. Brennan, labor on grounds, 9 days HVz hours at $2.00 19.70 Dan Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, 4 days 7 iiouis i.a $4.uU 18.80 Geo. Whitney, loreman, IZ aays at $2.25 Z7.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounas, 8 uays 5 liours at $3.50 29.75 M. Burneit, labor on giounus, 11 days ti nours at $-:.0U 23.20 S. J.. Wilson, labor on grounus, 6 uays 6^2 hours at $:i.00 16.70 I. n. Brown, laoor on grounus, iu uays Hyz hours at $4.00 41.40 I. B. urown, labor on grounus, y uays 9 hours at $4.00 39.60 Geo. otati'erton, labor on grounus, lu aays iVz hours at $2.00 20.90 Chas. Eberharat, labor on grounus, 1 aay at $2.00 2.00 H. f. Stouffiel, labor on grounus, 12 days at $3.00 36.00 Floyd Terrill, labor on grounus, 9 days 6 hours at $2.00 19.20 Al Shepherd, labor on grounds, 6 days at $2.50. 15.00 D. C. King, labor on grounds, 6 days at $2.50. 15.00 H. F. Deets, labor on grounds, 4 days at $a.OO. 12.00 Theo Broerman, labor on grounds, 5 days at $1.75 8.75 Fred Gutschall, labor on grounds, 4 days 8 hours at $2.00 9.60 Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 8 days 3 hours at $4.00 33.20 Ford Von Voorhes, labor on grounds, 12 days at $2.00 24.00 614.75 140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Wliom Issued Amt. 6- 2 10343 A. R. Corey, secretary, nay roll folding Greater Iowa, June issue, 1913 : Virgil Still, three-fourths day at $1.00 $ .75 Waldo Scott, 1 day at $1.00 1.00 Clarence Johnson, 1 day at $1.00 1.00 Saul Sundberg, 1 day at $1.00 1.00 Vern Johnson, 1 day at $1.00 1.00 4.75 6- 3 10344 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 60.00 C- 4 10345 C. E. Cameron, expense attending meeting Western State Fairs, St. Paul 21.59 6- 4 1034G O. A. O'lson, expense attending meeting Western State Fairs, St. Paul 14.93 6- 4 10347 A. R. Corey, expense attending- meeting Western State Fairs, St. Paul 27.20 G- 4 10348 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 26.00 6- 4 10349 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage. Executive Com- mittee meeting 27-50 6- 6 10350 Joe Head, blacksmith work, grounds 5.65 6- 7 10351 H. M. Kinsell, payment on contract for moving Wom- an's Rest Cottage 50.00 6- 7 10352 H. M. Kinsell, second payment on contract for moving Woman's Rest Cottage 50.00 6- 9 10353 A. Olson, painting roof street car entrance 29.00 6- 9 10354 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 11 (grounds), May 25- June 7, inclusive: Leonard Millard, 1 day @ $1.00 $ 1.00 C. H. Cantrill, labor on grounds, 3 days @ $2.00 6.00 Clarence Wright, labor on grounds, 3 days @ $1.50 4.50 Wm. Barton, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $3.00 18.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 12 days 2 hours @ $3.50 42.70 Jno. Shelton, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $1.00 2.00 Grant Allen, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00 12.00 H. 1'. ,Stouffer, labor on grounds, 9 days 1 hour @ $3.00 27.30 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 11 days (fi) $2.00 22.00 Ford Van Vooi-hes, labor on grounds, 11 days $2.00 22.00 D. C. King, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 H. F. Deets, labor on grounds, 9 days 3 hours @ $3.00 27.90 Fred Gutshall, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.00 18.00 C. Johnson, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00 12.00 Jas. Beck, labor on gi-ounds, 8 days 5 hours @ $2.50 21.25 Floyd Terrlll, labor on grounds, 1 day (u: $2.00 2.00 Theo Broerman, labor on grounds, 6 days 5 hours (fi) $1.75 11.38 Geo. Stafforton, labor on grounds, 10 days 5 hours <(D $2.00 21.00 S. T. Wilson, labor on grounds, 10 days 6t) $2.00 20.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 141 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 6- 9 10354 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 11 (grounds), May 25-June 7, inclusive — Continued. Chas. Bi'ennaii, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 11 days @ $2.25 24.75 Henry Grandseorge, labor on grounds, 10 days 5 hours @ $2.50 26.25 I. J. Whitniei-, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 A. H. Weihn, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 Jas. Fredrigill, labor on grounds, 11 days 9 hours @ $5.00 59.50 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, lo days 5 hours @ $2.00 21.00 Frank Maricle, labor on grounds, 10 days 5 hours @ $2.00 21.00 L. D. Bruner, labor on grounds, 6 days 5 hours @ $2.00 13.00 Carl Heggen, labor on grounds, 10 days 7 hours @ $3.00 32.10 I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $4.00 40.00 I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $4.00 40.00 Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $4.00 40.00 G-10 10355 Tuttle's Letter Shop, folding 10,000 circulars 6-10 10356 Thorson and Harper, 2 photo.s and 2 prints, old stock barn 6-10 10357 J. E. Lovejoy, balance on contract for horse barn, built in 1912 , G-10 10358 Iowa Telephone Company, telephone system im- provements on grounds during years, 1911-12.. 6-10 10359 Des Moines Electric Co., supplies for sub-station, grounds 6-10 10360 Des Moines Stationery Co., one Belknap Rapid Ad- dressing Machine, one stencil filing cabinet and miscellaneous supplies for same 6-10 10361 Orcutt Mfg. Co., box for filing photographs 6-10 10362 Peter Malcolm, stallion examination, Ossian, Iowa 6-10 10363 B. Harmon, stallion examination, Ossian, Iowa.... 6-11 10364 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, Executive Committee meeting 30.00 6-11 10365 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage. Executive Com- mittee meeting 31.50 6-11 10366 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 15.00 6-12 10367 L H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 2425 premium lists 97.00 6-13 10368 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage, privilege work 28.00 6-13 10369 H. M. Kinsell. final payment moving rest cottage. . 50.00 6-14 10370 R. T. Jones, 100 bushel oats, mule and horse teams, grounds SjS.oo 6-17 10371 A. Olson, shingling grocery store, grounds 12.80 6-17 10372 Seick Tent and Awning Co., canvas cover for Grand Avenue entrance 70.20 6-17 10373 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bill, Ameg station .25 6-18 10374 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage. Executive Committee meeting 30.00 687.63 2.50 8.00 300.00 639.83 2.40 235.72 5.00 10.00 7.25 142 IOWA depart:\iext of agriculture Date No. To Wlioni Issued Amt. 6-lS 10375 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting- 31.50 6-19 10376 C. N. IMcIlvaine, Secretary, prorata share advertis- ing speed program, Iowa, Nebraska and South Da- "" kota circuit 73.25 6-20 10377 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 2000 premium lists SO. 00 6-21 1037S Iowa Telephone Company, toll bill, Ames station.. .25 6-23 10379 Louis Kurtz, postmaster, postage 2575 premium lists 103.00 6-23 1O3S0 Louis Kurtz, postmaster, postage 3 issues Greater Iowa. April, INIay and June, 1913 14.10 6-24 103S1 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 12 (grounds), June S-21, inclusive: Chas. Meade, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $3.00 1 6-00 Don Paul, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $3.00 O.Ou Harvey Wilton, labor on grounds, 5^^ days @ $2.00 1100 C H. Cantrill, labor on grounds, 3 days (g> $2.00 6.00 Geo. "Whitney, foreman, 12 days © $2.50 30.00 Dan Faircloth, labor on grounds, S days @ $2.50 20.00 Wm. Barton, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 C. Johnson, labor on grounds, 6 days 5 hours @ $2.00 13.00 Jas. Beck, labor on grounds, 10 days 9 hours @ $2.50 27.25 - H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 10 days 9 hours @ $3.00 32.70 :M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 12 days # $2.00 24.00 Ford Van Voorhes, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 D. C. King, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 Wm. Robinson, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.25 13.50 Theo Dokoss, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $2.00 10.00 Theo Broerman, labor on grounds, 11 days S hours @ $1.75 20.65 R. J. Marshall, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 W. H. Anderson, labor on grounds, 2 days S hours @ $2.00 5.60 Geo. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 5 days S hours @ $2.00 11.60 Fodie Burnett, labor on grounds, 7 days © $1.00 7.00 Kenwith Fredrigill, labor on grounds, 7 days (g $1.00 7.00 Leonard Millard, labor on grounds, 3 days @ $1.00 3.00 Clarence "Wright, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $1.50 3.00 Grant Allen, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 143 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 6-24 10381 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 12 (grounds), June 8-21, inclusive — Continued. H. F. Deets, labor on grounds, 12 days 7 hours @ $3.00 38.10 Fred Gutshall, labor on grounds, 12 days ® $2.00 24.00 Floyd Terrill, labor on grounds, 1 day days @ $2.00 6.00 Theo Broerman, labor on grounds, 9 days 7 hours @ $1.75 16.98 Fred Gutshall, labor on grounds, 10 days 3 hours @ $2.00 20.60 Erwin Deemer, office boy, 12 days @ $1.50.. 18.00 Grant Allen, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 George Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 Austin Dav, labor on grounds, 7 hours @ 20c 1-40 H. F. Deets, foreman, 4 days # $3.00 12.00 Kenneth Fredrigill, water boy, 11 days @ $1.00 11-0" Fodie Burnett, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $1.00 10-00 Don Paul, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 Jas. Beck, labor on grounds, 9 days 21/2 hours @ $2.50 23.63 Chas. Meade, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $3.00 ^3.00 Wm. Barton, labor on grounds, 11 days & $3.00 33.00 Jas. Fredregill, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $5.00 -•••• 55.00 Don Faircloth, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Harvey Welton, labor on grounds, 8 days 5 hours @ $2.00 17.00 Wm. Robinson, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.25 20.25 Theo Dokoss, labor on grounds, 9 days TV2 hours @ $2.00 19.50 D. C. King, labor on grounds, 5 V^ days @ $2.50 13.75 Ford Van Voorhes, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 M Burnett, labor on grounds, 10 days U $2.00 20.00 H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $3.00 30.00 Henry Tschontz, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00 2.00 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 18 days 1 hour (ci $2.75 •■ 49.77 1,049.08 10 146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date !No. To Whom Issued Aint, 7- 8 10408 J. L. Moyer, hauling 30 yards of sand 25.50 7- 8 10409 D. E. Thomas, engineering work, Women and Chil- dren's Building and walks, grounds 181.12 7-10 10410 A. Olson, final payment on contract, painting roof new horse barn 95.00 7-11 10411 H. M. Kinsell, payment on contract, moving closet 50.00 7-12 10412 Potts Bros., second estimate cement work contract 500.00 7-12 10413 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage, privilege work 28.00 7-14 10414 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 60.00 7-14 10415 H. M. Kinsell, payment on contract, house moving 25.00 7-22 10416 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 14 (grounds), July 6-9, inclusive: Don Paul, labor on grounds, 11 days 9 hours @ $2.25 $26.78 Wm. Waller, labor on grounds, 9 days ^ $2.00 18.00 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 7 days 5 hours @ $2.00 15.00 Jno. Lewis, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00 12.00 Ivor Grylls, labor on grounds, 4 days (5) $2.00 8.00 Erwin Deemer, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $1.50 18.00 W. Barnicoat, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.50 27.50 Fred Anderson, labor on grounds, 5 days (a) $2.00 10.00 Chas. Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds. 5 days @ $2.00 10.00 Eugene Parker, labor on grounds, 7 days 5 hours @ $2.00 15.00 Wm. Barton, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Jas. Beck, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.50 30.00 Theo Dokoss, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 Will Robinson, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.25 27.00 Harvey Welton, labor on grounds, 9 days 5 hours @ $2.00 19.00 H. P. Stouffer, foreman, n days 5 hours @ $3.00 ; 34.50 • D. C. King, labor on grounds. 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 Dan Faircloth, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.50 30.00 Ford Van Voorhes, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.50 30.00 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 9 days S hours @ $2.00 19.60 Walter Hunt, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Fred Gutshall, labor on grounds, 10 days fi hours (® $2.00 21.20 Theo Broorman, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours (a) $1.75 20.12 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 13 days 8 hours (ii) $2.75 37.95 W. H. Anderson, labor on grounds, 8 days, 5 hours @ $2.00 1 7.00 Geo. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours (w $2.00 23.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 147 Date No. To Wliom Issued Amt. 7-22 10416 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 14 (grounds), July 6-9, inclusive — Continued. Kenneth Fredrigill, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $1.00 12-00 James Fredrigill, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $5.00 60.00 Harry Tschontz, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Fodie Burnett, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $1.00 12.00 Jno. Williams, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $2.00 23.00 Frank Maricle, labor on grounds, 5 days 5 hours @ $2.00 11-00 S. T. Wilson, labor on grounds, 5 days 5 hours @ $2.00 11.00 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Lawrence Boutin, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00 12-00 Chas. Saunders, labor on grounds, 2 days 5 hours @ $2.50 6.25 Chas. Meade, labor on grounds, 11 days 7 hours @ $3.00 35.10 Elmer Burk, labor on grounds, 2 days 5 hours @ $2.50 6.25 Frank Berg, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Nathan Williams, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $2.50 28.75 Jno. Ellington, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Grant Allen, labor on grounds, 10 days 5 hours @ $2.00 21.00 J. W. Sego, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $2.00 4.00 J. J. Wliitmer, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $2.00 23.00 Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 10 days IV2 hours @ $2.50 26.87 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 A. M. Dawson, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $4.00 46.00 Carl Heggen, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $3.00 '. 34.50 A. H. Weihn, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.00 18.00 I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $4.00 44.00 I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 10 days 5 hours @ $4.00 42.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.50 42.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $4.00 44.00 Jno. Brown, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $4.00 46.00 Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $4.00 46.00 Ted Woodward, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 ' 24.00 R. E. McLaughlin, labor on light plant, 105 hours @ 42.7c 44.84 148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 7-22 10416 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 14 (grounds), July 6-9, inclusive — Continued. J. McLennan, labor on light plant, 7.5 hours @ 39c 29.25 H. Reynold, labor on light plant, 78 hours @ 39c 30.42 1 475.38 262.50 27.50 1 000.00 31.99 lliO.OO 105.00 7-22 10417 Jno. Shovers, first payment, grading- contract Women and Children's building 7-22 1041S A. Olson, painting roof swine pavilion 7-24 10419 Potts Bros., third estimate cement work contract 7-24 10420 Des Moines Union Railway Company, freight, 16 drums calcium chloi'ide for track use 7-25 10421 H. M. Kinsell. payment on movin.g miscellaneous buildings 7-25 10422 H. M. Kinsell, final payment on moving miscella- neous buildings 7-26 10423 Rudge and Guenzel Co., floral tribute funeral Mrs. W. R. Mellor, wife secretary of the Nebraska State Fair 5.00 7-26 10424 Iowa Short Horn Breeders' Assn., full payment for their office building, used as post office on grounds 100.00 7-26 10245 Chas. Sanders, full payment contract, painting- roof stock pavilion 75.00 7-28 10426 M. L. ISIarkham, distributing advertising matter. . 10.00 7-28 10427 A. Olson, painting roof dining hall and grocery store deck 26.00 ■-29 10428 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 100.00 -29 10429 C. E. Cameron, expense attending railroad rate hearing Council Bluffs 12.68 '-29 10430 O. A. Olson, expense attending railroad rate hear- ing Council Bluffs 11,58 -29 10431 A. R. Corey, expense attending railroad rate hear.. ing Council Bluffs 11.78 r-29 10432 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage. Executive Committee meeting 30.00 -29 10433 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 31.60 -30 10434 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, Executive Committee meeting 20.00 r-30 10435 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 27.50 r-31 10436 A. R. Corey, salary, July, 1913 183.33 -31 10437 H. N. Whitney, salary, July, 1913 • 166.66 -31 10438 C. A. Nash, salary, July, 1913 125.00 -31 10439 Elsie Colton, salary, July, 1913 100.00 -31 10440 J. H. Deemer, salary, July, 1913 100.00 -31 10441 Edith K. Smith, salary, July, 1913 85.00 -31 10442 Minnie Truax, salary, July, 1913 75.00 •31 10443 Clifford Heer, salary extra clerk, July, 1913 75.00 -31 10444 Geo. K. Scott, salary extra clerk, July, 1913 42.00 -31 10445 Perry Ridenour, office boy 26 days, July, 1913 .i2.i $1.00 12.00 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 11 days 1 hour @ $2.25 30.52 Erwin Deemer, labor on grounds, 12 days f® $1.50 18.00 R. E. McLaughlin, labor on light plant, 108 hours @ 42.7c 46.02 J. McLennan, labor on light plant, 11 days @ $3.50 38.50 H. Reynolds, labor on light plant, 101 hours @ 39c 39.28 Ted Woodward, labor on light plant, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Chas. Meade, labor on grounds, 12 days (a) $3.00 36.00 Don Paul, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.25. 27.00 Wm. Robinson, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $2.25 25.88 Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 13 days at $2.50 32.50 150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 8- 4 10457 A. R. Corey, Secretary, payroll No. 15 (grounds) July 20-Aug:ust 2, inclusive — Continued. Chas. Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Ivor Grylls, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Jno. Lewis, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00 2.00 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Wm. Waller, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Grant Allen, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 W. H. Anderson, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Geo. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Theo Broerman, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $1.75 21.00 Harry Tscliontz, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Fred Anderson, labor on grounds, 1 day @i $2.00 2.00 A. H. Weihn, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 lirs. @ $2.00 23.00 Cai:l Heggen, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $3.50 38.50 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hrs. @ $4.00 46.00 A. W. Shaw, labor on grounds, 10 days 5 hrs. @ $4.00 42.00 I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 9 days 4 hrs. @ $4.00 37. GO I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $4.00 8.00 Jno. Brown, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $4.00 48.00 Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $4.00 36.00 C. E. Johnson, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Allen McBirney, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Geo. Mizner, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00 12.00 C. S. Hamilton, labor on grounds, 2-10 day @ $2.50 50 Albert Spevack, labor on grounds, 4 days 7 hrs. ((1) $2.50 11.75 T. C. Reeve, labor on grounds, 5 days & $2.50 12.50 C. D. Grant, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $3.00 12.00 Frank Maricle, laboi- on grounds, \^ day ^ $2.00 • 1-00 Jno. Wright, labor on grounds, 5 days 5 hrs. @ $2.00 11-00 Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $2.00. 4.00 Isadore Stone, labor on grounds, 3 days ^) $1.50 4.50 1.4S7.S0 7 S 104fil 10462 9 9 10463 10464 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 151 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 8- 6 10458 Moon Printing Co., first payment printing 1913... 100.00 8- 6 10459 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage, privilege work 28.00 S- 6 10460 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage, privilege work 32.00 A. Olson, laying I0V2 M shingles, dining hall 16.88 J. W. Clark, 4 tons 1645 lbs. timothy hay, forage department 43.40 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 100.00 Wm. reters, 93 tons 100 lbs. wheat straw; 9 tons 1985 lbs. oat straw, forage department 525.20 8- 9 10465 A. Henderson, 23 tons 1450 lbs. wheat straw, forage department 118.63 8- 9 10466 A. Henderson, hauling 40 loads of sand and cutting 12 acres oats on rented ground, 1912 20.00 8- 9 10467 H. L. Pil-ce, per diem and mileage, assigning cattle stalls 36.60 8- 9 10468 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage, committee work, speed program 31.50 8- 9 104G9 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com- mittee meeting 27.50 8- 9 10470 Jno. Cree, 18 tons 760 lbs. wheat straw, forage de- partment 91.90 8-11 10471 Jno. A. Burris, civil engineer worlv, Women and Children's building 44.75 8-11 10472 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, assigning space machinery department 23.70 8-11 10473 Jno. Cutler, boiler for dining hall 40.00 8-11 10474 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage Greater Iowa, August 15th 85.00 8-11 10475 J. A. Shovers, second payment, grading contract. Women and Children's building 352.66 8-11 10476 J. A. Shovers, final payment, grading contract. Women and Children's building 694.89 A. Olson, cleaning swine pens and swine pavilion.. 30.00 C. F. Nolte, advertising Kossuth county, 1913 15.00 H. A. Russell, advertising Appanoose county, 1913. 18.00 J. W. Richards, advertising Audubon county, 1913.. 12.00 Sol White, advertising Benton county, 1913 15.00 H. J. Long, advertising Bremer county, 1913 15.00 J. S. Bassett, advertising Buchanan county, 1913.. 20.00 W. S. Barnhard, advertising Clarke county, 1913... 10.00 Stevers Posting Service, advertising Crawford county, 1913 15.00 A. B. Carter, advertising Dallas county, 1913 15.00 J. O. Wishard, advertising Davis county, 1913 12.00 C. B. Williams, advertising Franklin county, 1913. 10.00 G. M. Rouse, advertising Hamilton county, 1913... 15.00 O. H. DeGroote, advertising Humboldt county, 1913 15.00 F. H. Carsten, advertising Iowa county, 1913 20.00 F. E. Meredith, advertising Jasper county, 1913.... 20.00 A. E. Labagh, advertising Jefferson county, 1913.. 20.00 Geo. J. Poff, advertising Keokuk county, 1913 15.00 C. C. Ward, advertising Lucas county, 1913 15.00 Chas. Porter, advertising Marion county, 1913 15.00 H. H. Houghton, advertising Marshall county, 1913 • 15.00 A. W. R. Boiler, advertising Story county, 1913.... 20.00 J. G. Weiting, advertising Tama county, 1913 15.00 Carl Shields, advertising Union county, 1913 15.00 Wm. H. Black, advertising Webster county, 1913.. 15.00 8- ■12 10477 8- •12 10478 8- • 12 10479 8- 12 10480 8- ■12 10481 8- ■12 10482 8- ■12 10483 8- -12 10484 8- -12 10485 8- -12 10486 8- -12 10487 8- ■12 10488 8- -12 10489 8- -12 10490 8- -12 10491 8- -12 10492 8- -12 10493 8- -12 10494 8- -12 10495 8- -12 10496 8- -12 10497 8- -12 10498 8- -12 10499 8- -12 10500 S- -12 10501 152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date 8-12 8-12 8-13 S-13 8-14 8-15 8-15 S-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 8-16 No. 10502 10503 10504 10505 10506 10507 10508 10509 10510 10511 10512 10513 10514 10515 10516 10517 8-16 10518 1053 9 10520 10521 10522 10523 10524 8-16 10525 8-16 10526 8-16 10527 8-17 10528 8-i7 10529 8-17 10530 8-18 10531 8-18 10532 8-18 10533 8-19 10534 8-19 10535 8-20 10536 8-20 10537 To VHiom Issued ]\I. J\I. Thompson, advertising Winnebago county, 1913 O. W. Whaley, advertising Wright county, 1913... O. O. Smith, 2d payment architect fees. Women and Children's building Ferguson Printing Co., misc. printing, 1913 R. B. Jones, 124 bu. 27 lbs. oats, forage department R. E. Proudfit, 16 tons 435 lbs. timothy hay, for- age department Chas. Erickson, 403% bu. oats, forage department. Western Union Telegraph Co., freight charges ad- vance to Herbert Kline sideshow attractions.... Pfister and Vogel Leather Co., 1 car spent tan bark.. C, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., freight one car spent tan bark American Trotting As.s'n, dues 1913 Dr. H. L. McRoberts, .stallion examination, Gaines- ville, Iowa Dr. E. O. Smedley, stallion examination, LeMars, Iowa Dr. L. U. Shipley, stallion examination, LeMars, Iowa Dr. A. Holster, stallion examination, LeMars, Iowa. . Register and Leader Co., subscription Register and Leader 5 months, subscription Register and Leader and Evening Tribune, 7 months C. & N. W. Ry. Co., freight two turnstiles and chop- pers Western Union Telegraph Co., messages Feb. -June inc. Dr. G. N. Ryan, emergency call, L. D. Bruner East Des Moines Commercial League, 1 year's dues.. Des Moines Commercial Club, 1 year's dues Brown and Bigelow, 2400 monthly calendar cards. . . American Express Co., express bills March to June, inclusive Adams Express Co., express bills, March to June, in- elusive U. S. Express Co., express bills, April, May and June Wells Fargo Express Co., express bills, March to June, inclusive Selover & Kniglit, funeral expense, L. D. Bruner Webster & Smith, funeral expense, L. D. Bruner Arden Jones, funeral expense, L. D. Bruner C, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., freight, apple sorting machine, horticultural department . M. L. Markham, distributing advertising matter L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage I. Silltett, painting' 112 Hag poles, misc. buildings... Geo. B. Brown, services, assistance superintendent concessions, 54 days Lloyd Smith, extra clerk secretary's office, TVz days A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll folJing Greater Iowa, August 1st and 15th : Havel Cox, 1 day @ $1.00 ? 1.00 Earl Shannon, 1 Vz days @ $1.00 1.50 Garland Selby, Vz day @ $1.00 50 Charles O'Hearn, 11/2 days @ $1.00 1.50 Lloyd Shannon, 11/2 days @ $1.00 1.50 Albert Blake. 11/2 days @ $1.00 1.50 Harry Deakins, 1 day @ $1.00 1.00 Mandel Elman, 9-10 day @ 1.00 90 Victor Andrew.s, 1 day @ $1.0li 1.00 Dale Stiles, 9-10 day @ $1.00 ;ti) Chas. Crawford, 1 day @ $1.00 l.oo Amt, 10.00 14.00 800.00 80.60 46.19 154.07 149.39 1,012.70 57.15 89.00 100.00 10.00 6.14 6.82 5.00 6.70 4.25 10.70 5.00 5.00 15.00 91.10 5.95 3.55 10.93 16.97 99.00 7.00 22.50 9.25 15.00 25.00 56.00 ne.oo 22.50 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 153 Date No. To Whom Issued -A^™*- 8-20 10537 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll folding Greater Iowa, August 1st and 15th — Continued. Martin Peterson, 9-10 day @ $1.00 90 Robert M. Fisher, 1/2 day @ $1-00 50 Earl Shannon, 1 day @ $1-00 1-00 L. J. Tuttle, 1/2 day @ $1-00 50 Dan Boler, Vs day @ $1.00 50 Richard Spry, Vt. day @ $1.00 50 Ruth Ann Spry, 1/2 day @ $1.00 50 Charles Kirk, % day @ $1.00 50 Albert Blake, 19-20 day @ $1.00 95 Lloyd Shannon, 1 day @ $1.00 100 19.15 S-20 lOn.-^S A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 16 (grounds), August 3-16, inclusive: Milo Hayes, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00. 12.00 Chas. Meade, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $3.00 30.00 Geo. W. Harlow, labor on grounds, 2 days 5 hrs. @ $2.00 5.00 Jno. Thomas, labor on grounds, 4 days It $2.00 8.00 H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $3.00 39.00 Walter Hunt, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Jas. Beck, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.50. 32.50 Nathan Williams, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.50 30.00 W Barnlcoat, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.50 30.00 D. C. King, labor on grounds, 6 day.s @ $2.50. 15.00 Dan Falrcloth, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.50 30.00 Ford Van Voorlies, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.50 32.50 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Harvey Wilton, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 Albert Spevack, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.50 32.50 L. C. Reeve, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.50 32.50 Arthur Dunkin, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.50 27.50 Wm. Barlow, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 C. D. Grant, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $3.00 39.00 T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 Theo Dokoss, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00 12.00 Frank Burg, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Wm. Barton, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Jas. Fredregill, labor on grounds, 12 days 2 hrs. @ $5.00 61.00 Kenneth Fredregill, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $1.00 1300 Fodie Burnett, labor on grounds, 11 .days 5 hrs. @ $1.00 11-50 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 15 days 7 hrs @ $2.75. 43.18 Erwin Deemer, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $1.50 18-00 154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 8-20 1053S A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 16 (grounds), August 3-16, inclusive — Continued. R. E. McLaughlin, work on light plant, 116 ^/^ hrs. @ 42.7c 49.75 J. McLennan, labor on light plant, 105 V^ hrs. @ 39c 41.15 H. Reynolds, labor on light plant, 116 1/2 hrs. @ 39c 45.44 T. L. Sewell, labor on light plant, 71i/^ hrs. @ 39c 27.89 Ted Woodward, labor on light plant, 12 days 5 hrs. @ $2.00 25.00 Don Paul, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.25.. 29.25 Chas. Johnson, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Iver Grylls, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.50 32.50 Wm. Robinson, labor on grounds, 13 days 3 hrs. @ $2.25 29.93 Chas. Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, 13 days 3 hrs. @ $2.00 26.60 Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.50 32.50 Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00.. 26.00 C. E. Johnson, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00 2.00 Alley McBurney, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00 2.00 Geo. Mizner, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Jno. Wright, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Isadore Stone, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $1.50 10.50 Darrell Kinney, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $1.50 16.50 Geo. Ryan, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.00.. 14.00 L. M. Randies, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Geo. Teas, labor on grounds, 1/2 day @ 1.00... .50 Fred Gutshall, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.00 14.00 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Wm. Waller, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 H. F. Deetz, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $3.00 30.00 Bert Meadows, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $2.00 4.00 T. F. Brennan, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $2.00 4.00 Geo. Hilkinoss, labor on grounds, 1 day 4 hrs. @ $2.00 2.80 Frank Mariclc, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $2.00 4.00 Wm. Williams, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $2.00 4.00 Bert Kirkman, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $2.00 8-00 W. R. Wllkins, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $2.00 10.00 Joe Scofield, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $2.00 10.00 M. Bemisdorfcr, labor on grounds, 1 day 6 hrs @ $2.00 3.20 Frank Anderson, labor on grounds, 5 days 5 hrs. @ $2.00 11-00 Jno. Jeffrie.s, labor on grounds, 2 days 5 hrs. @ $2.00 S-OO H. J. Iloldon, labor on grounds, 3 days 5 hrs. FOURTEENTH ANx\UAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 155 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 8-20 10538 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 16 (grounds), Aug'u.st 3-16, inclusive — Continued. @ $2.00 7.00 G. J. Massick, labor on grounds, V2 day @ $2.00 1.00 Geo. P. Hunt, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Dallas Price, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $2.00 16.00 E. Riedel, labor on grounds, 3 days @ $2.00.. 6.00 Felix Gutsliall, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $1.00 2.00 Leonard Wilshon, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $1.00 2.00 Jno. Ellingston, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $2.00 8.00 J. H. Revell, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00. 2.00 Ray Curray, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00 2-00 Fred Smith, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Andy Johnson, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Lew Erwin, labor on grounds, V2 day @ $2.00. 1.00 French Patton, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 R. Weeks, labor on grounds 11/2 days @ $2.00. 3.00 Don Koontz, labor on grounds, 3 days @ $1.75. 5.25 Emory Wright, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 12 days 5 hrs. @ $2.00 25.00 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 W. H. Anderson, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.00 18.00 Geo. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 13 1/^ days @ $2.00 27.00 Theo Broerman, labor on grounds, 11 days 2 hrs. @ $1.75 19.60 Harry Tschontz, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 John Olson, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Jno. Pinklney, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00 2.00 Carl Heggen, labor on grounds, 13 days 4 hours at $3.00 40.20 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $3.50 45.50 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 12 days 5 hrs. @ $4.00 50.00 A. W. Shaw, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $4.00 24.00 L B. Brown, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $4.00 48.00 L B. Brown, labor on ground.?, 11 days @ $4.00 44.00 Jno. Brown, labor on grounds, 12 days 5 hrs. @ $4.00 50.00 Orie Iseminger, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $4.00 28.00 Wm. Hearshman, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $4.00 28.00 Harley Thornton, labor on grounds, 3 days @ $4.00 ; 12.00 Merlin Morrison, labor on gi'ounds, 6 days @ $4.00 24.00 Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $4.00 24.00 156 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 8-20 1053S A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 16 (grounds), August 3-16, inclusive — Continued. Harry Rogers, labor on grounds, 9 days (f?) $3.00 27.00 Albert Groom, labor on grounds, 9 days 4 hours @ $2.25 21.34 M. H. Clark, labor on grounds, 3 days 5 hours @ $2.00 7.00 G. W. Milbourn, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 T. H. Milbourn, labor on ground.s, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Chas. Welton, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $4.00 24.00 2,273.60 8-20 10539 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage E.xecutive Com- mittee meeting 30.00 8-20 10540 S. E. Thornton, 10 tons and 10 pounds hay, forage de- partment 90.05 8-20 10541 G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer, 200 general admission tickets, advertising exchange, Register and Leader. 100.00 8-20 10542 G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer, 168 general admission tickets, etc., advertising exchange, Daily News.... 84.00 8-20 10543 G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer, 80 general admission tickets, 5 exhibitor's tickets, advertising exchange with Successful Farming 50.00 8-20 10544 G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer, 100 general admissions, 3 exhibitor's tickets, advertising exchange, Des Moines Capital 56.00 8-21 10545 E. J. Curtin, expense attending Peoria race meeting on accovmt soliciting speed entries 38.60 8-21 10546 O. A. Olson, freight on horses and buggies from Forest City to Des Moines, account of admissions depart- ment 24.20 8-21 10547 Capital City Plumbing Company, first estimate Dlumb- ing contract, new horse barn 1,200.00 8-22 10548 Max Lillie, first payment 1913 aeroplane contract.... 250.00 8-23 10549 Martha Coffin, salary extra clerk. 12 days, July, 1913 30.00 8-23 10550 A. Liberati, first payment 1913 band contract 700.00 8-23 10551 F. M. Barnes, Inc., first payment 1913 attraction con- tract 1,500.00 8-25 10552 Pain's Fireworks Display Co.. first payment 1913 fire- works contract 2,500.00 8-25 10553 Philharmonic Choir, 1913 attraction contract 525.00 8-25 10554 A. Liberati, second payment 1913. band contract 500.00 8-25 10555 Al. Tliomas, charges on wagon used in team race 15.00 8-25 10556 W. Phillips, 7 tons 1330 lbs. hay, forage dept 72.82 8-25 10557 J. W. Patrick, 125 bushels oats, forage dept 46.25 8-26 10558 W. G. Phillips, 94 3-8 bushels oats, forage dept 38.75 8-26 10559 J. B. Webb, judging wool breeds, sheep department. . . . 80.00 8-26 10560 Jno. Campbell, judging mutton breeds, sheep dept. . . . 109.25 8-26 10561 J. S. Peters, 98 1-8 bu. oats, forage dept 39.25 8-26 10562 G. P. Klein, 87 1-2 bu. oats, forage department 35.00 8-27 10563 Corn Publishing Co., display advertising, 1913 25.00 8-27 10564 Pain Fireworks Display Co., second payment 1913 fire- works contract 2,500.00 8-27 10565 Max Lillie. second payment 1913 aeroplane contract.. 500.00 8-27 10566 F. M. Barnes. Inc., final payment 1913 attraction con- tract 2,075.00 8-28 10567 O. A. Olson, freight on horses and buggies from Des Moines to Forest City. Adm. dept 24.60 8-28 10568 Earl W. Eves, advertising Muscatine county. 1913 20.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 157 Date 8-28 No. 10569 8-28 10570 8-28 10571 8-28 10572 8-28 10573 8-28 10574 8-28 10575 8-28 10576 8-28 10577 8-28 10578 8-28 10579 S-28 10580 8-29 10581 8-29 10582 8-29 10583 8-29 10584 8-29 10585 8-29 10586 8-29 10587 8-29 10588 8-29 10589 8-29 10590 8-29 10591 8-29 10592 8-29 10593 8-29 10594 8-29 10595 8-29 10596 8-29 10597 8-29 10598 8-29 10599 8-29 10600 8-29 10601 8-29 10602 8-29 10603 8-29 10604 8-30 10605 8-30 10606 8-30 10607 8-30 10608 8-30 10609 8-30 10610 8-30 10611 8-30 10612 8-30 10613 8-30 10614 8-30 10615 8-30 10616 8-30 10617 8-30 10618 8-30 10619 8-30 10620 To Whom Issued Amt. E. F. Ferrln, expense account boys' judging contest 1913 46.30 Pain Fireworks Display Co., third payment 1913 flre- worl^s contract 1,500.00 Max Little, final payment 1913 aeroplane contract.... 50.00 Madrid Concert Band, full payment 1913 band concert 4 80.00 A. Liberati, final payment 1913 band contract 1,250.00 Fischer's Burlington Band, full payment 1913 band contract 1,050.00 W. F. Carver, full payment 1913 attraction contract. . 1,000.00 T. Fred Henry, full payment 1913 band contract 1,550.00 Dan Davis, special detective 1913 fair 78.30 M. W. Cripliver, property man, 1913 fair 43.80 Jeff Duree, property man, 1913 fair 43.80 Pain Fireworks Display Co., final payment 1913 fire- works contract 1,000.00 A. P. McAnalty, 15 days asst. supt. grounds 60.00 Ira Daniels, 186 bu. 13 lbs. oats forage dept 68.97 C. B. Cameron, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 98.00 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, board meeting.... 99.50 R. S. Johnson, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 99.80 C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 105.00 E. M. Reeves, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . . . 96.30 E. J. Curtin, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . . . 111.50 E. M. Wentworth, per diem and mileage, board meeting 106.00 T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . . . 92.50 Chas. F. Curtiss, per diem and mileage, board meeting 87.70 F. E. Sheldon, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 96.30 J. F. Summers, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . 140.00 J. P. Mullen, per diem and mileage, board meeting. . . . 95.70 H. L. Pike, per diem and mileage, board meeting 104.60 A. R. Corey, allowance for board, 1913 fair 25.00 G. S. Gilbertson, allowance for board, 1913 fair 25.00 Geo. A. Heyl, 1913 attraction contract, 6-pony team. . . . 100.00 W. S. Bradley, firing administration bldg. boiler 14 days 28.00 Geo. Brown, 7 meals for carpenters working on tem- porary horse barn 3.50 Hoyt Woodward, rent horse and buggy, 9 days, ticket auditing department 22.50 G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer, 50 general admission tickets, exchange advertising Des Moines Daily News ; 47 general admission tickets for boys' judging contest. . 48.50 Club Dining Hall, State Day banquet expense 144.75 Cressey & Wingate, contract for building decorations, 1913 fair 600.00 Potts Bros, fifth estimate cement work contract.... 2,000.00 Spirit of the West, advertising speed program, 1913.. 72.50 The Iowa Farmer, display advertising, 1913 200.00 C. P. Graham, full payment orchestra contract, 1913... 412.50 A. Olson, cleaning ampitheater 7 nights, 1913 122.50 A. R. Corey, salarj-, August, 1913 183.33 H. N. Whitney, salary, August, 1913 166.66 C. A. Nash, salary, August, 1913 125.00 Elsie Colton, salary, August, 1913 100.00 J. H. Deemer, salary, August, 1913 100.00 Edith K. Smith, salary, August, 1913 85.00 Minnie Truax, salary, August, 1913 75.00 Ben Murrow, 33 tons 1445 lbs. hay, forage dept 315.41 W. E. Tropple, 19 tons 1465 lbs. straw, forage dept. . . . 98.66 L. Gibson, garbage contract, 1913 fair 175.00 Mrs. L. B. Sims, washing dishes, plates and vases, agri- cultural bldg., 1913 fair 6.50 158 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Wliom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10621 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 17 (grounds), Augiast 17-30, inclusive: Harry Rogers, labor on grounds, 5% days @ $3.00 $ 16.50 Geo. P. Hunt, labor on grounds, 1 day 9 hours @ $2.00 3. SO J. H. Pevell, labor on grounds, 5 days 9 hours @ $2.00 11.80 Wm. Barlow, labor on grounds, 9 days at $2.00 18.00 W. Barnicoat, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 Albert Spevack, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 A. Dunkin, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $2.50.. 20.00 Chas. Johnson, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 Frank Maricle, labor on grounds, 8 days 9 hours @ $2.00 17.80 Wm. Williams, labor on grounds, 8 days 9 hours @ $2.00 17.80 Frank Anderson, labor on grounds, 8 days 9 hours @ $2.00 17.80 Jno. Brown, labor on grounds, 8 days 9 hours @ $4.00 35.60 Wm. Hearshman, labor on grounds, 7 days 9 hours @ $4.00 31.60 E. C. Loman, labor on ground.?, 6 days @ $4.00 24.00 Ed Burdette, labor on grounds, 7 days at $2.00 14.00 A. Adams, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.00.. 14.00 Harry Rogers, labor on ground.s, Vz day @ $3.00 1.50 Chas. Dickinson, labor on grounds, SVz days @ $2.00 17.00 Geo. Ryan, labor on grounds, 11 days 4 hours @ $2.00 22.80 Joe Scofield, labor on grounds, 13 days 4 hours @ $2.00 26.80 C. G. Grant, labor on grounds, 14 days @ $3.00. 42.00 J. McLennan, electrician, 202 hours @ 39c 78.78 T. L. Sewell, electrician, 211 hours @ 39c 82.29 Wm. Gardner, electrician, 189% hours @ 39c.. 73.91 R. E. McLaughlin, electrician, 205 hours @ 42.7c 87.53 H. Reynolds, electrician, 196 hours @39c 76.44 Ted Woodward, electrician, 182 hours @ 20c... 36.40 H. P. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 15 days @ ■$3.00 45.00 Walter Hunt, labor on grounds, 4% days @ $3 13.50 Jas. Beck, labor on grounds, 15 days @ $2.50.. 37.50 Nathan Williams, labor on grounds, 14 days @ $2.50 35.00 D. C. King, labor on grounds, 6% days @ $2.50 16.25 Dan Faircloth, labor on grounds, 14 days @ @ $2.50 35.00 Ford Von Voorhes, labor on grounds, 15 days (5) $2.50 37.50 M. Burnette, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Harvey Wilton, labor on grounds, 14 days @ $2 28.00 L. C. Reeve, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.50 32.50 Frank Berg, labor on grounds, 14 days @ $2.00 28.00 Wm. Barton, labor on grounds, 15 days @ $3.00 45.00 Jas. Fredrigill, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $5.00 5.00 Kenneth Fredrigill, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $1.00 $5.00 Fodie Burnett, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $1.00 5.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 159 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10621 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 17 (grounds), Ausu.st 17-30, inclusive — Continued. Erwin Deemer, labor on grounds, 14 days @ $1.50 21.00 Geo. "VNTiitmer, electrician, 157 hours @ 20c.... 31.40 Don Paul, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $2.00 27.80 Ivor Grylls, labor on grounds, 1 day 9 hours @ $2.50 4.75 Wm. Robinson, electrician, 174 hours @ 26c.. 45.24 Chas. Daughenbaugh, electrician, 176 hours @ 20c 35.20 Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 14 days @ $2.50 35.00 Leo Paul, labor on grounds, 14 days @ $2.00 28.00 Geo. Mizner, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $2.00 27.80 Jno. Wright, labor on grounds, 13 days 4 hours @ $2.00 26.80 Barrel Kinney, labor on grounds, 12 days 4 hours @ $1.50 18.60 Li. M. Randies, labor on grounds, 4 days 4 hours @ $2.00 8.80 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $2.00 27.80 Wm. Waller, labor on grounds, 1 day 4 hours @ $2.00 2.80 Bert Kirkman. labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $2.00 27.80 W. R. Wilkins, labor on grounds, 12 days 9 hours @ $2.00 25.80 G. W. Milbourn, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $2.00 27.80 Felix Gutshall, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $1.00 13.00 Leonard Wilshon, labor on ground, 3 days 4 hours @ $1.00 3.40 Ray Curry, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00 2.00 Andy Johnson, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $2.00 8.00 French Pay ton, labor on grounds, 14 days 9 hours @ $2.00 29.80 T. H. Milbourn, labor on grounds, 1 day 9 hours @ $2.00 3.80 Emory Wright, labor on grounds, 10 days 9 hours @ $2.00 • 21.80 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 14 days @ $2.00 28.00 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $2.00 27.80 W. H. Anderson, labor on grounds, 12 days 9 hours @ $2.00 25.80 Theo Broerman, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $1.75 24.33 Harry Tschontz, labor on grounds, 4 days 9 hours @ $2.00 9.80 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $2.00 27.80 Gray Ashby, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $2.00 16.00 T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.83 25.50 Carl Heggen, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $3.00 , 41.70 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $4.00 4.00 160 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10621 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 17 (grounds), August 17-30, inclusive — Continued. Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $3.50 3.50 I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 liours @ $4.00 55.60 I. B. Brown, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $4.00 4.00 OTie iseminger, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $4.00 52.00 Harley Thornton, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $4.00 52.00 Merlin Morrison, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $4.00 4.00 Chas. Wilton, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $4.00 55.60 Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, 13 days 9 hours @ $4.00 55.60 Fred Myers, labor on grounds, 12 days 9 hours @ $4.00 51.60 Wm. Peters, labor on grounds, 10 days 7 hours @ $4.00 42.80 Roy Warren, labor on grounds, 6 days 8 hours @ $4.00 27.20 Joe Moyer, labor on ground.s, 10 days @ $4.00.. 40.00 Joe Moyer, labor on grounds, 9 days 5 hours @ $4.00 38.00 Albert Groom, labor on grounds, 15 days 4 hours @ $2.25 34.65 Frank Maricle, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $2.00 8.00 Wm. Williams, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $2.00 8.00 Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 14 days @ $3.75 52.50 H. F. Deets, foreman, 14 days @ $3.75 52.50 L. F. French, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00 12.00 W. Branch, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $2.00 16.00 Ben Elmore, labor on grounds, 10 V2 days @ $2.00 21.00 Jno. Early, labor on grounds, 101/2 days @ $2.00 21.00 Henry Hines, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Wm. Moody, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.00 18.00 F. Moppin, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $2.00 16.00 Wm. Charity, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $2.00 16.00 Roscoe Harrison, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $2.00 16.00 W. Humburd, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.00 14.00 V. Simmons, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.00 14.00 Ed Moppin, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.00.. 14.00 Oscar Moppin, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.00 14.00 Thos. Jackson, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00 12.00 Jas. Migits, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $2.00 10.00 Jane Taylor, labor on ground, 1 day @ $1-50 1.50 Mrs. Biggs, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $1.50. . 13.50 Kathryn Miece, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $1.50 13.50 Mrs. E. Dickinson, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $1.75 15.75 Susie Berger, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $1.50 13.50 Sarah Pratt, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $1.50 12.00 Pearl Perry, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $1.50 12.00 Mrs. v. Simmons, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $1.50 10.50 Mrs. Jeffries, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $1.50 10.50 Clara Talt, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $1.50 10.50 Geo. Cleggett, labor on grounds, 9 days (fi) $2.00 18.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 161 Date No. To Whom Issued 9- 3 10621 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 17 Csrrouncls), August 17-30, inclusive — Continued. Chas. Monroe, labor on grounds, 8 days (a) $2.00 16.00 Dave Langford, labor on grounds, 7 days (ii $2.00 14.00 S. Rogers, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.00.. 14.00 Chas. Small, labor on grounds, 6 days (a) $2.00 12.00 W. F. Cole, labor on grounds, 7 days (fj) $2.00 14.00 J. T. Berger, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $2.00 10.00 Mrs. F. Walker, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $1.50 13.50 Martha Grimes, labor on grounds, 9 days fai $1.50 13.50 Vina Rogers, labor on grounds, 8 days (n> $1.50 12.00 Marie Cooper, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $1.50 10.50 Hattie Allen, labor on grounds, 6 days (5) $1.50 9.00 Eliza Hill, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $1.50.. 9.00 Jane Stanton, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $1.50 10.50 Helen "Williams, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $1.50 7.50 Lon Elmore, labor on grounds, 10 days 5 hours @ $2.50 26.25 Slisie Sims, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $1.50 7.50 A. Monroe, labor on grounds, 10 days 5 hours @ $2.25 23.63 9- 2 10622 A. R. Corey, Secretary, railroad fare for boys at Boys' Encampment : Chas. F. Ashby $ 1.92 Walter E. Anderson 2.50 Linfred Ahart 5.52 Joseph Bryson 5.08 Chas. Besh 4.84 Ray Buchanan 2.86 Lawrence Boyer 4.72 Francis B. Brocksus 3.64 Burdette Brown 7.26 Raymond Barton 7.52 Fred Berger 4.60 Walter E. Bice 6.68 Robert Buhmann 7.96 Hoyt V. Buttolph 6.88 Grant Clark 3.72 Jno. Casey 1.40 Paul C. Clark 5.24 David Carlson 8.76 Wendell Clampitt 3.08 ' Percy C. Cozine 4.84 Dewey M. Cable 4.24 Claude Downer 7.58 Henry Dodd 5.92 Lacey Darnell 2.88 Manly Dawson 5.76 Andy Doebel 5.24 Arden Edmondson 4.08 Vivian Edwards 5.34 Benj. Eastly 48 Vincent Field 5.96 Eugene Farrell 7.00 Ivan Fuller 3.60 Eugene Gore 2.76 Vernon Guthrie 1.40 Chas. H. Graham 2.40 Atnt. 3,239.00 11 162 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10622 A. R. Corey, Secretary, railroad fare for boys at Boys' Encampment — Continued. Gerald Greenfield 88 Verner Grau 5.96 Oscar Hansen 4.16 Horace Arthur 5.40 Harland J. Hillman 3.16 Arthur Herring 4.88 Willard Hadley 1.20 Russell Henline 4.24 Amos Hansen 4.20 Fred Jordan 7.38 Fred S. Johnston 3.20 Sam Krebill 6.64 Rex Klingensmith 2.36 Fay Knapp 9.58 Merwin Kelley 9.82 Dale Lentz 1.20 Donald M. Lewis 4.48 Jno. Loughridge 3.18 Frank D. Law 3.64 Richard D. McCulloch 5.00 J. Hartley Milroy 6.55 Paul Mitchell 3.52 Rupert F. Meisgeier 5.32 Herbert Martin 7.10 Fred Mleynek 1.96 Clement Miller 4.68 Floyd Nordman 3.44 Leo W. Neumeyer 4.70 Byron B. Norris 2.96 Arthur S. Nelson 1.35 Edward G. Neal 3.96 Paul Phelps 6.80 Ernest Parks 4.80 Arthur Pugh 2.36 Otto Ramberg 7.88 Glen Rouse 4.60 Floyd B. Sharp 6.26 Roy H. Searle 9.34 Ralph Smalley 6.92 Perry Stow 5.20 W. Donald Steele 3.00 Chas. P. Stack 4.00 Joe Samuelson 6.04 David Scrafield 6.30 George Springer 3.48 Warner Smith 6.02 Glen Thomas 5.52 David R. Tarrant 6.00 Arthur W. Thompkins 7.52 Leroy Tompkins 5.68 Harvey A. Tiffany 7.64 Raymond Wolfe 7.58 Jno. Webb 4.32 Sanford Wallace 4.56 Clair Welsh 5.40 August Wessels 3.68 Robert Watts 6.04 Karl Wliitaker 4.68 Gordon Williams 8.50 Oscar Williams 7.10 Russell Wright 4.96 Raymond WiLson 5.74 477.74 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 163 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10623 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll, assistants, Boys' Camp: Fred M. Hansen, Superintendent, S days with board @ $3.50 ; 2 days without hoard @ $4.50 $ 37.00 Prof. H. L. Eells, S days with board 20.00 Prof. H. C. Moeller, 8 days with board 20.00 Marvin "Wilson, 8 days with board 20.00 C. C. Welsh, 8 days with board 20.00 Chas. Fleenor, S da.ys with board 20.00 Prof. W. R. Raymond, 8 days with board 20.00 J. H. Abernathy, 4 days with board 10.00 167.00 9- 3 10624 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll. Publicity Dept., August 22-28, inclusive: Herbert Kline, 6 days reporting- awards @ $2.75 16.50 G. H. Winnan, 6 days reporting^ awards @ $2.75 16.50 Philip Waters, 6 days reporting awards @ $2.75 16.50 Nelson Goodsell, 6 days reporting- awards @ $2.75 16.50 Isabel AVatts, 3 1/^ days stenograpliic work @ $2.75 9.65 Minnie Truax, extra services, 15 days @ $1.50 22.50 98.15 9- 3 10625 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll, forage department: Geo. A. Wilson, supt. forage, 16 days @ $5.00.$ 80.00 W. T. Willey, asst. supt. forage, 11 days @ $3.50 38.50 Joe Geisman, asst. supt. forage, 12 days @ $3.50 42.00 J. J. Wilson, asst. supt. forage, 12 days @ $3.50 42.00 Will Keeling and team, 12 days @ $5.00 60.00 Chas. Morrison and team, 12 days @ $5.00. . . . 60.00 Merlin Morrison and team, 12 days @ $5.00.. GO. 00 Lawrence Peters, helper, 12 days @ $3.00.. 36.00 Willie Peters, helper, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Ora Hicks, helper, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Orville Ellis, helper, 12 days @$3.00 36.00 526.50 9- 3 10626 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll Secretary's office, August 1-August 30, inclusive: Bessie Sawtelle, grounds office, 4 days @ $3.00 $ 12.00 Volney Diltz, putting out large daily pro- grams 2 days @ $3.00 6.00 H. L. Shearer, putting out band conceri pro- grams 3.50 Clifford C. Heer, city office, 10 days @ $4.00. . 40.00 Geo. K. Scott, city office, 14 days @ $3.00.... 42.00 Geo. K. Scott, grounds office, 15 days @ $4.50 67.50 A. S. Marquis, city office, IV^ days @ $3.00.... 4.50 A. S. Marquis, grounds office, 15 days.® $4.50. 67.50 Mrs. E. W. Stone, city office, 13 days @ $2.50. . 32.50 Mrs. E. W. Stone, grounds office, 12 days @ $4.00 4S.00 164 IOWA DEPART.MENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10626 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll Secretary's office, August 1-Ausust 30, inclusive — Continued. Jeanette William.s, city office, 13 days @ $2.00 26.00 Jeanette Williams, grounds office, 14 days @ $3.00 42.00 Perry Ridenour, city office, 13 days @ $1.25.. 16.25 Perry Ridenour, grounds office, 14 days (w $2.25 31.50 Urban Portel, city office, 13 days @ $1.00 13.00 Urban Portel, grounds office, 14 days @ $2.00. 28.00 Roger Williams, grounds office, 9 days @ $1.00 9.00 Edith K. Smith, grounds office, 15 days @ $1.50 22.50 Elsie Colton, grounds office, 15 days @ $1.50. 22.50 C. A. Nash, grounds oflice, 15 days @ $1.50... 22.50 556.75 10627 E. M. Wentworth, pay roll Department Public Safety and Transportation, August 4-September 1, inclusive: Thomas Witmer, patrolman, IC days @ $2.50. .$ 40.00 W. S. Goodings, 9 days captain @ $3.50 ; 10 days footman @ $2.50 56.50 P. M. Jenks, patrolman, 25 days (a) $2.50 62.50 J. W. Denny, 7 days captain @ $3.50; 11 days footman @ $2.50 52.00 O. A. McKinney, 9 days captain @ $3.50, 10 days patrolman at $2.50 56.50 C. F. Anspach, patrolman, 2 days @ $2.50.... 5.00 G. O. Stemsell, 9 days captain @ $3.50, 2 days footman @ $2.50 36.50 W. C. Melthorpe, special plain clothes man.. 35.45 F. F. Randolph, patrolman, 12 days @ $2.50.. 30.00 Harry Roberts, patrolman, 10 days @ $2.50.. 25.00 O. B. McKinney, patrolman, 11 days @ $2.50. 27.50 Jos. K. Zawadzki, patrolman, 11 days @ $2.50 27.50 Jesup Stephens, patrolman, 3 days @ $2.50. . . . 7.50 J. B. Norris, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 Geo. B. Walker, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50... 20.00 G. P. Scovill, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 W. C. Brown, patrolman, S days @ $2.50 20.00 F. M. Gardner, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50... 20.00 H. L. Van Nostrand, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 C, A. Roberts, patrolman, 4 days @ $2.50.... 10.00 H. Rutledge, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 A. C. Green, patrolman, 4 days (a) $2.50 10.00 Jos. Schock, patrolman, 11 days @ $2.50 27.50 B. H. Kenworthy, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50. 17.50 B. H. Cave, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 M. W. Beights, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50.... 22.50 O. A. Mullen, patrolman, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 E. R. Doan, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 R. E. Morgan, patrolman, 11 days @ $2.50.... 27.50 O. Landy, patrolman, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 C. G. Sears, patrolman, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Ed Ellis, patrolman, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Robt. Neal, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 Amos Martin, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50... 22.50 Frank Leonard, patrolman. 9 days @ $2.50... 22.50 Dan Stamen, jtatrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 P. J. Rowe. patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 Chas. Zwanzier, patrolmim, 7 days ([ij $2.50... 17.50 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 165 Date No. To Wbom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10G27 E. M. Wentworth, pay roll Department Public Safety and Transportation, August 4-September 1, inclusive — Continued. L. E. Hall, patrolman, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 R. W. Roberts, 9 days captain @ $3.50; 3 days footman @ $2.50 38.00 J. G. Waiting-, patrolman, 10 days @ $2.50... 25.00 J. H. Cremer, 7 days captain @ $3.50, 3 days footman @ $2.50 32.00 J. B. Shuey, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 E. A. Schall, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 R. E. Dunahoo, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50... 22.50 Dick Bye, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 A. E. Metzger, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50.... 20.00 R. C. Lillibridge, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50.. 20.00 James Allen, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 P. Morrissey, captain, west gate, 9 days @ $2.50 31.50 Ray Scott, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 R. C. Brown, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Chas. J. Hall, patrolman, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 J. J. Walker, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 J. A. Dibel, patrolman, 8 days ® $2.50 20.00 F. Wertinberger, patrolman, S days @ $2.50.. 20.00 Sam Garber, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50.... 17.50 H. W. Kempton, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50... 22.50 Chas. Stebbins, patrolman. 8 days @ $2.50... 20.00 H. S. Beer, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 L. C. Plog, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 L. L. Morris, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 John Barrett, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Jas. Aldridge, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 L. E. Lillie, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 M. H. Evans, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Harry Stover, patrolman. 8 days @ $2.50.... 20.00 A. D. Drake, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Walter J. Plows, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50.. 20.00 J. M. Gaunt, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 W. O. DeSilva, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50.... 20.00 A. B. Adams, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 S. K. Menton, patrolman, 13 days @ $2.50... 32.50 F. E. Post, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Guy E. Force, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Dick Wright, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50.... 20.00 B. F. Caine, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 S. Ellis, 7 days captain @ $3.50; 2 days pa- trolman @ $2.50 29.50 S. B. Sands, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Leo Rutherford, patrolman, 7 days (S' $2.50.. 17.50 H. H. Graves, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 B. H. Hall, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 S. J. Andrews, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50... 20.00 F. R. Lockwood, 7 days captain @ $3.50; 3 days footman @ $2.50 32.00 M. F. Lockwood, patrolman, 10 days @ $2.50. 25.00 Ray H. Bedford, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50. . . 20.00 F. O. Bottorff, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50.... 20.00 Earl Hem, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 F A. Robinson, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50.. 20.00 H. B. Ford, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 W W. Wilson, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To ■Wliom Issued • Amt. 9- 3 1U62T E. M. Wentworth, pay roll Department Public Safety and Transportation, August 4-September 1, inclusive — Continued. Chas. C. Helms, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50... 17.50 J. M. Haines, patrolman, S days @ $2.50 20.00 J. P. Gregory, patrolman, 12 days @ $2.50 30.00 A. F. Loomis, patrolman, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 L. W. Wilson, patrolman, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 L. R. Parke, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 P. O. Bunker, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Leonard Hickman, patrolman, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 A. G. Gibson, patrolman, S days @ $2.50 20.00 C. G. Ridgeway, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50... 17.50 W. E. Daily, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 W. H. Haylock, patrolman, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 J. L. Thompson, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50... 17.50 J. F. Doughman, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50. . . 17.50 L. P. Way, auto for mail 5.00 G. W. Anspach, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50... 17.50 Chas. F. Anspach, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50. 12.50 Alvin J. Wagner, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50.. 17.50 Jno. W. Heath, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50... 17.50 A. J. Andrews, patrohnan, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Benj. Garthwait, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50. . . 17.50 Jno. Schock, patrolman, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 F. Hensley, patrolman, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 Harry Wills, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 G. D. Thomas, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 T. L. Cullen, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 McMahan, patrolman, 1 day @ $2.50 2.50 Ed Raynes, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Frank Ostermeyer, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50 12.50 Mike Russell, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50.... 17.50 W. T. Harrison, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50.. 17.50 Osmand Hylen, patrolman, 7 days @ $2.50... 17.50 Chas. H. Hodges, patrolman, 4 days @ $2.50... 10.00 Jno. J. Walrath, patrolman, 6 days @ $2.50. . . 15.00 Chas. W. Williams, patrolman, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 W. H. Miller, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50 12.50 C. B. Akes, patrolman, 4 days @ $3.50 14.00 Louie Brendel, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50... 12.50 Chas. Keasey, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50.... 12.50 D. T. Turner, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50 12.50 F. K. Stansell, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50 12.50 Jno. W. Cox, patrolman, 4 days @ $2.50 10.00 I. F. Calloway, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50.... 12.50 L. M. Lehr, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50 12.50 Glenn Crawford, mounted policeman, 4 days @ $3.50 14.00 J. E. Anderson, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50... 12.50 Frank Perdue, patrolman, 5 days @ $2.50.... 12.50 A. K. Banks, special policeman, 4 days @ $2.50 10.00 J. A. Scoville, patrolman, 3 days @ $2.50.... 7.50 C. Goldsberry, mounted policeman, 17 days & $3.50 59.50 W. M. Johnson, mounted policeman, 17 days !& $3.50 59.50 T. J. Lee, mounted policeman, 9 days @ $3.50. 31.50 H. P. Way, captain fences, mounted, 9 days ® $4.00 36.00 O. A. Stewart, mounted iidliccman, S days ® $3.50 ". . 28.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 161 rmte No. To Whom Issued Amt y- 3 10627 E. M. Wentwoi-th, pay roll Department Public Safety and Transportation, August 4-September 1, inclusive — Continued. J. A. Moore, mounted policeman, 9 days @ $3.50 31.50 Seth Way, captain streets, 10 days @ $4.00.. 40.00 Ed Macy, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50. 28.00 Jno. Jones, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 "W. S. Robbins, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 S. O. Sprinkle, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 Jno. H. Richart, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 Ray Irwin, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 B. E. Woodward, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 Ray Henry, mounted policeman, 9 days (g) $3.50 31.50 Harlev Ellis, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 Rov Bever, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 A. H. Conl<;Iin, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 C E. McKinnev, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 L A. Caldwell, mounted policeman, 9 days @ $3.50 30.50 W H. Saylor, mounted policeman, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 J H. Mathis, mounted policeman, S days @ $3.50 28.00 Jas. Miller, mounted policeman, 7 days (g) $3.50 24.50 Ed Donoghue, mounted policeman, 6 days @ $3.50 21.00 S. G. Pearson, mounted policeman, 2 days @ '$3.50 7.00 C D Freel, mounted policeman, 8 days '@ $3.50 28.00 W. H. Walker, assistant transportation, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 S. W. Baker, clerk at camp grounds, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 L. H. Thornton, mounted policeman, 13 days @ $3.50 45.50 Boyd Brittan, mounted policeman, 13 days @ $3.50 45.50 C. W. Brittan, Supt. camp grounds, 17 days @ $4.00 68.00 T. J. Hudson, Marshal 45.00 C. M. Akes, Marshal 45.00 Carl Shields, Marshal 45.00 L. H. Horner, watchman of barns for Mar- shals, 8 days @ $2.00 16.00 Edwin Johnston, messenger and telephone, 4 days at $2.00 8.00 Jerry Doneghy, special detective, 4 days @ $2.50 10.00 168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I>ate No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10627 E. M. Wentworth, pay roll Department Public Safety and Transportation, August 4-September 1, inclusive — Continued. Frank Emery, patrolman, 2 days @ $2.50... 5.00 James Jansen, Assistant Chief Police, 11 days @ $4.00 f 44.00 E. J. Frowick, Chief of Police, 11 days @ $5.00 55.00 E. T. Banks, janitor, police headquarters, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 W. V. Palmer, clerk, 12 days @ $4.00 48.00 4,238.45 9- 3 10628 E. L. Beck, Supt. pay roll. Poultry- Dept. : W. S. Russell, Judge $ 35.00 F. H. Shellaberger, Judge 35.00 Miss Julia Christianson, Clerk, 3 days (5) $2.00 6.00 Geo. S. Phillips, first assistant, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Frank Geneser, assistant, 11 days @ $2.00... 22.00 C. D. Porter, assistant, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 Robt. Beck, assistant 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 Emerson Day, assistant, 10 days @ $2.00... 20.00 E. L. Beck, Superintendent, 25 days @ $4.00 100.00 298.00 9- 3 10629 M. G. Thornburg, Supt. pay roll Sheep Dept., 1913 fair: P. S. Shearer, Asst. Supt. Sheep, 10 days @ $4.00 $ 40.00 P. R. Lisher, Asst. Supt., 8 days @ $4.00 32.00 Edna Thomas, stenographer 8.00 M. G. Thornburg, Supt., 25 days @ $4.00 100.00 9- 3 10630 J. F. Summers, Supt. pay roll. Concession Dept, Ticket Takers : Paul Clark, ticket taker, 5 days @ $2.50. ..$ 12.50 Frank Mason, ticket taker, 5 days @ $2.50... 12.50 Everett Amsberry, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Leonard McLaren, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Will Higgins, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50.. 17.50 D. F. Forrester, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50. 17.50 Russel Lewis, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50. . . . 17.50 Lester Drennan, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 H. E. Rogers, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50... 17.50 Carl Christensen, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Frank Keats, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50... 17.50 H. H. Moyer, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Verne Welty, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Jno. O'Neil, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Paul Bender, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50.... 17.50 I. Smaltz, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 G. A. Stahl, ticket taker, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 H. E. Eales, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 F. O. Hicks, ticket taker, 3 days 7.00 E. E. Beyers, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Alvln Cook, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50.... 17.50 W. A. Seeley, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Volney Dlltz, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50... 17.50 W. R. Thomas, ticket taker, 7 days © $2.50. . . 17.50 H. R. Scarff, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Leland Bowman, ticket taker, 7 days dfi $2.50. 17.50 Geo. Kanoff, ticket taker, 7 days (g) $2.50 17.50 P. W. Johnson, ticket taker, 7 days © $2.50. . . 17.50 FOURTEEXTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 169 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10630 J. F. Summers. Supt. pay roll. Concession Dept., Ticket Takers — Continued. M. A. Souers, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50.... 17.50 Carl Christopherson, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 R. Murphy, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 A. Hanson, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Lawrence Clark, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Jno. Cavenaugh, ticket taker. 7 days @ $2.50. 17.50 Chas. E. Brown, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50. 17.50 J. H. McKowen, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50. 17.50 R. Herrold, ticket taker, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Ted Hinton, watchman, S days @ $2.50 20.00 644.50 9- 3 10631 J. F. Summers, Supt. pay roll. Concession Dept., Office Assistants : Willis Summers, 16 days @ $4.00 ? 64.00 Harry Wilson, 14 days @ $4.00 56.00 R. W. Tellier. 12 days @ $4.00 48.00 B. M. Breed, 12 days (5) $4.00 48.00 Fred "Willis, cashier, 8 days @ $3.00 24.00 B. J. Thomas, cashier, 8 days @ $3.00 24.00 C. S. Vorse, cashier, 8 days @ $2.00 24.00 Don Black, cashier, S days @ $3.00 24.00 312.00 9- 3 10632 O. A. Olson, Supt., pay roll Admission Dept., 1913 fair: C. N. ^"heiting, captain pass gate, 11 days @ $3.50 $38.50 Seth Howard, pass gate, 10 days @ $2.50.... 25.00 Grover Christ, pass gate, 10 days @ $2.50.... 25.00 H. E. Hendrickson, pass gate, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Byron Crawford, pass gate, 10 days @ $2.50. 25.00 Wilfred Peterson, pass gate, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 C. S. Marself, pass gate, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 Wendel Osbrink, pass gate, 10 days @ $2.50.. 25.00 Roy Budlong, pass gate, 9 days @ $2.50 22.50 Stewart Foster, pass gate, 10 days @ $2.50.. 25.00 Harry Moore, pass gate, 10 days @ $2.50... 25.00 T. H. Thornburg, pass gate, 8 days @ $2.50. 20.00 I. S. Rutledge, pass gate, 4 days @ $2.50 10.00 "W. 'W. Bennett, pass gate, 4 days @ $2.50 and 6 days @ $3.50 31.00 . W. P. Butler, pass gate, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 ^Varren S. Dudley, pass gate, 9 days @ $2.50. 22.50 Clark Draper, pass gate, 10 days @ $2.50.... 25.00 John Deitrick, pass gate, 8 days @ $2.50..... 20.00 J. R. Baggs, pass gate, 5 days @ $2.50 12.50 Roy Dowell, pass gate, S days @ $2.50 20.00 Wm. Lundberg, captain street car gate, 10 days @ $3.50 . . . ■. 35.00 Howard Bradle, street car gate, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Guy Weatherwax, street car gate, 8 days (a) $2.50 20.00 Frank Wilson, street car gate, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Al Asperson, street car gate, 10 days'® $2.50 25.00 Jno. Batchelor, street car gate. 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Helmer Johnson, street car gate, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 170 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10632 O. A. Olson, Supt., pay roll Admission Dept., 1913 fair — Continued. G. S. Binford, street car gate, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Marion Shields, street car gate, 10 days @ ?2.50 25.00 P. F. Kopp, captain R. I. wagon sate, 10 days @ $3.50 35.00 A. Christianson, wagon gate, S days @ $2.50 20.00 J. R. Townsend, wagon gate, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 G. W. Nelson, wagon gate, 9 days @ $2.50... 22.50 A. Lf. Ryerson, wagon gate, S days @ $2.50... 20.00 F. C. Corey, captain R. I. turnstiles, 10 days @ $3.50 35.00 Henry Pophani, turnstiles, S days (a $2.50... 20.00 A. J. Fields, turnstiles, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 W. J. Hunt, turnstiles, 9 days (ffi $2.50 22.50 Vaugh Wilson, turnstiles, 10 days @ $2.50... 25.00 G. H. Penrod. turnstiles, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 F. L. Crowe, turnstiles, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 A. L. Humes, captain Grand ave. turnstiles, 10 days @ $3.50 35.00 Harry Hull, turnstiles, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Gerald Jones, turnstiles, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 W. W. West, turnstiles, 10 days @ $2.50... 25.00 A. C. Scott, turnstiles, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Roy Ball, captain Grand avenue wagon gate, 3 days @ $3.50 10.50 J. A. Mcintosh, wagon gate, 10 days @ $2.50. 25.00 A. W. D. Bruyn, wagon gate. 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Al Soals, wagon gate, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 Wm. McCanna, wagon gate, 10 days @ $2.50. . 25.00 Jno. Hacker, wagon gate, 10 days @ $2.50... 25.00 C. F. Nolte, captain east end amphitheater, 10 days @ $3.50 35.00 ^ E. C. Bullard, gate and turnstiles, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 T. F. McDonald, gate and turnstiles, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Oscar Hoist, gate and turnstiles, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Tracy Wellman, gate and turnstiles, 8 days $2.50 20.00 J. E. Brooker, gate and turnstiles, 10 days @ $2.50 25.00 L. F. Pingel, gate and turnstiles, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Wm. Sterrenberg, gate and turnstiles, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 J. P. Anderson, gate and tui-nstiles, S days ® $2.50 ■ 20.00 Tom Egan, gate and turnstiles, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Roy Holbrook, captain west end amphithea- ter, 8 days (Tv $3.50 28.00 E. A. Hanson, gates and turnstiles, S days @ $2.50 20.00 Chester Reeves, gates and turnstiles, 8 days ® $2.50 20.00 H. S. May, gates and turnstiles, g days (ri $2.50 20.00 Tom Irish, gates and turnstiles, 8 days ff? $2.50 20.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 171 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10632 O. A. Olson, Supt., pay roll Admission Dept.. 1913 fair — Continued. Fred Oxley, gates and turnstiles, S days © ?2.50 220.00 E. O. Holton, gates and turnstiles, 9 days @ §2.50 22.50 F. J. Wykoff, captain quarter stretch, 8 days @ $3.50 28.00 Walter Empson, gate, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 C. E. Marvin, gate, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Vern Fairchild, captain amphitheater, 8 days @ $3.a0 28.00 Harold Anderson, usher, 10 days fa $2.50... 25.00 Ward Peterson, usher, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 J. R. Johnson, usher, S days (§ S2.50 20.00 Lloyd Wilkinson, usher, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Mort Brooks, usher, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Cecil Platts, usher, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 J. J. Mowerson, usher, 8 days @ $2.50 20.00 Dan Howard, usher, 9 days 0 I). Moss, assistant, 6 days @ $3.50 21.00 I. C. Rutledge, assistant superintendent, 6 days Cw $4.00 24.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 175 Date No. To Wliom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10639 C. F. Curtlss, Superintendent, pay roll, horse de- partment, 1913 — Continued. J. B. Hockersmith, megaphone work, G days @ $3.50 21.00 James Steele, barn work, 3 days @ .?2.50.... 7.50 Ray Galantine, grading' stock, 1-5 day Co) $2.50 50.00 General Ijincoln, judging military horses.... 10.00 1,386.50 9- 3 10640 R. S. Johnston, Superintendent, pay roll, swine de- partment, 1913: Lloyd Mugg, judge, Poland China $ 75.00 A. J. Lovejoy, judge, Duroc Jersey 75.00 W. A. Hoover, judge, Chester White 50.00 Wilson Rowe, judge, Hampshire 35.00 C. C. Roup, judge, Tamworth and Yorkshire 20.00 J. Carson Duncan, assistant, 10 days (@ $4.00 40.00 Edwin Hicklin, assistant, 6 days @ $4.00.... 24.00 Helen Johnston, assistant, 10 days @ $4.00... 40.00 359.00 9- 3 10641 E. J. Curtin, Superintendent, pay roll, speed depart- ment, 1913: O. P. Updegraff, starting judge $150.00 Magnus Flaws, presiding judge 100.00 A. O. Laughlin, judge, 2 days @ $5.00 10.00 Parley Sheldon, judge, 6 days @ $5.00 30.00 L. H. Pickard, timer, 6 days (5) $5.00 30.00 J. T. Gill, timer, 6 days @ $5.00 30.00 J. F. Garrison, timer, 6 days @ $5.00 30.00 * Geo. E. Hoggs, superintendent of track, 11 days @ $3.75 41.25 Geo. E. Hogge, railroad fare, Des Moines and return 5.60 M. L. Markham, barn boss, 20 days @ $3.00.. 60.00 E. A. Elliott, clerk of course, 14 days @ $3.75 52.50 E. A. Elliott, railroad fare, Des Moines and return 4.40 A. L. Denio, assistant superintendent speed, 14 days @ $4.00 56.00 A. L. Denis, railroad fare, Des Moines and re- turn 5.60 Judson Zentmire, call boy, 7 days @ $3.25.. 22.75 Leslie Swanson, score boy, 7 days @ $3.25.. 22.75 Thaddeus Olson, call boy, 7 days @ $3.25.. 22.75 Casper Selland, uniform boy, 7 days @ $3.25. 22.75 Isaac Sangston, gate man, 8 days @ $2.50.. 20.00 Joe Head, blacksmith, 6 days @ $2.00 12.00 728.35 9-3 10642 C. W. Phillips, Superintendent, pay roll, ticket audit- ing department, 1913 fair: Ben Phillips, assistant auditor of tickets, 11 days @ $3.25 $35.75 Frank Beaton, assistant auditor of tickets, 11 days @ $3.25 35.75 Don Judd, assistant auditor of tickets, 11 days @ $3.25 35.75 Ralph A. Wilson, assistant auditor of tickets, 11 days @ $3.25 35.75 J. U. Sammis, Jr., assistant auditor of tickets, 11 days @ $3.25 35.75 176 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Pate No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9- 3 10642 C. W. Phillips, Superintendent, pay roll, ticket aud- iting department, 1913 fair — Continued. Arthur Horrig-an, assistant auditor of ticlvets, 11 days @ $3.25 35.75 Joe Gregory, assistant auditor of tickets, 11 days @ $3.25 35.75 M. C. Garst, assistant auditor of ticliets, 11 days @ $3.25 35.75 H. C. Eals, assistant auditor of tickets, 31/2 days @ $3.25 11-38 Allie Cox, assistant auditor of ticltets, 7 days @ $3.25 22.75 W. C. Skiff, assistant superintendent of tickets, 12 days @ $4.00 48.00 368.13 9- 3 10643 H. L. Pike, Superintendent, pay roll, cattle depart- ment, 1913 fair: Chas. S. Hill, judge, Guernsey $ 87.50 Andrew Boss, judge, Red Polled 56.<() L. G. Shaver, judge, Polled Durham 25.00 H. G. Van Pelt, judge, Jersey and Brown Swiss ■'iJ-'-*'l W. J. Billette, judge, Holsteins 111.00 T. E. Robson, judge, Short Horns 167.00 ^V. J. Kennedy, judge, Ayrshires 25.00 E. T. Davis, judge, Aberdeen Angus 85.00 Chas. Escher, Jr., judge, Galloway 65.00 J. C. Kinzer, judge, Herefords 195.00 Axel Hansen, judge, Dutch Belted 10.00 W. H. Pew, assistant superintendent, 7 days @ $4.00 28.00 E. F. Ferrin, assistant superintendent, 7 days @ $4.00 28.00 H. H. Kildee, assistant superintendent, 9 days @ $4.00 36.00 Milton Smith, assistant superintendent, 9 days @ $4.00 36.00 F. L. French, ribbon clerk, 7 days @ $2.50.. 17.50 Chas. Meltzer, ribbon clerk, 7 days @ $2.50.. 17.5^ Harry Staves, office boy, 9 days @ $1.00.... 9.00 1,(195.14 9- 3 10644 Wesley Greene, Superintendent, pay roll, floricul- tural department, 191'3 fair: Theo. Ewoldt, judge, 6 days @ $5.00 $30.00 G. M. Scott, janitor and watchman, 7 days @ $2.50 17.50 Wesley Greene, supei'intendent, 11 days (j/J $4.00 44.00 91.50 9- 3 10645 Iowa Trust and Savings Bank, bills payable anu interest 3, 130.01) 9- 3 10646 Cottage Grove Dining Hall, meals, boys' camp.... 790.67 9- 4 10647 W. W. Moore, billboard advertising 1913 302.60 9- 4 10648 W. J. Anderson, \f>lVz bushels corn, forage depart- ment 110.25 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 177 Date No. To Wliorn Issued Amt. 9- 4 10649 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll, babies health con- test: Mary T. ^Vatts, superintendent, S days (ci) $4.00 ? 32.00 Florence Sherborn, judge, 5 days @ $5.00.. 25.00 Lenna Means, judge, 5 days @ $5.00 25.00 Margaret Clark, judge, 5 days @ $5.00 25.00 Velura Powell, judge, 5 days @ $5.00 25.00 Lucy Ilarbach, judge, 5 days @ $5.00 25.00 Martha Welpton, judge, 5 days @ $5.00 25.00 Sophie Hinze Scott, judge, 5 days @ $5.00.. 25.00 Margaret Armstrong, judge, 2 days @ $5.00.. 10.00 Nelle Noble, judge, 1 day @ $5.00 5.00 Jennie Ghrist, judge, 1 day @ $5.00 5.00 Kathryn Earhart, nurse, 4 days @ $3.50 14.00 Maud Sutton, nurse, 4 days @ $3.50 14.00 Mrs. A. O. Ruste, first .assistant superinten- dent, 5 days at $2.50 12.50 Hazel Saddon, stenographer and clerk, 5 days @ $2.50 12.50 Mary T. Watts, incidental expense 10.25 290.25 9- 4 10650 lu. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage. Greater Iowa, x\ugust 1, 1913 6.00 9-10 10651 Urban Portel, carfare office boy, July and August... 3.90 9-11 10652 H. R. McCollam, 10 tons 635 pounds clover hay, forage department 92.86 9-12 10653 Shannon & Mott, first payment, mill feed, forage department 1,000.00 Potts Bros., sixth estimate, cement worlc contract.. 500.00 A. V. Storm, expense account, judging school exhibit 21.70 Western Union Telegraph Co., messages, horse de- part, Ames station 1.99 N. H. Gentry, judge, Berkshires, swine department 63.00 The Horse Review, advertising speed program, 1913 203.42 Studebaker Corporation, street sprinkler, grounds 392.50 A. Olson, cleaning amphitheater, bleachers and paddock 30.00 9-13 10661 Homestead Printing Co., part payment 1913 print- ing bill 1,000.00 9-13 10662 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 20.00 9-19 10663 W. B. Barney, Superintendent, pay roll, dairy de- partment and supplies, ice cream stand, 1913 fair: Geo. Kratz, disher, ice cream stand, 8 days @ $2.50 ...$20.00 Marie Mally, collector, ice cream stand, 6 days @ $3.00 18.00 O. M. Corrigan and family 47.30 Rodney Hudson, disher. ice cream stand, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 Fred Hudson, disher, ice cream stand, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 Lawrence Boutin, assistant, butter scoring and exhibit, 6 days @ $2.50 15.00 Alice Moser, waiter, ice cream stand, 7 days @ $2.00 14.00 F. C. Barney, assistant, dairy department, 121/2 days @ $3.25 - 40.62 Irene Hardin, waiter, ice cream stand, 7 days @ $2.00 14.00 12 9^ -13 10654 9- ■13 10655 9- -13 10656 9- -13 10657 9- -13 10658 9- -13 10659 9- -13 10660 178 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date Xo. To Whom Issued Amt. 9-19 10663 "\V. B. Barney, Superintendent, pay roll, dairy de- partment and supplies, ice cream stand, 1913 fair — Continued. Gertie Grimm, waiter, ice cream stand, 5% days @ $2.50 14.35 Dora Dickey, waiter, ice cream stand, 5% days @ $2.50 14.35 Stoner McCray System, display cards, butter exhibit 4.90 B. F. Swanson Co., Inc., rental typewriter, but- ter scoring 1.00 Brinsmaid & Co., 1 gross teaspoons 1.44 Younker Bros., 210 yards of bunting, butter exhibit 8.40 E. A. Crosby, watchman, dairy department.. 12.50 B. C. Iliff, expenses, assistant superintendent 13.55 Langan Bros. Co., ice cream dishes and spoons 9.75 C. C. Taft Co., ice cream, 85 gallons @ 75c.. 63.75 Hutchinson Purity Ice Cream Co., 470 gallons @ 75c 352.50 American Laundry, laundrying aprons and towels 2.46 Des Moines Tent and Awning Co., rental stoves, cots and bedding 3.10 J. J. Ross, butter judge 7.50 P. A. Clark, butter judge 7.50 H. E. Forrester, butter judge 7.50 Sanders Ice Cream Co., 10 gallons @ 75c. . . . 7.50 Fair Store, oil cloth, aprons and towels 14.97 Beatrice Creamery Co., butter used in display 15.60 758.54 9-19 10664 C. W. Phillips, per diem and mileage, auditing committee meeting 33.00 9-20 10665 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 18 (grounds), August 31st-September 13th: \Vm. Barton, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $3.00 $ 15.00 Albert Groom, labor on grounds, 5i^ days @ $2.25 12.37 Fred A. Wallace, labor on gi-ounds, 7 days (S $2.50 17.50 Fred Van Voorhes, labor on grounds, GVz days @ $2.50 16.25 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 3 days 5 hours fg) $2.75 9.62 H. F. Deets, foreman, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Andy Johnson, labor on grounds, 8 days 9 hours @ $3.00 17.80 John Brown, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $4.00 4.00 C. Moyer, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $4.00... 4.00 Alex Cruickshank, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $2.00 12.00 W. S. Gooding, labor on grounds, 2 days (fli $2.50 5.00 Hoyt Woodward, labor on ground, 10 days 5 hours @ $4.00 42.00 Chas. Welton, labor on grounds, 10 days (fi^ $4.00 40.00 Don Paul, labor on grounds, IV^ days @ $2.25 3.37 Ted Woodward, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00 2.00 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 179 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9-20 10665 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. IS (grounds), Aug-ust 31st-September 13th — Continued. Harry Tschontz, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00 2.00 Fred Meyers, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $4.00 40.00 Chas. iNIorrison, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $3.50 17.50 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $4.00 16.00 Carl Heggen, labor on grounds, 10 days 1/) $3.00 30.00 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Theo. Broerman, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $1.75 19.25 W. H. Anderson, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.00 IS. 00 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 French Payton, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $2.00 8.00 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 11 days 4 10711 Wild Rose Farm, refund stall rent, horse department, 1913 6.00 9-24 10712 Andrew Wilfong, refund stall rent, horse department, 1913 4.00 9-24 10713 T. R. Young, refund stall rent, horse department, 1913 4.00 9-24 10714 C. W. McDermott, refund stall rent, horse department, 1913 2.00 9-24 10715 Perry Ridenour, carfare office boy, July and August.. 2.15 9-24 10716 L. Kammerer, refund rent, sheep department 8.00 9-25 10717 Potts Bros., final settlement cement work contract.. 1196.47 9-26 10718 Iowa Telephone Company, messages, Ames station ... 1.65 9-26 10719 O. A. Olson, expense attending Minnesota State Fair.. 15.23 9-26 10720 C. E. Cameron, expense attending Minnesota State Fair 24.34 9-26 10721 Chas. Caldwell, scavenger contract, grounds, 1913 100.00 9-26 10722 B. F. Osborn, superintendent expense account, Iowa Pioneer Day 135.00 9-26 10723 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage. Executive Com- mittee meeting 30.00 9-26 10724 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 31.50 9-27 10725 Des Moines Daily News, display advertising, 1913 fair 263.96 9-27 10726 Des Moines Daily Capital, display advertising, 1913 fair ,. 287.56 9-27 10727 Wallaces' Farmer, display advertising, 1913 fair 250.00 9-27 10728 Breeders' Gazette, display advertising, 1913 fair.... 196.00 9-27 10729 Kimballs' Dairy Farmer, display advertising, 1913 fair 91.00 9-27 10730 The Road-Maker, display advertising, 1913 fair 33.25 9-27 10731 The Homestead Co., display advertising, 1913 fair.... 263.45 9-27 10732 The Farmer and Breeder, display advertising, 1913 fair 75.00 9-27 10733 Chicago Daily Drovers' Journal, display advertising, 1913 fair 25.00 9-27 10734 Chicago Live Stock World, display advertising, 1913 fair 28.00 9-27 10735 The Chronicle Publishing Co., display advertising, 1913 fair 36.00 9-27 10736 Implement Trade Journal, display advertising, 1913 fair 60.00 9-27 10737 Western Poultry Journal, display advertising, 1913 fair 14.00 9-27 10738 Western Newspaper Union, plate service county news- papers 710.78 9-27 10739 H. R. Baker, advertising, Wapello county, 1913 12.00 9-27 10740 Geo. E. Bliss, advertising, Adams county, 1913 10.00 9-27 10741 Jno. J. Curry, advertising, Cass county, 1913 15.00 9-27 10742 T. E. Grissell, advertising, Guthrie county, 1913 12.00 9-27 10743 Geo. W. Haynes, advertising, Hardin county, 1913... 15.00 9-27 10744 L. C. Hoffman, advertising, Decatur county, 1913 .... 12.00 9-27 10745 Geo. A. Hitchcock, advertising, Johnson county, 1913.. 10.00 9-27 10746 Loren Johnston, advertising. Wayne county, 1913 10.00 9-27 10747 H. B. Lizer, advertising. Black Hawk county, 1913.... 20.00 9-27 10748 E. V. McBroom, advertising, Grundy county, 1913.... 20.00 9-27 10749 James Nowak, advertising, Poweshiek county, 1913.... 10.00 9-27 10750 Loren Perrin, advertising, Monroe county, 1913 12.00 9-27 10751 O. W. Roush, advertising, Ringgold county, 1913 15.00 9-27 10752 Peter Stephany, advertising, Carroll county, 1913 20.00 9-27 10753 H. B. Turner, advertising, Hancock county, 1913 12.00 9-27 10754 Des Moines Electric Co., light service, 1913 fair.... 633.40 9-27 10755 Milwaukee Label and Seal Co., 25,000 gummed labels. 30.17 9-27 10756 The Osborn Company, 3,000 advertising hangers.... 252.00 9-27 10757 W^esley Greene, superintending planting of flowers on grounds, 1913 50.00 9-27 10758 Pinkerton's National Detective Agency, detective serv- ice, 1913 fair 175.29 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2 9-2 182 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9-27 10759 Vanderslice & Stahmer Shoe Company, refund on tickets 1-50 9-27 10760 F. Brody & Sons Co., refund on tickets 6.25 9-27 10761 Mrs. P. P. Carleton, matron rest cottage, 1913 fair.. 29.85 9-27 10762 Carl Loper, assistant rest cottage, 1913 fair 22.50 9-27 10763 Great Western Circuit, dues, 1913 90.00 9-27 10764 Western Horseman, advertising speed program, 1913.. 85.80 9-27 10765 Shaver Carriage Co., wagon repairs 37.50 9-27 10766 Weldon, Williams, Lick Co., printing coupon tickets, 1913 fair 136.10 9-27 10767 Implement Trade Journal, refund on tickets .50 9-27 10768 W. S. Frazier & Co., rent 2 sulkies, speed department. 24.00 9-27 10769 Sciota Sign Co., 8,000 outdoor signs 115.00 10770 American Lithographing Co., 3,000 stallion bulletins and miscellaneous printing 368.95 10771 Fred Hethershaw, grain decorations agricultural build- ing, and assistant superintendent agricultural de- partment 400.00 10772 W. B. Barney, superintendent dairy department, 15 days 60.00 10773 E. C. Bishop, expense account school exhibits depart- ment 8.25 10774 A. R. Corey, attending Minnesota and South Dakota State Fairs 45.37 10775 A. R. Corey, expense attending Interstate fair, Sioux City 16.34 A. R. Corey, expense attending Nebraska State Fair. . 15.20 C. A. Nash, expense attending Minnesota State Fair. . 22.05 H. N. Whitney, expense attending Minnesota State Fair 18.70 Superior Film Manufacturing Co., 1530 feet moving picture film, 1913 fair 500.00 9-27 10780 A. R. Corey, secretary, first payment on country news- paper advertising 3,082.55 9-27 10781 T. W. Davis, five days' services, watchman police de- partment 12.50 9-27 10782 E. C. Bishop, pay roll school exhibits department, 1913 fair: J. E. Cundy, assistant, 11 days @ $4.00 $ 44.00 Gertrude Peterson, secretary, 4 days @ $3.00. . . . 12.00 Mary Chidester, secretary, 21/2 days @ $3.00 7.50 Ruth Morrison, assistant, canning demonstration, 6 days @ $3.00 18.00 Anna Bullock, assistant canning demonstration, 6 days @ $3.00 18.00 R. S. Farrar, assistant, 5 days @ $4.00 20.00 J. O. Mitchell, assistant, 101/2 days @ $3.50 36.75 Dean Mitchell, helper, 8 days @ $2.00 16.00 E. C. Bishop, superintendent, 15 days @ $4.00.. 60.00 232.25 9-29 107S3 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 19 (grounds) Sept- tember 14-Septcmber 27, inclusive: French I'ayton, labor on grounds, 1 day @ $2.00.$ 2.00 John Olson, labor on grounds. 9 days @ $2.00.. 18.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $3.50 35.00 T. W. Davis, labor on grounds, 2 days @ $3.00. . . 6.00 John Wright, labor on grounds, 7 days 4 hours @ $2.00 14.80 Theo Broerman, labor on grounds, 5 days 4 hours (g> $1.75 9.45 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 9-27 10776 9-27 10777 9-27 10778 9-27 10779 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 183 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 9-29 l(i7s;{ A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 19 (grounds) September 14-September 27, inclusive — Continued. Carl Heggren, labor on ground.s, 4 days 8 hours @ .$3.00 14.40 A. T.iammey, labor on grounds, 15 days, 1 hour @ $4.00 60.40 Jno. Brown, labor on grounds, S days 5 hours @ $4.00 34.00 Fred Myers, labor on grounds, 10 days 3 hours @ $4.00 41.20 Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, 10 days 3 hours @ $4.00 41.20 Joy Moyer, labor on grounds, 6 days 3 hours @ $4.00 25.20 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 7 days and 5 hours @ $2.75 20.62 H. F. Deets, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $3.00 30.00 Walter Hunt, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $3.00 30.00 Chas. Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, 10 days 3 hours @ $2.00 20.60 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 11 days 3 hours @ $2.00 22.60 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds. 11 days 3 hours @ $2.00 22.60 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $2.00 23.00 Chas. Welton, labor on grounds. 4 days 3 hours @ $4.00 17.20 Geo. Mizner, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hours @ $2.00 23.00 Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 4 days 5 hours @ $2.50 11.25 546.52 9-30 10784 A. R. Corey, salary, September, 1913 183.33 9-30 10785 H. N. "Whitney, salary, September, 1913 166.66 9-30 10786 C. A. Nash, sfilary, September, 1913 12.5.00 9-30 10787 Elsie Colton, salary, September. 1913 100.00 9-30 10788 J. H. Deemer, salary, September, 1913 100.00 9-30 10789 Edith K. Smith, salary, September, 1913 • 85.00 9-30 10790 Minnie Truax, salary, September, 1913 75.00 9-30 10791 The Horseman, advertising speed program, 1913.... 196.08 9-30 10792 Register & Leader Company, display advertising, 1913 497.66 9-30 10793 Iowa Trust & Savings Bank, protested sight draft, At Last AVasher Co., Perry, Iowa, machinery de- partment 18.06 9-30 10794 Des Moines Water Co., water bills, April-August, inclusive, 1913 778.73 10- 2 10795 Al Warnock, rent on binder for cutting crops, rental grounds 5.00 10- 2 10796 Joe Head, blacksmith work, grounds 6.79 10- 2 10797 J. L. Moyer, storage hog crates, 1913 fair 10.00 10- 2 10798 J. L. Moyer, 50 5-8 bushels oats, forage department 18.73 10- 2 10799 Cressey & Wingate, 29 flags, grounds 32.17 10- 2 10800 J. F. Summers, superintendent, correction pay roll account 283.90 10- 3 10801 Sestier Bros., contract hauling manure, 1913 fair.. 275,00 10- 3 10S02 ^V. S. Frazier & Co., charges return of 2 sulkies, used by speed department 2.62 10- 3 10803 The Solvay Process Co., 6,000 pounds calcium chloride for race track 45.00 184 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date 10- 4 No. 10S04 10- 4 10S05 10- 4 10806 10- 4 10807 10- 4 10808 10- 6 10809 10- 6 10810 10- 6 10811 10- 6 10812 10- 6 10813 10- 6 10814 10- 6 10815 10- 6 10816 10- 6 10817 10- 6 10818 10- 6 10819 10- 6 10820 10- 6 10821 10- G 10822 10- 6 10823 10- 6 10824 10- 6 10825 10- 6 10826 10- 6 10827 10- 6 10828 10- 6 10829 10- 6 10830 10- 6 10831 10- 6 10832 10- 6 10833 To "Wiom Issued R. S. Johnston, per diem and mileage, auditing committee meeting A. R. Corey, Secretar>', pay roll, folding Greater Iowa, October issue: Theo Waltz, 1^4 days @ $1-00 $ 1.25 Frank Blake, % day @ $1.00 75 Clark Andrews, 1^4 days @ $1.00 1.25 Arthur Holman, % day @ $1.00 75 Clarence Johnson, % day @ $1.00 75 Thurie Engstrom, 2-5 day @ $1.00 40 Wm. StFom, % day @ $1.00 75 Bryan Wintered, 14 day @ $1.00 25 Lester Miller, 2-5 day @ $1.00 40 Perry Ridenour, 1 4-5 days @ $1.25 2.25 Urban Portel, 7-10 day @ $1.00 70 Eunice Conway, 1 2-5 days @ $1.00 1.40 Amt. 27. 8C Iowa State College, prorata expense, college exhibit Chamberlain Hotel, hotel bill, I. S. Mahan, Okla- homa state fair S. Fleming, refund exhibitor's ticket and pen rent, swine department H. C. Mehring, refund exhibitor's ticket and pen rent, swine department Fred Sievers, refund pen rent, swine department.. S. P. Freed, refund pen rent, swine department Adams Express Company, express bills, July and August, 1913 American Express Company, express bills, July, 1913 American Laundry Company, laundry bills, dining room and duck suits, night show, stock pavilion B. M. Boyer & Son, refund exhibitor's ticket and pen rent, swine department H. V. Bright, two turnstiles and choppers and re- pairs on registers ^ Brinsmaid & Co., 1000 plates, horticultural depart- ment Bushnell Tank Works, 6 quick feeders Beckman Bros., pipe and fittings, grounds Jno. A. Burris, engineering services, grounds W. H. Brereton, brick for horse barns, closet and game preserve Bishard Bros., printing Bureau of Advertising, five forms multisrraph let- ters E. L. Beck, expense account, poultry department. . Mark D. Batchelder Co., 1 month advertising serv- ice, street cars Backman Sheet Metal Works, sheet metal work for grounds, 1913 Blue Line Transfer Co., freight and drayage, June, July and August Carbon Coal Co., coal for dining hall boilers, 1913 fair Central Iron Works, 100 lawn scats, grounds Chase & West, mattresses, beds and springs Citizens Electric Co., 2 16-inch fans "Courtright," 2 photos for Greater Iowa Chase & West, refund on tickets 10.90 595.62 8.00 9.00 10.00 3.00 5.00 28.65 12.92 3.83 7.00 267.30 45.83 150.00 134.27 26.25 26.15 32.00 9.70 8.15 70.50 407.71 31.38 30.22 190.00 26.85 36.00 1.00 1.00 10- 6 10836 10- 6 10837 10- 6 10838 10- 6 10839 10- 6 10840 10- 6 10S41 10- 6 10844 10- 6 10845 10- 6 10846 10- 6 10847 10- 6 10848 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 185 Date No. To Wliom Issued Amt. 10- 6 10834 Capital City Plumbing Co., settlement plumbing- contract new closet, horse barn 600.00 10- 6 10835 Forase department, feed furnished to poultry and admissions departments 107.10 Capital City Printing Plate Co., 484 1-inch electros 50.10 Des Moines Stationery Co., office supplies 2.85 Des Moines Daily News, advertising for bids, Women and Children's building, cement walks and storm sewer 13.86 Des Moines Paper rJox Co., 1600 mailing tubes.... 20.00 Des Moines Water Co., water bills, September, 1913 136.03 A. J. Doleschal, refund exhibitor's ticket, dairy de- partment 2.00 10- 6 10842 Des Moines Tent and Awning Co., rental tent.s, cots, bedding, etc 546.90 10- 6 10S43 Des Moines Capital, one year subscription and ad- vertising for bids on sewer. Women and Chil- dren's building, and grading 25.25 Des Moines Electric Co., 2 8-inch fans 18.00 Des Moines Fly Trap Co., 50 fly traps 37.50 Des Moines Fuel and Lime Co., cement for grounds 80.00 Des Moines Broom Co., 5 dozen brooms, grounds. . 15.00 S. Davidson Bros., furniture Babies' Health contest and rent on piano. Administration building 29.71 10- 6 10849 Des Moines Rubber Stamp Works, police stars and rubber stainps 34.85 10- 6 10S50 Downing electrical Co., telephone and light line supplies 463.46 Empire Cooping Co., pens for poultry building. . . . 211.70 Federal Printing Co., 300 tablets for boys' judg- ing contest 10.30 Pabst Stock Farm, refund special premium money. 100. 00 Ferguson Printing Co., miscellaneous printing. . . . 12.00 J. E. Graff, drugs, rest cottage 5.55 Green Foundry and Furnace Works, 2 meter rings and 1 meter cover 7.50 Globe Machinery and Supply Co., pipe and fittings. 27.06 Garfield Clothing Co., ties for boys' camp 13.10 Enos B. Hunt, Jr., 4,000 post cards for advertising 20.00 Hawkeye Transfer Co., 3 scrapers, grounds 15.75 The Homestead Co., engraving 54.72 The Homestead Co., printing 332.25 Heilhecker Printing Co., night show and judging programs 68.25 10- 6 10864 Iowa Lithographing Co., premium and expense warrants 25.00 10- 6 10865 Iowa Press Clipping Bureau, 6 months clipping service 24.00 International Register Co., 3 second hand registers 30.00 International Harvester Co., 1 self dump rake and macliinery repairs 27.75 Iowa Seed Co., plants and flowers, grounds . 68.73 Chas. Koenigsberger, harness repairs and arm numbers 25.90 L. H. Kurtz & Co., supplies canning school, exhibit 28.05 McNamara-Kenworthy Co., office supplies 53.28 Matthews Carriage and Auto Co., implement re- pairs 2.15 10- 6 10873 Merchants Transfer Co., transfer and freight bills, July and August, 1913 40.15 10- 6 10874 Boone Printing Co., balance on printing bills, 1913 118.75 10- 6 10851 10- 6 10852 10- 6 10853 10- 6 10854 10- 6 10855 10- 6 10856 10- 6 10857 10- 6 10858 10- 6 10859 10- 6 10860 10- G 10861 10- 6 10862 10- 6 10863 10- 6 10866 10- 6 10867 10- 6 10S68 10- 6 10869 10- 6 10870 10- 6 10871 10- 6 10872 186 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Wliom Issued Amt. 10- 6 10S75 O'Donnell Ptg-. Co., printing poutry department... 10.50 10- 6 10876 W. V. Palmer, services concession department, 1912 20.00 10- 6 10877 Potts Bros., cement furnished at grounds, 1913... 124.00 10- 6 10878 C. C. Prouty, ground supplies 17.40 10- 6 10879 Pratt Paper Co., 50,750 envelopes. Greater Iowa. . . 50.75 10- 6 10880 Postal Telegraph Co., messages, August, 1913 3.10 10- 6 10881 Rapid Addressing Machine Co., supplies address- ing machine 12.57 10- 6 10882 Red Line Transfer and Storage Co., loading boiler and engine, light plant 102.00 10- 6 10883 Remington Typewriter Co., Monarch typewriter and record ribbon 86.75 10- 6 10884 Register and Leader Co., job printing, 1913 227.20 10- 6 10885 Register and Leader Co., engraving 1913 64.80 10- 6 10886 Register and Leader Co., advertising for bids on sidewallvs, sewer, grading and Women and Chil- dren's building 33.23 10- 6 10887 Dr. Chas. Ryan, hospital furnishings 28.30 10- 6 10888 Chas. Rhinehart, expense leader stoclv parade 1.50 10- 6 10889 O. O. Smith, architect fees, horse barn, closet 54.00 10- 6 10890 Star Engraving and Printing Co., job printing.... 8.50 10- 6 10891 Savery Hotel Co., hotel bills, judges swine depart- ment 17.90 10- 6 10892 Seiclc Tent and Awning Co., 5 drop curtains and rent on tents, cots, bedding, etc., 1913 590.80 10- 6 10893 B. F. Swanson Co., mimeograph supplies 66.60 10- 6 10894 E. C. Snyder, 17 sets of numbers, misc. departments 31.00 10- 6 10895 Talbot-Eno Co., 2500 post cards, publicity depart- ment 8.50 10- 6 10896 Tolman Print Co., 200 window cards 58.00 10- 6 10897 J. R. Underwood, veterinary services, mule team, grounds 6.00 10- 6 10898 U. S. Express Co., express bills July and August, 1913 50.32 10- C 10899 Underwood Typewriter Co., 3 weelvs rental on Type- writer 3.00 10- 6 10900 Wilcox-Howell-Hopkins Co., premium ticlvet sell- ers' bonds 45.00 10- 6 10901 Wallaces' Farmer, job printing, 1913 662.85 10- 6 10902 Wells Fargo Co., express bills, July and August, 1913 31.83 10- 6 10903 Welsh & Carlson, 8 new shoes, mules 4.00 10- 6 10904 Western Union Telegraph Co., messages July and August, 1913 69.05 10- 6 10905 Matilda Winterrowd, rent 9 acres ground nortli of race traclc 81.00 10- 6 10900 Western Newspaper Union, 6 reams paper for tables, agricultural hall 15.36 10- 6 10907 J. S. Wilson Floral Co., plants and flowers 328.81 10- 6 10908 Whitehead-Hoag Co., 500 watch fobs, implement dealers' day 35.00 10- 6 10909 Edith R. Wasson, 1 form multigraph letter 2.00 10- 6 10910 Graber and Cavender, supplies school exhibits de- partment 9.09 10- 6 10911 Chase Bros., supplies school exhibits department. . 14.60 101 6 10912 Geo. B. Grimes, supplies school exhibits department 11.45 10- 6 10913 The Hulsizer Co., decorations school exhibits de- partment 11.80 10- 6 10914 Koch Bros. Co., office supplies, etc 14.55 10- 6 10915 Chas. W. Rogg & Co., supplies school exhibits de- partmi)it 1.56 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, YEAR BOOK— PART II 187 I>ate No. To Whom Issued Amt. 10- 6 10916 R. F. Hildebrand, 205 prints and photos and 2 panoramas, 1913 fair 247.50 10- 6 10917 O'Dea Hdw. Co., hardware bills, 1913 676.04 10- 6 10918 Iowa Pipe and Tile Co., pipe fittings and tile 187.82 10- 6 10919 Standard Glass and Paint Co., glass, paint and brushes 480.55 10- 6 10920 W. S. Corse, refund special premium money 80.00 10- 7 10921 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage 20.00 10-10 10922 E. M. Wentworth, expense attending Minn. State Fair 22.42 10-11 10923 J. F. Summers, superintendent, correction pay roll concession department 15.00 10-11 10924 T\^ B. Barney, superintendent, correction pay roll dairy department 3.00 10-11 10925 E. C. Bishop, superintendent, correction pay roll school exhibits department 4.50 10-11 10926 J. H. Queal & Co., lumber bill, 1913 1,902.96 10-11 10927 A. Olson, cleaning pens, office, bath room, etc., swine pavilion 30.00 10-13 10928 A. R. Corey, expense attending American Royal Live Stocli Show, Kansas City 22.55 10-13 10929 O. AV. Mullen, advertising Pocahontas county, 1913 10.00 10-13 10930 W. J. Seivers, advertising Buena Vista county, 1913 30.00 10-13 10931 W. C. Treloar, advertising Boone county, 1913 15.00 10-13 10932 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 20 (grounds), September 2S-October 11th: H. F. Deets, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 41/2 days @ $2.75.. 11.37 Theo Broerman, labor on grounds, 6 days @ $1.75 10.50 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 11 days 5 hrs. @ $2.00 23.00 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $2.00 22.00 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Geo. Mizner, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Chas. Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 "Walter Hunt, labor on grounds, 11 days & $3.00 33.00 Fred Myers, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $4.00 32.00 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 A. Lammey, labor on grounds, iYz days @ $4.00 18.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.50 42.00 Jno. Brown, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $4.00 40.00 Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, lli/4 days @ $4.00 46.00 Henry Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 2i^ days @ $2.50 6.25 H. R. "Wilson, labor on grounds, 3 days @ $2.00 6.00 432.12 188 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 10-15 10933 Iowa Telephone Co., exchange service and toll bills 33.93 10-15 10934 J. E. Lovejoy, first estimate, general contract, AVomen and Children's building 15,000.00 10-15 10935 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, postage, September issue Greater Iowa 8.38 10-15 10936 O. O. Smith, payment on architect fees. Women and Children's building 150.00 10-15 10937 E. M. Reeves, expense attending Minnesota State Fair 17.60 10-15 10938 Gus Strohmeier, advertising Sac county, 1913 15.00 10-15 10939 Langan Bros. Company, office and ground supplies 341.08 10-15 10940 McCray Sign Shop, signs, etc., 1913, first payment.. 96.50 10-15 10941 McCray Sign Shop, signs, etc., 1913, second payment 45.25 10-15 10942 Shannon & Mott, balance mill feed bill, forage department, 1913 217.58 10-16 10943 Joe Head, shoeing mule team.... 6.50 10-16 10944 Globe Machinery and Supply Co., pipe fittings 3.00 10-18 10945 Joe McCoy, advertising, Warren county, 1913 10.00 10-18 10946 R. & E. Warren, 25 tons 595 lbs. clover hay, for- age department 227.67 10-21 10947 C. E. Cameron, expense attending American Royal, Kansas City 38.59 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills, Ames station .25 T. J. Hudson, advertising Madison county, 1913.... 15 00 S. Joseph & Sons Co., premium cup, guest buttons and officers' badges 221.25 Bishard Bros., 300 futurity lists 33.75 Bastian Bros. Co., premium ribbons 715.12 McCutcheon & Verran Co., insurance premiums.... 189.26 Wilcox-Howell-Hopkins Co., insurance premiums 544.00 Witmer & Kauffman, insurance premiums 496.46 Pease Hay Commission Co., alfalfa hay. forage de- partment 158.48 10-24 10957 McDonnell Boiler & Iron Worlvs, boiler repairs, Administration building 142.00 10-25 10958 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage, executive committee meeting 34.00 10-25 10959 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, executive com- mittee meeting 35.50 10-28 10960 Iowa State College, second estimate pro rata ex- pense, college exhibit, 1913 200.56 10-28 10961 American Association of Fairs and Expositions, annual dues, 1913 25.00 10-29 10962 C. F. Momyer, advertising Mahaska county. 1913.. 15.00 10-31 10963 A. R. Corey, salary, secretary, O'ctober, 1913 183.33 10-31 10964 H. N. Whitney, salary, superintendent publicity, October, 1913 166.66 10-31 10965 Elsie Colton, salary, chief clerk division horse breeding, October, 1913 100.00 10-31 10966 Edith K. Smith, salary, general stenographer, Oc- tober, 1913 85.00 10-31 10967 C. A. Nash, salary, assistant secretary, October, 1913 125.00 10-31 10968 J. PI. Deemer, superintendent grounds, salary, Octo- ber, 1913 100.00 10-31 10969 H. N. Whitney, expense running moving pictures at Admen's club, Des Moines 2.00 10-31 10970 Minnie Truax, salary, stenographer, publifily de- partment, October, 1913 75.00 11-3 10971 Wib F. Clements, refund entry fee, poultry de- partment 4.25 10- 21 10948 10- -21 10949 10- -21 10950 10- -21 10951 10- -21 10952 10- -21 10953 10- •21 10954 10- -21 10955 10- -24 10956 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, YEAR BOOK— PART II 189 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 11- 7 10972 A. R. Corey, Secretary, pay roll No. 21 (grounds), October 13-27: H. Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.50 1 22.50 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 10 days dp $2.00 20.00 W. R. Wilkins, labor on grounds, 3 days (Eri $2.00 6.00 H. F. Deets, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $3.00 36.00 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 10 days fj) $2.00 20.00 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 9 days @ $2.00 18.00 Geo. Mizner, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $2.00 20.00 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 10 days @ .$2.00 20.00 Hoyt Woodward, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $4.00 16.00 Jno. Brown, labor on grounds, 6 days (r/ $4.00 24.00 Chas. Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, 9 days (gi $2.00 18.00 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 12 days ft $2.00 24.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 11 days @ $3.50 38.50 G. E. Whitney, foreman, 21/2 days @ $2.75.. 6.87 Fred Meyers, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $4.00 28.00 317.87 11- 7 10973 A. R. Corey, .secretary, pay roll folding Greater Iowa, October issue : Clarence Johnson, 1 day @ $1.00 $ 1.00 Eunice Conway, 1 day @ $1.00 1.00 Perry Ridenour, 1 day 4 hrs. @ $1.25 1.75 Urban Portel, 1 day 4 hours @ $1.00 1.40 • 5.15 11- 7 10974 County newspaper advertising, second payment 59.68 11- 8 10975 Wheaton Express and Transfer Co., cartage on mail and advertising matter 9.75 11-11 10976 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 22 (grounds), October 27-November 8, inclusive: H. F. Deets, foreman, 8 days @ $3.00 $24.00 M. Burnett, labor on grounds, 1% days @ $2.00 3.50 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 7 days @ $2.00.. 14.00 H. Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $2.50 10.00 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 8% days @ $2.00 17.50 Geo. Mizner, labor on grounds, 11% days @ $2.50 23.50 Chas. Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, 6% days @ $2.00 13.50 Fred Meyers, labor on grounds, 11 "4 days @ $4.00 47.00 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.00 24.00 John Brown, labor on grounds, 10% days @ $4.00 43.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $3.50 35.00 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, 11% days @ $2.00 23.50 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 2 days @ $2.75 5.50 284.00 Date No. 11-13 10977 11-13 10978 11-14 10980 11-14 10981 11-14 10982 190 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE To Whom Issued Amt. Union Insurance Co., insurance premiums 209.00 C. E. Cameron, per diem and mileage. Executive Com- mittee meeting 30.00 11-13 10979 O. A. Olson, per diem and mileage, Executive Com- mittee meeting 31.50 Wayland C. Ballard, insurance premiums 382.50 Jno. C. Christie Co., insurance premiums 373.87 Willcox-Howell-Hopliins Co., balance on insurance premiums 100.00 11-17 10983 J. E. Lovejoy, second estimate contract Women and Children's building 9,270.00 11-17 10984 Des Moines Daily News, balance advertising account, 1913 25.00 11-17 10985 G. S. Gilbertson, treasurer's salary for 1913 100.00 11-19 10986 W. S. Allen, secretary, 10,000 1913 auto plates, used for shingles 10.00 11-19 10987 American Express, express bills, August, September, October, 1913 ■ 10.10 11-19 10988 Brinsmaid & Co., dishes, silvervi'are and kitchen uten- sils, club dining liall 29.09 11-19 10989 Thos. Downing, D. V. S., stallion examination 10.00 11-19 10990 Des Moines Water Works Co., water bills, October, 1913 22.20 11-19 10991 The Homestead Co., engraving 13.52 11-19 10992 The Homestead Co., printing insurance riders _ 5.00 11-19 10993 Iowa Telephone Co., toll bills and exchange service.. 5.98 11-19 10994 Koch Bros. Printing Co., books 2.50 11-19 10995 L. H. Kurtz, postmaster, Qictober issue Greater Iowa. . 5.66 11-19 10996 McNamara-Kenworthy Co., figuring book -75 11-19 10997 Merchants Laundry, laundry bills, club dining hall .64 11-19 10998 Postal Telegraph Co., message, concession department. .25 11-19 10999 Pratt Paper Co., wrappers Greater Iowa 3.24 11-19 11000 Register and Leader Co., engraving 18.15 11-19 11001 U. S. Express, express bills, September and October, 1913 2.20 11-19 11002 Western Union Telegraph Co., messages, September, 1913 3.22 11-19 11003 Younker Bros., bunting, outing flannel and toweling. . . . 17.06 11-24 11004 A. R. Corey, secretary, pay roll No. 23 (grounds), November 9-22, inclusive: H. F. Deets, labor on grounds, 91/2 days @ $3.00.$ 28.50 I. J. Whitmer, labor on grounds, dV2 days @ $2.00 19-00 Geo. Mizner, labor on grounds, dVz days @ $2.00 19.00 Chas. Daughenbaugh, labor on grounds, OVa days @ $2.00 19-00 Fred Myers, labor on grounds, lOVa days @ $4.00 42.00 Jno. Brown, labor on grounds, 91/2 days @ $4.00 38.00 Dave Wright, labor on grounds, 91/2 days @ $2.00 19.00 H. Grandgeorge, labor on grounds, 12 days @ $2.50 30.00 Jno. Kalny, labor on grounds, 11% days @ $2.00 23.50 Jno. Olson, labor on grounds, 8 days @ $2.00.. 16.00 Chas. Morrison, labor on grounds, 10 days @ $3.50 35.00 Jas. Beck, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $2.50... . 12.50 H. D. Stouffer, labor on grounds, 8 1/2 days @ $3.00 25.50 N. Williams, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $2.50 12.50 Geo. Whitney, foreman, 4 days @ $2.75 H-OO E. A. Snow, labor on grounds, 4 days @ $3.00.. 12.00 Walter Hunt, labor on grounds, 5 days @ $3.00 15.00 377.50 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 191 Date No. To Whom Issued Amt. 11-24 11005 S. Joseph & Sons, engraving and express on cups, two watches, premiums dairy department 71.77 11-24 11006 Robt. F. Hildebrand, 8 photos 4.00 11-24 11007 "Wallaces' Farmer, printing September and October issues Greater Iowa 282.75 11-24 11008 Standard Chemical Co., supplies babies' health contest ' 2.20 11-24 llOOi) Joe McCoy, 7 days asst. supt. horse department 28.00 11-24 11010 T. C. Legoe, per diem and mileage, auditing committee meeting 20.50 11-24 11011 Koch Bros. Printing Co., 1 loose leaf binder 7.50 11-24 11012 Wells Fargo Express Co., express bills, September, Oc- tober, 1913 1-20 11-24 11013 Standard Glass and Paint Co., window glass 27.28 11-24 11014 Globe Machinery and Supply Co., inspecting boiler.. 1.60 11-24 11015 Goodwin Tile & Brick Co., cement blocks and tile. . . . 42.82 11-24 11016 Hawkeye Transfer Co., machinery repairs 4.15 11-24 11017 J. H. Queal & Co., lumber 35.73 11-24 11018 Iowa Pipe and Tile Co., pipe and supplies 107.49 11-24 11019 Iowa Telephone Co., labor and material on fair ground lines, 1913 165.79 11-26 11020 Purcell Printing Co., printing premium list, 1913 1,244.00 11-26 11021 Goodwin Tile and Brick Co., tile and junctions 4.56 11-29 11022 A. R. Corey, salary, secretary, November, 1913 183.33 11-29 11023 H. N. Whitney, salary, supt, publicity, November, 1913 166.66 11-29 11024 C. A. Nash, salary, assistant secretary, November, 1913 125.00 11-29 11025 Elsie Colton, salary, chief clerk Dlv. Horse Breeding, November, 1913 100.00 11-29 11026 J. H. Deemer, salary, supt. grounds, November, 1913.. 100.00 11-29 11027 Edith K. Smith, salary, stenographer, November, 1913 85.00 11-29 11028 Minnie Truax, salary, stenographer publicity depart- ment, three weeks 56.25 Total $157,870.68 Premiums paid by premium warrants 10607-11561, in- clusive 61,069.90 Grand total disbursements $218,940.58 192 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The President : I will say, gentlemen, that so far as the re- ports made by the Secretary and Treasurer are concerned, it is not necessary for ns to take any action npon that, for the reason that the law provides that the expert accountant of the state ex- amines the books of the Secretary-Treasurer of this association. Gentlemen, it affords me great pleasure this morning to present to you a man who I know is intensely interested in the work which we are trying to do in the state of Iowa, and I think you M'ill bear me out in that assertion — you gentlemen who heard the remarks last night. I can not add anything to the introductory remarks made by the president of the county and district fair managers association of this state. I simply want to indorse them. I want to introduce to you this morning, gentlemen, a man who is intensely interested in the state and county fairs of Towa, Gov- ernor Clarke. ADDRESS BY GOVERNOR CLARKE. Governor Clarke: I hardly know how it happened that I got on the program last night and also today. When Mr. Corey wanted to know whether I would undertake to talk a while I said I would. Then someone else asked me if I would speak briefly, I again said yes. Well, one ot these gentlemen was talking about one meeting and the other about an- other, but I thought they were referring to the same meeting, the meet- ing last night. I had no idea, until I saw the program, that I was get- ting into two different meetings fcr the discussion of practically the same subjects. I see here this morning quite a number who were in the meeting last night. I said all I knew then, and perhaps something I didn't know, about district and county fairs, and gave you something of my ideas of what they ought to be. This meeting, as I understand it, is more particularly v.ith reference to the State Agricultural Society, and the State Fair. This morning I have been examining the report which has just been filed in my office by the State. Accountant with reference to the Agricultural Society, especially with reference to the State Fair, and I am very much gratified at the contents of it. I do not Know whether you are all familiar with that report, or whether it has been submitted to you yet or not; but I want to call attention to some of the figures that occur in it. It is very encouraging, and I want to say to you that when the president says that I am very much interested in the county fairs, and in the success of this great institution over here that we call the Iowa State Fair, he speaks the truth. I am. I do not believe, aside from our educational institutions themselves, there is a greater educational force in the state than the Iowa State Fair. I look upon it and regard it as a great educational institution. That is what it ought to be. It is of great value to the people of the state simply as an edu- cator, in giving them an idea of what is going on in the world, what FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 193 is possible in the world, what is possible with reference to our material interests. I think that no man who goes over the grounds during our State Fair can go away without feeling that he has acquired a large fund of information that he has added to his general information of conditions in this State and in the country at large. The accountant's report refers to an original appropriation that was made for the State Fair of $50,000 as a starter, if I may so express it. The report further says that some frame buildings were built out of that $50,000 as a beginning. It says that since 1902 there have been permanent buildings erected, and grounds bought to the amount of $419,000. That means from appropriations made by the state of Iowa, as I understand the report. In other words, that there has been an appropriation through these years of, on an average, $38,091 per year to the development of this great institution that we call the State Fair. There were some objections to these appropriations in the general assemblies where they were con- sidered but I do not believe that there is a man who was a member of the legislature, or who was a member of the appropriations committee or either house who recommended these appropriations, that would for a single instant raise a voice in protest now. You have no doubt noticed, gentlemen, that while everything always goes forward under protest, that there is always opposition to every move forward, it does not make any difference what it is, yet when the thing itself is accomplished for the public good, every man who has opposed eventually falls in line and says that it was a fine thing to do. May I not ask you, with reference to your educational institutions, when protests have gone up against the policy of the legislature with reference to them, is there a man now any- where in Iowa who will visit our educational institutions, our great in- stitution here at Ames that is absolutely of incalculable value to this state, — is there a man now who goes there, through these buildings, over that campus, investigates and sees the work that is being done there, sees what it has been to the state of Iowa, what it will be in the future, in its extension courses, and every other way; is there a man anywhere that will say that what was done ought not to have been done? Is there a man who will go to the great university of this state and' see what is there, the hundreds, even thousands of young men and women who are receiving an education there, a university which will now^ begin lo compare in value and the extent of its work with any other in the Miss- issippi Valley; is there a man who will now say that the appropriations of the legislature that w'ere made in behalf of that institution ought not to have been made? I want to say, gentlemen, that within ten or twelve years this state has made its educational institutions. It has made both of these institutions that I have referred to. It has made the institution down at Cedar Falls within eleven years. More than eleven millions of dollars have gone into these institutions in the last twelve years and the people of this state, I think, are proud of the fact that this has been done. lowans do not want to live in a state that is behind any other state. Iowa does not want a state that is not equal in educational ad- vantages to any other state. There is no state that is richer in the pres- ent, or in its prospects for the future than Iowa is. And let us have 13 194 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE a state, gentlemen, that stands upon the very edge of the future that can say to any other state in the Union. "You are not ahead of us in all that goes from human welfare and human good." That is the kind of a state we ought to have, and that is the kind of a state that we are proud of. During the ten or twelve years in which we have made these educa- tional institutions, w'e have also made that other great institution, the State Fair, which is educational, where the people of the state of Iowa may gather year after year for a week and study the advantages that may be brought to the state through the institution that we call the State Fair. There you see the inventive genius of man in all sorts of machinery, and especially in agricultural machinery which is such a potent factor on the farms of the state. There is seen what Iowa has produced. There is seen the finest of the fine animals of the state. There is an incentive and stimulus to the people to go forward; there is an inspiration. And I tell you that a man without an inspiration, the man without a vision of what this state ought to be, or what its people ought to be, I would almost say, is hardly worthy of being a citizen of such a state as Iowa. Every man ought to have a vision not only of what this state is now, but what it is to be in the years that are to come, when the population of millions that I spoke of last night will be here. We as citizens of the state ought to be laying the foundations now for the necessities of the years that are to come, that will be pressed upon us and demanded of our soil and of our people. We ought to be getting ready, and the Fair is a help in getting ready for these coming years. That plant over there, this report says, is valued at $1,122,923, nearly a million and a quarter of dollars. I think that probably the total in- vestment of the state made in lands, as I get it from another report, is $70,000 in the bare land that was originally purchased. I want to call your attention to these things for the purpose of showing that your legis- lature and your public men have not been making mistakes in invest- ments, for the investments that they have made have doubled over and over again. When I was at Iowa City as a student, lands and lots down there could, have been bought for a song as compared with what they are worth now. A few years ago the legislature of this state declined to purchase some land there this side of the Iowa River for enlarging the university grounds when it could have bought it at a very reasonable price; but today, as I ascertained when I was there a week or so ago, it would cost three times as much money. It would have been a fine investment for the state of Iowa to have purchased it at that time. Your legislature has never made an investment or purchase that has not doubled over and over again in value. So I say, the legislatures of this state have been wise. Criticism falls upon legislators, very frequently. Actually, before the organization of a general assembly sometimes, crit- icism begins to fall upon members for what they might possibly do, or for mistakes that they may possibly make. Our people elect a man to the legislature because of his honesty, his integrity, his ability, his worth as a citizen. That worth, and that ability and that integrity do not change in him on the way down here from his home, but he goes into the legislature the same trusted man, the same man of integrity, lov- ing the state and wanting to do what is for the public welfare. And after FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 195 the storm has gone by and the history of these legislatures is written, the state of Iowa is ready to rise up and say what they did was wise, it was right. We are now reaping the benefits of the wisdom of the men who are gone, and the time will come when we will reap the benefits of the legislature now in session, and will praise its work as we praise the work of those who have gone before. Nor has there been, there never has been in Iowa, I think, an invest- ment or an enlargement of any of her institutions that any man in Iowa now criticizes. ' We ought before condemning to get hold of the facts, understand fully the facts. A man who undertakes to solve a problem without getting a strong grasp on the facts and all the circumstances surrounding it, is apt to make mistakes. When he gets hold of the facts, knows all the circumstances surrounding the proposition, he will not be very apt to reach a wrong conclusion. These men managing the Fair do have, and have every opportunity to have. But I said some- thing about the value of that plant and the money that had gone into it. The report that was laid on my desk yesterday with reference to that institution shows a profit or a surplus to the state of Iowa, of $653,923 — getting up towards three quarters of a million of dollars under the management of the State Fair Board. That surplus, of course, is seen in buildings that have been erected and in other directions. I call your attention to these things to indicate to you that the management has been wise and honest, and not subject to the criticism that we sometimes hear of men who stand at the management and head of an institution like the Agricultural Society and the State Pair. A manage- ment that can show a surplus — a profit in buildings and otherwise of nearly three quarters of a million dollars has not been a failure but a success, and the fact ought to be heralded over the state so that the people may see and know what that great institution has done, in an educational way, in bringing wealth to the people of the state, in adding to the investment the profits made in its management. I think the peo- ple ought to know these things. How prone we are to criticize, and how often we fail in commendation and praise. I believe that the man who manages successfully and with integrity and honesty and loses no dollar of the people's money, is entitled to praise, and I give unstinted praise this morning, and I am not afraid to do it anywhere. Always where praise is entitled to be made I shall not hesitate to give the praise and honor where honor is due. This report laid upon my table yesterday, shows, in the language of the report, "that for each dollar invested by the state there is $2.40 worth of property." Now what man of us, what man anywhere over the state of Iowa, has managed his business and can make any better showing than that, that for every dollar invested there is a showing of $2.40 as a return for it. I say that this is good, and I say that report ought to be heralded over the state, and the peo- ple ought to know of it. I feel a pride in calling your attention to it this morning. Now that is accounted for, — all this surplus — as I have said, by the thousands of dollars invested annually in permanent build- ings and permanent improvements on the State- Fair ground. There is carried $126,720 worth of fire insurance, and $161,200 worth of tornado insurance for the protection of the property of the state. We have 283 1-3 196 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE acres of land representing that great plant, and, as I said, all devoted to educational purposes. There is no greater educational force in Iowa than that institution, taking into consideration the length of time that it gives to the education of the people. Nowhere! I believe the young men and women of Iowa, who are to be the future citizens of this state, will be inspired and helped by visiting the State Fair every year. The man who never visits an institution like that, the man who never visits our educational institutions, who stays on his farm and does not come in touch with the fair and with the men who are managing such insti- tutions and the good they are doing, can have no appreciation of the real situation. He is not competent to judge. He becomes a critic because of something he has heard. But let him go and see. I sometimes feel that if I could just march every citizen of this state through that great institution at Ames, or at Iowa City for instance, each man would come away, after having seen it, and after having seen the army of young men and young women preparing for the future citizenship of this state, saying, "I have no word of objection, I bid it God Speed." So with the institution at Cedar Falls. I wish the men and women of this state could see and investigate for themselves what is be- ing done in Iowa for the public good and the public welfare. If they would a shout and storm of applause would go up all over Iowa in praise of these institutions and these men who are doing this work for the people and for human welfare everywhere. And so I take an interest and a pride in submitting these facts this morning. I looked at the law to see what is really expected of the men who are managing this institution. The legislature re-writing the law a year or two ago, created what they called the Department of Agriculture. What is it for? The statute says it is for the 'promotion of agriculture and horticulture, forestry, animal industry, manufacture and domestic arts, embracing district and county agricultural societies. That is what this Department of Agriculture is for. It reaches out to every interest of men upon the farms, — ^the agricultural interests of this state, horticul- ture, forestry, manufacturing interests, and domestic arts. Is there any- thing that does not come within the purview of the Department of Agri- culture? I wonder if you fully appreciate the powers and duties that are conferred upon you by the state, if you fully appreciate what the legis- lature meant and intended and wanted from the Department of Agri- culture. The law says it shall be the duty of the Board to look after and to promote the interests of agriculture, the agricultural education, and animal and other industries throughout the state; to investigate all sub- jects relating to mechanical appliances, machinery, and the diversifica- tion of crops and products; to investigate reports of the prevalence of contagious diseases among domestic animals; the destruction of in- sects, grain and grasses and other reports, and report the results of the investigation. This Department of Agriculture is established and founded according to these provisions of the law, for the express purpose of help- ing conditions in Iowa agriculture in every way. That is what I tried to get at in the talk I tried to make last night, that these county and dis- trict fairs ought also to be an educational force if the thought and in- tention of the legislature is carried out; that they are to promote the in- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— ArT II 197 terest of all these different industries and aid in putting the state upon a good, firm foundation with reference to them. It is upon these things that the state is built. These are the things that are to make us great — agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal industry. The law is plain that the Agricultural Department is to pro- mote all of these things, and how better can they promote them than through this institution that we call the State Fair? There is constant improvement and bettering of conditions. I am not so very old, but I remember the day on the farm, and I was there until I was twenty- five years of age, when nobody saw such horses as we now see. There has been a wonderful development and improvement of animals. There has been something done in Iowa, something, well, I think it commenced when Darwin discovered the origin of species, and the facts of evolu- tion became well known and adopted by the people throughout the whole country. They saw how, by careful selection, they could develop won- derfully along these lines. So they developed better and finer animals. Development and improvement everywhere in horticulture. Look at the roses, even, that we have in these days! They have been greatly im- proved. The old rose, you know, was not much of a rose at all. So we have had development all along the line, and all growing out of the patient, persistent work of men who have been connected with these affairs in Iowa and elsewhere. That is, where it all comes from — con- stant, persistent study and work all of the time. But I have said enough. I have simply tried to suggest, that when you give yourself to this institution, and to the development of it, and to the real purposes of it as expressed in this law I have called attention to, it is a devotion to the very fundamental things that make this state great and are to make it greater in the future. A constant devotion to these things will make us still a richer and better state. I thank you. The President : The next nnmber on the program is Horse and Colt Shows. Genth^nien, it is not necessary for me to introduce to you a gentleman who can handle this subject, for I know that you all know him personally, but I do take pleasure in pre- senting to you, Prof. W. J. Kennedy of the Iowa State College. Prof. W. J. Kennedy: Mr. Chairman and gentlemen: I do not in- tend to take up very much time this morning because it is getting rather late. The subject assigned to me is Horse and Colt Shows. Now I expect that the great majority of people are familiar with this line of work, but perhaps there are a few here who are not familiar with horse and colt show work as organized in Iowa. Last year we had, in the State of Iowa, over eighty horse and colt shows that were separate and distinct from the county fair work. This year we will hold over one hundred horse and colt shows in over two- thirds of the counties in the state. I want to say that this horse and colt show work started in Iowa twelve years ago at the little village of Sheldahl, this side of Ames, where we had eight colts. Later on that show was transferred to Madrid. This work has gone on and on until this year we have held some colt shows in Iowa where we have had over one 198 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE liundred colts on exhibition. In Henry county this year we had a show in the month of October, where we had one hundred and three colts. So far as I know that is the largest colt show that has been held in this state. This colt show work has been extended until at the present time the shows include classes for one year olds, two year olds, brood mares and farm teams, and, in my judgment, this work in the future will take on more the form of a horse show. We will have classes for colts, yearlings, two year olds, brood mares and farm teams. In my judgment, two of the most important classes are those for farm teams and brood mares. Last Saturday I judged a show at Alleman, a little town between Ames and Des Moines on the Interurban. We had an exceptionally good exhibit notwithstanding the fact that it rained all the night before, and until noon the next day. We had lined up there, fourteen farm teams weighing from three thousand to forty-two hundred pounds each. I want to tell you that it was a sight worth while for anyone to see. We had that same day in the class of brood mares, nineteen, and there were at least a dozen of those mares that weighed from eighteen hundred up. Now that is something you could not have found five years ago or ten years ago in that section. I know of sections today where these colt and horse shows have been held for ten or twelve years, where within a radius of five miles you can find at least twenty brood mares weighing over eighteen hundred pounds each. Horse buyers from New York City and Chicago have told me that in the vicinities where horse and colt shows have been held, the horses bring in the market today, twenty-five and fifty dollars more than in communities where such shows have not been held. I think that ultimately this work will be organized in every county in Iowa. The county leading today is Polk county. Polk county last year held seven shows. This year Polk county is to hold seven more shows. I know what the horses are in this county — what the classes of yearlings are, what the two year olds are, and the brood mares, and I want to tell you that there has never been a colt show or a horse show held in a community where it has not stimulated a greater inter- est in horses, a desire for better h'orses in that community. How shall we organize? These shows are organized in different ways. I find that there is no one way which is best. One community will organize in connection with the Farmers Institute work. Polk county follows this method. At each one of these seven institutes held in Polk county there is one day devoted to the horse show. They also have domestic science, corn, sheep and cattle shows. Sioux county, Henry county. Sac county and a good many other counties are holding horse shows as a part of the Farmers Institute work. In some counties these shows are organized by horse breeders' organizations. The stallion owners put on the horse shows. In other communities it is the business men of the town who put on the shows. In other localities it is the bankers who handle the same. At Whiting, Iowa, the Whiting bank put on a horse show a year ago at which there were sixty-nine entries. I judged the same show this year, and it had on,e hundred seventy-five en- tries. I want to say that it was an exceptionally good show — one hundred seventy-five entries coming from four townships in one county, and they FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 199 had on the grounds that day over two thousand people. It was held on a Saturday. Now I don't know as I could recommend any one way that is better than another for organizing, or any one way which would be the best. It is up to the men in your community to work out a plan for them- selves. In organizing a horse show in a locality where you have never held one before, it might be well to start with a colt show, the second year you could include the yearling class, and the two year old class, because I think there is nothing so good as to try the judge out. He places the colts this year and then brings in the yearlings and two year olds and finally the mature animals. In this way you can find out whether the judge is right in his decision. I think that is one of the best features of these shows. Now there is the question of financing these shows. The most successful shows have a large number of prizes. Some have as many as eight and ten premiums. The first premium might not be over seven or eight dollars. Sometimes they use merchandise for premiums. But the one thing that insures success in a colt show is a nice ribbon. A man may win two dollars, five dollars, or ten dollars, but he soon spends it. But you get a nice ribbon for a prize and he will keep it. I have gone back to these places where they have given nice ribbons, fhree or five years later, and found these ribbons hanging in the parlors. The people take pride in them and show them to their friends. Select good colors — a nice purple, for instance. Put up eight or ten prizes and you will have plenty of entries. These horse shows have been held in September, October, November and December. They are holding them all four of these months, some of them preferring one month and others another. I think the best day of the week for holding these shows is Saturday. There is no other time like a Saturday afternoon, and there is no better place to hold a colt show than a small town. I know some larger towns where you could hold a successful colt show, but the thing to do is to get into the small town, say from five hundred or a thousand or fifteen hundred people. It is sure to be the only interest there, and the people will turn out to see the colt show. Take such places as Ankeny or Alleman or Elkhart, and every man, woman and child in the entire community attends. If you were to hold these shows in a community and put up a lot of money and distribute these premiums, they would not be worth while. These' shows must be strictly educational, and every colt that comes into that show, I don't care if there is forty-five in a class, should be rated by the judge and he should give his criticisms of each and every colt. This is a good thing, and often the man who does not win a prize gets the most out of it. He should know what is good about his colt and also what is undesirable. There is nothing that will weed a poor stallion out of a community quicker than a good colt show. I know that to be a fact. In each and every locality, I don't care whether you have organized this show through the Farmers' Institute or the local business men, every owner of a stallion in his community ought to offer prizes for colts sired by his horse. These prizes are not, as a rule, cash prizes. They give them as service fees. It is a good thing for the man, it is good advertising, and it is good for the colt show. In my judgment there is no other line 200 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of work in Iowa, from a live stock standpoint, which has been as satis- factory from the standpoint of producing results as these colt and horse shows. They were started in Iowa, and have been copied by practically all the states of the Union. We have had letters in the last three or four years from thirty or forty different states, asking about the colt show work and copies of our premium lists. Illinois this year held about fifty colt shows patterned after the Iowa plan started some twelve years ago. As I said before, there is no one best way of organization. This is something that each and every community will have to work out for itself. In my judgment, there is nothing that will do the horse industry in this state so much good as a well planned, and well conducted horse show or colt show. I would include classes for foals, yearlings, two year olds, brood mares and farm teams. There is nothing that does a young fellow so much good in a locality as being rewarded for taking care of his team and keeping it up. He takes pride in getting it ready for the show, and it furnishes an incentive for him to take good care of his horses. He will clean his harness up and drive in with his team hitched to the wagon. They should not be shown without a vehicle — not a light buggy, but a farm wagon. There is nothing that looks nicer than to see the teams all hitehed to the wagons. There never was a time in the history of this state when it was more important to keep good draft mares. There never was a time when it was more important to get really good draft sires than it is today. r often times wish that people in a good many communities could have some help in selecting stallions. I feel I have taken up my share of the time. I want to say in con- clusion that there is nothing, in my judgment, that would do the horse industry of Iowa more good than well managed horse or colt shows. If you have never held one start with the colt show first, and enlarge it as you go along. If you held a colt show this year, start in next year by putting in the older classes. I thank you. The President: Now, gentlemen, that concludes our program for this morning, but we will invite you all back this afternoon to the afternoon session, which commences at 1 :30 P. M. We will now stand adjourned until 1:30 P. M. AFTERNOON kSESSION 1 :30 P. M., December 10, 1913. Meeting called to order l)y President Cameron. President Cameron: 'I'lie fii-st nuinl)or of our i)i-ogi-am this afternoon is something which 1 am sure you are all interested in, and that is regarding our boys' camp that we have been having FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 201 at the State Fair for the last two years. We will now have what is called the first prize essay, "What I Saw and Learned at the 1913 Iowa State Fair" by Floyd Sharp, Kossuth county: WHAT I SAW AND LEARNED AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR. In August, 1913, it was my privilege to be a member of tlie Boys' Camp at one of the greatest and best fairs of the greatest agricultural state in the Union; that is the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of the year Nine- teen Hundred and Thirteen. I arrived in Des Moines in the evening of August twenty-first, pro- ceeded at once to the Administration building and registered. Thus began my first experience at a state fair. Naturally, at first, there were so many wonderful things that one could not remember half of what was seen, but as the novelty wore off I began to notice and study the different exhibits. The light work in the amphitheater and stock pavilion provided ample opportunity to witness the excellent races and performances on the stage in front of the grandstand and the splendid exhibition of horses and cattle in the pavilion. The judging of stock in the pavilion gave one an idea of how to judge stock correctly. We learned what charactistics a horse should have to be a good carriage horse, what characteristics constitute a good saddle horse or driver, etc. The stock judging contest for farm boys has an excellent and practical value as an educator in teaching boys the value of ability to judge stock correctly. The first prize, a scholarship to the Agricultural College at Ames, is worthy of the ambition of any boy and by perseverance and study every boy has a good chance to obtain it. To the boy who wins it new opportunities are opened and new fields of work and study lie before him. Even to the boys who did not win a prize it afforded a practical and useful lesson in stock judging. The exhibit of cattle showed that it pays to raise full blooded stock and to feed them scientifically and to keep them in barns which are perfectly sanitary, light and clean. The grade of stock at the fair showed the importance of scientific farming, which is taught at the agricultural college located at Ames. There were representatives of almost every breed of cattle known, both of the beef and dairy type. Some of the specimens of the beef type were said to have weighed up to two thousand six hundred pounds. Among the dairy breeds there were many remarkable milk producers. Beyond a doubt, the scientific breeding and feeding of cattle is economical and produces great results. The work of agricultural schools is becoming more prominent every year. Better methods of farming and stock raising are being brought out, new breeds of stock are being developed and new varieties of grain and forage crops are being perfected. The different breeds of hogs were represented in the swine pavilion. They showed the results of good care and breeding. 202 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The exhibit of horses contained excellent specimens of both the draft and carriage type. Among the former was Helix, who was the Grand Champion horse of America in the year nineteen hundred and len. At the races this year the state record was broken. A mile was paced in two minutes, five and one-half seconds. The machinery exhibit is said to have covered sixty acres of ground. There were farm implements of every description, besides everything with which to equip a modern house or barn. In looking over the equip- ment for a modern barn one received a good conception of a clean, sanitary barn, and one which should be arranged so as to do away with much of the work of keeping it in order and tending to the stock. The machinery exhibited was designed for better and easier tilling of the soil, quicker and less expensive means of harvesting crops, for lightening the work around the barns and for convenience and comfort around the house. Various types of silos had been erected on the grounds, which pro- vided one with an opportunity to select one best suited to his needs and means. A very interesting exhibit was that of the Iowa State College at Ames. An instructive feature of this exhibit was the dissected hog which was preserved in a glass case. It showed the action of various diseases, espe- cially cholera, the knowledge of this disease and its prevention being of vast importance to the farmer who raises hogs. Models of farmsteads were shown. They were a great help to farmers who wished to build economically and to have their buildings arranged conveniently. Many other interesting and instructive models were shown in this department. To those interested in engineering or in building materials the engi- neering department contained many exhibits which were both instructive and wonderful. "Various machines were used to test building materials such as brick, cement and others. A wireless telegraph station was communicating with Ames and with receiving stations on the grounds. They exhibited various engineering instruments and appliances, one of which was a blue printing machine which does away with all work of tracing. There were many other things at the fair that served as an inspiration to the boys who saw them to become scientific farmers and to uplift and im- prove the conditions of rural life. The inspiration, experience and the higher ideals of farm life received by being a member of the boys' camp at the Iowa State Fair are well worth the efforts expended by any boy to be able to attend the fair and the ef- forts of the State Fair officials and camp leaders in giving the boys a profitable and pleasant time. After seeing the wonderful exhibits of stock, machinery and farm i)rori- ucts one was filled with the desire to become a better farmer, to farm scientifically, and to have good stock and farms, to have fine crops and be able to have the different kinds of machinery, to uplift the conditions of rural life, to encourage scientific farming, and to help make better the State of Iowa which is already the best and greatest agricultural state in the Union. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 203 President Cameron: AVe will now listen to tlie crop report and estimate for 1913 by Dr. Geo. M. Chappel : Dr. Geo. M. Chappel: For lack of time and space I have condensed this report to the limit, but I think that I have all the facts on this little sheet, and after hearing' this prize essay I hardly believe that all the farmers in the state have taken advantage of the boys' camp. They certainly know how to perform it. Following is a summary of reports from crop correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the average yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average price at the nearest station, December 1, 1913. In spite of many adverse conditions that prevailed during the season, Iowa has produced a full average crop of all soil products, except potatoes, and the value of the year's output is far in excess of any other year in the history of the state. Corn. — The average yield per acre for the State is 34.9 bushels, mak- ing a total yield of 329,343,000 bushels, or 92,025,000 bushels less than last year. But the total value of the crop exceeds that of last year by $42,612,- 756. The average price per bushel at the nearest station on December 1st was 59 cents, making the aggregate value $194,311,370. The condition of the crop is fully up to the average and practically all of it has been harvested. Oats. — The area harvested was 4,824,400; average yield, 34.2 bushels per acre; total yield, 164,851,000; aggregate value at 34 cents per bushel, $56,049,340. Last year the average yield was 44.4 bushels per acre; total yield, 206,949,700 bushels; average price 27 cents; total value, $5^5,876,419. Spring Wheat. — Area harvested, 365,300 acres; average yield, 15.1 bushels per acre; total yield, 5,510,200 bushels; price per bushel, 75 cents; total value, $4,132,650. Winter Wheat. — Area harvested, 50.5,740 acres; average yield per acre, 23.1 bushels; total yield, 11,693,900 bushels; average price 77 cents per bushel; total value, $9,004,303. Barley. — Average per acre, 23.8 bushels; total yield, 8,756,300 bushels; average price, 53 cents; total value, $4,640,839. Rye. — Average yield, 18.3 bushels per acre; total crop, 1,274,500 bushels; farm price, 59 cents; total value, $751,955. Flax Seed. — Average per acre, 10.0 bushels; total product, 223,490 bushels; total value at $1.36 per bushel, $303,946. Potatoes. — Average yield per acre, 47.3 bushels; total yield, 5,532,170 bushels; total value at 85 cents per bushel, $4,702,344. Hay (Tame). — Average yield, 1.5 tons; total yield, 4,010,300 tons; average price, $9.93; total value, $39,822,279. Hay (Wild). — Average yield, 1.3 tons; total yield, 910,205 tons; aver- age price, $8.80 per ton; total value, $8,009,804. 204 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Acreage Average Yield Average Price Total Yield Total Value Com 9,434,500 4,824,400 365,300 605,740 3es,6O0 69,830 22,*2S5 117,000 2,632,200 727,166 34.9 bu. 34.2 bu. 15.1 bu. 23.1 bu. 23.8 bu. 18.3 bu. 10.0 bu. 47.3 bu. 1.5 tons 1.3 tomis $ .69 .34 .75 .77 .63 .59 l.SS .85 9.93 8.80 329,343,000 bu, 164,851,000 bu. 5,510,200 bu. 11,693,900 bu. 8,756,-300 bu. 1,274,500 bu. 223,490 bu. S,532,170 bu. 4,010,300 tons 910,205 tons Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated $194,311,370 Oats 5&,049,340 4,132,650 Spring Wheat Winter Wheat 9,001,303 Barley ... 4,640 8:9 Rve . 751,955 Flax Seed Potatoes 303,946 4,702,344 Hay (Tame) _. 39,822,279 Hay (Wild) 8,CO?,804 Pasture and Grazing 83,000,000 Alfalfa . .. 1,821,093 Ensilage 2,156,000 Timothy Seed 3,059,965 Clover Seed 592,652 Sweet Corn .. .. 700, 00 Pop Corn .. 3S5,C0O Pruit Crop 7,000',0<10 Garden Truck i,ono,ooo Miscellaneous Crops 8,000,000 Total value . . $429,443,437 The estimated value 1912 was 392,420,668 GEO. M. CHAPPEL, Section Director. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. President Cameron : The next will be the report of the com- mittee on resolutions. Mr. Palm is chairman of that committee. Now, before we go any further I wish to say that we haci on the program this afternoon Hon. Chas. Downing, Secretary In(3iana State Fair, who was to be here this afternoon. We got word from Mr. Downing this afternoon that he had business before the State Fair Organization at Indianapolis and could not be here. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. Mr. Palm: To the Members of The State Agricultural Convention — Gentlemen: We, your committee on resolutions, beg leave to submit the following: We have special pleasure in noting the very carefully prepared and comprehensive report just read in your hearing by your secretary of the proceedings of the State Agricultural Society for the preceding year. The facts set forth in this report should be a source of congratulation and pride to every farmer and producer in Iowa. The fullness and excellence of Iowa's farm products, giving to her and her citizenship a nation-wide attention, is focalized and made tangible by the annual ex- hibits at our great state fair. It has been suggested that the several counties of Iowa be encouraged to make a local exhibit of their respective products at the State Fair. This would be in line of unifying all the producing interests of the State FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 205 and be a most progressive feature. But the local or county fairs in Iowa have become features of such high excellence in themselves, and are of such universally recognized value to their several local communities, and are withal in such close touch and helpful and reciprocal relation with the State Society that we feel that this should be left to their own initiative, and as they may each see their several interests. We would rather recommend that the several counties be encouraged to make ex- hibits in the various departments of the State Society, and in this regular and proper way both gratify their local pride and add to, and strengthen the state exhibition. Inasmuch as we realize the value of strong local fairs for the promotion of the best agricultural and industrial interests of the communities they serve, and also realizing the difficulties they meet in making it a success- ful undertaking, we, therefore, urge a generous policy on the part of the General Assembly toward the increase in the support fund now given the worthy county and district fairs in Iowa. It is the sense of this meeting that there should be no discrimination by the railroads in the shipments of live stock for exhibition to and from the Iowa State Fair. We understand that there is discrimination against the shipment of horses as the roads now return free all live stock shipped to the Iowa State Fair for exhibition, except horses, which are charged a full fare to and from the point of shipment, which we can but regard as a discrimination against one of the most important industries and greatest attractions represented at our State Fair. We are especially gratified at the good feeling and mutually helpful relation existing between the state society, through their officers, and the several county fairs throughout the state. This cordial and mutually helpful relation should continue in a common effort and interest to advance the great agricultural and producing interests of Iowa. We most heartily thank the officers of the society for the prudent, careful and intelligent manner in which they have conducted the business affairs of Iowa's great fair. Through their untiring efforts we now have the high distinction of having in Iowa the greatest agricultural fair and industrial exposition in our commonwealth of states. And I, Mr. Chairman, move the adoption of these resolutions. Motion seconded and carried. President Cameron : Gentlemen, tlie next report we will have will be that of the committee on credentials. Now, gentlemen, those whose names are called will please answer so that the Secretary will know they are present. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS. The committee on credentials presented the following report: We, your committee on credentials, beg leave to report that we have examined the credentials on file and And the following delegates entitled to take part and vote in this convention, the number of delegates entitled to the privileges of the convention being one hundred and seven. Respectfully submitted, John P. Mullex, W. W. Morrow, James Novak, Committee. 206 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DELEGATES ENTITLED TO VOTE IN THE STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION DECEMBER 10, 1913. COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS. Benton County Agricultural Society H. C. White, Vinton Bremer County Fair Association J. Q. Lauer, Waverly Buchanan County Fair Association A. G. Rigby, Independence , Buena Vista County Agricultural Society W. J. Sievers, Alta Calhoun County Fair Association C. G. Kaskey, Hanson Rockwell City Fair Association J. H. Brandt, Rockwell City Carroll County Fair & Driving Park Association. .Peter Stephany, Carroll Cedar County Fair Association C. F. Simmermaker, Tipton North Iowa Fair Harvey Woods, Mason City Big Four Agricultural Society J. J. Harker, Nashua Davis County Agricultural Society H. C. Leach, Bloomfield Franklin County Agricultural Society T. W. Purcell, Hampton Greene County Fair Association S. C. Culbertson, Jefferson Guthrie County Agricultural Society B. F. Davidson, Menlo Hancock County Agricultural Society J. E. Brooker, Britt Hardin County Agricultural Society Geo. W. Haynes, Eldora Henry County Agricultural Association John W. Palm, Mt. Pleasant Winfield Fair Association John A. Baxter, Winfield Jefferson County Agricultural Society Sanford Zeigler, Fairfield Kossuth County Agricultural Association E. A. Wolcott, Algona West Point District Agricultural Society Joseph Carver, West Point Lee County Fair and Agricultural Society Chris Haffner, Donnellson Columbus Junction District Fair Ass'n. .J. C. Duncan, Columbus Junction New Sharon District Agricultural Society. .. .J. C. Heitsman, New Sharon Eden District Agricultural Society Merritt Greene, Marshalltown Marshall County Fair Association W. M. Clark, Marshalltown Mills County Agricultural Society Henry Wilson, Malvern Mitchell County Agricultural Society Carl H. Spaanum, Osage Monona County Fair Association N. W. McBeath, Whiting Monroe County Fair Association C. T. Porter, Albia Union District Agricultural Society W. H. Shipman, West Liberty Shenandoah Fair Association...; J. H. Eischeid, Shenandoah Clarinda Fair Association J. C. Beckner, Clarinda Big Four District Fair E. A. Elliott, Fonda Pottawattamie County Fair Association C. H. Reed, Avoca Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society. .. .James Nowak, Malcom Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society.. J. A. Baugham, Grinnell Sac County Fair Association Robert Leach, Sac City Shelby County Agricultural Society L. H. Pickard, Harlan Central Iowa Fair Association E. H. Graves, Ames Tama County Fair Association J. G. Weiting, Toledo Eldon Big Four District Agricultural Society H. R. Baker, EUlon Forest City Park and Fair Association Albert Swesson, Forest City Winneshiek County Agricultural Society H. J. Green, Decorah Inter State Live Stock Fair Association Joe Morton, Sioux City Wright County Agricultural Society W. C. Brown, Clarion FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 207 FAK.MEKS' INSTITUTES. Appanoose County L. D. Whitton, Moravia Bremer County J. W. Bennett, Janesville Buena "Vista County Louis P. Pingel, Rembrandt Buena Vista County C. A. Fulton, Storm Lake Calhoun County A. W. Eshbaugh, Rockwell City Cherokee County Oscar E. Heline, Marcus Decatur County A. E. Coterill, Leon Des Moines Couhty S. H. Sater, Danville Fremont County M. A. Kraschel, Shenandoah Hancock County Tom Peterson, Britt Henry County A. S. Loveland, Mt. Pleasant Ida County J. J. Smith, Arthur Jefferson County Bern D. Coleson, Fairfield Keokuk County W. E. Utterback, Sigourney Kossuth County Fred Corey, Algona Lee County George Harnagal, Donnellson Linn County George Burge, Mt. Vernon Louisa County E. Colton, Columbus City Mahaska County W. I. Rice, Oskaloosa Marion County Seth Way, Knoxville Mills County Minnie Summers, Malvern Monona County Clyde Whiting, Whiting Muscatine County F. D. Steen, West Liberty Polk County George Grinstead, Mitchellville Poweshiek County J. J. Axtell, Deep River Ringgold County Grant Stahl, Diagonal Sioux County G. L. Venard, Hawarden Union County Wm. Brown, Afton Van Buren County Geo. V. Leffler, Stockport Woodbury County F. C. Colby, Sergeant Bluff SHORT COURSES DRAWING INSTITUTE AID. Washington County George Reed, Washington Winnebago County John Wheeler, Forest City COUNTIES IN WHICH NO FAIRS WERE HELD. Clarke County lohn Ledgerwood, Osceola Dallas County O. L. Gray, Dallas Center Decatur County C. W. Hoffman, Leon Des Moines County R. D. Self ken, Mediapolis Fremont County C. M. Spencer, Randolph Lucas County D. A. McMains, Derby Polk County J. A. Backman, Des Moines Ringgold County J. P. Wall, Mt. Ayr Union County W. W. Morrow, Afton Washington County D. J. Palmer, Washington ASSOCIATIONS ENTITLED TO REPRESENTATION. State Horticultural Society C. G. Blodgett, Mt. Pleasant 208 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATE BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. Governor Geo. W. Clarke, Des Moines State Veterinarian Dr. .J. I. Gibson, Des Moines State Dairy and Food Commissioner W. B. Barney, Des Moines OIFICKRS. President C. E. Cameron, Alta Vice-President O. A. Olson, Forest City Secretary A. R. Corey, Des Moines Treasurer G. S. Gilbertson, Des Moines DISTRICT JIEMBERS. First District R. S. .Johnston, Columbus Junction Second District C. W. Phillips, Maquoketa Third District E. M. Reeves, Waverly Fourth District E. J. Curtin, Decorah Fifth District E. M. Wentworth, State Center Sixth District T. C. Legoe, What Cheer Seventh District C. F. Curtiss, Ames Eighth District F. E. Sheldon, Mt. Ayr Ninth District J. P. Summers, Malvern Tenth District J. P. Mullen, Fonda Eleventh District H. L. Pike, Whiting On motion of Mr. Mnllen, duly seconded, the report of the com- mittee was adopted. The President: Now, gentlemen, the next order of business is the election of officers. Vice-President Olson took the chair and called for nomina- tions. Mr. Morrow of Union county : I wish to place in nomination for president a man who is well and favorably known to every state fair exhibitor, a gentleman who has done more to build up the great Iowa State Fair than any other man that has ever oc- cupied that position, a man who is not only recognized at home for his ability, but is recognized among state fair people as one of the greatest state fair managers in this country. I want to place in nomination, to succeed himself as president, Mr. C. E. Cameron. Motion seconded by C. W. Hoffman of Decatur county. Moved and seconded that the Secretary east the ballot of the convention for the election of C. E. Cameron as President to suc- ceed himself. Note: — See supplemental report of Credentials Committee, Page- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 209 Vice-President Olson: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion that the rules be suspended, and that the vote be east in favor of Chas. E. Cameron for president. Are you ready for the ques- tion? Motion carried. Secretary Corey: Gentlemen, I cast the 107 votes of this con- vention for Mr. C. E. Cameron for President of the Iowa Depart- ment of Agriculture for one year. Vice-President Olson: I now declare Mr. C. E. Cameron duly elected. President Cameron: Gentlemen, I have not words to express my appreciation of this continued confidence. I have felt greatly elated today, and all through our meetings, especially when our governor spoke this morning in regard to the w^orks of this great institution of Iowa. I want to thank you, gentlemen, from the bottom of my heart for this favor. President Cameron : The next, gentlemen, will be the election of vice-president. F. E. Sheldon of Ringgold county : I wish to place in nomina- tion for Vice-President, Mr. 0. A. Olson to succeed himself. Motion seconded by C. A. Fulton of Buena Vista county. A Member : And if there are no other nominations I move that the rules be suspended and the Secretary cast the ballot for the election of ]\Ir. 0. A. Olson as Vice-President. Motion seconded and carried. Secretary Corey: I so cast 107 votes of this convention for Mr. 0. A. Olson to succeed himself as Vice-President for the period of one year. President Cameron : Therefore, I declare IMr. Olson duly elected Vice-President for the ensuing year. Vice-President Olson : Gentlemen, I thank you. President Cameron : Gentlemen, the next is the election of director from the first district. Col. D. J. Palmer of Washington county : Mr. President, I think we might congratulate ourselves on the fact that we have had such a successful number of expositions in the last few years. I rise to put in nomination a man from the first district who has been one of a number of men who have made the fair asso- ciation a success these years past, one who has been tried and has not been found wanting, one who has given his time and his 14 210 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE own money to forward these expositions. I name R. S. Johnson from Louisa county. Mr. H. C. Leach of Davis county : I want to place in nomination a man whom I have known for years, who represents one of the best county fairs in the state of Iowa, a town where, as Prof. Kennedy stated this morning, the largest colt show that has ever been held was conducted. That shows there must be something doing down there. I nominate Mr. C. H. Tribby of Henry county. Motion seconded by S. H. Sater of Des Moines county. President Cameron : Are there any further nominations, gen- tlemen? If not the nominations are closed. Owing to the fact that we have two candidates it will be necessary to ballot. I ap- point as tellers: T. W. Purcell, W. M. Clark and C. W. Hotfman. President Cameron : Have all voted who wish ? Everybody having voted the ballot is closed. Result of the ballot : R. S. John- son, 43; C. H. Tribby, 64. ' President Cameron : I hereby declare Mr. C. H. Tribby duly elected as member of the state board of agriculture from the first district for the term of two years. The next, gentlemen, is the election of a director from the third district. T. W. Purcell of Franklin county : I desire to nominate Mr. Elmer Reeves as director from the third district. Motion seconded by Mr. Mullen of Pocahontas county. Moved by Mr. Sievers of Buena Vista county that the rules be suspended and the Secretary cast the entire vote of the asso- ciation for Mr. E. M. Reeves to succeed himself as director from the third district. Motion seconded and carried. Secretary Corey : I so cast 107 votes of this convention for E. M. Reeves to succeed himself as member of the board of directors from the third district for two years. President Cameron: I hereby declare B. M. Reeves duly elected as a member of this boai-d for two years. The ]iext is the director from the fifth district. Mr. W. M. Clark of Marshall county: I desire to place in nomination Mr. E. M. Wentworth of Marsliall county to succeed himself as director from the fifth district. Nomination of Mr. Wentwoi-th seconded by Mr. Reeves. Mr. George Burge of Linn county: On belinlf of Ijinn county T represent the district fair at Marion, and I was deh'gated by them, the Fai-mcrs histitute at Walker and the Fanners Institute of Springvillc to coiiie here and ])l;i('c in nomination a man Trom FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 211 the fifth district, a young man who hatl the indorsement of the meeting in Chicago of all the exhibitors of the International Ex- position ill Cliieago. Delegated hy them to coine down here and talk for a young man who has put Iowa on the map as a breeder of Hereford cattle and pure-lired live stock, a young man who represents agriculture, a booster for everything pertaining to agri- culture. A young man whose whole time has been taken up push- ing forward agriculture, a young man who will represent the best interests of the younger generation in the state of Iowa. I have the indorsement of the Jones County District Fair at Ana- mosa in behalf of this young man, and the Beef Producers. I was delegated to act for the Iowa Beef Producers Association, the largest association, with the exception of the Dairymen, in the state of Iowa. I say that he is the kind of a man we want to push forw^ard. I nominate Mr. Cyrus A. Tow of Norway, Iowa, to represent the fifth district. Nomination seconded by Mr. White of Benton county. President Cameron : If there are no further nominations, nomi- nations are closed. Prepare your ballots, gentlemen. On motion of the chairman of the credentials committee the following delegates were added to the list of delegates entitled to take part in the convention : Boone Driving Park & Fair Association A. M. Burnside, Boone Warren County Farmers Institute W. F. Desenberg, Norwalk President Cameron : Has everybody voted ? If so, the ballot is closed. Results of ballot: Cyrus A. Tow, 64; E. M. Went- worth, 45. E. M. Wentworth : I desire to move to make the nomination and the election of Mr. Cyrus A. Tow of Norway, unanimous, and I wish to thank the gentlemen who have supported me in the past four years, and the gentlemen who supported me today from the bottom of my heart, and to say to those who saw fit to vote for the younger man who is making a reputation for the state of Iowa. He is our mutual friend, and there is no jealous streak in my make-up. I hope when he leaves the board at the end of three or four years, that he leaves it with the pleasant recollections with which I leave it, and with the satisfaction which we, who have been members of the board during the past four years have had after undergong the closest scrutiny of the legislature of Iowa and the city of Des Moines, who could find no fly specks on our escutcheon. Motion seconded and carried. 212 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Geo. Burge : Mr. Chairman, I just want to say that I have known Mr. "WentAvorth many years, and it was just a question, as I explained to Mr. Wentworth, gentlemen, of loving Caesar less and Rome more. I have the highest regards for Mr. "Went- worth, and our relations have always been friendly, and, as I told the boys here, if Mr. Wentworth beats me he will find me just as good a friend, and I want to say to him that I think we have conducted this on a fair and square basis. The President declared Mr. Cyrus A. Tow of Norway, Ben- ton county, duly elected member of the board from the fifth dis- trict for the term of two years. President Cameron : Gentlemen, the next is the election of a director from the seventh district. Mr. E. H. Graves of Story county : On behalf of Story county I wish to place in nomination a gentleman who does not need to be introduced to you, Mr. C. F. Curtiss, to succeed himself on this board. Seconded by Mr. Reed of Pottawattamie county. Mr. E. M. Wentworth : Mr. President, I think the members of this organization are entitled to know something about where the members of the board stand, and, as a member of the board for a little time longer, I desire to second the nomination, a nomination which I originally made here a number of years ago the first time he was ever presented to the board, and I would like to make it the last act of my official life, to move his nomination, and that the rules be suspended and the president shall be in- structed to cast the ballot of this association for the noblest Roman of them all, Chas. F. Curtiss. Motion carried. President Cameron : I have tht; pleasure of casting the entire 109 votes for Charles F. Curtiss, to become director of this asso- ciation from the seventh district. I therefore declare him elected. The next, gentlemen, is the election of a member from the ninth district. Mr. Wilson of Mills county : I wish to place in nomination Mr. John F. Summers to succeed himself. jMotion seconded by Mr. McBeath of Monona county. Mr, Reeves: If there are no other nominations I move that the rules be suspended and the Seci-etary cast the ballot for Mr. Summers. Motion carried. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART II 213 Secretary Corey : I so cast 109 votes of this convention for J. F. Summers to succeed himself as a member of the state board of agriculture from the ninth district for two years. President Cameron: I therefore declare Mr. J. F. Summers elected as a member of this board from the ninth district. The next is the election of a director from the eleventh district. Mr. Purcell of Franklin county : I nominate Mr. H. L. Pike of Monona county to succeed himself. Motion seconded by Mr. Morton of Woodbury county and he moved that the rules be suspended and the Secretary cast the ballot of the association for Mr. H. L. Pike to succeed himself as director from the eleventh district. Mo.tion carried. ■ Secretary Corey: I so cast 109 votes of this convention for H. L. Pike to succeed himself as a member of the board of agri- culture from the eleventh district. President Cameron : I therefore declare Mr. Pike elected mem- ber of the board from the eleventh district for the ensuing two years. Now, gentlemen, is there any unfinished business before the convention? If not, a motion to adjourn is in order. Moved that the convention adjourn. Motion carried. PART III. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Iowa County and District Fair Managers Association Des Moines, Iowa, December 9, 1913, 1:00 p. m. Meeting called to order by the President, J. B. Mullen, Fonda, Iowa. The President : I am pleased to call to order the Sixth Annual Convention of the Iowa County and District Fair Managers. It is somewhat different today from what it was five or six years ago, \\hen this organization was started. Only a few responded. Today we have a splendid crowd of the energetic, active and progressive fair managers of Iowa. I can assure you that this wiU be an interesting meeting right from the start, because so many fairs are represented here — so many fairs appreciate the work that this organization has accomplished for every fair which has been repre- sented at these meetings for the last four or five years. I hope that the organization will continue to grow, that the interest that has been shown in this way for the past four or five years will continue, and that my successor will be pleased to call this meeting again next year to a larger and more numerous audience. We will proceed with the program as it is printed, followed by impromptu addresses and the experiences of the different fair managers, and we ask that all of you take a keen interest in these matters and voice your own opinions and your own sentiments fully and in a friendly manner, because there are a great many people here who came to get the experience of the older managers, the managers who have made their fairs in their immediate localities a success. We think that all of you will bring back home some idea to put in operation that will make your local fair a greater and a grander success. This evening at 6 :30 we will have a banquet, for which we also have a very interesting program. I have no definite written report to make to you. Mr. Rigby, I understand, has one, but I will make 216 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE this sngg:estion in advance of his report, for I coincide with his opinion in that matter, that, on account of the growing proportions of this organization, a little more money is needed. The assessment at present is only $4.00. At the very least, in my judgment, it should be $5.00, and I question whether that will fully meet the reciuirements attendant on these meetings. We, of course, will be told that in Mr. Eigby's report, and it will probably come up for discussion in the business session after the banquet. I think that all of you appreciate the energy and the activity of Secretary Rigby in giving such a splendid entertainment this morn- ing at the Unique Theater with moving pictures of the state fair, and the other county and district fairs of the state that availed themselves of the opportunity he gave them. The first number on the program will be, "Building Up the County Fair," by Peter Stephany, of Carroll, Iowa. BUILDING UP THE COUNTY FAIR. BY PETER STEPHANY, CARROLL, IOWA. Your able Secretary of this association some few days ago sent me notice that I was to read a paper upon this occasion entitled "Building up the County Fair." Not being a person who has had much, if any, ex- perience in public speaking, and having had but one year's experience as an officer of the county fair, you will readily see that I might properly appear before this audience with a great deal of hesitancy and reluctance. I dare say that there are many men in this audience who have had so much more experience in building up county fairs that it must seem rather presumptive for one like myself to offer any suggestions that might be instructive to the hearers. Having had but one year's experience as above suggested, and my knowledge of county fairs being limited almost ex- clusively to this one effort, I hope you will pardon me if some of my re- marks may refer to matters that might seem somewhat personal, that is, based upon my personal experience. In this progressive day and age when all of our efforts are met with severe and effective competition we are brought to realize more than ever that advertising is profitable. This is no exception with the county fair. It has been our experience that many people will attend a county fair if they can be notified in advance of some of the features of the fair, and particularly is this true if such notice can be brought to their at- tion in an attractive manner. The mere mentioning in the newspapers will hardly reach the people, although this feature should not be over- looked. I would advocate a liberal advertising in the local newspapers as well as the newspapers in the surrounding towns and counties. It has been our experience that the locals should be written by the management of the fair association themselves rather than to leave it to the editor, as much good can be derived from the way these sentences are worded. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 217 No sooner does the date of your fair become known when the secretary will be interviewed by numerous agents attempting to sell them adver- tising matter in the shape of posters, bills, etc. My experience has been somewhat unique in this respect for the reason that I had set my mind to secure a kind qf advertisement along this line which most of the agents told me could not be obtained. After having satisfied myself just what I wanted, and after running a few advertisements in the Billboard and other periodicals of that nature, I finally succeeded in locating a firm which would make what I choose to call muslin banners, with the large letters. It was this form of advertising that we used at Carroll on the telephone and telegraph poles, cross roads, entrances into the various towns and cities, etc. I have every reason to believe that this was more than suc- cessful and I had the satisfaction of seeing a number of these muslin ban- ners still firmly tacked in their position long after our fair was over and long after other advertisements of a similar nature had been torn to pieces by the elements. Too much stress cannot be placed upon this one fact and that is that something of this nature must be done to call attention to the people that the fair is to be held at a certain city at a certain date and mentioning some of the feature attractions. The other suggestions along the line of advertising would be for the association to get out and distribute a catalogue, this booklet to be got- ten up in as attractive a manner as possible. We used a catalogue last year at Carroll and we have heard many favorable remarks upon it. If such a catalogue could be taken to the home of every farmer in the county, including some in the neighboring counties, so that these families could be induced to spend five or ten minutes looking through the catalogue and getting an idea of what is to occur at the fair it is only reasonable to conclude that their interest will be aroused and that they will then and there resolve to be present at least one day of the fair. As suggested above this is an age when advertising is a necessity be- cause of the rivalry and bitter competition that most of us have to put up with when we set out to accomplish anything. It is true that many kinds and forms of advertisement accomplish but little, but if such ad- vertising is done in a discreet and effective manner you will be surprised at the results and you will then believe more than ever in the old adage that "It Pays to Advertise." One of the features of a county fair which should not be overlooked is what might be termed "Free Attractions." Many of us will agree that our experience in attending county fairs during the past has shown us that on many occasions we have found this condition, that is, that at many times during the day there would seem to be an apparent lull or nothing doing to interest the audience. It is true that you cannot have a race every five or ten minutes during the entire day, neither would the people desire this, but you must have something to entertain the people all the time. Many suggestions can be offered along this line but our. experience at Carroll has taught us that good music will go a long ways toward relieving the management from any worry along this line. Too many fair associations are liable to feel themselves obligated to secure as musical attractions local bands, regardess of whether they are capable of playing any real music or not. We have the idea in mind that we 218 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE must patronize home industries. Tliat is true if your particular town happens to have a band that could really entertain an audience. Another thing, too many of our fair managers seem to think that they ought not to spend over $150.00 or $200.00 for music during the three or four days. This is a mistake. The Carroll fair last year procured one of the best military bands in the state of Iowa, at a cost of $600.00 and every one agrees that it was the best investment that the fair association ever made. As long as the band is playing no one present seems to care whether there are races or not. Of course there are other forms of free attractions which should not be overlooked. One of the most usual of these is what is known as the wild animal show such as the lions, tigers, leopards and other animals, and then other people prefer tumbling acts or trapeze performances. Something along this order should be taking place immediately in front of the grand- stand to entertain the people between acts. These amusements are par- ticularly entertaining to children, and it must not be forgotten that the young folks are a great portion of the county fairs and one must cater to them in order to build up a successful fair. We had an experience at Carroll last summer which I desire to present upon this occasion. Our management engaged one of these free at- tractions a considerable length of time before the opening of the fair, having procured their signature to a written contract. Shortly before our fair actually opened we were notified that they could not come. They being non-residents of the state it appeared to us as if we had no effective recourse and were simply left out in the cold. It seems to me that the managers of the county fairs ought to demand some kind of a forfeiture from these parties, insuring their living up to the contract. As it is, it is practically a unilateral contract or one in which one party only is bound. Our experience at Carroll came very near being a fatal one but luckily we succeeded in getting an aviator to fill in, but were compelled to secure him from a far off distance and at a great expense. We do not regret, however, that we had procured him because he was very skillful and lived up to his contract in every detail, pulling off some of the finest aerial flights that anyone ever witnessed. I might suggest here, however, that this form of entertainment is not as desirable now as it was a few years ago for the reason that most of our people today have seen a num- ber of aerial flights of this nature and are not particularly anxious to see one again for the reason that they are very similar. I think you will agree with me that the one feature of every county fair which attracts more people than any other is that generally known as racing. Managers of county fairs usually have a very difficult time in procuring good horses and plenty of them. We had a little difficulty at the Carroll fair last year for the reason that there seemed to be a shortage of these animals or, rather, there were several county fairs being held in our part of the state during the same week. We succeeded, however, in ob- taining our portion of good horses and feel free to say, without fear of suc- cessful contradiction, that the races at Carroll this year were far above the average that were pulled off at any county fair in the state of Iowa. Our management made a special effort to treat the horsemen in a courteous FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 219 manner while they were with us. We frequently hear the charge that horsemen are very irritable and are hard to get along with or please. Our experience has been that this is a mistaken idea and that these horsemen are as human as other people, and, if treated properly, will give you the best they have and do it cheerfully. We have every reason to believe that many of these horsemen, in the past, have not been treated properly by the managers of the various county fairs. It was our effort to make it pleasant for the horsemen and we believe we succeeded. We took particular care to see to it that all mail, telegrams, express and freight packages were promptly delivered to the fair grounds, as it would be very difficult for these horsemen to procure them themselves. One little incident happened which I feel I must relate and trust you will pardon me for doing so. One of the horsemen had sent away for a piece of harness which he was unable to get here in Carroll or any neighboring town. He was very anxious to have this piece of harness as soon as it arrived at the local express office. He had not notified us to have it sent out to him but we took it upon ourselves to do so just the same. After we had delivered to him this piece of harness, which happened to be in time for him to use it on his horse in one of the most important races, he came to me and told me that it was the first time in his experience that he had ever re- ceived that kind of treatment from any county fair. He was overcome with joy and his horse won the race handily. Horse racing, instead of being attractive, may be the greatest bore to the people if the races are not pulled off promptly at the time for which they are called. The management of the county fair should make a special effort to have the various races pulled off on the dot. This we tried to do at Carroll last summer and we believe we succeeded. In order to give the people a little relief from horse racing I con- sider it advisable to scatter in a few automobile and motorcycle races. These are always attractive features if properly handled. In the auto races it is wise to mix them with speed races, novelty races, and other forms of entertainment which these motor vehicles are able to supply. Another feature of a county fair should not be overlooked, and that is to procure good tent shows. We must not overlook the fact that all people who attend the county fairs are not particularly interested in racing. This is largely true of women and children. The tent shows serve a good purpose in this case. Our experience has taught us, however, that it is somewhat difficult, to procure good and re- spectable shows. I strongly advise against permitting any of these shows at a county fair which border on the suggestive or indecent. Even throwing aside the moral view of this question and I am sure, no one would be willing to do this, even from a business point of view this kind of show is unsuccessful. True it will attract a certain class of people but they are not the people that the fair associations are catering to. The sooner the fair associations awaken to the fact that we no longer have any use for the indecent or suggestive show the better it will be for all of us. Another thing, county fairs are usually held in the time when tlie days are the hottest. For this reason a goodly supply of refreshment stands should be provided. The question often arises here whether the 220 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE management should sell the exclusive privilege for these refreshment stands or whether they should grant this privilege to various in- dividuals. Our experience has been that the exclusive privilege prop- osition is not a good one and we strongly recommend that such a procedure be discouraged. It is the duty of the fair association man- agement, however, to see to it that these refreshment stands are present, including eating places and, last but not least, these places should be watched carefully and seen to that they are in a sanitary condition. I think the state department of pure food usually has an inspector to look after them, but should he fail to be there the fair management should take this matter in hand and see to it. Some fairs have a great deal of trouble in providing drinking water for the people or, at least, providing it for them in a sanitary manner. This, above all, should be given the very strictest attention, and nothing but good and whole- some water should be offered the people whom you charge admission to the county fair. It occurs to me that the old original idea of the county fair was setting aside a time when the farmers and the other producing people of the county would have an opportunity to come together and ex- hibit their productions to each other and attempt, thereby, to become more proficient in the line that they were following. It is true, that Ave have gotten away from this old idea somewhat, and I believe that we are making a mistake. In other words, the farmer and his brother producers should be encouraged to go back to the old idea and bring in his live stock, farm products, manufactured articles, as of yore. I will call your attention to the definition of the word fair. It is as follows: 1. A state market in a particular town or city; a regular meeting of buyers and sellers for trade. 2. An occasional joint ex- hibition of articles for sale or inspection; a sale or exhibition of goods for the promotion of some public interest. 3. Market; place of sell- ing. You will readily see that we are drifting away from the original idea of a fair. In other words, we are making it more of an amuse- ment proposition rather than carrying out the idea of old. I regret that this is the case and I hope that the fair managements throughout the state of Iowa, the greatest agricultural state in the union, will try to come back to the old notion of the county fair. Let us have more attractions for the farmer, for the manufacturer, for the live stock grower, and last but not least, for the ladies who are gifted in the art of producing fancy needle work and other articles along that line. Let us offer more and better prizes for the best exhibitions. Let us furnish better buildings for these exhibitions, and let us make it known to the farmer, the manufacturer and the artist of the needle that we want their exhibitions at our county fairs. In conclusion I desire to call your attention to the fact that the success of a county fair depends entirely upon one man and he is usually designated as the secretary. My experience has taught me that unless one man is given the exclusive power to conduct all the matters in connection with the county fair that you are bound to get your wires crossed. The fair association usually has what is known FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 221 as a president, secretary, treasurer, possibly a vice-president and a board of directors. If the secretary has not exclusive authority by reason of the office that he holds the board of directors should vote him that aiithority and stand by him in his effort to make the fair a success. No business concern or no other proposition of any kind is a success when it has too many men in charge. It is true, one man cannot do all that is required to build up and properly conduct a county fair, but he should be given the authority to appoint and employ others to help him. But he must be the head, and the others should help him. I strongly advocate the idea of the secretary to appoint heads for either department and give these heads the authority to appoint their assistants. With this system you are bound to succeed; without it the Lord only knows how many mix-ups and delicate situations will arise before the fair is over. As I stated before I have had a limited experience in the manage- ment of county fairs and, therefore, feel my inability to properly present the subject to you on this occasion. Had I more time to prepare and give the subject a more careful study and consideration I am sure that I could have enlarged upon the ideas which I have attempted to present to you today. I wish to close with the remarks that the things required to build up a county fair are, briefly — well selected advertising; an entertaining program; kind and courteous treatment to all who are invited to attend the fair, and, last but not least, hard, honest, and systematic labor on the part of those who are promoting the same. DISCUSSION. The President : I think I made the statement that we would have the printed program first, and have it followed by a general discussion. However, since listening to the paper, I have about changed my mind on that proposition and think we better have a general discussion after each paper is read. That might be more interesting. The subject will then be fresh in your minds, and I think there are some good points in this paper just read that will stand discussion. A Delegate : I would like to ask where you get that advertising matter and the muslin banners. He stated he found a firm that published them. Mr. Stephany: I think I ran the local in the Billboard for probably two weeks before I received a reply. I had commenced to think, myself, that I was not going to get anything in that line. But I received word from a firm that makes these banners at Ithaca, New York. The address I can not give off hand right now, but I will be glad to furnish you the address if you will drop me a card. I was told at the outset when I was trjang to get this advertising by nearly all the agents and advertising houses that it 222 IO^YA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE was impossible for me to get anything in tliat line, and the way I did those signs, I afterwards took some hard pine and had it ripped about the same size as a common lath, and I put four laths on each banner and put about. I think, eight penny nails — two eight penny nails in them and they stayed there until they were torn down. The elements did not seem to affect them a particle. I had five different kinds, five different kinds of reading matter on the dift'ereut styles of banner. A Delegate : Mr. Chairman. I represent the ]\Ionroe County Fair at Albia. I find that these signs are no good at all unless you nail them up good and strong. The wind Avill roll them up and they are no good at all. A Delegate : We have used cloth banners for about five yeai*s. We get them from the American Show Printing Co.. of ^Milwaukee, Wis., and some other company. The Secretary : ^Ir. President and Gentlemen : In connection with this matter of the treatment of horsemen that was referred to in the paper we have just listened to, I wish to make a remark. We have a number of coming horsemen trained at our track at Inde- pendence, and I have been more or less interested in horses all my life, and I think I know how the horsemen feel about this matter of kind and courteous treatment. We Avill hear more of it later. but right at this point, while it is in my mind. I want to make one remark that I think will meet the approval. I know, of the horse- men, and I know it will of some secretaries. And that is this: When the horsemen come into a town, so often they are at the mercy of the local draymen and feed men, and they are subject to extortion. I do think it is the duty of the fair secretary to protect them in this matter as much as possible. I know one horseman from my town who told me that one of the best places he ever reached in his life he was treated all right by the fair management, and that was at Sioux City. But he said it cost $8.00 for he and the other fellow to get their stuff moved out of the depot. Those are things, of course, that the secretary is not responsible for, but, at the same time, the secretary of the fair has not very much to do and he can ju.st as well look after those things as not. But, in all seriousness, I think that it is something that fair secretaries ought to take cognizance of and protect the horsemen as much as they can. And right when I am speaking along this line I want to repeat an incident that happened at Eldora. One of the men from our town, when he got into Eldora, piled the stuff into a wagon, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 223 and when he got out to the fair grounds he took out his check book to pay for the job and the drayman told him no, that the secretary of the fair association took care of that. Of course he was pleased and thought that was verj^ nice. When he came to go away he had the dray there in the morning at an unseasonable hour, got his stuff moved down to the depot and thought of course he would have to pay. He was very much surprised, but pleasantl}^ so, to hear that statement repeated, that there was no charge at all, the fair asso- ciation took care of it. And it seems in that case that they took care of them, botli coming and going. A horseman appreciates little courtesies and favors of this kind, and I know it can't cost an association very much to do tho.se things, and I think it will come back — well, in the form of entries and good will and good advertis- ing, because these things are talked over. There is no question about it. I think that tho.se are points that every fair official ought to take home with him and remember. It can be done, and it pays. The President : Has anyone else any inquiry' to make in regard to any point in the paper just read ? I would like to hear from any of j^ou, or all of you, in this matter. The Secretary : Pardon me, but there is just one point I want to raise in connection with this. This same horseman, in discussing his treatment at various places, spoke particularly in regard to the courtesies that he had received at Sioux City, and I believe that it is a policy that other fairs could well afford to adopt. I don't know but what it is all right to speak of it here. too. Of course, if it is not, you ^\'ill not say anything about it when you get outside. But you know that members of the National Trotting Association, and of the American Trotting Association are supposed to report delin(iuents for all who make entries and fail to show up. and all that. I know it has been the policy of Sioux City, and possibly at some other places, to be reasonable about those things, and where men fail to show up on account of illness, or his horse not being in shape, or anything of that kind, he is not reported for fines. I can see no reason why a man should pay for something he has not had. and when a man enters and is unfortunate, he is enough of a loser without being held up for fines later on. I don 't see why he should be reported, myself. In other words — of course, if a man races some place else, it is a different proposition. But, if a man has paid his entrance fee and has been unfortunate, I don 't think there is anything to report. If he has not paid the entrance fee, as a rule, they don't pay their entrance until they get there. 224 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Palm: I just want to say a word in appreciation of what was said about good music at the fair. Nothing is so entertaining, and can be bought at a more reasonable price, than just first class, good music at a fair. I certainly approve what he said on the question of good music, and most certainly on the question of what he said of advertising. I would like to ask him some questions, but it will take too much time. Might I ask you, Mr. Stephany, about what you paid per line in that advertising in those several papers ? Mr. Stephany: Mr. President, I had on my list twenty-seven papers, including all the papers in our county, as well as adjoining counties. The locals I sent out, I sort of figured out what they would amount to, so much a line at the regular rate, and I en- closed them all a complimentary ticket to the fair, and the following locals that we sent I requested that they send bills if there was anything to be charged, and there were only two bills out of twenty- seven sent, and my advertising with all those papers amounted to $2.50 or $3.50 apiece. Mr. Palm: The gentleman does not talk like an amateur to me. I thoroughly approve of what he said. Now, I have had some con- siderable experience in this matter of advertising, but I could not do it as cheap as he did. I believe in advertising a fair. I believe it best to put good money in good advertising, and the papers are the best place to advertise. We advertised in some thirty, and we did just as he did, and we did not let any editor of a local paper write a line ; we wrote them ourselves. I visited the offices of thirty newspapers and sat down and wrote the ads while there. I wrote what I thought ought to be said, and I certainly approve of that manner of using the newspapers, if it does not cost too much. I think he was a better bargain maker than I was. Mr. Shipman: Mr. President, while I very much enjoyed the paper, there is one place where I would like to lock horns. That is the putting of all the duties on the secretary. "We do not do it at our place. We have a superintendent of privileges, we have a superintendent of stalls that looks after it. We have a superin- tendent of tickets. The only ticket T handle is the one I buy myself. The more of that work that you can get off onto good men the more time the secretary has to look after the work tliat he has, and if you can get good superintendents on those jobs — and you can if you hunt for them — it )nnkes it all the bt'tler. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 225 Mr. Tribby : Mr. Palm asked me to let him do the advertising iu the newspapers. He said he was going out to post bills, and he asked me to let him write the newspaper advertisements, and he wrote them and made a deal with the newspapers at a wholesale rate. They have just to send them in. Mr. Palm, however, is apt to \\Tite a little more and say a little more than is necessary, and it cost us some $60.00 more than I think it has in former years. But I don't think anything has ever paid the fair any better than Mr. Palm's advertising. A Voice : Mr. Chairman, I am not a secretary, or a delegate in this convention, but I would like to drive one spike in the matter of advertising, with your consent. In 1887 I was secretary of a fair up here in Calhoun County. When we came to advertise the board of directors were not willing to invest any money, apparently. I got hold of a set of small cards, one would be a radish, with a few words with the dates of our fair. It would ])e printed in colors. Another would be a beet or cabbage head, and so on. We had all the different vegetables represented in colors on a picture, and a])out the size of a postal card. I presented this to my board and asked them to let me send for ten dollars' worth of these cards. They were printed in Ohio. It has been a good while and I have forgotten the name of the firm. They would not consent to adver- tising in the county papers, and so we put up posters around over the county. I should judge I sent for seven or eight dollars' worth of those cards. I forget the number I got. Every card had the date of the fair on it, and every card had a line or two admonishing people to come to the fair. I took those cards with my horse and buggy and drove around over the country on the school house line. I left a bunch at every school house, and gave every child a bunch of these cards. I put a bunch together and hung them up iu each post office of that county. I think that got better results than any- thing else that was done while I was secretary of the county fair. If anyone desires to attempt the matter I think they will conclude as I did. A Delegate : I represent Davis County, a fair that has been reasonably successful. When I send complimentary tickets to the different newspaper men I work a little different from the other fellows here. I am acquainted with the editor of the paper, and I would rather have a little saying come from him than from me, so I enclose him a complimentary ticket and tell him if he can do 15 226 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE US any good to do so, and I always get a nice little write-up about the Davis County fair. I think it has more influence with the citizens than if you put in a little scribble that you pay for. If I am not acquainted with the man, I enclose the ticket and tell him what I want him to say and send in his bill. I very seldom get a bill, and they always give me a little write-up. I think it is mighty well spent. In regard to the little tickets scattered around, I have never tried that, but my long suit on advertising is to cover every bridge and telephone pole in the whole country during the fair season. I do not send them out by some men, but go directly and do it myself. I get a couple of three gallon tin buckets and fill them full of paste. I then take an auto. You can cover a number of miles in a day, I take a fellow along, generally the privilege man, and we cover the telephone poles and the cross roads. All we have on that is "Bloomfield Fair, September so and so." You can not go any- where on that road but what you see the fair advertisements. The dates are great things to have before the people. Mr. Palm : How about a date line in each one of the newspapers ? We carry them clear across the entire head of the paper. Mr. Pickert : I think we cannot adopt one method and continue it. We have got to change it. We at one time adopted this method of advertising: In the early part of the summer we sent and got tickets. They were for children, and we sent out to every school in the county a number of those tickets good for children; that is, from either ten or twelve, I think, or under, on the first day. That is, the first regular day of the fair, and to each teacher we sent a complimentary. Those tickets were put out before the school closed in the summer, and each child that had a ticket to come to the fair. I met them a great many times and would ask them if they were going to the fair. "Oh, yes, we are going. I have got a ticket." But, of course, the facts were that they were admitted anyway. However, having a ticket, they were all sure to go. Of course, the teacher had the complimentary and she urged the whole school to attend. By getting them on the first day of the fair we made that our big day. Of course, the quicker that you get the money in the treasury the better it is for the fair. You may have a rainy day. A great many people of the fair know that the big day is the second day, generally, but our plan was to make the biggest day the first day, if we could. We didn't advertise any attractions only for that FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 227 day. The consequence was the children all came and the parents had to come to bring the children. On that day, right after dinner, we got a large number of circulars and had the boys circulating them, giving the program for the next day, and then we continued with the first day. By adopting that method we got three good days of fair; but, of course, we worked this for a time, and then you have to work on some other line. You must get something that is always changing. I don't think one method is good all the time. But it doesn't matter what you do just so you get them out, and my idea is to get them out the fore part of the summer. You may have a rainy day, and you ought to get the money in the treasury as quickly as possible. Often we get enough in to pay all the expenses. Mr. Palm : Mr. Leach remarked that he paid for his printing with complimentary tickets. Do you regard that as the best method to pay for anything connected with the fair? Mr. Leach : If I made that statement I did not mean it. I simply spoke about sending these complimentary tickets out to neighboring newspapers, that is all, nothing else. We do not issue but very few complimentary tickets for our fair. I think it is all right, because there is never a man comes with that ticket but what he brings one, two or three chums with him. A Delegate : I represent Pottawattamie County. They sure have a different class in their county, or else they know how to handle it better than I do. My experience has been if we would send them a complimentary ticket they are not satisfied with that, but they want every correspondent they have all over the country to have a complimentary ticket. And when you come to adver- tising, the biggest part of it had to be paid for, I think they must grow different kinds of men in their county than in our county. I have never been able to get any advertising to speak of, save from my home papei*s, that we did not have to pay for. They charge us up with the rest of it — the home papers — before we get through. Speaking of novel advertising, several years ago we got out an advertisement that seems to stick with us. "We bought ten thousand sticks of chewing gum, and on the wrappers we put the dates of that fair. We put them in the hands of every man, woman and child. They w^ere out reaching for that chewing gum, I can tell you. That took best of anything we have ever had in that line. Mr. Leach : We did more of this advertising in the adjoining 22S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE papers than we did at home. We have to pay the home papers s(jiiare up. A Delegate: In regard to this last year, when we got out a hanner, I think it was about, well, somewhere about 2'x6', and we stretched one across the street in each town of any size in the county. This was a muslin banner, and we got it from the Stan- ford-Crowell people. Then we also had a cloth sign that was on a nail about, oh, I think the nail was probably fourteen to sixteen inches long. We. drove those into telephone poles, and we had fair success with those. The wind would whip them around, but in turning around they would turn to the wind and not fold up. Another thing I would like to know from the gentleman. Speak- ing about advertising, how much advertising were they getting from these newspapers? Did they get just a small ad giving the dates of the fair across the top for one week, or did they get, prob- ably, two or three columns, or a three or four inch ad, or maybe a six inch ad, for their complimentary tickets? In our town they generally hold us up all the way from six to eight complimentary tickets to each paper, and then we generally pay for what adver- tising we get besides. That is what I mean, six or seven comps. That is what they are asking for. I represent the Kossuth County fair, and we have pretty nearly as large a county fair as there is in the state. I believe that is all for the present time. The President: It is not my purpose to comment on all the propositions here, but I am inclined to rather emphasize one point l)rought out in this paper which met with some stricture from the gentleman from West Liberty, and that is the authority of the secretary. Now, I rather think that the gentleman from Carroll County did not altogether mean that the secretary of the fair does everything, but he did mean that he has control of these things in the selection largely of these superintendents. IMr. Shipman, of coui'se, has a good idea to get good superintendents to co-operate with the secretary. That will help to a remarkalile extent to make the fair a success. But I am in full agreement witli tlie gentleman from Carroll County that the fortunes of these fairs, in large measuT'e, rise or fall with the energy, enthusiasm and good judg- ment oF the secretary. Wliere you see a poor seci'etary you will usually see a poor fair. AVhere you see a good secretary, energetic, wise, and showing discretion in these matters, you will see a good fair. The next paper will be, "System in Fair Management," by Mr. J. Q. Lauer, of Waverly, Iowa. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 229 SYSTEM IN FAIR MANAGEMENT, BY J. I. I.AUER OF WAVERLY. It seems to me if this discussion kept up much longer I wouldn't have had anything new. Some of us say that at least they would rather ap- pear on the program first, others last. It seems to me though Mr. Rigby kind of picked out those men who are new at the fair business. The gentleman just preceding me has had one year of experience, and I have had two strenuous years. When Mr. Rigby first mentioned this I thought perhaps his was a case of misplaced confidence. In his notice to me in regard to this meeting, and incidentally that our dues were due as members of this association, I in my reply was loud in my praises of the work that had been, was being and could be done in a meeting of this kind. I finally told him I would accept, but I hadn't gone very far into the preparatory work on the subject that he appointed me before I realized myself or felt that I was inoculated with this disease, misplaced confidence. The subject assigned to me was "System in Fair Management." He was not quite satisfied with that and also told me to be prepared to give an out- line of organization work as pertains to the fair of Bremer county. That is covering quite a bit of territory, but I will try to give you a synopsis as pertains to our fair up in Bremer county. I don't know as it is a great deal different from any other fair. We think we have a fair con- ducted along the lines of the others. When we started, of course Waver- ly seemed destined to be the place for holding our county fair. There was a great deal of feeling that these things should be moved back and forth. At the time we had a fair ground that was ideal. We went out amongst the merchants, and they were advocating going out to advertise among farmers, but we thought that as Waverly was a place to hold the fair we had better get tha merchants. There was no trouble, they found, in getting stock enough to organize a county fair. They organized a county fair, but started different from the majority of county fairs. Taking Waverly as the center point and working out they started out and drove from Waverly and worked both ways. We started with $10,000 worth of stock. The shares were $10.00 each. Now the shares in our association are not assessable at all. We are not organized for any pecuniary profit. It is simply a matter of anything we get we put back into the fair. We are still selling the stock, and at the present time we have nearly $9,000 worth of stock sold. In our meet- ings each stockholder as a stockholder is entitled to one vote. It does not make any difference how much stock you have you are entitled to one vote, and you have to be there to represent that stock. There is no game of freeze out. We are not organized that way. Our purpose, of course, is similar to all fairs as far as that is con- cerned. In regard to the county indebtedness that has been incurred we can only incur one-half of our paid up capital stock. Now as I say we have about $9,000 paid up capital stock. That means that we could only incur a debt of four and one-half thousand dollars. In regard to our board of directors, we have a stockholders meeting each year. When 230 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE they first organized of course they organized the same as anyone. They had twenty-seven memhers on the board of directors and they elected them at their stockholders meeting. The first year when they organized they elected three, two for one year. Now we elect nine in one year. We elect them at our stockholders meeting, so there are always eighteen old and original on the board of directors. On the same day, though, we meet as the executive board; that is, the board of directors, out of these twenty- seven people elect their board of directors which is four, our officers, the president, vice president, secretary and treasurer, and five members. At no time can there be more than one-third of the executive board from any one township at the time of election. Of course there might possibly somebody move into a certain township where there was close to three, and in the meantime make more than a third; but at no time of election can there be more than one-third of the directors from one certain town- ship. That would be nine. There cannot be more than nine from one cer- tain township. In the matter of a quorum, in our stockholders meeting we must have forty members to make a quorum to do business. In the board of directors a majority constitutes a quorum. There is another thing in regard to the distribution of stock. There can be no distribution of stock until the dissolution of the association, and there is no way of dissolving the association or disbanding with- out first getting a two-thirds majority vote of the stockholders. That doesn't mean by proxy of the stock sold. You have to get two-thirds majority of the stockholders before you can dissolve the organization, and a special meeting of stockholders can be called by either the executive board or the board of directors or by petition signed by fifty stockholders. It requires either fifty stockholders on the petition or a majority vote of the executive board or the board of directors. In regard to the organization work, I have taken that from our work there. I was not as familiar with the organization as perhaps a good many people over me were. In the first place when Mr. Rigby asked me to appear on the program I thought it should be someone more accustomed to speaking in public, and one more familiar with the work. Now this matter of System in Fair Management. I have divided this as applies to our fair particularly. I hardly think it is a system that would apply to all conditions of fairs in all parts of the state. But the system we have conducted there we feel has been a success as far as our fair is concerned. I will try to explain it to you as best I can. I have divided it into three sections: namely. Co-operation advertising — you have gone pretty strongly into this advertising business — and the goods. I have divided it into three different parts. Now you take it as far as the co-operation goes and you have got to have a feeling of co-opera- tion amongst your public in general, and amongst your officers in charge. Now if you can work out a system where you can get the co-operation of the public in general in connection with your officers, I can't see how you are going to fall down on a county fair. You take it, organized as we are up there, from the stockholders to the board of directors, and from the board of directors to the executive board, I as secretary of our fair up there look more to this organization in our executive board FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 231 direct than I do to the organization outside. I call our executive board a wheel, and I in that respect differ from the preceding men a little. The hub I call the secretary, the spokes the officers in charge. On ac- count of the secretary of our department there we work and have har- mony in this way: All committees absolutely that we have in our organ- ization the secretary is a part of that committee. No reports come to the secretary second handed. All reports come to him from the head because he is one of the committee. Unless there is just one happens to be the committee — one man on the committee — that is so. On the other hand when you get your board of directors and feel as though the people who have charge of the certain departments — most all of our officers have charge of some certain department, in fact all of them do — now you take the departments of your superintendents. We appoint all of our superintendents early. We have already appointed our superintendents for the following year, and the board of directors places in its secretary a certain power that he goes to work and with this certain superintendent of a certain department they form the plans for that one department. The hogs, the cattle and the sheep, the department of agriculture — anything in that line the secretary goes to work and meets with these different su- perintendents. They are not all confined to our officers, we take them outside. We have a superintendent who has been there ever since the fair has been organized. In that way we get working forces. The de- cision of a superintendent during our fair is final; if there is any con- troversy comes up that any of our superintendents feels as though he should have some assistance he comes to the secretary, and if he in con- nection with the secretary can not settle any dispute it is in our constitu- tion that we shall have a meeting of the executive board. A year ago the only meeting we had was in regard to extending our fair over until Satur- day. This year we had a meeting of the executive board during our fair, there was no complaint that I heard this year. Our superintendents of the different departments we pay them liberally compared to what, as a general thing, has been paid by other fairs. We allow them as a gen- eral thing, one assistant, whom we also pay. Every superintendent we allow one assistant, and in some departments we allow two. We have a lawn exhibit, and in the lawn exhibit we have an exhibit there where- by we have to allow each one of our superintendents three assistants. In our textile department the help that the superintendent has charge of is two assistants. Any time that we allow them any more we allow them additional help. We pay the one assistant. In the floral hall we have one assistant and we pay him. In our horse department we pay one assistant. Previous to this year the man who had charge of this de- partment was the only man that we paid. We figured it this way, that we start with our stockholders and then go to work on down to the board of directors and then to the executive board, and we think it is getting this controlling power down to the minimum, and if you have in your work a system whereby they will come out and work and have the secretary as your hub and have the co-operation which you have to have in a successful fair, large or small, we feel as though the majority of your hardships in a county fair would be overcome. 232 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DISCUSSION. Mr. Palm: Could you tell us about how much you put out in that line in your fair ? Mr. Lauer: Our superintendents we paid four to five dollars per day for six days. ]\Ir. Palm : Do you know how much ? Mr. Lauer : No ; I can not give it to you right now. Mr. Palm : I like the suggestion very well, but we do not do it. Mr. Lauer : I can not give it to you off hand, or I would. Now we call these superintendents together quite frequently, and then, besides that, we take these superintendents of these different departments and go out and see the known exhibitor and also the unknown exhibitor. We go out and see that these ex- hibitors are interested — we try to get them interested. Now, it might be we would go to one man and he would say, "But my exhibit will not amount to anything." But we show him that it goes in the aggregate to make up a department. You can't lose from your county fair. Mr. Palm : Mr. Speaker, would it interrupt you if you were to ask how many fairs do that? ]\Ir. Lauer : How many of you do that ? I see there are six ; Winneshiek County, Mitchell, Sac City, Sioux City, Hampton and Waverly. ]\Ir. Stephany : I pay our superintendents with a complimentary ticket for the season and they pay for their own meals. Delegate from Marshalltown : Our fair is along the same plan as the organization of the Waverly fair^ — in fact, I think they copied after us in their forms of government. We never pay this executive committee of six anything, outside of the $2.50 a day for superintendents and $2.00 for the assistant. Mr. Lauer: If they happen to be on this committee, the super- intendents, that is the only way they get any pay. Mr. Leach: Nobody owns any more than anollici'; anyone is eligible, and we pay our supoi-intciidciits meal tickets, and we get thousands of them. Mr. Palm: I\Ir. Lauer, 1 waiil to beg yowr indulgence foi- inter- rupting you while speaking, but 1 really did want this point br-ought out ))('eause it seemed like a most excellent one. Mr. Lauer: In rcgai'd to our supcfintcndcnt 's decisions in \\\o judge's books the supei-intendeiit's decision is iinal. Ol' course, the superintendent is always supposed to l)e with the judge to a FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 233 certain extent, but when decisions come in for final settlement if there is any complaint brought to the executive board in regard to the awarding of the premiums we make no decision in regard to the executive board. The superintendent of that* certain de- partment is first called in, and if he says there has been an error, or wants a correction made, then we mark and make the correc- tion. In the livestock department, including their department, and it applies also to our horsemen — speed particularly. "We have two teams. Now, this year our man that has charge of that, I don't know whether he lias paid much attention to the horsemen or not. I don't know I am sure. But we have two teams on the ground all the time Monday, Tuesday or Saturday, or whatever the day happens to be. They are supposed to haul all crated hogs free of charge. The same teams we employ the full time of th-e fair. They haul the hay around to the different departments, and also pay particular attention to sanitation. We furnish the hay and straw, the first bedding, free of charge. AVe bed every stall in the fair grounds before the fair takes place. After that we furnish them the best hay and charge them for it. We fur- nish the distribution of feed. This year we built a $3,000 cattle barn. The system we em- ployed there was a matter of going around and soliciting. It was paid by soliciting, and by the hearty co-operation of the ma- jority who were on farms. This year I had letters from our different breeders of hogs, and they told us they would go to work and raise a certain amount if we would increase the premiums in a like amount. We can not do that in one certain department, so, of course, we are going to do that all the way through. In the matter of the system we have for policing the grounds, we have thirty-three policemen. There are only two instructions that we lay very particular stress on ; the instructions are to watch for women of ill fame and for booze. If there is any occasion for any mistrust of anybody, we put a special watch for either one or the other. Those were the only special instruc- tions given to the police department this year. In the matter of a ticket taker, we had fifteen ticket takers this year. We have a system there whereby we go to work and change off. We do not ask one man or two men to be on duty all the time. We give them a relay. There is no place we could have fifteen ticket takers unless it was for the relay, and we pay them twenty cents an hour. We have the same man who has charge of 234 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the tickets and the gate, and he is also one of the executive board. He has been at it twenty years and he understands it thoroughly. He takes this work from the secretary. This year, I will say, I did not over-strain myself in regard to work, because every one of the superintendents was familiar with the work. Next year we will have the same working forces. But if you have a system whereby you can get co-operation it takes a good deal of work from the secretary. In regard to ticket sellers, we have fourteen ticket sellers this year. We have three main entrances. The fourth is down by the horse stable. It is not called a main entrance. "We have an automobile entrance, the main pedestrian entrance, and one where the teams come in. So, really, we have fourteen ticket takers. Now, in regard to the accounting system. The gentleman here said in regard to his tickets that they appoint a committee, that is, the man that has charge of the tickets and gates, that is the ticket gate treasurer. Our treasurer and committee on this has charge of the tickets and gates. Before the fair we find out how many tickets we want, the secretary orders them and as soon as he orders them he checks them to the treasurer. The treasurer has absolute charge of the tickets. The tickets are no more trouble to me, than it would be if we had no tickets at all. He checks up what he leaves in my office, and we make distribution of season tickets to the banks, and we only issue one ticket at that. Re- garding the collection of tickets in the morning, they start both ways from this one gate, the main entrance gate. They are all locked, the automobile gate and the team gate are both locked. They start both ways. Every booth has to have a ticket the first morning. Everybody has to have an identification card of some kind. If it is a complimentary ticket or whatever it is, he has got to have some ticket. We issue pass out checks. We haven't the least bit of trouble. Our pass out tickets issue up to 1 :30. Our evening entertainment comes at 2 o'clock. Pass out tickets are no good after half-past two, and we live up to it. Every- body has got to have a pass out check. Our daily tickets are the same the season through, but the pass out checks are a different color each day. We issue four dif- ferent colors, and everybody has absolutely got to have a pass out check, and these are no good after half-past two o'clock. We don't issue these checks to you to put on your coat, we don't use FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 235 those at all. It is simply a pass out check i)roposition with us, and it is a matter of business with ils to protect ourselves. In regard to our method of accounting, I don't think it would interest you people. The way we have is just a simplified form of accounting. As far as the secretary is concerned, I have a cash book, and in that cash book is kept simply the receipts and dis- bursements. You have to figure mighty close to keep the disburse- ments from kicking you pretty close in the rear. We practice economy, but at the same time we do not restrict them to any cer- tain extent in the different departments. In this accounting sys- tem here we have — I don't know as any of you people have one similar. If someone will just pass this around — we have a check here that is somewhat different from the majority of them. Now those checks, you will see that on the back of it are the items of account as we keep it in the cash book. Whenever I issue a check on the back of it will appear the same amount and for what pur- pose it is issued, and the amount will be the same on the stub, just the same as anybody keeps. When I go to work and make up my bank account I check over the stub. Just as soon as I get these checks I send them to the treasurer. When we strike up a balance if his balance does not correspond to my own, the same as with the different departments which appear on the back there, he checks it from both sides. If the amounts are equal — if the amounts in the different departments do not agree with my own, there is something wrong somewhere. That is the way we keep cash account. That is the check system. I don't know whether any of you use that way or not. I have got down to the matter of advertising. Now we have here a pretty thorough method of advertising. Our advertising this year cost us close to $350.00. I think it was $333. I don't know whether that is large or small. Each one of our newspapers on an average gets two or three of these complimetary tickets. Now in the first place when our fair first started out, in a very short time, or in the spring we sent out what we call a tickler. That is what I called it. I don't know what you would call it. They read "Bremer County Fair, Waverly, Iowa." Any place that is adjacent that we think it would be profitable we send out these "ticklers." They are just as reminders that there is going to be a fair in that vicinity. Where we think there can be any advantage gained by letting the people know we are going to have a fair we send those out. Just as soon as anything new comes 236 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE out we tell our papers. Anything that is local news we don't pay for it. The second process we use is our premium book. One of the gentlemen here spoke about his making a trip with his auto- mobile. When I went on a large advertising trip I got seven automobiles, and we distributed this premium book over the county. It has 282 pages. Now this is our stock certificate that we issued this year. In fact we issue it every year. On that same trip generally we make a distribution of the premium book, and we have this same canvas that I spoke aliout. We take those on the autos that make this trip. This canvas is 3x2 feet. On that it reads, "Bremer County Fair, Waverly, Iowa" such and such a date. We put that on the automobiles and make our distril)ution. These canvases cost $15 for 200. We used that last year and also this year. We used them more profitably as automobile displays. We didn't use them as freely as we wanted to. This is the bill we used, and we had this on heavy cardboard. Besides this we used what are called bill posters that fit on the telegraph poles. They were two and one-half by about eight inches wide, in two different colors. We used those bill posters in two different colors, the white and black. We used white and red this year. We got them from the American Show Printing Co. We took them at the same time we distrilnited our premium books, and those seven automobiles that made the trip this year. When they got back the speedometers showed they went 1200 miles post- ing these bills and distributing premium books. And they did it thoroughly with the seven automobiles. I don't know as I was on that special trip or not. With the seven automobiles — six be- sides myself — we made 1200 miles. I went 122 miles that day and got back by night. Besides that we have what is called a window display. The window display is the shops of the others. We have forty-eight picture frames, and in every town we leave — in our own town we have only two, and in a town about the same size we leave either one or two. This is the one we used this year. Those are placed in the windows and you would be surprised to see how anxious people are to have tluMii displayed in their phices of business. There is a nice frame around these, and the picture gives a ])rief outline of what we are going to have. It has a wooden frame. With a string they hang those up. There are cuts printed — we have them done there in our own fair. We have forty-eight of these frames and we take twenty- FOURTEENTH AXXUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 237 four aiiel leave them in tlie dilferent towns and bring back the frames for next year. We have twenty-four frames in our office down there that we will till up next year and exchange with these people that have these circulars. On the trip we made at that time we traveled in the aggregate 1200 miles. Yon take that advertising all the way through, with the cloth banners, as 1 say it cost us $15 for 200, and the premium book here. 1 would like to have you all look at it. We feel kind of proud of our premium l)ook. A Delegate : How much a page for advertising ? Mr. Lauer : We charge ten dollars for anybody in our town. Anybody inside our country like a merchant away from our town is only charged $8.00 ; but an advertiser in our own county, and still not away from town is charged $5.00. A Delegate : What did you get out of it ? Mr. Lauer : Close to $400.00. The premium book this year cost $876. We got 5,000 of them. The Secretary: What was the gross advertising in thai? Mr. Lauer: I guess that will show in the report. I am not familiar Avith that. I think our advertising this year was $1,200.00, we got for the premium book. We made a profit on the advertising of about $400.00. We don't pay a cent for the seven automobiles. We made the 1200 miles for general distribution. Every year we make it a point to get a bunch of automobiles together and make one special advertising trip. A Delegate: And do 3'ou make up the premium books? Mr. Lauer: We pay him so much. We solicit our own adver- tising. All they do is the printing. A Delegate : Who gets out and solicits for the advertising ? Mr. Lauer : The secretary and one assistant. A Delegate : What does the secretary get ? Mr. Lauer : Last year he got $75 ; this year he is getting $100.00 a month. Just before our fair we take out a three column wide space for two days. We are trying to put that out so that the farmer gets it on Sunday. In our home papers and in seventeen inclusive of our own papers. In fourteen papers besides our own we issue this. There has been some controversy as to whether we could issue this paper as a supplement to the weekly county paper. For several years they have tried to charge for postage. But there has been only one exception this year. We took it up with the post- 238 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE master general. We issue a four page supplement that goes into seventeen different papers absolutely. They charge us all the way from five to seven dollars an issue. It is only one issue that it goes into, and that is about a week preceding our fair. This is entirely about fair matters. You have to have a certain amount of read- ing matter that does not pertain particularly to the fair in order to make it permissible in the different papers. You have to issue that as a supplement, for instance, to the Cedar Falls Gazette, or the Charles City Intelligencer. You have to issue the title page of the paper. These are all printed in our own town, and these different papers charge us from five to eight dollars — depending on their circulation. Only one paper has refused to issue this on account of the ruling in regard to issuing what is not a supple- ment to the paper. Some papers issue this every year. A Delegate : I understand they charge you five dollars for putting that in with their papers ? Mr. Lauer: Yes; they fold it themselves. A Del^'gate : You send the papers by express ? Mr. Lauer: Yes; and we pay them five dollars, the majority charge five dollars. A paper like the Charles City paper on account of the large circulation charges eight dollars. A Delegate : What is the expense of getting those out at home ? Mr. Lauer: You mean by the papers? A Delegate : No ; the publishing of that paper you hold in your hand, what did it cost you? Mr. Lauer: I can not tell you off hand. I didn't prepare those statistics to be familiar with them. I am not familiar with the statistics — not familiar enough so that I could give them to you off hand. I could have prepared something like that. That is our system as near as I can tell you. As I say, we put about $333.00 out for advertising purposes. Now in regard to the goods. You might have your co-operation and your system and this and that, but if you have not the goods you are going to fall dowTi, We take particular care of all our different departments and try to install new things as near as we can possibly do it, and keep up with the times as much as possible. This year, especially next year, we are going to increase our pre- miums. We have been paying a general average. We haven't a large fair compared to what we have to draw from. We have only a town of close to four thousand to draw from in the first place. We have to depfMid on people coming fi-om ;i dist;uice, but FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 239 we figure on increasing all our different premiums. This year we also had a ba])y health contest. All the way through we have free attractions and tiy to get the best we can. "We have fire works three nights out of four, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday nights. We issue to the children 5,000 school children's tickets this year absolutely free. We always designate Tuesday or Thursday. This year on account of its being rainy we let them come in any time they presented these school tickets. Of course they got in anyway, the majority of them. But we issued 5,000 tickets this year, Thursday and Tuesday as the rural schools and the grade schools day. We have a day and night performance. The chil- dren's tickets admit to both. A Delegate: What is your age limit for admission? Mr. Lauer: Twelve years. Another thing we had at our place — of course it depends on whether you are so situated that you can do it — we have a camping ground, and we have worked on this camping ground and. have finally got all the space we have had taken up by campers. We had somewhere in the neighborhood of eighty different campers. In one side we had fifty some devoted entirely to pleasure, and the other side about thirty of our ex- hibitors. We have two ideal spots, as far as that goes, for camping, and we lay special stress on the fact that people can come there and camp. We had over fifty in one place in our east corner of our ground that put in toilets and also electric lights. A Delegate : How many acres have you in your grounds ? Mr. Lauer: We have close onto forty acres. We bought 10.6 acres this year. The thirty acres belong to the city as a city park, and we simply lease it. But this 10.6 acres we bought this year we built the new barn on. The total attendance this year was 46,000. We fell down on the boys' camp this last year. We had some mix up and unneces- sarily too. I wouldn't know just what to call it. But the board was just a little close last year in regard to paying, so they thought they would try a new system. So we didn't get started on this work as promptly as we should. The boys' camp didn't mature as we expect it to do in the future. We think the boys' camp is one of the leading features. We are laying special stress on it this year. We expect to put in a system to get the children interested. We have a junior department that is under the superintendency of a lady who takes part in the work and has charge of this work ex- clusively. They raise flowers, vegetables and those things. We give 240 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE them a certain place in the hall where they can bring in the certain exhibits. We do not name to them what the premiums are ; we designate that all school work shall be book premiums. The mer- chants contributed a certain amount. This year they said, We Avill contribute t|<20 in goods. When the premiums were given out I would write out an order, and if you win a premium of such and such an amount you are entitled to goods valued at so much at such and such a store. It makes a great deal less work for the secretary, and you do not have to designate what each article is. In the children 's departments, graded and rural schools, one is on one side and the other on the other, and the junior department has one space in the hall. They are separate from each other, but still they work in unison all the way through, and the superintendent of schools has charge of one and the lady takes charge of the other. We furnish the children the bulbs, etc., free of charge. We have never had a separate and distinct colt show. While we have extended our premiums in our colt show out to ten premiums, still we have never made a specialty of the colt show, only extending the premiums out. The same way in the corn department. We made a specialty of corn. We extend the premiums out so that each one will get something in the corn department, on account of the corn being staple or otherwise. A Delegate : What is the nature of your night attractions ? Mr. Lauer : This year we had three : A trained horse, two people that put on an acrobatic stunt, and another thing. Our board was in favor of changing the attractions if we could. Of course we have fire works three nights. Of course we have band concerts. We have our own bands. We imported one for two nights, and had the other for two nights outside of our own. We have the fire works three nights, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thurs- day, for the simple reason that if it shouhl happen to be a rainy night we should have one night to fall back on. 1 think that the fire works would be one of our leading numbers and would draw people in the day time with the expectation of staying nights. They have come as far as from Winthrop, forty miles and stayed at our town for the fire works at night. Perhaps you noticed the picture taken at niglit. We charge twenty-five cents after four o'clock. This year we only charged fifteen cents, but it wan an error on our part because we passed a rcsolutioji last year, and a few of us didn't know FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 241 anything about it. We charge fifty eenls to the gi-aiul stand, and ten cents extra for reserved seats. A Delegate: Have you any faiuily tickets? Mr. Laucr: \Vc have a season ticliet, season transferable ticket. It makes so many people dishonest to have non-transferable tickets that we have cut them out. We charge ^\.2o for transferable tickets. We have no non-transferable tickets whatever. The trans- ferable tickets are sold at $1.25. Our flow^er hall is large, and has seven thousand sciuare feet of floor space, and we liave never been able — we have had to turn people away. It has always been crowded from the time we tirst built it — seven thousand cul)ic feet of floor space. A Delegate: Will your admission be more next year! Mr. Laiier: Xo. sir; not if oui- board can prevent it. We are organized for no pecuniary proflt, and we are doing well as it is. I have talked with the majority of our board and they feel that if we went to work and increased the price of admission it would cause dissatisfaction. A person can go into the fair and have flfty cents, and he can see the whole thing. There is no extra cost unless they Avant to indulge in the other pleasures. A Delegate : I understood there was a ruling that would go into effect that all fairs charge fifty cents. Mr. Lauer : Not that I know of. I took a clipping from a Des Moines newspaper the other day, and I think it is applicable to all fairs. Here it is: To the person who has had a little experience and a good deal of instruction regarding the matter of success it must come, after all, as an ultimate conclusion that the thing lies largely with himself and his own continued and permanent desire. There is no royal made-to- order road to attainment of most deserving sort. There is no one cut-and- dried formula for the would-be successful. What is one man's joy is another's dissatisfaction. Regarding the things most worth while in the world we have to form our own conclusions and regarding the way of their accomplishment we must also exercise a large measure of in- dividual choice and initiative and consideration. In conclusion I would say this year we have placed in our pre- mium books this peom here entitled "Keep a Pullin'." It follows : 16 242 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ef the tide is runnin' strong, keep a pullin'! Ef the wind is blowin' wrong, keep a pullin'! 'Taint no use to cuss an' swear — Waste your breath, to rip an' tear — Ef it rains or ef its fair, keep a pullin'! Though it's winter or it's May, keep a pullin'! Ef you are in the ring to stay, keep a pullin'! Though you can't see e'en a ray. Sun is bound to shine some day; Got to come fore long, your way; keep a pullin'! When you're sick an' tired, too, keep a pullin'! Never 'low you're feelin' blue; keep a pullin'! Ain't no good in blamin' fate, 'Cause you're workin' hard and late; Better say you feel first rate, and keep a pullin'! S'pose you haven't got a cent — keep a pullin'! Not a red to pay the rent? Keep a pullin'! Gettin' "busted" ain't no crime! Gorry 'mighty! That's the time Grit will make a man sublime! Keep a pullin'! Can't fetch business with a whine; keep a pullin'! Grin an' swear you're feelin' fine, an' keep a pullin'! Summin' up, my brother, you Hain't no other thing to do; Simply got to pull 'er through! So keep a pullin'! The President: Is there any further discussion of this paper? If not we will go on with the next, "Getting the Crowd Every Day" by Dr. L. W. Russell of Anamosa. But I discover that Dr. Russell is not here, and in his absence Mr. Rigby will make a few remarks on that same subject. I am sorry Dr. Russell is not here. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 243 GETTING THE CROWD EVERY DAY. I5Y A. G. RIGBY, INDEPENDENCE. Mr. President and Gentlemen of This Association: I asked Dr. Russell to discuss this topic of Getting the Crowd Every Day because they have the faculty of doing it down at Anamosa. A great many people are under the impression that you can only have one day at the fair, and that is usually Thursday. The Anamosa fair is run along different lines so far as I know from any other fair in Iowa. They run it strictly as an amuse- ment proposition. They don't make much of an effort to get exhibits. They put on a strong, rousing program, well interspersed with vaudeville and acrobatic attractions, and they have gone the last two years pretty strongly into special premiums. It is a system that I do not exactly approve of; that is, for a fair that is well established and well organized like some fairs that are represented here today, like the fairs at Mason City, Marshalltown, Waverly, Bloomfield and quite a number of fairs; but for the fair that is getting started it seems to me that there are some ideas to be gained from the way they do things at Anamosa that are well worth while to try. Now you all know that this is a time when people are getting to expect more and more. People travel more or less and they see a good many things, and the people expect a good deal of the county fair. And they have reason and right to expect something. It does not make any difference how good a premium you pull off or what your goods are, if you do not get the crowd it is not a paying proposition. You cannot afford to load up on strong free attractions and a good pro- gram and then not get the crowd, because if you do you are going to run in the hole, and you have got to get the money. Now at Anamosa they go pretty strong on what they call their family tickets. I don't recall the price, but I think it is a dollar, and it entitles every member of the family to go to the fair every day. It is a low priced ticket and lets in the whole family. Then if you can get the crowd you can make the fellows come across strong for the right to do business on the grounds. They get a big price for the merry-go-round, and a big price for various other things. I remember a few years ago when con- ditions were different with regard to the liquor interests, they used to run a German Village down there, and they used to get $500.00 for the German Village. But they have cut that out. And some years ago they ran some pretty wide open gambling joints, and they used to get $1,000.00 for that; but I think they have had to cut that all out. But they have another system of getting the crowd. They have given away a good many things the last few years. They have given away an automobile. Somebody got an automobile. That was the strong drawing card for the last day. They still have what they call the family tickets, and they sell a good many on the strength of that. Some of these ideas I worked out at the Buchanan County Fair in the last two years. I had some ideas this year and was over to Anamosa and talked them over with Clifford Niles. He is a "live wire," one of the directors of the Anamosa fair. There were some ideas I had thought to try out myself and I didn't have the opportunity to do it, but Niles did. He improved some of the suggestions. He ran what they called a Country 244 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Store, and for the advertising that the local merchants got out of their contributions to the store, they got a good many dollars' worth of free premiums. And then they gave away some ten or fifteen articles of value to somebody that was in the amphitheater every day of the fair. They have a large amphitheater there and it holds a good many people. It meant a stimulation of the sale of tickets for the amphitheater. In fact all the seats were sold, and they sold standing room in the theater. Now in regard to the character of the articles they gave away and the way they did it, it was like this: They would give away from ten to fifteen articles each day, and I think they had thirty-five or thirty-eight articles contributed. For instance, one merchant contributed ten sacks of flour for the advertising value they would get out of that. Another would contribute a sewing machine, and another a washing machine. Then a box of cigars, and articles of different values, and of course some jokers. Then these tickets that were sold for the amphitheater each person got a coupon. They were perforated so that part of them went into a box and part of it they retained to identify them as the holder of that number. Then these numbers that were dropped into the box were all stirred up and some child was selected to draw them, and the first one that was drawn out, suppose it was 728, whoever held 728 got article num- ber one, and these articles were all numbered. That might be ten sacks of flour, or it might be a box of cigars, and so on until the ten numbers were drawn. And in that way these goods from the country store were dis- tributed. Sometimes it was a dress pattern; for instance some old bachelor would get a dress pattern, some old lady might draw a box of cigars, or some little child a washing machine, and so on. But these things could be adjusted afterwards. In the main the articles went to very satisfactory destinations, and it is an idea that a person could talk about a good deal and enlarge upon, but to an audience of this character, a suggestion is all that is necessary, and you can readily see the advertising benefit that a scheme of this kind would be, and the drawing power it would have. Anamosa has a fair that is well advertised. They follow circus methods sometimes in their advertising, and do a good deal of spectacular adver- tising. They use the bill board a good deal as well as the newspapers, and they use the holder — that is, a hanger, something like this. Now, as I say, some of these ideas were some that I had in mind trying out myself, and I talked them over with Clifford Niles, I think that the one point he worked out to great advantage was the making of these gifts — this distribution to the people in the amphitheater. Of course, if they got into the amphitheater they would have to be on the fair grounds, and this was made a feature of the fair every day, and they have the crowd every day. The last day of the fair they had a big crowd, and it was a thing that paid them well in their advertising. Now right along this line I want to say that some of these methods of distributing gifts are barred from the mails, and wherever they were they took great care that they were distributed by hand — hung up in the stores and distributed that way, so that it did not get into the mails at all. That is a brief outline of what Dr. Russell would tell you if he were here, I think. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 245 DISCUSSION. Mr. Reeves: The Anamosa fair is very good, Init T want to ask each one of 3'ou if 3'ou think success is well earned if it is earned in that way. Don't you appeal to a characteristic in people that is not the best? Hadn't you better do it in some way that will elevate rather than appeal to the gambling instincts in a person? It strikes me that way. I may be entirely wrong on that, but we try to make our fair just as educational as possible. The educa- tional features predominate in our fair. Now our secretary did not have the time to touch on those features, but those are the predominating features in our fair, and we give our premiums for some worthy purpose, and have some good in mind rather than to induce a person to try to get something for nothing. AVe want a person to show that he has some possession worthy of reward. Now isn't that what our fairs are for primarily, and shouldn't they be for that purpose ? The Anamosa fair has succeeded in a certain line, and in a certain way they have secured the attend- ance, but I regret that the fair works on that line. I would rather see them work on these other and different lines. Now gentlemen, there is one remark I want to make while T am on my feet. I was asked about the compensation of our secretary of the Bremer County Fair. He stated that he received $100 per month during the year. That is his salary for the coming year. We can well afford to pay for that. He spends all his time. We did not send to Sears-Roebuck for our seeretarj'. He is a whole quantity and worth what he is getting. The Secretary : In the remarks I have just made I possibly have conveyed a wrong impression. I have had a somewhat extended correspondence with quite a number of fair secretaries in Iowa, and any fair secretary in Iowa who has had correspondence with me knoAvs that fundamentally ] believe that no fair can thrive and be permanently successful that is not built on the broad basis of educa- tion. I believe that is the foundation that should be laid. I am going to tell you frankly that the Anamosa fair is not my ideal fair. I simply mention this as one feature. I like a fair like the Waverly fair, the Marshalltown fair, the ]\Iason City fair, or the one at Sioux City, and many others that I could name that are well rounded out like up at Rock Rapids, and down at Mt. Pleasant, Harlan, and different places where I know something about their work. It should be strong in all departments. No department 246 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE should be overlooked. But' as I said, in starting out, it does not make any difference if you have the goods, you have to do some- thing to get the crowd. There are some of these things that can be worked out in a place where, on account of mismanagement, your faii^ are in disrepute, and the public is giving you absent treatment. You have to do something to win back their confidence. You can gradually grow out of that thing. You can quit that. That is not suitable for the Marshalltown fair, or the Waverly fair, or the Rock Rapids fair or Sioux City, or any of those fairs that are established on this broader and better basis, and I simply make these additional remarks because I do not want to be mis- understood. I believe in the educational fair, in the exhibits, but I think that entertainment should not be overlooked. You know that people do like to get something for nothing. Delegate from Sutherland : I wish to make inquiry in regard to the remark I made a moment a^o with reference to admission. In some paper of state repute I saw something to the effect that all fairs that received state aid in their association should charge fifty cents admission. Our board has that impression, and thought that was so, I wish to take home if that is or is not so. Mr. Corey : This migbt have been a newspaper report, but I don't think the state law has anything to do with the fixing of the admissions. I think it must be left entirely with the local asso- ciation. A Delegate: I would like to say one word in regard to admis- sions. We feel that with us thirty-five cents is enough to charge for a county fair. When you go to the state fair you expect some- thing bigger and better, and you expect to pay fifty cents for it. It ought to be worth the money. While we have been urged to increase our admission fees, I am one of the board and am speaking as one of the board of the live fair at Waverly, and am content to keep our admission at thirty-five cents. We don't want people to think that we found we could have a successful fair on thirty-five cents, and then we must now have fifty. We think as long as we are successful at thirty-five we will continue at that price. About family tickets, a year ago I was a member of the board of the fair in Bremer County, and they issued family tickets, and I want to state that it grew so much that it killed that fair. It was like the old lady who got off the train one time. She had with her her children, and she had a very large family, and they all trailed off in a line. Some fellow standing by came up and FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 247 said, "Pardon me, is this a picnic or arc all these your children?" Said she, " Yes, those are my children, and I tell you it's no picnic." Mr. Corey: For the information of the delegates I have had pu])lished a little pamphlet here in the state department compiled from the reports of each of the county and district fairs. There is some information on page 12 on admission of vehicles, children, etc., at the outside gates, and by referring to that you will see the different admissions. There were eleven fairs charged fifty cents, sixty-seven, thirty-five and eleven, twenty-five cents. And it gives the admission fee to each one of the fairs. Delegate from ]\Iarshalltown : I was in hopes when Mr. Corey rose with that pamphlet in his hand he was going to show the at- tendance at the different fairs. I would like to call attention to the fact that the Anamosa fair with their free and open way had an atendance of 15,000 this year. Probably fifteen fairs in the state that had a real fair went away ahead of that — some of them three times that number. Mr. Palm : I am always surprised at one thing, and that is that a fair of such apparent and various excellencies like the Anamosa fair should still bum along with that family ticket. I don 't see why they attach that dead weight on their system. Of coui*se the family ticket, as the gentleman here said, is a handicap. I had supposed all fairs had gotten rid of that long before now. The President: The next topic for discussion is a very im- portant one. It is "Free Attractions" and will be handled by H. C. Leach of Bloomfield. FREE ATTRACTIONS. BY H. C. LEACH OF BLOOMFIELD, Mr. Chairman and Secretary: I have no big paper to pull on you. I am not going to keep you very long; but what I have to say will have to be largely from our own experience in our own fair. We are one of the fairs that still issue the family tickets. Possibly we are old-fashioned, but we have been running five years, always paid the premiums in full and never discounted a man. We own the ground, thirty acres, and the buildings, and they are all painted with white lead. They are not white- washed. And they are all on stone foundations. When the Davis County Agricultural Society organized it was along this line, and we sold the family tickets. It admits the parents, that is, the man and his wife and unmarried children under twenty-one. If there are any of his children who are under twenty-one and married we do not admit them. It gives you a good crowd every day. We have pretty nearly as good a crowd on Friday as Thursday, and all the way through our fair. Now our admit- tance is $1.50 for our family ticket. We generally sell in the neighbor- 248 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE hood of a hundred on an average every year. Then our admittance at the gate is twenty-flve cents. Our admittance for children is fifteen cents over twelve years of age, and our grandstand is ten cents; the quarter stretch is forty cents. We get from $85, to $150 a day out of the grand- stand. We are a small fair and not jumping up as against the state fair. W^e get the same amount from the quarter stretch. We admit the vehicles into the arena free, and charge ten cents for all the occupants. This year we got $146.90, I believe it was, out of the grandstand on Thursday, and $146.70 on Friday, so we run pretty close together. Now as to the free attractions: One of the main things I have found in regard to free attractions is to be sure and have your attractions. Do not advertise something and then not have the goods to deliver to your people. Now I know a neighboring fair on the east known as the Milton fair. Two years ago they had a contract with an aeroplane man for a 'free attraction, and he was at Memphis just two weeks before. He was at Newton next and he met with an accident and consequently was killed and could not be at Milton. There are people to this day at Milton who do not believe they had a contract with him, but I absolutely know, because I saw his contract. He came down to contract with us, and we sent him to Milton and he contracted with them. Then the man lost his life; and there are still people all through that country that hold people responsible for his not being down there. He was killed and he could not come there. I would advise you to always contract with some responsible house for these things that will furnish the goods. If one gets killed they can shoot out another. About five years ago we had at our fair a dirigible airship. Some thought it didn't do us much good. We had two rainy days during the fair, and we had it in an immense house. On Wednes- day he made a nice ascension. He sailed west of the city and back over the fair ground. Thursday he made almost an entire failure. The machine would not work, and you know how it goes. Friday he made another ascension and sailed over to our neighboring city, Ottumwa. Late in the evening something got out of order and he had to descend and they went out and got him. I considered that the money was well spent. We paid him $800.00. The next year we tried different attractions. I believe it was four years ago. We hired a Japanese troupe. They were certainly good. Then we had a hay rube act to please both sides of the people. But the .Tap and his wife do stunts that will make any of you take off your hat to, and they are nice, clean people. The next year we had something along the same line. On the evening before the fair, Monday, we got a telegram from a company we had hired — the Nelsonites Troupe — and we got a telegram stating that one of them was at the point of death and they could not come, but they substituted a better troupe, more expensive. We called a committee meeting that evening. Some of them thought it would be suicide to take another troupe. They were an English troupe. We had them come and the public were not disappointed. They came on and were a fine troupe and did good work. This last year we recalled the Japanese. The boys thought he would not do, but I want to say that he gave better satisfaction than ever, and the peoi)le were well pleased with FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 249 it. But we don't have to have at bur fair large free attractions because we still have the cattle and the horses, and the hogs and the sheep and the chickens, all kinds of poultry. We had something over fifty head of cattle and about the same number of horses on exhibition this year, and something over three hundred birds. I made the entries myself and I know there were over three hundred fowls there, and sheep and hogs in proportion. We have an expert judge to pass on all the stock. It is the same way with the poultry. We used to have the ladies do that, the superintendent of the department would select two or three ladies and then the neishborhood would get it in for some woman and no premiums would be given. Miss so and so might be mad at one of the judges or something, and it didn't work out very well. So we sent away and got an expert. We have never since hired anyone closer than a hundred miles to our town, and since that we have never had any trouble. If the three super- intendents could not agree we called in the fourth, and what he said on that is final. But the main thing in regard to free attractions in my opinion is to get just as good as you can. The people will not put up with trained dogs and a trained pony and one thing and another of that kind. We used to have them years ago, but they won't stand for it any more down our way and I don't think there is any exception. You have to give them something that looks good, and something they don't see every day of the year. As to the quality of it, get the best, or just as good as you can. There is nothing too good, and be sure, above all, to deliver the goods. Do not advertise some attractions from some house that is not responsible and have them turn you down. I was over to Brother Baker's fair at Eldon. I don't think there is a better secretary in the country than H. W. Baker. He had an aero- plane over there, and I don't believe you could have found a bigger crowd. The aeroplane did not come for some reason or other and they are cussing the fair yet about it. They made a much bigger howl than they would had they never had the machine. There is no use. I was talking to a man two or three weeks ago, and he said he didn't think they ever had a contract with the man. I said, "Don't criticise that way. They had it advertised to appear, but sometimes you get fooled." Get your attrac- tions from fellows that you can depend on. If a man fails to show up you can't make people believe that you did not do it intentionally. As it is getting late and we have had quite a lengthy discussion I don't believe I have anything more to say on the subject this evening. The President : So far, I believe, the program has been decided- ly interesting. At the present time we have reached the turn. From now on we will come down the home stretch. The next thing on the program will be the discussion of the Speed Program at County Fairs by S. C. Culbertson, Jefferson, Iowa. 250 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPEED PROGRAM AT COUNTY FAIRS. BY S. C. CULBERTSON, JEFFERSON, IOWA. Horse racing, as near as history records this subject, began about 2,500 years ago, or between 600 and 700 years B. C, and from that day to this it has had its place among sports and amusements in all civilized coun- tries and nations of the world. It has also been condemned by the church from the very beginning, and even to the present day there is a consider- able feeling of antipathy against this form of amusement. Most of us here assembled can recall the time when the objection to this form of amusement was greater than at present, and you can also recall when church organizations were threatened with disruption because some progressive leaders among them ventured to suggest the use of musical instruments in devotional exercises. While there may be some few who honestly and religiously condemn this feature of our fairs, and others who dislike racing for the same reason that they take no interest in other popular forms of sports and amusements, horse racing is the one feature that has become more popular among the masses as time advanced. To my mind no entertaining feature of our fairs has endured the time, and so attracts and interests people generally as a speed program. I am led to believe this from the interest taken, while the racing is going on. At our own fairs I have frequently called the attention of our directors and others when it could be noticed that at least 80% of the attendance was watching the races each trying to get a position better than his neighbor that he might be better able to see every move made by the horses in the contest. Recall, if you will, the thousands of people who annually attend the great Iowa State Fair, and the thousands of them who pay the extra admission to the grandstand, the most of them for no other purpose than to see the racing. What one thing could create more interest and enthusiasm in connec- tion with our fairs than the appearance on the streets at home at fair time of about 100 or more blooded and well groomed horses entered for the races? And what in connection with fair management causes the officers more discomfort and humiliation than to be compelled to say that some of the classes have not filled? There is only one thing that I can think of, and that is to have some of your entries at the last minute fail to appear at all, and to learn that some unscrupulous secretary has been to the fair just ahead of yours and bribed some of your entries to pass you up and go with him that he may be enabled to put on a hippodrome at his fair. Methods of this kind should be condemned by every honest fair officer, and admirers of true sport generally. Admitting now that the speed program is the backbone of the enter- taining features of our fairs, why should the practice of charging an entrance fee for horses be continued? I for one am in favor of its com- plete abolishment, and can see absolutely no excuse for its continuance. Why should owners of racing horses be compelled to spend their time and substance in preparing their animals for our amusement and enter- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 251 tainment and then be compelled to pay a license of 57o of purse money for the privilege? It is a practice of long standing, and was put in use at a time when fair managements said to the horsemen, if you want to race at our fairs you can do so but for your own money. Do away with the entrance fee, and compel as near as possible, honest racing. Let the best horse win, and not have racing an occasion for sharp practice and trickery. Make every heat a race. It is only simple and plain common sense and not mock piety to say that the man achieves the best and most satisfactory results, who makes it his cardinal principle, to be just and true in all his dealings, to wisely and honestly earn his living in that state of life it has been his fortune to be placed. This can be applied to racing as well as to any other line of business. I am not attempting to mix sentiment with racing and fair manage- ment, but we should not close our eyes to the fact that the pleased and contented patron of our fairs is the one who has been consistently treated with the courtesy and justice due him, and who reciprocates with a per- sonal liking for true, honest and manly sport. We can afford to lose all other entertaining features, but we cannot lose our horsemen and their noble animals. Our interests should be first and last with them. The President : We would like to have some discussion on some of the points brought out by this paper. There is plenty of room for argument. There are plenty of horsemen here to defend their side of the question, and the fair secretaries ought to be able to take care of theirs. DISCUSSION. A Delegate: I would like to know how many fair secretaries there are here who are conducting their fairs without any horse races. Nobody seems to stand up, so I guess I am the only one. That is possibly because we are just getting started. A Delegate : I would like to ask how that fair shows up in the pamphlet, Mr. Corey got out. Mr. Hemmingway : I have been so unfortunate as to be super- intendent of speed in Franklin County for many years. I sup- pose it was put on my shoulders because years ago I used to in- dulge in the horse game a little myself. I enjoyed it and I enjoy the horses now, and suppose I always will as long as I live. But the thing I came do"RTi here to learn today was how to make a suc- cessful entry list for that fair. During the last year we adver- tised extensively — more than we ever have before. We offered better purses than we ever offered before, and ranked right up with the whole community, and not a single race paid, so, as a 252 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE last resort we came down to Des Moines and got a lot of runners A¥ho gave us entertainment every day. We had running races, but no trotting horses. Of course I know there were other fairs in session around us who had some races, but I think that the great majority of them failed to get the number of entries they wanted. Now the key note of the article that was read here with reference to entries was that we make the horsemen run for their own money. I join in the sentiment of the writer who says that the greatest attraction — one of the greatest attractions, greatest drawing at- tractions to all of our fairs is the racing. We all enjoy it. There is one criticism I must make on some fairs, and that is in allowing some other entertainment to interfere with the racing that is going on. It is a very common thing, I know, or, quite common to have a ball game, base ball game coming on at the same time. You can not look at both nor enjoy both. It would be about like putting a wrestling match up on one side of your th'eater and the regular performance going on at the same time. I believe when the racing program is on it should have the floor, and then people who are giving attention to the ball game or some other game will give attention to the races, and you can not have anything popular and enjoyable unless the whole crowd takes to it and likes it, and the crowd can not take to racing unless they have an opportunity to see it without interruption. I believe that the speaker struck the key note when he said we ought to reduce the entrance price, if not entirely do away with it. Of course the horses must be regu- lated and have penalty attached if they fail to come after entering, but it seems to me that horsemen can not fail too much. It is im- possible, if you consider the matter from a financial standpoint, for all the horsemen to win. Some must lose out. There isn't money enough to pay them all, and the good horseman has to be a pretty good sport. I would like to hear from some of the secretaries who have been successful in getting full entries, and have them tell us how they do it. Mr. Reeve : This whole proposition in life is a gamble from be- ginning to end, and above all else the horse race is gam])liiig. We can not dodge that point. The secretaries who are running these fair associations are interested; it is a business proposition. They are interested in making that association a success. 1 1' Jliey have to look after the financial part of them. The man that holds the horse is running that horse for the money he gets out of it. Both of them are engaged alike. As you say some people must be success- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 253 fill and others must lose. It is the same way in any business, as well as the horse business. Some will win and some will lose. I will admit it is pretty hard for us to till our speed program. We have always numaged to do it, but if you take away the money w^e receive from these entrance fees we would have to quit business. A Delegate : Now I am not going to say whether it should be taken away or whether it should not; but as regards racing for your own money we have never had entries enough to race for their own money. This year it cost us $1,400.00. A Delegate : What per cent did they pay ? Mr. Lauer : Ten per cent. A Delegate: What per cent of the first offer did tlie horsemen pay and you pay in advance? Mr. Lauer: We took in $405 — our report shows $500.00, with the driving. If there is anything made out of the driving associa- tion when they have their spring meeting they give us pro rata share for the use of the buildings and grounds. This year they gave us $100.00. Our receipts show $500.00, and our expenditure $1,700.00. So we did virtually pay $1,400.00 toward speed this year, above everything we took in in regard to entrance fees. It looks to me this way : There is not a thing in our fairs but what they pay an entrance fee for, with one exception. They all have to pay either by buying a season ticket or some other way. And as this gentleman just said, if they haven't got the goods they can't get a piece of the money. AVe have never had enough entrances so they could race for their own mone}". This year our free at- tractions in this line cost $1,400.00. Delegate from Marshalltown : I want to ask Mr. Lauer one question. His races cost $1,400.00. I would like to know how much more they cost than the rest of the program cost them. Tell the rest of it. Mr. Lauer : The rest of the program is essential as a free at- traction. A Delegate : In other words it cost you nothing. If you had not had the races you would not have had the grand stand. Your grand stand amounted to a great deal more than what your races and free attractions did. Mr. Lauer: Undoubtedly. A Delegate : In other words, a man could take your grand stand and quarter stretch privileges and leave out the fair and make money — taking that as a separate proposition. Just take your 254 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE free attractions and your races and make money from the grand stand and quarter stretch. Mr. Lauer: I will answer in this way: Our race people there have no expense. They keep no buildings up ; they have no ex- pense in putting up and taking care of the buildings. They have no expense in regard to the electric light; we keep that up. This year they gave us $100.00 and they are in debt right now. A Delegate from Marshalltown : I am not talking about the racing association, but simply your fair. They have helped put a live fair on the map. Cedar Valley has helped you wonderfully and you ought to appreciate that. Mr. Lauer: You ask me for a comparison of what the races did for our fair. This is what the races did for the fair: They didn't pay out after the fair. That is what the races did. A Delegate : They are going to give races without the fair next year? Mr. Lauer: Yes, sir ; but they do not pay out. It cost us $1,400 as a free attraction. I am not in favor of eliminating them. A Delegate : When you said this cost you $1,400 this grand stand more than paid for anything that was seen out of the grand stand. Without these races and free attractions you would have had nothing in the grand stand. Mr. Lauer: We had a race meet, and we had a fair with the race meet, and the race in itself did not pay out, and they had no expense. Delegate from West Liberty: Mr. President: I did not come here to hear discussed whether it was going to pay to have races without a fair or fairs without races. What I would like to hear is the best way to have a race program. That is what I want, and now I would like to ask some of these horsemen here their idea of a good race program, and how you are to go at it to make it a satisfactory proposition. Delegate from Marshalltown : I can answer this whole proposi- tion : Give these race horse inen the money that it is worth to come to your fair. Mr. Joe McLaughlin : It may be that we get what we are worth or what we are not worth; but I think that if every fair association would notify us before we go wlictlicr our races are tilled or not it would help a great deal. I think the fair managers assembled here will agi'ee with me that racing and vaudeville and amusements of all sorts are the features FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 255 that attract the crowds to the county fair. People do not come •for education to the county fair; they come for amusement, not education. This education talk is all a joke. Those pictures on the slides show it is. They come to be amused, and they are will- ing to pay to be amused, but they want high class amusement, they want their money's worth. On these slides today you could see where the crowds congregated. You could go to the agricultural buildings, and so on and you wouldn't find very many people, but did you see the immense crowds around the grand stand ? We all know better than to think they come for education. They come to be amused, and we want to amuse them. People are harder to please than they used to be. They are willing to pay for high class amusement. There was a time, however, when a few horses could come on the track, maybe one fellow would have a red shirt on and no suspenders, and another fellow would come out with a stiff hat on, and that used to amuse the crowd. Some fellow would get up and say a funny thing and another would slap him with a slaparatus, and that used to amuse the crowd. Then you wonder why they don't come to the county fair. It will be perfectly plain to you when you have attended as many as I have in the last thirty years. They don't like horse racing you say? Then you don't understand what horse racing is from a racing standpoint. Now a man who has been around, he comes to take his family or friends to the small county fair. There is always a big crowd to get in there. He goes to the hotel and the hotel is crowded. The clerk says, ''I will give you a cot in the hall for $3.00," and he would have to split his family up. Then he takes a ride on a tumble down hack over a long dusty road to the fair ground. There are a few barkers and a number of grease joints along there. He goes up to the grand stand which probably had not been swept out since the year before and all that sort of thing. And then they will hear music. Gentlemen, I have heard a good deal about good music. There are some of those fellows who would not know music from a boiler explosion. Then some fellow will get up and tell a joke of some kind that almost caused you to kick the cradle over some fifty years ago when your grandfather told it. Then some fel- low— some blatant mouthed auctioneer that has handled a few country sales will get up and announce in a loud voice the races, and three or four horses come out and race up and down the track. The band will play a song and then there will be a hurray, and a cloud of dust will fly up and cover some lady's gown, and then 256 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE finally 3-011 look out and you can't see one of the horses. You send a fellow out to tind him and he returns and says he can't find him. After the race you ask one of the felloAvs where he came from and where he raced before and he says, "Why, the secretary just gave us $15 to start here. ' ' Can you hlame people ? Do you wonder why you can't fill the grand stand for that kind of entertainment? People won't stand for it. They want to be amused, and not edu- cated. It is human nature to always be ready to tell somebody else something. These people came there for annisement, and there is no question about that. And I think races and vaudeville and free attractions of that kind are what get the crowd. I heard the man from Carroll, I think, saying that the aeroplane was not an attraction now, etc. AVhy racing was popular sixty years be- fore the Christian era. There may be men in this building who have seen races since boyhood, and they liked them better every time they saw them and wanted to learn something about them. Give men enough money to bring decent race horses. Give them some chance. How many secretaries here today have a barn that if they owned a ten thousand dollar horse they would be willing for him to sleep in over night. If they OAnied a good horse how many have a barn of that kind? How numy here have suitable toilets? How many have a grand stand that they would want their wife to wear her best gown in, and all that sort of thing. We have been up against the worst game in the world. That is the way it goes. You have to make things attractive, and you have to amuse the crowd. It's amusement they want, and the higher class of amusement the better. Delegate from Decorah : Along the line just now referred to about charging an entrance fee, the system has got to be changed a little bit. The cost of training horses has increased, and the good horses are getting more valuable all along that line. No, sir; there is no department in the fair charged so much. They chai-ge the other fellows *2.00, while if you have ^:500.00 for racing and a man wins it, it costs $30.00. Tliat is the difference. This free attraction business is, as Mr. IMcLaughlin says, getting to ])e ab- solutely an entertainment proposition. Why do you charge $."50. 00 for the horsemen? Why do we have a $300.00 vaudeville act and not take out 10 per cent? We should make this line so popular with the people that they would go there to be entertained by raising the vaudeville and giving the racing men the purse the same as we do the vaudeville. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 257 In regard to the horses, there are only so many of them. The fairs all come in the month of September. There are ninety fairs in Iowa and eighty of them are in September. The horses can't live on air during the summer. There is only one race a week in Iowa during the summer, and then in September come eighty races. You can't make any horses for that week. You might en- courage them to train more horses for the rest of the time if the entrance was not so heavy. And you want them as an attraction feature. They will not disappoint you as much as the aeroplane men. Heretofore you have got them here, five $300 classes, $1,500. $1,500! A few of the board of directors have fainted. Suppose you take $600 off of that, and that leaves $900. Now then you bought three or four vaudeville acts and paid $1,200 or $1,500 for vaudeville acts, and the racing cost you $900. You are looking at it wrong. These men that race horses do not come there to sell the horses. They are not stallion men, they have no calves or pigs to sell. You must realize the difference. They are for enter- taining. It is a business with them, the same as vaudeville is business with the vaudeville people. You have to think along that line. Vaudeville Man from Chicago : The only instance I have known in a life time in this show business where a count was put on this thing was at an exposition in Canada. The question arose as to whether or not they should cut out the vaudeville, races and the foolery. The Canadians are a serious minded people. I think it wa.s in the House of Parliament. Anyway, the thing degenerated to a one-horse circus. It was started to be an educational propo- sition. It was a very bitter discussion, about equally divided. They finally determined not to take the matter up, but to put a count without telling the show men or the horsemen or anybody. They put a counting machine in the pocket and the man pressed it on every person. Anybody that entered they counted one. Any- body that left the building was counted out. Now, for every person that entered the educational part there were nine went into the field. They had to go around to the front of the grand stand where the horses and vaudeville and fire works were held. Back of the grandstand there was the educational part. There was nothing in front but the horses, fireworks and vaudeville. At the end of a week the count averaged nine to one. 17 258 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. ]\IcLaiiglilin : Could they get in to see the vaudeville free, or did they have to pay extra for that ? Delegate from Chicago: They did not have to pay to go into the educational building. Mr. ]\IcLaughlin : What do you suppose would have happened if the price had been the same? Mr. Culbertson : I would like to hear someone give some good plausible excuse for paying entrance fees. I have heard none yet. Mr. McLaughlin : For the benefit of the gentlemen, I believe I can tell about the only excuse. We have the American Trotting Association. In other words, they are the collecting agency for the different fair associations from the horsemen. They are the ones that formulate all the rules, l)y-laws and things that we race by. They charge 10 per cent, to collect the entrance fees from myself or Mr. Wods, or any of us that happen to be delinquent or failed to get there. That is the main reason why we have the entrance fees, through the American Trotting Association, a col- lection agency at Chicago. Mr. Culbertson : As far as that is concerned, our fair associa- tion has never used the American Trotting Association as a medium for collecting anything of that kind. As long as I am the secretary of our association we never will. Mr. Woods: I would like to ask the secretary how many secre- taries are like him. Mr. Culbertson : I am giving my advice. Mr. Baker: The free entrance, I think, would be out of order entirely. If he didn 't have to pay an entrance fee the racer could enter at half a dozen other fairs, but if he has to pay an entrance fee he will not enter at half a dozen other fairs, and we would have some assurance that he would show up, and I don't think free entrance would do that. Mr. Culbertson: I would like to have an expression from this body as to how many secretaries here, or representatives of their home associations charge stall rent during fair time or any other time during the year? I see there are seven. How many charge rent after the fair is over and during any other time of the year? A Delegate: The state fair is tlic only one. Mr. Harvey Woods: Gentlemen, a few days ago I received a letter from Mr. Rigby asking me to appear here before you and tell, as best I could, what will insure better i*acing. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR ROOK— PART III 259 Now, there are a number of things that I think would insure better racing. The first thing I woukl suggest is larger purses, better race tracks, good stabling, and competent judges in the stand. Prompt payment of purses, food on the ground at market prices. And there are a great many things that I will not mention. In the first place, there is no man that can afford to race a horse for a little, measly .$300. 00 purse and make any money. That is out of the (juestion. Deduct five per cent, entrance fee from this and you earn $120.00. That is a lot of money. $120.00 to earn with a horse that has probably cost in the neighborhood of $1,500 to $2,500 to make him so he can earn that much money. Now, there are a lot of fair associations that think they ought to have good racing for nothing. I do not mean to say that they do not want to pay what they agree to. Some of them won't do that even, but there are a lot of them figure that they can not give more than a $250.00 or $300.00 purse. Well, anybody that knows anything about the racing game, that has ever trained horses, or raced horses for a living, knows no man can train a horse and make money out of that kind of racing. The thing they must do if they want to get good horses and have good racing is to offer money enough to induce good men and good horses to come to their race. Then you will get good horses and a better class of men to race them, and your sport will be clean and there is no question but what they will race for the money if the purse is large enough. There are a great many tracks that you go to the county and district fairs, where, when horses start to arrive, they Avill probably get a road grader and' scrape the weeds off, leaving the race track all full of holes. That is a fine thing. And the stables at about four-fifths of the county and district fairs are not fit to put a horse in. As a general thing, horses in training have comfortable quarters, and when they go to the races they are stuck away in some shabby barn crowded full of stalls. Talk about don 't get horses ! I was at a place this year where they had them in a log house. They put a roof over my stable after I got there and I had to coa:s; and beg them not to go away that evening because it looked like rain. You take a horse that has been trained, possibly for four or five months, and stick him away in a barn of that kind, no roof, the battens all off, and no windows, usually in that kind of a place there comes a big rain and it turns cold, and consequently the horse catches cold and he is not in condition to race. The management kicks, the horse has not shown up in 2fiO IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE his true way, the driver is cheating. There are a lot of things they say about men who train race horses. Then another thing, and a very important thing, is the judge's stand. Mr. McLaughlin just told you about some of those starting judges. AVe have any amount of those kind of fellows. Anybody can get a license from the American Trotting Association. He doesn't have to be a compe- tent man to get a license to start horses. They usually pick out a prominent man around town where the district or county fair happens to be held, and they put him in the judge's stand to see whether you are complying with the rules or not. And I do not lielieve that there is one man out of fifty that are in the judge's stand at the county and district fairs who knows one tenth part of the rules. I doubt if very many of them have ever seen the inside of the rule book. Still you put them up there to tell the men who race horses what they should do. They can im- pose a fine, expel them, or do a great many other little things to them. That is a nice thing, too. Then, another thing that is the most disgusting thing, I think, that a training driver or owner has to contend with, and that is the payment of purses. I have been in places M^here you have got to chase around for a day to get that little old $120 that you earn if you happen to be lucky enough to earn it. I like to hear the starter say, when the race is concluded, "Come up, gentlemen, and get your money." That is what sounds good to me, and I think every other trainer or driver concurs in that statement. I think that Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, has the only real system of paying the purses that I know of. In fact, it is the only one I ever saw that just suited me. At Mt. Pleasant, if you win a dime down there it is "Come up and get your money, gentlemen." If you win a dollar down at that place, you get it immediately after the race, and, usually, with me, it comes very handy, because I need it. I think that if more associations would use that plan of paying their purses it would be more agreeable to the horsemen. They say they want to try and please the horsemen. I think Mr. Grady would furnish anyone with the envelope showing exactly how he does it. It is a large envelope with the name of the gentleman who owns the horse, and the name of the horse printed on the outside. Tlierc is a receipt at the bottom which he signs. When he comes up he tears off the end of the envelope, takes tlie money out, counts it, signs the receipt and returns it. I'ersonally, while Mt. Pleasant does not give as large purses as some places, yet tiiere is one tiling sure, if you FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 261 go there, you know you are goiug to get a horse race for the money that they advertise. If there was some other association that I did not know, or was not personally acquainted with, adver- tising the same amount of money, even though it was a little closer to me than Mr. Pleasant, I would certainly go to Mt. Pleasant because of the treatment that they have the reputation of giving the horsemen. And there are a number of places. Sioux City is a place that is well spoken of by the horsemen. You talk about your advertising. If you want to advertise your place and get good horses, let it get noised around among the horse fellows, the fellows that train horses, and race horses, and own horses, that there is a good place at Sioux City, Mt. Pleasant, Des Moines, or wherever it happens to be, and I guarantee you will have no trouble in filling your classes. Now, in regard to the entrance fee, that is a question that has opened up a good deal of discussion. Personally, I am not in favor of the free entrance. I believe that three per cent is very liberal ; that ought to satisfy any association. Some town where I raced this fall, for instance, down at Phoenix, Ariz., they took out five per cent, of the first horse that wins, not of the entire num- bers, however. The next horse, the second one, they took out 4 per cent; the third horse, 2 per cent., and the fourth horse, there is nothing to it. Well, the fourth horse does not race for a lot of money. Take $1,000, $1,500, or $2,000 purse and you get a little money. They charge 5 per cent, entrance there of the entire purse. At Dallas, Texas, they took out on the same basis. At our state fair here they charge 3 per cent, and take out 5 per cent. I don't know which of the plans I really prefer, from a horseman's stand- point, but I think that the 3 per cent, is much the best and will get a larger field of horses and better horses. Now, about this feed proposition. You take a man that comes to the fair with a stable of, say, eight or ten horses, and there is some feed store down town has the exclusive right to sell feed on that ground. Well, they will pop their price up about fifteen or twenty cents per bushel and charge an outlandish price for a bale of hay. Now, it is no more trouble to deliver that stuff out to the race track in large quantities than it is to deliver a bale of hay over to this end of town and a bushel of oats over in some other end of town at a much less price. I think those things should be recalled by the fair managements. 262 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE There are a number of other things that should be said, but since Mr. McLaughlin and Mv. Anderson are in this free-for-all kick, I leave them the rest of it. Mr. Culbertson : Mr. President, I will say to the gentleman who just spoke that if he had circulated up around JefiPerson, Green County, in the past few years, after the race had been finished, if he had been successful enough to win, he would have found his money hanging on a wire across the track in a silken pouch, with the name of the association, the date and the race, and he would not have even had to sign the receipt. His money would be found in there. A Delegate: Mr. Chairman, I would like to say something in regard to this money business. Twelve or fourteen years ago he and I started in at West Union and we M'on several races there. When his race was through he was called under the wire and the money was dropped down to him. I suppose he has forgotten that. Waverly, West Union, Decorah, Nashua, and all up through there. Our money was always ready. One thing I would like for each man to take home with him, and that is the water. These big wells stand there all sunnner. They are full of water that is not fit to drink or use for anything. We shipped into Fonda one Satur- day evening and they had a brand new pumping w^ell there. A man from Missouri was one of the party and he drank some of that water. The next morning he said to me, "There is something wrong here, I am running off and my horse is running off at the bowels." Sunday evening there M^as a camp and I was pumping a bucket of water and a .young lady came up to get a drink. I says, "help yourself." Then I happened to look into the bucket and I saw it was full of liair. We examined that well and there were some rabbits had gotten down there. Of course this would physic, and that is what caused the trouble. I suggest, that you pump every bit of water out of these wells and put in slack lime, because it will be sure to cause trouble if you do not do so. And there is another thing. Tliey have got some of the same stables that they had forty years ago, and the walls have big cracks in them and the horses have got to stand in a draft and sleep over night. One time at Waverly I had to i)ut my hors.' in a stable there and it rained that night. I had just taken the horse out of a stable that stood thi-ee feet off the ground. The next morning he was standing ankle deep in water. The stable was FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 263 iu a low i)la('(' and wlicii it rained the water ran into it. The stall should be elevated high and dry. Another thing I wish this body would carry to the legislature and that is the exorbitant prices charged for stallions. I asked one person, "Why do you charge more for a stallion?" He said, "Because he is a stallion." I said, "Well, then, why do you not charge more for a man than for a woman?" "I haven't time to argue that just now," he said, "but that is the law." Now, we would like to have that changed. Down east they don't charge a cent, and I think those things ought to be looked after. The President : I just rise to ask a personal privilege. I suppose probably I will have to apologize for the Fonda well; but, connected with the statement that there was plenty of good w^ater on the ground in many places, of course, looking at it as a matter of levity, we thought those fellows were accustomed to worse things than that. Delegate from Marshalltown : Mr. President, so far as the IVIarshall County fair is concerned, I fully realize the benefit of the horse racing that we have at our fair, both as a source of entertainment and as a source of profit to us, and we are willing that the horses bring us a profit. Now, we have been discussing up there to some extent; that is, Mr. Bennett, superintendent of speed, and myself, the state races another year, and this thought came into my mind : The plan of allowing the owner to make two or three entries, name two or three horses on the first of May, when these dates closed. If he named three, give him the privilege of dropping out one of those on the first of June and drop out a second one on the first of July, paying 1 per cent, on the first, July 1st, and the other 2 per cent, at the time of starting his horses. Whether such a plan as that would be feasible or in con- flict with the rules of the American Trotting Association — that is, for a man to name three horses, say, the first of May, pay 1 per cent., and the first of June he can drop out one of these and leave the other two in ; the first of July he could drop out the other one — that, is take his choice, after two months' additional training, as to the horse he wanted to enter in that race. Whether it w^ould be feasible and in accordance with the American Trotting Asso- ciation. Mr. Woods: Suppose that a man only had one horse, then he gives somebody three chances to his one. I do not approve of that plan at all; it is very bad. 264 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A Delegate : That is what the Grand Circuit has been doing for the last two or three years by allowing these trainers to dom- inate. Their schedule was 3i/> per cent, and each additional horse Avas 1 per cent. Result : The little fellow has been driven out by these fellows. This has not worked successfully at all.' ]\Ir. Gelo : Mr. President and Gentlemen : I was not on the program, and I have a bad cold, but I have been listening here and I have had the pleasure of attending these meetings before now, and the impression is as I sit here and think about this, and, as I have been to your fairs and the race meetings, that there seems to be a disposition to get together. The whole trouble, if there is any trouble, is along the line of lack of proper under- standing. 1 have often thought in my office when a secretary writes me and a horseman writes me, "here are two conflicting interests. The horseman writes this and the secretary writes this, ' ' and I think, "Well, now, those people ought to get together." Someone sitting here a while ago mentioned that he Avants to find out about those things. The trouble is that most of the secretaries do not make it enough of their business of knowing about this. They do not give it enough attention, they are more or less in- ditferent about the needs of. the racing end of it. They do not have a full understanding with the horsemen. Now, they all want to. The disposition is to have this understanding, and we are certainly improving. Tlie associations seem to recognize what an important feature and factor these horsemen are with their stables and entertaining their crowds, and I am inclined to believe, my- self, in saying that these fairs are more of an entertainment proposition than an educational proposition, and I almost agree with Mr. McLaughlin, — I lielieve he said it was a joke, this edu- cational feature. Now, the trouble is that they are so indifferent, there are so many. You can not deal in generalities in this be- cause there are a number of associations here in Iowa that I know are very exacting and careful. I do not want to name them here because we all know them. There are certain ones that the horsemen know, and that are known in association circles, and they are all right and modest. It would be all right for most everyone of tliese men to know where they are. Tliey are in- different about judges, as a rule, everywhere, and of course they don't M-ant to spend any money on this proposition. They hire these starting judges for very little, because they have got the license, and, of course, that is unfair to the horsemen. They have FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 265 big stables they run at little expense, and then the associations are careless about the men in the judge's stand. I go to many places where that thing is a joke, — a real joke. I have been so disgusted that I have walked away from the stand and sat down somewhere and tried to think it over. I would not hold any argu- ment. They are indifferent about it. Those are the things that need attention. Think what those men have got before them in that judge's stand, and starting judges don't cost us very much, and they can find men for their judge's stand, and they wink at so many things, and, to tell the truth, the American Trotting As- sociation upholds this in a way. That is one of the really weak points in the American Trotting Association. It does not help the association or the members really. "What is needed is a fair and a square understanding. And these classes, you know they have a way of not notifying the owners and the drivers whether the classes have filled. They do not compl}^ with that rule at all. The Ameri- can Trotting Association really requires it. But I have tried mj^self, often where I was interested and was entitled to know whether the entrance had filled up at Fonda, and Marshalltown — I do not mean those towns, but I use them for instance — and gone, to the expense of wiring the secretary because I wanted it for information. But they do not pay any attention to this. They could have a lot of notices printed on the typewriter. I have seen many a sick horse and many a horse put out of commission that they have not only trained one season, but sometimes two seasons, and the stalls are unfit. And it comes a rainy time and the stalls are damp and it rains into them, and it means putting the horse out of commission, and it is an expensive proposition. Now, it looks to me as though we are on the right track here. I am here to listen, and that is my business, to listen and hear what the other fellow has to say ; but you are on the right track. Go on and have a fair and square understanding with these men. Mr. Culbertson of Jefferson : In connection with what I said a while ago, in regard to my having no use for the American Trot- ting Horse Association, I simply recall an instance that happened last year in which we had some entries at Jefferson. A certain secretary went up to Carroll — they preceded our race — and bought up the horses. He gave them so much money, $140 in one case and $150 in another, I think it was three or four horses to go to his town to put on some races. That is one reason why I have no use for the American Trotting Association. Until it is different 266 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE from that 1 will continue to feel as I do now. I would like to hear from others here with reference to this matter. Mr. Stephany : Mr. President, at that time Carroll did not be- long to the American Trotting Association. I presume if they had the little trick that was pulled off on our brother secretary would not have happened. Mr. Beeves: Men in the management of fairs are fair minded men and want to do what is right if they know what is right. It is only a matter of being informed what is right. I am glad that I have heard some of the things I have heard this afternoon, and am better informed on the matter of horse racing. I know some things I wanted to know but did not know how^ to find out. Now, one gentleman referred to the stable at our place, I think, some fourteen years ago. Now, you understand that five years ago we organized the present fair association and we have new stables located in good places. We have good wells so that the rabbits can not get in thei'e. We have city water there from a well seven hundred feet deep used for drinking purposes all through the city. We are trying to take care of the horses right and treat the horsemen right. Now, I believe that, as a rule, fairs will do that if they are posted and realize that the men who drive horses are real human beings. Some people have an idea that they belong to a different race. I have run up against them pretty much and find them a pretty good set of fellows, and we will treat them right up there, and I am sure other fairs will do so. Now, getting back to the discussion earlier in the afternoon, I want to say if our friend from Marshalltown will put on a stunt at the Marshalltown fair next year similar to the one he described, we will all go down, and he won't need another vaudeville. Mr. McLaughlin: 1 think that this organization has made a step in the right direction in asking the horsemen to co-operate with them. I was here last year and 1 guess I said a lot of things and made a lot of kicks. 1 believe I am the champion kicker of Iowa in the horse business, but if my kick helped in any way to enable some fellow to get feed for less than double prices, or some drayman had hauled our traps to the fair ground for less than he would charge a townsman for hauling coal all day, I am glad of it. And I wouldn't blame any secretary if he got up this afternoon and defended himself. We have .iust growled and kicked. I wouldn't ])lam(' them if they got up and said, "McLaughlin and Wood, do you r-cmeml);'!- Ilial lime nou bi-ought Ihat old horse FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 267 down to our fair and just naturally stole the money?" I wouldn't blame them if they would go at it that way. During the month of September there are eighty fairs in the State of Iowa, and the horses are scattered. It isn't an easy job to make a trotting horse or a ])aciiig horse. You can't grow them like a big pumpkin. A man can breed one hundred mares — standard brood mares. Then, out of that one hundred brood mares, he can get approximately sixty colts. Of these sixty colts, one out of two, or thirty of them, are physically able to be trained. Say that thirty can be trained. Out of that thirty there are probably ten, or one-third of them, that will show exceptional speed to get to the races. Out of this ten that get to the races there would be probably one out of five, or, say, two of them that won over their expenses, or, in other words, two out of one hundred that make expenses from the time they are born. In other words, when you breed a mare you are taking a one to fifty shot. You talk about gambling ! Good race horses are not easily made. They are not plentiful. You get counterfeits and imitations of them, but there is probably two out of one hundred mares bred that develop enough speed to make any money. It is an uphill propo- sition all the time. Now, say there are fifty-eight others. What are you going to do with them? Thirty are not trained, they are cripples. They are put to breeding. Under I. of the American Association these are the future breeders of the standard bred. Eight out of ten we take to the races. They didn't make good and we might catch suckers for them and make them think they are good. Now there is twenty. They used to sell good, but the automobile has put them out of business. So, you understand, the training business is not all roses. The only way to get horses is to encourage the local trainer and provide stables. I know secre- taries in Iowa who knock the local trainer. Stimulate the breeder to raise them and get them in the trainer's hands. Then there will be enough horses to go around. There are not enough good horses now. In the month of September everything starts, and you can not get good races without good horses. As I say, the secretaries — I don't know what they think of the horsemen as a lot, but we holler and belch and beef. We think lots of you, at that. I don't think at the races proper you ever hear me kicking. The only kick I had coming this year was because some of the horses were faster than mine. 268 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A Delegate : Beiiig supervisor of speed at the Marshall County fair, I have had inquiries how to get more horses. The first con- clusion we arrived at was that we would have to increase our purses. In order to increase our purses we found we would have to increase our money, so the fair board has very kindly agreed to enlarge the amphitheater. That will give us a larger gate re- ceipt for the horse proposition. Now, the second conclusion that we arrived at was that everything now is based on co-operation, everything — speed or county fairs. Each county fair is pulling and hauling and going its own individual way. It looks to us as though if the county and district fairs would join in a circle, say five, we could give a uniform set of purses that would last for five weeks. The horseman then would know just exactly what he was going to do. He could go through the circuit and there would be five weeks of racing for a uniform purse, and the secre- taries could also see that the accommodations and the barns were fixed. They nuist get together. Mr. Gelo, I think, struck the key note when he said that was the only salvation. And I believe that this is going to result in a lot of good, both to the horsemen and to the secretaries. Hon. C. E. Cameron : I have been very highly entertained this afternoon. There are two things .you have to take into con- sideration. You have got to look at both sides. You have to take the association and you have got to take the horsemen. Now, I will have to disagree with my friend McLaughlin when he says that our fairs are all amusement propositions, for this reason : If we expect to perpetuate our county fairs we must do it along educational lines, because some day we are liable to run out of the amusement end to a certain extent, and then we are left. I will be frank with you in saying this: You know of a very few fairs which are successful that have no amusement features or racing, and you find but very few races in Iowa that are successful that do not have a fail- in connection with them. Now, those two go band in hand, and there is where the success comes in. Now, I think that the horsemen have justly presented their case this afternoon, in regard to some of the kicks that they have made. I do not think tliis is altogether the fault of the secretaries of our different fairs. I think tlie fault is largely due to the fact that they are not acquainted >\itli tlie conditions, and do not know them exactly what the horsemen want or what woiihl please them. We all know, members who have been connected with fairs past, that FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 269 we must have amusement features. "We can not have a successful fair without the auuisement side of it. I am a littU^ different from some of our secretaries. I have never been in favor of having the amusement feature in the morning. We invite our exhibitors, our cattle men, hog men, grain men, to make their exhibits in the dif- ferent departments, and we should not turn around and put on a ball game or some other amusement on the other side of the fair ground and draw them away. Now, I think we ought to have the happy medium in that proposition, the forenoon for the educational features, and the afternoon largely for the amusement side of it. Just the same as we gentlemen do over in the Iowa State fair. You see no amusement feature in the Iowa State fair in the morning. That is carried on from an educational standpoint. I think our county fairs ought to be along the same lines. There never was a time in the history of this country when the farmers, the people who make up the patrons of our county fairs, should be encouraged to bring the products of their farms to the county fairs and show what our communities produce. Those people are just as much interested in what they produce, whether a hog or a steer or a sheep, as the man who brings his horse to the fair. And we should encourage those things. That amusement feature we have got to have. My long experience in fair work has taught me you must have that amusement feature ; but that amusement feature must be quite largely according to your gate receipts, and what you can afford to put up for an amusement feature. In this county work some fairs can go to work and put up $400.00, and some $300.00, and some $500.00. Another locality v/ill support a $500.00 proposition and make it pay. But you must be sure to have a balance on your books at the end or there is nothing suc- ceeds, and you might have the fair come out a thousand dollars in the hole. That throws a damper on it. But let the secretary make the report that there is $1,500.00 balance on the fair books at the end, and everybody Avants to get in and boost for the fair. Now, in regard to the entry features. I will agree with a great many gentlemen here that you are probably asking a little bit too much of horsemen to furnish all that amusement and charge them 5 per cent. Five per cent taken from their receipts, as a gentle- man has quoted here, a man who has come to the races and has come in fourth has had the pleasure of racing his horse for nothing. And he gets nothing for it. I think the happy medium in" this proposition would be, if it is possible to do so, to bring the 270 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE entrance fee down about 3 per cent, and 5 per cent for money win- ners. I believe that is coming, for the reason that it is an enter- tainment feature. Now, as a demonstration of that kind to show how it is interesting to you, take it over to the Iowa State Fair. You take it when we have the program ready to pull oif there, last year we had seventeen thousand persons in front of that grandstand. I do not care if we put out five thousand dollars, it is worth it for the entertainment. That afternoon M-e can not get a corporal's guard in that grandstand and we do not try. If these people did not want this thing they would not go there seventeen thousand strong and pay for that afternoon. As Mr. Culbertson says, you can have your automobile races and motorcycle races, but I tell you, gentlemen, the people like to see those things race that breathe the same air that you breathe, and you ought to give these horsemen consideration. I thank you. Delegate from Marshalltowai : I w^ould like to know how many fairs there are represented here today that have a grandstand of sufficient capacity to accommodate the horse races. If any of you hare enough rooin in your grandstand to accommodate these crowds that want to get in there to see the races, I wish you would put up your hands. I see one hand raised. Right there is a point, gentlemen, where I believe the fair associations are standing in their own light. I never went to a fair on a good day but what I was obliged to get up from a seat that was kindly tendered to me by the secretary of that fair in the grandstand, to give to some lady. Up in Marshalltown we put one hundred feet onto the grandstand some two or four years ago, and we have two hundred sixty feet now. It will seat probably 2,150 people. On the last day of the fair over there this year we sold 3,300 tickets for that grandstand, at twenty-five cents. The result is that you are going to increase the capacity of the grandstand. When we increased that the receipts each following year paid us 60 per cent, on the investment. I believe the lack of money to pay adequate purses lies in the fact that with the fair's dividends you do not provide an adequate place for people to go and sit. Build your grand- stands to accommodate the people that want to go in there, get your money out of the people and give it to the horsemen, and you have solved the whole question. A Delegate : The riuestion of breeding racers was brought up a little while ago, and, as stated by the gentleman from ]\Iarsludl- town, I think some horsemen thouglit they were not right. Points FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 271 like that are what 1 want to get. Now, the (luestion is, what kind of an early closing event can we have that would be all right? Now, in talking with some of them down in the lobby this morning, among others Mr. McLaughlin, he rather suggested an early clos- ing event without naming the horses, and I would like to ask him when that horse should be named. How late? — say your early closing event closed the middle of May for one person, 1 per cent, due the first time, then 1 per cent, at the regular time of closing, when should that entry be made? Mr. McLaughlin : I think at the time you name the closing. All the stuff would be live stuff, eligible the first of May. A Delegate : One of the things I want is a fair list of entries. The next thing is something for the grandstand to see, and that is what I want to get at. Another thing, the horsemen talk to us about larger purses. Now, isn't it a fact, if you have a good horse you want larger purses? If your horses are not very good you do not want such large purses. The fellow with a string of horses that are not very good, a $300.00 purse is good enough for him. Mr. McLaughlin : You should encourage the local racers to keep in the game. The President: Gentlemen, it is getting late. We certainly appreciate your attendance and your continued attention here, and the program was very interesting. If there is no objection we will stand adjourned until 6 :30 j). m., when we will assemble for the banquet. BANQUET, 6 :30 P. M. Program opened with a vocal solo by Dr. Gibson. The President: Gentlemen, most of you are aware that this afternoon a few self-styled gentlemen, — fine fellows, — hurried to assure us that they, and they alone, furnished the entertainment for the fair goers of Iowa. They ignored the fair secretaries and assured us that to them belonged the credit of entertaining more than a million people in this state. They had their innings this afternoon — good looking fellows, most of them — but the fair secre- taries and the fair officials, I judge, will have their innings this evening. In Chicago last week I heard some of the professors or statisticians say that over thirty millions of the American people took in the - fairs of the United States. I calculate that in the 272 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE State of Iowa more than a million attended the county and district fairs, the interstate and the state fairs. Now, to direct the thought of this great army to march in step with the progress of our times, these gentlemen, representatives of the fairs of Iowa, ask the co-operation and the thought of our best people, and the assistance of the best citizenship of our state, and with us this evening is a man of this type ; he stands for the better life, the higher citizenship, and, if you please, fearlessly, regardless of consequences, for the things that in the future will measure the greatness of this commonwealth. It gives me great pleasure to introduce to you this evening Governor Clarke of Iowa. (Applause.) GOVERNOR CLARKE'S ADDRESS. Getlemen, I do not know of anything that I ever did, or any experience that I ever had in life that would fit me to speak upon an occasion like this. Perhaps very much that I may say tonight will be said by some lawyer to be incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial to this occasion. If that is so, when I am done you can move to strike it from the record and let it go at that. I suppose that the fundamental thing with reference to our county, district, and State fairs, is the betterment of the agricultural and ani- mal industries of the State. In other words, for the purpose of better- ing the condition of people in every possible way. Because a county fair or a state fair does, in its length and breadth, and in its fullness, take into consideration everything that would tend to elevate and make life better, every feature that would appeal to our life. The fundamental purpose of it all is the betterment of human conditions. That is what everything should be for. The state, as I understand it, contributes, under certain circumstances, to the fair associations. The state would make no contribution to anything except for the benefit of all of the people. It could not possibly have any other purpose in an appropriation except for the benefit of all of the people. I want to suggest here that there is a ganeral feeling over the country that there is something wrong with rural conditions. We hear a great deal of talk about "Back to the Farm" and all that kind of thing. I can not see that there is anything particularly wrong with rural conditions in the State of Iowa. When I look over this state, and as I go about the state, I am forced to the conclusion that rural conditions never were better in the history of mankind than they are in Iowa this very night. (Applause) Never was there more comfort in the homes, never were the homes so good as they are tonight, never was there such pros- perity in this or any other state, or in any country under the sun than there is tonight in the rural conditions of the people of the State of Iowa. So that it seems to me when we begin to talk about "Back to the Farm" and about there being something wrong in rural conditions in FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 273 Iowa we are mistaken to some extent. Personally I do not think there is so much in that as we are in the habit of making out. Every man of you looking back to the time of his boyhood, and over the years that in- tervene between that time and this hour is ready to say that all the way through the years, there has been a betterment of conditions in the country in Iowa. This year is better than last year, and last year was better than the year before that, and the last ten years were better than the ten years before. So that I think we must say that rural conditions in Iowa are pretty good now. There are some things that might be bet- ter. Perhaps I may speak of them further on if I do not forget it. Now getting up to what I want to say let us ask this question: What has made this prosperous condition in Iowa and in this county possible? I think it is simply transportation. I do not think it is anything else. Without it we should be absolutely back where we were a hundred years ago in a little while. It is transportation that has made the civiliza- tion we enjoy. You who live on the farms, you who are interested in agricultural conditions, you who are interested in managing these af- fairs will remember that before we had transportation in Iowa there could be no prosperity on the farm. It was absolutely impossible. What purpose was there, what interest to a man who had a farm, for raising anything more, or producing anything more than would take care of his family and the animals he had on the farm. There was no market for him, he could not reach a market anywhere with his surplus from the farm. There was nothing to inspire in him any desire for a surplus at all. But when transportation came, and when we reached the money- m.aking age, (that is just when we reached it for we would not be a money-making people if it were not for transportation). The money- making age was reached when we reached the means of transportation which we have in this country. Then began to spring up the factories in the cities, then men began to go to the cities, then the cities began to grow and develop, and then began prosperity on the farm, and it did not begin until that time. In place of being a bad thing for the farm it is one of the best things that ever happened in this country, that men did go to the factories, that they did go to the cities, that they did leave the farms and create a market for the surplus of the farms in Iowa, and all the other States in the Mississippi Valley. It was a fine thing that they did that, built these factories, made this market and made this constant demand on the farms for the products of the farm. You talk about "Back to the Farm." Why if you put a hundred thousand people in Iowa back to the farm to- night it would be an injury to the farm and to the farmer, because it would have a tendency to destroy this market that has been created and is furnishing these hundreds of thousands of people, that he is feed- ing. And everyone back to the farm takes away from the demand for his products. It would have a tendency to reduce the price of the things produced on the farm, as it seems to me. The implements that have been placed on the farms and that have been invented in the last thirty-five or forty years have multiplied over and over the ability of one man to accomplish on the farm. So that one 18 274 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE man will do practically as much work as two or three did in the time that we were boys on the farm. I do not want to disparage this crx of "Back to the Farm," but I just want to call your attention to the fact that when we get down to the bottom of it and think about it, we do not have such a bad condition after all. It has created this demand and these prices that we have. The greater number of men you have to feed, the greater is the demand, and greater will the price be for the products. That is what raises the price of land in Iowa and other states of this Union. This is what has occurred to nie when I have thought of this matter of transportation, — that it has made the farm. Another thing that lies at the very foundation of our prosperity, what we must have, is fundamental, is more production. More production all the time must be the demand, and it is the thing that men must set them- selves for in this country. If it is true, as James J. Hill, the great empire builder of the Northwest, has said, that we are to have in this country within fifty years two hundred millions of people, then it is true that we must increase the supply to meet this great demand that is coming. That is one of the things that I conceive the county fair, the district fair and the State fair is for, to teach people, these fundamental facts that lie at the very foundation of their prosperity and their life as a peo- ple. It is the end and the very purpose, I think, of the fairs — when you get right down to what they ought to be — develop that thought and that spirit and that necessity among the people — more production all of the time. It would be, of course, necessary to promote every interest that would bring greater results and greater efficiency. We talk about effi- ciency in all lines of life, and it is absolutely essential that we do become more efficient, and the county fair and the district fair ought to teach the people, in what they do and what is exhibited there, the necessity for efficiency, and teach efficiency itself, or they do not perform their real purpose among the people. Now it seems to me that that would be true, and they ought to teach better conditions on the farm. The condi- tions tonight, I say, are better than they ever were before on any other night that ever came upon us, but still there is always room for im- provement everywhere, and the fairs, in my judgment, ought to tend, in their purposes, to better conditions on the farm. Of what value is it if I go to a county fair, for instance, and see the results that are there, pass through it in a desultory sort of way, and look at the stock and everything that is on exhibition there? The thing that ought to come to the people is this question: How did you obtain these results? How did you produce what you e-xhibit here? How did you bring that about? Unless that thing is brought to the people, unless that lesson is gotten out of what is there by the people, then it seems to me that fairs fail in what they ought to be. Of what value is it that I go there and simply see a fine jar of fruit? There it is, beautiful, rich, inviting, and every- body stops before it, but where is the person who put up that jar of fruit? She ought to be there to tell those who are interested just how that was done, otherwise I pass by and it does me no good. It does no good at all. So I feel that so far as every feature, every depart- ment of the fair is concerned, it ought to be so managed, that there be FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 275 an expert there in every department of the fair to tell and instruct the people exactly how these things are brought about, so that there may be results forthcoming of actual benefit to the people who attend. These things have always appealed in that way to me when I have gone to fairs. How many questions arise when you are there? There is the question of soil, and of preparation. There is a fellow who shows some corn. He has a dozen of the best ears of corn, and he gets a premium for them. That does not indicate at all that he has an acre that is any better than any other person's acre. He goes out in his field and selects from parts of it where there were unusually favorable conditions, some unusually perfect ears of corn, but he may not have a ten acre piece that would size up at all with these samples. The question with the man who goes there and looks at it is, if he has produced a ten or a forty acre field of corn like that, how did he do it, and an expert, it seems to me, ought to be there to tell the people exactly how to prepare the seed bed, how to select the seed, how to cultivate, how to till, how to produce a hundred acres of corn like those sample ears that he has selected from a forty acre field that perhaps would not make more than thirty-five or forty bushels to the acre. But what we v/ant to do is to urge and teach the people how to make the whole field like that, how to conserve the moisture, and all that kind of thing. What is a county fair for? What is the State paying out its money as it does for, if it is not to bring to the people just that kind of information? It isn't anything particularly for me to see those things, but the thing for me is to know how to do it, how to bring that thing about, and then the county fair is of actual value to the people, and it is worth the money that they put into it. That would require experts to be there. It would pay to have them there. It would pay, I think, and bring large dividends to the people if, when- ever they look upon any exhibit at all, there was somebody there (per- haps there is. I don't know exactly how fairs are run) to explain to them exactly how this perfection of the thing that is on exhibition, was brought about. There is the question of crop tillage, of drainage, and all that kind of thing. I think there ought to be a model farm house at the county fair. I think there ought to be a model farm there in miniature, and the model farm house in miniature. Are we going to get on in Iowa? Are we going to succeed on the farms in this State beyond the success of other peoples, if possible? Then we must bring our young men and young women to these institutions, show them the perfect thing as nearly as we can produce the perfect thing. Show them the difference between perfection and imperfection. Show them the possibilities of the farm, show them the possibilities of stock growing. Show them the possibilities of what may be done in the house on the farm, and let them contrast it with what is done and what is being accomplished, and let them see the wide difference between the possibilities and that which is actually transpiring upon the farms of the State. These are the things that it seems to me would tend to make these county fairs much more valuable. I saw over there in the Capitol today an exhibition of apples. I do not believe that exhibition can be beaten. You go to the county fairs and you see exhibitions of that kind. Well — somebody has given special 276 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE attention to that on his farm, in liis orchard. It can be done on every man's farm, and in every man's orchard, but tlie fellow that comes along there and sees that wonderful, that beautiful display, wants to know how it was brought about. How did you spray your trees, and how often? And what did you do it with? If there is somebody there to tell him about how to care for the trees, and all that kind of thing, if a little at- tention and time is given we may have just as much fruit in Iowa, and fruit as fine or finer than is produced anywhere in the west, or the Rocky Mountain States. But there isn't anybody there. We pass by that beautiful display of fruit. How that man was able to produce it, we don't know. We would find it is easier than we thought if we were to ask about it, or if there were an expert on fruit culture there to tell us about it. Then there are sanitary conditions. We talk about the conditions on the farm; that is, they are not as they ought to be. They are not up to perfection. There ought to be opportunities for teaching at these fairs with reference to sanitary conditions, and modes of life. How about the water supply on the farm, how about ventilation, how about disinfecting rooms and buildings and stables and all that kind of thing. We talk about these things as being something that would be very fine to know and that we ought to be able to do, and it is simple and easy, and there is noi place better equipped than the county fair, the district fair or the State fair, to teach and instruct the people along these lines. It ought to be a veritable school of living and managing in the country, of farms and of home life. At the fairs you may get down to the good roads problem, and you may get to the school problem. We had a lot of school teachers here in the city a month or two ago, and one of those who has given as much atten- tion, probably, as any other man in the State of Iowa to educational matters, one of the professors down here at Grinnell, said that the coun- try school conditions in Iowa were not any better than they were fifty years ago; that they were in exactly the same condition that they were fifty or sixty years ago, and that not a single step of advancement had been made in all that time. We have made advancement in every other direction, we have thought and studied so as to advance in every other department of life, and wonder why it is, if that is true, that we have forgotten our schools. It seems to me that at the county fair, if it does all it should do, it ought to take up that question also. It does to some extent. It gives an exhibition of what the children have done in the way of drawing maps and writing, and all that kind of thing, which is all right and good in its way, but they ought to go further and teach what these schools ought to be. The ideal school in Iowa ought to be presented. We have in this state a law that permits consolidation of schools in the country. I think that the time is coming when it will be seen and felt in this State that this is one of the necessities of our rural life in the way of advancing it as fast as possible. Let our country schools be consolidated. There is noth- ing compulsory about it at all upon any school district or in any part of the State, and perhaps ought not to be. It ought to be left with the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 277 people. The time is coming, wlien tlie results of some of these con- solidated schools are seen, what they do for the people, how they better conditions, and how they make better schools, that other communities will see their advantages, and there will finally be a very rapid movement for consolidated schools all over the State. That time is coming. I think there is no question about that. In these fairs I think there is a fine opportunity to see and to teach what the community center in a rural community would be, and what its value and its worth would be. There is more in organization than in any other one thing that I can think of. When there is team work, when men pull together with reference to any proposition, if it is your county fair and you are all interested in it and you all pull together, you have a fine county fair. So it is with anything else; but if you are disorganized, if there is no team work, if there is no leadership, then there will be no success in the county fair, or in the schools, or with anything else. And when the time comes that we have developed in rural communities men who will take hold of these public questions, these problems, and will lead in these communities, then we shall have what you call a social center in them. Then you will have men meeting for the purpose of discussing human welfare, the welfare of the rural conditions in which they live, and the betterment will come on rapidly, and so it may through the county fair. I think that a movement like that could be inaugurated, and the illustration of good roads, for instance, in our county fairs, would be a fine thing. We are coming to such a time, there isn't any question about it at all, because it is the course of civilization, it is simply because that in the progress of humanity there can, in the end, be no help for it. These things will come as men move on and live on, and think about conditions. These things are bound to come some way, somehow, some time, as they have come in other countries. But if we could get in our public gatherings, county fairs and district fairs, lectures and talks upon these questions, we would bring about that day earlier than we will under present conditions. When men begin to see that a good road will enhance the value of the farms from ten to fifteen dollars per acre; when the Lincoln highway is thrown across this con- tinent, entering this state at Clinton, going through the rich portion of the State of Iowa, and landing down yonder on the Missouri River, and men see that the lands on both sides of that great transcontinental high- way through Iowa have increased in value fifteen to twenty-five dollars per acre, meaning millions of dollars along that highway, then the peo- ple of Iowa will begin to see what the value of a good road is. It will do that thing just as inevitably as that the sun will rise and set to- morrow. We need simply some object lessons like that. Then men will begin to take holtl and see and develop along that line, and if our fairs would take up the question of good roads, if they would study it, if they would give examples of them, as is done at the Iowa State fair, these object lessons would make these county fairs of great and inesti- mable value. So that I say that the fundamental idea is, of course, for the benefit and welfare of all the people. 278 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE That is what government is for, gentlemen. It cannot be for any- thing else and be any right sort of government. It was the great Eng- lish philosopher Locke who said that government is for the good of man- kind, and Spencer said that no man had ever given a definition of gov- ernment that was equal to that. When you come to look at government as a thing that is for the good of mankind, and if it exists for that alone, then all of our laws, then all that we do in a public capacity as we do in these fairs, will be directed to the good of mankind, to the good of the community in which the fair is held, to the benefit of that community, to make rural life better, to make crops better, schools bet- ter, roads better, everything that goes into the life of great people bet- ter by the exhibitions that are given. Now this is something of my conception of what a county fair should be and do. I have never managed one. I might not be able to bring that about at all, but we have our ideals, you have your ideals about what a thing ought to be, and we are struggling toward our ideals, always struggling in that direction. How fine a thing it is when men have ideals that simply blaze and burn in the interest of humanity and will press on toward them, never faltering, but moving in everything that they do, in every organization that is public in its nature for the public good. So that I say it seems to me that that ought to be the ideal that enters into the purpose of a fair. That is the purpose of our great State fair I am sure. No other State in the Union begins to equal it or can be com- pared with it. It is a great educational force for the people of the State of Iowa, and that is what it should be. It should educate them along all of these lines that I have suggested, and the county fair, in a smaller way perhaps, should do the same thing. That should be its aim, its end, and its ever constant purpose. So, it strikes me, that is what you ought to aspire to in our county fairs. I think that we ought to teach through these things what the most successful life is and how to reach it. If it is a fact that our rural schools have made no progress for fifty years, isn't it a sad commentary upon us that we have given more atten- tion to the material, and thought more of it, than we have thought of the intellectual? Gentlemen, you never can get anything into the state permanently of good, concrete, sound value until you have put it into your schools. It must get there eventually if you want it in your State finally. It must be in the schools, and no State can ever rise very much higher or go very far beyond its schools, beyond its educational facilities. I mean by that, that it is not wealth alone that makes a State. You may acquire great material wealth and you may so conduct your civilization and your wealth as a people that you may grow boundlessly rich, but unless your people are strong intellectually you can not be a great State or a great people. We must look to our schools for the future men and women of this State, and for the future greatness of the State. We must do that because you can not rise above your schools. Dollars do not raise men and keep them up. They may go up a while so far as prosperity is concerned, but if the foundation of our citizenship is not built upon in- tellect, and upon intellectual and moral worth, finally our civilization will topple over. So I say that what you do in a public way in our county FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 279 fairs, in our public organization, you ought to do with that thought. I call the attention of you who manage these fairs to this in order that, if you think there is anything in what I have suggested, you may intro- duce at your fairs these things that it seems to me go to make a great life and a great people. After all, the life that satisfies the most wants, morally, intellectually and materially, is the greatest life and makes the greatest people. In other words, if our viewpoint in this country has been the view point of the material alone, our county fairs, or any pub- lic organization ought to change the viewpoint of our people. When you get them together at fairs in great crowds, there ought to be some- thing there that would lead to an appreciation of a higher life, an educated life, those things which are finest and best in life. Why do people go to the city? Why do we say that they run away from the farm? What is there here in the city that attracts them? Is it the finer things of life? Is it the show of the city? Is it the hurry and rush and the noise of the city that brings them here? Well — per- haps these things have something to do with it. Perhaps they see finer opportunities for making money here than on the farm. But there is where they are mistaken. In this day and age of the world there is not so much in the city for the masses, but it is on the farm that the great opportunities of life today are found for the great mass of the people of this country. A man who could not make money on a farm in Iowa during the last ten years could not make money anywhere. Every advantage — prices and everything have been to his advantage, so that I think that the fair should have something of the definite purpose and aim in view, to impress that fact and it should be loyal to this purpose. To that end there ought to be leadership. There ought to be an organization among the people to that end, and the fair should develop this leadership. It should lead to co-operation in the counties, economic and social as well. The social life of the county could be improved very greatly in this way. The economic conditions ought to be discussed in the country as well as in the town. And here is a thing I want to suggest that occurs to me just now: You have your commercial clubs in your county seats and in your cities. I think the farmers ought to belong to the commercial club because the interests of the men in the country around the town are ex- actly the interests of the men in the town. Their interests are mutual. Then they -should be mutually helpful to each other. If a town can develop into a beautiful town, beautiful homes, well kept homes, parks and beautiful streets, the land surrounding is increasing in value on account of it, and if the country home can be beautifully kept, good sanitary conditions, well ventilated, good water supply, well painted buildings, well kept farm, that farm is rising in value and so is the property in the town. When the commercial club meets in the town it ought to have men from the country to discuss questions mutually with a profit to both interests. My interest is yours and your interest is mine, and our interests are all bound up together, and when you go into the county fair it ought to be both of the country and the town. These are the serious purposes of the fair. 280 IOWA DEPARTxMENT OF AGRICULTURE I recognize the necessity for amusement. I know that, of course, must be a feature. We all recognize that. I believe in the merry-go-round, I believe in the race, I believe in good clean shows, and we ought to have them, and athletic sports, and all that kind of thing. They are all right, but they ought to have their hours at a fair. The merry-go-round ought to be silent when there is some expert telling about how to raise corn, or how to prepare the ground, or how to do this thing, that thing, and the other thing, that the attention of the people may be upon that, and so that there would not be utter confusion all the time. The State ap- propriates its money to that end, and everything, as I said, and as I again say in closing should be for the common good. That is what it is all for. There never can be a great population here or anywhere else without a great production. These county fairs ought to look to that end. This country, this life, will be a failure when the population increases to two millions unless production increases in the same ratio. There simply can not be a great population anywhere without great production, and we will have to double it over and over in Iowa in the next century. We ought to "begin now, and we ought to begin to teach it. There can be no happy or contented people without abundance. It is abundance that makes people happy, that makes them contented, and the abundance must come out of the soil of Iowa as our population increases if we are to have a happy and contented people. There can be no strong, vigorous people without healthful conditions. That is absolutely impossible. Now if these things are all true, if as I say there can be no great population without great production, what should the county fair do looking to that end? If there can not be a happy and contented people without abundance, why should not the fair, when it exhibits of its abundance, teach how to create a greater abundance that there may in the future be a happy and contented people here? And if there can not be a great people, that is not a strong and vigorous people, why not teach them in the county fair and everywhere else the conditions of health and what makes a health- ful people. If we are to become great in these things, then I say they ought to command the attention of the people in just such gatherings as our county fairs. Then, after we have all of these things, there must be good schools at the foundation, — at the foundation or it will all fall down. So then, I think that in these gatherings there ought to be the model school, there ought to be an example showing the people what can be done, saving the waste in a township of nine schools as we waste the money now, having nine teachers and nine buildings and nine expenses where one building would do, and where three or four teachers would take the place of the nine. We will come to see this by and by, and we will reach it by and by. We ought to agitate this question through the fairs by exhibitions given there. I would not favor a compulsory method at all. You can not drive people into doing things. Do the thing and let the man next to you see what the advantages are in doing it that way and he will do it. In Spencer county, to illustrate, where the first con- solidated school was proposed, I went up there to make an address, or try to, when they had the graduating exercises. All the people were there, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 281 and I talked with some who opposed the consolidation. They said they fought it as hard as they could, but they said that now not a naan would undertake to go back to the old conditions, they would fight to the death a proposition to return. They had seen the advantages and were reaping the benefits from it, and Spencer county now has more consolidated schools than any other county in the state of Iowa, simply by that illus- tration. So we will come to these things in that sort of way — by be- ginning with a concrete example. Our roads are coming that way, and there will be no need for compulsion. Let the Lincoln highway show, as it will by and by, the increase of lands and all that sort of thing, and the rest will follow. Transportation makes a country, transportation will increase the value of lands, transportation will bring more money for your farm products because more easily and quickly marketed. But I have said enough, and perhaps talked longer than I ought to have done. I thought it would be well, however, if I could, to impress here upon this representative gathering of the people of the State the things that do make a people great, and the things that they ought to consider, that they ought to study in the interest of human welfare. I hope you men who manage the fairs can find some way to introduce into them some of these features. Can you not bring men who are experts along these lines to talk to the people in connection with the exhibition given, and show them, not simply the exhibition, but how it was accomplished, and the benefit that there is in it. I thank you gentlemen for your attention. (Prolonged Applause.) The President: T understand that Colonel Kraschel is not present with us this evening. Mr. Cullison has kindly consented to take his place on the program, and it gives me great pleasure to introduce to you Hon. G. W. Cullison of Harlan, who will address you. MR. CULLISON'S ADDRESS. Mr. Toastmaster and Gentlemen of This Association: I ought to apologize to you for being here, and I shall tell you just how it happened. I was not at home yesterday, I was at Avoca attending court. I got a telephone call from Colonel Kraschel, who lives in my town, Harlan, and lives only just a few rods from me, and I think a great deal of him, he is a most admirable man, but the telephone did not work very well, and I understood him to say to me, "Mr. Cullison, I understand you are going to Des Moines tomorrow to attend the supreme court." I said, "I am." He said, "I want you to do me a favor." I said, "I will be glad to do so, Colonel" and he then tried to tell me through the 'phone and I could not quite understand, it worked so poorly, but he said to me that Mr. Pickard w^ould be down and explain. Well — I thought I w".s going down here to do some errand or kindness for Colonel Kraschel. Mr. Pickard got me this morning down in the lobby of the Savery, took me off into a corner and whispered to me that he wanted me to make Colonel Kraschel's speech. That is the way I came to be here, and I .282 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE know you will be disappointed because I am not nearly so nice a man as Colonel Kraschel. He is a great deal younger than myself and knows more about it. Moreover I never could make a speech like an auctioneer anyhow. But I was so delighted with what Governor Clarke said that it was worth all my time coming here and listening to it. I like to hear these addresses, my fellow citizens, that reach right down into the heart and soul of men. The greatest product of earth, the greatest product that ever will be on earth is man himself; and the greatest failure that will ever be on earth, if it comes, and God forbid that it should ever come, will be a failure of the United States of America to produce great men. You want to keep in mind always and constantly the fact that we live under a government that is peculiarly our own, that everything from one end of the country to the other is governed by the people, and they are going to govern it more than they have heretofore. And when you think what a task that means for the people to undertake — to give atten- tion to policies and the direction and the purposes of the great national government, and of every state government, and of every municipality, and of every county, and then his own private affairs and certain govern- mental functions that are about him, like schools and things of that kind, it requires great men to maintain a great country like this. And if it should come to pass, which in all probability it will within the next half century, that we will have two. hundred million people within the present boundaries of our country, then the government must be still greater, still better and still more nearly perfect. I wish you w'ould understand too that the whole purpose of all free government — the whole purpose of every civic institution, is or should be the making of men. It is not worth anything if it does not do that. And we are learning something in this country pretty rapidly and I am glad that men like Governor Clarke are pounding it into our hard heads, and that is that a government has got to have some other function in addition to merely being a police- man; that it has got to help in the development of its people everywhere. You want to bear in mind also, my friends, that you ought to be, and we must be learners all our lives. It is right to be learners in school, it is proper there, but there ought never, and there must never come a time in your history that you are not learning and seeking to learn, that which helps you, and not only you but everybody else. We want to learn another thing, and that is, if we expect to make any really great progress in this country we must elevate all the people. It is not worth while for us to think that we can build up, by our pro- fession or our calling, ourselves, and forget those in any other calling or profession or any other business. We can not do that because when we begin to do tiiat, the fact that tliey are dropping will bring us down also. In other words, it is the intention, I think, of the great "I Am" that when humanity develops along proper lines it will lift tho whole race, and all its institutions ought to be directed toward that end. Now, what is a county fair? Its possibilities are great — tremendously great. You want to bear in mind tliat we are a social people. Hardly a man, if he were living, and we would doubt liis sanity, would be willing to witlidraw liimsrlf from his social life and separate himself and live in FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 283 solitude. It is against his nature. God never made him so. He made him to live with his fellows and it is one of the greatest forces of our* lives, our social nature. We want it, we want to be with our fellows. We are gregarious to a great degree, and in the young folks it is stronger yet even than with us, and when you find young people isolated in life, especially when they begin to grow into manhood or womanhood, if you could get within their hearts and feel every throb that comes, you would find a great force that pulls them away from that condition. And if you asked me to explain why it is that the young people have left the farms and gone to the cities and towns, I would explain it by the fact as much as any other, that because of that social impulse that was not satisfied upon the farm, being so isolated, hence they fly away. These conditions ought to be changed, must be changed. I am with Governor Clarke when he says that the farmers are better off today, they are more intelligent, they have more to do, and understand how to do it better, producing greater wealth, growing in every particular, than they did in former years when he and I were boys down in Davis county. I agree with that proposition. But I want to tell you, my friends, these social conditions ought to be changed as much as possible anyhow, they ought to be brought to them or near them so that they will be satisfied. Farm labor within itself as mere labor is not so terrifically hard. I don't believe it is as hard as practicing law, gentlemen. But that is not the point. It is the eternal grind. That is what cuts his life. It is not merely following the plow a few weeks in the spring, or a few months, pitching hay or any- thing of that kind. That is not so particularly hard, but it is that eternal grind continuing out there month in and month out, and year in and year out, as my nephews told me when I was down in Oklahoma. They are bright young fellows. They went from this state down there and started their farms, and I went down to see them and they were doing splendidly. I said, "Boys, you seem to be doing well." They said, "Well, uncle, we are doing well enough making money." I said, "You have your schools started?" "Yes." "Don't you have any churches?" They answered, "Oh, yes; they send us an old guy out here to preach to us once in a while." "Don't you have any other social life?" "Not much, uncle," one of the boys said. "I am going to get out just as soon as I get a little money. It is a grind, and I am not going to stand it." And they are both gone away. I just showed that as an illustration. At the same time these conditions could be overcome, and we ought to overcome them in Iowa. We can overcome them in Iowa, and how? By increasing the efficiency and the power of all that class of institutions that the people love. May I speak here, to a man who does not belong to a church, if he thought that there ought to be and must be, throughout the entire county, places where men may go and preach and sing and pray, and teach others to preach and sing and pray, is that an important feature? Do we have it in the rural communities? Very, very, few. Why, when these gentlemen sang of the little church in the dale it carried me back to forty years ago. Really, I felt more like going to tears than to cheers when they sang about the little brown church in the dale. But it is not there now, at least I don't know where it is. Shall these things be looked at? Surely, 284 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE surely, they must be looked at. If they are not in some manner revived, if some spirit does not arouse our people in that direction, I want to say to you that the outlook is not good from my viewpoint, and I am not pessimistic, either, governor. They tell me that I am a very optimistic gentleman up in my section. I am optimistic, but as God lives, and you and I live, it was meant and intended that there should be in some way, or in somehow such a relation set up as could lead, and leads, to the bet- ter and to the higher life. Now there is another problem. I do not know how to reach it. When our people came and began to settle this country from the Atlantic to the Pacific they put in their constitutions everywhere, at least every one I ever read, that the state or the nation shall make no laws respecting the establishment of a religion. And I don't know how to get at it without you and I go to preaching. I cannot tell how to get at it, but it has got to come. Now when you get down to the county fair, the governor expressed my ideas very well. But if I had my way about it, gentlemen, I would have every county in the state owning its county fair. Is that too radi- cal? Buying the ground and improving it, building places of amusement, building places where people could get together and discuss corn or fruit or hogs or cattle, or where they could visit. Do you suppose now that our counties would come to that proposition? They have got to be made educational centers. The governor is right when he says they should be made educational centers, and when they are made educational centers they must stick by that. But how are the county fairs now entertained? I can speak for nobody except my friend Pickard and his associates. More than thirty years ago they organized their society up there, and they have kept working and working constantly. But he will soon be dead, and we will have to put younger men in his stead. But they worked constantly, steadily, a few dozen citizens, that is all. We came down there and gave them $1.25 to get in for two or three days. That is all they got. Sometimes they went in the hole. If they got anything over and above their expenses they put it on the grounds to make it better. They never get anything for their labor. I don't know whether Brother Pickard is going to get his expenses down here. That is the way it is maintained. I don't know that it is much of a burden. These men are strong and sincere. My idea is that if we are going to reach the gover- nor's ideal, and I hope we may, the institutions ought to be owned by the county, and all the buildings and the ground and everything put there at the expense of the county, so that the people could spend a week or ten days. Why you cannot run your fairs more than two or three days because you run out of money. Don't you know moreover, if it rains on you once you are a goner? That is the way it is fixed. That is not a very safe proposition, and another thing about it, because of those facts, this poorness, and this anxiety to get along, sometimes we get bad things in the fair, like midways, and such things as that. I can't recall their names. I don't go around them very much but what I have Pickard with me to watch. They will have them, but not because they want them. The fact of the matter is they say, "Why, they will bring the people, they FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 285 will be money makers," and they have to resort to that in many instances when the fact is if they had their way about it they would not allow them in. No, my friends, the governor is right. It ought to be an educa- tional center, it must be an educational center, and it ought to be put upon a basis so that it can live without this class of institutions. They do nobody any good, and we should always be in favor of putting a business out of commission that does not add something to human pleasure of a substantial kind. I believe that it is right to have pleasures, to laugh and have fun, and athletic sports and all that sort of thing. That is proper, that is part of our being, and we -ought to be doing it. The older men ought to be out running around, there isn't any doubt about it, but there are a class of institutions that spring up here and there that do not add a thing on earth to humanity — not a thing. You couldn't put your finger on a single good thing they ever did, and I am one of those fellows that is ready to put them out of commission every time they show their heads. So I say about this county fair, when some of these little concerns crop in I like to see them go out. So when you make it an educational institu- tion through the proper organization, as the governor said, when they are working together, in team work, then you can accomplish. It is one of the worst things in the world to see a county or a municipality divided in its sentiment with respect to these public institutions. They always hurt the institution — always. To see them divided, one pulling one way and the other another. And when they get together they always obtain results. I know of towns in this state where the people have pulled to- gether, and .absolutely gone out on the prairie where there was nothing but just one little railroad, and built up a city of four or five thousand people, and you never could tell on earth whatever put it there until you got to talking with the fellows and you found out that they just put it there. That is all there is to it. It all depends on men after all. On people. Of course I don't want you to think that my friend is the best man in America, but I do want you to think that he is an excellent gen- tleman and citizen. The association up there got out a little booklet which contains a list of men that breed thoroughbred stock, cattle, hogs and horses. This is an old one, made about six or seven years ago. But I say they got up a list of these men, and it has taken well. You will find them at the tables where Mr. Pickard has put them around. They are the latest edition. And I think they have been making a success financially out of their fair for the last four or five years by similar methods, but they ought to have help. That is what they want, and when we get to that, then we will have agriculture in your model schools, and miniature roads and farms showing the sanitary conditions. It will spread health and every- thing else just like the great Chautauqua circles. I thank you, gentlemen. The President: Mr. Pickard, of Harlan, will relate a few incidents that will probably be congenial to most of you. Mr. Pickard. Mr. Pickard : Mr. Toastmaster and Gentlemen : I think the toastmaster has taken undue advantage of me this afternoon. I 286 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE had a speech, but I haven't uow. I had a temperance speech, and I was down here and found that I was not going to be . on the program, and I traded it to Mr. Gelo for a year's subscription to "Spirit of the West." He said they were going to have a tem- perance meeting next week and he would like to have a tem- perance speech. There are some queer things that happen occasionally. The toastmaster and I were riding along in a street car this afternoon. The car was pretty well crowded and the toastmaster was hanging to a strap. The car gave a lurch and he fell over into a lady's lap. She very indignantly gave him a push off and exclaimed, ' ' What kind of a man are you ? ' ' He says, ' ' Why — when I came in here I was an Irishman, but now I am a Laplander." There were two Irishmen. They were window washers. They were up in the fifth story of a building washing the windows. Pat was on the outside and Mike was on the inside. Pat made a misstep and down he went the five stories onto the side- walk. Mike rushes to the elevator and goes down. There is a big crowd around Pat. Just then there was a doctor came up and examined Pat. The doctor says, "He's dead." About this time Pat began to come to and he said, "Be dad, an' I'm liot either." Mike got there about that time and Mike said, "Pat, be quiet, be quiet, the doctor knows best." The high cost of living has been knocked into a cocked hat and eliminated by the good road boosters. Veterinaries are having a busy time throughout the country transferring a hog cholera hog into one that is immune. Out in the Avestern part of the state on the IMissouri bottoms the hog has been dying with a new kind of cholera, which, for want of a better name, is called "wakefulness." During the rainy season the past few weeks the gumbo mud would gatber on the hog's tail in such large quantities that the weight drew the skin back so tight the hog could not shut its eyes and it died of wakefulness. The present law prohibits the public use of the public drinking cup on railroad trains, but one can go to the water cooler and drink out of one's own cup, then go back and sit in a car seat which a tubei-cuJosis subject has just vacated, and when night comes you can go and crawl into a sleeping berth he has just occupied the night l)efore witJL no ciiange of bedding, save, per- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 287 haps, a change of linen, and sleep with a clear conscience, know- ing- fnll well that you have complied with the sanitary laws. The hors{> will soon refuse to drink without a drinking cup. The cat will also refuse to drink her milk until it has been sterilized. The newsboy will hand his morning paper to his customer with a pair of tongs aiul receive the nickle in a sterilized cup. The President : Dr. Pickard reminds me some of the Irish lady who said that she knew her son did not drink. "Jimmie didn't drink at all because he was thirsty every morning." I think, gentlemen, that will probably end the program, so far as the speech making is concerned, and the next will be the busi- ness meeting, which will be composed of the report of the secre- tary and treasurer, and the election of officers. You will now hear from Secretary Rigby. Mr. Rigby: The following detailed report shows the condition of this association at the present moment, and up to the time of going to press: FINANCIAL STATEMENT. December 9, 1913. Receipts — Cash on hand from 1912 $ 17.50 Dues from 36 Fair Associations 144.00 Horsemen, 12 membership dues 24.00 Marslialltown Fair Association 2.75 Extra Banquet tickets 6.25 $194.50 Disbursements — ■ Acct. Program preparation $ 21.60 Postage 22.50 Printing 25.75 Stenograplier 9.75 Lantern slides 12.00 9L60 Cash on hand $102.90 There are some outstanding sources of income that will in- crease that, and there may be some expenses. I am not able to tell you exactly what they will be. They will be the expensess of this banquet. So it will leave a very small balance in the treasury for my successor to spend. This brings me up to one point I want to emphasize tonight, and that is the necessity or the im- portance, if this association is to do the work right, it ought to 288 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE have more funds. It has not been and should not be the policy of the association to accumulate unnecessary funds, but we are demanding more and expecting better things all the time, and if we expect to grow and fulfill the functions of the association it all costs money. For instance, our banquet cost us twenty per cent more than it did formerly, and some things that we have undertaken to do this year, for instance, the aggressive campaign we have undertaken to interest the owners and breeders and drivers of horses, and it all cost us money. And it ought to be carried on and pushed. And for that reason I am going to sug- gest an increase in the membership dues for the fairs in Iowa. I think the horsemen's dues should remain what they are. We want them to be with us. That practically covers the banquet and expenses, and that is all we can expect, and I think the work we have inaugurated this year ought to be pushed, and we ought to, just as far as possible, increase the interest in this association, and get as large a membership as possible, because there is so much that can be accomplished by vigorous co-operation. Now, I am not a candidate to succeed myself, and so I feel perfectly free to urge this point strongly in regard to an increase in member- ship, and the suggestion I have made will make plenty of work for the man who succeeds me. This organization has no excuse whatever for its existence if it does not fulfill its object, which, of course, is higher ideals, to inspire its membership with higher ideals, and raise the standards of the county fairs. That we have tried to do, and with what success it remains to be seen. I want to say in closing that there are some features of this work that I have enjoyed very much. I have received nothing but kind and courteous consideration from all with whom I have come in contact, and with whom I have had correspondence, and, as I stated in a letter — one of the letters that I sent out to the secretaries of Iowa, we were inaugurating this new feature, under- taking to interest the horsemen of Iowa in our association, and we got the list as far as we could. It was impossible to get a com- pleted list, but the horse papers have very kindly advertised our purpose, and they have given us a lot of free advertising in this matter. And, while we have not a large membership from that source, yet at the same time it is gratifying to know that what we have is good, and I believe we can hold what we have, and we can begin on another year. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 289 Mr. Piekard : I Avoiild like to inquire of the secretary, that is in regard to our finances, whether he thinks — the present dues that are being paid are sufficient to meet the expenses. The Secretary : Of course I have been an active member in getting up this program, and Mr. Mullen has given me rather a free hand, and I feel personally responsible for the financial con- ditions because I have gone ahead and spent the money, and if there is any deficit I will make it up personally. I am under the impression that it will just about pay out. I got just a little bit enthusiastic about the thing in regard to our lantern slides, and this movement to get the horsemen, and this meant a good deal of postage to do a good deal of correspondence and all that, and I do not propose to run the association in debt. "We will not have much sui-plus. Here is another reason. I think we ought to add another reason why the membership dues should be increased or else get a cheaper secretary, and that is, we ought to have a permanent record of what takes place at these meetings. Now, there are things said that ought to be put in permanent shape and circulated amongst our members anyhow. We have had this meeting reported, but it is going to cost some money to transcribe the notes. And then, after they are transcribed they should be edited. That is my opinion about it, and I believe it is the opinion also of the executive officers of this association. I talked with Mr. Mullen about it and some of the other members, but we were very fortunate in having Mr. Long, who is now dead, secretary, and he was a short- hand reporter himself, and he made these notes and transcribed them personally. But that was while Mr. Long was secretary. W^ell, that is the situation. Of course, as I stated, I have taken liberties in going ahead and pushing the thing, and I felt that the association ought to be willing to pay the postage and the ex- penses— actual expenses — if I was willing to put in the time and do the work, and I do not propose, of course, to leave the associa- tion in debt, but that is about the situation. I do think that the membership fee ought to be increased to $5.00. I do not think this will frighten out the various fairs of Iowa. It ought to be a little more, $6.00 or $7.00. There are lots of things that could be done if we had a little money, and things that ought to be done. I don't think that any fair association would stop on this member- ship fee at $5.00; that gives us a little more money, and besides 19 290 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE that, one of the points I want to emphasize now, because I am not going to speak again, and that is this : I think every fair official, or man present here tonight who has been present at the session this afternoon and feels that this association is accomplishing any good, if he has got anything out of this meeting that is worth while to take home, that he should take it upon himself to do good work amongst other fair officials that he chances to meet and tell them about it and help work up enthui^iasm for this association and help increase the membership. It is a hard thing for one man to do, and I certainly do not mean that one man has done it by any means, because Mr. Mullen, Mr. Clark, and Mr. Leach, and others that I might mention, have done much. But I want you to under- stand it in the spirit in which I say this. I am not finding any fault, but I do think we all could do a little more. There is Mr. Pickard, and Mr. Shipman, I sent him a list in his district, and he wrote quite a lot of letters, and we had quite a little co-operation that the secretary appreciates. The President: What will we do with the report? Moved that the report be accepted and placed on file. Motion seconded and carried. The President : What is the further pleasure of the meeting in regard to the recommendation of the secretary? Mr. Clark : I move that the constitution be amended by strik- ing out the word "four" and inserting the word "five" in place thereof; that is, making the dues $5.00 per year instead of $4.00 per year. Motion seconded and carried. The President: The next is the election of officers. Mr. Pickard: I was going to inquire whether there will be enough money to get out a pamphlet of some kind giving the discussions and the papers, and send it to each member. There are some members that are paying that do not get here; and I think perhaps that would be of benefit to them to get a copy of the minutes of the meeting, the papers, etc. Mr. Rigby: I would answer that in the negative, and 1 also wish to supplement my remarks with a special testimonial of my regard and appreciation of Mr. Corey's help in getting up this program, and in co-operating with us and helping to share the expense of getting up this program. I am afraid we would not have done quite as well as we have done if it had not been for that, and we certainly appreciate Mr. Corey's help and the advices FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 291 of all, as I said a little while ago, that had anything to do. I can't, on the spur of the moment, recall the names of all, though I have called the roll and I think you have all done something. No, there would not be money enough to do that. There would not be over ii?15.00 or $20.00 left. Mr. Clark : This scarcity of money always worries mc. I want to make this association a proposition. A proposition, I believe, that will be of some benefit to them. I started out to open fairs in 1913 by sending a postal card to every fair secretary, asking him to send me a list of his entries and risks. I received those lists for something like tifty-five or sixty fairs. From that list I have made up a list of nearly seven hundred owners of horses — race horses — in the State of Iowa. The names have appeared on printed list that entered as race horses in the year 1913. I be- lieve that list would be a pretty good thing for the secretaries of the State of Iowa to have. I want to make this proposition to this association : I will have those lists printed and furnish them to any secretary who wants them, or any horseman, at a cost of $2.00, and I will turn over to this association every cent over $15.00 that it is going to cost me to print those lists. If that is worth your consideration, and you think there is any money in it to you, if you want this list, there are nearly seven hundred active horsemen in the State of Iowa, or men who enter horses with the idea of racing. Some of them live in low^a, some in Missouri, and Cali- fornia— all over the country — ^and every one of them is a man who entered horses in the races in 1913. Personally, I would have been mighty glad to have gotten a list of that kind at the small cost of $2.00. If we can get thirty or forty secretaries here to take that list, if there are forty, there is $25.00 in it for this association. If there are enough who desire that list, if you will notify me I wdll be glad to have it printed and turn it over to the association, all in excess of $15.00, the actual cost of printing it. The President : Gentlemen : You have heard the generous offer made by Mr. Clark of Marshalltown. Is there any action to be taken on that proposition by any of the members ? The first thing now, gentlemen, is the election of the president, and I take gi-eat pleasure in placing in nomination for the office of president, Mr. H. C. Leach, of Bloomfield, the gentleman to my left. Mr. Clark: It has been my lot to serve as president of this association. I tried hard to get out of it for a year, and Mr. 292 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Mullen was the man who said I could not do it. I wish to place in nomination for president for the coming year Mr. John Mullen. The Chairman : I believe I will entertain the chairman 's nomina- tion, placing the nomination in Mr. Leach, of Bloomfield. Is there a second to the motion? Motion seconded and carried. The Chairman: I am pleased to introduce to you Mr. H. C. Leach, of Bloomfield. Mr. Leach: Fellow secretaries, I hope we will take no back- ward step in the next year, and I want the co-operation of every one of you to make this association as good or better than it has been heretofore. Moved that the nomination for vice-president be placed in Joe Morton, of Sioux City. Motion seconded and carried. The Chairman: I take pleasure in introducing Mr. Morton. Mr. Morton: Gentlemen, I thank you. The President: The next will be the election of secretary- treasurer. Mr. Cameron : Mr. President, I think that the members of this association will agree with me when I say that I think it has been the most successful meeting that this association has ever had, or that I have ever attended. That is due, I think, gentlemen, that is due largely to the secretary. You have heard it discussed this after- noon over there that the success of our county fairs largely de- pends upon the secretary. I think the success of this meeting that has been held here today has been due largely to our secre- tary. We are just getting that organization started, and started right. I heard some gentleman from Mt. Pleasant say today, speaking about the new timber that had been gotten in here, and what good papers they have presented here, that if we have a secretary who can hunt out and bring new material into this association, and give us such good papers as we have had this afternoon, I don't like to trade horses in the middle of the stream, and therefore I place in nomination Mr. A. G. Rigby, of Inde- pendence, for secretary-treasurer. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Rigby : I suppose it would be ungrateful for me to say that I do not thank you, so I will not say that. Of course I would feel somewhat humiliated, after the work I have done, to feel that none of you wanted me any more; but, on the other hand, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 293 I am no longer connected with, the county fair, and it does seem to me that there ought to be a change. I suppose that any further remarks are out of order. I appreciate, of course, the spirit in which this is done, the kindly motive that prompted it, but I do hope that the gentle- man's enthusiasm has not run away with his judgment. The President : I think we all feel that IMr. Rigby, in connection with the fair, is a good fair man, the right man in the right place. Moved that tlie meeting adjourn. Motion seconded and carried. That, I believe, gentlemen, will probably end the business. Meeting adjourned at 10 :30 p. m. Flo of Canadian (lees-e, State (iaiiie rrescrve, Iowa Statu Fair (irouiid.s. PART IV. Iowa State Fair and Exposition Press Reports and Live Stock Awards. BREEDERS GAZETTE, CHICAGO. The state fair is no longer a pumpkin show. It is no longer a stock show. It is no longer a horse race. It is an exposition of the multitudi- nous factors of modem agricultural life. Only the student of this life, or the thoughtful man who views the bewildering diversity of exhibits at a latter-day state fair, can comprehend the breadth of that definition. When fair managers attempt to tap the coffers of a state treasury for additional equipment funds, the financial watch dogs bark at the great aggregate of money locked up for use one week of the year. But if they once viewed the almost unnumbered angles of human interest in the varied displays, and counted the tens of thousands of people that thronged the grounds the week long, ample justification for this unapproached agency of public education would be found. Iowa boldly challenges scrutiny of the educational efficiency of its state fair. The evolution of nearly a half century of effort, it embraces in its broad classification a range of human activities that is positively startling. Grounded on the land, its foundations are of the earth earthy, but it rears a superstructure of instruction and exposition of the cultured sides of human existence that presents a full-orbed form. In its exhibits it runs the gamut from the field to the university, from the farmyard to the or- chestral hall. It leaves untouched no one of the cultural agencies of mod- ern life which are evolving the man and woman fitted for economic pro- duction, for intelligent citizenship, for cultured life. This is the epitome of the modern state fair, and no commonwealth more nearly realizes its ideals in this child of the state than Iowa. The industrious and efficient managers of the Iowa State Fair closed their week's work with every reason for feelings of satisfaction. For one fair at least it did not rain on their exhibition. It has not forgotten how to rain in Iowa by any means, but it omitted to lay the dust on the fair grounds, or turn the low places into artificial lakes, as it has done in times past. Opening the latter part of the preceding week with perfect fair weather, it gradually warmed up to the seasonable corn ripening tem- perature which characterizes the climate of the maize belt at this time of year — real weather to promote fair-going. Under the stimulus of agree- able temperature, and in keeping with the fair-going habit acquired by the 296 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Iowa farmer, the turnstiles played merry tunes all week, each day totaling in considerable excess of the corresponding day a year ago. The exhibit was worthy of the attendance; the attendance was complimentary to the exhibit. By and large, it is doubtful whether so gratifying a record in all departments has ever before been written at Des Moines. A dilatory legislature left small time for the erection of a women and children's building, for which $75,000 was appropriated. Plans were drawn but held in abeyance for a year. The contract has been let for a structure which will mark a fine advance in the educational work of such institu- tions. Over against the hillside opposite the agricultural building, will rise this new monument to woman's work in the farm and city home. With its lecture rooms, its completely equipped model rural school, its big exhibit room for the work of women's and children's hands, its quar- ters for the baby health contests, its day nursery, play grounds and com- fort stations, it will embody the acme of modern thought for the physical and mental well-being of women and children. Sad is the need of new equipment in the sheep department, and the legislative committee was shown this crying necessity, but considerations of economy limited ap- propriations for the fair, and the gentle shepherds gallantly and gladly said "Way for the women," and agreed to wait longer for the money for their department. No little money has been spent in ways that yield a maxi- mum of comfort without spectacular appeal. Nearly 18,000 square feet of cement walk has been laid; an open ditch through the grounds sewered with a four-foot drain for over 1,200 feet; the old wooden building which sheltered the bench show last year, moved and converted into a fine dining hall; other wooden buildings razed and removed, so that little of inflam- mable construction remains in view; a game bird preserve of twenty acres set aside at the northeast end of the grounds; roofs of many of the buildings painted, and much improvement in streets perfected. The ambitions of the managers are so large that they sometimes refer to them as dreams, but dreams do come true at times, and the consistent record of faithful educational work achieved by this fair will without question open the way to the treasure chest for the fulfillment of actual and tentative plans for the complete equipment of the grounds. It has been written that the improvements this year have not been spec- tacular. This is true, and yet the clearance of the grassed space in front of the Administration Building of its ruck of old wooden shacks and tented eating houses, and its conversion into a plaza with bandstand, rises to the heights of unqualified commendation when improvements are men- tioned. This is the beginning of a definite plan of landscape engineering near the entrance of the ground which will demonstrate that the managers have the aesthetic as well as the material education of visitors in view. The remainder of this space will eventually be cleared of all concessions and parked with forest trees, and it is expected that its southern side will in time contain a stock pavilion more nearly adequate to the requirements than the present structure. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 297 The farmers came. It is a farmers' fair. The city folk were much in evidence, especially at the night shows, but it was essentially a gathering of farmers' families. Up on the high knolls amid the oaks, were 2,000 tents filled with farmers for the week, scattered over the forty acres set aside for this camp. This feature is proving increasingly popular. And they came in motor cars from miles away. Only the extreme width of the fair grounds streets saved the parking problem from becoming acute. An 80-foot street affords room for the parking of autos, backs to the curb, with. a generous remaining passage way, but another year even the thousands of feet of streets will not suffice for the storage of autos during the day, and parking grounds must be provided. The automobile show under the grand- stand was somewhat circumscribed this year by reason of a disagreement between the fair managers and the Des Moines auto dealers' association, but inasmuch as the number of autos on the grounds one day was esti- mated at over 10,000 it was enough of a show. Street car traffic was as inefficient as usual, but the steam road hauled its thousands at a time. A twenty-five-cent entrance fee is taken at night, and the turnstiles show that approximately one-third of the total attend- ance for the week passes through the gates for the night exhibitions. Ad- ditional fees are required for seats in the stock pavilion and in the grand stand, to witness the eight exhibitions, so that these shows are real reve- nue-producers. Attractions are played to their limit. All work and no play is not the motto of these fair managers. The airships and the parachute drop were the "thrillers" this year, but time would fail to tell of the diversity of amusement and entertainment features over the grounds and before the grandstand at night. In the stock pavilion was staged a night horse show of astonishing character. Entries were drawn from Iowa, Illinois, Wis- consin, Missouri and Manitoba, thus lending international character to the exhibit. Among the entries were horses that had won high honors at the International of Olympia. The horseless age chatter would be stilled in the presence of such a show. It was supplemented by parades of draft horses and of the beef and dairy cattle, presenting an arena performance that was of topnotch interest and educational value. Iowa does not educate its population solely in the practical. The high- class band and opera music furnished by Liberati, Henry, Conway and others, has been developed in the past years. This season's innovation con- sisted in a recital program of the Des Moines Philharmonic Choir of 150 voices. The numbers partook of a religious nature, as they were pre- sented Sunday evening, the famous oratorio choruses receiving capital ren- dition. A large orchestra provided the foundation for the concert, and in- strumental solos and orchestral ensembles were interspersed with the pro- gram. That the fair crowds appreciated this delightful feature was at- tested by the well-filled pavilion. Fully 7,000 people were in attendance. The midway shows were so hidden from public gaze that some of them became overbold and required police interference. Iowa has this objection- able feature so well pared down that it could now be completely elimi- 298 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE nated. The management has been progressive in handling this evil, and a step farther would secure the unqualified approval of thoughtful folk, and the certain safeguarding of the ignorant or careless. Horse and cattle entries lay on an even keel vi^ith last year. The couTit tipped up and down with some of the breeds, but totaled around 1,000 head. Swine lost materially by reason of the scourge of swine plague, and the announced requirement that only vaccinated hogs would be ad- mitted to the grounds. The impossibility of securing sufficient vaccine led the authorities to waive the rule at the last, but empty pens were in evi- dence. More sheep could have been accommodated also, but the growth in the entries of sheep from Iowa was gratifying. As usual wide stretches of territory were laid under tribute in drawing entries for the stock de- partment. More importers of stock have been represented on the list of exhibitors, but never more breeders. The quality suffered a little in some sections, and rose to triumphant heights in others. The agricultural building holds Iowa exhibits. Some enterprising states, valuing rightly the yeomanry of the Hawkeye State, have aforetime se- cured space in this building wherein to exploit newer sections, but they have now taken to tents and booths, and their spaces have been more suitably filled with collective farm exhibits from Iowa farms. These hold rare interest to visitors by reason of their attractive presentation and their variety and excellence. The judges pronounced these exhibits con- siderably more satisfactory than last season, notwithstanding the fact that the fair comes too early to emphasize Iowa's chief agricultural product. Some old corn was on exhibition, but only a few ears of the 1913 crop — probably an average yield, although far below the bumper crop of last year — now rapidly aproaching maturity. The dairy exhibit in this building is impressive but scarcely adequate. The time is coming when this industry will ask and deserve a separate building. The dairy and food commission continues its valuable work of teaching by precept and example the importance of modern methods of dairying and warning of the latter-day adulteration of food stuffs. In the refrigerated glass exhibit case the lesson of profitable production through breed improvement was driven home. A square of butter represented the annual production of the average Iowa dairy cow — 140 pounds, which at thirty cents represented a gross income of $42. Over against it stood a huge block of butter, representing the yearly yield of the world's cham- pion butter cow, Banostine Belle DeKol, weighing 1,270 pounds and valued at the same price per pound, at $381. It is the highest province of a fair to enforce just such lessons. Poultry entries increased 43 per cent. There were 2,060 birds crowded into the pens, against a previous mark of 1,400. This was in face of the bad season for chicks. Amjjle proof that the turkey industry does not thrive in Iowa was found in an exhibit of only nine birds. The lay- ing competition for pens of six fowls each attracted much attention. The winning pen produced twenty-two egga in five days. The college at Ames FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 299 put on a fine poultry exhibit. Refrigerated poultry products were on dis- play, five birds were killed, dressed and boned at definitely announced hours daily, and interested home managers exhausted both demonstrator and superintendent demanding more. A prospective feature during the coming year is a poultry contest among school children. Twelve county organizations of enthusiastic youngsters already exist, and more are promised. The chronicle halts as the implement section is approached. It grows more unwieldy of description with the years. The bark of the gas motor is over it all, as challenging the substitution of its vapory force for human brawn in many fields of exertion. The big machinery manufacturers were liberally represented, and plowing demonstrations by gas and steam motor drew their crowds. Roadmaking machinery was an impressive display. The "silo city" was the center of attraction. Sample of silos built of wood, vitrified tile and cement competed for the favor of farmers. In the hand- some machinery hall special emphasis was laid on the inventions which make for the comfort and convenience of the farmer and his family. Pal- pably, manufacturers believe that the Iowa farmer has reached that period of affluence when modern inventions for the home as well as the farm appeal to him. Horse-drawn vehicles were in ample display, and elec- tric lights for night use on buggies were shown. Storm buggies with the suggestion of auto fronts were the newest styles among the exagger- ated fashion in sidebar and endspring buggies. The agricultural college at Ames continues its instructive exhibit of the work in various departments, supplemented by lectures. Indeed the lec- ture feature has been much amplified. Demonstrations in the use of cholera serum claimed much attention. The boys' encampment is work- ing well and meets the end in view in its establishment. Wherever the visitor turned novel and instructive exhibits greeted him, proving the fun- damental educatiton idea of the fair. It is growing in these graces en- nually. The plan of opening the fair on Thursday and closing the next Thurs- day proved so satisfactory to the directors that it is believed it will be continued. Protests came from some exhibitors at starting the heavy judging on Saturday, as it required absence from home over Sunday If they witnessed the contests. The Hereford judge was not present on Saturday, hence steers of that breed were sent through under another judge. The mare classes in the draft breeds were first considered, as ex- hibitors objected to showing stallions on Saturday before the heavy coun- try attendance had arrived. The concluding Thursday registered an at- tendance of 18,000, the most suscessful closing attendance in many years, and a strong programme was presented at that night's show. The at- tendance and receipts for the week aggregated record height in the his- tory of the fair. A surplus of about $50,000 will remain. The further ex- periment with the middle-to-middle-of-week plan will be watched with in- terest. New York tried it faithfully and finally abandoned it. 300 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AMONG THE BEEF BREEDS. THE SHORTHORNS. This section fell only a little short in numbers of last year, but it missed appreciably some of the strong circuit herds which in former sea- sons opened their campaign here. Eastern exhibitions caused some ab- sences and resulted in split show herds. The exhibit was largely from Iowa and revealed some capital breeding and fitting enterprise. While the greater strength lay in the younger classes, where some animals of the highest promise were decorated with ribbons, the toppers in the older rings represented acceptable show stuff in many instances. Iowa breeders are earnestly and successfully supporting the fair and gradual improve- ment in the class of cattle shown reflects credit on their efforts. It needs scarcely be said, however, that with the absence of most of the profes- sional exhibitors, the display of the breed failed considerably to measure up to some past standards. Honors were allotted by Capt. T. E. Robson, London, Ont. Familiar names appear in the older classes. Sultan Mine went through to the grand championship, and Dale's Gift was first among the cows, but the two-year-old Maxwalton Missie 2d gained the senior championship, only to lose crowning honors to the beautiful white junior yearling Village Flower 2d. The Cumberlands as usual required reckoning with in the younger classes. The prize list shows a well-defended state front against the two invading herds from Wisconsin, and the herds from Indiana, Illinois and Minnesota. THE HEREFORDS. The whitefaces continue to claim undisputed superiority among the beef breeds on this ground in the uniform show character of their cattle. With seven less exhibitors than in the Shorthorn section, but with eight more entries, the contrast in show form and finish throughout the ex- hibit was very distinctly favorable to the whitefaces. It was an old-time show, made by old-time exhibitors, seasoned warriors in the mimic war- fare of the arena. With united front Hereford breeders have for the past few years been waging a vigorous campaign at the big shows, dis- playing timber of the most attractive character, presented with a finish that left nothing wanting. This is the opening of just such another cam- paign. It finds the whiteface forces strong in individual equipment, strong in their unity of effort. It was a brilliant uncovering of a fall cam- paign. Fire was struck in the opening class. The two-year-old winner of last year, Prince Perfection, was counted on for champion honors, but elimi- nated in the opening round. Fairfax 16th bears a trifle of evidence of prolonged campaigning, but Prof. J. C. Kinzer, Moscow, Idaho, who worked with discrimination as judge, liked the older bull. He in -turn was de- feated for the championship by the sensational senior yearling Repeater 7th, quite precocious as a representative of the latter-day Hereford show bull. Perfection Lass came out of the two-year-old class of the past season into premier honors clear to the purple, although stumbling blocks beset her path. The contestants in the championship lists measured well up to the high traditions of the breed. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 301 THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS. The doddies have come again. They came with a rush. For the past few years exhibitors of Angus liave not by any means been as well pre- pared to meet the public at the opening of the season as strongly as at its close. It is different this year. Double in number of exhibitors and almost double in entries, the comely blacks swept through the arena in repeated enthusiasm-arousing classes. Not a few of the names on the prize list are familiar, but almost without exception, age has added to their strength. Fitting evidently was earlier taken in hand, and the problem now is not to finish them for the International, but to hold bloom. The herd knows no equal in this respect, however, and notable achievements should await it at the court of final resort. An absence of sensational and outstanding animals characterized the display, together with a well sustained strength in most of the classes. If quality fell below at times in some of the younger rings, it would bound up again in succeeding shows. E. T. Davis, Iowa City, la., was called on to make a number of close decisions, as it required a balance of claims to reach a conclusion. Angus exhibitors have reason to feel complacent over the reverberation of their opening gun. The list of exhibitors uncovers some new names. Erwin C is quite a massive bull now, and impressive in the character- istics of a sire. He made his way to final honors. The cow Blackcap McHenry 88th, had more opposition to overcome in reaching the same pinnacle, but she carries much of championship timber, with her scale and character and flesh. The younger female classes held much of high promise. The blue ribbon winners among the youngsters were highly creditable to the men who produced and fitted them. THE GALLOWAYS. The Galloway exhibit was credited with a new Des Moines exhibitor, the Capital View Ranch of Kansas, and most worthily did it add to the display. Charles Escher distributed the ribbons. The bull classes were rather uneven, but the champion Fearnot of Maples is a worthy pattern from his celebrated sire Standard Favorite. The cow classes stirred up more competition and the winners of the three older classes were little short of sensational. Capital View's aged cow bore away the purple for grand championship, but both this and the senior award were hotly con- tested. She finally carried off her honors on account of the greater smoothness, length, thickness of side and forerib, and mellow handling quality. The two-year-old wore a rather nicer Galloway head and a little more development of midde, and the yearling showed the same stretchy low-built type that made the aged cow so attractive. From a quality standpoint the show was highly satisfactory. THE POLLED DURHAM. J. H. Miller, Leemon Stock Farm and Achenbach Bros, contributed a show of this rising breed that rivaled anything' of the past as to quality. Sultan's Creed in his three-year-old form has developed a roan form of balanced proportions and his lines were packed with meat- and mellow- 302 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE ness from every angle. He is a highly worthy, if not superior, successor to the great line of show bulls that has come from the Miller herd. The aged cow went through for champion, and is fit for honors among the Shorthorn rings. Deep, wide, capacious and maternal, a four-year-old that has already produced three calves, she is a fit example of the proper breeding and show combination. The roan Loch Dale Roanette dupli- cated her International junior championship by repeating the award at Des Moines. She is very sweetly feminine and carries a middle and frame that bespeaks a future in the breeding herd. L. G. Shaver made the awards. THE RED POLLS. After the crest of every wave one finds the trough, and so last year's unequaled lineup of Red Polls fell in marked contrast for this year's show. The awards were predominantly Haussler Bros., who have added the Davis herd to their holdings. Their champion bull was a full-framed fellow of properly balanced type and their herd showed every evidence of care- ful study and preparation. W. S. Hill contested every award with strength and bore away the female purple on his beautiful lined matron Nancy. In her class she competed against Gazelle, a cow of almost duplicate type, that lacked slightly in scale although somewhat better fleshed. Prof. Andrew Boss made the alignments. THE FAT STEERS. The step in advance in this section lay not in the worth of the cattle, but in the abolition of the time-worn system of committee judging by the several breed arbiters on grand champion awards. Tom Cross of Clay, Robinson & Co.'s selling staff at Chicago, was selected for this task and performed it in approved showyard manner. His champion steer and herd were both outstanding. The grade Angus champion of Rosenfeld's was a very thickfleshed mellow two-year-old that quite surpassed in scale and quality every competitor in the unsexed classes. With the able assistance of a fair yearling and a first-class calf he carried away the herd honors. 'SauTiders and Tow made their usual commendable showing of Shorthorns and Herefords, respectively. The free-martin calf shown by Wickersham took the grade Shorthorn championship, and the hand- some snappy purebred yearling of Oloff's that wore the purple in the Shorthorn division drew many favorable comments. The display of these excellent steers in a season of beef famine and climatic drouth is highly creditable to the steadfastness of Iowa steer feeders. THE DAIRY CATTLE. If state fair exhibits afford any indication of a commonwealth's prog- ress, the milch cows of Iowa are forging ahead more rapidly than any other class of animals. A 13 per cent increase in the number of entries afforded the largest exhibit of this sort at any fair west of the Missis- sippi. The Holstein and Guernsey shows passed the high-water mark and the Ayrshires, Brown Swiss and Dutch Belted lent color and quality to already engorged displays. The Jerseys lacked somewhat as compared to last year's numbers, but the tops rivaled in quality the good ones of FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 303 that season. It is seldom that such a competent list of judges has worked simultaneously and this year's group bore away the respect of every spec- tator and exhibitor. The addition of Sanders' herd of Dutch Belted classes gave scope and added variety to the color scheme of the display. If one had predicted five years ago that the dairy interests of Iowa would parallel or surpass the beef interests, ho would have been classed with the rest of the cranks. Yet the seats outside the ring were as thickly crowded on the east side where the dairy animals were shown as on the opposite side where their beef relatives disported themselves. IIOLSTEINS. When a state show develops the quality sufficient to smother the Waterloo champion of last year it means that something is doing in dairy circles. One of the largest and hottest contested exhibits of Hol- steins ever made at a state fair came to Des Moines, and the judgment of W. J. Gillett was frequently taxed to a high degree, always with satisfactory results, however. The winner of the aged bull class and the grand champion ribbon was a newcomer in showyard circles. Sir Jessie Fobes Piebe Burke, Cope- stake's massive herd bull, stepped into the ring at a weight of 2,700 pounds. He combined with this frame a rare smoothness of shoulder, a tremendous capacity of chest and a full-made open-ribbed middle. His coat showed evidence that he had just come from pasture, but his skin was as mellow and pliable as the most exacting judge could desire. The veining and indications of mammary development in the bull were superb. The sensational contest was found in the aged cow class of thirteen entries when Galloway's Fay Jewel Beauty, last year's breed champion at Waterloo, yielded first and second places to Nelson and lowana entries. Chloe Artis Jewel of Cedarside, that went through for champion, was possessed of as beautiful a head, as straight lines, as level and well- proportioned a rump and as capacious an udder and veining system as one finds in a big cow. A slight cutting up between the quarters of the udder made an arguing point for the followers of the second and third animals, and the deep clean-cut freshness of Minnie Stienstra 2d and the fine feminine sweetness with size in Fay Jewel Beauty made friends of everyone. It was a case of an abundance of riches. The three-year-old Colantha Johanna of Cedarside showed beautiful youthful quality on large lined frame, and her udder and veining system were so pronounced that she was favored by some against the old cow. High showyard merit appeared in each individual as the rings progressed, and the standard set in this sensational competition will prohably remain the ideal for several years. JERSEYS. H. G. Van Pelt distributed the ribbons among a display of Jerseys that failed to reach last year's numbers, but that strongly rivaled the tops in that exhibition. Mrs. Fabyan's Ocean Blue has come through the past year in excellent bloom and is packed with Jersey character in every line. Bering's herd deserves a word of high commendation, as his first appearance on the circuit was highly successful. His entries teemed 304 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE with quality and were so full of capacity that they could rightly be termed big "little cows." The udders were well placed on all. The champion cow was possessed of fine matronly outlines and promises to threaten the supremacy of the leaders in some of the larger shows. Chaffee's herd possessed many excellent animals, but they had not yet at- tained the bloom and fit that the showyard calls for. This handicap is something that the future can easily remove. GUERNSEYS. Iowa has rejoiced in some excellent shows of this breed in former years, but never has quality gone clear down the line in every ring so markedly. Although the older bull classes were each headed by outstand- ing animals, yet this fact by no means decries the contestants down the line. Mr. Marsh uncovered what promises to be the breed's sensation this season in his recently imported Hayes Cherub 2d, a short age three- year-old whose every line exudes Guernsey milkiness. He carries the richest secretions and was so sensationally patterned that the purple award was unquestioned. That product of the two Marsh champions of previous circuits, Bopeep's Mar of Iowa, has grown away from his baby form of the last National Dairy Show in a most acceptable manner and headed the yearling class in easy style. The senior bull calves by their number and closeness in merit, probably gave Charles L. Hill his worst puzzler in the male awards, but his alignments called forth only satis- fied comments. The lean-lined promise of these babies augurs well for the Guernsey herds of the next few years. The cows brought forth a new blue ribbon wearer in the capacious Glen- wood's Hazel. Her freshness, trimness and rich color, coupled with a tortuous mammary spread from a level-floored tight-set udder, gave her the advantage over Fox's thirteen-year-old campaigner Essie Jeweler. Age does not mar the beauty of the matron's head nor the milkiness of her proportions, but both udder and belly swing looser from her lower line than in former shows. It was not until the senior yearling class that the female classes began to get sensational and then each added ring out- shone the previous one. Both judges and breed followers proclaimed this the best show in the point of continued excellence throughout all entries ever brought together in an American showring. The stretchy imp. More- land Aquamarine emerged on top of the senior yearlings and by her remairkable character went through to the championship. As an example of successful inbreeding this heifer is notable, her four grandparents all being sired by the same bull, imp. Golden Secret. AYRSHIKES. Only two herds were entered in the Ayrshire comipetition and the seasoned preparation of the Seitz entries was such that Prof. Kennedy gave them all awards over the Galloway contestants. This was "Wm. Gal- loway's first year as an Ayrshire exhibitor. The champion bull was a very high type of the breed, square-lined, mellow, with a highly prepotent tem- perament. The champion cow was somewhat stretchier than the breed de- mands, a point in which she lost to her stablemate that stood second, but FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 305 she was a grand type of dairy matron, open-ribbed, mellow-slvinned and long, level and capacious in the udder.. Some discussion arose in the three- year-old heifers over the placing of this year's Highland champion second, but the length, leveler rump and handling quality were sufficient to bring the blue to her herd rival. BROWN SWISS. Each year sees refinement, utility and development in this breed, and the present exhibition showed clearly the more distinct imiprint of the American idea of dairy character. Allynhurst's champion My One Boy is a most worthy son of their old campaigner Casper C, and enforces a lesson in constructive breeding. The purple-bearing cow, Arlene, carried productive lines worthy of emulation in any of our milk breeds. Ayers' veteran Anna was placed third in the aged cow class. Born on the show circuit, she is beginning her fourteenth consecutive year of campaigning. The development in nervous temperament of all the animals shown is so marked that it may be termed another milestone of progress. Hugh G. Van Pelt made the allotments in a manner that evoked popular favor. DUTCH BELTED. All awards went to F. R. Sanders, Mesa, Ariz., as the sole exhibitor. AMONG THE SHEEP. Perhaps the most interesting feature in connection with the Iowa sheep show was the fraternal feeling that exists among the exhibitors. This de- velopment reached its culmination in the organization of an Iowa Shrop- shire Breeders' Association Monday night. Prof. M. G. Thornburg of Ames, superintendent of the sheep department, was elected secretary and treas- urer, and a series of resolutions were passed commending his initial at- tempt as sheep superintendent, and recommending that the board engage him for the coming year. Three hundred and fifty entries stepped into the ring in the sheep de- partment, 150 of which were Shropshires. The interesting feature of the show in this case, as in many other departments, was the list of Iowa ex- hibitors. Harry Eddingfield produced both the Iowa sweepstakes ram and ewe. The ewe was pronounced by judge John Campbell of Ontario as one of the nicest types of American animals that he had ever passed upon. She was not in high enough flesh to defeat McKerrow's imported ewes in the open classes, but her fresh femininity, pink skin; true Shropshire fleece and wonderfully set legs made her very attractive. The good will among exhib- itors reached its culmination on "Wednesday morning when judges, officials, exhibitors and ringside "fans" held a fellowship meeting, and drank quarts of lemonade from the beautiful sweepstake cups that were won by Edding- field. In the Iowa Shropshires the rivalry was keen among G. A. Fawcett (who won on his ram lamb in the open class, defeating McKerrow's im- ported animals), E. L. Bitterman (who dipped deeply into the money awards) and Eddingfield. In the open classes McKerrow had everything his own way. A yearling ram carried away the championship. The Iowa 20 306 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sheep show has improved 100 per cent in the last two years, and the con- centrated efforts of these earnest shepherds merit the recognition of the fair management to a degree warranting new pens and buildings for their accommodation. In the Southdowns a very high-class competition developed between the imported animals of Arnold and Phillippi. The yearling classes were best and very close, the champions of each sex being developed from these particular ranks. The Hampshires were i-n proper condition to win in open stiff competition. The two-year-old ewe was of exceptional quality, while the ram lambs maintained the size claims that the enthusiastic breed advocates continually advance. The Cheviot show lacked competi- tion, but Postle's entries surpassed even their usual merit. The Dorset ranks were weak, but among the fine-wools the Rambouillet entries of Cook and King furnished the thrills common to the International. Mc- Kerrow contributed his usual high-class Oxford offering, although some very worthy home-bred individuals competed against him from the Croxen pens. As a whole, the excellent sheep show presages a glorious future. THE SWINE. The ravages of cholera were echoed in this section and in the feeding pens scattered over the state. This disease, and a ruling requiring all show hogs to be vaccinated — which later had to be revoked, as serum enough could not be obtained — account for the lightest entry list in several years at this fair. The quality of the exhibits with the exception of that of the Poland-China was the equal if not the superior of that of former years. The Duroc-Jerseys made the largest showing. A ringside comment which aptly fits the situation ran: "The showing of the 'reds' reveals what progress may be made in hogs by consistent showing and breeding." H. E. Browning of Illinois and W. W. Waltemeyer of Iowa were the most successful exhibitors. The grand champion boar Big Wonder shown Dy Stevens is a remarkable hog. A. J. Lovejoy, the judge, rated him especially better in the way that he carried out at the tail than the other young boar and smoother than the aged boar High Model. In the Poland-Chinas some very good animals were seen and the major portion of the big prizes went to J. E. Meharry of Illinois. His pigs showed especially well in their uniformity and were very wide and deep. Apparently the hardest class was the twelve to eighteen-months-old sows. In this show two sows owned by Mr. Barker pushed the two Meharry sows hard, but they had hardly so much depth and width as their rivals, although they had a slight advantage in length. The Chester White exhibit was noted for its uniformity, and in every class there was a strong fight for the favorite ribbons. As a result the prizes were well scattered among several breeders. The champion boar, shown by Mr. Somerville, combines size and bone with quality and ex- cellent type. The Chester Whites show a steady and consistent improve- ment in the makeup of the exhibit at this fair. In Berkshires the lowana Farms were the largest winners, although pushed hard and surpassed in some classes. While not so numerous as FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 307 some other breeds, the showing of the "pugnoses" included excellent in- dividuals. The Hampshire show approached closely in numbers that of former years. The champion boar was of unusual length and the favorite of the ringside. The Saltone Stock Farm had things largely its own way in the sow classes. Its champion sow Pearl's Choice combines in a large measure size, strength of bone and smoothness. In the bacon breeds the Large Yorkshires led in numbers. The cham- pion Large Yorkshire boar, owned by Mr. Manley, is one of the best ever shown. Mr. Kunkle won the largest share of the premiums, although he was not able to make a clean sweep, as Davidson's and Burk's entries pressed close and often passed him. The only Tamworths were those of J. B. Machoy of Iowa. The judge commented very highly upon these, especially the aged sow. The judges were as follows: Poland-Chinas, Lloyd Mugg, Kokomo, Ind. Duroc-Jerseys, A. J. Lovejoy, Roscoe, 111.; Chester Whites, W. A. Hoover, Oskaloosa, Iowa, and Harry Lewis, Geneseo, 111. Berkshires, N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo. Hampshires, Wilson Rowe, Davenport, Iowa. Large Yorkshires and Tamworths, C. C. Roup, Talona, Iowa. THE HORSE DISPLAY. By a margin of 75 head the largest number of horses ever stabled on the Iowa fair grounds reported this year. The gain was chiefly in the light horse sections, due to imprpved classification in that division, but the wonderful strides made by Iowa Belgian, Shire and Percheron breeders are evident, particularly in the case of the Belgian rings, as importers stated that they had never seen even at the Brussels show such capital rings of three-year-old and two-year-old females. The draft horse is becoming more firmly entrenched in the practices of Iowa farm- ers, and although this year showed a diminished number of importers yet in only a few instances did the rings suffer much in quality. The development of the industry in Iowa to this firmly entrenched point is largely the result of the educational and advertising possibilities of the state fair. A valuable modification in the classification separated the yeld mares from those with foal and permitted the showing of brood mares and foals together, each counting 50 per cent. The result of this division was most marked in the Shire and Clydesdale classes, although some excel- lent entries appeared among the Percherons and Belgians. PERCHERON S. In some respects the Percheron show this year was disappointing. In the mare classes down to the yearlings there was much lack of uniformity. A very tidy type of mare appeared for Dunhams in Ilda, which won the yeld mare class, but she was closely pressed by the low-set massive chest- nut Hemine. This mare was favored by many, but had scarce the quality, feet and action possessed by the winner. The champion of the sex was found in the winner of the yearling class, the sensational Couceorous. She was a black filly of beautiful top line with exceptionally square-set 308 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE limbs and feet, extraordinary bone and quality — in fact, all of the attri- butes in a Percheron of her age. That she comes to the front as the de- velopment of the futurity class is ipeculiarly fitting, demonstrating most certainly what such encouragement to Iowa breeders can bring about. In the aged stallion class Jeun, a very impressive son of Carnot, went up over the Dunham entry because of his scale, substance and drafty finish. The wearer of the red was a better mover. McMillan's Matador, winner of the two-year old class, fell reserve to Jeun. He is one of the shortest- backed youngsters that has been exhibited in recent years. To his other charms he adds an exceptional quality and a most impressive head and neck. William Bell, Wooster, Ohio, did the judging. BELGIANS. A very high-class show of Iowa Belgians developed. Prof. W. J. Kennedy of Ames was called on to align some of the strongest classes ever seen in a Belgian show ring, and possibly the strongest ever ex- hibited in this country. In the stallion section Jules Remi, a very massive drafty blue roan of exceptional action, headed the list. The champion came from the three-year-olds, a red roan, neatly turned, straight, traveling youngster with lots of scale. Some very good animals appeared in the younger classes, the ruggedness and weight of the en- tries appealing very strongly to the onlooking Iowa farmers. In the mares a sensational individual came to the front for Lefebure. Anna de Balcan is a grand-moving mare with capital feet, great quality and the draftiest proportions. She was shown in rather thin condition, but her excellences were so numerous that she drew very strongly on spectators and judges. Thirteen three-year-olds and twenty-one two-year-old fillies furnished the sensation of the show. The size, correctness and uniformity of these entries were remarkable, and called for the keenest apprecia- tion that any female ring outside of the futurities drew forth. The Bel- gian horsemen are making a strong bid for the favor of Iowa farmers, and one or two future exhibitions on a parallel with that of this year will firmly entrench them in Hawkeye favor. CLYDESDALES. The failure of the McLay stables to appear left such a gap in the rings of this year that the glories of the display of one year ago were merely a memory. Nevertheless, the winners were in most cases very creditable individuals possessed of the lines, character and tidiness so desired in the Clydesdale. Prof. E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia, Mo., made the awards. Ford's Prince Cedric, a typical Clydesdale that lacked somewhat in size, headed the aged class in an acceptable manner. After that there was a lack of uniformity and consequent difhculty in placing. Many of the ringside favored the big, drafty Forest King, that was placed fifth as a successor to Prince Cedric. However, he showed to disadvantage because of dullness in action, and this accounted in part for his lowly position. In the three-year-old class the fight between Baron Defiance and Osco Pride was rather close, Osco Pride showing nicer lines, better ankles and being rather toppier, but scarcely possessing the action, clean FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 309 quality and feet of the first entry. The two-year-old class developed the champion in the handsome Come Again. He was by far the boldest type of stallion in the entire male show, and while slightly undersized, he won his position wuthout difficulty. Three fairly good stallions ap- peared in the yearling class, the size and draftiness of the winner being apparent. A large, rugged, square-legged foal, rather thin in flesh, bore away the honors in his division. In the yeld mares the matronly Lady Parmiston won easily, while the fine-moving stretchy Amarillys with her stallion foal headed the mare and foal class. The two-year-old ring brought forth the champion female in Princess Mae, a mare of razor- like quality, yet bearing lots of substance throughout. She had a deep body and capital action, but might have been a little neater about the top lines. In this respect Osco Bell that stood next to her rather ex- celled. The third prize, Mary Queen of Scots, drew the favor of the ringside. She was sold to Conyngham Bros., Wilkesbarre, Pa., at a re- ported price of $1,500. SHIRES. A capital exhibit of Shires was brought forth, partly as a result of the generous offer of medals by the English Shire Horse Society and loving cups by the American Shire Horse Association. As usual Tru- mans carried off the bulk of the money, but exhibits of F. J. Woltmann, H. O. "Wilkinson, Wm. Crownover, Geo. Eggert and Fred Huston, all of Iowa, made a large share of the competition bear a decidedly Iowa tinge. The champion purple in stallions easily went to Truman's Coleshill Dia- mond King, a massive bay drafter of the desirable American type. In the female classes the sensation of the show was the famous old veteran Tatton Aurora, shown in her twelfth year at a weight of 2,375 pounds. Age scarcely has left a mark on this matronly mare, and the only signs of passing life left with her are those seen about the face and the somewhat reposeful line over her back. The drafty Moulton Primella that won in the mare and foal class was awarded reserve to Tatton Aurora. She is a beautiful mare whose type bespeaks utility and service. In the two-year-old class a ringside favorite failed of place when Tru- man's Coldham Charm was left outside the money. However, the mare that won the class was of exceptional quality and evenness of lines, and possessed the beautiful finish and style of going that the English and Scotch breeders have taught the horse markets to look for. Alex. Gal- braith, of Manitoba, made the awards. THE DRAFT HORSE BREEDER'S FUTURITY, With progressively longer steps, the valuable incentive to enlarged draft-horse breeding offered by the "Live Stock World's" futurity yields continually more of the desired results. J. H. S. Johnstone, who has supervised the contest for the last three years, took records on thirteen male and thirty-five female Percheron yearlings, three male and eleven female Clydesdales, nine male and sixteen female Shires and five male and nine female Belgians. The sensation of this show was the first prize Percheron filly that went through for the female championship of the breed, and that was sold to Senator E. B. White of Virginia for $2,000. 310 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The filly that topped the Shire class was fully as important, her last year's record of winning foal being firmly maintained by a magnificent 1,500-pound draftiness seldom seen in such growthy proportions. Soder- berg's Clydesdale winner combined beauty of line with high-class draft form, while Rosenfield's Belgian youngster was freely typical of the low, thick draftiness the breed's standards require. The excellence of the females in each breed as compared to the males augurs well for future American draft production. While the impress of the world's best stallions is fairly certain of being secured, the foun- dation of the breeding stud is the mare stock. Economy often limits the breeder here and the ascendency of this magnificent lineup of future matrons foretells with accuracy the industry's future. Something of the worth of these Percherons may be estimated when it is known that three fine-typed imported fillies sired by three of the greatest stallions of the breed, failed to land within the first twelve places. Not alone in the Percheron breed was this excellence marked. Big drafty Shires that rival their elders in frame and their colleagues in weight filled places of honor all the way down the line. One or two rug- ged-built Clydesdales stood out among a wealth of the tidier type, while the full-made forms of the Belgian entries gave ample reason for the tre- mendous strides this breed is taking toward the popular favor of corn- belt buyers. When one compares the rings of last week with the rings of four years ago when undeveloped youngsters appeared to the numbe-- of three or four in exceptional instances, the impetus of this commenda- ble futurity can be at once realized. The ribbons were distributed by the regular breed judges, Senator White working with Mr. Bell in the Percherons, J. H. Truman assisting on the Belgians, R. B. Ogilvie aiding on the Shires, and Chas. R. Taylor co-operating on the Clydesdales. DRAFT GELDINGS AND MAKES. The draft gelding and mare competition was divided into two groups, one for Iowa competitors and the other open. In the open class Tru- mans exhibited two magnificent three-year-old over-a-ton Shire geldings that rejoiced in the names of Woodrow Wilson and Teddy Roosevelt. When the awards were made these two followed last fall's precedent at the polls, leaving Woodrow Wilson on top to later carry away the gelding championship. This pair promises to furnish a sensation in the gelding shows at maturity. The winners in the Iowa class stood next to them, a pair of gray Percherons, Larry and Mike. They were five-year-olds of a mighty useful sort. In the harnessed team class, the Truman Shires had everything their own way, while in the Iowa division a neat-lined straight-going team of Clydesdale mares, owned by Hixson, made off with the honors. R. B. Ogilvie, of Chicago, did the judging. THE LIGHT HOUSE SHOW. The saddle show was fairly strong, the improvement in the Iowa classes being especially marked. The four-year-old stallion ring and the class for aged mare and gelding were the outstanding competitions of the breed. The competition was extremely close, and Wallace Estill's mare, Miss Cliff, won only after an hour's arduous rivalry. The combinatioa FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 311 five-gaited and three-gaited classes were also very good, a large number of entries being out and the Iowa exhibitors furnishing strong competition. The judge was Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. The heavy harness exhibits were decidedly the best that the Des Moines show has ever witnessed. Honors were very well divided among the Pabst Stock Farm, the Wild Rose Farm, O. J. Mooers, and D. C. Cameron of Canada. The Pabst and Cameron entries formed the sensa- tion of the show. Walter Palmer and .T. O. Williams of Fort Collins, Colo., made the awards. In the classes for jumpers the horse show took a rather wide departure from former years. The fact that it was a new feature prevented the high- class competition that prevailed in the other light horse departments. Nevertheless it may be considered an established feature, as the interest of the ringside and exhibitors both was markedly aroused. The military horse competition also showed a hazy conception of the type, if the va- riety of entries be an indication. Maj.-Gen. James Rush Lincoln of the Iowa National Guard distributed the awards in consistent style. SHETLA>-D rOXIES. The only breed that need not fear motor competition is the Shetland Pony. The Iowa fair has long been known as a chief center of exhibition and the 1913 show maintained the standard of years past. Heyl's well known King Larigo entered the contests eight times to bear away seven firsts and a championship. He has thickened far beyond last year's promise. In the class of aged mares nineteen motherly pets that all fell almost on the forty-one-inch mark met in competition. The show was of a higher order of excellence than usual and Prof. Kennedy's ratings were well received. The awards in full were published last week on page 360. boys' judging contest. The stock judging contest for boys under twenty-one was the hottest in years. One hundred and ten aspirants put in six strenuous hours to learn who would be the winner of the free scholarship offered at Ames. The $200 award went to Harry H. Meneough, Grimes, la., a lad who nas worked consistently at farmers' short courses and in boys' agricultural clubs to make a finished judge of himself. The other four winners were respec- tively: Vernon Guthrie, Newton; Harry H. Webster, Runnells; J. Leo Ahart, Dow City; and Raymond Teachout, Imogene. The last prize is $25 and is to be applied to the winter short course at Ames. The first four boys are barred from further competition, but the fifth is eligible for next year. So close was the contest that five other boys were given honorable mention by the fair management. IOWA HOMESTEAD, DES MOINES, IOWA. Iowa's prosperity is reflected in its state fair. Inaugurating the grainbelt series, the Iowa exposition is looked to to set the pace for the others. In the state where prosperity has become a habit, which leads the nation in the acreage of the world's principal crops (corn, wheat, oats, -hay and potatoes) and which leads the world in the quantity and value 312 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of live stock of all kinds, the annual state fair is visible proof to the out- side world that "in all that is good Iowa affords the best." The 1913 Iowa State Fair, which opened at Des Moines Wednesday of last week and which closes today, is so much bigger and better than any of its predecessors that it testifies to a year of prosperity and progress the like of which has never been seen before. With ideal weather, the thousands of visitors to Des Moines this week were enabled to attend the fair with the minimum of discomfort. Iowa has been particularly fortunate in the matter of weather this year. While the states west of it have been visited by hot winds and drouth and the states north of it have known death-dealing winds, Iowa has experienced a season of almost ideal crop-growing weather. The results were visible at the state fair, in splendid exhibits of grain and of live stock and in the prosperous appearance of the people. The fair opened with refresh- ing breezes and continued, with a clear sky and lowered temperature, until its conclusion. Seldom, if ever, has a more nearly ideal brand of weather been furnished for fair visitors than was served up by the weather man to the visitors in Des Moines the past week. Added to this splendid weather was the ideal condition in which the state fair grounds were placed and kept. The time was, and not so many years ago, when the eyes of the visitors were outraged by littered grounas, in which waste paper, watermelon rinds and all manner of refuse and riff-raff combined; when the nose was incensed by all sorts and conditions of odors, from unsanitary outhouses and from uncleanly lunch counters and booths; when the ears were pierced by nerve-shattering, sirenic whistles, the raucous shouts of ill-mannered "barkers" and the continuous din of fakers, each endeavoring to make more noise than his competitors. All this was absent this year, and for this relief much thanks. Never did the Iowa fair grounds present a more cleanly appearance. Oiled roads kept down the dust, a plentiful supply of clean and comfortable benches made it possible for all to rest, while the eye was greeted with beds of cannas and other beautiful flowers, in full bloom, that were a constant delight. The number of foul-smelling refreshment stands was far smaller than usual, entirely lacking in the places given over to resting spots, where the people might sit in comfort, enjoy the band concerts, the vista of flowers and waving flags and enjoy themselves as at a high- grade and beautiful park. In no one particular is the state fair manage- ment to be more highly commended this year than in the cleanliness of the grounds and the constant catering to the comfort of the many thou- sands of visitors. At this writing (Wednesday evening) the attendance has been main- tained at such a high figure, day by day, as to lead to the opinion that last year's record of 270,000 would be approached and possibly passed. Notwithstanding the refusal of the railroads to grant the reduced fare ordered by the last legislature, every incoming train has been loaded to the guardj, while thousands of farmer-owned and j'armer-driven auto- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 313 mobiles have added their quota to the constantly increasing throngs. The cash receipts will probably be larger than last year and this despite the fact that the prices for the amphitheater were reduced this year, as was right and proper. Visitors to the Iowa State Fair have become accustomed to seeing larger and finer exhibits of live stock than are to be found at any of the other state fairs. The parade of prize winners on the closing day has come to be an affair of the greatest importance, eclipsing anything in art or literature, a million-dollar parade of prize winners without a peer. Visitors to Des Moines this week found a live stock exhibit which, while not breaking former records, is well abreast of former exhibits. In the matter of swine alone is the exhibit any smaller than heretofore, the serum restrictions imposed by the management (and lifted only at the last moment) resulting in cutting down the exhibits in this de- partment to approximately half. The cattle display was as good as has ever been made, while the horse exhibit was larger and finer than ever before seen at any state fair. "With sixty acres of space devoted to farm machinery the exhibit of the mechanical aids to farming was an eye-opener to those who had not realized the extent to which the farmer is summoning the inventive genius of man to the aid of his brawn and brain. The machinery ex- hibit has been growing from year to year, constantly outgrowing its en- larging quarters and showing the extent to which the Iowa farmer is becoming a better customer, year by year, for the latest and most per- fected mechanical aids to the gentle art of tilling the soil. With so much that is good and instructive in the exhibition as a w^hole, it would be impossible to single out all the meritorious features deserving of special mention. A couple will have to suffice. The ex- hibit of the United States Office of Public Roads, a branch of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, was not only attractive in itself (Iowa being one of the three states of the Union to receive this display), but it also opened up a possibility which future fairs should not overlook. Nothing is more important to the farmer than good roads. Schools, homes, happiness itself depend upon easy means of transportation. The road exhibit this year showed models of highways which link farm and town together in a perfect union of harmonious co-operation. The exhibit should be larger next year and should deal with local condi- tions, as well as national. A splendid start has been made and 1914 should show a road-making display which will be a practical object to every observer. As usual, the Iowa State College building was worthy of several visits. Several new features made it more valuable than ever before. The display of wireless telegraphy was interesting, but the display of a model farmstead and the offer of the college experts to furnish blue- prints for laying out farms and building farm homes were so practically valuable as to stand out chief among the many splendid exhibits in the 314 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE building. Any visitor who failed to spend an hour or two, at least, in the college building failed in one of the most important parts of his mission to the fair. The daily lectures on all sorts of topics, from the administering of serum to cholera-infected hogs to the proper prepara- tion of staple foods for the family table, with the care and training of children and the growing and feeding of alfalfa thrown in for gooC- measure, were of inestimable value. The state college is doing a splendid work, in a most attractive way, at its annual fair exhibit. One hundred and five boys took part in the corn and live-stock judg- ing contests, competing for the Ames college scholarship. First prize went to Harry H. Meneough, of Grimes. The other prize winners were Vernon Guthrie, of Newton; Harry H. Webster, of Runnels; J. Leo Ahart, of Dow City, and Raymond Teachout, of Imogene. The following boys won honorable mention: Arthur Meints, of Dixon; Leslie Turnbull, of Brady ville; Fred J. Paulus, of Hampton; Chester Viers, of Swan, and Lawrence Boyer, of Red Oak. The contestants were required to judge two rings each of horses, cattle and swine and not less than two varieties of corn. The first four prizes were scholarships in the Iowa State College of Agriculture at Ames, ranging in value from $200' for the first prize to $100 for the fourth. The fifth prize was $25 in cash. The annual competition invariably arouses great interest among the farm boys and is an all-the-year-around incentive for good work and careful study of the scientific end of farming. All attendance records for Monday were broken this year when the total for the day reached 53,368. This was 13,184 more than had passed through the turnstiles on Monday of last state fair. The fact that the passes had been cut down, together with the larger gross attend- ance, made the day's receipts the largest for any Monday in the history of the Iowa fair, over 11,000 more than for the same day last year. Monday was given over to the implement dealers of the state, a fitting recognition of the prominent part they are playing in the agricultural development of Iowa. Tuesday was Old Soldiers' day and a large num- ber of veterans of the civil war were present, enjoying a reunion and a chance to talk over old times and to see the wonders of the new times. Sunday was Music Day, splendid band concerts by Liberati's and Henry's bands and a night program by the Philharmonic Choir bringing a record-breaking Sunday crowd out to the grounds. Tuesday goes down in history as another record breaker, there being 65,814 persons on the ground, thereby exceeding the best day of previous years by up- wards of 1,000 persons. By next year the fine new woman's building will be erected, occupy- ing a conspicuous spot on the grounds. The last legislature provided the funds, but the building could not be erected in time for this year's fair. The future babies' health contests will be held in the new build- ing, fitting housing for one of the most important and attractive de- partments of the entire fair. This is the third year that Iowa has held FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 315 babies' health contests, with increasing interest and profit. Babies are examined by sliilled doctors and psychologists, not for personal beauty but health and mentality. The value of these contests is shown by the fact that a little farm baby which failed to get any place two years ago was brought up the following year on the advice given by the doc- tors who had judged her at the show and returned a year ago to win honorable mention. If this can be done in only one year's time, the possibilities of the campaign have no limit. The Homestead wishes to go on record as saying that there is no more important or valuable work being carried on under the state fair direction than this work of improving the human stock through the annual babies' health contest. For the first time in the history of the Iowa State Fair the grand champion sweepstakes for the best individual collective farm exhibit were won by a woman. She is Mrs. Fannie Klinck, of Clarksville, and has been exhibiting farm products only four years. She was born and reared on an Iowa farm, but never gave any particular attention to farming until a few years ago. The quality and rank of her exhibit has climbed up from fourth place in 1909 to first place this year, and that in the face of the strongest competition. Mrs. Klinck lectures on agriculture twice a week in the Waterloo schools and teaches agri- culture at teachers' institutes. While she is not a graduate of any agricultural college she is thoroughly scientific. SIIOBT-IIOENS. The showing of the cosmopolitan breed led into the ring at the initial show of the Great Western Circuit was strong in numbers, but not up to standard quality in all the classes. While there were many excellent individuals of the breed shown, quite a number of the animals appeared in poor state fair condition and finish which served to detract from the general impression gained of the Short-horn showing. One hundred and five head from the herds of eighteen exhibitors, fourteen of which came from Iowa, two from Wisconsin, one from Minnesota and one from Indiana were led before Judge T. E. Robson, of London, Ontario, Can., who tied the ribbons and gave universal satisfaction. Wisconsin carried off both grand championship honors. Sultan Mine is showing in his usual good form, easily winning first in class, senior and grand championship honors. Cumberland's Type, the senior bull calf shown by C. A. Saunders, of Manilla, Iowa, won first in a strong class of calves and also carried off junior championship honors. In female classes some very good animals were brought forward and in the younger classes there was very keen competition. The two-year- old Maxwalton Missie 2d, owned by Anoka Farms, won first in a strong class of two-year-old heifers, and was later made senior champion fe- male. She was, however, defeated for grand championship honors by Village Flower 2d, quite a remarkably good junior yearling heifer from the same herd, that won up through her class and junior championship honors. The senior heifer class aroused much interest, and there was 316 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE close figuring in placing the first place upon August 112th. Many at the ringside who watched the placing were in favor of the heifer, Silver Mysie, an unusually sweet heifer from the herd of G. H. Burge, Mt. Vernon, Iowa. ABERDEEN AXGUS. The "Doddie" show at the 1913 Iowa State Fair will go down iu his- tory as one of the best Angus shows ever staged at Des Moines. While there may have been shows that were more replete with numbers, there has not been a show at Iowa in recent years so remarkable for general good quality and fitness, taking the classes throughout. Iowa may well feel proud of her Angus breeders who furnished the most of the winners of outstanding merit at the 1913 fair. Of the eleven exhibitors who led the ninety-six head of these cattle before Judge E. T. Davis, of Iowa City, Iowa, only one appeared from outside the state of Iowa. In both male and female classes, animals in good condition and well forward were led into the ring. Erwin C. was an outstanding win- ner in class, and easily fought his way up through senior championship and grand championship honors. Prof. W. ,T. Kennedy of the Iowa College, who has seen the best of the breed on both sides of the water, considers him the best Angus bull he has ever seen. There were many hotly contested classes among the females. In the aged cow class there was keen competition and close figuring between Blackcap McHenry 84th, and Thickset Myra, the former finally winning by a narrow margin. Thickset Myra is a cow of great depth and thick- ness and is showing in good condition, while the former is a cow of remarkable smoothness and finish. Blackcap McHenry fought her way to grand championship honors in female classes. Among the younger classes there was much hot competition, and it is seldom that one has the opportunity to see such universal uniformity among cattle classes. The senior yearling bull. Ebony of A. 3, is a bull of much merit and was made junior champion of the show. In female classes the senior yearling heifer, Queen of Rosemere 2d, was made junior champion female of the show. The best of the prizes went to Iowa breeders, W. A. McHenry being the heaviest winner. O. V. Battles followed him quite closely in many of the older classes and in some of the younger classes there was quite a distribution of the awards. HEKEFORDS. The least one could say of the Hereford show at Des Moines is that it was excellent. Too much could not be said in its favor. In general quality it was above par. The best the breeders of the country had to offer were forward and showed in good form. One or two of the bull classes were short in numbers, but what was lost in those classes was more than offset by the appearance of some of the young bull classes and by all the female classes. All told, 117 head were led into the ring and passing judgment upon them gave Prof. .1. C. Kinzor, of Moscow, Idaho, a difficult task in many of the classes. In the aged bull class Fairfax 16th had everything his own way. He is still showing in good form and his remarkable depth, thickness and finish made him winner of senior championsliip honors against his FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 317 brother, Beau Fairfax, from the same herd, who won first in the two- year-old class. He failed, however, to win grand championship honors, being defeated in this race by the senior yearling and junior champion bull. Repeater 7th. Here is a remarkable young bull with great depth, length, thickness, quality and finish. Showing as he does in yearling form, he gives the appearance of a mature bull, and it seemed to be the universal opinion at the ringside that he was entitled to the honor accorded him. Some of the young bull classes gave Professor Kinzer a difficult task, and placing them took a great deal of time. The appear- ance of these young animals in the pavilion was really a feature of the cattle show. In the aged cow class, Perfection Lass was early picked as winner, but the real contest in this class seemed to lie between Nora Fairfax and Disturber's Lassie 4th for second place. The latter is a thick animal, but is inclined to be a trifle patchy. The smoothness and the straight back of the latter finally won her the second place. The junior yearling heifer, Miss Repeater, winner in her class and junior champion female, was defeated for grand championship honors by the cow, Perfection Lass. The young female classes aroused con- siderable interest and the judging work was watched with keen interest which may be an index to the returning interest in beef growing. GALLOWAY. The entire Galloway exhibit, consisting of thirty-eight head, was shown by three exhibitors, two of whom came from Kansas and one from Iowa. Mr. Chas. Escher, .Jr., of Botna, Iowa, placed the animals and gave universal satisfaction. As a whole the quality of the showing was good and while there was lack of quality in some of the young bull classes, there were some excellent female classes shown. C. S. Hechtner, of Chariton, Iowa, succeeded in carrying off the great- est number of blue ribbons in the classes. His aged bull. Imp. Optimist, won first in class and was made senior and grand champion bull of the show. The junior yearling bull, Ivan's Favorite, won in class and junior championship competition. In female classes, Daisy Dimple, from Capital View Ranch, Kan., was first in the aged cow class, and won senior and grand championship honors. Hechtner's Lassie 2d, of Maples, a senior yearling, was made junior champion of the show. BED POLLED. There was a really representative showing of the dual-purpose breed at the Des Moines show, and a great many of the good individuals testi- fied to the marked improvement that has been made in the breed in the last decade. The one-time high tail, head and weak back, points too common among these cattle, are rapidly disappearing and are discredited in the show ring. Among the cow classes there appeared some really good double-purpose cows that approach the farmer's idea of useful ani- mals. Three exhibitors, all of whom come from outside the state of Iowa, made the showing of forty-nine head led before Prof. Andrew Boss, of the Minnesota Agricultural College, who made the awards. In the male classes, Teddy's Best, a long, deep bull of useful type was 318 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE first-prize aged bull, and senior and grand champion bull of the show. Teddy's Charmer, first-prize junior yearling bull, was made junior cham- pion. In female classes, Professor Boss found the cow, Nancy, a deep, large- bodied cow, that had the requirements of a good milker and scale and quality enough to show that she possessed beefing capacity. She was placed first in her class and later was given senior and grand cham- pionship honors, competing with the junior yearling winner and junior champion female, Rochelle, for the latter honor. Both of the female championship winners were shown by W. S. Hill, of South Dakota, who also succeeded in capturing a great many of the blue ribbons as well. THE POLLED DURHAM. The showing made by the Polled Durhams was one of the lightest ever made at the Iowa State Fair. Three exhibitors brought out the twenty-seven head. Mr. L. G. Shaver, of Kalona, Iowa, who placed the animals, experienced no great difficulty in picking the winners, and in many classes there was not only no competition, but only one animal. A great many of the blue ribbons and both grand championships went to the herd of J. H. Miller, of Peru, Indiana. Leeman Stock Farm, Hoopston, 111., had junior champion heifer in Loch Dale Roanette, and Achenbach Brow, of Washington, Kansas, came in for a good share of the winnings. DAIRY CATTLE. Iowa is one of the most fertile of the corn-belt states; her broad, black acres raise millions of bushels of corn which supply numberless steers and hogs with unexcelled feed for fattening purposes. But farm- ing is no longer the simple operation it was once considered; as the corn-belt agriculture becomes more and more complex the dairy cow will take a larger and a larger place in the economics of corn-belt farm- ing. The silo, the keystone about which such a noted dairy state as Wisconsin has built an enormous industry, is ever ready to convert some of the corn now being fed to fat stock into succulent feed that will fill the milk pail in winter and make the creamery patron grin broadly when he inspects the latest check. Land is increasing in value, and until the animal is found that will convert a given amount of roughage into human food more economically than the cow, the white-suited milkman must remain with us. At the Iowa State Fair this year, there was a goodly representation of Iowa breeders of dairy cattle and Iowa animals. In the Holstein show Iowa men won the grand championships in both male and female classes; an Iowa breeder captured most of the important Guernsey blue ribbons; only among the Jersey and the Brown Swiss breed was Iowa not repre- sented. It is true that in many instances the Iowa breeders still have a long and rocky road to traverse, but they must recognize the place of the cow. This paper confidently predicts that in ten years from now the Iowa breeders of pure-bred dairy cattle will rank with her breeders of high-class horses, beef animals, and hogs. If Wisconsin can invade FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 319 a corn-belt state and sweep the Short-horn show, Iowa should be equally versatile and give the Wisconsin breeders a "run for their money" at the strongest Wisconsin dairy stronghold. CUEK^^SEYS. Four complete herds, besides a lone representative from a fifth ex- hibitor, were entered at the Iowa State Fair this year, a pleasing con- trast to last season when the Guernsey show was somewhat of a dis- appointment to the lovers of this Channel Island breed of dairy cows. C. L. Hill, president of the American Guernsey Cattle Club, who tied the ribbons, found some exceedingly difficult classes to place, especially among the young stock. The cows, while excellent in most respects, were not so strong as they might have been, and these same exhibitors will have to strengthen that department of their herds if they hope to compete later against some of the crack eastern herds. Not quite ninety head of cattle were lead into the ring. A newcomer in the American show ring. Marsh's bull. Imp. Hays Cherub' 2d, a consistent winner across the "pond," easily captured the senior and grand championships. He is an outstanding individual, clean cut and alert, carrying himself well in and out of the ring. The Waterloo breeder also showed the junior bull, Bopeep's Mar of Iowa, a worthy son of the great Glenco's Bopeep. The champion cow, Glenwood's Hazel, and the junior cow, Imp. Moreland Aquamarine, were also recruited from the same herd. On the whole the stock showed great improvement in size and rugged- ness without the sacrifice of quality. It has been pretty well proven that the larger cows in a breed are the best producers, so if the Guernsey men continue to breed for size they are likely to avoid the pitfall into which another great breed fell. In one or two instances Judge Hill placed animals second or third which would have been first had they been slight- ly larger. The nervous, well-bodied, but refined individual seems to be the goal towards which the breeders are working. JERSEYS. Considered as a whole, the Jersey show was disappointing. This does not mean that no good animals were exhibited, but simply that the classes were ragged, containing individuals that should have been sent to the barns. Judge H. G. Van Pelt, of Waterloo, Iowa, expressed himself dis- satisfied with some of the sixty animals led before him, commenting on a lack of really outstanding Island "beauties" as well as the poor fitting many had received. The Jerseys seem to be in danger of falling largely into the hands of "fanciers," men of wealth who can obtain the best show animals on the market. As a result, the really good Jerseys are beyond the means of the farmer breeder; and until the farmer of the middle West regains control of the breed, working ever towards more ruggedness and perhaps greater milk production, the Jersey must remain the plaything of the few. The friends of the- Jersey need not despair, however, for within the last few years a few breeders with the courage of their convictions have been showing animals of combined capacity and quality. The whole question, hinges, of course, on the ever-present 320 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE antagonism, or seeming antagonism, between the show ring and the milk pail. The Jersey is a breed in which production may be combined with beauty and grace; she is a cow with an undisputed place in the economics of dairying, and every effort should be made to prevent its displacement by breeds less exactly fitted for its peculiar place. Nelle Fabyan, of Geneva, Illinois, won the senior and grand champion- ships on her aged bull. Ocean Blue, a trim, good-sized individual. In the junior competition the judge discounted Chaffee's Dairymaid's Com- bination because of a slightly buff nose in favor of Dering's calf, Rose's Fairy Boy. Ocean Blue's value as a sire was demonstrated, his get winning first in the get of sire contest. Last year Smith and Roberts, of Beatrice, Nebraska, and Ed Bruins, of Fairwater, Wisconsin, won most of the blue ribbons. IIOLSTEINS. A splendid showing of Holstein cattle was made before Judge W. J. Gillett, of Rosendale, Wis., especially satisfactory from the Iowa point of view in that Iowa men carried off the premier honors. Although some of last year's best exhibitors were absent, their places were taken by new men. Perhaps the most outstanding group, as well as the most difficult one to place, consisted of eighteen of as likely senior heifers as one could wish. C. A. Nelson, of Waverly, Iowa, finally captured the blue in this group. The same breeder also led the senior and grand champion cow into the ring, his Chloe Artis Jewell emerging triumphant after some exceedingly close competition. In fact, the exhibit of aged cows was of unusually good quality, the three leaders being of out- standing merit. J. C. Copestake, of Ames, Iowa, a newcomer in the show business and who entered his herd at Des Moines with great reluctance, won the grand championship on his senior bull, Sir Jessie Fobes Piebe Burke, an individual of unusually strong parts. AYHSIIIRES. Mr. Adam Seitz, Waukesha, Wis., had entered his usual herd of twenty head of this beautiful Scottish show cattle, but he wasn't allowed to carry away all the ribbons without a contest, as was the case last year. This fall William Galloway entered fifteen Ayrshires, and while his herd has not been established long enough to enable him to compete on equal terms with the veteran Wisconsin breeder, he was able to carry off some of the good ribbons. Seitz's bull, Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, one of the best in the country, repeated his record of former years by overcoming all competition, but the Waukesha man was disappointed in several of his importations, the cows not living up to their Island sliow records. IJKOWN SWISS. The Brown Swiss are getting better every year. Prof. H. G. Van Pelt, who placed the classes, was well pleased with the showing, discovering some excellent individuals and some exceedingly close competition. As might be expected, however, of a breed which many once considered dual purpose, its greatest weakness is coarseness. But as the Brown Swiss men gradually eliminate some of the outstanding weakness of this rugged FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 321 Alpine breed as show cattle, a refined stock which gains in producing power in direct proportion to its refinement, will result. Only two herds were shown, the Allynhurst Farm herds, of Delavan, Wisconsin, and the H. W. Ayers' herd, of Honey Creek, Wisconsin. Marion T. Anderson, who exhibited last year, failed to reappear. But these two herds, owned as they are by veterans of long experience in breeding and showing, were of the type to make friends for the breed. The wish was expressed several times in the ring that one or two of the eastern herds could have been present, so as to form a roundup of the best Brown Swiss herds in the country the Brown Swiss cattle being grouped largely in Wisconsin and eastern states. My-One-Boy, the four-year-old son of Casper C, was given the senior and grand championships, defeating the junior championship, Casper Brown of Allynhurst, a calf of great promise. Zell A., a son of last year's champion, was also a formidable contender for the honors. Among the cows, Cuma, now a veteran of many shows, failed to repeat, being de- feated by Belle of Grattan, a cow of considerable refinement. Arlene, always dangerous, made a strong bid for senior honors, while the junior ribbon was given to a calf, Ernetta G. DUTCH BELTED. Mr. Frank Reed Sanders, of Mesa, Arizona, who had entered an even dozen of the belted cattle, was the only competitor for the ribbon honors. His stock, considered from the Dutch Belted point of view, was almost uniformly excellent, only a few really poor show individuals being dis- covered while several were outstanding. Mr. Sanders by no means gave Iowa the benefit of his entire herd, as he has sixty or more Dutch Belted cattle making an eastern circuit. There are only a few bundred of this breed in the United States, and these are distributed very largely in the extreme Southwest, the corn belt and dairy farmers never having taken kindly to the type. Axel Hanson, of Ames, Iowa, placed the ribbons. DRAFT HORSES. The importance of the Hawkeye state as a horse center is realized when it is considered that a larger percentage of farmers in Iowa raise horses than in any other state. This would indicate a great demand for pure-bred draft stallions, as well as brood mares. Horse "soup" or a general diffusion of nondescript equine blood is fatal to a healthy horse breeding status anywhere; the market demands heavy horses of refined quality, and this demand is met only by mating large mares with the best pure-bred stallions. In the past, Iowa farmers have liad to import many of their best from other states; the Iowa State Fair drew on out- side studs for some of its best exhibits. In the natural order of affairs Iowa horsemen should dominate their own fair in point of numbers as well as quality, and lead any other similar institution in the country. Perhaps one of the most potent influences to bring better horses to Iowa and her fair is the futurity show. This year the futurity competition brought from the Percherons, and to a slightly lesser degree among the 21 322 IOWA DEPARTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE other breeds, demonstrated only again the popularity of this showing of colts and fillies. A healthy indication of the horse breeding trend was shown by the relatively smaller number of imported horses, compared with fairs some years ago, that competed for the largest money. Iowa may continue to hold her exalted position in the horse raising world, and in addition, contribute an increasingly larger quota of the breeding stock for the corn belt and contiguous states. This year, in all classes of horses and mules, slightly over 900 animals were exhibited, the best record in the history of the fair. PERCHERONS. The Percheron is at present the most popular of all draft breeds in this country and the numbers of Percherons shown at Des Moines is a fitting tribute to the breed. "Never before was such a showing of young Percherons assembled at one show in America," was the senti- ment of some of the men in a position to know, and never before was there such an assemblage of really good yearling stallions and mares in this country. The futurity classes in the Percherons were the real sensational fea- tures of the horse show, and served to demonstrate that Americans can breed a good string of yearling Percherons when they receive the proper encouragement and set about to accomplish results. The futurity works good in many directions. The small scale breeder or farmer breeder is encouraged to grow his colts and fillies at a time in the animal's life when growth means so much and when most farmers neglect the animal. Young horses which are really meritorious are often hid away and not developed simply because they are not shown. The futurity brings them into the limelight. Not only will the good be reflected toward the farmer, but the demand for good stallions will help the importing business due to the stimulus given the man who wishes horses to breed from. Mr. Wm. Bell, of Woostcr, Ohio, who awarded all the prizes in the open classes, and in the futurity classes, was assisted by Sen. T. B. White, of Leesburg, Virginia. The yearling stallion class brought out eighteen good colts and it was no easy task to place them. Principal, a massive, growthy, and well balanced and well formed colt with good movement, from Ethelwood Farm, Mondovi, Wis., was finally placed at the top of the list — a placing in accord with the opinion of horse fanciers. The yearling filly class was the strongest filly class ever seen at an American show. Thirty- three were brought forward, and here was a case of quantity and quality combined. Conceorous, a black filly of wonderful conformation, was selected to head the list. There was hardly a place one might fault her, and it is certainly a credit to her breeder, Mr. J. A. Buswell, of Bradford, Illinois, that such fillies can be produced in America. One of the advantages of the futurity is that there are many prizes offered so that one need not feel that he must be a larger breeder to compete. In aged stallion classes, Jcun, a large l)lack, with plenty of scale, and well balanced with a great back and rib, was placed over Jorat. Koran, the winner in the three-year-old class, is a remarkable horse of great FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 323 size, scale and conformation. In two year old classes, there seemed to be some discussion as to whether Matador, a great bodied colt or Legiste, a colt with a wealth of bone, would be placed at the head of the list. The blue finally went to Matador who was brought out in fit form. Dunhams, of Wayne, 111., were out with strong animals in all classes, and succeeded in drawing a great many of the blues. McMillan & Son, of Rock Rapids, Iowa; W. S. Corsa, Whitehall, 111., and Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm also sent forward some fine specimens of the breed. In female classes, Ilda, from the Dunham stables, won first in the aged mare class; Achsie, from the stables of McMillan & Sons won first in the three-year-old class, and Lyonaise from the Dunham stables won first in the two-year-old class. liELGlANS. "Not only is this year's showing of Belgians a good one, but it is one of the best held at Iowa for years," declared Prof. W. J. Kennedy, of Ames, Iowa, who tied the ribbons for this popular breed of drafters. There is a reason for the growing favor of the breed as the farmers are discovering their merit as drafters. Good, heavy animals, especially strong in the middle, they represent a decidedly useful type of horse. The Belgians have a tendency to be low in the back, flat in the ribs, and short in the legs, and these defects were somewhat in evidence on the animals led into the ring, although the improvement that has been shown in these respects in recent years has been great. Today the Belgian horse holds its own with any breed on the great open market and not infrequently outsells them all. The futurity classes, about which the in- terest of horsedom at a fair is usually centered, were below the regular classes on the whole, and to this extent the show was disapointing. Governor Major, a brown colt owned by C. W. McDermott, and Miss Rosengift, a bay filly by C. A. Rosenfeld, of Kelley, Iowa, captured the premier futurity stakes and the silver trophies for their respective classes. In all, $490 was divided. One of the strongest open classes was the fillies over two and under three, twenty-one good animals being led before the judge. On the whole, the female classes were somewhat superior to the colts and stallions shown. ENGLISH SHIRES. The English Shires are rapidly coming to the front, but the showing of Shires at Des Moines was devoid of spectacular features. There were some top notchers in the list, but some poor ones were led before the judge; and several did not get into first money because coarseness had been eliminated at the expense of size and power. Alexander Galbraith, the noted breeder of Clydesdales, tied the ribbons, and he was inclined to discount foreign taint of coarseness. When the futurity classes were led before him he called R. B. Ogilive, secretary of the American Clydes- dale Association, to his assistance. Some of the colts were rather mediocre, although the fillies were a strong class. The young stallion, Tatton Eldorado, owned by L. N. & 0. B. Sizer, of Fisher, 111., and the filly, Pinecrest Primrose, owned by Frank Huston, of Waukee, Iowa, were awarded the futurity stakes and trophies. In point of quality, the 324 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE show was about up to the standard of other years, while in point of numbers, about 100 animals were actually led into the ring. CLYDESDALES. If 1912 was Clydesdale year at the Iowa State Fair, 1913 certainly was not in spite of the fact that several good classes were shown. The ab- sence of such veterans as Galbraith and McLay seriously crippled the Clyde showing, while the individuals actually led into the ring were in many cases insufficiently fitted. Some of the animals were noticeably weak in the feet, while others lacked Clydesdale qup-lity. Prof. E. A. Trowbridge, of the Missouri College of Agriculture, who judged the classes, called William Jones, of Williamsville, Illinois, to assist him in awarding the futurity stakes. Osco Beauty, a bay filly owned by A. G. Soderberg, of Osco, Illinois, was placed at the head of the ring, although there were those among the by-standers who had expected Lady Stewart, owned by W. V. Hixson, of Marengo, Iowa, to lead her class. Hixson's colt, Warren's Favorite, defeated Baron Ideal, H. H. Ford's colt for the trophy. Prince Cedric, the aged stallion shown by Ford, and Amaryllis, the mare shown by W. L. Houser, of Mondovic, Wis., were among the leading individuals. According to the experience of other years, a large number of the better Clydesdales were home bred. Perhaps the excep- tional demand of Canadian and African buyers of the breed in the Scottish market may have something to do with this condition, but it may be due fully as much to the fact that Clydesdale breeders are study- ing their problem and trying to evolve an American type. Perhaps the sooner American breeders of live stock devote themselves more con- scientiously to building up their stock, rather than depending on their almost unlimited purse strings to enchant a prize-winning herd or stud over night, the better it will be for legitimate stock industry and the farmer breeder in general. Americans must learn European patience, for without it their money will not achieve type permanency. SHETLAND PONIES. It was a record-breaking year in the Shetland pony class at the Iowa State Fair. The judge, W. J. Kennedy, pronounced the showing the best that has ever been made at any state fair. Iowa furnished the major portion of the exhibitors, though Illinois put up stiff competition in most of the classes. SWINE. The swine department of the Iowa State Fair from the standpoint of numbers alone was cut squarely in two as compared with the record of former years. There were between 1,500 and 1,600 hogs in the rings, but this number was sufficient to maintain a lively interest throughout the period of the judging which lasted until Wednesday night. Tlic cutting down of the numbers this year was due to a variety of causes, chief among which was the compulsory serum treatment, as ordered by the state sanitary board. This ruling, although changed as it were the last minute, was in a measure unfortunate this year because of the fact FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 325 that a sufficient supply of serum was not available to satisfy all ex- hibitors. In the second place there were too many cases where serum purchased from outside sources failed to render immunity. This meant dissatisfaction all around and in some cases disgust. Now that the effect of the sanitary board's ruling is known it is plainly apparent that the year 1913 did not furnish the psychological occasion for action so drastic, though it cannot be denied that where there is sufficient good serum available to answer all needs the general plan of rendering hogs immune before being exhibited is sound. It is hoped that a sufficient supply of good serum will be available for use next year and we would at this time suggest that breeders be allowed to choose whether to immume their hogs before leaving home or to have them treated under proper state fair authorities after they reach the fair grounds. The hogs treated with serum at the Iowa State Fair in 1912 passed through tne ordeal without missing a feed and not a single case has been reported where the treated hogs transmitted the disease after their removal from the fair. The object of the sanitary board, as well as the state veterinarian's desire is to check disease and to this end the state fair authorities and swine breeders generally can afford to work in the closest kind of co-operation. SHEEP. Most of the sheep classes at the Iowa State Fair were well filled. Importers were on hand this year with their flocks in the pink of con- dition, but they found stiff competition among exhibitors of American- bred sheep. The Shropshire classes were especially strong and the judg- ing of this breed was watched with much interest by large numbers of state fair visitors. WALLACES' FARMER, DE8 MOINES. The fifty-ninth annual Iowa State Fair opened at Des Moines last Wed- nesday, with every condition apparently favorable for a record-breaking exposition. The oppressive heat of the first half of the week changed as if by magic into a cool, bracing temperature that made ideal fair weather, and exhibitors went about their preparatory work with enthusiasm. This year the fair opened on Thursday, a day earlier than hereto- before, and will close a day earlier, thus giving exhibitors who go to St. Paul and Lincoln an opportunity to move and be ready in the new- location by the following Monday. Just what effect this will have upon the attendance at Des Moines can not be foretold at this writing. The attendance Friday and Saturday was in excess of a year ago, but not enough larger to indicate a largely increased crowd from out of the city. It is likely, therefore, that the crowds the second week will be greater than heretofore, the weather being favorable. 326 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The refusal of the railroads to grant reduced rates has no doubt cut down the attendance; how much, no one can say. It does not seem likely that a difference of half a cent a mile will keep away very many who come to the fair for what may be learned. But the absence of the inducement of reduced rates will unquestionably reduce the attendance from the smaller towns. In view of their practice of giving reduced rates from Iowa points to outside cities, the refusal of the roads to do what may fairly be called their share in boosting the fair is rather churlish, to say the least. There are more than 60,000 automobiles in Iowa. Not all of these were driven to the fair, but enough came to make the storing of them a real problem. They filled the streets on either side, they were parked in every available open space, and the number scattered through the tenting ground indicated the method many took to reach the fair com- fortably. The fair management will find it necessary soon to either widen the streets sufficiently to park cars on either side, or devote con- siderable space somewhere for a regular auto park. Considering the number of cars on the ground, and the careless abandon displayed by those pedestrians who habitually walk one way and look another, one is astonished at the small number of accidents. "Same old fair," say some of those who go every year. But there is always change, and the grounds have been improved this year by the addition of the new cement walks and the tearing down of some of the old eating shacks to make a fine open space in front of the Administration Building, and one of the bands was stationed here and gave a concert every day. At the Agricultural College exhibit, back on the hill, across from the Exposition Building, is always something new. What about self-feeders for hogs? Here is a practical home-made self-feeder, and beside it are figures telling how in an experiment hogs that were hand fed gained one and one-third pounds daily, while those fed with a self-feeder gained nearly one and one-half pounds, and the cost of 100 pounds of gain on the hand-fed hogs was $5.30, while on the self-fed hogs it was only $5.04. Which gives the best results when fed to lambs, ear corn, shelled corn, or corn meal? The exhibit in the Agricultural College building tells. Does it pay to feed cottonseed meal to steers which are getting a ration of corn silage, clover and corn? The chart in the Agricultural College building gives the results of an experiment in which it was found that the addition of cottonseed meal increased the gain by one-half pound daily, and reduced the cost of 100 pounds of gain by 60 cents. What are the best varieties of apples under Iowa conditions? A complete list of varieties, not only for apples, but also for pears, cherries and otli(>r fruits are given. There are exhibits indicating the best way to get a stand of alfalfa. An acre treated with ton tons of manure yielded 2.5 tons, while with no treatment the yield was only 1.5 tons. What is the best variety of oats under Iowa conditions? Where is the best place to FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 327 get seed corn? What is the best number of kernels to plant to the hill? Does it pay to drill? Answers are given to all these questions. Plans of farm buildings are ready for inspection. Suggestions are given as to the best trees to plant in the Iowa wood lot for posts and in the windbreak for protection. Last, but not least, there is a miniature of a model farm house and grounds. All of these things are deserving of study rather than a passing glance. There is food for the brain as well as for the eye. Most people make the mistake in goiAg through too fast. They should stop and consider, and ask questions. Young men in charge of the exhibits know their business, and are glad to give any inquirer the benefit of what they know. The Agricultural College ex- hibit is worthy a thorough and repeated inspection. It seems that most people come to the fair to hear the noises and see the big sights. They like to be where a crowd is. They seem to fear they may overtax their brains if they stop long at any one exhibit. But they have no thought of danger to their eyes or to their ears. It is the eye, ear and tongue which receive exercise at the fair, rather than the brain. There are more worth-while lectures at the fair this year than ever before. In the back part of the Agricultural College building, moving pictures are given, every morning and afternoon, on up-to-date poultry keeping. The domestic science ladies of the college lecture here every morning at 9:30 and every afternoon at 1:30, on some phase of cooking or care of the home. At 3:30 in the afternoon, the professors of the college give a hog cholera demonstration or a talk on some such subject as alfalfa, farm management in Iowa, or distribution of pure-bred seed. There are thousands of reunions every year at the fair. Friends of long ago, who had moved to a distant corner of the state, remind us of their existence. It is pleasurable and worth while to meet once again with the old neighbors and learn how they prosper. The Wallaces' Farmer pavilion, in Newspaper Row, just north of the Exposition Build- ing, is crowded with old and new friends. They come to renew their subscriptions or to tell of crop conditions, or for a general chat. Dis- appointment is voiced because of the absence of Uncle Henry. He landed at New York ten days ago, but is detained in the east. Between the Agricultural Building and the Exposition Building is the Child Welfare Tent. Here is held the baby health contest, and in the afternoon lectures are given on subjects of special interest to women. Ninety-seven boys, one from practically every county in the state, came to the fair with their expenses paid. These boys were the winners in the prize essay contest. They sleep together in a big tent on the hill, just southeast of the Agricultural Building. Every morning they get up at five, so as to help take tickets from those who stayed on the ground over night. Most of the morning they have to themselves, but in the afternoon and evening they usher in the grandstand, and ten o'clock finds them thoroughly tired and ready to enjoy to the limit their seven hours of sleep. 328 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The Iowa farmer can afford to come to the State Fair for the sole purpose of studying the exhibit of farm implements and machinery. In these days of scarce and high-priced' help, the machine which will save human labor or which will make it more efficient is worth hunting for, and worth buying when found. It is not many years since the machinery section could be "done" in an hour or so. This year a full day, or more, was required to do it justice. The buildings devoted to this exhibit were filled to overflowing. The larger concerns had immense tents of their own, while in the open air there were acres on acres of the larger imple- ments— tractors, silage machinery, threshing machines, plows, etc., etc. Any farmer who made a careful inspection of the machinery exhibit gathered up information worth a lot of money to him. Incidentally, this exhibit shows a steady increase in the manufacturing industry of Iowa. The swine exhibit was not up to former years in numbers. The wide distribution of hog cholera was largely responsible for this. The fair authorities established a rule to the effect that only hogs which had been immunized thirty days before the fair would be admitted. Many intending exhibitors found difficulty in getting serum. When this condition developed, the rule was modified, but too late for some herds to be fitted. About 80 per cent of the hogs shown had been treated. Those who brought un-vaccinated hogs had an opportunity to have them vaccinated by the fair veterinarians at the cost of serum only. Instruc- tors from the Agricultural College gave a series of lectures and demon- strations on vaccinating swine, in a tent adjoining the hog pavilion. In the horse section there is plenty of quality, but in some divisions the numbers are not up to former years. Dairy cattle are out in force, but the beef cattle exhibit does not show very marked improvement except in the Angus classes, which are apparently stronger than last year. Interest in the stock show continues unabated. When anything is going forward in the arena, the seats in the stock pavilion are usually filled. The love for fine domestic animals, whether horses, cattle, or hogs, seems to be inborn in Iowa people, whether they live in the city or in the country, and to many the State Fair offers the only opportunity to feed this taste. We are not ready to say that the cultural influence of an exhibit of beautiful specimens of flesh and blood molded by the brain and hand of the breeder who has studied nature's laws of breeding is not fully as great as that of a fine art gallery of masterpieces of canvas and pigment. The total attendance at the Iowa State Fair this year was about 280,000, and the total receipts about $190,000', making this the record-breaking year, although neither receipts nor attendance are much above last year. Tuesday was the big day, with an attendance of 66,265, the Monday crowd of 57,707 being next largest. The Iowa State Fair is a very good barometer of agricultural and business conditions in Iowa, and record- Lrcaking crowds this year may be taken as authoritative notice that there FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 329 is 110 decrease in the prosperity of the Iowa farmer. The attendance this year would have been still larger but for the dedication of the great dam across the Mississippi river at Keokuk, on Monday and Tuesday. Large numbers of people who would otherwise have attended the fair, attended these dedicatory exercises. The character and magnitude of the exhibit of light harness and saddle horses and ponies was something of a stunner to those folks who have been predicting that the day of the pleasure horse is rapidly passing. These classes were mostly shown in an open-air ring behind the horse barns, and removed from the main lines of travel, but a good-sized crowd occupied the standing room at the ringside. The fact that there was an excellent display of horses of this class is sufficient evidence of a continuous demand for them at remunerative prices. The automobile as a means of getting about has largely displaced the driving horse in the cities, but there are plenty of people who find abiding pleasure in drawing the lines over a spanking team or throwing a leg over a gaited saddler, and for them there is no substitute. The pleasure horse occupies a position of vantage from wliicli the auto can not permanently displace him. "Please return this child to Wallaces' Farmer pavilion,'' read the tag attached to the dress of a seven-year-old belonging to one of the Farmer families. A very sensible precaution, and a very easy way to make sure that if the child should be separated from its parents, little time would be lost in finding it. One fine thing about the Iowa fair is that almost no harm is likely to come to children who may become separated from their parents. They find friends on every hand, and if there is any: thing about the child to indicate where it belongs, a dozen are ready to volunteer to see that it gets there safely and promptly. The Farmer pavilion was a favorite meeting place for people from all over the state. Friends and old neighbors who had not seen each other for years, quite accidentally found themselves together here. Two old neighbors who twenty-five years ago lived near each other in a south- western Iowa county, met in the Farmer pavilion, and after exchanging reports concerning their respective families, the one who had moved away said to the other: "Well, I suppose there have been a good many changes in the old place in the last twenty-five years?" "Changes!" replied the other. "I should say there have been changes! The land has all been fenced now, and if you want to get anywhere, you go by section lines, and not on top of the divides, as we used to. All that rough land has been broken up." "What about the price of land? I suppose that has advanced some." "If you don't think it has advanced, suppose you come back and try to buy some of it. Do you remember that rough quarter which you were offered for $9 an acre the summer before you left? Well, that 330 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE quarter sold a year and a half ago for $75 an acre. The farm which you sold at $30 an acre would now easily sell for $135, and I doubt whether the owner would give you a pleasant look for an offer at that price." Another subscriber who happened to overhear this conversation here broke in with the remark: "It beats all about the price of land. We have had it very dry in our county ever since the first of July, and I suppose our corn will make about a half a crop, taking the county over, but the price of land keeps going up, and more farms have changed hands during the past month or six weeks than at any time during the past year. There is less speculation in land, but more of it is being bought by the farmers in the neighborhood. If a man wants to sell out, he will find someone within two or three miles of him who will pay all the way from $150 to $200 an acre for land that ten years ago could be purchased for not to exceed $75 an acre, and some of it as low as $50. Our people seem to have gotten over the craze for land in new countries, and the farmer who has a boy old enough to start out for himself will help him buy right around in the home neighborhood." "What about the demand for a better system of farm credits?" was the question we put to as many people as possible. "Does the farmer who needs to borrow^ some money to carry him through the season have any trouble in getting it at a reasonable rate?" The invariahle answer was, "Not a bit. Any man who has a good reputation for industry, whether he has much money or not, can borrow whatever he may need for carrying on his work, at from seven to eight per cent." "What about the rates on farm mortgages, and where does the money come from?" "Five and five and one-half per cent. Some of it is insurance com- pany money, handled by the local bankers, but a lot of it is home money. Any amount of farmers' money is being loaned to the neighbors on mortgages and for short time loans as well." "Then there isn't any particular demand in your neighborhood for the government to work out some system which will enable the farmers to borrow money easier?" "Never heard such a thing suggested in our neighborhood. We have all the money we need. In fact, sometimes I think it is too easy to borrow money because it has encouraged some of our people to speculate in outside land and schemes of one sort or another, where they have lost considerable." In some of the counties south of the Rock Island, the corn crop was reported badly damaged by dry weather, but the lowest estimate , made was half a crop, and if there are any farmers who feel discouraged, they did not come to the fair. From all of the iimtlicni part of the state, reports indicate a very heavy corn croj). FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 331 The folks who arranged to camp on the grounds had the easy time of it. On Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday the attendance was very large, so large that the transportation facilities were inadequate to handle the crowds, and it was a hard day's work to get to and from the grounds. People who tented on the grounds avoided all of this crowding and discomfort. They were able to inspect and study exhibits in which they were particularly interested in the morning, before the large crowds reached the grounds, and in the evening after they had thinned out. During the heat of the day, they could retire to their tents and rest in comfort. Many who came in automobiles brought their camp equip- ment with them, but those who did not had no difficulty to arrange for tents with the companies which make this a business. The directors of the State Fair have shown such good judgment in most things, that their admission of nasty side shows is hard to under- stand. Most of these shows this year were of the rather innocuous sort — monstrosities of one sort and another, acrobatic stunts, trained animals, etc. One or two, however, were of the nastiest sort — and should have been kicked out without ceremony as soon as their real character became known. When protests were made to some of the fair officials, they were reported as saying that they had been assured the "show was all right," and it was not until the sheriff of Polk county appeared that their serious attention was secured. One of the directors was quoted as saying that he did not intend to put himself up as censor of show's. For many years the Iowa State Fair set a high standard in the matter of side shows. It grew and prospered during this period. Last year the standard w^as lowered, mucli to the disgust of decent people. The Iowa farmer — and without him the fair would not amount to anything — looking for wholesome amusement, does not want to be confronted, and does not want his boys and girls con- fronted, by foul-mouthed spielers suggesting the wickedness to be seen within the tent. The fair directors are responsible in this matter. Pleas of ignorance will not do. It is their business to know about these shows. They are the officers of a state institution, built up by state money. They are expected to provide an educational exposition, and a place for wholesome amusement. They have not been given license to debauch our young people. Tliere is no excuse for a "midway" on the Iowa State Fair grounds; and before another year an issue should be made of this matter. Our fondness for bigness and breaking records seems to be a west- ern characteristic. "Do you think the fair is as big this year as last?" was a common question. It was certainly "big" enough to undertake to see to any purpose. The live stock exhibit in some departments w^as not as large as in previous years, but for educational purposes it was fully as large as is necessary. In most other departments there was a greater variety of exhibits than ever before. 332 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The babj' show was interesting, and to the extent that it stimulates more sensible care and more intelligent consideration of babies, it is val- uable. If we are really to learn much, however, from work of this sort, the parents should be shown along with the babies. That would be a real step toward the study of eugenics. How quickly we become accustomed to new things. The flying ma- chine man made flights twice daily, and every afternoon a companion stepped from the machine into space and descended safely by para- chute. This latter act being a new stunt, aroused a languid interest, but probably less than fifteen per cent of the people on the grounds condescended to watch the regular flights for more than a moment. We strive after the difficult and unusual, but once the thing is done, we lose interest. Pursuit is still better than possession. Immense crowds attended the evening shows held in the live stock pavilion and before the grandstand. In the pavilion it was mostly a stock show, principally horses. Before the grandstand it consisted of various vaudeville stunts, and concluded with a brilliant display of fireworks. Both were excellent entertainment features, and so gen- erously were they patronized that on the big nights those who relied on the street cars and trains for passage to the city consumed from an hour to an hour and a half in getting to town. This was annoying, but it was a good-humored crowd, and the number of accidents was astonishingly few. A group in the Farmer pavilion fell to talking about labor-saving devices and conveniences about the house and barn. "I put in an elec- tric lighting plant last fall," said one, "and it appears to me about the best improvement I ever made. I have electric lights in the house and barn. No more fussing with smoky and dangerous kerosene lamps and lanterns. Simply push a button and we have a fine, clean light. I store my batteries with the same gasoline engine I use for light power work." "I grow a lot of corn, and last year I bought a portable elevator. I have been feeling sorry for myself ever since to think of the hours and days and months I unloaded corn and oats with a scoop shovel," said another. "I think about the best improvement I have made," said a third, "was to put in a lot of concrete walk. I made a concrete floor for the back porch, with concrete steps and a concrete apron eight feet wide, just off the porch. Then I ran a two-foot concrete walk to the barn, and around that to the cow stable and hog pen. It keeps us out of the mud, and I think the women folks appreciate it even more than I do." Whereupon a fourth remarked: "What good sense we would show if more of us would do these things. The man who owns anr' 'ves on an Iowa farm ought to settle down and regard it as his \ . .nflanent home, and improve it as a home in which he expects to live until FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 333 carried out. A few hundred dollars each year spent for conveniences and permanent improvements will make the difference between real living and mere existence. Better houses, better furnishings, walks, lights, labor-saving machinery, and we will hear less of this talk about the boys leaving the farm." To which all present promptly agreed. THE STOCK SHOW. The show in the live stock pavilion began promptly Friday morn- ing, with the Shetland ponies and mules. Friday was Children's Day, and there were in the neighborhood of 10,000 youngsters under fif- teen years of age scattered over the grounds. The live stock pavilion was a popular place with these little folks when the little horses were being put through their paces. There was a number of right fancy Shetlands on exhibition, the principal exhibitors being George A. Heyl, of Washington, 111.; B. R. Welty, Nevada, Iowa; Mrs. A. Stirling, Des Moines, low^a; John Donohoe, Story City, Iowa; W. C. Roberts & Sons, Ames, Iowa; Miss Frances Culbertson, Panora, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa. Premiums were fairly well distributed, Mr. Heyl, how- ever, having the largest exhibit, and securing more ribons than any other single exhibitor. THE SHORT-HORXS. Iowa furnished the bulk of the Short-horn exhibit. One animal came from Indiana, one from Illinois, nine from Minnesota, and thirty from Wisconsin. Ohio, Kentucky, and Illinois herds, which have won many prizes at previous fairs, had taken their herds to the eastern circuit, or else were not showing this year. It has been many years since the Iowa Fair has seen a weaker Short-horn exhibit. The show opened Saturday afternoon with three entries in the aged bull class. The two- year-old bulls were better, both in numbers and quality. At the top were two excellent roans. Sultan Mine, owned by Carpenter & Car- penter, Baraboo, Wisconsin, and Silver Sultan, owned by Burge. Both the yearling bull classes were lacking in numbers and quality. The senior calves, wath twenty-one entries, furnished the banner class of the Short-horn exhibit. Saunders came to the top with two mellow roans. Cumberland's Type, a calf of great scale, and one filling the eye in almost every way, was given first. He was easily made junior champion later in the day. Gloster Fashion, the two-year-old bull from the Anoka Farms, took senior championship without much oppo- sition, and later was made grand champion bull over the Saunders calf. The aged cow classes w^ere decidedly weak, but the yearling and calf classes presented excellent quality. The junior yearlings were in most respects the outstanding class of the Short-horn exhibit. Village Flower 2d, a beautiful white heifer, was outstanding. Low dow^n, broad and smooth, she filled the eye in every respect. Senior calves were uni- formly good, not running out in quality until well toward the end of 334 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the line. The Auoka Farms again took first, but were pushed close by Burge's excellent roan. In the female championships, the Anoka Farms had everything their way. Maxwelton Missie 2d, the two-year-old heifer, won the senior championship easily, and among the yearlings and calves, the white heifer, Village Flower 2d, had it all her way. She was made grand champion female over the two-year-old. The group classes are the best test of a breeder's ability, especially in the get of sire and produce of cow classes. We were particularly interested in the get of sire class. Here the competition was keen between the get of Avondale, Villager and Cumberland's Best. The four roans, sired by Avondale, were of very similar quality; they were all unusually broad across the loins. Carpenter & Carpenter are to be congratulated on the splendid showing in the get of sire and produce of dam classes. Four hundred dollars in premiums were offered for the dairy Short-horns. Unfortunately there was but one exhibit. Iowa is a great tield for the dairy Short-horn, and it is to be hoped that next year there will be a large number of entries. THE ABERDEEN ANGUS. The Angus exhibit was a distinct improvement over that of last year. Several new herds were out, and one of the strong exhibitors who last year was in Canada, again appeared at the Iowa fair. The five aged bulls were so good that last year's grand champion was forced down to third place. McHenry's Erwin C. easily stood first, with great size, smoothness and depth. The two-year-old bulls were so uniformly good that almost any placing might have been accepted. The seniop calves were a splendid lot. Among the twelve entries, the Binnie and Caldwell calves were outstanding. Many thought that the Binnie calf was enough larger and wider in the quarter to justify placing him over the Caldwell entry, although this calf was undeniably smoother over the shoulder and larger in the heart-girth. The Angus female classes were good throughout. There was keen competition among the aged cows. Between Blackcap McHenry 88th, last year's grand champion, and Battles' Thickset Myra, there was little choice. Some thought that the Battles entry might have been given first. Among the eight good junior yearlings. Battles had an outstand- ing heifer in Black Favorite of Rosemere. The Escher entry standing second, was of excellent quality, but lacked width and scale. Among the seven unusually good junior calves, Escher secured first with a stylish, but small heifer with a trace of brown in her coloring. The Anderson entry, standing second, was a week younger than the Escher calf, but carried much more weight and nearly as much quality. In the bull championships, McHenry had everything his way with Erwin C, who easily won the senior championship over Prince Felzer, the Escher two-year-old, and the grand championship over Ebony of A., Caldwell's junior champion. As he is showing this year, Erwin C. must be looked upon as one of the grandest types of Angus bulls ever seen at the Iowa Fair. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 335 THE HEREFORDS. The Hereford exhibit was excellent, although hardly up to the high standard of last year. Several strong herds which have hitherto helped to make things interesting were absent. It was pleasing to notice that Iowa exhibitors were more prominent than usual. There was excellent quality among the five aged bulls, with Cudahy's Fairfax 16th, last year's grand champion, an outstanding winner. The two-year-olds were not unusual, either in quality or numbers. Among the senior yearlings, Harris' Repeater 7th, a wonderfully blocky and low set calf stood first. Among the eight junior yearlings was very close competition, and it was especially pleasing to the Iowa ringside contingent when Tow se- cured first with Fairview Prince, a most excellent calf, broad, compact, and filling well over the shoulders. The senior calves were the best class of the Hereford exhibit. The thirteen entries were uniformly good, but the Curtice calf, Donald Perfect, had most finish and was a little the widest. It was no surprise that Fairfax 1 6th, last year's grand champion bull, should again become senior champion. He is a bull of great bulk but carries his weight smoothly. It was a surprise when Harris' senior yearling, after being made junior champion, was given the grand championship over the old bull. The heifer calf classes presented some beauties of uniform excellence. Professor Kinzer worked hard picking out the winners, and while his judgment may in some cases be reversed at future fairs, he gave good satisfaction on the' whole. In the get of sire and produce of dam classes, McCray and Harris divided the best prizes on stuff carrying Perfection Fairfax, Princess and Repeater blood. GALLOWAYS. The exhibitors were Capital View Ranch, Silver Lake, Kansas; S. M. Croft & Sons, Bluff City, Kansas; C. S. Hechtner, Chariton, Iowa. POLLED DURHAMS. Indiana, Illinois and Kansas sent exhibits in the Polled Durham classes, the exhibitors being J. H. Miller, of Peru, Indiana; Leemon Stock Farm, Hoopeston, Illinois; and Auchenbach Bros., Washington, Kansas. In the aged bull class Miller had the only entry; in the two- year-old bull class Auchenbach Bros, had things their own way, and in the senior yearling bull class, Leemon. RED POLLS. As in the case of the Polled Durhams, there were no Iowa exhibitors of Red Polls. Three herds were shown by Hausler Bros., Holbrook, Nebraska; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, South Dakota; and J. W. Larrabee, Earlville, Illinois. In some of the classes the competition was quite keen, and the premiums were quite well distributed between the three. In the aged bull class Hausler Bros, took first, Larrabee second. Hill third; two-year-old bull, Larrabee had the only entry^ senior yearling bull. Hill had the only entry. 3'J6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE THE DAIRY CATTLE. The dairy cattle are making a steady improvement year by year. It is especially gratifying to see the increase in the number of Iowa en- tries. There are more entries, however, from outside the state than in the state. The Holstein and Guernsey exhibits were unusually good. The Jersey entries all came from outside the state, and the show was scarcely up to standard either in numbers or quality. 'Ayrshires, Brown Swiss, and Dutch Belted gave variety. From the spectator's point of view, these breeds are of much interest. HOLSTEINS. Iowa breeders were out with a beautiful lot of Holsteins, and in practically all the classes competition was keen. The showing of younger stuff was especially gratifying. GUERNSEYS. While in a number of breed exhibits, breeders from other states carried away more of the ribbons than we like to see taken, in the Guernsey classes Iowa herds were out in force and captured most of the desirable ribbons. Although there were five herds which sent representatives into the show ring, the Jersey exhibit was not up to what it has been at some former fairs. AYRSHIRES. Two herds of Ayrshires competed for the ribbons. The strong show herd of Adam Seitz, Waukesha, Wis., carried off the lion's share of the prizes. The entries of Wm. Galloway, Waterloo, Iowa, furnished good competition in several of the classes. THE FAT STOCK. The Iowa Fair comes too early to bring out a large exhibit of fat stock, but it furnishes an opportunity for feeders to try out some of the competitors whom they will meet later on in the fat stock shows proper, and this year there was a very creditable exhibit. THE HORSE SHOW. In a few classes, the horse show did not measure up to last year. But the total number on exhibition will not fall far below that of former years. A pleasing feature of the show was the large number of small breeders in evidence, and some of their productions were awarded first place in strong rings, containing good imported horses. This should tend to encourage the American breeder, and should help in convincing him that he can produce the best horses on our own soil. The two-year-old stallion, Matador, of the Percheron class, was bred and raised on an Iowa farm, and had the drafty form and qualities to defeat a good stallion that won second prize in the Paris show this FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 337 year, and the two-year-old class of Perclierons made the strongest show for the breed. Imported and American bred Shires made up the show, and many fine specimens of the breed were on exhibition. All stallion classes were well filled. The futurity colt show brought out a large number of foals in this breed and others. American breeders made the Clydesdale show, and while it was short in numbers, it was strong on type and finish. The Clydesdale breeders adhere more closely to traditional form and quality of leg than do some of the other draft breeds, and are quite exacting in their demands. Alex Galbraith placed the awards. The Belgians made a good showing, not great in numbers, but nearly all the classes contained only horses of the modern type. They had the quality and finish, and exceeded some of the other draft breeds in substance and weight. That the Belgian horse is growing in favor among American farmers can not be ques- tioned. NATIONAL PERCHERO!^ FUTURITIES. Secretary Dinsmore writes: "The most sensational show of Perch- erons that has ever been made in the United States, all things con- sidered, was uncovered when the futurities were shown. Seventeen yearling stallions answered the call, and in all-around excellence, quali- ty and finish, far excelled any previous show. The classes were judged by Wm. Bell, of Wooster, Ohio, and E. B. White, of Leesburg, Va., and ringside talent agreed that the judging was exceptionally well done. The rating of the stallions was as follows: First, Ethelwold Farms, Mondovi, Wis., on Principal; 2, W. S. Corsa, White Hall, 111., on Carloth- son; 3, Corsa, on Carvotte; 3, H. G. McMillan & Sons, Rock Rapids, Iowa, on Marshall; 5, F. M. Shaw, Oneida, 111., on Combino; 6, R. J. Wallace & Son, Ladoga, Iowa, on Belmonte; 7, Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa, on Reuben; 8, Corsa, on Carmerica; 9, C. B. Dannen & Sons, Melbourne, Iowa, on Mamers; 10, McMillan & Sons, on Intrar; 11, Seward Bros., New Providence, Iowa, on Mignon; 12, McMillan & Sons, on Surety. The seventh prize stallion was sold for $1,000, at the show. "Percheron breeders expected something out of the ordinary in the filly classes, and were not disappointed. Thirty-three beautiful types of the breed appeared in the ring, and all but three were American bred. The imported fillies were good representatives of the breed, and by noted show horses, one being by Imprecation, the horse that won the championship of the breed at the International in 1911 and in 1912. Another one was by Intitule, the second best aged horse in the 1912 International. After exhaustive consideration of the classes, the judges sorted out twenty of the best and sent the rest to the barns, and it was found on checking up the list after this had been done that every filly left in the ring was American bred, and that most of them had been put forward by relatively small breeders. The first place fell to one of the most remarkable fillies ever exhibited in American show rings, and numerous experienced horsemen freely expressed the opinion that she was the equal of any mare ever shown in the United States. The fact that the Iowa State Fair is becoming more and more a breeders' show 22 338 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE was emphasized by the winning of this filly, for she was bred by John Buswell, of Bradford, 111., a small farmer breeder who has not to ex- ceed fifteen or sixteen Percherons, all of them descendants of one pair of mares which he bought some years ago. Second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth fell to W. S. Corsa, White Hall, 111., on colts sired by the champion Carnot. All of these were remarkably uniform in type and qual- ity. The high estimate which breeders generally placed on the winning filly was forcibly illustrated in the afternoon, when Mr. Buswell, after refusing an offer of $1,500 for the filly In question, finally sold her for $2,000 to Selma Farm, Leesburg, Va. This is the highest price that has ever been paid for a yearling filly of any breed, and indicates the strength of prices for the best. The detailed list of the winning fillies is as follows: First, John A. Buswell, Bradford, 111., on Couceorous; 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, W. S. Corsa, White Hall, 111., on Carnoress, Carnorine, Carnona, Carneito and Carnette; 7, H. G. McMillan & Sons, Rock Rapids, Iowa, on Elsine; 8, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, on Victoria; 9, J. T. Judge, Carroll, Iowa, on Carnot's Maid; 10, Geo. Baker, Newton, Iowa, on Mignonne; 11, C. B. Grimes, Winnebago, Minn., on Valrosa; 12, C. B. Dannen & Sons, Melbourne, Iowa, on Goldy. "Breeders generally are agreed that no one thing has done so much to bring about rapid improvement in the breeding and development of high- class Percherons as the futurity stakes, and it is particularly worthy of note that the small breeders who use their mares regularly in farm op- erations are rapidly coming to the front. The infiuence of the futurity stakes is also evidenced in the increased strength of the foal classes, Which were better than ever before. "The Eastern Percheron Breeders' Futurity will be held at the Ohio State Fair, and as the eastern and western winners will meet at the Inter- national Percheron Breeders' Futurity the first week in December, a re- markable show may safely be looked for." THE HOG SHOW. The showing of Chester Whites, Large Yorkshires, and Tamworths, was begun on Saturday, and they are the only breeds on which the av.'ards were completed by the time the forms were closed before going to press this week. The Chester White show was about equal in numbers to the good showing that was made last year, and this breed came nearer being up to the standard of former years than the other principal breeds. As was expected, the hog show falls far short numerically of some high records of former years, the cause being due to the wide prevalence of hog cholera, and to the ruling of the State Veterinary Health Board, which required all hogs to be vaccinated before they could be shown at any fair in the state. This order was later rescinded, but not in time to greatly increase the size of the show. POULTRY. The poultry department at the State Fair was as usual a center of interest for farmers, and almost as much so for the townsmen. The uni- form cooping which the authorities provide makes a very attractive ex- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 339 hibit, and this year the dust was kept down by the use of bark — a condi- tion which the breeders of whi+e varieties especially appreciated. The judging- was finished and ribbons up by Monday, thus giving the exhibitors the benefit of four days of advertising their winnings. It appeared to us that it might as well have been finished on 'Saturday, and avoid the Sun- day judging, which was made necessary when the judges were not allowed to begin till Saturday morning. It is not fair to the judges to be asked to work on Sunday; and we are quite sure that Sunday judging is ob- jectionable to both Judges Russell and Shellabarger. The birds were ad- mitted Thursday, and were required to be in place by nine o'clock Friday. As well as the modern fair and show is systematized, there is mo reason why three hours later, or noon of Friday, should not find everything in shape for the judges, and give them their Sabbath. The offer of two silver cups in each class, to be offered as sweepstakes, brought out an unusually good class of young stuff; pullets and cockerels winning sweepstakes were almost fully matured. Buff Orpingtons were a better class than last year. A gentleman viewing them said: "Some years it is hard to get a good Buff inside the ribbons; this year there are many good ones outside the ribbons." The sweepstakes cockerel as the best cockerel in the show room went to a White Orpington — a magnificent bird well worthy the honor. Barred Rocks were a strong class, but the sweepstakes for cockerel in the American class went to a Wliite Rock. The Cochins were a small class. Comparatively few fowls of any breed were shown, owing to the conditiau of plumage. Turkeys were good; but the extreme heat made it impossible to see these birds at their best. Eight or nine days of confinement for these naturally wild birds is a great tax on them. We think the breeders of fine turkeys would be jus- tified in refusing to show. Even the first momey of $3 would scarcely pay for the express, to say nothing of the possible loss in vitality. Ducks and geese also suffered, but apparently not to the same extent. The little Leghorns made the most sprightly appearance, their size en- abling them to put up with the warm weather better. The class in White Leghorns was unusually strong in quality; as also in White Wyandotte young stuff. The birds in the egg-laying contest conducted themselves nobly — first and second prizes going to White Leghorns — the first with a record of 22 eggs, the second with 20, third, 19 eggs (Rhode Island Reds), and fourth, 14 eggs (Silver Campines.) The contest lasted five days. There were eight pens and six birds in a pen. THE SHEEP. The showing of sheep this year was not as large as the importance oi the industry calls for, although some excellent flocks were exhibitea. There should be more effort made to bring sheep to the attention of fair- goers. More sheep are needed in Iowa, and the State Fair offers an edu- cational opportunity which should be more fully utilized than it ever has been. If the sheep department could be moved nearer the beaten path of the crowds, it should be done. As it is now, the man who is not looking for the sheep exhibit is not very likely to find it. One may spend a week 340 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE on the grounds and not see a sheep. Iowa needs more sheep. They should take the place of some of our hogs. The sheep industry could be greatly stimulated by giving sheep exhibitors a better opportunity to bring their flocks to the attention of the fair-going farmers. THE BABY SHOW. Standing room was at a premium about the open-sided tent in which the baby judging was done. To Mrs. Mary T. Watts, of Audubon, Iowa, be- longs the credit for this feature, which was instituted in 1911. Premiums were offered for the most perfectly developed babies from cities, towns and country. The babies were weighed, measured, and scored according to a regular scale of points. BOYS' JUDGING CONTEST. Four scholarships in any of the regular courses of agriculture at the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, at Ames, valued at $200, $150, $125 and $100, respectively, and one scholarship for a short course at the same college, valued at $25, were awarded to the boys who did the most efficient work in judging classes of horses, cattle, swine and samples of corn, assigned for the purpose, and writing reasons substanti- ating their judgment. Any boy living in the state of Iowa, under 21 years of age, who had never been regularly classified in any college, or had not won a place above fifth position in any previous Iowa State Fair contest, was permitted to compete, this restriction in no way applying to those who had attended only two-week short courses. There were 105 entries and the best five were as follows: 1. Harry H. Meneough, Grimes. Iowa. 2. Vernon Guthrie, Newton, Iowa. 3. Harry H. Webster, Runnells, Iowa. 4. J. Leo Ahart, Dow City, Iowa. 5. Raymond Teachout, Imogene, Iowa. Farmer and Breeder, Sioux City. The fifty-ninth annual Iowa State Fair closed on Thursday night, August 28. Everything considered, it was without question the greatest fair that has ever been held in Iowa. The weather was propitious, the roads ideal. The attendance might have been larger had railroad rates been reduced, but in spite of regular rates prevailing the attendance was 5,000 more than last year. "Very few complimentary tickets were issued, and this increased the paid admissions by 17,000. Thus with considerably higher gate receipts and with a greater revenue received from concessions, the management took in several thousand dollars more than a year ago. The net profit from this year's show was between $30,000 and $35,000. From a financial stand- point the fair was an outstanding success. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 341 The various amusement features were relatively clean, and the manage- ment kept a careful watch over all concessionaires to prevent overcharging and petty grafts. In some respects, however, the management did not seem to have its force well organized. The exhibitors of live stock were not given the attention they deserved, and in several instances the live stock judging was allowed to lag. Had a little more energy and snap been put into getting the various classes into the judging ring with more prompt- ness, exhibitors as well as visitors would have felt better satised. As we viewed the various exhibits on the fair grounds this year and compared them with those of a decade ago, for example, we became greatly impressed with the changes that have been wrought in every department, how the exhibits have grown in size and quality, and how certain things have gradually dropped out and others taken their place. Ten years ago automobiles were a curiosity; today it is a problem for the fair manage- ment to find storage room for the great number of expensive and efficient machines in which the farmers come with their families to view the big fair in comfort. Farm tractors are now so numerous that it is almost impossible to become acquainted with all the different makes on exhibi- tion. There are the large outfits for the extensive farmer and the medium to small ones suitable for section and even quarter-section farms, each manufacturer claiming points of superiority in his outfit over those of his competitors. Similar changes are seen in all lines of machinery. Grain drills, corn planters, plows, cultivators, harrows and discs as we knew them a decade ago are no longer to be found, their places having been taken by improved types. The gasoline engine has displaced the once popular windmill. Modern farm gates and woven wire fencing, of which we knew nothing a few years ago, now occupy an important section among the ever-growing machinery exhibit. On every hand one sees evidences of improvement. Nothing aloTig this line made a greater impression upon us, however, than the silo exhibits. No less than seventeen different silos were on the ground where but a few years ago none was to be found. Wood silos pre- dominated, but cement staves and clay tile structures were also repre- sented. A hundred salesmen, perhaps, were proclaiming the merits of silage and the great saving that can be effected by utilizing the entire corn crop instead of only 55 per cent of it. All told stories of the many sales made in the past few years, till one might almost think that every Iowa farm is now equipped with a tank for storing at least a part of the corn each year. Such, of course, is far from actual facts; nevertheless the im- posing display and the well-directed arguments in favor of silage converted many a skeptic and undoubtedly the next improvement on his farm will be a silo of some kind to enable him to make beef, mutton and dairy products at a lower cost and consequently with greater profits to himself. It is through the many impressive object lessons that the fair becomes such an effective agent in advancing agricultural development. Not only was the fair as a whole educational, as it always is to the man who attends with a view of carefully studying the various exhibits, but this year there were so many special educational features that the great 342 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE exhibition gave one the impression of a gigantic people's school in which the practical things pertaining to the farm and the farm home were ex- pounded. The extension department of the Iowa State College took a very prominent part in this educational work. Daily lectures on hog cholera was one feature in which great interest was taken by farmers. These lectures were supplemented with demonstration work showing how the serum and virus should be injected and what precautions must be taken to prevent the spread of cholera from vaccinated herds. Iowa farmers lost fifteen million dollars worth of hogs last year from cholera and this year the disease is raging all over the state, till so far it has been impossible to manufacture the serum fast enough to supply the demand. In the line of feeding the college had several interesting exhibits show- ing comparisons between the use of self-feeders for fattening hogs as com- pared with feeding by hand in the usual manner. Accompanying figures showed that the hogs fed from a self-feeder gained 1..5 pounds a day at a cost of $5.04 per cwt., while those that were hand-fed gained 1.3 pounds daily at a cost of $5.30 per cwt. Similar exhibits showed results of lamb feeding experiments for which shelled corn, ear-corn, and corn meal had been used. Steer feeding tests illustrating the use of cottonseed meal in connection with silage and clover hay showed that more rapid gains were made with the concentrate and that the cost of making gains was reduced 60 cents per cwt. One very pleasing and instructive exhibit in the college building was a model farmstead showing windbreak, orchard, vegetable garden, yards, feed lots, barns, granary, silos, and other buildings. This model was not shown as an ideal, but rather as a suggestion of the desirability of paying more attention to formulating better plans for the arrangement of the farmstead with a view of securing not only greater convenience, but also more beauty. The college stands ready to send out a man to any farmer to help draw plans for arranging the farmstead better and for laying out the whole farm with a view of getting it arranged for systematic crop rotation. Much can be done in the way of planning the farm for lines of work for which it seems best adapted, and farmers should avail them- selves of such help as the college stands ready to give without expense to the recipient. The horticultural and agricultural displays were very similar to what has been shown in that line for the past ten years. Little, if any, improve- ment has been made in that period. To one who has seen the various varieties of fruit sitting around on plates for the past decade, a few bundles of grain grown especially for show purposes, there was little of interest to observe. The few individual farm displays, while pleasing to look at in a casual manner, carried with them no lesson of any value whatsoever. In fact, when one studies these exhibits for a few minutes one becomes dis- gusted with them, for they are so artificial that they mean absolutely nothing. What farmer could possibly grow ten varieties of corn, four or five varieties of wheat, half a dozen kinds of oats, and as many different varieties of barley and rye on one farm? It is absurd to think that so many different things could possibly be grown on one farm except for ex- hibition purposes, and grown in that manner they are of no practical value FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 343 whatsoever. It would seem as though some plan might be devised to make the agricultural and horticultural exhibits more educational as well as more pleasing to the eye. The Iowa fair, barring the Chicago International, has for years been acknowledged to be the greatest live stock exposition in the United States. This reputation will be maintained this year. In some of the breeds the classes were not so large as last year, but in no case was quality lacking. From the breeder's standpoint this year's show was the most satisfactory that has ever been held at Des Moines, because more boms breeders were represented with stock of their own raising, while importers played a less important role. While we have no disposition to cast reflections upon im- ported stock, it is always easier to go to Europe with a full purse and pick out prize winners than it is to actually raise them, and this year's show, more than any previous exhibition at Des Moines, demonstrated the well known fact that we can raise as good stock at home as can be found in .Europe. This is a fact greatly to the credit of our breeders and one that every farmer who desires to improve his stock should remember. The magic word "imported" is gradually losing much of its prestige, and it is well that it should, for, other things being equal, the animal that has been bred and raised at home is better adapted for the farmer in this country than the one that has been bred and raised across the water. The Percheron show was a conspicuous example of what home breeders have been doing in recent years. Many small breeders were in evidence and they succeeded in getting away with a number of good prizes and that in competition with imported stock. We know of nothing that could offer greater encouragement to the American breeder to continue this im- portant work of improvement. To create a superior horse, sheep, cow, or hog is as great an achievement as to create a superior work of art, and we believe it is of greater value to the human race. The aged and three- year-old classes were not quite so strong as they have been in former years, but the younger classes were above the average in quality and numbers. The first-prize two-year-old stallion Matador was bred in Iowa and won over an imported horse that took second prize in the Paris show this year. The Percheron show was generally considered one of the best ever made. It was a credit to the fair as well as to the ability of the American breeders. The Belgian show was stronger than last year, in fact it was by all odds the best show ever made by this breed in Iowa. The older mares and fillies made an especially fine appearance, being in good form and showing plenty of weight. While Shire and Clydesdale classes were not large, both breeds were represented by excellent specimens that made a most favor- able impression in the show ring. The draft colt futurity show, initiated by the Chicago Live Stock World some years ago, was one of the important features of the exposition. The interest manifested by the breeders as shown by the number of entries made and the crowded condition of the stock pavilion when the young- sters were judged, was proof sufficient that this feature will be permanently maintained at the Iowa fair, and, in fact, become a leading feature at all fairs throughout the country. In the Percheron futurities there were 19 stallions and 28 fillies to be judged, and they made the finest line-up of 344 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE youngsters ever seen in the United States. The great lesson which this futurity show taught, a lesson well worth remembering, was that American breeders can produce as good draft stock, if not better, than can be pro- duced in Europe. When the futurity show was first suggested many breed- ers doubted that anything could be done along that line in this country, first because it was thought that breeders would not fit their youngsters for such a show, and second because prize money would be difficult to raise in sufficient amounts to interest breeders. These conjectures have proved to be erroneous. The prizes this year aggregated $4,630, of which $700 was invested in eight silver trophies, while the remainder represented cash. The breeders, small as well as large, have never taken hold of anything in the show line with more enthusiasm than they have of these futurity exhibitions. All four draft breeds were represented in the ring: the Percherons, as stated before, by 48 head, the Shires by 24, the Clydesdales by 10, and the Belgians by 6 head. As a whole the futurity show was the best that has ever been held in this country. In regard to the quality of the entries, it may be said that the first prize Percheron filly, owned by J. A. Buswell, was sold to Senator E. B. White, of Virginia, for $2,000. This was the highest price that has ever been paid for a yearling filly, either in France or in this country. A yearling stallion sold for $1,000, and several other sales were made at close to the latter price. The Short-horns fell considerably behind in numbers as compared with last year. There were only three aged bulls, five two-year-olds, four senior yearlings, and seven junior yearlings to compete for honors and some of them were not in the best show condition. The calf classes were consid- erably better than the older classes, still they were not up to former stand- ards. The Hereford show was fully up to any in former years;, in fact, it was considered a very strong show, one indicating a rapid growth in popularity of the White Faces. Most of the classes were well filled and there was a marked absence of tail-enders. The J. P. Cudahy herd, con- sisting of 425 head, was sold to Warren T. McCray, of Kentland, Ind. While it was impossible to ascertain how much money the transaction in- volved, the chances are that the herd brought not far from $100,000, making the deal one of the largest of its kind in recent years. The Angus breed was well represented by some of the choicest specimens, all in excellent show conditions. The Doddies always give a good account of themselves wherever they go, and they did fully as well this year as last. One of the notable features in the live stock show was the great increase in the dairy cattle on exhibition. All the dairy breeds made such a strong showing, particularly the Holsteins, as to excite much comment about the growth of the dairy industry in Iowa. As the price of Iowa land continues to advance, the special-purpose dairy cow is rapidly gaining in favor. She is not only capable of producing a fine calf every year, but also a large amount of milk and butter fat in addition. Judging from the interest that was manifested in the placing of the awards of tliese great cattle, it Is evident that they are rapidly coming into favor among Iowa farmers. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 345 The hog show was quite up to standard in quality, but not nearly so large as a year ago. The cause of this was cholera arid the vaccination re- quired by the fair management. Some exhibitors were not willing to vaccinate their hogs while others were unable to secure the necessary serum for vaccination. Several days before the fair opened the manage- ment sent out word that vaccination would be waived as an entry require- ment, but it was then too late to be of much value. There is still a great deal of prejudice against vaccination with serum and still more against the use of both serum and virus. The difficulty seems to lie in getting reliable serum and perhaps also in getting it administered, especially so where the double treatment is employed. Twentieth Century Farmer, Omaha. Iowa's 1913 State Fair has set an advanced pace for this class of agri- cultural and live stock expositions. For many years Iowa has been con- ceded one of the most progressive fairs in the United States, and its pres- ent onward and upward tendency in exhibition interests and industry is only the evidence of the progressive spirit of its people. Iowa planned wisely and well in building the foundation for its State Fair. Its founders were unbiased in their effort to measure the future by the past and pro- vide grounds and plans that would be in accord with the needs of genera- tions yet unborn. Its spacious fair grounds, while ample for present needs, indicate that greater economic use of space must be practiced in future development. EDUCATIONAL IDEA PREVAILS. Iowa and Iowa's people are in sympathy with its fair. The educational idea prevails, and its exposition interests are closely coupled with its educational institutions and its educational forces. These are made a feature and a part of every department of this great exposition. The dean of the Agricultural College is a member of the State Board of Agriculture, and takes an active part in the fair management. The Agricultural College forces are thus brought into a close relationship to the State Fair. The Agricultural College exhibit is one of the very large and attractive dis- plays. It has its special building, with every feature of rest and comfort, and invites tired fair visitors to spend a portion of their time in the inves- tigation and study of what the state is doing for agriculture. The most pronounced feature of the Iowa State Fair management is the tendency to direct every feature of display toward the moral and edu- cational effect upon its patrons. The old-time questionable amusement features that were once thought proper for fair grounds are today refused a place for exhibition. The improvement in system and arrangement of exhibits in all de- partments of this fair are very noticeable to the critical fair visitor, who looks upon each recurring exhibition for improvement. It is not an un- common thing to hear this expression used, after some fair closes, when reference is made of "How was the fair this year?" "Oh, just the same old thing over again; no change." 346 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REST FOR THE WEARY. There have been great changes in the Iowa grounds in making the parked spots more attractive and pleasant for visitors. The new open court in front of the administration building deserves special mention. This is a large, shaded picnic or rest ground, amply provided with seats, where splendid concerts are given at stated hours throughout the day, just for the entertainment of the hundreds of persons who have stopped to rest, on comfortable seats, or on the grass, as thousands prefer as the quickest and easiest way to get rid of "that tired feeling," which most fair visitors experience after a few hours' travel over the fair grounds. Exhibitors are taking a little more space in some departments, with a view to making a more attractive display, giving more demonstration room and furnishing more rest space for visitors. The encouragement to more attractive display has been enhanced by lengthening the exhibition period to eight days. This fair now commences with a complete program for Friday and Saturday instead of making these preparation days, as formerly. The judging starts in all departments, and a full and complete program is carried out. The fair visitor who arrives on the first or second day will be better entertained and have a better opportunity to see than if he had de- layed until the crowd and jam of travel to the fair had commenced. These beginning days are sure to grow in popularity with the people, who are anxious to see the fair untrammeled by such obstacles as are met with where great crowds of people are congregated. INDIVIDUAL FARM EXIIIDITS. One of the improvements made this year, and which is along the line of educational state fair progress, is the introduction of the individual farm collective exhibit. This classification takes the place of the county collective exhibit, a common feature of displa'y with many state fairs, but one which carries no special educational influence with it. The collective exhibit is purely an exhibition of farm products, demonstrating the skill of the exhibitor or exhibitors. A few persons in each county have become expert exhibitors in this kind of a contest, and the display does not demon- strate any local condition of superiority more than that of exhibition skill. The individual farm exhibit shows to the fair visitor what is pos- sible to produce on the farm by man's own efforts, and stimulates the am- bition to try to measure up to the particular farm or man whose basis of production is the exhibit under inspection. The farm name is also an inspiration for the sight-seer to go home and name his farm and build his own monument by his farm's individual products and reputation. There were nineteen individual farm collective exhibits this year. These nineteen exhibits were each occupying about eight by twelve feet shelf and wall space, making a nicely proportioned display. As variety and deco- rative feature of exhibits counted in the scoring, as well as quality of prod- ucts, there was a neatness and beauty of arrangement in these displays that attracted attention and the favorable comment of sight-seers. The feature of general interest was the fact that this stuff had been produced on one farm, and the garden truck patch, grain field, meadow and orchard each contri])uted its share. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 347 This display was based upon an outlay of $800, to be proportioned as premiums among the contestants according to the score each received from the awarding committee. The score for a complete exhibit was 100 points, and fifty was the score necessary to win a pro rata in the money offered. Thus all farms whose display scored fifty points or more were entitled to their pro rata of the $800, according to this score. Those ar- ticles that combine in making up the individual farm collective exhibit are not eligible to enter in the general classification of farm products in other divisions of the fair. It is the purpose of the fair management to add ma- terially to this line of display by creating other classes of interest to the farmer upon similar basis of incentive. ACRICirLTURAL BUILDING CENTER OF IXTi:REST. The agricultural building, which at present is used to house practically every feature of farm production outside of live stock, has become one of the great centers of interest on the State Fair Grounds. It provides space for the fruit display, both fresh fruits and canned fruits, pickles, preserves, etc. The fresh fruit exhibit was an improvement over former years, es- pecially in quantity and variety exhibited. The showcase plan of exhibit, the putting of as much as possible be- hind glass, where dust and dirt are excluded, and where the handling by anxious, inquisitive visitors is prevented, is being looked upon with great favor by the Iowa State Fair management. All fine textile exhibits, painted china, bread, cake, pickles, preserves, etc., are being provided with glass cases for exhibition. The threshed grain is exhibited under glass, in galvanized iron boxes, and thus kept free from dirt and handling. The arrangement of the exhibition tables and cases throughout this build- ing accommodates large crowds and lessens congestion in crowded aisles. POULTRY AND GAME EXHIBIT. The poultry industry, especially the farm poultry, is receiving a great deal of careful study and experimentation in view of developing the highest practical condition for profit in poultry growing. The dressing of fowls for market and for economical home use, where the fowl was stripped from the bones, leaving its skeleton entirely bare of flesh and yet l-etaining the meat in one unbroken piece to roll up and bake or roast without the least particle of bone to contend with, was one of the features of poultry demonstration work that was taught each day at the poultry department. There were 2,100 fowls on exhibition, rep- resenting every breed and variety produced in this country. The game exhibit at the Iowa State Fair is one of the very attractive and novel displays, and is interesting both to the farmer and the hunter. The State Board of Agriculture has set aside and properly fenced twenty-two acres of rough, hilly timber land on the southeast corner of the State Fair grounds for the propagation of game, especially quail and pheasant of the varieties best suited for stocking up the brush and timber districts. This enterprise becomes a part of the State Fair exhibit. Thousands of visitors travel to this remote corner of the grounds to see the foreign birds and novelties in breed and style of pheasant, quail, duck, goose, etc., that are kept within the confines of the twenty-two acres devoted to this purpose. 348 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Many farmers have their applications in for a few of these birds in order to raise them on their own farms as insect destroyers. Fifteen hundred young birds have been raised this summer from this colony, and these will be distributed this fall over the state where there are brush and timber for their protection. As they multiply there will be seasons that the hunters will be permitted to slaughter them un- molested. Large cement basins, with running water, are built in the deep gulches and ravines to provide the water fowls with congenial surroundings. THE BEEF CATTLE SHOW. Beef cattle have been bringing high prices the last year. Many breeders had sold so low that they had not enough young stuff on hand to make a full show herd, and consequently stayed at home. Hot weather has made it bad to fit cattle, and an unusually backward, wet spring made a very busy set of farmers during the early summer. Con- sequently, there were many who did not show. Quality of exhibits was good in most cases. Aberdeen-Angus put up the best show they have ever had. Classes ranged from ten to twenty entries each. Quality and fitting were superb. The herds of McHenry, Battles, Binnie, Miller and Escher vied for chief honors. Herefords were not so numerous as usually. Des Moines generally gathers a goodly number of white faces in her arena, but not so this year. Cudahy's aged bull, Fairfax 16th, which went around the circuit undefeated last year, was set down for grand champion, and that honor was allotted to the extremely smooth Harris bull, Repeater 7th. This calf was sired by Repeater of show-yard fame several years back. He was first as senior yearling and junior champion. Galloways were not so numerous as usual, either. Straub's strong herd from Nebraska was detained at home as a result of the season's tornado and drouth. Charles Escher judged the small number present in his customary capable manner. Short-horns started extremely weak in aged classes, but there were large classes of younger animals and much excellent quality displayed. Sultan Mina was first in a class of three aged bulls and was later made grand champion. Saunders won first in senior calves on a double-bred Cumberland's Last. This chap was a roan of September birth and weighed 1,050 pounds. His immense scale, coupled with his goodness all over, made him an outstanding winner. He was later made junior champion and Iowa grand champion. Female classes were larger than most bull classes. Harding and Saunders vied for chief honors here, and the former succeeded in get- ting the championship. Most breeders and feeders prefer the roan color. It is interesting to note the number of animals of each color in a large show such as Des Moines. For instance, in the majority of classes there were more roans than all the other colors put together. White has of recent years had the ban lifted from it in Short-horn circles, and some of the best winners are of this color. In fact, Hard- ing's Village Flower, which won the grand championship after win- ning in the junior yearling class, was snow white. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 349 PERCHERON HORSES. The French draft horse has been transplanted, and now we must call him the American draft horse. At Des Moines we might even call him the Iowa draft horse, for Iowa exhibitors were certainly in evi- dence. The most gratifying feature of the show was the fact that the home grown colt could win from the imported one. The breeders who had grown their colts properly had them just as large for their age as the ones direct from France. Save for the undocked tails of those bred in the states, it would, indeed, be hard to discriminate between the two kinds as they appeared in their classes. One often hears the objection raised to prize winning horses that they will never be heard from in the breeding herd. Many colts are un- doubtedly crowded to such an extent as to impair their breeding quali- ties. However, just because a horse has been a champion at some big show is no indication that he will never become famous as a producer. The Percherons on display this year offered good evidence of this. A glance at the pedigrees of the prize winners would show in most in- stances that the sires have been show horses. For instance, of the first four Carnot colts shown in the various classes, ranging from mature horses down, there were two which won first, one which secured third and another fourth prize. These were wgn in large classes where the competition was keen. Likewise the produce of Calypso and other sires of equal showyard honors were consistent winners. In aged stallions, Jeun, a Carnot colt owned by Fox of Genoa, Neb., secured the blue. He is a black of great breadth with ample bone, well set limbs and the best of feet. William Bell, of Ohio, who did the awarding, counted him as good a type as his sire. In 3-year-olds Dunhams caught first and second on very large, heavy- boned colts which were but recently imported, while Nelson of Iowa secured third on a Carnot colt imported last year. He resembled his sire in being extremely blocky and heavily muscled. In 2-year-olds there were eighteen entries. McMillan caught the blue on a Romeo colt named Matador, which won third a year ago in the futurity. Two Carnots were placed over him then and these were not exhibited this year. This colt carries a perfect top line, being short and strongly coupled. He might carry a trifle more length to his hind ankles, but he was easily the top of the classes shown. Mare classes were large. Small exhibitors filled most of the classes. It looks good to see a farmer buy a team of pure bred mares, but it looks better to see him return to the fair several years later with a bunch of large, growthy colts from these mares. SHIRE HORSES. The English cart horse failed to make the showing made by the Bel- gians and Percherons. While quality was good, numbers were lacking, Alex Galbraith judged these, and his work was very good and well ac- cepted. While he is a Clydesdale man, yet he adheres to the correct Shire pattern when judging Shires. He sought the long ankled horse with no tendency to side bones, and also gave quality of limbs con- 350 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE siderable preference. Truman's farm made a large showing. Their 11-year-old mare, Tatton Aurora, proved to be quite a drawing card. She was a strong winner at British shows prior to her recent importa- tion. Her English weight was recorded at 2,490 pounds, although she was scarcely over 2,400 pounds as she appeared at Des Moines. Even so, she is a veritable monster. Her width, depth and length are such as one seldom sees in a drafter of any breed. She came from the Boro-Fen farm of Mr. Griffin, which is on the Wash in eastern England, and on his low-lying meadows there grows a grass which produces Shires of immense scale. BELGIAN HORSES. Iowa farmers seem to like a horse with a good middle. They have found that this kind is always fat and ever in demand by the city horse- buyer. Prom the interest centered in the judging of the Belgian horses, one would infer that these possess characteristics which make them popular with the average farmer. Irrespective of faults, it must be ad- mitted that of the large display of Belgians on hand, there were very few which lacked in depth of body. We would like them better if they carried their backs straighter and were not so meaty in their hocks, but as a breed they surely are splendid in heart and body girth. As among the Percherons, the bulk of the entries were from Iowa farms. In num- bers, this breed exceeded any on the grounds. The largest class was the 2-year-old fillies. There were twenty-one led out for this. Prof. Kennedy judged quickly and satisfactorily. His speed received many comments from the ringside. The type of winner seemed quite con- sistent, he adhering to the qualities of ample scale and muscle. The experienced horseman readily recognizes a Belgian by his type of body, head and legs and even by the shortly-docked tail. An amateur might be sadly deceived, however, were he to use color as a means of distinguishing a horse of this breed. A dark iron-gray colt shown in the yearling class looked much like a Percheron. Several coal-blacks were also to be seen. Likewise there were bays with white trimmings and these could almost be mistaken for the light feathered American bred Shires. The breed colors most in evidence were the blue and red roans, the sorrel, chestnut, bay and brown. In the aged stallion class a blue roan of Lefebure's caught the blue ribbon. He was almost first and champion a year ago. The sensation of the show appeared in the red roan 3-year-old, Farceur, from the Crownover stables. He looked as near a perfect draft horse as the Belgian breed has ever produced. He shows a large amount of quality in limbs, his cannon bones being as clean and flat as a Clydesdale and his hind legs carrying that placement which makes him a powerful mover. The growing popularity of this breed is ever noticeable. Their ex- treme massiveness, limbs free from excessive hair and disposition free from meanness make attributes which the average man appreciates. laiTlTRITY CONTESTS. Several years ago a futurity contest for yearling draft colts was inaugurated. Breeders enter their pure bred colts of both sexes when they are weanlings. The judging is done at the Iowa fair each fall FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 351 when these colts are yearlings past. Prizes amounting to large sums, besides trophies, are given. The first prize iu several breeds receives over $2 00. A committee of three does the awarding in each breed. These contests have worked wonders among American draft horse breeders. Such prizes give an incentive not only to breed the best, but to feed and care for them as well. This year there were many entries in each breed, and the contest was at a high pitch upon Tuesday while the judging was going on. MORGAX HORSES. The little historic Morgan may yet come into his own. The Iowa people persist in offering premiums for this once famous strain of light horses, and each year witnesses a goodly number of them on hand. This year there was a large display, there being twelve aged stallions, and the other classes were proportionately large. Needless to say, there was a wide variance in the types of the entries. In the mature stallions there were blocky little 1,100-pound individuals and there were rangy coachers weighing upwards of 1,400 pounds. Two years ago a Hackney breeder did the judging. He picked for action, irrespec- tive of other qualifications aside from quality. Last year George Rommell of the United States department of animal industry pinned the ribbons. His work in breeding Morgans at the Vermont experiment farm gave him a type to work for. The breeders were satisfied that he was adhering to what they called a correct type. This, in spite of the fact that he placed a stallion first in the aged class which the year before had won nothing, showing against the same horses. This year J. O. Williams, the government horse breeder at Fort Collins, Colo., did the judging. It is indeed a pleasure to say that he picked consistently for the same type that Mr. Rommell did. Pessimists who last year said there was no Morgan type because the judge did not pick the same each year, were compelled to withdraw their grievance. But few boys have been reared on the farm the last century who have not received an early appreciation of Morgan horses from some wiry little animal which their fathers pro- claimed to be of Morgan stock. MULE SHOW. Missouri has always claimed chief honors in the breeding of hybrids. If one can judge by the exhibits of Iowa-raised donks at Des Moines there will be keen competition between the two states for this honor in the future. Just imagine a 7-year-old brown mare mule weighing 1,900 pounds! Another white mule weighing 1,650 pounds secured championship honors over all the grounds. This animal was pro- nounced the best mule ever displayed at Des Moines by the judge, W. A. Dobson. His legs were as clean and qualitated as those of a thorough- bred. His white hoofs stood squarely under him and in size compared favorably with those of a medium sized draft horse. Another extra good mule was an iron gray 18-months-old colt which weighed 1,150 pounds. He was framy, heavy-boned, large jointed and Incidentally well eared. There were many others of merit of which Iowa might well be proud. 352 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The stock show was almost entirely an Iowa affair. Very few ex- hibitors came from without the state and those that did found ample competition by the local people. It was surely commendable that so strong a showing could be made by Iowa-owned stock, and even more so when we consider that these animals were nearly all raised in the state. Years ago it was thought that America could not compete with Europe in producing draft horses. Today we see Iowa bred colts at the fair winning prize after prize from imported stock. The same holds true with cattle and sheep. The fair does well to offer special premiums for Iowa owned stock, as by so doing it adds incentive to the local man to come forth with his best. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 353 Awards in Live Stock Departments, Iowa State F'air and Exposition, 1913. HORSE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent C. F. Curtiss, Ames. PERCHERON. exhibitors. Geo. Baker, Newton; T. B. Bowman & Sons, Boone, Nebraska; Jno. A. Buswell, Bradford, Illinois; J. Hill Barnes, Oskaloosa; Brown and Walker, Clarinda; W. S. Corsa, Whitehall, Illinois; Wm. Crownover, Hudson; Crawford & Griffm, Newton; C. B. Dannen & Sons, Melbourne; Dunhams, Wayne, Illinois; Loren Dunbar, Earlham; W. L. DeClow, Cedar Rapids; Ethelwold Farms, Mondovi, Wisconsin; Jacob K. Eshelman, Altoona; Geo. Eggert, Newton; W. S. Fox, Genoa, Nebraska; C. G. Good, Ogden; C. B. Grimes, Winnebago, Minnesota; E. N. Gates, Newton; C. F. Hartwig, Knierim; Luther Huston, Blandinsville, Illinois; lowana Farms, Daven- port; Iowa State College, Ames; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny; C. F. Jones, Rip- pey; J. T. Judge, Carroll; C. F. Kruger, Doon; Morris Bros., Stockport; H. G. McMillan & Sons, Rock Rapids, Iowa; M. J. Nelson, Cambridge; Rapp Bros., St. Edward, Nebraska; J. S. Risley, Ames; W. W. Seeley, Stuart; Frank M. Shaw, Oneida, Illinois; E. R. Shaw, Oneida, Illinois; Seward Bros., New Providence; Seward Bros. & Johnson & Son, New Prov- idence; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; John Vought, Hampton, Iowa; F. T. Williams, Pleasantville, Iowa; H. P. Wilkinson Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; F. W. Weinrich, Geneseo, Illinois; R. J. Wal- lace & Son, Ladoga, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge Wm. Bell, Wooster, Ohio. Stallion Four Years or Over— First, Jeun, 81359 (84638), W. S. Fox; second, Jorat (85748), Dunhams; third, Garvial 61373 (69712), Crawford & Griffin; fourth, Istroth, 64979 (79934), Geo. Baker; fifth, Interdit 69489 (799947), Crawford & Griffin; sixth, Bambin, 62717, J. Hill Barnes. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Koran (92007) Dunhams; second, Keramories (95346), Dunhams; third, Konsecutif, 88581 (91560), M. J. Nelson; fourth, Klamorgan, 95014 (96683), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth, Katran, 95015 (91601) Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; sixth, Kalifornien (90644), Dunhams. Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Matador, 86310, H. G. McMil- lan & Sons; second, Legiste (10442), Dunhams; third, Lycaon (99976) Dunhams; fourth, Lillers (102195), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth, Lombric, (104667), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. 23 354 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Principal, 89486, Ethelwold Farm; second, Carlotlieon, 91137, W. S. Corsa; tliird, Carvotte, 96443, W. S. Corsa; fourth, Marshall, 96227, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth, Combino, 96104, Frank M. Shaw. Stallion Foal — First, Bataclan, Jr., Jno. Vought; second, Spencer, Mor- ris Bros.; third, Bonaparte, Morris Bros.; fourth, Electeur, 94779, C. B. Dannen & Sons; fifth, Major, C. B. Dannen & Sons. Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, French Premier, 53995, W. W. Seeley; second, Calyps, 79632, T. B. Bowman & Sons. Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Principal, 89486, Ethel- wold Farms; second, Carlotheon, 91137, W. S. Corsa; third, Carvotte, 96443, W. S. Corsa. Yeld Mare, Four Years or Over — First, Ilda (87642), Dunhams; second, Hemine, 90776 (78349), C. F. Jones; third, Elsie, 66218, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Huzzarde, 91975 (74137), Wm. Crownover; fifth, Francis Falcon, 97013, Crawford & Griffin. Mare and Foal, Mare to Count -',0%, Foal 50% — First, Jante and foal, 79487 (87190), W. S. Corsa; second, Luttee and foal, 61929 (68304), lowana Farms; third, Carnation and foal, 63090, Jacob K. Eshelman; fourth, Harlette and foal 82333 (97015), C. B. Dannen & Sons. Filly Over Three Under Four — First, Achsie 75884, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, Kontrefacon (95819), Dunhams; third, Kouture, 88597 (91378), M. J. Nelson; fourth, Kaoline, 88582 (93020) M. J. Nelson; fifth, Comet, 72768, C. B. Dannen & Sons. Filly Over Two, Under Three — ^First, Lyonnaise (102756), Dunhams; second, Elsetta 85534, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third, Loupe, 96541, Geo. Eggert; fourth, Tona, 87566, T. B. Bowman & Sons; fifth, Elder Lady, 86713, C. B. Dannen & Sons. Filly Over One, Under Tioo — First, Couceorous, 94852, Jno. A. Buswell; second, Carnoress, 91032, W. S. Corsa; third, Carnorine, 96701, W. S. Corsa; fourth, Carnona, 91033, W. S. Corsa. Mare Foal — First, Carnante, 94321, W. S. Corsa; second, George Baker; third, Jessie, Morris Bros.; fourth, lowana Maid, 96428, lowana Farms; fifth, Clunie, Morris Bros. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Elsie, 66218, H, G. McMillan & Sons; second. Comet, 72768, C. B. Dannen & Sons; third, Black Beauty, 79584, Luther Huston; fourth, Coevous, 76707, Jno. A. Bus- well. Mare Under Three Years, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Cauceorous, 94852, Jno. A. Buswell; second, Carnoress, 91032, W. S. Corsa; third, Elsetta, 85534, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Tona, 87566, T. B. Bowman & Sons. Champion Stallion— First, Jcun, 81359 (84638), W. S. Fox; second, Mata- dor, 86310, H. G. McMillan & Sons. Champion Mare — First, Couceorous, 94852, Jno. A. Buswell; second, Ilda (87624), Dunhams. Champion Stallion, Owned in Iowa — First, Matador, 86310, H. G. McMil- lan & Sons; second, Konsecutif, 88581, (91560), M. J. Nelson. Champion Mare, Oivned in Iowa — First, Achsie, 75884, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second. Kouture, 88597, (91378), M. J. Nelson. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL. YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 355 Champion Percheron Stallion, Jeun, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, owned by W. S. Fox, Genoa, Nebr. Get of Stallion — First, W. S. Corsa; second, Jno. A. Buswell; third, H. G. McMillan & Son; fourth, W. S. Corsa; fifth, C. B. Dannen & Sons. Produce of Mare — First, J. A. Buswell; second, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third, Luther Huston; fourth, Jno. Vought; fifth, C. B. Dannen & Sons. Grand Display — First, H. G. McMillan & Son; second, W. S. Corsa; third, C. B. Dannen & Son; fourth, T. B. Bowman & Sons. Five Stallions Ovmed "by Exhibitor — First, Dunhams; second, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE PERCHERON SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 1913. Stallion Three Years Old or Over, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — First, French Premier, 53995, W. W. Seeley; second, Calyps, 79632, T. B. Bow- man & Sons. Stallion Under Three, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — First, Principal, 89486, Ethelwold Farms, second, Carlotheon, 91137, W. S. Corsa; third, Carvotte, 96443, W. S. Corsa. Champion Stallion, Bred and. Owned by Exhibitor — First, Principal, 89486, Ethelwold Farms; second, Carlotheon, 91137, W. S. Corsa. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred and Oioned by Exhibitor — First, Elsie, 66218, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second. Comet, 72768, C. B. Dannen & Sons; third, Black Beauty, 79584, Luther Huston; fourth, Coevous, 76707, Jno. A. Buswell. 356 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mare Under Three, Bred and Oxoned by Exhibitor — First, Cauceorous, 94852, Jno. A. Buswell; second, Carnoress, 91032, W. S. Corsa; third, El- setta, 85534, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Tona, 87566, T. B. Bowman & Sons. Chamjnon Mare, Bred and Oivned by Exhibitor — First, Cauceorous, 94852, Jno. A. Buswell; second, Carnoress, 91032, W. S. Corsa. Get of Stallion — First, W. S. Corsa; second, Jno. A. Buswell; third, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, W. S. Corsa. Produee of Mare — First, Jno. A. Buswell; second, H. G. McMillan; third, Luther Huston; fourth, Jno. Vought. Champion Stud — First, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, W. S. Corsa; third, C. B. Dannen & Son; fourth, T. B. Bowman & Sons. Five Stallions, Owned by Exhibitor — First, Dunhams; second, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Chaminon Stallion. Open CZass— First, Jeun, 81359 (84638), W. S. Fox; second. Matador, 86310, H. G. McMillan & Sons. Champion Mare. Open Class — First, Couceorous, 94852, Jno. A. Bus- well; second, Ilda, (87624), Dunhams. NATIONAL PERCHERON BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Opened and Guaranteed by the Chicago Daily Live Stock World. Stallions — First, Principal, 89486, Ethelwold Farms; second, Carlotheon, 91137, W. S. Corsa; third, Carvotte, 96443, W. S. Corsa; fourth, Marshall, 96227, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth, Combino, 96104, F. M. Shaw; sixth, Belmonte, 89127, R. J. Wallace & Son; seventh, Reuben, 88180, Crawford & Griffin; eighth, Carmerica, 94311, W. S. Corsa; ninth, Mamers, 95596, C. B. Dannen & Sons; tenth, Intrar, 97029, H. G. McMillan & Sons; eleventh, Mignon, 96909, Seward Bros.; twelfth. Surety, 88935, H. G. McMillan & Sons; thirteenth, Maple Lawn Garnet, 86462, E. N. Gates. Fillies — First, Coucerorous, 94852, Jno. A. Buswell; second, Carnoress, 91032, W. S. Corsa; third, Carnorine, 96701, W. S. Corsa; fourth, Carnona, 91033, W. S. Corsa; fifth, Carneito, 91035; sixth, Carnette, 94315, W. S. Corsa; seventh, Elsine, 97025, H. G. McMillan & Sons; eighth, Victoria, 96349; Iowa State College; ninth, Carnot's Maid, 86282, J. T. Judge; tenth, Mignonne, 95426, Geo. Baker; eleventh, Valrosa, C. B. Grimes; twelfth, Goldy, 94731, C. B. Dannen & Sons; thirteenth, Bonifield, 94851, Jno. A. Buswell. CLYDESDALES. EXHIBITORS. Bedminster Farms, Pottersville, N. J.; Ethelwold Farms, Mondovi, Wis- consin; H. Harris Ford, Storm Lake, Iowa; W. V. Hixon, Marengo, Iowa; W. L. Houser, Mondovi, Wisconsin; Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa; Hildebrand Bros., Gladbrook, Iowa; McLay Bros., Janesville, Wisconsin; James Pedley, Britt, Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Illinois; W. W. Weston & Son, Audubon, Iowa. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 357 Champion Percheron Futurity Filly. Couceorous, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Ex- position, owned by John A. Buswell, Bradford, 111. Judge E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia, Missouri. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Prince Cedric, 16656, H. Harris Ford; second, Osco Sherman, 13796, A. G. Soderberg; tliird, Baron Lyne- doch, 14940, W. V. Hixson; fourth. Reliance, 14938, W. V. Hixson; fifth, Forest King, 14076, Jas. Pedley. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Baron Defiance, 15858, W. V. Hixson; second, Osco Pride, 15470, A. G. Soderberg; third, Osco Stuart, 15468, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Russell, 16062. Stallion Over Tico, Under Three — First, Come Again, 16920; A. G. Soder- berg; second. Baron Caliph, 16592, W. V. Hixson; third. King's Favorite, 16482, Jas. Pedley; fourth, Kenneth, 16597, W. V. Hixson; fifth, Osco Baron, A. G. Soderberg. Stallion Over One, Under Tivo — First, Warren's Favorite, 17071, W. V. Hixson; second, Baron Ideal, 17171, H. Harris Ford; third. Baron Ruby, 16987, W. W. Weston 6 Son. Stallion Foal — First, Prince O'Fashion, Ethelwold Farms; second, Prince Fearless, H. Harris Ford. Stallion Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Baron Defiance, 15858, W. V. Hixson; second, Osco Pride 15410, A. G. Soderberg; third. Baron Lynedoch, 14940, W. V. Hixson; fourth, Osco Stuart, 15468, A. G. Soderberg; fifth, Reliance, 14938, W. V. Hixson. 358 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ""-StK" CUainpion Cl.\de.sdale Slallion, Come Again, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, owned by A. G. Soderberg, Osco, 111. Stallion Under Three, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Come Again, 16920, A. G. Soderberg; second, Baron Caliph, 16592, W. V. Hixson; third. King's Favorite, 16482, Jas. Pedley; fourth, Osco Baron, A. G. Soderberg. Yeld Mare, Four Years or Over — First, Lady Palmerston, 13565, W. V. Hixson; second, Una, 16194, (25422), H. Harris Ford; third, Edith War- ton, 13831, Jas. Pedley. Mare and Foal, Mare to Count 50%, Foal 50% — First, Amaryllis and foal, 15873, Ethelwold Farms; second. Winsome Princess and foal, 15873, Ethelwold Farms; third. Floss and foal, 16780 (28931), H. Harris Ford; fourth, Dorothy Vernon and foal, 13610, W. W. Weston. Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Flossie, 15862, W. V. Hixson, sec- ond, Clifton Bell, 15530, W. V. Hixson; third, Osco Rose, 15464, A. G. Soder- berg; fourth. May Queene, 15859, W. V. Hixson. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Princess Mae, 16807, H. Harris Ford; second, Osco Bell, 16279, A. G. Soderberg; third, Mary Queen of Scots, 16921, A. G. Soderberg; fourth Lady Caliph, 16601, W. V. Hixson. Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Osco Jem, 16922, A. G. Soderberg; second, Princess Quana, 16926, W. W. Weston & Son; third, Lady Favorite, 16926, W. V. Hixson; fourth. Lady Stewart, 17214, W. V. Hixson; fifth. Perfection, 16840, Ethelwold Farms. ' Mare Foal — First, Winsome's Darling, A. G. Soderberg; second. Miss Dorothy, W. W. Weston & Son. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 359 Champion Clydesdale -Alait, rriiKL.-s Mae, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, owned by H. Harris Ford, Storm Lake, Iowa. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Amaryllis, 15873, Ethelwold Farms; second, Flossie, 15862, W. V. Hixson; third. Lady P'al- merston, 13565, W. V. Hixson; fourth, Clifton Bell, 15530, W. V. Hixson; fifth, Osco Rose, 15467, A. G. Soderberg. Ma7'e Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Princess Mae, 16807, H. Harris Ford; Second, Osco Jem, 16922, A. G. Soderberg; third, Osco Bell, 16279, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Mary Queen of Scots, 16921, A. G. Soder- berg; fifth. Lady Stewart, 17214, W. V. Hixson. Chamjnon Stallion — First, Come Again, 16920, A. G. Soderberg; second, Prince Cedric, 16656, H. Harris Ford. Champion Mare — First, Princess Mae, 16807, H. Harris Ford; second, Amaryllis, 15873, Ethelwold Farms. Cham-pion Stallion, Owned in Iowa — First, Prince Cedric, 16656, H. Har- ris Ford; second, Warren's Favorite, 17071, Ethelwold Farms. Champion Mare, Owned in Iowa — First, Princess Mae, 16807, H. Harris Ford; second, Flossie, 15862, W. V. Hixson. Get of Stallion — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, W. V. Hixson; third, W. V. Hixson. Produce of Mare — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, A. G. Soderberg; third, W. V. Hixson; fourth, W. V. Hixson. Grand Display — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, W. V. Hixson; third, W. V. Hixson. Five Stallions Oicned by Exhibitor — First, A. G. Soderberg. 360 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL CliYDESDALE BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Opened and Guaranteed by the Chicago Daily Live Stock World. Stallions— First, Warren's Favorite, 17071, W. V. Hixson; second, Baron Ideal, 17171, H. Harris Ford; third. Baron Ruby, 16986, W. W. Weston & Son. Fillies — First, Osco Gem, 16922, A. G. Soderberg; second, Princess Quana, 16987, W. W. Weston; third. Lady Favorite, 16926, W. V. Hixson; fourth. Lady Stewart, 17214, W. V. Hixson; fifth. Perfection, 16840, W. L. Houser; sixth, Heather Belle, 17223, Iowa State College; seventh, Win- some Bessie, 17369, W. W. Weston & Son. ENGLISH SHIRES. EXHIBITORS. Wm. Crownover, Hudson, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; Geo. Eggert, Newton, Iowa; Chester A. Hanes, Decatur, Illinois; Frank E. Huston, Waukee, Iowa; Luther Huston, Blandinsville, Illinois; D. M. Johnston, Storm Lake, Iowa; George M. McCray, Fithian, Illinois; Charles E. Perkins, Burlington, Iowa; H. B. Smith, Bardolph, Illinois; L. N. & O. B. Sizer, Fisher, Illinois; G. W. Smith, Altoona, Iowa; Chas. H. & V. A. Summers, Malvern, Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, Illinois; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, Illinois; H. P. Wilkinson Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; F. J. Woltman, Cedar Falls, Iowa. JtTDGE , Alex Galbbaith, DeKalb, 111. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Coleshill Diamond King, 13808, (28216), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Postland Black King, 13437, (29727), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Thunderer Boy, 13807, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fourth, Biscot Rival, 9921, A. G. Soderberg; fifth, Raglan III, 13879 (28696), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Boro Ragged Boy, 13518, Wm. Crownover; second. Comet VIII, 13154, (29257), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Tatton Forest Chief, 12140, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; fourth. Pearl King II, 13884 (29712), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; fifth, Harold Conqueror II, 13989 (30505), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Aylesford Menestrel, 13443 (30094), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Homefield Defiance, 13991 (31120), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Holdenby Adonis, 13519 (30096), Wm. Crownover; fourth, Carlton Royal Grey, 13280 (30078), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Tatton Eldorado, 13424, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; second, Elmland Conqueror, 13620, H. P. Wilkinson Bros.; third, Tatton Harold, 13425, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; fourth. Paramount Roy- alty, 13942, Wm. Crownover. Stallion Foal — First, Paramount Milton, Wm. Crownover, second, Maple- dale Champion, F. J. Woltman. Stallion 'Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Tatton Dray King, 12141, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; second. Brown Boy, 12462, Geo. Eggert. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 361 Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor— First, Tatton Eldorado, 13424, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; second, Royal Surprise, Frank E. Huston; third. Elm- land Menestrel, 13618, H. P. Wilkinson Bros.; fourth, Paramount Royalty, 13942, Wm. Crownover. Yeld Mare, Four Years or Over— First, Tatton Aurora, 13992 (43530), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Capstone's Flower, 53387 (10933), H. P. Wilkinson Bros.; third, Ciceter Belfry, 12367 (65541), Chas. H. & V. A. Summers; fourth, Strawberry Queen, 13993 (73170), Truman's Pi- oneer Stud Farm. Mare and Foal, Mare to Cotint 50%, Foal 50%— First, Moulton Primella and foal, 10619, F. J. Woltman; second, Laura and foal, 7319, Wm. Crown- over; third, Graby Easter Gift and foal, 12782, Geo. Eggert; fourth, Trenant Quality and foal, 10621, F. J. Woltman. Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Normandy Sweet Briar, (68038), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Headon Nightingale, 13961, Geo. Eggert. Filly Over Tico, Under Three — First, Osco Princess, 12825, A. G. Soder- berg, second, Bassinghall Sunrise (69370), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third. Paramount Esther, 12529, Wm. Crownover; fourth, Lady Trenant, 13226, F. J. Woltman. rhampion Shire Stallion, Coleshill Diamond King, 1913 Iowa State Fair anfl ^ Exposition, owned by Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111. 362 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Filly Over One, Under Tioo — First, Pine Krest Primrose, 13225, Frank E. Huston; second. Eureka Diamond, 13772, H. B. Smith; third, Tatton Model 13427, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; fourth, Oak Lawn Easter Rose, 13247, Geo. Eggert. Mare Foal — First, Marie Brilliant, Geo. Eggert; second, Woltman's Best, F. J. Woltman. Mare Three Years or Over, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Tatton Blend,, 12151, L. N. & 0. B. Sizer, second, Tatton Rose, 12147, L. N. & 0. B. Sizer. Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Pine Krest Primrose, 13225, Frank E. Huston; second. Eureka Diamond, 13772, H. B. Smith; third, Osco Princess, 12825, A. G. Soderberg; fourth, Tatton Model, 13427 L. N. & 0. B. Sizer. Champion Stallion— First, Coleshill Diamond King, 13808 (28216), Tru- man's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Boro Ragged Boy, 13518, Wm. Crown- over. Champion Mare — First, Tatton Aurora, 13992 (43530), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Moulton Primella, 10619, F. J. Woltman. Champion Stallion, Oioned in loiva — Boro Ragged Boy 13518, Wm. Crownover; second, Pine Krest Patterson, 13223, Frank E. Huston. Champion Mare, Owned in Iowa — First, Moulton Primella, 10619, F. J. Woltman; second. Pine Krest Princess, Frank E. Huston. Champion Shire Mare, Tatton Aurora, 1913 Iowa State Fair and E.x^osition, owned by Truman'* Pitmeer Stud Farm, Bushnell, li!-. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 363 Get of Stallion— First, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; second, Wm. Crownover; third, F. J. Woltman. Produce of Marc — First, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; second, Wm. Crownover; tliird, Geo. Eggert; fourth, F. J. Woltman. Grand Display — First, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; second, F. J. Woltman. Five Stallions Owned by Exhibitor — Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE SHIRE HORSE SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. Best Shire Stallion— ColesMU Diamond King, 13808 (28216), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Best Shire Mare — Tatton Aurora, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SHIRE HORSE AS- SOCIATION. Chaminon Stallion, Any Age— Coleshill Diamond King, 13808 (28216), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Champion Mare, Any Age— Tatton Aurora, 13992 (43530), Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. Best American Bred Stallion, Any Age — Tatton Eldorado, 13424, L. N. & O. B. Sizer. Best American Bred Mare, Any Age — Pine Krest Primrose, 13225. Frank E. Huston. NATIONAL SHIRE HORSE BREEDERS' FUTURITY. Opened and Guaranteed by the Chicago Daily Live Stock World. Stallions— First, Tatton Eldorado, 13424, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; second, Elmland Menestrel, 13618, H. P. Wilkinson Bros.; third, Tatton Harold, 13425, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; fourth. Paramount Royalty, 13942, Wm. Crown- over; fifth, Mapledale Masterpiece, 13227, F. J. Woltman; sixth, Tatton Bury Commander, 14040, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; seventh. Smith's Masterpiece, 14007, G. W. Smith; eighth, Elmland Conqueror, 13620, H. P. Wilkinson Bros.; ninth, Tatton Carbon, 14038, L. N. & O. B. Sizer. Fillies— First, Pine Krest Primrose, 13225, Frank E. Huston; second, Eureka Diamond, 13772, H. B. Smith; third, Tatton Model, 13427, L. N. & O. B. Sizer; fourth, Oaklawn Easter Rose, 13247, Geo. Eggert; fifth, Elm- land Violet, 13757, H. P. Wilkinson; sixth, Elsie May, 13982, Chester Hanes; seventh. Paramount Fuchsia, 13945, Wm. Crownover; eighth, Myra, 13995, D. M. Johnson; ninth, Altoona Princess, 14008, G. W. Smith; tenth. Rocks Golden Queen, 14018, C. H. & V. A. Summers. BELGIANS. EXHIBITOKS. Wm. Crownover, Hudson, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; W. L. DeClow, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; W. C. Estes, Packwood, Iowa; George Eg- gert, Newton, Iowa; R. F. French, Independence, Iowa; C. G. Good, Ogden, Iowa; G. W. Grigsby, Madrid, Iowa; Hildebrand Bros., Gladbrook, Iowa; Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny, Iowa; H. Lefe- 364 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE bure, Fairfax, Iowa; W. H. Milleson, Winterset, Iowa; C. W. McDermott, Wiota, Iowa; Geo. S. Perkins, Peoria, Illinois; Carl A. Rosenfeld, Kelley, Iowa; J. G. Scott, Cambridge, Iowa; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bush- nell, Illinois; J. W. Thompson, Ankeny, Iowa; F. T. Williams, Pleasant- ville, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Jules Remi, 61172, H. Lefebure; second, Porthos de Sarlardinge, 6214, Wm. Crownover; third, Galant de Schoonenberg, 7078 (72900), G. W. Grigsby; fourth, Morgan, 69916, W. L. DeClow; fifth. Faro De Tripsee, 4923 (58598), Hildebrand Bros. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Farceur, 7332, Wm. Crown- over; second. Belvedere, 7246, Crawford & Griffin; third. Ergot, 7611, R. F. French; fourth, Mentor, 6780 (65588), C. E. Good; fifth. Farceur d'Aven- nos, 77278, W. L. DeClow. Stallion Over Two, Under Three — First, Mon Louhait, 7549, Chas. Ir- vine; second, Bienfait, 7588 (80854), Chas. Irvine; third, Dragon (80862), C. G. Good; fourth, Bon de Onker, 6685, G. W. Grigsby. Stallion Over One, Under Tico — First, Governor Major, 6931, C. W. Mc- Dermott; second. Paramount Eticon, 7411, Wm. Crownover; third. Bijou, 7563, W. C. Estes; fourth, Irvinedale Prince, 7445, Chas. Irvine. Stallion Foal — First, Prize Winner, W. C. Estes; second, H. Lefebure; third, Irvindale Victor, Chas. Irvine. Stallion Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Paramount Jupiter, 7412, Wm. Crownover; second. Prize Winner, W. C. Estes; third. Bijou, 7563, W. C. Estes; fourth, Irvinedale Prince, 7445, Chas. Irvine. Yeld Mare, Four Years or Over — First, Anna du Balcan, 3044, H. Lefe- bure; second, Fanny de Dadi, 2700, H. Lefebure; third, Mirza II Recht, 1902, Chas. Irvine; fourth, Suzanne, (89099), C. G. Good. Mare and Foal, Mare to Count 50%, Foal 50% — First, Belle Terlinder and foal, 2793, R. P. French; second. Miss Nora and foal, 620, W. C. Estes; third, Ida De Brevine and foal, 837, Chas Irvine; fourth, Albonie and foal, 2696, H. Lefebure. Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Flora, 2§01, R. F. French; sec- ond, Quimperlette, 3068, Wm. Crownover; third, Civette, 3065, Wm. Crown- over; fourth, Stella, 3206 (88861), C. G. Good. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, H. Lefebure; second. Young Mabel, 2630, W. C. Estes; third, Alice de Op, 3231, Wm. Crownover, fourth, Berika de Thor, Vol. XX, W. L. DeClow. Filly Over One, Under Two — First, Irma, 3409, Geo. Eggert; second, Jeanette Rosengift, Carl A. Rosenfeld; third, Cora, 3432 (89083), Chas. Irivine; fourth, Marie, 3275, Chas. Irvine; fifth, Bay Beauty, 3379, W. C. Estes. Mare Foal — First, Lady, R. F. French; second, C. G. Good. Mare, Three Years or Over, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Miss Nora, 620, W. C. Estes. Mare Under Three, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Young Mabel, 2630, W. C. Estes; second. Blue Belle, 2666, Chas. Irvine; third, Jenette de Lue, 2830, G. W. Grigsby; fourth, Marie, 3275, Chas. Irvine. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 365 Champion Stallion — First, Farceur, 7332, Wm. Crownover; second, Jules Remi, 61172, H. Lefebure. Champion Mare — First, Anna du Balcan, 3044, H. Lefebure; second, Flora, 2801, R. F. French. Champion Stallion, Owned in Iowa — First, Farceur, 7332, Wm. Crown- over; second, Jules Remi, 61172, H. Lefebure. Champion Belgian Stallion, Farceur, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, owned by Wm. Crownover, Hudson, Iowa. Champion Mare, Oivned in Iowa — First, Anna du Balcan, 3044, H. Le- febure; second. Flora, 2801, R. F. French. Get of Stallion — First, W. C. Estes; second, Chas. Irvine. Produce of Mare — First, Chas. Irvine; second, W. C. Estes; third, Chas. Irvine. Grand Display — First, Chas. Irvine. Five Stallions, Owned by Exhibitor — First, Wm. Crownover; second, W. L. DeClow; third, C. G. Good. SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF IMPORTERS AND BREEDERS OF BELGIAN DRAFT HORSES. Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Jules Remi, 61172, H. Lefebure; second, Porthos de Sarlardinge, 6214, Wm. Crownover; third, Galant de Schoonenberg, 7078 (72900), G. W. Grigsby; fourth, Morgan, 69916, W. L. DeClow; fifth. Faro De Tripsee, 4923 (58598), Hildebrand Bros. 366 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Stallion Three Years, Under Four — First, Farceur, 7332, Wm. Crown- over; second, Belvedere, 7246, Crawford and Griffin; third, Ergot, 7611, R. F. French; fourth. Mentor, 6780 (65588), C. G. Good; fifth, Far- ceur d'Avennos, 77278, W. L. DeClow. Stallion Two Years. Under Three — First, Mon Louhait, 7549, Chas. Irvine; second, Bienfait, 7588 (80854), Chas. Irvine; third. Dragon (80862), C. G. Good; fourth, Bon De Onker, 6685, G. W. Grigsby. Five Stallions, Property of One Exhibitor — First, "Wm. Crownover; sec- ond, W. L. DeClow. Champion Stallion, Any Age — First, Wm. Crownover; second, H. Le- febure. Champion Mare, Any Age — First, Anna du Balcan, 3044, H. Lefebure; second, Flora, 2801, R. F. French. NATIONAL BELGIAN BREEDERS' FUTURITIES. Opened and Guaranteed by the Chicago Daily Live Stock World. Stallions — First, Governor Major, 6931, C. W. McDermott; second, Para- mount Jupiter, 7412, Wm. Crownover; third. Bijou, 7563, W. C. Estes; fourth, Irvindale Prince, Chas. Irvine; fifth, Paramount Eticon, 7411, W^m. Crownover. Fillies — First, Miss Rosengift, Carl A. Rosenfeld; second, Marie, Chas. Irvine; third, Bay Beauty, 3379, W. C. Estes; fourth. Ruby, Chas. Irvine; fifth, Paulette, Chas. Irvine; sixth, Katherine, Chas. Irvine. DRAFT GELDINGS AND MARES. EXHIBITORS. Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; G. E. Cole, Fonda, Iowa; C. H. Eversold, Altoona, Iowa; G. W. Grigsby, Madrid, Iowa; Hildebrand Bros., Gladbrook, Iowa; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny, Iowa; P. S. Moffet, Tipton, Iowa; Morris Bros., Stockport, Iowa; James Pedley, Britt, Iowa; Archibald Smith, Altoona, Iowa. AWABDS. Judge R. B. Ogilvie, Chicago, Illinois. Gelding or Mare, Four Years or Over — First, Larry, P. W. Moffett; sec- ond, Mike, P. W. Moffett; third, Maud, J. W. Thompson; fourth, Kate, G. W. Grigsby; fifth. Babe, C. H. Eversold. Gelding or Mare, Three Years, Under Four — First, Heinie, P. W, Moffett; second, Coley, Chas. Irvine. Gelding or Mare, Two Years, Under Three — First, Tom, A. Smith; second, Ted, A. Smith; third, C. H. & V. A. Summers; fourth, Barney; Chas. Irvine; fifth, Molly, C. B. Dannen & Sons. Gelding or Mare, One Year, Under Tico — First, Nibs, J. W. Thomp- son; second. Rose, Chas. Irvine; third, Lady Carmichael, Morris Bros.; fourth, Bon Nette, G. W. Grigsby. Horse or Filly Foal — First, Dan, J. W. Thompson ; second, Buster, Mor- ris Bros.; third, Nellie, Hildebrand Bros.; fourth, Nic, C. H. Eversold; fifth, Dan, C. H. Eversold. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 367 Fanners' Team — First, W. V. Hixson; second, R. F. French; third, C. H. & V. A. Summers; fourth, P. W. Moffett; fifth, C. G. Good; sixth, A. Smith. Gelding or Mare, Four Years or Over — First, Woodrow Wilson; Tru- man's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Teddy Roosevelt, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third, Larry, P. W. Moffett, fourth, Mike, P. W. Moffett; fifth, Kate, G. W. Grigsby. D7-oft Team in Harness — First, Roosevelt and Wilson, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Mike and Larry, P. W. Moffett; third, Tom and Ted, A. Smith; fourth, Kate and John, G. W. Grigsby. Champion Gelding or Mare — First, Woodrow Wilson, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, second, Teddy Roosevelt, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. STANDARD BRED TROTTERS. EXHIBITORS. Horace L. Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Chas. Calamese, Burlington Junction, Missouri; Ed. Crawford, Des Moines, Iowa; Bert Harmon, Des IMoines, Iowa; Hopper Stock Farm, Indianola, Iowa; Houchin and Anderson, Jefferson City, Missouri; Linn Hill Park Stock Farm, Harlan, Iowa; F. A. Mathis, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Ed. Person, Carlisle, Iowa; Ben Phillips, Jefferson, Iowa; R. W. Smith, St. Charles, Iowa; Thos. F. Stevenson, Des Moines, Iowa; I. Ross Thompson, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. C. W. Wolford, Des Moines, Iowa; Andrew J. Wilfong, Knoxville, Iowa. Judge W. A. Dobsox. Des Moines, Iowa. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Tommy Doyl, 50261, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Robert C, 50863, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Moko Boy, 46504, Horace L. Anderson; fourth, Twilbrant, 5753, Tom Bass. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Isaac R. T., I. Ross Thomp- son; second, Tom Jackson, 51206, J. R. Peak & Son; third, K. J. E., E. A. Elliott. Stallion Over Two. Under Three— First, Mr. Dumpling, 61280, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Silver Nick, 56491, Ben Phillips; third, J. W. A., H. L. Anderson; fourth, Japalac, 59402, Ed Person. Stallion Over One. Under Two — First, Golden Grain, J. R. Peak & Son. Stallion Foal— First, E. A. E., E. A. Elliott. Yeld Mare, Four Years or Over — First, Countess Maid, Vol. 19, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Winnie Blake, H. L. Anderson; third, Earla Cocaden Vol. 18, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth. Journey Maid, Thos. Bass. Fillij Over Three. Under Four — First, Pegasus Phoebie, H. L. Ander- son. Filly Over Two, Under Three — First, Queen Vol. 19, J. R. Peak & Son; .second. Fay Cord, Ed Crawford; third, Mamie Earl, 102865, R, W. Smith, 368 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Filly Over One, Under Tioo— First, Baroness Creator, Vol. 21, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Allazelle, Vol. 20, Chas. Calamese; third, Maud C, Ed. Crawford. Mare Foal— First, Lola E., E. A. Elliott; second, Lilly Hail, Ed. Crawford. Mare and Foal— First, E. A. Elliott; second. Fair Maiden and foal, Ed. Crawford. , Champion Stallion — First, Tommy Doyl, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Mr. Dumpling, 61280, J. R. Peak & Son. Champion Mare — First, Countess Maid, Vol. 19, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Baroness Creator, Vol. 21, J. R. Peak & Son. Get of Stallion — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, E. A. Elliott. Produce of Mare — First, J. R. Peak & Son; second, H. L. Anderson; third, I. Ross Thompson; fourth, Ed. Crawford. Grand Display — First, J. R. Peak & Son. AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES. EXHIBITORS. Horace L. Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Joseph C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; E. A. Elliott, Des Moines, Iowa; Wallace Estill & Son, Estill, Missouri; Ham- ilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Hendricks and Robinson, Columbia, Missouri; Hopper Stock Farm, Indianola, Iowa; Houchin and Anderson, Jefferson City, Missouri; E. H. Jackson, Jefferson, Iowa; F. A. Mathis, Des Moines, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; Morgan Horse Farm, Plainfield, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Win- chester, Illinois; Ed Person, Carlisle, Iowa; Ben Phillips, Jefferson, Iowa; Chas. Seibert, Waverly, Iowa; Allen L. Smith, Plainfield, Iowa; Thompson I. Ross, Des Moines, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois; Andrew J. Wilfong, Knoxville, Iowa; Mrs. C. W. Wolford, Des Moines, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. A. Dobsox. Des Moines. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Advance Guard, 45938, 0. J. Mooers; second, Reade Rose, Wild Rose Farm; third, Gournea, 55835, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth. Tommy Doyl, 50261, J. R. Peak & Son. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Roy Rose, Wild Rose Farm; second, Carmon King, Wallace Estill & Son; third. Red Ethan, 6638, Jos. C. Brunk; fourth, Tom Jackson, 51206, J. R. Peak & Son. Stallion Over Ttvo, Under Three — First, Mr. Dumpling, 61280, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Montgomery, 6684, Morgan Horse Farm. Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Golden Grain, J. R. Peak & Son; second, Prince of Reades, 6708, Hendricks & Robinson. Stallion With Three of His Get — No first; second, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Morgan Horse Farm; fourth, Thos. Bass. Yeld Mare, Four Years or Over — First, Flirting Princess, 10790, O. J. Mooers; second, Countess Maid, Vol. 18, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Queen of Spades, Wild Rose Farm; fourth, Henrietta Green, Wallace Estill & Son. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 369 Filly Over Three, Under Four — First, Primrose, Wild Rose Farm; sec- ond, St. Louis Maid, Vol. 19, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Roberta, Hendricks and Robinson. Filly Over Ttvo, Under Three — First, My Idol, Wallace Estill & Son; second, Frances Peavine, Thos. Bass; third. Queen, Vol. 19, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, O. J. Mooers. Filly Over One, Under Two — First, J. R. Peak & Son. Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Ellen Woodrow, I. Ross Thompson; sec- ond, Jos. Brunk; third, Easter Peavine, Thos. Bass; fourth, Hendricks and Robinson. Champion Stallion — First, Advance Guard, 0. J. Mooers; second, Roy Rose, Wild Rose Farm. Champion Mare — First, Flirting Princess, 0. J. Mooers; second, Prim- rose, Wild Rose Farm. ROADSTERS. EXHIBITORS. Horace L. Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Joseph C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; Hugh O. Cassidy, Des Moines, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; J. B. Gracey, Des Moines, Iowa; Hopper Stock Farm, Indianola, Iowa; E. H. Jackson, Jefferson, Iowa; P. W. Moffet, Tipton, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Ben Phillips, Jef- ferson, Iowa. Judges Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Stallion, Mare or Gelding— First, Robert C, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Tommy Doyl, 50261, J. R. Peak & Son; third, D. C. Cameron; fourth. Countess Maid, J. R. Peak & Son. Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings — First, Gray Read and Earla Cocaden, J. R. Peak & Son; second. Tommy Doyl and Tommy Piper, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Counselor Dean & Robert C, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Jour- ney Maid and Mate, Thos. Bass. RUNABOUTS. EXHIBITORS. Horace L. Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; G. K. Barton, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Joseph C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; Hugh O. Cassidy, Des Moines; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; J. B. Gracey, Des Moines, Iowa; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Hendricks & Robinson, Columbia, Missouri; Hopper Stock Farm, Indianola, Iowa; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Missouri; E. H. Jackson, Jefferson, Iowa; Mrs. H. B. Kinnard, Des Moines, Iowa; P. W. Moffet, Tipton, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Ben 24 370 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Phillips, Jefferson, Iowa; H. H. Polk, Des Moines, Iowa; Bruce Robin- son, Des Moines, Iowa; Thos. F. Stevenson, Des Moines, Iowa; J. C. Strubhar, Peoria, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. AWARDS. Judges Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Happy Maid, D. C. Cameron; second, Ikebuck, 0. J. Mooers; third, Advance Guard, 45938, O. J. Mooers; fourth. The Rose Lady, Wild Rose Farm. Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings — First, Happy Maid and Ladas, D. C. Cameron; second. Royal Regent and Mate, O. J. Mooers; third, Paddy Dean and Lady McNaught, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Purity Lad and Mate, Hamilton Bros. Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Conroy Blake, H. L. Anderson; sec- ond, The Versatile Vol. XXI, Hugh O. Cassidy; third. Pickles, E. H. Jackson; fourth, Winnie Blake, H. L. Anderson. FAMILY TURNOUT. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; Hugh O. Cassidy, Des Moines, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; Wallace Estill & Son, Estill, Missouri; J. B. Gracey, Des Moines, Iowa; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; 0. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois. Judges Walter Palmer. Ottawa, 111. J. 0. Williams. Ft. Collins, Colo. Single Horse Family Turnout — First, John Alden, O. J. Mooers; second, Lady Janet, J. R. Peak & Son; third, Thos. Bass; fourth, Wallace Estill & Son. LADIES' TURNOUT. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; E. B. Dodson, Stanwood, Iowa; Wallace Estill & Son, Estill, Missouri; P. W. Moffet, Tipton, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. Judges Walter Palmer. Ottawa, 111. J. 0. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Single Mare or Gelding— First, The Spring Maid, 111115, O. J. Mooers; second, Leutoll, D. C. Cameron; third, Montrose, Wild Rose Farm; fourth, ■Jno. Aldea, O, J. Mooers. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 371 Pair Mares or Geldings or Mare and Gelding — First, Male McDonald and Mate, 0. J. Mooers; second, Happy Maid and Flourish, D. C. Cameron; third, Queen of Spades and Queen of Clubs, Wild Rose Farm. BROUGHAM HORSES. EXHIBITOKS. D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; 0. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. AWARDS. Judges J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. Ma7'e or Gelding to Broicgham or Victoria — First, Leutoll, D. C. Cam- eron; second, John Alden, O. J. Mooers. Pair Mares or Geldings or Mare and Gelding to Brougham or Victoria — First, Lucky Jim and Leutoll, D. C. Cameron; second, John Alden and Mate, 0. J. Mooers; third. The Rose Girl and the Rose Lady, Wild Rose Farm. HIGH STEPPERS AND PARK HORSES. EXHIBITORS. G. K. Barton, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Joseph C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; C. D. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; Hugh O. Cassidy, Des Moines, Iowa; E. B. Dodson, Stanwood, Iowa; Wallace Estill & Son, Estill, Missouri; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Illinois; Hopper Stock Farm, Indianola, Iowa; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Mis- souri; P. W. Moffett, Tipton, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; H. H. Polk, Des Moines, Iowa; J. C. Strubhar, Peoria, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. awards. Judges J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. RoBT. Palmer, Ottawa, 111. Stallion Mare or Gelding Up to 15-2 — First, Queen Daisy, Pabst Stock Farm; second, O. J. Mooers; third. Fireworks, D. C. Cameron; fourth, Derwent, J. A. Knott. Stallon Mare or Gelding 15-2 and Over — First, Lucky Jim, D. C. Cam- eron; second, Meanwood, 851 (8239), Pabst Stock Farm; third, Bagthorpe Sultan, 910 (9596), Pabst Stock Farm; fourth, Jap Rose, Wild Rose Farm. Pair Stallions, Blares or Geldings Up to 15-2— First, Queen Daisy and Mystery, Pabst Stock Farm; second, Montrose and Secham Mason, Wild Rose Farm; third. Fireworks and Flourish, D. C. Cameron; fourth. Queen of Spades and Queen of Clubs, Wild Rose Farm. Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings Over -Z5-2— First, Lucky Jim and Leu- toll, D. C. Cameron; second, The Spring Maid and Flirting Princess, O. J. Mooers; third, Jap Rose and Mate, Wild Rose Farm; fourth, Nada & Thordine, Pabst Stock Farm, 372 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Stallion, Mare or Gelding — Pirst, Queen of the Plowers, E. B. Dodson; second, Hamilton Bros.; third, The Versatile Vol. XXI, Hugh O. Cassidy; fourth, Montgomery 2787, C. E. Monahan. Pair Stallions, Mares or Geldings — Pirst, I-Mo King and Mate, H. H. Polk; second, Hamilton Bros. GIG HORSES. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Chas. Calamese, Burlington Jet., Mis- souri; D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; E. B. Dodson, Stanwood, Iowa; Wallace Estill & Son, Estill, Missouri; Geo. A. Heyl & Son, Washington, Illinois; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Missouri; P. W. Moffett, Tipton, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; J. R. Peak & Son, Win- chester, Illinois; J. C. Strubhar, Peoria, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. Judges J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. Horses Not Exceeding 15-2 — First, Spring Maid, O. J. Mooers; second. Queen Daisy, Pabst Stock Farm; third, Ladas, D. C. Cameron; fourth, Derwent May, J. A. Knott. Horses Over 15-2 — Pirst, Lucky Jim, D. C. Cameron; second, Meanwood, Pabst Stock Farm; third, Jap Rose, Wild Rose Farm; fourth. Read Rose, Wild Rose Farm. TANDEMS. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; Geo. A. Heyl, Washington, Illinois; Houchin and Anderson, Jefferson City, Missouri; 0. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomo- woc, Wisconsin; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; J. C. Strubhar, Peoria, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. Judges Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Tandem Team, Wheeler Over 15-2 — First, Lucky Jim and LeutoU, D. C Cameron; second, Meanwood and Queen Daisy, Pabst Stock Farm; third, Sunshine and Dorthea Rose, Wild Rose Farm; fourth, O. J. Mooers. Tandem Team — First, Fireworks and Flourish, D. C. Cameron; second. Royal Regent and Advance Guard, O. J. Mooers; third, Reade Rose and Mate, Wild Rose Farm; fourth, O. J. Mooers. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 373 UNICORNS. EXHIBITORS. D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. Judges Wai.teb Palmer, Ottawa, 111. J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Unicorn Team — First, Pabst Stock Farm; second, D. C. Cameron; third. Wild Rose Farm; fourth, O. J. Mooers. FOUR-IN-HAND. exhibitors. D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; J. R. Peak & Son, Winchester, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. Judges Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. J. 0. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Road Four — First, Wild Rose Farm; second, O. J. Mooers; third, J. R. Peak & Son. Parle Four — First, Wild Rose Farm; second, Pabst Stock Farm; third, D. C. Cameron; fourth, O. J. Mooers. CHAMPIONSHIP HARNESS HORSES. Champion Harness Stallion — First, Advance Guard, 0. J. Mooers; sec- ond, Bagthorp Sultan, Pabst Stock Farm. Champion Harness Mare or Gelding — First, Lucky Jim, D. C. Cameron; second. Spring Maid, 0. J. Mooers. SADDLE HORSES. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; G. K. Barton, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; E. V. Dodson, Stanwood, Iowa; Wallace Estill & Son, Estill, Missouri; E. A. Elliott, Des Moines, Iowa; H. A, Greenwell, Lakeman, Missouri; J. B. Gracey, Des Moines, Iowa; Houchin & Anderson, Jefferson City, Missouri; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Mrs. H. B. Kinnard, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; Charles E. Perkins, Burlington, Iowa; H. H. Polk, Des Moines, Iowa; J. R. Peak & Sons, Winchester, Illinois; B. F. Redman, Oskaloosa, Iowa; Bruce Robinson, Washington, Iowa; H. Ras- mussen. Lake Forest, Illinois; J. C. Strubhar, Peoria, Illinois; Dorothy Sprague, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. Timmerman, Manning, Iowa; John A. Vickrey, Macon, Missouri; C. R. Wells, Washington, Iowa. 374 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AWARDS. Judge •. .Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. Gelding or Mare Four Years or Over — First, Miss Cliff, Wallace Estill & Son; second, Jackdare, Thos. Bass; third, Elizabeth Chief, 10759, Hamil- ton Bros.; fourth, Jack Bloomfield, Thos. Bass; fifth. High Ball, C. R. Wells. Gelding or Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Pauline Mac, 9188, Hamilton Bros.; second, Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; third. Jack Lon- don, Wallace Estill & Son. Stallion Four Yca7's and Over — First, Cason McDonald, Thos. Bass; second, Art Bonta, 2267, Hamilton Bros.; third, Chester Peavine, Thos. Bass; fourth, Mexcinal, 2775, C. R. Wells; fifth, Montgomery, 2787, C. E. Monahan. Stallion Over Three, Under Four — First, Carmen King, Wallace Estill & Son; second, Thos. Bass; third. Woods A. Dare, Thos. Bass. Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Miss Cliff, Wallace Estill & Son; second, Cason McDonald, Thos. Bass. Stallion Two Yeays Old Shoion in Hand — First, Thos. Bass; second, Newton Denmark, Wallace Estill & Son. Mare Two Years Old Shoion in Hand — First, My Idol, Wallace Estill & Son; second, Frances Highlander, B. F. Redman; third, Frances Pea- vine, 10718, Thos. Bass; fourth, Thos. Bass. WALK, TROT AND CANTER. Mare or Gelding Any Age — First, Ikebuck, O. J. Mooers; second. Country Squire, Pabst Stock Farm; third, Paddy Dean, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Daisie Merritt, Thos. Bass; fifth, Henrietta Green, Wallace Estill. Stallion Any Age — First, Rex Chief A, Thos. Bass; second. Carmen King, Wallace Estill; third, Montgomery, 2787, C. E. Monahan; fourth, Art Bonta, 2267, Hamilton Bros. Mare or Gelding, Ridden hy Lady — First, Princess Charming, O. J. Mooers; second, Leo, D. C. Cameron; third, Paddy Dean, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Daisie Merritt, Thos. Bass; fifth, Junette, 4238, Bruce Robin- son. COMBINED HARNESS AND SADDLE HORSES. Stallion, Mare or Gelding Any Age, Five Gaited — First, Miss Cliff, Wal- lace Estill & Son; second, Chester Peavine, Thos. Bass; third, Pauline Mac, 9188, Hamilton Bros.; fourth, Montgomery, 2787, C. E. Monahan; fifth, Senator Cummins, H. H. Polk. Stallion, Mare or Gelding Any Age, Three Gaited — First, Ikebuck, O. J. Mooers; second, Skylark, Pabst Stock Farm; third, Paddy Dean, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Daisie Merritt, Thos. Bass; fifth, Lena Collins, Thos. Bass. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 375 HIGH SCHOOL HORSES. Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Bell Beach, Thos. Bass; second. Napoleon, Hamilton Bros.; third, Senator Cummins, H. H. Polk; fourth, Soldier Boy, Thos. Bass. Mare or Gelding, Three Years or Over — First, Elizabeth Chief, 10759, Hamilton Bros.; second. The Colonel, B. F. Redman; third, Pauline Mac, 9188, Hamilton Bros.; fourth, Fatima, Hamilton Bros. Stallion, Three Years or Over — First, Art Bonta, 2267, Hamilton Bros.; second, Sun Dance, G. K. Barton; third, Montgomery, 2787, C. E. Mona- han; fourth, Mexcinal, 2775, C. R. Wells. SPECIAL PREMIUM OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Stallion or Mare, Three Years or Under — Sun Dance, G. K. Barton. HUNTERS AND HIGH JUMPERS. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; D. C. Cameron, Winnipeg, Canada; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; Bruce Robinson, Washington, Iowa; H. Rasmussen, Lake Forest, Illinois; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. Judges J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Walter Palmer, Ottawa, 111. Light Weight Hunters, Carrying up to 150 Pounds — First, Association, Wild Rose Farm; second. Gazelle Cherry, H. Rasmussen; third, Alston, H. Rasmussen; fourth, Junette, 4238, Bruce Robinson. Middletveight Hunters, Carrying up to 115 Pounds — First, Strathclair, D. C. Cameron; second, Junette, 4238, Bruce Robinson; third. Princelike, H. Rasmussen. High Jump — First, Alston, H." Rasmussen; second. Association, Wild Rose Farm; third, Leo, D. C. Cameron; fourth, H. Rasmussen. Lady's Hunter, Ridden by Lady — First, Alston, H. Rasmussen; second. Gazelle Cherry, H. Rasmussen; third. Princelike, H. Rasmussen. Champion Hunter — First, Alston, H. Rasmussen; second, Association, Wild Rose Farm. MILITARY HORSES. exhibitors. G. K. Barton, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; E. F. Brown, Derby, Iowa; Joseph C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; Hugh O. Cassidy, Des Moines, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; Wallace Estill & Son, Estill, Missouri; Hamilton Bros., Keota, Iowa; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; Morgan Horse Farm, Plainfield, Iowa; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; J. R. Peak & 'Son, Wiffthester, Illinois; Charles E. Perkins, Burlington, Iowa; H. H. Polk, -Des -Woines, Iowa; Bruce Robinson, Washington, Iowa," Chas, 376 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Seibert, Waverly, Iowa; Miss Dorothy Sprague, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. Timmerman, Manning, Iowa; Jno. Vickrey, Macon, Missouri; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. JuDGKS J. O. Williams, Fort Collins, Colo. J. Rush Lincoln, Ames, Iowa. Walteh Palmer, Ottawa, 111. Gelding or Mare Suitable for Officer's Mount — First, Soldier Boy, Thos. Bass; second, Skylark, Pabst Stock Farm; third, Purity Lad, Hamilton Bros.; fourth, Sen. Cummins, H. H. Polk. SPECIAL OFFERED BY C. E. PERKINS, BURLINGTON, IOWA. Stallion Suitable to Sire Cavalry Remounts, To Be Shown in Hand — First, Woodson, 29577, Chas. E. Perkins; second, Rex Chief A., 2473, Thos. Bass; third, Gournea, 55835, J. R. Peak & Son; fourth, Sangamo, 6008, Jos. C. Brunk. MORGAN. EXHIBITORS. • Jos. C. Brunk, Springfield, Illinois; E. F. Brown, Derby, Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; Hendricks & Robinson, Columbia, Missouri; O. J. Mooers, Des Moines, Iowa; Morgan Horse Farm, Plainfield, Iowa; Charles Seibert, Waverly, Iowa; Allen L. Smith, Plain- field, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. Judge J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Stallion, Four Years or Over — First, Allen F., 5722, Jos. C. Brunk; second. Dart, 5130, Morgan Horse Farm; third, Rupert Reade, 5758, Hendricks & Robinson; Fourth, Morgan King, 4817, E. P. Brown. Stallion, Three Years, Under Four — First, Roy Rose, Wild Rose Farm; second, Red Ethan, 6638, Jos. C. Brunk. Stallion, Two Years and Under Three — First, Montgomery, 6684, Mor- gan Horse Farm; second, Dude Seibert, 6784, Chas. Seibert; third, Toronto, 6639, Jos. C. Brunk. Stallion, Over One Year, Under Tioo — First, Sentiment, Jos. C. Brunk; second, Prince of Reades, 6708, Hendricks & Robinson; third, Fenlon, H. C. Davis. Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Jos. C. Brunk; second, Hendricks & Rob- inson; third, H. C. Davis. Yeld Mare, Four Years or Over — First, Queen of Spades, Wild Rose Farm; second, Queen of Clubs, Wild Rose Farm. Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Primrose, Wild Rose Farm; second, Roberta, Hendricks and Robinson. Filly Ov(fr Two, Under Three — First, Topsy Dickinson, Vol. 4, Allen L. Smith; second. Ruby Gales, H. C. Davis. Champion Stallion — First, Allen F., 5722, Jos. C. Brunk; second, Boy Rose, Wild Rose Farm. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 377 Champion Mare — First, Primrose, Wild Rose Farm; second, Queen of Spades, Wild Rose Farm. Get of Stallion — First, Wild Rose Farm; second, Morgan Horse Farm. Grand Display — First, Jos. C. Brunk. SPECIAL PREMIUM OFFERED BY THE MORGAN HORSE CLUB. Stallion. Mare or Gelding, Conforming Most Truly to the Ancient Mor- gan Type— First, Allen F. 5722, Jos. C. Brunk. HACKNEY. EXHIBITORS. Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; George A. Heyl & Sons, Washing- ton, Illinois; J. A. Knott, Winnipeg, Canada; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomo- woc, Wisconsin; J. C. Strubhar, Peoria, Illinois; V. J. Smith, Eldora, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. Judge J. O. Williams, Ft. Collins, Colo. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, Bagthorpe Sultan, 910 (9596), Pabst Stock Farm; second, Seeham Mason, Wild Rose Farm; third, Nepture, 632 (7940), Crawford & Griffin. Stallion Over One, Under Two — First, Lunderstone James, 1642, V. J. Smith. Yeld Mare. Four Years or Over — First, Queen Daisy, 2022, Pabst Stock Farm; second. Sunshine, Wild Rose Farm; third, Thordine, 2019, Pabst Stock Farm. Mare Over Three, Under Four — First, Dinarth Gem, 22911, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Dinarth Dot, 22910, Geo. A. Heyl. Champion Stallion — First, Bagthorpe Sultan 910 (9596), Pabst Stock Farm; second, Seeham Mason, Wild Rose Farm. Champion Mare — First, Queen Daisy, 2022, Pabst Stock Farm; second. Sunshine, Wild Rose Farm. Grand Display — First, Pabst Stock Farm. WELSH PONIES. EXHIBITORS. John Alexander, Aurora, Illinois; George A. Heyl & Sons, Washington, Illinois; T. S. Simpson & Son, Aurora, Illinois; Mrs. A. Stirling, Des Moines, Iowa. Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa. Stallion Three Years or Over — First, Gwindy Brenuin 300, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Tip Top, 210, Jno. Alexander; third, Llewyn King, 424, Jno. Alexander. 378 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Stallion Two Years, Under- Three — First, Skylemore Prince, 576, Jno. Alexander; second, Longmynd Prince 492, Geo. A. Heyl & Son. Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Mrs. A. Stirling; second, Forest King, Jno. Alexander; third. Royal Gwindy, Geo. A. Heyl. Mare Three Years or Over — First, Forest Brown Queen II, 488, Jno. Alexander; second, Llewyn Bracelet, 428, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Llwyn Nun, 82 (1545), Mrs. A. Stirling. Mare Two Years, Under Three — First, Forest Choice Cherry, 499, Jno. Alexander; second, Governess, 405, Jno. Alexander; third, Llewyn Peggy, 482, Geo. A. Heyl. Pony in Harness — First, Gwindy Brennin, 300, Geo. A. Heyl; second. Tip Top, 210, Jno. Alexander; third, Llwyn Chief, 489, Jno. Alexander. Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Gwindy Brennin & Daisy, Geo. A. Heyl; second Aurora Queen and mate, Jno. Alexander; third, Llewyn King & Emperor, Geo. A. Heyl. Tandem Team — First, Gwindy Brennin & Daisy, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Llwyn Chief and Mate, Jno. Alexander; third. Tip Top and Mate, Jno. Alexander. Pony Under Saddle — First, Foregate Polly, 429, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Black Gem, 494, Jno. Alexander; third, Llewyn Daisy, 438, Geo. A. Heyl. SHETLAND PONIES. EXHIBITORS. Charles Bachman, Des Moines, Iowa; J. Hill Barnes, Oskaloosa, Iowa; Frances Culbertson, Panora, Iowa; John Donhowe, Story City, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; George A. Heyl & Son, Washington, 111.; J. A. Knott, Winnipeg, Canada; A. B. McNabb, Jewell, Iowa; Wilmoth C. Mack, Des Moines, Iowa; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; Carl A. Rosenfeld, Kelley, Iowa; W. T. Roberts & Son, Ames, Iowa; C. F. Stewart, Des Moines, Iowa; T. S. Simpson & Sons, Aurora, Illinois; Mrs. A. Stir- ling, Des Moines, Iowa; Bert B. Welty, Nevada, Iowa; F. R. Wilson, Colo, Iowa. Judge W. J. Kenneov. Ames, Iowa. Stallion Four Years or Over — First, King Larigo, 8778, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; second, Lord Kennedy, 8175 (349), B. B. Welty; third, Wagga Wagga, 8847, Mrs. A. Stirling; fourth, Anton, 4342, Jno. Donhowe. Stallion Three Years, Under Four — First, Silver of Bramhopc Villa, 11533, H. C. Davis; second, Neil, 11585, Mrs. A. Stirling, Des Moines; third, Juror, 11389, W. T. Roberts; fourth, Sir McDougal, 11800, Geo. A. Heyl & Son. Stallion Two Years. Under Three — First, Don Larigo, 13250, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; second, Mc's Defender, 12811, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; third, Quickse, 12123, Mrs. A. Stirling; fourth, Kimple, 13013, W. T. Roberts & Son. Stallion Over One, Under Tiro — First, Prince Larigo, Goo. A. Heyl & Son; second, Fennel, 13286, W. T. Roberts & Son; third, Tom Pol- lock, 13713, B. B. Welty. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 379 Stallion or Marc Foal — First, Jimmie Kennedy, C. F. Stewart; sec- ond, Mrs. A. Stirling; third, Jno. Donliowe; fourth, Little Wren, W. T. Roberts. Mare Four Years or Over — First, Pricilla, 12804, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; second, Clara H, 1193.5, Mrs. A. Stirling; third. Bell Girl, Jno. Donhowe; fourth, Black Baby, B. B. Welty. Mare Three Years, Under Four — First, Tutsy D, Jno. Donhowe; second, Princess Larigo, 12805, Geo. A. Heyl; third, Sioux (11264), Francis Cul- bertson; fourth, Adlade D., 10967, H. C. Davis. Mare Over Tivo, Under Three — First, Christina, 12119, Mrs. A. Stir- ling; second, Harum Daisy, 12812, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; third, Selma R., 12035, W. T. Roberts & Son; fourth, Josie S., 12958, Mrs. A. Stirling. Mare Over One, Under Tivo — First, Belle of Edinbrae, Mrs. A. Stir- ling; second, Mary W., B. B. Welty; third. Sweet Marie, Carl Rosen- feld; fourth, Jennie W., 13710, B. B. Welty. Pony in Harness — First, Anton, 4342, Jno. Donhowe; second. Lord Kennedy, 8175 (349), B. B. Welty; third. Diamond, J. A. Knott; fourth. Pearl, 8779, Geo. A. Heyl & Son. Pair Ponies in Harness — First, King Larigo & Pearl, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; second. Tar Baby and Black Baby, B. B. Welty; third, Pricilla and Mate, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; fourth, Anton & Trusty, Jno. Donhowe. Four-in-Hand — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, B. B. Welty; third, Jno. Donhowe; fourth, W. T. Roberts & Son. Tandem Team — First, King Larigo and Pearl, Geo. A. Heyl; second. Joyful and Lord Kennedy, Bert B. Welty; third, Wagga Wagga and Mate, Mrs. A. Stirling; fourth, Tutsy and Anton, Jno. Donhowe. Pony Under Saddle — First, Pricilla, 12804, Geo. A. Heyl; second. Beauty Spot, Jno. Donhowe; third, Prince, Chas. Bachman; fourth. Dimples, Chas. Bachman. Four Colts, Get of One Sire — First, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; second, W. T. Roberts & Son; third, H. C. Davis; fourth, W. T. Roberts & Son. Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding in Harness — First, King Larigo, 8778, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; second, Lord Kennedy, 8175 (349), B. B. Welty. Grand Display — First, Geo. A. Heyl; second, Jno. Donhowe; third, Mrs. A. Stirling; fourth, W. T. Roberts & Son. Pony in Harness (Local) — First, B. B. Welty; second, Wagga Wagga, 8847, Mrs. A. Stirling; third. Beauty Spot, Jno. Donhowe; fourth, W. T. Roberts & Son. Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Joyful and Lord Kennedy, B. B. Welty; second, Tutsy and Anton, Jno. Donhowe; third, Juror and Folly, W. T. Roberts & Son; fourth. Tar Baby and Black Baby, B. B. Welty. Pony Under Saddle — First, Beauty Spot, Jno. Donhowe; second, Prince, Chas. Bachman; third, Dimple, Chas. Bachman; fourth. Bell Girl, Jno. Donhowe. 380 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PONIES OTHER THAN SHETLAND OR WELSH. EXHIBITORS. Jno. Alexander, Aurora, Illinois; J. M. Brown, Des Moines, Iowa; J. Hill Barnes, Oskaloosa, Iowa; Jno. Donhowe, Story City, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; Geo. A. Heyl & Son, Washington, Illinois; J. R. Peak & Sons, Winchester, Illinois; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin; Mrs. A. Stirling, Des Moines, Iowa; P. R. Wilson, Colo, Iowa; Wild Rose Farm, St. Charles, Illinois. Judge Walter Palmek, Ottawa, 111. Ponj/ in Harness — First, Masterpiece, Pabst Stock Farm; second, Dinarth Gem, 22911, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; third, Dinarth Dot, 22910, Geo. A. Heyl. Pony Under Saddle — First, Major Gans, 6683, Morgan Horse Farm; second. Fancy, J. Hill Barnes; third, Daisy, Jno. Donhowe. Pair Ponies in Harness — First, Dinarth Dot and Dinarth Gem, Geo. A. Heyl; second, H. C. Davis; third, Dennis & Merry Tom, J. M. Brown. Tandem Team — Dinarth Dot and Dinarth Gem, Geo. A. Heyl & Son; second, H. C. Davis; third. Dandy and Daisy, Jno. Donhowe. Four-in-Hand — First, H. C. Davis. MULES. EXHIBITORS. Thos. Bass, Mexico, Missouri; Loren Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa; P. L. Hutson & Son, State Center, Iowa; E. R. Kindred, Prairie City, Iowa. Judge W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa. Mule Four Years or Over — First, Snowball, F. L. Hutson & Son; sec- ond, Mag, F. L. Hutson & Son; third, Suse, E. R. Kindred; fourth, Mollie, F. L. Hutson & Son. Mule Over Three, Under Four — First, F. L. Hutson. Mule Over Tivo, Under Three — First, Queen, F. L. Hutson; second, Daisy, F. L. Hutson; third, Lizzie, F. L. Hutson. Mule Over One, Under Txoo — First, Moulder, F. L. Hutson & Son; second, Mary, F. L. Hutson; third, Maud, F. L. Hutson. Pair Mules Over 2Ji()0 lbs. — First, Snowball and Ruth, F. L. Hutson & Son; second, Mag and Mollie, F. L. Hutson & Son; third, Suse and Molly, E. R. Kindred. Pair Mules Under ?Ji()0 ibs.— First, F. L. Hutson & Son. Five Mules of Any Age — First, F. L. Hutson & Son. Champion Mule Any Age — Snowball, F. L. Ilutson; second, F. L. Hutson. Champion Pair of Mules Any Age — First, Snowball and Ruth, F. L. Hutson & Son; second, Mag and Mollie, P. L. Hutson & Son. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 381 JACKS. EXHIIUTOUS. W. L. DeClow, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Deierling & Otto, Queen City, Missouri; Tlios. King, Winterset, Iowa; Geo. H. Stultz, Winterset, Iowa; T. R. Young, Richland, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. A. Dobson, Des Moines, Iowa. Jack Three Years and Over — First, London, Deierling & Otto; second, Grand, Deierling & Otto; third, Missouri Giant, Deierling & Otto; fourth, Billy Bryan, 4473, Geo. H. Stultz. Jack Two Years and Under Three — First, Deierling's Lightning, Deier- ling & Otto; second, Searchlight, Deierling & Otto; third. Senator 2nd, Deierling & Otto. Grand Display — First, Deierling & Otto; second, Deierling & Otto. CATTLE DEPARTMENT. Superi>;texdent H. L. Pike, Whiting, Iowa. SHORT HORNS. exhibitors. Anoka Farms, Waukesha, Wisconsin; G. H. Burge, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; Carpenter and Carpenter, Baraboo, Wisconsin; F. H. Ehlers, Tama, Iowa; W. E. Graham, Prairie City, Iowa; C. B. Grimes, Winnebago, Minnesota; Wm. Herkelmann, Elwood, Iowa; Leemon Stock Farm, Hoopeston, Illi- nois; C. L. McClellan, Lowden, Iowa; H. G. McMillan & Sons, Rock Rapids, Iowa; J. H. Miller, Peru, Indiana; C. F. Mitchell & Son, Farragut, Iowa; L. C. Oloff, Ireton, Iowa; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; Carl Sparboe, Ellsworth, Iowa; I. J. Swain & Sons, Malvern, Iowa; W. W. Vaughn, Marion, Iowa; J. G. Westrope, Harlan, Iowa; W. A. Wickersham, Mel- bourne, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge T. E. Robson, London, Ont., Canada. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Sultan Mine, 320273, Carpenter and Carpenter; second, Lochin Dale, 334951, Leemon Stock Farm; third. Fair Knight 2nd, 350285, H. G. McMillan & Sons. Bull Tioo Years, Under Three — First, Gloster Fashion, 350512, Anoka Farms; second. Silver Sultan, 353640, G. H. Burge; third, True Cumber- land 3rd, 353220, Wm. Herkelmann; fourth. Village Baronett, 354063, Carpenter and Carpenter; fifth. Village Marshall, 382307, Carl Sparboe. Bull, Senior Yeorh'ngr— First, Pride of Elm Lawn, 367021, L. C. Olpff; second. Golden Hampton, 365697, Wm. Herkelmann; third, Scottish Rex, 370101, J. G. Westrope; fourth, Cardinal, 366024, C. B. Grimes. Bull, Junior Yearling — First, Crusader, G. H. Burge; second, Wildwood, Sultan, 387390, W. W. Vaughn; third, Fairview Sultan, 368100, F. H. Ehl- 382 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ers; fourth, March Premier, 368056, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth. Cere- monious Victor, 384143, C. L. McClellan; sixth. Ceremonious Victor, 380163, Wm. Herkelmann; seventh. Glorious Count, 384145, C. L. Mc- Clellan. Bull, Senior Calf — First, Cumberland's Type, C. A. Saunders; second, Cumberland Again, C. A. Saunders; third, Scotch King, 38704, W. E. Graham; fourth. Royal Silver, 387283, Anoka Farms; fifth, Merry Victor, 384147, C. L. McClellan; sixth, Collynie Dale, 387631, Carpenter and Carpenter; seventh, Cromwell, G. H. Burge. Bull, Junior Calf — First, Double Sultan, J. H. Miller; second, Marquis Cumberland, C. A. Saunders; third, Victor of Wayside 4th, G. H. Burge; fourth, Lakewood Knight, 377491, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth, Clipper Crest, Anoka Farms; sixth. Count Lovat, C. B. Grimes; seventh. Sultan's Goods, 387396, Wm. Herkelmann. Cow Three Years or Over — First, Dale's Gift, 41150, Carpenter and Carpenter; second. Queen of the Grove, Vol. 68, I. J. Swain & Sons; third. Royal Queen 5th, 88196, F. H. Ehlers. Heifer Tioo Years, Under Three — First, Maxwalton Missie 2nd, 107208, Anoka Farms; second, Mildred of Oakland, 101856, Wm. Herkel- mann; third. Dale's Gift 4th, 107198, Carpenter and Carpenter; fourth, Maxwalton Beauty, 107204, Carpenter and Carpenter; fifth, Bonnie Cum- berland 4th, 107932, I. J. Swain & Sons; sixth, Mayflower 6th, 101855, H. G. McMillan & Sons; seventh, Orange Choice, 108741, F. H. Ehlers. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Susie Cumberland 3rd, C. A. Saunders; second. Duchess of Gloster, 127621, Anoka Farms; third, British Countess, 126927, C. B. Grimes; fourth. Dale's Dorothy, 217602, Carpenter and Carpenter; fifth. Miss Missie, 124891, Wm. Herkelmann; sixth. Village Victoria, F. H. Ehlers; seventh, 81st Duchess of Gloster, C. A. Saunders. Heifer, Jicnior Yearling — First, Village Flower 2nd, 127923, Anoka Farms; second. Ruby Goods, 127874, Wm. Herkelmann; third, Collynie Marie, 149024, Carpenter and Carpenter; fourth. Queen of the Goods, I. J. Swain & Sons; fifth, Missie 3rd, 125641, Wm. Herkelmann; sixth, Athene Fashion, 152320, Anoka Farms; seventh, Bonnie Cumberland 8th, I. J. Swain & Sons. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, Augusta 112th, 152321, Anoka Farms; sec- ond. Silver Mysie, G. H. Burge; third, Waycross Best, 189053, W. A. Wickersham; fourth. Lady Cumberland 2nd, C. A. Saunders; fifth. Way- cross Lady, 149054, W. A. Wickersham; sixth, Fairview Foxglove 3rd, F. H. Ehlers; seventh, Village Mystic, 141640, Carpenter and Carpenter. Heifer, Junior Calf— First, Fair Beauty, 139199, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second. Fond Fanny, 152325, Anoka Farms; third. Flower Girl 3rd, Anoka Farms; fourth, Fairview Maid, F. H. Ehlers; fifth, Scotch Lady, 149055, W. E. Graham; sixth. Good Princess, 152455, Wm. Herkelmann; seventh. Orange Flower 3rd, G. H. Burge. FOURTEENTH ANNUAI^ YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 383 Grand Champion Short-Horn Bull, Sultan Mine, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Ex- position, owned by Carpenter and Carpenter, Baraboo, Wis. Champion Bull Tivo Years or Over — Sultan Mine, 320273, Carpenter and Carpenter. Champion Bull, Under Two Years — Cumberland's Type, C. A. Saunders. Champi07i Cow Two Years' or Over — Maxwalton Missie 2nd, 107208, Anoka Farms. Champion Heifer, Under Two Years — Village Flower 2nd, 127923, Anoka Farms. Grand Champion Bull Any Age — Sultan Mine, 320273, Carpenter and Carpenter. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer Any Age — Village Flower 2nd, 127923, Anoka Farms. Graded Herd — First, Anoka Farms; second. Carpenter & Carpenter; third, Wm. Herkelmann; fourth, H. G. McMillan & Sons. Young Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, Anoka Farms; third, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, C. B. Grimes; fifth, I. J. Swain & Sons; sixth, F. H. Ehlers. Calf Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, G. H. Burge; third, Anoka Farins; fourth, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth, I. J. Swain & Sons; sixth, L. C. Oloff. Get of Sire — First, Carpenter & Carpenter; second, C. A. Saunders; third. Carpenter & Carpenter; fourth, Anoka Farms; fifth, C. L. McClellan; sixth, G. H. Burge. Produce of Cow — First, Carpenter & Carpenter; second, Anoka Farms; third, F. H. Ehlers; fourth, I. J. Swain & Sons; fifth, L. C. Oloff; sixth, Wm. Herkelmann. 384 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DAIRY SHORT-HORNS. Coic. Three Years or Over — First, Golden Sempstress, 28302, C. A. Saunders. IOWA SHORT-HORN SPECIALS. Bull, Three Years or Over— First, Fair Knight 2d, 350285, H. G. McMillan & Sons. Bull, Tivo Years, Under Three— ¥\vs,i, Silver Sultan, 353540, G. H. Burge; second, True Cumberland 3d, 353220, Wm. Herkelmann; third, Village Marshall, 382307, Carl Sparboe. Bull, Senior Yearling— ¥\Y^t, Pride of Elm Lawn, 367021, L. C. Oloff; second. Golden Hampton, 365697, Wm. Herkelmann; third, Scottish Rex, 370101, J. G. Westrope. Bull. Junior Yearling — First, Crusader, G. H. Burge; second, Wildwood Sultan, 387390, W. W. Vaughn; third, Fairview Sultan, 368100, P. H. Ehlers; fourth, March Premier, 368056, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth, Ceremonious Victor, 384143, C. L. McClellan; sixth, Ceremonious Victor, 380163, Wm. Herkelmann; seventh. Glorious Count, 384145, C. L. McClellan, Bull, Senior Calf — First, Cumberland's Type, C. A. Saunders; second, Cumberland Again, C. A. Saunders; third, Scotch King, 38704, W. E. Graham; fourth. Merry Victor, 384147, C. L. McClellan; fifth, Cromwell, G. H. Burge; sixth. Pine Valley Rex, J. G. Westrope; seventh. Elm Lawn Boy, 387601, L. C. Oloff. Bull, Junior Calf — First, Marquis Cumberland, C. A. Saunders; second, Victor of Wayside 4th, G. H. Burge; third, Lakewood Knight, 377491, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Sultan's Goods, 387396, Wm. Herkelmann; fifth. Fair Lord, 377486, H. G. McMillan & Sons. Coiv, Three Years or Over — First, Queen of the Grove, Vol. 68, I. J. Swain & Sons; second. Royal Queen 5th, 88196, P. H. Ehlers. Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First, Mildred of Oakland, 101856, Wm. Herkelmann; second, Bonnie Cumberland 4th, 107932, I. J. Sw'ain & Sons; third, Mayflower 6th, 101855, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, Orange Choice, 108741, F. H. Ehlers; fifth, Florence, 108731, F. H. Ehlers; sixth, Lucy, 111358, F. H. Ehlers. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Susie Cumberland 3d, C. A. Saunders; second, Miss Missie, 124891, Wm. Herkelmann; third, Village Victoria, F. H. Ehlers; fourth, 81st Duchess of Gloster, C. A. Saunders; fifth, I. J. Swain & Sons. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Ruby Goods, 127874, Wm. Herkelmann; second. Queen of the Goods, I. J. Swain & Sons; third, Missie 3d, 125641, Wm. Herkelmann; fourth, Bonnie Cumberland 8th, C. A. Saunders; fifth. Fair Minerva, 139202, H. G. McMillan & Sons; sixth. Orange Queen, F. H. Ehlers; seventh. Butterfly Sultana, 122283, H. G. McMillan & Sons. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, Silver Mysie, G. H. Burge; second, Waycross Lady, 149054, W. A. Wickersham; third. Lady Cumberland 2d, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Waycross Lady, 149054, W. A, Wickersham; fifth. Fair- view Foxglove 3d, F. H. Ehlers; sixth, Nora Nonpareil 2d, G. H. Burge; seventh. Lady of Elm Lawn, 152617, L. C. Oloff. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 385 Heifer, Junior Calf— First, Fair Beauty, 139199, H. G. McMillan & Sons; second, Fairview Maid, F. H. Ehlers; third, Scotch Lady, 149055, W. E. Graham; fourth, Good Princess, 152455, Wm. Herkelmann; fifth. Orange Flower 3d, G. H. Burge; sixth, Scottish Colleen, L J. Swain & Sons; seventh, Carissima Goods, I. J. Swain & Sons. Champion Bull, Two Years or Over — Silver Sultan, 353640, G. H." Burge. Champion Bull, Under Two Years — Cumberland's Type, C. A. Saunders. Champion Coiv, Two Years or Over — Mildred of Oakland, 101856, Wm. Herkelmann. Heifer, Under Tivo Years — Silver Mysie, G. H. Burge. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Cumberland's Type, C. A. Saunders. Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Silver Mysie, G. H. Burge. Graded Herd — First, Wm. Herkelmann; second, H. G. McMillan & Sons. Young Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, H. G. McMillan & Sons; third, I. J. Swain & Sons; fourth, F. H. Ehlers. Calf Herd — First, C. A. Saunders; second, G. H. Burge; third, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fourth, I. J. Swain & Sons; fifth, L. C. Oloff; sixth, Wm. Herkelmann. Get of Sire — First, C. A. Saunders; second, C. L. McClellan; third, G. H. Burge; fourth, H. G. McMillan & Sons; fifth, L. C. Oloff; sixth, F. H. Ehlers. Produce of Cow — First, F. H. Ehlers; second, I. J. Swain & Sons; third, L. C. Oloff; fourth, Wm. Herkelmann; fifth, F. H. Ehlers; sixth, H. G. McMillan & Sons. SPECIAL PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE IOWA SHORT-HORN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Best Senior Bull Calf — Cumberland's Type, C. A. Saunders. Best Junior Bull Calf — Marquis Cumberland, C. A. Saunders. Best Senior Heifer Calf — Silver Mysie, G. H. Burge. Best Junior Heifer Calf— Fair Beauty, 139199, H. G. McMillan & Sons. HEREFORDS. EXHIBITORS. J. B. Ashby, Audubon, Iowa; E. M. Cassady, Whiting, Iowa; J. P. Cudahy, Belton, Missouri; J. M. Curtice, Kansas City, Missouri; Jesse Engle & Sons, Sheridan, Missouri; O. S. Gibbons & Sons, Atlantic, Iowa; O. Harris, Harris, Missouri; Robt. H. Hazlett, ElDorado, Kansas; E. L. Karr, Osceola, Iowa; Warren T. McCray, Kentland, Indiana; Francis Mayne, Harlan, Iowa; Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge J. C. Kixzer, Moscow, Idaho. Bull, Three Years or Over— First, Fairfax 16th, 316931, J. P. Cudahy; second. Prince Perfection, 342054, O. Harris; third, Don Perfect, 400000, J. M. Curtice; fourth, Byron Fairfax, 344282, Cyrus A. Tow; fifth, Good Lad, 343996, 0. S. Gibbons & Son. 25 386 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Bull, Tico Years, Under Three— First, Beau Fairfax, 368360, J. P. Cudahy; second, Protector Fairfax, 361812, "Warren T. McCray; third. Beau Protector, 363733, E. L. Karr. Biill, Senior Yearling — First, Repeater 7th, 386905, O. Harris; second. Gay Lad 9th, 386873, O. Harris; third. Perfect Donald, 400001, J. M. Cur- tice; fourth. Crusader Fairfax, 388813, J. P. Cudahy; fifth, Golden Lad, 381477, E. M. Cassady. B^iU, Junior Yearling — First, Fairview Prince, 388031, Cyrus A. Tow; second. Gay Lad 12th, 395804, O. Harris; third. Carlo, 400893, J. P. Cudahy; fourth, Beau Blanchard 2d, 410108, Jesse Engle & Sons; fifth. Beau General 6th, 391948, O. S. Gibbons & Son; sixth, Standard 6th, 388742, Cyrus A. Tow; seventh, Howard Fairfax, 399358, Warren T. McCray. Bull, Senior CaZ/— First, Donald Perfect, 427489, J. M. Curtice; second, King Fairfax, 414471, Warren T. McCray; third. Beau General 8th, 410703, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth, Lethan Fairfax, 414471, Warren T. McCray; fifth. Gay Lad 16th, 412192, O. Harris; sixth. Distinction 2d, 411212, Cyrus A. Tow; seventh. Dictator Fairfax, 427505, J. P. Cudahy. Bull, Jufiior Calf — First, Shamrock, 427491, J. M. Curtice; second. Disturber Jr., 424253, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Cragdarragh 4th, 427503, J. P. Cudahy; fourth. Distinction 4th, 424254, Cyrus A. Tow; fifth. Beau Per- fect 10th, 427492, J. M. Curtice; sixth. Gay Lad 23d, 424991, O. Harris; seventh, Carlos Blanchard, 426573, Jesse Engle & Sons. Coiv, Three Years or Over — First, Perfection Lass, 342053, J. P. Cudahy; second, Nora Fairfax, 344290, Warren T. McCray; third. Disturber's Lassie 4th, 349142, 0. Harris; fourth. Miss Brea 29th, 342899, Cyrus A. Tow; fifth, Pansy Belle 2d, 292652, O. S. Gibbons & Son. Heifer, Two Years, Under Three — First, Harris Princess, 215, 359358, O. Harris; second, Defender's Lassie 2d, 385300, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Virginia Fairfax, 363557, Warren T. McCray; fourth, Donna Perfect 9th, 386353, J. M. Curtice; fifth. Celandine 2d, 371605, J. P. Cudahy; sixth. Miss P. Fairfax, 369685, J. P. Cudahy; seventh, Disturber's Lassie 5th, 369627, O. Harris. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Joan Fairfax, 388823, Warren T. Mc- Cray; second. Disturber's Lassie 6th, 388029, Cyrus A. Tow; third. Pearl Donald, 396760, J. P. Cudahy; fourth. Miss Gay Lad 7th, 386871, O. Harris; fifth, Donna Perfect 4th, 386508, J. M. Curtice; sixth, Anna Donald, 397699, J. P. Cudahy; seventh, Don Anna, 381472, E. M. Cassady. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Miss Repeater 11th, 395824, O. Harris; second, Gertrude Fairfax, 388822, Warren T. McCray; third, Disturber's Lassie 7th, 398248, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, Alice Fairfax, 396755, J. P. Cudahy; fifth. Donna Perfect 6th, 386582, J. M. Curtice; sixth, Claremont Pet, 39784, J. B. Ashby; seventh. Graceful 5th, 410117, Jesse Engle & Sons. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, Patra Fairfax, 414480, Warren T. McCray; second. Lady Standard^ 411218, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Coral Perfect, 427494, J. M. Curtice; fourth, Teresa Donald, 427509, J. P. Cudahy; fifth. Miss Gay Lad 15th, 412205, 0. Harris; sixth, Disturber's Lassie 9th, 411216, Cyrus A. Tow; seventh. Miss Gay Lad 15th, 412204, O. Harris. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, Primrose, 427506, J. P. Cudahy; second, Lovely Fairfax, 425483, Warren T. McCray; third, Silvie Donald, 427497, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 387 J. M. Curtice; fourth, Miss Perfection 6th, 426312, O. Harris; fifth. Royal Lady 4th, 427508, J. P. Cudahy; sixth, Lady Excelence, 426579, Jesse Engle & Sons; seventh, Goldie Donald, 427496, J. M. Curtice. Champion Bull, Two Years or Over — Fairfax 16th, 316931, J. P. Cudahy. Champion Bull, Under Tico Years — Repeater 7th, 386905, O. Harris. Champion Cow, Two Years or Over — Perfection Lass, 342053, J. P. Cudahy. Champion Heifer, Under Two Years — Miss Repeater 11th, 395824, O. Harris. Grand Champion Hereford Bull, Repeater 7th, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposi- tion, owned by O. Harris, Harris, Mo. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Repeater 7th, 386905, O. Harris. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Perfection Lass, 242053, J. P. Cudahy. Graded Herd — First, O. Harris; second, Warren T. McCray; third, J. P. Cudahy; fourth, Cyrus A. Tow; fifth, O. S. Gibbons & Son. Youfig Herd — First, 0. Harris; second, Warren T. McCray; third, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, J. M. Curtice; fifth, J. P. Cudahy; sixth, O. S. Gibbons & Son; seventh, Jesse Engle & Sons. Calf Herd — First, Warren T. McCray; second, Cyrus A. Tow; third, J. M. Curtice; fourth, J. P. Cudahy; fifth, O. Harris; sixth, O. S. Gibbons & Son; seventh, Jesse Engle & Sons. 388 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Get of Sire — First, Warren T. McCray; second, O. Harris; third, J. M. Curtice; fourth, Cyrus A. Tow; fifth, J. P. Cudahy; sixth, O. S. Gibbons & Son; seventh, Jesse Engle & Sons. Produce of Cow — First, O. Harris; second, Warren T. McCray; third, O. Harris; fourth, Warren T. McCray; fifth, J. M. Curtice; sixth, O. S. Gibbons & Son; seventh, J. B. Ashby. IOWA HEREFORD SPECIALS. Bull, Three Years or Over— First, Byron Fairfax, 344282, Cyrus A. Tow; second. Good Lad, 343996, 0. S. Gibbons & Son. Bull, Two Years and Under Three— First, Beau Protector, 363733, E. L. Karr. Bull, Senior Y earling— First, Golden Lad, 381477, E. M. Cassady. Bull, Junior Yearling — First, Fairview Prince, 388031, Cyrus A. Tow; second, Beau General 6th, 391948, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third, Standard 6th, 388742, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, William, 394439, E. M. Cassady. Bull, Senior Calf— First, Beau General 8th, 410073, O. S. Gibbons; second, Distinction 2d, 411212, Cyrus A. Tow; third. Standard 11th, 411222, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fifth, Claremont Prince, 625832, J. B. Ashby. Bull, Junior Calf— First, Disturber Jr., 424253, Cyrus A. Tow; second, Distinction 4th, 424254, Cyrus A. Tow; third, Beau General 12th, 421374, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth, Ormond, 625826, J. B. Ashby. Coio Three Years or Over— First, Miss Brea 29th, 342899, Cyrus A. Tow; second. Pansy Belle 2d, 292652, O. S. Gibbons & Son. Heifer Tico Years, Under Three — First, Defender's Lassie 2d, 385300, Cyrus A. Tow; second. Pansy Bell 4th, 364248, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third, Adelaide, 380917, E. L. Karr. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Disturber's Lassie 6th, 388029, Cyrus A. Tow; second, Don Anna, 381472, E. M. Cassady; third, Beauty, 388252, E. M. Cassady; fourth. Delight, 380918, E. L. Karr. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Disturber's Lassie 7th, 398248, Cyrus A. Tow; second, Claremont Pet, 39784, J. B. Ashby; third, Disturber's Lassie 8th, 198249, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, Priscilline, 391950, 0. S. Gib- bons & Son; fifth. Beau Lady, 410701, O. S. Gibbons & Son; sixth, Dell, 400980, E. L. Karr. Heifer, Senior Calf— First, Lady Standard, 411218, Cyrus A. Tow; sec- ond. Disturber's Lassie 9th, 411216, Cyrus A. Tow; third. Good Lady, 410706, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth. Miss General 2d, 421378, 0. S. Gib- bons & Son; fifth, Lassie, 404719, E. M. Cassady; sixth. Flora II, 404717, E. M. Cassady. Heifer, Junior Calf— First, Golden Lass, 422624, E. M. Cassady. Champion Bull, Two Years or Over— Byron Fairfax, 344282, Cyrus A. Tow. Champion Bull, Under Two Years — Fairview Prince, 388031, Cyrus. A. Tow, Champion Coiv, Two Years or Over — Defender's Lassie 2d, 385300, Cyrus A. Tow. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 389 Champion Heifer, Under Tico Years — Disturber's Lassie 7tli, 398248, Cyrus A. Tow. Grand Cliampnion Bull, Any Age — Fairview Prince, 388031, Cyrus A. Tow. Grand Champion Coio or Heifer Any Age — Disturber's Lassie 7th, 398248, Cyrus A. Tow. Graded Herd — First, Cyrus A. Tow; second, 0. S. Gibbons. Young Herd — First, Cyrus A. Tow; second, 0. S. Gibbons & Son, third, E. M. Cassady. Calf Herd — First, Cyrus A. Tow; second, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third, J. B. Ashby. Get of Sire — First, Cyrus A. Tow; second, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third, J. B. Ashby; fourth, E. M. Cassady. Prodxice of Cotv — First, O. S. Gibbons & Son; second, J. B. Asliby; third, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth, E. L. Karr; fifth, E. M. Cassady. ABERDEEN-ANGUS. EXHIBITORS. R. M. Anderson & Sons, Newell, Iowa; Wm. Austin, Dumont, Iowa; Otto V. Battles, Maquoketa, Iowa; A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa; C. D. & E. F. Caldwell, Burlington Junction, Missouri; W. F. Desenberg, Norwalk, Iowa; Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna, Iowa; W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; H. H. Reed, Marengo, Iowa; Roberts & Wil- liams, Atlantic, Iowa; Carl A. Rosenfeld, Kelley, Iowa. Judge E. T. DA^as, Iowa City, Iowa. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Erwin C, 136625, W. A. McHenry; second, Balmont, 130477, Otto V. Battles; third, Kloman, 135617, A. C. Binnie; fourth, Delver, 130446, W. J. Miller; fifth. Black Emerald, 130541, H. H. Reed. Bull, Two Years, Under Three — First, Prince Felzer, 156700, Chas. Escher, Jr.; second, Eileen Lad of Rosemere, 149926, Otto V. Battles; third, Kiahoga, 150488, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; fourth, Rosegay 6th, 142883, W. J. Miller; fifth, Enos 3d, 150053, R. M. Anderson & Sons. Bull, Senior Yearling— First, Ebony of A. 3d, 155736, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; second, Provo 2d, 160575, R. M. Anderson & Sons; third. Quality Prince 2d, 158963, W. A. McHenry; fourth, Ben Hur, 135500, R. M. Ander- son & Sons. Bull, Junior Yearling — First, Enright, 167573, Chas. Escher, Jr.; sec- ond, King Gay 3d, 166522, Carl A. Rosenfeld; third, Enus 4th, 160576, R. M. Anderson & Sons; fourth, Quartermaster Ito, 162429, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; fifth. Pride's Lad of Rosemere, 169484, Otto V. Battles; sixth, Heatherdale Echo, 161951, R. M. Anderson & Sons; seventh. Captain Korns, 164844, W. J. Miller. Bull, Senior Calf— First, Blackcap Star, 166902, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; second, Kemp, A. C. Binnie; third. Prince of Elchies, 168123, R. M. Ander- son & Sons; fourth, Eclipser of Rosemere, 169487, Otto V. Battles; fifth. 390 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ebony of A. 5th, 166900, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; sixth, Bruister of Deni- son, 1688&6, W. A. McHenry; seventh, King Earl, 167620, Chas, Eschar, Jr. Bull, Junior Calf— First, Lord Melornese, 168126, R. M. Anderson & Sons; second, Eraman 3d, A. C. Binnie; third. Marguerite's Lad 2d, 169490, Otto V. Battles; fourth, Everblack 2d, W. J. Miller; fifth, Nor- walk Black Baron, 170877, W. F. Desenberg. Cow, Three Years or Over — First, Blackcap McHenry 88th, 138394, W. A. McHenry; second. Thickset Myra, 129083, Otto V. Battles; third. Pride of Blackston 3d, 139639, R. M. Anderson & Sons; fourth, Blackbird Per- fection 2d, 93788, Chas. Escher, Jr.; fifth, Barbara Woodson 2d, 139901, W. J. Miller; sixth, Eileen of Alta, 129498, A. C. Binnie; seventh. Queen Mother Johnson 5th, 130420, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell. Heifer, Two Years, TJncler Three— First, Coquette McHenry 37th, 149391, W. A. McHenry; second. Pride McHenry 100th, 149362, W. A. McHenry; third, Myra of Rosemere, 149922, Otto V. Battles; fourth. Blackbird Chloe, 149977, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; fifth, Pround Formera 3d, 150181, A. C. Binnie; sixth. Key of Indianapolis 4th, 150048, R. M. Anderson & Sons; seventh, Katy Kamura 2d, 150410, W. J. Miller. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Queen of Rosemere 2d, 169483, Otto V. Battles; second, Pride McHenry 109th, 158598, W. A. McHenry; third, Erito C, 162450, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; fourth. Pride McHenry 108th, 158956, W. A. McHenry; fifth, Ebba, 155572, Chas. Escher, Jr.; sixth, Kinova of Alta 2d, 161925, A. C. Binnie; seventh, Esthonia 6th, 162416, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Black Favorite of Rosemere, 159326, Otto V. Battles; second, Pridetta 2d, Chas. Escher, Jr.; third, Jilt 67th, 160577, R. M. Anderson & Sons; fourth. Blackcap of Alta 6th, 159960, A. C. Binnie; fifth. Pride McHenry 114th, 158979, W. A. McHenry; sixth, Erin's Pride 2d, 160124, W. J. Miller; seventh. Pride of Newell 3d, 168076, R. M. Anderson & Sons. Heifer, Senior Calf— First, Eulima, 168124, R. M. Anderson & Sons; second. Pride McHenry 116th, 168855, W. A. McHenry; third, Envious Maiden, 167605, Chas. Escher, Jr.; fourth. Black Lassie of Rosemere 2d, 169488, Otto V. Batles; fifth, Jessie Blackeyes, 162448, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; sixth. Queen McHenry 58th, 168864, W. A. McHenry; seventh, Erica of A., 166901, W. F. Desenberg. Heifer, Junior Calf— First, Blueblood Lady 3d, 168533, Chas. Escher, Jr.; second. Jilt, 168136, R. M. Anderson & Sons; third, Pride of Rose- mere 5th, 169489, Otto V. Battles; fourth Blackcap of Alta 7th, A. C. Binnie; fifth, Ridgelawn Katy, W. J. Miller; sixth, Pridecap Lady 2d, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; seventh, Erica Maid, H. H. Reed. Champion Bull, Two Years or Over— Erwin C, 136625, W. A. McHenry. Champion Bull, Under Two Years— Ebony of A. 3d, 155736, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell. Champion Cow, T\vo Years or Over — Blackcap McHenry 88th, 138394, W. A. McHenry. Champion Heifer, Under Tico Years— Queen of Rosemere 2d, 169483, Otto V. Battles. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 391 r^ !,-'» ;-^?!^^ • ar ■ ^ ■(eTmmwkt*.-: Grand Champion Aberdeen Angus Bull, Erwin C, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Ex- position, owned by W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Erwin C, 136625, W. A. McHenry. Grand Champion Coio or Heifer, Any Age — Blackcap McHenry 88th, 138394, W. A. McHenry. Graded Herd — First, W. A. McHenry; second. Otto V. Battles; third, R. M. Anderson & Sons; fourth, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; fifth, A. C. Bin- nie; sixth, W. J. Miller. Young Herd — First, Chas. Escher; Jr.; second. Otto V. Battles; third, W. A. McHenry; fourth, R. M. Anderson & Sons; fifth, A. C. Binnie; sixth, W. J. Miller. Calf Herd — First, R. M. Anderson & Sons; second, Chas. Escher, Jr.; third. Otto V. Battles; fourth, W. A. McHenry; fifth, C. D. & E. F. Cald- well; sixth, A. C. Binnie; seventh, W. J. Miller. Get of Sire — First, Otto V. Battles; second, R. M. Anderson; third, W. A. McHenry; fourth, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; fifth, A. C. Binnie. Produce of Cotr— First, Otto V. Battles; second, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell; third, Chas. Escher, Jr.; fourth, R. M. Anderson & Sons; fifth, W. A. Mc- Henry; sixth, A. C. Binnie; seventh, C. D. & E. F. Caldwell. GALLOWAY. EXHrBITORS. Capital View Ranch, Silver Lake, Kansas; S. M. Croft & Sons, Bluff City, Kansas; C. S. Hechtner, Chariton, Iowa; A. O. Huff, Arcadia, Nebr. 392 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Judge Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna, Iowa. Bull, Three Years or Over — First, Fearnot of Maple, 35166, C. S. Hechtner; second, Kingsley, 11130, S. M. Croft & Sons; third, Carnot, 36058, Capital View Ranch. Bull, Two Years, Under Three — First, Casino, 36410, Capital View Ranch; second. Prince Favorite, 36212, C. S. Hechtner; third. Midnight Signet, 36593, S. M. Croft & Sons. Bull, Senior Yearling — First, Minnie's Favorite, 36544, C. S. Hechtner. Bull, Junior Yearling — First, Iva's Favorite, 36745, C. S. Hechtner; second, Pilotte of Capital View, 38181, Capital View Ranch; third, June of Capital View, 38143, Capital View Ranch; fourth. Prince George, Jr., 37906, S. M. Croft & Sons. Bull, Senior Calf — First, Minnie's Favorite 2d, 37634, C. S. Hechtner; second. Echo of Capital View, 38165, Capital View Ranch; third, Pioneer of Capital View, 38188, Capital View Ranch; fourth, Ben, 38285, S. M. Croft & Sons. Bull, Junior Calf — First, Abbie's Favorite, C. S. Hechtner; second, Havard, 38306, S. M. Croft & Son; third, Joe of Bluff City, 38283, S. M. Croft & Son. Cow Three Years or Over — First, Daisy Dimple, 35187, Capital View Ranch; second, Florence of Meadow Lawn, 32316, S. M. Croft & Son; third, Carefull of Maples 3d, 36211, C. S. Hechtner. Heifer Two Years, Voider Three — First, Nellie Mellville, 36223, Capital View Ranch; second. Lady Sampson, 36216, C. S. Hechtner; third, Clara of Maples 3d, 36214, S. M. Croft & Son. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Lassie 2d of Maples, C. S. Hechtner; second, Abbie's Queen, 36543, C. S. Hechtner; third, Ethel of Greenbush, 37363, S. M. Croft & Son. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Clara of Maples 4th, 37446, C. S. Hecht- ner; second, Ollie of Greenbush, 37362, S. M. Croft & Son; third, Captain Bell, 37977, Capital View Ranch; fourth, Gretchen of B. C, 37480, S. M. Croft & Son; fifth. Capital Perfection, 37480, Capital View Ranch. Heifer, Senior OaZ/— First, Cora of Greenbush, 38289, S. M. Croft & Son; second, Sunflower Maid of C. V., 38152, Capital View Ranch; third. Favorite's Ha, 37G32, C. S. Hechtner. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, Snap of Maples, C. S. Hechtner; second. Floss of Bluff City, 38288, S. M. Croft & Son; third, Mayflower of C. V. 38263, Capital View Ranch. Champion Bull, Tioo Years Old or Over — Fearnot of Maple, 35166, C. S. Hechtner. Champion Bull, Under Two Years — Iva's Favorite, 36745, C. S. Hechtner. Champion Cow, Two Years or Over — Daisy Dimple, 35187, Capital View Ranch. Champion Heifer, Under Two Years — Lassie 2d of Maples, C. S. Hechtner. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 393 Grand Champion Galloway Bull, Fearnot of Maple, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, owned by C. S. Hecktner, Chariton, Iowa. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Fearnot of Maple, 35166, C. S. Heclit- ner. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age— Daisy Dimple, 35187, Capital View Ranch. Graded ffercZ— First, Capital View Ranch; second, C. S. Hechtner; third, S. M. Croft & Sons. Young Herd — First, C. S. Hechtner; second, S. M. Croft & Sons. Calf Herd— First, C. S. Hechtner; second, S. M. Croft & Sons; third. Capital View Ranch. Get of Sire — First, Capital View Ranch; second, C. S. Hechtner; third, C. S. Hechtner; fourth, S. M. Croft & Son; fifth, S. M. Croft & Son. Produce of Coic — First, Capital View Ranch; second, C. S. Hechtner; third, C. S. Hechtner, fourth, C. S. Hechtner; fifth, S. M. Croft & Son. POLLED DURHAM. EXHIBITOKS. Achenbach Bros., Washington, Kansas; Leemon Stock Farm, Hoopeston, Illinois; J. H. Miller, Peru, Indiana. AWARDS. Judge S. G. Shaver, Kalona, Iowa. Bull, Three Years or Over — First, Sultan's Creed, 353694, J. H. Miller. Bull, Two Years and Under Three — First, Meadow Sultan, 353&90, Achenbach Bros. 394 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bull, Senior Yearling— First, Field Marshall 3d, 368284, Leemon Stock Farm. Bull, Junior Yearling— First Baron Exception, 367390, Aclienbach Bros. Bull, Senior Calf— First, Sultan Serene, J. H. Miller; second Loch Lochy, Leemon Stock Farm; third, Choice, Achenbach Bros. Bull, Junior Calf — First, Loch Lee Dale, Leenlon Stock Farm; second. Intense Sultan, J. H. Miller. Cow, Three Years or Over— First, Lady Craven, 68618, J. H. Miller. Heifer, Two Years, Under Three — First, Thankful Martha, 107930, Achenbach Bros.; second. Capacious Sultana, 132803, J. H. Miller. Heifei\ Senior Yearling — First, Lady Fairheart, 132807, J. H. Miller; second. Minute 2d, 120051, Achenbach Bros. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Loch Dale Roanette, Leemon Stock Farm; second, 27th Miami Victoria, J. H. Miller; third, Loch Dale Victoria 4th, Leemon Stock Farm; fourth. The Baroness, 127374, Achenbach Bros. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, Sultana, 149186, Achenbach Bros.; second, Clarice Sultana, J. H. Miller; third, Loch Dale Mayflower, Leemon Stock Farm; fourth. Loch Dale Victoria 5th, Leemon Stock Farm. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, 28th Miami Victoria, J. H. Miller; second. Minute 3d, 149184, Achenbach Bros.; third. Sultana Kora, 149187, Achen- bach Bros.; fourth. Loch Dale Victoria 5th, Leemon Stock Farm. Champion Bull, Two Years Old or Over — Sultan's Creed, 353694, J. H. Miller. Champion Bull, Under Two Years — Sultan Serene, J. H. Miller. Champion Cow, Two Years Old or Over— Lady Craven, 68618, J. H. Miller. Champion Heifer, Under Two Years — Loch Dale Roanette, Leemon Stock Farm. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Sultan's Creed, 353694, J. H. Miller. Grand Champion Coiv or Heifer, Any Age — Lady Craven, 68618, J. H. Miller. Graded Herd— First, J. H. Miller. Young Herd — First, J. H. Miller; second, Leemon Stock Farm; third, Achenbach Bros. Calf Herd — First, J. H. Miller; second, Achenbach Bros.; third, Leemon Stock Farm; fourth, Leemon Stock Farm. Get of /Sire— First, J. H. Miller; second, Achenbach Bros.; third, Lee- mon Stock Farm; fourth, Achenbach Bros.; fifth, Leemon Stock Farm. Produce of Cow — First, J. H. Miller; second, Achenbach Bros.; third, Achenbach Bros.; fourth, Achenbach Bros.; fifth, Leemon Stock Farm. RED POLLED. EXHIBITORS. Haussler Bros., Holbrook, Nebraska; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, S. Dakota; J. W. Larrabee, Earlville, Illinois. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 395 Judge Andrew Boss, St. Paul, Minn. Bull, Three Years or Over — First, Teddy's Best, 17603, Haussler, Bros.; second, Dandy, 13711, J. W. Larrabee; third, Rutland, 16053, W. S. Hill. Bull, Two Tears, Under Three — First, Jay Rose, 21041, J. W. Larrabee. Bull, Senior Yearling— First Butler, 22595, W. S. Hill. Bull, Junior Yearling — First, Teddy's Charmer, 23100, Haussler Bros.; second, Drexel, 23737, AV. S. Hill; third, Teddy Roosevelt, 23571 Haussler Bros. Bull, Senior Calf— First, Ivan, 23743, W. S. Hill; second, Teddy's Per- fection, 24538, Haussler Bros.; third, Billy William, 24522, J. W. Larra- bee; fourth, Teddy's Price, 24537, Haussler Bros. Bull, Junior Calf — First, Gay Lad, 24540, Haussler Bros.; second, Reuben, W. S. Hill; third, Charmer 3d, 24541, Haussler Bros.; fourth. Pan Boy, 24526, J. W. Larrabee; fifth, David, 24524, J. W. Larrabee. Cow, Three Years or Over — First, Nancy, -20169, W. S. Hill; second. Gazelle, 32011, Haussler Bros.; third, Apple Jelle, 30952, J. W. Larrabee; fourth, Susie 2d, 32967, J. W. Larrabee. Heifer, Two Years, Under Three — First, Jennie, 32845, Haussler Bros.; second, Luna Lassie 18th, 34294, W. S. Hill; third, Minnie 35382, Haussler Bros.; fourth. Rose, 34496, J. W. Larrabee; fifth, Alma, 33993, J, W. Larrabee. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Inis, 35557, Haussler Bros.; second. Red Rose, 35556, Haussler Bros.; third, Madelia, 34957, W. S. Hill; fourth, Virtue, 34950, W. S. Hill; fifth. Sweet Rose, 35531, J. W. Larrabee. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Rochelle, 36335, W. S. Hill; second, Veda, 36333, W. S. Hill; third. Frolic, 36103, Haussler Bros; fourth. Rill, W. S. Hill; fifth. Surprise Lady, 36229, Haussler Bros. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, Diantha, 36341, W. S. Hill; second, Chicago Girl, 37351, J. W. Larrabee; third. Orchid, 36344, W. S. Hill; fourth, Sarah, 36492, J. W. Larrabee. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, Ruby Rose, W, S. Hill; second, Agness, 37353, J. W. Larrabee; third, Flora, 37357, J. W. Larrabee; fourth, Freda, W. S. Hill; fifth. Lady Crook, 37373, Haussler Bros. Champion Bull Tivo Years or Over — Teddy's Best, 17603, Haussler Bros. Champion Bull Under Tivo Years — Teddy's Charmer, 23100, Haussler Bros. Champion Cow Two Years Old or Over — Nancy, 20169, W. S. Hill. Champion Heifer Under Two Years Old — Rochelle, 36335, W. S. Hill. Grand Champion Bull Any Age — Teddy's Best, 17603, Haussler Bros. Grand Champion Coiv or Heifer Any Age — Nancy, 20169, W. S. Hill. Graded Herd — First, Haussler Bros.; second, W. S. Hill; third, J. W. Larrabee; fourth, J. W. Larrabee. Young Herd — First, W. S. Hill; second, Haussler Bros.; third, W. S. Hill; fourth, J. W. Larrabee. Calf Herd — First, W. S. Hill; second, J. W. Larrabee; third, W. S. Hill; fourth, Haussler Bros.; fifth, J. W. Larrabee. Get of Sire — First, Haussler Bros.; second, W. S. Hill; third, W. S. Hill; fourth, J. W. Larrabee; fifth, Haussler Bros. 396 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Produce of Cow — First, Haussler Bros.; second, J. W. Larrabee; third, Haussler Bros.; fourth, W. S. Hill; fifth, J. W. Larrabee. HOLSTEINS. EXHIBITORS. Jno. A. Ballou, Janesville, Iowa; Geo. J. C. Copestake, Ames, Iowa; Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro., Waukesha, Wisconsin; M. R. Evans, Hinckley, Illinois; Wm. Galloway Farms, Waterloo, Iowa; lowana Farms, Daven- port, Iowa; C. A. Nelson, Waverly, Iowa; John Rensink, Boyden, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. J. Gillett, Rosendale, Wis. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Sir Jessie Fobes Piebe Burke, 41215, Geo. J. C. Copestake; second, Hengerveld King, 73744, C. A. Nelson; third, Ollie Johanna Sir Fayne, 59096, lowana Farms; fourth. Sir Peterje Ormsby Mercedes 5th, 71081, Jno. Rensink. Bull Two Years, Under Three — First, Oak DeKol Ollie Homestead, 85529, lowana Farms; second, Brookvale Ormsby Wartena, 37118, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro.; third. Beryl Wayne Madison Ann, 89281, Jno. A. Ballou; fourth. King Pontiac Mahomet, 86405, M. R. Evans. Bull One Year, Under Two — First, Downing Pontiac Butter Man, 94805, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bros.; second. King Segis Pontiac Combination, 94710, Wm. Galloway. Bull, Senior Calf — First, lowana Houwtje Pontiac Count, 107805, lowana Farms; second, lowana Farms; third, lowana Colantha Woodcrest Lad, 103436, lowana Farms; fourth, lowana Colantha Adirondac Lad, 103424, lowana Farms; fifth, Sir Merthilde Kaan Spofford, M. R. Evans. Bull, Junior Calf — First, Geo. J. Copestake; second, Sunnyside Segis Korndyke, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro.; third. Walker Skylark of Cedar- side, C. A. Nelson; fourth, Hengerveld Walker of Cedarside, C. A. Nelson; fifth, Elmwood Segis Korndyke 6th, Jno. Rensink. CoiD Four Years or Over — First, Chloe Artis Jewel of Cedarside, 120932, C. A. Nelson; second, Minnie Stienstra 2nd, 67708, lowana Farms; third. Fay Jewell Beauty, 59866, Wm. Galloway Farms; fourth. Queen Gretgin Lutske, 139406, lowana Farms; fifth, Piebe Beauty, 109114, Geo. J. C. Copestake. Coio Three Years, Under Four — First, Colantha Johanna of Cedarside, 152087, C. A. Nelson; second, Star Watson Mooie 3rd, 144580, lowana Farms; third. Jewel Abbekirk Gerben 3rd, 156624, C. A. Nelson; fourth, Piebe Colantha Ormsby, 143018, Geo. J. C. Copestake; fifth, Aggie Green- wood Pledge, 143835, M. R. Evans. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Fryslan Waldorf, 155158, lowana Farms; second, Elizabeth Herbert Jewel, 159058, C. A. Nelson; third, Belle Bettina Skylark, 159059, C. A. Nelson; fourth, Johanna Fayal Pauline, 153768, lowana Farms; fifth. Queen of Schillaard 2nd, 153902, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Helen Taft of Cedarside, 187725, C. A. Nelson; second, Groveland Johanna Inka, 179549, C. A. Nelson; third, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 397 lowana Colantha Veemay DeKol, 166776, lowana Farms; fourth. Downing Pontiac Netherland Girl, 177789, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro.; fiftli, Grove- land Albino Inka, 179546, Jno. A. Ballon. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, lowana Colantha Larky, 192227, lowana Farms; second, Piebe Fayne Concordia, 199962, Geo. J. C. Copestake; third. Downing Butter Queen, 178242, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro.; fourth, Bessie Mutual DeKol Fobes, 179475, lowana Farms; fifth, lowana Colantha Lady, 192224, lowana Farms. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, Laurie Walker of Cedarside, C. A. Nelson; second, Elizabeth Walker, C. A. Nelson; third, Downing Pontiac Dairy Maid, 200962, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro.; fourth, lowana Jewell Lady Wayne, lowana Farms; fifth, May Hengerveld 4th, 207512, Jno. A. Ballou. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, lowana Farms; second, lowana Countess Jessie, 201332, lowana Farms; third, Geo. J. C. Copestake; fourth, Geo. J. C. Copestake; fifth, Lillian Walker Netherland, C. A. Nelson. Champion Bull Two Years or Over — Sir Jessie Fobes Piebe Burke, Geo. J. C. Copestake. Champion Bull Under Two Years — lowana Houwtje Pontiac Count, 107805, lowana Farms. Champion Cow Tivo Years or Over — Chloe Artis Jewell of Cedarside, 120932, C. A. Nelson. Champion Heifer Under Two Years — lowana Farms. Grand Champion Holstc-in Bull, Sir Jessie Forbes Piebe, Burke, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, owned by Geo. J. Copestake, Ames, Iowa. Grand Champion Bull Any Age — Sir Jessie Fobes Piebe Burke, 41215, Geo. J. C. Copestake. 398 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Grand Champion Coiv or Heifer Any Age — Chloe Artis Jewell of Cedar- side, 120932, C. A. Nelson. Graded Herd — First, C. A. Nelson; second, lowana Farms; third, Geo. J. C. Copestake; fourth, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro.; fifth, M. R. Evans. Young Herd — First, C. A. Nelson; second, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro.; third, M. R. Evans. Calf Herd — First, C. A. Nelson; second, C. A. Nelson; third, Geo. J. C. Copestake; fourth. Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro.; fifth, M. R. Evans. Get of Sire — First, lowana Farms; second, C. A. Nelson; third, Geo. J. C. Copestake; fourth, C. A. Nelson; fifth, Geo. J. C. Copestake. Produce of Cow — First, lowana Farms; second, C. A. Nelson; third, Dr. M. W. Downing & Bro.; fourth, C. A. Nelson; fifth, M. R. Evans. Premier Exhibitor — C. A. Nelson. Premier Breeder — C. A. Nelson. JERSEY. EXHIBITORS. G. A. Chaffee, Minneapolis, Minnesota; J. K. Dering, Lake Villa, Illinois; Nelle Fabyan, Geneva, Illinois; J. B. Smith, Platte City, Missouri; G. R. Williams, Magnolia, Illinois. Judge Hugh G. Van Pelt. Waterloo, Iowa. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Ocean Blue, 99477, Nelle Fabyan; second. Combination Golden Prince, G. A. Chaffee; third. Eagle's Chief, 103566, J. K. Dering. Bull Two Years, Under Three — First, Combination Golden Champion, 98877, G. A. Chaffee; second, Majesty's Golden Son, 106253, J. K. Dering; third, Fairy Grit, 106251, J. K. Dering. Bull One Year, Under Two — First, Leda's Champion Lad, 106268, G. A. Chaffee; second. Cowslip's Columbine, 104686, G. A. Chaffee; third, Cedar Crest Lad, 106511, J. K. Dering; fourth, Lucy's Map, 114739, J. K. Dering. Bull, Senior Calf — First, Dairymaid's Combination, G. A. Chaffee; sec- ond, Light Blue of Riverbank, Nelle Fabyan; third. Plush's Oxford You'll Do, G. A. Chaffee. Bull, Junior Calf — First, Rose's Fairy Boy, 114624, J. K. Dering; second, Viola's Elmhurst Jolly 2nd, G. A. Chaffee; third, Elmhurst Jolly Pierrette, G. A. Chaffee. Cow Four Years or Over — First, Eulinda's Venner, 256021, J. K. Dering; second, Sweet Myrtle, 257182, G. A. Chaffee; third. Swift's Persian Rose, 233607, Nelle Fabyan; fourth. Tucker Sophie, 211286, G. A. Chaffee; fifth, Noble's Brown Maid, 235189, J. K. Dering. Cow Three Years, Under Four — First, Pansy's Emigrant Maid, 270608, G. A. Chaffee; second, Lythia's Lady Fern, 289431, G. A. Chaffee. Heifer Two Years, Under Three—First, Violette's Rosie, 260389, J. K. Dering; second, Eminent's Cassie Daisy, 275460, G. A. Chaffee; third, Bonnie Pearly, 271654, G. A. Chaffee. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 399 Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Rossmore Lady, 275998, J. K. Bering; second, Jolly's Lassie, 275999, J. K. Bering; third, Combination's Prince's Lady, 275461, G. A. Chaffee. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Nelle of Riverbank, Nell Fabyan; sec- ond, Lady Nelle of Riverbank, Nell Fabyan; third. Fairy Boy's Miss Farn, 277988, J. K. Bering; fourth. Fairy Boy's Camille, 277989, J. K. Bering; fifth, Elsie's Princess, 271219, G. A. Chaffee. Heifer, Senior CaZ/— First, Fairy Boy's Belle, 293385, J. K. Bering; second, Fairy Boy's Eulinda, 293384, J. K. Bering; third. Miss Haute- ville, 293384, J. K. Bering; fourth, Elmhurst Jacobi Irene, G. A. Chaffee; fifth, Combination Countess Maid, G. A. Chaffee. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, Rose of Riverbank, Nelle Fabyan; second, Noble's Golden Lucie, 289439, G. A. Chaffee; third. Fairy Boy's Alma, 293386, J. K. Bering; fourth, Lily of Elmhurst, G. A. Chaffee. Champion Bull Tioo Years or Over — Ocean Blue, 99477, Nelle Fabyan. Champion Bull Under Two Years — Rose's Fairy Boy, 114624, J. K. Bering. Champion Cow Two Years or Over — Eulinda's Venner, 256021, J. K. Bering. Champion Heifer Under Tivo Years — Fairy Boy's Belle, 293385, J. K. Bering. Grand Champion Bull Any Age — Ocean Blue, 99477, Nelle Fabyan. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer Any Age — Eulinda's Venner, 256021, J. K. Bering. Graded Herd — First, J. K. Bering; second, G. A. Chaffee. Young Herd — First, J. K. Bering; second, G. A. Chaffee. Calf Herd — First, J. K. Bering; second, G. A. Chaffee. Get of Sire — First, Nelle Fabyan; second, J. K. Bering; third, J. K. Bering; fourth, G. A. Chaffee. Produce of Coio — First, J. K. Bering; second, Nelle Fabyan; third, J. K. Bering; fourth, G. A. Chaffee. Premier Exhibitor — J. K. Bering. Premier Breeder — J. K. Bering. GUERNSEYS. EXHIBITORS. Nelle Fabyan, Geneva, Illinois; A. W. & F. E. Fox, Waukesha, Wis- consin; W. W. Marsh, Waterloo, Iowa; Wilcox & Stubbs, Bes Moines, Iowa; John H. Williams, Waukesha, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge Charles L. Hill, Rosendale, Wis. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Imp. Hayes Cherub 2nd, 25147, W. W. Marsh; second, Rex Mar, 19668, W. W. Marsh; third, Topsy's County Yeksa, 11759, A. W. & F. E. Fox; fourth. Imp. Holden IV, 12179, Wilcox & Stubbs; fifth, King Talladeen of Chestnut Hill, 13460, A. W. & F. E. Fox. Bull Tioo Years, Under Three — First, Gay's May King, 19731, Wilcox & Stubbs; second, Tricksey's George of Sunny Side, 18355, A. W. & F. E. Fox; third, Trislette's King of the May, 19613, Jno. H. Williams. 400 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Bull One Year, Under Two — First, Bopeep's Mar of Iowa, 22134, W. W. Marsh; second, Raymond's Billy of the Hague, 21852, A. W. & P. E. Fox; third, King Bell II, 22277, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth. Park's Flossie's King, 18122, Jno. H. Williams; fifth, Billy France of the West, 19769, A. W. & P. E. Fox. Bull Senior Calf — First, Dairy Maid's Rouge of Iowa, 24845, W. W. Marsh; second, Zuda's Sequel, 24350, A. W. & F. E. Fox; third, Glenwood's Volunteer, 24228, A. W. & P. E. Pox; fourth, Victor Van of Maple's Farm, 24117, W. W. Marsh; fifth, Dafney's Masher, Wilcox & Stubbs. Bull, Junior Calf — First, Jno. H. Williams; second, Jno. H. Williams; third, Gratify's Standard, 25521, A. W. & P. E. Pox; fourth, Holden's Monogram, Wilcox & Stubbs. Cow Four Years or Over — First, Glenwood's Hazel, 28612, W. W. Marsh; second, Essie Jeweller, 14265, A. W. & P. E. Pox; third, Fernleaf of the Glen, 21661, W. W. Marsh; fourth, Buenna B., 20304, Park's Golden Spot, 26810, Jno. H. Williams. Coio Three Years, Under Four — First, Frances Rose of Fairview, 30950, Wilcox & Stubbs; second, Pleasure of Waukesha, 28315, A. W. & P. E. Fox. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, School Girl of Waukesha, 35369, A. W. & F. E. Pox; second, Park's Princess Rhea, 34930, Jno. H. Williams; third. Imp. Hays Snowdrop 4th, 44967, W. W. Marsh; fourth, Imp. Butter Queen des Reutts, W. W. Marsh; fifth, Rhea's Park Dawn, 34761, Jno. H. Williams. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Imp. Moreland Aquamarine, 44974, W. W. Marsh; second, Francis Rilma of Iowa, 40782, Wilcox & Stubbs; third, Park's Isabella 2nd, 38814, Jno. H. Williams; fourth. Imp. Flora of the Briquet, W. W. Marsh; fifth. Dairy Maid of Waukesha, 38053, A. W. & P. E. Pox. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Lilly La Rive, 43842, W. W. Marsh; second, Village Lassie 2nd, 41205, Wilcox & Stubbs; third. Budding Blos- som, 41203, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, Polly of Riverbank, Nelle Fabyan; fifth. Imp. Rose des Howards 59th, 44975, W. W. Marsh. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, Imp. Hayes Citron 3rd, 44981, W. W. Marsh; second. Lady Elizabeth of Maple Farms, 43372, W. W. Marsh; third, Plato's Snowstorm, 43363, W. W. Marsh; fourth. Pleasure Promise, 43528, A. W. & F. E. Pox; fifth, Glencoe's Bopeep 2nd, 43160, W. W. Marsh. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, Village Lassie 3rd, Wilcox & Stubbs; sec- ond, Sundari's Dairy Maid, 45635, A. W. & F. E. Pox; third, Sans Souci of Iowa, W. W. Marsh; fourth, Selma's Dairy Girl, 45469, A. W. & F. E. Pox; fifth, Jedelta 2nd of Iowa, W. W. Marsh. Champion Bull Two Years or Over — Imp. Hayes Cherub 2nd, 25147, W. W. Marsh. Champion Bull Under Two Years — Bopeep's Mar of Iowa, 22134, W. W. Marsh. Champion Cow Two Years or Over — Glenwood's Hazel, 28612, W. W. Marsh. Champion Heifer Under Two Years — Imp. Moreland Aquamarine, 44974, W. W. Marsh. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 401 Grand Champion Guernsey Cow, Glenwood's Hazel, W. W. Marsh, Waterloo, Iowa. Grand Champion Bull, Ayiy Age — Imp. Hayes Cherub 2nd, 25147, W. W. Marsh. Grand Champion Cotv or Heifer, Any Age — Glenwood's Hazel, 28612, W. W. Marsh. Graded Herd— First, W. W. Marsh; second, A. W. & F. E. Fox; third, W. W. Marsh; fourth, Wilcox & Stubbs; fifth, Jno. H. Williams. Young Herd — First, W. W. Marsh; second, Jno. H. Williams; third, A. W. & F. E. Fox; fourth, Wilcox & Stubbs; fifth, A. W. & F. E. Fox. Calf Herd— First, W. W. Marsh; second, A. W. & F. E. Fox; third, Jno. H. Williams; fourth, W. W. Marsh; fifth, Wilcox & Stubbs. Get of Sire — First, W. W. Marsh; second, Jno. H. Williams; third, Wilcox & Stubbs; fourth, W. W. Marsh; fifth, W. W. Marsh. Produce of Cow — First, Jno. H. Williams; second, Wilcox & Stubbs; third, W. W. Marsh; fourth, A. W. & F. E. Fox; fifth, Jno. H. Williams. Premier Exhibitor — W. W. Marsh. Premier Breeder — W. W. Marsh. SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN GUERNSEY CATTLE CLUB. Premier Breeder — W. W. Marsh. AYRSHIRE. EXHIBITORS. Adam Seitz, Waukesha, Wisconsin; Wm. Galloway Farms, Waterloo, Iowa. 26 402 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE AWARDS, Judge W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Imp. Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, 11981, Adam Seitz; second, Auclienbrain Good Gift, 15487, Wm. Galloway Farms. Bull One Year, Under Two — First, Bargenoch Rising Star, 14843, Adam Seitz; second, Edgewood Spencer, 15489, Wm. Galloway Farms; third, Wm. Galloway Farms. Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Cavalier's Fond Memory, Adam Seitz; second, Cavalier's Leader of Fashion, Adam Seitz; third. Snowdrop's Free Trader, 15615, Wm. Galloway Farms; fourth, Cavalier's Fashion Plate, Adam Seitz. Cow Four Years or Over — First, Imp. Barboigh Maggie 10th, (23779), Adam- Seitz; second, Imp. Howie's Ladylike, 21432, Wm. Galloway Farms; third, Adam Seitz; fourth, Nona II of Avon, 23090, Wm. Galloway Farms. Cow Three Years, Under Four — First, Imp. Tower Tulip (32152), Adam Seitz; second, Imp. Barleith Lily White, (33631), Adam Seitz; third, Lady Hopeful's Pride, 34428, Wm. Galloway Farms; fourth, Imp. Dalped- dor Lady Taylor, 30666, Wm. Galloway Farms. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Imp. Tower Moss Rose (32140), Adam Seitz; second, Imp. Harperland Pansey, (34566), Adam Seitz; third, Cherry Bank Sylvia, 34228, Wm. Galloway; fourth. Financier Violet, 31879, Wm. Galloway. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Bargenoch Queen, 32945, Adam Seitz; second, Bargenoch Silver Pet, 32946, Adam Seitz; third, Buntie of Willow Farm, 34435, Wm. Galloway Farms. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Bargenoch Linnie Lindsay, 32947, Adam Seitz; second, Wm. Galloway Farms. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, Cavalier's Violet, Adam Seitz; second, Cava- lier's Bluebell, Adam Seitz; third. Rose Free Trader, 34909, Wm. Galloway. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, Carson Miss Maud, Adam Seitz; second, Daisy, Adam Seitz. Champion Bull Two Years or Over — Imp. Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, Adam Seitz. Champion Bull Under Two Years — Bargenoch Rising Star, 14843, Adam Seitz. Champion Cow Tioo Years or Over — Imp. Barboigh Maggie 10th, (23779), Adam Seitz. Champion Heifer Under Two Years Old — Bargenoch Queen, 32945, Adam Seitz. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Imp. Bargenoch Gay Cavalier, 11981, Adam Seitz. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Imp. Barboigh Maggie 10th, (23779), Adam Seitz. Graded Herd — First, Adam Seitz; second, Wm. Galloway Farms. Young Herd — First, Adam Seitz. Calf Herd — First, Adam Seitz; second, Adam Seitz. Get of Sire — First, Adam Seitz; second, Adam Seitz. Produce of Coic — First, second and third, Adam Seitz. Premier Exhibitor — Adam Seitz. Premier Breeder — Adam Seitz. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 403 BROWN SWISS. EXHIBITORS. Allynhurst Farms, Delavan, Wisconsin; H. W. Ayers, Honey Creek, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge Hugh G. Van Pelt, Waterloo, Iowa. Bull Three Years or Over — First, My-One Boy, 3120, Allynhurst Farms; second, College Master, 2986, H. W. Ayers. Bull Two Years, Under TTiree— First, Zell A., 3508, H. W. Ayers. Bull One Year, Under Two — First, lown Laddie, 3628, Allynhurst Farms; second, Allynhurst Farms; third. Colonel Walker, 3666, H. W. Ayers. Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Casper Brown of Allynhurst, 4077, Allynhurst Farms; second, Showboy of Allynhurst, 4075, Allynhurst Farms; third, Zell G., H. W. Ayers; fourth, Zell H., H. W. Ayers. Coio Four Years or Over — First, Arlene, 2769, Allynhurst Farms; sec- ond, lown of Allynhurst, 3959, Allynhurst Farms; third, Cuma, 2198, H. W. Ayers; fourth, Myone Baby, 3378, Allynhurst Farms. Coto Three Years, Under Four — First, Belle of Grattan, 5144, Allyn- hurst Farms; second. Peach, 4772, H. W. Ayers; third, Myone of Allyn- hurst, 4546, Allynhurst Farms. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Zelma H., 5118, H. W. Ayers; second, Gwennilla of Allynhurst, 4998, Allynhurst Farms; third. Upland Beauty, 5133, H. W. Ayers. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Showgirl of Allynhurst, 5545, Allyn- hurst Farms; second, Zell's Crocus, 5504, H. W. Ayers; third. Coquette of Allynhurst, 5546, Allynhurst Farms. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Miss Colier, 5506, H. W. Ayers; second, Allynhurst Farms. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, lown 4th of Allynhurst, 5895, Allynhurst Farms; second, Zelia, H. W. Ayers; third. Merry Maid of Allynhurst, 5897, Allynhurst Farms. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, Ernetta G., H. W. Ayers. Champion Bull Two Years or Over — My-One Boy, 3120, Allynhurst Farms. Champion Bull Under Tico Years — Casper Brown of Allynhurst, 4075, Allynhurst Farms. 404 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Cliampion Hrown Swiss Cow, Belle of Gratten, Vjy.i, owned by J. P. Allyn, Delaven, Wis. Chamirion Coio Two Years or Over — Belle of Grattan, 5144, Allynhurst Farms. Chamiiion Heifer Under Two Years— Ernetta G., H. W. Ayers. Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — My-One Boy, 3120, Allynhurst Farms. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Belle of Grattan, 5144, Allyn- hurst Farms. Graded Herd — First, Allynhurst Farms; second, H. W. Ayers. Young Herd — First, Allynhurst Farms; second, H. W. Ayers. Calf Herd — First, H. W. Ayers; second, Allynhurst Farms. Get of Sire — First, Allynhurst Farms; second, H. W. Ayers; third, Allynhurst Farms. Produce of Coiv — First, Allynhurst Farms; second, H. W. Ayers; third, Allynhurst Farms. Premier Exhibitor — Allynhurst Farms. SPECIAL PRIZE OFFERED BY THE BROWN SWISS CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Get of Sire — First, Allynhurst Farms; second, H. W. Ayers. DUTCH BELTED. KXHIBITOB, Frank Reed Sanders, Mesa, Arizona. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 405 Judge Axel Hansen, Ames, Iowa. Bull Three Years or Over — First, Chief Coboway, 998. Bull Tioo Years, Under Three — First, Columbia King, 1015. Bull One Year, Under Two — First, Caruso of Rancho, 943. Bull, Senior CaZ/— First, Sutton Girl's Prince, 1012. Bull, Junior Calf — First, Paloma Lad, Vol. II. Cow Four Years or Over — First, Sutton Girl, 1367. Cow Three Years, Under Four — First, Filma's Columbia, 2034. Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Chiquita, 1926. Heifer, Senior Yearling — First, Rose of Columbia, 2036. Heifer, Junior Yearling — First, Melba of the Rancho, 1928. Heifer, Senior Calf — First, Gem of Columbia, 2038. Heifer, Junior Calf — First, Thelma's Mermaid, 2039. Champion Bull Tivo Years or Over — Columbia King, 1015. Champion Bull Under Two Years — Sutton Girl's Prince, 1012. Champion Cow Two Years or Over — Sutton Girl, 1367. Champion Heifer Under Two Years — Gem of Columbia, 2038, Grand Champion Bull, Any Age — Columbia King, 1015. Grand Champion Cow or Heifer, Any Age — Sutton Girl, 1367. Graded Herd — First, Young Herd — First, Get of Sire — First and second. Produce of Coiv — First and second. Premier Exhibitor — First. Premier Breeder — First, FAT SHORT HORNS. (PURE BREDS). exhibitors. Wm. Herkelmann, Elwood, Iowa; L. C. Oloff, Ireton, Iowa; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; W. W. Vaughn, Marion, Iowa; W. A. Wicker- sham, Melbourne, Iowa. Judge T. E. Robson, London, Ont., Canada. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Tivo Years, Under Three — First, Ohio King, C. A. Saunders; second, Luck Bill, Wm. Herkelmann. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year, Under Tivo — First, Rome Bomff, L. C. Oloff; second, Dutch Joe, C. A. Saunders; third. Royal C, C. A. Saunders; fourth, Cumberland, C. A. Saunders. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, C. A. Saunders; second, Harold, L. C. Oloff; third. Sassy Boy, Wm. Herkelmann. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Rome Bomff, L. C. Oloff. Group of Three, Owned hy Exhibitor — First, C. A. Saunders; second, Wm. Herkelmann. 406 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GRADE OR CROSS BRED. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Tears, Under Three — First, Char- ley, C. A. Saunders; second, Joe, C. A. Saunders; third. Sunny Jim, Wm. Herkelmann. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year, Under Tivo — First, Snow Ball, L. C. Oloff; second, Spot, C. A. Saunders; third, Cumberland's Model, C. A. Saunders; fourth, George, C. A. Saunders. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, Roan Baby, W. A. Wickersham; second, Billy, C. A. Saunders; third, Jack, W. W. Vaughn; fourth, John, C. A. Saunders. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Roan Baby, W. A. Wicker- sham. Group of Three, Owned by Exhibitor — First and second, C. A. Saunders. FAT HEREFORD. (PURE BRED). EXHIBITORS. E. M. Cassady, Whiting, Iowa; 0. S. Gibbons and Son, Atlantic, Iowa; O. Harris, Harris, Missouri; Robt. H. Hazlett, Eldorado, Kansas; Cyrus A. Tow, Norway, Iowa. Judge Chas. Escher, Jr., Botna, Iowa. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Tioo Years, Under Three — First, Cyrus A. Tow; second, E. M. Cassady. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year, Under Two — First, Cyrus A. Tow; second, O. Harris; third, E. M. Cassady; fourth, E. M. Cassady. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, E. M. Cassady; second, Cyrus A. Tow. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Cyrus A. Tow. Group of Three Owned by Exhibitor — First, Cyrus A. Tow. (GRADE OR CROSS BRED). Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Ttvo Years, Under Three — First, Cyrus A. Tow. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year, Under Two — First, Cyrus A. Tow; second, O. S. Gibbons and Son; third, E. M. Cassady. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, O. S. Gibbons and Son; second, Cyrus A. Tow. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Cyrus A. Tow. Group of Three Owned by Exhibitor — First, Cyrus A. Tow. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 407 FAT ABERDEEN ANGUS. (PURE BRED). EXHIBITORS. R. M. Anderson & Sons, Newell, Iowa; W. F. Desenberg, Norwalk, Iowa; Jno. Krambeck, Marne, Iowa; E. G. Miller, Melbourne, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; Carl A. Rosenfeld, Kelley, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge E. T. Davis, Iowa City, la. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Tico Years, Under Three — First, Black- ward's Knight 3rd, 1817, W. J. Miller. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year, Under Tico — First, Riverdale Perfection, R. M. Anderson & Sons; second. Black Bloom 2nd, 1816, W. J. Miller. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Blackward's Knight 3rd, 1817, W. J. Miller. (GRADE OR CROSS BRED). Steer. Spayed or Martin Heifer Two Years, Under Three — First, Black Mist, Carl A. Rosenfeld; second. Wild Tom, W. J. Miller. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer One Year, Under Two — First, Rollicker, Carl A. Rosenfeld; second. Prize, Jno. Krambeck; third. Cherry Bill, W. J. Miller. Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Gay Prince, W. J. Miller. Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Black Mist, Carl A. Rosen- feld. Group of Three Owned hy Exhibitor — First, Carl A. Rosenfeld. (PURE BREDS, GRADES AND CROSS BREDS). Grand Champion — Black Mist, Carl A. Rosenfeld. Grand Champion Group — Carl A. Rosenfeld. SWINE DEPARTMENT. Superintendent R. S. Johnston, Columbus, Junction, la. POLAND CHINAS. EXHIBITORS. F. W. Akers, Laurel, Iowa; A. J. Banks, Montour, Iowa; E. S. Barker, Doon, Iowa; R. R. Blake, Waukee, Iowa; L. C. Burford & Sons, Monticello, Iowa; H. H. Diers, St. Olaf, Iowa; M. A. Dowling & Son, Reasnor, Iowa; J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa; S. Fleming, Stuart, Iowa; Fred C. Hassler, Manning, Iowa; Henry Bros. Co., Sheldon, Iowa; Mrs. Ermile Hunt, Carlisle, Iowa; A. Kool, Cordova, Iowa; Joe Kramer, Elkader, 408 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Iowa; P. B. Lake, Moscow, Iowa; Wm. Lentz, Ankeny, Iowa; G. F. Marshall & Son, Monroe, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; J. E. Meharry, Tolono, Illinois; C. W. Overton, Knoxville, Iowa; D. H. Paul, Laurel, Iowa; F. G. Paul, Marshalltown, Iowa; J. L. Risley, Ames, Iowa; F. J. Sexsmith, Orient, Iowa; Mark I. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa; M. Shivers, Knoxville, Iowa; J. M. Stewarti, Ainsworth, Iowa; W. Z. Swallow, Waukee, Iowa; Whiting Farm, Whiting, Iowa; E. C. Wilson, West Liberty, Iowa; W. L. Wiley, Menlo, Iowa; P. W. Young, Proper, Minnesota. Judge Lloyd Mugg, Kokomo, Ind. Boar Tivo Years or Over — First, Sultan, 19659, J. E. Meharry; second, Chief Price I Am, 202471, M. Shivers; third, L's Big Bone, 196615, R. R. Blake; fourth. Big Bone's Wonder, 181753, F. G. Paul; fifth, Woodrow Wilson, A. J. Banks; sixth. Big Orient, 188745, F. J. Sexsmith. Boar Eighteen Months Under Two Years — First, Imperator, 205205, J. E. Meharry; second, Win On, 191519, Joe Kramer; third, Dorr's King, 204769, J. L. Risley. Boar One Year Under Eighteen lfoni7^s— First, Black Big Knox, 203355, Isaac Overton; second. Master's Giant, 190781, R. W. Young; third, Mabel's Giant, 190779, Whiting Farm; fourth. Miss T. R.'s A. Wonder, 198989, W. Z. Swallow; fifth, F. G. Paul; sixth. Darkness Model, 198211, J. E. Meharry. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Banker Perfection, 203937, J. E. Meharry; second, Expansion King, 197351, E. S. Barker; third, Columbia A. Wonder 8th, 203473, W. Z. Swallow; fourth, M. S. Chief Price 2nd, M. Shivers; fifth, Columbia Price, M. Shivers; sixth, D. H. Paul; seventh, Big Dude, F. G. Paul. Boar Under Six Months — First, E. C. Wilson; second, E. C. Wilson; third, J. E. Meharry; fourth, J. A. Mason; fifth, C. N. Overton; sixth, Isaac Overton; seventh, J. M. Stewart. Sow Two Years or Over — First, Louise Model 2nd, 454494, J. E. Me- harry; second, Pansy 2nd, 452022, J. M. Stewart; third, Whiting Farm Lady 1st, 454290, Whiting Farm; fourth, Vala Spellbinder 7th, 453980, Joe Kramer; fifth. Long Belle, 482418, D. H. Paul; sixth, Esher's Stand- ard, 137418, Fred C. Hassler. Sotv Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Rose 2nd, J. E. Me- harry; second, Darkness Royal 2nd, J. E. Meharry; third, D. H. Paul; fourth, Mastodon's Modesty, 453710, F. G. Paul; fifth. New Lady Perfec- tion, Joe Kramer; sixth, Mastoden May, 482666, F. G. Paul; seventh. Orphan Maid 1st, 160623, Fred C. Hassler. Sotv One Year, Under Eighteen Months— First, Princess Model, 474384, J. E. Meharry; second, Bashful Model 2nd, 458666, J. E. Meharry; third, Jessie Expansion, 452740, E. S. Barker; fourth, Jessie's Pet, 452716, E. S. Barker; fifth, Iowa Queen, 482662, F. G. Paul; sixth. Futurity Belle, 453982, Joe Kramer; seventh, Modesty's Lady 1st, 453716, F. G. Paul. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Florence, 480734, J. E. Me- harry; second. Queen Hi, 481776, E. S. Barker; third, Harriett, 480736, J. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 409 E. Meharry; fourth, Miss Keepsake 1st, 482428, D. H. Paul; fifth, Jessie's Pride, 481794, E. S. Barker; sixth, D. H. Paul; seventh, Long Giantess, F. W. Akers. Sow Under Six Months^First, J. M. Stewart; second, E. S. Barker; third, Mrs. Ermile Hunt; fourth, J. A. Mason; fifth, E. C. Wilson; sixth, E. S. Barker; seventh, K. Perfection Lady, Joe Kramer. Senior Champion Boar One Year or Over— Sultan, 19659, J. E. Meharry. Junior Champion Boar Under One Year — Banker Perfection, 203937, J. E. Meharry. Senior Champion Soiv One Year or Over — Louise Model 2nd, 454494, J. E. Meharry. Junior Champion Sow Under One Year— Florence, 480734, J. E. Meharry. Grand Champion Poland China Boar, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, owned by J. E. Meliarry, Tolono, 111. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — Sultan, 19659, J. E. Meharry. Grand Champion Soiv, Any Ag^e— Louise Model 2nd, 454494, J. E. Me- harry. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year— First, J. E. Meharry; second, J. E. Meharry; third, F. G. Paul; fourth, D. H. Paul; fifth, Joe Kramer; sixth, J. L. Risley. Boar and Three Soics Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, J. E. Meharry; second, J. E. Meharry; third, F. G. Paul; fourth, D. H. Paul; fifth, Joe Kramer; sixth, J. L. Risley. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, J. E. Meharry; second, E. S. Barker; third, D. H. Paul; fourth, J. A. Mason; fifth, M. Shivers; sixth, M. Shivers; seventh, R. R. Blake. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, J. E. Meharry; second, E. S. Barker; third, D. H. Paul; fourth, J. A. Mason; fifth, M, Shivers; sixth, M. Shivers; seventh, R. R. Blake. 410 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Get of Sire — First, J. E. Meharry; second, J. E. Meharry; third, F. G. Paul; fourth, J. A. Mason; fifth, E. S. Barlter; sixth, D. H. Paul, seventh, M. Shivers. Produce of Sotc — First, J. E. Meharry; second, J. E. Meharry; third, E. C. Wilson; fourth, F. G. Paul; fifth, E. S. Barker; sixth, J. A. Mason; seventh, M. Shivers. POLAND CHINA FUTURITIES. (SPRING PIGS). Boar Pigs — First, E. C. Wilson; second, E. C. Wilson; third, J. A. Mason; fourth, D. H. Paul; fifth, Isaac Overton; sixth, C. W. Overton; seventh, E. S. Barker; eighth, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Soto Pigs — First, J. M. Stuart; second, E. S. Barker; third, J. A. Ma- son; fourth, J. A. Mason; fifth, E. C. Wilson; sixth, E. S. Barker; sev- enth, Whiting Farm; eighth, J. M. Stewart. Litters — First, E. C. Wilson; second, J: A. Mason; third, E. S. Barker; fourth, J. M. Stewart; fifth, R. R. Blake; sixth, D. H. Paul; seventh, J. S. Fawcett & Sons; eighth, E. S. Barker. YEARLINGS. Boars — First, R. W. Young; second. Whiting Farm; third, W. Z. Swallow; fourth, F. G. Paul; fifth, D. H. Paul; sixth, R. R. Blake. Sows — First, E. S. Barker; second, E. S. Barker; third, F. G. Paul; fourth, F. G. Paul; fifth, D. H. Paul; sixth, F. W. Akers. PALL PIGS. Boars — First, E. S. Barker; second, W. Z. Swallow; third, D. H. Paul; fourth, J. A. Mason; fifth, F. G. Paul. Soivs— First, D. H. Paul; second, E. S. Barker; third, D. H. Paul; fourth, E. S. Barker; fifth, F. W. Akers. DUROC JERSEY. EXHIBITORS. A. P. Alsin, Boone, Iowa; Ashby, Hockett & Gardner, Audubon, Iowa; Lester Barton, Blair, Nebraska; E. A. Bonham, Mackburg, Iowa; R. W. Brearley, Lake City, Iowa; H. I. Branson, West Branch, Iowa; H. E. Browning, Hersman, Illinois; F. B. Butterfield, Ankeny, Iowa; M. C. Cra- mer, Monroe, Iowa; Arthur Dearinger, Reasnor, Iowa; H. H. Diers, St. Olaf, Iowa; Economy Stock Farm, Shenandoah, Iowa; J, S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa; Geo. Gawley, Irwin, Iowa; S. P. Freed, Ames, Iowa; J. W. Grinstead, Mitchellville, Iowa; J. E. Hammer, Paton, Iowa; Hanks & Bishop, New London, Iowa; R. J. Harding, Macedonia, Iowa; P. B. Lake, Moscow, Iowa; A. E. Long, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa; Grant Lynn, Spirit Lake, Iowa; R. G. McDuff, Monroe, Iowa; B. C. Marts, Hampton, Iowa; Howard R. Moore, Dexter, Iowa; D. Nauman, West Liberty, Iowa; H. C. Nichols, West Liberty, Iowa; O. E. Osborn, Weston, Iowa; W. B. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa; Chas. J. Shepard, Muscatine, Iowa; H. B. Staples, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 411 Lake City, Iowa; S. W. Stewart & Sons, Kennard, Nebraska; John Thomp- son, Lake City, Iowa; C. O. Thornburg, Pleasantville, Iowa; Waltemeyer Bros., Melbourne, Iowa; C. A. Warrick, Blair, Nebraska; Grant White, Afton, Iowa; Hosea Wilson, Blair, Nebraska; I. J. Wilson, West Branch, Iowa. Judge A. J. Lovejoy, Roscow, 111. Boar Two Years or Over — First, High Model, 125953, Waltemeyer Bros.; second, Disturber, 43639n, H. E. Browning; third. Golden Prince, 125991, John Thompson; fourth. Col. Sensation, 98291, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner; fifth. Golden Model 31st, 125947, Waltemeyer Bros.; sixth. Evergreen Prince, 99853, Grant Lynn; seventh, Nora's Wonder, 86679, George Gawley. Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Big Wonder, 125591, O. R. Stevens; second. Colonel Crimson, 128397n, H. E. Browning; third, Tormenter, 14883, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth, Chief's Col. 30th, 129879n, H. E. Browning. Boar One Year, TJnder Eighteen Months — First, King Gano, 133111, O. E. Osborn; second, I Am Golden Model 2nd, 133821, Waltemeyer Bros.; third, George Gawley; fourth. Golden Model 34th, 141023, Waltemeyer Bros.; fifth, Future Fame, 45171, Economy Stock Farm; sixth, R. J.'s Wonder, 131629, R. J. Harding; seventh, Wonder's Model, 140999, Hanks and Bishop. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, H. E. Browning; second. Ma's Model, 140895, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner; third. Chief's Model 3rd, 141019, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth, R. G.'s Giant Wonder, 140997, R. G. McDuff; fifth, Nora's Col. 140893, George Gawley; sixth, H. H. Diers. Boar Under Six Months — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, D. Nau- man; third, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth, D. Nauman; fifth, Chas. J. Shep- ard; sixth, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Sow Two Years or Over — First, Robert's Model, 362130, R. J. Harding; second, Miss Flora II, 80256-a, H. E. Browning; third, W. B.'s Queen, 256856, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth. Bell's Model, 94466-a, 323856-n, Hanks and Bishop; fifth, George Gawley; sixth, Queen Wonder, 323826, Walte- meyer Bros.; seventh, Kant's Queen, 326108, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Wild Eyes, 323836, Waltemeyer Bros.; second, Helen Blazes 53rd, 362656-n, H. E. Browning; third, Lucy A., 323852-n, 94464-a, Hanks and Bishop; fourth, Tattle Tale, 362436-n, H. E. Browning; fifth, Col.'s Best, 362280, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner; sixth, Wild Eyes 2nd, 341890, Waltemeyer Bros.; seventh. Economy Fame, 362400, Economy Farm. Soio One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Tattle Tale 23rd, 362654n, H. E. Browning; second, Tattle Tale 3rd, 362652n, H. E. Brown- ing; third. Wild Eyes 4th, 341884, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth, George Gawley; fifth. Ideal Queen, 362282, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner; sixth. Ideal Queen 2nd, 362284, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner; seventh. Sunshine's Star, 362132, R. J. Harding. Sow Six Months, Under One Year— First, Tattle Tale 37th, 362648n, H. E. Browning; second. Tattle Tale 38th, 362650n, H. E. Browning; third. 412 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Queen Blazes, 362600, Economy Stock Farm; fourth, Dolly Dimple, 362174n, 106938a, Hanks and Bishop; fifth, Ruby Lady, 361026, Grant Lynn; sixth,. Golden Queen 36th, 362578, Waltemeyer Bros.; seventh. Golden Queen 37th, 362580, Waltemeyer Bros. Soto Under Six Months — First, D. Nauman; second, Hosea Wilson; third, Hosea Wilson; fourth, D. Nauman; fifth, Waltemeyer Bros.; sixth, Waltemeyer Bros.; seventh, J. C. Hammer. Senior Champion Boar One Year Old or Over — Big Wonder, 125591, O. R. Stevens. Junior Champion Boar, Under One Year — Col. Crimson, 1283972, H. E. Browning. Senior Champion Sow One Year Old or Over — Waltemeyer Bros. Junior Champion Sow Under One Year — H. E. Browning. Grand Champion Duroc Boar, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, owned by O. R. Stevens, Rippey, Iowa. Grand Champion Boar Any Age — Big Wonder, 125591, O. R. Stevens. Grand Champion Sow Any Age — Waltemeyer Bros. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Waltemeyer Bros.; sec- ond, H. E. Browning; third, H. E. Browning; fourth, Waltemeyer Bros.; fifth, George Gawley; sixth, R. J. Harding; seventh. Hanks & Bishop. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred "by Exhibitor — First, Walte- meyer Bros.; second, H. E. Browning; third, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth. Hanks & Bishop; fifth. Economy Stock Farm; sixth, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner. Boar and Three Soivs Under One Year — First, H. E. Browning; second,. Wa)«^emeyer Bros.; third, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner; fourth. Economy Stock Farm; fifth, Hanks and Bishop; sixth. Grant Lynn; seventh, Walte- meyer Bros. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 413 Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, H. E. Browning; second, Waltemeyer Bros.; third, Ashby, Hockett & Gard- ner; fourtli, Economy Stock Farm; fifth, Hanks and Bishop; sixth, Grant Lynn; seventh, Waltemeyer Bros. Get of Sire — First, H. E. Browning; second, Waltemeyer Bros.; third, Waltemeyer Bros.; fourth, George Gawley; fifth. Hanks and Bishop; sixth, R. J. Harding; seventh, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner. Produce of Sow — First, H. E. Browning; second, Waltemeyer Bros.; third, R. J. Harding; fourth, Ashby, Hockett & Gardner; fifth, Geo. Gaw- ley; sixth. Economy Stock Farm; seventh. Hanks and Bishop. SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE NATIONAL DUROC JERSEY RECORD ASSOCIATION. Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor— First, Walte- meyer Bros.; second, Hanks and Bishop; third, Economy Stock Farm. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Walte- meyer Bros. SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN DUROC JERSEY SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. Best Dtiroc Jersey Herd Under One Year Old — First, Waltemeyer Bros. ; second, Hanks and Bishop; third, R. J. Harding. Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year, Bred and Oioned by Exhibitor — First, Waltemeyer Bros.; second, H. E. Browning. Boar and Three Soivs Under One Year, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — First, H. E. Browning; second, Waltemeyer Bros. CHESTER WHITES. EXHIBITOBS. Mr. Alden Anderson, Ellsworth, Iowa; B. M. Boyer & Sons, Farmington, Iowa; Raymond E. Brown, Dow City, Iowa; Reed Crawford, Liberty ville, Iowa; J. L. Dickerson, Knoxville, Iowa; W. H. Dunbar, Jefferson, Iowa; G. L. Emmert & Sons, Mason City, Iowa; R. F. Fantz, New Hampton, Iowa; Thos. F. Kent, Walnut, Iowa; J. H. Lachmiller, Webster City, Iowa; Geo. A. Lasley, Selma, Iowa; Will Michael, Selma, Iowa; E. L. Nagel, Deep River, Iowa; John Noel, Worthing, S. Dakota; J. T. Perry, Selma, Iowa; F. M. Person, Altoona, Iowa; A. B. Somerville, Monroe, Iowa; Arthur Spear, Wellman, Iowa; J. L. Stiffsworth, Knoxville, Iowa; Jas. F. Walcott, Monroe, Iowa; E. L. Waring, Reasnor, Iowa; Wm. Whitted, Monroe, Iowa; P. H. Sheridan, Vail, Iowa. AWABDS. Judge Wm. A. HoovEti, Oskaloosa, Iowa. Boar Two Years or Over — First, Frank, 21957, A. B. Somerville; sec- ond. Col. Evans, 21623, E. L. Nagle & Son;- third. Modeler S., 19629, Arthur Spear; fourth. Combination, 22051, Thos. F. Kent; fifth. Chief Select, 21105, Alden Anderson; sixth, Kent's Promoter, 24009, Thos. F. Kent. 414 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Chief OK, 23985, R. F. Fantz; second. Wonder 2nd, 22667, J. H. Lachmiller; third, High- lander, 20747, Arthur Sjjear. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, White Giant, 24037, A. B. Somerville; second. First Choice, 23987, W. M. Fantz & Son; third, Sure Sign, Alden Anderson; fourth, Iowa Prince, 24013, Thos. F. Kent; fifth, Wonder Equal, 24035, A. B. Somerville; sixth. Ranger, 53700, P. H. Sheridan; seventh, Hoover's Wonder, 23635, Arthur Spear. Boar Six Months, Under One Year— First, Chief of All, 23867, Alden Anderson; second, Emmerts Masterpiece, 23755, G. L. Emmert & Sons; third, Woodrow Wilson, 24017, Arthur Spear; fourth. Western Winner, 24085, P. H. Sheridan; fifth, Model Goods, 23981, R. F. Fantz; sixth, Bellair, 16969, E. L. Nagle & Son; seventh, O. K. Ladd, 23749, G. L. Emmert & Sons. Boar Under Six Months — First, Wright You Are, E. L. Nagle & Son; second, A. B. Sommerville; third, Thos. F. Kent; fourth, Thos. F. Kent; fifth, Geo. A. Lasley; sixth, Raymond E. Brown; seventh, W. H. Dunbar. Soio Tico Years or Over — First, Kent's Kind, 48888, Thos. F. Kent; second, Iowa Delight, 45936, Thos. F. Kent; third. Peach Bad 0. K. 29418, G. L. Emmert & Sons; fourth, Grace E. 48868, W. H. Dunbar; fifth. Autumn Star, 49028, Alden Anderson; sixth, Idelia, 24842, R. F. Fantz; seventh. White Beauty, 31306, Arthur Spear. Soiv Eighteen Months, Under Tivo Years — First, Myrtle B., 49152, Alden Anderson; second, Iowa Favorite, 48882, Thos. F. Kent; third. Queen of All, 28018, E. L. Nagle & Son; fourth, Snow Queen, 51788, R. F. Fantz; fifth. Maid, 53424, W. M. Fantz & Son; sixth, Rowena O. K., 31496, Arthur Spear. Sotv One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Hazel, 53198, G. L. Emmert & Sons; second, Miss Perfection, 53244, Alden Anderson; third, Maud S., 53426, R. F. Fantz; fourth. Big Mary, 51836, W. M. Fantz; fifth, Kent's Beauty, 53538, Thos. F. Kent; sixth, Sheridan's Pride, 53700, P. H. Sheridan; seventh, Silver Lake, 52366, W. H. Dunbar. Soio Six Months, Under One Year — First, R. E.'s Choice, 53218, Ray- mond E. Brown; second, Anabell, 28430, E. L. Nagle & Son; third, Dunlap Lassie, 53220, Raymond E. Brown; fourth, Ruth, 53632, Will Michael; fifth, Viola's Secret, 53238, Alden Anderson; sixth, Kent's Pearl, 53542, Thos. F, Kent; seventh, Labell, 28432, E. L. Nagle & Son. So^v Under Six Months — First, Flossie, E. L. Nagle & Son; second, Raymond E. Brown; third, J. L. Dickerson; fourth, W. H. Dunbar; fifth, Raymond E. Brown; sixth, J. L. Dickerson; seventh, R. F. Fantz. Senior Champion Boar One Year Old or Over — A. B. Sommerville. Junior Champion Boar Under One Year — Chief of All, Alden Anderson. Senior Champion Soio One Year Old or Over — Thos. F. Kent. Junior Champion Soiv Under One Year — R. E.'s Choice, R. E. Brown. Grand Champion Boar Any Age — A. B. Sommerville. Grand Champion Sow Any Age — Thomas F. Kent. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Thos. F, Kent; second, Alden Anderson; third, F. R. Fantz; fourth, Arthur Spear. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 415 Prize Winning Cliester White Sow, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred 'by Exhibitor — First, Thos. F. Kent; second, Alden Anderson; third, R. F. Fantz; fourth, Arthur Spear. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, E. L. Nagle & Son; second, Alden Anderson; third, Artliur Spear; fourth, Raymond E. Brown; fifth, R. F. Fantz; sixth, J. L. Dickerson. Boar and Three Sotvs Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, E. L. Nagle & Son; second, Alden Anderson; third, Arthur Spear; fourth, Raymond E. Brown; fifth, R. F. Fantz; sixth, J. L. Dickerson; seventh, Thos. F. Kent. Get of Sire — First, Thos. F. Kent; second, E. L. Nagle & Son; third, Alden Anderson; fourth, Raymond E. Brown; fifth, Arthur Spear; sixth, Arthur Spear. Produce of Sow — First, E. L. Nagle & Son; second, Alden Anderson; third, Raymond E. Brown; fourth, Arthur Spear; fifth, A. B. Sommer- ville; sixth, Thos. F. Kent; seventh, R. F. Fantz. BERKSHIRES. EXHIBITORS. Nelle Fabyan, Geneva, Illinois; A. G. Forsbeck, Gray, Iowa; C. B. Grimes, Winnebago, Minnesota; lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa; Or- lando Jacobs, New London, Iowa. 416 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AWAEDS. Judge N. E. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo. Boar Two Years or Over — First, Jewell Duke B., 161391, A. G. Fors- beck; second, Baron Premier 102nd, 172300, lowana Farms; third. High- wood Rival, 152606, C. B. Grimes. Boar Eighteen Months, Under Tivo Years — First, King of Riverbank, 178304, Nelle Fabyan. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Rival's lowana Baron 2nd, 172536, lowana Farms; second, Rival's lowana Baron 4th, 172538, lowana Farms; third, King Balder II, 178671, A. G. Forsbeck; fourth. Premier Queen's Master, 165471, Orlando Jacobs; fifth. Rival's Booster, C. B. Grimes. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, lowana Majesty, 179272, lowana Farms; second, Ames Rival 36th, 176400, lowana Farms; third, Peter the Great 3rd, 178679, A. G. Forsbeck; fourth. Duke's Defender 3rd, 178678, A. G. Forsbeck. Boar Under Six Months — First, A. G. Forsbeck; second, C. G. Grimes; third, C. B. Grimes. Sow Two Years or Over — First, Rival Lady 33rd, 152787, lowana Farms; second, Raven wod Duchess, 152877, lowana Farms; third. Baron- ess Oxford B., 158384, A. G. Forsbeck. Sotv Eighteen Months, Under Tivo Years — First, Queen of Riverbank, 178307, Nelle Fabyan; second, Longfellow Duchess Premier 4th, 166607, lowana Farms; third, Rookwood Lady 52nd, 178074, lowana Farms; fourth. Lustre's Lady Julia, 170524, Orlando Jacobs. Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Black Diamond 10th, 169147, A. G. Forsbeck; second. Rival's Jewell 7th, 166656, lowana Farms; third. Rival's Jewell 2nd, 166659, lowana Farms; fourth, Rook- wood Laurel 17th, 178894, C. B. Grimes; fifth, Rookwood Laurel 18th, 178895, C. B. Grimes. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Her Ladyship, 178309, Nelle Fabyan; second. Baroness Oxford C, 178680, A. G. Forsbeck; third, lowana Matchless Lady, 179267, lowana Farms; fourth, lowana Peace- ful 2nd, 179237, lowana Farms. Sow Under Six Months — First, A. G. Forsbeck; second, C. B. Grimes. Senior Champion Boar — lowana Baron II, lowana Farms. Junior Champion Boar — Majestic Boy, lowana Farms. Senior Champion Sow — Rival Lady 33rd, lowana Farms. Junior Champion Sow — Her Ladyship, Nelle Fabyan. Grand Champion Boar — lowana Baron II, lowana Farms. Grand Champion Sow — Rival Lady 33rd, lowana Farms. Boar and Three Soios Over One Year — First, lowana Farms; second, Nelle Fabyan; third, C. B. Grimes. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, C. B. Grimes. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, lowana Farms; sec- ond, A. G. Forsbeck. Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, lowana Farms; second, A. G. Forsbeck. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 417 Grand Champion Berkshire Sow. Rival Lady. 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposi- tion, lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa. Get of Sire — First, lowana Farms; second, Nelle Fabyan; third, C. B. Grimes; fourtli, A. G. Forsbeck. Produce of Sow— First, Nelle Fabyan; second, lowana Farms; third, A. G. Forsbeck. SPECIALS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN BERKSHIRE ASSOCIATION. Best Herd — First, lowana Farms; second, A. G. Forsbeck. HAMPSHIRES. EXHIBITORS. J. E. Beckendorf, Walnut, Iowa; W. J. Brinigar, Blythedale, Missouri; C. A. Brook, Washington, Iowa; Cary Fleagins, Bussey, Iowa; Isom J. Martin, Lancaster, Missouri; Clayton Messenger, Keswick, Iowa; J. H. Nissen, Lyons, Iowa; Saltone Stock Farm, Greensburg, Indiana; John Viggers, Eldora, Iowa; Russell Yates, Palo, Iowa; Roy E. Fisher, Winside, Nebraska. AWAKDS. Judge Wilson Rowe. Davenport, Iowa. Boar Ttvo Years or Over — First, Messenger Boy, 6179, Clayton Messen- ger; second, Longfellow, 3191, Saltone Stock Farm; third, Dudie, 7847, J. H. Nissen; fourth, Monticello King, 5633, John W. Vigars; fifth. Lad for Me, 4685, J. E. Beckendorf; sixth, Roy E. Fisher; seventh, Husky, Cary Flagins. 27 418 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Boar Eighteen Months, Under Tivo Years — First, Sweet Henry, J. E. Beckendorf; second, Teddy B. 2d, 13027, W. J. Brinigar; third, Eddie Mac, 10661, Clayton Messenger; fourth, Jupiter, 14623, Russell Yates; fifth, Danube III, Roy E. Fisher; sixth, Eddie, 10835, Gary Flagins. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Lancaster Duke, 11153, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; second, Brookview Prince, 11155, Russell Yates; third, Walter J., 10859, Clayton Messenger; fourth, Sunny Jim, 10861, Clayton Messenger; fifth, Compeer of Walnut, 19550, J. E. Beckendorf; sixth, Joe Lain, 15801, J. H. Nissen; seventh. Disturber, 15279, John W. Vigars. Boar Six Months, Under one Year — First, Sam Allen, 15671, Saltone Stock Farm; second, Pioneer Boy, 10657, Clayton Messenger; third, Blythe- dale Lad 3d, 15783, W. J. Brinigar; fourth, Palo Boy, 14805, Russell Yates; fifth, Billie, 15797, J. H. Nissen; sixth. Emblem, Roy E. Fisher; seventh, Woodrow Wilson, 14747, Cary Flagins. Boar Under Six Months — First, Billy Holder, 15367, Clayton Messenger; second, Dudies Count, 15793, J. H. Nissen; third. Signet Over II, Saltone Stock Farm; fourth, Messenger's Choice, 15791, J. H. Nissen; fifth, J. E. Beckendorf; sixth, Isom J. Martin; seventh. Kirk Anthony, 11381, C. A. Brook. Sow Two Years or Over — First, Pearl's Choice, 12870, Saltone Stock Farm; second, Blythedale Princess, 5266, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; third. Miss Scott, 13672, Clayton Messenger; fourth, Lena Mc C, 9518, J. E. Beckendorf; sixth, Bon Bon, Roy E. Fisher; seventh, Minnie, 21080, John J. Vigars. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Tioo Years — First, Pride of Broadview, 28566, Saltone Stock Farm; second, Salome, 19152, Clayton Messenger; third. Western Belle, 19154, Clayton Messenger; fourth, Crestline Princess, Roy E. Fisher; fifth, Miss Fancy 2d, 24044, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; sixth, Lady Palo, 26762, Russell Yates; seventh, Bessie Burke, 19158, Saltone Stock Farm. Sow One Year, Under Eighteen Moyiths — First, Miss Beauty 2d, 20154, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; second, Sadie, 19352, Saltone Stock Farm; third. Lady Allen, 18924, C. A. Brook; fourth, Marie, 19424, Clayton Mes- senger; fifth. Lady Allen 2d, 18926, C. A. Brook; sixth. Miss Saltone, 18702, Saltone Stock Farm; seventh, Fisher's Queen III, Roy E. Fisher. Soiv Six Months, Under One Year — First, Lady Over, 28704, Saltone Stock Farm; second, Hampshire Lass, 28496, Roy E. Fisher; third, Blythe- dale Lass, 28904, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; fourth, Lucy Over, 28710, Sal- tone Stock Farm; fifth, Lady Courtland, 26458, C. A. Brooks; sixth, Evelyn, 28668, Clayton Messenger; seventh. Lady Courtland 2d, 26400, C. A. Brook. Sow Under Six Months — First, Gertrudis, 26450, C. A. Brook; second, Gertrudis 2d, 36452, C. A. Brooks; third, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; fourth, Saltone Stock Farm; fifth, Saltone Stock Farm; sixth, Maude McKee, 28128, Clayton Messenger; seventh, Laura, 28132, Clayton Messenger. Senior Champion Boar One Year or Over — Messenger Boy, Clayton Messenger. Junior Chaminon Boar, Under One Year — Sam Allen, Saltone Stock Farm. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 419 Senior Chaminon Sow, One Year or Over — Pearle Choice, Saltone Stock Farm. Junior Cliampion Soio, Under one Year — Lady Over, Saltone Stock Farm, Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — Messenger Boy, Clayton Messenger. Grand Champion Soio, Any Age — Pearl's Choice, Saltone Stock Farm. Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year — First, Saltone Stock Farm; sec- ond, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; third, Clayton Messenger; fourth, C. A. Brook, fifth, Clayton Messenger; sixth, Roy E. Fisher. Boar- and Three Soios Over One Year, Bred hy ExhiMtor — First, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; second, Clayton Messenger; third, Clayton Messenger; fourth, Roy E. Fisher; fifth, Roy E. Fisher. Boar and Three Soivs, Under One Year — First, Saltone Stock Farm; second, Roy E. Fisher; third, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; fourth, Clayton Messenger; fifth, J. H. Nissen; sixth, C. A. Brook; seventh, C. A. Brook. Boar and Three Soics, Under One Year, Bred 'by ExhiMtor — First, Sal- tone Stock Farm; second, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; third, Clayton Messen- ger; fourth, J. H. Nissen; fifth, C. A. Brook; sixth, Isom J. Martin; sev- enth, Clayton Messenger. Get of Sire — First, Saltone Stock Farm; second, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; third, Clayton Messenger; fourth, J. H. Nissen; fifth, C. A. Brook; sixth, Roy E. Fisher; seventh, Isom J. Martin. Produce of Sow — First, Saltone Stock Farm; second, W. J. Brinigar & Sons; third, Clayton Messenger; fourth, J. H. Nissen; fifth, C. A. Brook; sixth, Roy E. Fisher; seventh, Isom J. Martin. LARGE YORKSHIRES. EXHIBITORS. F. M. Buck, LaPorte, Indiana; B. P. Kunkle, Redfield, Iowa; T. I. Man- ley, Guthrie Center, Iowa; B. F. Davidson, Menlo, Iowa. Judge C. C. Roup, Kalona, Iowa. Boar Ttvo Years or Over — Fir.st, Dan D. Stuff, 171.35, T. I. Manley; sec- ond. Lake Park Navigator, 12161, B. F. Kunkle. Boar Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Oak Grove Royal, 16412, B. F. Kunkle; second. Lake Park Dude, 16588, F. M. Buck. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Lake Park Eventop 12, 16820, B. F. Davidson; second. Oak Dale Lad 3d, 16688, F. M. Buck; third. Oak Grove Ladd 5th, 17462, B. F. Kunkle; fourth, Oak Grove Lad 6th, 17463, B. F. Kunkle; fifth, Prairie Chancellor 3d, 17183, F. M. Buck. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Oak Grove Ladd 7th, 17469, B. F. Kunkle; second. Oak Grove Ladd 8th, 17470, B. F. Kunkle; third, Prairie Lea Bob, 18267, F. M. Buck; fourth. Right Stuff, 18244, T. I. Man- ley; fifth, Mondamin Gem's Pride 3d, 18271, F. M. Buck. Boar, Under Six Months — First, Dear Creek Meddler 1st, B. F. David- son; second. Oak Grove Rex, 12th, B. F. Kunkle; third, F. M. Buck; fourth. Oak Grove Ladd 10th, B. F. Kunkle; fifth. Deer Creek Sunlight 2d, B. F. Davidson; sixth, F. M. Buck. 420 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Soio Two Years or Over — First, Deer Creek Martha 10th, 14977, B. F. Kunkle; second, Deer Creek Topsy Queen 1st, 15648, B. F. Davidson; sixth, Prairie Gem, 12679, P. M. Buck. Soto Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Oak Grove Model 4th, 16410, B. F. Kunkle; second. Lake Park Augustine, III, 16587, F. M. Buck. Soto One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Oak Park Model 10th, 17464, B. F. Kunkle; second, Mondamin Gem 3d, 17179, F. M. Buck; third. Oak Park Model 11th, 17465, B. P. Kunkle; fourth. Fan C. Stuff, 18246, T. I. Manley; fifth. Gem of the Lea 3d, 17353, F. M. Buck. Sow Six Months, Under One Year — First, Oak Park Pearl, 17467, B. F. Kunkle; second, Oak Park Pearl 2d, 17468, B. F. Kunkle; third. Pride's Gem, 18270, F. M. Buck; fourth. Fan C. Stuff, 18245, T. I. Manley; fifth, Prairie Lea Augustine, 18268, F. M. Buck. Sow, Under Six Months — First, Deer Creek Nema 1st, B. F. Davidson; second. Deer Creek Nema 2d, B. F. Davidson; third, Oak Park Pearl 4th, B. F. Kunkle; fourth, F. M. Buck; fifth, Oak Park Pearl 5th, B. F. Kunkle; sixth, F. M. Buck. Senior Champion Boar, One Year Old or Over — Dan D. Stuff, T. I. Manley. Junior Chamjnon Boar, Under One Year — Oak Grove Ladd VII, B. F. Kunkle. Senior Champion Soio, One Year Old or Over — Deer Creek Martha V, B. F. Kunkle. Junior Champion Sow, Under One Year — Deer Creek Nema 1st, B. F. Davidson. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — Dan D. Stuff, T. I. Manley. Grand Champion Soio, Any Age — Deer Creek Martha V, B. F. Kunkle. Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year — First, B. F. Kunkle; second, T. I. Manley; third, F. M. Buck. Boar and Three Soivs Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, B. F. Kunkle; second, T. I. Manley; third, F. M. Buck. Boar and Three Sotvs, Under One Year — First, B. F. Kunkle; second, B. F. Davidson; third, F. M. Buck; fourth, B. F. Davidson. Boar and Three Sows, Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, B. F. Kunkle; second, B. F. Davidson; third, F. M. Buck; fourth, B. F. David- son. Get of Sire — First, B. F. Kunkle; second, B. F. Davidson; third, F. M. Buck; fourth, B. P. Davidson. Produce of Sow — First, B. F. Kunkle; second, B. P. Davidson; third, P. M. Buck. SPECIALS OFFERED BY AMERICAN YORKSHIRE CLUB. Young Herd— First, B. P. Kunkle; second, B. P. Davidson; tliird, F. M. Buck; fourth, B. F. Davidson. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 421 TAMWORTH. EXHIBITOR. J. B. Mackoy, Farragut, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge C. C. Roup, Kalona, Iowa. Boar Two Years or Over — First, Greenwood Amber 8169. Boar One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, J. B.'s Mastodon, 12006. Boar Six Months, Under One Year — First, Cedar Crest Contestor, 13915; second, Shannock 2d, 13916. Boar, Under Six Months — First, and second. Soiv Two Years or Over — First, Glenary Lettre, 7582. Sow Eighteen Months, Under Two Years — First, Fancy 13th, 13444. Soiv One Year, Under Eighteen Months — First, Olga Nethersole, 12009; second. Corrector's Best, 13919. Soiv Six Months, Under One Year — First, Lady Lou, 13917. Soiv, Under Six Months — First, and second. Senior Champion Boar, One Year Old or Over — Greenwood Amber, 8169. Junior Champion Boar, Under One Year — Cedar Crest Contestor, 13915. Senior Champion Sow, One Year Old or Over — Glenary Letters, 7582. Junior Champion Sow, Under One Year — Lady Lou, 13917. Grand Champion Boar, Any Age — Greenwood Amber, 8169. Grand Champion Sow, Any Age — Glenary Lettre, 7582. Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First. Boar and Three Sows, Under One Year — First. Boar and Three Sows, Under One Year, Bred 'by Exhibitor — First. Get of Sire. — First. Produce of Soiv — First. SHEEP DEPARTMENT. SurEKiNTENDEXT M. G. Thorxburg, Ames, Iowa. MERINOS, AMERICAN, SPANISH OR DELAINE. EXHIBITORS. F. W. Cook, West Mansfield, Ohio; Geo. A. Phillippi, Welcome, Wis- consin; S. Rail & Sons, Birmingham, Iowa; H. L. Russell, West Grove, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa. AW^VRDS. Judge J. E. Webb, Southport, Ind. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, and second, F. W. Cook; third, S. Rail & Sons. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. W. Cook, second, Phil- lippi's No. 17, Geo. A. Phillippi; third, S. Rail & Sons. Ram Lamb — First and second, F. W. Cook; third, S. Rail & Sons. 422 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, F. W. Cook; third, H. L. Russell. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, F. W. Cook; third, S. Rail & Sons. Ewe Lamb— First, F. W. Cook; second, Phillippi's 19, 105011, Geo. A. Phillippi; third, S. Rail & Sons. Champion Ram, Any Age — F. W. Cook. Champion Ewe, Any Age — F. W. Cook. Pen of Lamhs — First, F. W. Cook; second, S. Rail & Sons; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Flock— First, F. W. Cook; second, S. Rail & Sons; third, Geo. A. Phil- lippi. IOWA SPECIALS OFFERED FOR MERINO, AMERICAN, SPANISH OR DELAINE SHEEP. Ram Txoo Years Old or Over — First and second, S. Rail & Sons; third, H. L. Russell. Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo — First and third, S. Rail & Sons; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Ram Lamb — First, S. Rail & Sons; second and third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Ewe TiDO Years Old or Over — First, H. L. Russell; second, F. F. & V G. Warner; third, S. Rail & Sons. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, S. Rail & Sons; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner; third, H. L. Russell. Eioe Lamb — First, F. F. & V. G. Warner; second, S. Rail & Sons; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Champion Ram, Any Age — S. Rail & Sons. Champion Etce, Any Age — F. F. & V. G. Warner. Pen of Lambs — First, S. Rail and Sons; second, F. F. & V. G. Warner. Flock — First, S. Rail & Sons; second, H. L. Russell; third, F. F. & V. G. Warner. RAMBOUILLET. EXHIBITORS. F. S. King Bros. Co., Laramie, Wyoming; Geo. A. Phillippi, Welcome Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge J. E. Werij, Southport, Ind. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, F. S. King Bros. Co.; third, F. W. Cook. Ram One Year Old, Under Tivo — First, F. M. Cook; second and third, F. S. Kink Bros. Co. Ram Lamb — First and second, F. S. King Bros. Co.; third, F. W. Cook. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First and second, F. S. King Bros. Co.; third, F. W. Cook. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 423 Champion Rambouillet Ram. 1013 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, F. S. King Bros., Laramie, Wyo. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and third, F. S. King Bros. Co.; second, F. W. Cook. Ewe Lamh — First and second, F. S. King Bros. Co.; tliird, F. W. Cook. Ram Any Age — F. S. King Bros. Co. Ewe Any Age — F. S. King Bros. Co. Pen of Lambs — First, F. S. King Bros. Co.; second, F. W. Cook; third, Geo. A. Pliillippi. Flock — First, F. S. King Bros. Co.; second, F. W. Cook; third, Geo. A. Phillippi, COTSWOLD. EXHIBITORS. Anoka Farms, Waukeslia, Wisconsin; Alex W. Arnold, Galesville, "Wis- consin; W. A. Taylor & Son, Ames, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge J. E. Webb, Southport, Ind. Ram Tioo Years Old or Over — First and second, Alexander Arnold; third, W. A. Taylor & Son. Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, Alex. W. Arnold. 424 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ram Lamb — First and second, Alex. W. Arnold; third, W. A. Taylor & Son. Eice Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Alexander W. Arnold; third, W. A. Taylor & Son. Eice One Year Old and Under Two — First, Alexander W. Arnold. Ewe Lamb — First and second, Alexander W. Arnold; third, W. A. Taylor & Son. Champion Ram, Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold. Champi07i Eice, Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold. Pen of Lambs — First, Alex. W. Arnold. Flock — First, Alexander W. Arnold. LINCOLN. EXHIBITORS. Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin; L. H. Manley, Hortonville, Wis- consin. AWARDS. Judge J. E. Werb. Southport, Ind. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Alex. W. Arnold; third, L. H. Manley. Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, L. H. Manley; second, Alex. W. Arnold; third, L. H. Manley. Ram Lamb — First and second, Alex. W. Arnold; third, L. H. Manley. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, L. H. Manley; second and third, Alex. W. Arnold. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second, Alex. W. Arnold; third, L. H. Manley. Ewe Lamb — First, L. H. Manley; second and third, Alex. W. Arnold. Champion Ram, Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold. Pen of Lambs — First, L. H. Manley; second, Alex. Arnold. Flock — First, Alex. W. Arnold; second, L. H. Manley. HAMPSHIRE DOWNS. EXHIBITOR. Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge. John Campbell. Woodville, Ont., Canada. Ram One Year Old and Under Tico — First and second. Ram Lamb — First and second. Ewe Txco Years Old or Over — First and second. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First and second. Ewe Lamb — First and second. Champion Ram, Any Age — First. Champion Eice, Any Age — First. Pen of Lambs — First. Flock— First. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 425 Champion Hampshire Ram, 1913 Iowa Stale Fair and Exposition, owned by- Alexander W. Arnold, Galesville, Wis. SHROPSHIRE. EXHIBITORS. E. L. Bitterman, Mason City, Iowa; Harry Eddingfield, Mt. Pleasant; J. S. Pawcett & Son, Springdale, Iowa; L. Kammerer, Brodhead, Wisconsin; Geo. McKerrow & Son, Pewaukee, Wisconsin; W. A. Taylor & Son, Ames, Iowa. Judge John Campbell, Woodville, Ont. Canada. Ram Tico Years Old or Over — First, Nock's 10, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second. Cavendish 274, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, Eddingfield 54, 361470, Harry Eddingfield; fourth, Faw-cetts' 216, 377476, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Kellock, 673, Geo. McKer- row & Sons; second, Simons, 786, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third. East View's Ideal, 376627, E. L. Bitterman; fourth, Eddingfield, 102, 361474, Harry Eddingfield. Ram Lamt — First, Fawcetts' 286, 376651, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, R. C. P. 23, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, W. A. T. 144, 376825, W. A. Taylor & Son; fourth, East View's Eclipse, 376633, E. L. Bitterman. 426 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Ewe Two Years Old or Over—First, G. Mc 2220, 343916, Geo. McKer- row & Sons; second, R. W. N. 72, 343908, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, Eddingfield 52, 364241, Harry Eddingfield; fourth, Maple Grove Butter- fly, 322043, W. A. Taylor & Son. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Duke of Westminister, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Simons 792, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, Carston's Gift, E. L. Bitterman; fourth, Pawcetts' 282, 376646. Ewe Lamb — Pirst, R. C. Price's 45, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second. Valley Home Beauty, 376913, Harry Eddingfield; third, R. C. Price's 35, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; fourth. East View's 603, 376847, E. L. Bitterman. Champion Ram, Any Age — Kellock 673, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Duke of Westminister, Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Pen of Lambs — First, J. S. Pawcett & Son; second, W. A. Taylor & Son; third, Harry Eddingfield; fourth, E. L. Bitterman. Flock — Pirst, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Harry Eddingfield; third, J. S. Pawcett & Son; fourth, E. L. Bitterman; fifth, W. A. Taylor & Son. SPECIALS OFFERED FOR IOWA SHROPSHIRES. Ram Tivo Years or Over — First, Eddingfield 54, 361470, Harry Edding- field; second, Pawcetts 216, 377476, J. S. Pawcett & Son; third, Maple Grove Heir, 342437, W. A. Taylor & Son; fourth. East View's Station, 369028, E. L. Bitterman. Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, East View's Ideal, 376627, E. L. Bitterman; second, Eddingfield 102, 361475, Harry Eddingfield; third, Pawcetts 279, 362380, J. S. Pawcett & Son; fourth. Maple Grove Echo, 361889, W. A. Taylor & Son; fifth, Pawcetts 281, 376645, J. S. Paw- cett & Son. Ram Lamb— First, W. A. T. 144, 376825, W. A. Taylor & Son; second. East View's Eclipse, 376633, E. L. Bitterman; third. Valley Home Choice, 376914, Harry D. Eddingfield; fourth. East View's Block, 376632, E. L. Bitterman; fifth, Valley Home Duke, 376919, Harry Eddingfield. Ewe Two Years Old of Over — First, Eddingfield 52, 364241, Harry Ed- dingfield; second, Eddingfield 51, 361463, Harry Eddingfield; third, Paw- cetts 234, 322419, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fourth. Maple Grove Butterfly, 322043, W. A. Taylor & Son; fifth. Maple Grove Homespun, 322028, W. A. Taylor & Son. Ewe One Year Old and Under Two— First, Pawcetts' 282, 376646, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, East View's Mearl, 376631, E. L. Bitterman; third. Maple Grove Alberta, 361893, W. A. Taylor & Son; fourth. East View's Mearl, 376631, E. L. Bitterman; fifth, Pawcetts' 283, 376648, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Ewe Lamb— First, Valley Home Beauty, 376913, Harry D. Eddingfield; second. East View's 603, 376847, E. L. Bitterman; third, F'awcetts' 284, 376649, J. S. Pawcett & Son; fourth, Pawcetts' 285, 376650, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fifth, W. A. T. 142, 376827, W. A. Taylor & Son. Chamion Ram, Any Age — Eddingfield 54, 361470, Harry Eddingfield. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Eddingfield 52, 364241, Harry Eddingfield. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 427 Pen of Lambs— First, W. A. Taylor & Son; second, Harry Eddingfield; third, E. L. Bitterman. Flock—First, Harry Eddingfield; second, John Fawcett & Son; third, E. L. Bitterman; fourth, W. A. Taylor & Son. SPECIALS BY AMERICAN SHROPSHIRE REGISTRY ASSOCIATION. Ram Tico Years Old or Over— First, Eddingfield 54, 361470, Harry Ed- dingfield; second, Fawcetts' 216, 377476, J. S. Fawcett & Son; third, Blue blood 304, 342738, W. A. Taylor & Son; fourth, Maple Grove Heir 342437, W. A. Taylor & Son, Ram One Year Old and Under Two— First, East View's Ideal, 376627, E. L. Bitterman; second, Eddingfield, 102, 361474, Harry Eddingfield; third, Fawcetts' 279, 362380, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fourth, W. A. T. 110, 361889, W. A. Taylor & Son. Ram Lamb — First, Fawcetts' 286, 376651, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, W. A. T. 144, 376825, W. A. Taylor & Son; third. East View's Eclipse, 376633, E. L. Bitterman; fourth, Valley Home Choice, 376914, Harry Ed- dingfield. Champion Shroi"-l)irL' rmi!, rn:: Iowa State F;iir and Exposition, owned by George "W. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wis. 428 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Ewe One Year Old and Under T^(,'0— First, Fawcetts' 282, 376646, J. S. Fawcett & Son: second, East View's Marie, 376630, E. L. Bitterman; third, W. A. T. 104, 361893, W. A. Taylor & Son; fourtli, East View's Mearl, 376631, E. L. Bitterman. Ewe Lamh— First, Valley Home Beauty, 376913, Harry Eddingfield; sec- ond, East Views 603, 376847, E. L. Bitterman; third, Fawcetts' 284, 376649, J. S. Fawcett & Son; fourth, Fawcetts' 285, 376650, J. S. Fawcett & Son. Champion Ram, Any Age — Eddingfield 54, 361470, Harry Eddingfield. Champio7i Ewe, Any Age — Valley Home Beauty, 376913, Harry Edding- field. Pen of Lambs, Bred by Exhibitor — First, J. S. Fawcett & Son; second, W. A. Taylor & Son; third, Harry Eddingfield; fourth, E. L. Bitterman. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Ram All Mutton BreecZs— Eddingfield 54, 361470, Harry D. Edding- field. Best Ewe All Mutton BrepfZs— Eddingfield 52, 364241, Harry Edding- field. OXFORD DOWNS. EXHIBITORS. C. C. Croxen, Atalissa, Iowa; John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge John Campbell, Woodville, Ont., Canada. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Son; third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, Graham's 666, 50235, John Graham & Son. Ram One Year Old, Under Two — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, Jno. Graham & Son. Ram Lamb — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, C. C. Croxen; fourth, John Graham & Son. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, C. C. Croxen; third and fourth, John Graham & Son. Ewe One Year Old, Under Tioo — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, John Graham & Son; fourth, C. C. Croxen. Ewe Lamb — First and second, Geo. McKerrow & Son; third and fourth, John Graham & Son. Champion Ram, Any Age^Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Champion Ewe, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons. Pen of Lambs — First, C. C. Croxen; second and third, John Graham & Son. Flock — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, C. C. Croxen; third, John Graham & Son. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 429 SPECIALS OFFERED FOR OXFORD SHEEP OWNED AND BRED IN IOWA. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and fourth, C. C. Croxen; second and third, John Graham & Son. Ram One Year Old, Under Two— First and third, C. C. Croxen; sec- ond and fourtli, John Graham & Son. Ram Lam &— First and third, C. C. Croxen; second and fourth, John Graham & Son. Etve Two Years Old or Over — First and fourth, C. C. Croxen; second and third, John Graham & Son. Etve One Year Old, Under Two — First and third, John Graham & Son; second and fourth, C. C. Croxen. Ram One Year Old, Under Two — First, Alex. W. Arnold; second, Geo. Graham & Son. Champion. Ram, Any Age — C. C. Croxen. Champion Etve, Any Age — C. C. Croxen. Pen of Lambs — First and third, John Graham & Son; second, C. C. Croxen. Flock — First, C. C. Croxen; second, John Graham & Son. Champion Southdown Ram. 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, owned by A. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wis. 430 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE SOUTH DOWN. EXHIBITORS. Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville Wisconsin; R. F. Fantz, New Hampton, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge John Campbell, Woodville, Ont., Canada. Ram Tivo Years Old or Over — First, Fantz 49, R. F. Fantz; second, Alex. , W. Arnold. Ram One Year Old, Under Tioo — First, Alex-. W. Arnold; second, Geo. A. Phillippi. Ram Lamb — First, Fantz 57, R. F. Fantz; second, Fantz 60, R. P. Fantz. Eive Two Years Old or Over — First, Alex. W. Arnold; second, Geo. A. Phillippi; third, Wis. Ex. Station 696, Geo. A. Phillippi. Eioe One Year Old, Under Tioo — First, Alex. W. Arnold; second, Geo. A. Phillippi; third, Fantz 56, R. F. Fantz. Ewe Lamb — First, Alex. W. Arnold; second, Geo. A. Phillippi; third, Fantz 62, R. F. Fantz. Champion Ram, Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold. Champion Eioe, Any Age — Alex. W. Arnold. Pen of Lambs — R. F. Fantz. Flock — First, Alex. W. Arnold; second, Geo. A. Phillippi; third, R. F. Fantz. DORSET. EXHIBITOR. Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin. AWARDS. Judge J. E. Webb, Southport, Ind. Ram One Year Old, Under Tico — First. Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First. Ewe One Year Old, Under Tioo — First. Ewe Lamb — First. Champion Ram, Any Age — First. Champion Ewe, Any Age — First. Flock — First. CHEVIOT. EXHIBITORS. Alex. W. Arnold, Galesville, Wisconsin; R. W. Postle, Camp Chase, Ohio. AWARDS. Judge John Campbell, Woodville, Ont., Canada. Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, R. & W. Postle. Ram One Year Old, Under Two — First and second, R. & W. Postle. Ram Lamb — First and second, R. & W. Postle. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 431 Etve Tivo Years Old or Over — First and second, R. & W. Postle. Ewe One Year Old and Under Tico — First and second, R. & W. Postle. Ewe Lamb— First and second, R. & W. Postle. Champion Etve, Any Age — First, R. & W. Postle. Pen of Lambs— First, R. W. Postle. Flock— First, R. & W. Postle. POULTRY. E. L. Beck, Superintendent Ames, Iowa. AMERICANS. EXHIBITORS. Verne Argo. Tipton, Iowa; Jesse Alexander, Altoona, Iowa; A. L. Anderson, Indianola, Iowa; Mrs. N. B. Ashby, Des Moines, Iowa; A. & J. W. Boyt, Des Moines, Iowa; J. A. Ash, Norwalk, Iowa; L. Bartlett, Scranton, Iowa; Matt Baldwin, Sioux City, Iowa; Mrs. H. I. Branson, West Branch, Iowa; R. R. Blake, Waukee, Iowa; Brown Poultry Company, Sioux City, Iowa; B. F. Benson, Winfield, Iowa; Mrs. W. B. Beatty, Des Moines, Iowa; C. A. Barquist, Des Moines, Iowa; J. M. Brown, St. Charles, Iowa; L. Bartlett, Des Moines, Iowa; Mrs. O. C. Bierma, Altoona, Iowa; W. E. Cowan, Waterloo, Iowa; Dr. L. D. Carpenter, Indianola, Iowa; Frank Chalupa, Pleasant Plain, Iowa; Dr. W. J. Duncan, Winfield, Iowa; Joe F. Denburger, Des Moines, Iowa; A. E. Edwards, Scranton, Iowa; N. W. Falk, Oelwein, Iowa; J. F. Harsh, New Virginia, Iowa; T. H. Hall, Des Moines, low-a; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; Frank Harris, Des Moines, Iowa; Elmer E. Heifner, Des Moines, Iowa; I. E. Hubler & Son, Marshall to w'n, Iowa; W. C. Hengen, Ottumwa, Iowa; C. W. Howell, Des Moines, Iowa; W. D. Israel, Des Moines, Iowa; Frank Johnson, Mon- roe, Iowa; A. B. Jordon, Moravia, Iowa; R. S. Jackson, Muscatine, Iowa; Kellogg & Kellogg, Cambridge, Illinios; Carl Koenigsberger, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. J. Lockhart, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. McMichael, Des Moines, Iowa; Ernest Massey, Mystic, Iowa; Thos. Morlan, Indianola, Iowa; A. L. Moore, Norway, Iowa; J. V. Pfander & Son, Clarinda, Iowa; Jno. Peter- son, Randall, Iowa; Elliott Purmort, Des Moines, Iowa; F. G. Paul, Mar- shalltown, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; C. W. Reeder, Leon, Iowa; Mart Rahn, Clarinda, Iowa; R. B. Rowe, Indianola, Iowa; J. D. Reid, Tipton, Iowa; L. J. Schuster, Des Moines, Iowa; Julius Sinn, Williamsburg, Iowa; Howard Shane, Williamsburg, Iowa; J. L. Todd, Des Moines, Iowa; Taylor Bros., Cambridge, Illinois; Trio Poultry Farm, Des Moines, low'a; Wm. Winnike, Carroll, Iowa; Geo. F. White, Berwick, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; Mrs. A. M. Walrath, Des Moines, Iowa; Ben Woolgar, Altoona, Iowa. 432 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa. Fked H. Shellabarger, West Liberty, Iowa. Barred Plymouth Rock Cock, Cockerel Bred — First (23841), Wm. Win- nike; second (6535), W. E. Cowan; third (21), J. V. Pfander & Son. Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerel, Cockerel Bred — First (11), Wm. Win- nike; second (6700), C. E. Cowan; third, Wm. McMichael. Barred Plymouth Rock Hen, Cockerel Bred — First (177), J. B. Pfander & Son; second (274), J. F. Harsh; third (22), Wm. McMichael. Barred Plymouth Rock Pullet, Cockerel Bred — First (29), J. F. Harsh; second (66), W. E. Cowan; third (53), W. E. Cowan. Barred Plymouth Rock Cock, Pullet Bred — First, T. L. Todd; second (1), J. F. Harsh; third (4725), Wm. Winnike. Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerel, Pullet Bred — First (836), Jno. Peter- son; second (835), Jno. Peterson; third (837), Jno. Peterson. Barred Plymouth Rock Hen, Pullet Bred — First (6), Wm. Winnike; second (307), J. F. Harsh; third (14), Mrs. H. I. Branson. Barred Plymouth Rock Pallet, Pullet Bred — First (73), Jno. Peterson; second (75), Jno. Peterson; third (71), Jno. Peterson. White Plymouth Rock Cocfc— First (387), N. W. Falk. White Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (457), Brown Poultry Company; second (451), Brown Poultry Co.; third (77), Frank Johnson. White Plymouth Rock iJere— First (3470), N. W. Falk; second (170), J. F. Pfander & Son. White Plymouth Rock Pullet— First (87), Frank Johnson; second (160), J. V. Pfander & Sons; third (27), Verne E. Argo. Buff Plymouth Rock Cock — First (1), Wm. J. Lockhart; second (2), Wm. J. Lockhart; third (7), Dr. W. J, Duncan. Buff Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (35), Verne E. Argo; second (7), W. J. Lockhart; third (8415), Kellogg & Kellogg. Buff Plymouth Rock Hew— First (51), T. H. Hall; second (696), Joe T. Denburger; third (6), Wm. J. Lockhart. Buff Plymouth Rock Pullet — First (8436), Kellogg & Kellogg; second (10), Wm. J. Lockhart; third (9), Wm. J. Lockhart. Partridge Plymouth Rock Cock — First (161), L. J. Schuster; second (162), L. J. Schuster; third (1), A. E. Edwards. Partridge Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First (163), L. J. Schuster; second (1247-f), Taylor Bros.; third (164), L. J. Schuster. Partridge Plymouth Rock Hen — First (167), Jj. J. Schuster; second (434), Taylor Bros.; third (93), Jesse Alexander & Co. Partridge Plymouth Rock Pullet — First (772.")), Taylor Bros.; second (0291), Taylor Bros.; third (169), L. J. Schuster. Silver Wyandotte Cock— First (1199), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (63), Trio Poultry Farm; third, Hanson Poultry Farm. miver Wyandotte Cockerel — First (83), Trio Poultry Farm; second (85), Trio Poultry Farm; third (2338-u), A. L. Anderson. Silver Wyandotte Hen— First (1039), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (3810), Trio Poultry Farm; third (1026), F. F. & V. G. Warner, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 433 Silver Wyandotte Pullet — First (A-5278-T), A. L. Anderson; second (45), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (A-5257-T), A. L. Anderson. Golden Wyandotte Cocfc— First (1183), Julius Sinn; second (1179), Julius Sinn; tiiird (98), A. L. Anderson. Golden Wyandotte Cockerel — First (30), A. L. Anderson; second (1123), Julius Sinn; third (1122), Julius Sinn. Golden Wyandotte Hen — First (96), A. L. Anderson; second (97), A. L. Anderson; third (1146), Julius Sinn. Golden Wyandotte Pullet — First (35), A. L. Anderson; second (39), A. L. Anderson; third (1135), Julius Sinn. White Wyandotte Cock — First (0771-E), Ernest Massey; second (0786- E), Ernest Massey; third (64), Mrs. N. B. Asby. White Wyandotte Cockerel — First (1), Dr. L. D. Carpenter; second (2), Dr. L. D. Carpenter; third (63), Mrs. N. B. Ashby. White Wyandotte Hen— First (197), Mrs. N. B. Ashby; second (92), Frank Harris. White Wyandotte Pullet— First (73), Mrs. N. B. Ashby; second (20), Dr. L. D. Carpenter; third (15), Dr. L. D. Carpenter. Buff Wyandotte Cock—First (76), R. B. Rowe; second (79), R. B. Rowe; third (1168), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Buff Wyandotte Cockerel— First (5668), J. D. Reid; second (12), R. B. Rowe; third (11), R. B. Rowe. Buff Wyandotte Hen— First (91), R. B. Rowe; second (89), R. B. Rowe; third (1020), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Buff Wyandotte Pullet— First (5630), J. D. Reid; second (13), R. B. Rowe; third (14), R. B. Rowe. Partridge Wyandotte Cock — First (45), R. S. Jackson; second (50), R. S. Jackson; third (130), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Partridge Wyandotte Cockerel — First (147), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (56), A. L. Moore; third (53), A. L. Moore. Partridge Wyandotte Hen — First (34), R. S. Jackson; second (41), R. S. Jackson; third (8), Thos. L. Morlan. Partridge Wyandotte Pullet — First (50), A. L. Moore; second (52), A. L. Moore; third (143), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Silver Penciled Wyandotte Cock — First, Manson Poultry Farm; sec- ond (1158), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third, Hanson Poultry Farm. Silver Penciled Wyandotte Hen — First (21), Hanson Poultry Farm; second, Hanson Poultry Farm; third (34) F. F. & V. G. Warner. Silver Penciled Wyandotte Pullet— First (149), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (150) F. F. & V. G. Warner; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Columbian Wyandotte Cock — First (208), Mrs. W. B. Beatty; second (5), Mrs. A. M. Walrath; third (89), C. A. Barquist. Columbian Wyandotte Cockerel — First (8), Mrs. A. M. Walrath; sec- ond (6), Mrs. A. M. Walrath; third (913), Mrs. W. D. Beatty. Columbian Wyandotte Hen — First (913), Mrs. W. D. Beatty; second (20), C. A. Barquist; third (94), C. A. Barquist. Columbia}! Wyandotte Pullet — First (93), C. A. Barquist; second (88), C. A. Barquist. 28 434 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Single Comb Rhode Island Red Corfc— First (174), A. & J. W. Boyt; second (173), A. & J. W. Boyt; third, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Single Comb Rhode Island Red Cocker-el — First (1161), Howard Shane; second (5), X M. Brown; third (138), A. & J. W. Boyt. Single Comb Rhode Island Red Hen — First (6), J. C. Ash; second (3), Elliott Purmort; third (232), A. & J. W. Boyt. Single Comb Rhode Island Red Pullet — First, F. L, Reinhard & Son; second (15), L. Bartlett; third (4), Elliott Purmort. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Cock — First (15), W. C. Hengen; sec- ond (5), I. E. Hubler & Son; third (133), A. B. Jordan. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Cockerel — First (9), W. C. Hengen; sec- ond (40), I. E. Hubler & Son; third (317), Carl Koenigsberger. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Hen — First (93), W. C. Hengen; second (41), I. E. Hubler & Son; third (43), Mrs. O. C. Bierma. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Pullet — First (318), Carl Koenigsberger; second (42), I. E. Hubler & Son; third (25), C. W. Howell. Barr-cd Plymotiih Rock Exhibition Pen — Fotols Cockerel Bred — First (23839-26-27-28-29), Wm. Winnike; second, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Barred Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen — Chicks Cockerel Bred — First (20-15-16-17-18), Wm. Winnike; second (32-33-34-35-36), J. F. Harsh! Barred Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen — Foiols Pullet Bred — First (30- 31-32-33-23837), Wm. Winnike; second (24-92-10-80-76), J. L. Todd. Barred Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen — Chicks Pullet Bred — First (21- 22-23-24-25), Wm.. Winnike; second (37-38-39-40-41), J. F. Harsh; third (16-19-20-18-11), Mrs. H. I. Branson. Buff Plymouth Rock— Exhibition Pen— Foivls— First (181-654-632-634- 649), Joe F. Denburger. Buff Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen— Chicks— First (11-12-13-14-15), Wm. J. Lockhart; second (16-17-18-19-20), Wm. J. Lockhart. Partridge Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen— Foivls— First (171-172-173- 174-175, L. J. Schuster; second (99-310-378-389-374), C. W. Reeder; third (14-12-21-17-9), Taylor Bros. Partridge Plymouth Rock Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (12-14-15-16- 20), A. E. Edwards; second (176-177-178-179-180), L. J. Schuster; third, (7724-8401-0299-0298-6), Taylor Bros. Silver Wyandotte Exhibition Pen—Foivls-First (891-108-109-679-1607), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (873-111-110-112-107), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (100-87-78-85-99), A. L. Anderson. Silver Wyandotte Exhibition Pen— Chicks— First (305-335-356-398-50), Trio Poultry Farm; second (85-172-157-173-151), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (31-88-45-81-46), A. L. Anderson. Golden Wyandotte Exhibition Pen— Foicls— First (1169-1129-1124-286- 1113), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (84-91-79-86-95), A. L. Anderson; third (1106-114.3-1164-1160-1132), Julius Sinn. Golden Wyandotte Exhibition Pen— Chicks— First (47-33-29-43-32), A. L. Anderson; second (1111-1115-1132-1138-1156), Julius Sinn; third (135- 129-127-128-126), F. F. & V. G. Warner. White Wyandotte Exhibition Pen— Fowls— First (45-81-37-60-3), F. G. Paul; second (183-180-181-182-184), Mrs. N. B. Ashby. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 435 White Wyandotte ExTiihition Pen — Chicks— Yivst (4-7-S-25-19), Dr. L. D. Carpenter; second (53-50-54-57-55), Mrs. N. B. Ashby; third (99-91- 93-95-49), Frank Harris. Buff Wyandotte Exhibition Pen— Foicls— First (96-99-100-92-97), R. B. Rowe; second (266-1016-1117-1048-988), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Buff Wyandotte Exhibition Pen— Chicks— First (21-22-23-24-9), R. B. Rowe; second, J. B. Reid; third (76-88-79-46-50), F. F. & V. G. Warner. Partridge Wyandotte Exhibition Pen— Foicls— First (5-11-16-19-69), R. S. Jackson; second (138-137-130-139-134), F. F. & V. G. Warner; third (21-9-96-78-20), Thos. L. Morlan. Partridge Wyandotte Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (141-142-143-144- 140), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (2-3-5-12-15), Thos. L. Morlan. Single Comb Rhode Islaiid Red Exhibiton Pen — Foivls — First (1-2-3-4-5), J. A, Ash; second (63-117-121-225-252), Frank Chalupa; third, F. L. Rein- hard & Son. Single Comb Rhode Island Red Exhibition Pen — C/i icA;s— First (19-23- 16-12-63), L. Bartlett; second (18-26-96-110-211), Frank Chalupa; third, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red Exhibition Pen — Fouls — First (6-43-44-45- 46), I. E. Hubler & Son; second (88-89-94-95-96), W. C. Hengen. Rose Comb Rliode Island Red Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (71-72- 73-74-70), I. E. Hubler & Son; second (20-21-22-23-319), Carl Koenigsberger; third (84-85-S6-S7-91), W. G. Hengen. SPECIALS OFFERED BY INTERSTATE PUBLISHING COMPANY OP DES MOINES. Best Cockerel iii Shoic. All Breeds Competing — K. L. Price. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Pullet — American Class — Mrs. N. B. Ashby. Best Cockerel — American Class — J. M. Brown. ASIATIC. EXHIBITORS. Verne E. Argo, Tipton, Iowa; Jesse Alexander, Altoona, Iowa; Matt Baker, Mitchellville, Iowa; Arthur Dearinger, Reasnor, Iowa; Fairholme Poultry Farm, Boone, Iowa; Hansons Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; Frank Johnson, Monroe, Iowa; J. M. Knott, Orland, Illinois; R. A. Lundberg, Altoona, Iowa; Beryl Parks, Des Moines, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; Logan Earl Wing, St. Joseph, Missouri. AWARDS. Judge W. S. Russell. Ottumwa, Iowa. Light Brahma Cock — First (90), Fairholme Poultry Yards; second (53), R. E. West; third (87), Weir Hart. Light Brahma Cockerel — :First (93), Fairholme Poultry Yards; second (44), Frank Johnson; third (88), Weir Hart. 436 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Light Brahma Hni— First (56), R. E. West; second (94), Weir Hart; third (17), Weir Hart. Light Brahma Pullet— First (49), Frank Jolinson; second (30), Weir Hart; third (92), Pairholme Poultry Yards. Dark Brahma Cock — First, Hansons Poultry Farm. Dark Brahma Hen — First, second and third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Buff Cochin Cocfc— First (37), R. E. West; second (49), John M. Knott; third (20), Weir Hart. Buff Cochin Cockerel — First (25), Jesse Alexander & Co. Buff Cochin Hen— First (5115), John M. Knott; second (62), R. E. West; third (22), Jesse Alexander & Co. Buff Cochin Cockerel — First (23), Jesse Alexander & Co. Partridge Cochin Cock — First (399), Beryl Parks; second (291), R. A. Lundberg; third (21), R. E. West. Partridge Cochin Cockerel— First (389), Beryl Parks; second (398), Beryl Parks; third Hanson's Poultry Farm. Partridge Cochin Hen — First (61), R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poul- try Farm; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Patridge Cochin Pullet — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (300), R. A. Lundberg; third (298), R. A. Lundberg. Black Langshan Cock — First (73), R. E. West; second, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Black Langshan Cockerel — First (21), Logan Earl Wing; second (17), Logan Earl Wing; third (28), Arthur Dearinger. Black Langshan Hen — First (78), R. E. West; second (5), Arthur Dearinger; third (29), Matt Baker. Black Langshan Pullet — First (50), Logan Earl Wing; second (13), Logan Earl Wing; third (127), R. E. West. White Langshan Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (62), Weir Hart; third (38), R. E. West. White Langshan Cockerel — First (73), Weir Hart; second (77), Weir Hart; third (67), R. E. West. White Langshan Hen — First (4), R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poul- try Farm; third (1), R. E. West. White Langshan Pullet — First (67), Weir Hart; second (61), Weir Hart; third (69), R. E. West. Light Brahma Exhibition Pen — Foivls — First (45-29-22-31-41), Weir Hart; second (83-84-85-86-87), Fairholm Poultry Yards; third (3-50-51- 52-53), Frank Johnson. Light Brahma Exhibition Pen— Chicks— First (39-64-68-76-71), Weir Hart; second (54-55-56-57-58), Frank Johnson. Buff Cochin Exhibition Pen— Foivls— First (67-33-50-74-26), R. E. West. Buff Cochin Exhibition Peii-CMcks-First (46-35-88-54-59), R. E. West. Partridge Cochin Exhibition Pen— Foiols— First (29-65-96-83-40), R. E. West. Ij' ' ■, Partridge Cochin Exhibition Pen— Chicks— First (384-387-391-393-395), Beryl Parks; second (96-86-71-97-78), R. E. West. Black Langshan Exhibition Pen— Fowls— First (38-93-77-27-26), R. E. West; second (91-93-97-75-92), Matt Baker. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 437 Black Larujslian Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (15-95-74-4-75), Arthur Dearinger; second (49-132-131-126-128), R. E. West. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Cockerel Asiatic Class — Logan Earl Wing. Best Pullet Asiatic Class — Hanson's Poultry Farm. MEDITERRANEAN. EXHIBITORS. D. E. Ackoss, Des Moines, Iowa; Jesse Alexander, Altoona, Iowa; Verne E. Argo, Tipton, Iowa; L. W. Bell, Des Moines, Iowa; J. E. Cundy, Milford, Iowa; Geo. B. Ferris, Grand Rapids, Michigan; Wm. Harvey, Des Moines, Iowa; Chas. E. Hines, Des Moines, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; E. E. Lucas, Des Moines, Iowa; Ed. B. Mc- Pherrin, Des Moines, Iowa; P. W. Pitt, Belle Plaine, Iowa; J. M. Williamson, Des Moines, Iowa; W. F. Wallace, Diagonal, Iowa. JvDGES F. H. Sheixaraeger, West Liberty, Iowa. W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa. Single Comb Broivn Leghorn Cockerel — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Single Comb Brown Leghorn Hen — First, P. L. Reinhard & Son. Single Comb Broivn Leghorn Pullet — First (47), P. W. Pitt; second (43), P. W. Pitt; third (60), Frank Johnson. Rose Comb Broivn Leghorn Cockerel — First (304), Jesse Alexander & Co; second (326), Jesse Alexander & Co. Rose Comb Brown Leghorn Hen — First (19), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (20), Jesse Alexander & Co. Rose Comb Brown Leghorn Pullet — First (331), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (317), Jesse Alexander & Co.; third (316), Jesse Alexander & Co. Single Comb White Leghorn Cock — First (0563), George B. Ferris; second (0578), Geo. B. Ferris; third (201), J. M. Williamson. Single Comb White Leghorn Cockerel — First (0582), Geo. B. Ferris; second (300), Wm. Harvey; third (26), W. F. Wallace. Single Comb White Leghorn Hen — First (7212), Geo. B. Ferris; second, (206), J. M. Williamson; third (7235), Geo. B. Ferris. Single Comb White Leghorn Pullet — First (207), J. M. Williamson; second (7236), Geo. B. Ferris; third (297), Wm. Harvey. Rose Comb White Leghorn Cock — Second (15), Jesse Alexander & Co. Rose Comb White Leghorn Cockerel — Second (16), Jesse Alexander & Co. Rose Comb White Leghorn Hen — Second (18), Jesse Alexander & Co. Rose Comb White Leghorn Pullet — First (6), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (5), Jesse Alexander & Co. 438 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Si7igle Comb Buff Leghorn Cock — First (2), E. E. Lucas; second (1), E. E. Lucas; third (3), E. E. Lucas. Single Coml) Buff Leghorn Cockerel — First (12), E. E. Lucas; second (11), E. E. Lucas; third (10), E. E. Lucas. Single Comb Buff Leghorn Hen — First (6), E. E. Lucas; second (4), E. E. Lucas; third (223), Hanson Poultry Farm. Single Comb Buff Leghorn Pullet — First (9), E. E. Lucas; second (8), E. E. Lucas; third (100), Clias. E. Hines. Single Comb Black Leghorn Hen — First (33), R. E. West. Sicilian Butterctip Cock — First (1), L. W. Bell; second (2), L. W. Bell; third (3), L. W. Bell. Sicilian Buttercup Hen — First (311), Ed. B. McPherrin; second (6), L. W. Bell; third (5), L. W. Bell. Sicilian Buttercup Pullet — First (8), L. W. Bell; second (9), L. W. Bell; third (7), L. W. Bell. Single Comb Black Minorca Cock — First (333), Jesse Alexander & Co. Single Comb Black Minorca Cockerel — First (89), R. E. West. Single Comb Black Minorca Hen — First (2), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (335), Jesse Alexander & Co. Rose Comb Black Minorca Cock — First (19), J. E. Cundy; second (20), J. E. Cundy. Rose Comb Black Minorca Cockerel — First (38), Verne E. Argo. Rose Comb Black Minorca Pitllet — First (48), Verne E. Argo. Single Comb White Minorca Cockerel — Second (22), R. E. West. Single Comb White Minorca Pullet — Second (59), R. E. West. White Faced Black Spanish Cock — First (37), R. E. West; second, F. L. Reinhard & Son. White Faced Black Spanish Cockerel — First (75), R. E. West; second (84), R. E. West. White Faced Black Spanish Hen — First, R. L. Reinhard & Son; second (46), R. E. West. White Faced Black Spanish Pullet — First (40), R. E. West; second (95), R. E. West. Blue Andalusian Cock — First (32), R. E. West; second, Hanson Poultry Farm. Blue Andalusian Cockerel — First (41), R. E. West. Blue Andalusian Hen — First (84), R. E. West; second, Hanson Poultry Farm. Mottled Ancona Cocfc— First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Mottled Ancona Cockerel — First (85), R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poultry Farm; third (422), Hanson's Poultry Farm. Mottled Ancona Hen — Second (98), Hanson's Poultry Farm. Mottled Ancona Pullet — EMrst (35), R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poultry Farm; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Single Comb White Leghorn Exhibition Pen — Fowls — First (210-209- 211-212-213), J. M. Williamson; second (0572-7216-7233-7206-7242), Geo. B. Ferris. Single Comb White Leghorn Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (214-215- 216-217-218), J. M. Williamson; second (219-220-221-222-223), J. M. William- son; third (0576-7240-7223-7041-7220), Geo. B. Ferris. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 439 Rose Corn}) White Leghorn ExMMtion Pen — Chicks — Second (84-92-33- 376-399), Jesse Alexander & Co. Single Comb Buff Leghorn Exhihition Pen — C?^^cfcs— First (23-24-25-26- 27), E. E. Lucas; second (18-19-20-21-22), E. E. Lucas. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Pullet Mediterranean Class — J. M. Williamson. Best Cockerel Mediterranean Class — Geo. B. Ferris. ENGLISH. EXHIBITORS. E. J. Butterfield, Dallas Center, Iowa; Roy Bulecliek, Hills, Iowa; August Beck, Granger, Iowa; Mrs. C. E. Coleman, Clarinda, Iowa; Fair- holm Poultry Yards, Boone, Iowa; P. A. Fosselman, Waverly, Iowa; N. W. Falk, Oelwein, Iowa; A. E. Goodman, Indianola, Iowa; G. R. Gilbert, Prairie City, Iowa; Mrs. R. M. Good, Chariton, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa; H. E. Killmer, Rock Island, Illinois; Jos. Morgan, Olds, Iowa; Gust Nesland, Davenport, Iowa; K. L. Price, Missouri Valley, Iowa; Luther R. Pike, Missouri Valley, Iowa; Jno. R. Patterson, Boone, Iowa; C. W. Reeder, Leon, Iowa; J. S. Wright, Rockwell City, Iowa. AWARDS. Judges W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa. F. H. Shellabargek, West Liberty, Iowa. Rose Comb Red Cap Cock — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Rose Comb Red Cap Cockerel — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Rose Comb Red Cap Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Rose Comb Red Cap Pullet — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Single Comb Buff Orpington Cock — First (A5153d), H. E. Killmer; sec- ond (33), J. S. Wright; third (8315d), H. E. Killmer. Single Comb Buff Orpington Cockerel — First (55), H. E. Killmer; second (56), H. E. Killmer ; third (40), J. S. Wright. Single Comb Buff Orpington Hen — First (171), J. S. Wright; second (342), N. W. Falk; third (79), Luther R. Pike. Single Comb Buff Orpington Pullet — First (299), Gust Nesland; sec- ond (20), J. S. Wright; third (30), J. S. Wright. Single Comb Black Orpington Cock — First (176), C. W. Reeder; sec- ond (301), C. W. Reeder; third (211), E. J. Butterfield. Single Comb Black Orpington Cockerel — First (53), E. J. Butterfield; second (183), C. W. Reeder; third (29), C. W. Reeder. Single Comb Black Orpington Hen — First (185), C. W. Reeder; second, (28703), Kolburn Hegna; third (181), C. W. Reeder. Single Comb Black Orpington Pullet — First (56), E. J. Butterfield; second (161), C. W. Reeder; third (157), C. -W. Reeder. Single Comb White Orpington Cock — First (804), lowana Farms; second (80), A. E. Goodman; third (195), K. L. Price. Single Comb White Orpington Cockerel — First (199), K. L. Price; second (810), lowana Farms; third (812), lowana Farms. 440 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Single Comh White Orpington Hen — First (873), lowana Farms; sec- ond (872), lowana Farms; third (9278), P. A. Fosselmann. Single Cornt) White Orpington Pullet — First (289), K. L. Price; sec- ond (290), K. L. Price; third (881), lowana Farms. Single Comb White Orpington Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (803- 861-862-863-864), lowana Farms; second (200-296-297-298-299), K. L. Price; third (194-291-292-293-294), K. L. Price. Single Comb White Orpington Exhi'bition Pen — FoivTs — First (802- 852-853-854-855), lowana Farms; second (98-153-156-194-9286), P. A. Fos- selman; third (43-44-47-48-50), Mrs. R. M. Good. Single Comb Black Orpington Exhi'bition Pen — Chicks — First (199-151- 158-177-159), C. W. Reeder; second (1-2-3-4-5), August Becli; third (131- 129-132-187-188), C. W. Reeder. Single Comb Black Orpington Exhibition Pen — Fowls — First (196-179- 178-198-182), C. W. Reeder; second (162-164-171-184-180), C. W. Reeder; third (352-394-340-341-36), C. W. Reeder. Single Comb Buff Orpington Exhibition Pen — Chicks — First (293-299- 297-296-298), Gus Nesland; second (22-29-23-44-48), J. S. Wright; third (253-255-260-261-262), Luther R. Pike. Single Comb Buff Orpington Exhibition Pen — Foivls — First (48-36-47- 64-176), J. S. Wright. SWEEPSTAKES. Best Cockerel English Class — K. L. Price. Best Pullet English Class — K. L. Price. POLISH. EXHIBITORS. Jesse Alexander, Altoona, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa. White Crested Black Polish Cock — First (343), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (49), R. E. West; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. White Crested Black Polish Cockerel — First (48), Jesse Alexander; second (32), R. E. West. White Crested Black Polish Hen — First (50), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second, Hanson's Poultry Farm; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. White Crested Black Polish Pullet — First (341), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (33), R. E. West. No7i Bearded Golden Polish Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Non Bearded Golden Polish Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. DUTCH. EXHIBITOBS. Jesse Alexander, Altoona, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 441 Judge F. H. Shellababger, West Liberty, Iowa* Silver Spangled Ham'burg Cockerel — First (346), Jesse Alexander & Co. Silver Spangled Hamburg Hen — First (9), F. L. Reinhard & Son; second (99), F. L. Reinhard & Son; third (70), Jesse Alexander & Co. Mottled Houdan Cock — First (77), R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poul- try Farm. Mottled Houdan Cockerel — First (35), R. E. West. Mottled Ho7idan ifeji— First (36), F. P. Heffelfinger; second (42), F. L. Reinhard & Son; third (220), Hanson's Poultry Farm. Mottled Houdan Pullet— First (21), R. E. West. GAME AND GAME BANTAMS. EXHIBITOR. Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa. AWAEDS. Judge W. S. Russell. Ottumwa, Iowa. Red Pyl3 Game Cock — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Red Pyle Game Cockerel — F'st and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Red Pyle Game Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Red Pyle Game Pullet — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Red Pyle Game Bantam Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Red Pyle Game Bantam Cockerel — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Red Pyle Game Bantam Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Red Pyle Game Bantam Pullet — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. White Game Bantam Pullet — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. ORIENTAL GAMES AND BANTAMS. EXHIBITORS. Jesse Alexander & Co., Altoona, Iowa; Dr. R. B. Munn, Hampshire, Illinois; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. S. Russell. Ottumwa, Iowa. Cornish Indian Cock — First (450), Dr. R. B. Munn; second (447), Dr. R. B. Munn; third (447), Dr. R. B. Munn. Cornish Indian Cockerel — First (438), Dr. R. B. Munn; second (439), Dr. R. B. Munn; third, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Cornish Indian Hen — First (334), Dr. R. B. Munn; second (335), Dr. R. B. Munn; third, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Cornish Indian Pullet— First (358), Dr. H. B. Munn; second, F. L. Reinhard & Son; third (359), Dr. R. B. Munn. White Indian Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. White Indian Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. White Indian Pullet — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. 442 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Black Breasted Red Malay Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry- Farm. ORNAMENTAL GAMES AND BANTAMS. EXHIBITORS. Jesse Alexander & Co., Altoona, Iowa; Verne Argo, Tipton, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; A. H. Mether, Waterloo, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa. Golden Scahriglit Cock — First (74) and second (61), Jesse Alexander & Co. Golden Seahright Hen — First (85) and second (69), Jesse Alexander & Co. Golden Seahright Pullet — First (38), Jesse Alexander. White Booted Hen — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Light Brahma Cock — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Light Brahma Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Buff Cochin Cock — First (1), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (28), Verne E. Argo; third (37), L. M. Collins. Buff Cochin Cockerel — First (2), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (47), L. M. Collins; third (5), L. M. Collins. Btiff Cochin Hen— First (80), R. E. West; second, F. L. Reinhard & Son; third (64), Verne E. Argo. Buff Cochin Pullet — First (7), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (6), Jesse Alexander & Co.; third (4), L. M. Collins. Partridge Cochin Cock — First (14), R. E. West. White Cochin Cock — First (60), R. E. West; second (8), Jesse Alex- ander & Co. White Cochin Cockerel — First (76), R. E. West; second (6), Weir Hart. White Cochin Hen — First (41), Weir Hart; second (10), Jesse Alexan- der & Co.'; third (95), R. E. West. White Cochin Pullet— First (99), R. E. West; second (38), Weir Hart. Black Cochin Cock — First (61), R. E. West; second (12), Jesse Alexan- der & Co.; third (11), Jesse Alexander & Co. Black Cochin Hen — First (14), Jesse Alexander & Co.; second (13), Jesse Alexander & Co.; third (73), R. E. West. Black Cochin Pullet — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Black Tailed Javanese Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. White Japanese Hen — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. MISCELLANEOUS. EXHIBITORS. Verne Argo, Ti-pton, Iowa; E. B. Benson, Latimer, Iowa; Ralph W. Cram, Davenport, Iowa; P. A. Fosselman, Waverly, Iowa; Mrs. Lafe Owens, Des Moines, Iowa; C. & C. T. Van Lint, Pella, Iowa; Wm. Walker, Des Moines, Iowa. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 443 Judge W. S. Russkll, Ottumwa, Iowa. White Silkic Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (47), Verne E. Argo. White Silkie Hen — First (51), Verne E. Argo; second and third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Any Color Frizzle Cock — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Any Color Frizzle Hen — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Silver Cavipine Cock — First (3), E. B. Benson; second (46), Ralph W. Cram; third (1), E. B. Benson. Silver Campine Cockerel — First (121), Ralph W. Cram; second (31476), C. & C. T. Van Lint; third (11), E. B. Benson. Silver Campine Hen — First (6), E. B. Benson; second (122), Ralpli W. Cram; third (4), E. B. Benson. Silver Campine Pullet — First (103), Ralph W. Cram; second (7), E. B. Benson; third (8), E. B. Benson. Silver Campine ExhiMtion Pen — Foicls — First (13-14-15-16-17), E. B. Benson. Silver Campine Exhibition Pen— C/iicfcs— First (18-19-20-21-22), E. B. Benson; second (38-39-40-41-42), Wm. Walker. Blue S. C. Orpington Cock — First (5017C), P. A. Fosselmann. Blue S. C. Orpington Pullet — First (5598a), P. A. Fosselman. CAPONS. EXHIBITOR. Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa. AWARUS. Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa. Any Variety Capon — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. PIGEONS. EXHIBITORS. Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; F. L. Douglas, Des Moines, Iowa; Frank Fortman, Dyersville, Iowa; Mrs. Frank Harris, Des Moines, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa. Pair Homing Pigeons — First (1), Mrs. Frank Harris; second (9), Mrs. Frank Harris; third (31-32), F. L. Douglas. Pair Fantail Pigeons — First, R. E. West. Pair Politer Pigeons — First, second and third, Frank Fortman. Pair Swallow Pigeons — First, second and third, Wib. F. Clements. Pair Tumbler Pigeons — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Pair Turbet Pigeons — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son. TURKEYS. EXHIBITORS. Mrs. O. C. Bierma, Altoona, Iowa; Mrs. R. H. Longworth, Polk City, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, loAva. 444 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE AWARDS. Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa. Bronze Turkey Cock — First (1243), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (50), Mrs. O. C. Bierma. Bronze Turkey Cockerel — First (1218), F. P. & V. G. Warner. Bronze Turkey Hen— First (1207), F. F. & V. G. Warner; second (47), Mrs. O. C. Bierma. Bronze Turkey Pullet— First (1205), P. P. & V. G. Warner. White Holland Turkey Cock — First (11), Mrs. R. H. Longworth. White Holland Turkey Cockerel — First (12), Mrs. R. H. Longworth, White Holland Turkey Hen — First (14), Mrs. R. H. Longworth. White Holland Turkey Pullet — First (16), Mrs. R. H. Longworth. DUCKS. EXHIBITORS. D. E. Ackoss, Des Moines, Iowa; Verne E. Argo, Tipton, Iowa; Mrs. Robt. Carlile, Valley Junction, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; O'Donnell Poultry Farm, Valley Junction, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; C. & C. T. Van Lint, Pella, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfleld, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge P. H. Shellabarger, West Liberty, Iowa. White Pekin Drake, Old— First (9), R. E. West; second (1061), P. P. & V. G. Warner; third (350), D. E. Ackoss. White Pekin Drake, Young — First (41), R. E. West; second (145), F. P. & V. G. Warner; third (5), Verne E. Argo. White Pekin Duck, Old— First (1189), P. P. & V. G. Warner; second (1), R. E. West; third (147), O'Donnell Poultry Farm. White Pekin Duck, Young — First (23), R. E. West; second (49), Verne E. Argo; third (146), P. P. & V. G. Warner. Colored Rouen Drake, Old— First (21), C. & C. T. Van Lint; second (20), C. & C. T. Van Lint; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Colored Rouen Drake, Young — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Colored Rouen Duck, Old— First (31492), C. & C. T. Van Lint; second (31493), C. & C. T. Van Lint; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Colored Rouen Duck, Young — First and third, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (4), R. E. West. Black Cayuga Drake, Old — First (4), R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Black Cayuga Duck, Old — First (10), R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Gray Call Drake, Old — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Gray Call Duck, Old — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Colored Muscovy Drake, Old — First and third, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (29), R. E. West. Colored Muscovy Drake, Young — First, R. E. West. Colored Muscovy Duck, Old — First, R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poul- try Farm. Colored Muscovy Duck, Young — First (79), R. E. West. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV. 445 White Muscovy Drake, Old — First and second, Hanson's Poultry Farm; third (65), R. E. West. White Muscovy Duck, Old — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (8), R. E. West. Fawn and White Indian Runner Drake. Old — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son; second (656) and third (658), Mrs. Lafe Owens. Fawn and White Indian Runner Drake, Young — First and third, F. L. Reinhard & Son; second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Fawn and White Indian Runner Duck, Old — First (663), Mrs. Lafe Owens; second and third, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Fawn and White Indian Runner Duck, Young — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son; second and third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. White Indian Runner Drake, Old — First and second, F. L. Reinhard & Son; third, Mrs. Robt. Carlile. White Indian Runner Drake, Young — First (92), Mrs. Robt. Carlile; second and third, F. L. Reinhard & Son. White Indian Runner Duck, Old — First, second and third, F. L. Rein- hard & Son. White Indian Runner Duck, Yowig — First and second, F. L. Reinhard & Son; third (94), Mrs. Robt Carlile. GEESE. EXHIBIT0R.S. Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; O'Donnell Poultry Farm, Valley Junction, Iowa; Lillie Taylor, Highland Park, Des Moines, Iowa; C. & C. T. Van Lint, Pella, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard &, Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa. AWARDS. Judge W. S. RrssELL, Ottumwa, Iowa. Gray Toulouse Gander, Old — First (53), Lillie Taylor; second (30), R. E. West. Gray Toulouse Gander, Young — First (68), R. E. West. Gray Toulouse Goose, Old — First (66), Lillie Taylor; second (59), R. E. West. Gray Toulouse Goose, Young — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son; second (35), R. E. West. White Emhden Gander, OZ(Z— First (2), R. E. West. White Emhden Gander, Young — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son. White Emhden Goose, Old — First, F. L. Reinhard & Son; second (19), R. E. West. White Emhden Goose, Young — First (51), R. E. West. Gray African Gander, Old — First (133), R. E. West; second (95), R. E. West. Gray African Gander, Young — First (65), and second (69), R. E. West; third, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Gray African Goose. Old — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Gray African Goose, Young — First (60), R. E. West; second, Hanson's Poultry Farm. Brown Chinese Gander, Old — First (63), R. E. West. Brown Chinese Gander, Young — First (90), R. E. West. 446 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Broivn Chinese Goose, Old— First (66), R. E. West. Brown Chinese Goose, Young — First (12), R. E. West. White Chinese Gander, Old — First and third, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second (70), R. E. West. White Chinese Gander, Young — First, Hanson's Poultry Farm; second and third, F. L. Reinhard & Son. White Chinese Goose, Old— First (68), R. E. West; second, F. L. Rein- hard & Son; third (236), O'Donnell Poultry Farm. White Chinese Goose, Young — First and second, F. L. Reinhard & Son. EGG LAYING CONTEST. EXHIBITOES. E. B. Benson, Latimer, Iowa; Geo. B. Ferris, Grand Rapids, Michigan; P. A. Fosselman, Waverly, Iowa; W. Harvey, Des Moines, Iowa; J. C. Sandmier, Waukee, Iowa; F. F. & V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa; J. M. Williamson, Des Moines, Iowa. AWARDS. Egg Laying Co7itest— First, W. Harvey; second, W. Harvey; third, J. C. Sandmier; fourth, E. B. Benson. COMMERCIAL EGGS— AMERICAN CLASS. EXHIBITORS. Wib. F. Clements, Agency, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; C. W. Reader, Leon, Iowa. AWABliS. Judge F. E. Mixa, Ames, Iowa. Commercial Eggs— First, F. L. Reinhard & Son; second, C. W. Reader. MEDITERRANEAN CLASS. exhibitors. J. E. Cundy, Milford, Iowa; Hanson's Poultry Farm, Dean, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; J. M. Williamson, Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. Walker, Des Moines, Iowa. Commercial Eggs— First, J. M. Williamson; second, Wm. Walker; third, J. E. Cundy. ASIATIC CLASS. exhibitors. Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa. Commercial Eggs— First, Weir Hart; second, F. L. Reinhard & Son. ENGLISH CLASS. EXHIBITOES. C. W. Reeder, Leon, Iowa; F. L. Reinhard & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa. Commercial Eggs— First, C. W. Reeder; second, F. L. Reinhard & Son. Best Dozen Eggs, All Varieties Competing— 3. M. Williamson, Des Moines, Iowa. PART V. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, 1913. The aimiial meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association was held at Ames, Iowa, June 18, 1913. In tlie absence of the president and first vice-president, the second vice-president, F. J. Sexsmith of Orient presided. It is not possible in this report to give all of the addresses in full, inasmuch as no shorthand report of the meet- ing was taken and a number of addresses were informal. The Association was welcomed by Charles F. Curtiss, Dean of the Agricultural Department of the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. He assured the members of the organization that no Association was more welcome at the college than the Swine Breeders. He stated it to be his belief that they came together as students and that they were able to obtain highly valuable informa- tion from their meetings. The modern type of improved swine, he stated, represented the highest efficiency in the attainments of the business of animal industry. No other animal converts grains into high priced meats so readily or with so great a profit as the hog. He said that although this state had just disposed of the greatest corn crop ever raised and at low prices, the hog netted $1.00 per bushel for every bushel fed him. Mr. Sexsmith as chairman responded briefly to this address of welcome. He said that Iowa Swine Breeders were always glad to visit Ames and they never failed to go home with a great deal of information regarding their business that they could not secure from other sources. John M. Evvard of the Animal Husbandry Section, Iowa Eperi- ment Station, gave the following paper on the subject, "Forage Crops for Swine." 448 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE FORAGE CROPS FOR IOWA SWINE. JOHN M. EWARD. Hog growing and fattening in the middle west economically centers around corn. Our chief problem is to advantageously dispose of our corn; this is done by intelligently supplementing said corn with foods which are efficiently grown or purchased, and which supply the deficiencies of the corn itself. Indian Corn is our greatest American swine grain; it is not a com- plete ration, being deficient in a few particulars: First, — Loiv in protein. The remedy of course is to supply this ma- terial. Second, — The quality of tJic corn protein is somewtiat inferior. Os- borne* and Mendel have shown us that zein which comprises practically 58 per cent of the corn proteins, lacks three protein building stones, namely tryptophane, lysine and glycocoll. Unfortunately for corn tryp- tophane is necessary for normal growth and development; fortunately for corn, however, the other 42 per cent of the protein is of seemingly good quality. It is common sense to assume that meat proteins are more efficient pound for pound than vegetable proteins, because having already been built up into animal tissues they are more likely to furnish the initial amino acids or building stones; in practice meat and milk proteins give best physiological results. Third, — Deficiency of minerals. Calcium especially is markedly con- spicuous because of its almost entire absence. The significance of cal- cium is apparent when we realize that it comprises practically 40 per cent of the dry ash of bone. Phosphorus, the bone-forming mate of calcium, is of much importance, furnishing as it does 17 per cent or thfereabouts of the material which makes up the dry material of bone ash, and yet corn does not supply enough phosphorus to meet normal requirements of growing swine. Fourth, — It shows an acid ash. There is in corn a preponderance of such elements as sulphur, phosphorus and chlorine, as compared to cal- cium, potassium, sodium and magnesium; this comparison being made with normal solutions made up from the different elements. Corn is somewhat constipating in character and does not have as much fat possibly as the animal can use to advantage; hence these difficuties need to be overcome. Feeds that economically supply the deficiences of corn are the ones advantageously used in the growing and fattening of swine in the Corn Belt. *Monthly Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol. XIV, No. 2, March, 1913. Science, Vol. XXXVII, No. 944, January 31, 1913. FORAGE CROPS ARE INDISPENSABLE. The imperative economic need of green pastures and forages in suc- cessful pork production is emphasized by some six years' investigation involving more than five thousand hogs at the Iowa Experiment Station. In selecting a forage for our conditions, a forage that is suitable to the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR ROOK— PART V. 449 Corn Belt comprising those great states of Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Mis- souri, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan and adjoining portions of others, we must pay due attention to the essentials of the ideal forage for these locations. 1. Adaptability to local soil and climate. 2. Palatability. 3. Heavy yield of digestible dry matter comparatively high in good quality of protein and mineral nutrients, the latter of which should prefer- ably be alkaline in character. The calcium and phosphorus content had best be high, and the crude fibre low. 4. A narrow nutritive ratio which wall enable the animal to eat a minimum amount of material to do a maximum of balancing. 5. Succulence. (Which should not be excessive.) 6. Long pasturage season preferably coming early, staying through the hot, dry and sultry summer, and remaining late. 7. Endure trampling, so essential in securing a maximum of grazing food. 8. Permanency. The perennials such as bluegrass and alfalfa are most superior in this regard. 9. Should be seeded with comparative ease and at reasonable cost. 10. Had best be leguminous in nature, because we need the nitrogen which may be gathered from the air, thus insuring up-keep in this high priced element of fertility. Our experience is that of all crops alfalfa comes nearer furnishing these essentials than any other, but nevertheless rape, red clover, blue grass, (preferably mixed with white or alsike clover) and sweet clover, (espe- cially the first year's growth) stand high in relative merits. To squarely place before you some definite, usable figures regarding pasturage indispensable to successful pork production, we place before ycu table I. 29 450 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE PROFITABLE PASTURES FOR PORK PRODUCTION. IOWA EXPERIMENT STATION, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SECTION. Spring Pigs of Current Year. Forage or Pasture pi < lbs. Feed Re- (luired for a hundred pounds gain _ =3 m p a u ttJ o lbs. lbs. o a; O S5 Bluegrass amd timothy-- Bluegrass and white clover Alfalfa .\Ifalfa Red clover Red clover Rape Rape Rape Rape Rape Sweet clover first year's growth 1900 13.9 1<>12 2G.6 1012 44.4 1912 43.5 1910 18.7 1910 18.7 1910 20.0 1912 215.0 1912 25.9 1912 27.3 1912 28.3 1910 22.6 180 ISO 190 141 141 141 160 160 160 160 IGl 206 152; 215 158 1S8 194 169 178 184 183 182 .64 .94 .85 1.13 1.10 .81 .93 .96 .90 1.02 380 328 398 S2S 371 299 293 388 316 311 309' 314 13 44 none 24 none 35 34 none 25 38 44 25 $4.09 4.06 3.46 3.'.50 3.71 3.84 3.79 3.25 3.64 3.88 4.00 3.70 $ 31.85 121.54 82.2 +124.63 84.7 tl84.92 91.5 51.20 84.6 64.55 90.4 68.64 92.2 89.19 94.7 90.S4 90.9 89.19 S7.2 86.89 S5.2 74.50 75.6 91.0 ^Beginning 1912 corn graim asi fed on the cob is charged at 49o for 56 pounds, this allowing the hogs a cent for shelling as compared to other years. tHay credited at $10 a ton, respectively 2329, and 1880 pounds to the acre. If pro- portionate production charge is made on basis of the hay eaten by hogs, as compared to plot not harvested partly by them we have costs running respectively $3.65 and $3.62. Briefly the basis is to charge hogs simply with hay they eat (Supposed the field costs .$10.75 an acre, and yields 5 tons normally,— but hogs on same eat 4 tons of this; charge them four-fifths of .$10.75) plus loss of approximately 3 per cent due to shattering and soiling of remaining hay and the extra labor and machinery costs necessitated in mowing, raking and loading to insure upkeep of alfalfa hog pasture. §Oredits corn with all profits after paying for forage aod supplement. That alfalfa, red clover, rape, blue grass and sweet clover (in the first year of its growth) are presented in this table to the exclusion of the other forages means that these are really the standard hog forage crops of the Corn Belt. We have placed blue grass first on the table because this is the most common pasture grass, not because of superiority. Blue grass is a most, excellent pasture especially when combined with clover, having the advantage of coming early and staying late, but having the very serious- disadvantage of drying up when pasture is most needed, namely, during the dry, hot days of July and August. That blue grass should be improved by the addition of clover as com- pared to timothy is manifest. Timothy added to the blue grass pasture is not to be commended. Timothy tends to widen the ration when it should bo narrowed and furnishes additional crude fibre when less is in order. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 451 Alfalfa is really the best forage crop for hogs. Alfalfa yields per- manent pasture which returns high acre profits and enables the hog man to secure a maximum of cents for the corn marketed the alfalfa way. Alfal- fa, however, is excelled by Dwarf Essex Rape in this particular: rape re- quires less protein supplement along with the corn fed hogs in it than does the alfalfa simi)ly because rape furnishes a high proportion of pro- tein in a mixture of food constituents, said mixture having a very narrow nutritive ratio. Furthermore, our observations have been that hogs eat more rape than alfalfa especially when they are young; this naturally affords opportunity for the balancing of a larger amount of corn. The happy combination suggested is alfalfa-rape, the latter being used largely to obviate the necessity of buying high priced protein supplements. Peculiarly enough, taking an early one in a continuous series of years as a standard of comparison we find that rape produces pork more cheap- ly under our conditions at Ames than does alfalfa. It is to be remembered that rape can efficiently be used only as a pasture or soiling crop whereas alfalfa may be mowed and cured as hay, thus doing away with loss in time of disease epidemics which decimate the farm in forage consum- ing animals. Alfalfa is a legume thus insuring nitrogenous fertility up- keep, with its resultant higher yields as the years go on; herein rape is at a serious disadvantage. That alfalfa should return a net profit on the acre of $184.92, charging the corn (shelled basis) at 50c a bushel, the meat meal at $2.50 a hun- dred, the alfalfa at $10.75 an acre, and crediting the hay at $10 a ton and the hogs at $6 a hundred is somewhat surprising. This assumes that the difference between the farm and market value (charged) of corn plus the manure produced and its uniform distribution without leacliing loss, offsets the labor of feeding, management and marketing of the hogs; risk and interest on the hog; and the depreciation and interest on the equip- ment. This is merely an assumption and is not given as a stated fact, but nevertheless gives an understandable basis from which to reason and figure. That 91.5 cents should be returned for every bushel of corn marketed through the hogs on this alfalfa pasture, all the profits being centered upon corn, is somewhat gratifying to those men who have long since appreciated the high value of alfalfa pasture. That alfalfa needs supplement, although only in small amounts, is clear- ly shown in a comparison of the two trials presented. In the first no supplement was fed while in the second one pound of meat meal contain- ing 60 per cent of protein was fed for approximately every 7% to 8 pounds of corn grain. The gains are shown to have cost the same, but the close observer will readily see that where no supplement was fed the pigs were carried to the light weight of 152 .pounds, where with sup- plement in the same length of time they reached a weight of 215 pounds; assuredly the putting on of this extra 63 pounds is somewhat expensive, relatively speaking, costing in the neighborhood of $4.50 a hundred with feeds charged at similar prices as when on alfalfa. When we take into 452 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE consideration the lessened risk, labor, interest and so on, due indirectly to the large gains and quick marketing (directly due to the meat meal added which kept up the appetite and insured thrift and growth) the practical advisability of feeding a little supplement is strengthened. Rape requires very little if any supplement. Our experience indi- cates, and the above figures are in line with this, that about 5 per cent as much meat meal as of corn is sufficient in the growing and fattening of spring pigs while on rape. It seems that the added supplement in- sures a better growth which economically reflects itself in faster and more efficient gains after forage is gone; this small amount of meat product supplement may derive some of its advantage from the fact that it furnishes those amino acids which are essential in meat production, and which may possibly be lacking in rape. Another possible explana- tion of the greater efficiency may lie in the added mineral elements having an alkaline reaction. Sweet clover in the first year of its growth is an acceptable forage. Living two years as it does the first year's growth is inclined to be much finer, and of better texture, and more leafy than that of the second year. Ordinarily sweet clover only grows about 20 to 30 inches high the first year whereas the second year a man can lose himself even though on horseback in it. The second year is the "seeding year," which means that the plants become woody and coarse, yielding a maximum of crude fibre, and a minimum of leaves, this being especially true after the first couple of months of growth. Our experience with the second year's growth of this clover as a hog pasture has not been gratifying; it has rather been discouragingly disappointing. If one insists on pasturing the growth of the second year, which is entirely the practical thing to do very early In the season, he should insist that the growth be pas- tured down quite severely in order to prevent the plants "shooting for seed," which inevitably brings woodiness. All experience indicates that this heavy pasturing in the second year is to be encouraged if maximum efficiency is to be secured from the season's growth. SOY BEANS AND COWPEAS OUTCLASSED. That soy beans and cowpeas merit little, if any, attention as a hog forage in northern sections of the corn belt is quite clearly demon- strated in the summary presented for your consideration in Table II. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 453 TABLE II. Soy Beans and Cowpeas are Clearly Excelled in Northern Corn Belt by Standard Forages: Alfalfa, Red Clover, Rape, Bluegrass and Sweet Clover. Iowa Experiment Station, Animal Husbandry Section. Sum- mer Pigs of Current Year Weighing Nearly Fifty Pounds — 1913. Forage X3 be a ^ te ) ^ a a « ■a a>£ ^ 01 o bl!5 a bt OS ^ cs (U o >, 9 0) >■" CS t> > < Q <) < Feed Requir- ed for a Hun- dred Pound Gain Soy beams Soy beans Cow peas Cow peas Rape, check lot- 31 31 31 31 142 64 65 55 58 68 S20 359 596 4-72 276 73 a" 6 none $ 5.28 35 6.T1 none 10.53 44 9.95 none 2.74 Another test of the year 1912, showing- soy bean inferiority. Soy beans Drylot, before§ after average Drylot, before§ after, average Bluegrass after§ ... and and 40 41 120 S7 .79 414 none 4.71 3(5 66 50 164 166 1.10 1.34 318 321 42 48 3.83 4.05 dj bo fcH o O 5- so « O-i-' 0) u e9 3.7B 3.31t 11.3rt 12.40t 101.12 13.75 262.00 *Shelled basis, this allowing hogs a cent for shelling grain off the cob. tindieates loss. §0f the original pigs on soy beans, one-half at close of bean season were put on bluegrass and the other half in dry lot. The superiority of rape over soy beans and cowpeas is manifest not only in the average daily gain of the 1913 test but in the lesser cost of gains and in the larger profits on the acre basis. Under average Iowa conditions counting rent at $3 an acre it costs approximately $12 to $15 to grow an acre of cowpeas or soy beans. In the 1912 feeding trial the soy beans cost $13.96 an acre whereas alfalfa cost only $10.75, rape $9.28, and bluegrass $6. The $13.96 cost is distributed thus: $6 for rent on land, $2.80 for preparation including plowing, double discing, harrowing and drilling, 50c for inoculation and $4.66 for seed. This seed was charged at current rates of $3.50 a bushel, which counting additional cost of freight, drayage and so on, is a very reasonable nowaday cost. In 1913 the cost of the soy bean pasture was $12.80 on the acre, the lesser cost than in previous years being due to a little lighter seeding. Dwarf Essex Rape in 1913 cost $9.28, this cost being distributed as follows: $6 for rent, $2.80 for preparation, 48c for seed; but even though the cow peas and soy beans had cost the same as the rape, the profits would have gone "rapeward." That there should be an actual loss on the acre in both cow peas and in one of the soy bean fields is somewhat discouraging to the cowpeas-soy bean enthusiast. Certainly $3.76 is a magnificent apparent profit as compared to these other adverse showings. That this $3.76 is 454 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE apparent profit one realizes when he compares it with the $101.12 re- turn on rape, the basis of figuring being identical. That soy beans are excelled by bluegrass was brought out in 1912. Although the pigs were fed on bluegrass after coming off the soy beans (at a time when their gains should really have cost more, conditions remaining unchanged) they still make cheaper gains than they had in their younger days on soy beans, is convincing as to the demerits of soy beans and merits of bluegrass. We had two soy bean fields this year (1912) the hogs on one receiving a full and the other only a half feed of corn. The field giving the best returns, or namely the one in which the hogs had been full fed is the one given for your consideration. That these fifty shoats should make more rapid and cheaper gains in dry lot (the average of their performance before going on and after coming off soy beans) than when in the beans is not necessarily a commendation of dry lot feeding but rather a condemnation of soy bean pasturage. These striking adverse showings of soy beans and cowpeas in central Iowa are not to be interpreted as expressive of results in the southern states. In the south both soy beans and cowpeas do relatively better than they do with us above the forty-first parallel, and furthermore, the crops we have here do not do so well in the south, which means that conditions are entirely changed. The use of soy beans and cowpeas in the south is not to be discouraged but we must remember that competition with peanuts and Lespedeza or Bermuda grass in the south is not so keen as competition with bluegrass and alfalfa and red clover and rape in the north. Then again, in many sections of the south cowpeas and soy beans are available as green feed, furnishing both forage and grain (grain in the cowpeas and soy beans is relatively more valuable in the south than in Iowa because of relatively higher values of other grain concentrates), early in the summer season when there are practically no competitive green crop rivals; this is the period, usually between winter crops, such as rape, and the late summer crop peanuts. When the southern farmer learns to grow permanent alfalfa successfully, these emergency "grain and forage producing legumes" will have some lively competition. Col. H. S. Allen, Russell, Iowa, gave the following paper on the subject, "Private Sales." PRIVATE SALES. H. S. ALLEN. Brother Breeders and Gentlemen: One of the first essentials of success- ful private sales is delivering the goods advertised or described in the correspondence. Another thing that should always be observed is to have your animals in good condition, and when ready to ship, see that they are well cleaned, free from lice, and put in a clean substantial crate. In de- scribing the animal, do so in a cloar business way telling your corre- spondent the bad i)oints as well as the good. When you get an inquiry answer the letter by return mail if possible. Make an effort to find out what type your correspondent wants. If you have it send it to him. If not, frankly tell him so. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 455 I find that my best customers through private sales are my old custo- mers, and these are won and held by square dealing and shipping a hog that will do them good. Another very essential thing in private sales is to be able from the description that you get to be able to tell the kind and type of hog that your correspondent wants. I know from my own experience in receiving hogs by mail order that some breeders are either a poor judge of the type and kind of a hog that their correspond- ent wants or are evidently a poor judge of type and character them- selves. I find that the best method in both public and private sales is to do by your customer as you would like to have him do by you. In other words observe the Golden Rule and you won't have very much trouble. Another very important point in private as well as public sales not to be overlooked is to be prompt in sending out the pedigrees of animals sold. I have known breeders to put this off for months. This don't leave your customer in a very good humor and he is righteously indignant, and this in all probability is the cause of losing many future sales. Many breeders do not realize the importance of the pedigree to the buyer. Whether he be a farmer or breeder, the buyer wants to know the pedigree before using the hog, as it enables him to keep from inbreeding. And if he be a farmer it would in all probability cause him to take a greater interest in pure bred live stock. It also gives the buyer the impression that the seller is careful with all the records connected with his business. Shipping on approval. This is one of the phases of the business I would handle carefully. I don't believe in shipping on approval at all times as I have known cases where the buyer did not have judgment enough to know when a good hog was shipped him and worked a hardship upon the seller by returning an animal that was worth more money than was asked for it. On the other hand if you know your man to be a good judge and an honest man I believe in shipping on approval, and when shipping on approval I think it a good plan for the seller to pay return express charges as this shows each is willing to play fair. When you ship out always let your customer know about when you ship and don't fail to keep your word. Gentlemen, I thank you. Col. H. S. Duncan, Clearfield, Iowa, gave the following paper on the subject, "A Public Sale of Pure Bred Breeding Stock." THE PUBLIC SALE OF PURE BRED BREEDING STOCK. BY H. S. DUXCAX, CLEARFIELD, IOWA. As a system for selling pure bred stock the public sale affords so many positive and distinct advantages that argument for the method would seem unnecessary. The efficacy of the system is clearly evidenced by the fact that our most active and successful present day breeders have adopted it, and that the foremost breeds of live stock are those which have been kept conspicuously before the public eye by the auction method. So generally established, and so popular has this method of selling and 456 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE buying registered live stock become, that tlie breeder who does not follow the custom is looked upon by the public with a degree of indifference, while the breeder who manifests a confidence in his neighbors, permitting them to compete publicly for his goods, wins their confidence, and will command their patronage, just as long as he gives them clean and honest auctions. The public sale is unsurpassed as an educator upon the matter of values, types and breeds and gives great impetus to the improved stock breeding industry. The public sale proposition is not clothed in such mystery as to cause a breeder to hesitate and doubt his ability to make a successful sale and undergo the monotony, uncertainty and disappoint- ment attending the private sale business. Par from being so, the process is very easy, and the results gratifying if one will but observe and carry out the details pertaining thereto. First: The character and standing of a breeder among his neighbors is essential. If the public esteem a man's word and know him to be honest, personality other than this is of little consequence. I have in mind a great number of breeders who might not be termed "smooth" or "clever" but better, they are honest, and their sales are always successful. Second: The sale offering should be presented in good breeding con- dition. Doubtful and inferior animals should in no case be listed. This does not imply that every animal must be a high class individual, but those that are not superior to the common stock of the community should by all means be eliminated. Third: The sale should be dated far enough in advance that the offering may be shaped up for the occasion, and also allow a sufficient time in which to thoroughly advertise the sale. Advertising is very important, and I heartily commend the use of the agricultural press. A sale offering which will not justify advertising in a live stock journal, should not be sold for breeding purposes. In addition to these, a sale should be given notice in the local papers covering a radius of fifteen miles. Ten days prior to the sale, bills should be posted at the cross roads, and in business houses in the local territory and a general an- nouncement of the auction made over the local phone lines the evening before the sale. Sale catalogs should be gotten out by the time the first advertisement appears so that inquirers may be promptly supplied. Ten days before the sale, mail catalogs to those on your mailing list, whicn should in addition to the breeders' names, include those of fifty or more farmers living nearest to you. Follow this with a circular letter or postal card notice three days before the sale. See that your catalogs are com- plete, and free from error, using foot notes that will do the animal justice without exaggeration. Solicit mail bids to be entrusted to your field men or auctioneer, and reserve 150 catalogs for sale day. In determining upon where to hold the sale you should consider the convenience and comfort of the public. As a general thing, it is better to hold winter sales in town; however, there is no established rule on this point. If the sale is within driving distance from town, furnish free conveyance and see to it that the service FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 457 is prompt. Furnish free entertainment to parties from a distance and have free lunch for everyone. Fourth: Provide a comfortable place in which to hold the sale. If there is no barn suitable for the purpose, do not hesitate to hire a good tent. Have seats for the crowd, and be sure that seats are secure. If a swine sale, do not have sale ring more than eighteen feet across, en- closed with patent fencing thirty inches high, bringing seats well up to the ring. For cattle and horse sales a larger ring is of course neces- sary. Fifth: Class and arrange your stock in the pens or stalls so it will appear to the best advantage, numbering each animal so as to correspond with catalog number. Number swine with paint, and place numbers on back just behind the shoulders. Never depend upon ear tag numbers for the sale ring, and be sure there is no error in the numbering. For cattle place cloth or paper numbers by pasting on each hip, and for horses attach numbers to halter. It is always best to number your offer- ing the evening before sale, or very early sale morning. Never delay numbering until the crowd is arriving. Procure a sufficient number of helpers, and give instructions so that each will know what is expected of him. Arrange entrance and exit to the sale ring, so there can be no delay in getting the stock in and out. Everything should be completed and ready by nine o'clock sale day, with nothing for the proprietor to do but receive guests, and look after their comforts. Extend to your neighbors the same courtesy as to those from a distance, and make every- one feel at home. Sixth: One hour before sale time have lunch served, and have plenty. Be ready to start the sale on time. With your helpers instructed as to the order in which the stock will be sold, your place during the sale is near the auctioneer. Be prepared to answer all questions regarding the stock, and do not withhold or cover up any of the facts. Be brief and to the point, and also be pleasant. If an animal sells for less than you were expecting, do not complain for the next may bring you more than you expected. At this particular time in the sale, the success with which you are to meet depends entirely upon the ability of the auctioneer on the block. If you have employed an expert salesman, a man who is familiar with every phase of the business now at hand, you have done wisely. But if you have tried to save a few dollars by hiring an auctioneer, whose only recommendation is a low fee, and placed within the hands of an inexperienced salesman, the responsibility of getting you a reward for your effort in caring for the offering, and getting ready for the sale, may the good Lord pity you. Employ the local auctioneer through cour- tesy and to prevent a farm sale being held in the neighborhood the same day. He can also help in advertising, and work in the ring. The field men representing the live stock journals in which you have advertised the sale are all good ring men, and they are always ready and willing to help a sale in every possible way. Where y-ou expect them to help in the ring, always supply your clerk with a few sheets of carbon paper, so that he can furnish each of them with a complete list of the sale when it is concluded, and thus avoid the delay entailed by the ring men also having to clerk the sale while it is in progress. 458 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Seventh: Employ an experienced clerk, and have your pedigrees all made out in advance of the sale, leaving them with the clerk to give to the buyers when settling. Instruct your clerk to settle with the advertising men and auctioneer just as soon as the sale is over. Be as interested in conveying parties back to the station and saying good-bye to them as you were in greeting them. Make every promise and agree- ment good, and you will find your reputation extending from year to year, your sale averages increasing, you will become an exponent and advocate of the one great, effective method of selling, and you will attain a success otherwise impossible. W. M. McFadden, Secretary of the American Poland China Eecord Association, Chicago, Illinois, gave a brief discussion on "Some Points to he Observed by the Breeder." He said that the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association had accomplished more results than any other swine breeders' association of which he knew. He stated that in his judgment those who were engaged in swine breed- ing should make it their principal business. It should be the cen- tral idea around which farm operations should circulate. A hog man should l)e a hog man 365 days in the year and should be en- thusiastic every day. He should have stationery which would be a credit to him and which would add dignity to his business. He should raise what people want instead of what he happens to like best. He believes it is an art for the breeder to be able in advance to realize the demands of the future and take advantage of them. The wise breeder is he who sees and knows fads and gets in line so as to avoid suffering from hog bubbles. Salesmanship is important. Individuality of animals should not be overlooked. Feed and care are strong features. He stated that success can not be obtained without well bred stock to begin with. Good care, good feed and good sales. He advised that in the disposition of the stock the breeder should adopt one of three plans ; a private sale, a public sale or through the show circuit. Col. John Tupper of "Woodbine, Iowa, spoke briefly on the sub- ject, "What to Do with the Kicker in the Show Ring and Else- where." There was general discussion of the subject, "How to Grow the Pig from Birth to Maturity." We are indebted to the Iowa Homestead for its report on this discussion and also on the talk given by Dr. C. II. Stange of Ames, as follows: HOW TO GROW TUV PfG FIIOM BIR^I^TT TO MATURITY. The genllciiiaii who liad lieen assigned the subject of "How to Grow the Pig fi-om Hirih to Maturity" was not pi'esent, but an in- formal discussion on the inatter followed. W. Z. Swallow said he FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V. 459 started pigs with new milk, shorts and a little corn. He thought that the milk of one cow i'ed to a litter of tive pigs would make the pigs have a value in the fall sufficient to pay for a good cow. 11. R. Blake said he fed new milk, oil meal, and tankage and gave the pigs the run of a clover pasture. Secretary Hancher fed a variety, in- cluding oil meal, tankage, bran and shorts three times a day with shredded corn two times a day and gave them access to a blue grass pasture. He increases the proportion of corn as the pigs grow older. Nothing, he said, finishes a pig as well as corn. He fed bran to add bulk. He said that little pigs fed five times a day did well, but that for older ones feeding three times a day answered the purpose. He feeds tankage and oil meal on pasture. He slops before giving the grain feed. He uses 100 pounds of bran and 400 pounds of shorts and includes about a quart of salt to each barrel of slop. He be- lieves in feeding often and only so much as the pigs will clean up each feeding time. METHODS OF CONTROLLING AND ERADICATING HOG CHOLERA IN IOWA. Dr. Stange took up as the subject of his talk "Methods of Controlling and Eradicating Hog Cholera in Iowa." He stated that the eradication of hog cholera is most difficult in practice. Cholera had first presented itself in Ohio in 1833, and it had gradually spread until it was now common in practically every country in which hogs are raised. It seemed that hog cholera came in waves, that it would become prevalent for three or four years with increasing fatality, and that it would then begin to disappear. This year, he said, it would probably reach the high point in Iowa and begin to grow less. Pew disease germs have so great vitality as those of cholera. Carbolic acid does not injure them and the germs have been known to live for two years. Hogs that once pass through cholera do not have it the second time. Sucking pigs do not become readily infected. Some preventives may have merit. Most of them claim too much. There are two forms of hog cholera lesion, one of which appears in the lungs and the other in the intestines. When they have the form found in the lungs the affection is commonly spoken of as swine plague. This form is most serious. Buyers should quaran- tine animals brought to the farm for three weeks before permitting them to mingle with the farm stock. After an animal has been exposed to cholera the contamination will show itself in less than three weeks. Every precaution should be taken. Hogs should not have access to streams rising outside the farm. Streams are the most common means of spreading cholera. Stray dogs assist. Crows- and pigeons do their share. Hog buyers and neighbors should be excluded from the herd in times when cholera is threatened. Dr. Stange thinks the simultaneous method of inoculation is the only one of real merit. He thinks that the introduction of cholera at the time of inoculation should be through 460 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE vaccination and not from pen exposure. Hog yards should be broken up and put into cultivation, disinfected by the use of lime and other methods. When a herd has been vaccinated, corn should be withheld from their ration for one or two weeks. Green corn has a predisposing influence towards cholera. He thought successful vaccination depended as much on the manner of the use of serum as on the serum itself. GTund Champion Beckshire Herd, 1913 Iowa State Fair and Exposition, lowana Farms, Davenport, Iowa. PART VI. Annual Meeting Corn Belt Meat Producers Association. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 10. Morning Session. The tenth amiual meeting of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association was called to order by President A. Sykes at the Savery Hotel, Des Moines, at 10 :30 a. m. The invocation was delivered by Rev. J. F. Jamieson. President Sykes thereupon read his annual address, as follows: PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS. Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: The time for holding our annual meeting has again arrived, and I wish to extend to the delegates and members a hearty greeting, and assure you that we appreciate your presence with us, and hope that you will feel quite at home, and that this is your meeting, and you have a perfect right to participate in its discussions. As president of your association, it again devolves upon me at this time to give the delegates and membership at large a somewhat sum- marized report of the work of the past year. Since the last annual meeting, things have been rather quiet in the association, and little spectacular work has been done that would bring your organization into the limelight. For this reason, my report will be materially shortened. As you will remember, the general assembly of Iowa was in session during last winter and spring, and a multitude of demands was made on your executive committee to appear before different committees in the house and senate, to be heard on different bills. Many of these bills had merit, their object being to benefit the farmer and stockman. On the other hand, bills were introduced that we felt would be injurious to these interests, and we considered it our duty to bring all possible pressure to bear to defeat such measures. Likewise, we "put in our best licks" in behalf of measures that we believed should be adopted. And while your committee did not succeed as well as hoped, and did not accomplish everything desired in either direction, I am sure that each member felt that good work was done in your behalf, and that your interests were safeguarded and looked after in a way that they 402 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE could not have been had you not been organized and in a position to present your claims in a manner to demand consideration. In this connection I wish to drop the suggestion that you and your interests were not presented to legislative committees before the organization of the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, and unless you maintain your organization and have men whose duty it is to look after these matters at the proper time, you will have but little representation in years to come. The calling of a special session of congress by President Wilson soon after his inauguration, for the purpose of revising the tariff, and the fact that the committee on ways and means in the house of repre- sentatives, of which Mr. Underwood was chairman, had been conduct- ing exhaustive hearings on the proposed bill, led your executive com- mittee to carefully analyze that portion of the bill affecting live stock and other farm commodities, resulting in the conclusion that the bill was unfair to the farmer and stockman, and that a protest should be made by your organization against those particular features, and an attempt made to amend them, so as to give the farmer and producer equal protection with the manufacturer. Accordingly, a committee con- sisting of your president; Mr. J. F. Eisele, director from the sixth district, and Mr. Charles Goodenow, your treasurer, was selected to go to Washington about the first of May, to present our claims to the senate finance committee, who were then considering the bill. On arriving in Washington and making some investigation, your commit- tee found itself up against a stiff proposition, as the atmosphere in all of the big cities of the east was full of a clamor and demand on con- gress to lower the cost of living, and especially to reduce the cost of food products. We learned also that the finance committee had de- cided that no public hearings would be held by that committee on the bill, which decision meant that if anything was done by our committee the matter must be taken up personally with each of the ranking mem- bers of the senate committee. You can have some idea of the difficulty of that task when you understand that there were hundreds of men in Washington who wanted to see these same men on some part of the bill, and hundreds more who wanted to see them about some political job. But we at once set about our heroic task, as we were determined to present our claims to these senators before we left. Through the courtesy of Senator Cummins, we were soon able to get into personal touch with the men whom we wished to see, but even then our prog- ress was slow, as they were exceedingly busy, and some were out of the city, and it was very difficult to arrange suitable dates. In the course of about ten days we succeeded in holding a very satisfactory conference with each of the senators on the finance committee, whom we felt would practically have the shaping of the bill in that commit- tee. We were received very courteously by each of the senators waited on. They seemed to appreciate hearing directly from the agricultural producers of Iowa, and for the most part we found them in sympathy with our position, which was simply that we were willing to stand a reduction in the duties on live stock, dressed meats and agricultural products, but that we did not think it fair to place our products on the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 463 free list and still give the manufacturers ample protection. In other words, we felt that the bill discriminated against the agricultural and live stock interests. When we left Washington, we had ample assur- ance that a strong fight would be made in the senate finance commit- tee to retain the duties we were asking for, and it was then generally believed that the president would not seriously object to such a com- promise. As you will remember, practically the same recommenda- tions made by our committee were adopted and reported out by the senate committee in June. But by this time public sentiment in the east had so grown in favor of placing all food products on the free list that the president yielded to the demand and insisted on and secured the change in the bill which placed practically all of our commodities on the free list. We hope the president's views are correct in this matter, and give him credit for being sincere and honest in his posi- tion; yet we feel that the bill as passed is illogical and discriminating against the agricultural and live stock interests of our state, and that time alone must determine whether it would not have been better for congress to heed the protests and recommendations made to it by our committee. FACILITIES FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING SHEEP IN DOUBLE-DECK CARS. I wish to say a word here in the way of explanation for the benefit of our sheep feeders. About a year ago the officers of your association took up this matter with the Iowa Railroad Commission, with a view to having such facilities installed at all points where necessity de- manded. However, upon investigation, it was found that the Iowa com- mission had no authority in such cases unless the sheep were loaded at and shipped to points within the state. This not being the case, we had to look elsewhere for relief. So the matter was taken to the Inter- state Commerce Commission, where, to our surprise, we were informed that this important commission was woefully lacking in power to re- quire the railroads to install such facilities, although the shipments were interstate. We then decided to confer with the superintendents of the different lines, and see if we could not induce them to provide such accommodations at points where there were sheep enough handled to justify them. In this we succeeded partially, as some of the roads have been installing these double-deck chutes during the fall, while others have paid no attention to our requests. The fact is that unless we can coax the railroad men to give you these accommodations,' there is no way under the present laws to force them to act. As to the 75 per cent rate on stbcker and feeder cattle and sheep, I want to say once for all that all stocker and feeder cattle, and all sheep shipped in double-deck cars into this state for feeding purposes, are entitled to a rate which is 75 per cent of the fat stock rate, and I hope that none of our members will allow any railroad agent to blarney them in paying the full rate. I found a number of instances during the fall where the agent had charged the full rate on sheep, and de- clared to the farmers that there was no feeder rate on sheep. Under the rulings adopted last spring by the railroads, and incorporated in their live stock tariffs, the agent may require tlie shipper to make a 464 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE signed statement to the effect that none of the shipment is intended for immediate slaughter, in order to secure the low rate. No farmer should refuse to do this if the stock is for feeding purposes. It would be well for our members to post themselves on all these important questions, and then they will be in a position to demand their rights and secure them. SEKVICE AND CABOOSE ACCOMMODATIONS. At this juncture, I wish to refer briefly to the work done to secure better service and accommodations for our members in shipping their stock to market. This, like the last question discussed, is one that is very difficult to handle, as none of our railroad commissions are vested with the power to say to the railroads what they must furnish to the live stock men, either in service or accommodations. So it is purely a matter of securing the best we can by taking it up with the different railroad officials, presenting our grievances, and trying to convince them that we are entitled to better treatment. This course has been followed the past year with fairly good success. The facts are that the superin- tendents of our biggest live stock carrying roads have shown a disposi- tion to co-operate with us in improving conditions in a way that is both commendable and encouraging, while others have given but little heed to our recommendations. The plan followed was to visit the different division points where these stock trains are assembled, and talk with the stockmen coming in off the different lines; investigate caboose accommodations, and the speed of the trains, and the way the stockmen were looked after in making the transfer from one train to the other; and make a careful note of all matters that would affect either the convenience or welfare of the shippers. In this way, we were in a position to make intelligent suggestions and recommendations to the railroad officials when the matter was taken up with them. Under existing conditions, we believe that this is the most practical way of solving this vexatious question. While we will not get all we ask for, nor all we are entitled to, yet I believe if this plan is persistently followed, and our members will be prompt to report their delays and inconveniences in shipping, in time much permanent improvement can be made along this line on all the roads. Another matter of importance taken up by your officers was the question of the valuation clause now printed in railroad contracts for transporting live stock; said valuations not to exceed the following amounts on the different kinds of stock: Horses or mules $100.00 Steers 50.00 Cows '. 30.00 Swine 10.00 Sheep 3.00 These valuations to apply where stock is killed in transit. It will be remembered that about a year ago the supreme court of the United States handed down a decision in a damage case on an FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 465 interstate shipment, carried up by the railroads from Nebraska, in which the court practically validated these contract valuations, and gave the railroads the right to charge a higher rate where an increased liability is demanded by the shipper. Previous to this decision, the railroads had settled such claims on the basis of the value of the ani- mal killed, but for the past year they have refused to pay more than the amount specified in the contract. So you can readily see the risk incurred by our feeders and shippers in this state, where the average animal when fat is worth about double the valuation in the contract. Your officers recognized at once the danger of heavy losses to our members and the feeders in general under such a system, and their first thought was to obtain relief by securing the passage of a bill by congress that would prevent common carriers from limiting their liabil- ity by contract. So the matter was at once taken up with Senator Cum- mins, and he gladly offered his services. Accordingly, a bill was pre- pared and introduced in the senate by him early in the special session of congress which was at once referred to the committee on interstate commerce. Owing to the pressure of tariff and currency legislation, however, no action has been taken on it to this time. Later, fearing that the bill might be seriously delayed by congress, we decided to file a petition and complaint with the Interstate Commerce Commission, as we believed they had ample power to correct the situation. But before the petition had been filed, Judge Cowan, who represents the American National Live Stock Association and the Texas Cattle Grow- ers, wrote your secretary to the effect that he was working on a plan to secure a conference of the railroad and live stock men regarding an adjustment of the matter, and asked that our petition be withheld until the outcome of his efforts could be ascertained. His request was com- plied with, and later on we were notified that he had arranged the con- ference, to be held in Chicago, October 22d. He also urged that this association be represented at the conference. In accordance with the suggestion, your president and secretary, together with Mr. Thorne, chairman of the Iowa Railroad Commission, and Judge Henderson, Com- merce Counsel, were present at the conference. We found there a very large group of railroad men, representing practically all of the important western lines. Judge Cowan was also present, as were several ofiicers and members of the Military Tract Live Stock Shippers' Association, of Illinois, and a delegation from the Live Stock Exchange, of Chicago. A brief conference of those repre- senting the live stock interests was held, and all agreed that the pres- ent contract valuations were unfair and unjust, and that if animals were killed in transit, the owner should be paid full value for same. When the conference proper was called, the stockmen's position was pre- sented by Mr. Thorne, Judge Cowan, and others, and a demand was also made that the railroad people notify the different live stock or- ganizations as to their position in regard to changing the form of these contracts before December 1st. The railroad men did but little talk- ing. They stated that they were not in a position to make us any proposition, as under their system matters of that kind were handled 30 466 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE by a special board or committee appointed for that purpose; that such committee had been appointed and was working on the matter, and that they would do all they could to hurry the report so that it might be gotten to the stockmen by the time requested. However, up to date no word has been received intimating what the railroads intend to do. As to the general field work of the association during the past year, I will say that, as usual during the winter, I spoke at a great many farmers' institutes and other farmers' gatherings, and endeavored in this way to encourage and inspire the farmers to support the associa- tion more generally. I am sure that this is the most successful plan for the winter's campaign, as a speaker has a better audience at such meetings, and a better opportunity to spread the knowledge of the work of your organization among the farmers and get them interested. I believe the local officers and members should see to it that at such meetings a place is secured on the program for a speaker from this as- sociation. If interest in it is maintained, we must keep everlastingly boosting, for we can not succeed by keeping still and not letting the farmers know what we are doing. Regarding the summer's campaign for securing membership pledges I will say that while our fondest hopes were not realized, and we did not reach the goal we had worked for, yet I am glad to be able to re- port a good, substantial growth, and that we succeeded in replacing in the ranks of the association a number of county and local organizations which had not reported to the secretary for some time past. In all of the localities canvassed, we materially increased the membership over what it had ever before been, which proves very conclusively that the farmers are alive to the important work the organization is doing, and ready to help if solicited. One thing that will quite seriously militate against our rapid growth in the future is the fact that the territory in which we have been organized has been quite generally canvassed under our pledge system, and it now remains for us to branch out into new and untried territory. As we have no advance guard in such new territory to assist in push- ing the work among the farmers, it means increased labor and slower progress. If some of our live local officers and members would get in touch with farmers whom they know in adjoining counties which are unor- ganized, and secure their assistance in making a canvass among their neighbors, it would materially assist in building up the association. This organization has been built up from the beginning by men scat- tered here and there through the state who were willing to sacrifice their time whenever necessary in order that the association might suc- ceed; and we will find that the future will demand sacrifice of time the same as in the past if we are to go forward. It may be that on account of the quiet condition of affairs affect- ing the work of the association during tiie past season, some of our members have felt tiiat tiic organization was not doing much, and that for that reason they would withliokl their support. If such a thought has been lurking in the minds of any, I would like to say for their benefit that it is not the province of this association to make issues, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 467 but rather to protect your interests when hostility thereto develops. Thus we place the burden of proof on the opposing parties, and make your defense much stronger. If by maintaining your organization and keeping it in fighting trim, we can prevent these opposing interests from springing these conflicts, or secure a satisfactory adjustment of them without going into the courts or before the different commissions, we are ahead in the end. In other words, if you can accomplish your purpose and secure about what you want without a long-drawn-out fight, which means a heavy expense, it is certainly to your advantage. I am aware that some think that unless there is a great noise of battle, and your association is continually in the limelight on account of some big contest in which it is engaged, there isn't much doing; but I am sure that this is the wrong estimate to place on the real value of your organization, as some of its most important work is done in a quiet, unassuming way, with but little said about it. On the other hand, who would attempt to estimate the value of the association to the farm- ers merely by its existence, in preventing unjust rules and practices from being forced upon them? So don't be too ready to criticize, for you can not always measure what is being accomplished by what you see upon the surface. One more, a word to our members in regard to filling out the ship- per's reports and sending them to the secretary. Whatever you do, don't fail to do this, as these are of vital importance in securing bet- ter service and accommodations. We still find that many of our mem- bers are slow to send in their complaints about overcharges in rates and similar matters. Let me urge you again to send in all complaints promptly. This organization is maintained to help you when you are in trouble, but its officers have no way of knowing your troubles un- less you report them. Before closing this report, as president of your association I wish in this public way to express our appreciation of the loyal support rendered by every officer and member in building up the association and making it what it is. We thank you one and all, and may you live many years to enjoy the fruits of your labors. There is also another class of men who have, I believe, contributed largely to the success of this organization, and to whom we owe a debt of gratitude. I refer to the men who publish our agricultural and daily papers. To these men, individually and collectively, I wish to say that we thank them most heartily, and shall always appreciate their sup- port and co-operation. In conclusion, let me especially urge upon you the importance of maintaining your organization. Don't think for a minute that because the past year has been rather quiet, there is nothing more for you to do. Remember the old adage that the greatest calm is just before the storm breaks. It is impossible to tell when the storm is going to break, so to speak, and if you are disorganized and your forces scattered, how will you defend yourselves? So, to my mind, and I believe to the mind of every man who will study the situation carefully, the safe way to proceed is to be always in trim and ready for a scrap. So, hoping that the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association will continue to grow, 468 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE and that its influence may spread and widen, and with implicit faith in a successful future, I commend it to your care, and beg for it your most enthusiastic support, assuring you that through such co-operation you can best serve your personal interests. I thank you. The following paper was then read by James M. Broekway, Letts, Iowa: FEEDING TEXAS CALVES. BY JAMES BKOCKWAY. For many years the business of cattle feeding has been becoming more and more a matter of speculation. The cattle feeder has not been able to determine in advance if he would reap a harvest or if he would find red ink in his bank account. We were taught by our fathers that the process of fattening cattle was to buy our feeders in the fall or early winter, rough them through on corn stalks, a little hay, and what was left of last summer's pasture. This animal was invariably a three-year-old, he had finished growing, and when summer time came plenty of grass, and the feed wagon, he had nothing to do but to get fat. The three-year-old feeder is rarely found now nor is the three-year-old bullock so popular on the markets. Now it is the well-finished 800' to 1,000-pound baby beef that is the favorite. Of late years the price of feeders and especially of heavy feeders has been high. The price of the raw material has been so near the price of the finished product that the margin of profit has been narrow and uncertain. I do not believe that today there is another class of busi- ness men who conduct business on a narrower margin of profits than the cattle feeder. The feeder should be as much entitled to a reasonable margin of profit as any other class of business men. I believe that a feeder should have a reasonable price for his roughness, his grains and l>is labor; and should have more to show for his profit than the value of the manure left in the feed lot. For consistent success this element of speculation must be reduced to the minimum and feeding brought to more of a production basis. The corn belt feeder must become a real meat producer. As feeders we are handling a more costly and higher priced equipment than our fathers used. Our lands will produce no more and they represent ten times as much capital. Our corn has no greater feeding value and it costs fifty times as much. The price of a fat steer has turned several somersaults, and last but not least we have no more cattle and we have twice as many people to feed. Here and there is a man who seems to successfully pick the high and low spots of the market, but this is not the case with the average farmer feeder, he wishes to market on his farm the forage and grains produced there and to do so in a safe and profitable manner. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 469 Years ago our Scotch and English friends solved this same kind of a problem. They did so by learning to produce beef in a cheaper manner. They grew carrots, beets, turnips and roots of this sort, chopped them up with straw and flavored this mixture with a little American corn and a little American cottonseed meal, and fed this to their steers. The remarkable thing of it all was their cattle grew fat. They even com- peted with our American corn-fed cattle. I do not propose to advise the Iowa farmer to go down on his knees to raise carrots and turnips for his cattle, if for no other reason than because we can raise other coarse feeds that are better. In every manufacturing business there comes a time when the mar- gin of profits grows narrower and the waste products must be utilized. There was a time when every cotton gin had its pile of decomposing cottonseed, and the linseed oil manufacturer did not know what to do with the oil cake. In an early day the backbones and ribs of hogs slaugh- tered at an eastern Iowa packing point were hauled out and dumped on the ice of the Mississippi river. As a small boy I can remember how the fishing in the Iowa river was for a time spoiled because a glucose factory 140 miles upstream had dumped its waste products in the river. These same by-products are now a substantial source of revenue of these industries. There is today just as great waste going on upon the corn belt farm as any of those just mentioned. For years we farmers have been wasting 40 per cent of the corn crop. Not many manufacturing con- cerns could stand that per cent of loss. The problem before the corn belt feeder today is to use this by-product as the Scotchman uses his carrots and keep our corn and cottonseed meal at home. I believe that beef making will become more and more a matter of production. We must learn to feed more roughness and less corn. A' well-balanced ration but not a ration wastefully rich in grain. We are now and we will be forced to make beef on a narrower margin of profit and it is up to us to utilize our by-products. And I believe that they can best be used by developing a good calf into a first-class baby beef. But where is the raw material to come from? Probably the ideal way would be to raise the calf that you expect to feed. But the aver- age farmer cannot well do this. If one tries to pick them up at home or if one goes to the market for them they will nearly always be found to be a very miscellaneous lot and with no similarity of breeding. Many times a calf will look well enough and yet that same calf will be from a cold-blooded old skate of a cow, and it's a sure thing that the longer you keep that calf the more he will come to look like the cow. For this reason it is very important that the feeder knows what kind of breed- ing is back of his calves. For a number of years we have been going to the great cattle ranges of Texas to buy our feeding calves. Nearly all the Texas herds are well bred now. Most of them are Herefords. It is not at all diflBcult to buy calves that show the very best of breeding. Today the ranch- man shows a willingness to sell his calves at weaning time. But by the first of September he is making up his mind as to what he will do with his calf crop. If he is to carry them over he must be making the neces- sary arrangements for feed and grass. If he decides to sell them that is 470 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE the time he is looking for a buyer's name on a contract. The feeder who goes on the range should be there by September at the latest. Con- tracts are usually made for October or November deliveries. About November first is the usual time. Of course calves can be bought at this time, but the price is invariably higher and the quality of those offered for sale is not so good. Calves bought on the range when landed in the feed lots will usually cost just about the same or a little more than calves bought at the Missouri river markets. But the quality and the breeding is much better. In most of the Texas herds a certain line breeding exists, the calf's mother, grandmother and great-grandmother probably all wore the same brand, and when the calves are fed out they will develop and will look alike. Buy as big a calf as you can, the bigger and stronger the calf the better he will winter, and of course get the best quality that you can, a dollar or two on a calf may mean ten when he goes to market. If you can, go to the range for the calves yourself, if you can't do this, give an order to some responsible party who does go. There are plenty of reliable feeders who buy calves on the range every year. If no other way, give an order to your commis- sion firm and have them watch for a bunch of calves all from the same herd. In this case you have the disadvantage of knowing nothing about the cows and the bulls that the calves are from. If I could be assured that the condition and size of the calves are right I would give more to see the cows and the bulls than to see the calves themselves. From Texas to Iowa is a long trip on a stock train. It will usually require about five days, and the calves taken from their mothers will neither eat nor drink much at the feeding stations and will reach borne mighty tired and hungry. A good pasture with plenty of water is a fine place for them to rest up, but they will need a stronger feed than this, and if left on grass will begin to shrink at once. We have also had good success putting them directly into the feed lots. Corn silage is the basis of our ration and this is the feed that makes cheap gains possible. As long as they are in the feed lots they are given all of this that they will eat. They will relish some dry feed with the silage and we usually feed some corn fodder or straw. For the first month or so we fed only corn fodder, silage and cottonseed meal. About a pound or a pound and a quarter per head a day of the meal. Don't fail to provide this or some other high-protein feed to balance this excessive corn ration. Clover or alfalfa bay would give a better variety but I doubt if they could make any cheaper gains. About the first of the year we begin feeding five or six pounds of crushed corn per day. Be sure that they are eating all the silage that they will clean up, for remember it is the surplus food that the animal eats that makes the gains. It is the assimilated food that is not needed by our calf to keep up animal heat and growth that is laid away in the fat that makes the finish. As our ration is not a rich ration it is highly important that the calf gets all that he can use of it. The above ration is continued on the heifers, which are fed in separate yards until they go to market; which is any time from May until July. We prefer not to put the heifers on grass at all. The steers will do more growing than the heifers. The amount of grain will be practically FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 471 the same, but the heifers will obtain that finish or fat covering wanted by the butcher at an earlier age than the steer will. The steers are put on grass as soon as the ground in the pasture has settled in the spring, and the same silage and grain ration is continued. As the grass im- proves the silage may be decreased until by the time grass is good the silage is discontinued. At the same time that the silage ration is de- creased the grain ration is raised so that by the time the silage is dis- continued the grain is practically doubled. About ten or twelve pounds of corn on good pasture is all that we feed until five or six weeks before marketing. Then we give them all the corn they will eat. Cottonseed meal may be gradually decreased and finally discontinued after going on grass. The most critical period of feeding is the time of going from silage to grass. Professor Curtiss has often told us than any changing period is a losing period. Therefore it is essential that we make as radical a change as this very slowly, and without sudden changing of the ration. Remember that silage is ever so much better and stronger feed than the soft new grass. One has all the sunshine of a long summer stored up in it and the other has only that of a few soft warm days. Be sure to let the silage lap well over a period of feeding on the grass. Our feeding equipment and methods are very simple. "We have only sheds with dirt floors for shelter. About one-third of the south side is open for doors. All shock corn and straw is fed in racks inside the sheds; the waste stalks will keep the shed bedded. Plenty of clean water protected from heavy freezing is also inside the shed. For fifty feet in front of the sheds and running their entire length is a concrete feeding floor and a concrete driveway extends to the silos that stand at the end of each shed. The silage, corn and cottonseed meal are fed in bunks twelve inches deep that set on the feeding floor. The lots and sheds are subdivided so as not to allow too many calves together and to make it possible to divide them according to size so that the stronger calves will not rob the smaller ones. We feed silage, corn fodder and cottonseed meal in the morning; another feed of silage after dinner and the small feed of corn just before night. Much better results are had by making the feed of grain at night both on grass and w^ith silage. If fed at this time it is retained longer by the animal and I believe that it is digested better. If the grain is fed in the morning and the coarse feed fed later, there is a tendency for the corn to be crowded through the animal and not thoroughly digested. Feeding the corn at this time of the day is to our calf like the bringing on of the plum pudding after a turkey dinner; it is really not needed so far as the appetite is concerned, but neverthe- less it is highly appreciated. Feeding corn at this time of the day in- sures that the animal is eating the surplus feed that will produce the quick gains and finish. I do not advocate the feeding of Texas calves as a get-rich-quick scheme; I do recommend it as a means of marketing the products of an Iowa farm. When big cattle are making money as they do sometimes, they may do b,etter than the calves, but one year with another, I believe that bg^by beef js a surer proposition. One is not so likely to find the Jean fears that tome so often to the feeders of heavy cattle. With this 472 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE manner of feeding we have not found it difficult to make 350 to 400- pound calves 700 to 800 pounds by July, and by September the steers go better than 900 pounds. In six or seven months we make them double their weight and make as much gain per head as some feeders get on heavy cattle in that time. As long as the Texas calf can be bought at a price that is less than it would cost to produce that same calf on our good Iowa land, I believe that it will pay to go to Texas after him. If he costs much above that price we have the same element of speculation that we have now in feeding the big cattle and in this case each man must use his own judg- ment. I believe that the time is rapidly approaching when we will raise more good beef calves in the corn belt. I realize that everyone cannot feed calves, nor should they, and I may well add nor will they. I do not know of any country where a calf can be produced cheaper than in Texas, and I do not know of any country where that calf can be developed better than in the corn belt. Mr. Gunn : How mucli cottonseed would yoii have as a maximum while they are on silage ? Mr. Brockway: I was figuring on the basis of three pounds cottonseed meal to one thousand pounds live weight, and I have always found that sufficient. I have fed more than that, but never saw that they made any better gain. About a pound to a pound and a quarter to a calf. Mr. Hughes : Do you buy these cattle l)y the pound or the head ? Mr. Brockwa.y : Alwa.ys by the head ; they won 't have a set of scales at the stock yards. It is a well known fact that cattle develop poorly in the Panhandle. They have to go a long distance to water. They will not weigh as much as they look to, and the stockmen have learned that it is more pi'ofitable not to have any scales. Of course, the calf is a good proposition. You take it directly from the cow and put it on coarse feed and allow it to develop Avithout having to develop its muscular system in order to carry it to where the feed is, and it makes an entirely different animal. Mr. Hughes: Do you find that the change of climate affects liitn ? Mr. Hi-ockway: The develoi)me)it of the animal will be diU'erent. T will venture to say that he will be a bigger steer in the corn belt than he would be in the Panhandle. Mr. Eisele: A))0ut what do they cost down there? Mr. Brockway : The calves this year cost all the way from $25 to $30. Mr. Eisele: They weigh around 350 pounds? FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 473 Mr. Brockway : Yes, the biggest ones would weigh nearly 400 pounds. I will say that these heaviest calves were from a thorough- l)red bunch of cows — stock taken down there from J\Iissouri — prob- ably Missouri Herefords. A Member: What is the freight from down there? Mr. Brockway : It will cost about $2.20 a head to land the calves here. Last year the same quality of calves cost from $22 to $25. A Member: How do you cut your corn? Mr. Brockway : I simply rim tlie corn through an ensilage cutter and leave the cob with it. Personally, I don't believe in grinding corn for a calf. There is no animal that has better diges- tion than a calf, and I venture to say that they will derive more benefit from the feed if they take a little more time. If the corn is crushed they will not sort it out from the cob. I want to emphasize feeding at night. I believe it is better for the animal to eat his corn at night and then lie down and digest it, and that you get nuich better results than by feeding at any other time. Mr. Myers: Are you sure of your assertion that we should feed cottonseed meal ? ]\Ir. Brockway : I have had success with it. Mr. Myers : I have a neighbor who has been feeding ensilage for four or five years. He said he doesn't feed cottonseed meal; he feeds straw and chopped corn and a very little clover hay. He is a very successful feeder and has made money out of it. It might be different with younger cattle. Mr. Brockway : In feeding calves I wouldn 't know any better way to invite failure than by feeding an absolutely all corn ration — corn silage and corn fodder. I think it is absolutely essential, so far as my experience is concerned, to provide bone, hair and muscle building material, or the calves Avill not grow. They get big in the middle and smaller at both ends until you have no calf left at all, without the protein added to the ration. A Member: Isn't the difference in the climate pretty hard on the calves for a month or two in Iowa, after delivery in November ? Mr. Brockway: Not at all; they will do just as well as our calves here. Of course, the shipment is hard on them ; it will take them two or three weeks to get squared away. A Member: Don't you think it is profitable to feed those calves corn ensilage and cottonseed meal through the summer until they are finished? 474 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Mr. Brockway : Y<'s, sir. I tliiiik those ealves could really be developed cheaper l)y feeding them right straight througli tiie summer on silage, giving them all they will eat, the cottonseed meal, and a small ration — five or six pounds — of corn, than by feeding them grass. We have pasture and feed our steers on it. The heifers we feed clear through to marketing time in the lot on only the minimum grain ration and silage, and they will get fat without the full feed of corn. I think it is profitable to full-feed the steer the last few weeks if it is on grass. I usually market the heifers around April. A Member: Do you have ditficulty in finding the kind you want ? Mr. Brockway : Not at all ; it is getting easier every year. Mr. Goodenow^ : Can they be put on feed promptly ? Mr. Brockway : Very promptly, especially by putting a little salt on it. A Member .- Do you have any trouble with blackleg 1 Mr. Brockway : I never have had a case ; I may be lucky in that respect. The southern cattlemen have trouble with it right on the range. They use the government vaccine. I don't believe there are better bred cattle any place in the country than these white- faced calves grown in the Panhandle. I believe that blackleg is simply a germ disease, and that if you have it on your farm you will continue to have it unless you get it cleaned out. A Member : Do you vaccinate the calves for blackleg ? Mr. Brockway : I never have. I know the loss is very disastrous sometimes. In one of the bunches of calves that I received this year two calves had died from blackleg within less than two days before they were received. The blackleg had been common in that range. If T had suspected having anything of that kind in the herd, I would have vaccinated them in a minute. Tiie}' have splen- did success by using vaccine. A Member: How many pounds in a day do those calves put on when you start them at 350 to 400 ])Ounds? Mr. Brockway: The bigger the calf the more gain it will make. If they weigh 350 to 400 pounds the first of Novemlx'r, by June or July they will be weighing 700 or 800 pounds. The grain that they would eat would be about five or six pounds a day, with all the ensilage that they would take. A Meml)er : ITow maiiv shotes can vou I'liii aflcr these calves? FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 475 ]\rr. ]>rockway: You won't liave very much hog feed. You will have a splendid place to keep your pigs exercised, and they will do well, but you have to feed them something besides. Of course, there is always a certain amount of waste feed. A Member : Do the hogs do as well where you are feeding cotton- seed meal? Mr. Brockway : Yes, 1 think they do : I have never noticed any difference. A Member: AVouldn't you rather have oil meal than cottonseed? Mr. Brockway: I have fed both, and I feel that the calves do just as well, probably, on oil meal as on cottonseed; but the cotton- seed furnished much cheaper protein. Just now it is pretty near a standoff, with cottonseed meal at 32i/o and oil meal 29. Nearly always oil meal is $5 to. $6 a ton more than cottonseed. A Member: Wouldn't you prefer, in feeding oil meal, to feed at night rather than morning? l\Ir. Brockway : No. I have fed at both times, and I would rather feed the oil meal in the morning. I feed my grain ration at night, and I think it would not be w^ell to feed two concentrated feeds at one time. And, furthermore, I think by putting the cotton- seed meal over the silage you get it better distributed than you would on the corn. Of course, in feeding this pound or pound and a quarter per head you have to watch that every calf gets his share, otherwise some calf may get two pounds and another not get an^^ A Member : "What do you think about feeding all the alfalfa hay the calf will eat ? Mr. Brockway : I would not think there would be much neces- sity of feeding oil meal. Mr. Drury : The calf proposition at this time, w^ith sixty-cent corn, is a pretty high proposition. Mr. BrockAvay : Buy 22,000 pounds of heavy cattle and the same number of pounds of calves. For every thousand pounds original weight I believe I can put on twice as many pounds of gain on the calves as on the steers. I can come much nearer making that calf's gain pay for his feed than I can with the big cattle. I have the element of growtli along with it. T thing a great many of these calves have l)een stunted by giving them -too strong a grain ration. You pour all the grain to a calf that he will eat, and that not only gets mighty expensive from the feeder's standpoint, but I don't believe the calf will do as well as on half the grain ration. 476 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Mr. Drury : To make twice that gain you have to keep the calf twice as long as the steer. Mr. Brockway : The bunch of calves we had last spring were just as fat tlie first of April as the first of July. They were finished, rounded off and smooth as could be then, ready to go to market any time. The steers would have to have a full feed of corn five or six weeks to put that on. If you buy a good, well- bred bunch of calves, they will flesh down at an early age, and you can put the finish on just as early, I believe, as you can with the big cattle. These calves coming off the cows are fat when you get them, and I believe I can get them ready for market just as quickly as I can any bunch of big cattle in the same condition. If you feed them on a half ration of corn, with all the silage they can eat, you will find that they will go right ahead and every calf will make a good, reasonable gain. On a full feed of corn I never was able to feed a bunch of steers that there would not be a foundered one for some reason, you couldn't tell why. You feed hundreds of calves at a time and have the whole bunch go straight ahead. I don't know how you can beat a ration that will do that. The President : Wliat is your experience in the way of shrink in bringing those calves here from Texas ? Mr. Brockway : The shrink is something fierce. A 400-pound calf will shrink 50 pounds, without a doubt. They almost refuse to eat or drink from the time they are loaded. Mr. Drury : Mr. Brockway can take his 1 ,000-pound steer, with silage and cottonseed meal and a little corn fodder, and put two pounds a day on it cheaper than he can on the calf by half. I am not finding fault with your- argument. It is good business to follow if a man is in shape to handle it, but the calf proposition is the hardest one for a young man to start out on to make a suc- cess of. Mr. Brockway: T can't say that I graduated, but I have fed heavy cattle for years before I fed calves ; then I fed calves ; then I fed heavy cattle again ; and now I am back to the calves. I bought the first calves eight years ago in Texas and fed them a number of years, and then fed heavy cattle. I bought my first calves at $12 a head. They kept clim])iiig up to $18, and I thought I couldn't afford to pay that much and Avent back to feeding heavy cattle ; and T found the calves paid me higher profit than anything T could put in llio feed lot; flial my calvos would make almost as niiK'li gain pci- head as I lie calllo would. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 477 A Member: What did you get for your calves last year per pouud ? Mr. Brockway: The heifers brought around $8.70, and the steers a little better than $9.00. I have never failed to come within 15 cents of the top any time, out of 575 calves shipped last year. Mr. Drury : I fed six loads of cattle this year — five loads of steers and one load of baby beef. I put my big steers on cottonseed and silage, with very little corn. I turned the first two loads of cattle in May, and the next two loads in July. The first two loads made me 8 cents and cost me 6 cents. My two loads in July brought me 8 cents. My last load of baby beef I shipped to Chicago two weeks ago and it brought me 8I/4 cents. They were kept longer, and I had but little more gain than I did on the big cattle. Mr. Brockway: My big cattle never did as well on silage and grain ration as my calves did. The President : This is a very interesting question, but we will have to bring the discussion to a close. The next number of the program will be a gentleman who will introduce a subject not an- nounced, and that is the question of insuring this stock in transit. There have been quite a number of inquiries in regard to that mat- ter, and we took it upon ourselves to write the company and ask them to send a representative to this meeting to explain the matter to our members. I now introduce to you Mr. Wm. E. Brandt, special agent from Chicago. INSURING STOCK AGAINST ACCIDENT IN SHIPPING. Mr. Brandt : Your president in his address made reference to the recent supreme court decision in regard to the valuations in these contracts. A man today shipping his stock on interstate ship- ments can only recover $50 a head for a steer. The price of cattle has gone up so much that values are running far in excess of this amount ; so we have gotten out a form of insurance to give a man extra protection which is independent of the railroad liability. We will insure your steers while in transit, from the time you load them to the time you unload them at the market, for $30 a head, cows $20, hogs and calves $10, and sheep $3. This insurance is accident insurance and covers wreck, derailment, collision, fire and lightning, while on the road. The insurance only costs 50 cents a single deck car and 75 cents a double deck car, no matter what distance or to what market. The premium for this insurance is 478 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE collected by the Stock Yards Company at the different markets, along with the freight charges. You take out an application for this insurance and we issue you wliat we call an open policy which covers every shipment that you make from that day on. Your ship- ments are automatically insured. It is not necessary for you to give any notice to the company. This insurance plan has been inaugurated at Sioux City, South Omaha and Chicago, and will be in effect at Kansas City within the next week or ten days. It is a proposition that has been indorsed by the different commission exchanges at whatever markets we have inaugurated it, and it has been recommended by the commission men. I have been asked why we didn't cover different features, such as rough handling and smothering and all that sort of thing. Well, we are not live stock men, and these things have to be brought to our attention for consideration ; but I wish to say that we have now under consideration these different features, and we are securing statistics from the different markets to show the loss ratio, and it may be possible that we can inaugurate some scheme to cover most of the liabilities in transportation. Of course, we can't do it at 50 cents a car, especially on hogs; but for the present, until we have some new legislation, it would seem that this would be a good plan for the shippers to get additional protection, on account of their only being able to recover so much per head, which does not come up to the actual value of the animal today. Q. How about insurance at the yards'? Mr. Brandt : That is a different proposition entirely ; that is carried by another company. Our responsibility ceases just as soon as your cattle are unloaded at the chutes at the market, and the yard insurance is taken up as you cross the chute scale, so I understand. Q. Suppose they die from the heat? Mr. Brandt: "We don't cover that, bul \\v have it under con- sideration. A good many men have said to me tliat this is a good thing foi- the company, but it doesn't benefit th(^ shi])pei' mucli, for the reason that the percentage of risks is very small. Tlie government r<>cords show tliat thei-e are fifty wrecks and dei'ailiiieiits a day. 'I'lie risk that the individual assumes is too great, and if lie should liav(^ a wreck, and undei- the present contract reeovei' only $.")() a head for a steer, which wouhl pi-ohahly be oidy hall' the value, he could not afford to assume that risk and take the loss, because it would ci-ipple FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 479 liiiii i'ov ;i iiiinihci' of ycavs to eoiiio, and when he can ^et the pro- tection at 50 cents a car it would he advisahlc ['or liiui to take it out, in my estimation. Q. Why don't you make it moi-e than .$30? Mr. Brandt : When we got out this policy we thought that $80 per head for steers would cover the average run, but I have since found out that stock is worth a good deal in excess of that amount. Of course, we got our figures from live stock men, and they mis- informed us. Q. What do you call a calf ? A. I don't know myself what a calf it. We are relying upon live stock men for the information. I expect the adjustment de- partment of our company will have that information. It costs a man nothing to take out this policy ; we issue it free ; and if you take out an application for a policy today, and you don't ship a car of stock into the market until next spring or fall, you are not required to pay a cent until you actually bring your stock into the market ; then the stock yards company collects the premium. Q. What is the life of your policy? Mr. Brandt: Until you cancel, which you have the privilege of doing any time. Q. If a car is wrecked and two or three head in it killed, and the rest turned over to the railroad company, do you pay for the actual number killed? Mr. Brandt : We pay for actual death ; it is a death policy. In the case of the recent wreck at Council Bluffs, where the cattle were maimed and set on the ground, we covered the death there, too. We don 't pay for damage ; it is a death policy. Q. Suppose a car is wrecked and two cattle out of twenty killed ; do you pay for two of them ? Mr. Brandt : Yes. Q. You allow the railroad company to take the other eighteen? Mr. Brandt : Oh, yes ; we would have to do that. A Member : We get $1,000 from the railroad company and $60 from you, and the railroad company sells for $1,800. I don't see where we are ahead on that. A Member : If the railroads are only compelled to pay $50 for the eighteen head, and you pay $30 in addition on the two that are killed, the railroad company ought to induce every steer they could to get into a wreck, because they would have the difference be- tween the $50 that they pay on the track and $30 that you pay, and the balance would be clear profit. 480 TOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Mr. Brandt: Can you turn over cattle to the railroad that way? A Member: We have never yet seen an animal that we had killed in a wreck. They sell them for you according to contract, and if you sign a contract to take $50 a head, all that they get over and above that is clear profit to tlie railroad company. Mr. Brandt: You don't have to turn them over to the railroad company. Mr. Cessna : Would this apply to feeders as w'ell as fat cattle ? Mr. Brandt: It would apply on all kinds of cattle; we don't discriminate there. We ship from market to market on incoming or outgoing stock. The President: I want to announce the Resolutions Committee: RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE : J. R. Hughes, Mount Pleasant. J. A. White, South Amana. S. M. Corrie, Ida Grove. Merritt Greene, Marshalltown. W. J. Drennan, Corning. J. H. Hanna, Vinton. D. P. Hogan, Massena. R. M. Gunn, Buckingham. Fred Larrabee, Fort Dodge. Ralph Sherman, Grinnell. Henry Brady, Dallas Center. Let us meet promptly at 1 :'30, because we have a heavy program. Afternoon Session. The President : Gentlemen, I take pleasure in introducing to you Captain W. H. A. Smith, who is an old sea captain, and he gave it up to feed cattle — for his health, I suppose. His subject is "Cattle Feeding for Profit." Captain Smith: Gentlemen, T didn't give it u{) for my health; I gave it up to make money ; and I am doing it ! FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 481 CATTLl^: FEEDING FOR MONEY— NOT FOR GLORY. 15Y CAPT. \y. II. A. SMI I II. We were taught as children that all Gaul was divided into three parts. So is cattle feeding and cattle production. We have, first, the man who feeds for glory; second, the man who feeds for money; and third, the man who feeds for neither glory nor money. I am interested only in the second man. No man can make a success of any business unless he has a certain goal in view, and farming does not differ from any other busi- ness in this respect. My one idea all the time is to build up the farm. In feeding cattle, I do not figure on the $2.00 advance I hope to get, but on the four tons of extra silage and the one ton of extra alfalfa I am sure to get. For the larger the crops are, the smaller the margin necessary to enable me to market my crops at a profit — and this is my goal, economy of production. I learned long ago that the sure profits from a farm were in utilizing the waste, and that cattle feeding was one way of doing this. We have, in my .part of the country, dozens of men, smart commission men and cattle dealers, who have tried to feed cattle, arguing that they were better judges than the average farmer, tTiat they could buy and sell their cattle cheaper; and yet they all, without exception, eventually peter out. Why? Because they figure on making a profit above the market price of grain, feed and labor, whereas, I figure on selling at the market price, and my extra profit comes in producing larger crops from the manure. If, therefore, you start out with this idea firmly worked out in your mind, the idea that you feed cattle not alone to make big gains, but to utilize the waste, success is bound to follow if you go at things in a business-like manner. But to utilize this waste, you must have an outfit or tools to work with. There are some things that any farmer is justified in going in debt for. First, to make the farm hog and sheep tight; then get a silo, and, third, grow alfalfa or clover. These three things are absolutely essential in the economical production of beef, pork or mutton. Take the first, the fence. I had been for years very much dissatisfied with the dreadful waste of liquid manure through the rains, and the dreadful state of my feed yards in spring. Last spring we had lots of rain, and my cattle for weeks did not have a dry spot to lie down on, and as a result, they made miserable gains. I made up my mind then that a change was due. Why should cattle be confined in a small feed yard for six to eight months, and I have to haul out all the manure, with 50 per cent of it wasted through rain? How does it figure out on an interest basis? It takes around $2-50 to make a quarter section hog-tight; even allowing 12 per cent interest on the fence, this means $30' a year. Could I make that fence pay good interest? During the month of November, I had 250 head of two-year-old' steers and 240 hogs, fed fodder on fifteen acres. On December 15th, I moved the cattle on another fifteen acres. These cattle are on feed and are fed their grain and oil meal in the feed yard in the morning; then turned out on the fifteen acres with fodder until 4 p. m., at which time they drift back to the feed yard, and find sheaf oats waiting for them in the racks. Sixty-seven pee-wee lambs left $110 for 31 482 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE the waste they picked up. Twenty okl brood sows have been living on the alfalfa and around the alfalfa stacks. Since September, 220 hogs cleaned up ten acres of corn, and cleaned up all the ground from which the silo had been filled. Did the fence around that quarter pay interest this year? Why, it will pay cost twice over. This is what the fence is doing in the fall and winter. What do you suppose it paid this summer, when the hogs ran on the alfalfa? I spent twenty years of my life at sea, and had command of a ship for twelve years, and many a man asks me how on earth a man brought up at sea can take to farming; and yet, when you think of it, how much of my sea life is useful on the farm? In the days of sailing ships, we were out of sight of land for four months, and we had a certain allowance of provisions to last us the trip. No running around to the corner grocery if we ran short. We had to make ends meet, and so there was no guesswork. It taught us to use the scales. For weeks before we arrived off a port, T would figure for every possible emergency that might arise, for, although a large sailing vessel is all right in the open sea, she is a ticklish proposition in narrow waters. I would figure on being caught in a lee shore with a gale of wind, being becalmed, or head winds, and of dirty weather. I learned to figure before a thing happened, and not after. We learned at sea how to handle men. We figure a man hired for labor furnishes labor but not brains, and we do not make the mistake so many Iowa farmers make in thinking they can hire labor and brains for $30 a month. The boss must furnish the brains. We learned that it took 400 tons of coal to make a steamship go twenty miles an hour, but it took 600 tons of coal to make her go twenty- one. In other words, whenever you work under forced draft it costs too much money. Now, the same principles will apply to cattle feeding, for whenever a man attempts to put two and a half or three pounds per day on a steer, he is working the steer under forced draft, and the last half pound of gain eats up all the profit. We have to get as far away from feeding for speculation and big gains. The one idea should be in feeding cattle to utilize what is now practically waste; to make beef from fodder straw, silage, common stacks, and simply add to these enough corn, clover, alfalfa or oil meal to make a balanced ration. This does not mean a big daily gain. Many of our agricultural papers are lamentably weak on the advice they give correspondents who write them on how to feed 1,000-pound steers. They invariably talk about feeding eighteen to twenty pounds of corn per day, and about two and a half to three pounds gain per day on a steer, entirely overlooking the fact that the class of men who write them for advice are mostly men who have never fed before, and that this class of men should not be advised to make beef from corn with a little hay roughness, but from rough- ness with a little corn or oil meal added, simply selling his crops and re- ducing his speculation; and, above all things, the cattle should be sold every time there is a profit, irresnectivo of whether they are fat or not. Keep in front of you all the time the idea that you do not want to speculate. You want to sell your crop at a market price or better, and from the manure raise a little larger crop next season. Play the game FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 483 as a business, and if you decide to do so, put a little study into it. This is an age of specialists, and although there is just as much money made in feeding common cattle, provided they are bought as common cattle, as there is in good cattle, you cannot do both. Take up one or the other, and stay by it; every year will add to your knowledge. Notice, I am talking about feeding common cattle, not about raising them. There is a great deal of discussion at present as to whether it will pay to keep cows to raise calves on high-priced land, and I am not yet quite satisfied that it will pay to do so in quantities. But I know that there are thousands of farms in Iowa today on which two or three cows each could be kept from what is now absolute waste, and that with a good community bull calves would at fifteen months of age leave a handsome profit. All our good breeds of cattle today come from certain communities staying by certain cattle. This is the history of the Angus, Hereford, Jersey, etc. Here in Iowa at present, the types, breed and quality of cattle are, to say the least, mixed, and it stands to reason that if a certain type of cattle were raised in a certain locality, farmers would never lack for buyers. Q. What weight of cattle do you prefer to start? Captain Smith : You can't feed what you like. If you are going to feed cattle, as a general rule, you want to buy what the crowd doesn't want at the time you are buying. Two years ago the high- est thing we had in this country was all big cattle. What hap- pened 1 The next year we had all big cattle coming to Chicago, and this year nobody wants them ; now they are all going the other way ; they all want baby beef. You will have all kinds of baby beef and little cattle next year, and there will be big cattle wanted. It may not come that way, but that is the tendency, and you don't want to go with the crowd. When everybody is rushing in and buying cattle at 7 cents you want to stay out. I bought some cattle when the market cheapened ; now they have come back again. When these spectacular advances come and they shoot away up, there is always a hereafter, and you don't want to be in it. Q. When you are feeding two or three hundred head of cattle once a day, do you have one man feed? Captain Smith: Yes. I have fed 365 calves in one year on 12 pounds of shelled corn and 6 pounds of alfalfa hay, and we never varied it. It all went in in one wagon. There were only 2,200 pounds of hay and 60 bushels of corn. Q. Do you grind your eorn'^ Captain Smith : No, sir. 1 ground corn foi- five years, and it was never worth the expense of grinding. Provided you have hogs enough to clean up the waste, it will never pay you to grind. Q. Do you feed silage 1 Captain Smith: Yes, sir. 484 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Q. Isn't twelve pounds of slielled corn to a calf a f^ood feed? Captain Smith : It is a good feed. Q. How mnch oil meal in addition 1 Captain Smith : One pound and a half. Q. Don't you think the last would not get as much as the first? Captain Smith: I don't know whether any of you are in the habit of watching cattle carefully, hut if you' do, you will notice they nearly always eat in the same place every day and at the same time ; and if you have plenty of rack room these calves get in the habit of going to the same place all the time. If you have 365 calves, and the racks are empty in the morning, it stands to reason that the hungriest steers have got the most. Q. As I understand it, you don't aim to feed a full feed of grain at one time, but you aim to give them all the roughage they will eat. I understood you to say the racks were empty. Is that because they have just enough, or are they hungry? Captain Smith: If you watch your cattle carefully, if you feed them heavily, for two or three days they will eat abnormally, and then all of a sudden they will go off feed and they won't clean up the racks; but if you slowly increase your hay or ensilage every few days, you will get these calves up, and on 100 calves five bushels will make a difference, and you will see it. They have practically had their limit within a few bushels, and it is that odd few bushels that the steers gorge on. We never give a steer all the grain he will eat. I have 250 big steers and they are getting 11 pounds of corn. I feed all my oats in the sheaf; we never think of threshing. The President : The next number on our program is Pi'of. W. II. PcAV, the head of our Animal Husbandry Department at Ames, on "Modern I\I(>thods of Beef Production." MODERN METHODS OF BEEF PRODUCTION. V.Y W. II. PEW. Professor of Animal Husbandry, Iowa State College. Modern conditions demand modern methods. Not so many years ago, a farmer or feeder never thonght of using his pencil and paper to figure his cost of gains on cattle or total profit or loss. The only records he had were in his check hook stub. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 485 SHOKTAGE OF BEEF. Much has been said and written concerning the shortage of beef, and Ave are compelled to believe that there is an actual beef shortage, the solution of which is one of the most important problems before our American people. The rapid increase in population, making a larger demand for beef, has caused higher prices. On this account, many farmers have sold their breeding herds as well as the nominal increase of female stock, with the result that we are now facing more or less of a beef famine. From as accurate data as is possible to secure, this shortage of beef is not limited to the United States and to our corn belt states, but it is the case in most of the world's beef producing countries. In none of the ten beef producing countries of the world except France and Aus- tralia, has the beef production kept pace with the Increase in population during the past ten years. Neither one of these countries need be con- sidered to a great extent in the world's beef supply. In the ten beef producing countries referred to, there has been, during the last ten or twelve years, an average increase in population of 19.9 per cent, and of cattle only 2.18 per cent. SHORTAGE IN THE UNITED STATES. Statistics show a decrease of nearly 60 per cent in the number of breeding beef cattle in the past twelve years in the cattle producing states west of the Missouri river, total beef cattle in the United States, numbering in 1900 nearly 50,500,000, have decreased to less than 36,- 000,000 in 1913, compared with the population of the country, which has increased nearly 20,000,000 in the same time. In other words, the popu- lation of the country has increased 25 per cent, while the number of beef cattle has decreased 30' per cent. SHORTAGE IN lOW^A. Our own state has suffered proportional loss in the numbers of beef cattle. In 1900, the beef cattle in the state numbered 3,900,000, and the population 2,230,000. In 1912, the population was 2,224,000, and the beef cattle 2,773,000 showing a decrease of population of 1 per cent with a decrease in the number of beef cattle of some 30 per cent. BEEF CATTLE CONDITIONS IN lOAVA. While the above statistics deal only slightly with the existing condi- tions in our own state as w^ell as in our western states and also southern it is strong enough indication as to what must be done in order to remedy the shortage. We have seen during the past few weeks a slight decline in the market price of cattle. This, under existing conditions, might have been expected. How^ever, we cannot but expect good prices to be maintained. Probably some weeks may find .the market somewhat un- steady, but it is the firm belief of all men who study the market that the days of cheap beef are past. With the division of the range into smaller farms, the growing of larger acreage of grains in the west and south, a smaller supply of beef cattle from the former range states must be expected. If Iowa and other corn belt states are to remain beef pro- 486 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE ducing states, the cattle must certainly be grown within their borders. While no doubt some feeder cattle will be purchased from adjoining so.uthern and western states, this supply will be more or less limited. We will take for granted, then, that cattle must be grown on our farms. Such being the case, we must proceed to find the class of cattle which are most profitable, and also the age at which they must be sold. Land valuations have increased very rapidly, and indications are that they will increase for some time to come. The cost of labor is also increasing. Concentrated feed prices, as a rule, are also increasing. BEEF PRODUCTION PROFITABLE IN THIS STATE. We feel sure that the production of cattle in this state has always been a profitable operation; however, figures have not been gathered in sufficient quantities until two years ago, when the Iowa Beef Cattle Producers' Association, through its agent, gathered data from a number of cattle feeders. His figures showed that cattle were produced at a profit, and that men who were following along fairly scientific lines were very successful. Some few years ago, when land values were lower, cattle could be produced in this state and kept until they were three years of age, and then finished off at a profit. This management of cattle will not prove profitable today. BABY BEEF PRODUCTION. We have all heard and learned something concerning baby beef pro- duction. Our agricultural colleges and agricultural papers in the central west have been giving explanations of the methods involved, and we are now more sure that they were correct. At the recent International, the supremacy of baby beeves was dem- onstrated for the second time by the load of sweepstakes cattle produced on the farms of Messrs. Escher & Ryan. This supremacy was duplicated by every load of yearling cattle that had been well cared for. It was interesting to see the sale prices of the various loads of cattle as com- pared with their weights. We have always known that younger cattle make more economical gains than the older cattle, although we have some- times supposed that they did not gain quite so rapidly. This last sup- position was disproved in a feeding operation carried on at the Walnut Ridge Farm at Whiting, Iowa, in 1912, where calves weighing 475 pounds made an average daily gain for 336 days of 1.97 pounds, as compared with a gain of 1.42 pounds for 259 days on two-year-old cattle weighing at the start 775 pounds. The gains in the case of the calves were as to be ex- pected made on considerably less feed, which means that they were more economical. Cattle that can be marketed before they are eighteen months of age have therefore made the most economical gains and with proper care and feed have made the most money for their grower and feeder. The International Live Stock Exposition has always stood as an edu- cator for the beef cattleman. Some of the lessons they should have learned from the performance of the "baby beeves" might be summed up as follows: The finished yearling steer is, as mentioned above, the most profitable for the grower and feeder; second, that good blood is neces- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 487 sary for the greatest profit. A good steer can seldom be grown out of a poor calf; third, in order to be profitable a calf must be properly handled from birth; fourth, early maturing qualities are absolutely necessary for the best results. For one to stand on the block and watch the yearling cattle sell, either prize winners or not, for prices from 2 to 3 cents per pound in advance of those brought by the heavier two and three-year-old cattle, was suffi- cient proof that some of the older cattle might be well left out of the exposition premium list. I believe it has been proposed that the class for three-year-old cattle be dropped. There seems to be a very good reason for this. I dare say that every pound of gain put on these heavier cattle was done at considerable loss, while on the other hand the gains made by the younger cattle were no doubt profitable. I know of some loads of yearling cattle that did not pass the inspection of the "sifting committee" which made gains for a period of nearly one year at a cost of TY2 to 8 cents per pound. Fairly accurate figures have been kept on their cost and gains. If our expositions are to remain as educational as they have In the past, I am convinced of the fact that two-year-old cattle might well be left from the single steer prize list. No doubt some may argue that the steer herd would not look just right without the two-year-old, but I am looking at it strictly from the standpoint of an educational feature to the farmer and the breeder from the standpoint of profit. As perhaps most of you know, two-year-old steers may be at least thirty-five months of age at the time of the International and at no time during the state fair season could he be more than four months younger. This means that the two-year-old steer has been carried from the age of a junior yearling to a junior two-year-old. His most economical period of growth and gain was made up to the time he was a junior yearling. During the growth and gain of his two-year-old form he, in most cases, made his gains at a loss. A year ago, I kept some figures on the two-year-old steer, John Bell, of which bred and raised on the college farm. This steer as a junior yearling was champion steer of the Short-horn breed at the 1911 Inter- national. He was as rapid a gaining steer from a junior yearling to a two-year-old as has ever been fed on the college farm, but even though he was his gains were very expensive and hence unprofitable. I am quite convinced from the data that we have at hand that no steer should be exhibited in the single classes that was ipast the senior yearling class. This would mean then that no steer could be ex- hibited that was more than twenty-seven months of age. 488 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE •'babv beeves"' make economical gaixs. Data taken from the Animal Husbandry Section of the Iowa Experi- ment Station shows that "baby beeves" made very economical gains. Three groups of fourteen 385-pound calves, each fed for 203 days, from November 19, 1912, to June 10, 1913. (Figures based on home weights.) Ration Fed Average daily g-ain Average final weight Average daily feed — Corn and cob ineal Cottonseed meal Oil meal Clover hay Corn silage Peed for lOJ pounds of gain- Corn and cob meal Cottonseed meal Oil meal Clover hay Corn silage Cost of lOO pounds of gain*. QUO' 2.26 8i3 31.03 l.St 2.03 5.16 90 229 SO) d 2.18 S29 13.40 1.S4 2.05 613 84 94 $C.40t o o.« 2.31 &54 13.70 1.84 2.04 5W 79 89 $6.23t ♦Corn at 53c; C. S. meal, $30.00; oil meal, $30.00; clover, $12.00; and silage, $3.25. tProfit returned by hogs for each lOO pounds gain on steers is respectively $0.69, .$0.68, and $0.63, which may be credited. The above data not only shows that the calves made economical gains but also that there are some methods of feeding which are more profitable than others. Corn silage seems to play a very prominent part in the reduction of the cost of gains of all classes of cattle. It proved so in this case. In feeding operations at this station, as well as others through the corn belt states, linseed meal seems to have an advantage over cotton- seed meal for feeding calves while for older cattle most results show as good if not better results by the use of cottonseed meal. A ration for calves composed of corn, oil process linseed meal, clover or alfalfa hay and silage seems to be as satisfactory as any for making rapid as well as economical gains on calves. At the Illinois Station last year the ad- dition of oats to the ration of corn and alfalfa seemed to increase the cost of gains. There is no doubt but what oats might play a very im- portant part in the proper growth and development of young cattle for breeding purposes. THE CARE OF THE BKEI'.DING HERD. If "baby beeves" are to be put onto the market at the earliest possible date they must have had their mother's milk u]) to weaning time. In order that this may be properly accomplished the mothers must have been properly fed and cared for. This is a big item in actual cost of production of the calf up to market time. Some men have figured that FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 489 the cow can be maintained for the year on something like $20.00. If she has been maintained for this amount we will agree that she has been very economically kept. I would rather place the cost of her keep at $30.00 per year or slightly above, this to include all items in connection with the cost of her keep. By the use of corn silage and some roughage throughout the winter season the cost of maintenance of the cow may be considerably reduced below the cost of keeping her under ordinary conditions. By this I mean her maintenance on high priced hay and other feeds. At the college farm last year the cows were maintained throughout the winter time without grain on corn silage with a very small amount of other roughage. Some of these cows were suckling their own calves and some of them were dry. However, the cows that brought calves in the spring had strong ones as the crop of last spring shows. As a matter of fact all of the cows went through the winter in a very good condition at a cost very much less than had silage not been avail- able. The same is being done again this winter. No producer of baby beef can do it entirely successful without the use of a silo or two. MILK AND BEEF COMBINED. A large number of men are selling cream from the cows and raising the calves on skimmed milk. Data is to be found which shows this to be a profitable operation, probably carried on at somewhat greater ex- pense than the other method, but surely very profitable if carefully managed. Men who have herds of cows that have been bred up so that they are giving good quantities of milk can sell from these cows enough cream and at the same time raise large, strong, vigorous calves and make the operation very profitable. The only drawback to this is that the calves can hardly be marketed at quite so early an age as the ones that are permitted to nurse their own mothers. Proper substitutions of grain must be made for the calf receiving only skimmed milk. He no doubt will grow sufficiently rapid, but he can hardly be expected to fatten so rapidly. At the outset all calves, whether they be permitted to nurse their own mothers or whether they are to be grown on skimmed milk, must learn to eat grain at as early a date as possible. A setback during the early period of their growth means a delay in becoming ready for the market and hence less profit. SILAGE AXD ALFALFA ARE OF IMPORTANCE. In the corn belt corn silage and alfalfa hay are the salvation of the beef cattle business. Up to this point I have not mentioned anything concerning the feeding of steers purchased from nearby markets or from the range. Cattle of this sort will no doubt be fed for many years to come. With this class of cattle, silage even plays a more important part than in the feeding of younger cattle. We have found in feeding opera- tions, particularly on short-feds, say of 90 days, that larger, roomier two- year-old cattle will consume an immense amount of silage and smaller amounts of grain and make gains extremely economical. However, when feeding for a longer period it has been found that the amount of silage must be decreased and the grain increased in order that the cattle will become fjjiighed within a reaspnabje time, Silage seems to form too 490 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE much bulk when fed in extremely large quantities during the latter part of the operation. Of course alfalfa hay makes a very valuable adjunct to silage for two-year-old cattle. It has been found that it must be fed somewhat sparingly to calves at least until they have been thoroughly accustomed to it. It has been proved time, time and again that for the most satisfactory results in feeding older cattle that some supplemental feed must be used. Probably the most important supplemental feeds are some form of cottonseed meal or cottonseed cake and linseed meal. The amounts to be fed will depend upon the time of the feeding operation and also the age of the cattle; usually, however, from 2i/^ to 3 pounds per day for each 1,000 pounds of live weight has been found to be the most satisfactory. THE DUTY OF OUB IOWA FABMEKS. l It is the farmers' duty to feed the people of the nation. This cer- tainly must include meat supplies, one of the most important of which is beef. He must raise more cattle. Present indications are that the prices of beef cattle will be sufficiently high to make beef cattle raising profitable. Authorities tell us that strict grain farming robs the soil of its fertility. If beef production has any one thing to recommend it, it is its ability to conserve the soil fertility of the farm. There really is no more important problem for the farmer than the maintenance and building up of the soil fertility. Some of the factors which are neces- sary to insure success in the beef producing business are: First, the building of more silos and the utilizing of all of the roughage of the farm; second, more and better blue grass pastures. Many farmers un- derestimate the value of the pasture land. In some of the parts of the old country where live stock farming is the principal occupation, the pasture lands are valued more highly. Third, growing of more clover and alfalfa. Fourth, keeping the heifers and putting them into the breeding herd rather than selling them because of an advance in price on the market. For some time past heifers have been selling practically as high as steers if they were equally well finished. Fifth, by the use of better breeding stock. This is absolutely necessary if success Is to be had. The grand champion steer at the recent International is an ex- ample of the influence of good blood. This steer, Glencarnock Victor II, twenty-six or twenty-seven months of age, had for a granddam an old red nurse cow, two crosses of pure bred Angus bulls, together with proper feeding, produced this wonderful steer. Really no better example of what good blood will do has ever been shown in the history of Ameri- can show yards. I believe tliat the question of baby beef production on the or- dinary farms in this state is profitable. We are going to know next year just how profitable it is. The Animal Husbandry section of the Experiment Station has now the co-operation of one of the beef producing plants in this state in obtaining tlie cost of production, and that is something that nobody really seems to know at the present time. "We hope to have figures at that time which will bo of use and benefit to you, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 491 Q. This year cottonseed is worth about $32 a ton in ear lots laid down on the tracks ,and we have a rather good crop of clover through southeast Iowa. We have our silage to carry the cattle through, as also clover hay. Would it not be cheaper to increase the amount of clover hay to help balance the amount of produce and reduce the cottonseed, although it might make a more bulky feed 1 Professor Pew: It might, although I believe that in order to get the best finish you must have cottonseed or linseed meal in about the proportions that I have mentioned. I think the figures will bear out about the proportion of cottonseed meal or linseed meal ; that is, 2^4 pounds for each thousand pounds of live steer, and then give what hay they will probably consume. Q. Would you continue the silage up to the shipping point? Professor Pew : Up to within twenty-four hours, and possibly a little later, depending to a certain extent upon the length of your shipment. Q. In feeding once a day, what time would you feed? Professor Pew: Not the first thing in the morning; it might go along until the beginning of the forenoon. That will depend to a certain extent upon what other work 3'^ou have to do. Q. Shall we give the corn with the silage ? Professor Pew : Not necessarily, although some do that. It de- pends upon the arrangement of your feed bunks. A Member : I would not feed a steer in the morning ; I would feed them in the evening. After a steer has been out all day, you feed him at night and he lies down. If I feed him in the morning, he won't go out into the pasture until after he has had his feed, then the dew is off the grass and he lies down. CONDITIONS AS SEEN FROM THE MARKET. The President : The next number is Mr. Chas. 0. Robinson, member of the Clay, Robinson commission firm of Chicago, who will talk to us on ' ' Conditions as Seen from the Market, ' ' or by the man at the market. Mr. Robinson : Mr. President and Members of the Meat Pro- ducers' Association: I can assure you this is a very high honor to be asked to address you, and I came out rather under protest. I have the pleasure of having been born near Burlington, at Middle- town, Iowa. I have not been in Des Moines for about fifteen years, 492 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and previous to that time it was twenty-five years more, which, makes about forty. My father was in the cattle business in the eastern part of the state. He came out from Ohio in the early '50s, and in those days they rode horseback. He went back to Ohio later and married my mother. I have heard him say that it took two weeks to ride from Ohio to Burlington, Iowa, and they had to cross the river on a boat in those days. Now, I have listened to the remarks of your worthy president, Mr. Brockway, Captain Smith and Professor Pew, and I want to say that I was very much impressed. If I lived in any part of Iowa, I don't care how far it was from Des Moines, I would join this association. I have had more or less experience with associa- tions— first with the Texas Cattle Growers' Association, which is a strong body of men ; later with the Miles City and the North Mon- tana Roundup Association and this is the second time I have at- tended a cattle feeders' association. I feel that it is an honor to l)elong to an association of this kind. If a man has a protest, it is up to the officers or board of directors, and you can make any railroad sit up and take notice. But if one man should go, you might as well try to whistle out of the window ; they wouldn 't listen to you. I was very much interested in Mr. Brockway 's and Mr. Smith's papers about the feeding of calves and yearlings. Being on the market every day, I have had more or less experience. The trade is demanding young cattle — early maturity; you can't get away from it. As Professor Pew remarked, it was demonstrated at our last fat stock show. I stood in the ring and saw the grand champion yearling sell at $13.25, and two loads of yearlings and one load of Short-horns bought at the Denver show in January, sold at $11.40. There was a gentleman from Missouri who had four or five cattle. One load of Short-horns weighed 1,960 and sold at $8.80. He had another load at $8.50. Another load over 1,800 pounds at $8.60 he claimed had been fed eighteen months. Only two of all the buyers would buy those heavy cattle ; they are out of style. On Saturday Tom Cross and myself took Walter Blumen- thal, the president of the United Dressed Beef Company, out to lunch. He told me : "Tell your customers to make their money on short feeding." Of course, the most money I have ever seen made on feeding cattle was on short-fed cattle — cattle that had been fed ninety days. I remember once there were two men in Vermillion county, Illinois. One was a son of an old English friend of ours, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 493 and the other a friend of his. They came np to Chicago and we were going to carry them for 100 cattle. They both got drunk — this was fifteen years ago — and went to buying cheap cattle, so that one of the yard men told me if I didn't get them out of there they would buy all the cattle in the yards. So I got busy and wired a friend to see the young man's father and see if he would take them, and he said he would. They carried them along from Novem- ber to January. Those cattle came back in April, May and June, and never stopped making money. In regard to. these heavy cattle, Mr. Blumenthal said they used to use these big hides for automobile tops, and the Ford people were the largest buyers of the big hides in the world; but some- body got busy and discovered something else to take their place in the shape of cloth, and they have got the tanners up in the air. It seems to me that will hurt the heavy cattle — the decrease in the demand for those hides. He spoke of the fat that comes out of these big bullocks, and that recently they had discovered a process of using this fat. They would take the oil out of it, and the other they would call stearine, and put cottonseed oil with it and make what they call lard. It comes in competition with lard. Since the tariff came off they are shipping this stuff in free every place, and that is hurting that trade. I don't want to get into politics, be- cause I don't mix in either politics or religion, but I was telling what this man told us at this lunch. I was very much impressed Mdth Captain Smith's remarks about the low cost of producing his cattle. "We had the pleasure of hav- ing his two cars of yearlings at the International last year, and they made a record, but I didn't know that he was able to produce all that beef for so little cost. I think it would pay you gentlemen to get his secret. I know everybody here wants to do the best he can. Before I left Chicago I looked over our records to see what the cattle receipts were in 1877, the year I went to the yards, and I will give you some of the figures. In 1877 we had an average for six days in the week, barring Sunday, of 3,308 cattle; last year it averaged 10,088 — over 300 per cent increase. I was sent to the Council Bluff's yards before they were transferred across the river to Omaha and stayed there one summer with my father. In 1883 the receipts at Chicago were 1,919,167, and'in 1884 1,870,050. The Omaha yards were started that year and had 88,603. The Denver yards were started in 1886, and they had 54,229 head. So we have a total for the three markets, Chicago, Omaha and Denver, for the 494 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE years 1884 and 1886 of 2,012,000. I want to show how the receipts have increased in Chicago in the face of these outside markets. In 1877 Chicago had 4,000,000 hogs; last year we had 7,000,000. In 1877 Chicago had 810.000 sheep; last year we had 6,000,000. I think no state has contrihuted to the markets like Iowa; you have kept us filled up there in Chicago ; and while yoii were doing that you were contri])uting to St. Paul, Sioux City, Omaha and St. Joseph. I want to ask Professor Pew if the cattle fed at Iowa State Col- lege were fed at a profit. Professor Pew: I think all two-year-old cattle are fed at a loss. Our yearling cattle have been making gains at a profit. ADDRESS BY HENRY WALLACE. The President : I want to say concerning our next number on the program that the speaker is one of the men in this state whom we all love. We have been interested in him, as well as he in us, for a great many years. We have listened to him orally, and we have read and analyzed and digested his editorials for a great many years: He is a man wdiom I suppose, without reflect- ing any on the speakers who have preceded him, we would all go farther to hear than any other man who could talk to us. That man is Uncle Henry Wallace, editor of Wallaces' Farmer. Mr. Chairman: The greatest trouble I have in life is to keep people from thinking that I know more than I do. I suppose the universal ex- perience is that when a man is young he is not properly appreciated. It is a great misfortune for a man to get more reputation than he really deserves. I am not going to discuss the technical questions that you have been dis- cussing. I have never in an afternoon — except in church — heard as much good, sound sense as I have heard this afternoon from practical men who know what they are talking about. I was very much interested in Captain Smith's address, and I suppose the more so because many of the points he brought up are things that I have been teaching for a good many years. We have been feeding our cattle too much grain; we have been throwing it away in trying to make rapid gains — of course at a loss. We have to learn to do what the Englishman and the Scotch- man and Irishman do — fatten our cattle more out of the rack and the silo than with a scoop shovel. Another thing we will have to learn is to save waste. We are the biggest robbers on the face of the earth, and it does not become you farmers to find fault with the lumber fiends that have robbed our lands of the lumber, or the coal men who are wasting their material in mining. I believe the manure production — the dung FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 495 production — I like that English word — is of more value than the output of all the coal mines of the state. I am not sure but what it is of more value than the iron mines and the output of the steel trust. The secre- tary of our state board of agriculture, Mr. Corey, I think will have some figures on that subject pretty soon that will surprise you. The worst waste is the waste of our soil fertility. You are not growing any more grain today on land worth $150 an acre than you did when it was worth $50. Our present system of renting is wasting our fertility. It is to the interest of the land owner to have his land increase in value, but as a rule the renter is trying to get all he can out of it — to loot and rob it, and then say, "After me the deluge." You ask what has that to do with the cattle business. Everything, gentlemen. Unless we maintain the fertility of the soil, we can't go on feeding cattle, and they will be fed in the Argentine and in Australia. So long as corn is worth within from 18 to 20 cents of the price of wheat, just that long men will grow corn, and just that long you will see our lands going down in fertility. The landlord says there is more money in corn outside the steer than there is inside, and so he says to the tenant: "You must grow corn; not a cent for buildings." Our cities are growing and they will keep on doing so gradually, although not so fast as they have in the past, because the lure of the city, its lights, its paved streets, its jollity, will bring new people into it from the country. Our immigra- tion goes mostly to the cities. Every year the area given over to the special purpose cow for dairy purposes is increasing. It takes all of New England and New York and part of Canada to supply the milk for New York, Boston and Philadelphia. It takes a large part of the state of Illinois to furnish milk for Chicago; another large slice for St. Louis. And so the beef steer is being shoved back — and back — and back. The short grass country that can be used for grazing purposes is decreasing, and hence w'e are to have less and less cattle from the range and the ranch as the years go on. There are just enough nesters and dry farmers scat- tered over that country to spoil it for anything else — and they spoil themselves generally in an attempt to do that. By and by we will have a sensible plan; cut that country up into large tracts of three or six sec- tions or a township, and then grow alfalfa, and then you will fatten your steers out there and you won't get them for baby beef. The next question is, where are you going to raise your cattle? I have had a good many men — ^some of the professors of our colleges — try to explain to me that a man can get rich (I2V2 per cent, I believe, on $200' an acre land) by buying a lot of Short-horn cows of the common sort, and a first-class Polled Angus bull, and let them run the machine, while he sits on the porch and watches the calves sucking the cows. You know that you can't keep a cow a year and raise the calf to weaning for less than about $35 a head. How is this to be remedied on land worth $150 an acre? We can help that, not in a big wholesale way, as Mr. Smith says, but by limiting our cows to about $10.50 (if we let the calves run to them maybe $20 at the outside), and by so improving our pastures that it takes less than two acres of grass to keep a cow during the summer time, ^.nd the rent of another two acres to keep her tlirough 496 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the winter, more or less. You must learn to grow grass, and hardly any- body knows anything about that now. I was surprised when I was over in England this summer with Secre- tary Wilson to find at a conference of some of the leading men of Scot- land that it cost $50 an acre to put down a permanent pasture. I didn't believe it, but on talking with about a dozen directors of the Highland Agricultural Society there was only one man who put it less than that. How do they do it? In the first place, they wasted their virgin fertility, just as we are wasting it now; and they never learned how to farm until they did waste it. Now they take a year to cultivate the land and clean it, and then they fertilize it, and they sow 47 Vj pounds of grass seed per acre, and they don't expect to turn it up for the next twenty years. A tenant who would undertake to plow up one of those permanent pastures would get into the same trouble that he would if he took the house off or set fire to it. They are doing at that large expense what some of us did at little expense. You all know that where there is a field in Iowa or Illinois that is raw prairie — good rich land that grows bluestem — and a man who had sense enough to sow blue grass on it and pasture it close and let it stand for ten years, he has a pasture that will put fat on the steers; and if he plows it up it will take him fifteen years more to get back something like the fertility there was there. A pasture of that kind is proof against drouth, frost and flood, and there is something in the substance of that grass. It will keep a cow in the pasture for a year without rain. We must learn to grow grass, so that an acre will keep a thousand-pound cow seven or eight months in the year. I have done it myself on small acreage, and it can be done. Then you will decrease the cost of raising your baby beef. There are three grades of land in Iowa; one that will keep a cow to the acre and fatten her without grain. The second is the kind that will grow a stocker to the acre; and the third land that will grow a donkey to the acre. We can never have the pasture land that they have in Scot- land, because we haven't the even distribution of rainfall; but we can, if we will at once put our minds to cultivating grass, double the yield of our pastures, and when we do that we can laugh at the world when it comes to the production of beef. The root of the trouble, to which I have referred before, is our system of renting land. We are simply playing leapfrog over the state of Iowa. There is hardly a man of you but would sell your farm if you were offered your price. With the most of you it is not a home; it is for sale. We have a great speculative mania in land, and as long as we think there is some place better in Iowa we will never get down to real business in this state. But when you conclude that there is no place better or as good (unless it might be Kansas, if you take Colburn's story for it, where you get sunbeams out of cucumbers), and settle down and say that your place is not for sale, and won't be by your chil- dren or grandchildren, and go to growing grass and reading Wallaces' Farmer, studying night and day how to get all there is in the manure, how to grow your cattle on roughage as far as possible, how to save your waste, then we will do business. But we have got to get down to the point that when you rent a farm you give a man an inducement FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 497 to be a good farmer, and give him to understand — by law, if possible, as they do in England — that he has a right to whatever he puts into that land. The English theory of renting is that the land and all that is in it and on it belongs to the man who put it there. Thus the tenant has no interest in going away or looking for another farm, and the landlord doesn't want to dispense with that tenant. So they stay from year to year and from generation to generation. As to the kind of cattle to feed, I think Mr. Smith looks at it exactly right. Feed the stuff that the other fellow doesn't want. My father gave me a lesson in political economy when I was very young: Whenever everybody wants to buy, you sell; when everybody wants to sell, you buy. We have a great demand for baby beef, and the reasons given by the gentlemen here are all right and sound. It may be different next year, but your experience has been that the market wanted just what you didn't have, and the reason was because you have been wanting to have what the other fellow wanted to have, and you glutted the market. So let us in the first place be satisfied to live in Iowa. It is God's-coun- try; it is the Mesopotamia of the new world. It is the one place where the Lord did His best. Let us do our best to make this the best country, with more good cattle, more good dual purpose cows, and more good people, than any other state in the Union. In that case we will all be happy. The President : I wish to say in connection with what Uncle Plenry said concerning the going out of the feeding business that in my work in the organization as president I have had som? ex- perience along that line. I know what it is to go into communities and have the leading corn belt men tell me that the boys have nearly all quit feeding cattle, and they don't know what the situation will be in regard to getting more members into the association. That is just about as sad a thing as a man can have put up to him. A lot of people in this state think that this is a feeder's organization, and that nobody is entitled to membership in it unless he is a cattle feeder. AVe have tried to convince them in the past few years that farmers are eligible to membership if they don't feed cattle, and have succeeded in inducing a good many such farmers to join our association. But I just wanted to drop that word for your benefit, that there has been a wonderful decline in the state of Iowa in the last ten years, since this organization Avas formed, in the feeding business. I find in going over the state communities where we used to have large organizations of men who were prac- tically all cattle feeders, that they have nearly all quit and gone to raising corn, because thej^ could make more money out of it. or at least they thought they could — and possibly they do for the time being. Jf we are going to conserye the fertility of these Iowa 3? 498 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE farms and hand them over to our children and grandchildren in as good condition as we received them, we must stay in the stock business, even if it doesn't mean quite as much ready money to use right at the time, and at the same time remain in the Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association, for the two go hand in hand. Jerome Smith : That is all right, and I wish I could see it so ; I am tr)'ing to. I settled on a farm forty-one years ago, but how can 1 expect my children to stay there? The best lot of men in the world are right here, and nine out of ten men in the cattle l)usiness say they are losing money. I have fed cattle — more often less than more — and havt) managed to get enough to live on, but liaven't accumulated any great amount. I suppose that I ought to ))e satisfied to keep fixing that land, and let my neighbors raise their 60-cent corn and get the money, while I am just making a farm for future generations. Of course I am going to do that ; I am the only man in our country who hasn't a farm for sale; but at the same time it is costing me too much. The last remark Pro- fessor Pew made was that he lost money feeding cattle. The man who fed a large amount made some money. I would like to know where our children are going to get off at if we are going to farm at a loss until we learn some other way. We have been coming here for ten years learning how to do farming and sell at a profit, l)ut now Uncle Henry says that we can't farm at a profit until we learn different methods. I have been reading AVallaces' Farmer, but that doesn't come out quite so square as he did. Mr. Fowler: I don't want to take up your time, ])ut I expect I have studied this proposition for the past twenty years as much as any man in the state. You gentlemen have the greatest oppor- tunity to produce of any gentlemen in a given territory on the face of the earth ; all you have to do is to get after the job as near right as you can. There is an opportunity for this state to make fifty million dollars more per annum than now and not do nearly as nuich work. Captain Smith says that by a combination of grass and grain he is able to effect a wonderful saving in the production of beef. A hog is just as much a grazing aiiinud as the steer, and there is just as great or greater opi)ortunity to save on him as thei-e is on the steer. And what is the greatest hindrance to that? It is over-estimating the value of the skim milk. I wrote some poetry lliat tli(\v tell me is worth a million dollars. A man from Kansas told me he saw it in the Kansas City Star, and he bought three; car loads of hogs and fed them on pasture, and he said it was the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 499 easiest money he ever owned. If you can stand for the poetry you will get it : The hogs were in the barnyard, Ready for their feed; The schemer says, "Skim milk and corn Will meet their every need." I said to him: "You surely teach The stunt you're hired to do; But, dear sir, this big income I need as well as you." So onto the pasture I turned the hogs. And with a little corn There I made the cheapest pork I've had since I was born. Since I have quit so much hard work, The work that suits me best Is to throw a little corn on grass; The pigs will do the rest. The convention thereupon adjourned to 9 :30 a. ni. Thursday. THURSDAY, DECEMBER 11. MORNING SESSION. President Sykes presiding. D. P. Hogan, of Massena, read the following paper on "Farm Credits": FARM CREDITS. BY V. P. HOGAN. According to the best estimates I have been able to obtain, there is about one billion dollars loaned on farm mortgages in the state of Iowa. A saving of i/4 of 1 per cent in the interest rate on these mort- gages would make the farmers of Iowa $2,500,000 annually; a saving of % of 1 per cent would make them $5,000,000, and a saving of 1 per cent would amount to $10,000,000 annually. The subject upon which I talk to you today is certainly an important one. In order to borrow money at the cheapest rate and on the best terms, the security of the borrower must possess three principal elements: First. The security must be first-class. That is, it must be found- ed on productive property of stable value, with a good margin of value above the loan. Second. It must be a standard security, well known and well es- tablished. The investing public must know without question and with- out investigation that it is gilt edged. It must be a public fact. 500 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Third. The evidence of the debt must be easily transferred in case of sale; easily negotiable; liquid. Hence it must be a bond. Look over the list and you will find every security that sells high at a low rate of interest meets these three requirements. Government, railroads, industrial corporations, public service corporations, munici- palities and even owners of large city buildings market their securities in the form of bonds. If their securities meet the first two require- ments; if they are founded on property of substantial value and are first class and are widely known to the investing public, they invariably obtain a low interest rate. An Iowa farm mortgage at one-half the value of the land, possesses the first requirement. The security is absolutely first class. There is no question about that. It is generally recognized that there is no better security than an Iowa farm loan. Its security is the earth itself, the source of all wealth. An individual farm loan, however, does not meet the second requirement. It is not a standard security. The in- vestor is not safe in purchasing it without careful investigation. He must examine the title papers, or rather hire a lawyer whom he knows and has confidence in, to examine them for him. He must look up the values of the land which is no easy matter. It may be far distant from the investor's home. Many elements go to make up the value of land which may only be known to someone who is familiar with farms where the land is located. It can plainly be seen that individual farm loans can never find ready sale among the investing public. Neither does th"e farm loan meet the third requirement. It is not easily trans- ferred in case of sale. In order to transfer it, it must be assigned before a notary public and the assignment recorded in the county in which the land is situated. The abstract should be continued also to insure that there was not a previous assignment recorded. GERMAN METHOD. The Germans under Frederic the Great, about 150 years ago, de- vised a method of handling farm loans whereby the security can be marketed in a form to meet the requirements I have enumerated. The method has worked so well that it is not only almost exclusively used in Germany in borrowing money on land but the other European coun- tries have adopted it with some variations. Practically all of the land mortgages in France are now made according to this method. Other continental countries use it very extensively. Two general types of institutions have been developed in Europe in thus handling land mort- gages. Both perform the same functions and differ only in this re- spect. One type is a non-profit seeking co-operative institution called a landschaft, and the other is a capitalized corporation that pays dividends. Different institutions under each type vary in regard to details, but the fundamental principles of all three are the same. I will first describe the type that is known best as the German land- schaft. A LANDSCHAFT. A landschaft is a cooperative association of landowners, for the purpose of procuring loans for its members by the issue of bonds se- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 501 cured by mortgages on their land. The landschaft issues bonds against the collective mortgages of its members. The total amount of bonds outsanding must always be equal to the total amount of mortgages due the association, except that the accumulated surplus of the asso- ciation may be loaned. There are twenty-three of these associations in Germany, each confining its operations to the province in which it is located. They are non-profit-seeking associations and, except in two instances, possess no share capital. They are subject to state super- vision through a royal commissioner, and their articles of association require the sanction of the crown or the minister of agriculture. Land- owners living jwithin the area of the association and fulfilling the con- ditions of its articles, may not be refused loans. Loans are not made in cash, but in bonds of the association. These bonds may be cashed independently by the borrower, or he may take them to a bank which is affiliated with the association, which will sell them in his behalf or advance him money on them as security. Loans are limited by some associations to one-half, and by some to two-thirds of the cash value of the land. They are usually made on the amortiza- tion plan; that is, the principal is reduced each year by the payment of not less than % of 1 per cent of the principal in addition to the interest rate. . Loans may not be called except when the property deteriorates by reason of bad farming or the borrower fails to keep up his payments or otherwisie violates the terms of his obligation. The borrower has the privilege of paying any part or all of the principal at his option by giving notice. If he pays before due, he must pay in bonds of the same kind as he received when he obtained the loan. If such bonds are then above par, it costs him more to pay his loan, if below par, less. When part of the loan is paid, bonds to the same amount are, of course, cancelled. PEACTICAX WORKING. In order to illustrate the workings of the landschaft, I will say that a man whom I will call "A" desires to borrow $.5,000 on his farm that is worth $10,0'00, and that another man whom I will call "B" has $5,000 which he wishes to loan. on such security. Now, as you know, the ordinary method is for "A" to find "B" or the agent of "B" to obtain the loan. According to the methods prevailing here now, the loan would be made for five years with an optional payment clause, perhaps. Experience teaches us that the average life of a farm loan is much longer than five years and with the present high price and ad- vancing price of land, the life of the loan will continue to lengthen. So at the end of five years, "A" will be obliged to renew the loan with "B" if "B" wishes to renew it or else seek a new loan elsewhere. In either case, he has the commissions to pay and if a new loan, addi- tional abstract fees. With the landschafts "A" would make his application to the proper officers, who would ascertain the value of his land and examine his title papers. In Germany, the land is carefully valued according to the income it produces for taxation purposes every few years. In addition, however, the land on which the loan is desired is valued by three mem- 502 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE bers of the landschafts, who know the land and what its annual pro- duction is. If any further doubt exists that the land is of suflEicient value for security of the loan desired, one of the head officers of the landschafts investigates the land also. If the land is of sufficient value, the application is approved, "A" executes and delivers to the landschaft his first mortgage on the land for $5,000 bearing interest, let us say, at the rate of 5 per cent and receiving therefor bonds of the landschaft for $5,000 bearing interest at the rate of 4 per cent. Note the difference in the rate. The bond bears 4 per cent while "A's" mortgage bears 5 per cent, the difference being 1 per cent. This 1 per cent, except a small part set aside to pay expenses and for surplus, is placed in a sinking fund, to be used to buy bonds of thie association for "A's" benefit, virtually cancelling that much of his in- debtedness annually. "A" still continues to pay at the rate of 5 per cent on his mortgage, even though the principal is annually reduced. You will readily see that a smaller part of the payment each year is required to pay his interest, so a greater part of it is paid on his principal. If "A" never pays more than the 5 per cent annually called for in the mort- gage, his debt will in the coursie of time be extinguished. I have said in this example that a small part of the 1 per cent is laid aside for the payment of expenses, and so forth. In most of the lands- chaften, this item is not over one-tenth per cent and in the older associa- tions nothing is kept for that purpose, as the interest on the large ac- cumulated surplus more than pays all expenses. KEADY SALE FOU THE BONDS. There is a ready sale for the bonds and they are quoted daily in the principal bourses of the states in which they are issued. They are legal investments for trustee funds and savings banks. In Germany, the law says that widows' and orphans' funds may be only invested in govern- ment bonds and land bonds. For a long period of years, landschaft bonds have maintained a market price very nearly as high as Imperial government bonds and at about the sarhe price as provincial bonds. They are higher than industrial bonds bearing the same rate of interest. The rates of interest of course conform to general market conditions for money. At the end of the thirties, 3^^ per cent bonds predominated. Later there was an upward tendency, which culminated in the seventies in an issue of 5 per cent bonds, but these together with those of 4% per cent were not long in circulation. Until the middle of the eighties, 4 per cent bonds predominated; their place was taken by those of 3i/4 per cent, and at about 1895, 3^^ per cent bonds were largely in circula- tion. In 1897, only about 3 per cent of the bonds in circulation were of 4 per cent or over. Since that time there has been a slow but almost constant rise in rates. The average interest borne by all bonds of these institutions in 1900 was 3.42 per cent and in 1909, 3.49 per cent. I have no amortization tables of the landschaft but have one of the Credit Foncier of France, which is similar. According to this table, at an interest rate of 4.3 per cent on the bonds payable semi-annually, a rate of about TY2 per cent on the mortgage will retire the loan in twenty FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 503 years; a little more than 6 per cent on the mortgage will retire the loan in thirty years; about 5^/^ per cent will retire the loan in forty years: 4.88 per cent in fifty years and 4.66 per cent in sixty years. These figures will no doubt surprise you as they did me. Thus you see, the farmers of Germany have a simple, reliable and in- expensive means of obtaining credit on their lands. The objection can- not be made that it is new and untried. It has worked successfully for about 150 years and has never lost a dollar to its bondholders as far as I could learn. Even in times of political calamity such as the Napoleonic wars, when government bonds were greatly depreciated, the landschaft bonds maintained a high value because their security was the earth itself, which wars cannot destroy. Panics, changes of government and severe agricultural depressions have not shaken the confidence of the bond- holders. SAME IN OTHHIR COUNTRIES. Austria, Hungary, Denmark, Russia, Switzerland and Roumania have adopted the landschaft system with variations, and it has been lextensively- used in those countries to supply agriculture with cheap capital. The celebrated Credit Foncier was established in France in 1852, following many of the methods of the German landschaft. It is a semi-public institution. Its governor and part of its directors are appointed for life by the president of the republic. It practically enjoys a monopoly of the real estate loan business of France. Its rates are extremely low, as its bonds are held largely by small investors and the French are the most thrifty people in the world. It operates on the same long term amortization plan as the landschaft and loans on city property also. Its present capital is $40,000,000. A borrower can not obligate himself to pay a greater annuity than the total annual income of the mortgaged property, while on the other hand, the society is not allowed to charge borrowers more than six-tenths per cent over the rate which it obtains money on its debentures at the time the loan is made. There are also in Germany a number of institutions that loan on real estate mortgages as a part of their business, whose liabilities are guar- anteed by the state, province or district that established them, but I will not take the time to describe them. FARM MORTGAGE BANKS. There are, however, thirty-seven joint stock mortgage banks that operate in Germany under the imperial mortgage bank act of 1899, that deserve close study. They loan on both city and country real estate and their business has attained an enormous development. In 1880 their total loans were less than $400,000,000, while at the present time they total about three billion dollars. The loans of those banks on rural property are small, only about 6 per cent in 1911. The greater part of their loans is on city real estate. This is probably accounted for from the fact that the landschaften covered the farm loan field pretty thoroughly before the joint stock mortgage banks were ijjtroduced. These banks may loan on either the amortized pjlan or the fi«4'd term plan, except that one-half of the total rural loans jyi effect must be amortized. They issue bonds against the collective 504 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE loans same as the landschaft. They operate under strict government supervision down to the minutest detail. A joint stock mortgage bank shall not issue honds to exceed fifteen times its paid up capital. A government auditor attached to each bank certifies on each mortgage bond before its issue that the necessary cover is existent and that it has been duly recorded in the mortgage register. The law states specifically how this mortgage shall be kept. The govern- ment officer may compare at any time any mortgage as shown by the mortgage register of the bank with the records of the land title office. As a matter of fact, the government auditor is custodian of all the securities for which bonds are issued. Penalties of fine and imprison- ment are provided for any infraction of the law. Loans are usually made in cash instead of bonds, by these mortgage banks, as the land- schaften make their loans. These joint stock mortgage banks and the Credit Foncier of France belong to the capitalized incorporated type and pay dividends on their stock. IOWA FARilER NEEDS IT. The Iowa farmer should adopt modern methods in marketing his farm loans. He must do as governments, railroad companies, industrial corporations and municipalities do; put the security in a form^ to suit the investing public. For the last 100 years, German farm bonds have been marketed at the same rate as provincial and state bonds, almost as high as imperial government bonds. Iowa state bonds have been sold at par at 4 per cent. Northwestern, Pennsylvania and other 4 per cent railroad stocks have been sold at par. So have U. S. Steel stocks. What German landowners have been able to do for a century, Iowa land- owners can do. Do not be misled by misinformed persons who may say that conditions are not so good here that such mortgage system would not work in Iowa. I think that conditions for the successful operation of this system are beter than in Europe. There is no place in the world where a farmer can pay off his mortgage or pay for his farm quicker than he can in Iowa. It is true there are many farm loan companies now operating in the United States that issue bonds covered by mortgages. Their bonds have not become standard, have not commanded a low rate of interest because they have not observed one of the fundamental fea- tures of the German and other European institutions, strict government supervision and control. By this method, bonds can be issued in denominations to suit large and small investors. The small investor should not be overlooked, for there are so many of them that their individual small holdings aggregate immense sums. Everybody has confidence in land as security. The average investor has not the time nor the ability to look up the value of the security in an additional farm mortgage that is offered for sale. He likes a high grade bond. Such a bond is supplied by the landschaften and mortgage banks of Europe. The government sees that the mortgage is taken with care and every safeguard surrounds the issue of the bonds. If the holder needs the money, he can sell his bond, as it has a market value every day in the year. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 505 LONG TIME LOANS. The loans according to this system are made for a long term if de- sired. As the average loan is not paid at the end of the five year term at which our farm loans are now paid, the renewal charges must be added to the interest rate to determine the cost interest. The assurance that the interest rate will not be raised during the time the borrower needs the money is an additional advantage. The payment by the borrower of at least a small percentage of the principal annually adds to the security of the loan. Our farmers have had for some time an easy game. They have had land at little cost and stored with fertility since Adam's time, while their competitors in Europe were farming high priced land, with the constant burden of maintaining its fertility. But the game is evening up. Tt takes a lot of capital now to buy a farm. It takes a whole lot more to stock it and equip it. It takes a great deal longer time to pay for it than it did. It is about time to quit robbing it, too. It will be necessary to put dollars back into it every year in manures and fertilizers. We can't continue to get big revenues by putting corn into it every year. We have got to keep more of it in grass. Labor costs more than it did. No; we haven't such a big advantage now over our European competitor, and it isn't going to get any better. Perhaps we hadn't better underrate him any more. He is raising a great deal more wheat, oats and hay to the acre than we are. At any rate it will do no harm to look over the fence, or across the pond rather, and see if the Dutchman or the French- man has any edge over us in his methods. Then again, if there is a better way, we ought to adopt it anyway. We don't need to be farmers to be interested in their prosperity. Almost every dollar that comes into Iowa is the product of an Iowa farm and it is some of those same dollars that build our cities and turn the wheels of our industries. GOVERXMENT SUPERVISIOX. Some men will say that we don't want to find easier ways for the farmer to get into debt; that the farmer should get out of debt and stay out; that debt is a bad thing. Did you ever think that there are a whole lot of pretty good fellows that didn't inherit a farm, and the only way they will ever get farms is to go in debt for them? Those are the fellows that I am interested in. I want to make it easier for them to buy farms and make homes for themselves and their families. Is there any good reason why a long term land mortgage system can- not be adopted in Iowa? What better security can anyone want than a bond secured by Iowa farms at one-half their value with the principal reduced annually by the payment of at least a small percentage. The strictest laws and government supervision is just as necessai'y here as it is in Europe. No government subsidy is necessary or desirable. It might be a good idea to have the mortgages deposited with the state auditor, the same as life insurance company securities are now deposited. The auditor should certify on each bond that mortgages to cover the bond are held by him. I see no reason why Iowa landowners should not be allowed to syndicate their borrowings under state laws. I think the 506 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE securities offered under this system, which would be of unquestionable value, would meet with public favor. Mr. Drury : How coukl a young man bny eighty acres of land costing $150 an acre? He has to give good capital to start with. He has to have a still larger loan to own an Iowa farm. Mr. Hogan : You are striking at a subject that is a very im- portant one, and is something that this does not solve, except that it gives the farmer cheaper money. You people on your farms, as I take it, are just like the directors of a railroad company. If there is a better method of marketing your farm loans you are foolish in not doing it, just the same as the directors of a railroad com- pany would be foolish in not marketing their bonds in a better way, if the public wanted them that way. My idea in regard to that matter was that in order to establish this system in the first place we have got to make it absolutely safe, without any question, in order to sell the bonds. My opinion is that one-half the value would be as far as we ought to go at the present time. In Ger- many and other European countries they loan two-thirds of the value on farms and have no trouble. If the land is not taken care of, they have a right to foreclose it, but there is not very much question about that. You see the annual payment of one- half of one per cent on the principal cuts it down, and would cover any depreciation any way. Q. "Wouldn't this assist the speculator instead of the farmer, who needs it? Mr. Hogan : You don 't mean that it would not help the farmer, but that it would help the speculator also ? Member: It would help the speculator more than the fai-uicr. It would be my idea that the farmer and the man who works on the farm should have the benefit of that, and the speculator go some- where else. Mr. Hogan : It would be a good idea, but it would be hard to regulate by law. Mr. Oliva : In the matter of these farm titles, did you inves- tigate the methods which they had in the foreign countries as to what constituted a good title ? You will agree with me that in this state we have a very poor system of arriving at what constitutes a good title on a farm. Mr. Hogan : I asked that question repeatedly in Germany, and they said that the land titles were good because the state was be- liiiid Hicin. You know in a foreign country it is a little liai'dcr to FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 507 get iuformation on a subject than it is here. "We found it pretty generally true that you can't get a direct answer to a question as you can in this country, but I think they have something like the Torrens system of titles. That system is optional in Illinois. In Canada they use it entirely, and in some states of the Union. If you put your land under it 3'ou go through a certain process, and after that you don't need any abstract. You can't put an instru- ment on record unless it is correct and perfect in every respect, and the certificate that you hold shows your title, with what en- cumbrance there is. If you want to obtain a mortgage on your farm, you take your certificate to the recorder's office and put the mortgage on record and a new instrument is issued to you showing your title subject to this mortgage. Mr. Oliva: You will agree with me that under our statute ten years bars a great many of these defects in the title ; and yet if I sell my neighbor a farm, he will take my abstract to an attorney and he will find all kinds of objections back thirty or fifty years. I have had experience in that, and w^e have had cases right in our own toAvn where the best of abstract examiners have turned down their own abstracts. They acted on it one year, and two years after that the farm sold again, and they said the title wasn't good after they approved it before. There is a big graft there; you will aU admit that. Mr. Gregory : Do you think we could handle this any other way except through the Torrens system? Mr. Hogan: Our titles are considered good at the present time. This is not a government institution in any way ; it is no more a government bank than one of the state banks in the state of Iowa is a government bank. Henry Wallace : Will you kindly explain to this convention, assuming they are all farmers who want to get this cheap money, how they have to go about getting it? Mr. Hogan : I am advocating what are called in Germany the joint stock landschaft and in France the Credit Foncier. My idea is for a law to be passed authorizing the incorporation of state mort- gage debentures, not much different from the loan and trust com- panies at the present time. The only provision would be that they would take the mortgages, and the entire transaction would be un- der close government supervision. They should only loan up to a certain value of the farm, and the mortgages should be kept with the Auditor of State or some state official. No more bonds could 508 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE be issued than the value of the mortgages held and the capital of the institution. I would have the capital large. I would not have them issue bonds for more than 25 per cent of the capital. There would be no individual liability at all. There is a mistake a great many people make. They think this is a government institu- tion. The Credit Foncier of France, which is an incorporated capitalized institution, has no liability of the mortgagor. You couldn't introduce a system like that in Iowa, where there would be a responsibility over and above the amount of the mortgage, Avhile in Germany they are never called upon to pay anything above that. Henry Wallace : Are the stockholders not liable for anything above their stock in this Credit Foncier ? Mr. Hogan: No, the stock is large. The owner of bank stock in this country is liable, and I think the owners of capital stock would be liable. Mr. Wallace : But unless you increase the credit you are not going to get any decrease in interest, and the interest rises and falls inversely in proportion to credits. Unless yon have this un- limited liability you are not going to have unlimited credit. Mr. Hogan : Will any man here say that the value of Iowa land is less stable than the value of the pt-operty of the North- western Railroad Company? The value of the security is of course the fundamental thing in regulating the price of interest, but in this case the value of the property is unquestioned ; there is no better security than Iowa land. J. R. Doran : Will you state which of the systems you have de- scril)ed has the l)est rate of interest? Mr. Hogan : The landschaft gets the best rate of interest. We found it something like 4 per cent. Under the Credit Foncier I think about 4.3 per cent is the rate. Mr. Doraii : The formation of this landschaft had better be as local as we could make it? Mr. Hogan: The Credit Foncier of France operates through the entire republic of France. Most of the German institutions operate only in the states in which they are organized. Mr. Wallace: Then you don't think that the co-operative l)ank would be a practical thing in tlic state of ToAva ? T quite agree with you there. Mr. (lo-^jiii: I liclicvc in iiicoi-porjitiug fMiMu mortgage lianks iiiidrr state supci'visioii. There is nothing to i)r(vent Hint being FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 509 done at the present time, but they fail to s(>ll their l)on(ls or de- bentures at a low rate of interest for the reason that you would not bu}^ them. You don't know whether the securities are on Iowa, Dakota or Nebraska land. Mr. Wallace : You are out near Creston. "What modification of Mr. Harsh 's bank would be necessary? Mr. Hogan : Mr. Harsh 's bank is a private institution ; it is not incorporated. Wlien he makes farm loans, instead of making the amounts all in one note he makes them in separate notes, so that he can sell them to individuals and in the quantities they want. That is all there is to this Harsh system. He doesn't even observe any of the principles of the landschaft. It isn't any improvement over the present method except that he makes his notes in amounts to suit the borrower. He makes the mortgage to the Land Credit Bank as trustee, which is J. B. Harsh, and there isn't any special security, except that you can look the mortgage up on the record. Q. Does he guarantee it? A. Yes, his guarantee is back of it. Q. AVhat interest does he get? A. He gets as big a rate of interest as the ordinary loan asso- ciations, or larger. Q. How much more do you have to pay the insurance com- panies than the man who borrows from the Credit Foncier ? Mr. Hogan: The lowest rate is 514 per cent. Of course we have for a number of years borrowed as low as 5 per cent, but with commission above that. I understand this commission is paid every year for five years : it is part of the cost of the money. My opinion is that the farmers of loAva, as good security as they are, ought to borrow money at as cheap a rate of interest as the best railroad securities. Mr. Doran : About a year ago I was one of the appraisers on a farm loan. The owner was borroM'ing the money of an insur- ance company at 5i/^ per cent; I think he had to pay something additional. We certified that the farm was worth .^34,000, and he wanted to borrow .$12,000. The insurance company turned that loan down. Within ten days it loaned $6,000,000 to a bank in Chicago at 4.45 per cent interest. I think this will answer Henry Wallace's question. The convenience of makiug a loan counts for a good deal. I asked the attorney why they did that. He said: "It is an expense to look up the title and look after the interest, and it is a good deal better to loan a large amount to the Continental & Com- 510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE mercial National or some of these big banks. They were putting $13,000,000 in one building, and that is surely not as good security as a farm, but they loaned at .75 per cent less than they would on the farm. Member: Don't you think that it would be a good thing if the Torrens system was adopted by the state of Iowa? Mr. Hogan: The Torrens system would be a very good thing. Our abstracts are getting longer and longer each year, and it costs more to have them examined each time, and it appears that every lawyer who examines one wall find a new set of objections, and I have found that the same lawyer found some more objections the second time he looked at it. Mr. Doran : A few years ago the stock of the Northwestern Eail- road sold for 389 cents on the dollar; today it is selling for 125 cents ; and yet they are borrowing money for less than any farmer in this room can borrow it. It is not the security that regulates the rate of interest, but the convenience of making the loan; and I think the sooner we get the Torrens system the better it will be for the farmers. R. M. Gunn : If we can establish a system of that kind so that the small investor can get in on it, we will have a system that will be a credit to ourselves. Mr. Hogan : The important thing is to throw all the safeguards of the law and government supervision al)out it, so that the in- vestor that buys will know it is good and that it will be paid. The President : The next number that we Avill place on our pro- gram is President R. A. Pearson, of Ames. You men are aware of the fact that President Pearson has not been with us a great while. We succeeded in inducing him to leave the state of Ncav York and come out here and take the presidency of our agricultural college about a year ago, and possibly a great many of you men have not had the privilege of meeting or even seeing him. and I am sure that you will appreciate this opportunity. I now introduce to you President Pearson of our state agi'icultural college. THE STATE AGRICULTURAL (JOLLEGE. By President R. A. Pearson. President Pearson : Mr. President, Friends, and Members of the Organization, it gives me a great deal of pleasure to be here with you. I just came into the hall a few minutes ago. I am soitv that I missed hearing the first paper. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 511 Gentlemen, this, I believe, is the beginning of an age in our agricul- tural development which is going to be characterized particularly by the activity and usefulness of organization. If you will reflect upon the development of agriculture during the period of the last one or two hundred years, you will recall that there have been marked advance- ments from time to time. Away back in the early years the farmers thought out a system of under-drainage, and by means of that practice they were able to greatly increase the yields of crops from their lands, and that marked a new epoch. A little later there came the fertilizers, and by means of their use the farmers were able to increase the yield of their crops; and that marked another new development. And so on along down the line there have been great things introduced into the agricultural world from time to time, each good In its own way, and continuing to the present day and being further and further developed at the present time. One of these great epoch-makers was the widespread introduction of the leguminous crops. It seems to me that if ever anybody gets some- thing for nothing it is in connection with those crops. Just by putting one of those crops upon the land and properly inoculating the soil, if not already properly inoculated, we are able to secure the most valu- able plant food there is, right out of the air, without making any pay- ment or doing any work ourselves for this blessing. In the South many years ago they had a street car system drawn by mules, and of course the mules worked hard at their job. The war came, and when it was ended an enterprising northern company came down into that southern country and re-organized the street car sys- tem. They electrified it and put on trolly cars, and a good man who lived in the town stood on his front porch one day and was awe-struck to see a car coming down the street without the mules. He called to his wife: "Samantha, come out and see this thing on the street. The Yankees came down here and freed the negroes, and now they have come down and freed the mules." And so it happened that when these leguminous crops came into our lives we were freed of a heavy burden. And, passing on, there came the age of machinery, and the great age of the development of agricul- tural education. And now I believe we are at the threshold of a period of great development along the line of agricultural organizations. All other industries are organized, and the farmer has been one of the last to see the advantages that might come to him by getting together with his fellow farmers for many different purposes. We know something about the organizations of Europe, but we shouldn't make the mistake of thinking that those ideas may be introduced bodily and made to succeed here as they succeed there. Mr. Wallace has recently studied conditions in Europe and made a very comprehensive report on the subject to the governor, which everyone should have read; and he emphasized the point that conditions are different here, and we must not expect to apply here identically the same remedies for our different conditions as are being operated to advantage in those European coun- tries. But we can get helpful suggestions and ideas from over there which may be introduced here. 512 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Here is an organization which has for its special interest the pro- duction of meat; and other organizations meeting in this city have for tlieir particular interest the production of fruit; and there are as many organizations now, almost, as there are distinctive subjects in agri- culture. It remains for us to strengthen our organizations; to draw into their mem.bership those persons who are. interested in the common subject; draw up constructive programs, and then determine to follow the programs out and get the benefits to which we are entitled ; and I expect to refer to some of those benefits. Whatever this organization or any other may stand for, there is one subject in common that they all stand for, and that is the good or the advancement of our agricultural education; and I want to speak to you just a few words about the insti- tuition that stands for the advancement of agricultural education at Ames. And let me emphasize here a very trite saying that this institu- tion belongs to the people of the state. I wish they really could appre- ciate that point as I do. A good many persons seem to think that when recommendations come from that college for appropriations, it is a favor to the faculty that those appropriations should be granted. Quite the contrary is true. That Board of Education and the faculty are in charge of your institution only temporarily and by your grace, and it is their purpose and their duty to carry out your wishes in connection with that institution. If your legislature makes an appropriation of one dollar to that institution, it is for you, the people throughout the state, who are expected to enjoy the benefits of the institution; and if they fail to enjoy them, the institution is not making good and the management ought to be changed. The purposes of colleges are not understood as they should be. I was in the good old city of Dublin some months before Mr. Wallace got there, and was riding on one of their Irish jaunting cars; and I said to the man driving the car: "What is there here that is worth seeing?" "Faith," he said, "an' there are two things: Trinity College and McGinnis' Brewery!" I do not know what his idea of that college was, but the people of this state, thanks to congress, for many years have had a land-grant college, and the people of every other state have one such college, and every country in the world that is civilized has a similar institution; and the purpose of that institution is, under our national law especially, to serve in the interest of the industrial classes. 1 am glad that I belong to that class. I think those are the classes that are useful, and I look upon the other classes as being parasites upon the industrial classes. I am glad congress saw fit to establish one institution in each state, the "leading purpose of which should be to serve the industrial classes. I don't deny that other institutions are doing it to a greater or less degree, but these institutions' first business is to work along that line. I am naturally proud to be connected with the institution at Ames, not because of the buildings or grounds there, nor because of the fact that we are in this great state, but because of the faculty which is working there — the scientific men who are employed from day to day upon these problems that we are engaged in studying; and more par- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 513 ticularly because of our splendid student body; and whenever I stand before an audience of farmers, as I did a few days ago in Cedar Rapids, I feel that I am talking to some parents of students at Ames, and a large number of others who are closely in touch with parents of students at Ames; and therefore that I am talking to an ^audience exceedingly interested in that student body. Now, I can say without any flattery whatever (and if it were not true I would not mention it) that I do not believe there ever was a better student body in any institution. A more earnest, aggressive, self-respecting and ambitious lot of young men and women could not be gotten together, so far as I am aware, and I have seen a good many student bodies. They seem to feel that there are things worth while learning, and that their time is short and it costs money to get an education, and that the state is investing more money than they are. We hear a good deal about the pranks of students in college. You would be sorry for a young man who didn't have some life and red blood. But let me tell you something about those pranks at this institution. Last year the freshman class got together and passed a resolution which said, in effect, that "we think the time has come when freshmen and sophomores in institutions of higher learning should cut out all this nonsense of antagonizing each other and annoy- ing each other at every opportunity; we think it should be stopped once and for all; and in the place of it there should be substituted a genuine feeling of friendliness and helpfulness." That was an epoch- making thing in connection with colleges and universities, for I don't believe in all the history of the country, such a resolution has been passed before. They instructed their president to appoint a committee of thirty young men to carry out their resolution, and he appointed thirty of the most popular fellows in the class; and this year, before college opened, those boys — then sophomores — came to Ames a few days early, put on badges, "Sophomore Reception Committee for Fresh- men"! Just think what that means, you men who have been to college and crawled under the bed thinking that somebody was going to get you out and play pranks with you! They met every train that came to the city, day and night, and when a young man got off the train there was an outstretched hand: "Glad to see you; we are here to help you!" They took them out and showed them where to register, and got them places to stay, and those who came at midnight were taken to the rooms of the Commercial Club, where the boys had twenty- five or thirty cots. Do you approve of that kind of an attitude at your state college? Isn't it remarkable? Well, you would think it remarkable if you could see the communications that come to me from presidents of some of the greatest universities and colleges in this country, stating that they wish their student bodies would take a position of that kind, and asking for information for the benefit of their student bodies. I am very proud to be connected with an institution of that kind, and I can't explain in any other way that our students have such a fine spirit than by the fact that they come from fine homes and farms, and have 33 514 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE been well raised, and have the best principles of manhood and woman- hood instilled in them. There are five hundred of those students young women. They talked a year about doing away with those girl students, but the boys objected. A wise man came down to Des Moines and spoke before the legislature, and said he thought it was a good idea to have the boys and girls educated together, and that he didn't take any stock in the statement that boys and girls come together just for the sake of finding their life companions. Furthermore, he thought it would be well, anyway, for the state to give a little more attention to the subject of matrimony, for if they did, the courts would have to give less atten- tion to the subject of alimony. Those young women come there with a firm resolve to be spinsters, and live all the rest of their lives teach- ing the subjects of home economics and domestic science; but they break away from those resolutions! It has been said that within nine years about ninety per cent have given up the idea of teaching other people's children, and have gone into homes of their own. Of the balance of the students, something near 2,000 — more than half are in courses of agriculture; and by far the larger number of girls are in the regular agricultural course. Remember that the great majority of those boys in agriculture are going right into agriculture after they leave college. It was not so a few years ago. In our special collegiate course, in which there are something over 2 00 young men, inquiry has shown that about 97 or 98 per cent are planning to go right back on the farms; and in the case of the four-year course 76 or 77 per cent of those boys go back on the farms and the rest of them become teachers or investigators on agricultural subjects. Why was it that some years ago the agricultural college at Ames, and agricultural colleges in other states, were not educating more young people along agricultural lines and sending them back to the farms? You know many people think that condition still exists. Twenty years ago there were very few young men studying agricul- ture, and here is the reason, because twenty years ago there was very little to teach them. In the second place, it didn't pay very much to learn it. I was in a course of agriculture at that time; H. C Wallace at about the same time. We found one man at the head of the agri- cultural college. He found James Wilson; I found I. K. Roberts — a man who had gone east from Iowa. In each case that one man knew pretty near all that was to be known about agriculture. There have been wonderful changes since that time, and now, instead of one man being able to carry in his head all that is known about agriculture, if is could be evenly distributed, I suppose it would take twenty-five or thirty of them to carry it all. Here is Professor Evvard. If there is anything that he doesn't know about breeding pigs, I wish somebody would bring it up. That is the portion of agriculture that belongs to him. But if we should ask him something about the blight of the pear tree, or something about what to do for the Colorado potato beetle, he would run and crawl under the bed. I imagine he would not pretend to know anytliing a])out it. P.ut if you want to know FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 515 something about the breeding of animals, ask him, and if he doesn't know, you tell me. Whereas, twenty years ago we had one book on agriculture, today there are literally hundreds. How does it happen that this tremendous amount of information has come out during these last few years, when the world has been waiting so long for it? Cause and effect — we had to have it. Our methods of farming are changing very rapidly. Those of us who are right in the business don't appreciate it, but they are changing nevertheless. Our government made it possible to get this information by pouring some millions of dollars every year into experiment stations to maintain scientists. They are unlocking storehouses of great secrets, and the colleges and the agricultural papers are giving out this information. It is new information which has been developed in very recent years. And why is it necessary to have this information? Can you remem- ber when you used to go out in the orchard and find a nice, plump apple without a blemish on it? You can't do that today. Why can't you? Because in these recent years, for some reason or other, the codling moth has come in to do its business, and other insects have come in to get at the vitals of that apple, or the blossom that preceded it, and to attack the tree in various ways. It is an actual fact that today, according to official statistics made by an entomologist who is looked upon as authority, there are no less than fifty-six kinds of bugs that infest an apple tree alone. You remember well how we would go out into the potato held, and we didn't think anything about the Colo- rado beetle or potato blight. You know how it is in Iowa now; we can see the trees filled with splendid foliage. But just let me take you in imagination down into Massachusetts or New Hampshire for a few minutes, and there, along in July or August, instead of finding those trees full of foliage, every leaf is stripped off and eaten by the larvae of the browntail moth and the Japanese moth; and the United States government has an army there fighting them. Already they have spent more than $7,000,000 trying to keep those pests in the area already infected. Those insects have already come into the state of Iowa. Professor Summers, whose duty it is to examine all nursey stock that comes into this state, has found a number of nests of those terrible pests. I will not refer to cattle diseases. How does it happen that all of those things are coming onto us so rapidly? I want to explain one way in which they come. W^e are living in an age of mad rushing from one thing to another and one place to another. It is character- istic of the age. We get our minds set on one thing, and we want to do it to the neglect of other things. We boast of the fact that we can get a letter from here to New York City in about thirty-six hours, and we think it is a great thing to get a package from Asia in two or three weeks. It is, so far as convenience is concerned; but did you ever happen to think that that rapid transportation is serving to bring pests from one part of the world to another which previously would have perished on the way? That is one reason why we are getting these new troubles. 516 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I can tell you one concrete instance. There is a great firm in another state whose business it is to make serums — diphtheria anti- toxin and lymphs of various kinds — ^and the physicians all over the country are sending to that concern and getting these life-saving mate- rials, and that firm is doing fine work. They sent over to Japan a few years ago and got a little four-ounce bottle of vaccine, and with that start they were going to make some virus to send out for use against smallpox. They opened the bottle and inoculated the material into some calves, and the calves developed a mild form of the disease, as they should; and they got some of the vaccine and sent the calves to the market never dreaming but that they were the same as thousands of other calves that they had sent. But without realizing it, they had inoculated from that bottle into those animals also the germs of foot and mouth disease, which is prevalent in Japan, and which does not exist in this country — the most contagious of any of the animal diseases; and when it was discovered in this country, the veterinarians rushed to the scene very much the same as you will see a fire company going to a fire in a city. They said: "We must crush this thing out at any expense." And so, after some weeks of work, every last one of those animals was located, and every animal they had come in contact with was located, and every spot where those animals had walked or been cared for, was carefully disinfected; and at last, through the co-operation of the federal authorities, we are able to say that the last of this disease has now been seen in this country; and it cost about $100,000 to do it. What would have happened if that action had not been taken? The same thing that is happening in connection with other pests that have gotten abroad in Iowa, like the codling moth and the potato blight, and like tuberculosis of cattle and some of these terrible diseases. So we have these new problems that are being forced upon us, and we have educational institutions of various types and kinds whose duty it is to bring together the best information and disseminate it again. Farm tenancy is one of the greatest questions of the age. How I wish a remedy could be found for treating that question as it deserves and handling it in its incipiency (for it also is a disease) before it becomes more widespread. I had it impressed upon me in Ireland — that is where you go to get the best ideas — some time ago, of what farm tenancy really means to a farm. I visited a farm conducted by an intelligent man. He had lived there for twelve years when I called on him. He told me something about how he cared for that farm as a tenant, knowing that he might move off of it later. He thought I was a government detective, and looked me over carefully from head to foot. Finally he said: "I believe you are all right: I thought first you were here to spy on me and get my taxes raised. Come on in and have a drink of whisky." Then I knew he was a good Irishman! I said: "No thanks; I don't believe I care to." He replied: "It is fine whisky; the best there is: better have some." "No," I said; "I guess I won't indulge this morning." FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 517 "Well," he said, "that is all right; I don't drink myself; but I thought you would like to." Then I knew he was a better Irishman! That man told me that he had lived on the same farm for nearly twelve years as a tenant, never knowing from one month's end to the next whether he would stay on it or not, and during all that time he hadn't spent one cent upon buildings or property that was not abso- lutely necessary for him to spend, and his buildings were literally fall- ing to pieces. The floors were out and the roof leaking, and the farm buildings were going to pieces, and the fences were down, and the place looked like rack and ruin. Then there came into effect a new law in Ireland, which made it possible for those renters to gain per- manent possession of their land. He found that he could sign some papers that would make that place his, provided he continued to make an annual payment at the proper place for a period of sixty or seventy years, and as long as that payment was kept up, the farm would con- tinue to be his. The payment was not as large as the man had been paying to the absent lan'dlord, without ever coming into possession of the property. He said he had no more than signed those papers before he came back to his farm and began to fix it up. He more than doubled the size of his house, laid out a nice garden around the front, and there it was, with the gravel walks, hedges and flower beds. In the rear was a vegetable garden. He had put up a new barn costing him $1,000. His family had taken on new spirit and hopes, and it was an entirely different place. Some of you gentlemen probably know much more about this farm tenancy problem than I do; but it is a question we ought not to be overlooking. I tell you, gentlemen, that these questions coming up are making us realize more and more that the science of yesterday is the practice of today. Only a few years back, Pasteur, the great scientist of France, was working week in and week out, trying to find some way by which he could kill the bacteria in delicate milk and not injure the fluid, and he worked with all the scientific apparatus at his command, and patiently continued on the problem. Sometimes he thought he would not be able to do it, but finally he came to the solution of that question. He could kill the bacteria in a delicate substance and not kill the substance itself; and he published that result in a scientific journal, and other papers published it; and today milk dealers in all of our largest cities are pasteurizing their milk on exactly the principles that Pasteur laid down, and there are men getting $10 to $15 a week who are doing that work as well as Pasteur himself could do it. The science of yesterday is becoming the practice of today. I have heard a man say, in the face of statements of the best scientists, that there is no such thing as hydrophobia of dogs or ani- mals, and that there is no such, thing as a mad dog; and he was an intelligent man, too. Indeed, he was a physician, and he pooh-poohed the idea of there being such a thing or any remedy for it, and did all he could to counteract the efforts of the officials and experts to eradi- cate that disease. One day while in his office he heard the tramp of many feet upon the porch of his house, and the door was opened and the men said: "We have a boy that has been bitten by a dog." The 518 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE doctor said, "That doesn't amount to much." He took off his coat, put him on the table and turned around and looked down into the face of his own little son! And somehow or other, something seemed to come over him all of a sudden; he seemed to realize that perhaps It did amount to something. But he tried to be brave and carry out the idea that he hadn't made a mistake in the past. He treated the little boy as best he could, but in about a week or ten days the little fellow's arm began to twitch and turn and double up, and he got cramps in his legs and suffered untold tortures, and he died under the care of his own father. And then that father admitted that there is such a thing as hydrophobia, and after that he was Avilling to help stamp out that awful disease. I tell you the science of yesterday is becoming the practice of today. And you gentlemen have a right to expect, as I have said before, that our agricultural college shall get together the very best material that is available along agricultural lines, and assist the many other agencies that are engaged in distributing that material, so all may avail them- selves of it. I think of agricultural organizations as having high stan- dards along their own chosen line — ^high standards of living — ^high ideals. And I think of the splendid combination of agricultural organi- zations working hand in hand with agricultural colleges everywhere; and I like to think of the unlimited blessings and benefits that may flow out over our great state when these great forces are working together. The President : The next number of the program that Ave Vv'ill call for at this time is Dr. W. B. Niles, who is connected with the veterinary department of the Department of Agriculture of the United States, on this hog cholera proposition. HOG CHOLERA TREATMENT. By Dr. W. B. Niles. Dr. Niles: I have been so much interested in these papers and dis- cussions that I was rather in hopes the president was going to forget that my name was on the program. When your secretary asked me to give you a talk this morning on the subject of hog cholera, I hesitated somewhat, for the reason that so much has been said and written on this topic within the last few years that anything more might be superfluous. However, as there seems to be some disputed questions in connection with the serum treatment for hog cholera, I am glad to be with you this morning. I do not care to take very much of your time; I wish simply to give you a kind of a rambling talk covering a few of the more important points, and then give you some time for asking questions. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 519 The question of hog cholera seems always to be a most important one. I was thinking while the gentleman was discussing the question of farm credits, whether, if we could eradicate hog cholera from the state of Iowa, there would be quite so many of us needing credit. We would not have to make quite so many mortgages on our farms if we could eradicate this plague. I hope to try to show you that we may be able to eradicate it from the state of Iowa; in fact, that it can be eradicated from the entire country. First, as to the nature of hog cholera. What is this disease commonly called hog cholera? I want to emphasize that hog cholera, as we term it, is a specific contagious disease which is communicated from one animal to another by means of a specific virus. What this virus is, we do not know. We have never been able to isolate and cultivate the virus of hog cholera as we can cultivate the virus of a great many other animal diseases. We do know, though, that the virus of hog cholera exists in the blood of a sick hog, and that some way this virus, whatever it is, leaves the body of the sick animal through the excreta, and animals coming in contact with the virus by associating with the sick animal, or by coming in contact with the virus after it has left the body of the sick animal, contract disease and thus transfer spores from one animal to another in the herd. We know that this differs from the virus of many other animal diseases. If it is a bacterium it is very small, and consequently it has been termed a filterable virus, so small that it can pass the finest porcelain filter. We can readily filter out the germs of most diseases. It may be a protozoon parasite, but it is something that exists in the blood of the sick hog, and while we have been able to manufacture a serum that will prevent it, we have not discovered exactly what the virus is. Consequently, recognizing that it is a specific con- tagious disease, I wish you to remember that the disease can not be engendered in any other way except by means of this virus. If you keep this virus away from your herd, your hogs will not contract hog cholera; that is, it is not possible by feeding your hogs any unusual food or dam- aged food, or anything of that kind, to start up a case of hog cholera; you must have this specific virus. So I want you to get the idea out of your heads that you are in danger of starting hog cholera if you feed new corn, or that they get hog cholera from close confinement. You can not get hog cholera except you have the presence of the hog cholera virus, whatever that may be. , Henry AVallace : Can't you, by over-feeding green corn, pro- duce a condition that looks awfully like hog cholera? Dr. Xiles: I don't think so. Hog cholera, like those other diseases that Dr. Pearson has been telling about, we don't know the start of. They were started by the Creator, the same as everything else. We didn't have hog cholera for a good many years after the settlement of the country, but we have every reason to suppose that it was imported from England. We have been able to stamp out some of these animal diseases. We have stamped out contagious pleuro-pneumonia and foot- and-mouth disease. We have a horse disease that we have not been able 520 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE to stamp out, and are working on now. Hog cholera was reported back in 1833, and it has spread ever since; but where in England it came from, we don't know. We suppose that these specific diseases were created at some stage of the world. But we do know now that we can't get hog cholera in any other way except by the presence of the specific virus. If you inoculate another hog with the blood of a sick hog, in almost every case you get hog cholera; or if you associate a well hog with a sick one you will get hog cholera. Of course, sick hogs may run on one side of a barbed wire fence and well ones on the other, and the disease not be communicated; but that is an exception to the rule. As to the means by which this disease spreads, we find that in order to control hog cholera, it is extremely necessary to take precautions in regard to the spread of the disease. The disease spreads by means of the virus being conveyed in some way from place to place. The sick hog is the most dangerous factor. A sick herd endangers nearby sur- rounding herds because of the possibility of the virus being conveyed from the sick herd to the other herds. The usual history of cholera outbreaks is that the disease appears on certain farms; it spreads slowly from one farm to the nearest farm, usually; then it spreads from that herd to the next nearest herd. Sometimes, of course, it will not appear in the herd nearest located to the one first attacked, but may occur in a herd a little farther away; it depends upon circumstances. If your neighbors live very close together, and go back and forth to each other's hog yards, that is one way of carrying it. It usually extends along high- ways or along the water course, but spreads slowly from the original center of infection. Suppose the original center of infection is shown in the spring of the year. It extends slowly during the early summer months, but along in the fall, at the time when every farm contains quite a number of good- sized hogs, they are extremely susceptible of cholera, and at the time they eat green corn we have a lot of susceptible material. About this time of year, cholera having gotten quite a good hold during the early summer months, you begin to hear more about it. Some of you are buying shoates from other farmers at this time; so it happens that hog cholera and green corn appear about the same time of year. You can of course make a hog sick by giving him green corn: you can set up intestinal disorder; but I have never seen a large number of hogs made sick or die on any farm where they have been fed on green corn without being able to find that that herd had hog cholera. So I do not believe it to be possible for you to take a herd of hogs and feed them on green corn and make a large number of them sick with symptoms of hog cholera, and show hog cholera on autopsy. So we ought not to lay much stress on the fact that the way we feed our hogs has much to do with hog cholera. You win find as you study this question that in many instances the best cared-for herd has been kept in cleanly quarters, has had fresh water, pasture and everything which ought to go to make a healthy herd, and yet that herd is dying most rapidly with hog cholera. Some neighbor of that man, who has filthy yards and hasn't exercised any care, may have his herd free from hog cholera. The virus has in some manner FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 521 been carried to the hogs in the clean yard, and they got sick, while the man with the filthy yards has escaped the virus. Typhoid fever in man is quite similar to hog cholera in hogs. The most vigorous man is more apt to take an acute case of typhoid fever. A vigorous man of twenty-five or thirty years generally has it pretty bad, while a weakly man may survive or not take the disease when he has an opport 'nity. So the important thing for us to remember in connec- tion with the spread of hog cholera is that we must be careful not to bring the virus to our place. In the work which has been carried on in some of the counties of Iowa by the federal government, in co-operation with the State College and the state veterinarian, it has been observed that while the veterinarians and the college people in charge of this work have been constantly telling the farmers to be careful, it is an extremely hard matter to sliow the people what they ought to do, or get them to do it, in order to prevent the spread of hog cholera. In Dallas county it has been shown that a number of outbreaks of hog cholera were brought about by the farmer. He would haul his well hogs to the nearest market, and it seems there is a stock yards there in which to unload the hogs. The man has to drive his team into the yards where the hogs run. Several farmers near that town have had hog cholera break out in their herds in eight or ten days after they had driven their hogs there. They have gotten out, walked around the yard, let the hogs out, and then driven the wagons back to their own farms; and the supposition is that they carried the virus from the infected stock yards to their own farms, and their hogs became exposed in that way. In a year like this every stock yard in the country must be re- garded as infected; and consequently you see the danger of going into that yard. Another source of infection which seems to play a more or less im- portant part is the carrying of the virus by farmers in changing work. You are obliged to change work to carry on certain farm procedures. Y'ou change work when you build your silo, when you thresh, when you shell corn; and you have a number of farm operations in which it is necessary for you to have more help than you have on your own farm; and consequently you change work with your neighbors. There is great danger in a case like this of carrying hog cholera from one farm to an- other. I know of numerous instances in different years where hog cholera has followed up a threshing crew. You can readily see that if you drive your team into your neighbor's yard where hogs are dying, and then drive it back into your own yard with a load of corn, where the hogs are running around, there is a chance for them to become in- fected. Or if you go into your yard with infected boots on, you carry enough litter from the infected yard to convey disease. If you have to change work with a neighbor having hog cholera, you should not drive your team into the infected yard. You ought to wear different clothes and foot covering from what you wear around your own premises. There are one or two other sources of infection that you can readily guard against. You can guard against going away from home and buy- ing hogs and putting them into your own herd. In some instances we ^ound that that started up an outbreak of hog cholera. If you have to 522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE go away from home to buy a hog, quarantine him on your own farm and find out whether he has been exposed to the disease. He may come down with hog cholera five or six days after you get him home, and inoculate your herd. There are some other sources of infection. In quite a few instances, hog cholera has appeared some little distance away from the infected territory. The question arises as to how the disease jumped five or six miles. The supposition is that it is carried over there in some way, but how is a hard thing to determine. We have found in this county work that in sections where they have carrying birds, like crows, they will feed upon the carcass of a hog, and they may carry enough material on their feet, or in some other way, from the infected farm several miles to another farm to start the disease. As to how many times they actually do this we are not able to tell; but ■^e do know that they feed on carcasses, and we know that cholera appears some distance away. Of course, I have thought it was rather hard on the crow to advocate the destruction of all crows on account of the carelessness of farmers in leaving carcasses exposed; but if all carcasses were at once burned, we would do away with a large part of the infection. They tell me in those sections where buzzards are plentiful that the buzzard after feeding on a carcass will vomit. I don't know of any better way for your hogs to get sick. I do not know whether the crow ever does that. Over in Indiania where we have one county in this experimental work, there are a great many pigeons, and our inspector has an idea that these pigeons have played quite an important role in spreading hog cholera. We can not tell just what this part is, but it is reasonable to suppose that a flock of pigeons alighting in an infected yard, picking up corn, may go right over to a nearby yard and carry the disease. So if the individual farmer is extremely careful about the way in which he handles his herd, and about going around diseased herds, and keeping people away from his farm that have been around diseased herds, he has a good chance of escaping a good many of these sources of infection; but he would not be able to escape the infection if crows, buzzards or pigeons are going to fly over the country. I would like to explain to you the method of hog cholera eradication, but it would take more time than we have. You want to hear about the part that serum treatment may play. The serum as worked out by the Bureau of Animal Industry has given most excellent results in the hands of people competent to use it. All of the government experiments have shown the thorough reliability of serum treatment. You have heard over the country about some bad results attending the use of serum in certain herds. I will say truthfully that there are two reasons why serum as used in practice does not always produce the results you want. One is that all serum is not potent, and I am not able to say how much of the serum made by private manufacturers Is potent; but we know it Is not all as potent as it should be. I believe the private manufacturers are trying to put out a fair serum, and in the main have done so. An- other reason. you do not get satisfactory results is that a great many people have used serum who do not understand its use. It is neces- sary to use serum before the animal \h sick, or vpry far ^^vanoed In FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 523 the first stage of hog cholera. If you use serum on sick animals you will not get good results. If you use it on well animals or on those which are just beginning to show fever temperature, you will get good results. If you have bad results, we know that it was used on sick ani- mals, or was not potent, or was given in insufficient doses. You can not counteract exposure to hog cholera if you use an insufficient dose. It must be used in sufficient doses on well animals, or in early stages of the disease. If used in that way, you will invariably get good results, if you use a good serum. We have found that true in all of the counties in which the Bureau is operating this year. We have found it true in the experiment station herds, and it holds true everywhere. In the private practice of the veterinarian, when he has used good serum he has good results. I saw a veterinarian who said he had treated eight or nine thousand hogs with good results. There is no question but hog cholera can be eradicated if you go about it in the right way. We use the thermometer to determine whether they are in the early stages or not. A number of animals will show a rising temperature of 105, 106 or 107 degrees; and to all other appearances look well. Those animals that show those temperatures and no other symptoms are generally saved by the serum treatment, if they are given a sufficient dose. R. M. Gunn: Would the difference in temperature make any difference in the dose? Dr. Niles : Yes, sir. The temperature of every animal should be taken, and those animals showing normal temperature receive a normal dose. In the ease of animals showing 104: degrees you are not quite sure whether it means fever or not, but I would increase the dose somewhat. If it runs up to 105 or 106 degrees, I would increase the dose by half, and you will get good results on a great many of those, although the Bureau of Animal Indus- try has never recommended the serum as a cure for cholera. How- ever, it does cure a good many animals in the tirst stage of the disease. But if an animal shows in addition loss of appetite, or reels when it walks, you might as well save the serum. If it is well with the exception of showing some fever, you will get good results. Q. Is there any way of knowing whether the serum is potent or not except by trying it on your own hogs? Dr. Niles: There is no way of knowing except by testing it. You would have to buy from a inanufacturer whom you could trust. Q. Can you accurately diagnose hog sickness? Dr. Niles: It is not always eas3^ to diagnose hog cholera early; there is not much trouble after the disease has progressed in the herd. If a herd of hogs is showing indications of hog cholera, 524 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I wouldn't wait for sufticieut symptoms to develop so that I could diagnose without fail; I would use the serum treatment if the general appearances seem to indicate that the herd has hog cholera. Q. Do you believe all this hog cholera serum ought to be manu- factured by federal supervision ? Dr. Niles: All serum plants doing an interstate business are at the present time under federal supervision. The state serum plant has supervision over all serum used in the state of Iowa. Q. Is it possible that hog cholera virus could be carried from one place to another by the wind? Dr. Niles: I would say that it is not possible, unless the dis- tance is very short. It might be possible for a hog yard situated a few yards from another to have it carried in that way. Q. When is it necessaiy to vaccinate? Dr. Niles: We don't say that it is necessary to vaccinate all hogs in the country. Hog cholera ought to be eradicated and the danger of infection lessened. We would say that a herd ought to be vaccinated whenever it is in danger of cholera. We say to a breeder that at weaning time is a convenient age for vaccina- tion, but w^e do not consider that it is necessary to vaccinate the herd as a rule, unless it is in danger. Q. Hog cholera in the state of Iowa is very prevalent at the present time ; our farms are all infected with the germs. Do you recommend that we all vaccinate our herds for the next few years ? Dr. Niles: You couldn't do that; there would not be serum enough. Your premises ought to be as thoroughly disinfected as possible. At the present time, when hog cholera is so wide-spread and your herd is in danger of being re-infected, you will get better results from simultaneous treatment. You ought to know that you have a potent serum and that the treatment is being administered by a competent person. Q. How can you tell that it is good? Dr. Niles: If you have a veterinarian wlio is using the serum with good results, you have reason to suppose that it wall do the same with you. If he has bad luck, you would not want to use it. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK—I'ART VI. ^>2r, If you use the simultaneous treatmeut, 1 would treat all the hogs. Offspring from immune parents have more immunity at birth, but they gradually lose that immunity, until when they are three months old they have practically lost most of it. It does not seem to make much difference whether the male is im- mune or not. If the sow is immune, your pigs will have quite a little immunity to start with, and stand considerable exposure. Q. Does this treatment set up a mild form of cholera? Dr. Xiles: Not that you can detect. If you were to take the tem- perature with a thermometer, you would find that they have a little reaction. I was going to tell you this morning a little about the government experiments this year. As most of you are aware, the last session of con- gress, in making the agricultural appropriation, specified that the sum of $75,000 should be used in making some demonstrations as to whether hog cholera might be controlled or not. The Secretary of Agriculture decided that this work had better be divided among several states, so that one county was selected in Iowa (Dallas county), one county in Indiana, and one county in Missouri. So that during the present season — since July 1st — the Bureau of Animal Industry has been con- ducting some experiments in those two counties. Our object was to lessen the number of outbreaks occurring in those counties during the present year as much as possible. We had hoped, if we had started early in the spring, to keep hog cholera out of those counties but the appro- priation was not made available until July 1st; consequently the work in these counties could not begin until then. The manufacture of serum for this county work also could not be actively carried on until July 1st, when the money became available. When we began work in these three counties we found that hog cholera was quite widespread. We had hoped that it would not become very widespread before we were able to begin work. Our plan of work was to use the serum treatment largely. This work was undertaken in co-operation with the Iowa State College, and the state veterinary department of your state, in Iowa. Our object was to ascertain as quickly as we could where cholera was in Dallas county, as to the number of hogs in the county, and the number of hogs raised the year before, and also in regard to the losses in previous years. Not being able to begin work before July 1st, it took a long time to get the work well started, and by that time the disease was pretty widespread, so that we have not been able to do more in this county this year than to treat a large number of animals. We have been able to save the farm- ers very great loss. Something like ten or eleven thousand head of hogs have been treated in Dallas county, a similar number in Indiana, and a somewhat smaller number in Missouri. By the treatment of those ten or eleven thousand head of hogs in Dallas county, we have shown that the use of serum alone in a badly diseased herd will save practically all the animals in the herd that are not already infected at the time of 526 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE treatment. In addition to that, we have been able to save a very large per cent of animals in those herds w^hich were just beginning to show in- dications of disease. So out of the animals treated in herds where the disease had already begun, we only lost those animals that showed ad- vanced disease, and a small per cent of those in which it had just begun. We found that by the treatment of the herd before they became in- fected, we saved practically the entire herd. Out of four or five thou- sand animals treated by the simultaneous method, none were lost in well herds. Our plan was to treat all hogs, both in well and diseased herds. All hogs showing no rise in temperature were given simultaneous treat- ment. The results in all three counties were practically the same. Our loss in all herds treated was small, with the exception of those herds showing a large per cent of animals well advanced in the disease. In all well herds the average was practically nothing; taking the whole average, it was less than one-half of one per cent; Avhile in those animals that were diseased, we only lost those that were advanced, and a small per cent of those just beginning. We have found from experience in treating hog cholera in the dif- ferent states that we have but one epidemic swine disease causing ex- tensive loss. We used to hear about swine plague and hog cholera. We take no account lately of what was once termed swine plague. When- ever hogs are dying in appreciable numbers on the farms, we find that a careful investigation shows the presence of hog cholera. Of course I except some diseases of young pigs which are easily recognized; for in- stance, ulcerated sore mouth, which occurs in the spring in young pigs. If you could insure your hogs against dying from hog cholera, you would not be in very much danger of losing them from any other in- fectious disease in this country. In Europe they have one or two other diseases. I would like to have you bear that fact in mind. If you have a potent serum, carefully administered, you can control this one disease of swine by the serum treatment. Any serum firm wanting to ship from one state to another must be under federal super- vision and have a license; within the state they are under state super- vision only. If it were known that any private manufacturer was selling poor serum in the state of Iowa, I think his license would be taken away from him. Our contention is that if a good serum be carefully used, it will give good results, and even better than we have claimed for it. One herd of hogs may be extremely susceptible and require a larger dose than another on the other side of the road, which may have a great deal more natural resistance and will survive where the first one would succumb. So a dose of serum for a hog in one herd is not nec- essarily a dose for a hog in another herd. The user must judge as to what the conditions in the herd are, and whether the herd under con- sideration needs a large dose or a medium dose. Not being able always to determine this point, it is necessary for the user of serum to give a good-sized dose to almost all hogs. So one trouble with the use of serum has been that the dose was too small. A hog weighing 100 pounds may be saved by 22 per cent serum; that is about the average dose ordinarily. If you want to have nice results in all herds, always give a FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI. 527 comparatively large dose of serum. When you have had an infected herd treated, some of the animals were sick and some were not. Unless the temperature of every animal was taken, the man treating your herd did not know how many of them were sick. A hog just coming down should receive an increased dose if you want to get good results. If you find a hog that shows a temperature, increase the dose by half, or even double it, and you will find that the hog will get along and will get well. If you give a hog a sufficient dose of serum, he will not get sick; if you give him not quite enough, he will get a little bit droopy and show quite a high tema^erature under the thermometer, but get on and get well; if the dose is too small, he will probably get just as sick as if he hadn't had the serum, and .die. You know when you are going up a hill in an automobile and don't have your gasoline supply just right, you are going to kill your engine before you get over the top. It is the same way with the dose of serum for a hog. We can't measure exactly how much susceptibility your hog has or just how much po- tency there is in the serum; the only way to test the serum is to give it to healthy shoates; if it protects in moderate doses, it is good serum; if it fails to protect, we say it is not good serum. I think in more than half of the cases where bad results have been obtained from the use of serum, the dose has been too small. I don't doubt that some rival concerns have sent out serum that is low in potency, but a good many times the fault has been with the administration; a sufficient dose has not been given, nor the temperature of each hog taken. Q. Can you tell about what age pigs should be treated with double treatment to be immune afterwards? Dr. Niles : If you treat very young pigs with double dose, a few of them will lose their immunity; if you treat them about eight or nine weeks of age, very few of them will lose it. Q. How long will the serum keep? Dr. Niles: "We don't believe in keeping it more than a few days. It keeps well if you keep it cool. "We have kept serum two or three years, and had it retain its strength, but we don't like to retain it over a week. Q. I would like to know whether hogs should be thin in flesh or fat. Dr. Niles: We have always considered that the hog excessively fat is more susceptible to hog cholera than the leaner animal; that is, they will die in greater numbers if disease attacks the herd. Consequently, we find that the pure-bred swine that have been fed high will contract the disease more acutely, and a larger per cent of them die if there is nothing done to them, than the ordinary farm herd, and we always give them more serum than the ordinary animal. 528 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Q. Do you find that hogs are attacked with more violence where there has not been any immunity in the herd for a num- ber of years ? Dr. Niles: If hogs have been bred continuously on a certain farm, without any animals having been brought in that have l)een through cholera, I think you are apt to find that you develop a type of hogs more susceptible to cholera than otherwise. If cholera has ravaged a neighborhood for several years, you are more apt to develop a type of hogs that is immune. PART VII. Extracts from State Dairy Commissioner's Report of 1913. W. B. BARNEY, Commissioner In looking over the yearly reports made by the commissioner in this department since it was organized in 1886, we are sure that in no one year has greater progress been made than since our last report handed Governor Carroll on November 1st, 1912. This applies to all branches of the work in charge of the depart- ment. A year ago now, we were responsible for the enforcement of the following laws : DAIRY LAW PURE FOOD LAW WEIGHT AND MEASURE LAW AGRICULTURAL SEED LAW CONCENTRATED FEEDING STUFFS LAW CONDIMENTAL STOCK FOOD LAW PAINT AND LINSEED OIL LAW TURPENTINE LAW Since that time, the Legislature has enacted an entirely new WEIGHT AND MEASURE LAW SANITARY LAW COLD STORAGE LAW COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER LAW AND CALCIUM CARBIDE LAW. Of the new laws given over to this Department, for enforce- ment, the first three mentioned were recommended by us in our last report and originated in the Department. They have in- creased the work and importance of the Department measurably. At a conservative estimate these new laws add a third to our work. We consider the Sanitary Law and the Weight and Measure Law as important as any of which we have the supervision. They, perhaps affect more people than any other two laws on the statute books. It may be considered quite a compliment to Iowa people that we were not obliged to enact a sanitary measure at 34 530 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE an earlier date. Indiana and several other states have had a law of this kind for a number of years, A matter of importance which we think the legislature over- looks, is the necessary help that is needed to enforce new laws when they are enacted. The fact that a law is enacted and placed on the statute books means little or nothing if we are not given the necessary inspectors and other help to see that it is complied with. COST OF MAINTAINING DEPARTMENT. We think that some unjust criticism has been made of the De- partment on account of the fact that it has not been self sup- porting. In the first place, it was not the intention of the framers of the Dairy and Food Laws to make this Department self supporting. The Government appropriates many hundred thousand dollars yearly for the enforcement of the Dairy and Food Laws. When the present commissioner took charge of the Department, the annual revenue from licenses, tax tags, etc., amounted to $9,593.24. Last year it had increased to $22,049.02. This year, ending November 1st, 1913, the earnings are $36,504.52. As all fines under the Food laws go into the county school fund in the county where these cases are prosecuted, this should be added to the earnings. At a conservative estimate this amount would reach $5,500, making a total of $42,004.52. As compared with an adjoining state with 150,000 less people, we find that for maintaining the Dairy and Food Department for the year 1912, the cost per capita was $.0307 for that state, and for Iowa, $.0095. This year on account of the increased revenues, the Depart- ment will be almost, if not quite, self supporting. We beg leave to call your attention to the fact that no other state Dairy and Food Department has the number of laws for enforcement that we have, and that the greater the amount of work the more help is necessarily required to properly look after the work, and the greater the cost. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 531 WORK OF INSPECTORS. We have been trying out the plan of having some of our in- spectors do all kinds of work. Those designated in the list given in this report, as "Assistant Dairy Commissioners and Food In- spectors," have been looking after the enforcement of all of the different laws in the territory they cover. By reference to our former reports you will find that this plan of work originated in the Department some three years ago, and not with the Commit- tee on Retrenchment and Reform, or the special Efficiency Com- mittee as some have been led to believe. We put on two men over two years ago so that we might know from experience whether there was any advantage either by reason of saving in expense or efficiency in handling the work. If we only had the enforcement of a few laws the plan would be quite acceptable and in certain territories it works fairly well, even with the enforcement of the thirteen different laws. In other sections of the state, we find it practically impossible to handle the work in this way. We have found that the work of an inspector, if properly looked after, is a "real man's job," and that this is especially true since the Sanitary and Weight and Measure laws have been added. There is no saving in expense under this plan, and as we all know that this is an age of special- ists in all lines, we do not know why it should not apply in a measure to work in this Department. If houses like Marshall Field & Company and Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Company find it necessary to employ from two to five men who visit Des Moines and other large cities in the state, representing the different lines of merchandise they have to put on the market, they do it because these men are specialists in the various lines. In the memory of many middle aged people, the doctor acted as surgeon, dentist, eye, ear, nose and throat specialist, veterinarian, etc. Today, specialists in these lines do this work and the man who claims to make good in all these various lines is generally sized up as a fraud. INCREASED INTEREST IN DAIRYING. As an indication of the increased interest in dairying, we quote the following with reference to the exhibit of dairy cattle and 532 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE dairy products at the 1913 Iowa State Fair from the Breeders' Gazette, one of the leading live stock journals of this country. In fact, this paper is taken as authority everywhere. In speaking of dairy cattle they say: "If state fair exhibits afford any indication of a common- wealth's progress, the milch cows of Iowa are forging ahead more rapidly than any other class of animals. A 13 per cent increase in the number of entries afforded the largest exhibit of this sort at any state fair west of the Mississippi." In speaking of the dairy exhibit, we quote from their comments the following : "The dairy exhibit in this building is impressive but scarcely adequate. The time is coming when this industry will ask and deserve a separate building. The dairy and food commission continues its valuable work of teaching by precept and example the importance of modern methods of dairying and warning of the latter-day adulteration of food stuffs. In the refrigerated glass exhibit case the lesson of profitable production through breed improvement was driven home. A square of butter repre- sented the annual production of the average Iowa dairy cow — 140 pounds, which at 30 cents represented a gross income of $42. Over against it stood a huge block of butter, representing the yearly yield of the world's champion butter cow, Banostine Belle DeKol, weighing 1,270 pounds and valued at the same price per pound $381. It is the highest province of a fair to enforce just such lessons." As further evidence of the wonderful and rapid development of the dairy industry one only need to visit the Dairy Show held at Waterloo under the auspices of the Iowa State Dairy Asso- ciation and Dairy Cattle Congress. This great exposition is fast attaining a national reputation. Among the 800 head of dairy cattle entered in this show, were the best from ocean to ocean. The cattle winning at this show were National Dairy Show winners. Addresses were delivered at this convention by such noted speakers as Governor George W. Clarke, Lieutenant Governor William L. Harding, President Raymond A. Pearson of the Iowa State College, while the Secretary of State, Hon. William J. Bryan, and also the Hon. Maurice Connolly, Congressman from the Third District, journeyed all the way from Washington, D. C, for the purpose of addressing this convention. Besides the ad- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 533 dresses by these distinguished gentlemen, talks were made by dairymen and professors of recognized ability from this and sur- rounding states. Much attention was given to production and quality and ^ve wish to congratulate and commend the butter- makers on the marked improvement and the high average score of the butter they offered at this show. No other state is able to stage such a show and we feel that the general uplift in dairying in Iowa is due to the united effort and harmonious work of the dairy department of the Iowa State College, the Iowa State Dairy Association, and the State Dairy and Food Commission. Our last report gives the amount of creamery butter produced in the state as 91,738,573 pounds. This report shows an output of 96,953,183 pounds, an increase of 5,214,610 pounds for the year. "We believe this is the result of educational work done by these departments. The high price of beef has induced many to send a portion of their cows to slaughter, so that there is no reason to believe that we have as many cows as formerly. There are many evidences that on the whole our cows are better and that from this time on we will be getting results on account of the use of the pure bred dairy sire. We have been untiring in our efforts to get our dairymen to use pure bred dairy sires and it is a source of no little satisfaction to know that at a recent sale of grade dairy cows the average prices were as follows : Twenty-four aged cows averaged $133.75 ; seven two year olds averaged $108.21 ; seven yearlings averaged $63.00 ; six calves, two months old aver- aged $40.00. All cows in milk had been in a test association and their records were made public at time of sale, thus showing the value of the test and of their owners being able to give informa- tion as to what these cows had done and what could be expected of them. Their average yearly production was over 270 pounds butter fat per cow. While this is not an extremely high yield, it is so much better than the average cow, that it justifies the price paid for these cattle. SAVE THE CALVES ! In our last report we called attention to the fact that there was a tendency among dairymen to rush the calves to market, getting 534 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE out of them all they will bring for veal. In view of the fact that there is a great shortage of dairy cows, this is to be deplored. The following clipping shows to what an alarming extent the slaughter of calves is practiced. "The advocates of the proposed legislation to protect calves estimated that about 9,000,000 calves are slaughtered in the United States each year, and that if these calves were allowed to reach an age of three or four years before being slaughtered the supply of beef would be increased 9,000,000,000 pounds and the leather supply augmented by 279,000,000 feet. These are consid- erations worth taking into account." As a good high grade dairy cow at the age of three or four years is worth from $100 to $135 or as much as a good steer, this would apply to the dairy breeds as well as the beef. The practice of slaughtering the calves was begun several years ago when on account of cows selling from $35 to $60 it hardly paid to raise the calf. Now, you cannot afford to kill them, and we predict that unless something is done in the near future toward creating sentiment against this woeful waste, the legis- latures of the different states will have to take the matter in hand. With our population increasing rapidly, we sho.uld not be at all surprised to see good grade dairy cows sell as high as $300 within the next five years. It will pay you to save all of your choice heifer calves. INCREASE IN NUMBER OF CREAMERIES. A number of new creameries have been started within the last year and several that had been closed have reopened. The creamery promoters have not been quite as active as in the past as many of our people have learned that if their community has reached a point where a creamery will be supported and they wish to organize and build they can save anywhere from $1,000 to $2,000 by taking the matter up with this department or the dairy de- partment of the Iowa State College at Ames. The college has only recently issued a bulletin on creamery construction from which you can get plans for almost any priced building desired. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 535 EDUCATIONAL WORK. Speakers from this department have addressed several hundred meetings within the last year and we have many engagements booked for this winter and next spring. We have furnished a large share of the speakers for the dairy train operated jointly by the Iowa State Dairy Association and this department. Many of our addresses have been before Dairy Picnics, Farmers' In- stitutes, Pure Food Shows, Women's Clubs, Chautauquas, etc. We have made good use of our stereopticon lantern at many of these places. NEW OFFICE BUILDING A NECESSITY. We called attention in our last report to the fact that there was great need of new quarters for this Department. We sin- cerely regret that the House did not see fit to pass the bill that was introduced and passed by the Senate, providing for a new office building. We have recently been given a little more room, but the building we occupy, an old flat or apartment house, is at best an old shack and not well suited to our work. Many other departments in the Capitol are overcrowded and a good sized office building could be used to advantage. LICENSING OPERATORS OF BABCOCK TEST. No law ever enacted has been of greater benefit to the creamery and the honest cream buyer than this measure. The Anti- discrimination Law improved conditions, but all that the dis- honest buyer had to do to boost the price was to give a test of 25 on cream that tested but 20 and there was no way to check him in his crooked work. Since this law was enacted and the commissioner was given authority to withhold or revoke licenses fpp: either (>ver or under-reading the test we do not get one com- j))laiiit whei^ we used to receive ten. All of which goes to show 536 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE that everyone is getting- a square deal and that the creamery just starting is not subject to the unfair competition of former years. It is a matter of satisfaction to note that neighboring states have recently enacted laws that are duplicates of ours. There has been some opposition to these measures but it gen- erally comes from those who dislike to comply with any law. GROWING ALFALFA IN IOWA. When properly cared for, alfalfa can be grown almost any- where in Iowa with success. It has been thought that this legume is not well adapted to Iowa climatic and soil conditions and does not fit well into Iowa rotations, but practical experience does not justify this view. The success of many individual farmers and the result of experiments on various soils and under various cli- matic conditions demonstrate that if proper methods are followed alfalfa can be grown profitably on nearly all Iowa soils. On most Iowa soils alfalfa can be seeded successfully in much the same manner as red clover and the following year yield prac- tically twice as much. It is claimed by old alfalfa growers that it is easier to get a stand of alfalfa than of red clover. It is true the cost of alfalfa seed is usually some greater, but it yields so much more hay and generally is so much more valuable than red clover that the cost of seed becomes a small item. Today nearly 30,000 acres in Iowa are devoted to the raising of this crop. Alfalfa is capable of returning a greater profit, acre for acre, than any other crop produced on our Iowa farms. This may seem a radical statement to those accustomed to consider corn and wheat the only sure money crops for the state and to look upon the adaptability of alfalfa as more or less doubtful, yet the facts available and presented in the following table prove this to be true. Yield per acre Alfalfa 2.7 tons Tame hay 1.1 tons Winter wheat 18.5 bu. Corn 39.8 bu. Value per Value per unit acre $11.60 $31.32 ioa5 11.16 .86 15.91 .36 14.32 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 537 The high value of alfalfa for feed, either in the form of hay or as a pasture, can hardly be over estimated. In comparing alfalfa with other field crops relative to protein content we find that alfalfa contains 5.5 times as much protein per acre as tim- othy, 5 times as much protein per acre as oats, 2.75 times as much as corn and 2.6 times as much as red clover. As a soil builder each acre of alfalfa in the state annually adds to the farm over twice as much nitrogen as the average acre of red clover. This phase of alfalfa growing will not be over- looked, nor the importance underestimated as farmers realize more fully the need of giving greater attention to maintaining the fertility of our Iowa soils, in order that we may at least re- tain our present crop yields, to say nothing of increasing them. METHODS EMPLOYED AND EESULTS OBTAINED IN IM- PROVING THE MILK SUPPLY OF IOWA. The first laws passed regarding milk in the State of Iowa were contemporaneous with the establishment of the office of State Dairy Commissioner. This was in the year 1886. He had but one deputy whose duties were merely clerical and the energies of this department were devoted almost exclusively to the gath- ering of data and statistics along the lines of dairying in general. Public attention had been drawn to the state of Iowa in 1876 when butter made at the Springville Creamery in this state had been awarded the gold medal at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. In 1892 the Dairy Commissioner was empowered to appoint in cities of 10,000 or over a local city milk inspector and at this time the standards for milk and cream were also established. The Food laws were enacted in 1906. These local inspectors were usually appointed upon the recommendation of the Mayor and quite often were simply appointed to this office for the rea- son that they were good 'Wote getters;" However, the com- pensation for this work being only $3.00 per day for time ac- tually employed, and fifteen tests constituting a day's work, it will be readily seen that the amount of money that any one in- 538 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE spector could draw was quite meager, usually being less than $100 per year. Prosecution was depended on as the only means for regulating this traffic and practically all cases were for milk low in butter fat, or occasionally one for visible dirt. There was quite an epi- demic of "formaldehydeism" from about 1900 to 1904. It is not strange that this should have been so at that time for different dairy supply houses advertised preparations as perfectly harm- less, known as "freezene," "milk sweet," "preservaline," etc., the base of which preparations was formaldehyde. Numerous prosecutions were made at this time and for this cause. The office of State Dairy Inspector was created in the spring of 1910. The enforcement of all dairy laws is vested in the Dairy and Food Commisioner, and his duly authorized agents. The Dairy and Food Inspectors and the State Dairy Inspector, as well as the local milk inspectors are appointed by him. These local state inspectors are usually appointed upon the recommendation of the State Dairy Inspector and the Commissioner has made a ruling that he will appoint a local inspector in no city where the local authorities do not take sufficient interest in their milk sup- ply to appoint a city milk inspector whom we also appoint as State Inspector. We do this for the reason that the city takes much more interest where they have money invested and we are able to secure much more competent men as inspectors as the compensation is thus more commensurate with the services rendered. We impress it upon our inspectors that their efficiency is not to be measured by the number of prosecutions they make and we try to secure as inspectors men who are competent to act as • inspectors. During the past two years we have inaugurated an educational campaign and prosecutions have been made only as a last resort. We are pleased to say that complete harmony exists between this department and all other allied organizations in the state in- cluding the State Agricultural College at Ames, the State Board of Health, and State Live Stock Sanitary Board, and the State Dairy Association, and all of these have been doing educational work along dairy lines, particularly the last named which has an annual appropriation of $5,000, which is devoted almost exclu- sively to educational work. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 539 Our department has a modern lantern and equipment for taking photographs and preparing slides for the same, thus giv- ing us original views and enabling us to show conditions as they actually exist. We believe there is no place for a muck-racker in the discussion of the milk question, hence our slides are largely made up, showing the best rather than the worst conditions. This lantern we use in illustrated talks before women's clubs, milk dealers' associations, doctors' societies, and chautauquas, as well as farmers' institutes and dairy meetings. We also have been using during the last two years the score card as recommended by the U. S. Dairy Division. This, we find the only systematic way of securing a record of the comparative conditions of the different dairies and in the hands of a com- petent inspector, it is certainly the best and only method known to us at this time. However, in the hands of an incompetent man, this can do no good and in fact may do harm. You will thus see that we are depending almost exclusively upon the education of the dairymen, as well as the consumers, for the control and im- provement of the milk supply and we are thoroughly convinced that this is the proper system and that no permanent good can be accomplished without the hearty and earnest co-operation of all parties concerned, including the inspector, the producer of, the dealer in, and the consumer of milk. The results obtained cannot be measured accurately. We are convinced, however, that there is a marked improvement in the milk supply of Iowa during the last few years and the average score of the dairies is increased with each inspection often quite materially and the efficiency of the inspection can be best measured by the results obtained in increasing the score of the dairies. The State Inspector was impressed recently with the efficiency of milk inspection while in conversation with a milk man in company with several others. He said this, "When you, with the local inspector, first stopped me and examined the milk in my wagon and said to me that my milk was dirty, I felt like climhing out of my wagon and pounding you up, but I was very much chagrined and mortified when you picked up a bottle of milk and showed me the dirt and sediment in the bottom of it. I came near falling out of ony wagon then, and I said to you that my strainer must have been at fault, but you advised me that the milk in Iowa on the whole would be better if we used no strainer at all, and the right way to do was to keep the dirt out of the 540 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE milk. I immediately commenced to investigate and find out why and how this dirt got into my milk. I did find out and removed the cause and I never start out on my route now in the morning that I do not examine the bottom of a number of these bottles for sediment." In 1911, the Dairy laws then on the statute books were prac- tically annulled and an entirely new dairy law was written and enacted. This law empowered the dairy and food commissioner to use the state's funds in further educational measures for the fostering of the dairy industry. It also provided for a license fee for all milk dealers of one dollar per year in all municipalities, and most important it provided that the commissioner might withhold a license from any applicant whom he might deem un- worthy, or revoke a license issued to any person who had vio- lated the terms thereof, or failed to comply with any of the re- quirements. This provision is certainly a very powerful weapon to use in getting rid of the dirty milk man. We have, however, actually refused a license or revoked the same in but three or four instances. However, when we point out to the ndesirable milk man that he should and must improve his conditions and cite him to this section of the law, it usually has a marvelous effect, providing, he, of course, wants to stay in the milk business. There was enacted this last winter a new sanitary law which went into effect July 4th just passed. This, however, we believe is the best and most complete sanitary law now on the statute books of any state, and while it has been in effect only a short time, the working of the law so far has certainly been very gratifying to this department and we expect to be able to ac- complish great things in its enforcement. We have thus far outlined the method employed by the state. The cities, however, have been using methods quite varied, and some of these have been "freakish" in the extreme. Some six years since, the people and particularly the Doctors, got very much excited and stirred up on the question of bovine tubercu- losis and its relation to human tuberculosis and took measures to force the dairymen to have their cows tested and the reactors eliminated. While our friends of the medical profession are usually our strongest allies and need no defense from us, we want to say to you that while they sometimes appear to be unduly exercised about the importance of having the cows tuberculin tested, you must remember that tuberculosis is properly called FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 541 the great white plague and that they come in contact with its victims and appreciate the importance of its prevention as no others can. In these cities where this measure was instituted it was not followed up and we know of no place where tests of these same herds have been made since the initial test, until within the last few months, and this in only one of these cities. In one instance, a city passed an ordinance requiring that all cows be tuberculin tested in the evening and arrested two milk men the following morning, within twelve hours after the ordi- nance was passed, for violation of this ordinance. You can readily see that it would be a physical impossibility for these men to have complied with the requirements of this ordinance within this time, and the result was that there was a milk famine in this city the next day. None of the milk men having had their cows tested, they feared an arrest and conviction. After a spas- modic effort along this line, in practically all of these cities these ordinances have proved a dead letter. The usual procedure has been for the mayor and city council to get together and upon the advice of their local health officer, usually a young man who had received his training in a drug store or laboratory, to pass these ordinances without in any way consulting the men most in- terested,— the milk dealers. These cities are hardly any two of them pursuing the same method and we are pleased to have them try out the various ways of handling this question with the view to finding out the best way. We are inclined to think and believe from our ex- perience in Iowa, that the best method of improving the milk supply is to grade the milk practically as recommended by the New York Milk Committee. However, it would be folly to in- augurate this system except in cities where a number of dealers could and w^ould qualify for "A" grade, and where inspection is efficient. We find that the breeders of registered cattle prac- tically all have their herds tested, not because an ordinance may require this, but they do it for the protection of their herds against the invasion of this disease. In one city where we have graded the milk, a large per cent of the dairymen have had their cows tested at their own instigation that they might be able to qualify for the "A" grade, and when cows are tested in this way, rather than under protest, to comply with some city or- dinance, the testing is effectively done, and will probably be followed up. In this city fourteen different milk dealers had their cows tested during the month of April of this year. 542 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Iowa is particularly fortunate in that she has within her bor- ders no large cities, for we recopjnizc the fact that the larger the city, the more complicated becomes the question of the control of the municipal milk supply. Possibly over 95 per cent of the milk consumed in Iowa is produced within hauling distance of the consumer and 50 per cent of the milk is consumed before it is 12 hours old, and 90 per cent before it is 24 hours old. Pas- teurization is not extensively practiced and when used it is usually simply used by the larger dealers for the purpose of pre- venting the souring of the milk. In other words, it is not efficient pasteurization. Of these local city milk inspectors, we have at the present time 15. Of this number, four are M. D.'s, four are veterinarians, and seven are men from other walks of life. Those; cities pay their inspectors from nothing to as much as $100 i)er month for doing this work, and the state pays from $15 to $45 per month. Under the state law, we are authorized to pay these in- spectors for securing samples of milk, testing it for butter fat, preservatives and other adulterations, examining the condi- tion of the wagon and utensils and these cities are supposed to pay their inspectors for visiting the dairies, or source of supply, and inspecting them, using Government Score Cards. We be- lieve that this should be turned exactly around and that the state should have the supervision and inspection of the dairies and the city should look after the milk after it reaches the city and is offered for sale. I shall mention the one greatest factor in this educational work — the Public Press. We find them ever ready to publish items relating to the milk fjuestion. This department issues bul- letins at frequent intervals and these are quite generally pub- lished by the local papers. In some of these cities they insert reports at regular intervals of the butter fat tests of the tnilk of the local dealers. In others, they publish the total score of the different dairies as well. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 543 Table showing the number of milk licenses issued to city milk dealers for each year from 1906 to 1913. In each case the year ends on July Fourth. 1 '. H 1 1 ; 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1310 1912 1913 Number . . . 803 1006 1078 1149 1106 1908 2038 Cities Population Boone 10,347 Burlington 25,741 Cedar Rapids 32,811 Clinton 25,577 Council Bluffs 29,292 Davenport 43,028 Des Moines 86,368 Dubuque 38.494 Fort Dodge 15,543 Keokuk 14,008 Iowa City 10,091 Marshalltown 14,000 Mason City 11,230 Muscatine 16,178 Ottumwa 22,012 Sioux City 47,848 Waterloo 26,693 Inspectors M. Healy, M. D. W. F. Schroeder Phil Pray Peter Smith H. J. High J. Howard Sasseen F. J. Kennedy, D. V. S. Francis Ludgate W. P. Sherlock, M. D. C. S. Chase, M. D. C. A. Noggle A. L. Wheeler, M. D. John Tillie, D. V. S. B. W. Van D'er Veer E. C. Pape W. W. Wyant 544 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE WOEK OF IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. During the past year the educational deiDartment of the Iowa State Dairy Association has carried its work into every section of the state. By means of special trains, creamery meetings, farmers' institutes and other gatherings, the lecturers have ad- dressed 293 audiences and reached over 40,000 dairymen and farmers. In order to come in contact with as many people as possible in a limited time and complete a tour of all the railroads in the state, the special train was again adopted. By the co-operation of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railways, 168 meetings were held in less than four weeks. As a means of making the lectures clear and practical, dairy cattle, barn equipment, testing apparatus, etc., were carried and used for demonstration purposes. Special coaches were provided for the women and children. These cars proved very attractive and were always filled to their capacity. At the completion of these two specials all but 32 towns in which creameries were located had been visited by dairy trains, and fully 185,000 of the 212,000 farmers in the State had had a chance to attend one of these meetings. Of the 99 counties, 94 have been visited and from one to fourteen train meetings held in each. The five counties not reached by this means have each had a number of gatherings which were addressed by lecturers furnished by the Association. As a result of the growing interest in dairying the farmers' institutes have been giving it a prominent place on their pro- grams. During the winter of 1912-13 thirty-two of these were addressed by representatives of the Association. Permanent dairy organizations have been fostered in various sections, chief among which is the Fayette County Breeders' Association. This organization is self supporting in every way, and is on a very substantial foundation. By establishing local clubs, the State Association is enabled to carry on its work in a more systematic manner. Several dairy short courses wiere also conducted. These were in the older dairy communities where detailed information was FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 545 required. These were three days in length and instruction in breeding, feeding, testing, dairy cattle judging, etc., was given. Although the special dairy short course was new the attendance was very good at each of those conducted. The creamery picnic during the summer months has become very popular, and a larger number of these were held during the past year than ever before. Such gatherings are an excellent means of bringing the patrons together in a social way as well as to hear the practical discussion of subjects essential to the improvement of conditions on the farm. During the spring and fall months when the work is urgent on the farm and it is therefore difficult to hold meetings, bul- letins are sent to the local newspapers. These contain timely suggestions which assist the farmer in solving the problems which confront him with reference to his dairy herd. They are written with the idea of assisting the creameries in improving the quantity and quality of the raw product. The newspapers are lending their assistance by giving the information a prom- inent place in their columns. One of the most important features of the work has been the establishment of a great dairy show in conjunction with the an- nual convention. This year the show was unsurpassed by any similar event. It brings dairy cattle breeders with their choice ani- mals from every part of the United States and offers the farmers of not only Iowa but the Mississippi Valley an opportunity to be- come acquainted with the various breeds. Premiums are offered for butter, cheese and milk which, in addition to the display of dairy appliances and farm implements, bring thousands of pros- perous farmers. The convention proper is held in a building on the grounds, and subjects of interest to the buttermakers, cream- erymen and dairymen are discussed by authorities of national reputation. The Iowa State Dairy Association in all of its work has been assisted in a large measure by the other dairy interests of the State. Chief among these is the Dairy and Food Department which had a number of speakers on the trains throughout the tours and also co-operated in all the other work. The individual dairymen have also sacrificed portions of their time to educating their brother farmers in better methods and giving them the benefit of valuable experience. The Dairy Department of the Iowa State College has also given assistance from time to time. 35 546 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The results of the work, although somewhat slow, are gratify- ing. Iowa is gradually taking her rightful place among the dairy states. System is being introduced and the unprofitable animals are being replaced by the dairy breeds. The silo is con- sidered a necessity and the legumes are found in many places where formerly less valuable crops grew. The introduction of the pure bred sire, economical feeding and intelligent care are revolutionizing the industry. Following these improvements as a natural sequence come the substantial farm buildings and at- tractive homes which make a permanent agriculture. QUALITY OF IOWA CREAM. The greatest drawback of the Iowa creamery today is the lack of quality in the cream delivered by the patrons. In order to produce good dairy products scrupulous care must be used with all utensils, the cream must be cooled down immediately follow- ing separation and delivered as quickly as possible to the place where it is to be manufactured into the finished product. When the dairyman does not exercise proper care in the handling of his product he will eventually be the loser and over the whole state the loss will amount to several millions of dollars during the year. Generally speaking, at 98 degrees Fr. bacteria multiply one hundred times faster than at 70 degrees Fr. At 32 degrees Fr. bacterial development practically ceases. Milk or cream may be kept sweet a long time at 40 degrees to 45 degrees Fr. because the lactic acid bacteria practically stop growing at these tem- peratures, but there are other classes of bacteria that can grow at these temperatures, as evidenced by the production of un- desirable flavors. Such flavors usually become noticeable after 36 hours and thus the real commercial value of the milk or cream becomes less from that time on. A great deal of cream is shipped during the year from various points over the State to some central location. It is a common sight at railroad stations during the heated summer season to see cream oozing over the tops of cream cans or doing whai, we commonly call ''boiling over." This "boiling" is caused by FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 547 the cream being- subjected to too high a temperature which allows for very rapid bacterial production, which in this case is a gas producing bacteria. These gas producing bacteria are a species of the lactic acid bacteria which proves that such cream is far advanced in the souring stage. During the summer months there is a great demand for sweet cream for ice cream making purposes. . Due to a shortage of this material, a machine known as the "Homogenizer" is now used by many of the leading ice cream manufacturers. Its purpose is to break up the fat globules into smaller particles. This is ac- complished by forcing the cream under high pressure through small openings. The effect of breaking up the fat globules in this way is to give cream more body, give the ice creau a smoother texture, and increase the yield. The cream is usually pumped directly from the pasteurizer into the homogenizer at a temperature of about 130 degrees Fr. From the homogenizer the cream is sent directly over the cooler, the pressure of the ma- chine being sufficient to force the cream to any height desired. The homogenizer in itself is a good thing but in the hands of unscrupulous manufacturers has materially decreased the qual- ity of the ice cream in this state. Some concerns have found it possible to make a product they call sweet cream from stale, deteriorated butter, skimmed-milk-powder, and water, by run- ning this mixture through the homogenizer. However, it does not make a wholesome and desirable product and should be dis- couraged by every good dairyman. ICE CREAM. With the enactment of an ice cream standard, the department felt that it was no more than right that it should furnish assist- ance to the various concerns over the state manufacturing this product. The Thirty-fourth General Assembly made a standard which makes the lowest legal limit for fat in plain ice cream, 12 per cent and in fruit and nut ico cream, 10 per cent. This standard for ice cream is fixed by law and is not simply a ruling as seems to still be the impression of some of the small manu- facturers. In regard to our state ice cream standard, the Department has met with some opposition, some claiming that the law is uncon- 548 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE stitutional. It is to be hoped that this matter will soon be carried up until its constitutionality is declared, in order that a new law may be framed in ease the one that is on the statutes is incorrect. It might be interesting to some who are opposed to the standard to know that we have picked up ice cream sam- ples which have tested as low as four-tenths of one per cent in butter fat. We do not believe that the better class of ice cream manufacturers care to come in contact with manufacturers of such ice cream, and that on careful consideration, they will come to see that not only the public, but themselves are being pro- tected by the enforcement of the ice cream law. With the idea in mind that the Department acts as an educa- tional factor more than as a prosecuting agency, we are endeav- oring to give every assistance to ice cream manufacturers, and to show, if possible, how they may eliminate the guess work from their business, and standardize their cream, in order to secure a uniform product, both in the quality of the ice cream and the per cent of butter fat. We are convinced more each year that the secret of success in the ice cream business is in service, combined with uniformity of the finished product which is secured by the standardization of raw products. Those desiring to secure information as to how to standardize cream can secure the same from this department by writing for back numbers of the annual report of the Dairy and Food Commissioner or by inquiring directly of the Department for this information. In order to find out the extent of the ice cream business of the state, we sent out blanks to all of the ice cream manufac- turing establishments of the state, requesting them to send us a statement of the amount of ice cream they had manufactured during the past year. This request was very generally complied with, and we are able to state definitely that the amount of ice cream manufactured in the state of Iowa from October 1, 1912, to October 1, 1913, was over 3,000,000 gallons. Not having had figures on the amount made previous to this year, we are unable to state the amount of increase over last year's business, but believe we are safe in saying that the increase has been a mate- rial one. Another year we hope to be able to make a comparison. With 3,000,000 gallons of ice cream as a working basis, and figuring 12 per cent as the average per cent of butter fat in this product, we can say to the producers of the state, that the ice FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 549 cream industry was responsible for a market of 1,872,000 pounds of butter fat in sweet cream last year. The ice cream industry, in order to secure this sweet cream, was forced to pay a price which would average at least 10 cents over the average price paid for butter fat, amounting to a total of $187,200.00, which amount went into the hands of the dairymen and otherwise might have been diverted into some other channel. If the butter fat which was made up into ice cream had been manufactured into creamery butter, it would have added 2,246,400 pounds to the amount made in Iowa last year, making a total of approximately 100,000,000 pounds for last year. We have been urging upon the ice cream makers, the neces- sity of buying their sweet cream on the butter fat basis, as op- posed to buying it by the gallon. Our reports show that nearly one-half of the manufacturers are still buying their cream by the gallon. "We wish to impress upon these manufacturers the need of testing all cream for manufacturing purposes, both from the standpoint of business practice and to eliminate the chances for error in making up their product. We find business men, who would not for one moment think of accepting a bill of goods without checking it over, accepting a can of cream with the producer's w^ord, who in nearly every case, has no way of know- ing, that it contains a certain amount of butter fat. We have met with case after case, where ice cream has fallen below the standard because the manufacturer relied on the sweet cream testing a certain per cent because of an agreement made with the producer. From a legal standpoint, the producer cannot be held responsible for cream bought by the gallon unless it tests below sixteen per cent, and then the argument is a very weak one as an excuse for ice cream being below standard. We, there- fore, urge upon the ice cream manufacturer the necessity for the use of the Babcock Test to determine the value of cream, and in standardizing their product. The Department has been confronted with the problem of how best to handle homogenized cream, and particularly so, for ice cream purposes. At this time, we feel that the homogenizer and its principles when rightly applied are a great help to the in- dustry. During the summer months when pastures are dry, re- sulting in a shortage of sweet cream, and the weather is hot, causing a greater demand for ice cream, (64 per cent of the total yearly business being done during the three summer months), 550 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the problem of the sweet cream supply is a strenuous one. The homogenizer, creamer, and various types of devices, which are used to re-incorporate butter fat with milk serum, help to give a uniform supply at all seasons of the year. We regret to state, however, that the system does admit fraud in the way of using low grades of butter, which should not be allowed to go onto the market, in the form of sweet cream, in competition with a strictly first class grade of cream. The state dairy law in regard to cream is as follows: "Cream is that portion of milk, rich in fat, which rises to the surface of milk on standing, or is separated from it by a centrifugal force, is fresh and clean and contains not less than 16 per cent of milk fat." The food law defines ice cream as "a frozen product made from pure wholesome sweet cream and sugar, with or with- out flavoring, and if desired, the addition of not to exceed 1 per cent by weight of a harmless thickener, and contains not less than 12 per cent by weight of milk fat and the acidity shall not exceed .3 per cent." The Department holds that cream manu- factured from butter by the homogenizing process cannot prop- erly be sold as cream, as defined by the dairy law, and that ice cream manufactured from homogenized cream cannot properly be called "ice cream" as defined in the food law. Realizing that homogenized products have a place in the ice cream manufacture, in this state (about 40 per cent of those re- porting found it necessary to use, at times, homogenized cream) and in order to do away with the practice of using low grade butter in their make-up, and to allow the legitimate use of the homogenizer, the following ruling has been made : HOMOGENIZED PRODUCTS. Any product prepared by passing cream through an apparatus which increases its viscosity, and said product contains not less than sixteen per cent of milk fat by weight shall be known and sold under the name "Homogenized Cream." Any product prepared by passing wholesome milk fat together with milk, skim milk, or skim milk powder, through an ap- paratus, which will cause the products to unite, forming a product having a semblance of cream, and containing not less FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 551 than 16 per cent of milk fat by weight, shall be known and sold under the name "Homogenized Process Cream." Any product prepared in the semblance of ice cream, which has been made in whole or in part from homogenized process cream and said product contains not less than 12 per cent by weight of milk fat, shall be known and sold under the name, "Homogenized Process Ice Cream." Each container of said homogenized products shall be dis- tinctly and durably labeled with the true name of said product as herein specified, together with the name and place of business of the manufacturer thereof. Wherever homogenized products are sold at retail, a printed sign or signs shall be conspicuously displayed, giving the true name of the product as herein specified, followed by the words, "Used Here" or "Sold Here." All of said words shall be printed on white cards, using black letters, not smaller than 72 point, heavy face, Gothic caps (standard line).. Xo other printed matter of any kind shall appear on this card. HOMOGENIZED PROCESS ICE CREAM SOLD HERE Letters to be 72-point, heavy face Gothic caps. By conforming to this ruling it is possible to admit of the use of the homogenizer, the public will be able to know what it is getting, and the department will know who is manufactur- ing these products and will be able to go to their places of business and inspect the butter which is used for manufacturing homogenized cream. Butter which is made from cream, which previous to its ripening could not he used as sweet cream, should not he used in manufacturing homogenized products. Outside of the sweet cream supply, perhaps the greatest prob- lem that the ice cream manufacturer has to deal with and one which is a source of large annual loss, is the deplorable habit the retailers have drifted into, of not properly cleaning and dry- ing ice cream containers and returning them promptly. We regret the fact that a bill which dealt specifically with the subject of cleaning ice cream containers failed to receive favor in the eyes of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, However, we 552 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE have been endeavoring to secure relief by interpreting a section of the Sanitary Law, which did pass, to include ice cream con- tainers. The Section reads as follows: "That receptacles used in connection with the distribution of a food product shall be kept clean at all times." Of those reporting on the condition of returned ice cream con- tainers, since the enactment of the Sanitary Law, 60 per cent report distinctly no change for the better ; 40 per cent report that they have noticed containers are coming back in better con- dition than they were previous to that time. This report of the 40 per cent is particularly gratifying to the Department in view of the fact that there is nothing specific in the law to cover this phase of the ice cream manufacturer's trouble, and we feel that with this 60 per cent as a basis of comparison, the Department should be in a position to more forcibly impress on the minds of the legislators, the need of particular legislation along this line at their next session. In order to get the attitude of the ice cream manufacturers, we asked for an expression, in regard to having made punishable by a fine, the neglect in washing ice cream containers thoroughly as soon as emptied. Almost without exception reports came in favoring such a measure. The Department is very much in favor of a law that will enforce the cleaning of containers as soon as emptied, first, from a sanitary standpoint; second, because there is a great deal of loss to the ice cream factory, due to the fact that cans rust out and become absolutely useless on account of retailers failing to clean them when emptied ; third, because we believe that if consumers come to realize that it is a misde- meanor, punishable by fine to have dirty containers in their pos- session, they will take more pains to clean the can and return it jjromptly, and that it will also result in transportation companies being more careful to retur containers as soon as they came into their possession. We are pleased to state to the public that in the last few years, the last two in particular, the ice cream makers have voluntarily made great improvements in the sanitary conditions in and sur- rounding their factories. We believe that the ice cream makers are making more rapid strides toward sanitary and inviting conditions than any other branch of the food manufacturing industry. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 553 We are sorry to state that there are still some conditions exist- ing, which unless they are righted, will make it necessary to start prosecution, and eventually revoke the licenses of the fac- tories in which such conditions exist. A few of the clauses of the Sanitary Law, with which ice cream manufacturers, as well as creameries, are expected to comply, are as follows : (1) "The floors, side walls, ceilings, furniture, receptacles, implements, and machinery of every establishment or place where food is manufactured, shall at all times be kept in a clean, health- ful, and sanitary condition, and for the purpose of this act un- clean, unhealthful and insanitary conditions shall be deemed to exist unless food in the process of manufacture is securely pro- tected from flies, dust, dirt, and as far as may be necessary by all reasonable means from all other foreign and injurious con- tamination, and unless the refuse, dirt, and the waste products, subject to decomposition and fermentation, incident to the manu- facture are removed daily, and unless all other receptacles, tables, utensils, and machinery used in mixing and all other processes, are kept thoroughly cleaned, and unless the clothing of the operators, employees, or other persons, therein employed, is clean." (2) "The side walls and ceilings shall be washed clean and every building room, basement or cellar occupied or used for the preparation, manufacture, or distribution of food, shall have an impermeable floor, made of cement or tile laid in cement, grouted brick, wood or other suitable, non-absorbent material, which can be flushed and washed clean with water." (3) "The doors, windows, and other openings of every food- producing or distributing establishment during the fly season shall be fitted with self-closing screen doors, and wire window screens of not coarser than 14-mesh wire gauze." (4) "Operatives, employes, clerks, 'and all persons who han- dle the material from which food is prepared or the finished product, before beginning work or after visiting toilet or toilets, shall wash their hands and arms thoroughly in clean water." (5) "Cuspidors for the use of operatives, employes, clerks, or other persons shall be provided whenever necessary, and each cuspidor shall be thoroughly emptied and washed daily with dis- infectant solution and five ounces of such solution shall be left in each cuspidor while it is in use. No operative, employe or other person shall expectorate within any building, room, base- 554 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE merit or cellar where the production, manufacture, packing, storing, preparation or sale of any food is conducted except in cuspidors as provided for herein." This Department believes that with the improvement of the conditions surrounding the manufacture of ice cream the growth of consumption will keep pace, and it aims to make Iowa Ice Cream carry with it the assurance that it is made under sanitary conditions and is of uniform high quality. CHEESE INDUSTRY. The number of cheese factories in Iowa has increased during the past year and the amount of cheese made shows a material increase. The factories reporting show a total output of 555,371 pounds (an increase of 208,915 pounds over last year) and re- port having paid $74,704 for raw material. One factory report- ing last year has closed its doors and four new plants were built during the year. The percentage of increase in the amount of cheese manufactured is larger than the percentage of increase in the amount of creamery butter manufactured. This would in- dicate that some Iowa dairymen are finding a profitable market for milk in the cheese factories of the state and this encourages us to believe that in time Iowa may enjoy a reputation as a cheese producing state. This department stands ready to give any assistance that we can in promoting the organization of com- panies or associations for the manufacture of cheese. PRICE RECEIVED FOR BUTTER. The average quotation for extra creamery butter on the New York market shows a decided increase over the year ending October 1, 1912, being 32.41 cents per pound. This shows a gain of 1.21 cents over the previous year and while it is a material increase in price, it is probably no greater than the increase in the price of other articles of food for the period covered. Taking into account the large quantities of oleomargarine consumed, it FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. 555 might be expected that the price of butter would be to some ex- tent affected by the sale of this product but the figures indicate that consumers of butter have not in any large degree been led to use butter substitutes. Figures received from the 512 creameries show that the amount received from the sale of 96,953,183 pounds of butter on the market was $28,285,249. This shows that the average price re- ceived was 33.92 cents per pound and from these reports we as- sume that the butter on the average sold for ly^, cents per pound above the quotation for creamery extras. The price received for the creamery product furnishes ample proof that the creamery is one of the best markets offered the farmer for the disposal of his produce. SHOWING AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICE OP EXTRA CREAMERY BUTTER IN NEW YORK MARKET. m rH - ^- -^' . ^ K 1-7 - - . - w (-7 5^' ^ , i^". jd . X3 . ■^ . x: . s . J^ .d". ^ . J3 . *^ *~3 O O 0 o 0 o a o a o a o 0 U atj 0 u a "5 a 0 a 0 oo oo a^ oo oo 9.'^ oo go 00 00 00 00 Month a^ S tj) ° be a 6B B^ s^ S it a bjo B^ St. St. a tao a m a V a 0) a 0) a 0) a o a 0) a OS 0 a 0 a "3 eg 111 9 a^ ¥ sS 9 asi — '■5^1 '3 aS "'■52 <" aS feCUr-l SJCU^ ^ 0)1-1 ^ oj;^ ^ o,-i ■s ,00€ 27,735 14,189 285,197.255 50.000 5,893,941 257,600 6,587,549 6,000,000 5,728,388 64,874 1,986.633 718,960 323,147 1,692,040 62,411 4,294,947 208,655 316,000 1,975,608 1,462,972 1,633,860 4,222,727 1,057,482 1,098,511 11,856,202 2.799,964 901,779 1,583,616 540,083 1,179,887 4,820,848 2,636,244 1,011,783 2,S48,160 1.337.990 3,592,248 2, 262, 21c 1,271,661 4,391,641 8,405,149 26,835,741 4,441,512 2,723,111 262,742,586 o ^ 10,000 1,843.072 79,200 2,220,572 767,110 2,033,660 22,430 668,646 239,056 118,147 667,838 74,313 1,326.796 74,593 87,000 887,071 479,935 544,254 1,537,743 347,758 381,375 4,030,103 981,673 318,211 581,772 549,571 438,846 1,739,1321 891,423 346,788 864,381 585,962 1,197,057 799, J33 434,590 1,713,737 2.479,792 10,726,252 1,405,635 811,153 96,953,188 ■C DO a Q) aj3 4,000 81.828 1,000 212,395 57,581 1,840 6,000 116,033 40,000 118,690 38,350 479,086 4,610 22,268 1,340 92,471 2,548 500 32,365 19,374 250 146,735 9,165 21,642 5.352 18,532 344 20,250 24,030 90.248 15,808 14,440 5,121 17,428 11,940 140,203 37.316 188,390 3,424 50,000 79,606 25,181 59,103 151,575 91,032 15,283 1,891,839 228,525 121.625 5,700 2,339 119,610 37,331 9,030 68,263 32,156 3.893.603 23,902 186,542 19,790 62,740 104,540 76,960 44,320 31,786 356,017 61,805 194.964 51,009 137,813 666,875 32.285 80,387 10,822,952 1.646.211 38,200 1,889,487 728,760 1,496,993 15,9£0 650,418 239,656 106,207 505,367 35,657 1,045,935 68,626 36,500 575,100 435,380 484,901 1,239,433 247,561 344,450 2,138,264 753,148 191,234 539,338 362,685 398,806 1,652,551 696,635 254,020 795,621 549,055 841,040 731,928 237,287 1,543,028 2,301,648 10,050,347 1,305,087 698,610 82,236,628 558 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE TABLE NO. III. Table Showing Number of Hand Separators, Number of Patrons and Number of Cows. Counties B o K 1" •« o 03 O ftO. - (U QJ O t- 33 o ■s 03 !-, a o ;2; O K og Adair Adams - - - .-. . 1 3 1 8 769 180 1,713 800 205 1.781 4,990 1.476 14,687 Allamakee ._ . . Appanoose — Audubon ------ - 8 7 12 4 6 9 6 14 5 7 2 6 2 10 1,191 821 1,014 139 315 692 1,459 1,251 2,027 1,264 818 311 1,445 325 1,313 1.201 833 1.790 483 3,284 1.915 1,445 1.791 2,027 1,284 848 615 1,950 443 2.065 8,693 5.222 14,016 3,028 26.475 9,900 9,631 1-' 741 Benton Black Hawk 1 Boone Bremer Buena Vista -. — 1 Butler Calhoun Carroll . 1 11,500 6,651 4,980 3.625 10.289 3.148 17.633 Cass Cedar — .. 2 0 Cerro Gordo Cherokee Chickasaw Clarke - Clay 8 14 6 1 2 1 1 14 1 5 17 5 14 4 8 1 1 7 5 5 7 8 1 881 3.996 2,561 160 460 200 430 2,006 35 938 3,512 378 1,864 685 1,123 90 212 912 888 753 1,277 1,359 200 936 li,216 2,583 165 667 250 441 2.583 70 948 3.574 408 3,064 966 1,481 90 219 956 1.122 812 1,277 1.417 300 6.054 24.274 12,045 1,155 4,335 825 987 Clayton .- _. - _. - 3 1 2 1 1 1 Clinton Crawford Dallas — - Decatur Delaware Des Moines 1 21,532 490 1 4 6,307 Dubuque Emmet — . s-_ 26,856 3,667 24,878 6,356 10.703 450 Fayette . 1 rioyd Franklin 1 1,533 7,129 6,108 4.498 10,504 9,033 2,100 Grundy Guthrie Hancock Hardin 1 Harrison Howard 0 6 1 8 12 2 1 1 1,536 2,310 1?0 G27 1,643 235 120 20 1.703 1,726 1,591 225 640 1.718 276 150 20 1,738 32,615 10,805 900 Humboldt : Ida Iowa 1 4,318 13,4€9 Jackson Jasper .. .. 1,750 1,050 Jefferson - 1 100 Jonea _. 7 13,837 FOURTEE.NTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII. Table No. III. — Continued. 559 Counties C !- "A Keokuk Kossuth Lee Linn _. Louisa Lucas . Lyon — 87 1,925 2,000 2,273 75 c •- 94 1,997 2,000 2,606 82 c t^ 658 14,617 12,000 17,454 40O Madison Maliaska Marion . Marshall Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery- Muscatine -- 239 280 765 100 1,090 200 160 O'Brien Osceola Page Palo Alto Plymouth Pocahontas -- Polk Pottawattamie Poweshiek 842 50O 997 1,257 569 569 4,549 830 847 Ringgold Sac Scott . Shelby Sioux _ Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren Wapello Warren Washington Wayne Webster .-—. Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury - Worth Wright 825 600 2,1® 1,032 481 1,550 1,193 1,950 601 1,099 2,076 11,324 1,037 92S 710 239 365 862 100 1,520 200 160 1,186 1,210 1,456 580 593 4,749 981 882 869 2,166 1,045 1,1 29 2,812 601 1,321 2,377 11,324 1,590 946 Total 55 480 I 99,919 I 116,554 5,110 1,673 1,420 4,839 300 9,836 1,397 900 6,220 3,427 7,260 11,133 3, 68 3,794 29,243 6,867 5.795 5,3S6 4,670 4,879 13,518 6,490 3,709 11,0!>0 8,372 203 10,742 3,320 9,773 18,815 79,268 8,767 7,071 788,491 Two I'rizc' Wimiiiii; Holstciiis al the Towa Statt' l-^air ami lOxjiosi t ion. PART VIII. Proceedings of the Thirty-seventh Annual Convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association. Iowa Falls, Iowa, April 1, 1914. The 37tli annual convention of the Iowa State Dairy Association, held at Waterloo, on October 15th and 16th, in connection with the Dairy Cattle Congress, was not the success it has been in former years, so far as the convention sessions were concerned. On the other hand, never in the history of the association has there been so many dairymen assembled as this year. There was the greatest array of pure bred dairy cattle of all breeds ever shown in the state, and this proved of much greater attraction than the con- vention. Owing to this, and other attraetions on the grounds, it proved a very difficult matter to hold the sessions as outlined in the program. However, those who did attend manifested great interest in the few talks, and the convention can in no way be considered a failure. The iirst session was called to order Wednesday forenoon at 10:30 o'clock by President Quarton. Invocation was given by Dr. II. W. Reherd, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. The address of welcome was made l)y TIou. II. 0. Bernbrock, who in his characteristic way put everybody in good humor and made them feel at home in Waterloo. "Waterloo is the center and home of dairying in lovv^a, and, therefore, when you dairymen come here we want you all to feel that this is your home and to make yourself at home," he said. Like all Waterloo boosters, he re- viewed the past growth of the city and pointed out, with con- siderable pride, the fact tluit the great Dairy Cattle Congress was born and raised in Waterloo, and that Waterloo owed the Iowa State Dairy Association for it. 36 562 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE President Qnartoirs remarks ^vere brief, ])iit. effective. He paid a high tribute to liis co-workers, the otlier officers of the association, whom he praised for the good work they have done during the past for the organization and for Iowa's dairy industry. Mr. Quarton reviewed the activities of the association during the year and pointed to several new dairy laws which the organiza- tion has been instrumental in placing on the statute books and which would be of great benefit to the dairy and creamery men. The very foundation is the cow, said Judge Quarton, but the farm- ers must depend on the buttermakers to make butter that will bring the right price in the markets. He complimented the latter on the tine showing made in the past and especially on the excellent quality of the exhibit at this convention and urged them to send butter to the National convention of the same quality and so cap- ture the prize banner for Iowa. "The man behind the cow," said Mr. Quarton, "the butter- maker in the factory, and the manufacturers of creamery machin- ery, have been keeping pace with the procession of progress and advancement, and will contijiue to improve and progress until the time comes that Iowa will be recognized as the greatest dairy state in the Union. But we must not forget that w^e are as much de- pendent upon the man in the creamery as we are upon the cow, and that we must work hand in hand to make the progress and advancement which we desire." Following Judge Quarton. the secretary, J. J. Ross, of Iowa Falls, made his report as follows: SECRETARY'S REPORT. OwinR to the lateness of the hour and as there is a great deal of work to be done I will be as brief as possible with my report, but I do want at this time to thank each and every one who gave so liber- ally of their time and money for the success of this convention. We, the officers of the Iowa State Dairy Association, certainly appreciate the help that has been given us by the dairy press, and by Mr. Barney's department and the dairy department at Ames and we wish especially to thank the commission men for their liberal support and also the rail- road men, and in fact all who contributed in any way to the success of this convention, for I realize that without your help and support we could not have been so successful in pulling off so great a convention. I also wish to thank the buttermakers of Iowa for the grand showing that we have in the butter exhibit. I want to assure you that in all of my experience in handling butter contests that this exhibit is by far the best that I have FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 563 ever seen. There are one huudred sixty-nine tubs of butter entered. This number is larger than ever before since I have been your secretary, the qual- ity is very fine and I am sure that when you hear the criticism by the critic that you will not be disappointed. I want to congratulate the buttermakers of the state upon their rapid advancement in improving the quality of butter. There have been held since the last meeting of the members of the association, two meetings of the executive com- mittee. The first was held at Ames during the short course last winter. The meeting was held on January 10th, for the purpose of installing the newly elected officers of the association. Other business which was taken up at that time was the arrangement to assist Mr. E. S. Estel, state dairy expert, by giving him authority to hire such assistance as was neccessary to conduct a special dairy train during the winter. The other meeting was held at Ames on June 10th, and the busi- ness transacted at this meeting was to select a place for holding our 1913 convention. After reading several propositions and invitations from different places it was unanimously agreed to meet with the Dairy Cattle Congress at Waterloo during the week of October 13-lb, 1913, as your committee believed the offer from Waterloo was by far the more desirable. I'm sure that after seeing the attractions which there are here and the accommodations provided that you will agree that we made a wise selection. With reference to the work of the state dairy expert will say that the work has been carried along very satisfactorily to the State Dairy Board, there have been two very successful trains run over the Minne- apolis and St. Louis railroad and one over the Chicago and North Western R. R. The total number of farmers and dairymen who have visited these trains is about forty thousand. Besides the special trains the expert and his assistants have been asked to speak at fifty-six farmers' institutes and a great many creamery and dairy picnics. Altogether, we think that this feature of the work of the association is very satisfactory and in our opinion there is more real good being accomplished through the appropriation to this cause than any like appropriation in the state. In connection with this thought I would urge every one interested to assist in every way possible to have this appropriation increased at the next session of our legislature. Just a word with reference to the creamery beautiful contest which was originated by Professor Mortensen and which is being conducted by this association. This being the first year of this work we did not expect any great results but we are surely very well pleased with the interest which is being taken in this work. There are at this conven- tion ten entries from that number of creameries who are competing for the prizes offered and I can assure you that in every instance there is a wonderfully improved condition about the various creameries brought about through these contests. It is the object of the associa- tion to continue these contests from year to year until this spirit of beautifying the creamery grounds both inside and out becomes uni- versally adopted. 564 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE In conclusion I want to again tliank you all for the support which you have given me during the past year. REPORT OF TREASURER. For the year ending September 30, 1913. RECEIPTS. Oct. 22, 1912- — Membership, Waterloo convent'n $ 372.25 Oct. 30, 1912 — Membership, Waterloo convent'n 70.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — Beatrice Creamery Co 5.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — Chr. Hansen's Laboratory 10.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — ^Pitt, Barnum & Co 5.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — Douglas & Co 5.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — W. D. Collyer & Co 10.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — Creamery Package Mfg. Co 15.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — J. G. Cherry Co 10.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — Coyne Bros 5.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., Sale of convention butter, 3,190 lbs 1,028.78 Nov. 4, 1912 — W^ells & Richardson Co 10.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — Iowa Dairy Separator Co 10.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — Memberships 3.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — Waterloo Dairy Cattle Congress 600.00 Nov. 4, 1912 — ^H. G. Van Pelt, (return of dairy train money advanced) 300.00 Dec. 20, 1912 — Fitch, Cornell & Co 5.00 Dec. 20, 1912 — B. F. Britten & Co 5.00 Dec. 20, 1912 — J. B. Ford Co. (Wyandotte)... 10.00 Dec. 20, 1912 — De Laval Separator Co 15.00 Dec. 20, 1912 — International Harvester Co 15.00 Dec. 20, 1912 — Geo. M. Baer & Co 10.00 Dec. 20, 1912 — Gallagher Bros 10.00 Sept. 18,1913 — Hunter, Walton & Co 5.00 Sept. 18, 1913 — Gude Bros 10.00 Sept. 18,1913 — Memberships (J. J. Ross) 40.00 Sept. 18, 1913 — To correct bank balance 5.35 On hand October 1, 1912 1,346.13 Total resources $3,993.51 DISBURSEMENTS. Oct. 2, 1912 — Postmaster, stamps % 2.0 0 Oct. 10, 1912 — Irving Hotel, committee meals.. 4.70 Oct. 14, 1912 — E. T. Sadler, traveling expense. 2.00 Oct. 15, 1912 — Waterloo Furniture Co., booth furniture 2.00 Oct. 15, 1912 — Prof. Carl E. Lee, traveling expense 18.25 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 565 Oct. 15, 1912 — T. E. Gulp, traveling expense... 20.00 Oct. 17, 1912 — J. J. Ross, pro rata money.... 880.00 Oct. 19, 1912 — J. J. Ross, salary and expenses. . 2 65.75 Oct. 19, 1912 — ^O. F. Courbat, pro rata money. . 4.50 Oct. 19, 1912 — Cobb & Leslie, gold and silver medals 66.00 Oct. 19, 1912 — E. T. Sadler, reporting and clerical 100.00 Oct. 19, 1912 — U. S. Express, express on butter. 13.96 Oct. 19, 1912 — Wells, Fargo Express Co., exp. on butter 21.80 Oct. 21, 1912 — Crowther Printery, envelopes (Chk. No. 39) 3.00 Oct. 21, 1912 — American Express Co., exp. on butter 22.04 Oct. 22, 1912 — Artificial Ice Co., butter refg. . . . 12.40 Oct. 22, 1912 — A. J. Anderson, Otisco, Minn. (Comp. butter) 6.00 Oct. 22, 1912 — H. H. Whiting, Cedarburg, Wis. (Comp. butter) 6.06 Oct. 22, 1912 — J. R. Bloomquist, North Branch, Minn. (Comp. butter) 5.85 Oct. 22, 1912 — C. Christiansen, Ft. Ripley, Minn. (Comp. butter) 5.77 Nov. 4, 1912 — Prof. Mortensen, convention ex- pense 11.45 Nov. 4, 1912 — W. H. Chapman, convention ex- pense 5.55 Nov. 6, 1912 — Chamberlain Hotel Co. commit- tee exp 8.35 Nov. 9, 1912 — Executive Committee, expense (Des Moines) 6.45 Nov. 11, 1912 — E. C. Lytton, convention expense 15.34 Nov. 12, 1912 — Fred L. Kimball Co., printing.. 264.36 Nov. 13, 1912 — Stroebel Music House, piano rent 6.50 Nov. 15, 1912 — Successful Farming, subs, to members 4.50 Nov. 15, 1912 — Iowa Farmer, subs, to members 3.00 Nov. 22, 1912 — Bradley Transfer Co., hauling butter 2.75 Dec. 2, 1912 — E. S. Estel, loan for dairy train exp 250.00 Nov. 2 7, 1912 — Kimball's Dairy Farmer, subs, to members 4 6.75 Nov. 27, 1913 — St. Louis Button Co., 1912 badges 36.87 Nov. 27, 1912 — Bastian Bros., 1912 fobs 51.21 Nov. 27, 1912 — O. C. Cobb, medals and engrav- ing 9.00 566 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Nov. 2 7, 1012 — Kimball's Dairy Farmer, mailiiiK and stamps 2 3.20 Nov. 27, 1912— Chamberlain Hotel, committee exp 8.3.5 Jan. 2, 1913 — J. S. Anderson & Son, Treasur- er's bond 12.00 Jan. 8, 1913 — Fred L. Kimball Co., print and stamps 14.50 Jan. 8, 1913 — Creamery Package Mfg. Co., prize triers 15.00 Jan. 8, 1913 — J. J. Ross, stamps and expense. . 13.7(5 Jan. 8, 1913 — Cressey & Wingate, decorating bootli 10.00 Jan. 9, 1913 — E. T. Sadler, committee expense 10.00 Mar. 21, 1913 — Roland, McCurdy Co., medals for 8-mo. cont 87.00 Apr. 3, 1913 — Kimball's Dairy Farmer, 10 subs. 2.50 Jun. 9, 1913 — E. T. Sadler, committee expense 15.00 Jun. 3 0, 1913 — E. S. Estel, salary for Apr., May and June 75.00 Aug. 2, 1913 — E. S. Estel, salary for July.... 25.00 Sept. 15, 1913 — E. S. Estel, salary for August. . . 25.00 Sept. 11, 1913 — F. L. Kimball Co., printing. . . . 50.00 Money on interest 1,000.00 Total $3,570.56 Balance on hand October 1, 1913 $ 422.95 E. T. SADDER, Treas. Following the reading and adopting of the treasurer's report, Prof. Mortensen, of Ames, was introduced and made an address on "The Creamery Employee." He said: THE CREAMERY EMPLOYEE. When speaking on the subject of the "The Creamery Employee" it shall be the object to consider all of those employed by the cream- ern association. This will include the manager and secretary as well as the buttermaker and the helper, for leaving out of consideration the difference between their requirements along technical lines, other requirements for all employees are identical. The first prerequisite for a successful creamery employee is integ- rity. There is no place where there is greater demand for integrity than in the creamery business. The buttermaker that is wanted today is the man who will credit his patrons with correct weights and with correct tests, the man who puts 16 ounces of butter into the pound and who refuses to ship from the creamery butter containing 16 per cent or more of moisture. Likewise we are looking for creamery pro- prietors who will encourage honesty among their employees, who do FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 567 not discriminate in prices, who are satisfied when they obtain a rea- sonable profit on their investment, men who are not selling stock for $100 per share when they know that it is worth only half of that amount. The man who will attain real success today in any walk of life is the one who is able to look his fellow man straight in his eye and speak to him in tones that ring with the voice of truth. It is the man of character who is in demand. It is told that the proprietor of a Boston dry goods store one day came to a clerk and asked: "Why did you not sell something to the lady who just left the store without purchasing?" "Because," said the clerk, "she asked for Middlesex and we did not have it." "Why did you not show her the next pile and tell her that was Middlesex?" "Because it was not so, sir," said the clerk. "You are too mighty par- ticular for me," exclaimed the proprietor. "Very well," said the boy, "if I must tell a lie to keep my place, I will go." The clerk became a wealthy respected merchant in the west. Such a character is the strongest foundation upon which the cream employee may build a repu- tation which leads to permanent success. The creamery employee should disregard personal advantages and work solely for the interest of the creamery and its patrons. The creamery buttermaker, manager and secretary are as a rule high class men, men who would not wilfully wrong anyone but sometimes with- out second thought they are apt to recommend a good friend or a rela- tive for a more or less responsible position in the creamery. This is perhaps done because the one recommended is considered to be an able man, one who is able to earn every cent of the salary offered. It is true, however, that an employee who is placed in his position by a friend or relative is often likely to deliver less than is represented by his orig- inal efficiency and it is therefore to be preferred that the employees are not connected with their superiors by friendship or relation ties. Although there are many qualities which a creamery employee should possess, that of integrity is the fundamental one. There is a relation between character and personal appearance. A person of clean char- acter has an open honest face with eyes that meet yours. Words spoken from his mouth are clean and as a rule he wears clean cloth- ing. Punctuality was one of the qualities the value of which was per- haps understood by the creameryman even before he had fully learned to appreciate the meaning or value of the word integrity. It was learned that if the check was sent out promptly the matter of weight, test and price was of secondary importance; what the farmer wants is prompt pay. Punctuality is an asset which any creamery employee may possess, for it is acquired by training. The effect from a manager's or a butter- maker's training along such lines are readily evidenced throughout the entire establishment. We should adhere strictly to the exact time of an appointment. A manager of a big hotel found it difficult to make his dairyman understand the importance of prompt delivery. He made an early morning hour appointment with the representative from an- Otfeef ereamery. The fact that the representative was five minutes 568 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ahead of the appointed time resulted in tliat the hotel manager placed an order for his entire requirements of dai/^y products amounting to about $1,000 monthly with the new firm. Checks for products received should be delivered at a definite time. If checks for milk or cream are sent through the mail they should be mailed on a definite day so the patrons will always have the satis- faction of knowing when they may expect to receive remittance. The driver collecting milk or cream should call on each farm at definite prearranged days and hours. Neglects will invariably result in loss of patronage. Punctuality may be considered to be a direct product of system. A young buttermaker with whom I was well acquainted was very system- atic. He had a written outline of his daily work; thus his head saved his limbs much unnecessary work. He would time himself when per- forming the various duties which he had outlined, and it was always his object to do his work a little quicker and a little better from day to day. This man developed a high degree of punctuality and efficiency and is today, as a result of his efforts, receiving a salary which amounts to several thousand dollars annually. 1 want the young buttermaker and creamery helper of today to learn from him, your chances for success are even greater, but it is attained only by hard and systematic work. Many young men do not like hard work. It may be tolerated for a short time, but if it continues it will be called drudgery. These young men lack in perseverance. Some of these men may even work hard all their life, but they cannot stick to one line of work long enough to become proficient. It is surprising how many letters our departments receive from men who are merely helpers or inexperienced buttermakers asking that we recommend them to positions as cream- ery managers. This, we may consider to be the critical period in the cream.ery employee's life. If we are able to make him understand that such a position is won only through a number of years of per- sistent work and that it is a position well worth working for then there is good prospect that he will reach the goal but some will turn around and say, "what is the use," and they are lost. Too many young employees are paying more attention to the time they devote to work for their employer than to the quality of work they give him in return for their salary. AVhen they have worked ten hours daily they con- sider that their responsibility ceases. Such an employee is not meet- ing with much success in the creamery. A. F. Sheldon says, "To hold on in the right path in spite of bars and obstacles, through storm and sunshine, through thick and thin, year in and year out, until the goal is won, is the greatest exhibition of human character. Great fortune, great renown, great victories of any kind, can only thus be won and won this way alone." In ordei- to develop i)ersGvcrancc; it is nectssary to have faith. The creamery employee must have faith in his own ability, faith in his own integrity. He must have faith in the ability and in the sincerity of his subordinates. He must have faith in the integrity of his em- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 569 ployers and of his patrons and in the creamery as a business proposi- tion. Faith develops loyalty and a person involuntarily becomes an en- thusiast. The pessimist has lost confidence in everything and in every- body. He is always complaining about the world getting worse. He is dissatisfied with his employer censuring him to everybody. He considers everybody dishonest and all but himself to be in the wrong. He is getting a new job once a year and is looking for another job 3 65 days of the year. We have all met this type of a man and know how unpleasant it is to be in his company. The employee who becomes enthusiastic about his work is every- body's friend. We all like to associate with him for it is his greatest object to be of service to his fellow men. He is never looking for a new position but employers are looking for him. The creamery owners looking for employees should guard most carefully against employing a man who cannot enter into his work with his whole soul, but in order to encourage the employee and in- spire him with confidence the creamery employer can also do much and it is his duty to do it. Can the creamery owner expect the em- ployee to have confidence enough in the creamery in which the owners themselves have not enough confidence so they will plant a rose bush in its yard? It is to be regretted that so few of the creamery managers have paid any attention to the outside appearance of the creamery and its grounds. This neglect is not intentional. It is merely due to the fact that their attention has not been called thereto. They have not in the past fully understood that the beautifying of the creamery and its grounds is one of the most visible signs of appreciation which can be offered to the buttermaker. A short time ago when visiting a city creamery and talking this matter over with the manager of the plant he stated that he was un- able to do anything for the reason that the building came up against the street and the alley. We found, however, that there was plenty of room for Virginia Creepers or other similar plants which would cover part of the wall toward the alley. Those plants would not merely find room for growth but would also cover up a good deal of less attractive wall. The horticultural department of the Iowa State Col- lege will be glad to co-operate with you, will even be able to send a man to your place to assist you. It is, of course, understood that it will be only a limited number of creameries that this man will be able to visit and in order to secure his services it is advisable to call at once. The material thus collected from places where they are beautifying their creamery grounds will be used for a bulletin. The representative might also happen to get a photograph from such grounds which would not be represented as models. If he does this, no names shall be added. The contest started this year is merely a beginning. The contest has been held among the buttermakers for the reason that they have taken most interest, but the expense and labor should be borne by the owners of the creamery. It is reasonable to expect that inside of five 570 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE years the creameries will begin to gain recognition for being the beauty spots of their town. We are confident that the creamery direc- tors as well as the buttermakers are with us in this work. Further- more Mr. Barney is determined that something must be done and has taken one step further. He will have his inspectors score the cream- eries while making their regular visits. This score will be considered equal to the score of the creamery grounds. The grounds will be judged partly from photographs and partly from personal inspection. The highest scoring creameries will be carefully inspected before the award is made. I have been assured that the Iowa State Dairy As- sociation is willing to put up a $50 silver cup for a contest to continue over a period of five years. The winner for the first year will have a cut of his creamery engraved on one side of the cup and will hold the cup for one year. The other winners will have their names engraved, as well as names of creameries and year of winning the cup, a cut of the creamery winning the cup the fifth time will be engraved on the cup which will then become the permanent property of the butter- maker of that creamery. If you go to Dayton, Ohio, you will find one of the most beautiful spots of that city to be the location of the National Cash Register Company's factory. Formerly this was the most desolate part of the city. This factory has won reputation over the world. This is not merely due to the managers' ability as business men, but largely due to their method of beautifying their grounds and factories so as to make them homelike to their employees. Let us all unite in an effort toward beautifying our Iowa creameries. Let it be demonstrated that it is possible to make the creamery grounds the most beautiful spot in our town and in this tasteful and pleasant home we are doing much in the moulding of the characters of our creamery employees. President Pearson, of the Iowa State College, made a few ex- temporaneous remarks complimenting the buttermakers on the work they were doing and on their progressive spirit. They are building up the state and they have it in their power not only. to make good butter, but also to help make better farms. Prof. Carl E. Lee, of Madison, Wis., made an interesting talk on "The Workmanship of Butter." His address was illustrated with lantern slides and was exceedingly educational. His intro- ductory remarks brought out several facts, among them being the overlooking of the patrons in the awarding of prizes to butter- makers. He said the patrons should be recognized in some way, as no buttermaker could make prize-winning butter unless his patrons gave him prize winning cream. Lantern slides were used all through Prof. Lee's talk to illus- trate various phases of buttermaking and dairying. His slides were especially prepared by himself and it is impossible to have cuts FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 571 made for this report. Prof. Lee is very emphatic in his opiinon that buttermakers should have the right to destroy poor cream. He spoke of the matter of soaking tubs. He recently made an ex- periment in which he soaked ten tubs alike and found that after soaking their weight varied from seventy to seventy-six pounds. Thus, he recommended taking the tare of every tub. Many other subjects were brought out, but the pictures con- stituted the larger part of his time, and it is difficult to report without having the pictures to accompany the talk. The first thing Thursday morning was the buttermakers' judg- ing contest. It was open for every buttermaker who had an ex- hibit of butter at the convention. Ten tubs were selected by the judges and scored in advance of the judging contest. They were then scored by the buttermakers, and the results, as compared with those of the judges, decided the contest. Chris. B. Jensen, of Hubbard, won first place and the $25 gold-plated butter trier. Mr. Jensen's score was only ten and one-half points off. Julius Brunner, of Charles City, and F. W. Bremer, of Sumner, tied for second place, their scores being eleven points off. They each re- ceived a silver-plated trier. Fred M. Zell, of Sumner, won third, being twelve and one-half points off. Following the buttermakers' judging contest, Frank M. Brown auctioned off the convention butter. There was a good crowd of buyers and it was sold to the Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Com- pany, of Jersey City (being represented by Gus Ludwig), for 33 1-16 cents f. o. b. Waterloo. The New York market that day was 30 cents for extras. The convention went into a short session in the forenoon, at which time the election of officers took place, resulting as follows: President, W. B. Quarton, Algona; vice-president, Geo. Kolthoff, Britt; secretary, J. J. Ross, Iowa Falls; treasurer, E. T. Sadler, Waterloo. All these officers were re-elected. Prof. C. Larsen, of Brookings, S. D., was called on and made an address on ''The Work of the Dairy Cow." WORK OF THE DAIRY COW. The dairy cow as a worker is in a class by herself. She works day and night and year after year provided she is given the opportunity. Few of us stop to analyze the work of the dairy cow. When such is done her importance on the farna is perhaps more fully appreciated. The average field crops such as hay, straw and grain, are bulky, heavy and expensive to market. Especially is this true for us who live in the central west and northwestern states a long distance from 572 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE central markets, and for those whose farms are located a long dis- tance from railroad stations. Many farmers are located from six to fifteen miles from a shipping point. Such farmers can not load and unload and make much more than one trip each day. To haul a load of hay to town will then cost the value of a day's wages of team and man. To haul one load of grain will cost about an equal sum. When this grain is unloaded at the elevator it will cost about one cent per bushel or about $1 per wagon load to get it into the railroad car. When it is loaded, then there is the expense of transportation to the central market, which for this territory is usually Chicago. From Sioux City, Iowa, to Chicago it costs seventeen cents per 100 pounds to market corn. The transportation charge on hay from Sioux City, Iowa, to Chicago, is twenty cents per 100 pounds. During the winter months a dairy cow will eat about three tons of hay and one ton of grain. To get this feed for one cow from the farm to Chicago market will then cost: Hauling from farm to shipping point three loads of hay @ $4.00 . $12.00 Hauling from farm to shipping point one load of grain 4.00 Transportation or freight on three tons of hay from shipping point to Chicago (S) 20c per hundredweight 12.00 Transportation or freight on one ton of grain @ 17c per hun- dredweight .3.40 Total cost of marketing feed for one cow per year. . . .$31.40 This cost has been calculated on the basis of carload rate, and does not consider elevator charge, nor commission for handling and selling at central market place. The work of the dairy cow is to reduce this marketing expense. A fairly good dairy cow should be able to change this feed into 300 pounds of butter. The cost of shipping 300 pounds of butter from Sioux City, Iowa, to Chicago is $1.35. Adding $2.00 for hauling it from farm to shipping point, the cost of marketing the 3 00 pounds of butter would therefore be about $3.35. The cost of marketing the feed necessary to produce this butter as shown above is about $31.40. The dairy cow thus reduces the cost of marketing field crops from $31.40 to $3.35 or to about one-ninth as much. In these days when there is so much discussion and even criticism of the high freight rates, farmers should permit the dairy cow to help solve this problem of high transportation. KEDUCES WEIGHT AND EUI.K. The organism of the dairy cow is especially adapted for handling bulky field crops. On this account she is especially suited for the farm- ers of the central west and northwestern states. The dairy cow can utilize a larger per cent of nutrients in the form of bulky or rough feeds than can any other farm animal. The three tons of hay and one ton of grain will occupy a space equal to about 1,300 cubic feet. This large volume, the cow will transform or change into about 300 pounds of butter occupying only about five FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART YIII. 573 cubic feet of space or to a volume of concentrated human food only 1/25 6 as large. As stated above a dairy cow will confeume about three tons of hay and one ton of grain or an amount of field crop equal to about four tons. This the dairy cow changes into about 300 pounds of the most concentrated human food known. The heavy field crop is re- duced to a weight eqiial to one-twenty-sixth as much. While these calculations cannot be accurate for all cows and for all conditions, they are considered conservative, and point with a great deal of significance to what the dairy cow is able to do in the way of changing bulky and weighty field crops into concentrated human foods, for which there is always a ready demand at high prices. PRESEKVES AXD INCREASES KICHXESS OF LAXD. The land in the central west is rich and productive. There is. how- ever, evidence on every hand that land which has raised a crop for several successive years Is not so productive as it formerly was. The average wheat yield is not now so large as it was a few years ago. Those interested in agriculture have learned and are realizing the danger arising from an exhausted soil. The dairyman does not worry about a decrease in the productivity of his land. Instead his land is increasing in richness. Instead of a less productive soil his soil pro- duction continues to improve. The dairy farms of Illinois, Iowa, South Dakota and other states amply emphasize this. By dairy farming the little countrj- of Den- mark doubled the yield of their lands in twenty years. Why? Be- cause of the cow. Instead of hauling their grain, hay and straw away from the farm to market, these products were fed to the dairy cow. She transformed these field crops into butter-fat. skim-milk and manure. The manure was hauled to the land, the skim-milk fed to calves and hogs, and the butter sold as a concentrated expensive human food. The land was thus left richer than before and the farm- ers' pocketbook was fattened, two essentials in the economics of life. When $1,000 worth of hay is hauled from the farm about $(iOO worth of soil fertility or plant food is lost. In $1,000 worth of wheat sold, the farmer loses about $250 worth of plant food. In $1,000 worth of butter sold the farmer loses less than one dollar's worth of soil fertility. In addition to the feed raised aaid fed. the dairy farmer usually buys some concentrated feeds rich in nitrogen and minerals, such as bran, oil meal and cottonseed meal. The products and by-products of these feeds add to the fertility of the land. So the dairy farmer not only maintains the fertility of his soil, but he actually increases it. This work of the dairy cow then has a much greater significance than just to provide a profit and daily living. The keeping up of the soil fertility is a work of the dairy cow. from which future generations, as well as the present one, will reap benefits. The dairy cow should therefore have an important place in any scheme of permanent agri- culture. 574 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE FURNISHES WORK DURIXG SLACK SEASOX. The central northwest states, by some, are objected to because of the short crop-growing season and the long winters. From a standpoint of crop growing only, this is undoubtedly a valid objection. To grow crops or to produce new wealth only during about five months, and have this manufacture of human food stopped the remainder of the year, is not good farm economics. There are about 217,000 farms in Iowa. It is safe to say that each of these farms employ labor at the rate of two men in the summer and one during the winter. Granting this to be true, an army of over 200,000 of Iowa's best and strongest workers is every fall turned from a held of production of new wealth to a field of non-production of new wealth; in some instances from a field of activity to a field of inac- tivity. This is a serious loss. The total loss of so much intelligent human labor is almost indescribable and beyond comprehension of the finite mind. Who can say how many of these men thus turned away from a productive field might not be able to produce a Banostine Belle DeKol, a Jacoba Irene or a Spotswood Daisy Pearl. Sure it is that a certain percentage of these men would invent or produce something that would be a benefit and lasting monument to real constructive and more pleasant and profitable dairy farming. The time of the year for the dairy work can be regulated; not so with other crops. The time of freshening is within reasonable control of the owner. For the average dairy farmer, the fall freshening cow is the most profitable. The winter affords the most favorable condi- tions for the farmer to get the best and most work out of the dairy cow; the labor is cheaper and more plentiful; the price of dairy products are about a third higher; the cow gives more milk during the year; and the fall calves are easier to raise. In addition, the dairy cow aft'ords opportunities for the various mem- bers of the family to partake in the work on the farm. The work in the barn and the dairy is not heavy work. It is work which requires attention and intelligence, two important characteristics which we wish to stamp into every young person's life. So the work of the dairy cow is not only to use labor in a profitable manner, but to aid and develop industrious, attentive young people of regular habits. INCREASES FARM PROFITS. On account of the high price of feeds which have prevailed during recent years, some farmers have questioned the economy of feeding the field crops to the dairy cow. To many the answer was that it did not pay. At the same time there were many others who prospered by feeding all they raised and even more, to the dairy cow. This apparent conflict in results was due to the kind of a dairy cow. The difference in the ability of cows to make money depends on the kind of a cow. Some dairy cows, having certain care and feed, will make a good profit, wliile another .so-called dairy cow will not even pay for her feed. Considering this difference in cows, it is clear that it is impos- sible to state what profit a cow will make. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 575 However, it is conservative to state, that au average good cow will cliange three tons of hay and one ton of grain into 300 pounds of buttrr, 6,500 pounds of skim-milk, one calf, and six tons of manure during al)ouT eight months. Granting that the skim-milk, the calf, and the manure pays for all the work, the 300 pounds of butter is the pay for the feea. This butter produced during the winter will bring an income of about $90. The three tons of hay and one ton of grain would have to sell at a pretty high price to bring any such income. Twenty dollars for the one ton of grain and $24 for the three tons of hay or a total of $44 are con- sidered to be about what this feed would bring on the market. In nearly every instance the man who says that dairying does not pay, is the one who keeps poor producing cows. Even the average run of cows kept for dairy purposes are money makers. According to investigations a dairy cow will recover for human food about 25 per cent of the dry digestible matter consumed; a hog about 15 per cent; and a steer about 3 per cent. This together with the fact that a good dairy cow will return $2 worth of produce for every $1 worth of feed consumed should cause farmers working expensive land and raising expensive feeds to carefully study the various phases of the work of the dairy cow. The profits of a dairy cow can be anticipated and realized with a greater degree of surety than in any other one phase of farming. A mature crop of grain and a high price for the same may be anticipated, but seasons and conditions of market may be unfavorable. Feeds for cows, and a good steady market for dairy products are as sure as anything can be in this world of production. The returns are also quick. The feed may be fed to the cow and the product realized on, even during the same day. This avoids credit at the store and in the banks. The dairyman is independent and is able to pay his debts as fast as he contracts them. TO REPRODUCE. The above discussion has been confined to the production only, to the turning of labor and feeds into dairy products and money. Another very important work of the dairy cow is to reproduce. The better the cow the more valuable is this phase of the cow's work. This work of reproduction is largely carried on at the same time that the cow does the remainder of her work. Several cases are on record where one calf sold for $10,000. This may be considered the maximum. The value of a cow's offspring may be said to vary from $5 and up. The work of reproduction of a good cow is worth a great deal more than the common value set on a calf. A calf has a certain intrinsic mar- ket value. In addition to this, an individual of large producing strain and of a good family of good type, is a carrier or vehicle of valuable hereditary characteristics. She is a carrier of the combined characteristics of her ancestors. The good dairy cow transmits these to all of her off- spring. This work of transmitting good dairy qualities is one which many dairymen overlook. It is a quality which cannot be seen, which cannot be handled, yet it is the most valuable force in a cow, when a man is trying to improve his herd. 576 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Nearly every farmer has one cow having several daughters, which he highly values, and which he refuses to sell. This cow is of good type and a large producer; just the kind of a cow he wants. Her daughters are all of the same color, similarly good type, and equally good producers. These desirable characteristics are regularly transmitted to one calf each year. These calves again may possess this same power of trans- mission to their offspring, and so on from one generation to the other. Who can value this work of a cow of transmitting these desirable char- acteristics? The informed, wide-awake dairy farmer co-operates with this force of heredity, and highly values that work of the dairy cow, and the writer believes that the time is near when every farmer who milks cows will realize and appreciate this great work. When that time comes then the improvement of dairy cattle will go forward, with astounding rapidity. At the present time, one owner of the cow, who is a student of her work, will concentrate this force of transmitting desirable dairy characteristics; and another one, working less intelligently, will undo what has already been accomplished. The above discussions have been confined to the direct results of the chief functions of the dairy cow while alive. The indirect benefits, and the value of her carcass cannot be considered here. A rising vote of thanks was tendered Prof. Larsen, and, on motion, the secretary was instructed to have this address printed in circular form to be distributed among any members who wished to use it for distribution among creamery patrons. Secretary Ross, at this time, paid the exhibitors a very high tribute on the quality of the butter. He said : There were 167 tubs entered, only two being from outside the state. There are sixty tubs in the whole-milk class and 105 in the cream class. The average score of butter in the whole-milk class is 94.45; in the cream class, 92.43. Average of the entire 165 tubs, 93.43. The average of the highest ten tubs is 97.3. This is certainly an excellent showing and the Iowa boys are to be congratulated. Last year there were 159 tubs entered and the general average score was 93.4. The average score of the highest 10 tubs last year was 96.97. In 1911 only 143 tubs were entered, which shows that the number of entries is steadily increasing each year and the quality is improving likewise. With one or two exceptions, the low of butlci' was in exeelletit condition and showed fine workmanship. When it comes to presenting prizes, there is one man who can do it perhaps a little hettei- than anyoiu^ else. ITe is a master of presentation speeches. E. M. Wentwoi'th, of Des Moines, was FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 577 called to the platform and presented the various prizes given by the association. He called T. E. Sadler, of Oelwein, and presented him with a gold medal for winning the highest score in the whole- milk class, with a score of 98. To A. W. Mooney, of Denver, he gave a medal for being second, with a score of 97.5. W. H. Ander- son, of Algona, was given a gold medal for having the highest score in the gathered cream class, with a score of 97.5, and Carl Nelson, of Swea City, won second, with a score of 97. Mr. Went- wortli also presented the silver loving cup won in last .year's educational scoring contest by P. "W. Peterson, of Finchford, and Erve Cole, of Lamont. These men tied, and it was agreed that Mr. Peterson should hold it six months and Mr. Cole six months. Mr. Cole was presented the cup for the next six months. AVith each prize, Mr. AVentworth spoke words of congratulation and en- couragement. Mr. Wentworth next presented the prizes won in the Iowa Beauty contest, or the contest for the best looking creamery grounds. The prizes were distributed as follows : First, Guy Thomas, Clear Lake, $20.00 ; second, 0. F. Bolig, of Fenton, $15.00; third, G. Steussi, Manchester, $10.00. During the Dairy Show week there were addresses by the Hon. William J. Bryan, Governor Clarke and Prof. Pearson, but these talks were outside of the convention proper and were not made an association record. The work of the Iowa State Dairy Association, under super- vision of E. S. Estel, state dairy expert, was presented in con- densed form in the follo^nng report : WORK OF IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION. During the past year the educational department of the Iowa State Dairy- Association lias carried its work into every section of the state. By means of special trains, creamery meetings, farmers' institutes and other gatherings, the lecturers have addressed 293 audiences and reached over 40,000 dairymen and farmers. In order to come in contact with as many people as possible in a limited time and complete a tour of all the railroads in the state, the special train was again adopted. By the co-operation of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railways, 168 meetings were held in less than four weeks. As a means of making the lectures clear and practical, dairy cattle, barn equipment, testing apparatus, etc., were carried and used for demonstration purposes. Special coaches were provided for the women and children. These cars proved very attractive and were always filled to their capacity. 37 578 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE At the completion of these two specials all but thirty-two towns in which creameries were located had been visited by dairy trains and fully 185,000 of the 212,000 farmers in the State had had a chance to attend one of these meetings. Of the ninety-nine counties, ninety-four have been visited and from one to fourteen train meetings held in each. The five counties not reached by this means have each had a number of gatherings which were addressed by lecturers furnished by the Association. As a result of the growing interest in dairying the farmers' institutes have been giving it a prominent place on their programs. During the winter of 1912-13 thirty-two of these were addressed by representatives of the Association. Permanent dairy organizations have been fostered in various sections, chief among which is the. Fayette County Breeders' Association. This organization is self supporting in every way, and is on a very substantial foundation. By establishing local clubs, the State Association is enabled to carry on its work in a more systematic manner. Several dairy short courses were also conducted. These were in the older dairy communities where detailed information was required. These were three days in length and instruction in breeding, feeding, testing, dairy cattle judging, etc., was given. Although the special dairy short course was new the attendance was very good at each of those conducted. The creamery picnic during the summer months has become very popular, and a larger number of these were held during the past year than ever before. Such gatherings are an excellent means of bringing the pa- trons together in a social way as well as to hear the practical discussion of subjects essential to the improvement of conditions on the farm. During the spring and fall months when the work is urgent on the farm and it is therefore difficult to hold meetings, bulletins are sent to the local newspapers. These contain timely suggestions which assist the farmer in solving the problems which confront him with reference to his dairy herd. They are written with the idea of assisting the creameries in improving the quantity and quality of the raw product. The newspapers are lending their assistance by giving the information a prominent place in their columns. One of the most important features of the work has been the establish- ment of a great dairy show in conjunction with the annual convention. This year the show was unsurpassed by any similar event. It brings dairy cattle breeders with their choice animals from every part of the United States and offers the farmers of not only Iowa but the Mississippi Valley an opportunity to become acquainted with the various breeds. Premiums are offered for butter, cheese and milk which, in addition to the display of dairy appliances and farm implements, bring thousands of prosperous farmers. The convention proper is held in a building on the grounds, and subjects of interest to the buttermakers, creamerymen and dairymen are discussed by authorities of national reputation. The Iowa State Dairy Association in all of its work has been assisted in a large measure by the other dairy interests of the State. Chief among these is the Dairy and Food Department which had a number of speakers on the trains throughout the tours and also co-operated in all the other work. The individual dairymen have also sacrificed portions FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 579 580 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE of their time to educating their brother farmers in better methods and giving them the benefit of valuable experience. The Dairy Department of the Iowa State College has also given assistance from time to time. The results of the work, although somewhat slow, are gratifying. low?, is gradually taking her rightful place among the dairy states. System is being introduced and the unprofitable animals are being replaced by the dairy breeds. The silo is considered a necessity and the legumes are found in many places where formerly less valuable crops grew. The in- troduction of the pure bred sire, economical feeding and intelligent care are revolutionizing the industry. Following these improvements as a natural sequence come the substantial farm buildings and attractive homes which make a permanent agriculture. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF DAIRYING IN IOWA. (Prepared for use in this report by E. S; Estel, State Dairy Expert.) Iowa is essentially a dairy state. This is true because of the adapta- bility of the soil for growing all of the necessary feeds for the large and economical production of milk. As a dairy production state we stand third. During the ipast year the creameries of Iowa manufactured 96,953,- 183 pounds of butter, exclusive of the milk required for cheese making, market milk supply and ice cream. Although we have this large production of dairy products, there is a great deal of room for building up the industry. The cow, which is the foundation of all dairying, has not received the proper attention or care, and as a result the average production is much lower than it should be. The subject of improving the dairy herds of the state is of vital interest to every farmer and dairyman. WHY AND HOW TO TEST THE COWS. There are two classes of unprofitable cows being milked at the present time. To the first class belong those that do not bring the owner a profit because they are not fed or handled properly. The other class is com- posed of those that do not pay for the feed they consume because of their inability to ^produce a large quantity of milk, regardless of how they are cared for. To the latter group belong the robbers of our good and poor herds as well. There are a million and a half cows furnishing butterfat for the cream- eries of the state, and five hundred thousand, or one-third of the total number, are being kept at a loss. Undoubtedly two-thirds, or over three hundred thousand, of the unprofitable animals belong to the class of which I wish to speak. The average production of butterfat in our state is only 140 pounds. While there are many individuals that are producing from two to five times this amount they are dragged down and humiliated by their neighbors. If we were to visit three-fourths of the herds in Iowa we would undoubtedly find in each two cows, standing side by side, under the same conditions, appearing in general conformation to be the same. If we should test these cows we would find one producing three or four FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 581 times as much as the other. It is this lack of knowledge of just what the cows are doing that brings the average down to such a low mark. There are hundreds of cow owners that cannot tell within ten or fifteen dollars of what each cow produces during the year. The farmers of the Mississippi Valley are noted for their thrift along other lines. They have improved machinery of every kind. They have bred their horses, hogs and beef cattle until they are the recognized leaders of the world, but the average dairy cow is no better than she was a hundred years ago. However, at the present time there is an awakening along dairy lines, and the more progressive are beginning to realize the value of keeping a good cow and the absolute loss in keeping a poor animal. The cow must be considered as a machine for the production of milk and therefore must be disposed of if she does not accomplish her work. Immediate improve- ment of the herd can be best accomplished by weighing and testing the milk of each cow. By doing this the butterfat production of each animal is determined and if at the end of the year some of them fall below a certain standard they should be sold to the butcher. It is well to set some standard and then if our cows fall below it they can be sold or fattened for beef. In attempting to weed out the unprofitable cows, the first step is to weigh the milk. The Dial milk scale, which is generally used, can be hung in a convenient place in the barn and each cow's milk weighed after each milking. The weights are recorded on a record sheet attached to the wall near the scale. These record sheets may either be made at home or printed at a very low cost. They are arranged with the names of the cows at the top and the days of the month at the side, thus furnishing a complete record of the herd for one month. The next step is to take a sample. This must be done carefully in order to get a representative quantity of milk. Probably the best way is to pour the milk from one vessel to another several times and then immediately transfer a portion of it to the sample jar by means of a small dipper. It is very essential to stir the milk before taking a sample, in order to have an even distribution of fat globules. If the milk is allowed to become quiet the fat rises to the surface and if our sample is taken from the top it is high in fat, while if taken from the bottom it is low. The sample jars should be air tight. The most popular jar at the present time is the pint or half-pint milk bottle which has the patent tin lid. These are cheap, durable, and easily cleaned. There are two methods of taking samples. One is known as the indi- vidual, while the other is the composite. By the individual is meant a portion of milk taken from a single milking, placed in a jar and tested separately. The composite sample consists of a relative portion of milk taken from several milkings, placed in one bottle and tested collectively. The first method of sampling is the more correct for the average farmer because definite proportions of milk are not necessary. After the samples are properly secured and the milk weighed, it only remains to determine the percentage of fat. This is accomplished by the Babcock test. The operation of the Babcock test is not difficult, although it should be thor- 582 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE This Iowa Holstein shows the five essential characteristics of the good dairy w : 1st. Strong constitution indicating great liealth. 2d. Large feeding capacity. 3d. Strong nervous temperament. 4th. Blood flow large and in proper direction. 5th. Large and well developed udder. oughly understood before one relies upon his work. Because of the limited space I shall not explain the operation of the test, but shall refer the reader to books or bulletins on the subject; suffice to say that these bulle- tins may be secured free by writing to the Experiment Station. The objection frequently urged to weighing and testing milk is that it requires a great deal of time. It is true that some extra time is necessary, but if it furnishes us a means of finding the poor cows is it not time well spent? If we can find the unprofitable animals and dispose of them we can save a great deal of time in milking them seven hundred times each year. The milk should be weighed each day, but only two days each month are re- quired for taking samples. Samples may be kept until some rainy day by placing a preservative tablet in each bottle. Thus the testing can be done when field work is impossible. The Cow Testing Association is also solving the problem of weeding out the poor individuals. This is an organization of twenty-six farmers in one community who hire a man to test their cows once each month. The man in charge of such work should be responsible, and if possible a graduate of a dairy school. He should understand dairying in general so that he can assist the farmers in feeding, breeding and caring for their stock. The expenses of the organization are paid by a definite assessment u'pon each cow under test. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 583 I have thus far only spoken of the benefit which the cow owner re- ceives by weeding out his herd, but there is another great factor which enters into the profit side of dairying. At the present time there is a great demand for dairy sires to head the herds. In purchasing a sire the buyer should demand a milk record of his dams and grand dams. There are a few breeders who have been keeping production records. As a result they can demand a high price for their calves, because with each individual they can give a complete record of his or her ancestors. Many farmers are receiving from $25.00 to $75.00 more for their calves because the scales and Babcock test furnish an accurate record. The problem of improving the dairy herds should concern every farmer, regardless of how many cows he milks. The present neglect in this sub- ject and the great loss through poor cows each year means many thousands of dollars to the state. Shall we continue to go blindly through the next generation as we have in the past? THE PUKE BRED SIEE. The economical improvement of the herd after the cows have been selected is best accomplished by the use of a pure bred sire. Many dairy- men of today consider too seriously the cost of a good animal, and as a result lose sight of the future profits which are in store for them. Al- though there are undoubtedly many good dairy bulls which are not regis- tered, yet the man who contemplates the purchase of a bull to head the herd should select an animal that is registered. One who wishes to purchase a dairy bull has two types from which to choose. The one is the pure bred whose pedigree shows the records of his ancestors and their breeding; the other is the grade or scrub that may have had good milk producing ancestors, but probably not. On one hand we are sure of the animal's dairy qualities, while on the other there is uncertainty. The average pure bred sire to head a grade herd costs about $150.00, although owing to the demand these animals are gradually becoming more expensive. The grade sire can be purchased for $40.00. Here is the stumbling block of most dairymen who have not had experience with both bulls. The interest on the pure bred for five years, which is the period of time we will consider, at seven per cent amounts to $52.50, while that on the scrub for the same time, at the same rate, will be $14.00, again giving the scrub the advantage. Fig- uring the insurance at eight per cent for the pure bred and ten per cent for the scrub, we have this item amounting to $30.00 for the former and $10.00 for the latter. The insurance rate on the pure bred is less than that on the scrub because of the greater care the more valuable animal is likely to receive. Summing ulp, we find that the entire cost of the pure bred sire in five years is $82.50, and that of the scrub $24.00. It is reasonable to estimate that each bull would produce sixty daughters in the five years. Dividing the extra cost of $58.50 of the pure bred among the sixty daughters, makes them each cost nine cents more than those of the scrub. Considering that the pure bred as a rule is much more 584 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE prepotent, the low cost of his offspring over those of the scrub becomes apparent. There are other things, however, just as important as pedigree that must be recognized. The bull purchased should be a good individual. It is poor policy to use an inferior animal simply because his ancestors have been high producers, for it is in his progeny that the purchaser is interested. In choosing a bull from his own individuality one must look for those points of conformation, constitution, a full crest, fine silky hair and pliablie hide. His body should be large and deep with well sprung ribs, indicating feeding capacity. He should not be beefy, and although his hind quarters should not be as thin as those of the cow, yet he should be well cut up in the twist and carry no superfluous fat. The importance of the individuality of the sire is well demonstrated by an experiment carried on recently by the Missouri station. A pure bred bull was purchased and used on a large number of cows in the herd. A close record of production was kept on all the cows and it was found that the daughters were not producing as much fat as the dams. The average number of pounds of fat for the dams was 234, while that of the daughters would amount to 216. In six years this loss on thirty daughters would amount to $939.00. After these results were received a second bull was used to replace the first. This animal was much more prepotent to transmit dairy qualities than the previous one, and increased the average production of fat from 220 pounds in the dams to 280 pounds in the daughters. Instead of a loss this sire increased the value of the thirty daughters $2,700 over that of the dains. Still a third bull was used and proved himself much more prepotent to trans- mit dairy qualities than the second. The cows this bull was used on averaged 238 pounds of fat, while their daughters averaged 342 pounds, an increase of ninety-six pounds. The gain in six years on thirty daughters was $4,950. This shows the importance of records, and demonstrates how a large number of the common herds are being ruined because of the ignorance or neglect of the owners. In both the beef and dairy herds we find the heads of most of the herds purchased when but two years old. People do not seem to recognize the importance of the tried and mature bull. It is true that the young bull is much cheaper and can be used for a much longer time, yet we know nothing of his value. At present the bulls are crowded when they are yearlings and two years old, and then sold when three or four years of age because they are considered too cross to be safe. There is no reason why a bull should not be used until ten or twelve years old if he is handled properly and given plenty of exercise while young. The bull is too often confined in the barn. He should have a small lot or should be made to run a tread mill for an hour or more each day. It has often been said that the bull is half the herd. This is not only true, but he is a great deal more if grading is carried on in the right FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 585 manner. In fact he soon becomes the whole herd if line breeding is practiced. To illustrate: Let us cross the pure bred sire on a grade cow. The first generation contains half the blood of the sire and half the blood of the dam. If the second generation is bred back to the same animal the resulting offspring will contain three-fourths the blood of the original sire. If this inbreeding is continued at the end of the sixth generation we have the pure bred blood comprising about three- fourths of the herd. The progeny at the end of this period contains nine- ty-eight and four-tenths per cent pure bred blood. It does not mean, however, that the same sire should be used throughout the entire period. This illustration is true whether or not a change in the sire is made. If the sire is especially good, his place in building up the herd is inval- uable. On the other hand if he is especially poor dairying soon becomes an unprofitable business. FEEDING FOR MILK PRODUCTION. In feeding the dairy cow there are two essential things to keep in mind. The first of these is efficiency or the necessity of feeding enough of the feeds which contain nutrients for the manufacture of milk. The second is economy or the balancing of the ration with the cheapest sources of the necessary nutrients. Of the food consumed by the cow sixty per cent is used for maintain- ing the body and forty per cent for the production of milk. As in the case of any animal, the requirements of the body are first taken from the food and if the last forty per cent is not added one cannot expect a large milk flow. In the majority of instances, however, it is not the lack of a sufficient quantity of feed, but the wrong kind for the manufacture of nlilk. Milk contains on the average eighty-seven per cent moisture, five per cent milk sugar, three and one-half per cent protein, three and one- half per cent fat and seventy-five hundredths per cent ash. Since the cow cannot manufacture milk from anything except tbe food which she eats, it is necessary to have all of these constituents contained in her ration. The balanced ration, which is so often spoken of, is simply the proportioning of the various food nutriments in such a manner as to supply the demand. Most of the feeds raised on the farm and fed to cows contain a sufficient quantity of the ingredients in milk with the exception of protein. This is the most needed and the most expensive part of milk. By the use of the ordinary feeds, however, we are getting protein in its most expensive form. Protein is that portion of food which builds up the muscles, bones, tendons, blood, etc., and is the ingredient in milk that makes it white. Carbohydrates are the portions that produce fat and heat. The fats are used for the same purpose as the carbohydrates. An ideal ration must be succulent, digestible, palatable, and contain the necessary bulk. It must also be economical. By succulency is 586 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE An Iowa Jersey— Mary Min.sky, No. 188133. She has a record of over 700 pounds of butter in a year. meant that the feed should contain a sufficient quantity of moisture to make it appetizing. This is one of the great characteristics of silage which makes it a good supplement for blue grass during the winter season. The feed should be digestible, because if it is not used for milk production it is a loss. The cow is a ruminant and handles large quantities of bulky feed, but it is mot good policy to use up the energy of the cow by passing large quantities of food through her which are not used in an economical manner. If we are feeding a ration that does not contain enough protein the cow will decrease in production and the profits give way to loss. Many are feeding only corn fodder and timothy hay. They expect their cows to produce twenty and thirty pounds of milk daily. One -can readily understand how impossible it is for the cow to do this when we realize that she would have to eat approximately fifty pounds of these dry feeds every day in order to get necessary protein. Again, we cannot ex- pect a cow to produce thirty pounds of milk a day on silage alone, for she would have to eat 200 pounds every twenty-four hours. Protein can be most economically obtained in such feeds as clover or alfalfa hay. These can be raised on any Iowa farm. The cow that Is FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 587 giving a small flow of milk can do quite well on alfalfa and silage. However, the animal that is giving a large flow must receive some con- centrated feed. At the present prices cottonseed meal furnishes us a cheaper source of protein than any other feed. Oil meal ranks next; then gluten and bran. Cottonseed meal should not be fed with a ration that is entirely dry. It makes an excellent feed together with corn and cob meal, alfalfa and silage. The average cow should not receive over two pounds of cottonseed meal a day. In the ration which does not contain silage, oil meal or bran will have a more desirable effect than cottonseed meal. This is because of their laxative and cooling effect. It is always best to grind the grain ration for the cow. Experiments have proved that where grain is fed unground a large amount is wasted due to the undigested portions which pass through the animal. Grind- ing causes a more rapid and thorough digestion. The entire ear of corn should be ground. It has been found that corn and cob meal pound for pound contains the same feeding value as corn meal. It is impossible to formulate a ration which is best under all condi- tions. Some cows have a digestive system strong enough to handle all the feed required for her maximum milk production, while others will break down under the same condition. In feeding the cow one should always watch her and see that she is not taking the fat from her body and thereby becoming weak. Cows which are underfed often do this, while on the other hand many cows will rob the pail to place fat on their backs. In compiling the ration the following rules may be of practical assistance. First, feed all the roughage the cows will eat. Second, feed one pound of grain daily for each three pounds of milk. Third, feed all the cows will take without gaining in weight. VALUE OF AXFALFA. Alfalfa because of its great feeing value is becoming one of Iowa's most important products. It does not only have the high protein con- tent for feeding all classes of animals, but in its growth it gathers nitrogen from the air and stores it up on its roots, therefore enriching the soil. Alfalfa ranks very favorably in its protein content with some of the concentrated feeds. It has practically the same feeding value as bran, which at once shows the economy of its use. Alfalfa contains on the average 11.5 per cent digestible protein, bran 12 per cent, clover 7.5 per cent, and timothy 2.8 per cent. Alfalfa will also produce a larger yield per acre than either clover or timothy. From three to five crops of hay may be expected in Iowa, according to the locality. Many have thought that alfalfa cannot be successfully grown in their respective localities. Present statistics show that there are over 46,000 588 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE acres of it growing in the state. Successful yields have been secured in every county, and it is only a matter of time before this valuable hay crop will be found growing on every farm. It may be planted either in the spring or fall. Those growing it in the western part report very favorable stands from the spring sowing, while in the central and eastern sections the summer sowings have been more successful. Alfalfa is a plant which will not stand excessive moisture, and should always be grown on well drained land. It cannot compete with acid soils, and before locating the field the soil should be tested for acidity. If acid is found it can be remedied by the addition of ground limestone. This is an inexpensive process and should not be overlooked. Because of the small seeds the seed bed must be prepared in a careful manner. If the planting is done either in the spring or summer one should always be careful to disc and drag the ground thor- oughly. If the summer seeding is done the land may be used for a small grain crop. Just as soon as the grain ripens it should be removed and the land covered with a good coating of barnyard manure. It should then be plowed, disced four times and dragged well to firm the seed bed. If the seeds have not been inoculated with nitrogen by the use of some of the commercial preparations, soil from an alfalfa field or sweet clover field should be spread on the ground. This should be immediately disced in and dragged. The alfalfa seed should then be drilled at the rate of sixteen to twenty pounds per acre. In purchasing alfalfa seed care should be taken in getting it from localities north of yours. Seed produced on irrigated land will not do so well as that produced on dry land. The American variety will prove more successful and make a better class of hay than the others. There has been considerable discussion in regard to the making of alfalfa hay. As a general rule about the same care is required as in making clover hay. The curing process is a trifle more difficult due to the larger yield and the succulence of the stems. THE VAiUE OF SILAGE. It is a general belief that the only way to make money is to get high prices for our products and have plenty of these products to sell. Since prices are not always high and the farmer does not always have a large supply there must be some other factor entering into the profit side of farming. This other factor is cheap production. It is reasonable to state that the dairyman receiving only a fair price for his product should be able to have an income sufficient to pay him wages, besides a fair net profit. With the present price of butter, the well managed dairy farm should in- deed be a source of wealth. We find by analysis that 40 per cent of the feeding value of the corn plant is in the stalk and leaf. If only the ears are removed we are FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 589 securing but half the value of our crop. In other words, if the farmer has fifty acres of corn worth $20.00 per acre, for the ear alone he secures $1,000 worth of grain or 60' per cent of the crop. He leaves the other 40 per cent or $666.00 worth in the field. Of course it would be impos- sible for all of the corn to be placed in the silo, but if only 25 per cent was made into ensilage it would mean a great deal to the farmers of the United States. By doubling the feeding value of the corn plant we are enabled to double the number of animals which can be fed from that crop. The writer knows of a farm in northern Iowa where it was difflcult to keep twenty cows. A silo was constructed and two years later forty cows were being kept on the same area of land at a good profit. By raising twice as many cattle, it means the consumption of twice as much food on the farm. It means that the grain is not being sold as formerly and that the fertilizing elements are remaining on the farm to enrich the land. Another important factor is the reduction in storage space of silage compared to that required by hay. We find that one ton^ of clover hay occupies 400 cubic feet, while eight tons of silage may be placed in the same place. Clover hay contains 886 pounds of digestible nutrients per ton and eight tons of silage contains 2,064 pounds; in other words, corn silage occupying the same space as clover hay furnishes storage for two and one-half times- the digestible nutrients. Silage as a milk producer compares very favorably with the other more concentrated and more expensive feeds. It is a very palatable, suc- culent food and in this respect can well be called the substitute for pasture. We are all aware of the increased milk flow when cows are turned to pasture in the spring, after receiving nothing but dry feeds for six months. The milk cow is a sensitive animal at hard work and therefore should be provided with the best food possible. The succulents furnished by silage acts as a spur to the appetite of the cow and causes her to relish her food in winter as well as in summer. The amount of silage necessary for twenty cows for 240 days, allowing an average feed of forty pounds to each cow per day, would be ninety- six tons. The average yield of silage corn per acre in the corn belt is ten tons. At this rate ten acres of corn would furnish us a sufficient amount. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates the average cost of raising an acre of corn to be $11.07, and reliable author- ities figure the cost of putting corn into a silo to average about 75 cents per ton. Then we may arrive at the actual cost of feed as follows: The cost of silage for 20 cows, 240 days $182.70 Cost per cow per day .38 At the Ohio station several years ago, the substitution of silage for grain in the ration proved very successful. Silage was used to take the 590 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE place of over half the grain and proved much cheaper. The silage ra- tion produced milk for sixty-eight cents per 100 pounds and butterfat at the rate of thirteen cents per pound. The grain ration produced milk at $1.05 per hundred and butterfat for twenty-two cents per pound. This made the profit per month with the silage fed $5.86 and those of the grain fed $2.46, or more than doubled the income per cow. If the same method of feeding was applied on the farm, undoubtedly the same re- sults could be obtained. Experiments at the Kansas station show the results of silage fed cows compared to dry fed. The herds were of sufficient size to give reliable data and eliminate the individuality of the cows. The silage fed herds gave seven pounds more milk in summer and 95.5 pounds more in winter per month than did the dry fed cows. The butterfat also was .46 pounds higher in summer and 4.61 pounds higher in winter per month in the case of the silage fed herds. However, this increase in milk flow is not as marked as the decrease in the cost of feed. The cows on the silage ration were fed sixty cents per month cheaper than those on the dry ration. The cost of producing one pound of butterfat v/as reduced from thirty to twenty-one cents, which means that the silage feeder re- ceives nine cents per pound more for his butterfat than the dry feeder. For many summers, and especially the past season, the pastures have been very poor owing to dry weather in July and August. At this season the milk flow drops and is difficult to be restored. The dairy- men should have something to take the place of grass at this time, and the use of soiling crops or silage is the only substitute. Soiling crops are good, but as a rule require too much labor. They must be cut every day and hauled to the cows. Besides there is necessarily a great loss in being obliged to feed the crops before they fully mature and after they are over ripe. Summing up the results of the few experiments enumerated, we find that silage is not only one of the best feeds for the dairy cow, but fur- nishes a means of reducing the cost of producing milk and butterfat to practically one-half. It enables the steer feeder to reduce the cost of producing beef to such a point which means either a profit or a loss. It brings both the cows and steers through the feeding season in much better condition and saves a great deal of undesirable labor during the winter months. THE cows SHOULD FRESHEN IN THE FALL. Last winter the writer had occasion to visit one of the best co-opera- tive creameries in northern Iowa, and while there the manager com- plained that business was so slack during the winter and so exceedingly heavy during the summer months. Upon looking up the records we found that from November to May the creamery had purchased 78,412 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 591 pounds of butterfat, and from May to November 155,494, a difference of 77,0S2 pounds. We then averaged the price paid for the butterfat dur- ing the corresponding periods and found that during the winter months the average price was three cents per pound more than that paid during the summer months. If the above purchases had been reversed during these two periods the 77,082 pounds of butterfat would have been bought at three cents per liound more, and as a result the patrons of the creamery would have received $2,312.46 more for their butterfat. This increased income for one year w'ould be sufBcient to equip the creamery with new fixtures throughout. This is not the only advantage that the creamery would receive. It goes without saying that cream or milk can be kept in much better condition on the farm during the winter than during the summer, and therefore it arrives at the creamery in much better shape. First-class butter can only be made from first-class cream, and if better butter is desired at the crearnery the only way to get it is to improve the conditions under which milk is produced on the farm. It requires a great deal less time to care for the milk and cream during the winter because the cooling process is much simpler. Since this is true the bacterial growths are lessened and therefore there is less danger of contamination. Again dur- ing the winter there is more time for the care of the cows and if the currycomb is ever used it is likely to be used more at this time of year than during the busy summer months. Besides gaining this substantial increase in price and raising the quality of the butter made, the patrons, if they had their cows freshen at the proper time, would have received twenty per cent more milk; hence twenty per cent more butterfat would have been sold to the creamery. When a cow freshens in the fall she goes onto dry feed during the first part of her lactation period. After receiving dry feed for from five to six months she is turned out to pasture. This change of feed and condi- tions stimulates milk flow and she practically refreshens. The lactation is lengthened and from experiments thus far carried on the average milk production is increased one-fifth. By having the cows freshen in the fall is also of great assistance in solving the labor problem on the farm. Under the present system it is not at all surprising that men do not care to work on the farm. They are hired in the spring when the field work begins and are employed until after the crops are harvested. During this season the cows are giving their greatest flow of milk and the hired man, after putting in a hard day's work in the field is expected to milk six or eight cows after supper. This is continued until fall when the other work is over, at which time the cows begin to dry off. The farmer now thinks that he can handle the work himself and as a result the hired man is released to shift for himself until the next spring. When April again comes and the field work starts the farmer again searches for a hired man. The man whom he had last 592 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE year has found a job in the city and although it is not as remunerative as the position on the farm, yet it is more permanent and thus one more man is turned from the farm to the city. The one important step which must be taken in order to solve the labor problem is to so arrange the work that it will be distributed through- out the year and employment made permanent. If the cows freshened in the latter part of November or the first part of December the heavy milking starts at the time of year when most of the farm work is out of the way. The hired man can take charge of these cows during the winter and when spring comes he is ready to begin field work. Cows freshening in the fall give their highest production during the most favorable season for milking. By spring they have been in milk five or six months and naturally begin to decrease. As the hot days of July and August approach and the flies make it unpleasant for milking the cows are giving a small quantity. At this time we generally find a drouth in most sections, and if no soiling crops or silage is at hand the cows drop off in their milk flow. All of these adverse conditions are avoided if the cows are drying off at this period. Calves dropped in the fall always do better than those born in the spring. One of the principal reasons for this is that there is more time to devote to their care during the winter months. Calves born in the fall are given a ration consisting of milk and dry feeds which are less likely to cause scours and other diseases prevalent when they are on grass and allowed to overfeed and become bloated. The fall calf is also old enough to take care of itself by spring when the field work becomes heavy and the flies troublesome. However, in order to get the best results in winter dairying it is necessary to have the conditions as near those existing in June as possible. This can be done on every farm with very little expense if the correct methods are followed. The warm air of June can be had by sealing and papering the barn with the extra boards and material found lying idle around every farm. The sunshine can be supplied by cutting holes in the side of the barn and supplying glass to take the place of the equally expensive siding. Ventilating flues or hinged windows with muslin over the openings will serve to furnish the pure air which is so necessary to the health of the hard working dairy animal. The tank heater will heat the cold water in the tank and take the chill off so that the cow will drink all that she needs to produce a large flow of milk. Lastly, the succulent, palatable, green grass of June may be substituted with good corn ensilage and the ration balanced by supple- menting clover hay, alfalfa hay, oats, bran, cottonseed meal, etc. If we allow one-third of the cows in Iowa to supply the cities, con- denseries and cheese factories with milk, there still remains 1,000,000 cows producing butterfat for the creameries. Each one of these could easily be made to increase their production twenty per cent if they were bred to freshen in the fall. This wduld mean that instead of 90,000,000 pounds Iowa would produce 115,200,000 pounds of butter per year, which at twenty-five cents per pound would makft a difference of 4,800,000 annually to the dairy Interests of the state. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII. 593 THE CViF AND ITS CABE. Profitable live stock raising is always accompanied by a thorough understanding of the needs of the animals when young. The internal organs of the calf or the colt, as those of the babe, are very sensitive and if not cared for as nature has provided the young animal's vigor and stamina is impaired at a very critical period. When the spring work is on in full blast we find most of the cows giving birth to calves. These in the majority of instances are neglected. If weaned they are placed in a dark corner of the barn and fed early in the morning and late at night. Their milk varies in temperature a great deal, and in many instances is fed in slop pails which form ideal breeding places for all kinds of injurious bacteria. With butterfat at the present price it is readily understood that one cannot afford to allow the calves to run with the cows. Land values are gradually rising and therefore to make a profit the cow must not only raise a calf, but must furnish cream for the creamery as well. The skim milk calf if cared for properly can be raised to just as good advantage and much cheaper than the whole milk calf. After the calf is born he should be examined and the umbilical cord or naval should be disinfected with a weak solution of some recognized disinfectant. This prevents the entrance of any germs into the young body which in many instances prove very dangerous. The calf should be allowed to suck the cow for several days in order to get the colostrum milk which is a purgative and therefore essential to the digestive tract. After several days the calf should be removed to a clean dry stall and fed whole milk for about two weeks. He should not be given over four pounds to a feed and should be fed three times a day for the first week, after which time five or six pounds fed twice a day is very satisfactory. At the end of two weeks skim milk may be gradually introduced to take the place of the whole milk until at the age of a month the calf is entirely on skim milk. As the calf grows older the quantity of milk may be raised to fourteen or sixteen pounds, but one should be careful not to over feed. Since fat is the only ingredient removed from skim milk, and as the other nutrients are sufficiently high the question arises as to the best and cheapest supplementary feed. Many are using oil meal and flax meal, but as these are quite expensive and prove no better than com meal and ground oats, the latter should be used. These should be fed dry in a trough and if the calf is reluctant about eating it he may be started by rubbing a little on his nose after drinking his milk. Good clover or alfalfa hay should always be kept where the calf can nibble at it, and water should be provided several . times a day. After a month old the calf may be left out on grass, but care should be taken that he does not pat too much. 38 594 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE One of the greatest causes for the enormous and unnecessary losses of calves is scours which is directly due to carelessness on the part of the feeder. The most economical way to overcome this disease is to prevent it. This can be done by the use of clean pails, by having the milk at a temperature of ninety degrees every time and by not gloating the calf with a large quantity. Again, if two or more calves are kept in the same pen they should not be allowed to suck one another's ears. In doing this the calf sucks a great deal of air into its stomach. The air comes in contact with the milk, causing fermentation to take place which results in scours. If one has a number of calves he should build small stanchions for them and fasten them for a while after they have drunk their milk. If grain is placed in the trough they eat it, thus getting the taste of milk in their mouths. The writer has visited a number of herds during the past month and in every instance where stanchions were used the calves were in good condition. On the other hand where they were allowed to run together after drinking their milk the majority were affected with scours. If one is unfortunate enough to have calves with the scours, the writer has always found either blood flour or burned flour very effective in correcting the digestive system. A tablespoon of either of these given when the calf is fed for a day or two will prove successful. The latter is made by placing ordinary wheat flour in a skillet and stirring it over a fire until the contents become a uniform brown. The excuse offered by many that they have no time to fool around with their calves is the principal reason why the death rate is so high. The calf is the foundation of the herd and upon its care depends the future profit or loss. PART IX. Extracts from the State Bee Keeper's Report. By FRANK C. PELLETT, State Bee Inspector The year 1913 has been a very favorable one to the bee keepers of Iowa in spite of the severe drouth. There was an unusually heavy honey flow from white clover over nearly the whole state, and this w^as followed by a good fall flow in many localities. The business of honey production has been given so little pub- licity until recently that there seems to be a very general idea that the business does not amount to much in this state. On the other hand the honey producing possibilities of other states have been so widely advertised that Iowa bee keepers have been in- duced to change locations, only to find, in many instances, that they left a better locality than they found. In making a com- parison of the value of the bees on the farms in Iowa with those of other states it will be found that only one other state of equal area exceeds that of our own. Without regard to area Iowa ranks near the head of the list, only California, Texas, Missouri and New York ranking ahead of her. California and Texas have such exceedingly large areas that there is no fair basis for com- parison and Missouri is but little ahead in spite of her greater area. Area considered New York alone ranks ahead of us. Colo- rado and Idaho whose possibilities in this direction have been so widely advertised in our state, are both far behind us in value of their apiaries in spite of their larger areas. The fact is, that Iowa's bees are worth more than both of these states combined, as shown by the census of 1910. The men who are engaged in honey production as an exclusive business in this state are getting results equal to those derived from other lines of agriculture wuth less capital invested and with less risk. The fact that the business is open to men of small capi- tal who are unable to engage in general farming because of the high price of land surely makes it desirable to encourage the in- dustry as far as possible. Bee keeping as a business requires high grade talent and comparatively few men succeed in making it profitable as an exclusive line. This is not the fault of the busi- ness or of the locality, but of the men. It looks so easy that men are not willing to serve an apprenticeship or take the necessary 596 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE time to become fully familiar with the business iu all its details as they would expect to do iu other lines. The value of the preseuee of large numbers of bees to orchards and gardens in pollenating the blossoms cannot be overestimated, so that the value of the industry cannot be measured by the honey production alone. Unfortunately for the bee keeping industry no statistics were gathered by the census bureau relating to bees and hive products excepting those kept on farms of three acres or more in extent. A large portion of Iowa's most successful bee keepers live in the towns and were not enumerated. This being the case probably not more than seventy-five per cent of the actual number of colonies were shown by these figures. The following table shows the number of colonies in each county as reported by the census of 1910. Adair 1,598 Adams 1,156 Allamakee 1,840 Appanoose 2,735 Audubon 1,088 Benton 2,281 Black Hawk 1,707 Boone 2,035 Bremer 1,688 Buchanan 1,631 Buena Vista 1,104 Butler 1,904 Calhoun 1,190 Carroll 1,218 Cass 1,899 Cedar 2,948 Cerro Gordo 1,391 Cherokee 1,332 Chickasaw 1,065 Clarke 1,440 Clay 1,025 Clayton 3,079 Clinton 4,189 Crawford 1,570 Dallas 1,799 Davis 3,086 Decatur 1,968 Delaware , . 1,771 Des Moines 1,309 Dickinson 377 Dubuque 1,721 Emmet 428 Fayette 2,615 Floyd 1,037 Franklin 1,200 Fremont 792 Greene 1,162 Grundy 874 Guthrie 1,104 Hamilton 1,593 Hancock 725 Hardin 1,496 Harrison 1,473 Henry 1,806 Howard 924 Humboldt 823 Ida 1,251 Iowa 1,708 Jackson 2,186 Jasper 2,835 Jefferson 1,854 Johnson 1,882 Jones 1,860 Keokuk 2,758 Kossuth 815 Lee 2,362 Linn 2,613 Louisa 1,850 Lucas 1,715 Lyon 433 Madison 2,288 Mahaska 2,787 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 597 Marion 2,848 Scott 1.704 Marshall 1,399 Shelby 1,642 Mills 560 Sioux 695 Mitchell 1,030 Story 1,761 Monona 1,389 Tama 1,604 Monroe 1,742 Taylor 1,565 Montgomery 895 Union 1,148 Muscatine 1,923 Van Buren 2,278 O'Brien 807 Wapello 2,215 Osceola 266 Warren 2,840 Page 1,403 Washington 2,400 Palo Alto 637 Wayne 2,332 Plymouth 1,454 Webster 1,496 Pocahontas 607 Winnebago 503 Polk 2,505 Winneshiek 2,076 Pottawattamie 1,561 Woodbury 2,137 Poweshiek 1,484 Worth 566 Ringgold 1,691 Wright 1,268 Sac 1,201 According to the census report more than one farmer out of every eight in Iowa keeps bees. The average value of bees per farm reporting was only $17.88 in 1910. The fact that most of the extensive bee keepers of the state do not reside on farms and were not enumerated accounts for the small average. The same report shows an increase of 15.3 per cent in value of bees on Iowa farms in ten years, though no increase in the number of farms reporting bees is shown. The reason that the development of bee culture has not kept pace with other lines of agriculture in this state, lies in the lack of organization and interest on the part of the bee keepers. They have not had state aid to stimulate interest as has been the case with the other agricultural and horticultural societies. The in- dividual bee keepers have been isolated so that improved methods have been slow to be generally adopted. "With other lines of work certain methods are in very general use over the entire state. With bee keeping it is different, and one is surprised to see what a diversity of utensils and methods are to be found among Iowa bee keepers. Now that the Iowa Bee Keepers Association has become strong enough to attempt a systematic improvement of the industry along all lines this condition will soon change and Iowa will take first place as a honey producing state, area considered. The association has taken up the matter of better premiums and better facilities for exhibiting hive products with every 598 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE county fair in the state and asked that the industry be given the same consideration that is offered to other branches of agricul- tural activity. This has already resulted in greatly increased premiums at many county fairs and cannot but be of much help in stimulating interest in bee keeping. DECREASE IN BEES. From the census report the fact is well established that there has been a great falling off in the number of farmer bee keepers taking the United States as a whole. At the same time there has not been anything like a corresponding decrease in the number of colonies of bees. This indicates that those who continue to keep bees are specializing to a greater extent and keeping more bees. The presence of bee diseases is undoubtedly largely re- sponsible for this condition, killing off as it does the bees of the careless apiarist. The work of inspection can best be done early in the season, but as our appropriation is not available until Jlily first the work must of necessity be somewhat prolonged. There is now avail- able the sum of fifteen hundred dollars annually for inspection of bees. At the convention of the bee keepers association of Iowa in December, 1912, it was decided to ask for an appropriation of ten thousand dollars yearly for this work. The amount asked for was based on the fact that disease was then known to be present in thirty-three counties, or more than one-third of the area of the state with probably fifteen thousand bee keepers residing in these counties. At least this amount would be necessary if the State was to undertake the task of eliminating the bee diseases known as American and European foul brood. In my opinion, however, it would be unwise at present for the State to undertake such a gigantic task. Rather should the present appropriation be used to meet emergencies, to do thorough work in such neighbor- hoods as extensive honey producing interests are seriously threatened. The most important thing to be attempted, in my opinion, is extensive educational work. Once the bee keepers come to under- stand the serious nature of these diseases, how to recognize them, and the proper treatment, the inspector's services will be much less needed. It may, and quite likely will, be necessary to ask for some increase in the present amount at some future time, but as yet sufficient time has not elapsed since undertaking the present FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 599 plan of work to know definitely whether the amount now avail- able will be sufficient. It would hardly seem to be more feasible for the State to undertake to examine all the bees in Iowa and treat all diseased colonies than to undertake to do the same thing Avith hog cholera or other animal diseases. The fact that many bee keepers never examine the brood nests of their hives or know anything of disease and care less, makes it imperative that there be authority to compel proper attention in. cases where there is a serious outbreak of disease. It is the present policy of this office to use the funds available where there is most at stake. The past summer the work has been in the hands of three persons : J. W. Stine of Salem, who is the regular deputy, Harry A. Dooley, a student in the University of Wisconsin, who assisted for a short time, and the State Inspector. The following is the result of the personal visitation of the three inspectors : Apiaries in which disease was found 140 Apiaries visited 311 Total number of colonies 6,973 Number of diseased colonies 483 Number treated by inspectors 52 Number destroyed 32 A considerable portion of the whole number of 483 diseased colonies have been treated by the owners under direction of the inspectors. A number were also destroyed by the owners. Total expense of inspection for 1913 — per diem $468.60 Office and traveling expenses 416.14 Total $884.74 EDUCATIONAL WORK. The above statement only represents a part of the work accom- plished, however. A constant correspondence has been carried on with enquiring bee keepers and much information has been con- veyed by mail. So effective has been the work accomplished by many bee keepers without assistance, other than instruction as to methods of dealing with disease, that I am now hopeful of accom- plishing much more with the funds available than at first seemed pc-ssible. It is highly desirable that every bee keeper be fully in- fo rmed as to the diseases likely to be met with and the proper treatinent- To that end much information along this line is in- 600 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE eluded in this report. Proper equipment and up-to-date methods are of great assistance in the prevention and treatment of disease. The bane of successful bee keeping is the box hive bee keeper whose igijorance is his only excuse. Disease is harbored by such apiaries for many years and is thus a constant menace to every progressive bee keeper for miles around. It is to be hoped that this matter will soon become so well understood that a man will be as much ashamed to keep bees in such a slovenly manner as he would to drop his corn by hand and cultivate with an old fashioned "A" harrow and single shovel jumping cultivator. Once the matter is called forcibly to their attention most men will either take sufficient interest to get proper equipment or quit the bees entirely. It is in such apiaries that there is greatest need for inspection and where the inspector finds his greatest difficulty because of lack of understanding of the need of inspection, and the difficulty of reaching the brood nest and thus getting at the seat of the disease. IOWA LAWS RELATING TO BEE DISEASES. Acts of the Thirty-third General Assembly, Chapter 169. Pre- vention of disease among bees and inspection thereof. Section 1. Inspector of Bees — Tcrvi — Deputies. The governor is hereby authorized to appoint a competent man as inspector of bees, who shall hold his office for a term of two years, or until his successor is appointed and qualified; and said inspector shall have the power to appoint deputies. Sec. 2. Poicers and Duties of Inspector. It shall be the duty of such inspector, when notified in writing, by at least three beekeepers of any locality, of the existence, or supposed existence, of the disease known as "foul brcod" among the apiaries of such locality, to at once thor- oughly examine such apiaries as are reported to be diseased and all other apiaries in the same locality, and thus ascertain whether such disease ex- ists. If the bees in any apiary are in such place or condition as to prevent a thorough examination by the inspector, he may order the same to be put into proper place or condition for such examination. If such order is not complied with, and the inspector has reason to believe such bees to be diseased, he may cause them to be destroyed. If upon examination the inspector is satisfied of such disease, he shall give the owner or per- son in charge of such apiary full instructions as to the manner of treat- ing the same. Within reasonable time after such examination the in- spector shall, without other notice, make further examination of such apiaries, and If the condition of any of them is such as renders It neces- sary, he may burn, or cause to be burned, all the infected colonies of bees in any apiary, together with all the combs and hives, in order to pr«Teat the further spread of the disease. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 601 Sec. 3. Annual Report. The inspector shall make a yearly report to the governor stating the number of apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated and the number of colonies of bees destroyed; Such report shall also show the expenses incurred by the inspector while in the discharge of his duties under the provisions of this act. Sec. 4. Sale or Removal of Diseased Colony of Bees— Penalty. Any one who knowingly sells, barters or gives away, moves or allows to be moved a diseased colony of bees, be they queen or workers, or infected appliances or who exposes any infected honey to the bees without the consent of the inspector, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and be liable on conviction before any justice of the county, to a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars ($25.00) nor more than one hundred dollars ($100.00) or to imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days, or both fine and imprisonment. Sec. 5. Sales after Destruction or Treatment— Penalty. Any person v/hose bees have been destroyed or treated for foul brood, who sells or offers for sale any bees, hives or appurtenances, after such destruction or treatment, without being authorized by the inspector to do so, or expose in his apiary or elsewhere any infected honey, or other infected thing, or conceal the fact that said disease exists, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be liable to a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars ($25.00) nor more than fifty dollars ($50.00) or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding thirty days. Sec. 6. Failure to Comply — Resistance — Penalty. Any owner or pos- sessor of bees who disobeys the directions of the inspector, or offers resistance, or obstructs said inspector in the performance of his duties, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof before any justice of the peace of the county, shall be fined not exceeding fifty dollars ($50.00) or by imprisonment in the county jail not ex- ceeding thirty days. Sec. 7. Compensation and Expenses. Such inspector shall receive as compensation the sum of five dollars ($5.00) per day for each day actually and necessarily employed in the discharge of the duties as herein pro- vided together with his expenses actually incurred while so employed, provided, that the amount to be paid on account of such expenses shall in no event exceed the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500) for any one year, including salary and expenses of deputies. IMPORTATION OF BEES. (Acts of the 35tli general assembly.) Chapter 209. An act to prohibit the importation of diseased bees. Section 1. Diseased Bees. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to bring into, or cause to be brought into the state of Iowa, any apiary or honey bees infected with foul brood or other in- fectious disease, or bee destroying insects. 602 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 603 604 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Sec. 2. Certificate of health. No common carrier shall accept colonies of bees for delivery at Iowa points unless the said bees be accompanied by a certificate of health signed by some duly authorized state or gov- ernment inspector. Sec. 3. Violation — Penalty. Any person convicted of a violation of this act shall be fined not less than twenty-five dollars ($25.00) nor more than one hundred dollars ($100.00). DISEASES OF BEES. The worst thing with which the bee keepers of Iowa have to contend at" present is the brood disease known as foul brood. This occurs in two forms, called American foul brood and Eu- ropean foul brood. Both diseases are present in the state. In a few instances both are present in the same county and possibly in some eases in the same apiary. Where these diseases are present, large numbers of the young bees die in the cells, with the result that the colonies are greatly weakened, and eventually perish from the disease. The following description of the two forms is by Dr. E. F. Phillips of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. American foul brood (often called simply "foul brood") is distributed through all parts of the United States, and from the symptoms published in European journals and texts one is led to believe that it is also the prevalent brood disease in Europe. Although it is found in almost all sections of the United States, there are many localities entirely free from disease of any kind. The adult bees of an infected colony are usually rather inactive and do little toward cleaning out infected material. When the larvae are first affected, they turn to a light chocolate color, and in the advanced stages of decay they become darker, resembling roasted coffee in color. Usually the larvae are attacked at about the time of capping, and most of the cells containing infected larvae are capped. As decay pro- ceeds, these cappings become sunken and perforated, and, as the healthy brood emerges, the comb shows the scattered cells containing larvae which have died of disease still capped. The most noticeable character- istic of this infection is the fact that when a small stick is inserted in a larva which has died of the disease, and slowly removed, the broken- down tissues adhere to it and will often stretch out for several inches before breaking. When the larva dries, it forms a tightly adhering scale of very dark-brown color, which can best be observed when the comb is held so that a bright light strikes the lower side wall. Decaying larvae which have died of this disease have a very characteristic odor, which resembles a poor quality of glue. This disease seldom attacks drone or FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 605 queen larvae. It appears to be more virulent in the western part of the United States than in the East. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. European foul brood (often called "black brood") is not nearly as widespread in the United States as is American foul brood, but in cer- tain parts of the country it has caused enormous losses. It is steadily on the increase and is constantly being reported from new localities. It is therefore desirable that bee keepers be on the watch for it. Adult bees in infected colonies are not very active, but do succeed in cleaning out some of the dried scales. This disease attacks larvae earlier than does American foul brood, and a comparatively small per- centage of the diseased brood is ever capped. The diseased larvae which are capped over have sunken and perforated cappings. The larvae when first attacked show a small yellow spot on the body near the head and move uneasily in the cell. When death occurs, they turn yellow, then brown, and finally almost black. Decaying larvae which have died of this disease do not usually stretch out in a long thread when a small stick is inserted and slowly removed. Occasionally there is a very slight "ropiness," but this is never very marked. The thoroughly dried larvae form irregular scales which are not strongly adherent to the lower side wall of the cell. There is very little odor from decaying larvae which have died from this disease, and when an odor is noticeable it is not the "glue-pot" odor of the American foul brood, but more nearly re- sembles that of soured dead brood. This disease attacks drone and queen larvae very soon after the colony is infected. It is as a rule much more infectious than American foul brood and spreads more rapidly. On the other hand, it sometimes happens that the disease will disappear of its own accord, a thing which the author never knew to occur in a genuine case of American foul brood. European foul brood is most destructive during the spring and early summer, often almost disappearing in late summer and autumn. Sacbrood. Fortunately sacbrood, which is commonly known by the name pickled brood, is not serious and usually disappears within a short time during or after the honey flow. Killing the old queen and giving a new one to the infected colony is usually all that is necessary with this disease. While the disease is not serious it is mildly infectious and may be spread from one colony to an- other. On two different occasions the state inspector has been called long distances to see what was supposed to be foul brood but what did in fact prove to be sacbrood. The following description of this disease is by Dr. G. F. White of the United States Department of Agriculture. 606 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Symptoms of Sacbrood. "The strength of a colony in which sacbrood is present is fre- quently not noticeably diminished. When the brood is badly in- fected, however, the colony naturally becomes appreciably weak- ened thereby. The brood dies after the time of capping. The dead larvae are therefore always found extended lengthwise in the cell and lying with the dorsal side against the lower wall. It is not unusual to find many larvae dead of this disease in un- capped cells. Such brood, however, had been uncapped by the bees after it died. In this disease the cappings are frequently punctured by the bees. Occasionally a capping has a hole through it, indicating that the capping had never been completed. A larva dead of this disease loses its normal color and assumes at first a slightly yellowish tint. 'Brown' is the most characteristic appearance assumed by the larvae during its decay. Various shades are observed. The term 'gray' might sometimes appro- priately be used to designate it. The form of the larva dead of this disease changes much less than it does in foul brood. The body wall is not easily broken as a rule. On this account often the entire larva can be removed from the cell intact. The content of this sac-like larva is more or less watery. The head end is usually turned markedly upward. The dried larva or scale is easily removed from the lower side wall. There is practically no odor to the brood combs." SOURCES OF CONTAGION. The spread of foul brood in the immediate neighborhood of the diseased colonies is usually by means of robber bees which visit those which because of their weakened condition are no longer able to defend their stores, and the disease is thus rapidly spread. Every bee keeper should be very careful to guard against the robbing of weak colonies. In case a colony dies from disease the hive should be at once removed, the contents destroyed, and the hive and fixtures thoroughly disinfected. The past season I had occasion to visit an apiary where disease was suspected and found that when a colony had died the owner had opened it up and exposed the contents to the bees. As a re- sult foul brood had been spread throughout his entire apiary and others of the surrounding neighborhood. In this case the owner was unaware that his bees were diseased and as a result his loss will be heavy. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 607 Another source of the disease is the use of second hand honey- containers. A large part of the western honey crop goes to mar- ket in sixty pound cans. These cans when empty are sold at a very low price and many bee keepers are tempted to make use of them. While these cans were being refilled they have often been visited by the bees with the result that foul brood has been carried to the apiary often in a minute drop of honey. Bee .keepers have sometimes brought the disease home by the use of western honey for feeding in time of short supply of stores. I have been surprised at the extent of the complaint of the spread of disease from these two causes. There is so little to be saved by the use of a second hand container that bee keepers can hardly afford to take the risk. In case it becomes necessary to feed the bees, good sugar syrup should always be used unless the honey is known to be from apiaries that are free from disease. The use of hives, frames, etc., in which bees have died is not safe unless they have been disinfected. While the disease some- times appears from some unaccountable source, the bee keeper should take every precaution to avoid its spread. The presence of foul brood in an apiary is a serious matter to the owner and cannot but result in serious loss. Frequent re- ports come to this office of the loss of entire apiaries, sometimes of hundreds of colonies from disease. The Wax Moth. It is a common complaint among the inexperienced that the wax moth is the worst thing with which they have to deal. The adult moth is a small grayish white insect, three of which may be seen at rest on the comb shown in Plate I. The larvae when nearing maturity are repulsive caterpillars nearly an inch in length which burrow in the combs and soon destroy them. The moth, however, is not nearly as serious a pest as is commonly believed. The expert bee keeper is seldom heard to complain of them, as he has long since learned that by keeping his colonies strong there is little to be feared. Colonies that have become weakened by disease fall an easy prey to the moths. The writer has often had occasion to appreciate the work of this insect in neighborhoods where foul brood is prevalent. Not infrequently do we find hives where the bees have died of disease and been left without attention by the owners. When the bees first die these brood combs have the appearance of that shown in Plate I. Plate II shows the work of the moths in a little more 608 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 609 advanced stage. Where the insects are undisturbed the combs are soon entirely destroyed, thus removing a menace to all the bees in the neighborhood. Where bees die of disease the honey left in the hive is soon carried away by visiting bees and the disease thus spread among surrounding apiaries. In the case of colonies dead of foul brood, while the moth does not destroy the diseased scale the wax in the combs is so effec- tively removed that there is little attraction for robber bees who might spread the disease. The Italian bee is much more resistant of moths than are the black or hybrids and persons complaining of moths are advised to requeen all colonies with pure Italian stock and take care that all colonies are kept strong. This done there need be no further uneasiness about the wax moth. TREATMENT OF DISEASE. It must be remembered that thoroughness is essential in deal- ing with bee diseases. One can no more expect to get rid of foul brood by careless methods than they can expect to prevent the spread of small pox or diphtheria without careful disinfection. European foul brood spreads very rapidly at times and seems almost impossible to control. At other times it is less malignant and is easily managed. Some of^ the most practical bee keepers of my acquaintance make a practice of taking diseased colonies to an isolated situation several miles from their healthy apiaries as soon as the presence of disease is discovered. In this manner they can treat the diseased colonies with less danger of spreading it. It is not an uncommon practice to destroy utterly the dis- eased colony together with hive and honey, where only a few colonies are diseased. This is undoubtedly the safest plan where the owner has a large apiary, as the resulting loss is small com- pared to the risk of spreading the disease among all his colonies. If the disease is far advanced and the colony weakened it is not advisable to attempt to save the colony unless it be united with another diseased colony. The hive and frames can be saved, however, if thoroughly disinfected. Fire is the best thing for this purpose, as ordinary disinfectants are not sufficiently strong to be of much use. Scorching the inner surface of the hive with a painter's torch, or painting with kerosene and burning it out is a common way. 39 610 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE AMERICAN FOUL BROOD. This disease is rather slow in its progress but very sure and once a colony becomes infected its final death is certain unless the bees are removed to a clean hive and the infected brood destroyed. In the hands of the average bee keeper the McEvoy treatment or some modification of it is best. This is known as the shaking treatment. It is seldom advisable to attempt treat- ment excepting during a honey flow as results are likely to prove unsatisfactory. The treatment is as follows : In the evening after the bees have quit flying, brush or shake all the bees from the combs into a clean hive containing frames with foundation starters. Bury or burn the old combs at once, not the next day. Take great care that no honey, not even the smallest drop, from the diseased colony be exposed to robbers, or the disease may be carried back to the healthy colonies. A second shaking at the end of four days is frequently recom- mended and sometimes necessary, but so large a percentage of cases are successful with a single shaking during the honey flow that it seems as well to recommend only one, with the caution that the bee keeper watch very carefully for the appearance of the disease among the shaken colonies and promptly treat any that show symptoms of the return of foul brood. Thos. Chantry's method is to insert a dry extracting comb in the center of the hive in which the bees are shaken. They will proceed to store all honey carried with them in this comb which can be removed at the end of twenty-four hours and a frame with foundation inserted in its place. This seems to be equally ef- fective as the second shaking and is much more economical. Edw. G. Brown of Sargent's Bluff who has had much experience in the treatment of foul brood reports this modification of the McEvoy treatment as very successful with him. The object to be attained is to rid the bees of every trace of the diseased honey before new brood appears in the hive and any method that will accomplish this result is likely to succeed. When a number of colonies are to be shaken it is well to re- place the frames of brood in the old hives and to pile one above another on top of some diseased colony which may be reserved for treatment for a few days until the brood is hatched and thus save most of the healthy brood which may remain in all the hives. This plan has been carried out very successfully in some apiaries. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 611 EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. Too much stress cannot be placed on the advantage of requeen- ing all colonies with pure Italian stock where European foul brood is known to be present in the neighborhood. This race of bees is much more resistant to this disease than the common strains and will frequently pass through an epidemic without in- jury when all common stock will be destroyed by it. The experi- enced bee keeper can sometimes eradicate the European foul brood by caging the queen until all brood has hatched before requeening and thus avoid the necessity of destroying all the brood-combs. In order that this plan be successful a sufficient time must elapse for disease scales to be removed by the bees before the new queen is permitted to begin laying. Pure Italian stock is also essential to success. This plan is never successful with American foul brood, as before mentioned, for no method has yet been found that will eliminate the disease germs from the combs. European foul brood, how^ever, is the result of a different germ which the bees are able to clean out under favorable conditions. If one has this disease among common bees the best plan is to kill the queens at once and shortly introduce an Italian queen by the queen cage method. The queen should not be released too soon, however. This plan succeeds only with strong colonies. Dr. Phillips of the U. S. Department of Agriculture strongly urges the shaking method for this disease as advised for Ameri- can foul brood. In the hands of any but an expert bee keeper that is perhaps the best method for either disease. In treating bees by the shaking method it is quite possible to save most of the honey and wax if one is very careful that none of it is exposed to the bees. The honey is perfectly wholesome for human consumption and if of sufficiently good quality may be used on the table. Once it has been melted and rendered into cakes there seems to be no further danger from the wax. PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO BEES. There are a number of free publications relating to bees that should be secured by every progressive bee keeper. Among them may be mentioned the following: Bee Keeping in Iowa. Extension Bulletin No. 11, College of Agri- culture, Ames. Address State College, Ames, for this bulletin. All the following are to be had from the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture at "Washington: 612 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bees. Farmers' Bulletin No. 397. Comb Honey. Farmers' Bulletin No. 503. Treatment of Bee Diseases. Farmers' Bulletin No. 442. Rearing Queen Bees. Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin No. 55. Report of Meeting of Inspectors of Apiaries. Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin No. 70. Occurrence of Bee Disease in U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Circular No. 138. Cause of European Foul Brood. Bureau of Entomology, Circular No. 157. Sacbrood. Bureau of Entomology, Circular No. 169. There are four journals relating to bee keeping published regu- larly in this country. The bee keeper who is interested will do well to send for sample copies and decide for himself which is best suited to his needs ; the price of all alike, is one dollar per year. American Bee Journal, Hamilton, Illinois. Gleanings in Bee Culture, Medina, Ohio. Bee Keepers' Review, Northstar, Michigan. Western Honey Bee, Covena, California Any bee keeper will find it to his advantage to have two or three good books relating to bee culture in his library. The fol- lowing are all good books and can be had from the publishers of the journals or from any dealer in supplies: A. B. C. and X. Y. Z. of Bee Culture by Root. A splendid reference work. Langstroth on the Honey Bee, by Dadant. One of the best of bee books. Advanced Bee Culture. Hutchinson. Fine for the specialist. How to Keep Bees. Comstock. By a well known woman author. Fifty Years Among the Bees. Miller. Very interesting. First Lessons in Bee Keeping. Newman-Dadant. A good beginner's book. A Year's Work in an Out Apiary. Of value to the large producer. Townsend Bee Book. Full of practical directions. Alexander's Writings. The methods of one of the most successful bee keepers of modern times. IOWA BEE KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. The Iowa Bee Keepers' Association is an organization which has for its object the elevation of the business of honey produc- tion to a place of eminence among agricultural activities. It aims to instruct and protect its members in their legal rights ; to assist in marketing the crops, to secure recognition for the industry at state and county fairs equal to that offered to other lines, to co- operate in checking the spread of brood diseases, to spread in- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 613 formation regarding improved methods of culture, and to render any other aid possible to its members or others interested in bee keeping. At present the society is affiliated with the National Bee Keep- ers' Association and the membership fee of one dollar and fifty cents per year pays all dues in both societies, including the sub- scription to the official journal published by the society, "The Bee Keepers' Review." Members wishing membership in the Iowa society only, without the benefits of the National Associa- tion, or the official journal, are required to pay only fifty cents per year. All communications relating to the society or membership fees should be addressed to the secretary. Officers for the year 1914 are : President — Frank C. Pellett, Atlantic. Secretary — S. W. Snyder, Center Point. Vice President— 3. "W. Stine, Salem. Treasurer — C. H. True, Edgewood. Directors — Dr. A. F. Bonnet, Buck Grove; Hamlin B. jMiller, Mar- shalltown; E. C. Wheeler, Marshalltown. Attorney — Russell E. Ostrus, Des Moines. 614 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TREATMENT OF DISEASE. EinVARD G. BROWN, SAEGEANTS BLUFF. My experience has been limited to sac brood and foul brood; the ropy kind that leaves one with a dark-brown taste in his mental vision and a raw chill around the bones of his financial constitution. Of course, we all know what it is; simrpiy a disease of the larvae which causes it to turn to a ropy, dark-brown mass. But how many actually know what it looks like in the first stages? When there are only a few cells, possibly ten or twelve in a hive — the time when you can do the most effective work of checking and eradicating it? I had an apiary system of about 500 colonies well salted before I woke up. I know a man who had written several articles on bee culture and who was always preaching the dangers of the disease, who took a one- frame observatory exhibit to the state fair, and when a man who had had considerable experience with the disease asked him if it was an exhibit of foul brood, he said he did not know that he had any in his apiary; but there were 25 or 30 infected cells on that comb and when they went to look over his apiary, they found a fair start all through the yard. Judging from the articles in the bee journals Dr. Miller had things well infected and in the advanced stages before he knew it was there. Now my advice is: first get acquainted and that, not for the love of it but because an enemy loses half his power if his tactics are well known. When I say get acquainted, I do not mean by reading and talking about it or seeing an old dried-up sample, but by seeing a real, fresh, live case in the first stages and preferably not in your own yard, but in some of your unfortunate neighbors' and God grant, for your sake, that that neighbor be quite a distant one, too. If you are interested in bees to any extent it will pay you to go a hundred miles or more if necessary to get this introduction. If a man can locate the first traces of infection in the first cases in his yard, he can control it much easier than when it has reached the advanced stages and his financial loss will be much less. It is not the dark-brown, dried-up scale we want to know, but the light- brown, almost cream-colored, the just collapsed larva that we must know, and nothing fits us for its detection like actual contact and a little friendly advice from an afflicted neighbor. The essential points in treatment are: to remove all the honey and old combs from the infected colonies and to do so in such a way and at such a time that no other bees will come in contact with it and in this way carry it to other colonies, and to accomplish this it is imperative that the utmost care be exercised. , It is best to do the work when there is a good natural honey fiow on, and for my part I would not attempt treatment under but one other FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 615 condition, and that would be where I contemplated an immediate move of the treated colonies. If one has a yard in which one-third or one-half the colonies are in- fected it would be my advice to put the whole thing through a treatment at one time and clean up clean, providing he is reasonably sure that he has the source of his infection out of the way. In severe cases and for beginners the McEvoy treatment is probably the best, although there are other good plans and some short cuts. The McEvoy treatment is to shake onto inch starters and in three days shake onto full slieets of foundation and burn or render up all the old combs and the part built on the starters. My short cut for this method is to shake onto full sheets of foundation, placing one dry, clean drawn comb in the center of the hive, then if the shake is made in the morning, I go late in the evening and quietly with- draw the comb, brush the bees off and replace with a full sheet of foun- dation. If the shake is made in the afternoon I wait until morning to exchange the comb. It is necessary to be very careful with the shaking work and especially in taking this one drawn comb, so as not to scatter any of the thin nectar in it and to get the bees off as quickly as possible. The theory of this method is that all the honey carried into the sacks of the bees after the first shaking, which is largely fresh nectar, will be used for wax building or stored in this dry comb and fresh nectar stored over it and wlien it is removed carefully, all the diseased honey is gotten rid of. All the brood from the old colonies are set to one side in good tight hives and left to hatch and at the end of two weeks these hospitals are treated. The most essential points in the treatment of foul brood are to know and locate the cases when they first start and to use all possible care in the handling of the combs and honey from these colonies. I also believe much can be gained by breeding of queens, as I believe that robbing sometimes develops into a profession with some colonies and the elimination of robbing is one of the best controls of the disease. The sac brood with which I have come in contact has, with the ex- ception of two cases, been of very little bother and a good honey flow or heavy feeding have stopped it, although I have tried to change queens wherever it has shown up in any number of cells. Black brood is a plague that so far has not come my way, and having had no personal experience, do not feel capable of discussing it. As I understand it, it does not require such radical treatment, but that it works with a greater rapidity, and for this reason requires quicker action and closer attention. HELPS AND HINDRANCES IN DEALING WITH FOUL BROOD. J. W. STINE, SALEM, IOWA. In writing on helps and hindrances in dealing with foul brood, I found it rather hard to determine which wa^ the greater, the helps or the 616 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE hindrances. From the standpoint of an inspector I will try to briefly line up the helps on one side and the hindrances on the other and come to some practical conclusion as I have found the situation in southeastern Iowa the past season, and I presume the situation here is not altogether unlike we would find in other places. The Bible says: "No man liveth to himself and no man dieth to him- self." This is true in beekeeping as in any other line of work. We are are either a help or hindrance to one another. This leads me to say that I believe the beekeeper himself can be either the greatest help or hin- drance pertaining to the foul brood situation. I quite agree with Mr. Pellett in what he says in his article in Gleanings for December 1st, page 856: "Making the best of inspection," that the greatest good to the bee- keepers of the state in general can come through some state-wide educa- tional system." It is surprising how many beekeepers we find who know nothing about even the inside life of the bee-hive, saying nothing of the ignorance of bee diseases. Then there is the man who thinks he knows all there is to be known about bees, and is not willing to learn. He is the hardest to convince. One man whose bees we inspected this summer had known about foul brood for 25 or 30 years he said and held himself up as a model for other beekeepers. He let three swarms die out where we had marked the bees diseased and asked him to treat them. He failed to do so, and we liad to go to the extreme as much as we were loath to do so and burn one weak colony that we knew would not winter, before he would believe we meant to carry out the letter of the law. This same man even made his threats that he would shoot the inspector if he came back to his place again, but we made up our minds at our first visit that he was like a barking dog that never bites, perfectly harmless only so far as his talk would harm. I am glad to say we left him in much better humor even than he was at our first visit, and we hope he may profit by this experience. This is only one of the many cases: "Where ignorance is bliss it is folly to be wise." This is the most extreme case we have found, and as a rule we find the beekeepers ready to get all the information and help they can. One of the greatest helps we have is good foul brood and quaran- tine laws backed up by a loyal fraternity of beekeepers and friends. While the laws of the different states may differ somewhat, they are as far as I have been able to ascertain essentially the same. Iowa, I believe, has as good a foul brood law as any state in the Union, and what we need most in Iowa is a larger appropriation of money from the state to carry the law into effect in a more general and educational way. Two other helps should be mentioned and those are the bees and the hives in which they live. Mr. W. D. Wright, of Altamount, New York, has the following to say in an address on the subject: "The Italian bee as a Factor in the Extermination of European Foul Brood," delivered at the New England N. S. & Canada Bee Inspectors' Convention at Amhurst, Mass., February 7, 1912: "Facts are greater than the actual reason in favor of the Italian bee." He said he always advised intro- ducing the Italian bee wherever he inspected bees. At first the New York beekeepers were slow in Bsing this method and after using it a FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 617 while became very enthusiastic over the Italians. Some of the men used the dequeening method with Italians this year with good success. For several reasons I believe the Italians are better in fighting foul brood. In regard to the hives will say I much prefer the lO-frame Langstroth hive to any other kind, but the main thing is to have the bees on movable frames. I have spoken of the helps in dealing with foul brood, first because I believe in looking on the bright side. We have spoken of it at greater length than we had meant to do, and will only mention or emphasize some of the hindrances. We said the beekeeper was the greatest help, and he may also be the greatest hindrance. We liave already cited one instance among many others which were more or less of the same kind, and we recall one other instance of a case where we did not see the owner of the bees, but the boys tried to pilot us around through the blackberry bushes and underbrush in the back yard and show us the bees. Such a time as we had trying to find those bees. Finally we found all but one new swarm down in the corner where" they left it after hiving. The boys watched me at a safe distance saying those were the Grossest and blackest bees in nine counties. I proceeded to give the bees a good smok- ing and the poor things, so unaccustomed to such a thing as being handled at all scurried up among the combs in the old box glad to find a place of refuge in the farthest corner. I lifted the box from its bottom board and found it had been placed on top of bees and evergreen brush and the poor little fellows had to make their way through that brush all summer to gain the inside of their home. I gladly removed the brush and placed the box back on the bottom board, and not one of those little blacks offered any resistance. But such a way to keep bees. It is just keeping them, it isn't caring for them. Not a frame hive in the whole bunch and the only way I could get a peep at their brood was to tip the boxes up or break a piece of comb out of the hive to examine it. It is nearly impossible to do even this in some cases, as the hives or boxes are nailed to the bottoms, and some are so badly decayed that it is nearly impossible to handle. Thus we find in this case as in many others, the man, the bees and the hives are the greatest hindrances. ADVERTISING. A. F. BOXXEY, BUCK GROVE. Our handsome secretary, Mr. Snyder, coaxed me a long time to talk to you today; that is, he wrote me, stating he would like me to choose a subject, and I picked on advertising. When I told wafe that I was going to talk here today she giggled. "You do nothing but talk," she declared. This is a libel, but I may as well confess that I have a very discerning little wife, the best one I ever had, and I did not get her by advertising for her, either. To show you how cute she really is, she remarked to me one day that "a bee hive is just like a home. The men do all the flying about, while the wives stay at home and raise the families." 618 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bee men differ from other, common people, in that to properly discuss a question they must know what they are talking about, and therefore I ask: What is advertising? Well, a dozen women at a pink tea will come as near doing it as anything I know of, but that is not what Webster says about it. I read there that advertising consists in giving public notice, or describe with a view to sale, and that covers the ground, but since that definition was formulated there has been great changes in advertising methods. In the good old days a few words on a brick wall, a fence or a rock, or some circulars scattered broadcast sufficed to inform the then scanty population of the small affairs of the time, in some cases a bellman was all that was needed, while today the English language is overworked to tell in newspapers, magazines, personal letters, catalogues and postcards the merits of the things we have for sale. One big mail order house today pays out more for advertising than the entire business of the United States did 75 years ago. Now, let us consider this definition in its relation to honey. "To de- scribe with a view to sale." "To make known," says Mr. Webster. I do not care to antagonize anyone in this matter, though wife de- clares I am in hot water half the time from that cause, but I do think I know a little about the art, "craft or science of ad writing," and I state emphatically that honey is today just as well known as it ever will be. It is, very likely, the oldest known sweet; it has been an article of human diet for untold ages. So well known is it that city people, some of whom never saw a cow, know that it is the product of the bee. A pretty young girl from Chicago was visiting in the countryside, and coming to the table for the first meal saw a big platter of honey. She looked at the pile of sweet with a radiant smile. "I see you keep a bee," she said to her hostess. Why spend money to make honey any better known to such as her? Still, honey may be advertised to some benefit, and in this connection I will mention two forms of advertising to show what may apply to our goods. These are the continual and occasional ads, and if I am any judge, only the occasional will do much with our goods, to producers, I mean, and particularly the small ones. I take this stand because our supply is not continuous and cannot be made so. Even if it was a perpetual thing on the market is no sign it will do any good to advertise it, for like eggs it may not need it. Four hundred million dollars' worth of eggs are sold in the United States annually, and I hear no one proposing a national campaign of advertising for hen fruit. Egg producers pay not one cent in advertising. Biddy's cut-cut-cut-ca-doo is the first and only notice that fresh eggs are on the market. You can search the world over and all the advertising about eggs you will find will be the signs in the stores of "eggs." Sometimes the sign will read "fresh eggs," and sometimes they are fresh, and if it is not possible to profitably advertise eggs is it to make honey known? I think not, for it is already known as well as eggs are; in fact, I should not be surprised to learn that honey was used as a food even before eggs were, for it is mentioned in the book of Genesis, and was in common use among the ancients. When, in 1905, some ex- plorers opened an ancient tomb in Egypt they found a jar of honey which FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART 'IX. 619 was still liquid and still retained the chararteristic odor of lionoy. It had been lying there more than 3,000 years. Let us take a squint at honey advertising from another angle. It is an axiom in advertising circles that it does not pay to advertise unless it is done all the time, after one has something to sell, for you can no more sell with last year's advertising than you can grind with the water that is passed. It does not pay to advertise honey- in this way, because the yield of honey is variable, some seasons we have immense crops, while in others we have none, and there is no possible way known to man and the pure food law to supply the deficiency. Other things, as the glucose messes and breakfast sawdusts are advertised continuously, because the supply can be kept up, but if we had a continuous distribution of honey could we advertise as these abominations do? No, little children, be- cause the fake syrup fellows and the hundreds of breakfast food concerns spend more for advertising in one year than the entire honey crop amounts to. Twenty-four million dollars. Do you believe it? I do, for I understand advertising, and I know what space costs in the larger maga- zines. One dollar a page for each thousand of circulation per month. The Saturday Evening Post on that basis should get close to $1,000 a page a month, and the Karo Kusses buy lots of that kind of advertising room. I know, also, that there are something like 20 or 30 food concerns in Battle Creek, Mich., alone, and they are all heavy advertisers. I am betraying no advertising secrets when I tell you that to do busi- ness successfully by advertising there must be a margin of about 90 per cent profit. This means to sell some article not known to or needed by the world, to create a demand. There is that much profit in the goods I have mentioned. Think of this in connection with honey. Consider for a moment that if an article sells for $1.00 the cost must not exceed ten cents. This will apply to such goods as automobiles, sewing machines and many other manufactured articles. Breakfast foods are made of grains which cost far less than a cent a pound, while the ultimate con- sumer pays ten to twenty-five cents a pound. They are advertised ex- tensively, as you all know. In the case of a honey failure we should have to stop advertising were we doing any, but the sawdust manufac- turers just put on a little more steam and buy a little more oats and rye and make the supply equal to the demand. The glucose people do the same by buying a little more corn and a few more carboys of sul- phuric acid. I have had the statement contradicted that there is a difference of 90 per cent between the cost and selling price of automobiles, but not long ago ten cars were destroyed in a wreck, and the company sent in a claim for $10,000. The railroad's expert got in his work, however, and the auto manufacturers got just $1,000, or $100 each for the machines. My father, still alive at 85, was a hardware manufacturer for many years, and assures me that sewing machines that sold for $i00 cost less than $6, and bicycles the same. It is the constant advertising that costs. While it is not likely that we can ever inaugurate a campaign of advertising for honey such, as is carried on for glucose, breakfast foods and patent medicines, as many beekeepers think we can, I believe indi- 620 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE vidual stocks may be advertised advantageously, but to do so one must understand the art, for such it is. It would be well for the man who has goods to sell to consult an ad writer, but for the bee man the cost would be prohibitive, therefore he must do it himself, and perhaps I may be able to give you a few hints to aid in future efforts. I am going to begin by telling you a great advertising secret, and that is that no man alive can tell what an ad will do until it has been tried out. I made a considerable number of postcards before a fool thing caught the popular fancy and brought me a great deal of trade. I assure you solemnly that millions of dollars are annually wasted in advertising, particularly trying to popularize some secret nostrum, commonly called patent medicines, while injuclicioits advertising costs honest advertisers vast sums. Now that I have started telling trade secrets I will confide to you that the fewer words there are used in advertising the better. The reason is that one person may wade through a two-column ad in a paper; two may read a one-column ad; one hundred may peruse a half-column display; five hundred will see a four-inch story, a million will read two lines, while even the kids on the street will see and read the one word HONEY. They know what it is, and want it. But this one word says and tells nothing about my particular goods, so I added the word Bonney, for no other reason than that it has a sort of a jingle. Bonney Honey. To show that it is an ad I hitch on the word Eat, making it read: Eat Bonney Honey. Only three words, but in connection with a picture on a post card they were enough to sell my crop. Most ads are far too long, while some are carelessly written. "The more you drink of our soda water the more you will want of it," is not a good ad for a thirst quencher, but it was displayed over the front of a drug store for years, and I remember a pamphlet gotten out by Mr. York while he was editing the American Bee Journal which stated plainly that if you saw a cake of honey in a jar surrounded by liquid honey it was proof positive that it was adulterated, yet that little book circulated for years and probably a million of them were sold before I called their attention to it. Dr. C. C. Miller, who wrote it, responded to my howl, thanked me for calling his attention to it and changed it. At the best, however, it was a poor ad, for it was far too long, because people will not wade through so much matter, and if they did they would find a lot of literature about honey as a food and a medicine. Regarding the food value of honey, I think ink is wasted in lauding it, because people do not buy honey on account of its nutritive value, but simply because it is a delicious sweet. Of course I know that our goods is a concentrated food, and predigested at that, but I also know a man Avould starve to death on it in a short time, for man must have a mixed diet, cereals, meats and sweets, and he can live longer on the coarser foods than on the finer. Much is written about the medicinal value of honey, but, as a rule, by men who have no medical education. Let me assure you that honey has no medical properties whatever, and my authority is the United States Dispensatory, which is the last word on medical substances and drugs. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 621 This work says honey has a slightly cathartic action. I think it is slight, for I have often eaten a pound at a sitting, or a standing, rather, while I was at work and noticed no results save a loss of appetite for my meals. As to cooking recipes, people will not use honey in place of sugar, be- cause it costs too much. Of course the manufacturers of cookies use some, but only the cheaper grades, and the consumer pays. The next thing to be considered in an ad is the illustrations used. Mr. York, again, used to get out a postcard for sale — with a bear, and a spoon and a skep on it, and a text: "Come spoon awhile and bee my honey." I wrote him about it, and I remember that he resented my criticism. However, I do not see it advertised any more. It was not a good honey ad. Neither a bear nor a spoon have any place on a honey ad. Of course the same criticism might apply to one of my cards, but the proof of the pudding is in chewing the string, and a picture of an auto- bile wreck with a squalling baby, a dog on top a sign and all the rest merely called attention to the sign, which read: "If anything happens while you are traveling near Buck Grove stop and get some Bonney honey." One of those cards sent to the Council Bluffs postoflace brought orders for a hundred pounds of honey, and I had several similar ex- periences. To be of permanent value an ad must be true. This applies to foods and other things, but need not to patent medicines, whisky, breakfast foods and face powders, for no one knows what they are made of. And don't brag, for somewhere, in some other puddle is a toad as big as you are and he may be a deal better looking. No one cares for your family history when looking for honey. The fact that you and yours have been beekeepers for generations will not add one little bit to the pulling power of an ad. Go hide yourself in a honey can. Aside from brevity oddity in an ad is a good thing. Theodore Hook made a bet with a friend, a century ago, that he would get up a word that everyone would be using by morning, then went out and wrote QUIZ all over Londontown. Today someone would snap it up to use in advertising a pill. It is useless to advertise when you have nothing to sell, and for that reason it is impossible for the most of us to profitably advertise honey continually. Our crop is often limited, and when once we stop adver- tising we are forgotten. Under these circumstances it is a waste to put much money into advertising. It does not pay to spend two dollars to sell a one-dollar article. It does not pay to advertise prices unless they are low, and honey prices should never be. I have only touched on some of the salient points of advertising, for it is a mighty question, someone is even using the daily papers to print extracts from the Bible; advertising the Good Book, of course. Will it pay? Not where only eight or ten lines are used in the entire paper to quote a text while w-hole pages, illustrated, are given over to detailing what a crazy murderer is doing, the story of an ocean disaster or some horrible murder or other revolting crime. 622 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Our business is a small one compared with many others, but I think personal, individual advertising can be made to pay, and I also incline to the opinion that personal advertising is the only kind for the small honey producer, the man with only honey enough to supply the local demand, if he can find that demand, and by personal I mean the individual appeal to a community, and for this purpose there are few bettei things than a government postcard printed and sent out; and here comes the test of the ad writer, for few men can write as they would talk. In casual conver- sation a man will say: "Hello, Smith. How's everybody? Say, have you bought your honey yet? No? Well, I have a lot of very nice white clover honey that is thoroughly ripened that I am selling at a shilling a pound. Can't I send you up a can? All right. Thanks." When, however, this same man tries to write a postal ad a card will not hold it if set in small type. He tries to give a history of the bee business from the year one, makes a few digs at 'his neighbor beekeeper, brags about his honey ad nauseuni, then wonders why he does not sell. I might give you a few forms for this postcard manner of selling, but to do so successfully I'd have to know your market thoroughly. However, in a general way a card might read: "I am now taking off a fine crop of white clover honey. I have both the comb and extracted, and shall be pleased to supply you at "regular market prices." Now what more can one say to sell honey in a community where he is known? Quote prices? Declare the honey is pure? Neither. They can find the price when they are ready to buy, and to declare an article is pure is to advertise the fact that there are adulterated goods. If you have been selling in a community for years, you might say: "I am again ready to fill your orders for comb and extracted honey. It is white clover honey, and very nice." Anything more would distract the customer's attention from the fact that you are now ready to sell. I do not have to tell you that if a man is producing honey by the dozens of tons he will require different advertising than the man who has but a thousand pounds to sell. Generally you find that such men have a regular market. Otherwise, they advertise in the bee journals, and to save time writing letter quote their price. At the same time you will find they have a home market, also, selling in all sized containers from a pound or less up. However, there are but few such men in the country, while there are hundreds or thousands who have small crops to dispose of. These are the ones I hope to help, if they survive my talk. MARKETING THE CROP. W. p. SOUTIIWOUTII, SIOUX CITY. Marketing the products of the soil or the products of manufacture is the greatest problem today. Almost anyone can produce something of real value to his fellow man from the soil or manufacture articles of use or comfort, but to tell your neighbor about these articles and get him to FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 623 buy them is another problem, especially so when you have to go to a dis- tance to find customers. This solicitation and transportation of your article cost, and then you are confronted with the problem of keeping the price of your article within the purchasing power of the consumer, or within the limits of competition. Honey is no exception to this rule. The world is really hungry for honey and millions of people would enjoy better health if they used honey instead of the cheap injurious substitutes for Nature's best sweet. And yet if I was asked to name one of the hardest lines of merchandis- ing today I would say "honey" because people are being weaned away from honey by the constant presentation of other substitutes which are sold at a uniform price. There is a feeling of suspicion in the minds of a great many people that the article offered is not really honey and that they are being deceived and paying someone a large profit for doing it. This condition will continue to increase as disease among bees puts the production of honey into the hands of the specialist, a condition that is coming rapidly. If all honey tasted alike it would be much easier to convince the people that they were buying honey, but the great variety of taste is one of the hindrances to the more extensive use of honey, but when honey producers come to understand the necessity of building up a market for their prod- uct they will unite and blend their honey (in this I refer to extracted honey and it constitutes the largest part of the commercial honey) so that people will get a uniform article. Under our present system of marketing it is the producer of a small amount of honey that is establishing the retail price of honey and com- pelling the extensive producer to sell his honey for less than it is really worth. If a man is willing to sell his honey to a consumer for a price no higher than he would get for it at wholesale he is establishing a retail price because the honey merchant must buy honey so as to compete with his surrounding market conditions. It is natural at first thought for the honey producer to think that there is an enormous profit for someone in handling his honey when he sees his choice honey for which he has received 6 cents sold to the consumer for 18 cents, but he does not stop to consider the first cost of a sack of corn meal or a package of breakfast food, or a bottle of olives. The farmer receives about 10 cents for the corn that is required to make a sack of corn meal that is selling for 35 cents, and 3 cents for the wheat that goes into a 25 cent package of breakfast food, and the process of making meal or breakfast food is but little more expensive than bottling honey and everyone uses the former and is demanding it while the demand for honey must be created and a large part of the people never eat it. It costs to handle any commodity, and every .time a quantity of honey is shipped, stored, and interest and taxes paid upon it, it must increase in value until the consumer purchases it, and naturally the producer reasons that he will market his product direct to the consumer and cut 624 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE out a lot of that expense and make a saving to the consumer, but does he do so? If he is a normal man the time spent in preparing and mar- keting his honey is worth as much as the time of any other normal man and he has an investment in the honey and depreciation on his buildings and equipment which are equal to storage and interest, and why should he not have pay for them. Do not understand that I am advocating that all producers shall send their honey to some of the large markets instead of selling it at home, for that is not what I mean, but I do wish to be understood in this. If the producer wants a higher wholesale price for his honey he must inform himself as to what it costs to do business and be willing to establish a retail price for his product that will allow his servant, the honey mer- chant, a reasonable compensation for his services in preparing this honey for market and finding a market for it. For the merchant is the servant of the producer and the servant is worthy of his hire. We of the rural class feel that it is an injustice that we must sell our product in the lowest market and buy our supplies in the highest mar- ket, but while the mind is taken up with this seeming injustice we do not realize that we have the key to the great treasure house of the Creator and can draw on His resources each season and that one dollar in the rural life is equal to two in the city, because so much of the family living comes from the soil and is fresh and nutritious. The business world has learned that it must co-operate and that much must be in common. To all outward appearance the keenest kind of competition exists in the business world, and competition is keen, but that competition consists in better service, not in price cutting, for they have learned that that thing means ruin. We of the honey industry are business men, or should be, and should understand that we cannot build up a business by selling our product cheap; we must give service in the way of good quality and attractive package and publicity, thereby increasing the consumption of honey. As an illustration I will use the cases of Jones and Thompson. .lones is getting a price for his honey that makes the production reasonably profitable and worth while marketing it. Thompson is producing a little honey and disposes of it at a lower price. Mrs. Consumer has bought of Thompson, but he is sold out and she goes to Jones who is asking a higher price, but she will not buy because his price is too high according to her estimate and consequently two persons are injured. Mrs. Con- sumer wanted honey but did not get it, and Jones lost a sale. We need to get together in the matter of prices for our honey and we need to understand the work of the other fellow if we are depending on selling honey to a merchant, for under the present system the prices of honey must go lower and production diminish, for men are not going to invest in honey unless they can sell it at a profit and consequently must buy it considerably below the local retail market, and it is the necessity for this cheap honey that is flooding our markets with the cheap Cuban and Hawaiian honey that the wholesale grocers and large packers must buy in order to put out a honey that will compete in price with the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 625 local honey produced and make the packer a profit to pay for his services. I am not advocating a combine of beekeepers to boost prices to where honey will be out of reach of the common people for honey is one of the great gifts of the allwise Creator and his people would be better off if they used it rather than the cheap injurious substitutes. Higher prices would not curtail the consumption of honey, but would give the fra- ternity a margin of profit that could be used in publicity of honey and educating people to the use and need of honey. No doubt you think I am talking as if honey was comparatively a new thing to people instead of being as old as the history of the human race. If you meet as many peo- ple as I do that know nothing whatever about the production of honey, but think that they know it all in regard to how the comb is made artificially and filled with a cheap syrup and masqueraded for comb honey, and when you offer extracted honey they turn away disgusted, for they are sure that that is the vilest of adulteration although the label is all covered over with state and national guarantees, you would realize that publicity in regard to honey and something besides the indi- vidual names of Thompson and Jones is necessary to give it meaning to the public. Children must be educated to understand what honey is and how it is taken from the combs or how the bees build the section honey that they see in the stores. How many in this assembly can tell what it costs to produce a case of No. 1 comb honey or to produce 100 pounds of extracted honey? We say we live in a commercial age and yet we do not stop to consider these things, but in many cases the little honey crop is considered a by- product, a side issue, or clear velvet in connection with the farm, orchard, or poultry business. Bee supplies at first cost are quite expensive and it takes time to fill them with bees and every season does not yield honey like the past has done and if one is unfortunate enough to lose his bees the salvage from empty fixtures is very small, therefore the business of producing honey must be profitable or thinking men are not going to engage in the enterprise. SELLING HONEY DIRECT TO CONSUMER. J. L. STRONG, CLAEINDA. To produce a crop is one thing, but to sell it to the best advantage is quite another. I find by the market reports that extracted honey in 60- pound cans is selling for 7 to 10 cents per pound. At these prices what does it net the producer? It will cost about 1^2 to 2 cents per pound for cans to ship in, including freight and drayage. Then freight and commission will be about 2 cents more. From these figures the crop will net the producer from 4 to 6 cents per pound. In selling comb honey we find about the same conditions, except the danger of it breaking if we ship as local freight. 40 626 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The one who sells to the consumer realizes from 10 to 15 cents per pound, as it is customary to charge for the can or pail that the honey is sold in. From the above it seems that it would be a good business proposition for one who can to sell his own crop, thus filling in the time when the flowers do not yield honey and the bees are enjoying their long winter nap. How have I worked up the trade? It has not come spontaneously without an effort, as the dear people do not take naturally to extracted honey. They must be educated to the use of extracted honey. To sell it take a sample of the best in the most attractive shape and call your prospective customer's attention to it. Explain the difference between this and the strained honey of our fathers, and if this does not have the desired effect, give a sample sufficient for each one to have a taste and thus be able to express an opinion. I have made several good customers by giving a sample to a prospective buyer. I have never tried anything that would convince one as quick of its purity and fine flavor. It also proves to them that the money is not all that we are after. My trade is taking all the honey that I can produce and frequently I have to buy to supply the demand. "A SEASON'S WORK." F. W. HATX, COLO, IOWA. First, I wish to say about "season's work:" Get ready a season in advance, as a good chopper would not be apt to "make the chips fly" very fast if he went out to work with an ax in poor condition for chopping. If you are a comb honey producer, get the sections all ready and in the super, ready to place on the hives at a moment's warning. Don't be satisfied with a mere starter in the sections, but full sheets, with bottom starters. One of the most important things is my work table, used mainly to unsuper and clean sections. Am sorry that I was not able to bring it along, but will endeavor to tell you of it so you will get the idea. To make: Make a shallow tray four or five inches in depth and about thirty-six inches wide and sixty to seventy inches long, or as much larger as your business calls for. Make another tray, same dimensions as the first. This second tray will become the table top, and should be made of lumber % inch in thickness. Take four square posts about eighteen or twenty inches in length and nail one in each corner of the table top, the other ends to be nailed in the corners of the tray. Next take a piece of burlap, canvas or most any kind of stout cloth and tack it on the inside of the tray. This should be tacked on the inside and the long way of the tray. This will then be the lower part of your apron. Next take a piece of spring wire long enough to reach almost around the waist or far enough to grip the sides. This should be sewn in the upper part or waist end of the apron. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 627 To use the table sit on a stool, spring the wire about the waist and with a super of filled sections, wrong side up, knock out the follower, loosen the super from the holders, lift the super off and, with the scraping knife, made as this one here, pry apart the sections, scraping them, also the sec- tion holders and separators and place them back Into the super. The beauty of the arrangement of the aprons is to keep all the wax and propolis off the clothes and floor and guides it down into the tray below where it can be shoveled out when filled. All that is necessary to remove the apron is to step away from the table. If two people are to work at the table, duplicate the apron. Next is an arrangement for cleaning off the top bars of the brood frames. Take a light box as high as the hive on one side and four or five inches higher on the other, set it behind the hive, tight up against the back end of it, and, with a common garden hoe (with a shortened handle) hoe the propolis and wax off the top bars into the box behind. Of course the bees must be driven down out of the way and the hoe worked lively. You will be surprised at the amount of wax that will accumulate from four or five hundred colonies and the comfort in handling the frames after cleaning. The extracting frames of course will be cleaned with the dull knife at extracting time. There are many other handy appliances which can be used to advantage, but what might satisfy one, might not meet with the approval of another, and, for that reason I will not take up more of your time. I wish to give you a "season's trip" through my bee yards and get you back in time for the evening train home, so I will have to hasten along and stop only at important points of interest. Taking bees out of the cellar — this may seem a very commonplace affair, but in reality it is an important proceeding. I have about four hundred colonies in six yards. Each yard has a wintering cellar over which there is a bee-tight building in which the extracting is done and in which the supers are stored when not in use. When the time comes to get the bees to the summer stands, with the help of another man I spread four or five thicknesses of newspaper on the quilt and place the cover over the papers, stuff the entrance with fine blue grass or an entrance closer, except a small space, and with two hives on a stretcher or "carry-all" it is but a short time until we have them all on the summer stands. As we place them on the stands, if they appear too light, or need any other attention, we place a stick of some kind on the cover and, after all are out, those having been marked' with a stick on the cover are given a comb of honey from the honey house, or adjusted according to their needs, then we are ready to drive to the next yard. A few days later when the weather becomes suitable for opening up the hives, all are examined for queens and fixed according to what seems to be the best for them, not forgetting to keep a close watch for any signs of disease, sticking a small peg (painted red) into the ground at the left side of the entrance where we find suspicious cases and in front of the left entrance for those found diseased. If treated, I move the peg to the center of the entrance, and, if after a week or so, they show no disease. 628 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE move the peg to the right of the entrance and add one peg for each examination made thereafter until fall. Then if no disease shows remove all pegs. Previous to the honey flow (clover) I keep going the "rounds" of the yards looking for their needs, spreading their brood nests as their con- dition and the condition of the weather will permit, adding super room fro]ji time to time as needed. Equalizing by the exchange of brood frames until about eighteen or twenty days before the expected end of the honey flow. By this time the most of the colonies are fairly "boil- ing over" with bees, and where there are any drone cells to be found, they are filled with brood. Some of the most forward colonies are building queen cells, and now, it is time to begin the dethroneing operation. With a boy to handle the smoker and another man to help look for the queens, we start in on the yard, killing all the queens that are two years old and all of the others except what are needed to fill out what hives are empty from winter loss or be increased if others are wanted. Per- haps a colony may be in such a condition that it may be run through the season with little chance of swarming. These are given more room if needed and passed by. With this system of handling the swarming problem, it is necessary to have some easy method of record to keep account of what has been done from time to time in the yard. Book records do not appeal to me, and for that reason I use the following: In the first place I secure three wood pegs for each hive. These are about five inches in length, and are sharpened at one end and used as follows: As we kill the queens, if we find one that we do not wish to kill, we stick one, two or three pegs on the left side of the hive, this means a laying queen. One peg means a fair queen, two pegs a good queen and three pegs a choice one. The last are usually used for breeding if needed for that purpose. If the queen is killed, one, two or three pegs are stuck behind the hive to designate the standing of the queen killed. Nine or. ten days later, at the time of cutting the cells, leaving a grafted cell or one of its own kind, one peg is stuck in the ground at the right of the hive, this means a cell. At the next examination which is made a week or ten days later, they are examined for queen or eggs, if only a queen is found, two pegs are stuck at the right of the hive, if eggs are found, three pegs appear. These pegs remain in this position all summer and the record is marked on the hive before they are removed to winter quarters. This record is made with pencil on the side of the hives. By these records, a glace at the hive in the yards will enable me to tell the exact condition of each stand at any time. A yard of seventy-five or eighty colonies can be gone over by two men and a boy in a day. That is, they have ample time to either kill queens or cut cells. The next thing is to go over the yards again in nine or ten days and cut out all the cells but one in each colony. Saving all of the choice cells from the best breeding queens and destroying all of the poorer stock. A number of nuclei are started from the surplus cells to supply FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 629 any colony which may fail, or supply any colony which may have a poor grade queen. Whenever a comb that carries a good cell can be exchanged, we do so, otherwise a cutoff cell is slightly pinched between the combs just above some brood, or pinned on with a small stick or toothpick. A little caution should be exercised at the time the queens are killed to see that there are no cells left that might hatch before cell cutting time. In other words, cut all cells as well as kill queens so that all of the cells will be of the same age. We also see that there is no unsealed brood in the hive at cell cutting time, as cells might be started and swarm when the grafted cell hatches. After thoroughly going over a yard in this way a man could not earn his board hiving swarms. I have not handled swarms enough of late to keep in practice. Have been asked how it will work in the production of comb honey to kill the queens in this way. Why not? There are as many bees for the harvest as there would have been, had the old queen remained in the hive, since it takes twenty-one days to rear a worker besides the brood is not there to require feeding for a part of this time, and, by the time the fall flow is on, the young queen has gotten acquainted with all of the levers of egg laying and the colony goes into winter quar- ters with a hive full of young bees. Nothing else hindering, that means good wintering, and, good wintering means a good crop. After the combs get a good start of honey in them, I try to go over my yards and change the empties to the middle, and those with honey in them to the outside of the supers; this makes uniform combs at extract- ing time. At this round all of the brood nests are examined for queen or eggs and marked accordingly. A little about extract and extracting machinery and I am done. When the honey is ripe and ready to extract I load my outfit of tanks and four- frame automatic extractor — Root's make — steam capping knife, and suffi- cient five-gallon cans to hold the day's work (about one ton). As the yards are six or eight miles out, it is well toward ten o'clock before we get there. Team off, and turned to the pasture, the machinery is gotten inside the building, and, in less than five minutes, all is set ready to run. Honey is rushed into the honey house until noon, when fifty to sixty supers of nine frames in ten-frame supers are in the house. The fire is started under the cap knife boiler, and, while we eat our dinners, the capping knife is getting hot. If it is too cold and the honey is too thick to strain well, a two-wick oil stove is set under the extractor. At five o'clock we are ready to start home, and, while the man gets the team, I rush the empty supers back on the hives. The five-gallon ca.ns having been washed off, carried out and loaded as fast as they are filled. The position of the machinery in all of the houses is the same. First, to the right of the door, in the corner of the room, is the extractor, mounted on a low bench. A two by four about twelve feet long is shoved under a block nailed at the end wall of the house, and sprung down over the back of the extractor and locked under a block nailed to the side wall. This holds the extractor solid and is all the fastening needed. Five seconds will have it ready for use. 630 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Next to the left is the comb box, next the rapping tub, then the stove and steam boiler, and across the back end of the room are the honey and other tanks. An electric bell which is worth its weight in gold is used to tell us when the five-gallon can of honey is full. The arrangement is simple and is made ready for use in ten seconds. It takes up scarcely any room in the house or wagon. The trip arrangement is simply a short board with a short piece of number nine wire fastened across it, a short distance from one end, this is used to act as a tilting fulcrum, a brick is laid on the other end at a point that will balance the can of honey when it is full. When the can is almost full it tilts down and makes the electric connection, rings the bell for us to either change cans or shut off the flow of honey. When the capping tub is full of caps I break them up fine and empty them out onto a strainer cloth that is spread out over another coarsely woven burlap cloth that is tied over the top of a can and allowed to bag down enough to hold the tub of broken up caps. When the cap tub is full again, the four corners of the strainer cloth is caught and the "wad" is dumped into another can with a screen bottom. At the end of each day's work this is hauled home and the next morning, after drawing off the accumulated honey at the bottom, it is dumped into another tank in the storage house at home, similarly arranged and allowed to drain until time to melt up the wax. My storage house is a building 24x68 two stories high and in it I have a great many handy contrivances that I would like to show you but time will not permit. You will notice that I have said nothing about marketing the crop, and time will not permit my saying anything further than that my home market takes a great deal of honey. Then I attend the farm sales and other gatherings with my "honey rig." I have also a large mail order trade. Whenever I go any place on the cars, or otherwise, my little five- pound pail of honey goes with me. While there is much yet that I have left unsaid on the subject, yet I think that I have given you a pretty good glimpse of my season's work, and if I have said anything in this short talk that will enable you to keep bees better, or rear better bees, or helped you in any other way, I feel that my efforts have not been in vain. I thank you. BEEKEEPING AS A SIDE LINE AND THE FUN OF THE THING. IIAMLIN B. MIIXEB, MABSHAXLTOWN. My subject today is of such a nature and my beekeeping experience of so short a duration, that I needs must confine myself to personal experi- ences, more or less, in order to make my remarks of sufficient length and interest. I don't presume in this effort to teach you old-time bee- keepers anything. I am just going to be satisfied if I can only entertain you a little and perhaps take you back to your beekeeping youth. Were you an audience of overworked office men, business men and professional men, I would not feel like I was about to make a fool, or a laughing stock of myself, before a wise, or otherwise, beekeeping aud^- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 631 ence. You will therefore listen between the lines and allow for disci"ep- ancies, by being generous enough to realize that I may "come out of it some day." It tickles me every time I think of the funny things I have read in Dr. Miller's "Fifty Years Among the Bees." I am not related to Dr. Miller, the pioneer bee man, that I know of, but I have experienced some of his early and peculiar symptoms of bee troubles in my own bee work infancy. I often congratulate myself upon the fortunate escapes I several times have already made, and fully appreciate the many hints and expe- riences that others have given in the bee journals, that have helped me to avoid many pitfalls and needless humiliations that I otherwise would have fallen heir to, in spite of my already fast accumulating experience in bee culture, or "bee smartness." Right here I do not want to forget to mention that I owe the greater part of my bee knowledge to the bright, up-to-date and resourceful bee journals. Just as soon as I discovered I was coming down with the "bee fever" and had become thoroughly infected with the disease, I consulted Brother E. C. Wheeler of my home town and (by the way, he is one of the honorable board of directors of this association) he at once diagnosed my case at first sight as a very serious attack and almost hopeless. He thought a go-slow-poultice of caution should be tied on tight and with the three colonies of bees I had already secured and no knowledge what- ever about the pesky Italians, I certainly had been thoroughly stung with the "bee fever." He also recommended Gleanings in Bee Culture, as a good prescription for my ailment. I never knew mails to be so slow in all my life as they were after I had sent in my $1.50 for my first year's subscription. He gave me an old sample copy he had and I read every word in it, advertisements and all, including the chicken ads and Mr. Root's Home Department, before my subscription got started. I studied the markets like an old-time board of trade habitue. Mr. Wheeler also recommended that I get ABC & XYZ of Bee Culture. Oh, I was going some. My wife couldn't get me to stop long enough to eat my meals. My physician had ordered me to go on a diet. I even overworked that. I fasted. I didn't eat at all, seemingly. Soon lost thirty-five pounds of flesh with my fasting and "bee fever." But then it did me good. Have regained part of my flesh, but have never been able to break the fever. I saw b3^ advertisements in Gleanings that there were other bee jour- nals. I subscribed for the American Bee Journal and the Review — also joining the National Association at the same time. Didn't hear of any others, or probably would have kept on subscribing. I was simply read- ing everything I found that had the word bee in it, so you can readily see I soon became possessed of a book knowledge of bees as well as one of fool experiences. Let me thank the writers who have exposed their foolish notions and ideas, as well as wise experiences in the bee ■journals. They have helped me wonderfully and no doubt have also helped others. Keep up your gQOd work. It assists the beginner and there are always beginiiers. 632 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE Going back to my original thought, how would any of us ever attain to the eagle heights of beedom occupied by Mr. Root, Dr. Miller, Inspector Pellett, Dr. Bonney and a few others I might mention, if none of us in- itiates undertook making fun-sticks of ourselves for the amusement of the graduates in bee culture. Now every man has, or at least should have, a hobby. That is what the general run of humanity recommends for the overworked and tired out business man. A hobby is supposed to be a sort of play or amusement, on the side, that takes up, or rather lets loose a cramped and tired nature into a relaxation, or what otherwise might be called recreation. Maybe you old beekeepers know Avhat that means, or maybe you don't. I some- times think a real beekeeper never gets tired, or rather, he should not ever get tired. Some men I know of think a hobby is chasing a golf ball for hours over a forty-acre field. Others think it is to travel on foot twenty miles or more, over the roughest localities, carrying a heavy gun and ammuni- tion just to get a chance to see a flock of ducks, too far away to even hear a gun. On the other hand, did you ever stop to think that there are in this world a very few one-talent men? I doubt if there is a single one-talent man in this room today. Why you would not be real beekeepers if you were, for how many of you know nothing else but the bee work? Well, I just picked out the bunch of fellows that know a thing or two on the side, and joined them — I mean the fellows who like to fuss with the "huzzies" and have made bees the chief of my hobbies. My physician having ordered me to stay out of the printing office, adding that I must rest from the nervous strain I was carrying, I imme- diately landed on my neglected lawn with a lawn mower, a rake and a spade. It was fun — never had really enjoyed it before, because I did not know I possessed another talent besides the acquired printing office habit. Then my wife also landed on me for flower beds and various other yard improvements. It just seemed as though she would like to sidetrack my hobby for hers, she was so industrious about it, but I was too far gone to lose out on the bees. While all these new found pleasures were becoming settled upon me, a new neighbor, in the meantime, had moved in next to me and he had a couple of colonies of bees. I was just a little bit leary of the pesky things, for the sight of a bee had always affected me just the same as it does the majority of mankind — I was never unprepared to make my getaway. It wasn't long before my neighbor was making an awful smudge and monkeying with those bees. By tip-toeing around and peeking over, I saw it all. Standing on somewhat higher ground, I was paralyzed with astonishment as I beheld him actually putting his hands down in that hive, right among those bees. The cold chills ran relay races up and down the full length of my nervous body, as I watched him lift out the frames covered with the yellow-banded fellows and dozens of them unning over his hands. "Hello, George! What are you doing?" I asked, *Q as calm and possessed a manner as I could muster up. Without lifting his eyes he said: "I'm trying to see what these little fellows are doing." FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 633 His calm ansv/er and the seemingly indifferent manner with which he turned those frames of comb and bees over and around, all the while critically examining them, captivated me and / loas stung imth the tee fever. Maybe you think it strange, but the fever has not yet abated. Well, my confidence soon grew bolder and I w^as finally near enough to peek over into the hive. Wonderful, delightful, entrancing. I suppose you fellows know how it feels when you feel that way? But, horrors! He asked me to hold a frame for him while he did something or other that needed attention. My nervous chills immediately changed to "shiveriness." My teeth would have chattered themselves loose had I not set my jaws solidly together, and would you believe it, when some of those varmints ventured to run over my hands, the water seemed to ooze off of me in a manner that would put a turkish bath to shame. After it was all over, I w'ent home weak as a cat and laid down to ruminate, resuscitate and recover, for I had experienced a drenching equal to any turkish bath I have ever had administered to me. I just couldn't rest. I wanted some bees; and because they did not sting me was one of the best reasons I should have them, and then again I had never before, in all my life, had enough honey to eat. My neighbor was Mr. George Belt. I asked him to find me some bees. He did. We soon became fast friends, just because we had found true pleasure in the same hobby — bees. My wife soon called me "nutty." George and I were both fatally afflicted with the malady. Many an hour we ruminated on the possibilities and the pleasures we had discovered in the yellow-banded friends, growing more nutty every day. Ever after we have hailed each other as "George B." and "Hamlin B." I soon secured three colonies, brought in from the country in home- made hives. Gee, but I w'as afraid of them just the same. Setting them on boxes in the back yard I carefully pulled off one of the cleats that kept them in the hives and ran away to a safe distance. They were so overjoyed at the fresh air I had let in that the whole yard seemed to be full of bees and their (I did not then understand) music, as they played in and out of the hive. As soon as their enthusiasm had waned, I stole up and liberated another hive. Now George B. did not see this, or he would have laughed, I know. My wife also became interested (or rather a little "nutty") at this juncture and began handing out advice as to how I should conduct my- self and manage the newly acquired back yard friends. Many have been the fool things w'e thought of, tried and experienced during the past three years. This was in the fall of the year and I put those three hives in the cellar, and shut the cellar up tight from air as well as light. Every time I went dow'n cellar, I hurried out again. My wife always made me go down for vegetables and canned fruit. I had to be bold, of course, but I was really afraid, just the same. The bees would come out and fly around. The floor was becoming thickly covered with them. I was awfully wor- ried. I knew they would all be dead on the floor before spring. They got so noisy at times, and so bold, that I put off taking them out of doors until after the middle of the following April, and when I did grow bold 634 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE enough to do so, I had another case of chills, for while carrying out the second and third hives the other bees took special delight in settling on me as the most likely object and place in the whole back yard to rest; and they actually turned my hat and clothes into a brown spring suit. It made me somewhat disgusted, but my wife wisely remarked that "you can't expect much else from bees." She knew so much about it, of course. Well, there were less than one million bees in those three hives after all had died in the cellar that wanted to die there. This proved to be the beginning of the worst year in bee history. I always have had the knack of biting off my piece at the wrong time. Not a swarm issued from those three hives that whole summer. I know, because I watched them unceasingly. My wife said: "You just ain't got any sense left. You put those bees to bed every night and wake them up in the morning. You're getting to be a regular old fool." I said: "I don't care, it's grand to be foolish, and I am going to learn all about those bees." We harvested, or rather stole, sixteen pounds of bulk honey from one of these colonies that fall, but had to feed two colonies all winter. The other colony fell dead on the hive bottom three days before I put the others out the following spring. Starved, of course. "Fool trick," my wife said. "I know it," was my response. I pined for thirty days. Never felt more uncomfortable in all my life, for I really thought they had enough to live on until it was time to put them out. Things began to get better. I had six strong colonies in the fall, took out one hundred and fifty-nine sections of honey, ate honey all winter and sold the balance at twenty-five cents a section. I wintered ttie six colonies perfectly, had a thermometer in the cellar and kept the cellar window open nearly all the time, but darkened the opening with a long heavy curtain, and discovered that everything else also kept better in the cellar with the temperature around 45 degrees. During the past summer I increased to eleven colonies. Lost two of my queens and then consolidated three stands into one leaving me — I'll tell you how it was. The colony that had, up to the time, made me 108 sections of fine honey, did not swarm until the last day of June. I was lounging in the yard swing, watching a half a bushel or so of the tenants hanging on the front of the hive, when all at once they came out of that hive like a cloud, rose in the air and left like a roaring tornado. I was mad. I never before had had nerve enough to clip a queen. My wife was excited also. More advice was given me as to how I could have prevented such a blunder. I got out my tools, jerked the supers off from that hive and found the queen — I think now she was a virgin — slipped the scissors under her wing and clipped her. Also clipped the queen of another colony that had just swarmed. After it was all finished I re- pented what I had done, as my book knowledge had then had time enough to soak through and leak out and I realized what I probably had done. The next day I found one of those clipped queens balled on the front steps of the next door hive. I sprinkled water on the ball, she emerged and ran into that hive before I had time to stop her. Something happened to that colony as it became queenless. So did the other hive FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 635 where I had clipped the queen. I don't know about the colony with the runaway swarm. They kept on working. But I do not know yet whether it still has a queen or not. Presume I will find out next spring. Another fool notion I suppose. Presume my wife will tell me about it at that time. Maybe some of you can tell me about it now. Now while clipping these queens, my wife as usual got busy helping(?). I set a cover loaded with bees, against the fence behind the hives. She took a seat on a pile of bricks nearby, close by the cover, with her dress comfortably spread out. Bees, I have discovered (and so has my wife) always travel up and not down. It was not very long until I heard a cry of surprise: "I'm stung." Well, she was, too. Infection set in and after the physician had discontinued his attentions, I was stung — for $6.50. The super of honey I took off at that time sold for $6.00. The doctor overshot the mark just fifty cents, but he succeeded in getting it all for that time. But in spite of her many experiences, she still per- sists in running out every time I monkey with those bees and makes me as much bother to keep her off the job as any "fool bee" that ever endeavored to attract all my attention. However, I harvested 247 nice sections of honey this year. Much of it No. 1 fancy and all selling at 25 cents per cake. I weighed ten sec- tions that I sold to one party for $2.50 and the scales showed ten pounds and four ounces — 25 cents per pound, you see, and the customer wanting more. I also have another assistant in my back yard apiary that must not be overlooked. My neighbor's boy. He was less than two years old at the time, but nevertheless took the contagion from me. Whatever he saw me do was, in his mind, worthy of emulation. While mowing the lawn one day, I heard screams of terror and pain coming from the bee yard. Running as fast as I could, I discovered my little helper covered with bees and the balance of them trying to find a place to get at him. In his hand he held a flat paddle with which he had occasionally seen me swatting pestiferous bees. He had just been poking and striking the bees as he stood in front of the hive, just like he thought Ham did it. Giving his little dress a jerk, most of the bees fell to the ground and I carried him out, expecting to see him soon assuming the aspect of his toy balloon that had been given to him at the circus. Again jerking his dress and brushing off the remaining bees, I found he only had seven stingers fast on his face and hands and after free applications of ammonia and car- bolic acid he soon quieted down and to my extreme satisfaction he did not puff up like his toy balloon. He is now a full-fledged helper and never misses a chance to look into the hives every time he sees me opening one, or taking off honey. He always wants to taste. Well, so do I. It never tastes better to me at any other time, so we eat together. If there ever was a hobby to get a man's mind off of everything else he ever got his brain busy with, the hec is it. "They say fish and cabbage are foods for the brain. Well, I do believe the bees are the emergency brakes in cases of overwork and brain fag. I have wasted thirty-five years of pleasure and fun, as well as profit and better health, bj' not having discovered the interesting and industrious bee as my friend. 636 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE I really believe there would be less subjects In the insane hospitals had these same people been a little "nutty" about bees. Was there anybody ever sent to the insane asylum because bees had made them crazy? I never heard of any such. Have you? I also believe there would be fewer broken down business and professional men if they had taken time to become interested in a few colonies of bees. I also believe the outdoor treatment of bee culture, taken early in life by the average individual would eliminate many cases of the white plague, commonly called tuber- culosis, not to mention many other ailments that the outdoor life would benefit. Are there any weazened-faced beekeepers here today, because of having associated with one of God's greatest blessings to outdoor-loving man- kind? You all look to me like you would take care of a square meal of victuals every time the meal hour came around. God made the bees for us. He has heralded the praises of honey in 2he book of Holy Writ. Man makes sugar and molasses by chemical processes. The bees make honey by the process invented by God Himself, who never patented the process and never has changed or invented any better way than he started the bee out with from the beginning, notwithstanding all the theories that Dr. Bonney and the many other v/ise and learned fellows are continually contending about in their endeavors to make over the bee and his habits. Do you know I have learned to appreciate and love, more and more, God's outdoor of life since I got this bee trouble? I never had seen the sun rise since I was a little boy on the farm until the bees gave vae the morning boost. I have got so I cannot successfully night-hawk it any more, and neither can I lie in bed in the morning while the bees are out and at it. But I have never been able to get out soon enough, that I have not seen them coming home as well as going out. So you see, for me, it has been grand to be "nutty." My health is better, I feel better and really am better, because I have learned to love the bees. MAKING INCREASE. J. W. BITTENBENDER, KNOXVILLE, IOWA. There are two ways of increasing, by natural swarming and by artificial swarming or dividing. The artificial swarming is entirely in the hands of the apiarist. If he uses good judgment in making his increase, they should be as good in every respect as natural swarms. Now my way may not be the best method for all localities, but for my locality it is essential to lay the foundation and pave the way for a larger honey crop. Every beekeeper should be well informed in regard to the time of the opening of honey flow and prepare his bees accordingly. Many a good honey flow has passed by for the lack of having the bees in proper condi- tion to harvest it. In my locality the first honey flow begins to open with the first few warm days in spring. With the opening of soft maple, willow and elm, followed up with dandelion, and closes with fruit bloom FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 637 about May 10th. Honey gathered from any of these blooms is not very desirable for market or home consumption, but is excellent for building up colonies and making new swa,rms and to prepare for the main honey flow that usually opens about June 5th. By the close of the first honey flow, about May 10th, if the weather has been favorable I have my bees very populous and working in supers and beginning to cast natural swarms. There is nothing much in bloom now for four weeks until the white clover opens about June 5th. If colonies have prepared to swarm and have queen cells they will destroy them and many will get in starving condition and often destroy much of their brood. At the opening of the white clover they are in very poor condition to harvest honey and store surplus. Now right here the apiarist must step in and help run the thing. At about the close of the honey flow I examine, and all that have made preparation for swarming begin feeding before the check in the honey flow affects the bees. The others prepare to divide, and there is no other time in the season that it is more profitable to make your increase, and bees are in natural condition to swarm at this time. But I do not wish to be understood that all colonies in an apiary will be in swarming condition. All colonies that have brood in seven and eight frames and are hanging out or working in super are only fit to divide. There are many advantages in increasing at this time. You get your idle bees employed; to rear young bees you get your queens to lay out by the time white clover opens, and the swarming fever is kept down. The eggs that are laid during these four weeks will mature the bees that will gather the white clover crop. By feeding I stimulate the queen to lay at her highest 'capacity, and I get young bees of the proper age to gather the honey harvest. I make my increase just at the close of the first honey flow. All the colonies that have not cast natural swarms I divide by taking two combs of brood with the adhering bees and the old queen and place them on the old stand and move the old colony away to a new place and give them a caged young laying queen. I move the combs together and leave the space on each side vacant. The new hive I give four empty brood combs, this having six combs also. Now I proceed until I have made as much in- crease as I want. In twenty-four hours I make a close examination. If more bees have left the old colony so that the brood cannot be cared for I take some more combs out and give it to the new colony. Now for three days these divisions need good attention and by this time they become well established. After the third day I fill in the two combs at the side with full sheet of foundation. I now place on my feeder and feed half pound of honey every day in the evening. I use a feeder especially made for this purpose. At the beginning of the white clover harvest I have my colones in prime condition with young healthy bees. The queens have about finished their spring season of laying and the swarming fever is about over and the bees have settled down to business. I use the eight-frame hives and a loose hanging frame. Now I want to draw your attention to these two outside frames of foundation. When the bees have built in these combs 638 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE and filled them with honey and are about ready to cap is the proper time to put on your supers. The wax secreting bees will enter the super more readily now than any other time. INSTRUCTIONS FOR SWEET CLOVER GROWING. FRANK COVERDALE, DELMAR. Sow sweet clover on ground well prepared, on a good mellow seed bed. A sod field that has been plowed the previous fall is best of all. Spring plowed sod is all right, and will answer nearly as well, but work into a good seed-bed; and where the rainfall is sufficient, harrow the seed in shallow. But in arid sections a drill is best, putting the seed sufficiently deep to insure enough moisture to make sure of a good come-up. Sweet clover sown on such ground will grow a heavy crop of nodules on its roots; and by the end of second season this ground will be thoroughly inoculated, and can be depended upon for all time to come for routine methods, as these bacteria will live in. the soil for several years. A good stand of alba is usually sure when sown on land that would grow 60 bushels of corn per acre, and a nurse crop sown with it of barley, wheat, or early oats seeded somewhat thinner than usual; and after the ground is inoculated from growing previous fields, a fair cutting of excellent hay can be mown in October after the grain has been harvested, making a crop of small grain and a cutting of hay the same season. After the fields are inoculated by the actual growing of the sweet clover on given fields, this method will be best of all. For pasture for cattle, seed with timothy or any of the native grasses for best results, as the clover causes the timothy to do much better, and is richer in carbohydrates, and the sweet clover is much richer in protein; and if the season should be so dry that the clover might be lost, other grasses might appear. No other pasture is quite as good and safe for cattle to graze upon. For hog pasture, seed with oats on good ground. At first old hog lots are ideal to plow and sow as above. Turn in the hogs as soon as the oats will afford a bite, and let them have the field all summer till all is frozen down. This pasture will be found to be superior to the swath seeding generally recommended by our leading agricultural papers. Have enough size in field so the hogs won't have to eat it too short. Those sweet clover fields will furnish immense feed for two seasons; and if the alba threatens to grow too tall, and to become woody, mow the field only the second season from sowing. This will keep the clover succulent and fresh. Mow with the guards turned very high, to prevent killing any of the plants. Enough of it should be left to grow seed to reseed thor- oughly the pasture. Keep the hogs well rung or they will dig up and eat the roots toward fall of each year, or in throwouts in winter. HANDLING FOR HAY. After sweet clover has been growing on laud for two years, a field can be seeded alone on clean ground not too foul with weeds, and almost 1% tons of extra hay per acre may be cut in October; and it should in no case be mown for hay until the crown sprouts have begun to show up on FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 639 the top of the roots about one iuch under grouud. Then the field can be mown just as close to the ground as one wishes, without any harm, and we have never known such a field to winter kill. This will be the same kind of hay that is cut after the grain crop in October, and will be mown at the same time. The second year's hay crop must be handled differently, and will be ready to mow early in June, just as soon as it attains the height of 22 inches; and the field must be mown sufficiently high to leave some branches and leaves on each plant; so when the mower is started let the operator, after starting, look well at the stubble and see that some leaves and stubs of branches are left on each plant. If this is not the case much of the alba is liable to be killed; so the above precaution must be adhered to. The hay should be left lying in the field until nearly dry, but not dry enough to shatter off the leaves. It may then be raked into winrows, and made into small cocks before the leaves will shatter from being too dry; and while it is still in a tough state, fit to be hauled to the mow, care must be taken not to let it get too dry, as the leaves would then be largely lost, which are as rich in feeding value as wheat bran. Then, again, if put into the mow too soggy, it will mould in the center of the stack or mow. "We find that, with a little experience, we are getting much better hay than we ever had since we began to make sweet clover hay. This second year's crop will make three cuttings here; but it must be got at on time. The first cutting will not be in bloom yet; but the second and third cuttings will be continually in bloom soon after the second growth comes on, and the second cutting should be made when 22 inches tall on an average, and must be mown high, as at the first cutting. But the third mowing can be done close to the ground, as its time of usefulness will be at an end then. The second cutting may be taken for seed, which makes the best crop of seed; but in this case only one cutting of hay can be made and a crop of seed. If seed is harvested, the field will be well re- seeded for the coming season. GATHERING THE SEED. It is always best to take a cutting of hay first. By doing this a much better crop of seed of better quality will be the result; and the seed crop will handle with one-half as much labor, as the straw will be shorter and much finer. A self-binder is the right thing to harvest this seed crop, binding it up like oat bundles just as soon as the seed shows to be three- fourths black, and the rest a yellow brown. If harvested at this time a heavy seed crop will be secured. Set those bundles in shocks, two and two, just as long rows as you wish, until dry; then, as either stock or hull seed left in the hull often heats badly, we recommend hulling the seed when thoroughly dry. CONCLUSIONS. Sweet clover will thrive best on soils that contain most lime; and a good liberal amount of lime applied to most worn soils will be found to cause the alba to make greater growth; but it is not necessary for the 640 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE successful growing of this legume if the foregoing plans are adhered to. Twenty pounds of hulled seed is about the right amount of seed to sow per acre. We used a side delivery the past season, delivering the hay into the rows when not quite dry. Then we let it dry a little more in those delivered rows, then used a hay loader when all was about dry; but the moisture from the ground and the hay, still a trifle green, all made up very nicely. Only a few leaves were lost. I believe this will usually work well, and it saves much labor over the cockup plan. In handling the seed bundles it will be found profitable to spread a can- vas over the wagon rack to catch the shattering seed. The growing of sweet clover is the best possible way to prepare ground for the successful growing of alfalfa. Sweet clover will not live long unless the bacteria nodules begin to form on the roots; and these nodules will be very slow to show up unless good rich ground is used to begin with, or the land is limed, or a good covering of manure, or both, are used; and when all the above precau- tions are taken into consideration, and any of them applied, very few indeed will fail to make sweet clover a paying proposition on the farm, and he who is in the corn belt, and sets himself to the successful growing of this legume, will soon find himself growing much larger yields of not only hay and pasture, but a large increased yield on each acre of corn. TO IXOCULATE SEED — A PLAN THAT WORKS WELL. Dig up strong sweet clover roots on ground where this legume has been growing for years, carry to a place where the sun never shines, shell off the dirt with the nodules, and let dry and pulverize into a fine dust. This dust is teeming with the fresh bacteria, and is at this time ready to use for the purpose of inoculating either sweet clover seed or alfalfa seed. Prepare water with sufficient granulated glue stirred in to make a thin sticky syrup. It will be necessary to heat the water some so the glue will dissolve. When cool it is ready for use. Empty the seed on a floor in the shade, then pour over the seed sufficient of this syrup, and shovel it over and over until glue is all on the seed, when it will be ready for the dust. Sprinkle sufficient of this dust to dry the seed, so that the seed will no longer stick together. When done every seed will be coated with this dust that contains the bacteria, and is exactly in the right place to cause the young plants to grow nodules at once. When the above work is done the seed is ready to be sown either with nurse crop or alone. Be sure that when sown the seed is covered at once, as sunlight will kill the bacteria, and the thing that makes for success is to keep these operations always in the shade or on a damp cloudy day. If this method is used, sweet clover will thrive on very poor land, and build it up very fast. In any case where this legume has not grown suc- cessfully, the seed should be treated as above. The application of ground limestone applied to the land at the rate of one and one-half to two tons per acre causes the alba to grow an abundance of nodules, and in this case no inoculation is needed. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 641 EXHIBITS. B. II. LONGWORTH, POLK CITY. To the Iowa Beekeepers' Association in Second Annual Convention Assembled. Greeting: When your secretary requested me to present the subject of "Exhibits" I had no idea of the array of talent that would here be mobilized. And since I have read the printed program it has been hard for me to get away from the impression that in appearing before you at this hour, the chief exhibit I would be presenting would be that of nerve. Surely at the close of a series of sessions so replete with interest and enthusiasm, something of the nature of nerve is required of him who would introduce the comparatively uninteresting topic up for our present consideration. I say comparatively uninteresting advisedly. With 40,000 beekeepers in the state you can count on your finger^ without using your thumbs the exhibitors at the State Fair for the past ten years. That the beekeeping industries exhibits are not without interest for great numbers of fair visitors is clearly evident to one w^ho has spent a day among the throngs of sightseers passing through the apiarist's section of Agricultural Hall. When we speak of exhibits, naturally w'e think of fairs, and when we talk of fairs we are discussing educational institutions. If our fair should happen to be falling short of fulfilling the requirements of our ideal as an educator, it is our privilege and duty to give to it our best thought and effort. As your ideal for your fair is high, let your ideal for your own exhibit be none the less so. Be satisfied only when you have given it your highest thought and your most conscientious endeavor, your closest application and your keenest effort. Then wherever awards may fall, the true re- ward will be yours. We do not believe that we will be breaking faith with the preceding proposition if we plan for the appropriation by our own families of a large proportion of the educative infiuence set in motion by our exhibit. If you have no family are you a young man? I would say quit it. Are you an old man? Interest some young persons with you. Someone has said that to educate a child properly you should begin with the grandmother, and so it might be said with regard to training an exhibitor, but we are talking of exhibits and not of exhibitors. However, take this from me: your exhibit will be better if your family is enlisted in the campaign to make it so, and your family will be bettered if your exhibit is used as means for their moral and intellectual as well as material advancement. As a wave goes out from the center where it is born and joins hands with the wave running to meet it, and these two with others, so the interest of those connected with you are carried out through the influence of your exhibit, and acquiring added and increased interest there ensues a blending with a broader and more significant life. To return to the suggestion. Your exhibit will be better with the help of your family. Your exhibit should be as extensive as practicable for 41 642 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE you to make it, and you will need help. Your exhibit should be as attrac- tive as it can be made, and again, and more so, you need help. There is no discredit given, but rather an honor shown, the goods we exhibit through the employment of the decorator's art, and here you need the help of wife and daughter. After being fully established your exhibit will need careful attention, and the admiring and the curious, the prospective customer and the man with a hobby, the amateur seeking to imbibe bee lore, and the past grand master in agriculture are all to be met and satisfied — remember that last word, satisfied. If you will pardon this reference to our own exhibit at our last State Fair. There are six of us in family, the father and two sons, the mother and two daughters. We employed two helpers and later on for part time two more, all young persons, none too many. I do not feel that I should exact from you at this hour time to go through all the details connected with making your exhibit attractive and withal effective. Not only should your exhibit be as extensive as practicable, and as attractive as possible, but it should be as persistent as the inevitable "others may come and others may go" but you should go on, if not forever at least to success. Our friend Mr. Bittenbender, of Knoxville, is a splendid illustration of this persistency. For twenty-seven consecutive years he has been regu- larly at the State Fair. I well remember the illuminated countenance of our good brother as he told me, a number of years ago, of reaching the $100 mark in premium winnings, a goal he had been striving toward for years. Mr. James Heathershaw, just outside the city, owner of what is probably the finest market garden farm in this part of the state, has exhibited at the State Fair without one failure for thirty-five years, and his winnings this year at the age of 76 amounted to over $200. The late Mr. Clute, of Manchester, an exhibitor in vegetable and apiary departments died an exhibitor, his last State Fair rounding out forty years. If I may have seemed in the outset to deplore the necessity for appear- ing at the close of so great a program with this rather drouthy paper, I appreciate the fact that if the paper rightfully has a place before you, this is the logical time, for more intimately than we may think is this question of exhibits connected with those preceding it. Look down the number that have been discussed. Is Mr. True planning to arrange his apiary in the most effective manner? Let him make a home exhibit of it. Does Mr. Secor want to increase the consumption of honey? Let him exhibit. Is Mr. Pinney in doubt as to whether he should run for comb or extracted? He, too, should exhibit. Does Mr. Strong wish to sell direct to the consumer? Let him exhibit. Does Mr. Aldrich desire to lend to his beekeeping the dignity of a business? He should exhibit. Has Mr. Southworth problems connected with marketing his crops? Advise him to exhibit. Does Mr. Bonney question the value of advertising? We prescribe for him an exhibit. Is Mr. Miller looking for another side line of the fun-developing sort? Tell him for me to hitch onto an exhibit. Has Mr. Hall rounded out a great work for the season? Perhaps all that FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 643 is lacking to bring out in striking clearness the outlines for the picture of that work is an exhib^;. Mr. Bittenbender already stands committed as an exhibitor. He can't help it. Maybe he was born that way. But away back there in the early days of the Iowa State Fair he came up against the proposition that if he would exhibit he must produce and then he began to get busy. Then along came the germ whispering in his ear: "Exhibit more extensively, Mr. Bittenbender," and our genial friend yielded to wooing, and there you have his well worked out scheme of increase. Let me say here, Mr. True has made two very interesting and promis- ing exhibits, winning a goodly number of blue ribbons. You quote some- times these words: "Sow a thought and reap a habit; sow a habit and reap a character." Will you allow me an application of the quotation: "Sow a thought now — get it started to growing while conditions are so favorable concerning your exhibit. Get the exhibit habit and be an exhibitor." HOW MAY WE INCREASE THE CONSUMPTION OF HONEY? BY EUGENE SECOE, FOREST CITY, IOWA. What do you suppose is the average amount of honey per inhabitant consumed in this country? I have not at hand the figures of the pro- duction of honey in the United States as shown by the last federal census, but from what I know of my own locality by actual sales, and of other places by observation, I am convinced that the amount of honey used isn't one pound per capita per annum. Just think of that! There are more pounds of tobacco sold and used ten to one than there are of the nectar of heaven! The consumption of sugar as an article of food is out of all proportion to honey used for the same purpose. It is quite a common thing for families to buy fifty or a hundred pounds of gran- ulated sugar at a time, but I seldom hear of the head of a family carry- ing home anything like the same quantity of honey. Perhaps that is why we are a nation of dyspeptics. It is an ejjort for the stomach to digest sugar. Honey is more assimilable. It requires less vital force for the stomach to convert it into blood and bone and muscle and fat. But someone will say honey is a luxury, and he can't afford luxuries. Honey is a luxury. It is unmatchable by the arts of man. No alchemist can make it. It is the very soul of the flowers and they are the poetry of nature. Science cannot compound it nor perfume it with the essence of heaven. It is distilled by the sunshine in the secret chambers of the corolla and is poured into delicate new-made chalices of wondrous workmanship by the servant of man for his inexpressible delight. Yes, honey is a luxury. But isn't sugar a luxury? Don't you think you would live just as long and perhaps a little longer if you didn't eat so much sugar? Sucrose sugars are responsible for many kidney troubles. Did you ever know of a case of diabetes in a constant user of honey? Someone else says honey is too expensive. He can't afford it. Ye^, honey is higher than sugar, but not so high as meat. Meat isn't a neces- 644 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE sity. We think it is but it's a mistake. Don't you think we'd live just as long and perhaps a little longer, don't you think we'd be just as strong and perhaps a little stronger if we didn't eat so much meat? How many millions of people there are in this old world who scarcely ever taste it — people just as strong and just as healthy as we who kill and devour helpless creatures just to satisfy a perverted appetite! Sta- tistics gathered by the Department of Agriculture for 1911 show that the people of the United States consumed one hundred and seventy-two pounds of meat per capita and I said they didn't average one pound of honey! But I don't need to lecture you beekeepers on the benefits of using honey, unless it is to urge its use a little more freely in your own households. And don't forget to extol its virtues to the heathen round about who use meat so excessively. I have known men who kept a few colonies of bees to take the very first filled supers to town to sell instead of leaving them in the kitchen and telling the women folks to help themselves. This class of bee- keepers does more to make honey unpopular than many suppose. They are generally farmers who have little experience and who don't seem to realize that honey is a luxury and therefore must be put up in attract- ive style. Perhaps they take it to their local market in the super just as it came off the hive, propolized and travel-stained, and by the time the grocer gets the sections out it is a mess. He is disgusted with it and wishes the stuff in Ballyhack. It is anything but tempting to a customer who might be in a humor to buy if it looked nice. Getting back to my subject, I will say that one way to increase the use of honey is to use more of it on the table in the home where it is produced. When company comes what luxury is more dainty and inviting than a section of the finest honey you have in the house? Call the attention of the guest to it. Nine-tenths of all the visitors we have eat honey. They like it. Perhaps when they go home and plan to entertain com- pany themselves they will think of the delicious honey they ate at The Shelter and buy some. I will here state that our table is seldom set without honey, and we eat it. We never get tired of it. A pound section disappears in company with a pound of butter — both going the same route to the gastronomic laboratory along with pancakes, bread, biscuits or muffins as the case may be. The good Book says, "Butter and honey shall he eat when he knoweth to refuse the evil and choose the good." By the way, isn't it a wonderful laboratory that we carry around with us, the stomach? While we're working or walking, studying or writing, loafing or sleeping, the heterogeneous conglomeration of mate- rials we have dumped into it are assorted in this laboratory and assigned, each particle to its proper work and function in the building of a man. The way to increase the use of honey is to popularize it. Advertise by any method you choose but be sure to advertise by selling only the best. If we produce comb honey every section ought to be so clean and attractive that it will tempt someone to buy. I never put on the market an unfinished section, and every section is as thoroughly scraped for FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 645 the local trade as though it were going to the great city. If we would take more pains to cultivate the home market by selling only a prime article and keeping it before the people we would sell more honey at home and make more money out of it. Remember that honey is a luxury, and it must be put on the market in such attractive shape that it will be admired and bought. In other words it will sell itself. If honey on the grocer's counter is mussy or in uncleaned sections few people will be tempted to buy it. The eye is the key that unlocks the purse. People advertise to catch the eye. We must advertise our goods by keeping in sight the finest quality and handsomest product that skill can produce. It is a good plan to have a bulletin board near the high- way on which is displayed in large letters Honey for Sale. It will bring many a customer. I suggest that the local price be not held at such a high figure that the people will not take hold of it. An example to the point: In my own town most of the resident beekeepers got together early in the fall and agreed to hold comb honey at twenty cents. The consequence was it didn't move, but a little later at fifteen cents it sold fast. Fancy comb was selling at the time in Chicago at sixteen cents. Now, it wasn't just the wise thing to do to hold at twenty when, if shipped it wouldn't have netted the producer more than twelve to fourteen. Better put the home price at a figure that will sell as much as possible of it and save freight and commission. Another way to advertise honey is to show it at fairs. I believe every exhibitor of honey will say that an attractive display of honey is always admired and commented upon. It whets the appetite. Live bees are shown just to tempt visitors to stop and ask questions. If bees didn't make honey they'd be no more attraction than a nest of ants. But the attention once arrested the opportunity opens to talk of the wonderful work done by the bees; of the different kinds of honey and why different; that bees do not mix honey from different flowers; that white clover is distinct from linden, sweet clover from buckwheat and alfalfa from goldenrod; that comb honey is never capped till it is ripe; and when fully ripened and sealed it is a product which man with all his inventive genius cannot copy or excel; that there are many uses to which honey may be put beside eating it in its natural state; that cakes of various kinds and cookies and doughnuts and preserves and vinegar may all be made, honey taking the place of other sweets. If it is known that honey is a more healthful sweet than cane or beet sugar and that a delicate stomach is by its use saved from some of the arduous labors of digestion perhaps the listener will be reminded to buy honey instead of some of the canned stuff now so plentiful. It ought to be known that honey on the table takes the place of sauce and preserves — at least it does at our home. If honey is always on the table the housekeeper doesn't need to fret and sweat over the stew kettle nearly so much. My remarks thus far are mostly concerning- comb honey. The pro- ducers of extracted honey are generally those who keep a large number of colonies and who understand how to handle and how to market it, but if any one thinks of trying this branch of the business I want to caution him against extracting and selling unripe honey. Nothing will 646 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE sooner demoralize trade and disgust would-be users of our product than to buy a can or jar of so-called honey when it is little better than nectar-sweetened water. Wait till the combs are well sealed before extracting. For the retail trade extracted honey ought to be as pure as comb honey and put up in an attractive package, with a label on the can or pail just as handsome as other canned goods. Explain why honey granulates and tell how to liquefy it without spoiling the flavor. Such an article will "taste like more" — blessing him that buys and him that sells. A good deal of honey could be sold to farmers if one is adapted to the business of peddling. In my part of the State not one farmer in twenty keeps bees, but it is a dairy county and every farmer has money. If they were solicited in the right way I am convinced they would buy a lot of honey and by so much increase the consumption, for they seldom buy it at the grocery. When they go into a store to do the week's buying they see so many other things on the shelves, and their list from home is so large, they pass by the luxuries. Take honey to them when nothing else is in sight and they will buy. People need to be solicited. They expect it. How many farmers would carry insurance if they were not solicited? How many would buy automobiles if they were not per- suaded by the agents? How many would plant orchards if the smooth- tongued tree agent didn't call? One can sell honey in the same way, and in large quantities. REPORT OP SECRETARY. S. W. SNYDER, CENTER POINT. The report of this office will not of necessity be very lengthy. There might have been much more accomplished through this office if the secretary had no bees to look after and a few other irons in the fire. The first duty performed after returning home was to make up enough typewritten copies of the proceedings of our first convention to fill the demand of those applying for them. It was soon discovered that if we obtained any favors through our legislature we must get busy at once, accordingly a letter was mailed to each member requesting them to get after their representative and senator and urge them to support the foul brood bill which was then on file. Through the Secretary of State we obtained a list of all repre- sentatives and senators and a strong letter was mailed to each one, urging their support of the pending bill, and after much anxiety and several reverse reports we finally landed on top with enough state funds backing us to begin a much needed work. At tAe suggestion and offer of the Secretary of the National Associa- tion to furnish the Iowa bee keepers one or more carloads of cans, through this office I accordingly notified our members to send in esti- mates of their needs. A good many responded, some in a great hurry for the cans and others in no hurry which made it apparent that it was going to be hard to pull them all together soon enough to serve all satisfactorily but I thought I had everything all arranged to make FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 647 it go when either the loss of a letter from the secretari' or the omission to send it caused a delay, during which time a number of those in the greatest need of cans ordered theirs individually, thus cutting down our estimates too low for a carload. The above mentioned delay occurred about the time the business affairs of the National Association was transferred from Detroit to Northstar. Finally enough later estimates came in to make it apparent that we would yet get up a carload, but it was getting late and we must act at once, so price lists were sent to all those wanting cans with a request to send in their orders at once; accordingly the orders and checks came rolling in and among the first orders received it was apparent that there had been a misunderstanding of the price list. I immediately wrote for the can company to give us a further explanation of some items in their prise list which resulted in a revised price list, making it necessary to write some members having already ordered to send us more money. 1 thought it too late to go over the ground again so returned the orders which had been received and let each one order cans for themselves. Co-operative buying of supplies can undoubtedly be made profitable to the members of our Association if we can get together early enough in the season to serve all satisfactorily. Several years ago when N. E. France was general manager of the National Association, he sent out to members some printed matter cov- ering some supreme court decisions relative to the rights of bee keepers. I have carefully preserved the copies sent me and last spring I had an opportunity to use them in a most gratifying way. Under pressure of several agitators, the city council of Center Point was about to adopt a resolution declaring bees a nuisance and to pass an ordinance requir- ing their removal without the city limits. The measure had about reached the point of final action before I heard of it. I chanced to hear one of the promoters of the scheme speak of it; I promptly took the matter up and informed him that they could do nothing of the kind. The bees in question were the property of Geo. H. Frey, a member of our Association. He keeps about 240 colonies within the corporate limits of Center Point. I requested Mr. Frey to keep me informed as to the progress of the ordinance and notify me of the time of the meeting for final action. When the time arrived I appeared before the council armed with the supreme court decisions and pointed out where similar ordinances had been set aside, showed them the strength of our Association and what they might expect us to do in case they passed such an ordinance. The mayor and council kindly received the informa- tion, read over the supreme court decisions and other legal precedents realtive to bee-keeping, after which the mayor remarked: "Gentlemen of the council, you see what we are up against, we have no money to spend on a matter of this kind. A motion to lay this proposed ordinance on the table will be in order." The motion was forthcoming and received the unanimous support of the council: This settled the ordi- nance question but did not entirely settle a couple of the most rabid agitators. Finding themselves beaten in the ordinance matter they constructed some traps and hoped thereby to destroy Mr. Frey's bees. I made some roundabout investigations and dropped a few strong remarks 648 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE where I thought the parties aimed at would get to hear it, stating that they might just as well go into my pasture and deliberately kill one of my horses as to trap and kill Mr. Fray's bees and for the commitment of either they might find themselves behind the bars in state prison. I do not know If it was due to our investigations and insinuations, or if they were unsuccessful in trapping the bees, at any rate the traps dis- appeared and Mr. Frey is keeping bees in Center Point undisturbed. In the establishment of the aforementioned precedents and legal rights of bee keepers, we as an Association owe a debt of everlasting gratitude to former general manager N. E. France for his untiring and vigorous efforts on our behalf. An effort was made through this office to induce the county and district fairs of our state to give the products of the apiary a more prominent and extended premium list than has been customary by sending the secretary of each association in the state a letter outlining a suitable premium list. A few replied, stating that the matter would be duly considered by their board of directors. Our last effort now under way is to increase the membership of our Association. Our president prepared copy for a printed card to be inclosed with the correspondence of business firms dealing with bee keepers, soliciting them to join the Association. Through a kind and generous offer of the editor of The American Bee Journal the badges for this convention were supplied in exchange for our list of members and their addresses. COMB OR EXTRACTED HONEY. C. L. PINNEY, I.E MARS. As we proceed with the consideration of this subject I want you to bear in mind that I am talking to a convention of Iowa beekeepers; and we must consider our conditions as they exist in Iowa. Our main honey flow, from which we procure the most of our com- mercial honey, is white clover. Of course, there are some favored locations where we get some bass- wood or linden, and there are other places in the eastern part of the state where we giet minor flows from other sources. In my own locality, excepting a slight flow from heartsease in August, about one year in three, our only marketable honey is produced from white clover. It covers this great state during tlie months of June and July. It thrives in every county, and I doubt if there is a section of land in the state wlhich would not support profitably at least a dozen colonies of bees. And why not; a soil that will produce a banner crap of corn will pro- duce white clover, and climate that will mature corn will cause clover to produce nectar and give it that thick heavy body and that delicious aroma and flavor found only in Iowa. White clover honoy; the finest honey in the world. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 649 Start from the Missouri river on over west and travel east to the Atlantic Ocean, over the white clover belt, and the farther east you go the lower the average temperature, especially nights. And let me say to you the higher the temperature and dryer the climate the thicker will be the nectar as it is gathered from the flowers, and the less the bees will be obliged to reduce it. For this reason the more flavor it will have, and the thicker or riper the honey the longer it will retain that flavor. In proof of this go out in your apiary any still evening when your bees are gathering honey and if you are an experienced beekeeper you can tell from what source they are gathering honey, from the aroma that pervades the atmosphere. Our late Bro. Alexander of New York state artificially ripened his buckwheat honey, and during the process of ripening he reduced that strong metallic buckwheat flavor, making it more palatable to the average consumer, but with our white clover honey we should strive to retain as much of that delicate clover flavor as possible. For this reason I seal my extract honey in jars as fast as I extract, or after it has stood in the settling tank from 12 to 24 hours, and I never allow my comb honey to be exposed to the atmosphere for any length of time. I want to say to you, that I consider it the duty of the Iowa Beekeepers Association to establish a brand or trade mark and have the same reg- istered for our Iowa white clover honey. If eacih producer or member of this organization will use this trade mark on the labels of all of this class of honey he sells, it will in a short time materially increase the price of our honey. I don't know as it would increase our sales to any great extent for it is an easy matter to dispose of a crop of this kind of honey now. I never produced a crop of clover honey so large that I was not able to sell it at a fairly satisfactory price, except one year in the 35 years I have kept bees in this state. That year, 1910, while the price w^as as high as other years, I carried over to 1911 about 50 cases of comb honey, which I sold to my customers during the fall of 1911, for 15 cents per case more than the same grade sold for the year before, being a fair interest on the money and another demonstration of the quality of our Iowa white clover honey. In the western part of the state we have some years a flow of honey in August from heartsease. This honey, while the color is good, has a strong, and, to me, rather disagreeable flavor. For this reason I turn my comb supers crossways so the air can cir- culate through them, and my extract honey I allow to stand in the settling tank for at least 30 days. In the meantime I send to Wisconsin and buy a few cases of basswood honey and blend it with this heartsease, making a fairly good article. Now there is one more honey flow I want to call your attention to, and that is from dandelion, during the month of May. The first blossoms appear about the 25th of April, or at the same time as the first early fruit blossoms, and it continues to bloom if the weather is favorable until fhe 1st of June, 650 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE It has been steadily increasing for the last 20 years, until last sprirug it covered the ground with a mantle of gold as far as the eye could reach. This honey commercially is of little value, but as a stimulant to build up our bees, and put them in prime condition for the white clover in June, is of the greatest value. I was reading in one of our magazines not long ago where some writer seemed to doubt as to the dandelion producing very much nectar. Let me read you from the record of my scale hive for one week, com- mencing May 22, 1913. This was a 10 frame hive, with a 5 inch extraction super on top, con- taining a strong colony of Italian bees. Firuit bloom was over. The clover blosso-ms were jvist beginning to appear. Nothing on which the bees could work except dandelions. 22d. Shower in the morning, clear in the afternoon, gathered 7 pounds. 23d. Cloudy in the morning, clear after 10, gathered 8 pounds. 24th. Clear day, gathered 131 pounds. 25th. Clear, cast an 8 pound swarm. This was the largest swarm I ever had this early in the season. It was hived and placed on a new stand, for the ireason that I wanted every queen cell there was in the mother colony, which I v/ill explain later. 26th. Fair and warm, gathered 6 pounds. 27th. Fair and warm, gathered 7 pounds. This record for the 2fith and 27th, seems wonderful to me, that a colony casting off an eight pound swarm could muster forces enough to gio out and gather nectar and pollen to the amount of 6 and 7 pounds, the first and second days after it had swarmed. It shows you what an immense amount of nectar was within reach of the bees at tlhat time. • And I have often wondered what the scale would have shown if this colony had not swarmed or what other colonies in the apiary of equal strength gathered during these three days, the 25th, 26th, and 27th of May. It is my guess that the amount was from 15 to IS pounds. Now, if our president will allow me, I would like to digress from our subject long enough to read further from the recoird of this scale hive during the first half of April last spring. My bees were set out of the cellar the last day of March. April 1, 2, 3, cold. 4th, warm, gatliered 1 pound from soft maple. 5th and 6th, cold. 7th, 8th, and 9th, snow. The snow fell to the depth of 18 inches, ac- cording to the record of the weather man, and containing 2.15 inches of water. April 10th, sun shone bright, shoveled the bees out of the snow. Flew in the afternoon. Saw many on the snow. I think all succeeded in getting back to their hives before night as it was warm and the snow settled at least 2 inches. 11th, warm, still day. Bees flew strong. Snow settled down to about 12 inches. Scale showed a gain of 1 pound. What! Something wrong with the scale. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 651 12Lli, warm and still; bcos flying strong; snow went down to about 6 or 8 inches. Scale siiowed an increase of 2 pounds. Will take that scale out and test it as soon as the snow is off. 13th. Weather still and warm; snow settled to 4 or 5 inches. I had begun to look around to find out what they were doing by this time. Bees working on soft maple and scale shows gain of 2 pounds. 14th. Weather fine; opened 12 hives and found, an average of three frames of brood in all stages and 1 Hoffman frame of new honey or nectar p:atherecl during these four days, when the snow covered the ground from 2 to 18 inches deep. I consider this the most wonderful thing that I have ever encountered in the 50 years I have kept bees. At the time 1 thought I would report it to our bee journals, but later changed my mind. I was afraid some of the older boys would call me names and I would not be there to defend myself. Now gentlemen such experiences as this and the flow from dandelion I have just mentioned is what gives older boys a relapse of that disease we call bee fever, and I had it bad last spring. In fact it ihas stayed with me all summer. There is one matter we should consider before we decide on whether we produce comb or extract honey. If you want to produce a crop of honey ^.fith. the least amount of labor and expense, and receive for your crop one-half wbat the con- sumer eventually pays for it, then produce extracted and after you have harvested that crop put it up in 60 pound cans or barrels and send it to some commission man in our large cities. This is the easiest and cheapest way to handle a crop, hut you will find when you receive your returns from that commission man that it will be still easier to spend your summer's wages. Again, if you want to produce a crop of honey witli the maximum amount of labor and expense produce extracted honey and put it up, in up-to-date packages of from 6 to 24 ounces to the package, and go out and sell it to some man who will in turn sell to the consumer, thereby receiving the full retail price, less one commission. This will double your bank account, but it will mean lots of good hard work, and a large expense account. But if you want to produce a crop of Ihoney at a medium amount of expense and labor and receive the maximum amount of money for your crop, my advice is, produce comb honey. But you will ask, to whom will we sell our crop; we have not the time nor inclination to go out and peddle from house to house. Let me answer that question by asking you a few questions. Who is it that our wives, mothers, or housekeepers, in our towns and cities, phone to regularly every morning for the necessary provisions to supply our tables each day? Who sells to us as consumers nine-tent)his of all the food products we consume? Why, it is the retail groceryman. Then he is the man I would cater to in disposing of a crop of honey. Did you ever co into a first class grocery store and take notice of the stock of goods as displayed along the shelves? Do you see any honey among these goods? 652 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE If not, then we are not keeping abreast with the times and can't expect to receive the highest market price for our crop. And another thing you will note that two-thirds the goods sold in that grocery store will he priced from 10 cents to 35 cents per package. Far this reason, I pack my extracted honey in glass containers to retail from 10 cents to 35 cents and my comb honey in cartons. Of course, I sell a great amount of comb packed in plain cases, the old faslhioned way, and extracted in tin as ordered, but three-fourths of my sales is put up in small glass packages. Gentlemen, we read in the newspapers every day of the high cost of living. I want to tell you it is these small sanitary packages that have in- creased the cost of living more than any one thing. These packages are expensive. First, there is the package, labor of filling, expense of labels, and shipping case, and many other expenses when grouped together would astonish you. Take this jar of honey (for instance) at 10 cents and you are paying 100 per cent more for the honey than the producer received. When you buy a one pound package of seeded raisins at 15 cents you pay about 200 per cent more than the vineyard'ist received for the grapes, and when you buy breakfast foods in cardboard boxes you pay from 3 to 16 dollars per bushel for wheat, corn and oats, which our farmers in Iowa are selling at from 40 to 85 cents per buslbel. Now, to get back to our subject, comb or extracted honey, under the conditions as they exist in Iowa, depending on white clover for the most of our surplus. I say comb honey. I can produce more revenue from an apiary run for comb honey than I can from an apiary run for extracted, and I can put it in the hands of the retail groceryman in proper packages for the retail trade, at one-half the cost and with one-half tihe labor. It is dollars that count in the bee business as well as any other business. Now this may seem to the most of you a rather strong assertion, but if you will give me your attention for a few minutes I will try and prove to you that this can be accomplished. First I want to say to you that I am in the business of producing honey for the income I receive from the business. That while I am ])roducing comb honey, I also produce some extract. This is absolutely necessary if I want to conduct the business eco- nomically. There are certain conditions under which a colony will store some surplus in an extracting super with drawn combs, where they would not do any work in a comb super, and again I often have an out apiary so far from home that I visit it only three or four times during a season, which I run for extract. And another thing — the older I grow the more I try to avoid all un- necessary work in the apiary and, I want to confess I'm sixty-three. And not as spry as I used to be; I'm wearing glasses that I may see To properly handle the honey bee. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 653 I am physically unable to do hard manual labor. For these reasons I am using all short cuts possible in handling my bees. Now let us go over the various manipulations necessary to produce a crop of honey and I will touch only on such parts as vary more or less from the teachings we find in our books and magazines. We will commence the fall previous to the production of our crop, say from the 2.5th of Augxtst to the 1st of September. Our comb honey supers have been all taken from the hives, and in their place have been put shallow extracting supers, containing worker combs, all except possibly the two outside frames, whicih may contain some drone cells. It will not be necessary to look to these bees again until after a killing frost the last of September or first of October. During the month of October I go over my apiaries carefully and examine each colony, if any have more supplies than they need I take out frames of honey from the extracting super and replace with empty combs. If any are short of stores I add frames of sealed honey in the super, but I neve7- take honey from the brood chamber. These supers are of considerable importance to catch any late fall flow, and again there will be some of the colonies that have produced comb honey whose brood chambers contain too much stores, in which case the bees will carny these extra stores up into the super, thereby relieving the brood chamber. (I once lost at least one-half of a fall flow from red clover, the first week in September, by not having a super of any kind on my hives at this time.) Now, I want to say that these supers remain on my strong colonies all the year or from the time the oomb supers are taken off in August and until they go back on in June. They give extra room and ventilation, during the winter, and room for storage and brood during the spring. In fact they become a part of the brood chambers at this time and when they are changed for the comb supers th,e bees more treadily start work in the sections because they are accustomed to storing above the brood frames. Our bees in Iowa should be put in the cellar about the 1st to 10th of December. I put mine in rows and tier them up three high, with an alley about three feet wide between; hives facing the alley so I can pass through and note the condition of them at a glance. The hives are set on the frame, about fifteen inches from the floor, so they slope slightly toward the back of the hive. I don't expect any moisture to condense and run out of the entrance for my cellar is dry, but I do expect to run water in at the entrance before I set them out in the spring. Of course the heaviest colonies I place on the first row at the bottom, and as fast as I put them in I break the sealed cover loose and put a piece of section between the cover and hive so the weight of the hives 654 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE on top will not press down and reseal them during the time tliey are in the cellar. This is for the purpose of allowing the moisture from the cluster to escape. The entrance remains open the full width of the hive and three- quarters of an inch deep. The second row is treated in the same manner, while the lightest colonies are placed on the top row and the seal of the cover broken. One word about cellars. My cellar is 25 feet long, 16 feet wide and 10 feet deep. The greatest trouble with our cellars is the depth. I want my bee cellars at least 10 feet deep. Then you will get proper air space and ventilation without fussing with sub-earth ventilators, if your floors and the sides are of dirt. Of course, if you build expensive cellars of concrete, thereby shutting out the air, you will need expensive ventilators, otherwise your bees will suffer. "We will now 'have a rest until the middle of February or about the time of our February thaw, at which time I go down into my cellar and standing still, with the light turned down very low, I listen to the murmur of the bees. If I hear two or three bees leave the entrance of their hives and fly off into the darkness of the cellar, thereby committing suicide, it is time for action. I get out my large sized sprinkling can, the same I use in the garden, and fill it with water, sprinkle the fronts and alighting boards, until they are all thoroughly w^et, or until the water stands on the alighting board one-fourth inch deep and has run back into the hive two or three inches. Now this water v.'ill remain on the alighting boards for five or six hours before it is all absorbed by the wood and the atmosphere, and if you observe closely you will see many bees, especially in the strong colonies, come to the entrance and load up with water. This watering I repeat once a w^eek until I put the bees out on their summeir stands, and if they become too uneasy during a warm spell in March, I take a spomge about the size of my fist or an old cotton or linen cloth, dip it in a pail of water and lay it close against the entranoe on the alighting board. Experience has taught us that bees confined, to ship by freight, ex- press or parcel post, even in queen, cages, require water, then why not if confined in a dark cellar for three or four months. I think they do. It has been my experience to find brood in a majority of my strong colonies when I set them on their summer stands in the spring. Some- times as much as one-half a frame of sealed brood and we all know that bees require large quantities of water when rearing brood. But let us hurry along, it is now spring, and we are wondering when to set the bees out. If J were to set an apiary of bees out of the cellar in any part of Iowa, I would watch the soft maple and as soon as tihe first bloom appeared on these trees, the next morning just dayligiht, if not storm- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 655 ing, out would go the bees no matter whether it was March or April, and as I set them out I note the condition of each colony and if any need stores I give them frames of honey in the supers, only at this time I uncap these frames. A 25 cent steel tooth hair brush, you can buy at any drug store, will do the business. If I was a young man I would use the Alexander plan of taking from the bees all sealed combs of honey about the first of Maiy, extract the same and feed back. T believe it would pay well for the labor. I handle my bees very little during ttoe months of April and May. Of course, I watch the entrance indications, and if I see siome colony not up to standard I make an investigation as to the cause. My colonies arc mostly in ten frame hives with a five inch extracting super on top and with plenty of stores, there is very little to do during the spring. Each year in the early part of April I order one dozen leather col- ored Italian queens from some breeder in the south to be sihipped me to arrive the first of June. I do this to keep up the standard of my bees, as I don't raise queens and am obliged to use queen cells reared in colonies that have cast natural swarms. Well, it is, say from the 1st to the 10th of June. i\Iy comb honey supers are ready having been prepared during the winter, the hives are full of bees, and stores, probably four or five col- onies ihave already swarmed. My scale hive shows a gain of one-half or one pound for the first time this month. Tomorrow the comb honey supers must go on. This is the critical time with the comb honey producers. For your year's crop w-ill depend a great deal on how we handle our bees at this time, and on this first super we place on the hives. You will note this is an Ideal super, or a super containing Ideal sections. I ase this style of super, first, because it holds thirty-five sections or about what I can comfortably handle when filled and I am not obliged to buy or handle as many supers in the production of a crop. Second, because I can clean two cases of plain sections in the same time it takes to clean one case of bee way sections, and the sections cost less. Third, because the shipping cases are more compact and cheaper, re- quiring a smaller and- cheaper shipping crate, and Last, but not least, because I can use a five inch extracting frame at the outside on each side of the sections in this first super. In preparing my supers during the winter, I use a blank extracting frame on the outside of each super. These blank frames I use simply to keep the sections in place till the super is ready to go on the hive. Next is the sections. I cut my foundation so it fits accurately the inside of the section, then with a 15 cent camel's hair brush, that you can buy at your drug 656 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE store, and a basin of hot wax I fasten the foundation to three sides. Now this method of fastening foundation in sections is far superior to any machine or wax tube and much better; with the brush tihe hot wax is rubbed into the pores of the wood so that even if you tear out the foundation the edges will still remain attached. The only way to remove a starter put in in this manner is to cut it out with a knife. Of course, this is extra thin super foundation. Years ago I used the same grade of foundation below as above, but I found that before the bees got the upper part drawn out and filled this bottom starter was all gnawed out, nothing left but a mark on the wood where it had been fastened. Next I tried thin super foundation with the same results. Five years ago I commenced to use light brood foundation for bottom starters which 1 have been using since, and I have yet to ihear the first complaint. I have a few bait sections here that will illustrate this matter prob- ably better than I can explain it to you. Here is an Ideal section in every particular. Here are two sections that were filled, but not capped. Note how uniformily the comb is attacihed to the wood, and heire are sections showing how the bees will gnaw away even light brood, under certain conditions. And let me call your attention to the fact that, while the center of these starters are gnawed away, the corners remain intact so there will be no pop holes or passage way in these corners when this section is finished. And here is a section with a starter that any bee kepeer will say is thin siiirplus foundation, which was light brood when I placed it in this section. These conditions are easily accounted for. Our empty supers are put on the hives next the brood and as the young bees leave the brood nest for the supers, the first thing they encounter is these bottom starters, and here is where they commence their work. A crop of honey produced from foundation, put in sections as I have shown you, will weigh from one to two pounds to the case more, and will average one grade higher and bring on any market 25 cents per case more than it would if we used a small top starter only. And another thing, these sections of honey will stand twice the rough usage in shipping that a section will where only a small starter is used. Now, let us put this super of sections on the hive. We will place it at one side of the colony and on the other side an empty extracting super which has been stapled to a regular bottom board. The entrance is closed tigiht and a cover on. Don't forget that each of my colonies has a five inch extracting super on at this time. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 657 Now, with your left hand remove the cover while your hand is work- ing the smoker. As soon as the bees have left the top of the super, remove a frame and either shake the ijees back in the super or at the entrance. Then set it aside. Now, with the left hand pry each frame over towards this empty space and smoke the bees down into the brood chamber, not that we care about the bees but we want to be sure the queen is down in the brood chamber. And as you pry these frames apart, select one that is seven-eighths full of sealed honey, all sealed but a few cells on the ends, and across the bottom. As soon as the young bees return to cover this frame take it out with the bees and put it in the comb super, in the place of the blank frame, on one side. I then select a frame similar to the first for the opposite side. Now, remove the extracting super from the hive. Put it on the comb super and return both to the hive. There you are, gentlemen. These bees were storing honey in that super 'before it reached the hive and had been for a week or ten days, and they will go right on storing until it is full. And what is of immensely more importance is the fact that they have been secreting wax for the purpose of repairing these old combs and capping this honey they have stored during May, and will continue to do so and draw out foundation as sO'On as this comb super Is in position on the hive. I have many times seen the row of sections next the bait combs in these supers drawn out ready for the storage of honey the next morn- ing after these supers were put on the hives, and I consider my crop of comb honey assured just as soon as my bees are drawing founda- tion and storing honey in this first super. One word in regard to the secretion of wax and building comb in the production of comb honey. We all know that nature is a lavish provider; she causes hundreds of blossoms to appear on our fruit trees in the spring where one apple or plum is matured on the tree. There are fifteen or tv/enty queen cells produced in the hive where only one or two is needed, we often see 400 or 500 drones where only one is necessary. Is there any reason to think our bees would not be able to -supply the necessary amount of wax to build comb for the storage of any and all honey the field bees are able to gather no matter how heavy or fast the fiow may be? Our wax workers are busy twenty-four hours each day. Would it not be reasonable to believe they would be able to prepare combs, or, what would be still easier, draw out foundation sufficient to store all honey the field bees could gather during ten or twelve hours work, especially if they have the help of the full force of field bees each night? And I think they do, I don't believe there is a bee in a normal colony that loafs or rests for more than a few moments at a time day or night during a honey flow, if there is work that should be done in the hive. The reason I selected these frames two-thirds full for the comb super 43 658 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE is that I want all my white clover honey in my sections, and when these combs are taken out with the sections later in the season, they are set aside to use for feeding back in the fall or the coming spring. Returning to this extracting super, I select two full frames of honey and place them on one side of the empty super on the bottom board, which will now become the lower half of a divisible brood chamber. I then remove all the frames containing brood and place them next to these frames of honey. There will probably be some empty frames, and frames with honey, still in the super on this colony. If so, I use a bee escape between the two supers, put on the coveir and proceed to the next colony, which I treat in the same manner, and so on till this divisible hive is full of brood and honey which will then contain twelve five inch frames with more or less brood in each frame and bees enough to look after this brood. Eight full frames of honey, and a young queen. Now, I forgot to state that before I put any brood in this hive I take one of the queens I ordered from the south, to be delivered the first week in June, remove the cork and with the small blade of my knife remove most of the candy, leaving only enough to confine the queen, three or four hours, and lay the cage on tihe bottom board near the entrance. These artificial swarms are then set aside in the shade until towards evening, when I remove them to some out apiary, or if workiag at an out apiary I bring them to the home apiary, open the entrance and by morning they will be able to take care of themselves. From forty colonies in my ihome apiary last spring, I made twelve in this manner which produced twenty-three cases of comb honey, a little less than two cases each during the season. I consider the taking of this brood from my strong colonies at the time of putting on the comb supers a benefit foir it has a tendency to discourage sv/arming. ' In about a week or as soon as the brood begins to hatch in these artificial swarms I put a comib super on each one the same as the first super used on the other colonies, and when my stock of laying queens is exhausted I use sealed queen cells from some colony that has cast a swarm. I have entered into details in regard to these artificial swarms in order to show you how I convert the low grade dandelion honey gath- ered in Maj' into bees, and get a fair crop of honey from them the same season. From this time until the close of the season I pursue the same methods as are generally used in the production of a crop of comb honey. At tIhe close of the season I sort my comb supers and group to- gether all unfinished sections that are more than half filled, return- ing them to my best colonies and feed till finished. This year I had 280 such sections wliich I ])laced on three of my strong colonies and fed sixty pounds of extracted honey. They were all nicely finished in seven days. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 659 Now, for the results. I have not kept a record of my out apiaries for the reason they are changed about more or less each year, but the home apiary like one of our family is always present, and, of course, it receives the best care and attention and the record is this: From the home apiary and one out apiary in 1910, 100 colonies run fOT comb honey, my crop was 8,000 finished sections and 3,600 pounds extracted honey, an average of 80 sections and 36 pounds extracted honey per colony. Figuring the average wholesale price for the last five years for comb honey at 15 cents, which is low, and 10 cents per pound for extracted, which is less than I actually received. My average income from each colony that year was $15.60 with in- crease of seven swarms. 1911 in my locality was a dismal failure. The only season in the thirty-five years I have kept bees in Iowa wihen they gathered no surplus. While this was a misfortune, the winter of 1910 and 1911 was a calamity. I am going to confess I lost that winter almost 90 per cent of my bees, not because they starved, but on account of the poor stores they were obliged to consume. We can't winter bees in Iowa on bug juice and cider. Had I taken these stores from them and fed granulated sugar syrup enough to have carried them through the winter, returning their stores after setting them out in the spring, they would have returned me during the years 1912 and 1913 500 per cent on the investment for sugar, but sugar was i?8.00 per (hundred that fall, and I did not have a particle of bee fever in my system. 1912 from twelve colonies in my home yard, I produced an average of ninety sections and twelve pounds extracted honey, an. average of $14.50 per colony, and increased to forty colonies, or 233 per cent increase. 1913 my average from forty colonies in the home yard, was 127 sections and 25 pounds extract, an average income from each colony of a little over $22.15, and my increase was 42, being a trifle over 100 per cent. These bees received my best care and attention to such an extent that while they were all grouped together in the home apiary, during the month of May, at the close of the season they were in three different yards of thirty-five, twenty-five and twenty-two colonies, tlhereby giving them the advantage of pasturage. And another thing, drouth prevailed during the entire season as the record of our weather observer will show. Let me give you the rainfall for the season: June ". 1.18 inches July 1.80 inches August 1.65 inches It seemed wonderful to be where the bees found this nectar after the first of July. 660 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I think we can credit the white sweet clover that grew by the road sides with furnishing the greater part of it. I don't claim to be an expert in the production of extracted honey, and am not able to produce any more extracted honey than I can comb honey per colony, the best report I have seen in our bee journals tMs fall is that of H. H. Root on the yield of Mr. Holterman, of On- tario, one of the largest producers of extracted honey in the east, who with modern utensils and plenty of help produced something like 100 pounds per colony, which at 9 cents per pound, the price in Iowa, would bring him an income of $9.00 each, his best apiary producing 160 pounds, or an average of $14.40 each. I think you will all admit 100 pounds or $9,00 per colony to be a fair average for the extracted Ihoney pro- ducer the last year. Comparing this with Dr. Miller's 266 sections per colony from seventy- two colonies, or an average of $39.90 per colony, or even my own av- erage of $22.15 with an increase of 100 per cent, it would seem to me a good business proposition for you to produce more comb honeiy. And another thing our western brothers are each year producing more and more extracted honey on account of the high freight rates and breakage. For this reason we, as producers in Iowa, withi a market in our own state, should produce more comb honey. I have regular customers whom I supply each year and when my own stock is exhausted I buy to supply my trade. I have found that it is almost impossible to buy Iowa white clover comb honey after the first of December, and if I am fortunate enough to locate any, the price will be so high that there will be no profit in ha,ndling it, or, many times, an actual loss. For this reason I advise you to produce more comb honey. The demand is greater than the supply. But not so with extracted honey. I can buy the finest white clover every fall at from 8 to 9 cents per pound wholesale, because your extracted honey comes in competition with western honey, w'hich is shipped into the state by the carload every year, thereby increasing the supply until it is greater than the demand, for this reason I advise you to produce moire comb honey. There is a legend that has been handed down to us from olden times that reads something like this: A colony or an apiary of bees will produce twice as much extracted ihoney as they will comb honey, under the same conditions. Now this might have been true when they pro- duced comb honey in boxes six inches square and twelve inches long, with glass sides, as they did when I was a boy, or even later when they used a small triangular piece of starter in the top of the section only, but not today. With our present management and full sheets of foundation in the section I don't believe there is a man in Iowa that can produce 50 per cent more extracted honey than I can comb honey (under the same conditions) ; no, not even 25 per cent more. You will have to show me, I am from Missouri. And after reading the report of Dr. Miller's crop for 1913 in the American Bee Journal it seems to me that the rule should be trans- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 661 posed so it will read something like this: An expert can produce twice the revenue from an apiary of bees run for comb honey as can be pro- duced from a similar apiary run for extracted honey. In conclusion I want to say that it seems to me a shame, almost a sacrilege, that honey with the color, body and flavor of onr Iowa white clover honey should be extracted and put up in nasty, rusty second hand tin cans and sold for 8 to 9 cents per pound, even in a wholesale way. If some of our great corporations had the control of all this crop, they would put it in proper containers, and by advertising it, even at one-half the expense they are to in advertising Karo Glucose, it would be all sold at 25 to 30 cents per pound, which would be only a fair price as compared with other food products at the present time. Honey is one of our Creator's choicest gifts to man. It contains as much nutriment and life sustaining properties as butter, cheese, or meat and the price should be just as high. Ladies and gentlemen, for youir patience and attention, I thank you. BEE KEEPERS' LEGAL STATUS. RUSSELL E. OSTRUS, DES MOINES, IOWA. It is not my purpose in the presentation of this paper to cover all the legal questions which might be suggested by the title of this paper. However, I will treat on the subjects that I feel it is possible for me to partially cover in the time alloted for this paper. Originally bees were considered as coming under the rules which were applied to the wild beasts or birds or fish but as the industry of man has gradually placed the bees under such confinement that they may be handled similar to the method of handling domestic animals, our own courts have gradually applied the same rules of law for the bee as is ap- plied to domestic animals until at the present time we find that as near as practicable our courts are treating the bees under similar rules as they treat the domestic animal. Bees are by nature ferae naturae (wild by nature) ; but when hived and reclaimed a person may have a qualified property in them by the law of nature, as well as the civil law. Hiving or enclosing bees gives prop- erty rights in them to the person who has hived such bees. An un- reclaimed swarm, like all other wild animals, belongs to the person who first takes control of them and continues to control them. It is the act of hiving that gives a person property rights in bees. If a swarm of bees fly from the hive of another, his qualified property continues so long as he can keep them in sight, or in other words, while he can dis- tinguish and identify them in the air, and he possesses the power to pursue them. Under such circumstances no one else is entitled to take them. If any domestic animal of one person strays onto the premises of an- other the owner of such domestic animal has no right to follow such animal onto the premises of another and take such animal back to his own premises, because by so doing he becomes a trespasser. However, the absolute right of ownership w^ould still continue in him. Now the same rule applies to bees because when hived they are considered as being under the same rules as domestic animals, although they cannot be con- trolled in their every act as is the case with most domestic animals. There are a number of decisions by our higher courts that have held that when bees in swarming leave "the owner's hive and have gone into a hive or a tree on the premises of another that such owner may maintain an action in damages against a third party who has entered the land, hived the bees, and taken the honey away. In case bees have been taken away from the owner or are being wrong- fully detained from him, such owner may bring an action of replevin and 662 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE either recover the specific bees or their value, the same as may be done for the recovery of any other personal property. Having now partially described the property rights in bees we will next turn to the criminal liabilities as applied to bees. Many of the state legislatures have considered passing an act making it a crime to poison bees, and some have passed such acts. Section 1247, Revised Statutes of Kentucky, provides that if any person on land or premises not in his possession or under his control shall lay or expose any poisonous substance with intent to destroy honey bees he shall be fined not less than five nor more than fifty dollars. Section 7161 of the Statutes of the State of Washington is much similar to the Kentucky statute except that it includes unlawful or malicious killing as well as poisoning, and places the fine at no less than ten dollars or more than one hundred dollars. Many other states prosecute poisoning or malicious killing of bees but it is done under some general statute such as our statute of malicious destruction of property. It is a well established fact that a person has no more right to destroy the bees of another than to destroy any other property of another. It is, indeed, probable that in every state in the United States a per- son could be prosecuted under some form of larceny for the stealing and carrying away of any hive or other contrivance containing honey or honey bees. However, the legislature of the state of Ohio has passed the following special statute applying to bees. Revised Statute of 1890', sec- tion 6840, provides that "whoever unlawfully enters the premises of an- other for the purpose of disturbing or carrying away any box, gum or vessel containing bees or honey, or injuring or carrying away any such property shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than sixty days or both. The state of Nebraska passed a simi- lar statute in 1879, section 81, which also includes poisoning or malicious destruction of bees as well as the stealing, but the fine shall not exceed one hundred dollars and such person shall be confined in the county jail not less than ten nor more than thirty days, and such person shall be liable to the party injured in double the value of the property stolen, injured or destroyed. The state of Connecticut has a statute which dif- fers from the statutes of any of the other states which I have examined. It (section 1460) provides that every person who shall place upon the premises of another any tub, box or other contrivance for the purpose of enticing swarms of bees from the premises of their lawful owners shall be fined not more than seven dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days. It would be possible to enumerate many statutes from other states whicli would in some manner protect the industry of bee keeping, but I feel that from our discussion so far we can readily determine that it is the thought and aim of the public in general to foster and protect the industry of bee keeping just as completely as any other legitimate industry, and in some ways there has been an unusual amount of attention given to legis- lation which is applicable only to the industry of bee keeping. Yet I feel that this can be easily explained, and that explanation is that the bee is so much different in every respect from any other living thing which is treated as domestic animals, that special legislation must naturally follow. Having now shown that bees are considered under practically the same rules of law as any other property, it must naturally follow that the owner of bees is also liable for any damages caused by his bees. We have very few decisions by the Supreme Court of Iowa on the subject of bees but I have found two Iowa cases in which I think our Su- preme Court has given some very good opinions regarding the rights and liabilities of bee keepers, and with your indulgence I will read a portion of these opinions. In the case of the State of Iowa vs. Victor Repp, reported in the 104 Iowa, page 305, we find the following discussion: "Wild game is under the control of the state, and only becomes the subject of private ownership when reclaimed by the art and industry of man. A somewhat FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX. 663 different rule applies to bees, though ferae naturae. These have a local habitation. Blackstone states: 'It hath also been said that with us the only ownership in bees is ratione soli; and the charter of the forest, which allows every freeman to be entitled to the honey found within his own woods, affords great countenance to this doctrine that a qualified property may be had in bees, in consideration of the property of the soil whereon they are found.' The same rule is laid down in Cooley on Torts, 435, where it is said that bees 'have a local habitation, more often in a tree than elsewhere, and while they may be said to be within control, because the tree may at any time be felled; but the right to cut it is in the owner of the soil, and, therefore, such property as the wild bees are susceptible of is in him. By the law of nature, the person who hived the swarm would be entitled to it; but, under the regulation of property rights, since the institution of civil society, the forest, as well as the cultivated field, belongs to the owner thereof, and he who invades it is a trespasser.' " The case of Parsons vs. Manser, reported in the 119 Iowa, page 88, was an action for damages where plaintiff's horses were stung to death by defendant's bees. Briefly the facts are that the plaintiff had hitched his team to a post a little west of the gate leading to the house of the de- fendant, in the highway south of the house, and about five feet from the fence. There were two bee gums about twenty-five feet north of the post in defendant's yard, and three more ten or twelve feet farther on. Trees stood close together west and north of this yard, and shrubbery and bushes to the east. The only unobstructed passage was to the south and southeast. Shortly after the horses were hitched to said post they were attacked by the bees. The horses plunged forward and in so doing over- turned two of the bee gums. Immediately the horses became covered with bees. Shortly thereafter the horses died from the bee stings thus received. The court, in rendering its opinion, gave the following discussion: "The plaintiff wa.s entitled to the free use of the highway, and had the right to assume that those keeping- animals of whose mischievous nature everyone is presumed to have knowledge would exercise reasonable care for the protection of others from their depredations. True, bees may not be confined like the wild beasts. To roam seems to be necessary to their existence. They fly great distances, and, if interfered with, or their course obstructed, are likely to resent by the use of their only available weapon. Everyone harboring creatures ferae naturae is charged with knowledge of their habits and evil propensities." "There is no reason for an exception in favor of the bee. Indeed, their disposition to make themselves felt is a matter of common observation or experience from early childhood. But they are very useful, the apiary often furnishing a livelihood, and generally proving a source of profit; and the books seem to look with more favor upon the keeping of animals useful to man than those which are vsrorthless save as curiosities. For this reason the rule of absolute liability for the consequences of injuries received from wild beasts kept in confinement, declared in the earlier decisions, even of regarded as sound, ought not to be extended to creatures so nearly do- mesticated." "Liability for safe-keeping depends not so much on the classification of animals into wild and domestic as upon their natural propensity for mis- chief. If they are ferocious and savage, like the lion, tiger, etc., the keeper is bound to know the danger incident to their confinement; and the mere charge of not having been so restrained as to avoid injury is tanta- mount to an allegation of negligence. But bees, while generally classed as ferae naturae are so useful and common as to be all but domesticated. Keepers of the apiary have carefully studied their habits and instincts, and control them almost as certainly as domestic animals. Serious in- juries from them are very rare, and, unless some want of care in their management is shown, the owner ought not to be held responsible for damages occasioned by them. Nothing could be done by the keeper of bees to protect all from their attacks. These might occur miles from the hives, and beyond his reach. But they have fixed habitations. The location for these is always a matter for his determination, and it is not too much to exact of him the exercise of ordinary prudence in so placing the hives as to avoid unnecessary danger to those who are likely to make lawful use of the premises or the highway nearby. In other words, he must so use his own as not to interfere with the rights of others." TIhe plaintiff w&s given judgment by the trial court for the damage to his Jxoxses and nxmn appeal the Supreme Court affirmed said judgment. 664 IOWA DlOl'AirnvilONT OV AaKlOlH/rUUH Ono of the qnostions of groat iinportaiico at tl>is tiiuo is. can any city or town oouncil coinpol a boo kooper to remove his apiary I'roin witiiin the eorporate limits? It is impossible to t'ompletely answer this qnestion bei'ause oL' the fact that wo had had very little law on this subjint and there have been very few eases in which this question has risen, and in those cases where the question has come up the courts have seldom sAiven a direct opinion on the snbjet't. One engaged in the business of keeping bees nuiy not rightfully keep his bees in a place upon his prtMuises so as to annoy his neighbors. This rule was substantially laid down by the New York Supreme Court in the early case of Ohnstcad vs. Kich. G N. Y. Snpt., S2(), and many other courts have very closely followed this case in the more recent decisions. The city councils of several cities have at different times threatened to pass and have passed ordinances which uuide the owning, keeping or raising of bees within the city's limits a nuisance per se. Ordinances of this character have betMi held to be entirely too broad hut the cases on record are very limited, .\bout the only case di- rectly in point is the case of Vlark. vs. (Htj/ of Ai kadflpUia. Arkansas, re- ported in the 52 Ark., 23, wherein that c(Hivt lield tlial: "Althougli bees may become a nuisaiu-o in ;i rHy, an onlinant't- whiili makes the owning", keeping:, or raising (liein witliin the city liiuit.s a niil- sauce wliether it is in fact so or not, is too broad and Is not valiil." The precedent established by the Arkansas court in this case is valua- ble in that it is stimulating good law for the protection of tho boo UiM^per and his property. PA in X. Papers on Live Stock, Agricultural and Miscellaneous Topics, Bulletins, Etc. THE RURAL SOCIAL CENTER. IJY Mas. E. E. VAN HOUTEN, HAMUCJ'j;, IOWA. (Iload bf;foro the Farrriors Institute, Sidney, Iowa.) In tlie current press, two widely diverging pictures of farm life are given UH. A sen.sational writer visits a tenant home where abject poverty reigns supreme, and in vivid language portrays the drudgery which he claims is the common lot of farm women. At great length he dwells upon the loneliness, the monotony, and the narrowness of vision which these women know, forgetful of the fact that their city sisters In like financial straits have much less of all (save loneliness, perhaps) that goes to make life enjoyable and worth the living. On the other hand, a rural enthusiast is entertained at some palatial farm residence, and lui tells us in glowing terms of the luxury of present day country life. He pictures the mistress of broad acres as indeed queen of her realm. In her strictly modern home are to be found all the conveniences of the most luxurious city apartment house. A gaso- line engine is her obedient servant, performing the most menial tasks with matchle.ss skill and dexterity, while a magnificent touring car is hers to command whenever the call of the open road shall lure her from the peace and quietude of her enviable habitation. But you and I know that neither the one nor the other is the true picture of typical country life. The typical country woman is a wonrian of moderate means. She may be the wife of an enter- j)rising tenant farmer, or her home may be burdened by a slowly decreasing mortgage. In either case, she realizes how necessary it is, indeed, that she practice the strictest economy. To be sure, she dresses herself and her children neatly, and the best of reading mat- ter finds its way to her table. She has plenty of all the necessities of life and yet there is much in her surroundings she would change if she could. Her neat little cottage is not modern, and she and the chil- dren grow almost resentful sometimes because the water bucket and the wood box are, as the children put it, "eternally empty." The money that should have gone for a gasoline engine and fixtures, had to build a new hog shed and pay the interest, and "John's" promise to pipe the water into the house was tactfully forgotten by his wife because crops were so poor in their locality. And there is monotony. During the busy seasons of the year when even the poky old driving horse must 666 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE be on duty in the field every day, the farm woman's eyes often follow longingly the trail of dust that tells of passing autos, and on particularly strenuous days, when she is over-tired and nerve wearied, the fluttering veils in the fleeting cars, seem but to mock at her loneliness and to emphasize her deprivations. It is then she whispers to herself that poig- nant little phrase that has so imperiled the proper balance between city and rural population, "I wish we could go to town to live. It would be so much more enjoyable to live there and so much better for the chil- dren." And they go to town. And many of their neighbors with them. It may be for better school privileges; for more social advantage; or be- cause of the scarcity of farm help. But whatever the reason, the fact remains that they go, for statistics show a steadily decreasing popula- tion in this and many other states. We are appalled by the fact that this is so, but surprisingly unconcerned about the reason or the remedy. And there is a remedy as well as a reason. Out in Putnam county, Illinois, is a country community from which the people have no desire to go. Those familiar with the situation there have pronounced it the most ideal country community in the United States. The centralization of social interest here began in a small way when a Grange was organized. It was rapidly furthered through the efforts of a country church in which the whole neighborhood met re- gardless of denomination or belief. At the Gramge, all matters of spe- cial interest to the community were discussed. Farm problems of one kind or another, such as cropping systems, co-operative buying, and more efflcient labor. School problems were brought up for considera- tion, and this quickly led to the consolidation of the township schools. A man named John L. Swaney and his wife gave twenty-four acres for the campus of this school and the concentrated effort of all concerned have succeeded in making it the pride of the school world. In Indiana, the state which now leads in the number of its con- solidated schools, the co-operative spirit has been furthered by the school consolidation. The township schools have made ideal meeting places, and extensive school programs have often been the means of interesting the community in its social welfare. Michigan takes the lead in the number of its Farmers' Clubs. It has more than one thousand local clubs and a strong state organization. Iowa is far behind in the matter of rural organization, and much the pity, for, quoting from a late periodical, "We have come to the place where the progressiveness of a state may usually be very accurately measured by the number of live country clubs within its boundaries." But Iowa is awakening, they further tell us, and already has about 150 live clubs although her state association is less than two years old. The main purposes of Farmers' Clubs seem to be, according to their various constitutions and by-laws, discussions among the farmers con- cerning more farm efficiency, better roads, better buying and selling methods, and better laws for farmers; for their wives, work is taken up along the lines of Home Economics, labor saving methods, and child FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 667 welfare. In many places the fields of literature and science have been invaded, much to the pleasure and profit of the club memoers. I read the other day a somewhat amusing anecdote of how one country club came to be organized. Two women lived in sight of each other's homes, but did their shopping in different towns. They met one day at the funeral of a mutual friend and one of them said to the other: "Do you realize that this is the first time we have met face to face in fifteen years?" The neighbor who overheard the conversation de- termined then and there that he would see what could be done in the way of neighborhood organization. A club was organized and they found it answered a long felt need. When I spoke to a friend, one day, about the possibilities of rural organization, she sighed and said: "But I am so busy now I don't see how I could take up anything more." It is true, we farm women are busy, but it is this overworked condition that the rural social center has been able to remedy. When, up in Minnesota, the first co-operative laundry was started in connection with the co-operative creamery already in operation, the farm women of the surrounding country were able to breathe great sighs of relief, especially in the busy season, and neigh- borhood friendliness was revived in consequence of one burden being lifted from their shoulders. WTiat may be done through community work is concretely shown in the story of what it meant to an isolated little woman in the heart of the corn belt. She lived on a small, unproductive farm which was heavily mortgaged. She had no driving horse and they felt they could not afford .a telephone. So her only means of keeping in touch with the outside world were her occasional trips to town with her husband and the small neighborhood gossip which the children brought home from school. The neighbors, according to the present rule in country com- munities, no longer visited and she was left out of the telephone chats which most of the women around her could indulge in. There was no gainsaying the fact, her life was extremely narrow and monotonous. In her girlhood she had been vivacious, entertaining, and extremely popular; the center of the village crowd in which she lived. But she had mar- ried badly, people said, and with her marriage she had been forced to take up an entirely different way of living. At first she had been bitter and resentful but as the years wore on and her work increased, as it did with each new baby, she seemed to have neither time nor heart for anything but a sort of apathetic resignation to the fates which bound her. Then the new teacher came. Heretofore, because the schoolhouse was so far from town and in such a bad state of repair, only inefficient little high school girls who were in danger of not getting a school at all were the only sort that could be persuaded to teach in it. But the new teacher was different. She .was a matured and experienced woman who had lately moved into the neighborhood. Therefore, the neigh- borhood interests were her interests, and she began at once to take the whole community tactfully under her wing. Her first work lay in waking up the children to the fact that they were the coming citizens of the 668 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE land in which they lived. Then by carefully arranged programs and special days she succeeded in interesting many of the parents, not only in the school, hut in the community at large. When the time seemed ripe she brought up the subject of club organization. A few responded. Enough to start the ball rolling. And so it came about that our little friend, who up to this time had been too busy (she thought) to attend any of the school programs, was surprised one day to see one of the leading ladies of the community driving up to her door. "O, Mrs. .1 ," called the lady, "I am on my way to our Country Club, and I am so anxious to have you go with me. We want you for a member." The spirit of friendliness was already becoming manifest, you see. Mrs. J. demurred and plead a lack of time, but Mrs. L. insisted, and in a half-hearted fashion Mrs. J. donned the faded and much worn serge that had done service far too long. Coming home, she admitted she enjoyed herself and learned some helpful things about the care and preservation of meats, but when asked to join she emphatically declared she could not spare the time to even attend the meetings, let alone for any program work she might be called upon to do. But when Mrs. L. called for her two weeks later, she went, and she kept on going because she was learning all the while new ways of economizing time and strength, and the interchanging of ideas was so interesting and helpful, she seemed to be taking up her life anew once more. A Short Course in Home Economics was planned and Mrs. J. did not miss a session. But the climax came when a talented lecturer gave a talk on The Real Purpose of Home Making. She not only told how to keep house and take care of a family, but emphasized the reason why the work is worth the best effort that can be put upon it. She spoke of how stockmen have found that by care and feeding the worth and productiveness of livestock may be doubled, and plead for the same study and thoughtful care in the feeding and housing of God's masterpieces, human beings. If properly balanced rations are necessary to the highest development of lower animals, how much more essential is it that those who feed men, women and children shall understand the food combinations that make for the development of the highest type of mental and physical strength. Mrs. J. listened in wonder. When the speaker had finished, she turned to her seat mate impulsively. "How differently the world looks to me now! I have always looked at marriage as something girls are fool- ishly led into to shut them away from careers, or at least from paying vocations, but how wrongly I have thought! Why, it is the grandest proression the world, isn't it, this feeding a family for efficiency! How glad I am that I have awakened to my opportunity." Her eyes shone and her neighbor looked in wonder at the transformation in her, for she remembered how listless and unresponsive this same little woman had been when she had first attended the club meeting. You see, she had found her work and had adjusted herself to hor environment and these FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 669 are the things, and these only, that make for happiness — the finding and the doing of the work intended for us. No longer did little Mrs. J. envy the memory of the happy days of her youth; no longer did she crave for her own the advantages of town women's children; for with community organization came school con- solidation, and with that, educational opportunities not excelled by any of the village schools around them. Best of all, what has been done in other communities by the rural social center may be done in yours and mine when we awaken to the limit- less opportunities of country living. COLD STORAGE. C. H. DEUK, MISSOURI VALLEY, IOWA. When the Committee arranged the program, and assigned the topics they evidently had in mind there would be held a very good meeting, and that the many excellent papers read and subjects discussed here ought to be preserved. At this time the near closing of this splendid session, I know of no better way than to place some of them at least in "Cold Storage." We do know all fruits and vegetables placed in storage do not all keep well. The same rule will apply to subjects and discussions. The caption of the subject assigned me does not designate whether natural or artificial so will assume either of the two as we desire a wide range or base to stand on. We all have had some experience I am sure with the cellar or cave used for the storage and keeping of fruits and vegetables, usually with good success but often times with wholly or partial failure and unsatis- factory results. I believe fruits and vegetables placed in such storage that do not stand and keep well is due to poor conditions, inadequate ventilation of the cave or cellar or out of condition, immatured, low quality of the product selected for storage. The outside cellar or cave properly constructed is far superior to the cellar being a part or beneath the house. In the latter during cold weather people very naturally close and calk up all outside openings or ventilators in order to keep the parlor floor warm and the things down cellar from freezing. Let us go down in that cellar and see what we find. There will be usually a warm, odorous and sometimes a foul atmos- phere. First period seems nice and warm, produce keeping fine. A little later, we begin to find noticeable a damp, clammy condition, then a breaking down and decay of our fruits and vegetables. Before spring what we have not consumed must be carried out, unfit for any purpose. To the city merchant we must go for our supply, until, if fortunate enough, we get a crop. If so, down in that same cellar it goes, again with disappointment as before, remember that the parents of next year's mosquito crop are probably wintering in your cellar. 670 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE An outside cave is our ideal cellar. One we believe within the means, and best suited to the average farmer, is of concrete construction, eight feet in width and fourteen feet in length. The side walls should be three feet high, then top with half circles making seven in the clear in center. It should have a sub or vestibule entrance with double doors. There should be a fourteen inch ventilator placed in the ceiling, and at or near the rear end or farthest away from the door. The intake of air should pass through a twelve inch tile or underground conduit, placed four feet below the sjirface, and laid on a straight and even grade. Take in the air fifty to sixty feet away from the cellar and enter same at front near the floor line, farthest away from the outlet. If the ground is such as to give the intake line a good steep grade the better the ventilation. The farmer or grower of fruits and vegetables, who will construct for himself such a cave or cellar as we have feebly described above, and store in same good, well selected produce, he will be amply paid for his labor and investment. In addition to the profitable side of the question he will have the satisfaction of living the year out off the product of the farm. To substantiate our claim we cite you to bulletin number 144, page 357, by the Iowa State College at Ames, where Prof. Laurenz Green says of Cellar Storage in comparison to Cold Storage, "such varieties of ap- ples as Winesaps and mammoth Black Twigs kept until May in excellent condition." When we can keep apples for market for seven months it speaks well for cellar storage. For general purposes on the farm and in the home, we advocate a storage as outlined above. For commercial and use on a large scale, there is but one, that of chemical, or forced circulation through pipes passing around or through spaces in which fruits and vegetables are placed for preservation, and that is a very expensive method to install and operate. THE SILO ON THE FARM. BY CHAS. LAU. (Read before the Clinton County Farmers' Institute, DeWitt, Iowa.) When land values have reached the $100 mark and over, the farmer is forced up against the serious proposition, what to do to make the re- turns for his farm represent a reasonable dividend on the capital in- vested. Though land values may rise somewhat higher, there is no prospect that crops will be larger or ])rices higher than they have been in recent years, known as years of prosperity. With still lower prices or smaller crops or both at the same time, investment and divi- dend will still more grow out of proportion and farming will become discouraging as a financial enterprise. In the face of such discouraging possibilities at any time in the near future, what can be done to restore farming to a reasonable interest paying basis? I will answer. We must and we will do what peasants of older countries on much higher priced FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 671 land are doing: farm more intensively — farm better. Not only must we guard against the habitual wastefulness by stuffing up all the leaks; not only must we introduce all labor saving implements and four-horse machinery to curtail the exorbitant wages; not only must we economize and improve all along the line in the manner of seed — selection, cultiva- tion, care of live stock, fertility of soil, etc., but we must likewise be awake to the adaption of such new methods and systems as evolution in progressive farming will from time to time advance. By this I do not mean that we as farmers shall hastily grasp at every new-fangled scheme sprung upon an unsuspecting community as though it were a genuine gold brick, but adapt such changes as commend themselves to a careful and unprejudiced judgment, and of such, I contend, is the silo on the farm. DOES IT PAY? The first question in this, as in all enterprises, is, does It pay? If my memory serves me right, we were told a year ago on this very platform by State Dairy Commissioner Wright that where ordinarily on the farm it required three acres to keep a milk cow, with a silo it required but one. This statement in another form would mean, where you are keep- ping thirty head of cattle now, with the aid of a silo you can keep ninety. In other words, as soon as your silo is filled you can plow up two-thirds of your meadows and pasture and plant it to potatoes or corn. Such are the possibilities of the silo as presented to you by the best authority in the state, and he certainly knows what he is talking about. Assuming that his statements are correct in fact, can there be any doubt as to the profitableness of the silo on the farm? Ensilage feeding has long passed its experimental stage and nowhere in print or by word do we notice a single word of objection raised to it, while all trials at experiment stations give unqualified endorsement to the feeding of corn ensilage. No one would deny the benefits of feeding beets to cattle in winter, yet the government bulletin, No. 22, reports slightly better results from corn silage than beets, say nothing of the far greater cost of producing beets. All opposition and objections urged against silage feeding in its early stages, and in a measure justified by the blunders committed by inex- perience, as is the case with most ventures in their infancy, have grad- ually been overcome and today the Borden Condensed Milk Company, that once ruled out ensilage as an objectionable feed for its products, issues pamphlets with instructions to its patrons how to build silos and handle corn for the best results in silage feeding. The Kalamazoo Silo and Tank Company, one of a half dozen concerns, has shipped 2,800 silos to various parts of the United States, mostly to Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois and Minnesota, with a rapid increase in the demand. The silo by virtue of its great merits is gradually working out its own salvation, and this without any promoters to boom the introduction for financial gain, for there is no patent on ensilage as there' is on stock foods. WHAT IS ENSILAGE? Ensilage or silage is corn, clover, grass, beets, or any green, succu- lent crop cut up with an ordinary feed cutter and hoisted into an air 672 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE tight tank called a silo, where it will heat up to 180 degrees, ferment and produce carbonic acid, which, with the exclusion of oxygen, will pre- serve the green feed indefinitely. It conies out moist, slightly discolored, with a sweet-sour taste and odor and often warm. It has been known to keep seven years in this condition without spoiling. I have myself fed ensilage three years old which was perfectly preserved. Corn silage is greatly relished by all farm animals, including hogs, sheep and poultry. Although a rich, succulent and palatable feed that goes well with, and greatly helps, the perfect assimilation and digestion of other farm feeds, corn silage is not a well balanced feed in itself and should not be fed exclusively, being too long in carbohydrates and too short in protein. Its protein contents are only 2V5 per cent, about half of what green clover and blue grass represents. Nevertheless, the importance of the natural juices in the digestive functions and health of the farm ani- mals can never be satisfactorily demonstrated by laboratory analysis. We all know as farmers by experience how grass will put life and gloss and health to our cattle; how it will round out and make a hog of the runt that was too measly to go with a fat lot. Just as vegetables, fruits, and so-called condimental foods are indispensable for the health of the human family, so are they likewise necessary for the thrift of live stock, that are often carried six months in the year on dry feed. This is a severe test for animals that are naturally ruminants and habitually browse on juicy feed; no wonder they emerge from this ordeal and this period of badly balanced rations, as wrecks of their former selves, thin in flesh, rough in hair, scrambling for the first green blades of grass. The silo will in a great measure counteract this great deficiency of the dry food season and it forms the connecting link between the end and beginning of the grass period. Moreover, there will be less trouble in the cow stable at calving time, less abortion, less of such difficulties as befall animals that are out of condition. CLOVER vs. ENSILAGE. You will answer that clover hay will remedy all these troubles, I ad- mit the great advantages of clover hay to balance up corn and to promote the general health of live stock, but there are serious obstacles in tlie way of a clover hay crop not common to a silage crop. In this latitude only one year in three can be put down as a clover year, not always can we get a perfect stand, nor is the weather always settled in June to cure it in the best shape. Nevertheless, in the face of all these difficulties, we are justified in using our extreme efforts to secure a crop of clover, and if possible have storage capacity enough to let the year of plenty carry us over the year of shortage. With clover hay added to ensilage and corn, we are placed in possession of a variety and kind of feed that will place all farm animals in prime condition of health and thrift. The question should not be ensilage or clover, but ensilage and clover. WASTE OF COKN CROP. I have spoken against waste on the farm. It is now a pretty well settled fact, that of the total nourishment at one time represented in the corn plant only 60 per cent is utilized by confining ourselves to the ear FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 673 and letting the stalk with its 40 per cent go to waste, like hay becom- ing over-ripe. This is a serious loss and would be amazing if presented to us in dollars and cents. The silo again comes in here as the quickest and speediest solution of this difficulty. The whole plant excepting the roots, when the corn is in the glazed or nearly matured condition, wan- ders into the pit in one-half inch pieces, again to come out tasting all alike — good, fed under cover in convenient distance to the cattle, no waste by leaching rains or bleaching suns, no moulding in the center of the shock, no refuse in the manger, beets and tassels, pith and corn all devoured with a keen appetite. Ensilage is the cheapest and most satis- factory feed on the farm. At the rate of twelve to twenty tons per acre of corn, one acre would keep a cow from 600 to 1,000 days, feeding forty pounds per day. The silo was long supposed to be only the dairyman's accessory for he more than any other realized the importance of succu- lent feed to keep his milk cows flush, but in recent years much light has been shed on the subject — by the tests at experiment stations, and it was found what would produce milk would also produce beef and gradually the silo is working its way into the corn belt region to help the western feeder to produce cheaper beef. From first a winter feed, it has next become a summer feed during grass shortage, and next an all- year-round feed. Hoard's Dairyman advocates the feeding of silage every day of the year. In the Dakotas, where the maturing of corn is an un- certain proposition, the silo can be made a saving factor, likewise in Kan- sas where a withering wind in August works havoc with a promising crop, there will be ample juice left in the stalks to make good silage for winter feed. The corn crop when frozen makes good silage if worked up immediately. A PLEA FOE BOSSIE. With dairy products high in price and ever tending higher, with future interurban facilities for quick transportation of dairy products to cities, with increased consumption corresponding to increased population, with the process of making milk flow an established success, there cannot be otherwise but a flattering future for the man that keeps milk cows. Bossie, who has been the steadfast friend and provider of man for cen- turies, has lost none of her prestige, and is as indispensable on a well regulated farm as she ever has been. All dairy sections whether on poor soil or rich, show signs of thrift and prosperity through the generosity of Bossie when she is cared for and held in high esteem. Give unto her and she will respond bountifully with the most wholesome fluid that was ever fed to man or beast. She will restore fertility to the soil and re- plenish the farmer's purse. She is an all-round, useful and indispensable creature in farm operations, and to attempt farming without her and her progeny would be a short sighted policy; would be soil robbery which leads to agricultural bankruptcy. Where ten cows or even less are kept the silo becomes a paying investment. A census taken in Fond du Lac county, Michigan, where milk was furnished a creamery, cows not fed on corn silage netted $21.02 per cow. In Wisconsin and Michigan the silo has come to be regarded as an absolute necessity for the dairy cow. 43 674 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE PROTEIN IN THE SILO. I have stated that corn silage was not a perfectly balanced feed, being short in protein, the flesh former. How can we get succulent protein into the silo and secure the most perfect feed imaginable and make us still more independent of clover. Of all the legumes or nitrog- enous plants the soy-bean which ranks with alfalfa in protein con- tents, is best adapted for cutting up with corn into the silo. It grows erect, yields about as much as corn, can be cut and bound with a corn binder and matures with corn. Hamphrey Jones of Indiana raises from 150 to 250 acres of soy-beans, the greater part of which is cut up with corn into the silo at the rate of one load of soy-beans to three of corn. This gentleman has tested no less than a dozen varieties of soy-beans and pre- fers the medium black as the best kind suited with corn silage. My own efforts with soy-beans have been disappointing, the first planting with the corn in the hill was too early a variety, maturing too fat ahead of the corn. My second planting last year proved to be worthless seed and did not grow. This year I shall renew my attempts with several varieties of the late type. There is no question in my mind but what the silo will be a necessary adjunct in the future to every well-managed farm and once being established it might as well he filled with a wholesome, well bal- anced, delicious feed for the livestock. ALFALFA ON EVERY IOWA FARM. BY A. A. BURGER. (In the Iowa Homestead.) Alfalfa is grown in almost every county in Iowa. A small part of this must be considered as a failure; a part as a fair crop, and some of it as a splendid success. The average yield in 1909, was 2.85 tons per acre and in 1910, 2.7 tons per acre. Here is evidence enough at least that alfalfa can be grown successfully in every section of the state. But the failures which we have had, have led some to believe that alfalfa can- not be grown successfully in Iowa. In this connection it will be of interest to note that in the replies which are being received from farmers a great majority express the opinion that it can be grown upon their own farms. We have made a good beginning. Unquestionably there will still be many failures, but the time is not far distant when alfalfa will be grown successfully, permanently, and profitably upon every farm in the state wherever reasonable precautions are taken. Let us bear in mind that we are starting a plant with which we are unfamiliar and which is new to our soil. Alfalfa is no more difficult to grow than clover. This is the opinion of the most eminent alfalfa authorities in the land. We forget that when clover was first introduced, it refused to grow. Many there were who de- clared that it never could be grown. It had its opponents then as alfal- fa has its opponents now. But, in spite of its opponents, clover grew; it became our principal hay crop, the great source of nitrogen in maintain- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 675 ing our soil fertility. We are now learning to grow alfalfa. Experiments with clover and alfalfa side by side indicate that alfalfa has withstood the severe conditions of winter and spring of the last three years and the drouths of the last two years better than clover. Statistics gathered in Iowa show that in the last two years the failures of clover seeding have been more numerous than those of alfalfa. There are plenty of instances in the state where alfalfa has been sown in timothy meadows and each year for a number of years has become more vigorous and persistent. Give alfalfa a "square deal." Supply the conditions necessary to its growth and with a fair chance it will become one of our most prominent crops. In the last two years, perhaps no crop has attracted so much atten- tion as alfalfa. As an all around feed it has no equal. It contains over eleven pounds of protein in every 100 pounds of hay — it is almost as rich as bran. It ranks high in its fat content, and in addition contains more bone building material than any other feed grown on the farm. As an all around feed, rich in all the materials necessary to animal growth, it has no equal, while in its total yield of feed per acre we grow no crops which will compare with it. The average yield as reported by the various experiments stations in the corn belt is over five tons per acre. It is not unusual, however, to hear of a crop making five cuttings per year. Indeed, we may reasonably expect three. Alfalfa is one of our best feeds. The Missouri Experiment Station produced 600 pounds of pork per acre and in addition received ninety- eight cents for every bushel of corn that was fed. Not including the corn fed, the alfalfa alone returned $36 on six cent pork. As a dairy feed, the dairymen already appreciate its value. Based on the cost of production a pound of protein grown in alfalfa costs only two cents; in cotton seed meal, the dairyman's cheapest concentrate, it would cost twice as much, in gluten feed and oil meal, about three times as much, and in bran even more. The average money value of the protein of each acre of alfalfa in 1909 and 1910' was $22.80, and $31.32 as com- pared with a value of $16.75, and $15.91 for winter wheat and $17.65 and $14.32 for corn. After deducting the cost of growing each crop the profit from the average acre of alfalfa in 1909 and '10 was $14.01 as compared with a net profit of but $3.17 for corn and $4.36 for winter wheat. Placing this on still another basis each acre of alfalfa has aver- aged a production of 2.16 times as much protein as red clover; 2.75 times as much as corn, and four times as much as oats. It is significant to note that out of 1,016 alfalfa seedings reported from several parts of the state, that only 12.7 per cent are classed as failures. At Ames sixteen seedings sown since 1904 have given an average yield of 4.38 tons of field cured hay. This is merely an indication of what might be done on any farm where it is properly handled. Most of the alfalfa failures of Iowa have been due to improper meth- ods of culture. This, not so much to the lack -of knowledge of the re- quirements of the plant as to the lack of applying a few fundamental conditions which we know are necessary to its growth. Alfalfa is a new plant and there are many things concerning it which we still have to learn. But if we would apply the knowledge which we already have. 676 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE simply do the best we know, the percentage of alfalfa failures would be much reduced. Some of our growers have failed in their first at- tempts and some fail repeatedly. It cannot be expected that all can be successful with it at once and under all conditions, or without thought or care. Many cases of alfalfa failure have no doubt been due to the lack of inoculation. On sour soils, we may add to this the lack of the use of lime. Most of the successful fields are growing where alfalfa has been tried repeatedly, indicating where the methods of culture have been the same that inoculation is beneficial. Most of the unsuccessful fields of the state show a lack of nodules on the roots. On the other hand, in practically all of the successful fields the nodules are present in abun- dance. Alfalfa cannot live without the proper bacteria on its roots, and these bacteria cannot live in sour soil. Late seeding has been an important factor as the cause of failure. In this case, the plants do not attain a sufficient growth to withstand the winter, more properly, the heaving and thawing action of the frosts of early spring. Very close pasturing, late pasturing or late cutting, sub- ject the plants to the same results. The infiuence of a poor seed bed is to be seen in many thin and weedy stands. The seed may not have germinated properly, due to the im- proper physical condition of the soil and perhaps to the lack of moisture which in too many cases can be traced to the same careless prepara- tion. Oftentimes late crops, followed by prolonged drouths, make it impossible to prepare a satisfactory seed bed. Blue grass and fox tail are among the worst enemies of alfalfa. Both can be best controlled by thorough cultivation, preparing the soil early in the season, and giving it frequent cultivation. Other causes of failure are poor seed, poor soil and poor drainage. The best seed is none too good; poor soil may be improved by the liberal use of manure and wet land may be drained. But the best and safest method is to sow alfalfa only on soil in a high state of fertility on land which is thoroughly drained and on which the water will not stand while the ground is frozen. Alfalfa cannot stand wet feet or a smothered head. At this season of the year the seed bed will need immediate atten- tion. The land that has been selected for alfalfa this spring and on which no crop has been grown will be the most satisfactory, providing it has received frequent and thorough cultivations. Where some crop such as potatoes, early oats or barley is to be removed the soil should be disked well, then disked and harrowed into shape as soon as possible, plowed immediately, manured and, if necessary, limed; before it has lost its moisture and become cloddy. In the case of late oats, it may be necessary to cut a portion for hay. In this connection it is well to remember that at this season of the year the soil loses its moisture very rapidly, hence, immediate cultivation is necessary. To increase the chance of success it is well to begin with the first requirement — a good seed bed. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 677 In obtaining seed deal with a reliable or reputable seed company. Oftentimes alfalfa seed is adulterated and contains objectionable weed seeds. As with any other crop, the best is generally the cheapest and it should be purchased only subject to inspection or where the purity and germination are known to be good. Arrangements to secure seed should be made at once. Delay may result in late seeding and possibly the loss of a crop. •Alfalfa seed is usually sown at the rate of 20 pounds per acre. It may be drilled or broadcasted. Drilling is by far the best way of planting the seed since it means the more even distribution. However, if the seed is sown broadcast, it is well to cross the field twice, sowing half the amount in each direction. If there is plenty of moisture pres- ent the seed should not be covered to exceed half an inch. . However, if there is not enough moisture present at this depth the seed should be covered deeper. If the seed is broadcasted the harrow will cover it deep enough. The time to seed alfalfa will vary in different sections of the state. The experience of many growers in northern Iowa would indicate that alfalfa should not be sown later than the first week in August. For southern Iowa, the time may be extended ten days or two weeks. Later seedings usually do not obtain sufficient growth before frost to withstand the winter. There is no objection to sowing the seed earlier than the date mentioned, but to sow later is simply to take the chance of the possibility of a late season. Very frequently at this season of the year there is a lack of moisture. If the ground has been summer fallowed it should contain sufficient moisture to insure germination at any time and hence the advantage of this method. Many soils of Iowa no doubt would be benefited by inoculation. In most of the fields so far examined there has been no evidence of the bacteria on the roots of the plant, and in most of these cases the bacteria have never been applied. In other cases, where the fields have been inoculated no doubt the bacteria were destroyed by the acidity of the soil. It must not be understood, however, that all fields need inocula- tion. But the essential thing to remember is that alfalfa will not succeed where its particular kind of bacteria are not found, and that these must either be naturally present in the soil or artificially applied. On some land inoculation may not be necessary, but w^hy should we assume this risk when inoculation is so easily and cheaply accomplished. Alfalfa never has been grown by chance or guesswork. Inoculation is the cheap and safe way. There are two methods of soil inoculation — one by the use of natural soil; the other, of artificial cultures. Soil can be obtained from a near- by alfalfa field where the plants have an abundance of tubercles on their roots. Three hundred pounds of soil to the acre evenly distributed will serve the purpose. Since the bacteria of alfalfa and sweet clover are similar, soil from the latter may be used. It can be applied by hand or with the seeder and should be sown preferably during the evening and harrowed in imniediately, the object being to protect the bacteria from the direct rays of the sun which tend to destroy all bacterial life. 678 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Within recent years artificial cultures have met with quite general success. Two of these cultures which have been most commonly used are Nitragin and Farmogerm. When these cultures are used, it is only necessary to treat the seed before sowing. Alfalfa requires for its best growth a large amount of calcium, the active principle of lime. It also requires a soil in which there is lime enough to maintain bacterial life. There are no doubt many farms where lime would be beneficial. It must not be understood, however, that liftie is a necessity on all farms. But with lime as cheap as it is, the best test is the use of lime itself, at least on a part of the alfalfa. Those who have any suspicion that the land is sour, may make the litmus paper test. Gen- erally such weeds as horse-tail and sorrel indicate a sour condition of the soil. Lime may be applied at the rate of one or two tons per acre. This is not difficult to apply and is not expensive. In all the experiments which have been conducted, the use of manure has shown marked results. Manure will be beneficial on practically all soils and especially on those which are light, those of a sandy character, and those lacking humus. Well rotted manure should be applied liber- ally and thoroughly worked into the soil before seeding. A second appli- cation of manure should be made in the fall after the plants have ceased their growth. Fields thus treated show a much more vigorous growth the next spring. Many alfalfa fields treated in this way have withstood the winter where the untreated portions were winter killed. There is a common opinion in some localities that manure will correct the acidity and also serve to inoculate the soil. Unquestionably the use of manure is beneficial even on acid soil, but the acidity of such soils can be corrected only by the use of lime. In regard to inoculation, ma- nure may carry the propen bacteria when produced from alfalfa or sweet clover roughage, but otherwise it could not be considered as an inoculat- ing material. Alfalfa sown at this season of the year will need no further care dur- ing the first fall. While there are some who have successfully pastured or mowed the first season crop during the fall, it is safest to leave a good growth on the ground. Many promising fields of alfalfa in this state were killed during the last winter, and in many cases where the crop was not sown late, this was caused by late pasturing or cutting. There are a number of questions regarding alfalfa which every farmer must decide for himself. These include such questions as the selection and preparation of land where lime is necessary, drainage, etc. It is not necessary to say that the successful alfalfa grower will give heed to all the details of the business. He will avoid risk. There are a few precautions which should not be overlooked and they are here restated that they may be more fully understood: First, alfalfa will not grow on wet or undrained land; second, alfalfa should not be sown on acid or sour land unless some form of lime has been applied; third, alfalfa land should be well manured; fourth, alfalfa fields to be most successful should be inoculated; fifth, alfalfa requires a carefully prepared seed bed; sixth, alfalfa should not be sown later than the first week in August in the northern part of the state, nor later than the middle of August in FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 679 the southern part of the state. Only good seed should be used; seventh, prepare the ground now, and secure the seed early; eighth, don't start on a big scale — an acre or two will be sufficient. Sow a little. Start now. WEEDS. PROF. L. H. PAMIIEL, IOWA STATE COLLEGE. (Read before the Delaware County Farmers Institute, Manchester, Iowa.) The subject of weeds is one of vital importance to the farmers of Iowa. Weeds do an enormous damage to the crops of Iowa. A con- servative estimate places the injury at $25,000,000 annually. This loss could be largely avoided if we had more concise information on the subject, and if we could conserve the matchless resources of our soil by keeping the weeds down, the farmers would be greatly benefited in a financial way. Now let us add to the injury from weeds the damage from fungus diseases. A single disease, oats smut, causes a loss of $6,000,000 annually alone in this state. Some one has estimated that the loss from fungus diseases in the United States, is not far from $250,000,000. Now add the loss from the depredations of insects at $750,000,000 annually and w^e have a tremendous loss to the farmers and horticulturists of the United States. In many cases as in oats smut this loss can be avoided if the farmer would only treat his oats seed with formalin. In this con- nection, permit me to calj attention to a bulletin on treatment of fungus diseases, published by the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. This and other bulletins may be obtained by writing Prof. C. F. Curtiss, Ames. A weed may be defined as a plant out of place or a plant that is injurious to agriculture, horticulture, growing where it is a detriment to the crop. Weeds are injurious because, 1. They crowd out the growing crop. 2. They consume the moisture necessary for a crop. 3. They consume the mineral or other food elements essential to a crop. 4. They pull down the crop. 5. They are injurious because the seeds are diffi- cult to remove. 6. They are injurious because they harbor insects. 7. They are injurious because they harbor parasitic fungi. 8. They pre- vent the proper cultivation of the soil. 9. They may cause conditions which breed disease. 10. They may poison the soil. 11. They stop drains. 12. They poison animal and man. The matter of good seed is of great importance to the farmers of Iowa. Let me call your attention to some of the bad weeds which have been introduced with clover and alfalfa seed. One farmer a few years ago sent me thirty-five different weeds he thought were introduced with clover. Some were common in his vicinity. Some, however, like the wild carrot, buckhorn, chicory, poison hemlock, dodder and Canada thistle were introduced with clover seed. We have a fairly good seed law in Iowa and I am glad to say that the seed merchants are trying to com- ply with the law. I would advise, however, that the farmers send an ounce or more of the seed to me for analysis. This will enable you to buy only good seed and the farmers are now demanding the best seed. It is far better to use the best seed than to buy cheap seed that con- 680 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE tains bad weed seeds and is low in vitality. Certain weed seeds are prohibited in the Iowa seed law, like Canada thistle, quack grass, mus- tard, dodder, etc. Are we not paying the penalty for the weediness of our fields? Some of the weed seeds keep their vitality for a long period of time. Thus some of the seeds of velvet weed retain their vitality for more than half a century. The seed of shoofly likewise retains its vitality for a long time. Weeds may be classified as annual, biennial, perennial and winter annual. First, annual weeds, represented by foxtail. Their seeds germinate in the spring, flower, produce seeds and then die. Their roots are fibrous, and are usually easily killed by exposure to the sun in ordinary methods of cultivation. In some few cases, as in crabgrass, roots are produced from the joints where such weeds lie on the ground. Second, biennial weeds. Their seeds germinate one season and pro- duce a mat of leaves, pass through the winter, and the next season send up a stem which bears flowers and seeds, and then dies. Such weeds should be cut off several inches below the surface of the ground. This should be done the flrst season, or before the plant has produced seed. Never cut them off at the surface of the ground. If so treated they act like perennials. Weeds of this class are represented by burdock and parsnip. Third, perennials. This class of weeds is represented by Canada thistle, quack grass, dock, and sheep sorrel. They continue to grow year after year. Fourth, winter annuals. The seeds germinate in the fall, pass through the winter, flower and seed early next season. Wild barley or squirrel tail, horse weeds are types of winter annuals. The following rules may be laid down for the extermination of weeds: GENERAL RULES TO BE OBSERVED. 1. Prevent the Formation of Seeds. This applies to all kinds of weeds. Many seeds of weeds like foxtail, and other weeds of the grass family, do not retain their vitality very long. Some, however, like shoofly, velvet-leaf or butter print, retain their vitality for a long period of years. It is essential that no seeds be allowed to form because a con- tinuous crop of weeds will appear when the soil is brought under cultivation. 2. Always Buy the Best Seed. See that such weed seeds as dodder, buckhorn, dock, Canada thistle, chicory, carrot, and other weeds are not sown with clover and other seeds. 3. Rotation of Crops Is Important. First, because the conservation of the soil, second, to destroy insects. Many of the insects cannot be de- stroyed in any other way. Third, to destroy fungus diseases (smut of oats and corn are caused by parasitic fungi.) These root parasites of the fungus type cannot be prevented in any other way. Many of these occur on the roots of cultivated plants. Many weeds are found in special crops. In this rotation clover should occur, because a thickly grown FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 681 clover crop crowds out weeds. A pasture, in many cases, is good to reduce the number of weeds. 'i. Use Due Care With the Threshing Machine. See that the machine is always cleaned when passing from one farm to another. Quack grass, mustard seeds are often carried from one farm to another. o. Use eare in trans pi atitifig hay, grain straw and manure from one farm to another, or from the city to the farm. Quack grass and other weeds are frequently carried in this way. 6. Utilize sheep for the destruction of weeds. 7. Use some vigorous and thick, groicing crop to crowd out weeds. For this purpose sorghum, clover, or millet is good. 8. Give thorough and clean cultivation for corn. Cultivate as long as the corn crop will permit. 0. As far as possible plow small grain crops and corn fields in the fall. This will destroy many annuals whose seeds germinate in the fall; especially valuable for winter annuals like shepherd's purse and peppergrass. 10. Use iron sulphate for annual weeds like mustard, ragweed and smartweed. 11. See that all weeds in xoaste places are removed. This will pre- vent their spread to cultivated fields. The unlawful weeds of Iowa are quackgrass, Canada thistle, cocklebur, wild mustard, curled dock, smooth dock, buckhorn, wild parsnip, horse nettle, velvet-weed, and burdock. In this connection permit me to call your attention to a circular, "Un- lawful Weeds of Iowa," which you may obtain by writing to Prof. C. F. Custiss, Ames, la. HOW THE ANGUS STEERS ARE HANDLED AT THE COLLEGE FARM. BY W. H. PEW^ IOWA STATE COLLEGE. (Before Annual Meeting of Iowa Aberdeen Angus Cattle Breeders' Asso- ciation.) Members of the Iowa Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association: Just at this time of year you are no doubt questioning yourself and others as well as to what this year is going to bring in the way of sales of purebred livestock of your particular breed. I think you should be congratulated that you have a purebred herd gathered together. I am of the opinion that this year will bring an unprecedented demand for pure-bred bulls and breeding stock of all ages. There seems to be a stimulated interest on the part of the farmers all over the state to grow more beef. This is really the best sign. Besides the intere'st in growing more beef, manifested in this state other states, particularly in the south, are just beginning to realize their pos- sjbjjitias IB the grpwin^ of beef. 682 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Before getting into my subject, and by way of introduction, I wish to say that I consider the best means of advertisement of one's herd is that of growing steers and exhibiting them. The ultimate end of the breeding business is the block. By feeding out steers one shows the possibilities of his herd without injury to breeding stock. I would like to see more of our breeders exhibiting a few steers. I would like to- see our Fair Associations extend their premium lists and offer more liberal prizes for steers. Just here let me add that I am in favor of ad- vocating the elimination of the two-yeai'-old steer from exhibition and laying more emphasis on the yearling and calf classes. I may have some opposition in this opinion, but if our exhibitions are to be of value, they must show what we must breed for and keep in mind at all times the profitable animals. I do not believe the time is far off when our fairs and international expositions will adopt this policy. Bull calves that are to be steered are castrated at about four months of age; as a matter of fact the earlier they are castrated the more re- fined they will be in appearance about the head and neck. Then, too, another advantage is that no set-back will be encountered. A heavyi milking dam is desired because a good start is absolutely essential. The calf is permitted to run with his mother as long as is convenient. I am, of the opinion that he does better if permitted to nurse as he wishes. However, the matter of convenience of handling the cows enters into the question of length of time he can be with the cow all of the time. As soon as the calf is old enough to begin to look for grain he is given whole corn and oats. After a few months' time he is given a grain mixture, preferably composed of cracked corn, ground oats and bran in about equal parts by measure, with about 10 per cent of oil meal by weight. This is fed according to his appetite. We think a good quality of clover or alfalfa hay is the best roughage to be allowed at all times. A word of caution should be given in feeding alfalfa — unless calves are used to it, care should be exercised in feeding it as sometimes it has a tendency to scour the young calves. If the calf is fall born, through the winter he is given some corn silage through the day as he desires to eat it. The ration given is one that will insure growth and development and should put on all the fat required. If the calf is spring born and intended for fall show, he is handled in very much the same way except that after grass comes through, at night he may be put on pasture and kept in during the day. As a rule the senior calves are weaned soon after the International. For the older steers, during the winter time the problem is to get as-. much growth as possible and keep increasing the fat, but not sufficiently so that he will become rough. A grain ration composed of about equal parts of corn, oats and bran and about 10 per cent of oil meal is given morning and evening. Hay, of course, is given as they wish it. Early in the morning all steers are turned out in the yard for exercise and water. About 11 o'clock they are turned into another yard where there are feed bunks filled with silage enough to keep them eating for about an hour. Between 2 and 3 o'clock in. the afternoon they are all put back into the stable where two steers occupy one box stall. Here they will. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 683 rest until about 5 o'clock when they are fed their evening ration of grain. Hay is before them so they can eat as they wish. .As the pasture season comes in the spring, the silage is taken away from them and they are on pasture day and night, coming to the stable in the morning and evening for their grain. Of course they are turned onto pasture gradually and with hay in them to prevent scouring. As a rule the gains will be somewhat reduced, although not for a great length of time. As fly season and extreme hot weather approaches they are kept in- side during the day time and out on pasture at night. This program is followed until fall, when the heavy frosts come, then they are kept off pasture altogether,' as the grass they consume then has a tendency to scour. When the cooler weather of fall approaches the grain ration is increased in amount as the appetites demand. After taking off pasture the grain mixture is either mixed with the new corn silage or sliced roots. This affords some bulk and sufficient succulence to keep the di- gestive system in good condition. About the time new corn comes in September, some is chopped and given the steers daily; this is some- times mixed in the grain ration and sometimes fed in the stock, how- ever, just in sufficient amounts to make a variety. About the middle of October to the first of Novemher boiled feed is given. At this time barley is substituted for corn and usually some wheat is added. Barley, wheat and whole oats are boiled together, then when fed are mixed with bran and what sliced roots or corn silage are given. Oftentimes it is desirable and found advantageous to sprinkle the feed with molasses. The question of milk is oftentimes discussed. If the calves are to be made the best, they must have about all they will take. If a yearling is still nursing, he will be the better for it. Another factor which enters into the life of the college steer is that of the students' judging. The cattle are here primarily for the purpose of the students' judging work. Our judging work is carried on mostly from the first v.eek in September until about the tenth of November. During this time every steer is in the class room five days in the week for an average of two hours per day. Last fall the college steers were handled by about 800 students every week for the period mentioned. Be- sides the fall judging they are used by the summer school students from about the fifteenth of June to the middle of July for their judging work. While the steers are putting on fat they are paying for their keep in an educational way. WILL FREE TRADE IN MEATS AND GRAIN AFFECT PURE BRED CATTLE BUSINESS? BY C. J. MARTIX, CHURDAN, (Before Annual Meeting of Iowa Aberdeen Angus Cattle Breeders' Asso- ciation.) During the first forty or forty-five years of my life, I spent a vain en- deavor trying to make myself believe that a tariff on all articles that 684 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE the American people produce and consume was a mighty good thing for the public to be afflicted with, and I even worked myself up to believe that the higher the tax the greater the prosperity that would surely come to the American people, for I had even worried myself into a con- dition where I thought that taxes and prosperity go hand in hand. I must confess during late years I have grown a little skeptical about this combination of high taxes and prosperity business, for during the last forty-five years of my life I have lived under a high protective tariff, in many instances a prohibitive tax. I have seen a large part of the material wealth of this country drift into hands of a very few men, whose interests have been protected under these protective laws of this country; and, professing a love and veneration for my country, I have had to modify my views as to just who a high protective tariff, as we had under the past tariff law, benefits. It is commencing to dawn upon me that if the flow of wealth in this country continued to flow on during the next forty years as it has during the past forty years under a protective tariff, into the pockets of these few men and the interests they repre- sent, that before another forty years had expired these few men and their interests would own nearly all of the material wealth of this country, and if this was true, and I hope to prove it largely before I am done, that possibly a patriotic view of our duties as American citizens would prompt us as producers and breeders of cattle that we meet free trade in cattle and grains, as all patriotic Americans do in a crisis in our country's history and sacrifice a little for the general good and for all humanity in general. But as breeders and producers of cattle we are and have been con- stantly reminded that we have shared in the general prosperity that has been abroad throughout the grain belt as never before under this protective tariff, and why should we care if these few men and their in- terests have accumulated vast estates. But, breeders, we cannot escape responsibility so easily as it should interest every patriot who loves his country and who can rise above the sordid life of just living for the purpose of making and squeezing out of our surroundings in life all that we possibly can, and then dying, as we all must in a few years, leaving a large property to be spent by some one who will come after us for wealth that we do not spend before we die, is only good for what it will purchase, and the ones who have the spending of our fortunes after we are gone will be interested in seeing what it will buy quickly. There is a vast army of the "idle rich" making its appearance in Ameri- can life. We all know there is only so much property and money in the world, and if we allow those few men and their interests to secure such a large part of the material wealth of the country as they have acquired under a high tariff, that it only deprives some other poor fellow perhaps more deserving than we or they from getting his just share, and I hope to show you before I am through that the building of these large for- tunes and estates that has been going on in this country during the past forty years under a protective tariff, is not only a detriment to our country, but a positive menace to your and my welfare, for it has taken FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 685 the major part of the material wealth of this country to build these for- tunes for these few men and their interests, and in so doing has reduced thousands and thousands of good American people to want and beggary, While it is true that we have prospered here in the grain belt under a protective tariff, little of this prosperity came from the cattle business, either as breeders or producers. We as producers have had to deal with, one of these "interests" that has grown rich under a tariff, known as the packing interests, and they appear to have an unsatisfied appetite for all the profits from the entire cattle business in this country, and we are now under free trade in meats. We see them reaching out for more worlds to conquer, in Africa, Mexico and South America. Now, breeders, don't form the opinion that I have become a socialist or even a pessimist, for what I have already said and am about to say. I want first to refer you to a congressional report published a little over a year ago in proof of what I say, for if you will examine this report, you W'ill find that over 36 per cent of all the active wealth of America is now in the absolute control of just two men, and these two men with their allied interests and with their interlocking directorates, in the past have been able to dominate corporations in which they are inter- ested, that by their manipulation and at their command, property values go up or down, and fortunes are made or ruined to suit their whims and caprices. It seems staggering, but it is none the less true, for this same report shows that these two men control the inconceivable amount of wealth of nearly or quite $40,000,000,000, and that in the control of this incon- ceivable amount of the material wealth of this country they are in a position to practically enslave the other one hundred million of the in- habitants of our once glorious country for any business that they wish to acquire or demolish. They have but to withhold the necessary credit that it requires at times to conduct the business of the concern and the busi- ness is demolished and destitution and w-ant follow in the wake of such action, but the flow of wealth continues into these multi-millionaires' pockets. These two billionaires of course live in the city of New York, for no city within the grain belt would tolerate them and statistics show that over one-third of all the inhabitants of that city are forced to receive charity at some time in their lives and that one out of every ten in that city is buried in a pauper's grave; that in this great city year be- fore last over 8,000 little children starved to death for want of food, and that, over 6,000 people froze to death in that city year before last for w-ant of fuel to keep them warm, and that 360,000 people live in that city in cellars and basements in which the rays of the sun never pene- trate. So in discussing this situation, I want you to pardon me if I ask you as producers of cattle and breeders to take a -larger view of life than just the accumulating of immediate money, for I must remind you that our duties to the public good and humanity in general must point to a great wrong that has been committed upon the American people in the distribution of this wealth that has come to us during the past forty years under a protective tariff, that would permit 8,000 children to starve 686 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE to death in one year in one city alone, where in this land of plenty so many of our food products went to waste, as we were. told by these in- terests for the want of a market — to be exact in the words of the meat packers when they force down the price of cattle on foot, "there is no demand for the meat," and 8,000 children starving at the same time in one city. I do not believe it is from the want of general prosperity we are suffering as much as it is the unequal distribution of the wealth under a period of a protective tariff, for we all know that it takes the great wealth of these two billionaires in the city of New York to equalize the poverty of the other four million of its people. The interests these two billionaires control have built up large cities remote from the point where these food products are produced, making the cost of all food products so high before they reach the point of con- sumption that it has brought about this unnatural condition of affairs that has permitted a part of our population to starve, for before any of these natural foods can be consumed, including our meat products, they must go through the hands of tradesmen, brokers and countless middlemen, thereby doubling and in many cases trebling the cost that the producer gets for it before it reaches the consumer, and every one of the interests levy tribute upon each article consumed in this way before it reaches the consumer, and the agent and representatives of all these interests are all located in the congested centers of population to see that the "last pound of flesh" is taken, and the meat packers represent one of the spokes in the wheel of these billionaires. Here in Iowa we cannot burn much Iowa coal, because we have been taught that Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and other eastern coal is so much better for us, in fact the farther away it is located the better it is for us to use, for these interests and the railroads get to make a long haul and the same long haul on all our foodstuffs that the miner consumes in a distant state. Even our meats or nearly all of them must be sent out of the state to be slaughtered, and then reshipped back to us to eat, and our food products that we raise in Iowa, or nearly all, are shipped to a distant state to feed their laboring men that work in these factories which the interests have located without our state, so that the cost of living may be maintained upon its present high level. The idea of these interests seems to be that nothing must be con- sumed at the point of production for if it were the cost of living would be reduced and these interests who own and control our railroads have permitted the building of no large cities in Iowa as we all know who have given this matter any thought, that it is the railroads that either build or permit of them being built, and for that reason little or no manufacturing has been permitted in Iowa, for we have been taught by these interests that Iowa was only an agricultural state, when as a matter of fact old Iowa wastes enough every year in her fields, gardens and orchards to not only clothe, but amply feed and keep those 8,000 lit- tle children from starving and freezing every year in the city of New York, if we were only permitted to do it, or if conditions were such that we could get at them to do it, and we would do it any way, if we are not FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 687 living under a false economical system that robs the majority of the people for the benefit of a few, under a protective tariff, and for the sake of these interests taking their profits from our labors here in the grain belt, these little children are permitted to starve and freeze each year so that the flow of wealth of this country into their pockets be not inter- rupted. To illustrate, I want to give you but one instance of the cost of high living that has been forced onto the American people by these interests by each of the middlemen adding their living and profit to an article before it reaches the point of consumption. I have seen peaches rotting on the ground by the thousands of bushels in northern Missouri and southern Iowa for the want of a market, and offered at 10 cents a bushel at the orchard with no purchaser, and finally hogs turned in to consume them for the want of a better outlet, when upon the same day in the city of Des Moines, less than 125 miles from these orchards, peaches of the same quality were selling for $3.00 per bushel in order that the high cost of living be maintained at its high level. Now what is true of peaches is true of every one of the foodstuffs raised upon our farms, including the meats that our black beauties produce. As it can be seen under our economic system, everything flows from the farm to the city, and then what little is left over, after all the inter- ests and middlemen have taken vv'hat they deem is their share, is per- mitted to come back to the producers on the farm. Even the money and our credits flow to the city, where it is used by these interests, many times in speculative ways, and many of our large city banks have merely become the agents and representatives of these billionaires and their interests, and instead of doing a legitimate banking business of loaning money and extending credit for business purposes, have gone into the underwriting business, where instead of getting an interest on their money, they exact in many cases a Large part of the principal as well. I know these are harsh words to utter, but I have been in the banking business in the county where I reside nearly twenty-five years, and have seen one of the most illogical systems of currency and credits in use during that time and when a change was proposed recently by Congress toward introducing a better balanced financial system, these unpatriotic billionaires and their interests have predicted ruin and want through- out our county for fear that the channels of some of their profits they have been exacting from the American people may become stopped up thereby. I am sure that no system could be devised by man that would be more illogical and prejudicial to the common mass of the American people than the system we have been operating under the past forty years, and I say this as one of the many business men who did not sup- port the candidacy of Wilson for president, nor am I a supporter of his administration at the present time, but I want- to give him credit for trying to do something to better the condition of the common mass of the American people. Under free trade in meats and grains, I do not see as the producers of meats are any worse off than the producers of all the other natural 688 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE products of the farm that go to feed and clothe the human race, for each article is controlled by a trust or corporation that radiates to the center of the hub occupied so long by these billionaires and their interests as it has been arranged for a long time that the meat trust and the packers should control the producers of meats, that the cotton producer in the south must deal with the cotton trust or the cotton exchange, the to- bacco producer with the tobacco trust, the grain producer with the Board of Trade and their allied interests, the producers of fruit with the dif- ferent fruit exchanges or the fruit trust, and so on through all the natural products of our farms. There seems to be a growing disposition in the minds of the American people with the exception of the actual producers of cattle that the price of all kinds of beef is too high, and the American people have been as- sisted in the cultfvation of this belief by the packers so that they could keep the price paid to the actual producers of cattle down to the actual costs of production or in many instances below the cost of production, that in maintaining the high price paid by the consumers of these meats it permitted the packers and their interests to pocket more profits off the industry, and although it seems to make little or no difference whether the price of cattle on foot goes up or down, the price of these meats to the consumer goes to a higher and higher level year after year, until they have reached a price that the man of moderate means cannot afford to use them, and meat has gone into the luxury class and their uses are restricted. Any one who has given the production of cattle here in the grain belt any thought or investigation knows that in the production of cattle dur- ing the past few years, since meats reached the high level of prices, there has been little or no profit to the man who has been trying to pro- duce cattle for market. ■ In fact my observation and experience from a life spent among cattle, is that over one-half of the meat sold for slaugh- ter from the grain belt during the past five years to the packer has been sold at a loss, yet we see the packers' estates grow larger and larger each year as we are told by him that there is no market for our beef. If the grower could get three-fourths of the price after the actual expense of slaughter is taken out for his beef that is sold to the con- sumer, under the present high prices it sure would be a profitable busi- ness, and farmers would be seeking our purebred cattle to start in this business, but under the system the producers of cattle are forced to operate by the packer and his allied interests, all our profits go to build up large estates for the packers and yet the producers of meats are blamed for the high price of meats and a way was sought by the framers of our last tariff act that would reduce the price of meats, but the re- tailer who furnishes my family with meat, and who is a representative of these packers and their interests, charges me the same old price he did before the act was passed by Congress, while the price of beef Oin foot has been lowered, and I am naturally interested to know where this additjpxjal profit has gone since this tariff act was passed. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 689 During the past twenty years we have witnessed the destruction of the cattle business within the grain belt, while the price of meats has worked higher and higher year by year, and under the present tariff act we have seen our meats replaced with the cheaper meats of South America and Old Mexico, and these same cheaper meats in the hands of these packers that destroyed the cattle business within the grain belt. They have given us free grains, I think for the sole purpose of afflicting the grain farmer with us so that he can suffer with us, as we are told miseiT loves company. Breeders of purebred cattle, we are interested in this meat situatioji, for if there is little or no prosperity in the production of cattle for meat purposes, there will be little permanent prosperity in our business, and while I think the breeding of purebred cattle, especially the Aber- deen-Angus, looks the most encouraging it has since I started in the business, if the producers of meat on the farms suffer we are going to suffer with them, and free trade in and lower prices for grains will not add to our prosperity as the framers of our present tariff act seemed to reason, but before it can affect our business in breeding cattle it must lower the price of meats on the block to the general consumer, and packers are loathe to do this, and if they do not, I cannot see how it will hurt our business any more than it was before the present tariff act was passed. Anyway, it will not affect it any more than it has already, for the business has adjusted itself to the conditions of the new tariff act already. I am going to take this view of it and go forward with renewed purpose to breed and keep some of these black beauties on my farm and the herd up to a high standard, so that I can turn my farm over to my posterity full restored to its virgin fertility and conserved for future generations. One of the most hopeful signs of the times for the cattle business is the lust for land on the part of the American people which has led them to invade the big cattle ranches in the West and Southwest during the past ten years, where we have seen these ranches cut into farms and the big cattle outfits forced out of business, and if the American people are to conserve their vital energies and continue to be a force in the civilized world, they must eat meat. This meat must be produced somewhere, and there is no better place to do it than within the corn belt where the feeds are made that make and produce the primest beef known to the trade. You all know that we have the ideal breed of cattle for the. corn belt farmer to produce, where the minimum amount of feed will ripen our cattle into baby beef at from ten to eighteen months old that is so much sought after by the packer and retailer, as the Angus carcass gives the largest per cent of edible meat with the least possible waste. The cotton and sugar producer and farmer in the south who has been forced to dispose of his crop to each of the great trusts that control their product, each of which has been heavily protected for years by our tariff laws, find their business at low ebb for the continued production of each has impoverished their lands, and many, many acres throughout the 44 690 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE South have been abandoned as unprofitable to cultivate longer in either of these crops. These planters in the South are casting about for some- thing that will not only restore their lands but their purses as well. These abandoned lands of the South produce an excellent pasturage grass that grows and fattens a good grade of beef, and while in the past the tick fever retarded the crttle business in the South, each year lately has seen the tick brought more under subjugation. The reports we have from our breed of cattle that have been taken down into this land of ticks is most gratifying to the breeders of our breed of cattle, as the natural grasses on these abandoned lands of the south with the waste products of their cotton gins make a prime grade of beef. While we are not getting the prices on paper for our cattle that some of the other breeds appear to be getting for theirs, the price that we are receiving for ours at the present time is profitable none the less to the grower and the new men who are buying them are settling for them in cash. There seems to be a demand for more cattle of our breed than we are able to produce at this time, and the past two years has seen a wonder- ful accession to our ranks of new men starting in the business so that there is nothing in the situation, except possibly the depravity of the packer, to deprive the grower of cattle out of the profits, that would lead me to believe but what our breed of cattle at least is entering upon one of the brightest eras in its history. Should the packer interfere with our business, as he has in the past, let us hope that out of the situa- tion some way will be devised by which these packers and their interests will be brought under the control of the American people. I believe that the American people have passed by the era of cheap meats or cheap cattle either, that in the end we will adjust our business to free trade in meats and grains as well, and that we are going to have one of the most profitable periods in our business that purebred cattle breeders have experienced during the past ten or a dozen years, and that it will come to us under the present tariff act, not by virtue of the act alone, but in spite of it. BETTER CO-OPERATION BETWEEN FARMER AND MERCHANT. BY J. A. WILSON. (Read Before the Linn County Farmers' Institute.) We hear much today of co-operation. We have co-operative banks, stores, grain elevators, lumber yards and various industries conducted on the co-operation plan. There are those who profess to believe that co-operation could be made a panacea for all our social and economic ills. We believe that it is pos- sible to over-estimate the benefits to be derived by co-operation, as w611 as to fail to appreciate the need of some concerted action by those pur- suing different occupations, whereby they can render assistance to each other and to the general public. Co-operation can never become a reality by two opposing forces, when the success of one, necessarily, means the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 691 failure of the other. It can become a reality only when the interests of both are mutual, and the success of one would contribute to the advance- ment of the other. Co-operation can accomplish three things. First, banish antagonism, second, eliminate inequalities, and third, bring about concerted action. We have chosen in this paper to call special attention (with some varia- tions and digressions) to the need of better co-operation by the farmer and the merchant. In using the town merchant, we desire to be under- stood as meaning more particularly the retail merchant, as he is next to the consumer, and we believe he is necessary for the convenience of the farmer, as well as the public. In the absence of co-operation we find exist- ing between the farmer and merchant, differences, misunderstandings and in some localities, real antagonism. But in this respect we take pleasure in stating that here in Marion the relations of the farmer and the merchant are very cordial. In order that all may see and fully realize the need of co-operation by the merchant and farmer, we shall first state the contentions of the merchant. His contention is that the farmer is doing an injustice to him and to the community by purchasing goods from mail order houses, and other firms some distance away, as those firms pay no local taxes and do not contribute to the upbuilding of the local community, while the merchant is a taxpayer in the local community, buys the farmer's products and extends credit to him when he needs it, and therefore, according to every rule of justice, he is en- titled to all of the farmer's trade. The farmer's contention is that it is only a business principle, and borrowed from the merchant, to buy where you can buy the cheapest and sell where you can get the most. That the merchant very often sends away for goods he could buy of the local manufacturer, that he has farm products shipped in from other states when . he might have purchased them of the local farmer; that in other words he doesn't prac- tice what he preaches. The farmer further contends that tne cost of delivering goods in the city is added to the price of the goods and he pays the same price for the goods undelivered that city people pay and have them delivered at their door. To illustrate: The merchants of Marion by a co-operative plan pay $470 per month or $5,640 per year to have the goods they sell to the people of Marion delivered. It is con- ceded that the farmer's trade in Marion is equal to the trade of the people of the city, therefore the farmers in the vicinity of Marion pay $2,820 annually for the delivering of goods to the people in Marion for which he receives absolutely nothing in return. What is true of Marion in this respect is true of every city in this country. The farmers are not asking that the merchants make a less price on goods to them, but we would like the people of the city to appreciate that the cost of this luxury they enjoy is partly borne by the farmer. We want to serve notice on the merchant and the business men of the city that when they become members of an organization that binds its mem- bers to only purchase goods away from home when they cannot be ob- tained at home, we are willing to join with them and boost for the ad- vancement of- home products. It is the belief of the farmer that by co- 692 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE operation these differences can be in a measure at least adjusted to the satisfaction of farmer and merchant, and every one concerned. There are many problems pressing for solution that we cannot discuss at this time, but we shall mention very briefly a few that we believe could be solved by co-operation between the farmer and the merchant. The standardization of farm products, not only the staple products, but all farm products, including fruit, butter and eggs. We deplore the practice of the local merchant in paying the same price for inferior products that he does for the best, as he does with both butter and eggs. Brother merchant, you owe it to yourself, to the producer and to the consumer to discontinue this practice. Better system for marketing farm products. Honest advertising. This is very important to the farmer, as he is often induced to go some distance, only to find the advertisement misleading and dishonest. Granting franchises by the city that concern the farmer, such as the telephone franchises. Equalizing taxes, so that farm and city property shall each bear their just proportion of the taxes. The elimination of all unnecessary middlemen. Certainly the retail merchant is in the best position to start this movement, by purchasing his goods direct from the producer and the manufacturer. With all due respect for their loyalty to the best interests of the city as they saw it, we regret very much the action of the commercial clubs of many cities in recent years opposing legislation very much needed, and designed for the betterment of rural life and the farmer. We think these clubs took a very selfish and narrow view of the situation, when they failed to ap- preciate the fact that "Rural Free Delivery" and "Parcels Post" in bet- tering rural life and the farmer, would also help the city. For what- ever assists rural life, also helps build the city, and anything that im- proves the city, its effects are felt by the farmer. Our interests are mutual. We sincerely hope these clubs repent of their wrong doing of the past and will sin no more. And if the farmer has been guilty of opposing any- thing that would have been for the betterment of the city, let him also cease from evil and do good. Let us have peace. We have called atten- tion to these things, not with the spirit of complaint or fault-finding, but with the best interest of all in view, hoping to see a satisfactory adjust- ment by co-operation. It is our hope that in the future the cities and the farmers may forget selfish interests, and unite in one supreme effort for the betterment of every citizen of the nation in the world. Let us have better co-operation. WINTER HANDLING OF BREEDING EWES. BY HERMAN STEEN. (In Farmer and Breeder.) The shepherd's harvest, like other harvests, comes to pass in the summer and the autumn; his seed time, unlike other seed times, comes not in the spring, but in the winter when the snows cover the earth and while the thermometer hovers around zero. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 693 The question of handling the breeding flock during the winter is one which does not assume much importance until about New Year's. Before that time there is usually not enough snow to interfere seriously with the daily ranging of the flock. When heavy snows fall and winter deepens, and the time for lambing coming nearer every day, the shepherd: must needs give his flock of ewes closer attention. Care given the flock in the winter time will manifest itself when the lambs are sold the following fall. The four things necessary to bring the flock through the winter are exercise, shelter, feed and water. Exercise, though not often emphasized, is important. It keeps the ewe in good, healthy condition, and prevents sluggishness and constipation. Strong lambs are born to ewes which have been compelled to rustle more or less through the winter. As long as the winter remains open, there is little danger of securing insufficient exercise. When the snows fall and the flock is shut in tne lot or the barnyard, trouble is apt to ensue. If the ewes fail to obtain exercise in any other way they may be driven around a little each day. In any event, the run of the fields should be open to them at all times. The question of shelter with sheep is not so difficult as with other animals. It has been said that, if given a shed sufficient to keep out the snow and cold winds, the flock will need nothing better. This is not far from the truth. Many successful sheepmen, even as far north as Wisconsin, keep their flocks in three-sided sheds open to the south or southeast. Sometimes, however, we have cold southeast winds in the winter, and open sheds are of little value under such conditions. The main things to be kept in mind are warmth, cleanliness, ventilation and dryness. An ordinary shed well protected from the cold winds will suffice. By banking" the north and east sides, especially, it may be ren- dered fairly wind-proof. At the same time ventilation must not be for- gotten. This is usually accomplished by a large door on the south end of the building kept open except in extremely cold or windy weather. This will provide for the escape of most of the odors common to the sheep barn. A door in the opposite end of the building opened for a time during the day will aid greatly in ventilation. Dryness is an essential which must not be overlooked. Sheep cannot do well in a damp place, especially in winter. If dryness can be brought about in no other way, it may be accomplished by using plenty of bedding. Shredded corn fodder is preferable to straw as it does not stick to the wool. Straw with beards should not be used under any circumstances as the market discriminates severely against strawy w^ool. Usually, if kept dry and warm, the shed will be clean. By bedding down the shed at intervals of a few days, the sheep are kept out of the manure. At the same time ^he manure is in good shape for handling. The item of cleanliness is of most importance at lambing, time. The breeding ewe must be fed for the development of bone and muscle, hence feeds fairly rich in protein are essential. Of these, clover and al- falfa stand out pre-eminent. Sheep like them and do well on them, and they are considered the best of all sheep feeds. Sheaf oats are fed quite extensively in some sections, and many sheepmen would not winter 694 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sheep without them. Mixed hay and corn stover are good feeds. Corn silage is a good feed, especially toward spring as its succulence helps to maintain the milk flow. Sour silage must be strictly avoided, however. As to the concentrates to be fed, much depends on the price. Home grown feeds can supply most, if not all, of this part of the ration. When clover or alfalfa is fed, just enough corn in connection with it to keep the flock in good condition makes a good practical ration. If some other roughage is used, the addition of oil meal is quite generally advised. Here, as elsewhere, it is found that variety adds to the efficiency of the ration. Strange as it may seem, not all farmers appreciate the importance of water for sheep in the winter. There is a prevalent idea that a sheep needs no water except that which may be obtained from snow. This is entirely erroneous, and cruel to the sheep as well. When a flock main- tained under such conditions is given access to water, they drink very greedily. If the flock does not have constant access to pure water, they should be watered once or twice daily. Sheep are very dainty animals, and rather than drink foul water, they will go thirsty. The lambs should begin coming by the middle of February in this latitude, provided the proper accommodations are available. By early lambing a crop of lambs is secured for the high markets of June and July. Of course it would be foolish for the farmer with scanty housing to attempt to raise February lambs, for then he would only be inviting failure. As lambing time approaches, the sheep should be carefully watched. The shepherd should be on hand an hour or two to see that the little fellow is all right, and the milk has started. A few minutes' time at the proper point may be the saving of the lamb. If the ewe shows the least disinclination to own her lamb she should be put in a small pen with it for several days. By that time she will be all right. Twins are also best handled in the same way. It is well to divide the flock at this time by putting the ewes with the lambs in one bunch and the others in another. This prevents crowding and confusion and gives the lambs a better chance. The lamb will be all right by the time it is two days old, if cared for up to that time, and will need but little additional attention. However, the old sow and the neighbor's dog, both of whom are fond of young lamb, should be ostracized from the yard and the pasture. When a few weeks old, the lambs should be given some grain in a creep. Bran and oats are commonly used at first, but soon may be replaced partly, and later entirely, by shelled corn. This aids materially in preparing the lambs for an early market. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 695 SAVING OUR GREATEST CROP. HOW THE CAMPAIGN TO PUT BABIES ALONGSIDE HOGS AND HORSES WAS BEGUN AND IS BEING CAKRIED ON TO SUCCESS AT VARIOUS GRAIN BELT STATE FAIRS. (Iowa Homestead.) A sweet-faced, white-haired country woman walked out from the Western Live Stock Show at Denver last winter, gave her hair a few deft pats, breathed a tired sigh and wasted just enough energy to whis- per to her companions, "I feel as if I were the center of a whirlwind that bids fair to take me off my feet." Saying which, she hurried to the depot, took a fast train to the capital of Iowa and, having plodded wearily up the long hill to the state house, fairly swept the staid legis- lators off their feet with the enthusiasm with which she pleaded for a $75,000 appropriation for a new building on the state fair grounds. For the first few minutes the legislators were only idly interested. Then a mild sort of curiosity began to manifest itself as to what sort of a building this little gray lady was demanding. They had made ap- propriations for swine, horses, cattle and sheep; perfectly good state money had been expended for the housing of everything from acorns to zebras, "from agate to zinc." If there was any crop grown in Iowa for which ample provision had not been made, either for exhibition booths or competition premiums, they would like to know what it was. Ac- cordingly, they sat up with anticipated triumph aglow on their faces as one of their number asked the little country woman what she had in mind when she spoke of Iowa's greatest crop, as yet altogether unrecog- nized by the generous state. A smile played about the lips of the animated and feminine whirl- wind vortex with the sweet face and white hair as she murmured one word only: "Babies!" The story with which this amazing and unexpected reply was fol- lowed gave the legislators an inkling of the big things concealed by the little answer. At the 1911 Iowa State Fair, for the first time in any state, a babies' health contest was held, under the direction of energetic and charitably inclined doctors and club women. A country mother came with her two- year-old baby in tow. He was a sweet little fellow, with an ever-ready smile and his fond mother had pictured to herself, all the way as she drove in from the farm, how he was bound to eclipse all the other entries and win first prize. Was not his hair silkier and browner; were not his eyes a heavenly shade of blue; were not his cheeks perfect ovals? But when the kindly doctors had stripped the little lad, felt of his muscles, peered down his throat, thumped his chest and. otherwise determined his fine physical points, as carefully and as systematically as the live stock judges went about their work in the handsome and permanent pavilions adjoining the humble little tent where the babies were herded, they shook their heads and passed down the line to the next entry. The in- 696 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE dignant farm motlier demanded reasons. They were quickly forthcom- ing: enlarged tonsils, adenoids, flabby muscles, trace of tuberculosis and so on; with not a single word about silken hair or eyes of heavenly blue. One of the doctors took the farm mother aside, handed her pamphlets and books on the care and feeding of babies, explained that the contest was for health, and not for beauty, and then bade her take hope, follow the prescribed course of daily routine and bring her baby back the next year. That little rejected laddie from the farm, carefully reared on the outlined course of exercises and dietetics the ensuing year, won first prize in a class of more than forty entries at the contest held at the Iowa State Fair in 1912. "So you see," said the little gray lady, "we can breed our babies with just as good and just as apparent results as we have long bred our pigs." That is how it came about that the dignified legislators of a state as great and as rich as Iowa decided to appropriate $75,000 for a Child Welfare building, Iowa being the first thus formally to recognize the new campaign, just as it was the first to hold such a contest. There are figures a-plenty to prove the necessity, the crying need, of just such a campaign and just such recognition. Consider these, for instance: There are in Iowa 7,545,000 hogs, one-sixth of which are suffering from cholera. Immediately an insistent demand goes up for $50,000 to suppress this disease, for the hogs are worth $12,000,000. There are in Iowa, likewise, 258,000 babies and children under five years of age, one-fifth of whom will be dead within the coming five years, following the ratio proven by medical science. A child, well born, is estimated under the law to have a value of $500, a total for the state $129,000,000, one-fifth of which, or more than $25,000,000, will be lost, as against $12,000,000 on pigs. Why, then, argued the little gray lady and her determined co- workers, should the legislators look aghast at an appropriation of $75,000 for a campaign to save babies when they thought nothing of appropriating $50,000 with which simply to check disease among pigs. Babies versus pigs, pigs versus babies, looked at either way there seemed to be merit, indeed, in the proposition to pay as much attention and give as much money to the greatest crop of all, which heretofore had been absolutely overlooked. The idea came quite unexpectedly, it was of small beginnings. It originated in the brain of the little country woman who is devoting her time to its propaganda. She was in charge of a booth at her home county fair, just such a fair as is held annually in hundreds of rural counties; pumpkins and slow horse races, hogs and crazy quilts, homemade jelly and threshing machines snorting all over the lot. "I was listening to the talk that drifted in, in snatches, of prizes won on hogs and horses, sheep and cattle and poultry," says the originator of the whole affair, "the same talk I had been hearing at every fair for ten years. Suddenly I became conscious of how often I had heard this talk about the won- derful improvement that had been made in the conditions of live stock in that length of time. Just at this minute a woman with a fretful baby in her arms stopped near me to rest. A child of three clung to the FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 697 mother's skirt with one hand and with the other fed herself a large, underripe banana. Three more brothers and sisters, old enough to care for themselves a little, clambered about, in imminent peril of broken necks and trampled toes. One might label the picture, I thought, an average American family on a holidaj'. As I looked at these children I saw myself and brothers and sisters forty years ago, no better, no worse. Measles, whooping cough and mumps w^ould be a part of those children's upbringing, just as they had been of mine. If they lived through these necessary evils, without too great depletion of vitality, and if dread disease did not take them off, they might grow to manhood and womanhood. Then I began to calculate that this family would make five new families of the same kind, possibly with less endurance. "A friend of mine interrupted the trend of my thought to invite me to go to the stock barns with her, where the premiums had just been awarded. The man in charge of the horse barns showed his beauti- ful animals, sleek and shining, with glowing pride. Blue ribbons and red ribbons showed bravely on many headstalls. Every animal in the clean, well-ordered cattle and hog pens had been fed and groomed with the utmost care. A man pointed with pride to a pen of hogs and told us that they had been watched almost night and day; the water they drank had been analyzed, their food measured and weighed, and only the kinds given them that would bring certain results. It was then that the idea of a babies' health contest for our next state fair was born." From such a little beginning has come the series of babies' health contests held during the past two years in a score of county and dis- trict fairs, in at least three state fairs, and now planned for a dozen state fairs in 1913, with a grand international contest in the Panama exposition, at San Francisco, in 1915. The little gray lady, the originator of the whole idea, Mrs. Mary T. Watts, of Audubon, Iowa, gives a list of the contests already held, as follows: Iowa State Fair, 1911, 50 entries; 1912, 275. Missouri State Fair, 1912, 200 entries. Oregon State Fair, 1912, 200 entries. Milwaukee Household Exhibit, 1912, 80 entries. Fargo, N. D., Neighborhood Clubs, 1912, 150 entries. Farmers' Week, Columbia, Mo., 50 entries. Omaha, Made-in-Nebraska Show, 1913, 200 entries. National Western Live Stock Show, Denver, 1913, 200 entries. In addition to these, contests were held in county and district fairs, in 1912, in a score of Iowa towns, notably Ames, Audubon, Avoca, Algona, Brooklyn, Farmington, Marshalltown, Moravia and Sutherland. State-wide contests are already scheduled for 1913 in Iowa, Oregon and Missouri (at the state fairs), with possibilties of Ohio, Massachu- setts, Vermont and Michigan. Oregon has made appropriation for a Child's Welfare building and Denver proposes making more of a fea- ture of the babies' health contest next January than it did this year, although the enthusiasm was so great at the contest that a National Eugenics Society was organized at the live stock show, Mrs. Watts (the little gray lady) being elected president, Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Bates, 698 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of Denver, vice-president, and 0. M. Plummer, of Portland, Oregon, secretary. The manner of conducting the babies' health contests is interesting in the extreme and never fails to attract large numbers of applauding spectators. The entries are divided into classes, according to sex, age and residence, prizes being awarded for the most perfect entries in one- year-old, two-year-old and three-year-old classes, both from towns and country. The babies are subjected to tests, both physical and mental, by medical experts and trained nurses, who handle their little charges deftly so as not to unduly frighten them, but to observe them as nearly normal as possible. Stripped of their clothes the tots are meas- ured, weighed and examined for physical defects; throat specialists ex- amine for evidences of enlarged tonsils or adenoids; calipers are deft- ly swung around heads a-bloom with brown or golden tresses, in order accurately to discover the contour of craniums; chests are thumped and stethoscope records are made to test the lungs, while bright colored balls and toys are dangled before surprised eyes in order to test the quickness of mental grasp and the ability of the juvenile brain to re- spond to a suggestion. And all the while fond and doting parents and even tentative and timid bachelors stand afar off and wonder why the examiners forget all about noting the texture of hair, the Cupid's bow of the lips and the dimples which play about laughing mouths. But these are health contests, not beauty contests; and the item of daily food, the question of sleeping room ventilation and the apparently immaterial details of play are more carefully gone into by the doctors and nurses than are those perfectly apparent points of facial beauty on which former contests were invariably determined. AMERICAN HEN AND COMPANY— THE FARM WOMAN'S BANK. (By A. H. Snyder in Successful Farming.) VALUE OF POULTRY AND EGGS RAISED IN ONE YEAR. Illinois $ 34,344,482 Missouri 33,918,187 Iowa 33,150,585 Ohio 30,746,291 Indiana 26,013,342 Pennsylvania 25,780,701 New York 25,504,894 Kansas 23,246,574 Texas 19,424,711 Michigan 17,926,239 California 14,683, 20'9 Kentucky 14,542,124 Minnesota 14,482,329 Wisconsin 14,180,433 Nebraska 13,856,885 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 699 (From the U. S. Census for the year of 1909.) The American Eagle may perch serenely upon the back of our silver dollars, but it takes the great American Hen to make the dollars for the eagle to perch upon. Uncle Sam's last census, taken in 1910, says that in the preceding year there were 488,468,354 fowls raised, worth $202,506,272. He also tells us that during the same year the American hen laid 1,591,311,371 dozens of eggs, worth $306,688,960; total poultry value 1509,195,232. But, these figures are too big for our ordinary little minds — we don't grasp their meaning. We know how big an egg is, or how many we can eat on Easter, but, when people talk about billions of dozens, it is beyond us. We don't know whether we could put all those eggs in our barn or whether there are so many that we couldn't pile them all in the back pasture. Let us see if we cannot get a little better idea of the real size of our annual crop of "hen-fruit" than it is possible to obtain from a long string of figures. When you tell about the size of the fish you almost caught, you say that "it was as long as the table," or "it would reach half-way across the room." Thus, it is only by comparing unknown objects with things which are familiar that we can obtain a real knowledge of their size. In the first place an ordinary crate in which eggs are packed for shipping holds thirty dozen. It is two feet long, one foot wide and one foot high, which makes two cubic feet. Hence one cubic foot holds fifteen dozen eggs. A simple calculation shows that it would take 106,087,425 cubic feet to hold the eggs showered upon the United States in one year by the American hen. But still those figures are too big for us, so we'll have to go to the barn, or something else with which we are familiar. I don't know how big your barn is, but if it is 80x80 feet and 20 feet high to the eaves, it is a good sized barn and contains 128,000 cubic feet. You are probably thinking that you could pack all the eggs in the coun- try in a barn that size. But, hold on a minute. They say that "figures don't lie" and the figures say that it would require 828 such barns, packed solid to the eaves as close as eggs are packed in a shipping crate, to hold all the eggs laid in a single year. And even then you would have a few thousand dozens left over for omelets, or to hatch out chickens for next year. It would require 41,440 ordinary box cars, packed to the roof, or a solid train 345 miles long to haul the annual egg crop. A train of this length w'ould just about reach from Chicago to Des Moines, going west, or from Chicago to Columbus, Ohio, headed east. There sure would be a mess if such a train were wrecked! Talk about your great pyramids of Egypt— they are great all right, but the American hen furnishes material every year to build a pyramid a quarter of a mile square at the base and over 182 feet high. Truly the American hen is some bird. She sits on the barnyard fence and cackles to the accompaniment of the piano which she has placed in the parlor for the farmer's daughter, or she mingles her con- 700 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE tralto tones in duet with the tenor notes of the wonderful Caruso, as re- produced by the phonograph or victrola which she has purchased to assist in bringing pleasure to the family. She is the farm-wife's banker and pays good interest upon every deposit of care and attention given her. No deposit is so small that it is not appreciated and large deposits are reciprocated in proportion. Hers is the soundest bank in existence. It staunchly refuses to be in- fluenced by flurries on Wall Street or the stock exchange. Local representatives of the great Bank of American Hen & Company are stationed upon almost every farm and are invested with full power to act. The representatives on a given farm constitute the stock held by that farm; they receive all deposits and promptly pay the interest on same. Perhaps a new washing machine is needed. The farm wife talks the matter over with her local representatives of the Bank of American Hen & Company. Provided her dealings with them have been such as to justify their confidence, she is instructed to purchase the desired ma- chine and charge the same to their account. In a short time they hand her the bill, receipted in full, and she arranges for a carpet sweeper, vacuum cleaner, fireless cooker, or a new range. Other articles are suggested, but about this time her bankers call a halt and issue a few words of good advice. They call her attention to the fact that now is the time of year to increase her stock. It is pointed out that sitting hens pay no bills and that to enable them to return the greatest profits, it is necessary to provide the flock with up-to-date labor- saving machines so that they can work most efficiently. The sugges- tion is made that an incubator properly handled will insure sufficient increase in stock to justify the purchase of the many articles needed at the time of spring house cleaning, not to mention the spring outfits of wearing apparel necessary for herself and daughters. The average house-wife is accustomed to plan for the future and recognizes the wisdom of this advice with the result that her stock in the Bank of American Hen & Company is greatly increased and one by one are added to her house and wardrobe the many articles for which she has longed. The set of lace curtains which would so greatly improve the appearance of the front windows are hung in place and she walks past the house a couple of times to see how they appear from the road. For years she has longed for an easy chair for the living room and at last her wish has developed into a reality. If all the wall paper, carpets, rugs, stoves, cooking utensils, furniture, pictures, etc., which were provided by the American hen were removed, there are thousands of our comfortable homes which would appear mighty barren and cheerless. When the good farm-wife and the girls have carefully studied the catalogs and decided upon the new dresses, coats, hats, and shoes which would be most becoming to their particular type of beauty, or most serv- iceable under their conditions, they again go into conference with the hens. And when Bertha graduates or Vera gets married the necessary outfits are charged to the Bank of American Hon & Company and are promptly paid. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 701 Nor do we forget that there are thousands of happy farm homes in which the merry cackle of the hens has a deeper significance than the an- nouncement of another payment made upon some article for convenience, adornment, comfort, or pleasure. I refer to the many instances in which the hens have literally pecked away or are pecking away the mortgage which threatened the very foundation of the home. Like the drops of wa- ter which gradually wear away the hardest rock, so must the most ob- stinate mortgage finally lessen before the persistent attack of a flock of hens. Taxes interest and rent come around with relentless regularity, but they are no more regular than the income from the American hen. Furthermore, this wonderful bird has shown us how to "return good for evil." She recognizes the fact that automobiles are not to blame for the depletion they make in her family, but rather the heartless and reckless drivers; consequently she continues to purchase motor cars for the farmer and his family. The American hen produces an immense amount of' wealth every year — more than the gold produced in the same length of time. The 1912 Year Book of the U. S. Department of Agriculture makes the following comparisons: Value of poultry products $ 570,000,000 Value of gold produced in Continental United States 92,989,000 Value of silver produced in Continental United States 63,761,000 Value of gold produced in the world 474,333,268 The question which should occur to each farm home is "are we get- ting our share of this wealth, and if not, why not?" Poultry raising in the U. S. has thus far been a side-line to farming and has almost invariably paid well for any labor and attention given it. The great mass of poultry and eggs comes from the farms, while the specialists furnish but a minor portion. Farm poultry raising is on the increase and it would be well for every farmer and farmer's wife to thoroughly consider whether they could not enlarge their poultry business with profit to themselves. They have the land, the feed, and the labor. All that is required is a little more study and application. Expenses will scarcely be increased from what they now are, but the profits will multiply exceedingly. There is no kind of farm live stock which pays greater dividends in proportion to capital invested, provided a limited amount of care is given. GROWING CATTLE IN THE CORN BELT. (Wallaces' Farmer) Whether we like it or not, and whether we are willing or not, there are great forces at work that will compel us sooner or later to grow more cattle in the corn belt — to grow as well as to feed them. Fifty years ago, forty years ago, thirty years ago, we grew a great many cat- tle in the corn belt. There were vast areas of land, raw prairie, covered with blue-stem and other nutritious grasses, on which in many parts 702 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE of the corn belt herds of cattle roamed, where the cost of keep even with careful herding was about a dollar a head during th« summer sea- son, and where the cattle could make from 200 to 300 pounds' gain at this minimum expense. Every fall, men rode over the country, bunch- ing up weanlings and yearlings for further development under the same condition, and two and three-year-olds for feeders in the older portions of the corn belt and in the states east. When we say this, we are simply reciting what now seems ancient history to our older readers. Then came the opening up of the great western plains, the range country, and the improvement of the stock by the use of the best beef sires. In time, farmers found it cheaper to go to Omaha, Kansas City or Chicago and buy up lots of feeders, assorted as to size, weight and color. They found they could do this cheaper, or at least easier, than tiaey could be bunched up in the decreasing herds in fenced pastures. From that time on, the corn belt became a feeding country instead of a breeding country. Then came dry farming, so called, and the enormous speculation in grazing lands, and the breaking up of the ranges through the advent of the settler and homesteader. In the last five or six years the supply of these feeders from the range has been steadily decreasing. The ranges have emptied out, and the fenced ranches are either gone or going, not al- together, but to an extent that seriously affects the supply of feeders and advances the price. We have sold numbers of carloads of cattle at from $2.75 to $3.25 per hundredweight, which would be snapped up to- day at more than twice these figures. In the meantime, our cities have been growing, and the demand for milk increasing, until the demand of Chicago and St. Louis eats into the beef growing country of Illinois, that of Cleveland and Cincinnati into that of Ohio. Pittsburg, Buffalo, New York and Boston take about all the possible milk production in Pennsylvania, New York and the eastern states; and they are even now drawing on Canada tor milk to supply New York and Boston. The supply of feeders from these milk producing sections has become a negligible quantity. Therefore, if the corn belt is to feed cattle, it must grow more and more of them itself. Our readers may not see just how to do it at a profit; but they will be forced to find a way before a great while. There will always be more or less cattle grown on the ranges — more in the com- ing years than now, because of the failure of the dry farmer to realize his expectations. Much of this dry farming land will revert to pasture and again be grazed by sheep and cattle. Persons who are familiar with the history of the range know that in this we are simply reciting ancient history. We have seen great ranches, that were once great wheat fields, on which men expected to make fortunes by dry farming or some other kind of farming, and failed. Meanwhile, in the last twenty years the amount of irrigated land has been increasing, lands that grow alfalfa of the very best quality. Alfal- fa is growing in favor all over the eastern country; but the freight rates will sooner or later, in fact, are already beginning to impress upon alfalfa growers the importance of feeding it on the farm to cattle FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 703 grown on the range. Alfalfa requires baling. It is bulky, and it costs about as much to ship it from the west to central Iowa as the grower re- ceives for growing it. Hence we have an increasing number of alfalfa fed cattle, which still further decreases the supply of feeders for the eastern market. In other words, an increasing number of the cattle grown on the range will be fed in the irrigated sections, and what corn is needed shipped out to them, rather than ship the alfalfa hay farther east. The great reason why farmers will be obliged to grow more cattle, however, is the necessity of maintaining soil fertility. We may talk as' we like about good farming, about intensive farming, about com- mercial fertilizers, and all that; but it is not possible to maintain soil fertility without maintaining a supply of vegetable matter in the soil. This can be done only by giving back to it, in the form of grass roots, grass and manure, what passes away in the process of cultivation. For the more we cultivate the land, the quicker we destroy the humus ma- terial in it, and hence render it impossible for the plant to utilize the fertility that remains. For vegetable matter is required in order to en- able the land to hold moisture, to withstand drouth, and to keep it in such physical condition that the plant roots can use the plant food in the soil. It is possible, we know, to grow green crops and turn them under, and still maintain soil fertility, provided the manurial supply is maintained; but, practically, where this is done it must be by growing grass, grazing cattle, feeding them on the farm, and hauling out the manure. This in itself will not maintain soil fertility forever. This old planet of ours is wearing out, and nations like England, that have maintained soil fer- tility, have been buying plant food from other nations and conserving them as well as conserving their own. England buys guano from Chile, buys our grains and cottonseed meal, grinds up the bones of mummied cats in the tombs of ancient Egypt, brings grain from all parts of the world, and thus maintains her fertility. Theoretically, the fertility of every nation in the world is bound to wear out sooner or later, where they have sewage systems such as we have in civilized countries. Therefore, it is all the more important that we maintain the vegetable matter in our soils, quit soil robbing, and get down to real farming. We know of no way that this can be done practically and effectively without growing more cattle. If Iowa were to ship her entire corn crop onto the market, it would demoralize that market. We must feed the great bulk of our corn on the farm. We have in the past, so the government tells us, been feeding 80 per cent of it. We should feed 90 per cent. But how are we to get the cattle to feed without growing them? This may seem to our readers like mere speculation, theory, anticipa- tion of dangers that do not seem to them imminent or likely to come soon. But if they will simply revert to their own experience; if they will notice a soil destitute of vegetable matter, that puddles in a wet time and bakes in a dry time, and is regarded as worn out; if they will notice how bad weeds grow on these partially worn-out lands; if they will keep their eyes open as to what is going on around them; if they 704 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE will reflect on the waste of stored fertility that has been going on in the corn belt for the last forty years; if they will note the condition of New England, much of New York, and other eastern states; if they will think of the vast acreage of land that has been turned out in the south to grow up in trees, because no longer profitable to cultivate, they will be convinced that it is time for the farmers in the corn belt to con- sider carefully the best methods of keeping what fertility they have and increasing it to the extent of their ability. We are no longer shipping cattle to Europe. In our recent visit, we noticed carefully the arrivals from week to week— sometimes none, sometimes merely three or four hundred. We notice that London is proposing to sell her abattoirs, because there are no more live cattle coming in. If our readers, will notice what is going on around them, they will be convinced that we are not alarming them needlessly, but pointing out a real danger and a duty. We must grow more cattle, if we are going to feed cattle in the future as we have in the past. We must learn how to grow them by adopting rotations, and fencing our fields, by better breeding as well as better feeding. It is only by this process that we may expect our lands to increase in price or even to maintain present prices. For eventually lands will be sold at their value only; and that value is based on the income or rental they return. They will rise so long as they pay an income of 4 per cent on the price, and no longer; and the income they return will depend very largely on the amount of cat- tle that are grown and fed. WHY THE SHROPSHIRES ARE SO POPULAR. E. S. Leonard, Corning, Iowa. (Before Annual Meeting of Shropshire Sheep Breeders of Iowa.) I have been requested to write an article giving reasons "Why the Shropshires Are So Popular." I fully realize you have called on a weak member for a good article. However, I will endeavor to give you what I consider from actual experience and observation of many years, some particularly strong reasons of the Shropshires growing in popularity. With all due respect to the other down breeds and their breeders it is only natural for me to support a choice in this most popular of breeds, the Shropshire. In the Shropshire you have a good mother, as well as a copious nurser. No one will deny the necessity for these two essential requisites regard- less of breed. And in our choice we have an animal possessing superior worth in these two particular points. To the small breeder their prolific tendencies commend them, for in the increase of the offspring lies the greater income. Mutton being the greatest source of revenue, the twin bearing ewe for which Shropshires rank high, makes them desirable. Their carcass, of compact form, combined with the well set leg of mutton, and evenly fleshed loin, place them in the foremost rank in superior mutton qualities. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 705 The wool of the Shropshire ranks well near the top in possessing essen- tials required by the manufacturers. The uniform staple and density of fleece, adapt them to the different climatic conditions as does no other so claimed general purpose sheep. Another strong point in favor of Shropshires is their docility. Kind and gentle to their young, easy to handle, so calm and intelligent in many ways, almost human, readily adapting themselves to any changes you may make, as to moving from one place to another; their fondness for their good shepherd, their freedom from treachery, account for their kind and gentle dispositions. It requires only a meager apology of a fence to hold them within prescribed bounds. Of no other breed can this be truthfully said. As the day of intense farming is rapidly approaching, nothing can commend the Shropshire more favorably than the fact of early maturity on a minimum amount of feed. To the small flockmaster of limited acreage this is no small argument in favor of a general purpose sheep like the Shropshire. In conclusion let me say that I feel every Shropshire breeder will join me in commending the work that the American Shropshire Registry Association has done in furthering the popularity of the Shropshire, and we should all band ourselves together to assist the association in every way possible to further the popularity this great and good breed has already attained. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IOWA BEEF PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION, JANUARY 1, 1913, TO JANUARY 1, 1914. Report of the annual meeting, Ames, Iowa, January 5, 1914. The annual meeting of the Iowa Beef Producers Association was called to order by President Escher January 5, 1914, in Agricultural Hall, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, 3:00 p. m. Secretary absent and Howard Vaughn appointed Secretary pro tem. Report of the year's work of the Association made by the Association Representative. Report approved. Moved that a nominating committee of three to make nominations for Directors of the Association be appointed by the Chair. Motion sec- onded and carried. Chair appointed W. B. Seeley, Mt. Pleasant, Chas. M. Russell, Carroll, Prof. W. H. Pew, Ames. Followed general discussion of plans of work for the future. The Beef Producers Special Trains were commended by Pres. Escher, Dean Curtiss and others. Discussion of the possibilities of the calf show as a means of promoting the beef industry participated in by Mr. Palmer, Eddyville, Mr. Reed, Marengo, Col. Benson, Sheldon, Mr. Seeley, Mt. Pleas- ant, Mr. Hughes, Mt. Pleasant, Mr. Willets, Mt. Pleasant, and others. Nominating Committee report the following nominations for Directors: 1st District — W. B. Seeley, Mt. Pleasant. 2nd District — Fred McCulloch, Hartwick. 3rd District — Frank Zenor, Woolstock. 45 70C IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 4th District— J. A. Kildee, Osage. 5th District — W. W. Vaughn, Marion. 6th District — Ralph Sherman, Grinnell. 7th District — John Shambaugh, Booueville. 8th District — C. W. Huntley, Chariton. 9th District — C. W. Hunt, Logan. 10th District — Chas. Russell, Carroll. 11th District— R. W. Cassady, Whiting. Moved that the report of the Nominating Committee be adopted and Directors declared elected as named. Seconded and carried. MoA^ed, seconded and carried to adjourn. MEETING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTOKS. Meeting called to order by Pres. Escher. Secretary absent and Howard Vaughn appointed Secretary pro tern. Election of Officers— The following officers were elected in regular form: President, Charles Escher, Jr., Botna; vice president, C. W. Huntley, Chariton; Membership and Corresponding Secretary, George H. Purge, Mt. Vernon; Treasurer, C. S. Hechtner, Chariton. Moved by Mr. Seeley that it was the sense of the Board of Directors that the Executive Board re-employ Rex Beresford as Association Rep- resentative at the same salary as at present. Seconded and carried. Moved by Mr. Seeley that the Association Representative be instructed to communicate w^ith the various short courses, institutes and fairs with the view to working up shows of market beef calves and yearlings. Seconded and carried. Moved that the Board of Directors favor the running of a special train on some east and west line of railroad during June and on a north and south one in the autumn. Seconded and carried. Moved that the Board adjourn and refer all matters that come up to the Executive Committeee with power to act. Seconded and carried. OPEN MEETING MONDAY EVENING, JANUARY 5, 1914. Over 400 farmers and cattlemen attended the evening meeting of the Iowa Beef Producers at the short course at Ames. The meeting was called to order by Pres. Charles Escher, Jr. In his opening address Pres. Escher reviewed some of the lessons of the year brought out in producing the champion car lots of cattle shown by Escher and Ryan at the 1913 International. First in importance was emphasized the value of good blood. With- out the proper quality in his calves secured by good ancestry, the most skillful feeder fails to produce finished cattle of show or good mar- ket quality. Next was mentioned good feeding from start to finish. The cham- pion steers and their mates were fed grain in creeps while following their mothers on pasture. From weaning time till marketed the cattle were well fed. Silage, clover and oat hay, corn, oats and barley, lin- seed oil meal, cotton seed meal, and molasses all were used in giving variety and promoting appetite. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 707 "I was slow in getting silos," said Mr. Escher. "I was like the man who told me once that he had lost a million dollars in Iowa in an early- day." 'How was that?' I asked. 'By not having cattle enough to eat all the grass that was here when I came,' was the reply. I lost a lot of money by not having silos long ago. However, I have four now and will have four more by filling time." Another point proved by the year's feeding was the advantage of feeding younger steers. Through the latter months of the year the steers started on feed as calves made nearly half a pound of grain a day more than their brothers a year older. The gains were also made more cheaply. The younger cattle won the championship and sold better than the two year olds. "The baby beef steer is the butcher's ideal," said Mr. Escher. "He makes bigger and more economical gains; may be carried past a bad spot in the market if necessary without loss; costs less to produce, sells better and yields more profit. That is why the older steer is going out of fashion with the man who is producing beef." Speaking from the topic "The Trend of the Times in Beef Produc- tion" Prof. W. H. Pew, head of the Animal Husbandry department of the Iowa State College, pointed out that the year's markets, recent show yard records, experimental records and the action of many of the most pro- gressive cattle men all point toward the production of so called baby beef, or the fat 900-1150 pound yearling rather than the heavy two or three year old steer. Especially is this the case where the feeder cattle must be produced on Iowa land. The general beef cattle shortage and consequent demand and high price, feeder cattle scarcity and high prices of feeds and cattle all in- dicate the growing and feeding out of calves rather than feeding of older steers on many Iowa farms. Corn silage, alfalfa and clover, the better care of pastures, the proper use of concentrates and above all, better breeding stock, all help cut down the cost of producing beef. The trend of the times seems to be greater and more efficient use of these things on the average cattle producing farm. "The Present Status of the Beef Industry" according to Dean C. F. Curtiss, is that of any industry in which demand for the product exceeds the supply. Since 1907 the population of the United States has increased 9.5 per cent. During the same time the number of beef cattle has de- creased 30 per cent. The world shortage of beef is nearly as acute. Meat importations under free trade conditions are not large enough to be seriously important once markets are adjusted. The west will produce more beef than now. Proper lease laws, and regulation of range and grazing grounds will increase their meat pro- ducing power. This has already been shown in the grazing lands of the forest reserves. ' ' The United States will always need immense quantities of beef. The American workman must and will have meat, and this will be beef so long as he can pay for it. Iowa can produce beef now and in the future at a profit if the best methods of production are used. 708 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Beef making on the Iowa farm not only means larger immediate re- turns from the crops fed to the cattle, but increasingly larger returns from the farm as well, for beef making means conserved fertility and larger crops in future years. Rex Beresford, the Association representative, gave a short review of the work of the association during the year 1913. In addition some plans for future work were discussed. Local calf shows held in connection with farmers' institutes, corn shows and colt shows were presented as a means of arousing interest in beef produc- tion in communities where such shows could be staged. A corn show and calf show should fit in especially well together though there is nothing to prevent colt and calf shows being held in conjunction. A calf show is being held this season at Luverne in Kossuth county. A successful one has been held at Blairstown in connection with the farm- ers' institute. Such shows are already being planned for at least seven other communities during 1914. ANNUAL REPORT OF WORK OF IOWA BEEF PRODUCERS ASSO- CIATION, 1913. The active work of the Iowa Beef Producers Association began March 8, 1912, with the completion of the organization and the hiring of an Association representative at that time. The first year's work of the Association up to January 1, 1913, is described in detail in the 1912 report to the Association. Under the direction of the Executive Board of the Association, the work carried on in 1913 has been very similar to that of 1912. Roughly it may be divided under the heads of Investigational, Publicity, Fairs and Institutes and Special Train Work. During 1913 investigational work was done largely during the months of May, June, July and August. A part of the time during June and July was spent with the Automobile Farm Tours managed by the Ex- tension Department of the College. This combined investigational and educational work. All told during the year approximately 290 cattle farms were visited. From the notes gathered have been compiled material for articles, lec- tures and pamphlets. In the publicity line of work articles dealing with beef production, cattle feeding, etc., have been written for the various farm papers of the state and those having circulation in the state. In addition to these news items and short articles have been sent out to the daily papers and a mailing list of 300 weekly papers in Iowa. Some matter dealing with the beef industry has been sent out through the bureaus furnishing agri- cultural "plate" matter to Iowa weekly papers. A five by seven inch Illustrated booklet of sixty-four pages has been prepared and printed in an edition of 20,000 at a total cost of $643.30. Of this edition 12,000 have been distributed at fairs, institutes, special FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 709 trains, by mail and in other ways, leaving approximately 8,000 copies on hand. Two hundred and thirty-one letters of inquiry relating to beef cattle breeding and feeding have been received and answered. These came mostly from Iowa farmers, about 10 per cent being from outside the state. This correspondence seems to be growing quite rapidly in volume. During 1913 the Association Representatives attended and spoke at forty-three farmers' institutes and short course meetings, four farmers' picnics and two fall festivals, and judged beef cattle at nine fairs and shows in Iowa. ' From October 21 to 31 inclusive a Beef Producers' special train was run over the C. & N. W. Railway lines in northwestern Iowa. This train furnished free by the North "Western road, aside from transportation paid by the speakers, was made up of two lecture coaches, cars for the ac- commodation of the speakers, and a baggage car containing five head of cattle, specimens of the leading beef breeds used for demonstration purposes. Stops were made at seventy-nine towns and eighty meetings were held. Nearly 10,000 farmers visited the train. The speakers on the train for all or a part of the time were Dean C. F. Curtiss, Profs. W. J. Kennedy, W. H. Pew, J. M. Evvard, C. N. Arnett, E. F, Ferrin, H. W. Vaughn, G. W. Godfrey, O. W. Johnson, Howard Vaughn, Charles Eschar Jr., G. H. Purge, Capt. W. S. A. Smith, Geo. M. Rommel, R. W. Cassady and Rex Beresford. In the opinion of those connected with the train it was a success as a method of arousing interest and distributing information. TESTING SOIL-S IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD. BY W. H. STEVENSON AND P. E. BROWN. (Circular No. 15, Agricultural Experiment Station, Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.)* WHAT THE STATION CAN DO TO HELP THE FAKMEB. The chief aim of the soils section of the Iowa Agricultural Experi- ment station is to help the farmer solve his soil problems. This is possible because the work of the section consists not only in the study of soil problems of statewide interest, but also in the application of the results of such general investigations to local conditions. It may be said, therefore, that there are two distinct divisions of the soil work. First, there is the experimental or investigational part, which consists in the planning and carrying out of experiments on methods of soil treatment and soil management; and second, there is the advisory part. Through this latter function the soils section aims to keep in close touch with the farmers and to help them solve their local problems, often arranging special experiments to aid in the solving of them. 710 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE The experimental work in soils during the past few years has in- cluded the study of many important questions, chiefly, however, the ro- tation of crops, the use of fertilizing materials, the drainage of the soil, and the management of certain partially unproductive soils, such as gumbo, peat, alkali and "push" soils. In a general way it may be said that all effort has been directed toward securing the greatest crop production wii^h the least soil depletion. It is evident therefore that the section has material at hand which permits of authoritative statements along many lines of soil manage- ment. There are, of course, many questions which it is not yet possible to answer absolutely and completely, because anything like a complete study of soils of the state will require years of labor and abundant facili- ties. In so far as investigations have led to conclusive evidence along certain lines, the section is ready and glad to make recommendations regarding the management and improvement of Iowa soils, and to do It free of charge. In order to advise regarding the proper treatment of any soil it is necessary, however, that certain facts regarding the lay of the land, the crops grown, the fertilizers added, etc., be in the hands of the station men. It is not merely enough to send in a small sample of soil, al- though that, of course, is helpful in many cases. It is suggested that the following questions be answered by every farmer who wishes advice. These answers and, if desirable, a sample of soil carefully taken, as will be described later, should be sent to the Soils Section of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Where is the land located? How long has the land been under cultivation? What system of cropping is practiced? What rotation of crops is used? What was the crop yield last year? What was the crop yield the preceding year? What crop yields the best? What crop gives the poorest results? Has inoculation been practiced for legumes? Is the land level or rolling? What is the depth of plowing? Are there any peculiarities about the soil? Is the land drained? How? How much manure has been applied? When? How much fertilizer has been added? When? How much lime has been used? When? WHAT THE STATION CANNOT DO. Certain limitations are imposed upon the work of the soils section by the laws under which experiment stations were founded and by the size of the annual appropriations. The section cannot undertake to analyze samples of soil or fertilizers for private parties. Analyses of soils and fertilizers are expensive and tedious operations, and should all members of the staff, the size of which is limited by the appropria- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 711 tions, spend their entire time on such work, only a small part of the samples annually received could be analyzed. Therefore such analyses are out of the question for financial reasons. But there are further and more important reasons why such analyses are not made. In the first place, samples of soil taken at random without regard to their representative character may be so very local in nature that their analyses would be of practically no use to the farmer, and of absolutely no general value. Furthermore, complete chemical analyses of soils give only their total plant food content. Such analyses may show lack of nitrogen, phosphorous or potassium, or an abundance of these elements, but they give no idea of the rate at which they become available, and hence merely indicate the ability of the soil to support plant growth. For instance, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium may be shown by chemical analyses to be present in abun- dant amounts, but an application of a nitrogenous, as phosphate, or a potassic fertilizer might yield astonishing returns. On the other hand, very small amounts of these constituents might be present and yet additional applications might give a very small, or even no increase and therefore represent an actual money loss. The reason for this is simple. All plant food in the soil does not exist in a form available for plants. That is, it must be prepared for them just as human food is prepared in kitchens. The raw materials are acted upon by various agencies and changed into forms which are of use to plants. The bacteria may be called the cooks in charge of the plant kitchens. When these cooks are inefficient there is a decrease in the production of. prepared food and the plants are inadequately fed. When the cooks go out on a strike, because of improper working con- ditions, such as lack of air, water, or food (organic matter), no food is prepared and the plants starve. In all soils there is a certain relation between the raw food known as potential, or total plant food, and the prepared material, known as active or available plant food, and this relation is determined by the efficiency of the bacteria (the cooks). That efficiency is secured by keep- ing conditions in soils satisfactory for bacterial growth by providing the proper amount of air, maintaining the best moisture conditions, and supplying food material, or organic matter. These conditions may be kept right by proper tillage, drainage or irrigation, and the addition of manure. Chemical analyses do not show whether or not conditions are right for bacterial activity. Chemical analyses, as has been pointed out, give only the total or potential plant food content of soils and hence merely indicate the needs of the soil, unless the total food supply is very small, in which case it is safe to assume that more should be added. It has been well said that "the chief value of a chemical analysis is to serve as an absolute foundation upon which methods of soil treat- ment can be safely based for the adoption of systems of permanent soil enrichment, not for one crop or one year, but for progressive improve- ment." 712 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The soils section is now worl^ing on a soil survey of the state and analyses are beitig made of many samples representing typical soil areas. These samples have been obtained with great care by the station men using the most accurate means of sampling, and they are representative of definite soil types. Thus, while it is impossible to analyze all the soils of the state, the composition of representative soil types may be ascertained and the soil areas mapped in detail. From these data and experimental results obtained on the different soil areas information will be available regarding the treatment advisable for any soil, the crops best adapted to it, and the best method of management. These facts give all the information which the farmers need. The analyses of the typical soil areas give the approximate composition of their soils and the plant food deficiencies may be as closely determined as would be possible for chemical analysis of special samples. In the ease of abnormal soils, however, where no typical analyses are to be found, it may be advisable for the farmer to collect a sample of soil, as will be described, and have an analysis for nitrogen, phos- phorous and potassium, and possibly for calcium and magnesium made by a commercial chemist. Using the analysis as a basis, field tests should then be made to obtain definite information regarding the actual influence of different fertilizing materials. Collecting Soil Samples. — In the few cases where samples of soil need to be taken, either to be sent to the station for examination or to be analyzed by a commercial chemist, care should be taken that they are representative of the entire field and not peculiar merely to • the spot from which they were taken. The places from which the samples are to be obtained need to be carefully cleaned of grass and other vegetation. About twenty or more different spots a few rods apart are chosen, all apparently representative of the soil type, and borings are made to the depth of plowing. These borings may be made by means of a regular soil auger, which is about 40 inches long and li/^ inches in diameter, the kind used by the station men, or samples may be taken by means of a trowel or spade. The borings or samplings are then thoroughly mixed and placed in a clean receptacle. A strong muslin sack may be used for mailing or ex- pressing a sample of soil for an anaylsis or an inspection. The surface samples are usually taken from the surface to a depth of 62/3 inches. A second and a third sample are then taken in the same manner, one of the subsurface soil 62^ inches to 20 inches, and one of the subsoil 20 inches to 40 inches. It is quite essential that all samples be taken as suggested, for soil is very apt to be quite variable in composition and the samples should represent definite soil areas. If they are not representative the results of the analyses are of no value whatever. SOME TESTS WHICH THE FARMER CAN MAKE. From the results of the soil survey of the state, which has been men- tioned, and the experimental data in connection with it, it will be possible to make many definite recommendations regarding profitable methods of FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 713 soil treatment, but there are some tests of particular soils which the farmer can very readily make for himself. Acidity.— In the first place the soil should be tested for acidity. Most crops will grow satisfactorily in acid soils, and many maKe no growth whatever. There is a wide range in the sensitiveness of different crops to acid conditions, the legumes, such as clover and alfalfa, being most readily affected. Beneficial bacterial activities are also inhibited by acidity and the change of insoluble plant food into a soluble form is restricted or absolutely prevented. There are certain outward indications of soil activity which are quite evident to any farmer. For instance, if clover or timothy refuse to grow and red top and sorrel appears instead, the soil is usually in need of lime. The presence of moss, or the growth of red sorrel bluets, horsetails or other similar weeds is evidence of a lack of lime in the soil. There is, however, a definite test for soil acidity which may be made on any farm. It is known as the litmus paper test and is based on the power of acids to change blue litmus paper to red. In order to make the test a small sample of soil, free from roots and grass, is put into a clear glass container like a water glass. Two or three strips of blue litmus paper are inserted in the soil so that they are half covered, care being taken that the portion in contact with the soil is not touched with the fingers. Pure water is then added carefully until the soil is thoroughly wet. The test is allowed to stand for several minutes and the paper removed and rinsed thoroughly. If the portion of it which was in contact with the soil has become red, the soil is acid and would be benefited by liming. The litmus paper for this test may be bought at any drug store. That a thorough test for acidity may be made, samples of the sur- face soil and the subsoil should be taken from several different places in the field. If the soil is shown to be acid by this litmus paper test, then ground limestone should be applied. An application of 2,000 to 3,000 pounds per acre should be sufficient to remedy a moderate degree of acidity for most crops, but if the soil is shown to be strongly acid, and alfalfa or clover are to be seeded, 3,000 to 4,000 pounds per acre should be used. By application of ground limestone not only is the acidity of some soils corrected, but heavy clay soils which are too wet and improperly aerated are opened up and made more fertile. Light sandy soils, also, which tend to lose valuable plant food by "burning out" and leaching and are apt to dry out too quickly are made more compact and thus more retentive of moisture and plant food. The physical character of such soils therefore is improved and they are made more favorable for the growth of bacteria and indirectly for the growth of plants. Finally the lime may remedy an actual deficiency in plant food, cal- cium. Alfalfa, for example, removes a large amount of calcium from the soil and the aucceeding crop may suffer for lack of calcium. 714 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Further information regarding the effects of lime, the losses from the soil, the kind to use, the method of application, etc., may be found in Circular No. 2, of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. Carbonates. — Acid conditions cannot exist in a soil which contains an abundance of carbonates. A test therefore of the presence of carbonates will give indications of the acidity of the soil. This test is based on the fact that acids attack carbonates with the liberation of carbon dioxide gas. Thus when soils containing carbonates are treated with hydrochloric acid there is a foaming or effervescence due to the rapid evolution of the gas. Conversely, if a soil is treated with hydrochloric acid and there is abundant foaming, evidence is at hand that carbonates are present in considerable amounts and the soil cannot be acid. If no foaming occurs then the soil may be acid or neutral. To make the test, a little concentrated hydrochloric acid is poured on a small sample of moist soil in a clean dish or other receptacle. The extent of foaming is a rough indication of the amount of carbonates present in the soil. A small amount of hydrochloric acid is all that is necessary to make a large number of tests and it may be easily secured at any drug store. Care should be taken that the acid is not brought into contact with the skin or clothing, as bad burns may result. If any of it is accidentally spilled it should be washed off immediately. Even although negative reuslts are secured in the surface soil, tests should be made of the subsoil as the presence of carbonates there would be of considerable importance particularly in the case of deep-rooted crops. Physical Conditions. — It is hardly necessary to emphasize the need of proper methods of tillage and cultivation to keep the soil in proper physical condition. Every farmer knows that he may conserve the moisture in his soil during a dry season by keeping it cultivated. The value of the proper preparation of the seed bed for all crops is also a matter of common knowledge. Proper plowing and disking, the killing of weeds, etc., are recognized as essential for satisfactory crop growth. If the soil is open and porous, dries out too rapidly and is deficient in organic matter, as is often the case due to the "burning out" of this important soil constituent, then applications of barnyard manure or green manure should be made and lime applied. Not only is the physical structure of the soil improved by such treatment, but satisfactory con- ditions are offered for bacterial activity and there is consequently a sufficient production of plant food to insure good crop growth. The practice of green manuring to build up light soils cannot be too strongly emphasized. Further information regarding green manure crops and methods of green manuring may be found in Circular No. 10' of the Iowa Agricul- tural Experiment Station. If the soil is heavy and cold and too much moisture is apt to be present, applications of lime will help, and proper drainage should be provided, preferably by the use of tile drains. Presence of Plant Food. — Tlj? presence of available plant food in the necessary amount is one of the fhief requisites for the best growth of FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 715 crops. The amounts in available form of the various elements which are necessary for the growth of plants cannot be ascertained by chemical analyses but must be determined by field experiments such as are de- scribed farther on in this circular. As has been pointed out, chemical analyses merely give indications of plant food deficiencies showing as they do the total plant food present. Of the ten chemical elements which have been found to be essential for the growth of plants, five are supplied in sufficient amounts either from the air or soil, and need not be applied to the soil. These five ele- ments are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and iron. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium may be lacking in soils, however, and if lacking, crop yields will be deficient. The two latter elements may be supplied by application* of lime as calcic or dolomitic limestone, as has already been shown. If a soil is acid these elements are probably lacking. Nitrogen. — A deficiency in nitrogen in a soil may be safely assumed if there is a lack of humus or organic matter present. Conversely, if a soil is dark in color it is well supplied with humus and will contain a supply of nitrogen, although the absence of satisfactory physical condi- tions may prevent the proper production of soluble nitrates. In such a case the adjustment of the physical conditions would prove more profit- able than an application of sodium nitrate or any other nitrogenous fer- tilizer. When soils are deficient in humus and nitrogen, applications of barn- yard manure should be made and leguminous crops should be grown and used as green manure. Thus the organic matter and nitrogen content are both increased and the use of any other nitrogenous material is un- necessary for the production of common farm crops such as corn, oats and hay. In some particular instances it might be worth while to make a small application of sodium nitrate to act as a stimulent to start and encourage the growth of a crop, but in general farming the use of commercial nitrog- enous fertilizers on Iowa soils is unprofitable and unnecessary. In market gardening, however, the application of nitrogenous or other artificial fertilizers is often of considerable value as here abundance of available plant food is necessary for forcing the crops. Potassium. — The potassium content of most soils is considerably greater than the nitrogen or phosphorus content and there is much less danger of a deficiency of that element. That is the total amount of potas- sium in soils is large and if conditions are satisfactory for the trans- formation of the inactive into the active forms, applications of potassium fertilizers are hardly necessary. Thus, if the humus content of the soil is high, its reaction is not acid, and if the proper methods of tillage are practiced, the bacterial activities which accomplish the solution of unavailable plant food con- stituents are facilitated and abundant potassium in proper form is offered to the crop. On soils, however, which show a deficiency in total potas- sium as is true of some poor, light soils, and many peat soils, especially those which are deep and are underlain with rock or sand, then an ap- 716 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE plication of kainit, potassium chloride or potassium sulphate is to be ad- vocated. PhospJiorus. — Phosphorus is the element which is most apt to be de- ficient in soils, not only in available form but also in insoluble com- pounds. According to many analyses there is less than 2,000 pounds of phosphorous per acre to a depth of 62/3 inches in Iowa soils. Comparing this with over 30,000 pounds of potassium per acre to the same depth, it is evident that there is more danger of a phosphorous deficiency in the soils of the state. This deficiency may be remedied by applying phosphorous to the soil in one of three forms: as fine ground natural rock phosphate, as steamed bone meal, or as acid phosphate. The latter material carries the phos- phorous in a form immediately available for plant food, while in the other cases it occurs in an insoluble form and must be transformed to be available. The advocates of rock phosphate recommend, however, that it be applied with barnyard manure or green manure In order that bacterial activities may be enhanced by the latter materials and a more rapid transformation of the phosphorous compounds may occur. They contend also that as the soluble phosphates are transformed into an insoluble form in the soil, when not immediately assimilated, it is of no particular value to use the soluble form. While this change of the soluble form into insoluble does occur in the soil, one important point should not be overlooked — when the soluble material is added to the soil it is immediately dissolved and uniformly diffused through the soil. Thus, after the change into insoluble form occurs the phosphate is in such physical shape that the bacterial action reproducing the soluble material is considerably greater than it is on the insoluble rock itself. The rock is much cheaper and hence its use may seem advisable for financial reasons, but it is still a mooted question whether it is not more profitable to apply a soluble phosphate which unquestionably gives quicker returns and probably larger yields even although perhaps not as great percentage returns for the money invested, than to bury a large quantity of rock phosphate in the soil where it becomes slowly available. The Station is not prepared to make definite recommendations on this point, and if they desire, farmers may test and compare the use of soluble and insoluble phosphorous fertilizers. FIELD TESTS TO DETERMINE FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS OF SOIL. Farmers generally recognize the fact that soils differ in productive power. Sometimes soils which differ markedly from each other are found on the same farm or even in the same field. In many cases the best soil on the farm is not as fertile as it should be, or some portion of the farm is notably unproductive. The farmer may desire, therefore, to test his soils in v. practical manner in order to de- termine the effect of nitrogen phosphorus, lime or some other fertilizing material on the crop yields. A fertility test that has been thoroughly tried out and that includes the application of substances supplying the elements of plant food which FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 717 are apt to be deficient in Iowa soils, can be made by any thoughtful and careful farmer in the manner described in the following paragraphs: Essentials in a Test. In the first place, the soil on which the experi- mental plots are to be located should be truly representative of the soil which it is proposed to test. If this is not the case the experiments will be of little value and they may even prove misleading and induce the land owner to adopt a system of management which will not give satisfactory results. Again, the land which is devoted to the experimental plots should be kept, through the years, under a definite system of crop rotation. This is essential because a good rotation system is the basis of nearly every satisfactory soil management scheme. No particular type of rotation will, of course, be used in all sections of the state. Each farmer will be com- pelled to choose a rotation which he believes will give the best results under existing labor, market and soil conditions. An excellent rotation for many sections of Iowa is the following: First year — corn, Second year — corn. Third year — oats or wheat. Fourth year — clover. This rotation keeps one-half of the cultivated portion of the farm in corn. Many grain farmers favor this plan because corn is classed as the chief "money" crop in the state, while the live stock farmers prefer it because the corn crop most nearly meets the requirements of their feeding operations. Below is given another good rotation which is especially adapted to the southern and western portions of the state: First year — corn. Second year — oats. Third year — clover. Fourth year — winter wheat. This rotation includes winter wheat and therefore will prove par- ticularly satisfactory to the large number of Iowa farmers who are now growing this crop much more extensively than in former years. Wheat is an excellent crop in a fertility test because it shows quite definitely in yield and quality the effect of soil treatment. Either of the rotations referred to above may be extended to cover a five or six year period by seeding timothy with the clover and using the crop for pasture or meadow. Locating and Marking Out the Plots. — After a rotation has been de- cided upon a series of ten plots should be marked off in that portion of the field which is most nearly representative of the soil which is to be tested. The plots should all be of the same size. On the average, farm plots which contain one acre each will probably be found to be most satis- factory. They may, however, contain one-tenth, one-quarter or one-half of an acre each. The size of the plot must necessarily be determined by local conditions. A long and narrow plot is usually preferred; for example, a one-tenth acre plot 7\'hich is two rods wide and eight rods 718 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE long, and plots of other sizes in proportion. It is advisable to separatR plots by a division strip seven feet wide. A strip of this width will ac- commodate two rows of corn, or one seven-foot drill. A satisfactory plan for showing the location of each plot is worked out by setting a stake in the fence row adjacent to the fence, to mark the outside corner of the first plot. The second stake should then he set in line with the corner stake at such a distance as marks off the exact width of the first plot. The third stake should be placed seven feet beyond the second and thus show the location of the division strip between the first and second plots. By following this plan the exact lo- cation of each plot in the series may be shown. A diagram drawn to scale on paper, should be made of the field plots which will show the location of the soil under investigation, the exact length and width of each plot, the width of the division strips, and the soil treatments. In connection with this diagram, there should be a record book, in which should be entered the dates of all operations and other items bearing upon the progress of the experiment. It is never advisable to trust to memory or to field stakes for the plan of the ex- periment. Record of the Experiment. — The following form will be found conven- ient for keeping the final data of a field experiment which is continued from year to year: FORM FOR PLOT EXPERIMENT DATA. Plot Soil Treatment AppJied Corn 191i Corn 1915 Oats 1916 Clover 1917 Corn 1918 Corn 1919 Oats 1920 None __ Bushels or tons per acre 1 -rP' 2 Manure 60 3 Manure and lime 61 4 Manure, lime and phos- phorus 66 5 None - 43 6 Crop residues 53 r Ctop residues and lime.. CO 8 Crop residues, lime and phosphorus 63 9 Crop residues, lime, phos- phorus and potassium— 65 10 None W FOURTEENTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X. 719 Given herewith is an outline of one of the simplest and most practical series of plot experiments, and it is recommended for all normal types of Iowa soils on which common farm crops are grown. The series of soil treatments listed below really includes two distinct systems of farming. For instance, the treatments recommended for plots one to four inclusive, represent a live stock system of soil man- agement, while plots five to eight inclusive represent a grain farming system. It is suggested that any farmer who does not wish to use as many as ten plots may confine his experiments to either the live stock or the grain system. If this is done, in some cases it may be advisable to include the treatment suggested for plot nine, and thus make the test include potassium. PL-AN FOR PLOT EXPERIMENTS. a— Pertilitj' t€st. b— Live stock system, e— Grain farming system. Plot Ko. Soil Treatment f 1 None. a^ b^ 2 Manure. 3 Manure and limestone. 4 Manure, limestone and phos- phorus. 5 None. 6 Crop residues. 7 Crop residues and limestone. S Ctop residues, limestone and phosphorus a Crop residues, Jimestone, phos- phorus and potassium. 10 _■ None. DETAILS OF EXPERI:MEXT PLAN. The following explanations regarding the details of this plan for plots experiments in the field should be carefully noted: 1. Manure of good quality, but fairly representative of that commonly produced on the farm, should be applied at the rate of eight or ten tons per acre, once in a four year rotation and in proportionate amounts for rotations which cover a shorter or longer period of time. When it is possible to do so, the manure should be put on the clover field and plowed under for corn the following year. 2. Ground limestone or limestone screenings should be applied to the land after it has been plowed, at the rate of two or three tons per acre, once in a four year rotation. The application of lime may be made at any convenient time of the year. 3. Phosphorus may be applied in finely ground rock phosphate, steamed bone meal or acid phosphate. The rock should be used at the rate of 2,000 pounds per acre, the steamed bone meal at the rate of 800 pound? 720 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE per acre, and the acid phosphate at the rate of 300 to 400 pounds per acre. These applications are made but once in a four year rotation. 4. The soil treatment recommended for plot 6 is designated as "crop residues." This treatment should be understood to mean that all products except the grain or seed which are sold in grain farming, shall be returned r.,i^ R ,-.,.i,i B Mlt Cor-^ /■//JOH :.tt:'"^i '■" 6 f H 3 z Ma^ti*f and /,.'"«*'■'"'« ^fl F.eH C f..ld 0 l